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 OF 
 
 CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND.
 
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 [EsTEEKD AT Stationers' Hall.]
 
 T H E 
 
 HISTORY AND TOPOGRAPHY 
 
 OF THE COUNTIES OF 
 
 CUMBERLAND ASD WESTMORELAND 
 
 COMPEISING 
 
 THEIR ANCIENT AND MODERN HISTORY, A GENERAL VIEW 
 
 OF THEIR PHYSICAL CHARACTER, TRADE, COMMERCE, 
 
 MANUFACTURES. AGRICULTURAL CONDITION, 
 
 STATISTICS, Etc., Etc. 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM WHELLAN. 
 
 PONTEFRACT ; 
 W. WHELLAN AND CO. 
 LONDON : WHITTAKER A- CO., AVK MARU LANE. 
 MANCHESTER: GALT AND CO., DUCIE PLACE, EXCHANGE. 
 
 MDCCCLX.
 
 
 MO A 
 
 (a "TO 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 In the present Work the object of the Publishers has been to supply to the people of Cmuberlaud 
 and "Westmoreland a complete and modern history of the two Counties. The only histories of 
 "^ Cumberland and Westmoreland which enjoyed any degi'ee of reputation ai-e those of Nicolson 
 
 and Bmii, and Hutchinson — a reputation by no means undeserved: but they ai-e now old books; 
 a long chapter of the manorial liistory has passed over since they were published ; many things 
 are changed, and many are changiug; hence the want of a New History of Cumberland and 
 - Westmoreland, and the in-esent attempt to supply that want. 
 
 The introductory portion of the Work consists of a General History of the Counties of 
 Cumberland and Westmoreland, from the earliest period, by Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., 
 one of the most distinguished ai'chaeologists of om- age and coimtry, author of " The Celt, the 
 Roman, and the Saxon," and numerous other works. In the composition of this part of the 
 volume, Mr. Wright has endeavom-ed to treat tlie History and Antiquities of the two Counties 
 in such a manner as to show what light the discoveries of the archaeologist can throw upon 
 the condition of this pai't of England, dming centmies which present little more than a blank 
 in our ordinary annals. This is fdllowed by an article on the Geology of Cumberland and 
 Westmoreland, witli paiiicular reference to the District of the English Lakes, from the pen 
 of the Rev. J. G. Gumming, M.A., F.G.S., Professor of Geology in the Queen's College, 
 Bii'miugham. From jNIr. Cummiug's repeated suiTeys of these distiicts, and his intimate 
 knowledge of their various sti-ata, he has been able to make many interesting additions to this 
 department of science, and the publishers have no doubt tliat the Work, with its accompanying 
 Geological Map, will contain a more accm-ate account of the Geology of the two Comities than 
 any that has as yet issued from the press. The eminent authoress, Harriet Mai-tineau, has also 
 contributed an article on the Lake District, which gives an interesting description of the past 
 and present state of tliat " Switzerland in Miniatm-e," its folk-lore, customs, and superstitions. 
 
 « 
 
 GS5 319 • •
 
 ^.j PREFACE. 
 
 The Topogrnpliy embraces ii full account, under tlicir respective Wards, of the City and 
 Diocese of Carlisle, and all the baronies, manors, boroughs, towns, ports, parishes, chapelries, 
 townships, villages, and hamlets, in the two Counties, clearly showing their boundaries, area, 
 rateable value, population, landowners, seats and pedigrees of the families of the nobility and 
 gentry, succession of incumbents, nature and value of church livings, tithes and their commutation, 
 description of chmxhcs, chapels, and public buildings, endowed and other schools, hospitals, 
 charities, benevolent, literary, and scientific institutions, poor-law unions, courts of law, manufactures, 
 mai'kets and fairs, and a variety of statistical and other information, extracted from MSS. in tlie 
 British Museum, Paiiiamentary documents, and other authentic sources. 
 
 Generally speaking, in tlie manorial history, the Author has taken Nicolson and Burn's accomit 
 as the foundation of his own, correcting their statements, and continuing the history, whenever his 
 own researches, and the kindness of the literary and official gentlemen of the two Counties have 
 enabled him to do so. Many new features have been introduced in the Work, which it is hoped 
 is unique of its kind. Attention is also called to its arrangement, which will, in a very great 
 desi-ee, facilitate reference, and thus increase its usefulness. 
 
 With all the care which can be given to the subject, it is next to impossible that such a 
 ^Vork can be without errors ; and tlie fact, that tilings are always changing, will explain why, 
 before the book was finished, many things had ceased to be as they were when it began. The 
 Publishers have always solicited from their Subscribers, who were constantly on the spot, the 
 favour of a correction of such errors; and by the aid thus rendered, with what they themselves 
 have been able to collect, they have endeavoured, as far as they could, to supply all such 
 deficiencies by a brief Appendix. 
 
 In conclusion, the Publishers beg leave to express their best thanks to the nobility, gentry, 
 and clergy, and their numerous subscribers generally, for the mimificient manner in which they 
 have patronised the Work, and tlie valuable assistance they have rendered during its preparation. 
 The aid, tlius kindly given, has been of the greatest importance, and will, there is little doubt, 
 tend to give the Work a standard character, and make it an authority upon everything connected 
 with the History, Antiiiuities, and Topography of the two Comities. 
 
 PoNTEi'-KACx, Fchruarij, 1860.
 
 \ 
 
 G^ 
 
 m Eiiir 
 
 OF 
 
 CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND, 
 
 The result of tbo rcsearclies of modern antiquaries and 
 ethnologists seems to be that the British islands, wlicn 
 they were first known to the Romans, were inhabited by 
 numerous tribes, which were by no means all of the 
 same race. The question of what may have been the 
 original stock can now only be a subject of conjecture 
 and speculation, but it is not improbable that it is 
 represented by the Celts of Ireland and the northern 
 Gael. Tiie most powerful of these tribes, both in re- 
 gard to its numbers aud to the extent of its territory, 
 was that of tlic Brigantes, who held tlie whole territory 
 extending from sea to sea, liaving for its southern limits 
 the Mersey and the Humber, and stretching northwards 
 to the district now called Northumberland, which was 
 held by a tribe called the Ottadcni, and to the lowlands 
 of Scotland. Two divisions, apparently, of the stock of 
 the Brigiintcs, the Voluutii and the Sistuntii, occupied 
 the western part of this extensive territory, the former 
 holding the. southern lake district, and a great part of 
 modern Lancashire, and the latter the country extend- 
 ing from the lake district to the sea coast and the Scot- 
 tish border. It is remarkable, tliat the same tribes are 
 found under the same names, Brigantes, Voluntii, Ac. 
 occupying territories in the opposite island of Ilibornia 
 (Ireland) ; and, according to diiTercnt ethiuilogioal 
 theories, they had cither come from Ireland into Bri- 
 tain, or had gone from Britain into Ireland. From 
 what we know of the general current of migration of the 
 western races, the latter was probably the case. The 
 language of the Brigantes has long disappeared frovn 
 Eaglaud, but the same reasons for its early disappearance 
 
 in Ireland never existed, and had the Irish Brigantes 
 aud kindred tribes belonged to that branch of the Celtic 
 race which is known by the name of Cymric, we can 
 hardly doubt that we should have found some traces of it 
 in the Celticdialectsof modern Ireland. It appears to mc 
 that probability at least is in favour of the Brigantes 
 being Gaels and not Cymri. We may probably best 
 form a notion of the condition and manners of the 
 Brigantes when first visited by the Bomans, by com- 
 paring them with those of the kingdoms of the native 
 Irish in the middle ages ; and the history of Cartismau- 
 dua, the Brigantian queen, presents all the characteris- 
 tics of that of Dermod Mac Murrough, king of Leiuster, 
 in the twelfth century. 
 
 The dissensions among the chiefs delivered up Ire- 
 land an easy conquest to the Anglo-Normans ; the 
 same cause established the Roman supremacy over the 
 Brigantes, apparently, as far as we know, without any 
 serious struggle. A formidable revolt of this powerful 
 nation was subsequently suppressed by the two pro- 
 prietors, Petilius Cerealis and his successor Julius Fron- 
 tinus, and the limits of the Roman power were carried 
 to the borders of the Calcdouiansr The north-western 
 extremity of the Brigantes, the districts bordering upon 
 the Irish sea and the Solway Frith, became now of 
 surpassing importmce to the Roman government, as 
 being the point more especially exposed to attack from 
 the Caledonians and .other northern tribes, as well as 
 from Hibernian pirates. This was more especially 
 the case when the Emperor Hadrian had raised that 
 marvellous wall, of which the remains are still an object
 
 HISTORY AND AXTIQUITIES 
 
 of admiration to the antiquary, for I cannot suppose 
 that anybody, after reading tlic excellent work of Dr. 
 Bruce, on " The Roman Wall," can doubt for a mo- 
 ment, that that great monument of Roman skill and 
 perseverance \Yas the work of Hadrian, and not, as had 
 previously been supposed, of Severus. This country 
 was soon, therefore, covered with Roman towns, sta- 
 tions, and roads. Ptolemy, who is generally considered 
 as having published his geographical work about the 
 year J 20 of our era, appears not to have known of the 
 existence of any town within this district, although he 
 names several in the lowlands of Scotland. But, just 
 about dOO years after this date, the Itinerary of Anto- 
 ninus gives us the names of a number of Roman towns 
 and stations situated upon two lines of road. The prin- 
 cipal town of this district was certainly Luguvallium, 
 or Luguballium, represented by the modem Carlisle, 
 which is stated in Richard of Cirencester, perhaps cor- 
 rectly, to have been one of the civitates Lalhijwc donala-, 
 or cities under the Latian law. Luguballium stood upon 
 the wall of Hadrian, and upon the branch of the great 
 northern road which here passed the wall in its way 
 towards the northern limit of the Roman province. 
 According to the Itinerary of Antoninus, this road, 
 after leaving Lavatrce, or Bowes, in Yorkshire, pro- 
 ceeded to a town or station named Verter;c, which is 
 identified with Brough, in Westmoreland. The next 
 station on this Une was Brovonacae, at Kirby-Thore, 
 near Appleby, in Westmoreland ; which was followed 
 by Brocaviuvn, which there seems little reason for 
 doubting occupied the site of Brougham, iu the saoie 
 county. The road now passed into Cumberland, and 
 proceeded to a station or town, named Voreda, the site 
 of which is found at a place called Plumpton-Wall, or 
 Old Penrith ; and thence to Luguvallium, or Carlisle. 
 The other principal northern, or north-westeni, Roman 
 road, which passed through the modern county of Lan- 
 cashire, by way of Mancunium (JIauchcster), Coecium 
 (Ribchester), and Bremetonacie (Overborough), directed 
 its course right through the mountainous district of the 
 Lakes, having towns or stations at Galacum, which is 
 believed to have been situated in the immediate neigh- 
 bourhood of Kendal • Alone, near Ambleside, at the 
 head of Windermere ; Galava, at or near Keswick ; and 
 Glanoventa, which appears to have been on the sea- 
 coast, and has been placed at Ellenborough, but the exact 
 site of it is very doubtful. The road we have been fol- 
 lowing here joined another road, which appears to have 
 run round by the coast to Luguballium. Muncaster, 
 or Mulcaster, almost at the southern extremity of the 
 coast of Cumberland, the name of which seems to pro- 
 claim it a Roman station, appears to have stood on this 
 
 road ; as did Moresby, near ^Vhitchaven, which is iden- 
 tified by inscriptions found on the site with the ilorbium 
 of the Notitia, a place occupied by the cavalry called 
 equitcs cataphractarU. Wo have the remains of other 
 stations in Papcastle, near Cockermouth, and near 
 Maryport, which may have been respectively the 
 Arbeia of the Notitia, which was occupied by a detach- 
 ment of Barcarii Tigrisienscn, and the Glanoventa 
 of the Itinerary. From the latter place one road pro- 
 ceeded along the coast to the termination of the Wall 
 of Hadrian at Bomiess, while another turned off in a 
 north-easterly direction to the important town and 
 citadel which occupied the site of what is now called 
 Old Carhsle and is generally believed to be the 
 Olenacum of the Notitia, and was continued thence 
 to Luguballium. 
 
 It is from the important record just mentioned, the 
 Notitia Imperii, composed just before the fall of the 
 Roman power in Britain — for it is ascribed to about 
 the year '110 — that we obtain a list of the towns and 
 stations along Hadrian's Wall, which crossed the island 
 at what has been termed the lower isthmus, resting 
 one end upon the w-cstern coast at Bowness, and the 
 other on tlie Tyno at the well-known spot named from 
 it Wallseud.* The eastern portion of this marvellous 
 barrier, running over wild and desolate districts, where 
 it has been little disturbed by the process of cultiva- 
 tion, presents far more imposing remains than the 
 western part, and every station and post mentioned in 
 the Notitia is identified without any ditfioidty. Im- 
 mediately after crossing the border of Cumberland 
 from Noi'thumberland, we meet with one of the most 
 remarkable and interesting of these ruins of the mural 
 towns, at a place now called Birdoswald. Besides con- 
 siderable remains of the walls of this place, which still 
 remain standing, between thirty and forty inscribed 
 stones have been found Vi'ithiu the area, of which no 
 less than seventeen commemorate the first cohort of 
 the Dacians. As we know from the Notitia that these 
 Ducians held the station of Amboglanna on the wall, 
 which must have been somewhere in this neighbour- 
 hood, we can have no hesitation in identifying that 
 sfcition with Birdoswald. After this place, however, it 
 becomes very difficult to identify the stations, but 
 Castlesteads, or, as it is also called, Cambeek Fort, 
 appears to be sufficiently well established as the repre- 
 sentative of the Petriaua of the Notitia. Watch-cross, 
 near Bleatarn, is supposed to be the site of Aballaba, 
 
 1 Tlic riomim Willi, an Historical and Topographical Description 
 of the Barrier of the Lower Isthmus, extending from the Tyne to 
 the Solway, deduced fiom numerous personal surveys, by the Key. 
 John Collingwood Bruce. 8vo, London, 1803.
 
 OF CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. 
 
 which, was garrisoned by a detachment of Moors. 
 There was evideutly another station at Stanwix, and 
 another at Burgh-upon-Sands, which, perhaps, repre- 
 sent the Congavata and AxeloJunum of the Notitia, 
 which were occupied respectively by the second cohort 
 of the Lergi and by the first cohort of Spaniards. The 
 remains of other stations occur at Drumburgh and at 
 Eownoss, but whether cither of these be the Ga- 
 brosentum or the Tunnocelum of the Notitia is 
 very uncertain. In the immediate neighbourhood of 
 the Cumbrian portion of the wall are remains of other 
 stations and towns, some of which were evidently 
 places of importance. Such are Eewcastle, to the 
 north of the wall ; ~\Vhitley Castle, a little to the south 
 of it and just within the borders of Northumberland ; 
 Old Town ; Brampton ; and Xetherby. Whitley Cas- 
 tle and Brampton are supposed to have been the 
 Aliona and Bremetenracum of the Notitia, and Neth- 
 erby the Castra Exploratorum of the Itinerary of Anto- 
 ninus. Others, however, believe that the Aliona and 
 Bremetenracum of the Notitia are identical with the 
 Alone and Brcmetonaca; of the Itinerary ; and the 
 present rector of Bewcastle, Rev. J. JNIaughan, a 
 diligent investigator of the antiquities of his neigh- 
 bourhood, assuming this, suggests that Bewcastle 
 itself is the Galava of Antoninus, and Castletou, in 
 Iloxburghshire, the station of Glanoventa.' 
 
 This must be taken as a very imperfect list of the 
 Roman towns and stations in the district represented 
 by the modern counties of Cumberland and Westmore- 
 land. It contains, in fact, only the places which lay 
 upon two of the great lines of roads which entered 
 into the official itineraries, and the principal mili- 
 tary posts existing at the time of the Notitia. This 
 last-mentioned record enumerates in this part of the 
 island another place, bearing the name of Virosidum, 
 which is behaved to have stood on the coast of Cum- 
 berland. That curious relic of antiquity known as the 
 liudgo Cup, on which were inscribed the names of 
 
 1 A Memoir on the Roman Station auil Runic Cross at Bewcastle. 
 By the Rev. .lohn Ataiighau. 8vi>, Carlish', l^.')". Of course this 
 suggestion woulil carry the tenth Iter of Antoninus, in which tlicse 
 places occiu, quite out of the Une which is usually given to it, and 
 identify it with the Roman roaj called the Maiden Way. Mr. 
 Mau^han adduces in favour of his suggestion the rather curious 
 circumstance that tlio valley in which Bewcastle stands lias till very 
 rcocnllj been known by the name of Watyepva, which he supposes 
 to be a corruption of Galava. Nothing, however, is more daugen>us 
 than to found argumeiils npon similarity of sounds in names like 
 these, and 1 hesitate in changuig the direction hitlicrto given to this 
 Iter until we have some more decisive evidence on one side or on 
 tlie other. Ilorsiey has conjectured, on what grounds I am ([uitc 
 ignorant, unless it be because Bewcastle would signifv in Anglo- 
 Saxon " tlie bee castle," that that place was cidlod by the Rouiuus 
 Apiatoriinn, 
 
 several stations on this part of the wall, enumerates 
 two, Mais and Banna, which are not mentioned else- 
 where. Mais has been conjectured, however, to be the 
 ilagua of the Notitia (Carvoran), and Horsley believed 
 Banna to be Bewcastlc- 
 
 Of the Roman roads which traversed this part of 
 Britain, the principal line appears to have been that 
 of the second and fifth Iters of Antoninus, which 
 formed a branch of the great northern road known to 
 the Anglo-Saxons as the Watling-strect, which it left at 
 Eburacum (York J, proceeding thence to Carlisle, and 
 so on to the stations on the borders of the Caledonians. 
 This road is in some parts very distinct, and has been 
 found to be no less than twenty-one feet broad. The 
 other line of road described by the compiler of the Itin- 
 erary, which occupies the tenth Iter, has hitherto been 
 considered as proceeding from Lancashire through the 
 lake district to the sea, and there can be no doubt 
 that a road did run in that direction, and that there 
 are remains of stations, as at Kendal, Ambleside, 
 and Keswick, which may answer to those in the 
 Itinerary, while traces of cross roads are met with 
 in all parts of that district. Any person who has 
 travelled between Ambleside and Keswick must have 
 been struck by the bold appearo.uce, as it is seen at a 
 distance, of the Roman road up the steep side of the 
 mountain called from it High-street. Another very 
 remarkable Roman road left the great road first men- 
 tioned in our enumeration, at Brovonaca;, or Kirby 
 There, passed Hadrian's Wall at Amboglauna, or 
 Birdoswald, and directed its course by the Roman 
 stations at Bewcastle and Castletou to the north, and 
 received from the Anglo-Saxons the perhaps mythic 
 name of the Slaiden Way. The course of this road to the 
 north of the wall has been carefully and ably investigated 
 by the Rev. John Maughan, of Bewcastle, who commu- 
 nicated an excellent survey of it to the Archasological 
 Institute.' A Roman road ran, as I have already stated, 
 
 * A Roman altar, found at Birdoswald, was de(Ucated to the god 
 Silvanus, by the himters of Banna (deos.incto silvaxo vEXAronES 
 IIAN.VE s. 3.) so that Banna probably stood in lliat neighbomhood, 
 and Horsley's conjecture may be right. It Is not uidikely that this 
 Riidge Cup mentioned above belonged to these sjime ** hunters of 
 Banini," perhaps a society or club formed from llie stations of Alois 
 ( Magna), .\ballaba, Axelodunuin,.\mboglanna,and Bann.t.ibe niunes 
 inscribed iu tliis order upon it, of wliieh Banna (if it were liewcastle) 
 would be the most advanced station towiu'ds the wild hunting district, 
 and Amboglimna ( llirdo.nwald ) the one of these stations nearest to it, 
 and of most importiiuce, w here we might expect to liud such ou altar 
 erected by them. 
 
 ' Printed ui the Archiuological Jouniol, Vol. XI. The meaning of 
 tlie name M aiden Way has been the subject of all sorts of conjectures 
 among writers who will have it to be a corruption front the Celtic: 
 and 1 take the opportunity of dei)reeating the practice which has pre- 
 vailed so much of rejeoling the plain meaiiuig of English names in 
 order to substitute that oi some far-fetched deiivotiou, from supposed
 
 HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES 
 
 along the coast, aud another accompanied the wall across 
 the island. Many roads of less importance may be traced 
 branching of from dilTerent stations on these larger lines, 
 which must have foiTaed a complete net-work over this 
 part of the island. 
 
 As might be supposed from this description of the 
 bolder monuments of Roman occupation, this district 
 has furnished abundance of antiquities of every descrip- 
 tion. Tlie roads are, as in other parts, accompanied with 
 earthworks of various forms, which have served as 
 camps, or as inclosurcs of residences, or for otlier pur- 
 poses, mauy of which, without much apparent reason. 
 Lave been pronounced to be British. The mountains 
 of Cumberland aud Westmoreland are celebrated for the 
 number of those monuments of a remote antiquity, which 
 have been commonly called Druidical circles, but the real 
 origin aud date of which are absolutely unknown. A 
 solitary cromlech is also scattered here aud there over 
 the hills, and sepulchral tumuli, or barrows, are abundant 
 almost everywhere. To return from the monuments of 
 uncertain date to those with the history of which we are 
 Letter acquainted, the sites of Roman towns aud stations, 
 ■which in this part of the country are usually distin- 
 guished by the name of Birrens, no doubt from the 
 Sa.'con iurh, have furnished an e.Ktraordinary quantity 
 of sculptures and inscribed stones. Upwards of a hun- 
 dred and fifty of the latter arc given by Lysons and 
 Horsley as found in Cumberland, to which we might add 
 many found since their time, and a considerable number 
 have been found in Westmoreland. A large proportion 
 of these consist of altars, dedicated either to the known 
 gods of ancient Rome, or, more numerously, to local 
 deities, generally of the localities, in Germany, Gaul, 
 &c., from which the colonists of these towns in Britain 
 came. Another very numerous class consists of sepul- 
 chral monuments, commemorating sometimes the mili- 
 tary—officers aud soldiers — but more frequently their 
 wives or children, aud often presenting touching traits 
 of domestic affection. Some of these inscribed stones 
 are tablets, which have no doubt been jjlaced on the 
 walls of temples and other public buildings, declaring 
 the reverence of the local authorities aud people for the 
 
 Celtic or oibcr touj^ie, of whicb tbey nrepreteudetl to be eormptions. 
 Tbe road of wbich we are now speaking is translated into Latin in 
 early Border records by via puellarum, and tbereis a story among tbe 
 peasantry of tbe district tbrongb wbich it runs, tbat it was made by 
 women carrying tbe stones in tbeir aprons. I have no doubt llmt 
 this is tbe degraded representative of some early mythic legend of 
 tbe .\nglo-Saxons connected with this road aud with its name. We 
 know tliat it was tbe constant practice of the Saxons to give mythic 
 names of this kind to monuments of former times, which were extra- 
 ordinary by their greatness or by some other characteristic, aud of 
 which they did not know tbe origin. We have examples in the names 
 of tbe Watling-street aud the Inning-street. 
 
 reigning emperor, or stating how much differeut detach- 
 ments of the legionaries or au.\iliaries had contributed 
 towards the local public works. Of the altars given 
 in Lysons as found in Cumberland, no less than thirty- 
 two are dedicated to Jupiter, and a considerable num- 
 ber to Mars. Among the local deities, those which occur 
 most numerously arc Brlutucadrus and Cocidius, both 
 of which arc identified in the inscriptions with the 
 Roman Mars; the worship of the former appears to have 
 been brought into Cumberland by troops from the east 
 established here. Both seem confined to the two coun- 
 ties ; and the altare to Cocidius were dedicated severally by 
 soldiers of the second, sixth, and twentieth legions, and 
 by a cohort of Daciaus, so that the worship of this deity 
 also may have been brought from the east. Several 
 altars are dedicated to the Sun and to Mithras, which 
 also point to the east. Early in the last century, an 
 inscription was found in the neighbourhood of Lauercost, 
 dedicated NVMrn-E brig — to the nymph of the Brigautes. 
 Another altar, dedicated to the nymph of the Brigautes, 
 is given by Gale as having been found in Britain ; but as 
 these Roman altars are universally dedicated to foreign 
 deities, I am inclined to think that the Brigantes here 
 intended were one of the tribes of that name on the conti- 
 nent, perhaps in Spain, and tbat these altars may have 
 been dedicated by Spanish soldiers. Many of these in- 
 scribed stones are of considerable historical importance; 
 they give the names of emperors or of consuls, whose dates 
 are known, as well as of officers commanding in the 
 stations or districts, whose dates are less certain, and they 
 add names to our list of the pro-pra;tors or governors of 
 Britain. The sculpture of the monuments found in 
 this part of Britain, though generally rather rude, is 
 sometimes, when it appears to have belonged to public 
 buildings, of a superior class. It would be in vain 
 to attempt here to give any account of the numerous 
 other classes of antiquities found upon the Roman sites 
 of Cumberland aud Westmoreland. 
 
 Beyond the names of persons commemorated on these 
 stones, and the light they and the other monuments of 
 antiquity throw upon the condition of the country, the 
 history of this district under the Romans is almost a 
 blank. As the hostilities in this province for a long 
 period were conliued to the northern borders, the troops 
 stationed here must have been in a constant state 
 of movement and agitation, which increased as the 
 attacks of what were now called the Picts of the North, 
 and their allies the Gaelic Scots of Ireland, became more 
 frequent and more formidable. The original population of 
 the country must have beeu greatly diminished, not only 
 by the ordinary causes which lead to the diminution of a 
 conquered race under such circumstances, but 'because
 
 OF CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. 
 
 the Romans were very unlikely to leave in such a posi- 
 tion a conquered race stroni^ enoujjh to rise an J co-operate 
 with foreign invaders, ilorcover, we know that the 
 process of extermination had commenced as early as 
 tho middle of the second century ; for we learn from 
 the contemporary writer Pausanius/ that under Anto- 
 ninus Pius more than one-half of the trihe of ihe Brigantcs 
 was cut off, for an act of turbulent insubordination in 
 making war on another British tribe, the Geuuni. To 
 these causes also we must add the continual drawintr 
 away of the British youth to serve as Roman au.xiliaries 
 in foreign countries, while the population of other 
 countries, especially from Germany, was as continually 
 imported into Britain to recruit the Roman population. 
 At the same time the language of the Romans, as in 
 Gaul, gradually superseded the Celtic, whatever branch 
 of it may have been spoken here, and after four hundred 
 years of absolute foreign rule, in the fifth century, the 
 whole physiognomy of the population of. our island 
 must have been entirely changed. Among the vast 
 quantity of anticpiities of every description belonging 
 to the Roman period dug ujj in diflereut parts of our 
 island, not a letter or a scrap has been found which 
 did not bespeak Romans or settlers under the Roman 
 name — nothing which we can call British, in the usual 
 sense given by antiquaries to that term. 
 
 Writers of the later period of the Roman empire in 
 the west state that the nmnicipal towns in BriUiin were 
 remarkable for their political turbulence, which is easily 
 accounted for by their distance from the imperial court 
 and by their insular position. Long before the supre- 
 macy which Rome claimed over them had been abandoned, 
 they had been in the habit of confederating together and 
 electing emperors of their own. When at length 
 Honorius, in the year 41(1, advnowledgcd their freedom, 
 by addressing letters to them in which he exhorted them 
 to provide for their o\vn safety, he only recommended to 
 them a task which they had already shown themselves 
 capable of performing; for, a very slioit time before, as 
 we learn from the historian Zosimus, the cities of Britain 
 Lad confederated together and repulsed a fonnidable 
 invasion of the Saxons. These cities, in fuct. were the 
 military colonies founded by the Roman auxiliaries, who 
 formed the solo soldiery, after the legions, wiioso espe- 
 cial business it had been to hold the cities in obedience, 
 were withdrawn. It appears from tho Xolitia, a work 
 which was compiled under the reign of tliis same Hon- 
 orius, that of the three legions which had been stationed 
 in tlie island during the whole Roman period, the si.xth 
 (from York) and the twentieth (from Chester) liad 
 
 1 Pausau. lib. \Ui. c. 13. 
 
 already been taken away, and that the second had been 
 removed from Isca (Carleon) to Rutupia; (Richborough), 
 where it was no doubt waiting for orders to embark. 
 Yet, in this same record, we find the same cohort of 
 Daciaus (or nominally Dacians) at Amboglanna, the 
 same Moors at Aballaba, Lergi at Congavata, Spaniards 
 at Axelodunum, Thracians at Gabrosentum, I\Iorini at 
 Glanuibanta, and Nervii at Ahona and Virosidum, and 
 the same troops iu occupation of Olenacum, Bremeten- 
 racum, and Tunnocelum, as had been settled there at 
 the first colonisation of this district by the Romans. I 
 have used the word nommally to intimate that these 
 different bodies were not necessarily composed at that 
 time of people from the countries after which they were 
 officially named, because it had long become the custom 
 to recruit them from any foreign country, and probably 
 mostly from Germany, which was the great source from 
 whence the Romans of the lower empire obtained their 
 soldiers for the armies in the west. When they had 
 once been left to confederate against the foreigner, the 
 towns soon began to form rival confederacies among 
 themselves, and later traditions, as well as the slight 
 allusions of contemporaries, show them to us engaged 
 in fierce domestic quan'els, in which one party or the 
 other called in the assistance of those very Saxons, 
 Picts, and Scots, whom their real interests required 
 them to keep far away from their shores. We have no 
 means of ascertaining what part the towns of the dis- 
 trict, now represented by Cumberland and Westmoreland, 
 acted iu these troubles, but it is evident that it was 
 exposed to an overwhelming invasion of foreigners, no 
 doubt Picts from Scotland and Scots from Ireland, who 
 overran the whole country, ruined everywhere the monu- 
 ments of Roman civilisation, and overthrew tho altars, 
 not, as the book ascribed to Gildas pretends, of the 
 Christian churches, but of unmistakable Roman and 
 otlier paganism. It is a curious circumstance, that at 
 I'lumpton AVall, believed to be the Roman Voreda, five 
 altars were fiund in tho year 1813, bearing severally 
 figures of Jupiter, Apollo, Mars, Mercury, and Venus, 
 to whom they were no doubt to be dedicated ; but they 
 were in an unfinished state, as though they had been in 
 the process of making at the moment when the decisive 
 eruption of the barbarians occurred. Of its destructive 
 etTects, every Roman station that has been examined 
 affords conclusive evidence. Thus, at the site nearMarj-- 
 port which is supposed to have been the Roman Glauo- 
 venta, when the Senhouse family, the proprietors of the 
 ground, caused it to be excavated in 1700, "they found 
 the arch of the gate beat violently down and broken ; and, 
 on entering the great street, discovered evident marks 
 of the houses having been more than once burnt to the
 
 HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES 
 
 ground and rebuilt, an event not unlikely to have hap- 
 pened on so exposed a frontier. The streets had been 
 paved with broad flag-stones, much worn by use, particu- 
 larly the steps into a vaulted room, supposed to have 
 been a temple. The houses had been roofed by Scotch 
 slates, which, with the pegs that fastened them, lay 
 confusedly in the streets. Glass vessels, and even 
 mirrors, were found ; and coals had evidently been used 
 in the fire-places. Foundations of biiiUliugs were round 
 the fort on all sides, and coins and urns in great num- 
 bers. These, with the three roads known to have 
 pointed towards tlie station, pi"0Te it to have been a large 
 and populous town."' 
 
 We know nothing of the condition of this district 
 between the period at which these ravages took place 
 and the seventh century. There are good reasons for 
 believing that, contrary to the received chronology of 
 the Anglo-Saxon chronicles, the Angles had established 
 themselves in the north of Britjiu before the invasions 
 of the Saxons in the south, and they seem very soon to 
 have extended their influence across the island to the 
 western coast. There is no apparent reason for doubting 
 that they found a population there which was at least 
 partly Celtic, perhaps foreign, aud which, apparently 
 weak in itself, seems to have been usually in alliance 
 v\-ith the Britons, as they are termed, of the western 
 lowlands of Scotland. Ecgfrid, lung of the Northum- 
 brian Angles, must have been master of Cumberland 
 and Westmoreland before the year 6S4, when he sent 
 a hostile expedition to Ireland. He gave the city of 
 Luguballium, or, as it was called during the later 
 Roman period, Lugubaha, that is, the king's rights and 
 revenues in it, to the church of Liudisfarne. In his 
 rash expedition against the Picts in the year 685, when 
 Ecgfrid perished in the disastrous battle of Nechtans- 
 mere, or Drumnechtan, he left his queen at Lugubalia, 
 in a convent of nuns, which had been founded in that 
 city, and of which the queen's sister was abbess. It 
 was there that she was nsited by St. Cuthbert, who was 
 then Bishop of Lindisfarne, and therefore superior lord 
 over the city. It is evident, from Bede's account of this 
 visit, that the citizens of Lugubalia still knew their 
 town only by its old Roman name, and it is more than 
 probable that they had continued from the Boman period 
 to hold possession of it and defend it successfully against 
 the attacks of the invaders, for they led him about it to 
 point out to him with pride the beauty of their town walls 
 and public buildmgs, especially glorying in a fountain, 
 or conduit, of marvellous workmanship, built by the 
 ancient Romans. Bede tells us that it was the Angles, 
 
 1 Lysons, Cumberland, p. cxlU. 
 
 his own countrymen, who had corrupted the Roman 
 name into Luel, which appears to have been adopted 
 also by the Celtic population of the county, who pre- 
 fixed the name by which they were accustomed to 
 designate the Roman fortresses, caer, or car (itom. the 
 Roman castrum), and hence was formed the modem 
 name of Caerluel, or Carlisle. ° 
 
 For at least two centuries after this period, we have 
 as little exact information relating to the history of this 
 portion of the territory of the Brigantes as during the 
 several centuries preceding it. Under the Anglo-Saxons, 
 however, it had been divided into two parts, perhaps ia 
 consequence of their marking two succes.sive advances in 
 the tide of conquest, and these were known to the Anglo- 
 Saxons by the distinctive appMlatious of Cumbraland, 
 and Westmoringa-land, or, as the latter was subsequently 
 written, West-mora-land, or West-mera-land. These 
 words, which we meet with first in the Anglo-Saxon 
 chronicle about the middle of the tenth century, had 
 plain and simple meanings in the Anglo-Saxon language, 
 the first signifying the land of valleys," the second, 
 according as we read it, Westmora, or Westmera, the 
 western land of moors or the western land of lakes. It 
 is hardly necessary to say that this is the origin of the 
 modern names of the two counties. In 875, according 
 to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, the Danish chieftain 
 Halfdene established his winter quarters on the banks 
 of the river Tyne, and over-ran the Northumbrian 
 kintrdom, carrvin" his ravages even into the territories 
 of the Picts and of the Strathclyde Britons. In the 
 year following, Halfdene distributed the lands of the 
 Northumbrians among his own Danish followers, who 
 proceeded at once to take possession of them, and, in 
 the words of the authority just quoted, "they thence- 
 forth continued ploughing and tilling them." It was a 
 
 - The passage of Bede is so curious Ibat it desrrves to be given 
 here in tlie origiual language. — Igitur dum EcgfriiUis rex ausu tcnie- 
 rario esercilum iu Pielos (Uicerat, .... \ir Domini Cuthbertus 
 . . . . venit ad Lugnbaliani civitatem, qnse populis Augloi-um 
 domipte liUcl Tocatur, ut alloquerctur nigiuani, qu£E ibidem in 
 uiouaslprio siis sororis eventuni belli expectare disposuit Posters 
 nutem die dcducentibus euni civibus ut vidcrct moenia civitatis fou- 
 tenique iu ea miro quondam Komanorum opere exstructum, repente 
 turbatus spiiniu, ut stubat super baculum, etc. Bcdw Vita 8. Cuth- 
 bcrli, cap. I'xvii. 
 
 2 Tlie derivation of Westmorelaud can hardly be disputed : and 
 that of Cumberland seems equally naturid. Both are correctly de- 
 scriptive of the countries to which they apply. Antiquaries have 
 supposed, however, that the latter country received its name from its 
 early inhabitants, who had been called Ciimbrij which a little imagi- 
 nation identified with Ct/mry, although I cannot think that there is 
 any reason for believing that the original British jiopulaliou of this 
 district were of the Cymric race. I am not aware that the Latin word 
 Cumbri, for the inliabitants of Cmnberland, is found at any period 
 earlier than that at which it may be merely a Latinized form of the 
 Anglo-Saxon name.
 
 OF CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. 
 
 memorable year for its influence on the future fate of 
 our country, for, according to the same chronicle, it was 
 that in which KoUo established in Normandy the dynasty 
 which was to proilucc William the Conqueror. 
 
 The Scottish chroniclers of a later period, anxious to 
 estabhsh a supposed claim of the Scottish Icings to 
 the border counties, in\-ented apparently, a history 
 of it during the period following this Danish conquest, 
 no part of which is deserving of any credit, while its 
 more prominent incidents are evidently absurd. It is 
 pretended that Gregory, a king whose accession to the 
 Scottish throne these chroniclers place in 876 — the 
 eame in which Ilalfdene completed his conquest — im- 
 mediately assisted " the Britons " in driving the Danes 
 out of the kingdom of Northumbria ; that the Britons 
 subsequently quarrelled with their allies, invaded Scot- 
 land, and experienced a disastrous defeat; and that the 
 residt of this was that these Britons agreed to a peace, 
 by which they ceded Cumberland and Westmoreland to 
 the Scots, and, withdrawing entirely from those counties, 
 retired into Wales. Gregory, we are told, held an as- 
 sembly of Ids nobles at Carlisle about the year 880. 
 Cumberland remaining, according to this account, in 
 the possession of the Scots, their king, Constautine, in 
 910, granted it to I'aigenius, the presumptive heir to 
 the throne, and ordered that thenceforward the earldom 
 of Cumberland should always be the appanage of the 
 heir apparent of Scotland. After the celebrated battle 
 of Brunanburgh, King Athelstan took possession of 
 Cumberland and Westmoreland, but his successor 
 Edmund restored it to the King of Scotland, and it 
 was agreed by treaty, that the heir apparent of Scot- 
 land should possess Cumberland as before, on condition 
 of performing homage for it to the King of England. 
 It is added that soon after this the Cumbrians rebelled, 
 and cho.se a man named Dunmaile for their king, upon 
 which, in the year 945, King Edmund led an army 
 thither, laid waste and con(iuered the country, and, 
 having deprived the two sons of Dunmaile of their eyes, 
 restored Cumberland to Iving Malcolm by a new treaty 
 of alliance. 
 
 We have more substantial grounds for believing that 
 this part of the island remained in the possession of the 
 Danes until tin; reign of Edward the Elder, to whom, 
 according to tlie Jinglisli chroniclers, it submitted and 
 remained subject to the Anglo-Saxon crown under his 
 successor Athelstan. In 9.15, the Danes of Cumberland 
 appear to have rebelled, and, according to the An'do- 
 Saxon chronicle, King Ednuuul, who had conquered 
 Northumberland in the preceding year, "ravaged all 
 Cuml)erland, and granted it all to Malcolm, king of the 
 Scots, on tho condition that he should bo his ally as 
 
 well by sea as by land." But the Danes of the north 
 appear to have continued more or less in a state of tur- 
 bulent independence during the remainder of the tenth 
 century. In 900, as we learn from the Anglo-Saxon 
 chronicle, they ravaged Westmoreland under a chief 
 named Thored, the son of Gunner. According to another 
 historian of good authority, Henry of Huntingdon, the 
 Danes, whose chief strength at this time lay in Cumber- 
 land, became again troublesome, and provoked King 
 Ethelred to such a degree, that he marched into that 
 county in great anger, " and ravaged it well-nigh all." 
 He seems to have followed the old policy of giving 
 Cumberland in the light of what at a later period would 
 be caUed a lief, to a Scottish prince, ILdcolm, son of King 
 Kenneth, in order that the Scots might have an interest 
 in defending the northern frontier against the Danish 
 invasions. We are told that this same ilidoolm, after 
 he had succeeded to the throne of Scotland, defeated, at 
 Burgh-upon-Sands, Uchtred, earl of Northumberland, 
 who had invaded Cumberland in combination with the 
 Danes, probably from Ireland. During the whole period 
 of the Daui.sli kings of England, Cumberland appears 
 to have remained more or less as a dependency of Scot- 
 land, but after the accession of Edward the Confessor, 
 the Anglo-Saxon crown asserted its superior right, and 
 Edward gave it, with the other northern counties, in 
 1053, to the well-known Siward, earl of Northumberland. 
 Tlie Scots, however, had regained possession of Cum- 
 berland at the beginning of the reign of William the 
 Conqueror, and held it in the year 1070, when a war 
 broke out between the two countries, in the sequel of 
 which it was conquered from the Scots, and the eaildom 
 was given to llanulph do Meschines, the ancestor of the 
 carls of Chester. \\'illiam took tho earldom of Cum- 
 berland into his own hands in 107:2, and gave Bauulph 
 the earldom of Chester in exchange for it. 
 
 The county of Cumberland has preserved a very 
 interesting class of monuments of Anglo-Saxon times 
 in its ancient crosses, iuscribcd usually in Anglo-Sa.xon 
 runes. The earliest of these is preserved in the church- 
 yard of Bockermet, two miles from Egremont. It is, 
 in its present state, a cyhndrical column, bevelled to a 
 square near the top, and on one of the bevels may be 
 traced an inscription in runes, liko all these early 
 inscriptions, in veree, and commemorating, as it has 
 been read and translated by the Rev. Daniel H. Haigh, 
 of Erdington,' Tuda, bishop of tho Northumbrians, who 
 perislii'd in tho terrible pestilence which ravaged the 
 whole island in the year 004. The inscription mentions 
 
 ' 111 a pnpor on "The Snxon Cross nt Bewcnstle," publisheil in 
 llii< tmnsnclious uf llio Society of Auliqiiarirs of Nevcastlc-upon- 
 Tyiif.
 
 HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES 
 
 the pestilence, ami is doubly valuable as iJentifyiiig 
 Beckermet a5 the site, hitlierto unknown, of the early 
 monastery of PtegnaliBch, where Bede says that Bishop 
 Tuda was buried " honourably." A cross of very similar 
 character, but without inscription, is preserved iu the 
 churchyard of the neighbouring parish of Gosforth. A 
 better known monument of this description, of the same 
 antiquity, and more important for its size, the object 
 of its inscription, and its profuse sculpture, is preserved, 
 though much mutilated, at Bewcastle. The Bewcastle 
 inscription has been diflferently read and interpreted by 
 Mr. Haigh and Jlr. !Maughau ;' according to both, it 
 commemorates Alcfrid, king of Northumberland, who 
 died, like Tuda, in the year of the great plague, C04. 
 Other crosses, of very early character, are found at Jlun- 
 castcr, Dearham, RocklitTe, and Irton. In the church of 
 Bridekirk, near Cockermouth, there is a Saxon font, 
 remarkable for its profuse and rather highly finished 
 sculpture, among which we perceive a figure, not ill 
 executed, of the sculptor himself at his work. His 
 nama is given in a runic inscription, which is read 
 without diliiculty as follows : 
 
 Eicnrd he me iwrocte, 
 
 And to dis mertli genir me brocte; 
 
 Wliich may be interpreted, " Richard he me wrought, 
 and to this beauty carefully me brought." From the 
 language, it is probable that this font belongs to the 
 first half of the twelfth century. While on this subject, 
 it is but right to state that the most remarkable of all 
 the crosses with runic inscriptions yet discovered in this 
 island is preserved close upon the limits of Cumberland, 
 on the other side of the Scottish border, at Ruth well iu 
 Dumfriesshire, and is .said to have formerly stood at a 
 place iu that neighbourhood called Priestwoodside, so 
 that it may fairly be considered as belonging to this 
 class of Cumbrian antiquities. The Ruthwell runic 
 inscription has been long known, and has puzzled many 
 of the northern antiquaries ; it was first properly ex- 
 plained by Mr. Kemble, who found that it consisted of 
 fragments of a poem iu the Northumbrian dialect of 
 Anglo-Saxon on the Holy Cross, a poem which, curi- 
 ously enough, is still preserved in manuscript in the 
 West-Saxon dialect. 
 
 There is another class of local antiquities which mark 
 the passage of different races over the soil — the names of 
 places and the dialect of the modern inhabitants. 
 Generally speaking, the first rude inhabitants of a 
 country may be supposed to have given distinctive 
 names oul}- to the bolder landmarks, such as moun- 
 
 ^ A Memoir on the Roman station and Runic cross at Bewcastle, 
 by the Rev. Jolm Maugban. 8\o. 1857. 
 
 tains and rivers, and the more striking natural features, 
 and such alone are those in England which still bear 
 evidence of a Celtic derivation. When the Romans 
 settled here they appear to have found nothing which 
 answered to their notions of towns, and they, therefore, 
 gave their own names to the towns and stations which 
 they established here. Some confusion has arisen on 
 the subject of the names of the Roman towns in Britain, 
 from the circumstance that each was founded by a 
 detachment of the troops in the service of Rome, and 
 that these, derived often from widely different countries, 
 imported hither names of towns or villages in the 
 country from which they came, just as the English 
 colonists of North America have, at a later period, 
 planted there the names of pkces which were familiar 
 to them in their ancient homes. Hence we find names 
 of places in this island, under the Romans, which recur 
 in the ancient geography of Gaul, Spain, and other 
 countries. The Teutonic invaders were peoples not 
 accustomed to towns, and when they began to settle 
 they shared the land among themselves, and seem to 
 have accepted as they found them the towns which had 
 not been destroyed iu the fury of invasion. The towns 
 which thus remained no doubt retained the names by 
 which they were known under the Romans, whatever 
 may have been the origin of them ; and we still trace 
 them in most of the modern names of the same places 
 with such modifications as might naturally be expected. 
 But the Angle and Saxon settlors, bringing Avith them 
 a language of their own, which was entirely difl'ereut 
 from that which existed amongst the peasantry who 
 jireoeded them, gave names taken from their own 
 language to each allotment of land, to the family resi- 
 dences they built on them, to the farms and inclosures, 
 and to all the miuor objects, while they almost naturally 
 took the names of the greater and more striking features 
 of the country, such as the mountains and rivers, from 
 the older inhabitants. This is exactly the case in the 
 English colonies in North America, and was the origin 
 of the modern nomenclature of local names in Old 
 England also. It seems to be generally agreed by 
 those who have most carefully investigated the subject, 
 that the number of names taken from the Celtic, found 
 in Cumberland and Westmoreland, is comparatively 
 small. The Roman towns in these two counties seem 
 to have been almost all destroyed in the earlier in- 
 vasions, and Carhsle is the only one of them of which 
 the name exists, though almost concealed, in that by 
 which it is still known. The great mass of the local names 
 are here, as in other parts of England, undoubtedly 
 Anglo-Saxon. But stiU we trace among them a mixture 
 of names, presenting peculiarities of fonn, which are not
 
 OF CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. 
 
 found in the southern parts of England, and which 
 seems to indicate the presence of other settlers. Some 
 of these we can hardl}' doubt were introduced by the 
 Danish invaders. 
 
 These, and some other peculiarities found here and 
 in other parts of England, have been made the ground- 
 work for theories relating to the influence upon our 
 country of the Danish and Scandinavian invasions, 
 which I believe are carried very much too far, in conse- 
 quence of generalising rashly individual facts which 
 have often been misunderstood and exaggerated, and 
 upon assumed facts which are really nothing but mis- 
 taltes.' The exaggeration of this theory of the influence 
 of the Northmen, as far as names and language are con- 
 cerned, rests upon one great ground of fallacy, which 
 may be explained by an illustration. A few years ago, 
 a very talented literary contemporary amused himself 
 and his readers by translating some of the host of 
 ^Moore's melodies into Latin, and Greek, and French, 
 and then presenting these as the originals from which 
 Jloore copied ; and at least one of our respectable 
 journals took the matter seriously, and believed that 
 the Irish bard had been convicted of discreditable pla- 
 giarism. In this same manner, though not intention- 
 ally, the supporters of the Danish theory just alluded 
 to translate the Anglo-Sa.xou names into Danish and 
 Korse, and then they turn round and compare them, not 
 as they should at the least do, with the language of the 
 Angles, but with the Saxon of Wessex, which was no 
 doubt the least like the Danish, or Norse, of any of the 
 Teutonic dialects imported into this kingdom. We are 
 to a certain degree acijuainted with the pecidiarities of 
 form of the early Northumbrian dialect, but we know 
 very little comparatively of its peculiarity in words, 
 except that wo have no right for assuming that any 
 common words in the Danish, or in the other languages 
 of the North, may not have been found in it in its 
 corresponding form, and tlio general similarity in the 
 
 1 This theory of tlio exclusive! iiinnence of the Danish invasions 
 was first brnnglit 3triliin|,'ly before pnblie altenlion in the work of 
 Professor Worsnac, of CopenlinRen, v.hieh wii3 Irnnshiled into 
 KnRlish, under the title of "An Account of the Danes and Norwe- 
 gians in I'-iifjIand, Scotland, and Ireland," London, ls:i2. I cannot 
 hcdp tliinkin}; that there is rather too suong n tincture of national 
 partiality in tlie spirit of Professor Worsaae's researches. His prin- 
 ciples have liceii taken np with regard to Cumberland and Westmore- 
 land, and argued both ingeniously and cleverly, by Mr. Hubert 
 Ferguson, in a little Tolnine, entitled '• The Norlhincn in Cumber- 
 land and Westmoreland," I'-imo. London and Carlisle, Is.'iil. lint, 
 like most stich speculative theories, it is fontuled far ti)o nnich tipou 
 sounds and rcsembluuees of words, which are in many cases merely 
 apparent, and in some are nothing belter than puns. Tollnd in the 
 nauieof the village of Kirkby Thore, a proof of the worship of the god 
 Thor there by the Danes, or in that of Woodriggs, the trace of 
 ** a sacred grove,"' is at least carrying lliis descriptiou of philological 
 iuveatigalivu upon very tmsafc grounds. 
 2 
 
 languages, though acknowledged as a fact, is over- 
 looked as an argument. In this way, a very large pro- 
 portion of the names of places heaped together to sup- 
 port this theory, have, as is not denied, their repre- 
 sentatives in the Anglo-Saxon dialects, and are reallj' 
 only Danish and Norse when they are translated into 
 those languages. Thus, I see no reason why strand in 
 composition should be considered rather to represent the 
 Norse strund, than the Anglo-Saxon word which is 
 literally identical with it ; or why the Norse bckr should 
 be considered as the origin of the word beck, applied to 
 a brook in the modern dialects of the north of England, 
 rather than the Anglo-Saxon lee. It is a common case 
 in the local dialects of the present day, that of two words 
 equivalent, or nearly equivalent, one is more commonly 
 in use in one locality, and the other word in another, 
 just as heck in the north of England holds the place of 
 brook in the south ; and this no doubt was similarly the 
 case in the Anglo-Saxon diidects of old. For instance, 
 to take one of the words which has been most frequently 
 ijuoted — it appears that by, or bi/e, was, in Anglo-Saxon, 
 used in the same sense as ham, though it is of rare 
 occurrence iu the dialects of the south. Now, it is well 
 known that, although ham in the terminations of places 
 is not uncommon in the northern parts of England, yet 
 those ending in by, which are very rare in the south, are 
 much more prevalent. We should naturally take this 
 as evidence that the Northern Angles were accustomed 
 to use by in preference for what the Saxons called a ham. 
 But it is tiiken for granted, I think too hastily, that all 
 names ending in by arc of Danish origin, and that they 
 are marks of the settlement in that locality of the Danes, 
 although in perhaps the mnjority of cases the other part 
 of the name is clearly Anglo-Saxon.'' 
 
 At the same time there can be little doubt that the 
 northern invaders have left traces of their presence in 
 this island in some names of places, and nowhere more 
 than in Cttmberland and Westmoreland. Tho/elh, the 
 fords (in many cases), and the thwailes, seem certainly 
 to remind us of the fjeld, the fiord, and the thvet, of 
 Norway ; and there are other curious resemblances of 
 
 a It is curions, that of two places the names of which are perfectly 
 identical, aiul have been given, no doulit, from similar circumstances, 
 the southern one iu Anglo Saxoii. ileora-liy (now Derby), has tlie 
 termination assiuned to be Danisli, and the northern one, deorahum 
 ( nnrhain), has the more usual Anglo-Saxon tenninalion. It is inic 
 that Derby was one of the midland tow[is held by the Danes, anil 
 that it was also called iu Anglo Saxon, Norlh-weorUiige; but it is by 
 no means a solitary instance of an Anglo-Saxon place having pos- 
 sessed two names, one of which, and that the one least known in the 
 previous period, su|>erseded llio other. Though Derby certainly 
 existed before llie Donish invasion, it is honlly known in history, 
 lloih words, however, deorn-b;/ and deorahum are slrictly Anglo- 
 Saxon iu form.
 
 10 
 
 HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES 
 
 names in the northern districts ; but still, it ought only 
 to be accepted as a conjecture, that these were derived 
 from late Norse settlei-s. The truces of the Danes arc 
 more evident in names of places which are formed from 
 the proper names of their Danish possessors, but these, 
 I think, are in most cases combined with Anglo-Saxon 
 adjuncts, which show us how easily the invaders, when 
 they established themselves in our island, amalgamated 
 with the people they found here. In fact, there was 
 this great dilference between the Danish invasions and 
 the original Anglo-Saxon invasions, that the Danes were 
 not under the necessity of forming fjr themselves new 
 towns and villages, or even new fa'-ms, and that they 
 found all localities bearing names which they understood, 
 and which, therefore, they had no groat reason for 
 changing. The small proportion of really foreign words 
 in the dialect of the north slions us further, that the 
 influence of the language of the invaders at least was 
 verv limited. 
 
 The ravages committed in these parts during the long 
 and melancholy period marked by the Danish invasions, 
 ■were more destructive even than those of the age which 
 intervened between the Romans and the Saxons. The 
 early monasteries and churches had all been destroyed, 
 and of some of them we can harJly discover the sites, 
 while the population had been reduced to a stiite of 
 wild barbarism. Even the city of Carlisle, which had 
 escaped the ravages of Picts and Scots, had been 
 ntterly ruined by the Danes, probably during the con- 
 quest of Northumbria by Halfdene in 875, and it could 
 no longer boast, as it did in the seventh century, of its 
 beautiful walks and public buildings. It is said to 
 have remained in ruins about two hundred years, when 
 William Rufus caused it to be rebuilt and fortified, in 
 the year 109'2. The few words in which the Anglo- 
 Sa.xou chronicler recounts the events of this yeai', give 
 us a striking idea of the state from which Cumber- 
 land had nut recovered at the close of the eleventli 
 century : " This year," we are told, " King William 
 went northward to Carlisle with a large army, and he 
 repaired the city, and built the castle, and he drove out 
 DolQu, who had before governed that country : and, 
 having placed a garrison in the castle, he returned to 
 the south and sent a great number of English peasantry 
 thither, with their wives and cattle, that they might 
 settle there and cultivate the land." This Dolfin was 
 the son of tile great Cospatric, earl of Northumberland, 
 and he had perhaps akeady contributeif towards the 
 restoration of Carlisle. During the works of restoration 
 in Carlisle Cathedral, in 1S55, an inscriiJtion in Scan- 
 dinavian runes was found on a stone in the west wall of 
 the south transept, which was easily distinguishable 
 
 from the ordinary mason's marks on the stones around. 
 Mr. Maughan, of Bewcastlc, in a pamphlet already 
 quoted, has given the following reading and interpreta- 
 tion of this inscriiition : Tol/iiin hra'Ua at I'tphma this 
 stain — Doltin inscribed this stone in memory of Ulfar. 
 Wc learn from some of the old historians, such as Roger 
 do Hoveden and Simeon of Durham, that DoUin, the 
 son of Cospatric, had a son named, in their Latin, 
 UlGus, who was treacherously murdered at York, in 
 1004, by Tosti, son of Godwin, earl of Northumberknd. 
 As this does not appear to present the characteristics of 
 an older grave-stoue used in building, it is conjectured 
 that Dolfin may have begun this part of the Cathedral 
 of Carlisle. It must not be concealed, however, that a 
 very good scholar in northern literature and antiquities. 
 Dr. Charlton, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, has given, in 
 a paper read before the Society of Antiquaries of this 
 town, a very dilTerent reading and interpretation, which 
 he considers to have been a satirical allusion to the 
 mason's marks, by some one of the masons who perhaps 
 despised them. According to Dr. Charlton the inscrip- 
 tion is, tolj'ohnar raita tlu^hsi runor a thisi stain — twelve 
 idlers cut these marks on these stones. The connection 
 of Dolfin with the buildmg of Carlisle Cathedral may 
 probably be considered as very doubtful ; though it 
 is believed to have been commenced as a conven- 
 tional church in the reign of the second William, and 
 to have been completed under Henry I. In 1138, 
 Athehvold, or Athelwolf, the king's confessor, under 
 whose influence the building was completed, was made 
 first bishop of Carlisle. At the same time, powerful 
 chiefs, who were taught that their worldly errors might 
 be atoned for by expending their wealth in religious 
 foundations, laboured to rejmir the ruin of two centuries. 
 In 1088, Ranulph de Meschines, who held large estates 
 in Cumberland, and was intimately connected with the 
 town of Carlisle, founded the Benedictine nunnery of 
 Wetheral, of which the gate-house is now almost the 
 only relic. Immediately afterwards, the king, William 
 Rufus, founded another religious house for the same 
 order of nuns, at Armathwaite, in the parish of Ainstaple. 
 One of Ranulph's sons, William de Meschines, lord of 
 Egremont, cleared the site of the ancient house of Bene- 
 dictine nuns at St. Bees, which had been founded by St. 
 Bega, about the year 050, and bad been entirely ruined by 
 the Danes, and raised upon it a monastery of Benedictine 
 monks, -which became celebrated for the miracles pre- 
 tended to be performed at the shrine of the saint. 
 Little beyond the conventual chinch, which is now 
 that of the parish, remains of the monastic buildings of 
 St. Bees. The Prismonsti'atensian abbey of Sliap, the 
 only monastic abbey of any importance in Westmore-
 
 OF CUMBERLAND AND W'BBTMOEELAND. 
 
 11 
 
 land, the ruins of which are still seen in a picturesque 
 situation on the banks of the Lowther, was founded 
 about the year 1119, by Thomas, one of the sous of 
 Cospatric. In 1 138, the second Ranulph de Meschines, 
 the elder brother of the founder of St. Bees, built the 
 abbey of Calder, which is still represented by interesting 
 ruins. A Scottish prince, who then held Cumberland in 
 fee of the English crown, Henry, the sou of David I., 
 founded, in 1130, the Cistercian abbey of Holme-Cul- 
 train, which boasted, among its earlier monks, of the 
 celebrated magician, Michael Scott. A lord of Gilsland, 
 nineteen years later, built the Augustinian priory of 
 Lanercost, the church of which still remains a perfect 
 and beautiful example of early English architecture. 
 During the period at which these monastic establish- 
 ment rose, there was also a gi'eat movement in building 
 churches for parishes. Mauy of the parish churches 
 throughout Cumberland and Westmoreland are still 
 entirely or partially Nonnan, and some of them present 
 interesting examples of what the continental architects 
 call the Romanesque st3'lo of architecture. In Cumber- 
 laud, and especially as we approach the Scottish border 
 or the coast, these earlier parish churches are so massive 
 in their construction that they assume the character of 
 small fortresses, and were evidently designed not only 
 for religious worship, but for refuge during the inroads 
 of the Scots ; and the old chroniclers have recorded 
 more than one instance in which the invaders forced 
 the churches, and committed the greatest barbarities in 
 them. This combination of the church and the strong- 
 hold is by no means confined to the earlier period, but 
 is found in later buildings, as in the two very remark- 
 able churches of Burgh-upon-Sands and Newton- Arlosh, 
 the latter of which is kuown to have been built early 
 in the fourteenth century. The same activity in church- 
 building seems to have continued through the twelfth, 
 and far into the thirteenth centuries; and both coun- 
 tries present us with some good examples of early 
 English, as well as of the Norman style of ecclesias- 
 tical architecture. But good examples of decorated 
 or perpendicular work are much rarer ; and from the 
 thirteenth ccntun,' till the time of the lioforuuUion, 
 little appears to have been done to the churches of this 
 part of England beyond necessary repairs. 
 
 The Normans liave left the marks of their footsteps 
 here in their fortresses no less than in their churches. 
 That of Carlisle, built by William Rufus, whoso massive 
 keep still remains, may justly take the lead in the 
 Norman casUcs of Cumberland. It is a curious cir- 
 cumstance that the Normans seem to have experienced 
 a similar dilUculty in the pronunciation of the name of 
 Carlisle as iu that of Lincoln, which they pronounced 
 
 and wrote Nicole ; and they softened the former name 
 to Cardeol or Carduel. It was under this form that the 
 composers of the romance-cycle of King Arthur intro- 
 duced into their narratives a city which they somewhat 
 arbitrarily adopted as a chief residence of their great 
 British hero. " At Carduel " says the poetess Marie 
 in the Lai de Lanval, " King Arthur, the brave and 
 courtly, was dwelling, on account of the Scots and the 
 Picts, who were committing great destruction iu the 
 country." '■ 
 
 Uuder the influence of these romances, not only the 
 neighbourhood of Carlisle, but the whole of the two 
 north-western counties, became in a manner classic 
 ground. Arthur is represented as passing his days, 
 in company with his knights of the round table and the 
 ladies of his court, hunting iu the forest of Inglewood, 
 and an adventure, which forms the subject of an early 
 English poem, is described as having occurred on the 
 banks of the Tarn Wadling, a small lake in the parish 
 of Hesket, where there are still the remains of a mediaeval 
 castle. From this spot, according to the story, Arthur 
 proceeded to sup, sleep, and hold his court next day, in 
 his hall at Plumpton, the Voreda of the Romans ; another 
 instance, out of many, of the way in which the ruins 
 of ancient towns and stations became ideutitied with 
 mediaeval legend and fable.- On the river Eden, in West- 
 moreland, iu the wild district which formed the forest of 
 Mallerstang, are seen the ruins of an early castle, which 
 bears the name of Pendragon Castle, and which, accord- 
 ing to the legend, was built by Uther Pendragon, the 
 father of King Arthur, who made it his favourite resi- 
 dence. It is said that he wished to strengthen it by 
 turning the course of the Eden round its walls, but that 
 he was foiled in the attempt, and his supposed failure 
 is commemorated in a popular local proverbial rhyme, — 
 
 Let Ullier Pendragon ilo wliat he can, 
 The river Eden will run as it ran. 
 
 The local legend points out a spring near the castle as 
 
 1 A Cardueill sejiima li reis, 
 .\rius, li prex e li ciirieis, 
 I'lir les Ksi'iia e piir les I'is, 
 Qui (lestriiiseient nuilt le puis. 
 Piiesies de Marie de J'raiice, ed. lioijueforl. vol /., p. 202. 
 The reader must not suppose thai this fonn of iha name was 
 cnnliued to the roninnees. .Ionian Faiitosnie, tlie Anglo-Nortnan 
 metrical chronicler of the Scottish invasion of Cumlierlaud in 1173, 
 alwiivs calls this city Cnrdiiil ; and a Latin distich un the <U'ath or 
 King David, pr<'scr%cd in llic Chrouiclc of .Melrose, gives a similar 
 ordiography: — I'ostipuim caslcllis reguurn munivit ct ariuis. Rex 
 CardiiUlir ferlur obisse seuex. 
 
 • The olil Kngli!«h |>oetn of "The Anturs of .\rther at the Tame 
 walhelaii," has been prinleil several times, but is given most correctly 
 in Robson's Three Kiiglish Metrical Uouiouccs, Uo., \^i^. (Cam- 
 dcu SocietT Publication.)
 
 12 
 
 HISTORY AND AXTIQUITIF.S 
 
 Uther's favouiitc well, luul trlls liuw the Saxons threw 
 poison in it, wIul'U was tlio cause of the Jeiith of tlio 
 king ami of a lunidred of his knights. To return to a 
 more historic perioJ, one of the earhest of the Xormau 
 castles in Cumberhmd, was doubtless that which William 
 do llcschines built at Egremont, the head seat of his 
 hranch of the family, and of which nothing now remains 
 but the gateway-tower. The castle at Bewcastle was 
 perhaps also a Norman building, or at least as old as 
 the Norman period ; and there are remains of a keep 
 apparently of the same period at Graystock. West- 
 moreland is much more remarkable for its Norman 
 castellated remains than Cumberland, probably because 
 during the Norman period it formed virtually the English 
 border. The massive Norman keep of Appleby Castlo 
 was imagined by some of its possessors to have been 
 built by the Eomans, and has been long known by the 
 name of C';esar's Tower. There was probably a Norman 
 fortress at Kendal, the castle of which has been supposed 
 to occupy the site of a Roman fort. The present remains 
 belong to a later date. The massive Norman keep of 
 Brougham Castle has also been taken by some of the old 
 antiquaries for Roman work, — it also stands upon the 
 Roman station. Brough, or Burgh-under-Stanemore, on 
 the site of the Roman Vertera, has another massive 
 Norman keep, which, like that at Appleby, is known by 
 the name of Cesar's Tower, and appears also to have 
 heen called formerly the Roman Tower. Two reasons, 
 perhaps, would lead to the establishment of the eai'lier 
 castles in these positions ; first, the Roman ruins 
 would probably then furnish abundant materials for the 
 builder, and, secondly, they lay along the route in 
 the line of the old Roman road, by which the 
 Scottish invaders would advance southwardly into 
 England. 
 
 The strength of these fortresses, indeed, and the 
 energy of the Enghsh government under William and 
 Lis two sons, seem to have restrained the turbulence of 
 the Scots for a while. It is stated by some of the early 
 chroniclers, tliat the Scottish kings had accepted a com- 
 position from the Conqueror and from his successor for all 
 the claims they pretended to the county of Cumberland, 
 and it certainly remained in the undisputed possession of 
 the English crown until thereign of Stephen. The troubles 
 which quicldy gathered round the throne of this monarch 
 encouraged the King of Scotland, David I. to make an 
 attempt to gain possession of the northern counties, 
 ■which he invaded in the year 1153, and, under pre- 
 tence of acting in the interests of Stephen's rival. Prince 
 Henry, who had been educated at his court, made him- 
 self master of all the fortresses in Cumberland and 
 Northumberland, with the e.\ception of Bamborough. 
 
 It would appear from the accounts of the old chroniclers, 
 which differ in some particulars, that Carlisle and New- 
 castle-upon-Tyne were taken by surprise, or b}' treacher}'. 
 Stephen immediately marched into the north, but his 
 expedition ended only in a treaty, by which ho ceded to 
 the Scottish king the city of Carlisle and eventually the 
 whole of Cumberland. David now established himself 
 in that city, with a garrison of "ferocious Scots," as 
 Ordericus A'italis calls them, who struck terror into the 
 whole of the north country by the barbarous atrocities 
 they committed on the inhabitants, without distinction 
 of age, or sex, or condition. The papal legate, who was 
 then in England, was induced to interfere, and, having 
 arrived at Carlisle on the 25th of September, 1138, he 
 succeeded in obtaining from the Scots a promise to re- 
 lease all their female prisoners, who were to be brought 
 to Carlisle before Martinmas for that purpose, and they 
 engaged in future to abstain from the violation of 
 churches and from the atrocities which had rendered 
 their name hateful to the miserable population of the 
 northern districts. The year following, David was 
 defeated in the celebrated battle of the Standard, and 
 fled to Carlisle as a place of safety. The King of Eng- 
 land was not David's only rival in his claim upon Cum- 
 berland. In ] 142, the two kings of England and 
 Scotland being then at peace, lianulph de Meschines, 
 earl of Chester, who, like the Scottish monarch, was a 
 partisan of Stephen's rival, laid claim to Cumberland as 
 the inheritance of his family, in opposition to David's 
 son Henry, who had been invested with the principality 
 by his father; and the quarrel, we are told, was only 
 arranged by an agreement, which must have arisen 
 from the interference of Iving Stephen, that Ranulpk 
 should have, instead of Cumberland, the honour of 
 Lancaster. In the year 1148, David conferred the 
 honour of knighthood upon his nephew, afterwards 
 Henry II. of England, at Carlisle; and so formidable a 
 display of military force was brought together on this 
 occasion, that Stephen, in alarm, advanced with an 
 army to York. The peace, however, was not broken 
 this year; but, in the year following, David, Henrj, 
 and Ramdph of Chester, met at Carlisle, and there 
 entered into a league against Stephen as usurper of 
 the English crown. It is said that Prince Henry, on 
 this occasion, swore solemnly to confirm to David and 
 his heirs the territories he held in England in the event 
 of his own accession to the throne of the latter country. 
 Prince Henry of Scotland died at Carlisle in 1152, and 
 his father David followed him to the grave in the 
 following year. 
 
 Malcolm IV. the successor of David, held possession 
 of Cumberland, as well as Northumberland, until after
 
 OF CUMBERLAND AND TN'ESTJIORELAND. 
 
 13 
 
 the accession of Henry II. but that monarch, instead of 
 fulfilling his engagements to Malcolm's father, sum- 
 moned him, in 1157, to restore those two counties to 
 the EngUsh crown, and j\lalcolm, awed by Henry's 
 power and greatness, complied, in return for which, 
 Henry confirmed him in the county of Huntingdon. 
 Malcolm seems still to have been unwilling to abandon 
 his hold upon Cumberland, and the dispute led to a 
 meeting between the two kings, at Carlisle, iu the fol- 
 lowing year, but, how it was finally adjusted is not 
 quite clear, though it is certain that the English crown 
 recovered its rights. Malcolm, dying in 1165, was 
 succeeded on the throne of Scotland by AVUliam the 
 Lion, who was watching eagerly for an excuse to recover 
 bis claims to Cumberland, when the opportunity was 
 offered by the rebellion of the young King Henry 
 against his father, in the year 1173. The account 
 given of the Scottish invasion iu this and the follow- 
 ing yeai'S, by Jordan Fantosme, a coutempomiy, 
 who was present at many of the scenes he describes, 
 and has left us a narrative in Anglo-Xormau verse, 
 gives us not only a curious picture of the tima, 
 but it shows the importance of these great Norman 
 fortresses as bulwarks of the crown, if they did not 
 give very eflicient protection to tlie population of the 
 border.' 
 
 According to the account of Fantosme, the King of 
 Scotland at first entered into the war unwillingly, and 
 yielded only to the earnest persuasion of his nobles, and 
 to the temptation of regaining Northumberland and 
 Cumberland, which the young King Heuiy offered him 
 as the price of his alliance. Before he decided, he sent 
 a messenger to Henry II. in Normandy, with a formal 
 demand of what he called his inheritance in the north 
 of Englanil ; and it was only when this demand was in- 
 dignantly rejected by the father, that William the Lion 
 openly espoused the cause of the son. He then sent to 
 the latter for his contingent of Flemings to assist him in 
 taking the English castles, for it appears that the Scots 
 were very unskilful iu attacking fortresses, and even 
 with the assistance of tlieir Flemish allies, who were 
 more accustomed to siege operations, their success was 
 uot very great. When, soon afterwards King William, 
 at the siege of Wark, ordered a perriere, or engine 
 for throwing large stones, to bo employed against the 
 castle, the first stone that was thrown from it went 
 backwards instead of forwai'ds, and struck down one of 
 
 ' The metrical nnrrntive of Jonlnii Fantosme lins been preserved 
 in twi) iimuuscriins, niul wius priiueil in iinc of tlie volumes of llie 
 Surtccs Society, iiiuler Uie titK", " t^'iiroiiicle of the War between the 
 English Olid the Scots in 11T3 nud llTi, by Jordan Fantosme," bvo. 
 1810. 
 
 King William's own knights.- At length, the Scottish 
 king having assembled a formidable army, crossed the 
 border and laid siege to Wark Castle, in Northumber- 
 land, but, ftiling in his attempt upon the fortress, he 
 abauJoned it, and laid siege to Alnwick, with no better 
 success. Greatly mortified at the failure of his first 
 siege operations, William yielded to the councils of his 
 chiefs, who urged him to march against CarUsle, which 
 was well garrisoned and commanded by Robert de 'Vaux- 
 " Sir King of Scotland," they said, "of all your claims, 
 Carlisle is the most difficult to obtain, and as the young 
 king is willing to give you all, we advise you to go and 
 conquer that first. If Robert de Vaux refuse to sur- 
 render it, you must cause him to be thrown down from 
 the ' great ancient tower.'' Lay siege to it, and make 
 your whole army swear publicly, that they will not stir 
 from it until they have seen the city on fu-e, the master 
 wall brokt'ii down with your steel pickaxes, and Robert 
 himself hung upon a lofty gallows. Then you will sec 
 Robert de Vaux falter ; you will, no doubt, fiud his 
 pride fallen, and his resistance will not be very obsti- 
 nate."' Nex-t day the Scottish array marched to Carlisle, 
 and it had no sooner arrived before the walls, than a 
 furious attack was made upon the gates ; but it was 
 repulsed with heavy loss to the assailants. Soon after 
 this, William the Lion received certain inteUigence 
 that an English army, commanded by Richard de Lucy 
 and Reginald, earl of Cornwall, was rapidly advancing 
 against him, and he immediately raised the siege of 
 CarHsle, recrosscd the border, and fell back upon Rox- 
 burgh. The precipitancy with which the Scots fled was 
 mniecessary. for Richard de Lucy was obliged to abau- 
 don the north, and hurry back with his troops to East 
 Anglia, to resist the Earl of Leicester and the other 
 partizaus of the young King Henry, who had organised 
 a formidable insurrection there. 
 
 The winter put a stop to active hostihties on the 
 Scottish border, but in the spring, 'U^ilUam the Lion, 
 having received a largu reinforcement of Flemings, 
 again invaded Northumberland, and attacked the castle 
 of Wark, with furious resolution, but its commander, 
 Roger d'Estutevillo, had had time to strengthen liis 
 
 - Oez, seijnmra, de la pericre cument cle ola; 
 La premiere piire queleunkos Inr geta. 
 La piere do la fiiude i pfhine reversa, 
 K nn dc lur chevaliers a terre ngraventa, 
 Ne fnssent scs anncs e sun eseu qu'il a, 
 A nul do sun lignage ne rcvenist-il ja. 
 
 Jordan FanlosmCy p. 5S. 
 
 ' De la grant tiir antivc ferei le devaler. — Jordan Fantosme, p. 28. 
 
 Aittive is the Latin anliijna. The application of this epitliel to 
 the keep or donjou of CarUsle Castle so early as the reign of Henry 
 IL is curious.
 
 14 
 
 HTSTOKY AND ANTIQUITIES 
 
 garrison, and the resistance was so great, that the Scots 
 were obliged to abandon their enterprise in disgrace. 
 At this moment, liowever, the Scottish king was joined 
 liy Rjger de Mowbray, and other powerful barons of the 
 young king's party, and his forces were thus so much 
 increased, that he resolved on a newaltomjit to reduce 
 Carlisle. "Away goes King William," to translate the 
 language of Fantosme, " Away goes King William, 
 with his vast host towards Carlisle, the fair, the strong 
 girrisoned city. Lord Roger de Mowbray and his 
 chivaliT, and Lord Adam de Porz, join themselves to 
 William's border men. The Scottish earls lead the 
 hated people, who never had any repugnance to perform 
 tiendish actions. They continue their march, without 
 any event to interrupt them, until they come in sight 
 of Carlisle, fidl of beauty; the sun glitters upon its 
 walls and turrets, lie who has a merry banner, gladly 
 displays it ; and the trumpets sound in every rank. 
 You might hear the tumult of the terrified city. But, 
 Lord Robert de Vaux gently c.\horts the citi;?ens not to 
 be dismayed or to show any cowardice, for, as he assures 
 them, if God keep his life safe and sound, he fears not 
 all this bustle, nor the King of Albany. The king, on 
 the other hand, summons Roger de Mowbray and Adam 
 de Porz to council, with Walter de Berkeley, who was 
 also one of his foUowera. ' Now behold, gentle knights, 
 much noble display ; you cannot count the white nor 
 the red, so numerous arc the banners raised against the 
 sun. Go to Robert de Vaux, and say, that I send him 
 this message. Let him deliver the castle to me with- 
 out a moment's delay ; he wUl have no succour from 
 any man living, nor will the Iving of England ever more 
 be his defender ; but if he refuse to surrender, you 
 may tell him, upon your oaths, that he shall lose his 
 head for it, and that his children shall die. I will not 
 leave him a single friend or relation whom I will not 
 ruin, unless he obey my commandment.' '' The three 
 barons proceeded to Carlisle on their mission, and they 
 were introduced to Robert do Vaux. " He was clad in 
 a hauberk, and was leaning on one of the battlements, 
 (a un kernel puiant) and held in his hand a keen sword, 
 with a sharp edge, which he handled caressingly." 
 Robert, at first, received the king's messengers rather 
 rudely, but he soon became more courteous, and lis- 
 tened attentively, while they announced to him the 
 Scottish king's demand. He replied, that he cared 
 nothing for King William's threats, but that, as he 
 held the castle for King Henry, and could only in ac- 
 cordance with his duty deliver it to him b}' his order, 
 he required a truce to give him the time to proceed 
 to Normandy and consult with his liege lord. King 
 William was angry at this reply, but he neither granted 
 
 the truce required by Robert de Vaux, nor attempted an 
 immediate assault upon Carlisle, but, while one part of 
 his army apparentl)' began to invest it, he marched 
 southwards with the rest, made himself master of the 
 Castle of Appleby, which had been left in the charge of 
 Gospatric, the son of Orm, without any garrison to 
 defend it, and attacked Brongh, after placing in the 
 former a garrison under three constables.'' Brough was 
 better provided for defence than Appleby, for there were 
 no less than six knights in it, with their followers. 
 The castle was very soon attacked on aU sides ; and the 
 Flemings and the border men made a fierce assault upon 
 the garrison, and the first day took from them the out- 
 works, which the defenders had soon abandoned, and 
 shut themselves up in the tower. Here they might 
 have held out for some time, but the Scots applied fire 
 to the tower, and they were reduced to the akcrnativo 
 of surrendering or being burnt. " But a new knight 
 had come to them that day. Now listen to his deeds and 
 his great courage. When his companions had ail surren- 
 dered, he remauied in the tower, and seized two shields, 
 which he hung on the battlements, and held his ground 
 there a long time, and threw at the Scots three sharp 
 javeUus, with each of which he struck a man dead. 
 When these failed him, he takes up shai-p stakes and 
 hurled them at the Scots, and overthrew some of them, 
 and ever keeps shouting, ' you shall all be vanquished 
 soon.' Never by a single vassal was strife better 
 maintained. When the fire deprived him of the de- 
 fence of the shields, he is not to blame if he then sur- 
 rendered." The Castle of Brough was beaten down, 
 with " the best part of the tower.''° The loss of Ap- 
 pleby and Brough caused great alarm to Robert de 
 Vaux, in Carlisle, who sent a messenger in haste to 
 Richard de Lucy, to press him anxiously for assistance. 
 The entire defeat of the rebels in East Anglia, had left 
 King Henry's two ministers, Richard de Lucy and 
 llanulph de Glanville, at liberty to provide for the safety 
 of the north, and they returned Robert de Vaux an 
 encouraging answer. On the very day of its arrival, 
 the Scottish king returned to his camp before Carlisle, 
 and i-endcred confident by his recent successes, and 
 ignorant of the approach of Lucy and Glanville, 
 
 * Qnunt il ot Appelbi, le chastei e la tur ; 
 « ♦ * 
 
 E meltent la dedenz lur seijanz marcliis, 
 E treis cunestables el chasltl unt asis. 
 
 Jordan Fantosme^ p. 60. 
 When he had Appleby, the castle aud the tower; 
 
 ■s « • 
 
 And they placed within it their border officers. 
 And Ihey have appointed tlu-ee constables in tlie castle. 
 
 ^ Ore est Buro abatuz e le niielz de la tur. — Jordan Fanlusmc, p. OS.
 
 01' CUMBEELAND AND WESTMORELAND. 
 
 I 
 
 repeatej his summons to the English garrison, but again 
 without eftect ; and he proceeded to attempt tlie castlo 
 of Prudlioe and Ahiwicli. The defeat and capture of 
 William the Lion, before the latter jilace, put an end 
 to the war. 
 
 The possession of the northern counties, however, 
 still continued to be a subject of dispute between the 
 two crowns, and many years passed before it was finally 
 adjusted. At the time of the coronation of Hichard I. 
 in ) 104, William the Lion tried to obtain Northumber- 
 land by purchase, but failed. The demand for the resti- 
 tution of Cumberland and Northumberland was formally 
 repeated on the accession of King John, who, to gain 
 time, evaded the demand, and William never obtained a 
 direct re[)ly : but his successor, Alexander IL had no 
 sooner ascended the throne, than the war between King 
 Joini and his barons offei"ed him an opportunity of 
 pressing his demands in a more eU'ective manner. 
 William joined the party of the barons, invaded Cum- 
 berland in 1^10, sacrilegiously plundered the abbey of 
 IlolmeCultram, and laid siege to the city of Carlisle, 
 which was delivered up to him by order of the barons 
 on the 8th of August in that year, but the castle still held 
 for the King of England. Soon afterwards Louis of 
 France, whom the barons bad chosen for their king, 
 recognized, with their consent, the claims of the Scottish 
 crown to the three northern counties, Cumberland, 
 Westmoreland, and Northumberland. On the pacifica- 
 tion which followed the accession of Henry TIL, Car- 
 lisle was surrendered to the English, but it is pretended 
 that the dominion of Cumberland was to remain with 
 the King of Scotland, It is evident, however, that no 
 such agreement with regard to the county was ever 
 acted upon, and we find Alexander n., in 1235 and 
 again in Vi2~, making pressing demands for the re- 
 storation of the three northern counties, which he 
 claimed as his inheritance. In the 3-ear last-mentioned, 
 u conference on the subject was held at York, in the 
 presence of the papal legato, by whose influence chiefly 
 the King of Scotland was induced to give np his claim, 
 in consideration of a grant of lands in Cumberland or 
 Northumberland of the value of two hundred pounds, 
 which ho was to hold of the King of England, by tho 
 annual payment to the i:oustublo of tho Castle of Car- 
 lisle of a falcon. In l.!4a, the manors of Penrith, 
 Langwathby, Great Salkeld, Sowerby, and Carlatton, 
 were granted to the Scottish kiug in pui-suanco of this 
 agreement. Thus ended the Scottish claims to dominion 
 ill tho northern counties of England. 
 
 The mas>ivo Norman castle, as wo have seen, contri- 
 buted largely towards saving the northern counties from 
 coijiiuest during the invasions of William the Lion, who 
 
 lost his time and wa.sted his armies in sitting down 
 before a few fortresses, which, fri/m their comparatively 
 small size but massive character might be held by a few- 
 men against a host. The Norman keep, indeed, which 
 real]}' composed the castle, was capable only of containing 
 a very small garrison, which might hold out, if provi- 
 sioned, any reasonable time until succour arrived. But 
 after the commencement of the thirteenth century, a 
 new system of warfare began to prevail, which was 
 accompanied with new military tactics. The massive 
 keep was now exchanged for an extensive fortress, as it 
 was to be manned by a far more numerous gamson, 
 forming sometimes a little army. These new fortresses 
 inclosed an area, sometimes of considerable extent, 
 which was usually surrounded with more than one 
 circuit of fortifications, consisting of a combination of 
 walls and towers. This new style of fortification is 
 usually distinguished as the Edwardian castle, because 
 it arose and prevailed chiefly during the reigns of the first 
 three Edwards. The Edwardian fortress is often an 
 addition to, and in a manner a development of an older 
 Norman castle ; but the position chosen by the Norman 
 was not always that which seemed best to the military 
 eye of the Edwardian age, and hence a great number of 
 the castles of this period were quite new. Thus, the 
 castle of Cockermouth is entirely Edwardian in cha- 
 racter, though It is believed to occupy the site of an 
 older Norman fortress. Cumberland was much richer 
 in Edwardian castles than Westmoreland, which contains 
 hardly a single e.>;ample of any importance. Naworth 
 Castle, the seat of the earls of Carlisle, which was built 
 early in the reign of Edward III., was an example of 
 this style of castellatiou, but it lias undergone at dilTereut 
 times extensive alterations. Another was Rose Castle, 
 tho seat of the bishops of Carlisle, which was built about 
 the same period. Penrith, Kirk-Oswald, and Scuk-by, 
 may be mentioned as other examples of the Edwardian 
 castle of some importance ; and we have smaller examples 
 of the castle or castellated mansion, of the Edwiudiau 
 and sulisopient periods, at Hoclill'e, Muncaster, Hayes, 
 Armathwaite, Daere, Greystoke, llighhead, Askerton, 
 &c. The importance which the individual gentleman 
 was beginning to assume so early as the thirteenth cen- 
 tury caused each to be desirous of hterally making his 
 house his castle, especially in districts so unsettled as 
 the border counties, and during that and the century 
 following tho grants of permission from tho crown to 
 private gentlemen of licences to embattle, or castellate, 
 their houses are very frequent. 
 
 During a few years the northern counties enjoyed a 
 comparative degree of tranquillity, for the peace was 
 preserved between the two countries if they had not
 
 10 
 
 HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES 
 
 become verj' hearty friends ; but lliey were destined to 
 experience a new age of disasters, when the death 
 of Alexander III. in 1200, followed by that of bis 
 daughter JIargaret, opened a liu'.J to the ambition of 
 the liousc of Plantagenet. After the crown of Scotland 
 had been adjudged to John Baliol, and ho hiid been 
 accepted as king by the Scots, the King of England 
 delivered to liim Penrith, Salkeld, and the other manors, 
 wliicli had been given to tlie Scottish kings in consi- 
 deration of their claims to the border counties, but a 
 little later, when Baliol liad offended the King of Eng- 
 land, Edward began his hostility by seizing upon these 
 manors, which were never restored. In the spring of 
 ]29C, John Comyn, carl of Buchan, with an army for- 
 midable in numbers, but hastily raised and tumultuous, 
 invaded Cumberland, ravaged the country barbarously, 
 and laid siege to Carlisle on the 98th of JIarch. Having 
 been driven from Carlisle in disgrace, the Scots recrossed 
 the border, after which they threw themselves upon 
 Isortlmmberland, and finally, returning into Cumberland, 
 burnt the priory of Lanercost on the 8th of April. 
 "Wallace, after his victory at Stirling in the September 
 of 1297, again invaded the English border. The coun- 
 ties of Northumberlaud and Cumberland were overrun 
 during several weeks by these ferocious invaders, who 
 laid the country waste with fire and sword, and subjected 
 the miserable inhabitants to every description of crudty 
 and outrage. Carlisle was summoned, but as the garri- 
 son showed no inclination to surrender, the Soots con- 
 tinued their march, and ravaged the forest of Inglewood 
 and the whole of Allerdalc to Cockermouth. The 
 severity of the season compelled them about the middle of 
 November to return into Scotland. Towards Christmas, 
 Sir Piobert Clifford raised the men of Cumberland, and, 
 joining with the garrison of Carlisle, retaliated by 
 invading and ravaging the whole of Annandale. The 
 success of the Scots lasted but a short time, for the 
 victory of Falkirk (July 29, 1208) re-established the 
 power of Edward in Scotland, and, after a successful 
 campaign, he returned with his army -to Carlisle, and 
 held his parliament there in the month of September. 
 On his way towards the south, he learnt that the Scots 
 were again in arms, and he immediately signed his writs 
 summoning his barons to meet him in arms at Carlisle 
 on the eve of the day of Pentecost in the following year. 
 Various circumstances prevented the English monarch 
 from invading Scotland during the year 1299, but in 
 the summer of the year following he marched into that 
 country by the western border. The rather authoritative 
 interference of the pope, however, served as a reason or 
 excuse for a truce, and at the end of August, Edward, 
 having returned over the border, proceeded to liolm- 
 
 Cultram, and remained there and at Carlisle until the 
 Kith of October, lie returned thenco to Dumfries, 
 where the truce with the Scots was concluded on the 
 <JOth of October, and Edward was at Carlisle again, on 
 his way to the south, on the 3rd of November. The 
 revolt of the Scots under Bruce in 1305 brought a 
 renewal of hostilities. Edward now chose Carlisle as 
 the rendezvous of his armies, and he summoned his 
 barons to assemble there on Midsummer- day 1306. 
 On the 28th of August, the king himself with his 
 queen arrived there, and they remained there until the 
 10th of September, when they left to pass the remainder 
 of the month in Northumberland. Edward was suffer- 
 ing under the united effects of age and disease, and he 
 moved about on the Scottish border slowly. He was at 
 Lanercost at the beginning of October, and remained 
 there, with the exception of a short visit to Carlisle, 
 until the 20th of T'ebruary, 1007. On the 1st of March 
 he removed to lurk Cambock, and on the Ith to Lin- 
 stock Castle, where, during six days, he and his queen 
 and court were the guests of the Bishop of Carlisle. On 
 the 12th, the king met his parliament at Carlisle, 
 where, in defiance of his health, he was preparing for 
 another expedition against the Scots. The army had 
 been ordered to assemble at Carlisle on the 8lh of J uly. 
 King Edward, whose mind was far more vigorous than 
 his body, left Carlisle on the 28th of June, and, although 
 lie had hitherto been obhged to be carried in a litter, 
 lie remounted his war-horse; but the effort was too 
 much for him, and he was obliged to halt the same day 
 at the hamlet of Caldecote, a short distance out of the 
 city. Next day he resumed his jouniey, and on the 
 5th of July he reached Burgh-on-the-Sands, wliic-li was 
 his last halting place. He expired there on the 7th, 
 and a commemorative iiillar now marks the spot ou 
 which he died. The misgovernmeut of the reign of Ed- 
 ward II. exposed the border counties to continual de- 
 vastations, and the fury of the Scots appears to have 
 been especially directed against Cumberland, on account 
 of the confiscation of Penrith and the other manors 
 which liad belonged to the Scottish kings. The district 
 of Gilfiland was twice overrun by the army of Piobert 
 Bruce in 1311, in the second of which invasions the 
 Scottish king occupied the Abbey of Lanercost during 
 three days. Next year Bruce penetrated to Durham, 
 which city was plundered by his followers, and on his 
 return ho attacked Carlisle, but was repulsed with con- 
 siderable loss by the garrison. He left, but returned 
 by a forced march, and attempted to surprise it by 
 night. His men were actually mounting the walls, 
 when the garrison was aroused by the barking of a dog, 
 and the assailants were again defeated with loss. The
 
 OF CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. 
 
 17 
 
 booty carried oiTon this occasion from Xortbumberlaud, 
 Westmoreland, and Cumberland, is said to have been 
 immense. After the battle of Bannockburu in 1314, 
 Bruce's brother Edward and Sir James Douglas, after 
 an excursion through Xortbumberlaud and Durham 
 into Yorkshire, returned through Cumberland and burnt 
 Appleby and Kirkoswald, on their way. At Christmas, 
 Gilslaud was ravaged again, and tliis inroad was followed 
 by a still more formidable invasion in 1315, directed by 
 the Scottish king in person. The chieftain whose terrible 
 ravages bad gained him celebrity under the name of the 
 Black Douglas bad led the way, and had laid waste the dis- 
 trict of Egremont, plundered the monastery of St. Bees, 
 and destroyed its manor-houses of Clcator and Stainboru. 
 The united forces of the Scots made an attempt upon 
 Carlisle, but after attacking it with persevering resolu- 
 tion during ten days, they were eventually beaten away 
 by the garrison, under its brave commander, Audrew 
 de Hercla. Ilercla was subsequently created earl of 
 Carlisle as a reward for his seiTices, but he had hardly 
 enjoyed bis honours a year, when he Wiis accused of 
 treasonable correspondence with the Scots, condemned, 
 and executed at Carlisle. In 1317, the Scots again 
 laid waste Gilslaud, the neighbourhood of Brough-under- 
 Stanemore, and other parts of Cumberland and West- 
 moreland. In 132i2, the northern counties were invaded 
 by the Scottish king and dreadfully ravaged. Robert 
 Bruce burnt Rose Castle, plundered the Abbey of 
 Holm-Cultram, and laid waste all the western side of 
 Cumberland to Duddon Sands. He then proceeded 
 into Lancashire, and on his return encamped during 
 five days near Carlijlc. The unsuccessful expedition 
 of Edward II. in the same year, was followed by a new 
 invasion of Cumberland, in the course of which Robert 
 Bruce established his head quarters for several days at 
 Beaumont, near Carlisle, from which his soldiers carried 
 their ravages far over the surrounding country. In all 
 these expeditions the bouses of the inhabitants and every 
 thing which was not portable were destroyed, and the 
 live stock and all tho population which did not escape, 
 or were not slain, were driven away into Scotland. 
 The accession of Edward III. brought victory back to 
 the standard of England, but did not save the northern 
 counties from a repetition of these destructive inroads. 
 In the summer whicii followed that event, the court 
 moved to York, while the English army assembled at 
 Newcastle, and reinforcements were sent to the casllo 
 of Carlisle ; yut an army of fourteen thousand Scots, 
 commanded by Randolph and Dougliw, swept over 
 CumberLind, and wasted the country as far ns the 
 county of Durham. The (light of Edward Baliol from 
 Scotland in 1332, drew after it a destructive invasion 
 3 
 
 of the district of Gilsland, which bad so often before 
 been the scene of the ravages of the Scots. In 1337, 
 the Scots entered the county of Cumberland by way of 
 Arthuret, destroyed about twenty villages in their pro- 
 gress eastwai'd, and carried home an immense booty. 
 They returned the same year, attacked Carlisle, and 
 burnt the suburbs and the hospital of St. Nicholas, as 
 well as Rose Castle. In 1312, they made an inroad 
 through GUslaud, and advanced as far as Penrith, 
 which was burnt. In a similar invasion in 13-15, Carlisle 
 and Penrith were burnt. Next year David Bruce in 
 person, taking advantage of the absence of Edward HI. 
 in France, subjected the English border to a much 
 more formidable invasion. He entered Cumberland, 
 took Liddel Castle by assault, beheaded the gover- 
 nor, and massacred the whole garrison. The Scots 
 plundered the monks of Lanercost,and after committing, 
 as usual, frightful destruction, marched by way of 
 Haworth to Ridpath. These devastations were re- 
 venged by tho battle of Neville's Cross and the capture 
 of the Scottish king. From this time, the border 
 remained for some years free from such visitations, or, 
 at least, no inroads occurred of sufficient magnitude to 
 have found a place in history ; but thej' were resumed 
 after the accession of Richard II. to the throne of Eng- 
 land. In the summer of 1 380, the Scots laid waste the 
 forest of Inglewood, surprised the town of Penrith, at 
 the period of tho great annual fair, when it was of 
 course more than usually filled with people, and com- 
 mitted a barbarous massacre of the townsmen and 
 strangers. They carried back to Scotland a very great 
 booty, and a multitude of people as captives, but they 
 were accompanied in their return by a pestilence which 
 was then raging in the north of England, and which 
 is said to have swept away one-third of the population of 
 Scotland. On this occasion the invaders also made a 
 fierce attack upon Carlisle, and they are said to have 
 set fire to one of tho streets by throwing in combustiles 
 attached to arrows, but the report of an approaching 
 army compelled them to withdraw across tlic border. 
 These attacks appear to have been repeated in the 
 following years, for we find the abbot of Holm-Cultrani 
 paying a large sum of money to the Earl of Douglas in 
 13S3 to save his abbey from being burnt. During tlio 
 hostilities between tiio two countries in 13i3o, the Scots 
 under Douglas, with their French allies, overrun and 
 ravaged Cumberland with dreadfiil ferocity, and, after 
 laying waste tlio lauds of tho principal border barons, 
 made an attack upon Carlisle, but they were again beaten 
 off with loss. Encouraged by the weakness of the English 
 government, tho Scottish borderers became bolder, and, 
 independently of the greater military raids, tlio English
 
 18 
 
 HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES 
 
 counties ^vere now exposed to continual iloprcdations. 
 In 1387, the Eavl of Fife, with the Earl of Douglas and 
 the lord of Galloway, raised an army of thirty thousand 
 men, and, by a rapid march, fell suddenly on the rich and 
 beautiful district of Cockerraouth, which had not expe- 
 rienced such a visitation since the days of Robert Bruce. 
 After plundering and ravaging this country during three 
 days without opposition, they made another attack upon 
 Carlisle, and burnt the suburbs. It is related that on this 
 occasion, Lord Douglas's illegitimate son, Sir WilMam 
 Douglas, distinguished himself by his extraordinary 
 bravery. On a narrow drawbridge in the out-works, he 
 is said to have eucountercd three armed citizens, of 
 whom he slew one, and compelled the other two to 
 yield. It was perhaps on this occasion that the Scottish 
 army was attickcd and defeated, and driven across the 
 river with the loss of eleven hundred men. The chro- 
 nicler, who has recorded this engagement, says that it 
 took place a few days before the feast of St. Lawrence. 
 Next 3'ear Gilsland was again invaded with great bar- 
 barity. It is said that the Scots shut up in some houses 
 two hundred decrepid people, women and children, and 
 deliberately burnt them. 
 
 The ruin to which these border districts were thus 
 exposed during more than a century must have been 
 dreadful, and is quite sulEcieut to account for the rarity 
 of monuments of the ecclesiastical architecture of th^ 
 period between the thirteenth century and the fifteenth, 
 which has been remarked especially in Cumberland. 
 In most of the churches, which present a diversity of 
 styles, the Norman or the early Euglish appears to be 
 followed immediately by the perpendicular. Little, too, 
 seems to have been left of the older domestic architec- 
 ture of the two counties, and most of the old manor 
 houses now existing date from the iifteeuth or, more 
 generally, from the sixteenth century. We cannot 
 doubt, indeed, that everything in the shape of building, 
 except massive stone walls, must have been hopelessly 
 ruined. We hear little of border raids in the fifteenth 
 century, and even the wars of tlie roses seem to have 
 affected these remote districts very slightly. A Scottish 
 army in the interest of Hemy VI. besieged Carhsle and 
 burnt the suburbs in 1401, but this appears as a solitary 
 in-ent in history, and any subsequent inroads of a serious 
 character occur only in combination with some greater 
 political event. In 1522, the regent Duke of Albany 
 advanced to Carlisle at the head of a Scottish army, but 
 that place was well provided for defence, and he withdrew 
 without any further hostilities. During the hostilities 
 between the three countries in ] .523, Lord JIaxwell made 
 an inroad into Cumberland, defeated a force which at- 
 tempted to resist him, and did considerable damage. 
 
 The last struggles of feudalism in the northern rebellions 
 of 1536, called popularly the Pilgrimage of Grace, and 
 1 509, caused a certain degree of agitation on the border, 
 which continued to manifest itself at times during the 
 rest of the reign of Ehzabeth, but was finally put an 
 end to by the union of the two crowns on the head of 
 James I. The last inroad of the Scots happened im- 
 mediately after the accession of that monarch to the 
 English throne, when a party of two or three hundred 
 entered Cumberland and cai-ried their depredations as far 
 as Penrith ; but they were attacked and dispersed by a. 
 detachment of the garrison of Berwick, sent by the king 
 who was in that town on liis way to England. Tho; 
 practice of plunder, however, had become so habitual 
 among the borderere, that in spite of the severe punish- 
 ment with wliich it was visited, it long continued to 
 prevail, and even the gallows seems hardly to have 
 been looked upon as a disreputable end to tiie unlucky 
 stealer of sheep or horse who chanced to fall into the 
 hands of the law. A border anecdote has been repeated 
 more than once, which relates especially to the parish of 
 Bewcastle. We are told that a stranger visiting that 
 place was surprised to fiud that the tomb-stones in the 
 churchyard commemorated none but females, and he 
 made a remark to that effect to the old lady who accom- 
 panied him as a guide. " Oh, sir," she replied feeling!}', 
 "they're a' buried at that weary Caerl!" In the sequel, 
 the astonished itirjuirer learnt that no male inhabitant 
 of that district was known to have ended his days other- 
 wise than being hanged at Carlisle. 
 
 However, the opening of the fifteenth centuiy brought 
 with it a comparative degree of personal security, and 
 the landholders began to return to their estates and 
 rebuUd their houses. In these, strength for defence 
 was an important consideration, and most of them had 
 a massive square tower, of three or four storeys, with a 
 vaulted chamber on the ground floor. This was the 
 retreat of the family in case of an incursion of the Scots. 
 The larger houses had yards, strongly walled, in which 
 the cattle were shut up at night, or in times of danger. 
 Examples of the towers are stiU found attached to some 
 of the older country houses in Cumberland. Houses of 
 an older date than the sixteenth centur}' are rare in 
 Cumberland or Westmoreland, but both counties can 
 boast of some interesting examples of the domestic 
 architecture of that period. Naworth Castle, which is 
 one of the finest examples of the later baronial residences, 
 was built chiefly during the reign of Elizabeth, upon the 
 remains of an edifice of the fourteenth century. Dacre 
 Castle, in Cumberland, is one of the larger examples of 
 the tower of which we have been speaking, and is like- 
 wise a building originally of the fourteenth century, but
 
 OF CUMBERLAND AND ■^'ESTMORELAND. 
 
 19 
 
 consitlerably altered in the sixtcentli. Another example 
 of the tower occurs at Yauwath Hall, iu Westmorelaud ; 
 and others will he found in Cumberland, at Kirk- 
 Andrews upon Esk, as well as at Irton Hall, Muu- 
 caster, Xcther Hall, and Nelherby. Among the finest 
 of the Elizabethan mansions are Drumburgh Castle, 
 Dalstoa Hall, and Harby Brow, Hardrigg, Hew- 
 thwaite, and Lamplugh Halls, in Cumberland ; 
 and Levins, Wharton, and perhaps Clifton Halls, iu 
 Westmoreland. 
 
 Local history may be considered as in some degree 
 co-existent with feudalism, and ceases to possess any 
 general interest at the period when the multiplicity of 
 separate independencies were absorbed in the centrali- 
 sation of power under which feudalism perished. The 
 border counties, as a natural consequence of their 
 position, preserved a general interest longer than the 
 southern districts, and it was not until some time after 
 the union of the two crowns that this interest was 
 enthely destroyed. A considerable extent of territory 
 lying to the north of the Esk, and extending to a certain 
 extent on both sides of the real boundary line of the two 
 countries, was known as the debatable ground, because 
 it was the subject of conflicting claims between the two 
 crowns. This territory was occupied chiefly by the 
 rather numerous clan of the Grames, or Grahams, 
 \vho3e chief dwelt at Netherby, and who, by their 
 depredations, had made themselves equally obnoxious 
 to the two crowns. These depredations had been 
 carried on with unusual boldness during the later 
 years of the reign of Elizabeth, and, as they were not 
 checked by the proclamations of her successor, King 
 .lames determined to put an end to them in a summary 
 manner, by the expulsion of the whole clan. An assess- 
 ment was made on the county of Cumberland, in lOOG, 
 to defray the expenses of what was termed in those days 
 the " transplantation " of this clan, who were embarked 
 nt ^Vorkillgton, and sent partly to Ireland and partly 
 to the Xclhcrlands. The love of their old country 
 seems to have been still powerful with the banished 
 Grames, and some of them ventured to return, and a 
 proclamation for apprehending them appeared in 1U14. 
 Nevertheless, some of the branches of tliis clan had been 
 allowed to remain, no doubt on account of their moro 
 peaceful behaviour ; and Uichard Graham, of Esk, was 
 created a baronet in 1020, and purchased Nelherby and 
 the barony of Liddell. Tlie family is at present repre- 
 sented by the Right Hon. Sir James Graham. There 
 still remained, however, in the debatable ground, a 
 multitude of wUd freebooters, who were known by iho 
 name of moss-troopers, from the character of the country 
 in which they found shelter, and who gave great trouble 
 
 to the legal authorities, and no little occupation, as has 
 been already intimated, to the executioner at Carhsle. 
 The great opponents of these marauders were the 
 Howards of Nawortli, the ancestors of the earls of 
 Carlisle ; and the Lord WilUam Howard, who held the 
 office of Warder of the Western Marches during the 
 reigns of James I. and Charles L, was so continually ui 
 the saddle iu pursuit of them that he became popularly 
 known by the name of Belted Willie. 
 
 The two counties appear not to have been so much 
 agitated as many other parts of the kingdom, during the 
 civil wars of the reign of Charles I. Their inhabitants, 
 many of whom were old Catholic faraihes, took less part 
 iu the new political principles which were then abroad, 
 and they joined early iu the association of the northern 
 counties to raise forces for the king, who had an army 
 there in 1 G44. After the great defeat of Marston Moor, 
 July 2, 1044, Prince Paip^rt led the forces he had saved 
 from the battle back through Lancashire to join these 
 Cumberland and Westmoreland levies. Earlier in the 
 year ilontrose had raised a small army m Cumberland, 
 with which he crossed the border and took possession 
 of Dumfries, but the approach of the Earl of Callander 
 compelled him to fall back upon Carlisle, where, according 
 to some accounts, he was besieged, but our information 
 on this subject is of a very uncertain character. Carlisle 
 was subsequently occupied by the royalist troops which 
 had formed the garrison of York, and received for its 
 governor Sir Thomas Glenham. At some period during 
 these events, an attempt was made to raise a force for 
 the parliament in Cumberland, but they were easily 
 defeated and dispersed. The royalists of these pai'ts 
 were now, however, threatened with more serious 
 dangers, for the Scottish army, under General Lesley, 
 was approaching this part of tho border. Towards the 
 end of September, he defeated, near Great Salkeld, a 
 detachment of royalists, commanded by Sir Phihp 
 Musgravc and Sir Henry Fletcher, and drove them to 
 Carlisle, whence ho continued his march to take part in 
 the siege of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Newcastle was taken 
 by storm in the month of October, after which Lesley 
 returned into Cumberland with part of tho Scottish 
 forces, and the siege of Carlisle was reguhuly opened. 
 The garrison and townsmen held out resolutely during 
 several mouths, although reduced to the greatest distress 
 by want of provisions, until the king's defeat at Naseby 
 deprived them of all hopes of relief, aud they sur- 
 rondered, and obtained honourable terms, on tho 2oth 
 of Juno, lOI.'. Lord Dig'-y and Sir Marmaduke 
 Langdalo made an attempt to revive tho royalist inllii- 
 ence in Cumberland, in the folio iviiig October, but they 
 were entirely defeated by Su' John Brown, the governor
 
 20 
 
 HISTORY AXD ANTIQUITIES 
 
 of Carlisle Castle, and made their escape, not without 
 difficult}-, to the Isle of Man. At the close of the fol- 
 lowing year, the Scottish garrison, which had till then 
 held possession of Carlisle, was withdrawn and sent 
 away, and orders were given for dismantling the castle. 
 It was not till two years after this period that new 
 events occurred to give importance to the counties of 
 Cumberland and Westmoreland. The fu'st sigual of 
 these new troubles was the surprise of Carlisle 
 by Sir Thomas Glenham and Sir Philip Jlusgrave, at 
 the end of the April of 1018; and immediately after- 
 wards Sir Marmaduke Laugdale assembled a force of 
 upwards of four thousand men, raised chiefly in Cumber- 
 land and Westmoreland, upon a heath about five miles 
 from that city. Lambert, who thou commanded for the 
 parliament in the north, advanced to Penrith in the 
 middle of June, and made that place his head quarters, 
 while Langdale fell back upon Carlisle, of which Mus- 
 grave had been made governor. The castles of Grey- 
 stock, Rose, and Scaleby, were taken by the Parliamen- 
 tarians on this occasion, and the two former are said to 
 have been burnt. 
 
 This movement of the royalists in Cumberland had 
 been concerted with the party headed by the Duke of 
 Hamilton in Scotland, who had at this moment gained 
 the superiority in the Scottish councils, and resolved 
 upon taking up arms to liberate the king. The Scottish 
 army, which was very ill equipped, numbered at that 
 time nearly fifteen thousand men, of whom about four 
 thousand were cavalry. A few days afterwards he was 
 joined by General Monro, wlio brought a reinforcement 
 of two thousand foot and one thousand horse from 
 Ireland. The main body of the Scottish army lav 
 about Wigton ; and it was further reinforced by the 
 forces under Sir Marmaduke Langdale, which now 
 amounted to about four thousand foot and ei"ht thou- 
 sand horse. Lambert, whose army was quite insuf- 
 iicient to contest the ground with so formidable a force 
 as this, fdl back from Penrith upon Appleby, where 
 the Scots were driven back in an attempt to dis- 
 lodge the rarlianientarians. Lambert, however, 
 continued his retrograde movement to Bowes, where 
 he received some reinforcements from Yorkshire. 
 Hamilton had now begun his march towards tlie south, 
 leaving Carlisle in charge of a Scottish garrison, under 
 the command of Sir William Livingston, whom he 
 had appointed its governor in the place of Sir Philip 
 Musgrave. The Scottish army remained a month in 
 Westmoreland, without performing any exploit worth 
 mentioning. The soldiers, who were turbulent and 
 nndisciplined, overran the country, plundering and 
 committing such barbarous outrages as exasperated the 
 
 inhabitants to the highest degree, until it was so ex- 
 hausted that they were compelled to remove out of it by 
 the want of provisions. Monro, with his Irish troops, 
 was left at Kendal, with orders, in case the main army 
 was attacked, to fall back upon Appleby or Carlisle 
 according to circumstances, while Hamilton, ruled by 
 the advice of the Earl of Callander, directed his march 
 through Westmoreland, in the direction of Preston. 
 
 The disasters of Preston and AA'iirrington so com- 
 pletely ruined the Scottish army, that about fifteea 
 hundred of Hamilton's horse were all who reached 
 Monro, to carry him the first intelligence of the misfor- 
 tune of the rest. Jlonro had advanced from Kendal to 
 Ivirby Lonsdale, where he received intelligence that 
 Cromwell was advancing iipon him from Yorkshire, 
 and he immediately retreated to Appleby, and sent a 
 messenger to convey the information to the Duke of 
 Hamilton and bring back his orders, but he soon after- 
 wards learnt that Cromwell had taken the road to Pres- 
 ton, and then he resumed his quarters at Kirby Lons- 
 dale. It appears that the messenger he had sent to 
 Hamilton had been intercepted, and the surprise and 
 alarm of the Scots at Kirby Lonsdale, on receiving their 
 intelligence in this abrupt manner of the capture of 
 Hamilton and the loss of his army, may be easily 
 imagined. The cavalry refused to remain with them, 
 but continued their headlong flight to Scotland, plun- 
 dering and committing so many outrages on the wa}', 
 that the peasantry, in their exasperation, slew every 
 straggler they met with, ifonro, also, began his re- 
 treat, but, with the same spirit which actuated his 
 followers, he took the eastern road, intending to set 
 fire to the coal-pits at Newcastle. The Ilamiltonian 
 party, however, had now been overthrown in Scotland, 
 and he was met by an order of the committee of estates 
 to return without further hostilities, in consequence of 
 which he marched direct to the border. 
 
 The royaUsts of Cumberland had been active, and 
 seem to have reckoned on recovering the superiority 
 during these events. Sir Philip Musgrave, with a por- 
 tion of the royalist militia of Cumberland, presented 
 himself before Carlisle, where the Scottish governor 
 refused to admit him ; while Lieutenant Bird, who held 
 Cockermouth Castle for the parliament, was be- 
 sieged by about five hundred of the royalist forces of 
 Cumberland during more than a month, until he was 
 relieved on the 29th of September, by the arrival of 
 Colonel Ashton, whom Cromwell had sent from Lan- 
 caster to his assistance. Carlisle was delivered by the 
 Scots to Cromwell ou the 1st of October, and received 
 a strong garrison, consisting chiefly of cavalry, as they 
 were designed for the suppression of the moss-troopers.
 
 OF CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. 
 
 21 
 
 The garrison appears to have been increased in subse- 
 quent years, as we read of a detachment of a thousand 
 men having been sent into Scotland, in the December 
 of 1050, and of another detachment of two thousand 
 men sent by JNTajor-General Harrison, then governor 
 of Carhslc, against a party of Scots, who threatened 
 the border in the Juno of the following year. 
 
 ISoth Cumberland and Westmoreland were reduced 
 to great distress by the ravages of the Scots during the 
 expedition of the Duke of Hamilton. The petitions of 
 the inhabitants of the former county, when seeking to 
 he eased of the burthen of supporting the garrison of 
 Carlisle after the expulsion of the Scots, complained 
 that families of the first quality had hardly bread 
 enough for their own consumption, with nothing to 
 drink but water ; that people died of starvation in the 
 public roads ; and that there were in the county of 
 Cumberland no less than thirty thousand families who 
 had neither seed nor bread corn, and who were entirely 
 without money to buy them. The parliament ordered 
 a collection to be made for their relief. 
 
 The border counties again enjoyed a long period 
 of tranquillity. During the Scottish Jacobite rebellion 
 of 171."), another attempt was made to penetrate into 
 lingland by the route through Cumberland. Towards 
 the end of October, Brigadier Mackintosh with his 
 Highlanders had formed a junction at Kelso with the 
 English insurgents under General Forster and Lord 
 Kenmure; and at the beginning of November they 
 crossed the border and took up their quarters at 
 Brampton, where Forster opened his commission from 
 the Earl of Mar, which appointed him commander-in- 
 chief of tlio army in England, and at the same time the 
 Pretender was proclaimed. The rebels marched through 
 C^umberland and Westmoreland, halting for a while at 
 Penrith and Appleby, but meeting with no sympathy 
 from the population of the country tliroiigh whii-h they 
 passed, and many of the English troops had deserted 
 before they reached Kirby Lonsdale. The ill-conducted 
 expedition ended speedily by the capture of the rebel 
 army at Preston. 
 
 In tho more formidable rebellion of 171.'), these coun- 
 ties were chosen ns the lino of march of tho Pretender 
 into England. Tho Pretender left Kelso on tho fith 
 of Xovembcr; and, after making n demonstration as 
 though he would enter Northumberland, in order to 
 deceive General Wade, who was at Newcastle, ho 
 cros.sod the Esk on the Oth near Longtown, and 
 entered Cumberland, passing that niglit at n place 
 called Reddings on the road to Carlisle. Having 
 assemliled his whole army here on the 10th, he con- 
 tinued his inarch. A party of Highland cavalry had 
 
 already shown themselves upon Stanwix bank, but had 
 retired after a few shots from the castle. Carlisle had 
 been left in a very defenceless condition, its whole 
 garrison consisting of a company of invalids under 
 the command of Colonel Durand, and the fortifications 
 in a ruinous state; but the whole body of the militia 
 of Cumberland and AVestraoreland had been drawn 
 into the city, and the mayor, Mr. Pattison, talked of 
 defending the place with resolution. Accordingly, the 
 summons to surrender was received in silent defiance, 
 and the rebels, after firing a few shots, marched on the 
 11th to Brampton, in consequence of a report that 
 General Wade was advancing to the relief of Carhsle. 
 Charles Edward Stuart slept on the 'Jth at a Mr. 
 MuiTay's, three miles south of Carlisle : on the 10th at 
 Black Hall, in St. Mary's parish; and on the 11th at 
 Warwick Hall. As no more was heard of Wade, a strong 
 division of tho Scottish army resumed the siege of Car- 
 lisle on the ]3th, and the town and garrison at first 
 made great show of resistance ; but, when preparations 
 Nvere made for an assault on the 1 .5th, both the mayor 
 and the governor agreed to capitulate ; and the Duke 
 of Perth took possession of Carlisle in the name of 
 the Pretender, who was next day proclaimed there, the 
 mayor and municipal bodies attending with the sword 
 and mace carried before them. The rebels took, in the 
 castle and city, a great number of cannon, fil'teeu 
 cohorn mortars, and an abundance of cannon-balls, 
 grenades, small bombs, about a hundred barrels of 
 gunpowder, and other military stores. Among the 
 arms were many of the Highland broad swords taken 
 at Preston in 171."). On the '^Ist and viQuJ, the Scot- 
 tish arrav, leaving a garrison of two hundred men in 
 Carlisle, marched to Penrith, and thence advanced to 
 the soutlnvanl through Lancashire. 
 
 The subsequent fate of this expedition is well known, 
 and belongs but partially to our border counties. The 
 Pretender reached Penrith on his retreat on the 17th 
 of December, during tho night of which day tho Duke 
 of Cumberland and JInjor-General Oglethorpe, who were 
 in pursuit, slept at Kendal. Next morning, Oglethorpe's 
 light horse, accompanied bj- many of the squires and 
 farmers of the country armed and mounted, rode early 
 in the pursuit, and came in sight of the rear of the 
 rebel army, as it was making its way laboriously over 
 Clifton moor, but as the Pretender liad sent most of 
 his horse to protect tho baggage and artillery, Ogle- 
 thorpe did not feel strong enough to attack it, and fell 
 back upon Kendal. Lord George Jlurray, who com- 
 manded the rear of the Pretender's army, sent forward 
 the baggiige, and remained bi'hind to check the pursuit. 
 Lea\ing a few men in a farm-house on the road, he
 
 2-2 
 
 HIST0I5Y AXD ANTIQUITIES 
 
 marched rapiillv through the village of Cliftou, \Yith 
 about three hundred foot aud a troop of horse, to take 
 possession of Lowther Hall, where he found a servant 
 of the Duke of Cumberland, from wliora he learut that 
 the duke was advancing with four thousand cavalry and 
 some infantry, and that lie intended to estabUsh his head 
 quarters at Lowther Hall the same evening. Lord 
 George fell back in haste upon the village of Clifton, 
 and despatched a messenger to Prince Charles, who 
 sent some regiments back to reinforce him. These 
 were placed under cover of the hedges and walls in a 
 line from the village of Clifton to the house of a Quaker, 
 named Savage, at the foot of the moor. One of Savage's 
 family, however, made his way through the fields un- 
 observed, as tlie night had now set in, and informed 
 the Duke of Cumberland of the dispositions of the rebel 
 forces. The EngUsh made an attempt to dislodge the 
 latter, in spite of the darkness, but they were repulsed 
 with some loss. Nevertheless, the rebels made a hasty 
 retreat to Penrith, expecting to find their prince there, 
 but he had no sooner heard of the sldrmish than he fled 
 precipitately to Carlisle. The night was so dark, and 
 the mountain roads in that winter season so bad, that 
 
 the rebels, though not pursued, suffered greatly, and 
 Chai'les Stuart was obliged to abandon his horee aud 
 proceed on foot, and in this condition he reached Carlisle 
 next morning, the lUth of December. 
 
 The Duke of Cumberland had slept that night in the 
 house of a loyal Quaker, in the outskirts of the village 
 of Cliftou, but in the moiTiing he continued the pursuit. 
 The rebels remained only one night in Carlisle, aud on 
 the 20th, leaving a garrison of three hundred men in 
 the castle, continued their retreat, and at night re- 
 crossed the river Esk into Scotland. They had quitted 
 Carlisle so precipitately, that they were obliged to leavo 
 there all their ai-tillery and a great part of their bag- 
 gage ; and at the time they were crossing the Esk, the 
 Duke of Cumberland was already within eight miles of 
 Carlisle, which was formally invested next day. The 
 siege operations were delayed by the want of siege 
 artillery, which had to be brought from "R'hitehaven : 
 but the duke's batteries were in a condition to open fire 
 on the 28th, and the Scottish garrison surrendered at 
 discretion on the 30th. The suppression of this rebel- 
 lion may be considered as closing the history of the 
 Scottish border. 

 
 Ck (i5cf)%!) of Ciinil)crl;intr aiib Mtstnmrelaiiii; 
 
 WITH I-ARTICrLAR KEFERESCE TO 
 
 THE DISTPJCT OF THE EA^GLISH LAOS. 
 
 Some few years ago I burst into the studio of a clever 
 artist, an intimate friend, and iouud bim occupied in 
 putting some finishing touches to a landscape compo- 
 sition. The general effect was pleasing enough, and 
 the arrangement of light and shade exquisite ; still, 
 when asked my opinion upon the production, I was 
 obliged to express dissatisfaction. My friend slightly 
 coloured. What was it which offended me '.' AVant of 
 congruity, I replied; — want of truthfulness to nature. 
 Even had you not expressly informed me of the fact, I 
 should have been assured that it is no real landscape 
 which is here pourtrayed. I then questioned him as 
 to his summer rambluigs. Had he ever sketched in 
 Kent? Yes, many a time. Had he ever visited 
 Wales or Cumberland? Yes, both. Perhaps ho had 
 crossed over into the Isle of Man ? Yes ; he had some 
 ilanx sketches in his portfolio. And therefore, I con- 
 tinued, in composing this picture from your note-book, 
 you have placed on one side of your lovely Kentish 
 valley, with its hazel copses and hop-clad slopes, the 
 towering porphyritic peaks of ScawfcU and Great- 
 Gable, and on the other the beautifully rounded out- 
 line of Bein-y-Phot or Greebab, the softer clay schists 
 of whose surface have been ploughed up by the passage 
 over them of ice-floes and icebergs, and then degraded 
 during ages of quiet upheaval from the depths of an 
 arctic sea. And see, I added, this mass of rock which 
 so picturesquely occupies tho foreground, and is prc- 
 sumcil to have been detached and to have fallen from 
 this frowning porphyritic precipice, is a veritable lump 
 of mountain liiiicstoiie, one of the blocks which the 
 action of tho boisterous sea which beats on the iron- 
 bound coast of old Jlona, has torn down from the 
 singular patch of limestone which juts out between 
 Port St. Mary and Perwick bay. My friend, with his 
 
 characteristic candour, owned tho correctness of my 
 remarks, and acknowledged that, to be a proficient in 
 his art, he ought either to paint dii-ect from nature, or, 
 if he composed a picture, to become a geologist. 
 
 Perhaps some might be inclined to exclaim, " Cur 
 ego amicum offendam in nugis:" i.e., " V.'hy get in a 
 passion with such trifles as these ;" or, with the same 
 classic author, to affirm that "to poets and painters 
 sufficient liberty must be allowed." Granted ; yet our 
 old friend Horace is quite as decided as to the necessity 
 of uiiit}/ in a poem or a picture ; and that man as much 
 offends against true art, truth, and nature itself, who 
 paints a granitic peak a-top of a chalk cliff, as he who 
 pourtrays " a dolphin in tho woods, or a wild boar in 
 the midst of the sea." 
 
 The fact is, that both poets and painters of some 
 eminence have been guilty of many (so to speak) 
 geological anachronisms. The terms granitic and 
 adamantine sound very grand, and help to round a 
 line, if they do not always express a truth ; and so, 
 also, it is very easy to paint gigantic breakers ilashiug 
 against impossible coasts, and from ignorance of the 
 effects of the atmosphere on rocks of different texture, 
 to display, on the saD\e canvas, such an aggregation of 
 scenery as it is not likely, if at all possible, should occur 
 on the face of nature. 
 
 Geology, though an infant science, has already added 
 immensely to the intellectual enjoyments of the human 
 race. The history of no count'y can be considered 
 complete without tho chapter of its physical historv- : 
 and for a tourist to enter upon a district, guide-book and 
 map in hand, but that guide-book or map defective in 
 geological description or colouring, is much the same as 
 if he should walk into a picture gallery with a catalogue 
 of its contents, but that catalogue unnumbered, or the
 
 24 
 
 GEOLOGY OF 
 
 numbers so placed as not to corrcspoud with tlie tickets 
 attached to each separate painting. 
 
 The following pages are intended to supply to tlie 
 present volume such a synopsis of the geology of 
 Cumberland and Westmoreland, and more especially 
 of the lake distriot, as may help tln' general reader to 
 a just appreciation of the varied beauties which belong 
 to this locality ; and, whilst gaziug on the lovely retire- 
 ment of the vales, and the deep quiet of those azure 
 lakes in which majestic mountains glass themselves, to 
 enable him to revert- to the period when the mountains 
 were being heaved up with volcanic throes from the 
 depths of the primeval ocean, or, subscciuently, were 
 being degraded by the action of the glacier and the 
 avalanche, whilst an arctic sea reached far up into 
 the country, changing the valleys into icy fiords, whence 
 it bore far away vast spoils of poqihyry, greenstone, and 
 granite, and spread them over a sea bottom which 
 has since become the plains of Yorkshire, Lancashire, 
 Cheshire, and Staffordshire, stranding also a portion on 
 the southern coasts of the Isle of Man. 
 
 "SVhen I first became acquainted with Cumberland 
 and Westmoreland, I was but a tyro in earth-science. 
 It is a fearful country for the young student in geology 
 to break ground in. Torn in pieces, and then crumpled 
 up in almost every possible contortion — intersected with 
 vast djkes of protruded and intruded igneous rocks — - 
 starred in every direction with faults, and then scored 
 with the ice tracks of a thousand ages ; — how is such a 
 country to be unravelled'.' Where must the student 
 begin'.' — where can he end'.' 
 
 No wonder, then, that at the end of three months, 
 though many a rock had yielded to the more energetic 
 blows of my youthful hammer, and my packages were 
 considerably heavier on my exodus from the country 
 than at my advent to it, I had not advanced far into a 
 knowledge of the structure of the mountain masses, and 
 of their relation to the rocks of other regions I was in 
 almost total ignorance. At that time, the great sub- 
 divisions of the oldest strata of the globe — the inner 
 garments, as it were, which wrap about the giant limbs 
 of Mother Earth, had scarcely been made out ; and the 
 terms Cumbrian, Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian, were 
 only beginning to find a place in the vocabulary of 
 geologists. The patient, untiring labours of an humble 
 individual, Mr. Otley, who must ever be regarded as the 
 father of Cumberland and Westmoreland geology, had 
 indeed worked out the chief problems of relative age of 
 the different deposits, and had traced out almost accu- 
 rately the boundai-ies of each : but the subject of 
 ynetamorpJdsm {i.e., change of form or structure of 
 rocks) had hardly been touched upon, and the diluvial 
 
 theory of the trausjiort of bouldcre, and of Ihe gravel and 
 sands of the later tertiaries, reigned supreme. 
 
 The orderly mind of the venerable father of English 
 geology, William Smith, accustomed to trace out that 
 beautiful sequence of the strata of the secondary period, 
 which in no quarter of the globe is better developed than in 
 the south and cast of England, started back at the confusion 
 of this area of volcanic action ; and the maps which he 
 and his talented son-in-law. Professor Phillips, had 
 accomplished, could only at the time place the rocks of 
 the lake country under the one great nomenclature of 
 the clay-slate and grauwacke-slate system. It was 
 reserved to Professor Sedgwick, applying a mind power- 
 ful in itself, but trained to closer reasoning by the studies 
 of that university of which he has long bceu so bright an 
 ornament, to bring forth order out of chaos, and after 
 many a footsore ramble amongst the mountains and glens 
 of his almost native district, to lay before the Geological 
 Society of London the result of years of investigation, in 
 a scries of papers which must ever form the ground-work 
 of any geological description of this area. 
 
 Whatever future research may do in determining, by 
 means of larger suites of fossils, the actual equivalents 
 of the rocks of the lake district and surrounding country, 
 when placed alongside those of Wales and other paleozoic 
 and hypozoic districts, whatever may be the nomencla- 
 ture which futuie geologists may find it most convenient 
 to adopt in reference to these vast groups of strata — 
 whether the name Cambrian, as first bestowed upon 
 them by Professor Sedgwick, be retained, and whether 
 it be regarded as corresponding with a portion of the 
 lower Silurian of Sir Roderio Murchisou, stdl it is verj' 
 unlikely that any material alteration can take place in 
 the classification which Professor Sedgwick has made 
 of the rooks of these counties, or in the outline which 
 he has traced of the different areas which they occupy. 
 The tribute which that eminent geologist Professor 
 Phillips has given to the work of Professor Sedgwick 
 is most just when he says, " From his judgment it is 
 seldom' safe to differ." In later years I have several 
 times gone over this locality, again and again making 
 various traverses, chietly with the view of tracing the 
 direction of the currents of the boulderclay and post- 
 tertiary period, and the map which Professor Sedgwick 
 has deposited in the library of the Geological Society of 
 London, has certainly been my most faithful guide 
 in following up to their true situs, or origin, the several 
 drifted materials. 
 
 An old writer, in speaking of the Isle of Man, has 
 described it as " ane parke in y^ sea, impaled with 
 rocks." Such might, in former ages, have served for 
 the description too of the English lake district. The
 
 CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. 
 
 25 
 
 plains wliich encircle it on every siilc (in which we may 
 include the fragment of the drift fringing its western 
 margin) formed the bed of a sea, out of which uprose 
 the pinnacles of slate, porphyry, syenite, and granite, 
 in the midst of which repose those exquisite waters 
 which have given a character and celebrity to this 
 portion of England. 
 
 In endeavouring to give to the general reader a notion 
 of the structure of the area of Cumberland and West- 
 moreland, and of the causes which have led to its present 
 appearance, I shall only presume that he possesses a very 
 small quantity of geological knowledge, and can excuse 
 my using very simple terms and illustrations. It is 
 necessary that he should be aware that the rocks of which 
 the crust of the globe on which we live is composed may 
 be divided first of all into two great classes, viz., if/ncous, 
 or those which have been forced up from below by the 
 action of fire, and aqueous (or perhaps, rather, as we 
 should call them, sedimentarijj, i.e., those which have 
 been deposited from above after having been mecha- 
 nically suspended in, or rolled along by, water. To the 
 former class, in modem times, belongs the lava poured 
 forth from volcanoes ; and to the latter class belong the 
 mud, sand, and gravel which settle down either in fresh 
 water lakes or at the bottom of the sea. Both the 
 above classes have in some places undergone a change 
 in their original constitution, and, from some causes 
 which I will not now discuBS, have assumed a crystalline, 
 or semi-crystalline appearance. They have hence been 
 called mctamorphic, i.e., altered rocks. 
 
 In the district of Cumberland and Westmoreland, a7id 
 particularly in the midst of the lakes, wo meet with the 
 most perfect examples of these dillbrcnt classes of rock, 
 and I proceed to give a short account of the origin of 
 each, and the localities whon^ they may best be studied. 
 I will not speculate upon what may have been the 
 original condition of our globe, but presume that we 
 have come to that chapter in its history when the 
 physical operations going on upon its surface .were 
 similar in kind, though, perhaps, not altogether in 
 degree, to those which we witness now; — when, as 
 now, the earthquake and the volcano ■were upheaving 
 and breaking the surface of our earth, and the sea and 
 air were at work upon the upheaved surface, pulling it 
 down again to one general level. 
 
 The earliest stratified rocks of this district, as far as 
 we at present know, are the Skiddaw slates, whose 
 general character is dark, glossy, laminated, and argil- 
 laceous. Though deposited originally as mud at the 
 bottom of the primeval sea, it is only very lately that 
 organic remains, that is, fossils, or relics of ancient life, 
 have been discovered in them. We arc indebted for 
 4 
 
 this discovery to Mr. .John Ruthven, of Kendal, whose 
 labours in working out the details of these beds, and of 
 the greater part of the strata of this district, are beyond 
 all praise. Previous to his discoveries, it had been 
 usual to term the Skiddaw slate as hypozoic, i.e., below 
 the range of life upon our globe. But I would observe 
 here, that even should no organic remains be found in 
 any particular rock, it would always be unsafe to say 
 that at the period of its formation there was no animal 
 life upon the surface of our earth. The sea bottom of 
 that locality might at that time have happened to be so 
 deep as to lie below the lowest known zone of animal 
 life. There are vast areas at the bottom of our present 
 oceans which must be regarded almost as marine deserts, 
 destitute of a fauna or flora, except of a microscopic 
 character. Besides, many strata (as, for instance, the 
 lower portion of these Skiddaw slates) have, since their 
 deposition in the form of mud, undergone great changes, 
 in which such a general derangement of the particles of 
 which they were made up has been effected as to obli- 
 terate all traces of organised life which may once have 
 existed in them. 
 
 These Skiddaw slates may best be studied by making 
 a traverse across the country in a south-westward 
 direction, beginning from Calbeck FelLs. The scenery 
 which passes before the eye in this district is of the 
 wildest character, for the strata have been crumpled up 
 and tossed about in grand confusion. I have never 
 dwelt on a prospect which has gratified me more 
 than that which is presented to view on a summer's 
 eve, to one looking westwai'd from Lattrigg, towards 
 Causey Pike, Grassmoor, and Whiteless. I can only 
 compare it to that of a troubled ocean running really 
 " mountains high," and ii.xed all on a sudden in a solid 
 condition. 
 
 The boundary of the Skiddaw slate district will be 
 found by drawing a curved line first northward, then 
 north-westward, from Mell Fell at the foot of UUeswater, 
 by llungrisdale, towards Hesketh, then turning westward 
 to Isell, thence through Cockermouth south-westward to 
 Egremont. From a few miles south of Egreniout, we 
 shall find the southern boundary as a rather irregular 
 line passing across Ennerdale near the Great Coves, 
 over Ilighstile, Ilonister Crag, and the head of New- 
 lands, thonco by Wallow Crag near Keswick, by Wanth- 
 waite Crag and Wolf Crag, and back again to the south 
 side of Moll Fell. 
 
 It should be observed also that we have a great mass 
 of the Skiddaw slate brought up, contorted and altered, 
 in Black Combe, in the south-western corner of Cumber- 
 land, at a point far distant from the proper Skiddaw slate 
 district.
 
 26 
 
 GEOLOGY OF 
 
 Next above the SluJdaw slates, we have a mass of 
 green slates and porphyries of vast thickness. It would 
 seem that whilst the ordinary aqueous deposits were 
 going on at the bottom of the sea of that period, there 
 ■were constant outbursts of igneous matter from tho 
 bowels of the earth. Sometimes the ejected matter 
 (ejected, probably, at a gi-eat depth in the ocean, and 
 therefore under great pressure) first disturbed, then 
 overlaid, the aqueous deposits, forming breccias and 
 masses of plutouic rock. Again, these masses wei'c 
 degraded and rubbed down into fine mud, and tho 
 result deposited either in beds of plutonic silt by 
 themselves, or they were mixed with the ordinary 
 deposits of the then sea bottom. 
 
 We meet with simitar appearances, though of a differ- 
 ent geological age, and belonging to an entirely different 
 and later system, in the south of the Isle of Jlau. There 
 the ordinary deposits of limestone, of the carboniferous 
 period, are distinctly seen mingled with igneous rock ; 
 basaltic masses with dykes sometimes rising up through 
 the beds of limestone — sometimes overlying them — at 
 other times alternating with them, and even mingled in 
 such a manner that the ordinary fossils of the cai-bon- 
 iferous period are found embedded in masses of trap- 
 tuff; and the mixture of volcanic ash and mud with 
 calcareous mud is so intimate that it is difficult to 
 name some hand specimens of the resulting rock, or to 
 say which most predominates in them, the volcanic or 
 the calcareous element. 
 
 As in the case of the Skiddaw slates, so in reference 
 to these superior green and porphyritic slates, we must 
 observe that a change in their constitution has taken 
 place since their deposition and consolidation. This 
 change may have been effected by long contact 
 Tinder great pressure with heated masses of granitic 
 rocks; and we may well notice that great masses of 
 syenite do actually break out in the midst of them in 
 several instances, as, for example, in the vale of St. 
 John, near Keswick, and on the southern side of 
 Ennerdale. 
 
 As might naturally have been expected, the change, 
 or metamorjihism, has most intensely affected the more 
 porphyritic portion of this series. Having at a pre- 
 vious period been in a fused condition, it more readily 
 assumed the crystalline character when again subjected 
 to heat. 
 
 It is not surprising that in such a series of rocks, 
 deposited under circumstances generally so unfavorable 
 to life or to the presei-vation of organic remains, we have 
 not met with any fossils. They may, however, yet be 
 found embedded as in the Isle of Man, even m volcanic 
 products. lu fact, in the upper portion of them we do 
 
 meet with organic remains in a calcareous band, which 
 has been named by Professor Sedgwick the Coniston 
 limestone, and which, though formerly regarded by him 
 as belonging to and forming the base of an upper group 
 of strata on the parallel of the Bala limestone of Xorth 
 Wales, has ultimately been included in his lower sub- 
 division of tho Cambrian strata. In the same subdi- 
 vision he includes the group of dark coloured slates and 
 clay flagstones lying just above the Coniston limestone 
 baud, aud to which he has given the name of Coniston 
 calcareous slate, or Brathay flags. The total thickness 
 of these beds of limestone slate and flagstones is not less 
 than 1 ,800 feet. Their general appearance indicates an 
 altered condition of the sea bottom at the time of their 
 deposit, and a cessation, for a long period, of those out- 
 bursts of igneous matter which had previously been 
 disturbing it. Thus, the circumstances were more 
 favourable to the development of life, and to tho 
 preservation of the remains of tho earlier forms of 
 animated being. 
 
 The area of this division of the rocks of the lake 
 district lying immediately above the Skiddaw slate, and 
 for which we may still retain the name of the green 
 roofing slate and porphyry series, though including in 
 it also the Coniston limestone, calcareous slate, and 
 Brathay flags, maj- be thus defined. 
 
 Its northern boundary will, of course, be the same 
 as that of the upper portion- or southern boundary of 
 the Skiddaw slate series last considered. Its western 
 boundary is an irregular lino (interrupted by the ele- 
 vation of Black Combe and the granite of Eskdale), 
 beginning near Calder Abbey, and terminating in the 
 Duddon estuaiy. Its southern boundary is a curved 
 line passing from a little south of Broughton towards 
 Coniston-water-head, where it is broken off by a great 
 dislocation and carried northward. We may foUow it 
 again through Hawkshead Fould, thence by Wray 
 across Windermere to Low Wood ; after that it crosses 
 the valleys of Troutbeck, Kentmere, and Long Sleddalo 
 to Shap Wells, whore it is disturbed by the granite. 
 
 Its eastern boundary will be a hue drawn at the foot 
 of the mountain limestone escai-pment from Shap to 
 Pooley Bridge. In this area are included the loftiest 
 peaks of the lake district, ScawfeU and Helvellyn, and 
 some of the grandest scenery, as Wastwater, Borrow- 
 dale, Langdale, Grasmere, Ulleswater. 
 
 The Coniston hmestone may be best studied at 
 Coniston-water-head, in a quarry by the roadside, thence 
 to Ambleside, where a good suite of fossils may be 
 collected. A very fair collection from the same lime- 
 stone may be also made by the roadside, half-way 
 between Lowwood and Ambleside, where a disused
 
 CUMBERIAN'D AND WESTMORELAND. 
 
 27 
 
 lirae-ldlu points out the particular locality of the impure 
 limestone beds. The Conistou or Brathay flags may 
 be well seen in some fine quarries at Brathay, between 
 Ambleside and Uawkeshead. 
 
 Above the Couiston flagstone wo have first a series 
 of gritty beds (named by Professor Sedgwick the Couis- 
 ton grits), and then coarse dark-coloured fissile or 
 schistose beds, in the upper portion of which the slaty 
 cleavage is but little developed. They may, perhaps, 
 be regarded as middle silurian. 
 
 The series of rocks next in the ascending order has 
 been divided by Professor Sedgwick into the Irelcth, 
 the llotvgitl, and the Kendal group, named from the 
 localities where each is best exhibited. The Ireleth 
 group consists of quartzose slates, with iuten'ouing 
 bauds of impure limestone ; the Howyill or lui'kby 
 Moor group has a more arenaceous character in its 
 lower portion, and the upper is made up of micaceous 
 flags and schists extremely fossililerous. They occupy 
 a large area over the greater portion of Low Fumess 
 in Lancashire, the whole of the south of Westmore- 
 land (excepting the portion covered by the carboniferous 
 limestone), as far east as the valley of the Luue, and 
 reaching up to the great Pennine fault. They may, 
 however, be well considered as one series, or more 
 simply subdivided into Ireleth slates, and Hayfell and 
 liirkby Moor flags. — [Vide Geological Map.) 
 
 Both the lithological character of these beds, and also 
 the included fossils (upper Silurian) indicate that some 
 movement was going on contiimously over this district 
 during their deposit. The change in species between 
 the Conistou limestone and flagstone and the superior 
 Couiston grits is so great, as to have led Professor 
 Sedgwick to the conclusion that we are here to look for 
 tho true termination of the Silurian series, and to 
 place all the rocks below the Conistou grit in the scries 
 named by him mauy years ago from the locality wlierc 
 tliey occur, the Cambrian ; but which seem, from their 
 included fossils, to be on the same geological parallel 
 Mitii a portion of the Lower Silurian strata of Sir 
 lioderick I. ilurchison. 
 
 It is a remarkable fact, that this Cambrian series, as 
 defined by Professor Sedgwick, contains seventy-two, 
 at least, well-ascertained species of fossils ; and that the 
 remaining slate-beds above them in the lake district, 
 which are certainly Upper Silurian, contain ninety- 
 two species of fossils, whilst out of this large number 
 of 105 species in all, not more than ii\o are common 
 to the two series. 
 
 If, therefore, there be any good reason for separating 
 the palajozoic rocks below tho old red sandstone into the 
 two divisions of Upper aud Lower Silurian, or, as some 
 
 have proposed, and as is noted in the table accom- 
 panying the Geological Map, into three divisions, — 
 Upper, Middle, and Lower Silurian, — the same reason 
 seems to hold good for retaining the name Cambrian 
 for the lower portion, as first named by Professor Sedg- 
 wick from that part of North Wales where beds of tho 
 same age and containing similar fossils occur. 
 
 By means of the igneous forces at work beneath the 
 earth's crust, a tremendous convulsion took place, 
 affecting the whole of this district after the deposit of 
 the Kendal or Kirkby Moor group with its superior 
 tilestone and before the formation of the old red 
 conglomerate. 
 
 This convulsion elevated the district generally along 
 an axis which runs from north-east to south-west 
 through Skiddaw Forest and Grassmoor Forest. — {Vide 
 Geological Map.) The consequence was that the lower 
 rocks were brought up and elevated into ridges in such 
 a way that then: general dip was more rapid aud pre- 
 cipitous towards the north-west than towards the south- 
 east and the general elevation of the district greater on 
 the south-east than on the north-west side of the axis of 
 convulsion. 
 
 We may trace to this circumstance, perhaps, the fact 
 that the beds on the north-west side are more sud- 
 denly covered up by newer deposits and that the upper 
 beds of the slate rocks, where they are seen on the 
 south-east side of the lake district (as for instauce 
 about Kendal), are less contorted thau on the opposite 
 side of the axis of disturbance. 
 
 The disturbance which so greatly aflected the Cum- 
 berland and Westmoreland mountains appears to have 
 been at the same time general iu the British isles 
 occun-ing just before the Devonian or old red sand- 
 stone era. In the neighbouring Isle of Man, we have 
 a parallel mountain range of the same ago. We meet 
 again with evidences of a hke direction of movement 
 occurring at the same period in Wales, in Ireland, aud in 
 tho south and north of Scotland. Wo miglit well 
 inuigiue some vast earthquake wave passing over tho 
 British isles, and leaving these indcUbla records of its 
 transit in vast mountain piles whoso crests run parallel 
 to each other, and the circumstance of these ranges 
 being more precipitous ou the north-west than on the 
 south-east side is one well worthy of consideration 
 and may lead to speculation as to the direction iu 
 which the force of translation (so to speaki has acted. 
 Such a speculation must not, however, be supposed to 
 set aside considerations of tho subsequent etfect of 
 denudation aud waste, due, purhaps, to the direction 
 of powerful oceanic currents, acting u])on these ranges 
 at the period of their elevation aud for ages afterwards.
 
 28 
 
 GEOLOGY OF 
 
 We come now to the next great division of the rocks 
 of Cumberland and Westmoreland. These are the 
 beds of the Old Red Sandstone and Conglomerate, 
 belonging to the Devonian series. 
 
 In the ravines and hollows formed by the last named 
 "reat disturbance (in which the mountain ranges would 
 appear as a series of islands in the ancient ocean) were 
 deposited a mass of boulders, pebbles, and sand, after- 
 wards consolidated. Beds of such materials are found 
 mantling round the older slate rocks in the district of 
 Cumberland and Westmoreland, as well as in other 
 parts of the British Isles and resting uuconformably 
 upon them. And prior to their being deposited, a great 
 wear and tear of the older rocks had occurred, jagged 
 edges being planed down so that the Old Red Conglo- 
 merate often rests on a smooth surface, though uucon- 
 formably to the dip of the older beds. 
 
 The beds of Old Red Sandstone and Conglomerate 
 are of very varying thickness. The circumstances under 
 which they were accumulated will readily account for 
 this fact. In the neighbourhood of the lake district, as 
 in the Isle of Man, we seem to have before us merely 
 the relics of the margin of the Devonian strata, which 
 attain such enonnous proportions both in Scotland and 
 in the south-west of England, but which are here only 
 feebly represented. 
 
 I think one of the most instructive localities for stu- 
 dying the Old Red Sandstone is at Shap Abbey. Just 
 across the stream eastward, opposite the abbey, is a fine 
 escarpment of the Devonian series, capped with the 
 Carboniferous Limestone. I have never yet seen a spot 
 where the Carboniferous Limestone is unconformable to 
 the Old Red Sandstone, though everywhere the conglo- 
 merate rests on the upturned and worn edges of Silurian 
 schists or tilestones. Such seems to be the case in the 
 neighbourhood of the lake district, and the section at 
 Shap Abbey exhibits it very finely. The Devonian 
 series does not here appear more than thirty feet in 
 thickness, resting upon upturned claret-coloured schists ; 
 hut at Mell Fell, on the northern side of Ulleswater, the 
 Old Red Conglomerate is of enormous thickness. 
 
 Many years ago (in 1848), in a publication embracing 
 the geology of the Isle of ilan, I hazarded a conjecture 
 that the Old Red Conglomerates were accumulated in 
 a sub-arctic climate. I grounded tliis conviction on a 
 comparison of this formation with that of the vastly 
 more recent Boulder Clay of the post tertiary period, 
 which most, if not all the geologists of the present 
 day, allow to have been accumulated under such climatal 
 conditions. The degraded and smoothed surfaces of 
 the rocks under the conglomerate can thus be readily 
 accounted for, I have seen nothing since I hazarded 
 
 the expression of that conviction to shake me in it, but 
 rather still more to confirm me. 
 
 It was at the time objected against me by the talented 
 author of " The Old Red Sandstone " (the late deeplj 
 lamented Hugh Miller), that there were found in some 
 Devonian beds the remains of plants indicating a sub- 
 tropical flora ; but my answer was and is that these 
 plants are mostly found in a fragmentary condition, 
 indicating that they had been transported from a 
 distance, and we know that, through the action of 
 the gulf stream, the tropical plants of the West Indies 
 are now often found, not only on the north-west shores 
 of Scotland, but even farther north. 
 
 After such great disturbances and elevations of moun- 
 tain chains occurring just before the Devonian period, 
 there must have been a considerable change in the 
 character of the climate of these islands, and the ten- 
 dency would seem to have been to render them colder 
 than at the immediately previous period. 
 
 I have not been able, as I before stated, to discover 
 any distinct evidence of convulsion occurring between 
 the Old Red Sandstone and the Carboniferous deposits 
 next supervening, including the Mountain Limestone 
 with the superior Coal measures. But there seems to 
 have occurred a quiet subsidence of this area through 
 the whole carboniferous period, more intensely developed 
 on the north-western side of the lake district, where the 
 coal beds attain their greatest thickness. Such changes 
 in the relative level of sea and land, if widely extended, 
 as was probably the case, would produce also a change 
 in climate, and hence it is no objection to the theory of 
 the Old Red Conglomerate having been originated in 
 a sub-arctic climate, that the immediately supervening 
 Carboniferous deposits exhibit the influence of a sub- 
 tropical atmosphere and ocean. 
 
 These deposits must have occupied vast ages in their 
 formation; and we know that throughout the Tertiary 
 period there are strata in close proximity with each 
 other, indicating as violent changes in the climatal 
 conditions of the area now occupied by the British 
 Isles. 
 
 To this circumstance of the subsidence of the area 
 of Cumberland and Westmoreland during the Carbo- 
 niferous deposits, is owing the fact that in most places 
 they buiT up and overlap the Old Red Sandstone, and 
 are found resting on the siluriau and Cambrian slates. 
 This is more particularly the case along the northern 
 and western edges of the lake district, owing to the 
 causes which I have before alluded to, viz., the more 
 rapid general dip of the beds, and also their greater 
 waste and destruction whilst exposed in a shattered 
 condition to the action of oceanic agents.
 
 CUMBERLAND AND 'WESTMOEELAND. 
 
 20 
 
 The Mountain Limestone may have surrounded tbe 
 lake district as a fringing coral reef; or, if we suppose 
 that the first great distortion of the slates had not very 
 greatly raised the area, it may have even overlapped 
 the whole, and been subsequently dcuuded in that 
 uprising of the country which I now proceed to notice. 
 
 Towards the close of the Carboniferous period, after 
 the deposition of the coal beds, and previous to the form- 
 ation of the upper New lied Sandstone and probably 
 of the Magnesian Limestone and Conglomerate and 
 lower New Ited Sandstone strata, the agencies at work 
 beneath the crust of the earth raised up the entire lake 
 district in a vast ellipsoidal dome, during which it was 
 cracked and starred in directions generally at right 
 angles to the axis of elevation. 
 
 Tliis axis of elevation lies along a curved line drawn 
 through Scawfell (which appears as the point of greatest 
 intensity of the elevating forces), from a little to the 
 south of the Calder river on the west to Ortou on the 
 east, where it is cut across by the great limestone fault 
 of the Pennine chain. From this axis the great north 
 and south valleys run down at right angles, radiating, 
 however, from each extremity like tlie spokes of a wheel. 
 The inspection of even a common map of the district 
 will illustrate this statement where the lakes them- 
 selves rest, and tlie rivers flow in valleys formed in the 
 lines of these faults ; but this is more distinctly indi- 
 cated in the geological map accompanying this work. 
 
 It is to this gigantic disturbance that we chiefly owe 
 the present configuration and main features of this 
 portion of the British Isles. It was a disturbance, 
 liowever, not limited to this spot, but very general at 
 that period, both in Europe and also in America. By 
 it not only was the country of the English lakes eleva- 
 ted in the manner I have just named, but its previously 
 isolated character was altered to that of a peninsula. 
 Previous to this event, during the deposit of at least 
 a portion of the Carboniferous strata, the sea seems to 
 have flowed continuously around the Lake District, a 
 ridge was now formed which connected this district 
 with the elevated tracts of the great Pennine chain, 
 shutting up the channel on the eastern side of the 
 Lake Country and forming a deep bay to the north- 
 east, now occupied by the vale of Eden. 
 
 In this bay and in the seas which subsequently 
 washed the north-west and south of the Lake District, 
 were then deposited the beds of the New Pied Sand- 
 stone and of the JIagnesian Limestone and Conglo- 
 merate, which truly indicate the oiitlino of that portion 
 of tho country occupied by the hikes of t.'uiiiberlund, 
 Westmoreland, and Lancashire. Not any of these 
 beds actually reach uj) to the lakes themselves, and the 
 
 same might be said of the Coal measures and the 
 ilountain Limestone in their present position, though 
 it is probable, as I have before stated, that they did 
 overlap some portion of the lake area prior to its ele- 
 vation by the last-named general disturbance, by which 
 the valleys and basins were originated in which tbe 
 lake waters repose. 
 
 Whether the before-named elevation was sudden, or 
 continuous through a long period, we have not any 
 distinct evidence. 
 
 It caused faults, traversing the limestone beds, as is 
 distinctly seen in the neighboui'hood of Kendal, and 
 therefore it must have commenced aftgr their deposi- 
 tion. The New Red Sandstone also rests unconfonnably 
 in many places on the Carboniferous deposits, and this 
 circumstance indicates that some great elevation of the 
 area had taken place in the interval between the two. 
 But that the whole area of Cumberland and Westmore- 
 land has also been further elevated since the dejiosit of 
 the New Red Sandstone is shewn by its inclined posi- 
 tion in several places, as for example about Furness 
 Abbey and in the neighbourhood of St. Bees. 
 
 It is highly probable, though not absolutely certain, 
 that very shortly after the deposit of the Coal measures, 
 and the Magnesian Limestone and Conglomerates, and 
 prior to the formation of the upper New Red Sandstone, 
 occurred that remarkable coui-ulsion which first elevated 
 the Pennine chain in tlie east of Cumberland and West- 
 moreland, and gave the principal features to the eastern 
 boundaiy of these two counties. It will be seen, by 
 reference to the geological map, that along the eastern 
 side of the vale of Eden, a remarkable dislocation of the 
 limestone strata has taken place. A magnificent wall 
 of carboniferous limestone towers aloft to a height, in 
 some places, of more than two thousand five hundred 
 feet above the plain of Carlisle and the valley in which 
 the Eden flows. Beds of the very same hmestone are 
 buried under the Red Sandstone of these plains. On 
 the eastern side of this axis of disturbance, the strata 
 dip gently towards tho plains of Yorksliire, but on 
 the western side of it they are thrown down in a more 
 precipitous manner, dipping at angles varying from 
 30° to 80°, and in some places are iilaced on end, or 
 vertically. 
 
 Along this axis, between Brampton and Brough, the 
 lower rocks of tlie Silurian series are, for a distance of 
 ten miles, frequently tlnust through, forming conical 
 hills, as at Dufton Pike, Knock Piko, Keisley Pike, and 
 Murton Pike, overtopping tho lower edge of the Carbon- 
 iferous Limestone. A small strip, also, of Old Red 
 Conglomerate manifests itself in tljo neighbourhood of 
 Hilton. The distortion and confusion of strata along
 
 30 
 
 GEOLOGY OF 
 
 this magnificent line of disturbance, is such as to render 
 it extremely difficult to trace correctly each rock, and to 
 lay it down on a geological map. The tattered and 
 zig-zag character of ^Yhat have been termed the edge 
 beds, balHos all attempts at correct delineation on a 
 reduced scale of the country, though the leading fea- 
 tures are sufficiently obvious. The dislocation and 
 distortion becomes even more than ordinarily compli- 
 cated in those parts where the general direction of the 
 line of fault is disturbed, and forms re-entering angles, 
 as in the country from Crough towards Ravenstone- 
 dale. No doubt this is due in a great measure to the 
 influences of other faults which intersect this great 
 axis of dislocation, as those of Cross Fell, Kiiby Stephen, 
 and LuncJalo. This magnificent dislocation of strata 
 is not confined to the eastern side of the vale of Eden, 
 but reaches down to the south in an irregular line as 
 far as Kirby Lonsdale, near which place it is cut across 
 at right angles by the double Craven- fault, which runs 
 in a direction thence nearly east-south-east for thirty 
 miles to Warfedale. In like manner, the northern 
 extremity of this great axis of disturbance, which has 
 received the name (not altogether a correct one) of the 
 Pennine fault, is cut across at right angles by another 
 called the Tynedale fault, which runs eastward, with 
 some irregularity, for a distance of fifty miles, to New- 
 castle-upon-Tyne. 
 
 The course of the Pennine fault from Brampton to 
 Brough is south-east by south ; at this latter point it 
 turns in a direction south-west by south to near Kirby 
 Lonsdale, and its total length from the point where it 
 is intersected by the Tynedale iault till it meets the 
 double Craven fault is not less than fifty-five miles. 
 
 I have said that the period of the first disturbance 
 which dislocated the strata in this direction must pro- 
 bably be between the time of the deposit of the Magne- 
 sian Limestone and that of the New Picd Conglomerate. 
 The evidence for such a supposition is this; It may 
 be taken as an almost general rule, well established by 
 observation and mathematical calculation, that faults 
 in the same district at right angles to each other are 
 contemporaneous. Hence we argue that the Tynedale 
 fault and the Craven faults were contemporaneous with 
 the formation of the Pennine range. In confirmation 
 of tliis view we may also observe that in the Tynedale 
 fault the strata on the northern side of the disruption 
 are thrown down and in the Craven faults those on the 
 south. 
 
 Now, if we examine closely the Tynedale fault we shall 
 find near Newcastle that it has distinctly affected not 
 only the Coal Measures but also the lower New Red 
 Sandstone and the ilagnesian Limestone. I have be- 
 
 fore stated that the upper New Red Sandstone is in 
 some places unconformable to the Carboniferous Lime- 
 stone, the Coal, and the Magncsian Limestone ; and if this 
 want of conformity could be distinctly traced to the effects 
 of that disturbance which originated the Tynedale, Pen- 
 nine, and Craven faults, we should be able very appro.t- 
 imately to fi.x the date of that remarkable phenomenon. 
 At the upper end of the valley of the Edon, we have a 
 partial development of beds of the Magnesiau Lime- 
 stone and Conglomerate in such a situation in reference 
 to the overlying New Red Sandstone, as to lead to the 
 suspicion that the want of conformity between them 
 might be due to some elevation of the Pennine chain. 
 
 The Carboniferous series of Cumberland and West- 
 moreland (more distinctly developed as we cross the 
 border of the counties into Yorkshire), consists of the 
 mountain limestone strata, the millstone grit, and the 
 coal measm'es. The Mountain Limestone may itself 
 also be resolved into an upper and lower division. The 
 lower limestone consists of dark beds of a very pure 
 limestone, full of shells, corals, and crinoidea, and is 
 that portion of the series chiefly exhibited in the coun- 
 ties of Cumherland and Westmoreland. On the cast side 
 of the vale of Eden, under Cross Fell, we find mixed 
 up with it some gritty beds, with shale, and poor coal. 
 Its total thickness varies from 500 to 800 feet, or even 
 more. Tlie upper Limestone strata, or Yoredale rocks, 
 of Professor Phillips, consists of limestone, grits, shale, 
 chert, and thin seams of coal increasing more and more 
 towards the north. Fossils are extremely abundant in 
 these beds, brachiopoda and crinoidea being prevalent 
 in the limestones, and terrestrial plants in the coal and 
 grit. The alternation of beds seems to point to au 
 alternate rising and sinking of this area during the 
 period of their deposition. They may be well studied 
 in the rich mining district of Alston Moor, at Hcsket 
 Newmarket, and Cockermouth, near Dalton in Low 
 Furness, and further south again about Kirby Lons- 
 dale, and, crossing the border, they may be finely 
 observed in Dentdale, and under Ingleborough Fell and 
 Wernside. 
 
 To the Mountain Limestone succeeds the Millstone 
 Grit, hardly seen in Cumberland and Westmoreland, 
 except in the extreme north-eastern portion of the former 
 county, and in a degenerate form in the neighbourhood 
 of Cockermouth. Generally speaking it increases in 
 thickness towards the south. It may almost be re- 
 garded as a lower member of the great Coal formation. 
 and it contains a few thin seams of coal. On the 
 eastern side of the Pennine range, the millstone griL 
 assumes larger proportions, and a remarkably tabular 
 mass of it forms the summit of Ingleborough.
 
 CUMBERLAND AND AVESTSIORELAND. 
 
 31 
 
 The tme coal formation which next succeeds the 
 above is of extreme importance to the prosperity of Cum- 
 berland and Westmoreland. la the former alone of 
 the two counties it is developed. From near St. Bees 
 Head it extends along the coast by Whitehaven and 
 Workington to JIaryport, thence its northern boun- 
 dary is a curved line following partly the course of tho 
 Ellen river, and then bending eastward to near Bleu- 
 nerhasset and Rosely Hill, where it suddenly terminates. 
 It occupies a breadth inland of about six miles in its 
 southern portion, gradually diminishing northwards. 
 On its nortliern edge the coalfield is overlaid by the 
 New Red Sandstone, under which no doubt it would in 
 many places be found, though it might not be at depths 
 at present remunerative in the working. It appears 
 again over a little space in the north-west of Cumber- 
 land, mantling round a nucleus of Mountain Limestone 
 in the neighbourhood of Aikton and Little Brampton. 
 The total thickness of the coal-bearing strata in the 
 neighbourhood of Whitehaven is hardly less than throe 
 hundred vards, — being made up of many scams, the 
 greater portion unworkable ; but one of them, the main 
 band, being ten feet in thickness, and wrought with 
 great earnestness. The dip of the beds being seaward, tho 
 excavations have been carried under tho bed of the sea. 
 
 Before leaving the consideration of the carboniferous 
 strata, a word or two should be said respecting a sin- 
 gular igneous mass interpolated in them. The Whin- 
 Sill, as it is called, is a great mass of basalt and 
 greenstone interstratified with the lower rocks of the 
 Yoredale series, and exhibited along the southern and 
 western brows of Cross Fell, the great Peimine range, 
 along the eastern side of the vale of Eden, passing 
 round the northern end along the escarpment of Moun- 
 tain Limestone into Teesdalc, and thence stretching 
 eastward into Northumberland. Its thickness and 
 composition arc variable. In some places, as at Hilton 
 Beck, it is not more than twenty-four feet in thickness ; 
 at Caldron Snout, on the other hand, it attains a thick- 
 ness of more than two hundred and forty feet. It has 
 greatly altered the beds underneath it, whilst those above 
 it, except at Caldron Snout, are not much changed. 
 From tliese circumstances, as well as from the vast 
 extent of country in which it is exhibited, with a general 
 conformity to the beds of tho carboniferous scries, I 
 conclude that it lias been poured out in the carboniferous 
 sea, perhaps at two or three intervals, from some great 
 vent in the neighbourhood of Caldron Snout. We have 
 an analci;.,'ous formation in beds of .npparently the same 
 age in tlie soiitli of the Isle of i\lan, which I have 
 described in a memoir read before the Geological 
 Society of London, in 1848. 
 
 The Manx whin bed (consisting of basalt greatly 
 altering the underlying limestone, of trap ash and 
 trap breccia), is remarkable for an interposed bod of 
 black limestone, containing pecuhar organic remains, 
 and in the beds of trap ash we also meet with Mountain 
 Limestone fossils. I am not aware that any organic 
 remains have yet been discovered in the Whin-Sill of the 
 Pennine range, but it is quite possible that they may 
 hereafter be found in the more ashy portion, or in that 
 which approaches the character of a volcanic breccia. 
 Altogether, the phenomena of the Whin-Sill are of a most 
 interesting character, and will greatly repay the visit of 
 the geologist to the localities where it is developed. It 
 has been fully described, together with its accompanying 
 whin dykes rising up in the form of basaltic walls, by 
 Professor Sedgwick, Mr. Hutton, and Professor Phillips. 
 
 Over the coal measures spreading out far and wide in 
 the north of CuraberLmd, from Brough, at the head of 
 the vale of Eden, to the shores of the Solway Frith, and 
 across the border into Scotland (forming the extensive 
 plain of Carlisle), we have a series of beds deposited in 
 water to which the name of the New Red Sandstone 
 formation has been given. A strip of this same forma- 
 tion occupies the low ground to the west of the Cumber- 
 land mountains, along the sea shore from St. Bees 
 Head to the Duddou river ; it is also spread out in 
 Low Fumess, and again on the southern shores of 
 Morecambe Bay, whence it reaches through the plains 
 of Lancashire and Cheshire, through Staffordshire, 
 Warwickshire, the southera parts of Derbyshire, and 
 the northern of Leicestershire, and so round through 
 Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire to the mouth of the 
 Tees. It nowhere occupies a high level. At the 
 period of its being formed, the sea washed the sides 
 of the mountains surrounding the lake district. Its 
 colour on a geological map points out pretty distinctly 
 what was the amount of land above the level of the sea 
 at the commencement of the secondary period. 
 
 It is made up of three principal divisions, the lowest 
 consisting of red marl and red sandstone, the equiva- 
 lents of the linthii todtelicgende of the continental geolo- 
 gists; tho middle portion is a magnesiau limestone and 
 conglomerate, as seen under St. Bees Head, and a mag- 
 nesiau breccia, as seen near Brough aud at Steukrith 
 Bridge, near Kirby Stephen, at the head of the vale of 
 Eden ; the upper consists of red gvpsoous marls aud 
 red sandstone, with accumulations of gj'psum, as seen 
 in various parts of the plain of Carlisle. Tho two former 
 divisions belong ct-rtninh/ to tho Permian strata, as also, 
 probably, docs a portion of the latter. It is not unlikely, 
 however, that tho discover}- of organic remains, such as 
 have been found in Cheshire, may hereafter determine a
 
 32 
 
 GEOLOGY OF 
 
 considerable portion of the upper New Hed Sandstone 
 of Cumberland and Westmoreland to belong to tlie 
 Trias, or lowest beds of the Secondary period. 
 
 A wide gap now occurs in the geological history of 
 this portion of England. In other parts of England 
 and the world there occurs a vast series of deposits, 
 viz., those of the whole of the Secondary period from 
 the New Red Sandstone upwards, and the whole of the 
 Tertiary up to the boukkr clay, of which there seems 
 to be no record whatever here. I would by no means 
 have it inferred that I believe that any of these strata 
 at any time absolutely covered this district, and were 
 afterwards borne away, though such mif/ht have been 
 the case. I am rather inclined to believe that this 
 portion of the British Isles lay above the sea-lino 
 during the whole of this long period, and that no 
 marine deposits were then being spread upon it. This 
 is, however, a mere matter of geological speculation, 
 respecting which anyone may venture to express what- 
 ever opinion he pleases. It seems, however, pretty 
 certain that at the commencement of the Boulder Clay 
 period, which is the ne.xt of which we have any traces 
 in the lal;e district, the whole country was in the condi- 
 tion of dry land, which sank gradually beneath the 
 waves of an icy sea and as gradually rose again. 
 
 The period is one deeply interesting to the geologist 
 as the connecting link between the past and present in 
 the history of the condition of our globe. It is a period 
 geologically recent, though beyond the date of all human 
 record ; but it may not necessarily be beyond the period 
 of the existence of the human race on the globe. Strange 
 enough, though so recent in a geological sense, it is one 
 respecting which more doubt and uncertainty exists than 
 perhaps any other. One reason is, that this formation, 
 for it is truly such (as much so as the Old Red Conglo- 
 merate, or any of the older water-moved, sedimentary 
 strata), was, till vciy recently, looked upon as a mere 
 surface accumulation, such as the Noachian deluge was 
 presumed to have left behind. There is, however, no 
 scriptural or physical evidence that the flood of Noah 
 was of a violent character, but rather the reverse. The 
 Bible describes the rivers, for instance, which watered 
 the garden of Eden, by names and courses known as 
 existing in the days of Moses. The existence of the 
 same river courses before and after the Noachian deluge 
 is an evidence against any violent cataclysmal action on 
 the surface of the earth. The flood of Noah answered 
 all the purposes of the Almighty as a judgment on our 
 guilty race, and as an everlasting warning. But had it 
 been of that violent character which some have assigned j 
 to it, in order to account for the transport of vast masses i 
 of rock over hundreds of miles, the ark of man's safety 
 
 must itself have been dashed to atoms, without some 
 special miracle for its preservation, of which we have 
 not even a hint in Holy Writ ; and we should also find 
 buried in the debris some relics of the family of man, 
 which we do not find. 
 
 It may be well here to notice more particularly the 
 various phenomena connected with the Boulder Clay and 
 Drift period, as truly represented to us in the Lake Dis- 
 trict; — they will, perhaps, help us to an undei-standiiig 
 of the agencies at work in this particular locality for a 
 vast series of ages. Any person who chooses may go 
 and certify himself of the following facts in the valleys 
 and mountains of Cumberland and Westmoreland. If 
 we examine the sides and bottom of the valleys, more 
 especially those which run north-cast and south-west, we 
 shall notice — first, that they are scratched, smoothed, 
 polished, and grooved in a particular manner ; — that in 
 many places are accumulations of both boulders and 
 angular fragments of rock. He will notice that not 
 only are the boulders and rocky fragments scratched 
 and scored ia a remarkable manner, but that, on 
 removing a mass of the debris, the solid rock under- 
 neath is also carved with lines running parallel with 
 the general direction of the valleys. 
 
 Now, such a phenomenon might be accounted for by 
 the descent of glaciers from the mountain summits, 
 bearing along on their surface the fragments of rock 
 torn by the power of frost from the beetUng crags which 
 tower aloft in the midst of this region of mountain 
 peaks of slate and porphyry ; and, perhaps, we might 
 rest satisfied with this solution of the phenomena if we 
 study only the valleys of the lake district. But let us 
 ascend the sides of the valleys till we come to the sum- 
 mits of the ridges by which they are formed, and let us 
 mount some of the eminences that seem to bar their 
 openings into the more level country. Still the same 
 phenomena present themselves to our view. The ridges 
 running out on each side of the valleys are scored and 
 polished — there are transported blocks of porphyry and 
 slate perched upon every ridge and knoll. We may 
 here be told that this is merely the extension of the 
 glacier action — that the glacier filled up the whole of 
 the valley, and obtruded itself over the ridge, and 
 crowned every neighbouring summit. Such a suppo- 
 sition is not beyond the bounds of possibility, thougli 
 Bcarccly jirobablc if viewed in connection with the extent 
 of the mountain peaks and snow-fields which are requi- 
 site for generating glaciers of such magnitude. 
 
 But there is another phenomenon to be accounted 
 for, and that is, that boulders of the rocks of the lake dis- 
 trict are found, not only in the valleys and on elevated 
 ridges and eminences of the lake district, but carried
 
 CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. 
 
 33 
 
 towards the south far over the plains of Lancashire and 
 Cheshire, and reaching down into Staffordshire, and 
 resting upon the liills of Derbyshire ; and, to the 
 south-east, carried across the great Pennine chain, occu- 
 pying the plains of Yorkshire as far as Ilolderuess, and 
 the cliffs of the east coast of England. It seems diffi- 
 cult to allow simple glacier action to have resulted in 
 phenomena such as these. 
 
 Some have imagined the phenomena to he due to 
 diluvial action, and have stated that great oceanic 
 waves dashed over the land iu particular directions, 
 carrying away vast fragments of rock over hills and 
 valleys, strewing them to a considerable distance, and 
 leaving them here and there in vast heaps. 
 
 Others, again, have suggested that not one set, but 
 several sets of waves have been generated, at different 
 geological epochs, by the upheaval of mountain summits 
 displacing vast bodies of water, and causing a drift of 
 the disintegrated masses seaward. 
 
 There is no doubt but that the sudden uprising 
 of mountain chains would produce powerful waves 
 ■which could move masses of rock to a certain distance, 
 but there is no extraneous and independent evidence of 
 such tremendous convulsions having occurred in the 
 houlder period. We do not, for instance, as far as I 
 am aware, find pleiocene beds tilted up by mountain 
 elevations in the neighbourhood of boulder clay de- 
 posits, at least not in the British Isles ; nor am I aware 
 that ever in the historic period has the elevation of a 
 range of country transported to a great distance such 
 vast masses of rock and debris as are presented in the 
 formation of which I am speaking. 
 
 There are, besides, in the boulder clay itself, very 
 clear proofs to my mind, that it was not produced by 
 violent catachjamal action. These proofs I have stated 
 elsewhere, and this is not the place to go into them. — 
 {Vide Quarterly Journal of the Proceedings of the Geo- 
 logical Society of London, vol. vii., page V2, itc, 1849. 
 
 I may mention, however, just one powerful argument 
 against the diluvial theory; and it is this. Not only 
 are the rocks under the boulder-clay grooved, scratched, 
 and polished iu certain directions, but also tho rocks 
 and boulders in it ; and the boulders are scratched, not 
 merely crosswise, but along their length, — proving that 
 they must, during this scratching process, have been 
 held tiijht in some matrix, and not rolled looselij along 
 in water. Now, it is always tho safest plan in geo- 
 logical mvestigation, to assume that the surface of our 
 globe has always been acted upon by the same or 
 ncariy the same agencies as nt present are at work 
 in modifying it. All tlie differences in temperature 
 and climate, for instance, which from geology >Ye learn 
 
 have existed in past ages at any particular locality, 
 we may easily conclude to have originated from a dif- 
 ferent arrangement of the sea and land. When we 
 find, in the present day, in the southern hemisphere 
 icebergs along the west coast of South America, in 
 latitudes corresponding with Spain and Southern Italy 
 in our northern hemisphere, there is no ditTiculty in 
 allowing that with a different configuration of the land 
 in the northern hemisphere they may formerly have 
 existed iu tho seas surrounding Great Britain, and that 
 our mountains may have been clothed with glaciers 
 reaching even down to the sea. Let us, therefore, 
 assume that this was the case at the close of the 
 pleiocene period, and, at the same time, that there was 
 first a gradual subsidence, or sinlcing down, of the area 
 occupied by the British Isles (such as we know now to 
 be going on as respects a portion of Scandinavia), and 
 that there was subsequently a gradual rc-elevatiou of 
 this area, what then would be the consequence ? The 
 mountains clothed in glaciers would constantly be send- 
 ing down masses of rock into the valleys, these valleys 
 often terminating with the character of the Norwegian 
 fiords. At first some of these glaciers might end off 
 before they reached the sea, depositing their remains at 
 various levels, and scratching and grooving the bottom 
 and sides of the valleys in their progress. Some of 
 them would reach even into the sea itself, and tliis 
 would ultimately (as the laud went down) be the c^e 
 with all of them. The extremities of these glaciers, 
 with their superincumbent load of scratched rocks, 
 would then be torn off, and, by the action of currents, 
 drifted out to sea or stranded upon neighbouring shores ; 
 along these shores, also, would be formed ice-floes and 
 coast-ice, rising and sinking by the action of the tide, 
 and oftentimes driven by tho force of the winds high and 
 dry upon the land ; there is no difficulty iu accounting 
 in this way for all the appearances of scratching and 
 grooving which we find on rocks wider the boulder clay 
 and in it. We have no ihlBculty iu accounting in this 
 way for the transport of blocks (large or small), of pebbles, 
 gravel, and sand, from one locality to anotlier, how- 
 ever distant. Nor have we any great dilFiculty in 
 solving iu this way the most remarkable phenomena of 
 all connected with this period, namely, the elevation 
 within vciy short distances of immense masses of rocks 
 from a lower to a much higher level, without presuming 
 upon tho intervention of any violent diluvial action. 
 Many years ago I pointed out a very remarkable 
 example of this kind of transport in tho Islo of Man. 
 Blocks of tho South Barrulo granite are there elevated 
 from their parent rock to a height of above 800 feet 
 above it, within the distance of two miles. I then pre-
 
 34 
 
 GEOLOGY OF 
 
 sumed it possible that, being frozen in coast-iee, they had 
 been driven upwards by powerful waves of translation, 
 originating in the elevation of some unknown mountain 
 chain, or it might be the elevation of Cumberland and 
 some portion of Scotland. I do not now say that this 
 is impossible, but I think it not very probable. We are 
 indebted to that eminent naturalist and antarctic explo- 
 rator, Mr. Charles Darwin, for what I believe to be the 
 proper solution of this apparent difficulty. It has 
 already been partly alluded to. As the land went 
 down, the sea retaining, of course, its own general level, 
 the blocks of slate, porphyry, or granite, frozen into ice, 
 were continually stranded higher and higher, relatively 
 with the land. Many were, of course, carried out to 
 sea and dropped at lower levels, and some, by this con- 
 tinued wear and tear of the stranding, would be ground 
 down to powder ; but others, also, would remain and be 
 driven upon the sides, or even perched on the top of 
 every mountain peak which just jutted up above the 
 sea, and when the whole of this area was again elevated, 
 whether suddenly or gradually (as I believe), these blocks 
 would be left in every position, from the summit of a 
 mountain down to its deepest valleys, just as we now find 
 them. And in this way we can easily account for the 
 spread of the rocks of the lake district not only over the 
 plains of Lancashire, Cheshire, Warwickshire, and Staf- 
 fordshire, and upon the sides of the Lancashii-e and 
 Derbyshire hills, but also their transport over the pass 
 of Stanemoor, across the Pennine chain, into the valleys 
 and plains of Yorkshire, and far away to the eastern 
 shores of England. 
 
 To take, for example, the transport of the boulders of 
 Shap granite, so remarkable and distinct in its character 
 that it can be recognised in hand specimens : glaciers 
 descending from the eastern side of the lake district 
 would transport masses of this granite into the vales of the 
 Eden and the Lune. During the gradual submergence 
 of this area let us suppose a general arctic current from 
 the north-west, such as now flows in the same direction 
 from Davis Straits, impinging on the shores of Great 
 Britain. Its general eouree would be modified by the 
 straits through which, in different places, it would have 
 to pass, and its direction would be altered at particular 
 spots by the altering condition of the coast during sub- 
 mergence. The blocks brought down into the vale of 
 Eden would first be drifted up higher and higher at the 
 southern end of that valley, whilst those in the valley of 
 the Lune might remain almost comparatively unmoved. 
 At one period of the submergence the elevated land 
 connecting the lake district with the Pennine chain 
 would be placed under the sea, and the current would flow 
 on between the lake country and what is now Yorkshire 
 
 uninterruptedly to the south and south-west. 5Iany 
 blocks would be borne in this manner altogether away, 
 but some would be driven up on the east shore. Ulti- 
 mately tlie submergence would be such as to allow of 
 the water of the ocean flowing on to the east and south- 
 east through the pass of Stanemoor. When this was tlio 
 case, a very powerful current would be gerxcrated through 
 this channel, forcing its way from the lake mountains 
 (then appearing as a series of islands in an arctic sea), 
 du'ectly into the sea covering the area which is now 
 Yorksliire and the east of England. In this way blocks 
 might then be transported direct from the granite boss 
 of Wastdale Crag, near Shap Wells, through the Pennine 
 chain, without any intervention of a glacier descending 
 into the sea. I myself think this very probable. 
 
 What the climate of the lake district was duruig and 
 immediately after its re-elevation, we may not be very 
 positive, yet there is good reason for believing that 
 it continued of an arctic character, and that the moun- 
 tains, when again upraised, were covered with snow and 
 glaciers. 1 have noticed in several places accumulations 
 in the valleys having greatly the appearance of moraines ; 
 for instance, between Crummock-water and Loweswater, 
 between Seatoller and Fwoslliwaite, in the vale of St. 
 John, at the head of Hawswater, and at the foot of 
 Langdale. Xow though as respects the scratching and 
 grooving of the rocks at any spot, there is no reason why 
 it may not have taken place prior to the submergence of 
 the district ; yet, as respects the moraines, I think they 
 would aU have been carried away, or gready sjiread out, 
 by the force of the waves of the sea during the sinking 
 and upiising again of the land, so as to leave no marked 
 traces of them. The continued existence of the mo- 
 raines (if, indeed, the noticed accumulations be such), 
 indicates, therefore, a cold cUmate for some time after 
 the lake district began to re-emcrgo from the waters of 
 the ocean. During this upheaval there would be con- 
 siderable denudation, both of the hard rock, split up by 
 the frosts and shattered by the impinging of icebergs, 
 but more especially would the materials of the boulder 
 clay be liable to a re-sorting and re-distribution ; and 
 all these would be spread out far and wide over the sea 
 'bottom, in vaiying forms, the larger boulders nearest the 
 mountains, the pebbles and coarse gravel farther off, and, 
 still ferther, fine mud and sand ; also whilst the more 
 arctic climate continued they would all be conveyed 
 occasionally to great distances, and dropped on the sea 
 bottom far away from the lake district. 
 
 The extent of the submergence of the lalce district is 
 an interesting matter of speculation. Assuming the 
 truth of the theory of its sinking down quietly in an 
 icy sea, unaffected by violent cataclysmal action, the
 
 CUMBERLAND AND ■WESTMORELAND. 
 
 extreme heiglit on tbe mountains at which any stranded 
 blocks are found will be an evidence that the sea 
 reached at least up to that particular point, or rather 
 that the land had gone down so far into the icy waters. 
 On evidence of this kind I have elsewhere shewn 
 (vol. i. " Eduiburgh New Philosophical Journal") the 
 probability that the neighbouring Isle of ]Man went 
 domi, as respects the present relative level of land and 
 sea, at least 1,600 feet at that period. On Moel 
 Tryvaen, in North ^Vales, there are deposits of the 
 glacial epoch at the height of more than 1,800 feet 
 above the present sea line. I set down the submergence 
 of the lake district at about the same amount. It must 
 evidently have been sufficient to place the pass of Staue- 
 moor under water, unless we should choose to affirm 
 that the Pennine range has been elevated to its present 
 position uneonnectedly with the lake district since the 
 glacial period, or that the granite blocks travelled into 
 Yorkshire by some method different to that which we 
 have supposed. 
 
 Another question remains, namely, what was the 
 extent of the re-elevation, — what the amount of the 
 re-emcrgcnce immediately after the glacial epoch '.' I 
 am not at present aware that the counties of Cumber- 
 land and Westmoreland afford any clear evidence ]]er se. 
 The raised beaches round about the Solway Firth aud 
 Morecambe Bay, and the caves in the neighbourhood of 
 St. Bee's, taken in connection with similar phenomena 
 occurring on all the coasts of the Irish Sea, have led me 
 to the following conclusion. 
 
 Towards the end of the glacial period the whole of 
 the area of what is now the Irish Sea was so far elevated 
 that the previous sea-bed became dry land. A vast 
 treeless plain was formed connecting all the surrounding 
 countries, and similar to the barren lands of the present 
 day round about Hudson's Bay, in North America. 
 Over this plain ranged the Cervits Mcgaceros, or Great 
 Irish Elk, whose remains are abundantly found upon it 
 iu fresh water marls, occupying basin-shaped depressions. 
 
 After the fonnation of the vast treeless plain the laud 
 became stationary for a long period, probably mauj' 
 thousand years, during which the sea quietly eat back 
 its way into the drift-gravel plain and excavated deep 
 caverns in the solid rocks, whenever they formed the 
 coast line. These caverns are seen at heights of from 
 fifteen to twenty-five feet above the present sea level. 
 In this way a separation bi'tween the Isle of Jlan and 
 Great Britain and Ireland was again effected. 
 
 A re-union, however, again occurred at a subsequent 
 period by a farther elevation of the Irish Sea. A con- 
 necting plain was again formed. And that the country 
 became covered in many places with wood, and the 
 
 climate had greatly altered in its character and become 
 milder, is also evident. Yet this was not the last change. 
 A partial subsidence again occurred, which may have 
 happened within the human, or historic period. The 
 forests were buried under the sea : the remains of them, 
 with beds of peat, are found on all our coasts between the 
 present high and low water mark, and they even reach 
 down some way beyond the low water line. The facts 
 I have stated are becoming more and more distinct every- 
 day. As to whether the explanatisn of them which I 
 have proposed be correct or no, each one wUl form his 
 own opinion. 
 
 We are thus brought down fi'om the earliest period 
 of the geological history of the counties of Cumber- 
 land and Westmoreland to those pages which relate to 
 their present physical condition and the agencies 
 which are uow at work iu modifying it. To describe 
 the present features and scenery of these counties is not 
 the object of this notice, as they are gi-aphically given by 
 an abler pen in another portign of this work, and there- 
 fore I shall make only one or two remarks in reference 
 to changes which they are now undergoing. 
 
 The quantity of detritus brought down year after year 
 by the mountain rills and rividets is exceedingly small, 
 aud Professor Sedgwick has remarked, with his usual 
 acumen, that " the erosion of the rivers and torrents, 
 however indefinitely continued, could not account for the 
 hollows aud inequalities of any one of our mountain 
 chains." Yet it is evident from the deltas which 
 actually have accumulated where these rivulets enter 
 the lakes, that had they bcun [daying their part through 
 a very long lapse of ages these lakes must uow have 
 been quite filled up, unless there were some agents at 
 work to remove the material so collected. The real 
 mystery seems to be, why wore not these hollows com- 
 jiletely filled with boulders, gravel, sand, and clay 
 during the glacial epoch, when glaciers were descending 
 into them, or they were buried far below iu the glacial 
 sea '? The depth of Wastwater, for example, is iu some 
 places forty-five fathoms, so that its bottom is upwards 
 of 11 10 feet below the level of the sea. Yet it is not 
 formed by the accumulation of detritus at the bottom 
 of the valley in which it lies, for the river flowing from 
 it is actually cutting its way through the solid rock. (I 
 have obsen-ed a similiu- iihononienon in reference to 
 Loch Ness, iu Scotland.) I think this circumstance of 
 its depth is a proof that it has not, geologically speaking, 
 been long elevated above the action of the sea. Wast- 
 water is formed (as, indeed, all our English lakes arc 
 formed) in a great fault or dislocation of the strata. On 
 the soutlieni side the shores are extremely steep, and 
 I the depth of the water rapidly increases from the shore.
 
 36 
 
 GEOLOGY OF 
 
 Now, at the present time, in the area of the Irish Sea, 
 between the coasts of the Isle of Man and Mull of Gal- 
 loway, there is a deep chasm existing, so that in one 
 place the plumb-line goes down all at once from between 
 eighty aud ninety to one hundred and forty and one 
 hundred and fifty fathoms. Yet this chasm is kept per- 
 petually open, and whilst the sea has been flowing 
 over it perhaps thousands of years no accumulation of 
 gravel and sand has taken place in this natural cavity. 
 Now, in the same milnner in -which this submarine valley 
 is kept from being filled up, might the Enghsh aud Scotch 
 lakes be kept open at the period in which they were 
 submerged below the sea level. If, therefore, we could 
 accurately measure the deltas which have been pushed 
 forwai'd into them by the actual mountain-streams now 
 at work, and determine the exact addition made to these 
 deltas year by year (however small), we might approxi- 
 mate to the time which has elapsed since the upheaval 
 of the surface above the level of the sea. 
 
 In the account above given of the geology of Cumber- 
 land and Westmoreland our attention has hitherto been 
 almost exclusively given to the sedimentary strata, that 
 is to say, to the strata which have been deposited in the 
 form of mud, sand, and boulders, by mechanical action 
 in the waters of the primaeval ocean. But, as I have 
 shewn, these strata have, in many places, been fre- 
 quently disturbed or altered in their appearance by the 
 intrusion of, or contact with, other rocks of a very dif- 
 ferent kind, forced up in a molten or semi-fluid con- 
 dition from the bowels of the earth. An account of the 
 district would be very incomplete without some notice of 
 these so called ijncotts rocks, that is, the granite, syenite, 
 porphyries, and trap rocks, which burst through aud over- 
 lie the sedimentary rocks, or dislocate and alter them in 
 various places. 
 
 The granite seems to claim our first attention, not 
 because of the age of its absolute eruption, respecting 
 which we can affirm httle positively, but because it has 
 generally been regarded as forming the basis of the 
 stratified deposits, and exhibits itself as a nucleus 
 round which are folded many of our mountain chains. 
 
 There are three remarkable kinds of granite rock pre- 
 senting themselves to our notice in the area of the lake 
 country, and it has been remarked as a fact well 
 ■worthy of study, that these varieties break out apparently 
 unconnected, and only one is found in each of the three 
 groups, into which the slate rocks of this district have 
 been divided. In the Skiddaw slate, we have bursting 
 out in the valleys of the Caldew, and near Syningill, 
 between Saddleback and Skiddaw, a granite, composed of 
 dark mica, grey quartz, and Ught coloured felspar. This 
 has usually been regarded as the oldest granite in the 
 
 district. It is certainly newer than the Skiddaw slate, 
 as it has altered aud elevated it, but there is no distinct 
 evidence of its intrusion amongst the porphyries and 
 green slates, though it seems associated with that first 
 great general disturbance, which we have noticed as 
 affecting the lake district along an axis passing through 
 this spot. 
 
 By far the largest development of Cumberland granite 
 is found ranging from Bootle nearly to Scawfell, on both 
 sides of the ilite and the Esk, in the middle division of 
 the slate series. It is of varying texture, generally 
 reddish, with a deficiency of mica, thus passing into 
 syenite, sometimes earthy iu structure, sometimes as- 
 suming the spheroidal form of basalt, at others forming 
 compact semi-columnar rocks. It appears at Xether 
 Wastdale Head to pass into the great mass of fine 
 grained red syenite, which runs northwards through the 
 mountains of Ennerdale, and which may be well studied 
 at Reveling Pike, High Crag, High Stile, and Ked Pike, 
 and in the neighbourhood of Flouteru Tarn, aud Scale 
 Force. 
 
 The fine Red Porphyritic Granite, or Wastdale Crags, 
 near Shapwells, has before been alluded to. Its pecu- 
 liarity consists in the large crystals of red felspar, which 
 are interspersed iu a more compact base of grey and red 
 felspar, with specks of dark mica and quartz. It has 
 pierced and metamorphosed the slates and flags of the 
 uppermost division, and has cut oft' the Coniston lime- 
 stone at Wastdale Head. It must, therefore, be more 
 recent than these rocks, but of its actual age we have 
 no clear evidence. 
 
 The vast number of basaltic, porphyritic, and syenitic 
 dykes and masses which protrude themselves in the 
 greatly disturbed district of the lakes, would occupy too 
 much room separately to describe. AVe meet with them 
 on the south side of Black Combe, in the bed of the 
 Duddon, at Hawskead, in the valley above High Borough 
 Bridge, in Wet Sleddale, in Kirk Fell, at Armboth near 
 Thirlmere, in the vale of St. John, on Carrock Fell, 
 between Tottlebauk Fell and Brown Hall, in the moun- 
 tains of Buttemere, westward about Scawfell, aud at 
 the head and foot of Wastwater. 
 
 The rod porphyritic rock of St. John's vale, three 
 miles from Keswick, with the intersecting dyke from 
 Armboth Fell, and the syenite of Carrock Fell, with its 
 crystals of hypersthene and intermingled titaniferous 
 iron ore, are particularly worthy of study, and will well 
 reward the collector of the rocks and minerals of this 
 district. 
 
 It is not the object of this geological notice to enter 
 upon a description of the mines and minerals of 
 these counties, they belong rather to the subject of
 
 CUJfBERLAND AND WESTMOEELAND. 
 
 37 
 
 mineralogy and political econoni}-. Tlio rich mining 
 district of Alston Jfoor is well known, and profit- 
 able veins of lead and copper have been opened on 
 Coniston Old Man, iu Xewlands, on Carrock Fell, and 
 Patterdile. The wad, or black-lead mine of Borrowdale, 
 has been long famous, the rich veins of hematite iron 
 ore at Dal ton, constitute some of the most valued sources 
 of proCtablo export ; and the coal field of Whitehaven 
 adds in no small degree to the mineral wealth of Cum- 
 berland. To these, we have to add the magnificent 
 products of flagstone and slate at Ingleton, Horton, 
 Ilowgill, Kendal, Ireleth, Bootle, and Kirkstoue. The 
 New lied Sandstone strata also atford vast supplies of 
 building materials, a fact which may be well studied 
 in the magniflcent quarries in the neighbourhood of 
 Carlisle iu the north, and near Furness Abbey in the 
 south. ^Vith these must be taken into consideration 
 the beds of Gypsum, which are scattered in various 
 parts of the great New Ked Sandstone Plain, stretchuig 
 northward and westward from the vale of Eden. 
 
 Let us now, before parting with the subject, take a 
 rapid review of the Geological History of Cumberland 
 and Westmoreland, gathering into small compass the 
 facts which have been stated at length in the preceding 
 pages. 
 
 What vast ages lias the mind to hurry through in such 
 a review, ages not to be measured by the revolutions of 
 our planet about the centre of our solar system, but 
 of the sun itself, with that nebulai' cluster of stars of 
 which it is but an hisignificaut unit about some vastly 
 far-off and unseen centre of stellar gravity. 
 
 The mists of chaos roll away, and there spreads out 
 before us a mighty ocean, beneath whose depths are 
 being deposited beds of dark blue impalpable mud, des- 
 tined hereafter to be e.xliibited in the form of Skiddaw 
 Slate. Respecting the denizens of this ocean we know- 
 next to nothing, they may have been many or few ; but 
 their organisation, at least judging from the scanty 
 remains of them hitherto met with, was of the lowest 
 type. Ere long the sea bottom is disturbed and ele- 
 vated, and masses of molten matter arc poured forth 
 over it from volcanic vents. Showers of ashes and 
 pumice darken the air, and falling back into the waters 
 arc spread out in layers over extensive areas. Again 
 and again the convulsive outpourings occui\ Through 
 long periods the waves of ocean dash against coasts of 
 porphyry and green stone, and wearing them gradually 
 away, deposit the spoils in the form of large sheets of 
 plutonic mud. A troublous time is it for all organised 
 beings whilst these green slates and porphyries of Cum- 
 berland and Westmoreland are being elaborated. 
 
 At length there is a period of comparative rest, and 
 
 corals and zoophytes multiply and replenish the waters 
 of the deep. The Coniston limestone, though of no 
 great thickness, covers a large area, extending beyond 
 the lake country; and there is no doubt it must have 
 required many an age for its formation. In the same 
 period of quiesence must have been deposited also the 
 next, superior Coniston flags. 
 
 But the scene shifts again, and we have before us an 
 ocean teeming with life, but that life greatly differing 
 iu character from that which had previously existed. 
 In the Coniston grits, the Ireleth slates, and the Hay- 
 fell and Kirby Jfoor flags (which come next in order 
 as a lake district gi'oup), we meet with the remains of 
 animals of which not sis per cent are of the same 
 species as tliose which are found in the Coniston flags 
 and all the rocks below. This is an evidence of some 
 great change in the character of the sea bottom and the 
 climate of the period ; whence originating, can be little 
 more than a matter of geological speculation, yet ex- 
 tremely interesting, when viewed as points of identifi- 
 cation between the Lake District rocks and those of 
 North and South Wales. 
 
 After the elaboration of many hundred feet of such 
 strata there comes again an epoch of great change. We 
 look again upon the scene, and it is one of violent con- 
 vulsion by which the whole of the Lake District is 
 elevated on an axis, running from north-east to south- 
 west, from Skiddaw forest to the mountains of Enner- 
 dale. Such a grand convulsion, not restricted to this 
 locality', but extending through the British Isles, must 
 have greatly altered the contour of the sea and land, 
 and with it the character of animal and vegetable life, 
 ushering in the Devonian and old Pied Sandstone period. 
 With it come strange ichthyic forms, the Pterichthys, 
 Cephalaspis, Asterolepis, and Coccosteus. A stormy 
 period of straggling elements is this, for first the jagged 
 edges of the upturned slates are broken off, and the 
 fragments worn down and rolled about iuto the form of 
 boulders, which in some places accumulate to the depth 
 of many hundred feet. I hold by the hypotiicsis of the 
 existence of a somewhat arctic climate, and the preva- 
 lence of glacial action on the lake region during some 
 portion at least of this period. Yet change is pressing 
 on and we are introduced in duo time to the subtropical 
 scenes of the carboniferous period, when giant tree 
 ferns and lofty palms adorn tho laud, the delicate nau- 
 tilus ploughs the sunny surface of the sea and spreads 
 forth its sail to the balmy breeze, and the ever active 
 coral insect is building up the atol and the coi-al reef. 
 Hence are originated the coal-fields of Whitehaven and 
 tlie thick deposits of mountain limestone mantling round 
 tho Cumberland and Westmoreland mountains. It is
 
 38 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORELAND. 
 
 a period of gradual sinking of the sea bottom, wlaen those 
 masses of calcareous rock, destined afterwards to pre- 
 sent so elevated and bold a western front along the great 
 Pennine range, arc being buried many fathoms below 
 the surface of the briny waters which beat agaiiftt the 
 insulated peaks of Skiddaw, Helvellyn, Scawfell, and 
 Grassmoor. 
 
 Again, the elevatory process succeeds, powerful in 
 character as well as extensive in its effects, raising 
 aloft the submerged beds and giving an additional lift 
 to the altitude of the Lake District, impressing in fact 
 upon it the general contour which it is intended ulti- 
 mately to possess. Now is formed the ridge of Orton 
 scars connecting this district with the Yorkshire range 
 and cutting off the flow of the ocean on its eastern 
 side. Presently is elevated the great Pennine range, 
 and the lofty western escarpment of Cross Fell is 
 formed. But the ocean no longer teems with zoophytic 
 and coraline life, nor the land with the previously 
 abundant tropical vegetation. There seems to be a 
 dying out of all pakTozoio forms of life, and the earth 
 and ocean must be replenished with a new creation. But 
 the ferruginous sea which spreads out the beds of sand 
 destined ultimately to form the meadow lands of the 
 Vale of Eden and the plains of Carlisle, with those of 
 Lancashire, Cheshire, and Staffordshire, seems little 
 adapted to sustain as yet the new race. Either the 
 marine organisms of the New Pied Sandstone period 
 are few and far between, or tlie character of its sand 
 beds is unsuited to preserve and transmit to our gaze 
 their remains. 
 
 Amidst this uncertainty darkness settles down upon 
 the scene, — a long night comes on in which we can, 
 from our lake mountains, catch no sight of the wonder- 
 
 ful creations which are going on in other regions. The 
 whole of the Secondary period is a blank, and the 
 Eocene, Meiocene, and Pleiocene of the Tertiary cannot 
 be guessed at. 
 
 Our story huixies on to its end. Dawn at length 
 approaches, — a cold icy dawn, — and, as we stand 
 shivering on our mountain summit, the howling of 
 the wintry tempest, tbe roar of the avalanche, and the 
 crash of icebergs, salute the ear. Erratic fragments 
 from distant mountains, torn down by the mighty, ever- 
 working glacier, go careering by southwards, ploughing 
 up the sea bottom in their progress, and scratcliiug and 
 graving the far-off shores on which they are stranded, 
 and vast boulders of granite are borne away a hundred 
 miles and more from the coasts of Cumberland and 
 Wesmorcland. 
 
 At length day comes on, the ai'ctic -winds have ceased, 
 and beneath a genial atmosphere the submerged plains 
 again raise their heads above the waters. Upon these 
 plains the magnificent megaceros goes bounding far 
 away, whilst herds of fat bisons crop the verdant her- 
 bage. Such are the scenes of the pleistocene era. 
 
 Further stiU the land becomes covered with dense 
 forests as it continues to rise from the bosom of the 
 deep. Anon the elevating process ceases, and again 
 there is a quiet sinking of a large portion of the 
 previously uplifted area. The sea reclaims its own, 
 and the forests are overthrown. 
 
 " Piscium et summa genus ha;'rct ulmo, 
 Nota quffi sedes fuerat columbis." 
 
 Last upon this varying scene comes man; and the 
 reign of the beasts of the field, the fowls of the air, and 
 the fishes of the sea, gives way to tliat of him who was 
 made to be monarch and lord over all.
 
 iirto af i\t Jade gistrid 
 
 The Lake District of EuglauJ, — that is, the mountain- 
 ous region in which tlie lakes are enclosed, — occupies 
 two counties, and extends over a part of a third. The 
 highest mountains are on or near the boundary line 
 between Cumberland and Westmoreland : but there arc 
 some lofty peaks and ridges, and several lakes and tarns 
 in the detached portion of Lancashire, which Lies beyond 
 Morecambe Bay. The point of junction of the three 
 counties is at a spot close by the road on AVryuose, 
 where three ancient stones, called the Shire Stones, 
 have been from time immemorial so grouped as that 
 any person who chose to occupy them with three limbs, 
 might boast of being in three counties at once. As 
 these stones might easily be passed unnoticed, a more 
 conspicuous mark, in the form of a pillar, has been 
 recently set up by the public spirit of a resident of 
 Ambleside. From this point, tlio boundary of Lanca- 
 shire runs along the river Duddon to the sea ; and in 
 the otlicr direction, by I^angdalc Tarn and Elterwater 
 to the head of Windermere. About half-way down the 
 lake, it strikes the eastern shore, and follows the little 
 river Wiuster into ilorecanibe Bay, near Medup. The 
 highest raountjiin ridges divide Cumberland from West- 
 moreland, the boundary line ninning over Bow Fell to 
 DuimiaUc liaise, then crossing Ilelvellyn, and passing 
 through Glcncoin, to strike the western shore of UUcs- 
 water. Between Ulleswatcr and the river Eden, it 
 follows the course of the Eamont. Thus, of the 
 mountains, Couistou Old Man and Wetherlam are in 
 Lancashire ; the Langdale Pikes, the Troutbeck and 
 Rydal groups, and Place Fell aro in Westmoreland : 
 Skiddaw and Saddleback, the Borrowdale group, Scaw- 
 fell, the Pillar. Great (iable, Cirassmoor, and Black 
 Combe arc iu Cumberland ; while Wrynoso, Bow i'cU, 
 
 and Holvellyn aro on the boundary lines. Of the 
 larger lakes, Coniston, Esthwaite, and part of Win- 
 dermere are in Lancashire ; Eydal and Grasmere lakes, 
 Haweswater, and a part of Windermere, and of UUes- 
 water are in Westmoreland ; whUo Cumberland contains 
 Thu'lmei-e, Derwentwater, Basscnthwaite, Buttermere, 
 Crummock Water, Loweswater, Enuerdale Lake, 
 Wastwater, and part of Ulleswater. If Brothers' Water, 
 (in Westmoreland) is included among the lakes, as 
 it usually is, though only three-iiuai'ters of a mile in 
 length, and half a mile broad, the whole number is 
 sixteen ; of which two are in Lancashire, four iu West- 
 moreland, and eight in Cumberland ; while two aro 
 divided by boundary lines. 
 
 The EngUsli mountain district, like every other, 
 presents the likeness of a national citadel, well sur- 
 rounded with out-works. The highest peaks are near 
 the centre ; and to the highest peaks always belong the 
 deepest valleys and most difficult passes. As the 
 ridges spread outwards from the centre, they decUne 
 in height, their valleys are shallower; all the features 
 of the landscape are milder, and the skirts spread out 
 in gentle uudulations down to the plain or the sea. 
 In the case of our English group, the ridges melt down 
 into sea-shore, from the Solway, all round to tlie Lan- 
 cashire coast ; that is, for neai-ly two-tliirds of its 
 circumference; and the rest subside into the moor- 
 lands of Yorl^hire, Durham, and Nortlmmberland. 
 Fi-im whatever direction the group is approached, — 
 from the dreary sands of the Solway or Morecambo 
 Bay, from the green shores of the western sea, or 
 from the dark slopes of moorland to the east, the 
 likeness to a vast citadel is etjually striking. Here 
 did race after race come for refuge, under a scries of
 
 4.0 
 
 SURVFA' OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 
 
 invasions. The Britons fled hither from the Romans, 
 and maintained themselves against the Saxons. Tlie 
 Saxons fled hither from the Normans; and here they 
 resisted for centuries the amalgamation with their 
 conquerors, which had taken place in all the s^hern 
 parts of the island. To this day the citadel character 
 remains, in a somewhat figurative sense. Ancient 
 notions, prejudices, and customs hide, from generation 
 to generation, in the interior fastnesses, and even hold 
 some of the outworks. Strangers are struck by strong 
 local peculiarities as soon as they alight at the railway 
 stations, or dip into the shallowest outlying valley ; and 
 when they penetrate to the deep, dark lakes, and sleep 
 at the foot of solemn precipices, they seem to have 
 become the guests of a generation of two centuries ago. 
 The dwellings are of grey stone, rough and substantial; 
 the walls tvro feet thick, and the floors flagged ; and 
 the yawning chimney, with its furniture and space, is 
 like nothing more modern than Queen Elizabeth's time. 
 The carved chests and high-backed chairs, the heavy 
 wooden settles, the linsey-woolsey of the women, and 
 the wooden shoes of the children, and the home-spun 
 coats of the men, the stone fences, with their antique 
 steps ; and above all, the mysterious walls, which strag- 
 gle up the mountain sides, apparently useless, and 
 certainly ngl_y, — all carry back the imagination through 
 many centuries, and give an impression of a sample of 
 old England, preserved through all the changes of a 
 modern time. 
 
 The straggling walls are so distinctive a feature of 
 the region as to require special notice. The stout 
 Romans made no difficulty of storming this citadel any 
 more than any other which it suited them to take ; and 
 they marched right into, or over, the fastnesses of the 
 region. We know this by the traces they have left. 
 Not only have we still their camp at the head of Win- 
 dermere, which involved no great mountain travelling : 
 we have vestiges of a wonderful road of theirs along the 
 very top of the Troutbeck ridge, — one peak of which is 
 called High Street for that reason. The Saxons and 
 Normans sat down before the citadel ; but they did not 
 take it till the garrison had nearly died out. As the 
 Normans pressed on the Saxons, the Saxons entered 
 where the Britons had found refuge before ; but this 
 was not till long after they had made a lodgment in the 
 more fertile and accessible parts of the district. For 
 instance, it was in or about .\.d. 915 that the Saxon 
 Edmund slew the king of Cumbria, Dumhnail, in 
 Dunmaile Raise, where a cairn marks the place of battle. 
 The two sons of the slain king were blinded, and their 
 territory given to Malcolm of Scotland, to hold in fee. 
 This was when the Saxons had long been the reputed 
 
 lords of the land ; and it does not appear that they were 
 well settled in the district till long afterwards. The 
 straggling walls mark their recession, in their turn, 
 before a new race of invaders : a recession so slow and 
 partial that the feudal age was nearly over before the 
 region was thrown open. There are no ruins of feudal 
 castles in the interior ; and such Norman traditions as 
 remain hang about the outskirts. The heart of the Lake 
 District was, for a long course of years, almost as much 
 of an unknown land to knight or abbot as Mauritania 
 or far Cathay. 
 
 There were, as we have said, no feudal castles in the 
 interior. But there were abbeys in the surrounding 
 levels ; and broad lands were given to Norman nobles, 
 comprehending nearly the whole circumference. Cart- 
 niel Priory and Furacss Abbey occupied the two penin- 
 sulas stretching into Morecambe Bay ; Calder Abbey 
 lay between the mountains and the sea on the west ; 
 St. Bees stood above the surf on that coast ; Lanercost 
 Priory on the north ; Wolverdale Monastery and Shap 
 .\bbey nearly complete the circuit. In the intciTals 
 stood many a strong dwelling, whose park stretched 
 inwards towards the mountains, over gentle hill and 
 shallow dale. A ring-fence of Norman possessions en- 
 closed the mountains ; and the nobles and monks spread 
 their flocks and their tillage over the slopes, up to the 
 natural defences of the region. Their lands were divided 
 into tenements, and the tenements into portions small 
 enough to be given to emancipated serfs. By arrange- 
 ments among the holders, military aid was so afforded to 
 the owner as to permit the greater number of settlers to 
 apply themselves to the care of stock and to tillage. As 
 shepherds and husbandmen they obtained access to the 
 hills, which would have been denied to armed men ; and 
 they gradually hutted themselves on the uplands, and 
 then enclosed crofts round their dwellings, for the pro- 
 tection and sustenance of their flocks, without opposition 
 from the mountaineers. The sprouts of the ash and the 
 holly were a chief part of the food of cattle in those 
 days ; and ihc walling in of the crofts was partly to pre- 
 serve the woods, and partly to protect the animals from 
 wolves. The feudal proprietors encouraged this gradual 
 encroachment by herdsmen and shejAerds ; and the walls 
 seem to have crept up wherever wood could grow, in 
 days when the whole region was one great forest. The 
 forest is gone, and the walls remain, without beauty, and 
 without apparent use ; but they answer some purpose, 
 even to the mere observer, if they indicate the mode and 
 degree in which the last invaders encroached on the last 
 resistants who struggled for possession of Old England. 
 The distribution of the estates into tenements gave 
 rise to the name, as well as to the mode of life of the
 
 SURVEY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 
 
 41 
 
 dalesmen. Strangers are surprised to find that it is the 
 dwellers on the liills, and not in the valle3's, who are 
 the dalesmen of the region. The name is deri\'ed from 
 the word deylcn, to distribute. As each tenement was 
 divided into four portions, and as each tenement fur- 
 nished an armed man to the border, or other wars, on 
 demand, three out of four tenants remained in their 
 crofts, and industry was spread over the region, through 
 all the ravages of feud with the Scots and among baro- 
 nial neighbours. The uplands were cut up into portions, 
 each of which had its own herd, or ilock, or tillage, 
 according as the ground was woodland, or pasture, or 
 fit for cultivation ; and the dalesmen were the distributed 
 men. The most remarkable change that the district 
 has ever undergone was, perhaps, that which succeeded 
 the union with Scotland. The border wars at an end, 
 there was no further drain of able-bodied men from their 
 homes ; and a repose, like nothing else in England, 
 settled down upon the Lake District. The men now 
 ehared the monotony in which the women had lived. 
 For a whole lifetime entire families never were further 
 from home than the uc^ct fair or market, or spring or 
 autumn sale of household goods : and strong traces of 
 this seclusion remain, even to this daj-, in some of the 
 most retired vales, — where the women speak with the 
 awkwardness which attends an unaccustomed action. It 
 is not only that the dialect is unintelligible to strangers, 
 but that the mind is so sluggish, the thoughts so unused 
 to be dressed in words, that the rustics speak their 
 native language as learners speak a foreign one. And 
 yet the other great change of modern times has pene- 
 tmted this part of the country, like every other. The 
 growth of the manufacturing system modifies life in the 
 lake district to an e.vtent only exceeded by the border 
 wars. The process and the existing state of things are 
 perfectly clear and easily described. 
 
 The first breaks in the forest which once covered tho 
 whole district — clothing the ridges and filling up the 
 valleys — appeared when the husbandmen and herdsmen 
 made their clearings, and let in the sunshine over broad 
 tracts of the mountain sides. Still, though tho people 
 grew their owni flax and hemp, as well as wool, the 
 woodlands were preserved with some care, for the sake 
 of food and shelter for cattle and sheep. Wordsworth 
 was told by old people, in his youth, of a time when tho 
 squirrel could go from Wythburn to Keswick (six miles) 
 on the tops of the trees, without touching the ground. 
 But the consumption of wood went on without any 
 attempt to repair it ; and large spaces of rocky ground 
 were left bare which had better have been covered ; and 
 bogs began to spread, as they usually do whoro the ftUing 
 of forests hiis not been accompanied by drainage. The 
 U 
 
 wool and llax were still spun at home, and the clothes 
 were made up by the itinerant tailors who went from 
 homestead to homestead to construct the family suits, 
 being paid by board and lodging, and a small gift over. 
 As the flocks and cattle suffered more from the snow- 
 drifts on the bare uplands, and as the spread of the 
 swamps occasioned more and more loss, this afl'air of the 
 clothing became more expensive and difficult. The 
 dalesmen were unconscious of the process, but they 
 were passing through a period of transition which must 
 end in making clothing cheap, in partially restoring 
 their woods, and in providing for their sons and daugh- 
 ters at a distance from home. 
 
 In brief, the coppices of the district are now more 
 valuable for bobbins for the manufacturing districts 
 than the flax, hemp, and wool of the same area could 
 ever be again. According to the news of the South 
 Carolina cotton-fields, and the Australian sheep-walks, 
 and the mulbeny plantations of Italy and India, is the con- 
 dition and prospect of the woodlands of the Lake District. 
 Every autumn a group of men may be seen traversing 
 the uplands from coppice to coppice : the agent, w^ll 
 booted, making his way through bog, brambles, and 
 moss, aud sc[ueezing through the underwood, to value 
 the trees. A labourer follows with paint-pot and 
 brush, to mark the doomed trunks ; and a bargain is 
 finally struck with the bobbin-mill owner, on behalf of 
 the landowner. In some parts, the woods, within a 
 certain limit, are divided into twenty portions, one of 
 which is felled every year, — wood of twenty yeai's' 
 growth being considered best for the pui-pose ; but the 
 order is broken in upon, more or less, according to the 
 state of the cotton, wool, and silk markets. 
 
 The domestic changes which have attended the intro- 
 duction of this new element have been such as must 
 give a new aspect to the whole life of the dalesmen 
 in general. Formerly, the wheel was whirring from 
 morning till night in every farmhouse ; and there was 
 employment for the whole family when everything was 
 grown and made at home, and when any surplus, from 
 cither field or loom, was sure of a sale. For many 
 yeai"s after cotton goods became cheap enough to be 
 bought all through the dales, tho packhorse which 
 brought them first, and the carrier's waggon which suc- 
 ceeded it, took away the old homespun in return for 
 tho new calicoes; and there was still work for the 
 daughters in tlio domestic manufacture. But, at 
 length, spinning-machines grew and multiplied in Lan- 
 cashire and Yorkshire till tho demand for bobbins 
 brought the coppices of tho lake district into request, 
 and changi'd the course of industry. The first effect 
 was to lay tho hill sides bai'cr tlian ever ; but, when the
 
 42 
 
 SURVEY OF THE LAKE DISXrjCT. 
 
 ■wood began to grow again, and llio residents found that 
 the demand was likelj' to be a permanent one, they 
 began to cherish their woods, and to plant more on soil 
 ■which would answer no better purpose. This might ho 
 all very well — a gain to some people, and no loss to 
 any — but there are incidents connected with the change 
 which cannot but sadden the observer, while they must 
 not be passed over in any faithful account of the district. 
 The lads and lasses who used to be busy at home, making 
 all the domestic clothing and utensils, — the dairy ves- 
 sels, baskets, fishing tackle, etc., — obtaining whatever 
 else was wanted from the pedlar who dropped in upon 
 them twice a year or so, now find their skill discredited 
 by modem improvements, and their fortunes hopeless at 
 home. They are scattered through the neighbouring 
 towns, or working in the Lancasliu'c and Yorkshire 
 mills. The pai-ents, and the one son at home, would 
 have, they thought, more produce to sell at market and 
 fairs ; but here again they are met by agricultural im- 
 provement. Already under disadvantage as to climate 
 and soil, they cannot compete with the farmers of more 
 advanced agricultural districts. The decline of the 
 domestic fortunes is regular and inevitable when it has 
 once set in. The laud is mortgaged: the "statesmen" 
 (" estatesmen " originally) haunt the fairs and markets, 
 losing more and more, and too commonly resorting to 
 the old solace on such occasions, and coming home 
 drunk. The amount of intemperance among that class, 
 both in the villages and tlie dales, is something incredi- 
 ble to strangers, and by far the most painful feature of 
 the transition stage. As the mortgages grow more 
 oppressive, the heu-s sell the lands; — estates which have 
 •belonged to the same name for centuries have changed 
 hands : and the old names arc found cvei-ywhere among 
 the shopboys, domestic servants, and labourers of the 
 towns and viUages. The old yeomanry of the district 
 have nearly passed away, and strangers have come into 
 their place. The spectacle is a sad one, but nobody has 
 a right to complain. If the indigenous proprietors could 
 not keep up their old ways intelligently, nor adopt new 
 ones, they must inevitably give place to a science and an 
 activity which can regenerate the woodlands, and fill the 
 valleys with grain, and cover the hiU-sides with flocks. 
 Amidst the depressed and discouraged class of " states- 
 men," some hearty specimens of the old order may here 
 and there be found ; but it must strike every traveller in 
 the district that the mountaineer farmer is everywhere 
 becoming remarkably like the agriculturist of a more 
 level region. 
 
 The improved value of the copses acts both as cause 
 and effect in creating and sustaining bobbin-mills, of 
 •\vhich there are four, not far apai't, in the southern part 
 
 of the district, viz., at Staveley, Troutbeck, Ambleside, 
 and Skelwith. But even in that neighbourhood charcoal- 
 burning goes on with some activity. In ancient times 
 the monks of Furncss Abbey made great profit of their 
 ironworks, through the abundance of their woods, after 
 those of the eastern counties were e.xhausted. The 
 mineral treasures of the north-west of England would 
 have availed little without the charcoal and peat of the 
 district ; and even the discovery of the Newcastle coal- 
 field did not affect the iron works at Furness. The 
 oregates (ways) of the Furness peninsula at this day 
 testify to the amount of business done. — many roads 
 and lanes remaining entirely constructed of the slag and 
 refuse of the smelting process. And the huts of the 
 charcoal-burners still delight the eye amidst the wood- 
 lands of the southern part of the district. The wood- 
 cutters remain on a particular spot till their work is 
 done ; and they build an abode for the time b)' piling up 
 stems of trees, and heaping heather upon them for a 
 roof. This is the most picturesque thatch that can bo 
 seen; and the structure is so shaggy and wild that it 
 might not be known for a dwelling but for the blue 
 smoke breathing out from the hole in the roof, or the 
 fire before the door, where the pot is boiling. The 
 grimy charcoal-burners, or the children at play in the 
 red hght, remind the traveller of the forests of Germany ; 
 and the life is really not less wild. When the children 
 see a stranger sketching, or botanising, or in any ■way 
 exploring, they say he is " spying fancies ;" and he is a, 
 sort of magician in their eyes. Among the latest speci- 
 mens of the old wild race of forest men were the brothers 
 Dodgson, whose memoiy has been preseiTed in Cartmcl 
 for above a century. We complain of men being too 
 much engi'ossed by business in our towns at this day ; 
 but these brothers were so intent on their wood-cutting 
 that they devoted Sunday to cooking for the whole week. 
 They lived chiefly on oatmeal pomdgc, varying the diet 
 with dried peas and hard beans. When they were 
 growing old, they found the need of some domestic help 
 and comfort ; and at last the one relieved his mind to 
 the other, saying, " Thou mun out and tait a wife.' 
 "Aye," said the brother, "if thear be a hard job, thou 
 oUus sets yan tult." lie obeyed, however ; and when 
 the old fellows were chopping away — rain or shine — 
 at past eighty, thei'e was a wife''s face at the door of the 
 hut, and children helping with the faggots. The 
 brothers left plenty of money ; but it melted away as 
 fast as misers' hoards usually do ; and the name is now 
 known only by tradition in Cartmel. 
 
 Much more recently, and more \vithin the verge 
 of modem civilisation, another story vas mournfully 
 enacted. A young charcoal-burner was about to marry
 
 suii"\t:y of the lake district. 
 
 43 
 
 a farmer's daughter, when, as he sat on a stoue, watch- 
 ing his fire and taking his dinner, a flash of lightning 
 struck him dead. Kitty Dawson, bis beloved, went to 
 bis but the day after the funeral, in a crazed state, and 
 would never leave it again. She passed her days iu 
 sitting on that stone, or calling her lover through the 
 wood. Though she was never intruded on, there were 
 always comforts in the hut, and kind eyes on the watch. 
 One winter day, some sportsmen entered the hut to 
 leave food there, silencing their dogs, and moving 
 quietly. But she could never more bo disturbed, — she 
 was lying dead. 
 
 Another cUstiuctive class of the district are much 
 like what they were of old, — the slate-quarrymen and 
 miners. The quarrymen, who are met with iu the 
 very wildest spots, are a hardy and athletic race, who 
 can bring down from the top of a crag to the ground, 
 from six to twelve hundredweight of slate at once. A 
 Joseph Clark, remembered by the existing generation, 
 accomplished feats which could hardly be sui-passed by 
 the strong men of the border in the middle ages. In 
 one day he made seventeen journeys from top to bottom 
 of Honister Crag, — that is, seventeen miles of climbing 
 and sharp descent, — carrying up, each time, a hurdle 
 weighing 801bs., and bringing down each time 040lbs. 
 of slate. He once carried double that quantity, each 
 time, in three successive journeys. His greatest day's 
 work was bringing 11,770 11)3. His abode was three 
 miles from the quarry ; but he thought little of the 
 addition of a six miles' walk to his daily business. He 
 complained of nothing but thirst, and did not appear to 
 suffer from toil so stupendous, contiaued through a long 
 course of years. Wherever the passenger observes heaps 
 of refuse on the mountain side, or near his path, he may 
 bo sure of seeing men worth knowing. They may bo 
 found standing on ledges iu the recesses of the quaiTy, 
 or seen moving in the depths below, looking like pigmies, 
 or creeping along tho faco of the crag, several hundred 
 feet overhead. In the latter case, there are little cham- 
 bers built up in the refuse, to alTord shelter from wind 
 and storms. Ranges of these may bo seen, if carefully 
 looked for, near the summits of Honister and the adja- 
 cent crags ; but it too often happens that a quariTuiau 
 is caught by the wind before ho can get to shelter, and 
 blown out from the face of tho crag, like a bird from its 
 perch. When the slate is closely compacted, and otTers 
 a peqiendicular surface, the quaiTymau goes to work jis 
 tho shepherds do when they waut to destroy eagles' eggs. 
 His comrades let him down by a rope, and he tries for 
 a footing to rest on while he drives in his wedges. 
 Seen from below, men thus employed look like summer 
 fq)idors dangling from tho eaves of a house. There are 
 
 more resources and bettor roads than there used to be ; 
 and there is less breakage of men's bones, as well as of 
 good slate ; but, between the needless risks they run, 
 and the sudden storms they encounter, and the vast 
 weights they carry or draw, and tho slipping of the 
 foot, and the dizzj-ing of the head by drink, there are 
 widows and orphans coming in almost ever)- year from 
 the quarries to live in the towns, and subscription lists 
 going round oftcuer than from any other local accident, 
 except drowning iu the lakes. 
 
 There are other black chasms in the mountain sides. 
 There is copper mining and lead mining among the 
 fells, besides the ironworks in the Furness peninsula. 
 The lead miners have, perhaps, been the least stable 
 class ; for their fortunes are precarious. At one time 
 the value of the plumbago iu Borrowdale was so little 
 known that the shepherds used it freely for marking 
 their sheep ; and then, when it was found to be the best 
 material for pencils ever known, the proprietors at once 
 obtained from thirty to forty shillings a pound for the 
 lead of a single " sop," which yielded upwards of twenty- 
 eight tons. In those days, houses were built at the 
 entrance, where the workmen were obliged to change 
 their clothes under inspection, — so strong was the 
 temptation to embezzlement. The high wages of such 
 prosperous periods have alternated with entire suspen- 
 sions of business, when the lead became too poor for 
 even blacking stoves, or when it seemed lost altogether; 
 and such vicissitudes work mischief on the character of 
 the labouring class. The old copper-mines have been 
 sufficiently prosperous to oifer a temptation to the open- 
 ing of new works ; and the characteristics of the mining 
 class are spreading into new vales, and crossing from one 
 mountain side to another. The successor of Robert 
 Walker, " The Wonderful " (celebrated by Wordsworth), 
 complains that the tranquillity of the parish of Seath- 
 waite is disturbed by the sinking of a shaft iu tho 
 neighbouring hill side, — tho miners drawing people 
 away to diversion on Sundays. At Coniston, where the 
 great copper-mine of tho region has been worked from 
 the earliest recorded times, the people, who sometimes 
 receive as wages from the mine no less than X'i.OOO per 
 month, are kuowu by their eagerness after open-air sport. 
 Thcj' shoot at everything they see flying, and hunt every- 
 thing they see running ; so that not ouly did the eagles 
 disappear there soouer than anywhere, but tho ravens 
 are gone, though the last pair showed every inclination 
 to cleave to their crag in Yewdale through all chances 
 and changes. Like tho general working class of the 
 region, tho miners are quite suflicieutly tlirifty, — 
 abundantly fond of gain. While poets and romancers 
 have taken for granted that there must be patriarchal
 
 44 
 
 SURVEY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 
 
 generosity and rural inuocence among the dalesmen, 
 the clergy declare that they find it necessary to preach 
 against worlJliuess, instead of exhorting to foresight 
 and thrift. While the people appear to have no con- 
 ception of personal cleanliness, or civil and orderly in- 
 door habits, they keep their houses and furniture clean 
 and bright, hoard goodly clothing, and are exceedingly 
 fond of high profits. They would prosper better with 
 more intelligence and modern knowledge ; but their back- 
 wardness in these respects does not prevent their having 
 a keen eye for the main chance. Youthful lovers find 
 that there are hard fathers in the vales as elsewhere ; 
 and the young dalesmen have reason to know that the 
 rural heiress can take very good care of herself and her 
 fortune. In this matter there is probably little differ- 
 ence between the old times and the new, unless it be in 
 the broadest liighroad of the summer tourist. 
 
 PHYSICAL CHANGES. 
 
 The changes wrought bj' nature in the features of 
 the landscape are perhaps more conspicuous than those 
 ■which affect the characteristics of the people. The sea 
 works roughly in such a recess as Morecambe Bay, 
 stirring up the sands very destructively. Several vil- 
 lages specified in Domesday Book are so utterly gone 
 that no trace of them has remained within the memory 
 of man. Others have become isolated at high water, or 
 have been wholly engulfed since the beginning of the last 
 century. The old village of Aldingham has disappeared 
 since that time. The fresh-water forces of the interior 
 operate to the same effect, causing occasional ravages as 
 terrible as any that the marauding Scots left behind them 
 in their old forays. One instance will suffice. In 1700, 
 a flood descended the ravine between Grassmoor and 
 TVhiteside, on Crumniock AVator, carrying down every- 
 thing that it could sweep from the mountain side, and 
 from the vale below, and ending with laying bare of all 
 soil a piece of arable land which extended between the 
 valley and the lake. Full-grown trees were flourishing 
 there in a considerable depth of earth when the sun set, 
 and at sunrise there was a clean floor of rock. The 
 accumulated material smothered ten acres of land. In 
 the place of a stone causeway, fortified by an embank- 
 ment, apparently as strong as the hills, there was a 
 swift-flowing river in a sunken channel. The village of 
 Braekenthwaitc, unintentionally built on a rock, was 
 safe in the morning ; but it stood perched on a knoll, 
 with chasms all about it. The flood and its burden 
 poured into the little river Cocker, and so swelled it 
 that the plain between the mountains and the sea was 
 under water for a considerable time. If such mischief 
 could be done iu one night, the perpetual operation of 
 
 impetuous waters cannot be insignificant. Slides are 
 frequent, as in all hilly countries subject to rains ; and 
 the leaping rocks thus displaced play many tricks. 
 Sometimes they lodge in a chasm, and form a bridge ; 
 sometimes one bounds into a pool, and forms the basis 
 of an islet ; and then, again, it stops short in a meadow, 
 and makes a resting-place for the shepherd, or a shelter 
 for his lambs. The continuous conve3'ance of silt by the 
 streams alters the forms and dimensions of the lakes so 
 materially that no one of them looks the same from one 
 half century to another. This perpetual deposit alters 
 the currents more than any occasional slide of stones 
 and gravel. New promontories gradually arise, and the 
 sweeps of the bays contract, till reeds fill up the space 
 of the marginal waters, and new acres are seen growing 
 for the husbandman of a future generation. There is 
 scarcely a vale in the whole district which does not 
 show green meadows, and especially a " waterhcad," 
 which must have been a i)art of the lake not very long 
 ago : and in Grasmere the effect of the process is re- 
 markably evident. From any of the slopes above the 
 north-east of the vale of Grasmere the lake looks a 
 mere pond, the small remains of a sheet of water which 
 must once have occupied the whole basin, except where 
 the knolls made islands, like those of the Windermere 
 of our day. While the lakes are thus contracting, and 
 hinting of a time when they will become dry laud, new 
 pools are opened, and then deepened and expanded 
 into a promise of future lakes. A tree falls, or a 
 boulder lodges on a well head. In either case the 
 waters spread through the soil, and lodge round the 
 obstruction, making a swamp, which is constantly 
 increased by the fall of more trees, as their roots are 
 loosened. The drowned vegetation decays, and sinks, 
 and waterplants appear, no one knows how. Fish 
 come in time, and their fry, and the seeds and insects, 
 which presently abound, bring birds, and birds bring 
 men. The waterfowl squabble among the reeds ; and 
 the hill echoes send the sound to the sportsman's ear. 
 He finds the heron wading in summer, and the 
 snipe rocking on the bulrush in autumn ; and divers 
 popping on the surface of the pool, and perhaps the 
 wild geese encamping for the night. When the waters 
 stretch to barriers of rock where they can grow clear 
 and deeper, and receive constant accessions from 
 the hill ooze and drip, the new tarn is safe. The 
 shepherd follows on the track of the sportsman, and 
 his flock in time transform the rough ground into 
 snard, by manuring and browsing. Kext appears the 
 first work of art iu this wilderness. The sheepfold is 
 a mere enclosure, formed by piling the stones which 
 lie about into high walls, some one of which must afford
 
 SURVEY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 
 
 45 
 
 shelter from drifting snow, whicbevcr way the ■wiiul 
 brings it. These folds arc usually placed on the lowest 
 ground in the hollow, and as near the water as may 
 Le. After the fold comes tlio hut, looking much like a 
 deserted chalet; and there the cows can be sheltered 
 in bad weather while out on the fells, — to say nothing 
 of the herdsman. In time, the farmstead rises on the 
 slope above the tarn ; the plough drives in among 
 the stones ; and the stones congregate in the shape of 
 fences. The sounds of the farm-yard scare away the 
 wildfowl ; oats take the place of heather ; and the 
 draining of the tilled laud once more enlarges the lake. 
 The clatter of horses is heard on the stony road ; men 
 pass that way, and open new tracks over the ridges. 
 The pedlar drops down into the vale with his gay 
 commodities, aud his news from the town ; and before 
 the dark sycamores at each end of the house have met 
 to make a canopy, there are sons and daughters settled 
 within call, and a new hamlet (something ending in 
 " thwaite," probably), has taken its name and place 
 among the hills. 
 
 If sudden changes in the aspect of the scenery 
 are caused by slides which lay bare the green up- 
 lands or sloping fallows, or by cleavings of the woods, 
 or by floods, nature gradually restores the smooth 
 and tranquil surface of the landscape. The birds 
 and the breezes carry seeds to every ledge, and cast 
 them into clefts in the bare precipices, so that the 
 birch and mountain-ash show themselves where there 
 seems to be no soil nor room for a root to strike. The 
 wildest rock-face thus becomes feathered from its base 
 to its ridge ; and every autumn fall of leaves and flight 
 of seeds helps the process. Wherever the rill, or 
 the mere drip from above, deposits soil, grass and 
 weeds appear; and they creep up the slopes with visible 
 progress from season to season. Exquisite mosses and 
 delicate ferns line the recesses kept moist by the spray 
 of waterfalls, and clothe the stone fences till they 
 become richer in vegetation, and far more grateful to 
 the eye than the hedges of the southern counties. By 
 this kind of tinting and of drapery, the barreuess of 
 new greystone buildings, and the glare of white ones, arc 
 presently tempered. So many processes are continually 
 going on that tlio newest and rawest fissure of a rent 
 mountain, where all is rigid, motionless, and bare, is 
 sure to become in course of years filled witli beaulv. 
 Theio is motion from waving trees and tidl grass, as 
 well as from winds and waters ; and every variety of 
 hue, from the gayest wildflowers and mountain berries 
 to the sombre greens, greys, and browns of the fir, and 
 the rocks and their heather. Some further operations 
 are, however, becoming necessary from the liaud of 
 
 man. Inundations are more freijuent and mischievous 
 than formerly, and are evidently on the increase. lu 
 the neighbourhood of such of the larger lakes as are 
 preferred for residence, the levels are oftener laid under 
 water than they were twenty years ago ; and there is 
 more flooding of houses, and injury to health as well 
 as property. Derwentwater and Bassenthwaite Lake 
 effect a junction of their contents much too often, to 
 the injury of the town of Keswick aud the surrounding 
 levels ; and the lowlands round Windermere, and even 
 the two valleys of the Rotha and the Brathay at its 
 head, are flooded several times in the course of a 
 winter, as well as after the July rains. The main 
 cause of the evil is the new fashion, excellent in itself, 
 of agricultural drainage. Modern improvement, which 
 every wise man welcomes, sends down masses of water 
 in an hour which it would have taken a week to carry 
 off before drainage was thought of. The thing wanted 
 is a proper carrying out of the system of drainage, and 
 not any going back from what is already done. When 
 steamboats were set up on Windermere, a good deal of 
 money was spent in deepening the south end of the 
 lake, — and this was very well ; but the outlet wants 
 enlarging too ; and a weir is, in such a case, not to be 
 tolerated. Now that steam-mills are to be had, water 
 power must give way to the public health and conve- 
 nience ; and every facility must be afforded to the waters 
 to flow away as rapidly as they are brought down by the 
 drainage-pipes of improved farming. 
 
 One other modern feature of the scenery must be 
 pointed out. At regular times, — once a month, for 
 the most part, — a tall, old shepherd may be seen, with 
 his statf and his dog, traversing the highest central 
 ridges, sometimes below and sometimes above the 
 clouds. He has business up there, higher than he 
 ever led his sheep. He has the charge of the rain- 
 guages, some half-dozen of them, set up on various 
 heights, and well secured against the gales. Ho goes 
 the round of them, and records the results. In his 
 youth superstition and fear held possession of the 
 places where science has now established a footing ; 
 and the old shepherds, to whom, above all men, their 
 neighbours looked for goblin stories, can now read off 
 tlie registere of nature, and teach the wise, instead of 
 amusing the ignorant, by telling what they find on the 
 mountain top. The district can show no change more 
 suggestive tlum this. 
 
 SURVEY Fno^f THE summits. 
 
 The diameter of the Lake District is only thirty 
 miles. It is a sin;,'ular case of the concentration of all 
 the attributes of a mountain region within so small a
 
 4G 
 
 SUEM^Y OF THE LAKE DISTBICT. 
 
 compass. Elsewhere, either the proportions arc alto- 
 gether larger, or, as ia Scotlaud and many other 
 countries, long spaces lie between tho objects of 
 interest. The way to obtain a conception of the pro- 
 portions and relations of the heights, valleys, and lakes, 
 in our own district, is to stand on the ridge called Esk 
 Hause, and look abroad on a clear day. 
 
 Esk Hause is a ridge among tho central and loftiest 
 peaks, of which the Scawfell Pikes and Bow Fell are the 
 conspicuous points. The head-waters of tho Esk and 
 Duddon are on this ridge ; and it commands, to singular 
 advantage, the primary valleys of the region, — three 
 lines of landscape, which, with their accessories, con- 
 stitute the Lake District. Looking northwards, Bor- 
 rowdale is seen lying immediately below, and extending 
 to Derwentwater, beyond which the opening continues 
 past the town of Keswick, past SkidJaw, over Bas- 
 senthwaite Lake, to the Solway and Scotch mountains. 
 This is one line. The next tends to the south-east. It 
 begins with Langdale, l\-ing just underneath, passes by 
 the opening of the Brathay valley to Windermere, 
 and onwards to the dim outline of Ingleborough, in 
 Yorkshire. The third line is intermediate, tending 
 south-westwards. It follows the course of the Esk 
 down Eskdale to the sands; and while Blackcomb 
 rises to the left, the glittering sea bounds the view 
 beyond. The three lines are rarely seen in equal 
 clearness ; for, if the sun favours one, another is 
 shadowy or misty ; but by spending a bright summer's 
 day on tho ridge, the geography of the district may be 
 better understood than it could be by any other method 
 of actual obser^-ation, unless it were from a balloon. 
 To follow these lines may be the best way of studying 
 the mountain area in print, as on the spot. 
 
 From this ridge tho ancient domains of Furuess 
 Abbey may be traced. The abbey itself lies south 
 and seawards, among the last levels of the peninsula, 
 which is hidden by the screen of the great Conistou 
 mountain. From the sea to the Shire Stones — not far 
 below Esk Hause — the whole territory lying between 
 Windermere and the Duddon belonged to the abbey; 
 and again, looking northwards, the whole of Borrowdale. 
 The hamlet of Grange, at the mouth of Borrowdale, 
 owes its name to the barns in which the produce was 
 stored, and where monks lived to take care of it. The 
 passes are so steep, and the vale is so effectually 
 hemmed in by mountains, that it was thought suffi- 
 cient to take care of the entrance. So Grange stands 
 in the defile where the shoaly Derwent is spanned by 
 twin bridges, and the monks were supposed to hold 
 the key of Borrowdale. It was this character of a 
 recess which gave rise to the old stoiy, which a Borrow- 
 
 dale man hardly likes to hear of even at this day, and 
 which makes the name of the cuckoo a signal for a 
 faction light at fairs or in wayside inns. Spring was 
 60 dehghtful, we are told, to the Borrowdale jieople in 
 old times, and the note of the cuckoo so gladsome, that 
 the inhabitants set about building a wall, to keep in 
 the cuckoo, and make spring last for ever. This wall 
 stretched across the entrance, at Grange. Unfor- 
 tunately, the cuckoo got away ; but this was because 
 tho wall was built one course of stones too low. It is 
 simply for want of a top course on the wall that eternal 
 spring does not reign in Borrowdale ! Not only is the 
 word gouk (cuckoo, and also fooli not to be uttered, but 
 the mention of the cuckoo is sure to be followed by a 
 knock-down blow from a Borrowd;ile man, if time and 
 place allow of it. 
 
 It is not now difficult to drop into the dale from the 
 surrounding heights, the most southerly of which are 
 the loftiest. From Esk Hause there is a foot-track to 
 Sprinkling Tarn, whence a rill flows to feed Sty Head 
 Tarn, on the pass between AVastdale and Borrowdale. 
 Another way is by the Stake pass from Langdale ; a third 
 is by tho steep road from Buttermere ; and a fourth is 
 from the direction of Hclvellyu, — a footpath from Leg- 
 bcrthwaite and Watendlath, which drops into Borrowdale 
 behind Kosthwaite. The twin passes of the Stake and 
 Sty Head descend on each side the " tongue " which 
 splits this vale, like almost every other, into a fork at its 
 higher end. The mountain Glaramara is the "tongue" 
 of Borrowdale ; and that part of the recess is still deeply 
 secluded, while settlements thicken towards the other 
 end. From the top of the Stake Pass to Grange is 
 about eight miles ; and within the last si.x there are 
 dwellings, — first, mere farmsteads w'ith their appur- 
 tenances, and a few miners' cottages ; thou the hamlet 
 of Eosthwaite, and finally, Grange. AVithin a few years 
 several goodly mansions have risen up from the levels, 
 wliich is rather strange, considering the swampy character 
 of the low grounds, and the vast fall of rain in that 
 mountain basin, amounting to no less than from 120 to 
 100 inches by the rain guage at Seathwaite. 
 
 Borrowdale can hardly be more celebrated than it has 
 been ever since the scenery of the district began to be 
 appreciated ; but it is now so frequented that the local tra- 
 ditions of primitive manners sound very strange. For in- 
 stance, the great event of an innovator having entered the 
 vale, some generations ago, is fixed in the people's minds 
 by an anecdote. This new-fangled personage wanted 
 some lime, — an article never heard of. He sent an old 
 man a long way for the new commodity, with horse and 
 sacks, — there being uo carts because there was no road. 
 Returning from beyond Keswick, the messenger and
 
 SURVEY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 
 
 47 
 
 his horse ■were overtaken by a shower ; ami immediately 
 after, the old man was alarmed by seeing liis sacks begin 
 to smoke. He got a hatful of water from the river : 
 but tho more ho wetted his sacks, the -worse the smoke 
 gi-ew. As nothing could be clearer than that the devil 
 must be in any fire which was aggravated by water, the 
 terrified man tossed his whole load into the river, where 
 it hissed so fearfully as to make him glad to be rid of 
 it. — Another resident is reported to have suffered more 
 than this by introducing an innovation, being rescued at 
 last by a bright native wit, such as may often be found 
 in tho dullest places. A Borrowdale " statesman " went 
 one day to a distant fair or sale, and brought home some- 
 thing terribly new, — a pair of stirrups. He jogged 
 homo with his feet firmly jammed into his stirrups, — 
 so firmly that by the time lie reached his own door ho 
 could not get them out. The alarm and lamentation 
 were great ; but there was no use in crying over misfor- 
 tunes ; so the good man patiently sat his horse in the 
 pasture for a day or two — the family bringing him food — 
 till the eldest son declared that he had an idea ! The 
 horse would suffer by exposure ; and it would be better 
 for tho horse, and no worse for his father, that they 
 should be in the stable. The idea was applauded ; and 
 the farmer had his food brought to him in the stable for 
 a few days more. Bj' that time, the second son had an 
 idea. It was a pity that the horse should not be useful, 
 and, for that matter, the father too ; and it might be 
 possible to carry him on his saddle into the house. By 
 immense exertion it was done, — the horse being led 
 beside the midden-heap, in the yard, while the girths 
 were loosened, to soften any unlucky fall. The good- 
 man found himself under his own roof again, spinning 
 wool in a corner of the kitchen, as he sat astride his 
 saddle. There he remained, through the cleverness of 
 his second son, till his youngest, a bright youth, in a 
 bright hour, came home full of learning from the college 
 at St. Bees. After duly considering the case, he, liko 
 bis brothers, had an idea. His counsel was, that his 
 father should draw his feet out of his clogs. This was 
 done, amidst family acclamations ; and the good-man 
 was restored to his old way of life. His wife was so 
 proud and delighted, that she declared that if she had a 
 score of cbildreu she would make scholars of them all. 
 The learning of Borrowdale, however, did not all 
 come from St. Bees. Philosophy might be native there 
 as elsewhere ; and one genius arrived at a conclu- 
 sion, on a certain occasion, which could hardly bo 
 outshone within the walls of any college. A stranger 
 came riding into the vale on a mule, which he left at a 
 farmhouse, as ho had an errand up the pass. Neither 
 tho fanter nor his neif'hbours hud ever seen such a 
 
 creature before ; and some natural misgivings induced 
 them to consult the wise man of the vale. (They 
 were sensible enough to keep a Sagum or Medicine- 
 man, to supply their deficiencies in ^visdom.) The 
 wise man came, contemplated the creature, drew a 
 circle round it, and consulted hi? books while his 
 charms were burning. At length he announced that 
 he had completed his discovery. There were so many 
 things that the creature could not be, that there re- 
 mained no doubt as to what it mu3t be. It was a 
 peacock ! Borrowdale could thenceforth boast of a 
 visit from a stranger who came riding on a peacock. 
 Tf every valley abounded in anecdotes like Borrowdale, 
 there would be no end of describing the district; but it is 
 not so. The unique character of that valley as a recess, 
 and the deep seclusion of its old inhabitants, made 
 Borrowdale remarkable for simphcity and diduess in a 
 region where the people in general seemed as primitive 
 as possible in the eyes of the few who came from afar 
 to see them. 
 
 Borrowdale opens upon Dcnventwatcr, — perhaps 
 the best known of tho lakes, though not one of the 
 largest, uor perhaps in itself the most beautiful. It is 
 about three miles long, and has an average breadth of 
 a mile and a half. Its depth is inconsiderable ; and 
 hence its singular clearness, and mirror-Hke expanse. 
 Its islands, and certain promontories aud passes of the 
 surrounding heights, aro connected with the names and 
 histories of the RatclifTes, Earls of Derwentwater; and 
 tlicy aro believed to have left records on even the sky. 
 Tlie aurora borealis is there called " Lord Derwent- 
 water's lights," because it was particularly briUiant the 
 night after the execution of the Earl, who was " out " 
 with the Jacobites in 1715. The cleft in Wallabarrow 
 crag, which is called the Lady's Rake, takes its name 
 from its being the way of escape of his wretched wife, 
 who climbed it in the night, carrying away the family 
 jewels, to be used on behalf of her husband. The 
 ancient abode of the Ratcliffes was on tlie hill called 
 Castle-head, built, according to tradition, within tho 
 compass of a Druidical circle : but tho materials were 
 removed to Lord's Island, on the lake, where their more 
 modern mansion stood. The island of Ramp's Holme 
 was theirs also ; and tradition connects with their family 
 tho hermit of the seventh century, St. Herbert, the 
 dear friend of St. Cuthbert, who inhabited a third 
 island, ciJled after him, and died on tho same day with 
 his holy brother of Lindisfam. Vicar's island is tho 
 fourtli of those which stud the northern end of tlie 
 lake, and reduce its apparent extent. Tlie noted float- 
 ing island of Derwentwater is a mere mass of decayed 
 vegetation, and soil fonned from it, which rises to the
 
 48 
 
 SURVF.Y OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 
 
 surface when distended with gasses, and sinlis when 
 collapsing by their discharge. 
 
 Derwentwater is surroiunled liy very noble land- 
 marks. At one end Scawfell Pike rises above the lofty 
 Borrowdale mountains ; and at the other, Skiddaw 
 swells from the levels in lonely majesty. Along the 
 western side, Cat Bells rises to a height of 1,400 feet, 
 with Causey Pike, COO feet higher, just behind it; and 
 the fine wooded steeps of Wallabarrow and Falcon Crag 
 enclose the eastern shore. It is from this riJgc that 
 the Ban'ow fall and that of Lodore descend, from a tarn 
 in the upland valley of Watcndlath. The fall of Lodore 
 is one of the finest in the district, and unique in its 
 character. A steep ravine of vast boulders separates 
 the towering rocks of Gowder Crag and Shepherd's 
 Crag; and the contents of the tarn in the valley, which 
 lies I'jO feet above Derwentwater, come gushing and 
 dripping down in a multitude of little streams, or in a 
 succession of roaring cascades, according to the season 
 or the weather. 
 
 At the north end of the lake lies the town of Kes- 
 wick, on the plain which stretches at the base of 
 Skiddaw. That plain, as seen from any of the sur- 
 rounding heights, and especially from Castlerigg on the 
 Toad to Ambleside, presents one of the richest scenes in 
 England. Besides the town and environs of Keswick, 
 there are villages where the woollen manufacture flou- 
 rishes, and many farmsteads, and two conspicuous 
 churches, in one of which, the white old-fashioned 
 Crosthwaito Church, Southey is buried, and his monu- 
 mental statue reposes. The Derwent and the Greta 
 wind through the level ; and roads intersect it, losing 
 themselves at last in climbing the slopes and penetrating 
 the recesses of the hills ; and the fields and woodland 
 show every variety of green under the summer sun, 
 though they are too apt to be flooded in the winter 
 months. The mountains of this group have a peculiar 
 character, being bare and pointed ; but every peculiarity 
 becomes reduced as the valley opens to the north. 
 Basseuthwaite, four miles in length, and one in 
 breadth, is the outlying lake in this direction ; and, 
 except that Skiddaw towers on its eastern shore, it 
 presents no marked features. Lord's Scat and Barf 
 are the highest hills on the western side ; and from 
 them the fells subside in undulations to the plain. 
 The Derwent flows out much enlarged from the northern 
 end of Bassenthwaite, and takes its course towards 
 Cockermouth. The open vales of Isell and Embleton, 
 lying north-west of Bassenthwaite, are the limit of the 
 Lake District in that direction. 
 
 The rich vale of Lorton, adjoining Embleton, and tra- 
 versed by the high road from Keswick, connects with the 
 
 great Derwenlwatcr valley its dependency, in which lie 
 Loweswater, Crummock Water, and Buttermere. In 
 describing Borrowdale, mention was made of an open- 
 ing towards Buttermere. At the brauchijig of the fork, 
 below Glaramara, in Borrowdale, there is a road to the 
 west which passes through the farmyard at Scatoller, 
 and ascends very steeply to llonister Crag, at the head 
 of Buttermere Vale, commanding as wild a scene as can 
 be found in the region. The slate quarries of Honister 
 Crag, rising to 1700 feet, have been already referred to. 
 The waterfall which pours beside them rushes down the 
 vale in a channel so winding as to require many bridges 
 or coui-ses of stepping stoned, so frequently must the 
 road cross it. This stream is the infant Cocker. The 
 highest peaks of the region are at hand to the south ; 
 but the vale leads on to a group which is only secon- 
 dary. The four mountains which cluster round the 
 south-western side of Buttermere range from lied Pilie, 
 2,750 feet, to the group a few hundred feet lower, 
 of High Crag, Hayrick, and High Stile. They pour 
 down cataracts in noble force, one of the most conspicu- 
 ous cf which is on the side of Butteimere, Sour Milk 
 Ghyll by name. It descends from a tarn (Burtness 
 Tarn) on Bed Pike. Another appears to close in the 
 Vale of Newlands, above Buttermere Haws, tumbling 
 down the rocky side of Great Robinson. A much 
 greater one is Scale Force, on the neighbouring Crum- 
 mock Lake, a full of 100 feet in a chasm of Jlelbreak. 
 Tarns abound in these clustered mountains, where the 
 clouds congi-egate naturally. The tarns of the district 
 are small still-water lakes, lying on high grouud. Those 
 which are found in upland vales arc not particularly 
 beautiful, their margins being swampy, and their euvi- 
 rons not usually striking. But the true mountain tarns 
 are veiy fine — deep, dark, and still, with wild heathery 
 knolls or perpendicular rocks overshadowing them. 
 When their stillness is broken, it is by tumult. Some 
 rush of wind lashes the surface into foam, and catches 
 up the spray so that it may be seen whirling out like 
 smoke from a distance. Such waterfalls as have been 
 spoken of, — Lodore, and those of the vales about But- 
 termere, — each torrent descending from a tarn, indicate 
 the uses of those little high-lying lakes to which the 
 district owes so much. But for them there would be 
 more both of drought and of flood. They cause a dis- 
 tribution of water, which fertihzes without inundating. 
 The agricultural drainage ah'eady existing shows some- 
 thing of the consequences of bringing down too much at 
 once of the produce of the rains ; and but for the tarns, 
 the whole bodj' of rainfall would rush from the heights 
 in a flood. AVhile the lower brooks are rising and 
 swelling the rivers, which immediately e.xpaud the lakes,
 
 SURVEY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 
 
 49 
 
 there is no contribution from the heights till the tarns 
 overflow. The higher brooks empty themselves into 
 the tarns, and by the time they are full, the waters 
 below are subsiding. There are no fewer than fifty- 
 four in the district, in all varieties, from the reedy pools 
 of shallow upland vales, and clear basins with a margin 
 of firm turf or clean sand, to the black pits of -water 
 which lie under precipices, or in hollows so deep that 
 one at least is said to reflect the stars at noon day. 
 Where they abound in the Butterracre group, the aspect 
 of the mountains is remarkably rude. They show long 
 sweeps of orange and grey stones, and red peaks and 
 yeUow promontories ; and huge hollows filled with deep 
 blue shadow, or breathing out white mists to curl up the 
 black precipices. Such is the character of this lofty 
 central region, from the topmost peak of Scawfell to the 
 Screes above Wastwater. Such is the character of Red 
 Pike, as it towers above the lakes of Buttermere and 
 Crummock AVater. 
 
 Buttermere is a small lake, — only a mile and a 
 quarter in length, and little more than half a mile in 
 breadth. Crummock Water is the same average breadth, 
 and three miles long. The two lakes are separated by a 
 naiTOw meadow, a mile across, subject to inundation, but 
 divided into fields and clumped with trees, — a platform 
 rescued from the waters to afford a noble view of a circle 
 of mountains. Opposite to Melbreak, the swelling 
 masses of Whiteless, Grassmoor, and Whiteside guard 
 the lake, — the kst mountains in this direction. The 
 land subsides in undulations towards the Vale of Lorton, 
 the boundary spoken of before as that into which the 
 highlands melt to the north. One small lake, Lowes- 
 water, lies beyond Crummock Water, to the north-west. 
 It is only a mile long, and half as broad ; and its 
 northern end opens upon the wild moor which lies be- 
 tween the mountains and the sea. 
 
 Wo must return to tlie head of Denventwater, to 
 notice the two isolated mountains there, Skiddaw and 
 Saddleback. Skiddaw is the fourth English mountain 
 for height, being 3,022 feet above the sea, and 2,011 
 above Derwcntwater. It is separated from Saddle- 
 back by the Glcndera.ten'a, which rushes down to fall 
 into the Greta. Blencathra, as Saddleback was called 
 of old, is 2,787 feet in height. It is distinguished liy 
 tlic noble view from its summit, preferred by many to 
 that from Skiddaw; and by the depth and darkness of its 
 tarns. In one of these, Scales Tarn, it is that the stars 
 arc said to he visible at noonday; and another, Bow- 
 scalo Tarn, is that which is believed by the country 
 people to be inliabited by a pair of undying fish, — the 
 immortal (ish celcliratcd by Wordsworth in his " Song 
 at tlie Feast of Brougham Castle." Many legends, 
 7 
 
 and much superstition hang about this neighbour- 
 hood. Druidical circles seem to have left traces or 
 traditions in many spots, and a well preserved one 
 remains at the foot of Saddleback. Its forty-eight stones 
 form an oval ; and on the eastern side, within the line, 
 there is a small recess foi-med by ten stones, making an 
 oblong square. According to the tradition which is re- 
 lated in regard to this, as to various other druidical 
 circles, the last human sacrifice was attempted there, 
 and in this way: — The priests in an ancient time 
 settled among the mountains, where there were stones 
 suitable for their temples; whereas the rest of the people 
 went down to the level grounds, and settled ip a clearing 
 of the forest, beside a river. A fever soon made havoc 
 among them ; and the oracle demanded a sacrifice to 
 appease the divine wrath. The lot fell on a girl who 
 was betrothed ; and on the day of sacrifice she was con- 
 ducted, with the usual ceremonies, to the temple, on 
 the western side of which a little hut of wickerwork, 
 like a beehive, was set up. When she was presented 
 to the assembled people, crowned with oak, and with 
 mistletoe in her hand, her wretched lover saw her from 
 a distance. Ho resolved to brave divine vengeance 
 rather than contribute a twig to her pile, as everj- spec- 
 t;itor was religiously bound to do. He saw her enter 
 the hut : he saw the multitude pass before it, each 
 casting his branch against the walls : and he saw the 
 priest heap up the dried wood and leaves against the 
 door, while the arch-priest was procuring fire from two 
 sticks. He saw the pile blaze, and, at the same mo- 
 ment, a miracle : — Every mountain round gave forth a 
 torrent, and all the floods rushed towards the temple as 
 to a centre, and made an island of the little hut, ex- 
 tinguishing the fire, and then flowing back to their 
 sources. The maiden camo forth safe, — not a hair 
 singed, nor a leaf of her garland withered. The arch- 
 priest, sldlled in interpreting thunder, seems to have 
 understood also the " voice of many waters," for he pro- 
 claimed that the god had forbidden human sacrifice 
 henceforth for ever. Even now the druid stones are not 
 like others in the eyes of the couutry people. Shy as 
 they are iu speaking about them, they really believe that 
 nobody can count the druid stones correctly, and tliat a 
 treasure is buried under the largest. Its weight, eight 
 tons, prevents a search on the part of any curious indi- 
 vidual ; and it is to be hoped that no body of men will 
 be found barbarous enough to overthrow the stone. 
 
 In ascending Saddleback by the stream from Scales 
 Tarn, a scene of natural magic is traversed, — so like a 
 mu-aclo that some superstition on tlio part of the countn* 
 folk may bo excused. There is no doubt whatever as to 
 the facts of the appearances on Souter Fell, — those
 
 50 
 
 SURVEY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 
 
 appearances being spread over a course of years, an<.l 
 attested, not only by the inhabitants of all the dwellings 
 \nthin view of the mountain, but by twenty-six wit- 
 nesses, selected for the pui-pose. The facts were re- 
 lated in the Lonsdale Magazine, and other records of 
 the time ; and, instead of being overtlirown by inquiry, 
 they were confirmed by disclosures of a similar pheno- 
 menon seen in Leicestershire in 1707, and on Helvellyn, 
 on the eve of the battle of ilarston lloor. 
 
 Souter Fell, it must be premised, is full of precipices 
 -which render any march of troops impossible in any 
 part of ,it ; and the north and west sides present a sheer 
 perpendicular of 900 feet. On midsummer eve, 1 735, 
 a farm-servant of a Mr. Lancaster, livuig half a mile 
 from the mountain, saw the eastern side of the summit 
 covered with troops, which pursued their onward tramp 
 for an hour. They came, in distinct bodies, from au 
 eminence in the north end, and disappeared in a niche 
 in the summit. The man was ridiculed and reviled 
 when he told what he had seen, as original observers 
 are wont to be when they have anything new to tell. 
 He had to bear it for two years before he had a com- 
 panion in his disgrace. His employer, Mr. Lancaster, 
 then observed, on midsummer eve, some men following 
 their horses on the same part of the fell, as if they were 
 returning from a hunt. He thought nothing of this ; 
 but, looking up ten minutes afterwards, he saw the 
 men mounted, and followed by a countless multitude of 
 soldiers, live abreast, coming and disappearing as before. 
 The entire household now watched the spectacle till 
 darkness covered the summit. The family declared 
 that the forces were mancEuvred, and each company 
 commanded, by a mounted officer, who galloped iu 
 various directions. As the light faded, the troops 
 seemed to intermingle ; the officers rode at imequal 
 paces ; and then it was too dark to see more. All the 
 Laucasters were now insulted as then- servant had been 
 before ; but they too were justiiied in course of time. 
 On the approach of midsummer eve, 1745, they selected 
 and invited twenty-six persons whose testimony ought 
 to be received with respect ; and the company saw all 
 that had been seen before, and more. There were car- 
 riages now among the troops ; and everybody knew that 
 no carriages ever had been, or could be, on the summit 
 of Souter Fell. The multitude was beyond imagina- 
 tion, for the troops occupied a space of half a mile, and 
 marched quickly till night hid them. The figures were 
 so distinct that people went up, the next morning, to 
 look for the hoof-marks of the horses ; and they were 
 scared at the fresh and untrodden appeai-ance of the 
 grass and heather. The story was attested on oath 
 before a magistrate at the time ; and the whole country- 
 
 side was, in consequence, appalled about the issue of the 
 rebellion then going forward. It came out that on that 
 evening some of the rebel forces were exercising on the 
 western coast of Scotland. Unless we knew in what 
 part, we can have nothing to say to the prevalent con- 
 clusion that the movements of that force had been re- 
 flected " by some transparent vapour, similar to the 
 fata morgana," — the theory offered by the Lonsdale 
 Magazine. Some other facts came out, — at least as 
 much to the purpose : that ilr. Wren, of Wilton Hall, 
 and a farm-servant, had had a little private experience 
 of their own in the summer of 1743, when one evening 
 they saw on the mountain a man and a dog pursuing 
 some horses along a place so steep that a horse could 
 scarcely, by any possibility, make good his footing. 
 Their speed was prodigious ; and they disappeared so 
 instantaneously at the southern e.xtremity that Mr. 
 Wren and his servant went up next morning to find the 
 body of the man who must have been killed. No trace 
 of man, dog, or horse could be found ; and the pair 
 kept their vision to themselves till encouraged to speak 
 by what happened two years afterwards. They were 
 insulted just as much, after all, as if they had not had 
 the Lancasters and their twenty-six friends for fellow- 
 witnesses. 
 
 Our first survey from Esk Hause has thus compre- 
 hended (somewhat figuratively) the chief mountains — 
 Skiddaw, Saddleback, Grassmoor, Red Pike, and Lord's 
 Seat; to which we may add several mountains of infe- 
 rior rank, and the remarkable peak of Houister Crag. 
 Of the chief lakes, we have noticed Derwentwater 
 and Bassenthwaite ; Buttermere, Crummock Water, 
 and Loweswater. Of waterfalls, Lodore and Barrow 
 Falls ; Sour Milk Gbyll, on Buttermere, and Scale 
 Force. Of rivers, the Derwent, the Greta, and the 
 Cocker. Of tirns, more than would be remembered if 
 enumerated. 
 
 SOUTH-E.\STERN SURVEY. 
 
 The second great opening lies south-eastwards from 
 Esk Hause ; but we must take it in its whole extent, 
 beginning northwards at the vale of St. John at 
 the foot of Saddleback. Pursuing it from this end, we 
 find the lake of Thirlmere, (formerly Leatheswater^ 
 occupying the valley at the foot of Helvellyn, which 
 thrusts its great bulk between this lake and UUeswater 
 to the east. UUeswater lies among the last of the north- 
 eastern mountains of the district ; and it is only about 
 its head that any considerable peaks are assembled. At 
 the foot of the lake, which is ten miles long, the heights 
 have sunk into hills; and the hiUs presently subside 
 into the open country stretching towards Penrith. A
 
 SURVEY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 
 
 51 
 
 few more riJgcs interpose between Ullcswater and the 
 railway and open moors to the east, the last of those 
 ridges being the Shap Fells. They enclose the shallow 
 vales of Mardale, Swindale, Wotsleddale, Longsleddale, 
 and Kentraere ; the only lake of any note being Hawes- 
 water in Mardale, — a miniature of Wastwater, which 
 remains to be described hereafter. Parlss and noble- 
 men's seats abound outside this corner of the mountain 
 district ; Brougham Castle and Hall being in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Penrith, and the terrace of Lowther Castle 
 overlooking the basins of both Ulleswater and Hawes- 
 water. Grey stoke Park lies north of Ulleswater, and 
 Gowbarrow Park stretches down to the margin of the 
 lake. In that park is the ravine vfhich contains the 
 exquisite waterfall, Ara Force ; and from its woods and 
 slopes, graced with deer, the walk of four miles along 
 the lake to Patterdale at its head, is one of the loveliest 
 the region affords. On the opposite side of the lake, 
 Place Fell rises abruptly from the water; while about 
 the head there are groups of mountains looking like 
 promontories in their projection into the landscape, and 
 throwing up from their midst the great summits of St. 
 Sunday's Crag, Herring Pike, Stridding Edge, and, 
 finally Helvellyn, — the next to the Scawfell Pikes, and 
 only 105 feet lower than tho highest. The height 
 of Helvellyn is 3,055 feet; and from its summit the 
 tract we are now considering is commanded in all its 
 features. On the one hand below lies Thirlmere, and 
 on the other Ulleswater, while Windermere, Couiston, 
 and Esthwaite lakes stretch away to the south and 
 the peninsula beyond them till the land line melts into 
 the sea. Immediately below, at various heights, some 
 of the deepest tai'iis of the district lie all around, — the 
 chief being Red Tarn, Keppel Cove Tarn, and Grise- 
 dale Tarn in the pass from Patterdale to Grasmere, at 
 the junction of three mountains, — Ilelvcliyn, Seat- 
 sandal and Fairfield. The two roads between which 
 Helvellyn occupies the chief space run southwards tiU 
 they meet at Ambleside. The Patterdale road, which 
 runs from UUcswater to Windermere, ascends the Kirk- 
 stone pass, — the most considerable pass for carriage 
 transit in the district, being 1200 feet above the sea 
 level. At llic foot of the ascent lies Brothers' Water, 
 tho smallest of tho lakes, except Rydal. It is three- 
 quarters of a mile, and Rydal lialf a mUc in length, and 
 the one is half, and tho other one-third of a mile 
 in breadth. Ilayswator, a tarn beloved of anglers, 
 and overhung by High-street, is high up among tho 
 hills to the left. The hamlet of Ilartsop lies in tho 
 level, wlicro Brothers' Water spreads out among tho 
 meadows, and the rough track mounts to tho tarn 
 above. Tho heights which enclose the pass are those 
 
 of Scandale to the west, and of Coldfield to the east. 
 Near the top stands the fragment of rock which is 
 supposed to have given its name to the pass, as it 
 strongly resembles, from some points of view, a minia- 
 ture church. The summit of the pass is occupied by 
 the " Highest Inhabited House in England," a wayside 
 public-house, so designated by the ordnance surveyors, 
 whose testimony is exhibited in an inscription over the 
 porch. From this point, two roads diverge — the one 
 descending immediately upon Ambleside, and the other 
 (the eastern one), passing through Troutbeck before it 
 strikes the margin of Windermere. Troutbeck has no 
 lake, but only the stream indicated by its title, and it 
 is chiefly remarkable for the primitive character of its 
 inhabitants and their abodes. To pass through it is 
 like going back two centuries for a morning walk. On. 
 the other side of this narrow, scooped-out valley, the 
 subsiding ridges give access to shallower vales, by which 
 the mountain district melts down towards the east. 
 
 The descent of above three miles from the top of 
 Kirkstoue pass to Ambleside is steep. In the Jlarket- 
 place the road joins that which has run on a lower level 
 from the foot of Helvellyn. 
 
 Thirlmere lies high, — five hundred feet above the 
 sea level. It is two miles and three-quarters in length, 
 and in some parts so narrowed by promontories, as 
 hardly to afford any fair average of breadth. It is 
 called, however, half a mile broad. At one point, 
 where promontories and shoals unite, it is crossed by 
 a bridge, or a causeway, supported by little bridges. A 
 rough road on the western side, seldom visited by any 
 but angling or sketching strangers, presents the finest 
 views of the lake, as well as of the massy Helvel]3Ti 
 which overhangs its opposite side. This is a haunted 
 lake. A large black dog swims across it at night as 
 often as the bells of a visionary house on the liill side 
 are set ringing, and lights appear in the windows. A 
 table is said to be spread in that ghostly dweUing by 
 unseen hands, and mortal cars have heard the clatter of 
 tho plates and dishes. A murdered bride comes up from 
 the bottom of the lake at intervals, to keep her wedding 
 feast. There is a house at Armboth which really has 
 something rcnuirkable about it. Two or three miles off, 
 on a bright moonlight night, the glittering windows are 
 reflected in tlio lake : and, if a slight fog gives a tiugo 
 of redness to the reflection, the appearance is that of an 
 illuminated mansion ; whereas the real house is a very 
 lumible one, placed in a nook, and overshadowed by a 
 bill, so that it is hardly noticeable by daylight. 
 
 I'^rom Thirlmero the road passes througli the liamlet 
 of Wythburn, from whoso little inn travellers begin tlio 
 ascent of Helvellyn. It then descends Duumail Raise,
 
 SURVEY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 
 
 where, as bas been related, tbe kst king of Cumbria was 
 defeated and slain in a. d. 945. The boundary line be- 
 tween Cumberland and Westmoreland is marked by the 
 stream which rises on the east of the road, whence it is 
 carried over the summit of Helvell3-n to Ulleswater. The 
 descent from Dunmail Raise is upon Grasmere, follow- 
 ing the course of the Rotha, which, rising in the Raise, 
 runs through the lakes of Grasmere and Rydal, and falls 
 into 'Windermere at its head, Grasmere is rather more 
 than a mile in length, and rather less than a mile in 
 breadth. It forms a small part of an area, level for the 
 most part, but diversified by knolls, rocky or wooded, 
 which were once, no doubt, islands, like the one which 
 now remains in the lake, and the two which adorn its 
 neighbour mere at Rydal. The whole is enclosed in a 
 basin of hills, more steep than lofty, but singularly 
 inviting to the clouds. The amount of rain which falls 
 at Grasmere is a serious drawback upon residence there, 
 though for beauty it is by many considered incompara- 
 ble. In the old-fashioned church of the village is a 
 monumental medallion of Wordsworth, with an inscrip- 
 tion perhaps somewhat too boastful for a sacred place ; 
 and in the churchyard are the graves of himself and 
 his deceased children. Hai-tley Coleridge lies buried 
 near his old friend. 
 
 From the high peaks behind Grasmere, there are 
 several roads through the region we are now consider- 
 ing: viz., from the head of Langdale to the limits of 
 the Lake District. The mail-road which we have been 
 following proceeds southwards past Eydal lake, on the 
 margin of which stands Hartley Coleridge's dwelling ; 
 past the foot of Rydal Mount, so sacred to the admirers 
 of Wordsworth ; past Rydal Park, where the charms of 
 ancient forest and modern park are united ; through the 
 valley of the Rotha, sheltered to the north by Fairfield, 
 forming a great cul-de-sac, and sending down Rydal 
 Beck, to make waterfalls in the park ; through the little 
 post town of Ambleside, a mile from the head of Win- 
 dermere, along the margin of AYiudermere, and finally 
 to the railway station, just above Bowness, midway down 
 the lake. The road ceasing to be a mail route, con- 
 tinues along the lake to Newby Bridge, at its foot ; and 
 then the mountains and lakes being left behind, it runs 
 down into the Fumess peninsula, passing through the 
 brisk little town of Ulverston, and the smaller town of 
 Dalston, to Furness Abbey and the sea. This is the 
 easternmost of the roads which traverses the region 
 under notice. After Fairfield, the head of which is 
 2,950 feet above the sea level, it does not skut any con- 
 siderable mountain, unless Wansfell be so regarded. 
 It rises to the height of 1,590 feet, on the eastern 
 shore of Windei-mere. The hill called Loughrigg, 
 
 which forms the central dividing ridge between the 
 valleys of the Rotha and Brathay, of Rydal, Grasmere, 
 and Langdale, is only 1,108 feet high. Interposing 
 between the lofty peaks in the centre of tlie district 
 and Windermere, it is the first token of subsidence 
 towaids the south. Beneath its shelter, in the valley 
 of the Rotha, stfuuls Fox IIow, the residence in which 
 Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, passed his holiday seasons, and 
 where he hoped to spend his latter years. In the same 
 valley, and just above Ambleside, is the Stock Ghyll 
 waterfall, — not a very mighty "force," but remarkably 
 beautiful. Along this route, dwellings ai-e multiplied 
 so that, from the railway station to beyond Grasmere, 
 there is little intermission of mansions, villas, lirrms, 
 and cottages, with lands pertaining to them. Bowness 
 and Ambleside trade in touiists, and are busy and 
 thriving places ; and Rydal and Grasmere see new 
 houses rising every yeai\ The case is different with 
 the other roads ti'aversing the same portion of the 
 district. 
 
 The Langdale Pikes, which command everything to 
 the south of them, rise to the height of 2,-100 (Harri- 
 son Stickle), and 2,300 (Pikes' Stickle), and supply 
 several streams from their tarns. Following the course 
 of those tarns, there is one path down into the secluded 
 Easedale, lying behind Grasmere, and another into 
 Langdale, near the fissure in which the famous Dun- 
 geon Ghyll Force pours its thundering flood. From 
 Langdale, there are several passes into other vales ; — 
 the Stake pass, leading over into Borrowdale, as we 
 have already seen ; Piosset Ghyll pass, leading to our 
 lofty stand point, Esk Ilause, and the Wall End ascent, 
 leading out of Langdale to the neighbouring vale, 
 which is the scene of a considerable portion of " the 
 E.\cursion" of Wordsworth. Blea Tarn in that little 
 vale is the mere by which the Solitary dwelt. Lang- 
 dale is remarkable for the regularity with which its 
 opposite heights advance and recede, so as to divide 
 the vale into areas, sometimes winding, and sometimes 
 circular, and nowhere spreading out into a level which 
 will admit a lake. A small stream winds through it, 
 and the spurs of the mountains are occupied by dwell- 
 ings above the margin of the winter inundations; 
 the frequency of which is denoted by the paving of the 
 roads and paths. This vale, as seen from High Close, 
 a point of view above Langdale chapel, is one of the 
 most striking in the district. Bow Fell and the Pikes 
 close it in gradually to the north-west; the fissure of 
 Dungeon Ghyll is clearly discernible, and the falUng 
 foam of the beck from Stickle Tam ; thence the vole is 
 traced by the attenuating spurs of the hUls, and at the 
 outlet, there are the prodigious Thrang Slate Quai-ries
 
 SURVEY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 
 
 53 
 
 and the powder mills at Laiigilalo chapel. Opposite 
 is the chain of pools called Elter Water, and theuce 
 the valley widens, till it discloses Windermere, and the 
 boundary of Yorkshire hills beyond. 
 
 It is a primitive region, this through which lay the 
 pack-horse route to Whitehaven, before even the car- 
 rier's cart was introduced. That road is still visible, 
 winding from Fell foot up the mountain side towards 
 the Shire Stones, before mentioned. Whitehaven is 
 now reached by railway along the coast; but here, in the 
 heart of the mountains, the pedlar stiU plies his trade, 
 tramping over the piasses and along the vales, and 
 dropping into every rural dwelling, however secluded. 
 The little chapel is itself a relic of an older time — a 
 good specimen of the order of chapels which is dis- 
 ajipearing. The place is homely ; and the people are 
 literal and familiar be3-ond behef in their understand- 
 ing of religious matters. In this very chapel, not 
 many years ago, the clergyman, Rev. Mr. Frazer, 
 was preaching from the text " Behold, I come quickly." 
 He had not proceeded far in his sermon when the 
 rotten old pulpit fell, enveloping in rubbish an elderly 
 darac who sat just under it. As soon as he could 
 collect himself, the pastor congratulated the good 
 woman on her escape ; but she was in no mood for 
 sympathy, and replied, tartly, " If I'd been kilt, I'd 
 been rcet sarrat (rightly served), for you'd threatened 
 ye'd be comin' doon sune." 
 
 Ivoughrigg now rises ou the left hand. At its foot 
 on the other side, Grasmere and Rydal lakes are lying; 
 while on this side a quiet little valley spreads out, to 
 receive the waters of the Brathay, a little river which 
 rises in Elterwater, and runs into Windermere after a 
 junction with the Botha. There is a pretty modern 
 church in the Brathay valley, on a knoll which com- 
 mands a fine view of the central mountains. 
 
 The various routes have thus far joined so as to 
 make one along the course of ^^'inllermero. There is 
 still another belonging to the same opening, which 
 takes a parallel course by Couistou and its lake. 
 Leaving Langdalo by the Wall l^nd issue, it passes 
 througii tlio \'ale of Wordsworth's Solitary, and de- 
 scends into the valley, and down upon the tarn of Little 
 Langdalo, and to the settlement of Fell foot, whoso 
 name speaks for itself Through a wild region of slato 
 quarries, and under the shelter of Wetherlam, it leads 
 to the bright beautiful openings at the head of Coniston, 
 whore stands the last high mountain, and spreads the 
 last long lake iu this direction. Couistou Old ^Inn is 
 the fifteenth in rank of tho mountains of the district, 
 its height being -ifi^'i. The lake is si.\ miles long, 
 and averages half a mile iu breadth. At its foot tho 
 
 hills become undulating moorland, and the moorland 
 turns into red soil towards Ulverston, and into sand 
 before it reaches the sea. 
 
 The views from the Old ilan (as the highest point 
 of the mountain is called, — the usual cairn on the 
 summit of each mountain being called " the man ") 
 are considered finer than any in the district except 
 those from Scawfell and Helvellyn, — if indeed those of 
 the latter be an exception. After the tracks leading to 
 the copper-mine are left behind, precipices sprin" to a 
 great height, casting their shadows into the black tarns 
 at their base; and the most grotesque crags, infested with 
 foxes, are piled up with singular wilduess. The edge 
 of the rock at the summit overhangs Low Water Tarn 
 at a height of 600 feet, while the tarn itself is 2,000 
 feet above the sea level. The " Old Man " erected here 
 by tho country people, and removed by the Ordnance 
 surveyors, who substituted an inferior one, contained a 
 chamber of refuge, most welcome to shepherds and 
 travellers in case of sudden storms. From that pin- 
 nacle, the Isle of Man is conspicuous in good weather ; 
 while in other directions may be seen Ingleborough in 
 Yorkshire, Lancaster, and even Snowdon. Instead of 
 the chains of lakes seen from the central peaks, there is 
 here a fine stretch of sea ; and when the estuaries are 
 full, the coast is a beautiful spectacle. The shores of 
 AVindermero and Coniston, wooded, and thickly in- 
 habited, form a gay scene nearer at hand. There is no 
 view more thoroughly distinctive of the district than 
 that which is commanded from the heights on the 
 opposite (the eastern) shore of Coniston lake, near the 
 head. Nowhere else perhaps is the grouping of the 
 mountain peaks, and the indication of their recesses, so 
 striking ; and, as to the foreground, the overlapping of 
 the slopes, the green undulations, tho glittering water- 
 fall on the mountain side, the diversiiied woods, the 
 bright dwellings, scattered among the knolls, and tho 
 clear lake, with its boat-houses and moving skill's, 
 convey the strongest impression of fertility, prosperity, 
 and comfort, nestling in the bosom of tho rarest beauty. 
 At tho extremity of this region lies Furness Abbey, 
 of which it is necessaiy to speak in this place only as a 
 ruin. Its situation is beautiful, as the position of 
 religious houses usually is. It stands in a wooded gleu, 
 with a stream llowing beside its walls. It must once 
 have nearly filled the glen, in the days when its beacon- 
 iire was visible all over Low Furuess, and drew all eyes 
 in case of dibturbauco or expected invasion. The 
 remains indicate the space of sixty-five acres which its 
 boundary-wall enclosed, and on which may still bo 
 recognised the mill, the granary, the fish-ponds, tho 
 oveus and kilns, and other olficcs. Tho walls are of
 
 54 
 
 SURVEY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 
 
 red stone of the peninsula, faded by time to tbe palest 
 pink hue. Ferns and mosses fringe its ledges, and tall 
 grasses grow round its fallen stones. The scent of 
 ■\-iolet3 is sweet within the nave in dewy spring morn- 
 ings, and the secret stau'cases ia the walls, and the 
 chapter-house, where so much mystery ouce kept guard, 
 are laid open to the free air and sky. The Abbey was 
 founded in A.D. 1127 ; it flourished for four centuries, 
 during which its abbots were absolute rulers over a 
 broad territory. It was humbled to the dust at the 
 time of the Reformation, so that its last abbot was 
 glad to accept, as a life annuity, the proceeds of the 
 rectory of Daltou, valued at .€33. 6s. 8d. of the money 
 of that time; and now, in the nineteenth century, it 
 stands crumbling in its exposure to the elements ; the 
 dwelling of its abbots, after being a farm house, has 
 become a hotel : and the railway passes through the 
 glen, cutting its way through the wood, hkc the hurri- 
 cane cleaving a path through the American forest. 
 
 WESTERS SURVEY. 
 
 We have now surveyed the northern, eastern, and 
 southern portion of the Lake District. The western is 
 perhaps the finest and most interesting, from its charac- 
 teristic features and its close connexion with the gi-oup 
 of central peaks. Scawfell itself overhangs its principal 
 lake, — Wastwater. This portion lies within the Cum- 
 berland boundary, and extends from the central peaks 
 to the sea, and from the mountains above Crummock 
 Water to the Duddon. 
 
 The summit of Scawfell Pike is visible from EskHause. 
 It is 3,100 feet in height; but three more lie below 
 it, and with it compose the mountain called Scawfell. 
 One of these, Great End, faces Borrowdale. Another, 
 Lingmell, affords the best ascent on the Wastwater 
 side. The two Pikes are about three quarters of a mile 
 apart at their summits, being separated by the great 
 chasm called Micklcdore. The ordnance sm-veyors 
 have set up a staff on a cairn on the highest peak, 
 which cannot be henceforth mistaken by any traveller. 
 Herdsmen and sheplierds never want to go there in the 
 war of their vocation ; for there is not a blade of grass 
 there, nor any vegetation, except moss. Blocks and in- 
 clined planes of slate rock, cushioned here and there 
 with moss, compose the peak. It is difficult of access 
 and dangerous vrithout a guide, from the abundance of 
 its chasms and precipices ; but tbe view from the 
 highest English mountain, the centre of its highlands, 
 may well tempt the lover of fine sceneiy. On the one 
 hand cluster the heights already described. Ou the 
 other are Great Gable, 2,923 feet above the sea ; the 
 Pillar, 2,893; Hay Cocks, Steeple, Pied Pike, and 
 
 High Stile, above Crummock Water. From the re- 
 markable alluN-ion at the base of Scawfell, Wastdale 
 Head, there is a striking route to Ennerdale Lake, a 
 lake less visited than most, and less beautiful than 
 many, but yet presenting fine features ia the rocky 
 heights amidst which it lies. It is two miles and a half 
 long, and half a mile broad ; and it is so wild, in the 
 character of its shores, and in its position among the 
 mountains, as to have caused more terrors and disasters 
 to strangers than any other spot in the district. At 
 cveiy house from \Vastdale Head to Ennerdale Bridge, 
 stories may be heard of adventures and escapes of pe- 
 destrians and horsemen in Mosedale, and the passes of 
 Blacksail, and Scai'f Gap. A young man attempting 
 this route some years ago, struck into the deep ravine 
 between Great Gable and Kirk Fell; and when he came 
 out at night upon a sheet of water, was confounded to 
 find it the same he had left in the morning. He had 
 walked completely round Kirk Fell. Three young ladies 
 passed the night on the mountain, once upon a time, 
 from having got bewildered in this intricate region. 
 At first their story was disbelieved ; but one had 
 dropped her pocket book, and another had seen a dead 
 sheep in a particular spot; and these incidents being 
 veiifiod, the adventure of tbe Kendal ladies remains 
 one of the wonders of the dales. 
 
 Blake Fell, a wild, high lying moor, separates Enner- 
 dale from Crummock Water. These moorlands, tree- 
 less, except where farmhouses or sheepfolds lie in the 
 hollows and arc sheltered by sycamores ; and all grassy 
 and undulating, with a descent towards the coast, are 
 an interesting feature on the western skirts of the Lake 
 District. They are too exposed and dreary for somo 
 tastes ; but they have an imposing character of their 
 own for those who are not afraid of the risks to be en- 
 countered among them ; — risks of sultrj' heats, of 
 biting cold, and of sweeping storms. From them the 
 grouped mountains may be best studied for their forms 
 and light and shade. From them the passing storms 
 may be best seen hastening out to sea, and veiling and 
 unveiling the Isle of Man. From them may be best 
 seen the wonderful spectacle of lakes and vales lying far 
 below in yellow sunshine and blue shadows, while the 
 spectator is enveloped in gloom and tempest. From 
 them too, may the coast be best surveyed, with its little 
 ports and fishing villages lying at the mouth of each 
 river, and stretching out on sandy promontories, washed 
 by the surf which is noiseless so far off. The railway 
 may be traced, emerging from woodland or enclosures, 
 and showing its cobweb constniction against the yellow 
 sands, threading the towns and villages, as it were, 
 upon its slender string. The smoke of Workington, at
 
 SUnVEY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 
 
 55 
 
 the mouth of the Derwent, is visible from Blake Fell ; 
 and Whitehaven with its shipping, near the blulVs of St. 
 Bees. From Cold Fell, crossed from Eunerdale to the 
 south, several Uttlc towns are seen lying in the green 
 hollows, or through vistas between grassy slopes. 
 Among these is Egremont (" The Mount of Sorrow" in 
 the original Norman). It was at the gate of Egi'cmont 
 Castle that the honi was hung in crusading days, of 
 which Norman tradition afforded Wordsworth so pretty 
 a talc to tell. The ruins of the castle stand on an 
 eminence on the seaward side of the little town, which 
 has nothing else of romantic interest to show. 
 
 Wastwater lies, as has been said, at the base of Scaw- 
 ftll. It is the most solemn and imposing of all the 
 lakes — three miles long, half a mile wide, and in 
 some parts reaching a depth of 270 feet, a depth 
 considerably exceeding that of any part of either 
 Windermere or Ulloswater. It is usually grey and 
 shadowy, being bordered on its south-east side by the 
 Screes. The lines of this singular range are almost 
 unbroken in all directions. For two-thirds of their 
 height there is a prodigious slope, — a sweep of slaty 
 debris rushing down sheer into the lake, without afford- 
 ing any trace of a jiath for man or brute. When the 
 summer tempest or winter gale shakes the crags above, 
 down comes a slide, sending np dust from the shore, 
 and spray from the water. The upper third of the 
 height consists of crags, bare of vegetation, except 
 where ferns line the watcrdrips, and grass grows out of 
 the crevices. Here the grey masses are relieved by 
 red soil, and streaked with the colours found where iron 
 is present. The great fissure called Hawlghyll, and 
 other crevices, breathe out vapours which may be almost 
 alw.iys seen ascending, or floating along the craggy 
 rampart. The opposite shore is cheerful and com- 
 paratively open. It sends several bright streams into 
 the lake, and affords a charming succession of pro- 
 montories and little bays, above which winds a 
 practicable road to the marvellous recess of Wastdale 
 Head. From a dist.ance, the hollow in which the lake 
 is hid is seen to lie between the bases of I\Iiddle Fell, 
 Yewbarrow, Great Gable, all the Scawfell ridges, and 
 the Screes. When the head of tho lake is reached, a 
 tuni of the road discloses the finest " water head" in 
 the district. As among the Alps, so here, the loveliest 
 low-lying spots are the levels which have been won from 
 tho lakes by the hand of nature in tho course of cen- 
 turies : and hero the finest instance is at Wastdale 
 Head. It is so shut in that exit from it appears to be 
 impossible, except by tho lake. Tho mountains come 
 down with a sheer sweep to the green and perfect level, 
 which is divided into little fields, and graced by a farm- 
 
 house here and there, and a little chapel, containing 
 eight pews. This nook has a chapel and school, and no 
 public-house ; and if the people are not wiser, or more 
 cleanly than those of other places, they are more sober. 
 There is more than one exception to the reproach of 
 dirt; and in one dwelling, at least, life may be as com- 
 fortable as it must be picturesque iu this, the very 
 heart of the district. 
 
 Besides the lake, the modes of egress are by the 
 Wastdale road, just described ; by the ascent of Scaw- 
 fell, by Mosedale, leading out between Yewbarrow and 
 Kirk Fell : and by the Styhead pass, into Borrowdule, 
 the road to which is seen from below, slanting up the 
 precipitous front of the gable to the height of 1,000 
 feet. This is all ; and nowhere can the seclusion 
 of human dwellings appear more complete ; for no- 
 where else in the district is a dalehead overhung by 
 such lofty mountains. 
 
 In descending from this nucleus of summits to the 
 more open regions, the Irt is seen making its way to 
 the sea ; and next to the Irt, the Mite ; and next to 
 the Mite, the Esk, which descends, as has been seen, 
 from the watershed at Esk Hause, where the Daddon 
 also rises. The town of Ravenglass stands on the bay 
 formed by the estuaries of the Irt, Mite, and Esk, and 
 it may be seen from the heights above Eskdalc, which 
 is the chief feature of tho last opening proposed for 
 survey from Esk Hause. The high road which crosses 
 these Viiles, in their whole series from the Duddon to 
 the Calder, commands charming views of the heights 
 above, the richly diversified coast below, and the valleys 
 which widen from the one to the other. On the Calder, 
 and a few miles from Wastwater, lie the ruins of Calder 
 Abbey, — a small but very beautiful ruin of a Cistercian 
 monastery, founded in a.d. 113-4, and partaking in tlic 
 fortunes of its neighbour abbeys. It is charmingly 
 situated in low ground, with wooded hills closing it in ; 
 and it is most carefully preserved. Another great 
 object of interest among these vales is Stanley Ghyll 
 Force, in Eskdnle, — usually pronounced tlie linest 
 waterfall in tho district. If the fall is not the finest, 
 its glen certainly is; — a ravine whose sides are 
 feathered with wood from base to ridge. Two crags 
 part to give passage to the waters, which have not to 
 be sought in a hollow, as at Ara Force (which otherwise 
 this fall most resembles), but are seen from a distance 
 through an avenue of wooded heights. 
 
 Above this ravine tho high moorland of Birker Fell 
 extends from Eskdalo to tlie valley of the Duddon. 
 llero tho lark may bo heard ; and it is an infrequent 
 pleasure to hear tho lark in a mountaiu region. Tho 
 narrow vales arc an unsafe abode for small birds, wliile
 
 56 
 
 SURVEY OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. 
 
 the rocks afford a harbourage for birds of pre\\ The 
 eagles are said, though with some doubt, to have dis- 
 appeared ; very few ravens, if any, remain ; but ha\Yl4S 
 abound; and those wlio would heiu' the lark must go out 
 to such places as Birker Moor. Here the centwl peaks 
 sink out of view, being lost entirely on the verge of 
 the Duddou valley. The deepest part of the vale, and 
 that in which lie the stepping stones celebrated by 
 AVordsworth, is hidden below the skirts of this moor. 
 It rushes among broken rocks, and is overhung with 
 scattered masses of woodland ; but it widens and 
 slackens as it flows, till it spreads over the level sands 
 of its estuary. In this vale, which comprehends 
 Seathwaito higher up, and Ulpha lower down the 
 stream, the boundiug heights are sometimes a green 
 and smooth pasturage, and elsewhere a rough brown 
 heather, broken up by occasional rocks, and new 
 lilantatious, or remnants of the old forest. Grey stone 
 cottages are scattered about, and more substantial farm- 
 steads, where the massive sycamore overhangs the roof, 
 and the light birch casts its quivering shadows on the 
 field plots. Tliis is the Seathwaite (there are several), 
 where Eobert AValker, named " the Wonderful," spent 
 the si.xty-six years of his ministry. The story of 
 the good man's vast charities and astonishing course of 
 life is told at length in the notes to Wordsworth's 
 Duddou Sonnets ; and there is probably no lover of 
 poetry in the kingdom who is unacquainted with the 
 facts. The little church is much like what it was when 
 he taught the children of the parish there, and sat 
 spinning beside the altar, to keep himself warm by 
 exercise, — sending the children in detachments to his 
 household fire. The turf seat round the old yew is 
 there, and the old men rest on it stUl, after theu" walk 
 over hill and dale. The little sun-dial is there, — the 
 whitened post which tells the time in summer to 
 neighbours who have no clocks. The neat white 
 cottage is there, with its frontage of evergi-eens and 
 roses, where Robert Walker lived, and which is still 
 the parsonage. Here, in 1802, he died, after having 
 been curate of Seathwaite for sixty -six years, and an 
 example to all country pastors for all time. The man- 
 ners of his day were those of a preceding century; and 
 strong traces are found of their pecuUarities wherever 
 an old-fashioned pastor and flock keep themselves 
 secluded in their own vale. Odd sprinklings of learning 
 are found here, as over the border, where Englishmen 
 would hardly look for them; and there seems to be 
 hardly any medium between scholarship and absolute 
 ignorance of books and what they teach. It was in 
 
 Ulpha, in this vale, that Gunson the innkeeper lived, 
 to whom some travelling students sent a note in Latin, 
 requesting to have their bill. Gunson immediately sent 
 in the bill in Greek, which was too much for the young 
 men, who were humbled to ask for it in English. It 
 was here that the farmer lived who rebuked his " heigh- 
 larned" wife for declaring, in a trying time, that she did 
 not fear poverty, but could be content with food and 
 raiment. " Thoofule," said the husband : "thoodusn't 
 think thoo'st to hev mair than other folk. Tse content 
 wi' meeat and claes." It is in these vales that the 
 people retain the primitive custom of doing on Sunday 
 any farm-work to which the weather — so precarious 
 among the hUls — is favourable, with the sanction, as in 
 Switzerland, of " the priest," as the curate is called. It 
 was in the chapel at Ulpha that " the bUnd priest" 
 officiated, a few years since, who was not only on the 
 most familiar terms with his people, but apt to jest from 
 the pulpit, like the pastors of the Pieformation, and of 
 many a century before. When the bell rang rather 
 early, one Sunday morning, calling the people unex- 
 pectedly from tending their stock, farmer T was 
 
 out after some cow, pig, or sheep, and was the last to 
 enter the church. As he came " thunuerin' down the 
 aisle," the priest inquired " Wha's comiu' now ?" and, 
 
 being informed by the clerk that it was John T , 
 
 ho inquired further, " a-foot or a-horseback ?" The old 
 characteristics are, as has been seen, dying out : but it 
 is in these comparatively untrodden vales, lying off from 
 the high road, that they will linger longest. 
 
 Yet the railway spans the estuary of the Duddou, 
 within view from a point not much lower down than 
 this old Ulpha Kirk. A wild and pleasant mountain 
 track leads from the vale over Walna Scar to Conistou. 
 The high road runs south to Broughton, where, four 
 miles from the bridge at Ulpha Kirk, the head of the 
 Furness peninsula is reached. 
 
 Such is the Lake District of England, seen from end 
 to end, across and around, in and out. It contains 
 within its small compass a wonderful aggregation of 
 beauties, by which the northern counties are distin- 
 guished, and must continue to be so, from all others 
 south of the border. Englishmen who have never 
 visited Switzerland or the Tyrol have missed what cer- 
 tainly is unequalled in the way of natural scenery : but 
 next to those transcendent displays of the charms of 
 earth, water, and sky, there is perhaps no region which 
 combines so many features of grandeur and beauty as 
 the Lake District of Cumberland and Westmoreland.
 
 ^sa%ttoit of Cumterkii^. 
 
 SITUATION, BOUNDARIES, EXTENT, POPULATION, DIVISIONS, 
 ETC. 
 
 CuMBF.KLAND is a maritime, lake, and border county, 
 extending from hi'' 11' to 55' 12' north latitude, and 
 from 2° 17' to 3^ 37' west longitude. It is of au irregu- 
 lar oblong form, bounded on the north by Scotland 
 and the Solway Frith, on the west by the Irish Sea, 
 on the south by Lauoashiro and Westmoreland, and 
 on the cast by Durham and Northumberland. Its 
 length from Ravenglass to Spadeadam Waste is 64 
 miles, its greatest breadth 31 miles, average breadth 
 Hi miles, and circuit about 215 miles, 75 of which are 
 coast. The ai'ea of the county is 1,505 square miles, 
 or 1,001,273 statute acres, of which about 300,000 
 are mountain and lake. The population in 1801 
 was 117,230; in 1811, 133,005; in 1821, 150,121; 
 in 1831, 109,202; ia 1841, 178,038; and in 1851, 
 195,492 ; showing an increase of 06 per cent in the 
 number of inliabitants during the last fift}' years; 
 of this number 90,244 were moles, and 99,248 females. 
 There were, in 1851, 36,763 inhabited houses, 1,545 
 uninhabited, and 239 in process of erection ; the num- 
 ber of pei-sons to a square milo was 125, of inhabited 
 Iiouses 23 ; the number of persons to a house wius 5-3, 
 of acres to a jicrsou 51, and of acres to a house 272. 
 
 Cumberland was formerly divided into live wards 
 (divisions similar to tho hundreds of the midland and 
 southern counties), viz. :— Cumberland, Allerdale-below- 
 DiTwont, ."Vllerdiilo-above-Derwout, liCath, and Eskdalc; 
 but, in 1833, a new ward, that of Dcrwent, embracing 
 portions of tlic two Allerdales, was formed for magisterial 
 purposes, and for taxes, in 1843. At tho quarter ses- 
 sions held at Carlisle, October 20th, 1857, tho ward of 
 8 
 
 Allcrdale- above -Derwent was still further curtailed, 
 and a new division formed from it, viz. : — the Eootlo 
 Division.' This new arrangement, which came into 
 operation on the 1st January, 1858, does not extend 
 to police purposes. For the election of members of 
 parliament the old arrangement of wards is still fol- 
 lowed, Cumberland, Eskdale, and Leath wards formiuT 
 the eastern division, and the two Allerdales the western. 
 Cumberland contains one city, Carlisle ; the parliamen- 
 tary boroughs of Cockermouth and 'W'hitehaveu ; and 
 the market towns of Alston, Aspatria, Bootle, Bramp- 
 ton, Egremont, Harrington, Heskct Xewmarket, Ireby, 
 Keswick, Ivirkoswald, Lougtown, Maryport, Penrith, 
 Ravenglass, Wigton, and Workington. 
 
 For ecclesiastical purposes the county is comprehended 
 in the province of York, and the diocese of Carlisle, 
 with the exception of the parishes of Alston and Over 
 Denton, which belong to the diocese of Durliara. Tho 
 ward of Allordale-above-Derwent, formerly in the dio- 
 cese of Chester, was, under the pro^•isions of and 7 
 William IV., c. 77, and of an order in council dated 
 10th August, 1847, annexed to the see of Carlisle, on 
 the demise of Bishop Percy, in 1850. According to tlio 
 Census of Religious Worship, taken in 1851, it appears 
 that there were at that period 389 places of worship, of 
 which 101 belonged to tho Church of England, 130 to 
 tho Wesleyan Methodists, 24 to tho Independents, 17 
 to the Scottish Presbyterians, 9 to the Baptists, S 
 
 1 This new <livision cnibrnocs tlic purislios of Rootle, Corner, 
 MuucastiT, WabiTtlmniti'. Wliiolitiiii, ami Wliiibci k ; and llie lowii- 
 shipa of Birker ami Ausiliwaitc, Milloiu, and I'lpha, in tlie pari.Hb of 
 Milloui, luul the towualiips of Eskdale, and Wasdale, io (lie parish 
 of Si. 13ec3.
 
 58 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 to the Catholics, and 34 to the smaller bodies. The 
 number of sittings provided by the Church of England 
 •was 58,088 ; by the AVesleyan Methodists, 26,489 ; 
 by the Independents, 7,247 ; by the Scottish Pres- 
 byterians, 6,070; by the Catholics, 2,877; by the 
 Baptists, 2,296 ; and by others, 0,707, making a total 
 of 110,374 sittings. 
 
 Cumberland is included in the Northern Circuit, and 
 the assizes are held at Carlisle twice a year. The Mid- 
 summer and Christmas quarter sessions are held at the 
 same place, and the Easter and Michaelmas at Cooker- 
 mouth. County courts are held at Alston, Carlisle, 
 Cockermouth, Keswick, Penrith, Whitehaven, and Wig- 
 ton. 
 
 The county returns four members 40 the imperial 
 parhament, two' for the eastern and two for the western 
 division. Carlisle sends two members, the borough of 
 Cockermouth two, and Whitehaven one. Under the 
 provisions of the Poor Law Amendment Act, Cumber- 
 land was apportioned into the following nine unions, 
 viz.: — Alston, Penrith, Brampton, Longtown, Car- 
 lisle, Wigton, Cockermouth, Whitehaven, and Bootlc ; 
 the statistics, &c., of which will be found in the notices 
 of the parishes and townships in which the workhouses 
 are situated. 
 
 Cumberland is said to have given the title of earl to 
 Eandulph de Meschines, but we have nothing upon 
 which we can depend as authentic to confirm this. In 
 1525, Henry, Lord Cliiford, was created Earl of Cum- 
 berland, and the dignity continued in his family till 
 the demise of Henry of the fifth earl, in 1643. It was 
 revived the following year, in favour of Prince Rupert, 
 but only to become extinct on his death, in 1GS2. 
 Prince George of Denmark was the next who bore the 
 title, which he enjoyed from 1089 till his decease, in 
 1708, when the title of earl was discontinued. In 
 1723, Prince William Augustus, son of George II., was 
 created Duke of Cumberland, but dying without issue, 
 in 1765, the dukedom remained in abeyance for two 
 years, when it was given to Prince Henry Frederick, 
 brother of George III., who also died childless, in 1790. 
 In 1799, Ernest Augustus, fifth son of George III., 
 was creared Duke of Cumberland, and held the dignity 
 till his demise, in 1851, when the title descended to 
 his son, the present King of Hanover, and Duke of 
 Cumberland. 
 
 SURFACE. 
 
 The surface of this county is considerably diversi- 
 fied, the east and south-west being very mountainous, 
 rugged, and uneven, while the north and north-west 
 parts aie low and flat, or gently undulating. Hills, 
 
 valleys, and ridges of elevated ground occupy the centre. 
 The mountainous district in the south-west is the 
 most interesting to the traveller, for here are situated 
 Saddleback, Skiddaw, and Helvellyn, and the lakes of 
 Ulleswater, Thirlmere, Derwentwater, and Bassenth- 
 waite, whose beautiful and romantic scenery annually 
 attracts tourists from every part of the kingdom, from 
 the Continent, and even from America. Several of the 
 other districts, though not mountainous, are hilly, and 
 present an endless variety of laudscajie. Some of the 
 valleys are traversed by rivers, and afford, perhaps, a 
 greater variety of delightful scenery than any other 
 county. 
 
 The mountains of Cumberland arc exceedingly 
 numerous, and many of them immense in elevation and 
 singular in structure. They enter into the composition 
 of almost every view, and either by their sublime heights, 
 their romantic forms, the dignified grandeur of their 
 aspects, the immensity of rocks composing them, or the 
 imposing, wild, and awful majesty of their appearance, 
 are peculiarly calculated to excite our interest and 
 admiration. Two distinct ranges run, the one towards 
 the north, to which belongs the Cross Fell ridge ; the 
 other and most gigantic towards the south, of which the 
 highest summit, Skiddaw, is 3,022 feet above the level 
 of the sea. Besides this noted peak, the most striking 
 of the loftier mountains, which are termed fells, and are 
 familiar to tourists, are ScawfeU, Saddleback, Helvel- 
 lyn, Bow Fell, Grasmere Fell, Wrynose, High Pike, 
 Pillar, &c., the scenery of which, in general, is abrupt 
 and bold. Between these grander heights are many 
 hills of various degrees of elevation ; some of them cut 
 through by clear and rapid torrents ; others based in 
 richly wooded, highly cultivated valleys, fertilised by 
 quiet brooks and rivers ; others tUpping their precipitous 
 and craggy sides down into the beautiful and celebrated 
 lakes, the pictui'esque and varied beauties of which 
 have so often been described in " stately prose and 
 melodious verse." The following are the names and 
 altitudes of the principal mountains, and the districts 
 in which they are situated : — 
 
 Kamc. 
 
 Sitaation. Altitude in Feet 
 
 ScawfeU (high point) 
 
 Eskdale 
 
 3,160 
 
 HelveUj-n 
 
 Keswick 
 
 3,05.1 
 
 Skiddaw 
 
 Keswick 
 
 3,022 
 
 BowFcU 
 
 Eskdale 
 
 2,911 
 
 Cross Fell 
 
 Alston 
 
 2,901 
 
 Pillar 
 
 Wastwater 
 
 2,893 
 
 Saddleback 
 
 Keswick 
 
 2,787 
 
 Grasmere Fell 
 
 Keswick 
 
 2,756 
 
 High Pike 
 
 Eesket Newmarket 
 
 2,101 
 
 Black Combe 
 
 Duddon Mouth 
 
 1.919 
 
 Dent HiU 
 
 Egremont 
 
 1,110
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 59 
 
 The principal rivers of CumberlauJ are the Eden, 
 Esli, Derwent, Duddon, and Eamont, with tlieir numer- 
 ous tributary streams. 
 
 The Eden rises on the borders of Westmoreland, 
 on the side of Hugh's Seat, one of the mountains of 
 the Pennine Chain, and passing Ivirkby Stephen and 
 Appleby, sliortly afterwards ijuits the county for Cum- 
 berland. Its course in Westmoreland is about thirty 
 miles, no part of which is navigable. It has numerous 
 affluents, among which may be named the Beelah, or 
 Belay, the Helbeok, the Troutbeek, and the Crowdundale 
 on the right bank, and the Leath and the Eamont on 
 the left bank. The Eden enters Cumberland on the 
 south, and runs to the east of Penrith, passing Kirk- 
 oswald, Armathwiiite, Corby, Warwick Bridge, and 
 Cai'lisle, receiving in its course the Crogliu and the 
 Irthiug on its right bank, and the Petteril and the 
 Caldew on its left, and discharges itself into the Solway 
 Frith, near RocklitTe, where it forms a fine estuary. 
 The scenery along the coast of this river in Cumberland, 
 which is about thirty-llvo miles, is very varied and 
 beautiful; the banks being adorned by the mansions 
 and pleasure-grounds of Skirwitb Abbey, Eden Hall, 
 Nunnery, Armathwaite, Low House, Corby Castle, 
 Warwick Hall, and Riokerby. 
 
 The Esk, which gives name to Eskdale Ward, is 
 formed by the junction of the Black and White Esk, the 
 former of which rising near Eitrick Pen, in Dumfries- 
 shire, runs past Eskdale I\Iuir to Kingpool, to join the 
 White Esk from the same part — thence it goes through 
 some fine scenery in Eskdale, by West Kirk, Longholni, 
 " Canuobie Loa," across the border to Nethcrb}', ilowiug 
 through a beautiful valley, in a south-west direction to 
 Longtown, and after receiving the waters of the 
 Liddell and the Lino falls into the Solway Frith, near 
 Rocklitfe Marsh. Its course in Cumberland is about 
 ten miles. 
 
 Tho Derwent has its source in Sparkling Tarn, 
 among the mountainous crags at the head of Borrowdale, 
 and having poured its foaming waters over various 
 precipices, passes through Styhead Tarn, and forms the 
 lake of Derwcntwater at Keswijk, where il is joined by 
 the Greta. It then pursues its course through an 
 extensive tract of meadow land to Bassenthwaito Water, 
 from which it emerges at Ousebridge. Again coulined 
 in a rocky cliannel, it takes a westerly direction, and 
 flows rapidly through a narrow vale to Cockermouth, 
 where it is joined by tho waters of tho Cocker, and then 
 pursues its course through a more open country to the 
 sea at Workington. The scenery along the whole ex- 
 tent of this river is exceedingly varied and interesting. 
 
 It is, perhaps, the most limpid and colourless stream in 
 England. 
 
 The Duddon, Green teUs us, in his own picturesque 
 style, " is a fine river, and its feeders flow precipitously 
 in their descent to the valley. It rises on the Three 
 County Stones on Wrynose, from which place to its 
 junction with the Irish sea, it separates the counties of 
 
 Cumberland and Lancashire At Goldrill 
 
 Crag it brightens into agitation, and, after various 
 changes, becomes at Wallowbarrow Crag one scene of 
 rude commotion, forming in its course a succession, not 
 of high, but finely formed waterfalls. But these furious 
 waters, suddenly slumbering, become entranced, dis- 
 playing little signs of life along the pleasant plains of 
 Donnerdale. At Ulpha Bridge suspended animation is 
 again succeeded by the clamorous war of stones and 
 waters, which assaU the ear of the traveller all the way 
 to Duddon Bridge. From that place to the sea it 
 passes on in an uninterrupted and harmonious calm- 
 ness." The sea flows nearly nine miles up its channel, 
 and its estuary contains about 13,000 acres of laud at 
 low water. 
 
 The Eamont takes its rise in the lake of UUeswater, 
 which is supplied by several smaller streams. From tho 
 most northern portion of the lake, the Eamont flows in a 
 north-westerly direction along tho Cumberland border 
 to the point where the Eden leaves Westmoreland and 
 falls into that river. This is a remarkably clear and 
 limpid stream and is much resorted to by anglers. 
 
 We subjoin the other rivers in alphabetical order. 
 
 The Bleng has its source near Ponsonby Foil, and 
 after passing ncai" Gosforth, falls into the Irt between 
 Nether Wasdale and Sauton, after a course of about sLx 
 miles. 
 
 The Calder rises not far from Ennerdale Water, and, 
 taking a south-westerly direction, flows by Calder ^\bbey, 
 between Ponsonby and Stella Park, falling into the sea 
 at Caldcr-foot, after a course of about eight miles. 
 
 Tho Caldew, which is called near its source Cald-beck 
 and Caldew-beck, rises on Caldbeck FeU, in the vicinity 
 of Skiddaw, and runs twenty-five miles, in a northerly 
 direction to the river Eden at Carlisle, passing in its 
 course Hesket Newmarket, Sebergliam, aud Dalston. 
 
 The Cocker issues from Buttermcre lake, and passes 
 through Crummock Water, to tho north of which a 
 pretty largo stream connects it with Loweswatcr. It 
 afterwards passes uortliward, a little more to the east, 
 intersects tho vale of Lortou, and flowing onwards to 
 Cockermoutli, joins tho Derwent; its course from 
 Crummock Water to Cockei-mouth being about si.x miles. 
 
 The CrogUn rises at Hofleuside Beacon, on Thack- 
 thorn Fell. It then takes a wcst-south-westerly
 
 60 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 direction, aud contributing to the beautiful scenery at 
 TsTunnery, where it forms several cascades, after a 
 course of twelve miles falls into the Eden. 
 
 The Ellen or Elne rises from Caldbeck Fells, and 
 passing by Uldale, Ircby, Bolton, Torpenhow, Whitehall, 
 Harley Brow, Blennerhassct, Aspatria, Hay ton Castle, 
 Outerhy, AUerby, Dearham, Ellenborough, and Nether- 
 hall, enters the sea at Maryport, after a course of about 
 eighteen miles. 
 
 The Ehen or Enn flows out of Ennerdale Water, 
 passes by Ennerdale Chapel, Cleator, Egremont, and 
 St. Bride, aud after a course of about eleven miles from 
 the lake, falls into the sea at Eun-foot. 
 
 The Esk, in Allerdale-above-Derwent Ward, is formed 
 by the junction of some small streams which rise 
 near Bow Fell. It then runs through the valley of 
 Eskdale, and passing by Muncaster and Waberthwaite, 
 falls into the sea at Ravenglass. Its course is about 
 tliirteen miles. 
 
 The Gelt rises in Croglin Fell, and passing through 
 Geltsdale, and near Castle Carrock, falls into the 
 Irthiug, near Corby. Near to where the river is crossed 
 by the bridge ou the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway 
 there is some very beautiful scenery. 
 
 The Greta is formed by the junction of St. John's 
 Beck from Thirlmere, aud the Glenderamakin from 
 Mungrisdale, by way of Threlkeld ; and after receiving 
 the Glenderaterra from between Skiddaw and Saddle- 
 back, it passes Keswick and joins the Derwent, soon 
 after that river issues from Derwentwater. When the 
 rains are heavy, the Greta often rises so suddenly as to 
 cause the Derwent to flow back to the lake, which is 
 speedily filled from all quarters. 
 
 The Irt, issuing from Wastwater, passes by Nether 
 Wasdale, Santon.Irton, between Drigg and Carlton, and 
 falls into the sea in the neighbourhood of Eaveuglass, 
 after a course of about eight miles. 
 
 The Irthing has its source in Spadeadam Moss, on 
 the borders of Northumberland, and runs about thirtv 
 miles south-cast past Naworth Castle and Lauercost 
 Abbey to the river Eden at Warwick Bridge, receiving 
 in its course the Kingwater, near Walton, and the Gelt, 
 below Irthington. Some very fine scenery adorns the 
 banks of this river. 
 
 The Kershope is a small stream, which for a course 
 of about six miles from Dove Crag to its junction with 
 the Liddell forms the boundary between Cumberland 
 and Scotland. 
 
 The Kingwater rises near Side Common, and after a 
 course of about ten miles falls into the Lthins. 
 
 The Line is formed by the junction of two streams 
 rising near Christenburgh Crags, called Black Line and 
 
 White Lino, which unite about ten miles from their 
 source, and alterwards pass Shank Castle, Brackeuhill, 
 Erklinton, and Westlinton, and fall intw the Esk, not 
 far from its junction with the sea. The course of the 
 Line, after the confluence of the two streams, is about 
 twelve miles. 
 
 The Liddell rises in Scotland, and for about eight 
 miles forms the boundary between that country and 
 Cumberland, falling ultimately into the Esk. 
 
 The Lowther has its source at the foot of Shap 
 Fells, in the middle of Westmoreland; and flowing at 
 first north-east, and gradually afterwards due north, 
 passes Shap Abbey, about two miles beyond which it 
 receives the waters of a small stream from Haweswater, 
 and passing by Lowther Castle, finally joins the Eamont, 
 near Brougham Castle, at a point about two miles 
 south-east of Penrith. 
 
 The Mite has a course of about seven miles. It rises 
 in Burn-moor Tarn, and runs through Miterdale, falling 
 into the sea at Ravenglass. 
 
 The Neut rises in the south-eastern extremity of the 
 parish of Alston, and falls into the South Tyne, near 
 the town of Alston, after a course of about sk miles. 
 
 The Petteril is formed by the union of several small 
 streams, which flow from Greystoke Park, Skelton, and 
 Hutton, and proceeding northwards falls into the Eden 
 in the neighbourhood of Carlisle. Near Penrith this 
 river is 430, and near Upperby 70 feet above the 
 level of the sea — its average fall per mile is twenty- 
 four feet. 
 
 The Sark runs between Cumberland and Scotland 
 for about six miles, near Solway Moss, and empties 
 itself into the Solway Frith. 
 
 The South Tyne has its source in a swamp or bog 
 ground about seven miles east by south from the summit 
 of Cross Fell, aud a httle below Alston enters Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 The Tees rises in the same swamp, about a mUe 
 from the source of the South Tyne, and for nearly four 
 miles forms the boundary between Cumberland and 
 Westmoreland. 
 
 The Wampool has its source in Brocklebank Fells, 
 at Dockwray joins the Wiza, which rises near Rosley, 
 and runs by Westward, Old Carhsle, and Wigton. 
 After the junction of the two streams, the Wampool 
 passes by Gamblesby, and falls into the seajabout half 
 a mile west of Kirkbride, its course being about 
 twelve miles. 
 
 The Waver has its origin in Brocldebauk aud Cald- 
 beck Fells, and flows by Waverton, Dundraw, and 
 Abbey Holme, faUiug into the sea about half a mUe 
 from the latter place, after a course of twelve mUes.
 
 GEOGEAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 61 
 
 The larger rivers abound with salmon, trout, brand- 
 ling, and various kinds of lish, and the smaller streams 
 with trout and eels. 
 
 LAKES, TARNS, ETC. 
 
 The principal lakes of the county are Ulleswater, 
 between Cumberland and Westmoreland ; Thirlmere, 
 at the entrance of the Valo of St. John ; Dcrweutwater 
 and Bassenthwaite, connected by a stream in the Vale of 
 Keswick; Buttermere, in the north-east of Borrowdale, 
 and to the north a little, Crummock Water and Lowes- 
 water; the three last mentioned connected by the Cocker, 
 which running northwardly through the fine vale of 
 Lorton, falls into the Derweut at Cockermouth. Besides 
 these, and Overwater,AVastwater,Osmerdale, and Devock- 
 water, there are several smaller lakes, called tarns — 
 Burn-moor Tarn, at the head of Mitcrdale ; Tarn Wad- 
 ling, near High Hcsket ; Talkin Tarn, in the parish of 
 llaytou ; Martin Tarn, in that of Wigtou ; itc. All 
 the lakes are well stocked with fish, particularly with 
 trout, pike, and perch. Ulleswater, Ennerdale, Crum- 
 mock, and Buttermere contain char. Tarn Wadliug is 
 said to produce some of the finest carp in the kingdom. 
 The following is a tabular view of the principal Cum- 
 berland lakes : — 
 
 Lakes. 
 
 Nearest 
 Market Towns. 
 
 Len^h 
 
 in 
 Miles. 
 
 Breadth 
 
 in 
 Miles. 
 
 Depth 
 
 in 
 Feet. 
 
 Height in 
 
 feet above 
 
 the level of 
 
 the sea. 
 
 Ulleswater ... 
 
 Penrith 
 
 ;. 
 
 1 
 
 •210 
 
 3mO 
 
 linssenthwaite. 
 
 Keswieli 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 08 
 
 210 
 
 Uerwentwater . 
 
 Keswick 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 73 
 
 •2->H 
 
 Crummock ... 
 
 Cockermoutli. 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 i;i2 
 
 210 
 
 Wastwater ... 
 
 Raven kIuss ■.. 
 
 n 
 
 + 
 
 270 
 
 IfiO 
 
 Tliirliiiere 
 
 Keswick 
 
 2J 
 
 + 
 
 108 
 
 473 
 
 Ennerdale 
 
 Whiteliaven... 
 
 2i 
 
 * 
 
 80 
 
 — 
 
 liuUtrmere ... 
 
 Keswick 
 
 H 
 
 * 
 
 90 
 
 217 
 
 Loweswatcf ... 
 
 Cockermoutli. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 OO 
 
 — 
 
 There arc several picturesque waterfalls, of which 
 the following arc the principal, with their respective 
 situations and height iu feet : — Scale Force, near But- 
 teriULro, lOl) ; Barrow Cascade, two miles from Keswick, 
 I'-il; Lowdoro Cascade, near Keswick, 100; Soiu'Milk 
 Force, near Buttermere, 90; Airey Force, Gowbarrow 
 Park, 80 ; Nunnery Cascade, Croglin, 60. 
 
 In addition to the tarns, cascades, itc, just enume- 
 rated, this county possesses the following natural 
 curiosities ; — The Bowder Stone, in Borrowdale ; the 
 grand and varied echoes of Ulleswater; saline springs 
 at Crostliwaito, Drigg, Gilcnix, Stanger, &c. ; sulphur 
 springs at Aikton ; sulphureous springs at Biglauds 
 
 and Bewcastle ; sulphureous and chalybeate at Mekner- 
 by ; chalybeate at Bewcastle, Brampton, Great Salkeld, 
 and Iron Gill, in Sebergham ; Gilsland Spa, near 
 Lanercost, whose waters are similar to those of Har- 
 rogate, iu Yorkshire ; medicinal waters at Holywell, at 
 Lanercost, and Kirkland, in Wigton ; a mineral spring 
 at PiOcklilTe, the water of which tints paper a beautiful 
 gold colour ; and a petrifS'ing spring at Sebergham.' 
 
 EOADS, TUEXPIKE TRUSTS, AND BRIDGES. 
 
 Cumberland is crossed from south to north, and from 
 east to west, by two important roads ; one of which, 
 from south to north, is a principal road from London to 
 Edinburgh and Glasgow. It enters the county near 
 Penrith, and passing by Plumpton Wall, Plumpton 
 Street, High and Low Hesket, and Carleton, reaches 
 Carlisle ; from which place it proceeds through Stanwix, 
 Blackford, Westlinton, and Arthuret, to Longtown, 
 about four mUes beyond which it quits the county for 
 Scotland, previously giving oif a branch three miles 
 north of CarHsle to Glasgow, by Gretna. The road from 
 east to west extends from Newcastle, by Nether Denton 
 and Brampton, to Carlisle, where it crosses the great 
 north road. It then proceeds by two branches, the one 
 through Old Carlisle, joined by the Wigton road, and 
 the other past Bassenthwaite Water to Cockermouth, 
 and thence to Whitehaven .and the Irish Sea. There 
 is also a cross road from Penrith through Keswick, 
 where it meets another from Kendal to Cockermouth, 
 and from Penrith to Hexham, etc., joined to which, at 
 Alston Moor, another road crosses the south-western 
 extremity of Northumberland to Brampton, and thence 
 to Longtown. Many other roads radiate from and in- 
 tereomimmicate with these, which arc the principal 
 roads in the county. From " The Abstract of the 
 General Statements of the Pieceipts and Expenditure 
 on account of the highways of the parishes, townships, 
 etc., iu the several counties of England and Wales, for 
 the 3-enr ending ODth Jlarch, 1853," which was pre- 
 sented to parliament July 10th, 1857, we learn the 
 following particulars relative to the highways of this 
 county: — Number of returns, HoO. Balance, 'iSth 
 March, 1851: in hand, £2,1 U 12s. 4d.; overspent, 
 .C31't 15s. 4d. Receipts: from rates or assessments, 
 £13,758 lis. lOd. ; team labour performed in lieu of 
 rates, £191 4s. 2d.; other work performed iu lieu of 
 rates, .CM Ms.; turnpike trusts, £22 lis. 5d. ; other 
 
 1 A more dctailcil account of tho various mountains, lakes, tarns, 
 ..^., will he fomiil in tlie article on the Lake District, by Horrict 
 .M iirlinrun, at |>a;c :Vs ; ns also in llic accounts of llie various piui^hes, 
 iScc, iu nliicli tliey arc siliuled.
 
 63 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 receipts, £881 3s. Od.; total, i;U,948 5s. Sd. Expen- 
 diture: manual labour, £7,286 3s. 6d. ; team labour, 
 £1,050 Ts. 4d.; materials, £2,852 7s. 8d.; tradesmen's 
 bills, £809 93. 9d.; salaries, £600 10s. lid.; team 
 labour performed in lieu of rates, £191 4s. 2d,; other 
 \York performed in lieu of rates, £94 14s.; turnpike 
 trusts, £121 5s. lid. ; other payments, £961 Gs. 4d. ; 
 total, £14,873 15s. 7d. Balance, 25th March, 1855 : 
 in hand, £2,304 IGs. Id.; overspent, £490 9s. 6d. 
 
 An abstract of the general statements of the income 
 and expenditure of the several turnpike trusts in Eng- 
 land and Wales, from January 1st to December 31st, 
 1854, was laid before parliament in November, 1856. 
 From this document it appears that the income derived 
 from the fourteen turnpike trusts in Cumberland was 
 as follows: — Parish composition, in lieu of statute duty, 
 £285 lis. lid.: fines, £0 18s. 9d.; incidental receipts, 
 £315 4s.; total, £13,786 Gs.6d.— Expenditure: manual 
 labour, £4,899 5s,; team labour and carriage of ma- 
 terials, £1,850 6s. Od.; materials for surface repairs, 
 £728 lls.8d. ; land purchased, £11 15s.; damage done 
 in obtaining materials, £20 8s. 8d.; tradesmen's bills, 
 £242 ISs.Sd.; treasurers' salaries, £166 Is. lid.; clerks' 
 ditto, £201 14s. 6d.; surveyors' ditto, £762 Is.; law 
 charges, £400 4s. 8d.; interest of debt, £1,790 2s. 8d.; 
 improvements, £602 9s. lOd. ; debts paid off, £400; in- 
 cidental expenses, £308 lis. lid.; total, £12,450 12s. 
 Debts: bonded or mortgage, I'9 1,499 133. 5d., at 2 per 
 cent.; floating, £20; unpaid interest, £742 7s. Gd.; 
 balance due to treasurers, 31st of December, 1854, 
 £612 8s. 9d.; total, £92,824 9s. 8d. — Arrears of 
 Income: arrears of tolls for current year, £78 3 5s.; 
 arrears of parish composition for current year, 
 £187 23. lOd.; arrears of fonner years, £7 18s. 9d.; 
 balance in treasurers' bands, 31st of December, 1854, 
 £2,800 8s. 3d.; total assets, £3,074 4s. lOd. * 
 
 There are two hundred and forty-eiglit bridges 
 throughout the county of Cumberland, a list of which 
 we subjoin, with their situations, and the waters which 
 they cross : — 
 
 Names of Bridges. 
 
 Abbey Lanercost 
 
 Abbey Mill, or Naworth 
 
 Gate 
 Airey 
 
 AUonby 
 
 Alston 
 
 Antlmm 
 
 Arkleby 
 
 Arraathwaite 
 
 Armathwaite Little 
 
 Ashes 
 
 Beckermet 
 
 Beck Gnmge 
 BeU 
 
 Blackford 
 
 What water across. Parishes where situate. 
 
 Irthing 
 
 Naworth, or Cumcatch 
 
 Beck 
 Airey, or Dockwray 
 
 Beck 
 Melo Beck 
 Tyne 
 
 Anthom Beck 
 Elleu 
 Eden 
 
 Aiiistable Beck 
 Waver 
 Kir beck 
 
 Cairn 
 Caldew 
 Blackford Beck 
 
 Abbey Lanercost and 
 
 Bramptoa 
 Brampton 
 
 Grey stoke 
 
 Bromfield 
 Alston 
 Bowness 
 Plumbland 
 
 Aiustable and Hesket 
 Ainstable 
 "Wigton 
 
 St. John's and St. Brid- 
 get's 
 11 ay ton 
 Sebergham 
 KirkUntoQ and Stamwix 
 
 Names of Bridges. 
 
 Blackbcck 
 Itlackbum 
 
 lUacksyko 
 Bhiithwaito 
 
 IiU'03 
 
 HIl'ucow 
 
 Blong, Far or Low 
 
 IJIeng, High 
 
 IJIeunerhassct 
 
 IV.Iton Gate 
 
 Boot, Distington 
 
 Boot, Eskdalc 
 
 Bntcherby 
 
 lioworhonse 
 
 Itranthwaite 
 
 Itridgefoot 
 
 Bridgefoot 
 
 Briggill 
 
 Bromfield 
 Brougham Castle 
 
 Broiigh Hill 
 Broiighton Beck 
 BulIgiU 
 
 6 urn si do 
 
 Burthwaite 
 Bustabeck, Little 
 
 Biistabeck 
 Calder Bridge 
 Calleywath, or Hutton 
 
 John 
 Calthwaite 
 Calthwaite, Little 
 (.!ambeck 
 Caponcleugh 
 Carlisle 
 Carlisle 
 Carwinley, nigh 
 
 Carwinley, Low 
 
 Chalkside 
 
 Chapel Bridge 
 Cleator, East 
 Cleator, West 
 
 Cockbridge 
 Cocker Bridge 
 CoUiergate 
 Crofton 
 Croglin. High 
 Crookdall 
 Crosby 
 Crossgill 
 Dacre, High 
 Dacre, Low 
 Dalemain 
 Dale Raven 
 
 Dearhara 
 
 Derwent, Cockermouth 
 Dodd, or Longwathby 
 Mill 
 
 Down-iu-the-Dale 
 
 Drawdykes 
 Dnuu leaning 
 Eamont 
 
 Egremont 
 
 Egremont, High 
 
 ERTemont, Low 
 
 Ellenhall 
 
 Ellergill 
 
 Ennevdale 
 
 Evening Hill 
 
 Farlam 
 
 FanldsmiU 
 
 Forest 
 
 Friar TTaingate 
 Garrigill Gate 
 Gate 
 
 Gattle, High 
 Gattle, Old 
 Gattle, Low 
 Gattle, Smalmstown 
 Celt, High, or Castle 
 Carrock 
 
 Gelt, Low, New 
 Gelt, Low, Old 
 Gelt, Middle 
 
 ^Vhat water across. Parishes where situate. 
 
 Blackbock 
 
 Blackburn 
 
 Blacksyke 
 
 Crura mock 
 
 Whitbeck 
 
 I'cttoril 
 
 BIcng 
 
 JUeng 
 
 Ellcii 
 
 Elk-n 
 
 Uistington Beck 
 
 Boot 
 
 Petteril 
 
 Mite 
 
 Marrow 
 
 Lostrigg, 
 
 Marrow 
 
 BriggUl 
 
 Eamont 
 
 Brough Hill Beck 
 Dovcnby Beck 
 Ellen 
 
 Heather 
 
 Burthwaite Beck 
 Bustabeck 
 
 Bustabeck 
 Calder 
 
 Calley, or Dacre Beck 
 I'etteril 
 
 Calthwaite Beck 
 Cam beck 
 Naworth Beck 
 Caldew 
 Eden 
 Carwinley Bum 
 
 Carwinley Bum 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Keekle 
 
 Keekle, Part of, in time 
 
 of flood 
 Ellen 
 Cocker 
 
 CoUiergate Beck 
 "U'hampool 
 Croglin Water 
 Crummock 
 Crosby Beck 
 Crossgill Bum 
 Calley, or Dacre Beck 
 Calley, or Dacre Beck 
 Calley, or Dacre Beck 
 Dale Rareu 
 
 Ellen 
 
 Derwent 
 
 Briggill 
 
 Down-in-the Dale Beck 
 
 Highberry Beck 
 
 I'ow 
 
 Eamont 
 
 Ehen 
 
 Ebcu 
 
 Ehen 
 
 Ellen 
 
 Ellergill Beck 
 
 Ehen 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Petteril 
 
 Part of Hallbum 
 
 Irt 
 
 Kingwater 
 
 Tyne 
 
 Caldbeck, Littlebeck 
 
 Gattle 
 
 Gattle 
 
 Gattle 
 
 St. Bridget's and HaUd 
 
 Alston 
 
 Hesket and TTuttoo 
 
 Wigton and Bolton 
 
 Brigham 
 
 Grey stoke 
 
 Goa forth 
 
 Gosforth 
 
 Torpenhow 
 
 Bulton 
 
 Distington 
 
 St, Bets 
 
 St. Cuthbcrt's 
 
 Irton 
 
 Dean 
 
 AVorkington 
 
 Brigham 
 
 Adilingham and Long- 
 wathby 
 
 Bromlield 
 
 IVnrith; half of bridge 
 in Westmoreland 
 
 Bolton 
 
 Bridekirk 
 
 Gilcrux and Crosscan- 
 nonby 
 
 Klrklinton 
 
 Basse nth waite 
 
 Castlo Sowerby and 
 Sebergham 
 
 Castlo Sowerby 
 
 St.Bridgetand Ponsonby 
 
 Dacre 
 
 Hesket and Lazonby 
 
 Hesket 
 
 Irthington 
 
 B ramp tun 
 
 St. Mary 
 
 St. Mary and Stanwix 
 
 Arthuret and Kirk- 
 audrews 
 
 Arthuret and Kirk- 
 andrews 
 
 Sebergham and West- 
 ward 
 
 Bassenthwaitc 
 
 Cleator 
 
 Cleator 
 
 Ex tra-parocllial 
 Brigham 
 
 Arlccdon and Lamplugh 
 Thnrtiby and Westward 
 Croglin and Kirkoswald 
 Wigton and Bromfield 
 Crosby 
 Alston 
 Dacre 
 Dacre 
 Dacre 
 
 Addiugham and Kirk- 
 oswald 
 Dearham 
 Brigham 
 
 Addingham and Long- 
 wathby 
 
 St. Bocs (in Wastdalc 
 Head) 
 
 Stanwix 
 
 Aikton and Thursby 
 
 Penrith; half of bridge 
 in Westmorland 
 
 Egremont 
 
 Egremont 
 
 Egremont and St. John's 
 
 Gilcrnx 
 
 Arlecdon 
 
 St. Bees 
 
 Thursby 
 
 Hesket 
 
 Arthuret 
 
 St. Bees (in Nether Wast- 
 dale} 
 
 Abbey Lanercost 
 
 Alston 
 
 Caldbeck 
 
 Kirkandrews 
 
 Kirkandrews 
 
 Kirkandrews 
 
 No water orwater course Kirkandrews 
 
 Gelt 
 
 Gelt 
 Gelt 
 
 Gelt 
 
 Castle Carrockand Hay- 
 ton 
 Branpton and Ilayton 
 Brampton and Haytou 
 HaytOQ
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 63 
 
 Names of Bridges. 
 Gildersdale 
 Glencoyne 
 
 dinger Foot 
 
 Grev.stoko 
 
 HHile 
 
 Hairlieck 
 
 Hallbum 
 
 lliilUliifc 
 
 HaiTuby 
 
 "What water across. 
 
 GUdersdale Bam 
 
 Glencofoe Beck 
 
 Glincer Bum 
 
 Old Petteril 
 
 Kirbeck 
 
 Hairbecic 
 
 Hallbum 
 
 Caldftw 
 
 Petteril 
 
 IlarringtoD.orBockstonc Harrington Beck 
 IlazleriKR Dale Kaven 
 
 Ueskct Newmarket Caldew 
 
 IIighl«rry Beck 
 
 Ilighberry Beck 
 
 High 
 
 Koo 
 
 Holmcrooke 
 
 Irt 
 
 lloweiid 
 
 HaUbnm 
 
 Howford 
 
 Heather 
 
 Uowwath 
 
 ■yVhampool 
 
 Iluttoo Uall 
 
 Biacksykes 
 
 Iruby, Low 
 
 Ellen 
 
 IrtUlng 
 
 Irthing 
 
 Isel 
 
 Derwent 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Wisa 
 
 Keekle, High 
 
 Kcekle 
 
 Keeklf, lA>w 
 
 Keekle 
 
 KidljuriigUl 
 
 Gilbeck 
 
 Rirkcambcck 
 
 Cambeck 
 
 Kirkoswald 
 
 Raven 
 
 Laitlis 
 
 Petteril 
 
 Lamb 
 
 Giendermacldn 
 
 Lanofoot 
 
 Marrow 
 
 Lazuuby 
 
 Lden 
 
 Leader 
 
 DisUngton Beck 
 
 Leasfliow, or Leases 
 
 Wbitbeck 
 
 Leases 
 
 Galebeck 
 
 Lee^ato 
 
 Crummock 
 
 Little .Salkcld 
 
 Melmerby Beck 
 
 LoQgwatUby 
 
 Eden 
 
 Lorton, High 
 
 Wbitbeck 
 
 Lorton, Low 
 
 Cocker 
 
 LongtowQ 
 
 £sk 
 
 LongtowD, Little 
 
 Longtown Littlebeck 
 
 Lostri;,'*; 
 
 Lostrigg 
 
 Lowliuuiies 
 
 Lowbouses Bum 
 
 Lowiuill 
 
 Caldew 
 
 Lowutbwaita 
 
 LowQthwaite Beck 
 
 Lowrow 
 
 Lowrow Beck 
 
 MarWeflat Marblebeck 
 
 Marji>ort Ellen 
 ]tlHttenUIe,orDockirrfly Dock\rniv Beck 
 
 M<-vkliri Mt-cklin Beck 
 
 Melmerby, High Mtlmerbr Heck 
 
 Milmerby, Low Molmeiby Beck 
 
 Micklclhwaito Whampool 
 
 Mill Caldbeck 
 
 Mill Waver 
 
 MUlrlgy Crowdundalo Beck 
 
 MoorhoufiC Mill 
 Mountain Beck 
 Uoftedale 
 
 Miinip^liall 
 
 Muncaster 
 
 Muncantcr Milt 
 
 Mun{;riAdalQ 
 
 Nenttiall 
 
 Nunthead 
 
 Nontsbury 
 
 Netherbeck 
 
 Kowbi(;gin 
 
 Nowbv 
 
 Neirii'iills 
 
 Newshain 
 
 North Itovbcck 
 
 Nunuery 
 
 OnMbridgo 
 
 Overbcck 
 
 ParcoUtowa 
 
 Panou 
 
 Pealfdll 
 
 IVolwykO 
 
 Ten to u 
 
 Whampool 
 Mountaia Beck 
 Caldew 
 Irthing 
 
 Efik 
 
 Mlto 
 GrisdaleBeck 
 
 Kent 
 
 Nent 
 
 Nent 
 
 I7etherbeck 
 
 Crowdundalo Beck 
 
 Petteril 
 
 Irthing 
 
 Cumcatch Beck 
 
 Qldgill Common Beck 
 
 NnrtlU>cck 
 
 Croglin Water 
 
 Derwont 
 
 Overbeck 
 
 Not known 
 
 Waver 
 
 Pealgill Burn 
 
 Dubwath 
 
 LiddeU 
 
 Parishes where situate. 
 
 Alston ; half of bridg 
 in Northumberland 
 
 GreyBtoke; half ofbridgo 
 in Westmoreland 
 
 Kirkandrewa 
 
 Grey stoke 
 
 Uailo 
 
 Gos forth 
 
 Arthurct 
 
 Greystokeand Caldbeck 
 
 St. Cuthbcrt'a 
 
 Harrington 
 
 Addingham 
 
 Castle Sowerby and 
 Caldbeck 
 
 Scalcby and Irthingtnn 
 
 Castle Sowerby and Dal- 
 Bton 
 
 Irton 
 
 Arthnret 
 
 Kirklinton 
 
 Aikton :ind Eirkbride 
 
 Button 
 
 Ireby 
 
 Brampton 
 
 IscI 
 
 Wigton and Westward 
 
 Arlecdonaud Distington 
 
 Cleator 
 
 Arlccdon 
 
 Abbey Lancrcost 
 
 Kirkoswald 
 
 Skeltnn 
 
 Greystoke 
 
 Arlccdon and Lamplngh 
 
 Lazonby and Kirkos- 
 wald 
 
 Distington 
 
 Brigham 
 
 Melmerby 
 
 Wigtoa and Bromfield 
 
 Addingham 
 
 Edendalland Longwath- 
 by 
 
 Brigham 
 
 Brigham 
 
 Artburet and Kirkan- 
 drews 
 
 Arthuret 
 
 Dean 
 
 Alston 
 
 Greystoke and Caldbeck 
 
 Kirklaiid; half of bridge 
 in Westmoreland 
 
 Abbey Lanercost and 
 Denton 
 
 Denton 
 
 Crosscannonby 
 
 Greystoke 
 
 Irton 
 
 Melmerby 
 
 Melmerby 
 
 Thursby and Wigton 
 
 Caldt>eck 
 
 Wigton 
 
 Kirkland; half in West- 
 moreland 
 
 Thursby and Wigton 
 
 Drigg and Carleton 
 
 Greystoke and Caldbeck 
 
 Abbey Lanercost and 
 Denton 
 
 Muncaster, half in Mil- 
 lom 
 
 Muncaster 
 
 Greystoke ^ 
 
 Alston 
 
 AlatoD 
 
 Alston 
 
 St. Heea (in Wastdale) 
 
 Kirklar.d; half in Wut>t- 
 moreland 
 
 St. CuUibert's 
 
 Irtfain<;tnn and Ilayton 
 ' Brampton 
 
 Circystoko 
 
 Bassonthwaile 
 
 Alnstablo and Kirkos- 
 wald 
 
 Bassenlbwalto 
 
 8t. BecB (in Wastdale) 
 
 Arthurot 
 
 Bolton 
 
 Skelton 
 
 Not known 
 
 Kirkandrews ; half In 
 Scotland 
 
 Names of Biidges. 
 
 Pikelandsgate 
 
 Plumpton Foot 
 Plurapton, High 
 Plumpton Street 
 Pooley 
 
 Poorhouse, or Kirkgate 
 
 Pottcrbank 
 
 Powdreigli 
 
 Powmangham 
 
 Priestbridge 
 
 liack 
 
 Kaven, High 
 
 Red Dial 
 
 Rethwaite 
 Roberts gate 
 Koebanks 
 
 Rose 
 Rosley 
 
 Routonsyke 
 Rowend 
 Rnleholm 
 Rushgill 
 
 Sandraw 
 Sandy Beck 
 Sandy syke 
 Sauton Bridge 
 Sark 
 
 Sarkdam 
 Scale Uill 
 Scarrow Hill 
 
 Schoolhouse 
 Sebergham 
 Sela 
 Shaking 
 Skirwith 
 Skirwith, Little 
 6kirwith Mill 
 Soursteps 
 
 Sonthwaite 
 
 SUikes 
 
 Stockdalewath 
 
 Street 
 
 Stubb 
 
 Sunderland 
 
 Sumiygill 
 
 Sj-ndrel 
 
 Temon 
 
 Threapland Gill 
 Threlkeld 
 
 Thorpe 
 
 Trough House 
 
 Ullock 
 
 Vntiiank 
 
 Walk Mill 
 
 Walk Mill 
 
 M'ath 
 
 M'ath 
 
 Warwick 
 
 Waterside 
 
 Wavrr Bridge, 
 
 Water 
 Waverton 
 Wesllinton 
 W hah on so 
 Whelpow 
 WheygUl 
 Wbitbeck 
 Wisa 
 
 Wisa, Low 
 Wolt 
 Wotidrow 
 Workington 
 
 AVTiat water across. Parishes where sitnate. 
 
 or Low 
 
 Caldbeck 
 
 Pett*-ril 
 
 Petteril 
 
 Petteril 
 
 Eamont 
 
 Rudbeck 
 
 Townend Beck 
 
 No regular water 
 
 Powmangham 
 
 Dovenby Beck 
 
 Lyne 
 
 Raven 
 
 Wisa 
 Waver 
 Blackbeck 
 Boe 
 
 Caldew 
 CliaUt 
 
 Routonsyke 
 Bleng 
 Irthing 
 Hushgill Burn 
 
 Sandraw Beck 
 Sandy Beck 
 Sandysyke 
 Irt 
 
 Sark 
 
 Part of Sark Millracc 
 
 Cocker 
 
 Scarrow Hill Beck 
 
 Dovenby Beck 
 
 Caldew 
 
 Ray gill Beck 
 
 Waver 
 
 Briggill Beck 
 
 Skirwith, Little Beck 
 
 Brit^gle Beck 
 
 Soursteps Beck 
 
 Petteril 
 
 Calder 
 Hoe 
 
 Kirbeck 
 Wisa 
 Bluemire 
 Sunnygill Beck 
 Syndrel 
 
 Temon 
 
 Threapland Water 
 Greta 
 
 Petteril 
 
 £sk 
 
 Marrow 
 
 Dale Kaven 
 
 Walk Water 
 
 Keeklo 
 
 Ehen 
 
 Caldbeck, Utile Beck 
 
 Kdun 
 
 Waver 
 
 Waver 
 
 Waver 
 
 Lvno 
 
 Esk 
 
 Caldbeck 
 
 Wheygill Burn 
 
 Whilbeck 
 
 Wisa 
 
 Wisa 
 
 Tnmtbeck 
 
 Waver 
 
 Dcrwent 
 
 Caldbeck 
 
 Ilesket and Lazonby 
 
 Penrith 
 
 Ilesket and Lazonby 
 
 Dacre ; half in West- 
 moreland 
 
 Brigham 
 
 Kirkoswald 
 
 Arthuret 
 
 "Wctheral and Warwick 
 
 Bridekirk 
 
 Stapleton / 
 
 Kirkoswald and Hen- 
 wick 
 
 Westward 
 
 Westward 
 
 St. Bridget's and Haila 
 
 Castle Sowerby and St. 
 Mary's 
 
 Castle Sowerby 
 
 Sebergham and West- 
 ward 
 
 A rlecdon 
 
 Gosforth 
 
 Brampton and Irtbington 
 
 Castie Sowerby and Skel- 
 ton 
 
 Bromfield 
 
 Lorton 
 
 Arthuret 
 
 Irton 
 
 Kirkandrews; half in 
 Scotland 
 
 Kirkandrews 
 
 Brigham 
 
 Abbey Lanercost and 
 Denton 
 
 Bridekirk 
 
 Sebergham 
 
 Kirkoswald 
 
 Bolton 
 
 Kirkland 
 
 Kirkland 
 
 Kirkland 
 
 Kirkland and Long- 
 wathby 
 
 Hesket 
 
 St. Bridget's 
 
 Castle Sowerby and 
 DaUton 
 
 St. John's and H^le 
 
 Wigton 
 
 Isel 
 
 Melmerby and Ousby 
 
 St.Bees(in NetherWast- 
 dale) 
 
 Abbey Lanercost and 
 Denton; half in North- 
 umberland 
 
 Greystoke and Cros- 
 
 thwaito 
 Greystoke 
 
 St. Bees (in Eskdale) 
 Dean 
 
 Addingham 
 Basse nth waite 
 Cleator 
 Cleator 
 Cftldbeck 
 Wetheral 
 Wigton 
 
 Wigton 
 
 Wigton 
 
 Kirklinton and Arthniet 
 
 St. Bees (in Eskdale) 
 
 Caldbeck 
 
 Castle Sowerby 
 
 Lorton 
 
 Wigton 
 
 Wigton i 
 
 G rev stoke 
 
 ■\Vigton 
 
 Workington 
 
 RAn.WAYS. 
 
 It would bo superfluous on our part td make any 
 remarks on the great benefits that have been couforreil 
 upon the counties of Cumbcrknd and Westmoreland 
 hy the introduction and general use of railways. 
 
 The
 
 64 
 
 GEOGEAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 extension of commerce — cheap and facile transit for 
 agricultural, mineral, and other produce — improve- 
 ments in harbours — the increase in the manufacture of 
 iron, &c., are some of the results of the formation of 
 railways in this district; and sufficiently testify by 
 their favourable influence on the social condition of 
 the population, the great benefits already procured for 
 these two counties. The railways at present existing 
 in the counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland are 
 the following : — a portion of the Caledonian, the 
 Carlisle and Silloth Bay, the Cockermouth and Work- 
 ington, the Kendal and Windermere, the greater 
 portion of the Lancaster and Carlisle, the Maryport 
 and Carlisle, a portion of the Newcastle and Carlisle, 
 the Port Carlisle, a portion of the Ulverstone and 
 Lancaster, the Whitehaven, Cleator, and Egremont, 
 the greater portion of the Whitehaven and Furness, 
 and the Whitehaven Junction. 
 
 The Caledonian was incorporated Ly the 8 and 9 Vic. 
 cap. 102, for a line from Carlisle to a junction with the 
 Scottish Central at Castlecary, with branches diverging 
 therefrom at Cairstairs, to Edinburgh and Glasgow. 
 From Carlisle, the line proceeds across the Calder by a 
 viaduct, and thence over the river Eden by another 
 viaduct, after which, it passes by King Moor and Rock- 
 liffe station, and crosses the Esk by a viaduct of seven 
 arches, thence passing over the Glasgow road and 
 along the Guards' embankment, formed through a deep 
 moss which absorbed thousands of tons of earth before the 
 foundation was sufficiently solid to bear a train, it shortly 
 afterwards crosses the Sark, and quits Cumberland. 
 
 The Carlisle and Silloth Bay Couipany was incorpo- 
 rated July 16th, 1855, to make a railway from the Port 
 Carlisle line at Drumburgh to the boat lighthouse in 
 Silloth Bay, and a dock and a jetty at the latter place. 
 The first sod of the railway was cut at Drumburgh, on 
 the 31st of August, 1855, the works were at once 
 commenced, and the line opened on the 28th of 
 August, 1856. The line is identical with that to 
 Port Carlisle for eight miles and a half, two-thirds of 
 the length of the latter. The Silloth line commences 
 strictly at Drumburgh. At the village of Kirkbride 
 there is a station for the convenience of the locality. 
 Three miles further west, not far from where the 
 Wampool and the Waver enter Morecambe Bay, the 
 line passes within a short distance of Long Newton, 
 or Newton Arlosh, and a little past Abbey Holme, where 
 there is a station, passes through the heaviest cutting in 
 its whole extent, viz., Kingside Hill, and shortly after- 
 ■wai'ds arrives at Silloth. 
 
 The Cockermouth and Workington Company was 
 incorporated in July, 1845, by the 8 and 9 Vict. cap. 
 
 120. The line is from Cockermouth to Workington 
 Harbour, where it joins the Whitehaven line. Its 
 length is eight and a half miles ; and it was opened 
 throughout 28th April, 1847. After leaving Working- 
 ton, the stations are Workington Bridge, Camerton, 
 Broughton Cross, Brigham, and Cockermouth, where 
 the line at present terminates. 
 
 The Kendal and Windermere Company was incorpo- 
 rated by 8 and 9 Vic. cap. 32, (1845), for a line from 
 the Lancaster and Carlisle llailway at Oxenholme to 
 Birthwaite, near Windermere Lake, ten and a quai-ter 
 miles. The line was opened on the 21st of April, 1847. 
 The stations on the line after leaving Oxenholme, are 
 Burnside, Staveley, and Windermere. 
 
 The Lancaster and CarUsle Company was incorpo- 
 rated by 7 and 8 Vic, cap. 37, (1844), for a single line, 
 in the first instance, until the Act authorising the 
 Caledonian was passed, when it was made a double 
 line, continuing the Lancaster and Preston to Carlisle, 
 and there forming a juuetion with the Caledonian. 
 Cost, J£22,000 per mile. Length, seventy miles. The 
 joint station at Carlisle was built at a cost of £1 64,500, 
 of which the Caledonian contributed j£63,367. By an 
 arrangement wiih the Glasgow and South Western, and 
 Maryport and Carlisle, they have become joint tenants 
 of that station. This line enters Westmoreland from 
 Lancashire, and passing the Burton and Holme station 
 soon reaches ^Milnthorpe, whence it crosses the canal at 
 the tunnel, and pursues its course through a fine and 
 well-wooded country to the village of Sedgwick, where 
 the magnitude of the Sedgwick embankment is seen to 
 advantage. Its course is now by Natland to O.xenholme, 
 previous to which the Burton turnpike road is crossed, 
 about two miles south of Kendal ; and after passing an 
 embankment, and through some heavy rock cutting, 
 Oxenholme station is reached, where the line is joined 
 by the Kendal and Windermere Railway, which afTords 
 an easy and delightful means of access to the Lake 
 District. A fine view of the town of Kendal is 
 enjoyed at this station ; whilst far beyond rise the 
 mountains of the west, the giants of the Lake District. 
 From Oxenholme, the line proceeds upon embankments 
 and througli cuttings, with occasional views of Kendal 
 and its ruined castle; and soon after passing the Birk- 
 land cutting, skirts the base of the lofty Benson Knot, 
 one of the highest hills in the neighbourhood, and 
 passing thence through heavy rock cuttings and across 
 an embankment, reaches Docker Gill viaduct, one of 
 the most beautiful structures on the line. A mile from 
 this splendid piece of work Gi-a_ygrigg summit is reached, 
 where a heavy cutting of hard material, called samel, is 
 passed through ; and another mile onward is the Low
 
 EAILVVAYS. 
 
 •65 
 
 Gill embaukmcnt, one of the highest in England. 
 After passing Low Gill station, the lino skirts the 
 DiUicar hills, and soon afterwards passes through the 
 great DiUicar cut, and is then earned over the Borrow 
 Water, near its junction with the Lune, upon a neat 
 viaduct. Piorrow Bridge, a romantic spot, celebrated 
 for trout fishing, the scenery about which is the most 
 beautiful along the whole line, is ue.xt passed, and the 
 traveller seems to be completely hemmed in on all sides 
 by stupendous hills. The village of Borrow Bridge 
 appears on the right, at a short distance from the line, 
 which, passing through the Borrow Bridge cutting, 
 reaches the Lune embankment, 9") feet deep, formed 
 through tlio old bed of the river, which has been diverted 
 from its course, through a tunnel excavated in the solid 
 rock, 50 feet from the top, and made nearly parallel to 
 the ravine. Proceeding onwards, the Lune excava- 
 tions, Loup's Fell cutting, the Birbecic embankment, 
 and the Birbeck viaduct, are passed, shortly after- 
 wards the foot of the great incline — a plain of eight 
 miles — rising 1 in 73, is reached. Proceeding from 
 Tebay station, Shap Wells is reached, the line passing 
 through the Fells, over which Prince Charles Edward 
 and his army marched in 1745 ; and, leaving the Shap 
 summit, a cutting through limestone rock is entered, 
 and before it approaches Shap village the line runs 
 through a circle of large boulder stones, said to be the 
 inner circle of an ancient Druidical temple. From 
 Shap the line proceeds on the cast side of the town of 
 Shap, along a heavy cutting, and passing thence under 
 a skew bridge along the flat portion of the route, called 
 Shap Mines, and, following the valley of the stream, it 
 again runs under the turnpike road, and thence passes 
 Thrimby, through a thick plantation. Here the cha- 
 racter of the scenery is considerably altered, the bare, 
 rugged, and sterile mountains being succeeded by 
 fertile pastures and picturesijue prospects. The Kendal 
 turnpike road is crossed, for the last time, by a skew 
 bridge at Clifton, near the entrance to Lowther Park 
 and Castle, the seat of the Earl of Lonsdale. The 
 scenery between Shaj) and Clifton is very attractive — 
 Cross Fell, Saddleback, Skiddaw, and the other hills in 
 the Lake District appearing to great advantage. From 
 Clifton station the lino proceeds along the Lowther 
 embankment, and about 50 miles from Lancaster and 
 20 from Carlisle crosses the river Lowther on a magni- 
 ficent viaduct, 101) feet above the stream ; its arches, 
 sLx in number, are of GO feet span each. A mile and a 
 half beyond, the line crosses the Eaniont, on a viaduct 
 of great beauty, consisting of five semi-circular arches. 
 Leaving the county of Westmonlaud ut this point, the 
 line enters Cumberland, and shortly afterwards passes 
 
 
 through a large cutting, and then, running nearly level to 
 the town of Penrith, reaches the station adjoining the 
 ruins of the ancient castle. From Penrith the country 
 is flat and uninteresting. The line enters the valley 
 of the Petteril, through which it pursues almost a direct 
 course to Carlisle, past the following stations : — Plump- 
 ton, Calthwaite, Southwaite, and Wreay. 
 
 The Maryport and Carlisle was incorporated by 
 Act 1 Vic. cap. Ill (1837), — 28 miles. It was opened, 
 Maryport to Aspatria, loth July, 1840; Carlisle to 
 Wigton, in May, 1844; and completed 10th May, 1845. 
 The Act of 1855 (17 and 18 Vic. cap. 79, June 26th) 
 provides that new capital, for doubling the line and 
 other improvements, may be raised to the extent of 
 £77,712 10s. in £12 10s. shares, making a total of 
 £420,000, with borrowing powers to the extent of 
 £135,000. Leaving Maijport, and passing Dearham 
 Station, the line reaches Bull Gill, and 3+ mUes further 
 comes to Aspatria, pleasantly situated on the river 
 Ellen ; it shortly afterwards arrives at Brayton. After 
 crossing the Waver it reaches Leegate, 3:^ miles beyond 
 which is Wigton, and passing Curthwaite and Dalston 
 stations, anives at Carlisle. 
 
 The Newcastle and Carlisle was incorporated on the 
 22nd of May, 1829, as a line between these two towns, 
 crossing from the east to the west coast of England; 
 also a branch-lino of 12 miles to Alston, and one to 
 Swalwell. Total length, 78J miles now open. A short 
 extension from Alston to Nenthead is in abeyance. This 
 line enters Cumberland near Piose Hill station, and 
 passing Low Pvow and Milton, in the neighbourhood of 
 Brampton, crosses the ravine of the Gelt by a skew 
 bridge of three arches, and arrives at How Mill station, 
 close to which is llayton Church, and in the distance 
 may be seen the white turrets of Edmond Castle and 
 Castle Carrock Church. The next station is Wetberal, 
 where the Eden is crossed by a magnificent bridge, con- 
 sisting of five semicircular arches, each of 80 feet sjjau, 
 and raised to an elevation of 99* feet above the summer 
 level of the stream, with a parapet of 4 J feet in height. 
 The entire length of the bridge is 024 feet. The situa- 
 tion of this viaduct is perhaps unrivalled. Looking from 
 it towards the south the spectator has a full view of both 
 sides of the river and their noble woods, the grounds of 
 Corby, and the ancient church of Wctlural ; and turning 
 in the opposite direction, he is charmed with the e.xten- 
 eive prospect before him, embracing as it does every 
 variety of rural beauty, and toriniiiating in the distant 
 mountains of Scotland. Leaving Wethcral, the hue 
 passes by Scotby and arrives at Carlisle. 
 
 The Port Carlisle F>ailway was incorporated .\ugust 
 4th, 1853, by the act 17 Vic. cap. 119, for converting tlie
 
 66 
 
 GEOGKAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBERIvVND. 
 
 canal between Carlisle and Port Carlisle into a railway. 
 It was opened for goods on IMay 22ud, 1854, and on tlic 
 •32nd of the following June for passengers. Quitting 
 Carlisle, the line passes Xirkandrews and Burgh 
 stations, from the latter of which it proceeds by Dnini- 
 burgh and Glasson to Port Carlisle, a total distance of 
 11 J miles. 
 
 The Ulverstonc and Lancaster was incorporated by 
 Act 14 and 15 Vic. cap. 103, 24th July, 1851, for a 
 railway from the Fumess at Ulverstone, to a junction 
 ■with the Lancaster and Carlisle at Carnforth, seven 
 miles north of Lancaster, thus completing a direct line 
 from Whitehaven and the west coast of Cumberland to 
 the south of England. 
 
 The Whitehaven, Cleator, and Egremont Company j 
 was incorporated by the ITth and 18th Vic. cap. C4, I 
 June 16th, 1854. The share capital amounts to 
 .-£75,000, with borrowing powers to the extent of one- 
 third of that amount. The line, including the Egre- 
 mont branch, is about seven miles in length from the 
 point at which it joins the Whitehaven and Fumess 
 Junction Kailway. It was opened for the conveyance of 
 passengers on June 1st, 1857, having previously, for 
 about eighteen months, been in use for mineral traflic. 
 
 The Whitehaven and Fumess Company was incor- 
 porated aist of July, 1845, by the 8 and 9 Vic. cap. 100, 
 for a railway from W'hitehaven to a junction with the 
 Fumess, near Dalton ; and subsequently extended to a 
 junction at Whitehaven, with the Whitehaven Junction, 
 and fixing the junction with the Furness at Foxfield, 
 near Broughton: total length, 35 miles. On leaving 
 Broughton, and crossing the Duddou by a wooden 
 bridge, the line enters Cumberland, and then proceeds 
 along the coast by Green Pioad, Under Hill, Holborn 
 Hill, Silecroft, Bootle, Eskmeals, Eavenglass, Drigg, 
 Seascales, Sellafield, Braystones, Nethertown, St. Bees, 
 and Corkicle stations, to Whitehaven. 
 
 The Whitehaven Junction was incorporated on the 
 30th of June, 1844, for a railway from the Maryport 
 Junction (Mai-yport and Carlisle), to Workington Junc- 
 tion (Cockermouth and Workington), to Whitehaven 
 (Whitehaven and Furness). Length, 12 miles. On 
 quitting Whitehaven, Farton is the first station 
 reached, whence the line proceeds by Harrington, 
 W^orkington, and Flimby, to JIaryport. 
 
 In addition to these the following lines ai'c projccteil : 
 The Carlisle and Hawick, the Lancaster and Cai'lisle 
 and Ingleton, and the Eden Valley. 
 
 CLIMATE, SOIL, AGEICULTUEE, ETC. 
 
 The climate, as might be readily inferred from the 
 great e.^teut of coast, and the numerous and lofty 
 
 mountains, is various, the elevated portions of the 
 county being cold and piercing, while tlie lower parts 
 are mild and temperate. The whole county, however, 
 is exposed to wet and variable weather, particularly in 
 the autumn, yet it is very salubrious, and remarkable 
 for the longevity of its inhabitants. Lysons has a list 
 of 144 persons of not less than 100 years of age who 
 were buried between the years 16C3 and 1814. The 
 greatest ages are, Robert Brown, aged 1 10, buried at 
 Arthuret, in 1060; Pilchard Green, 114, at Dacre, iu 
 1680; Thomas Fearon, 112, Bridekirk, in 1701 ; Jane 
 Hodgson, 114, Harrington, in 1717; Thomas Dicken- 
 son, 112, Bootle, 1745; Mary Singleton, 110, Dear- 
 ham ; Rev. George Braithwaite, 1 10, Carlisle, in 1753 : 
 Mark Noble, 113, Corney, in 1768 ; and James Bell, 
 113, Penrith, 1772. John Taylor, who died in J 772, 
 aged 135, was noticed in a communication of Bishop 
 Lytletton's to the Society of Antiquaries. The obi- 
 tuary of the Gentleman's Magazine also records Ann 
 Wilson, 110, Alston, 1765; John Noble, 114, Comey, 
 1772; and John Maxwell, 132, Keswick Lake. The 
 annual mean quantity of rain at Carlisle is about thirty 
 inches : at Wigton, thirty-four inches : at AVhitehaven, 
 fifty inches ; and at Keswick, sixty-eight inches. April, 
 on an average, is the driest month in the year ; the wet 
 months are July, August, September, and October, in 
 each of which about twice as much rain falls as in 
 April; and about one-third less rain falls in the first 
 six months of the j-ear than in the last six mouths. 
 
 The soil of this county varies considerably, often 
 differing much in the same parish, and sometimes even 
 in the same field. The mountainous districts are bleak 
 and ban-en, the prevailing soils being mossy, or dry 
 gravel covered with heath, and they are chiefly used as 
 sheep pastures and pi-eserves for moor-game. Some 
 good land of dry brown loam is found in the valleys and 
 on tlie sides of the smaller mountains ; and on the 
 margins of the rivers there is much valuable ground, 
 consisting of a rich brown loam. On the coast, the soil 
 is a light sand, or gravel. The lowland countr)', 
 extending from Carlisle in every direction for about 
 thirty miles, is fertile, though a considerable portion of 
 it is cold wet loam, and black peat earth : this land has 
 been much improved by draining, which is now carried 
 on to a great extent, and with the best results. There 
 is a good deal of fertile clayey loam, in the neighbour- 
 hood of Wigton ; while sand and light loam prevail near 
 Brampton, and likewise near Penrith. In the west of 
 the county, there is some wet soil on a clay bottom, and 
 also some hazel mould. The subsoil, in many places, 
 is a wet sterile clay. In consequence of the cultivation 
 of extensive commons and waste lands, the aspect of
 
 GOVEKNMENT OF THE COUNTY, ETC. 
 
 67 
 
 this county has been completely changed. Within the 
 last sixty years more than 250,000 acres have been 
 enclosed. Many of the commons, which previously 
 afforded only a scanty pasturage to a few half-starved 
 sheep and cattle, are now covered with fertile cornfields 
 and profitable herbage, and have hawthorn fences, good 
 roads, and commodious farm buildings. 
 
 '■ The agriculture of the county," says a recent writer, 
 '•has improved considerably of late yeai-s, and great 
 quantities of com, and other kinds of produce, are now 
 exported. Cattle, sheep, poultiy, grain, potatoes, 
 butter, bacon, Ac, are the principal exports, and are 
 shipped from Whitehaven, Port Carlisle, Workington, 
 and Maryport. The knd being generally divided into 
 small farms, the dairies ai-e necessarily on a small scale, 
 but their produce is excellent, and commands a high 
 price ill the mai-ket. Many of the farms do not exceed 
 100 acres, and somo are not more than 40 or 50 acres. 
 They are generally let on short leases. Many persons, 
 provuicially called statesmen, occupy theu- own land, 
 wliich, in some instances, have been possessed by the 
 same family for centuries in an unbroken Una of 
 descent, and this circumstance gives them an air of 
 independence which forms a peculiar trait in their 
 character. In some places, a small part of the land 
 lies in open town fields, which cannot have the benefit 
 of the common improvement Lu husbandry. lu other 
 places, there are certain common lands that are annually 
 stocked with horses and cattle, on a fixed day, by the 
 owners or occupiers. These lands arc always in grass. 
 In the high and mountainous districts the chief object 
 of attention, on the part of the farmers, is then- sheep 
 stock, though, of late years, a large portion of the high 
 lying land has been brought into cultivation. In some 
 of these places the climate is cold, the com backward, 
 and the harvest late. The valleys and low ground are 
 cultivated chiefly for grain, and produce excellent crops 
 of wheat, barley, and oats ; these are alternated with 
 turnips and potatoes, or fallow. Some of the lands 
 that are well supphed with water, arc kept as meadows 
 or pastures for dairii's, and for rearing and fattening 
 cattle. Candlemas is the usual time for entering upon 
 farms, and the rents are paid half-yeai'ly, in equal por- 
 tions, at Lammas and Candlemas. The modern farm- 
 houses have a handsome appearance, being generally 
 built of stone, and roofed with blue slate. The old 
 farm buildings and cottages have clay or mud walls, 
 and are thatched with straw. There is a great variety 
 of cattle and sheep. A peculiar breed of sheep, called 
 Herdwicks, from their being farmed out to herds at 
 a yearly sura, is met with on the mountains, at the 
 head of the Duddon and Esk rivers. The ewes and 
 
 wethers, and many of the tups, are polled ; their faces 
 and legs speckled, and the wool short and coarse. 
 They are hvely and hardy Httle animals. The tups 
 are in great request, to improve the hardiness of other 
 flocks. There are several agricultural societies and cattle 
 shows in the county, which give a stimulus to agricul- 
 ture, and encourage improvements in the breed of live 
 stock, by distributiug rewards and premiums. At Car- 
 hsle, Whitehaven, and Penrith, are horticultural and 
 floral societies, vvliich are well supported, and are of 
 service in exciting attention to the cultivation of fruits 
 and flowers." 
 
 GOTEEXMEKT OF THE COUSTT, ETC. 
 
 The division of England into counties, as well as 
 into hundreds and tythings, is ascribed to Alfred, but 
 there is evidence that some counties bore their names, 
 and had those divisions, 150 years earlier. The govern- 
 ment of counties is vested in several oflicers, the chief 
 of whom is the lord heutentant, whose ofiice was insti- 
 tuted in England in the third year of the reign of 
 Edward VI., 1549. This officer is regarded as the 
 chief magistrate of the county, and his appointment, 
 which is vested in the crown, is very rarely bestowed 
 upon any but a supporter of the government for the 
 time being. The office is held during pleasure. The 
 duty of the lord lieutenant is to organise and superin- 
 tend the discipline of the militia of his county, the 
 command of which is vested in him. He is empowered 
 to select, from amongst the principal gentlemen of the 
 county, deputy lieutenants, who ai-e to oflicer that force, 
 and in his absence to be his representatives. He may, 
 therefore; in the event of war or civil commotion, be 
 regai'ded as responsible for the defence of the county, 
 and, as a necessary consequence of that, he is the solo 
 disposer of the patronage of the militia. The lord 
 lieutenant is also generally cusios rotidorwn, or keeper 
 of the rolls and records of the county. The following 
 have held this high and important office for Cumber- 
 land:— 1089, Sir John Lowther, Burt, (afterwards 
 Viscount Lonsdale); Charles, Eai-1 of Egremont ; J715, 
 Henry Lowther, third Viscount Lonsdale. The office 
 has since remained in the Lowther family, and is now 
 held by the present Eai-1 of Lonsdale. ' 
 
 The next officer in dignity and authority is the sheriff, 
 upon whom the civil administration has long devolved. 
 Ho receives the charge of the county under letters 
 patent, direct from the monarch ; though in ancient 
 times ho was appointed by the freeholders of the 
 county. The office is held for one year, formerly it was 
 
 ' Sec account of Uic Lowther foniUf at a subsequent page.
 
 68 
 
 GEOGKAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 held for a much longer period. In his judicial capacity, 
 the sheriff presides at the county court, and by him all 
 county meetings are summoned ; the election of the 
 county members, and of the coroners, is conducted by 
 him, and he makes a return of those duly elected. Ho 
 is unable, however, to try any criminal offence, and can- 
 not act as an ordinary justice of the peace during his 
 term of office. As a keeper of the Queen's peace ho is 
 strictly the first man in the county, and superior to 
 every noble within the shire. In tho preservation of 
 the peace he is armed with ample powers, and for his 
 assistance he may command all the people of the county 
 to attend him; these form the j'osse comitatiis. In his 
 ministerial capacity he executes all writs and other 
 processes directed to him from the courts ; he summons 
 and returns the juries for all trials, and is responsible 
 for the due execution of the judgment of the courts, 
 civil or criminal, — from the exaction of a farthing 
 damages to the execution of capital punishment. As 
 the king's bailiff, the rights of the crown are iu his 
 especial custody : he must seize all lands devolving on 
 the crown by attainder or escheat, levy all fines, take 
 charge of all waifs or strays, etc. The following are the 
 high sheriffs of Cumberland from 1155 to the present 
 time. 
 
 Heney II. 
 1155. Hildred de Carlisle. 
 115G. liichard do Lucy. 
 1157. Robert Fitz-Trojte,forin 
 
 years. 
 1173. Adam, son of tlie said 
 
 Robert, for 2 years. 
 1175. RobertdeVaux,forlOyrs. 
 1185. Hugh de Morewick, for i 
 
 years. 
 
 PiICnAKD I. 
 1190. Ti'iUiani Fitz Adeline, for 
 
 I) years. 
 1100. Robert de Tatersball. 
 
 John. 
 
 1200. William de Stuterille, for 
 
 4| years. 
 
 Robert, Lord Courtnoy, 
 
 for IJ years. 
 
 1206. Roger de Lacy, for 5 years. 
 
 1210. Robert de Veteripont. 
 
 1211. Hugh, Lord de Neville, 
 
 for i years. 
 1215. Eobert, Lord de Roos. 
 12 le. Robert de Vaux. 
 
 Henry III. 
 1217. Robert de Veteripont, for 
 
 5 years. 
 1222. Walter Jlauclerk, bishop 
 
 of Carlisle, for 10 years. 
 1233. Thomas de JIulton, for i 
 
 years. 
 1237. William de Dacre, for 12 
 
 years. 
 1210. John deBaliol, for 7years. 
 1256. William de Fortibus, for 
 
 5 years. 
 1261. Robert de lluncaster. 
 
 1262. Eustachius de Baliol, for 
 
 4 years. 
 
 1266. Roger de Leybome, for 2 
 years. 
 
 12ns. William de Dacre. 
 12UU. Eanulph ile Dacre, for 3 
 years. 
 
 Edward I. 
 1273. Roht.de Chauncey, bishop 
 
 of CarUsle; for 2 years. 
 1275. Robert de Hampton, for 
 
 3 years. 
 1277. John de Swynburn. 
 1270. Gilbert de Culwen, for 4 
 
 years. 
 1293. Robert de Bras, for 3 yrs. 
 1286. Michael de Hercla,for 12 
 
 years. 
 1208. William de Mulcastre, for 
 
 5 years. 
 
 1 303. John de Lucy, for 2 years. 
 1305. William de ilulcastre, for 
 
 2 years. 
 
 Edward II. 
 1308. Andrew de Hercia, for 15 
 
 yeni-s. 
 
 1323. Anthony, Lord Lucy. 
 
 1324. Henry de lloulton. 
 
 1326. Robert de Eruyn. 
 
 Edward III. 
 
 1327. reterdeTilliol,for3 years. 
 1330. Ranulph de Dacre, for 6 
 
 years. 
 
 1336. Richard de Denton. 
 
 1337. Anthony de Lucy,for7yrs. 
 1313. Hugh de Moresby, for 2 
 
 years. 
 1345. Thomas deLncy,for5 yrs. 
 
 1350. Richard de Denton, for 2 
 
 years. 
 1355. HiiglHleLouthre,for3yrs. 
 1350. William de Thirlkeld. 
 1357. Itobertde Tylliol,for2yrs. 
 
 1353. William de Lancaster, for 
 
 2 years. 
 1361. Robertdo Tylliol,for2yrs. 
 1363. Christopher de Jloresby, 
 
 for 4 years. 
 1367. William de Windesor, for 
 
 2 years. 
 1360. AdamdeParving,for3yrs. 
 
 1372. John de Denton. 
 
 1373. Robert de IMowbray. 
 
 1374. John de Derwentwatcr. 
 
 1375. John de Denton. 
 
 1376. John do Denventwater. 
 
 1377. John le Bruyn. 
 
 RiniARD II. 
 
 1378. John de Derwentwatcr. 
 1370. William de Stapleton. 
 
 1380. Gilbert Curwen. 
 
 1381. John de Derwentwatcr. 
 13S2. Amand Monceaux. 
 1383. Robert Parving. 
 
 1354. Amand Jlonceaux. 
 1385. John Thirlewall. 
 1380. Amand Monceaux. 
 
 1387. John Thirlewall. 
 
 1388. Peter Tylliol. 
 1380. John Ireby. 
 
 1300. Richard Redman. 
 
 1301. Christoplier Moresby. 
 
 1302. John Ireby. 
 
 1303. Thomas Musgra^e. 
 
 1304. Richard Redman. 
 
 1305. Peter Tylliol. 
 1300. John Ireby. 
 1307. Richard Redman. 
 1 30'^. William Curwen. 
 1390. Richard Redman. 
 
 Henry IV. 
 1100. William Legh. 
 
 1401. William Lowther. 
 
 1402. Richard Redman. 
 
 1403. William Osmunderlv. 
 
 1404. Peter Tylliol, for 2 years. 
 1400. Richard Skelton. 
 
 1107. William Lowther. 
 
 1108. Robert Lowther, for 2 yrs. 
 
 1410. John de la More. 
 
 1411. Robert Rotington. 
 
 Henry V. 
 
 1413. Richard Redman. 
 
 1414. Isaac Harrington. 
 
 1415. William Stapleton. 
 1410. Christopher Curwen. 
 
 1417. John Lancaster. 
 
 1418. William Osraunderley. 
 1410. Robeil Lowther. 
 
 1420. John Lamplugh. 
 
 1421. William Stapleton. 
 
 1422. Nicholas Radcliffe. 
 
 Henry VI. 
 
 1423. William Legh. 
 
 1424. Christopher Culwen. 
 
 1425. Christopher Moresby. 
 1420. Nicholas Radcliffe. 
 
 1427. John Pennington. 
 
 1428. Christopher Culwen. 
 1420. Christopher Moresby. 
 
 1430. Thomas de la More. 
 
 1431. John Pennington. 
 
 1432. John Skelton. 
 
 1433. John Lamplugh. 
 
 1434. 
 143.5. 
 1430. 
 14.37. 
 1438. 
 1130. 
 1410. 
 1441. 
 1442. 
 1443. 
 1444. 
 1445. 
 1446. 
 1447. 
 1448. 
 1440. 
 1450. 
 1451. 
 14.52. 
 1453. 
 1454. 
 1455. 
 1456. 
 1457. 
 1458. 
 1450. 
 
 1461. 
 
 1402. 
 1404. 
 1405. 
 1100. 
 1407. 
 140S. 
 
 1470. 
 1471. 
 1472. 
 1473. 
 1171. 
 1476. 
 
 1181. 
 
 1485. 
 
 Christopher Culwen. 
 John Pennington. 
 John Bronghton. 
 Henry Fenwick. 
 Christopher Curwen. 
 Christopher Jloresby. 
 Hugh Lowther. 
 John Skelton. 
 William Stapleton. 
 Thomas Beauchamp. 
 Thomas de la More. 
 Christopher Curwen. 
 John Skelton. 
 John Broughton. 
 Thomas de la Jlorc. 
 Thomas Crackenlhorp. 
 Thomas Curwen. 
 John Skelton. 
 Robert Vaux. 
 Thomas de la More. 
 • • * 
 
 John Ilodleston. 
 Hugh Lowther. 
 Thomas Curwen. 
 Richard Salkeld. 
 Henry Fenwick. 
 
 Edward IV. 
 
 Richard Salkeld. 
 
 Robert Vaux, for 2 years. 
 
 John Hodleston. 
 
 Thomas Lamplugh. 
 
 Richard Salkeld. 
 
 Robert Vaux. 
 
 John Hodleston, for 2 
 years. 
 
 William Legh. 
 
 Christopher Sloresby. 
 
 William Parr. 
 
 John Hodleston. 
 
 William Legh, for 2 years. 
 
 Richard, Duke of Glou- 
 cester, for 5 years. 
 
 Richard III. 
 Richard Salkeld. 
 John Crackonthorp. 
 
 Henry VII. 
 Christopher Moresby. 
 
 Christopher IMoresby. 
 Thomas Beauchamp. 
 
 1486. 
 1487, 
 1488, 
 1489. 
 1490, 
 1401. ... 
 
 1492. John Mnsgrave. 
 
 1493. ... 
 1404. Edward Redman. 
 1495. Richard Salkeld. 
 
 1406. Christopher Moresby. 
 
 1407. Thomas Beauchamp. 
 
 1408. Christopher Dacre, for 7 
 
 years. 
 1505. Hn'gh Hutton. 
 1500. Christopher Dacre. 
 
 1507. John Hodleston. 
 
 1508. John Radclyffe. 
 
 Henry VIIL 
 
 1510. Thomas Curwen. 
 
 1511. John Pennington. 
 
 1512. John Skelton. 
 
 1513. John Crackenlhorp. 
 1511. Edwai'd Mnsgrave. 
 
 1515. .John Radclyffe. 
 
 1516. John Lowther. 
 
 1517. Thomas Curwen. 
 
 1518. Gawen Eglesfield. 
 1510. John Radclifle. 
 3520. Edward Musgrave.
 
 SHERIFFS OF CUMDERLAXD. 
 
 69 
 
 1521. ... 
 
 1522. Christopher Dacre. 
 152:J. ... 
 
 1524. John Ra<lcljffi\ 
 
 1525. Cliristopher C'urwon. 
 1528. Christoiilier Dacre. 
 1527. John Radclyffe. 
 ISas. Kdwaril Musgrave. 
 1520. William I'eiinington. 
 15;iO. Tlionias Wharton. 
 10;)1. Rifliard Irton. 
 
 1532. Christoptier Dacre. 
 153.'). William Musgrave. 
 
 1534. Cliristophpr Ciirwen. 
 
 1535. Cuthbert Hutton. 
 1530. Thomas Wharton. 
 1537. Thomas Curwen. 
 
 1533. Joiin Damplugh. 
 153!). John Thwaytes. 
 
 1540. Thomas Wharton. 
 
 1541. Thomas Dalston. 
 
 1542. AVilliain Musgrave. 
 
 1543. John Lowtlier. 
 
 1544. Thomas Sallteld. 
 
 1545. Edward .\glionby. 
 154G. Thomas Sandford. 
 
 Edward VI. 
 1547. Thomas Wharton. 
 154S. John Legh. 
 1540. Jolui I,amplug!i. 
 
 1550. John Lowilier. 
 
 1551. Ricliard Eglesfield. 
 
 1552. William Pennington. 
 
 Mary. 
 
 1553. Thomas Lcgh. 
 
 1554. Kiohiird Musgrave. 
 
 1555. Thomas Sandford. 
 1550. Robert Larapliigh. 
 1557. John Legh. 
 
 Klizabeth. 
 1559. William IVnuington. 
 
 1500. Thomas Dacro. 
 
 1501. Thomas Lamplugli. 
 
 1502. Hugh Ayscough. 
 
 1503. William Musgrave. 
 
 1504. Anthony Hodleston. 
 
 1505. Christopher Dacre. 
 1500, William Pennington. 
 
 1507. Richard Lowther. 
 
 1508. John Dalston. 
 
 1500. Culhberl .Alusgravo. 
 
 1570. Simon Musgrave. 
 
 1571. Henry Curwen. 
 
 1572. George Lamplngh. 
 
 1573. Jolin Lamplugh. 
 
 1574. William Musgrave. 
 
 1575. .\nlhony Hodleston. 
 1570. Richard Salkeld. 
 1577. Henry Tolson. 
 157y. John Dalston. 
 157)1. George Salkeld. 
 
 1580. Francis Lamplugh. 
 
 1581. John Lamplugh. 
 15Sv;. Henry Curwen. 
 1583. Christopher Dacre. 
 15t*4. Wilfrid Lawson. 
 1585. John Dalston. 
 1580. John Jlidleton. 
 
 1587. Ceorgo Salkeld. 
 
 1588. John Dalston. 
 15H1). Riohiad Lowther. 
 15011. Ili'iiry Curwen. 
 
 1501. Christopher Pickering. 
 
 1502. ,lohn Southaik. 
 
 1503. William Musgrave. 
 
 1504. Gormd Lowther. 
 
 1505. John Dalston. 
 1500. Lancelot Salkeld. 
 1507. Christopher Dalston. 
 159H. Wilfrid Lawson. 
 1500. Thomas Salkeld. 
 1000. Joseph Pennington. 
 1(101. Nicholas Curwen. 
 
 1002. WiUiam Orfour. 
 
 James I. 
 
 1003. Edmund Dudley. 
 
 1004. William Hutton. 
 1(!05. John Dalston. 
 
 lOOfi. Christopher Pickering. 
 
 1007. Wilfrid Lawson. 
 
 1008. Christopher Pickering. 
 1000. Henry Blencowe. 
 
 1010. William Hutton. 
 
 1011. Josepli Pennington. 
 
 1012. Christopher Pickering. 
 
 1013. Wilfrid Lawson. 
 
 1014. Thomas Lamplugh. 
 
 1015. Edward Musgrave. 
 ICIC. Richard Fletcher. 
 
 1017. William Musgrave. 
 
 1018. William Hodleston. 
 1010. George Dalston. 
 
 1020. Henry Curwen. 
 
 1021. John Lamplugh. 
 
 1022. Henry Fcntherstonehnugh. 
 
 1023. ■ • Dudley. 
 
 1024. Richard Sandford. 
 
 CnAui.ES I. 
 Richai'd Fletcher. 
 Henry Blencowe. 
 Peter Senhouse. 
 Christopher Dalston. 
 William Layton. 
 William Musgrave. 
 Christopher Richmond. 
 Leonard Dykes. 
 John Skelton. 
 William (Jrfeur. 
 Rich.ird IJarwise. 
 Wilfrid Lawson. 
 Patiicias Curwen. 
 Timothy Dacre. 
 
 Timotliy reathcrstonehangh 
 
 ... 
 
 Christopher Lowther, Brt. 
 Henry I'letcher, Bart. 
 
 1025. 
 1020. 
 1027. 
 1028. 
 1020. 
 
 icno. 
 
 1031. 
 1632. 
 1033. 
 1034. 
 103.J. 
 1030, 
 1037. 
 1038. 
 1030. 
 1040. 
 1041. 
 1042. 
 I(i43. 
 1044. 
 
 1045 
 
 1040. 
 
 1047 
 
 1048, 
 
 1040 
 105O, 
 1051. 
 1052 
 
 1053 
 
 1054, 
 
 1C58. 
 1059. 
 
 1000, 
 
 io(;i, 
 
 1002 
 1003 
 1004, 
 1C05, 
 
 f Thomas Lamplngh. 
 I Wilfrid Lawson. 
 . William llriscoe. 
 f William Briscoe. 
 (Henry Tolson. 
 . Jolm Barwys. 
 
 Commonwealth. 
 . John Barwys. 
 . Charles Howard. 
 , William Briscoe. 
 . .lohn Barwys. 
 nvilliam Halton. 
 \ Wilfrid Lawson. 
 . Wilfrid Lanson, for 1 
 
 years. 
 . George Fletcher, Bart. 
 . WiUiam Pennington. 
 
 ClIAIlLES II. 
 , William Pi^nnington. 
 . Daniel I'K-ming. 
 . John Lowlher. 
 . Francis Salkeld. 
 
 .lohn Lamplugh. 
 
 Thomas Davvsoo. 
 
 1000. William Dalston. 
 
 1007. Richard Tolson. 
 
 1008. William Layton. 
 liJOO. Miles Pennington. 
 1070. Thomas Curwen. 
 1671. Anthony Bouche. 
 
 1072. Richard Patrickson. 
 
 1073. Bernard Kurkbride, for 2 
 
 years. 
 1075. William Orfeur, for 2 
 
 years. 
 1077. William Blennerhasset, 
 
 for 2 years. 
 1070. Wilfrid Lawson. 
 
 1080. George Fletcher, Barf. 
 
 1081. Leonard Dykes, for 2 jrs. 
 1683. Edward Hassel. 
 
 1084. Andrew Hodleston. 
 
 James II. 
 
 1085. Richard Musgrave, Bart. 
 1080. William Pennington, Bart. 
 
 1087. John Dalston, Bart. 
 
 1088. Henry Curwen. 
 
 William and Maey. 
 1080. Edward Stanley. 
 
 1000. Wilfrid Lawson. 
 
 1001. Richard Lamplugh. 
 
 1002. Christopher Richmond. 
 1603. Joseph Hodleston. 
 1004. Henry Broughton. 
 
 William III. 
 1095. John Ballendyne. 
 1000. John Ponsonby. 
 1007. John Latus. 
 1098. Timothy Featlierstonehaugh 
 1000. Thomas Dawes. 
 
 1700. Robert Carleton. 
 
 1701. Thomas Lamplugh. 
 
 Anxe. 
 
 1702. Richard Crackenthorpe. 
 
 1703. John Dalston. 
 
 1704. John Senhouse. 
 
 1705. John Briscoe. 
 1700. Christopher Curwen. 
 1707. Robert Pennington. 
 170S. Richard Lamplugh. 
 1700. Richard Hutton. 
 
 1710. William Ballentine. 
 
 1711. Robert Blacklock. 
 
 1712. John Fisher. 
 
 1713. Charles Dalston. 
 
 1714. Thomas PattinsoD. 
 
 Geokge I. 
 
 1715. Humphrey Senhouse. 
 1710. Thomas Broughton. 
 
 1717. Henry Blencowe. 
 
 1718. Robert Lamplugh. 
 1710. John Ponsonby. 
 
 1720. Thomas Fletcher. 
 
 1721. John Stanley. 
 
 1722. Joshua Laitlies. 
 
 1723. Peter Brougham. 
 
 1724. Joseph Dacro Appleby. 
 
 1725. John Fletcher. 
 1720. Thomas I.ulwick. 
 
 1727. John Ballentine. 
 
 Oeouge II. 
 
 1728. Edward Hassel. 
 1720. Guslavus Thompson. 
 
 1730. Eldred Curwen. 
 
 1731. Richard Musgrave, Bart. 
 
 1732. l-'.dward Stanley. 
 
 1733. Henry .\glionby. 
 
 1734. John Bonn. 
 
 1 735. Fletcher Pdrfys. 
 
 1730. John Dalston. 
 
 1737. Wilham Hicks. 
 
 1738. John Gaskarth. 
 
 1730. Joseph Dacre Appleby. 
 
 1740. Richard Cook. 
 
 1741. Montague Farrer. 
 
 1742. Henry Fletcher. 
 
 1743. Humphrey Senhouse. 
 
 1744. Jerome Tulhe. 
 
 1745. Joshua Lucock. 
 1740. Christopher Pattinson. 
 
 1747. Thomas Whitfield. 
 
 1748. Walter Lutwick. 
 1740. Henry Richmond. 
 
 Jolm Ponsonby. 
 
 1750. Richard Hylton. 
 
 1751. George Irton. 
 
 1752. George Dalston. 
 
 1753. Henry Curwen. 
 
 1754. William Fleming. 
 
 1755. Timothy FeatberStonehaugh 
 1750. Wilfrid Lawson, Bart. 
 
 1757. John Stephenson. 
 
 1758. John Senhouse. 
 
 1759. James Spedding. 
 John Gale. 
 
 17C0. William Dalston. 
 
 George III. 
 
 1701. John Langton. 
 
 1702. John Richardson. 
 
 1703. Henry Aghonby. 
 
 1704. Henry Ellison. 
 
 1705. Samuel Irton. 
 17C0. John Christian. 
 1767. Thomas Lutwick. 
 1708. Gilfrid Lawson. 
 
 1760. John Robinson. 
 
 1770. Michael le Fleming. 
 
 1771. John Spedding. 
 
 1772. William Hicks. 
 
 1773. John Dixon. 
 
 1774. George E. Stanley. 
 
 1775. Anthony Benn. 
 1770. Roger Williamson. 
 
 1777. Robert Waters. 
 
 1778. John Briscoe. 
 1770. William Hasell. 
 
 1780. Christopher .\glionby. 
 
 1781. Thomas Storey. 
 
 1782. William Dacre. 
 
 1783. John Orl'eur Yates. 
 
 1784. John Christian. 
 
 1785. Edward Knubley. 
 1780. William Wilson. 
 
 1787. Thomas Whelpdale. 
 
 1788. Frederick F. Vane. 
 1780. Thomas Denton. 
 
 1700. William Browne. 
 
 1701. Edward L. Irton. 
 
 1792. Edward HasseU. 
 
 1793. Thomas Pattinson. 
 
 1794. William II. Milbourne. 
 
 1795. James Graham, Bart. 
 1790. Jamestiraham, of Barock 
 
 Lodge. 
 
 1707. Hugh Parkin. 
 
 1798. Sir Richard Hodgson. 
 
 1700. John Hamilton. 
 
 1800. Sir .lohn C. JIusgrave. 
 
 1801. Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart. 
 ISO'2. Edward Hasscll. 
 
 180.1. Robert Warwick. 
 
 1804. John dc Whelpdale. 
 
 1805. C. S. Fealherstonchaugb. 
 1800. J. B. D. Dykes. 
 
 1807. J. Toralinson. 
 1308. Thomas Irvin.
 
 70 
 
 GEOGEAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 1809. Miles Ponsonby. 
 
 1810. Sir Henry Fletcher. 
 
 1811. John Losh. 
 ISl-i. Thomas Hortley. 
 
 1813. Sir Wastel Brisco. 
 
 1814. T. Benson. 
 
 1815. W. Tonsonhy Johnson. 
 
 1816. Wlliam Brown. 
 
 1817. Sir Philip lIusgrave,Brt. 
 
 1818. Milham Hartlev. 
 
 1819. Thomas Salteld. 
 
 Geokge IV. 
 
 1820. Wilfrid Lawson. 
 
 1821. John Marshall. 
 
 1822. William Crackenthorpe. 
 182:t. Kdward Stanley. 
 
 1824. Thomas Henry Graham. 
 
 1825. Matthew Atkinson. 
 182C. Humphrey Senhouse. 
 
 1827. William James. 
 
 1828. Thomas Parker. 
 
 1829. Edward W. Hassell. 
 
 WrLLIAM r\'. 
 
 1830. C. Parker. 
 
 1831. J. Taylor. 
 
 1832. Henry Howard. 
 
 1833. Henrj- Curwen. 
 
 1834. Henry Howard. 
 
 1835. Kichard Ferguson. 
 
 1836. Thomas Irwin. 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 1837. Sir F. F. Vane, Bart. 
 
 1838. John Dixon. 
 l-^oi). Thomas Hartley. 
 
 1840. Sir George Musgrave. 
 
 1841. J. K Walker. 
 
 1842. F. L. B. Dykes. 
 
 1843. Robert Hodgson. 
 
 1844. George Harrison. 
 18-15. T. Featherstonuhangh. 
 1840. Joseph P. Senhouse. 
 
 1847. G. ^\^. Hartley. 
 
 1848. H. D. Maclean. 
 
 1849. A. F. Hudleston. 
 
 1850. Thomas Salkeld. 
 
 1851. G. Head Head. 
 
 1852. G. H. Oliphant. 
 
 1853. F. B. Atkinson. 
 
 1854. T. A. Hoskins. 
 
 1855. T. S. Spedding. 
 
 1856. Sir E. H. Vane, Bart. 
 
 1857. Chas.Featherstonehaugh. 
 
 1858. Anthony Benn Steward. 
 
 Besides the lord -lieutenant and sheriff, the county 
 possesses the followiug officers: — an under-sheriff, 
 appointed by the sheriff; justices of the peace, all 
 appointed by the crown ; a county treasurer, and a 
 clerk of the peace, generally an attorney, who is ap- 
 pointed by the custos rotulorum : the county coroners 
 are elected by the freeholders, as the knights of the 
 shire were formerly. 
 
 The revenue of the county is chiefly derived from 
 rates which are struck by the justices of the peace in 
 quarter sessions. The rates, which were formerly col- 
 lected by the liigh constables — or constables of wards — 
 are directed under 7 and 8 Vic, c. 03, to be collected 
 by the Boards of Guardians, and to be paid by them 
 to the county treasurer. The county expenditure is 
 chielly incurred in maintaining bridges, gaols, poUce, 
 prisoners, lunatic asylums, and the various county 
 officers ; some of whom are paid, although the majority 
 of the officers are honorary, and are discharged gratui- 
 tously. 
 
 For the year ending April 7th, 1857, the receipts, 
 including a balance of £483 83. 8d., amounted to 
 £10,343 3s. lOd. From four successive rates amount- 
 ing to 2id. in the pound, £0,800 lis. 4d. was raised, 
 £2,541 2s. 6d. was received from the lords of the 
 treasury for the expense of criminal prosecutions, 
 £318 17s. 3d. for the maintenance of prisoners, and 
 £121 13s. for the conveyance of prisoners to depots for 
 convicts. Fines produced £111 5s. lid., and the 
 marking of weights and measures £7 19s. 8d. 
 £115 9s. 5d. was received from the governor of the 
 goal, for mats, &c., and £14 8s. for the subsistence of 
 
 deserters and revenue prisoners. Rents brought in 
 £190 17s. 3d. 
 
 The expenditure was as follows : — Gaol of Carlisle, 
 £2,490 15s. 3d.; conveyance of convicts to depots, 
 £115 5s. Cd. ; court-house, £88 lis. 8d.; the various 
 lock-ups in the county, £881 13s. 8d. ; conveying 
 prisoners to gaol, £109 3s. 5d. ; criminal prosecutions, 
 £1,741 5s. 2d.; bastai-dy returns, £6 10s. Od. ; clerk 
 of the peace, £434 5s. lOd. ; coroners, £380 2s. 6d. ; 
 county surveyor, £1,590 4s. lid.; repayment for 
 bridges, £150 2s. Gd. ; crier of court of quarter ses- 
 sions, £4 ; bailiffs, £40 17s. 6d. ; high constables, 
 £100; treasurer of county, £110; queen's prison, 
 £15; weights and measures, £19 2s.; lunacy, 
 £320 19s. 8d. ; printmg and advei'tising, £10 9s.; 
 returns of fines to clerk of the peace, £9 12s. ; miUtia, 
 £27 14s. Od. ; interest account, £317 17s. Od. ; 
 intended lunatic asylum, £190 17s. Od. ; incidental 
 expenses, £30 Os. 4d. ; and balance due county, 
 £],]49 lis. 7d. 
 
 COUNTT CON'STABULAET. 
 
 The constabulary for the counties of Cumberland and 
 Westmoreland was established at the January Quarter 
 Sessions, 1857, under the provisions of the acts 2 and 
 3, 3 and 4, and 19 and 20, Vict. For police purposes 
 the two counties are united, and are under one chief 
 constable, being the only counties in England that are 
 so. On the election of the chief constable, eighty-two 
 candidates offeVed themselves, including officers of the 
 urmy and navy, civil officers, and private gentlemen. 
 J. Dunne, Esq., was unanimously elected, and subse- 
 quently appointed by the secretary of state. He at 
 once entered upon his duties. The head quarters of 
 the force were fixed at Carlisle, where a house was 
 taken for the purpose, in which the business of the 
 constabulary is transacted. Shortly after his appoint- 
 ment, the chief constable visited all the principal and 
 most important points of the two counties, for the 
 purpose of organising the force as speedily as possible. 
 The authorised numbers were soon enrolled, put into 
 working order, and located throughout the two coimties 
 upon the basis laid down by the courts of Quarter 
 Sessions. In every instance where it was in the power 
 of the chief constable to fix the station of any officer, 
 he was guided as far as possible by the elements of 
 rating and population, so as to endeavour to give to 
 each district the proportion of police it actually paid 
 for, paying at the same time due regard to any other 
 peculiar wants and requirements which were found to 
 exist in the neighbourhood selected, with the view of 
 placing the constable in the position where he might be
 
 COUNTY CONSTABULARY. 
 
 71 
 
 of most use to the public generally. With regard to the 
 divisional police forces which previously existed, all the 
 officers who, upon examination, were found qualified, 
 were re-appointed. The force has been recently in- 
 spected by the inspector-general of constabulary, under 
 the provisions of the constabulary act, who highly 
 approved of its state, and in consequence of his report 
 of its efficiency and disciphnc, government pays one- 
 fourth of the cost. 
 
 In order that the arrangements of the chief con- 
 stable may be duly carried out, the two counties have 
 been divided into eight districts, — six in Cumberland 
 and two in Westmoreland, the former of which are co- 
 extensive with tlie various wards as they existed in 
 
 1857. In Westmoreland the East and West wards form 
 one division, and Kendal and Ivirby Lonsdale wards the 
 other. Each division comprises several stations or 
 detachments, which arc subdivided into beats, so 
 arranged as to connect the different divisions and 
 detachments. The distribution of the force at present, 
 
 1858, is as follows : — 
 
 CoMBEUi.AND. — Allerdale - above - Dericent Ward. — 
 One superintendent, one inspector, two sergeants, and 
 twelve constables, at Whitehaven; one inspector and two 
 constables at Worldngton ; one sergeant at Beetle ; one 
 sergeant and one constable at Egremont ; with con- 
 stables at Arlecdon, Cleator, Cleator Moor, Dissington, 
 Gosfortb, Ilill-in-Millom, Hanington, Ileusingham, 
 Ravcnglass, and Saint Bees. 
 
 Allerdale-helmv-Berwmt Ward. — One superintendent, 
 one sergeant, and one constable at Wigton ; with con- 
 stables at Abbey Holme, Aspatria, Allonby, Caldbeck, 
 Ireby, and Kirkbride. 
 
 Derweiit Ward. — One superintendent, one sergeant, 
 and two constables, at Cockennouth ; one inspector 
 and one constable at Keswick ; one inspector and 
 three constables at Marj-port;' with constables at 
 Bassenthwaite, Dearhara, Great Clifton, and Grcy- 
 southcn. 
 
 Cumberland Ward. — One superintendent, one in- 
 spector, and two constables at CarUsle ; with con- 
 stables at Burgh, Dolston, Kingstown, Stanwix, and 
 Wetheral. 
 
 Eskdale Ward. — One superintendent, one sergeant, 
 and one constable at Brampton ; one sergeant and one 
 constable at Longtown ; with constables at Castle 
 Carrock, Kinkcrry Ilill, Smitlifield, and Walton. 
 
 Lcath Ward. — One superintendent, one inspector, 
 and three constables at Penrith ; one sergeant and one 
 constable at Alston ; with constables at Armathwaite, 
 
 > One of these is maintained out of local rates, Under local acts of 
 Iiarliomout and for special duties. 
 
 Castle Sowerby, Greystoke, Hesket, Kirkoswald, Lang- 
 wathby, and Watermillocks. 
 
 Westmoreland. — E(ist and West Wards. — One 
 superintendent, and one constable at Appleby ; one 
 inspector at Shap ; one sergeant at Kirby Stephen, 
 and constables at Askham, Brough, Morland, Orton, 
 Patterdale, and Temple Sowerby. 
 
 Kendal and Kirby Lonsdale Wards. — One superin- 
 tendent at Kendal ; one inspector and one constable at 
 Ivirby Lonsdale ; with constables at Ambleside, Ben- 
 thwaite Green, Bowness, Burton Holme, Milnthorpe, 
 Old Town and Staveley. 
 
 The constables are not posted permanently at any 
 station, but moved from one place to another, at the 
 discretion of the chief constable, who, by the act of 
 parliament, has the general disposition and government 
 of the force ; this power the chief constable may also 
 delegate to the superintendents. Police stations, 
 combining accommodation for the constabulary, with 
 lock-up cells for prisoners under temporary confine- 
 ment, have been provided or are in course of erection 
 in different places in the two counties. 
 
 The proportion of square miles to each police officer 
 is about 91, and iisually comprise several villages and 
 townships, aU of which he is expected to pay attention 
 to, both by night and by day, according to a system of 
 patrolling regulated by the chief constable, tested by 
 conference points. A diary of the duty performed is 
 entered daily by each constable in his journal, copies 
 of which are transmitted weekly to the chief constable's 
 office through the superintendents. 
 
 The duties of the police in the rural districts differ 
 much from the routine in largo towns, being of a more 
 comprehensive nature ; and each constable, not being 
 so immediately under the eye of a superior, is left more 
 to his own discretion, and greater responsibiUty attaches 
 to him. Hence the necessity of strict discipline, and 
 the difficulty of always attaining the requisite degree of 
 efficiency in a dispersed force. The county constabu- 
 lary, besides the ordinary duties of parochial and special 
 constables, in serving summonses, the apprehension of 
 ofl'enders, warning coroners and summoning jurors, 
 conveying prisoners to gaol, and acting as peace officers 
 generally, have undertaken the inspection of weights 
 and measures, as also that of low lodging houses, and, 
 in some districts, act as assistmt relieving officers, for 
 casual vagrants, and inspectors of nuisances. They 
 have likewise the charge of lockups, and the custody of 
 prisoners temporarily confined in them. Tlie combina- 
 tion of several of these offices is in pursuance of the 
 recommendations of the parliamentary commissioners, 
 and effects considerable saving to the county.
 
 72 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBERLAXD. 
 
 The following table shows the number, grade, and 
 pay of the force in 1858 : — 
 
 CUMBERLAND CONSTABULARY. 
 
 No. 
 
 Grade. 
 
 Pay. 
 
 Chief Constable £450 per annum, includioK allow- 
 
 nnce for travelling e,xpcn8(;s, 
 Westmoreland paying one-fourth. 
 
 Chief Clerk ' £7S per annum, Westmoreland pay- 
 
 1 ing one-fourth. 
 
 Superintendent ' flTi* peran. )_out of which they are 
 
 Superintendents £1 '>0 do. ) to &ud &, keep a horse. 
 
 Inspectors. 
 
 Seryeanta 
 
 Constables — 1st class, . 
 Constables— 2nd class 
 Constables— 3rd class. . 
 
 2Gs. per week. 
 2.18. do. 
 20s. do. 
 ISs. do. 
 17s. do. 
 
 Total, exclusive of one Constable at Maryport, paid for by the 
 Trustees, under act 3rd aud -tth Victoria, cap. 88, sec. 19. 
 
 WESTMORELAND CONSTABULARY. 
 
 No. 
 
 Superintendents 
 
 Inspectors 
 
 Sergeant 
 
 Constables — 1st Class . . 
 Constables— 2nd Class . . 
 
 Total. 
 
 Pay. 
 
 £150 per annum ) out of which they are 
 £IIH. 4s. 4d. do./ totiuditkeepahorce 
 23s. per week. 
 20s. do. 
 18s. do. 
 
 The following sclieme of progressive pay has been 
 prepared by the cliief constable and approved of by the 
 justices : — 
 
 Rank. 
 
 To increase on present pay for good 
 service after 
 
 6 
 
 months. 
 
 12 
 months. 
 
 3 years. 7 years. 
 
 Per 
 
 week. 
 
 Per 
 
 week. 
 
 -1 J; 
 
 Per S-g 
 Annum, pu ^ 
 
 Per 
 
 anuum. 
 
 Superintendents . . . . 
 Inspectors & Sergeants 
 Constables . . . . 
 
 s. 
 
 B. 
 2 ' 
 
 6. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 j; s. d. 
 6 4 
 
 2 12 
 
 S. 
 4 
 2 
 
 £ s. d. 
 10 8 fl 
 S 4 
 
 A Merit Class to consist of 20 men at 2ls. per week, to bo 
 
 promoted for any cxtraordinaiy vigilance, zeal, and energy 
 displayed in the discharge of their duties, and for cxemphiry 
 good conduct and respectability, each of uUym should be dis- 
 tinguished by au honoraiy badge. 
 
 The total cost of the force is as follows : — Cumber- 
 land, £5,] 10 7s. less £1,277 lis. Od. allowed by 
 goverurucnt ; net cost, £3,832 13s. 3d. Westmoreland, 
 total cost £1,521 Is. less £380 5s. 3d. government 
 allowance ; net cost, £1,140 15s. 9d. 
 
 In accordance with the regulations of the secretary 
 of state each superintendent, inspector, sergeant, and 
 constable, receives annually a complete suit of police 
 clothing with great coat and extra trousers in alternate 
 year, together with Qs. Gd. per month in lieu of boots. A 
 cape aud a stock with clasp are supplied when required. 
 In addition to the above each officer is supplied with a 
 truncheon, handcuffs, lantern, journal, and instruction 
 
 book, together with a small knapsack, to contain a 
 change of linen when employed away from home on 
 special duty. An allowance of Is. per month is also 
 made to those members of the force who use lanterns, 
 to supply themselves with oil and cotton. These arti- 
 cles of clothing, &c., are inspected monthly, and each 
 man is held responsible for keeping them in good 
 order. The uniform is dark blue, the superintendents 
 being distinguished by a frock coat with black buttons 
 and embroidery. 
 
 Under the provisions of the constabulary acts, a 
 superannuation fund has been established, for old and 
 deserving officers. This fund is supported by certain 
 fines or portions of fines, in cases where the pohce are 
 the informants, and those inflicted on members of the 
 force for misconduct, together with a deduction of 2j 
 per cent from the pay of each member of the force. 
 
 rARLIAMEN'TARY HEPUESEXTATIOS. 
 
 This county has sent members to parliament since 
 the reign of Edward I. The following are the names 
 of the members as far as we have been able to discover 
 from that period to the present time. 
 
 Edward I. 
 1290. Walter de Jlulcoslre, Uubert de Jlulton. 
 
 William de Boyville. 
 100.5. Robert de Haverington, Uubert de Multon. 
 1207. Robert de AVitteriu-:, William de Bovville. 
 l.SOO. Richard de Sloyter, Robert de Wittering. 
 1301. John de Wiggeton, Robert de Tilliol. 
 IWi. Robert de Joneby, Nicholas de Apresby. 
 I!i0(i. John de Lucy, William de Bampton. 
 l;itJ7. John de Denton, William de Langrigg. 
 
 EDWAItD II. 
 1307. William le Brun, Alexander de Bastenthwaite. 
 130S. William le Briin, Alexander de Bastenthwaite. 
 l:)09. William de Mulcastre, Alexander de Bastenthwaite. 
 
 1310. Kobert de Leyburne, Walter do Bampton. 
 
 1311. William dc Mulcastre, Henry de Jlulton. 
 Robert de Leyburne, Walter de Bamptou. 
 
 1310. Andrew de Hercla, Alan de Grinesdale. 
 
 13ri. John de Wiggeton, Robert de Leybm'ne. 
 
 1314. Robert de Tilhol, Henry de Multon. 
 
 131.0. Alexander de Bastenthwaite, Walter de Kirkbride. 
 
 1310. Robert le Erun, John de Skelton. 
 
 1318. Robert de Leyburne, Alexander de Bastenthwaite. 
 
 John de Boyville, Adam de Skelton. 
 13'33. Hugh de Louthre, John de Orrelon. 
 1324. Richard de Denton, John de Skelton. 
 132.5. Robert de Mulcaster, Robert Paynwick. 
 132C. Robert le Brun, John de Orreton. 
 
 Edwakd III. 
 1327. Robert lo Brun, John de Orreton. 
 
 John de Orreton, Robert Parving. 
 
 Peter Tilliol, Robert Parving. 
 1338. Peter Tilliol, John de Skelton. 
 
 Robert de Eglestield, Richard de Salkeld. 
 
 Peter Tilliol, Robert Parving. 
 
 1330. Peter Tilliol, John de Orreton. 
 John de Orreton, Thomas Hardegill. 
 
 1331. Richard de Denton, Robert Parving. 
 1333. Richard de Denton, John de Haverington. 
 
 Richard de Denton, Robert Parving. 
 Peter de Tilliol, Richard de Denton.
 
 PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION. 
 
 1333. Peter de Tilliol, Richard de Denton. 
 Richard de Denton, .Icdin de HavcringtOD. 
 
 1334. Hugli de Morieeby, William F.n^lisli. 
 Richard de Denton, John de llaverington. 
 
 1335. Peter de 'I'illiol, Richard de Denton. 
 1337. Peter de Tilliol, Richard de Denton. 
 
 1337. Richard de Denton, Hu^h de Morieeby. 
 John do Orrelon, Thomas de Skelton. 
 
 1338. Thomas de Hardegill, Richard de Bury. 
 John de Boyville, Adam de Skelton. 
 
 1339. Peter de Tilliol, John de Haverington. 
 John de Orreton, John de Haverington. 
 
 1310. Alexander de Bastenthwaite, Robert le Brun. 
 
 Peter de Tilliol, John de Orreton. 
 
 John de Orreton, John de Haverington. 
 1341. Peter do Tilliol, Hugh de Loiitlire. 
 
 1343. Richard de Denton, John de Orreton. 
 
 1344. Hugh de Louthrc, Henry de Malton. 
 1.347. I'eter de Tilliol, John de OiTeton. 
 1318. John de Orreton, Tlioraas de Hardegill. 
 1.341). Peter de Tilliol, John de Orrelon. 
 1300. Richard de Denton, .fohn de Orreton. 
 133i. Richard de Denton, Robert de Tilliol. 
 
 Henry de Malton. 
 
 1353. Richard de Denton. 
 
 1354. Thomas de Rokeby, Thomas de Hardegill. 
 
 1355. Richard de Denton, John de Orreton. 
 1357. John de Orreton, Robert de Tilliol. 
 
 Robert de Tilliol, .\dani Parving. 
 1360. Jirhn de Orreton, Christopher de Morieeby. 
 
 Henry de Malton, Robert de Tilliol. 
 1362. Robert Tilliol, William English. 
 1.363. William English, Christopher Moricebv. 
 
 1364. Richard de Tilliol, William Englisli. 
 
 1365. Christopher Morieeby, William Stapilton. 
 136S. Joseph de I'ykering, John de Denton. 
 130!). William English, Richard Mowbray. 
 
 1371. Robert Curwenne, William de Stapilton. 
 (Jilbert de Cnrwennc. 
 
 1372. Robert Mowbray, John do Denton. 
 
 1373. Gilbert de Curwen, Adam Parving. 
 Gilbert de Cniwen, John de Camberton. 
 
 1376. Gilbert de Curwen, William Stapilton. 
 
 1377. John de Denton, Amand Jlonceaux. 
 
 Riciiinu II. 
 
 1377. Robert Mowhrny, Richard del Sandes. 
 
 1378. I'eter de Tilliol, Clement de Skelton. 
 
 John de Derwentwater, Thomas de Wliitrigg. 
 1371). Richard de Mowbray, William de Curwen. 
 1380. Peter de Tilliol, William de Hutton. 
 1881. Gilbert dc Curwen, John de Denton. 
 
 Richard de Salkeld, John do la More. 
 
 1382. Clement dc Skelton, Thomas Bowet. 
 Clement de Skelton, 'J'homas do Dalston. 
 
 1383. Thomas Blenkinsop, Amand Monceaux. 
 John de Kirkby, John de Brougham. 
 
 1384. Thomas de I.amplongb, John de Ircby. 
 
 1385. Peter de Tilliol, Kichard de Deaulieu. 
 
 1386. Amund de Jlonceaux, John de Thirlwall. 
 
 1387. John de Derwentwater, J"bn de Irehy. 
 
 1388. Robert do Midcastre, Amand de Jlonceaill. 
 1380. William ilo Threlkeld, Amand i\Ioneeaux. 
 
 1390. ■William Stapilton, Th..mns del Sandes. 
 
 1391. Peter do Tilliol, John de l.onthre. 
 1.302. Geoffrey Tilliol, John dc Lotitbre. 
 1303. Clement de Skelton, Itobert de Loullire. 
 131)4. William Stapilton, Thomas del Sandes. 
 1396. John do Ireby, Clement de Skellon. 
 1307. Peter Tilliol, William do Osmunderlowe. 
 
 Henry V. 
 
 1413. Peter Tilliol, William de Beaulieu. 
 
 1414. Robert Louthre, WiUiam de Leigh. 
 Christopher de Curwen, John de Eglesfield. 
 
 1417. Peter Tdliol, Robert de Louthre. 
 141H. Peter Tilliol, Thomas de la More. 
 1419. Peter 1 iUiol, Nicholas Randolf. 
 
 Henry VI. 
 
 1422. Peter Tilliol, John Skelton. 
 
 1423. Christopher Curwen, William de Leigh. 
 
 1424. Peter Tilliol, Christopher Curwen. 
 1125. Peter Tilliol, Hugh de Louthre. 
 
 1427. Christopher Curwen, Nicholas Radcliffe. 
 
 1428. Thomas Parr, Thomas de la Jlore. 
 
 1429. Thomas Parr, Thomas de la More. 
 
 1430. Christopher Curwen, Hugh de Louthre. 
 1434. Thomas Curwen, William Dykes. 
 1436. William Stapilton, John Brougham. 
 1441. Ra. de Dacre. Thomas Curwen. 
 
 144(5. Jolin Pennington, William Martindale. 
 
 1448. Thomas Curwen, Hugh Lowther. 
 
 1449. John Skelton, Richard Bellingbam. 
 
 1400. Thomas de la iMore, Thomas Crackenthorpe. 
 1404. Thomas Colt, Thomas de la More. 
 1459. Thomas Curwen, WiUiam Leigh. 
 
 Edward IV. 
 1467. John Huddleston, Richard Salkeld. 
 1472. John Parr, Richard Salkeld. 
 1477. William Pair, James Moresby. 
 
 • • « • « 1 
 
 Edward VI. 
 1547. Thomas Wharton, Knt.; Richard Musgrave. 
 1552. Richard Musgrave, Henry Cui'wen. 
 
 Mary. 
 1503. Thomas Wharton, Knt.; Thomas Dacre, juu., Knt. 
 1554. John Leigh, Robert Penruddock. 
 
 Robert Whitley, Richard Minshoo. 
 1554. Thomas Dacre, Robert Penruddock. 
 1505. Thomas Threlkeld, Henry Methueu. 
 1556. Leonard Dacre, John Dalston. 
 
 El.IZABETIt. 
 
 1558. Leonard Dacre, Henry Curwen. 
 1562. Leonard Dacre, Henry Curwen. 
 
 1570. Henry Percy, Knt.; Simon JIusgravc, Knt. 
 
 1571. Simon Musgrave, Knt.; Edward Scroope. 
 1584. Thomas Scroope, Thomas Bowes. 
 
 1085. Robert Bowes, Henry Leigh. 
 
 1588. Thomas Scroope, Knt.; Robert Bowes. 
 
 1592. Nicholas Curwen, Wilfrid l.awson. 
 
 1096. John Pennington, Knt.; Christopher Pickering, Knt. 
 
 ICOI). William Huddleston, Gerard Lowther. 
 
 James I. 
 1603. Wilfrid Lawson, Edward Musgrave. 
 1614. Wilfrid Lawson (?), George Dalston, Knt. 
 1620. George Dalston, Knt.; Henry Curwen, Km. 
 1623. George Dalston, Knt.; Ferdinand Huddleston. 
 
 Charles I. 
 1625. George Dalston, Knt.; Patrick Curwen. 
 1625. George Dalston, Knt.: Patrick Curwen. 
 1027. George Dalston, Knt.; Patrick Curwen. 
 1639. George Dalston, Knt.; Patrick Curwen. 
 1010. George Dalston, Knt.; Patrick Curncn. 
 William Eraoyn, Richard Tulson. 
 
 COMMONWEALTD. 
 1653. Robert Fenwick. 
 
 1054. Charles Howard, William Rriscoe. 
 
 1055. Charles Howard, William Briscoe. 
 1057. Charles Howard, William Briscoe. 
 10S9. Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Col. William Briscoe. 
 
 ■ The rolls of Parliament for this poriod arc not available.
 
 74 
 
 GKOGKAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBEHLAND. 
 
 Chables II. 
 1060. Charles, Lord How«rJ; Wilfrkl Lawson. 
 ICCl. I'litrick Ciirnen, Bart. ; George Fletcher, Bart. 
 John Lowtlier, lliclmrJ Lamplu^h. 
 
 1679. John LowiUer, Bart. ; EiohaiJ Lamplugh. 
 Edward, Lord Morpeth ; John Low ther, Bart. 
 
 1680. George Fletcher, Bart.; John Lowther, Bart. 
 
 James II. 
 1CS5. Kichard, Viscount Preston ; John Lowther, Bart. 
 
 Wn,tiAH AND Mary. 
 1689. George Fletcher, Bart. ; John Lowther, Bart, 
 1C90. George Fletcher, Bart. ; John Lowther, Bart. 
 
 WlI.I.IAJI III. 
 
 1G95. George Fletcher, Bart.; John Lowther, Bart. 
 1697. George Fletcher, Bart. ; John Lowther, Bart. 
 1701. Edward Hassul, Kut.; George Fletcher. 
 
 Anne. 
 170'2. Kichard Jliisgrave, Gilfrid Lawson. 
 170'). George Fletcher, Richard Musgrave. 
 1707. James Lowther, Gilfrid Lawson. 
 1714. James Lowther, Gilfrid Lawson. 
 
 Geokge I. 
 1714. James Lowther, Gilfrid Lawson. 
 1721. Christopher Musgrave, Bart. ; Gilfrid Lawson. 
 
 GEOIiGE II. 
 1727. James Lowther, Bart. ; Gilfrid Lawson. 
 1734. James Lowther, Bart.; Joseph Pennington, Bart. 
 1741. James Lowther, Bart.; Joseph Pennington, Bart. 
 1747. James Lowther, Bnrt. ; John Pennington, Bart. 
 1754. .Tames Lowther, Bart. ; John Pennington, Bart. 
 
 William I,owther, Bart., on Sir James' death. 
 
 ■\Viliiam Fleming, Bart., on Sir WiUiam Lowther's death. 
 
 Geokge III. 
 James Lowther, Bart. ; John Pennington, Bart. 
 Wilfrid Lawson, Bart., on Sh- James making his election 
 
 for Westmoreland. 
 Sir James Lowther re-elected on Sir Wilfrid's death. 
 Henry Curwen, Henry Fletcher. 
 Sir James Lowther, Bart. ; Henry Fletcher. 
 Sir James Lowther, Bart.; Henry Fletcher. 
 Sir Henry Fletcher, Bart. ; William Lowther. 
 Sir Henry Fletcher, Bart.; Humphrey Senhoase. 
 Sir Henry Fletcher, Bart. ; John Lowther. 
 Sir Henry Fletcher, Bart. ; John Lowther. 
 John Lowther, Viscount .^loi-peth. 
 John Lowther, Viscount ^Morpeth. 
 John Lowthei-, Viscount Morpetli. 
 
 George IV. 
 ]820. Sir John Lowther, Eart. ; J. C. Curwen. 
 1820. Sir John Lowther, Bart.; J. G. Curwen (died 1820); Sir 
 J. E. G. Graham, Bart. 
 
 William TV. 
 ISntl. Sir John Lowther, Bart. ; Sir J. R. G. Graham, Bart. 
 1S31. Sir J. E. G. Graham, Bart.; William Blamire. 
 
 Two additional representatives were given to Cum- 
 berland by the Reform Act of 1832, when the county 
 was formed into two divisions. The eastern division 
 comprises Cumberland, Eskdale, and Leath wards, and 
 the western the two AUerdales, as they existed previous 
 to the change made in 1833. The city of Carlisle is 
 the place of election for the eastern division, and the 
 polling places are Wigton, Alston, Brampton, Long- 
 town, Hesket Newmarket, lurkoswald, Dalston, and 
 Penrith. The place of election for the western division 
 is Cockermouth, at which, and at Bootle, Aspatria, 
 Egremont, and Keswick, are polling places. The 
 
 17CL 
 
 1768. 
 1774. 
 1780. 
 1784. 
 1790. 
 1790. 
 1802. 
 1800. 
 1812. 
 3818. 
 
 number of electors is, — eastern division, .5,352 ; western 
 division, 4,1-11. The following have represented the 
 county since the Reform Act : — 
 
 EtsTEBN mnsioN. 
 1832-35. Kt. Hon. Sir J. U. G. Graham, Bart.; Wm. Blamire. 
 1H35-37. Rt. Hon. Sir J. E. G. Graham, Bart.; Wm. Blamire. 
 (Mr. Blamire accepted the Chiltern Hundreds in Septemhcr, 
 183C, when William James was elected.) 
 
 WESTERN DniSION. 
 
 1832-35. Edward Stanley, Viscount Lowther. (The latter 
 accepted the Chiltern Hundreds in March, 1833, 
 when Samuel Irton was elected.) 
 
 1835-37. Edward Stanley, Samuel Irton. 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 eastern Dr\'ISION. 
 
 1837-41. William James, F. Aglionhy (died July, 1810), Hon. 
 
 C. W. G. Howard. 
 1841.47. Hon. C. W. G. Howard, William James. 
 1847-52. Hon. C. W. G. Howard, WiUiam Marshall. 
 1852-56. Hon. C. \V. G. Howard, William Marshall. 
 1857. Hon. C. W. G. Howard, WilUam Marshall. 
 
 WESTERN r>msioN. 
 1837-41. Edward Stanley, Samuel Irton. 
 1841-47. Edward Stanley, Samuel Irton. 
 1847-52. Edward Stanley, Henry Lowther. 
 1852-50. Henry Lowther, Samuel Irton. 
 1857. Henry Lowther, General Wyndham. 
 
 TRADE, CO^rMErtCE, ETC. 
 
 First iu importance, as in utility, the working of coal 
 and the coal trade claim precedence iu a notice of the 
 mercantile affairs of the county of Cumberland. "In a 
 country like England," says Ansted, " deprived of any 
 large quantity of wood by the advance of civilisation, 
 where should we obtain means for enduring the 
 inclemency of the weather, or enjoying any comforts 
 at our homes, if it were not for large supplies of coal? 
 But we must look further. Where would be our manu- 
 factures '? where would be our iron, — the staple of all 
 manufactures, — if there were not abundant and cheap 
 supplies of valuable fuel where the ores of these metals 
 occur '? Without coal could this country have advanced 
 beyond its condition many centuries ago ? Could there 
 have been education ? Could there have been printed 
 books available for the multitude ? Could there have 
 been food and raiment for ourselves? Or could science 
 have advanced ? Must not England have remained iu 
 the background, its inhabitants unable to exercise that 
 intellectual activity which tliey have exerted in placing 
 their country in advance of the whole world ? Without 
 coal there would have been no extensive use of steam, 
 even if the vast power of that agent had been dis- 
 covered. Without steam and iron, where should we 
 now be iu the advance of civilisation over the world '.' 
 Coal is indeed the indispensable food of all industry. 
 It is a primary material, by whose aid we engender 
 force, and obtain power sufficient for any purpose that 
 has yet been imagined."
 
 TRADE, COMMERCE, ETC. 
 
 ii) 
 
 The coal-bearing strata of Cumberland will be foimd 
 described at page 3 1 . Coal is worked to a great extent 
 at Whitehaven, Workington, and in the vicinity of 
 Mar)'port, whence it is exported in considerable quan- 
 tities. It is also found in the eastern part of the 
 county, whence the chief supply for Carlisle, Brampton, 
 Penrith, and the neighbouring country is obtained. 
 The following is a list of the collieries of the county 
 in 1850, with their situation and owners' names : — 
 
 Name of Colliery. 
 
 Situatioo. 
 
 Owners. 
 
 Aspntria Aspati-ia Jolin Harris. 
 
 Bolton Wigloii Addison & Co. 
 
 Brongliton Moor Maryport Fletcher, Ross, & Co. 
 
 Camerton Worlsington.. . 
 
 Cl'?ator Moor Whitehuveu. . . 
 
 Oliftou Workington 
 
 Croglin 
 
 Croasbarrow and another., Workington. . , 
 Cros.sbarrow .... .... Workington 
 
 Thornbury & Co. 
 . Barker & Co. 
 I. and W. Fletcher. 
 Oen. Wyndhani. 
 Messrs Fletcher. 
 • Golighiley. 
 
 Crossby Maryport W. JIulcaster & Co 
 
 Cruiuinock Nevf Colliery . 
 
 Dean Moor 
 
 Dearham 
 
 Dovenby .... ... 
 
 Ellenborougli 
 
 Fliiiiby 
 
 Flimby 
 
 Grey youthen Workingtoi 
 
 Gilcrux Maryport 
 
 Do Addison &, Co. 
 
 Do Gen. Wyndhani. 
 
 Do Messrs. Walker. 
 
 Do Steel & Co. 
 
 Do Harris & Son. 
 
 Do Wilson &Son. 
 
 Do Mulcaster & Co. 
 
 Jcilm Harris & Son. 
 
 Steel & Co. 
 
 Harrington Harrington .... J. Curwen. 
 
 Priest Croft Wigton — Drewry. 
 
 Keay Pit Whitehaven . . Earl of Lonsdale. 
 
 Seatiin Maryj)ort Messrs. Wilson & Co. 
 
 Seaton Maryport Nicholson & Co. 
 
 Tlireaplliwaite Whitehaven . . Clentor Company. 
 
 Weary Hall Wigton Addison Sc Co. 
 
 Whitehaven Collieries .... Whitehaviu . . Kml of Lonsdale. 
 Workington Workiugton . . J . Ciinven. 
 
 These 28 collieries produced, in 1S5G, 913,891i tons 
 of coal, which were disposed of as follow: — 225,43.'5 
 tons were shipped at Maryport, 118,230 at Workington, 
 10,020 at Harrington, and 211,347i at Whitehaven, 
 making a total shipped of 505,947i tons. The coal 
 sent by railway for land sale amounted to 64,310 tons, 
 64,()"^>< ton« were used at iron-furnaces, 3,500 for col- 
 liery and iron-mine consumption, and 215, .lOO for local 
 consumption in the principal towns and manufactories, 
 making a grand tofcal of 913,8011 tons as above. The 
 quantity of coal, coke, and antiiracite shipped at the 
 ports of the county, and sent coastways to the other 
 ports of the United Ivingdom, in 1850, was as follows, 
 in tons: — Wiiilchuven, coals, 207,947; anthracite, 
 775, Workington, coals, 129,275 ; coke, 5 ; anthra- 
 cite, 130. Maryport, coals, 291,008; coke, 2,877; 
 anthracite, 1,521, The quantity of coal exported to 
 foreign countries during the same year was — White- 
 haven, 3,943 tons; Workiugton, 1,514 tons; and 
 Marjport, 4,075 tons!' 
 
 ■ The total coal produce of the United Kinffdom in 1850, was 
 00,645,|.'iO tons, sliowing an increase of 2,I9i,:!.><(l Ions over the cool 
 produce of tlic previous yeor; luid, at the average price of coal at 
 the pit's mouth, gives u money valuacqnal to i,'H),UtJ3,.StJJ, 
 
 Alston is the principal scat of the lead mines, which 
 are almost exclusively the property of Greenwich Hos- 
 pital, having been granted to that institution by Act of 
 Parliament, on the attainder of the unfortunate Earl 
 of Derwentwater, in 1710. We subjoin a list of the 
 various lead-miues of the county, with their produce of 
 lead-ore, lead, and silver, in 1856. 
 
 Mines leased to 
 tlxe Governor and 
 Company. 
 
 Alston Moor. 
 
 Names of Mines. 
 
 Lead-ore.l Lead. I Silver. 
 
 - Long Cleugb 
 
 j Raiupgill 
 
 Ci\pel Cleugb 
 
 DpowngiU 
 
 Cars and llatiguig bUaw 
 
 Scaleljuni 
 
 Middle CleugU 
 
 lientyfield, S Vein .... 
 
 Sm;ili Cleui;h 
 
 Tyne liMttooi 
 
 Guddiimj^ill 
 
 CoffiRT Dyke Heads ... 
 
 Flotcheras 
 
 '^ Priorsdale 
 
 , lintylld., li. End, Son Vn, 
 ( lilack Svke 
 
 Leased to various 
 parties, bat be- 
 
 Iont;ing to G reeu- 
 wich Uobpital. 
 
 >. 
 
 TrxE Head 
 
 Caldbkcc 
 
 AUnes. 
 
 Neigbbourlioo<l 
 uf Kcawick. 
 
 Blagill 
 
 Brigai Bam 
 
 Biownley Hill 
 
 ,Cnrrs West of Neat . 
 
 Jclargill Burn 
 
 :Clargill Head 
 
 [Cow Gap 
 
 Crag Green, North Vein 
 
 Crossgill Head ' 
 
 Dowpot Svkc 
 
 Uouke Burn, East Kad 
 Douke Bum, West Lnd 
 
 Fanibery 
 
 Foreshield 
 
 GallygillSvke 
 
 Gallygill Bents 
 
 Grassfield 
 
 tiuttergiU, East End. . . 
 
 Holylield 
 
 lludgill Burn 
 
 Lee House Well 
 
 Low Bircliy Bank 
 
 .Middle Syke 
 
 MoralleFell 
 
 Natti-ass, Middle Vein 
 Natti-ass, North Veia 
 Nentsbury, North Vein 
 NentabUry Paature. . . 
 
 I'ark G rovo 
 
 I'eat Stack Hill 
 
 Uodderup Fell 
 
 SInte 
 
 Tbonigill Slit 
 
 ThonigiU, East End . . 
 'riluriigill. West End. . 
 Weilgill, Cross Vein. . 
 
 Windy Brow 
 
 Sundry small mines . . 
 
 Calvert 
 
 ClargiU Head 
 
 Uosey 
 
 East Crossfell 
 
 Lady Vein 
 
 I'atlcr Syke 
 
 South CrossfoU 
 
 Stow Cratg 
 
 Tees Side and .Metal Band 
 Smitter^jill Head 
 li'Oiglilellgdl ... 
 
 Driggill 
 
 Goldscopo 
 
 Vewlhwaile 
 
 Force Crag 
 
 Kt'onyeiide 
 
 Illt'iicatbara 
 
 Itiiniiordalo 
 
 l^blotuu 
 
 Tns.cwts. 
 
 798 2 
 
 284 13 
 
 179 1.^ 
 
 168 I 
 
 313 II 
 
 74 13 
 1 9:1 16 
 
 75 18 
 248 12 
 
 47 7 
 
 40 2 
 2A 1 
 
 7 1 
 
 76 9 
 49 10 
 
 41 G 
 S2 IG 
 
 1,092 
 
 ■iO IS 
 
 6 .'. 
 
 3 
 .1 5 
 .■> 
 
 44 :i 
 
 4 4 
 
 7.5 15 
 
 22 17 
 
 9 3 
 
 7 12 
 
 9 9 
 
 228 4 
 
 12 9 
 
 a i 
 
 33 10 
 2 16 
 7 11 
 
 2 10 
 
 6 4 
 
 ,.^31 12 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 ,■■, 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 1!> 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 9 19 
 
 30 
 
 17 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 31 
 
 7 
 
 38 
 
 4 
 
 S07 
 
 4 
 
 «4I 
 
 14 
 
 422 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 7.311 S 
 
 Tns.cwts.: 
 
 1,779 9 
 
 .■,3 
 
 33 
 
 28 
 
 .M 10 
 
 832 
 
 13 
 
 3 II 
 
 2 1 
 
 3 7 
 3 12 
 
 30 l.', 
 
 3 U 
 
 52 
 IC 
 
 3 9 
 
 4 II 
 fi 10 
 
 IG4 10 
 7 15 
 3 9 
 
 22 
 1 K-i 
 6 12 
 
 I 10 
 
 4 9 
 
 1,144 10 
 
 !.■> 12 
 3 II 
 16 
 
 2 4 
 
 3 15 
 15 
 
 
 7 
 23 
 22 
 2 
 lU 
 22 
 27 
 
 34} 
 
 1<» 
 
 303 
 
 II 6 
 
 24 
 
 13*1 I 
 
 712 
 CGO 
 IG8 
 828 
 3,410 
 102 
 
 90 
 
 104 
 
 2,859 
 
 386 
 
 50 
 
 31 
 
 8,068 
 
 109 
 
 25 
 95 
 27 
 
 120 
 SO 
 56 
 
 184 
 
 'JJi 
 
 70 
 
 990 
 
 IH9 
 
 10,140 
 3.300 
 1,525 
 
 51,931 
 
 Silver and copper aro found in some of the mines iu ■ 
 tho same veius as the lead-ore: the table which we
 
 GEOGRAPniCAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 have just given from the Mining Piccords shows the 
 quantity of silver produced. The quantity of copper 
 sold by private contract, of which returns have 
 been obtained from the mines, was as follows : — 
 Coniston mine, 3,659 tons, 8 cwts., 3 qrs., valued at 
 £27,801 14s. 7d. ; Greenbourue mine, 204 tons; 
 Koughton Gill, 45 tons, 1 cwt. ; Driggith, 8 tons ; 
 Alston Moor, 13 cwt., 2 qrs. 
 
 In no part of the world has the pvoduction of iron 
 advanced with more rapid stops than in the north of 
 England, nor is there perhaps a limited district where 
 the ores and their resulting irons are more varied iu 
 chai'acter. The ores of iron raised in the northern 
 counties belong, geologically speaking, to three different 
 formations, viz., the Carboniferous Limestone, the Coal 
 j\Ieasures, and the Lias, the former of which alone 
 demands our attention. The principal mass of the 
 Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone of the iron-pro- 
 ducing disti'ict under consideration, emerges from be- 
 neath the Coal Measures of Durham and Northum- 
 berland on the east, and is bounded by a steep declivity 
 overlooking the vale of Eden on the west. It reaches 
 a culminating point in the long mountain ridge of 
 Cross Fell, and forms the vast tract of moorland which 
 near Alston extends for some twenty-five miles in 
 width, and in the high desolate region adjoining the 
 Scottish border stretches almost from sea to sea. After 
 an interval of some miles towards the west, the same 
 formation rises again from beneath the New Eed Sand- 
 stone of Penrith, and the Coal Measui-es of Workington 
 and Whitehaven, and lapping as a narrow belt round 
 the older slaty rocks of the Lake district, almost 
 entirely encircles this the most beautiful region of 
 England. The structure of the central high land 
 first mentioned, iu which are situated the towns of 
 Alston, Hexham, and Haltwhistle, differs materially 
 from the contemporaneous formation which occurs far- 
 ther south in England and Wales, and which consists 
 principally of uninterrupted beds of limestone to a 
 vast thickness. In the north the actual limestone plays 
 but a subordinate part, and alternates with strata of 
 gritstone and shale, locally termed " hazle " and 
 " plate." Certain ores of iron are interstratified with 
 these beds ; nodules of clay ironstone, the argillaceous 
 carbonate, are met with in some of the bands of shale, 
 the mode of aggregation being analogous to that of the 
 similar ores of the Coal Measures. At liareshaw, near 
 BeUingham, towards the source of the North Tync, 
 four furnaces were erected some years ago, to smelt the 
 clay ironstones which were obtained from the series of 
 " sills " or beds intervening between the so-called 
 " great limestone " of the Alston district, and the 
 
 " second" or " little limestone " which lies about sixty 
 feet above it. They produced excellent iron, but the 
 expensive cartage of the ore, and the absence of rail- 
 way or canal communication, were fatal for the time to 
 the success of the establishment. 
 
 Masses of brown iron-ore (the hydrous sesquioxide 
 of iron) appear in some instances to form regular layers, 
 although their presence is probably in close relation to 
 the veins of metallic minerals which iu great numbers 
 intersect the rocks in and around Alston Moor. 
 
 It is not until farther and systematic workings shall 
 have been followed out, that the true nature and extent 
 of these apparent strata can be determined. 
 
 The majority of the mineral veins or lodes of the 
 Alston district, celebrated for their productiveness of 
 lead-ore, range nearly from east to west, intersecting 
 the whole of the above-mentioned beds, but yielding 
 their riches far more abundantly in certain strata than 
 in others. Some of these lead veins, in a part of their 
 course, are charged with brown iron-ore instead of the 
 usual veinstone of fluor spar and quartz and its con- 
 comitant lead- ore. Thus the rich lode of Roderup Fell 
 where it crosses the valley of the Tyne, above Alston, 
 and is known as the Craig Green or Bracken Syko 
 vein, is seen in the so-called " scar " limestone, as a 
 vein of brown iron-ore from 10 to '20 feet in width. 
 Hitherto, however, from the remote position of the 
 district, these repositories of an ore so well calculated 
 to produce a good quality of iron have been very little 
 explored. 
 
 Since the late extension of a branch railway to the 
 town of Alston, certain of the lodes, apparently pro- 
 ducing nothing but this kind of ore, have been exten- 
 sively wrought. Thus the Manor House vein has been 
 opened very near the railway station, for the Shotley 
 Bridge Company, and hundreds of tons have been 
 raised from a very small area at the extremely low cost 
 of Is. 7d. per ton.-:' The vein is about 11 feet wide 
 striking east and west, with a northerly dip, and throw- 
 ing down the measures on its north wall about 12 feet. 
 Its productiveness is increased by tongues or " flats " 
 which penetrate to the distance of a few feet between 
 the layers of the scar limestone which it here inter- 
 sects. 
 
 The hematite (red iron-ore, sesquioxide of iron) of 
 ^^'hitehaven, occurs in the carboniferous hmestoue near 
 the outcrop or surface edge of the slaty rocks upon 
 
 * It is worthy of note, that here, as in so many other localities, 
 our forefathers had availed themselves of the occurrence of a rich 
 ore to work it for their small charcoal furnaces ; on the late opening 
 of these works, remains of ancient galleries and a horse shoe were 
 found, although the existence of old workings was not betrayed by 
 any surface appearances.
 
 TRADE, COMMEUCE, ETC. 
 
 77 
 
 which that fonuation rests. The greater part of the 
 excavations from which it is extracted are subterraneous, 
 and so extensive is often the mass of iron-ore iu which 
 the worlungs arc carried, that it is difQcult in such 
 situations to obtain a clear idea of the nature of this 
 important deposit. But at a place called Todholes, 
 near Cleator, an open work has for some time been in 
 operation, which throws great light on the subject. A 
 slight anticlinal axis has brought the iron-ore to within 
 a small distance of the surface ; and the superficial 
 covering of fifteen to twenty feet in thickness, which 
 contains very numerous angular fragments of gray 
 limestone in its lower portion, being removed, the red 
 iron-ore is worked as a quarry. The floor of the deposit 
 is a white and red mottled shale, almost of the nature 
 of a fire-clay, and is evidently a bed belonging to the 
 limestone series ; bore-holes have been sunk in it to a 
 depth of thirty or forty feet without meeting with any 
 other material. The surface of this shale is very 
 uneven on a large scale, although the actual planes are 
 smooth, and frequent sudden depressions or ridges 
 throw it up or down for a few feet, disturbances which 
 appear to be regularly followed by the superimposed 
 hematite. Between the shale and the iron-ore there 
 lies, very generally, a band of conglomerate, from three 
 to eight inches thick, of small pebbles of white quartz. 
 The magnificent bed of hematite which then follows, 
 varies from fifteen to upwards of 30 feet in thickness, 
 and is for the most part a dense mass of red ore sub- 
 divided by irregular and nearly vertical joints. Small 
 cavities rarely occur, adjacent to which the ore assumes 
 those botrv'oidal forms commonly termed " kidney ore," 
 so well known in mineralogical cabinets, and which 
 exhibit this mineral in a high state of purity. In such 
 parts of the mass rock crystals occur, and calcareous 
 spar and arragonito appear to be the substances which 
 were last crystallised in the hollows. AVith a general 
 parallelism to the floor of the deposit, two, and some- 
 times three bands of greenish black shale, from one 
 to eight inches thick, are distinctly interstratified 
 with the iron-ore ; and the presence of these partings, 
 with the overlying roof of impure limestone which 
 makes its appearance on the dip, leaves on the mind 
 iilraost a conviction that the hematite occurs as a true 
 bed. 
 
 And yet it is difilcult to remain satisfied with the 
 view of the regular contemporaneity of the ore with 
 the limestone strata. In other mines of the district 
 the presence of a definite and nearly vortical boundary 
 along one side of the workings is more nearly akin to 
 the phenomena of a vein, and it is very possible that a 
 systematic examination of the whole group of localities 
 
 might lead to the assigning of a later date for the intro- 
 duction of the iron-ore into chasms and hollows which 
 had been formed in the already consolidated beds, and 
 thus bring the nature of the repositories of Whitehaven 
 into coincidence with the more clearly-marked ores of 
 Ulverstone. 
 
 There seems occasionally to be a second bed, in a 
 somewhat higher position, which rests upon a limestone 
 floor ; but hitherto so small an area has supplied the 
 requirements of a single mine that the physical struc- 
 ture of the district is veiy imperfectly understood, both 
 as regards the extent of these unrivalled deposits and 
 their exact position among the members of the moun- 
 tain limestone. 
 
 A shaft which has recently been sunk at High House 
 near Cleator, through a greater depth of cover than 
 usual, yields the following section : — 
 
 Ft. in. 
 
 Bark Shale 106 
 
 Coarse Grit, called " Jlillstono " Grit . 3G 
 
 Shales 30 
 
 " Whirlstone " Ja 
 
 Shales Dl 
 
 Eed Limestone 7 
 
 Shale 18 
 
 Hematite pierced to depth of . . 32 
 
 328 8 
 When the ore is worked as a mine, galleries are 
 driven out from the shaft fourteen or fifteen feet in 
 height, forming " rooms " with substantial pillars left 
 between them ; and after a certain area has thus beeu 
 prepared, the pillars are " robbed," the roof falls, and 
 the surface of the land commonly gives way. The 
 depressions which ensue and often become pools of 
 water, with the crushing action on the neighbouring 
 worliings, render the last stages of the operation some- 
 what insecure, and necessitate special caution. 
 
 A small proportion onlj' of the ores of the White- 
 haven district is smelted on the spot. The coal of the 
 neighbouring field is ill suited for smelting purposes ; 
 and the admirable coke of the Newcastle district has to 
 bear so expensive a carriage, that but one ironwork, 
 that of the Whitehaven Ilematite Iron Company, has, 
 for sonic time past, been in action. This establish- 
 ment, situated near Cleator, is placed close upon the 
 edge of the coalfield, and possesses three blast fur- 
 naces, smelting no other ore than that of the district, 
 which the company purchases from its neighbours. 
 Hot blast is employed, and a certain quantity of shale 
 lias to be added to the usuid materials, in order to 
 suiijily in conjunction with limestone tlie requisites for 
 a slag. 
 
 The quantity of iron-ore produced in the county 
 during l^ud, was 207,256 tons, of which 2&9,1G7
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 tons were hematite from the Whitehaven district ; and 
 8,089 hematite and hydrated oxide from Alston Moor. 
 Of the 930,167 tons raised in the neighbourhood of 
 WTiitehaven, 152,873 were shipped at Whitehaven, 
 65,675 were sent away by rail, and 39,617 tons used 
 at the ironworks in the district. The destmations of 
 the ore were as follow : — Wales, 12-1,030 tons ; Staf- 
 fordshire, 20,768 tons ; Scotland, 15,806 tons ; New- 
 castle, Middlesbro', &c., 51, •470 tons; and to Franco, 
 817 tons. 
 
 The following are the hematite iron mines near 
 Whitehaven, with their proprietors : — 
 
 Agnes Mines 
 Berks Mine 
 Bigrigg Moor 
 Bigrigg . 
 Ditto . 
 Cleator Moor 
 Cleator (sundry mines) 
 Crowgarth 
 Goosegreeu . 
 Hesket Pit 
 
 High House Mine 
 Knockmurton Cop 
 Langhome 
 Low Ling . 
 Parkside 
 Todholes . 
 Woodend 
 Yatehouse 
 
 Tulk and Ley. 
 
 James Henry Attwood smd Son. 
 
 S. and J. Lindow. 
 
 Anthony Hill. 
 
 Wilsons, Peile, & Co. 
 
 Anthony Hill. 
 
 Whitehaven Hematite Iron Compy. 
 
 Anthony Hill. 
 
 Fisher, Dees, Fletcher, & Musgrove 
 
 D. and .J. H. Robinson, Richard Bar 
 
 ker, and Thornton. 
 S. W. Smith and Company. 
 Thomas Carmichael. 
 Enrl of Lonsdale & Gen. Wyndham. 
 
 , Fisher, Dees, Fletcher, & Musgrove 
 
 John Stirling. 
 . Henry Attwood and Son. 
 
 Tulk and Ley. 
 
 The following were the blast furnaces in 1856 : — 
 
 Names of Works. Owners. 
 
 Furnaces 
 built. 
 
 Furnaces 
 in blast 
 
 Cleator Moor Whitehaven Hematite Iron Co. 
 
 4 
 
 .3 
 
 Duddon Harrison, Ainslie, and Co. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Seatoui S. W. Smith and Co. 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Harrington C. H. Plevins. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 The total produce of pig-iron from tlie hematite ore 
 furnaces of Lancashire and Cumberland, was 25,530 
 tons. 
 
 Millom produced 2,208 tons of iron pyrites, which 
 sold for £1,100, and contained 47 per cent of sulphur. 
 From the Alston Moor mines 443 tons, 16 cwts. of 
 barytes (carbonate) were obtained ; and 378 tons, 5 cwts. 
 of zinc (blende and calamine), valued at £1,405 9s. 
 
 The plumbago of Borrowdale has long been famous 
 for its fine quality. It is found in detached pieces 
 called according to the size sops or bellies, so that the 
 supply is very irregular, the miners being frequently 
 engaged for a long period iu seeking for the graphyte. 
 Some years since a very large quantity of plumbago 
 
 1 Works not completed. 
 
 was obtained from Borrowdale ; this has been stored by 
 the 2>roprietors, and sold in small parcels from time to 
 time. The mine has not been worked for several 
 years: it was examined by some skilled miners since 
 the cessation of the work, and their opinions were not 
 such as would lead us to believe that any large quantit}' 
 of black-lead would be discovered by any extension of 
 the workings. 
 
 Cobalt has been found in small quautilies at New- 
 lands, and antimony at Bassenthwaite. Lapis Calami- 
 nans, small quantities of IManguncse, Galena, and spar 
 of various kinds and diflferent colours and forms are 
 found in several places. Slate of a pale blue colour, 
 and of the finest quality, is abundant in the county, 
 particularly in the neighbourhood of TJUeswater and 
 Keswick. Limestone is very abundant in many parts 
 of Cumberland ; and in some places it is burnt in large 
 quantities for exportation, particularly to the west of 
 Scotland. The quantity produced at Alston, in 1850, 
 was 2,411 tons, 11 cwts. 
 
 The principal ports of Cumberland are Whitehaven, 
 Workington, Mar^-port, and Harrington. Skinburuess 
 appears to have been at one time a haven of some 
 importance, and was the rendezvous of the English 
 fleet which Edward III. employed against Scotland. 
 SiUoth, on the bay of the same name, is a rising port, 
 which at present engages a large amount of public 
 attention, and for which a prosperous future is con 
 fidently anticipated. 
 
 Cumberland appears to have possessed manufactures 
 from a very early period, for we learn from a charter of 
 William de Fortibus that there were fulling mills at 
 Cockermouth and Dearham iu the reign of Henry III. 
 A manufactory of fustian was established at Carlisle in 
 1600, and one of broad cloth at Cockermouth about 
 the same period. About thirty years afterwards we 
 find iron-forges at Millom, and fulling-mills at Bassen- 
 thwaite, where woollen cloths were dressed called Skid- 
 daw greys. From the beginning of the 18th century 
 the manufactures of the county have gone on increasing, 
 and now afford employment to several thousands of the 
 population. The cotton trade is located principally 
 at Carlisle ; the manufacture of coarse linen, sail- 
 cloth, &c., at Whitehaven and other places; paper 
 on the rivers ; woollens at Keswick ; earthenware, 
 iron, copperas, &c., in different localities, and at White- 
 haven, Maryport, and W^orkington, are several ship- 
 building yards, where every kind of manufactory 
 connected with shipping is carried on. There were 
 formerly considerable saltworks at Bransted, near 
 Whitehaven, Netherhall, and Workington, but they 
 have long been discontinued.
 
 BOTANY. 
 
 79 
 
 BOTANY. 
 
 Cumberlaud produces a great variety of plants, many 
 of which, whose habitat is among the mountains, arc 
 of rare occurrence in other parts of the kingdom. A 
 list of them is annexed : — 
 
 Aar campestri, Mirehouse Woodg. 
 Adonis autumnalis, near Bromtield. 
 Agrimonin Kupatnria, Lamplugh churchyard. A. Eupatoria, 
 
 var. odopata^ Lorton. 
 AgrostU vulijaru, var. pumila, common on liigh elevations. 
 Alchemilla alpinn, liorrowjale Uoiise, Helvellyn, Scawfell, 
 
 Skiddatv, Screes. 
 Aiisma nataiif, Derweiitwater. A. planiago, Keswicli. A. r«- 
 
 niinculoides, Eskraeals. 
 Allium arenarium, banks of the Derwent. A. ursimcm, Salter 
 
 Hall. A. vineate, Bearpot, near Workington. 
 Allosurus crispus,W'iii~ti.]a\e, I'onsonby, Lampltigh: everywhere 
 
 in the Luke district. 
 Anagallis ccrutea, Hensingham tollhar. A. tendla, Scroggs, 
 
 Loughrigj:;, near the Inn, Patterdale. 
 Anchusa sempcrvirens, Gosforth, Sandwith. 
 Andromeda polifulia, Moss near Bromfield, Moresby, Drnm- 
 
 burgh. 
 Antliemis mnriUma. Couldcrton. 
 Anthriscvs vulc/aris, Workington Bridge. 
 AnthijIUs ruhicraria, llaryport railway. 
 Apari/ia aulumnalit, Ennerdale. 
 Apium graveolens, Workington Maish. 
 Aquilegia vitlijaris, shore of Bassenthwaite Lake, Dovenby. 
 Arabis hiapida, on the shores. A. hirsntn, Shouldthwaitf, 
 
 Moota. A. pttrea, Screes. A. stricta, Lamplugh Hall, 
 
 Pardshaw Hull. 
 Arbutus uvaiirsi, Grassmoor, Crummock, Bootle Fell, Bracken- 
 
 thwaite. 
 Arenaria peploide!, Seaton, Flimby. A. srrpyllifolia, ParJ- 
 
 shaw Hall, Cockermouth. A. verna, Helvellyn. 
 Armeria maritinue, Helvellyn. 
 Arummacultttiim, Wood Hall, Branthwaite. 
 Arundo arennria, Sea-shore, Coulderton. A. calamagrostis, 
 
 River Derwent. A. phragviiUs, River Derwent. 
 Asarum Enrnpceum, near Keswick. 
 Aspcniln odorata, I.owdore Fall. 
 Atpidium angutiire, \\'\\\c\\am. A. dilatatum, Keswick. A.lo- 
 
 iatiivi, Flimby, Walla Crag, Caldbock. A.oreopteris, Pou- 
 
 sonby Fell, Ulpha. A. spinulosum, Keswick, ito. 
 AipUnium Adiantmn niffrum, common. A. allerni folium, said 
 
 to be found in the Lake District. A. marinum, rocks near 
 
 Whitehaven, St. Bees Heads. A.rutuntururia, common. 
 
 A. septeiitriontile, Borrowdale, Screes, near Lorton. 
 
 A. Trichomanes, Carleton, Ac. A. viride, Castlerigg Fell, 
 
 river Irthing, edge of Scout Scarr, Ashness, Ghyll, 
 
 Cross Fell. 
 Alter Iripniium, Kskholme, Holborn Hill. 
 AUii/riumovatum, Roth., near Keswick. • 
 
 Atriplfx Inciniata, St Bees and Harrington shores. A.palula, 
 
 Workington north sliore. 
 Atropa llrllndoiiua, onco plentiful round F.gremont CasUc, but 
 
 now only retained in a few gardens there. 
 £<i(Io(a nirini, Workington. 
 Jh'luta albn, var. pendulosu, round Derwentwater. 
 Bidcm cfrnua, Braithwaitc, Cloffocks. D. tripartica, Keswick 
 
 Cass, Bootle. 
 SUchnum boreale, common. 
 
 Botrychium Lunaria, not rare on dry pastures. 
 
 Brassica Monensis, Flimby and St. Bees shore. 
 
 Cakile maritima, Seaton shore. 
 
 Callilriclie pedunculata, Ennerdale. C. verna, Whinlatter. 
 
 Culltrapalustris, var. radicaiis, margins of lakes. 
 
 Cametina saliva, Workington Mill Field. 
 
 Campanula gtomerata, foot of UUeswater, Hardendale. C. 
 tatifulia, common in hedges. 
 
 Cardamine amara, Moorside Woods, Bearpot. C. hirsuta, ele- 
 vated situations on Whillimoor. C. pratensis, common, 
 sometimes double. 
 
 Carduus acanthoides, Carlisle Castle. 
 
 Carex ampuUacea, Cocker side. C. arenaria, Harrington shore. 
 C. dioica, plentiful at Wythburn Head, Orgill. C. externa, 
 Marron side. C./iViyormw, Workington. C._/Z«i-a, Hard- 
 knot. C. limosa, var. irrigua, Gilsland. f".'. pallcscens, 
 Sellafield. C. pulicaria, Hunday. C. rigida, Helvel- 
 lyn, Skiddaw, Scawfell. C. rlparia, Stubbin Mire. C. 
 stricta, Bullgill Bridge. C. vesiciria, Braithwaite. C. 
 vutpina, Yeorton Hall. 
 
 Carlina vulgaris, Ennerdale. 
 
 Calabrosa acquatica, Coulderton shore — scarce — perhaps extinct. 
 
 Centanrea Scahiosa, Eaglcsfield. 
 
 Cerastium Alpimim, rocks above Red Tarn, Helvellyn. C. 
 tetrandum, Cockermouth. 
 
 Chara nspersa, Harrns Moor. C flexilis, 'V^^lillimoor. 
 
 Chelidonium majux, Kirkland, St. Bees, 
 
 Chicranlhusfnictinilosus, walls of Scaleby Castle. 
 
 ChceropluiUum sylvcstre, Gillfoot and Whicham. 
 
 Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Portinscale Bridge. C oppositi- 
 folium, common in wet woods. 
 
 Cicuta viiosa, Keswick, Walton, Irthington. 
 
 Circoaa alpina, margins of UUeswater and Derwent Lakes, 
 Ashness Ghyll, Barrowside. C. luteiiana, Keswick. 
 
 Cladiutn mariscus, Cunswick Tarn. 
 
 Ctinopodiun vulgare, Mockerin, Papcastle. 
 
 Cnicus acaulis, Barrowside, Hardknot. C. lietcrophyllus, 
 Armboth, Watendlath. 
 
 Cnidium Silaus, Seaton, Schoose Farm. 
 
 Cochlearia anglica, Workington shore. C. grcrnlandica, var, 
 alpina, rills on Helvellyn. C. officinalis; Coulderton 
 Sliore, Fleswick Bay. 
 
 Comarum palustrc, common in meadow ditches. 
 
 Convolvulus arvensi.", i'lly. toll-bar. C, soldanella, on the shore 
 at I'arton, Maryport, Ravenglass, Coulderton, and Har- 
 rington. 
 
 Corydalis solida. Vale of Newlands. 
 
 Cotyledon umbilicus, Ehonside, Gosforth. 
 
 Crambe 7naritima, near St. Bees, below Ravenglass and Bootle, 
 Coulderton shore. 
 
 Crepis tectorum. Woodcock Nook, near Egremont 
 
 Critlimuvi viaritimum, St. Bees rocks. 
 
 Uynoglossum officinale, Flimby. 
 
 Cystopteris liungustita, Helvellyn. C. dentala, Naddle. C. 
 fragilis, Whinlatter. 
 
 Cystea dentala, Naddale, Braithwaite, Whillimoor. C. fragilis, 
 St. Bees Moor. 
 
 Pancus cnrota, Ravenglass. 
 
 Drosera anglica, Helvellyn. D. longifolia, Ullock Jfoss, near 
 Gilpin Bridge, Borrowdale. D. rotundifolia, common in 
 bogs. 
 
 Eleocharis acicularit, Egremont. E. ftuitans, Cogra Sfoss, in 
 Lamplugh. E.cirtpilosus, Murton Moss. E.miilticaulii, 
 Ennerdale Lake. E. pnlustrit, Lowcswatcr Lake. E, 
 paucijlorus, Murton Moss.
 
 80 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 Empetrum niriTum, Cross Foil, SkUlJaw, moors and 1)053. 
 Epilobiitm alpinum, Keswick ami Gowbarrow Park. E. alsini- 
 
 folium, Whinlatter. E. Idrsutum, river Eden and its 
 
 tributaries. 
 Epipactis lalifniiu, Dean Scales, Uridge Foot, Cockermouth 
 
 Road. E. paltistris, near Ciinswick Tarn. 
 Equiseltim arvense, common. E.fliivialilc, Flimby, Salter Hall, 
 
 Parton rocks. E. pulustrc, Cold Fell. E. sylfiiticum, 
 
 Watendlath, &c. E. rariegatum, Gilsland, in the Irthin<?. 
 Erioplwrum anguiti/olium, Gnlder Ghjlls and Edge Tam. E. 
 
 poli/stachion, Brigliam Moss. E. vaginatum, common in 
 
 Erodium cicutarhtm, Gosforth. E. nmritimum, St. Bees. 
 
 Eryngium maritimum, common along the sea shore. 
 
 Erythrtea cenlaurium, Bootle, Distington, and a pure white 
 
 variety in Loweswater. 
 Euonymus Europau^, Lowdore Woods. 
 Eiiplwrhia exigtia. Bridge Foot. E. helioscopia, Gosforth. E. 
 
 paralia, Haverigg and Harrington shores. E. pephis, 
 
 Egremont, Bootle station. E. portlandica, Braystones, 
 
 Drigg shores. 
 Fedia denuita, Frisington. F. olitoria, Moresby Hall. 
 Fesluca viviparn, on the mountains. 
 Galeolidnlon Jntenm, Crosedale. 
 Galiopsis versicolor, near Carlisle. 
 Galium borealf, margins of lakes, Helvellyn, river Irthing. G. 
 
 cruciatum, Lamplugh, &c. G. Mollugo, Crofton Hall, 
 
 Pardshaw, ite. G. palustre, Brackenthwaite, Lowdore. 
 
 G. saxalile, St. John's Vale. G. Verum, Tallentire, 
 
 Lamplugh, Lowdore. 
 Genista anglica, Drigg, Bootle. G. scoparin, Bridekirk. G. 
 
 tinctoria, Seaton, Tallentire, Arlecdon. 
 Genliana Amnrelln, Tallentire Hill. G. campestris, Tallentire 
 
 Hill, Workington Warren. G. pneximonanOie, between 
 
 Maryport and Flimby. G. vema, till recently on Egre- 
 
 mont Green. 
 Geranium colnmbinum. Fell Foot, Newby Bridge, Cockermouth. 
 
 G. lucidum, Lowdore Bridge. G. phoeum, Kirkland. 
 
 G. pratense, Lamplugh. G. piisillum, Etlerby Scar. O. 
 
 pyrcndiaim. Dale Head, Thirlmere. G. liobertianum, 
 
 St. John's Vale. G. rotundifolium, Yeorton Hall. G. 
 
 sanguineum, rabbit warren, between Workington and 
 
 Maryport, St. Bees shores. G. sylvaticum, St. John's 
 
 Vale, Keswick. 
 Glaux maritima, P.avenglass, St. Bees. 
 Glaucium hdaim, Flimby, Coulderton, Bootle shores. 
 Gnaplmlium dininwi, Penrith Fell, Kirkland, Helvellyn, Screes. 
 
 G. G<d'icvm, Drigg, Gosforth. G. germanicum, Drigg. 
 
 G. miinmitm, Fieldhead in Eskdale. G. rectum, base of 
 
 Helvellyn. G.uHginnsum, Arlecdon. 
 Ghchoma hedcraccn, Barrow Side. 
 Grammi'is ceterach, Sandwith, Jlosser, Gosforth, A-c. 
 Gymnadenia cnnopsea, Wanthwaite, St. John's Jloota. 
 Habcnaria alhida, Watendlath. H. bifolia, margin of Derwent- 
 
 water, Wythbnm Head, Watendlath. H. chlorantha, 
 
 abundant in moist situations. H. viridis, Watendlath. 
 HeUebnrux viridis, Duddon Woods, Plumland. 
 Hesperis mulronalis. Dale Head, Thirlmere. 
 nieracium ulpinmn, Helvellyn, at Grisedale Tam. //. auran- 
 
 tiacmn, near Keswick. II. suhaudnm, Ennerdale, in side 
 
 woods. II. umbellntum, Kirkland How. 
 Hippuris vulgaris. Dub Mill. 
 
 Hordeum murinum, Flimby. H. maritintim, Coulderton. 
 JIumulus Liipuhis, hedges near Keswick and Grasmere, Egre- 
 
 mont. 
 Sydrocotele vulgaris, in bogs near lakes. 
 
 Uymenophyllum Tunhridgensi, Screes, Ponsonhy Hall. B. 
 Wihoiii, Lowdore Fall, Nook, Scale Force, Walton Craj, 
 Haweswater, Dungeon Ghyll, Ponsonby. 
 
 Hyoscyamm niger, Cockermouth, Flimby, Han-ington. 
 
 Ili/pericum calycinum, Irton. II. clodes, Birker Hfoor, Aitcha 
 Moss, Ullock Moss. II. Inrsutum, Camerton, Clifton. 
 U. humifusum, Lowdore Fall. H. perforatum, Kcsivick 
 woods. //. pulchrum, Casllehead woods. II. quadran- 
 gulum, Clifton. 
 
 Iberis nudicauli.'<, near the Hards, Abbey Holme. 
 
 Impaliens noU-mitangere, Stock Ghyll Force, Scale Hill. 
 
 Imperatoria Oslruthium, Gilsland woods. 
 
 Inula Ilclcnium, Jlosser. I. dysenierica, St. Bees Heads. 
 
 Isoetes lacustus, in most of the lakes. 
 
 Jasioiie montnna, common. 
 
 Juncus canosus, Millom Mai-sh. J. fdiformis, margins of Der- 
 wentwater and Grummock. J. triglumis, rocks above 
 Red Tarn, Fairfield, Loweswater, Helvellyn. J. uliyi- 
 nosus, Workington. 
 
 Latlinea squannaria, wood near Wigton, Winder Scar, Cuns- 
 wick wood. 
 
 Lemna minor, ponds in Whillimoor. 
 
 Leonurus Cardiaca, Workington Row. 
 
 Lepidium Smilliii, margin of Derweutwater ; near Bray ton Hall ; 
 Abbey Holme. 
 
 Listeria cordnta, Castlerigg Fell, Melbreak. L. nidus-avis, 
 Flimby wood. Wood Hall. L. ovata, common. 
 
 Lilhospermum arvense, Stanger. L. maritimum, Bootle shore 
 and Workington. L. officinale, Mosser and Westward 
 Parks. L. purpuro, citruleum, Castle Carrock. 
 
 Littorclla laeustris, margin of Derwentwater, Wythburn. 
 
 Lobellia dortmnnna, plentiful in the lakes. 
 
 Lonicera caprifolium, Lorton Hall. L. Xylosteum, Workington 
 Park. 
 
 Lotus major, road sides. 
 
 Luzula campestris, common on bare heaths. L. campestris, 
 var. congesta, Ullock Moss. L. congesta, common on 
 bare heaths. L. Fosteri, Lowdore, woods between tho 
 mountains and the sea. L. pilosa, common in woods. 
 L. sylvatica, banks of the Marron. 
 
 Lychnis alpina, Brackenthwaite. 
 
 Lycopodium alpiiimn, on all tho mountains. Sty Head, Ac. 
 L. atmotimim, said to be found on Langdale Pikes, 
 near Bow Fell. L. clavatum, on all the mountiuns. L. 
 inundtitutn, Shoulthwaite, Wastdale, in a bay half way 
 between Keswick and Wythburn. L. Se:aginoidcs, 
 Lycopodium Selago, Hardknot, Helvellyn. 
 
 Lycopus arvensis, St. Bees. L, europwus, Ribton Hall. 
 
 Lysimachia nemorum, Castlehead wood and Lamplugh. L. 
 Ihysiflora, Keswick. L. vulgaris, Keswick, Ennerdale, 
 Lorton. 
 
 Lythrum hyssopifoliuvi, said to grow at the south end of Der- 
 wentwater. L. silicaria, Ennerdale, Newlands ; Becker- 
 met. 
 
 ilalva Moschata. Cockermouth Road. 
 
 Matritaria chnmomilla, Sylcroft. 
 
 ileconopsis Camhrica, near Ambleside, Naddale. 
 
 Melampyrum pratense, common in old woods. 
 
 Mentha gentilis, Dalston. M. piperita, M. hirmia, near Sykes 
 in Naddale, in ditch sides, il/. rotimdifoUa, Lowdore. 
 
 Meum. athamanticum. Fell F.nd in Ennerdale, Docker Garths, 
 Kendal, near Keswick. 
 
 Myosotis cii:spilosa,'B-a\\e.n Fell; Helvellyn. iil.palustris,var. 
 strigulosa, river Derwent, near Keswick. 31. repens, Vale 
 of Newlands, Skiddaw, Helvellyn, Wastdale. 
 
 ilyriea gale, in most bogs.
 
 BOTANY. 
 
 81 
 
 Myriophylliim spicatUTn, Naddale. 
 
 Narcissus Psuedo-NarcUsiis, DiidJon Woods. 
 
 Neottia Nidus-avis, Cunswick Wood, Wallow Wood, Kendal, 
 
 foot of Skiddaw. 
 Nuphar lutea, in most of the lakes, Mockering Tarn, Wor- 
 
 manby Lough. 
 Nymphie alba, in all the large lakes, Jlockering Tarn. 
 Ophioglossum vulgatum, rather common. 
 Ophrys cordata, Kirkland. 0. mucifera, Barrowfield Wood. 
 Orchis albida, Little Broughton. O. lifolla, Whillimoor. 0. 
 la'.ifoUa, Watendlath, Bon-owdale. O. mascula, common, 
 Dovenby. O. pyramidalis, Watendlath, common. O. 
 ustulata, Blindcrake. 0. viridis, Jlurton Moss. 
 Omithopus perpusillus, Irton Church, St. Bees Moor. 
 Orohus sylvaticus, Gaiublesby and Ousby. 
 Otmunda regalis, Millom, Irton, Egremont, UUock Moss, 
 
 Dalston. 
 Oxyria reniformis, Wastdale Head, Helvellyn, Ashness Ghyll. 
 Parietaria officinalis, Torpenhow Church. 
 Paris quadri/olia, woods in Lamphigh. 
 Pamassia pahistris, meadows and bogs. 
 
 Peplis portula, Ilarras Moor, Kinniside Long Moor, Calder Gills. 
 Phragmites communis, in most of the lakes. 
 Pinguicula vulgaris, common in bogs. 
 Pimpinella diaica, Tallentire Hill. 
 Pisum maritimum, Harrington rocks. 
 
 Plantago Coronopus, sliore at B'limby, Ravenglass, &e. P. mari- 
 tima, Jloota, Fhraby, Gillerthwaite. P. major, Arlccdon. 
 P. niedia, Arlecdon and Egremont. 
 Polygonum amphibium, Uearham. P. ariculare, Lowdore 
 Woods. P. Bistorta, in meadows. P. convolvulus, Bas- 
 senthwaite. P. Ilydropiper, Lowdore. P. viviparum, 
 Helvellyn. 
 Polypodium calceareum, Kendal Fells. P. dryopteris, common 
 in the Lake District, Logberthwaite, Dean. P. pliegop- 
 teris, Kskdale, Ulpha, Braithwaito. P.vulgare, common. 
 Potentilla fructicosa. Screes. 
 
 Poterium languisorba. Scout Scar, Knipe Sear, Shap Fells. 
 PrenanUs jnuralis, Borrowdalo, Ulpha. 
 
 Primula elatior, Seaton, Lamplugh. P. farinosa, Aspatria, 
 West Newton, Wanthwaite Mill,Caldbeck. P. veris, (red 
 variety), Egremont CUnks. 
 Pteris crispa, Borrowdale. 
 Pulmonaria maritima, on sea-coast near Allonby, Kavcnglass, 
 
 Maryport, ic. 
 Pyrethrum Parlhenium, Nether Hall. 
 
 Pyrola media, Kirklinton Moors. P. minor, Dunmallet, near 
 Ulleswaler. P. rotundifolia, Walla Crag. P. sccunda, 
 Helvellyn, near Keswick. 
 Pynu aria, Scout Scar. 
 Radiola millegrana, Swinside. It. millegrana, var. maritima, 
 
 Ehenside. 
 Jianunculus aqxiatalis, Thirlmere, Derwcnt River, St. Bees Moor. 
 li. auricomus, Pardshaw. R. circinatui, Ulleswater. 
 H. Flammula, common in cold soils. 7?. Jiuitans, Der- 
 wentwator. II. hedrraccus, Lamplugh Hall, Pardshaw. 
 li. hirtuta, Drigg, Workington Marsh. P. Leonard- 
 mandi, common. Jt. Lingua, Naddlo Beck, Cardew, 
 Wastdale, Kskdale. 
 Ile$eda Lutcola, Elimby, Eaglcsfield, Workington. 
 Rhamnus Jrangula, Cockshot and Ullock, Keswick. 
 Rhinanthus crista-galli, var. majus, Cliapcl Bank, St Helens. 
 Rhodiola rosea, Helvellyn, Screes, Ennerdalo Coves, Pillar Fell. 
 Sibe$ aroimlaria, limestone rocks at Sunderland. 7?. nigrum, 
 banks of the Dorwent. S. rubrum, bonks of the DorwenU 
 
 II 
 
 Rosa arvensis, Whillimoor. R. canina, Loweswater. R. cinna- 
 mornia, Howxay, Keswick. R. gracilis, Whinlatter. R. 
 Hibemica, Brackenthwaite. R. rubella, Thirlwall. R. 
 Sabini, Derwent Bay. R. spinosissima, plentiful on the 
 coast at Seascale, .Src. R. tomeiUosa, Lamplugh. J?. 
 villosa, Gilsland. 
 RotbolUa incurcata. Skate Dubs, Workington. 
 Rubus ccesius, Tallentire. R. corylifulius, Arlecdon. R. Cha- 
 micmorus, Crossfell, Styx Moss. R. fructicosus, very 
 common. R. glaiidulosus, Pardshaw. R. idarus, com- 
 mon. R. rliamnifolius, Ulpha, Lowca, Flimby. R. 
 saxatilis, Cockshot Wood, Gilsland. R. suberectui, 
 Moorside Hall. 
 Rumex digymis, Screes, slate quarries near Buttermere. 
 Ruppia maritima, Cloffocks. 
 Sagittaria sagiltifolia, Braystones Tarn. 
 Salicomia hcrbacea, Ravenglass, Workington. S. proeumhetts, 
 
 Workington Nortli Shore. 
 Salix herbacea, Scawfell, HelvelljTi, Skiddaw, Saddleback. S. 
 
 reticulata, about Alston, Greystoke, Abbey Holme. 
 Salsola fructicosa, Ravenglass. S. kali, Coulderton. 
 Sambucus Ebulus, Brackenthwaite, Scalelands. 
 Samolus Valerandi, Coulderton Shore. 
 Sanguisorba officinalis, meadows near Kendal and Keswick. 
 Sanicula europica, Wytliop Woods. 
 Saponaria officinalis, Derwent Side, near Workington. 
 Satyrium albidum, mountain pastures above Borrowdale. 
 Saussuria alpina, Stridding Edge, Helvellyn. 
 Saxifraga aizoides, wet situations on mountains, Earrowside, 
 Grassmoor. 8. granulata, Hai-rington Church. .5. hyp- 
 noides, wet situations on mountains, Armboth Fell, 
 Shoulthwaite. S. nivalis, rocks above Red Tarn, Hel- 
 vellyn, Legberthwaitc Gills. S. oppositifolia, Stridding 
 Edge, Great End, Screes, Borrowdale. S. stcllaris, 
 Helvellyn, Iron Crag, ifce. S. tridactylitcs, old walls at 
 Dacre, Moota, Wliicham. 
 Scleranthus ammus, St. Bees, Knockmurton, Eskdale. 
 Scirpus lacustris, Loweswater. S. maritmus, Workington. S, 
 setaceous, Ennerdale. S. sylvalicux, banks of the Marron. 
 Scolopcndrium vulgare, common in dark ravines. S. var, 
 
 crispum, Catgill Hall. S. var- multifidum, Dearham. 
 Scuttillaria galericulata. Dub Beck, Braithwaite Beck. S. minor 
 margin of Crummock and Wast Water Lakes, Ladstocks 
 in Thornthwaite. 
 Sedum acre, St. John's. S. album, Braystones. S. Anglicum 
 foot of Helvellyn, Castle Head, Beckcote. S. sexan- 
 gulare, Huiulay. S. Teliphium, Lowdore Road, Castle- 
 lioad, Millom. S. villosum, Mosedale. 
 Soubiera coronopus, Seaton. 
 
 Senecio saracenicns, Salkeld, near Moresby, Sebergham, 
 Howray, near Keswick. S. tenui/olius, Little Broughton. 
 Scrratula Alpina, Helvellyn. 
 Serralulii tinctoria, Embleton, Lorton. 
 Sibthorpia Jiuropa'n, Gowbarrow Park, &c. 
 Silenc acaulis. Groat End, Helvellyn, near Grisedale Tarn, 
 Borrowdale. S. injluta, Clifton, Deanscales, .tc. S. 
 maritima, I'.skmeals, Brackenthwaite, Grange. S. nutans. 
 Dean, Moorland Close. 
 Sisleriacftrula, Knipe Scar, Orton Scar, Scout Scar, Winder Scar. 
 Sisymbrium mnncnse, on tho shores. 
 
 Slum angusti/olium, Drigg Hawes. S. inundatum, Lowes- 
 water Ijiko. S. nm/i/onim, Gill, near St. Bees. S.repens, 
 Naddale. S. vcrtititlhtum, Naddale. 
 Solanum Itulcamara, St. John's 'Vole, Setmiirtby, 
 Solidago I'irjaurca, ScalcUill.
 
 82 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CUMBERLAND. 
 
 Sparganium nalans, Shoulthwaite Moss. S. ramosum, Fortin- 
 
 scale, NaJilale. S. simplex, Harras Moor. 
 Spergula nodosa, Lilly Hall. 
 
 Spina sniicifolia. Pool Bridge, Hawkshead ; lane ur. Bnttcrmere. 
 Stachxjs annua, Lingbank, ia Gosforth. 
 
 Statics Armeria, Scawfell and sea shores. S. Limonium, sen- 
 shore near Bootle, &o. S. reticulata, Whitehaven. S. 
 spathnla, St. Bees Heads. 
 Stellaria nemorum, Biirdoswald; Moorside Hall, 
 Straliottes aloidcs, Ennerdole Lake. 
 Subularia acqimtica, Ennerdalc Lake. 
 Tamus communis, Millom, Eskdale. 
 Taxus baccata, very large trees in Horrowdale. 
 Teesdalia nudicaulis, St. John's, Raven Crag, Thief Gill, in Dean. 
 Thalictrum Alpinum, Helvellyn, Great End Crag, Scawfell, 
 Fairfield, Issell. T.Jlcnum, margin of the River Durwent 
 at Howray. T. majus, Derwent Lake shores, foot of 
 Thirlmere, Lowdore, Screes, side of Ennerdale. T. minus, 
 Great End, Derwent Lake, side woods in Ennerdale. 
 Thymus Acinos, Low Lingbank, Nethertown. T. Calaminta, 
 
 Calva Hall. 
 Torilis nodosa, Bewaldeth. 
 Tragopoffon porrifolius, 'VVorkington. T. pratcnsis, Bransty, 
 
 S choose. 
 Trientalis Europaa, Keswick and Bewcastle. 
 Tri/olimn arvcnse, YXimby. T.Jiliforme, Gosforth. T, oJHcinule, 
 Workington Station, Etterby Scar. T. ornithopodioides, 
 Workington Warren. T. procumbens, Drigg. T. striatum, 
 St. Bees. 
 Triglochin maritimum, Cloffocks. T. palustre, common at the 
 
 edges of bogs. 
 Triticum juncmn, Braystones. 
 Trollius curopmis, margins of lakes, Arlocdon Churchyard, 
 
 Ivirklaud, Aspatria, near Whitehaven. 
 Turritis glabra, Stainburn. 
 
 Ti/pha latlfolia, Naddle, Crofton, Chapel Sucken, Brayton. 
 Z'lex nnnu, Gosforth, Lamplugh Fells, Whinlatter, Wastdalc. 
 
 U. nanus, var. major, Bab. Great Robinson. 
 Vrtica urcns, Distington, Ullock. 
 
 Utricularia minor. Cooper, Abbey Holme, neai' Ennerdale water ; 
 ditches on west side of Derwentwater, Shoulthwaite Moss, 
 Eskmeals. U. vulgaris. Derwentwater. 
 Vaccinium Mijrtillis, common on woods and on mountains. V. 
 oxycoccus, common in bogs. V. vitis ida:a, summit of 
 Skiddaw, Iron Crag, Swinside Fell, Helvellyn, Scawfell, 
 Great Gable, &c. V. uliginosum, near Gamelsby in 
 Aikton, Wardren JIoss, Moorside Parks. 
 Valeriana divica, in bogs, near Bampton, Shap, Pooley Bridge 
 
 Kendal, &c. 
 Veronir.a Anagaltis, St. Bees and Ellen. V. hederifolia, Dis- 
 tington, \Vorkington. V. montana, Walla Crag. V. 
 scutcllata, Ullock Moss. 
 Vicia angustifolia, Stainburn, Santon. V. sglvatica, Clifton 
 
 Woods, Barton. 
 Viola hirtii, BaiTowfield Wood. V. lutea, Skiddaw, Brigham. 
 
 V. patustris, Spital Wood. 
 Zostera marina, Bootle shore. 
 
 In the compilation of tliis short list of the rarer 
 Cumberland plants, we have derirecl the greatest 
 
 assistance from the article on botany in Harriet !Mar- 
 ,tincau's admirable Guide to the Lakes. 
 
 CHAEITIES. 
 
 From an early period, it has been usual, in tho 
 counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, as well as 
 elsewhere, for pious or charitable persons to settle or 
 demise money, property, rent-charges, and other pro- 
 ceeds, for the pui'pose of supporting the poor, endowing 
 schools, providiug clothing, Ac, in paiticular districts 
 or localities, or for extending and improving the means 
 already in existence for carrying out these objects. 
 Many of the charities remain in operation to tho 
 present day ; some of them improved by tho kindred 
 spirits of their managers, others allowed to dwindle into 
 insignificance, some appropriated by the cupidity of 
 individuals, and some of them lost in a manner that 
 cannot now be traced. For the preservation and good 
 management of the immense amount of property in- 
 volved in these endowments, an act was passed, 58 
 Geo. III., cap. 91, "for appointing commissioners to 
 inquire concerning charities in England, for the educa- 
 tion of the poor;" and another, 59 Geo. III., cap. 81, 
 to amend the previous act, " and to extend the powers 
 thereof to other charities in England and Wales." 
 Both these acts were continued by others, 5 Geo. IV., 
 cap. 58, and 1 Geo. IV., cap. 57. In pursuance of their 
 provisions, commissioners were appomted, whose labours 
 were continued during a scries of years, and whose 
 voluminous reports tended materially to elucidate this 
 hitherto little known subject. So important was this 
 inquiry considered, that another act, 5 and WiUiam 
 IV., was passed, " for appointing commissioners to 
 continue the inquiries concerning charities in England 
 and Wales, until the 1st day of March, 18;17." In 
 that year, the concluding report appeared. In common 
 with the charities of other counties, cities, and towns 
 of England and Wales, those of Cumberland and A\'est- 
 moreland were carefully investigated and the results 
 placed on record. From this authentic source of infor- 
 mation, it is intended to collect the^materials for an 
 account of each of tho parochial and other charities in 
 the two counties, with a statement of such changes, 
 modifications, and additional particulars as have oc- 
 curred since the date of the commissioners' reports, so 
 far as they can be procured. These accounts will be 
 arranged with their respective localities.
 
 CEinhrlauir Wiux)i, 
 
 Cumberland Ward, whicli comprises tbc city of Carlisle, and is the most fertile division of the county, is 
 bounded on the north hy Eskdale Ward, on the north-west by the Solway Frith, on the south-west by Allerdale- 
 below-Uerwent Ward, and on the south-east by Leath Ward. It is of an irregular oblong form, extending about 
 twenty miles from east to west, and about eight miles from north to south, and is watered by the rivers Eden, 
 Petteril, Caldew, Wampool, and Waver, with their numerous tributary streams. The scenery of the first-named river 
 is very picturesque, and is much admired ; on the Petteril and Caldew there are several mills and manufactories. 
 The railways passing through the ward are the Newcastle and Carlisle, the JMaryport and Carlisle, the Lancaster and 
 Carlisle, the Caledonian, the Port Carlisle, and the Carlisle and Silloth. Cumberland Ward comprises seventeea 
 parishes, — Beaumont, Bowness, Burgh -on -Sands, Crosby -on -Eden, Christ Church, Dalston, Grinsdale, Kirk 
 Andrews-on-Eden, Kirkbampton, Orton, Piocklitie, St. Cuthbert, St. Mary, Stanwix, Uppcrby, Warwick, and 
 Weathcral ; one chapelry, Wreay ; and two extra-parochial places, Eaglesfield Abbey and Kingmoor. ^ 
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 Carlisle, an episcopal city, a parliamentary and muni- 
 cipal borough, and the capital of the county of Cum- 
 berland, is situated in 51' 03' north latitude, and 2^ 
 55' west longitude. It is 301 miles north-west by 
 north from London by road, and 300 miles by the 
 Xorth-Westeru and the Lancaster and Carlisle railways. 
 The city is seated upon an eminence, surrounded by a 
 fertile plain of rich meadows, and is nearly encom- 
 passed by three streams, the largest of which, the 
 Eden, passing Carlisle on the north side, receives the 
 other two — the Petteril on the east and the Caldew 
 on the west of the city. From the neighbourhood of 
 Stanwk, on the other side of the Eden, Carlisle is 
 seen to great advantage, while the southern approach 
 is also beautiful and picturesque. The eye commands 
 an extensive prospect towards the north and east, and 
 in the middle rises the city, overtopped by the massive 
 towers of the castle on the west; the cathedral still 
 higher in the centre ; and in the cast arise the em- 
 battled towers of the court houses. The atmosphere 
 is dry and pure, and the soil chiefly sand and clay, 
 while the proximity of the city to an inlet of the sea, 
 and its due distance from the mountains on all sides 
 render the temperature moderate and temperate. 
 
 The city, the parliamentary and municipal boundaries 
 of which are co-extensive, consists of tho townships of 
 Botcbergate, English-street, Scotch-street, Fisher-street, 
 
 Castle-street, Abbey-street, Rickergate, and Eaglesfield 
 Abbey, with part of Caldewgate township. Its popula- 
 tion in 1801 was 9,531, in 1811, 11,045; in 1831, 
 11,531; in 1831, 19,009; in 1841, 21,878; and in 
 1S51, 90,310, of whom 12,077 were males, and 13,033 
 females. The number of inliabitcd houses, at the same 
 period, was ^3,950 ; of uninhabited, 119; and there 
 were 38 in course of erection. The following table 
 gives the population of the ditferent townships in the 
 city from the latest parliamentary returns : — 
 
 1801 
 
 Abbey-street 837 
 
 Botcbergate 1,019 
 
 Cnlciewgate l,yOO 
 
 Castle-street 1,075 
 
 Eagleslield Abbey — 
 Euglisb-street ... 2,331 
 
 Fisber-strcet 294 
 
 Sc.itcb-street 1,181 
 
 Rickergate HOI 
 
 Militarj' iu barcks. — 
 
 The history of Lugubalia or Carlisle during the 
 Roman period is as much involved in obscurity as that 
 of the other portions of the county, though there is 
 little doubt that it was a place of some importance, 
 
 s Tliat part of Calilewgate townsliip within the city of Carlisle, 
 cuniprisoil, iu IV>1, 7,405 iiibabilants. 
 
 > No return was made for Eaglesfield Abbey prior to 1341. 
 
 ISll 
 
 1321 
 
 1831 
 
 1S4I 
 
 1351 
 
 772 
 
 1,024 
 
 1,246 
 
 1,280 
 
 1,099 
 
 1,801 
 
 2,202 
 
 4,161 
 
 0,400 
 
 7,431 
 
 2,009 
 
 3,915 
 
 5,104 
 
 6,008 
 
 7,8032 
 
 890 
 
 001 
 
 1,007 
 
 971 
 
 1,102 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 01 
 
 09* 
 
 2,874 
 
 3,249 
 
 3,773 
 
 3,880 
 
 3,032 
 
 309 
 
 303 
 
 443 
 
 478 
 
 471 
 
 1,473 
 
 1,012 
 
 1,887 
 
 1,844 
 
 2,003 
 
 997 
 
 1,235 
 
 1,448 
 
 2,209 
 
 2,915 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 231 
 
 183 
 
 1 Cbiiat Churcb, and Uppcrby parishes, have been formed under Lord Blaudford's act (ISDG) fronc the former parish of St. Cuthbert.
 
 84 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 and contained its temples, and palaces, and public edi- 
 fices, like the other cities and stations of the empire. 
 It appears to have been one of the Civltates Latii jure 
 donata, or cities under the Latian law, of which there 
 were only ten in Britain, and as such enjoyed peculiar 
 exemptions and privileges. The Scots seem to have 
 looked upon it with no friendly eye, even at this early 
 period, for we learn from two of their own writers, 
 Fordun and Boethius, that it was captured and burnt 
 by them, during the absence of the imperial legions, 
 in the reign of Nero. It must, therefore, have been 
 subsequent to this event, and most probably in the 
 time of Agricola, that it was fortified as a strong frontier 
 town. The defences constructed at this period appear to 
 have been, like all the other works of the Romans, of 
 great strength and durabihty, for despite the many at- 
 tacks which were made upon the city at ditTorent times, 
 and the numerous repairs which these attacks rendered 
 necessary, much Roman masonry remained till a com- 
 paratively recent period, as we learn from Leland and 
 others.' During the time that Britain was held by the 
 Romans, Cumberland was tolerably secure from the at- 
 tacks of the Picts and Scots, but no sooner were the 
 protecting legions withdrawn than these wild sons of 
 the north overran the country, and Carhsle, from its 
 situation, being almost the first object of attack, was 
 laid in ruins, and its inhabitants put to the sword. 
 From the departure of the Romans, we hear no more 
 of Lugubalia till the seventh century, at which time 
 the Angles possessed the northern parts of England, 
 and acknowledged Ecgfrid for their king. This mon- 
 arch visited the city, gave orders for its re-edification, 
 caused a wall to be erected for its defence, and founded, 
 as is generally behaved, a coDege of secular priests to 
 attend to the spiritual wants of the inhabitants. It 
 is to the Angles that the change of the name of 
 the city from Lugubalia to Carhsle is ascribed by 
 the early chroniclers and historians. In the year 
 COS, St. Cuthbcrt arrived, and was gladly received 
 by the people, who took him to sec the fortifica- 
 tions and other remains of antiquity which their city 
 
 ' " In (liggyng to make new building yn the towne often tymes hath 
 bene, iiml now a late, found diverse fundations of the old cite, as 
 pavimcutes of streates, old ai'ches of dores, coyne, stones squared, 
 paynted pottes, money hid yn pottes so old and muldid that when yt 
 was strongly touchid yt went almost to mowlder; as yn M . . gialbys 
 bowse yn dyggyng for the squaryng .... his gardin and crcbai-d, 
 the which ston . . . eth much sowth. The hole site of the towne is 
 sore chaungid. For wher as the streets where and gieat ediiices now 
 be vacant and garden plottes. In the felds about Cair luel j-n plow- 
 yng hath be found diverse cornelines and other stonys well entayled 
 for scales, and other places of Cumberland in plowynge hath be fownd 
 brickes conteyninge the prints of antique workes." — Lelund's Ilin. 
 vol. vii, p. 84. 
 
 possessed.' Lugubalia, with the surrounding country 
 for fifteen miles, was subsequently granted to the see of 
 Lindisfarne, to which it remained attached till the 
 reign of Henry I. On the invasion of Cumberland 
 by the Danes, under Halfdene, in 875, Carlisle, as it 
 was now called, is said to have been destroyed ; but 
 if the statement of some of the Scotch historians 
 be correct, that Gregory, King of Scotland, held an 
 assembly of his nobles here in 880, this destruction 
 must liave been only a partial one, and one that 
 could be soon repaired. But certain it is that some- 
 time about this period, the city fell into the hands of 
 the Northmen, by whom it was laid in ruins. It con- 
 tinued in this state for about two centuries, during 
 which time there was " never an inhabitant to be seen, 
 but some few straggling Irish, who lodged themselves 
 among the ruins. There was no face nor appearance of 
 a city, but the very foundations were so buried in the 
 earth, that it is said largo oaks grew upon them, so that 
 it looked more hke a forest than a place of civil govern- 
 ment, and this is not only attested by our own histo- 
 rians, but also made out by some discoveries that have 
 been late made of large unhewn oak trees buried ten or 
 twelve yards in the ground." 
 
 Matthew, of Westminster, is the only writer who 
 speaks of the restoration of Carhsle previous to the 
 reign of William Rufus. lie tells us that Ranulph de 
 Meschines, as soon as he had received Cumberland 
 from the Conqueror, at once began to rebuild the 
 city ; and further informs us, that the Conqueror him- 
 self, on his return from Scotland, in 1072, gave orders 
 for fortifying Carlisle. If we are to place any reliance 
 on this information, it is manifest that the work of 
 restoration must have proceeded slowly, and made 
 but little progress till the reign of the second Norman 
 liiug ; for the same writer, in common with the other 
 historians of the period, attributes the restoration of 
 Cai'lislc and the rebuilding of the castle to Wilham 
 Rufus, who visited the city and placed a garrison there 
 in 1092. The same monarch subsequently sent a 
 number of labourers from the south of England to 
 settle in and around Carlisle, to reclaim the neighbour- 
 ing lands and to bring them into cultivation, and Sir 
 Francis Palgrave considers it not unlikely that these 
 colonists were the people who were ejected from their 
 homes by Rufus, when the New Forest was in course of 
 formation. These extensive operations, there is little 
 doubt, occupied many years, and must have been far 
 from finished when Tyrrell 's arrow laid the Red King low, 
 and Henry T. ascended the English throne ; for in 1122, 
 
 ' See page 6. 
 ' Dr. Todd's MS. account of the City of Cnilisle.
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 85 
 
 or twelve years after Lis accession, Henry being at 
 Carlisle, disbursed money towards their completion. 
 From this fact it would appear tbat the premature 
 death of William II. interfered with the carrying out of 
 the plans devised for the restoration of Carlisle, and it is 
 not at all improbable that the castle and the city walls 
 were finished by David, King of Scotland, who, during 
 several years possessed the city, and occasionally resided 
 there.' 
 
 From the important position held by Carlisle as a 
 strong frontier town, it was frei]uently besieged during 
 the many wars between the English and the Scotch, and 
 sufifcred greatly in consequence. In 1135, it fell into 
 the possession of David of Scotland, who captured it 
 either by surprise or treachery, and spent the three 
 following ycai's in adduig to the strength of its fortifica- 
 tions, which according to Forduu, wore completed in 
 1138. In the same year was fought the Battle of the 
 Standard, when the Scottisli monarch was completely 
 defeated, and obliged to retreat to Carlisle, where he 
 remained for three days in the greatest auxiety regard- 
 ing the fate of his son, whom he had left contending 
 valiantly with the enemy. The prince, however, es- 
 caped, and shortly afterwards joined his father at 
 Carlisle. In the following September, Da«d was 
 visited at Carlisle by the Cardinal Alberic, who had 
 landed iu England, as papal legate. The Cardinal had 
 passed through the tract of country which had been the 
 
 ' Dr. Toild ill llje work just quoted, says, " I hare a manuscript 
 account of the county of Cumberland, collected by an industrious 
 persou (Mr. Denton, of Cardew) about two hundred years ago, 
 which Rives a particular account and relation of this matter, and more 
 full than I can lind in any other historian. This author says, that 
 the people which King Williiun translated hither were Flemings, and 
 that ihey anil the Irish and English had their several quarters assigned 
 them at tlie building of rin' city, after this sort : First, in llie street called 
 Abbey street (from the Abbey, whose foundations were tliere laid), 
 our founder pla<'ed the Irish families who hud lived before in little 
 huts amongst the 'rubbish, called therefrom in old writings, Vicus 
 llyberentium, the Irish street: Secondly, in tlic street called Castle 
 street, Vicus Castri, because the Castle was built at the west end of 
 it, were placed the Flemings or Normans, wherefore it is sometimes 
 called Vicus Francorum, or corruptly Fennell street: Thirdly, in 
 Bichardgate, Vicus Hichardi, so called because it leads towards 
 Itiehardby; and in Botchardgate, Vicus Botchardi, and in tlie otlier 
 principal {daces of the city near to the maiket place and the church, 
 were placed the best and principal citizens, natural Englishmen: in 
 the suburbs on the west side towards Coldcoats, or Caldewcouts, or 
 cottages, towards Dolston, in Shaddcniugale, dwelt the remnant of 
 the Flemings, whereupon the street was called Vicus Flandrenlium. 
 In the lowest part of the city, towards the north-west, stooil the Fish 
 Shambles, which made Uie street he colled Vicus Piscatonmi, Fisher 
 street ; in the south east of this were the Flesh bhunibles, or Butchers' 
 Row, Vicus Carnilieiuni ; in the mitldle and centre of the tow-n was 
 the market kept. And on the west part was built, on a large piece 
 of ground which is near the fourth part of the city, the Church and 
 Abbey fur religious worship. .\nd it was well provided by Wallerus. 
 a devout person, who was superior of the works, after he hod liiuahed 
 the wall and caallc, lo udtc care that the houss of God should be well 
 
 scene of Scottish depredation, and was so affected with 
 the horrors that he had witnessed, that on his knees he 
 begged of the lung to consent to a peace. David was 
 inexorable, but out of respect to the petitioner, he 
 granted a truce for two months ; promised that all the 
 females that bad been consigned to slavery in Scotland 
 should be conducted to Carlisle, and liberated on the 
 feast of St. ilartin ; and gave his word that in future 
 wars the churches should be respected, and protection 
 should be extended to the weak and unresisting. In 
 the year 1149, David conferred the honour of knighthood 
 upon his nephew (afterwards Henry U. of England), at 
 Carlisle, and a year later, the same king, prince Henry 
 of England, and Tiauulph, earl of Chester, met here, 
 and entered into a league, binding themselves to 
 to make common cause against Stephen, who, at that 
 time had possession of the English crown. The con- 
 temporary writers inform us that on this occasion prince 
 Henry solemnly promised, that on his accession, he 
 would confirm to David and his heirs the lands in 
 England claimed by that monarch. Prince Henry of 
 Scotland died at Carlisle, in 1152, where his father 
 David also expired, on the 24th of May, iu the following 
 year. At this period the city was of sufficient impor- 
 tance to have a mint, which seems to have been supphed 
 with silver from mines in the county. 
 
 Henry succeeded to the throne of England in 1154, 
 when Malcolm of Scotland, the son and successor of 
 
 built and furnished, to engage thereby the favour of heaven for the 
 good of tills new society, — for all Clmsiians agree that if God be not 
 well served in a city, it may be strong but it cannot be safe, — ' nisi 
 Doniinus custodierit civitatem, frustra vigilat qui euslodit earn.' 
 Then William II., out of his princely care and bounty, built tlie walls 
 of this ruinated city of Corlisle, built and fortified the castle, laid 
 the foundations of the churili and abbey, and placed a great lumiber 
 of inhabitants in all parts of the city ; but before he could bring liis 
 designs to perfection, the fabric of his own body foiled, and he was 
 called out of this world by on unexpected deoih, wherefore, the 
 linishing and completing whot he had so well begun, and so far 
 advanced, was left to the royal care of his successor, Henry I., a wise 
 and pious jirince. No sooner hod King Henry got the crown upon his 
 head, hut he hod it in his heart to advance tile good state of tlie new 
 garrison here on the borders ; lUid if oilier business woulil not have 
 permiiled him to consider its condition, yet the frequent alarms the 
 Scots g.ive hhn in these parts would have advertised him how neces- 
 sory it was to keep a number of men to defend these iiorlhcm coim- 
 ties from their insolence. Hereupon, in the bcginuiugof his reign, 
 ho removed the Flemings oinl Dutch which hod been placed here, as 
 was said, into the Isle of Anglesea, and sent in their room regiments 
 of families of English out of Keul, Esses, and Middlesex, to inhabit 
 the cilv, and to defend it too, under the command of Ranuljdi de 
 Meschines, sister's son to Hugo Lupus, Earl of Chester. What 
 expenses were needful lo linish tlic walls and the church, were sup- 
 plied out of the King's e\chcipier and put into the hands of Wallerus, 
 the supervisor of tlie works, who was a person of greol worlli and 
 abilities, who came out i»f Normandy with ihe Conqueror, served him 
 ond his son in great oflices, and when he had portly at his own 
 charge, as well as (he king's, built and endowed a nicaastcr}' her«, 
 he took upon him the habit of an Austin monk iu iW'
 
 86 
 
 CUMBEBLAND WARD. 
 
 David, applied to tbe English mouarch for the fulfil- 
 ment of his promise regarding the land, itc, iu England, 
 claimed by the Scottish kings ; Henry, however, disre- 
 garding the oath made to David, refused to comply, and 
 kept them in his own hands. In 1158 the two monarehs 
 met at Carlisle, but separated without adjusting theu" 
 differences, though much time was spent in negotiations 
 for that purpose ; " and," says Dr. Todd, " the Iviug of 
 Scotland did not receive the honour of knighthood, 
 ■which he had expected." From this time the city 
 remained in the possession of Henry, who, according 
 to Hutchinson, granted a charter to the citizens, iu 
 which he allowed them to take timber for building 
 from the royal forest of Carlisle. Not long after this, 
 in 1173, hostilities continuing between the two king- 
 doms, William the Lion, the successor of Malcolm, 
 invaded Cumberland, and laid siege to Cai'lisle, which 
 was well aud ably defended by Robert de Vaux, but 
 learning that an EugUsh army was on its march to 
 relieve the city, he drew off his soldiers and returned 
 to his own country. He came back, however, in the 
 following year, and invested Carlisle with an army of 
 80,000 men. The garrison made a determined resis- 
 tance, and the siege lasted several months, during 
 which tbe greatest privations were endured by all 
 within the city. Being reduced to the last extremity, 
 the brave garrison was on the point of surrendering, 
 when the capture of the Scottish king at Alnwick put 
 an end to the war, and brought the siege to a con- 
 clusion." In IISO, Henry H., accompanied by a large 
 army, visited Carlisle, where he was met by William 
 the Lion and his brother David, the two kings being 
 then on friendly terms. During the reigtt of this 
 monarch a considerable portion of the city was burnt 
 by the Scots, and in addition to the loss of property 
 sustained by the citizens, the charters aud other docu- 
 ments by which they held their various liberties and 
 immunities were completely destroyed. In 1103 they 
 paid ten marks for the restoration of their rights aud 
 privileges. King John visited Carlisle in February, 
 1201, and stayed iu the city for three daj-s, and again in 
 February, 1206, when he remained for a similar period. 
 In August, 120?, we find that he was hero for one day. 
 Four years afterwards, in 1212, we fiud him again in the 
 old border city, where he arrived on the 23rd of June, and 
 staid till the 2Gth, when he departed for Hexham, which 
 he reached on the same day, and proceeded thence to 
 Durham.- In 1216 Carlisle was besieged and taken by 
 the Scots under Alexander, but the castle still held out 
 
 1 See page 13 for an account of the siege by Fantosme, a con- 
 temporary writer. 
 
 » Rot. Lit. Patentium, vol. I, part 1. 
 
 for John. The Scottish king repaired and strengthened 
 the fortifications, but was not able to retain possession of 
 the city long, for iu the following year, on the pacification 
 which followed the accession of Henry III., it was surren- 
 dered to Walter Gray, archbishop of York, for the King 
 of England. On this occasion the canons of the cathe- 
 dral are said to have been banished by Gualo, the papal 
 legate, for having, through fear of death, sung mass for 
 the Scottish king while under sentence of excommu- 
 uication. 
 
 From this time we hear no more of Carlisle till 1233, 
 in which yeai-, according to the Lanercost chronicler, 
 two convents were founded, one for the Dominican 
 friais, and the other for the Franciscan. In 1283, the 
 citizens were summoned by Edward I. to send two 
 representatives to parhameut. Nine years later, 1292, 
 a fire broke out, which is said to have consumed many 
 houses in the city, with the greater portion of the abbey 
 buildings, and greatly damaged the cathedral. This 
 conflagration appears to have been the work of an in- 
 cendiary, who, from motives of resentment, set fire to 
 his father's house, and was subsequently executed for 
 the crime. During the progress of the fire, two thieves, 
 one of whom had taken sanctuary iu the cathedral 
 church, and the other in that of the Franciscan friars, 
 effected their escape, for which the citizens were con- 
 demned to pay a fine of XTG into the exchequer; the 
 fine was, however, remitted by the king, on condition 
 that the citizens should acknowledge that they were re- 
 sponsible for the safe custody of felons flying for sanc- 
 tuary to the churches withiu the city. In 1296, the 
 earls of Buchanan and Slontcith, with other Scottish 
 nobles, besieged Carlisle, when the garrison made such an 
 energetic resistance, that after three days the assailants 
 were glad to retire. During this siege the women took 
 an active part in the defence of the city, aud caused the 
 enemy considerable annoyance, by pouring boihng water 
 and casting heavy stones from the walls upon the be- 
 siegers, " which so abated their courage aud fury, that 
 they thought best quietly to retreat, aud leave the coun- 
 try to judge that Carlisle women had more courage and 
 valour than the Scottish soldiers.''^ In the following 
 year, Wallace, at the head of his array, summoned the 
 city to surrender, but the garrison being well prepared 
 to repel any attack, refused to comply, and the Scottish 
 leader withdrew his troops, without commencing hos- 
 tihties. 
 
 Edwai-d I., after his victory at Falkirk, iu 1298, 
 came with his army to Carlisle, and is said to have held 
 a parliament there on the 5 th of September. Two 
 years later we find him again here, on his route to 
 
 e Dr. Todd's MS.
 
 THE CITY OF CAELISLE. 
 
 8Y 
 
 Scotland, wlieii he was attended by his army and the 
 flower of the EngHsh nobility. But the mediation of tho 
 Pope brought about a truce between Edward and the Scot- 
 tish monarch, the former of whom, after having passed 
 the border, returned to Holme Cultram, and continued 
 there and at Carlisle till the 10th of October. He sub- 
 sequently went to Dumfries, whore tho truce was con- 
 cluded, on tho 30th of the same month, and arrived at 
 Carlisle again, on his way to the south, on the 3rd of 
 November. The revolt of Bruce, in 1305, recom- 
 menced war between tho two countries. Tho king of 
 England appointed Carlisle as the place of rendezvous 
 for his array, which was summoned to assemble at 
 midsummer, 1 300. I'jdward, with his queen and court, 
 arrived on the 2Sth of August, and remained till the 
 10th of September, when ho made a short excursion 
 into Northumberland, returning to Carlisle in October. 
 His health being in a declining state, from the united 
 effects of disease and advancing years, ho moved slowly 
 about the Scottish border, and passed a great portion 
 of his time at Lanorcost priory, making, however, in 
 the mean time a short excursion to Carlisle. In Janu- 
 ary, 1307, a parliament met here. On the first of 
 the following JIarch the king removed to Kirk Cam- 
 beck, and on the Ith, accompanied by the queen and 
 court, paid a visit to the Bishop of Carlisle, at Lmstock 
 Castle, where he remained for six days, enjoying tho 
 hospitality of the prelate, returning to Carlisle to meet 
 his parliament on the 12th. This parliament consisted 
 of Edward, Prince of Wales, the legate of the Holy See, 
 the Archbishop of York, nineteen bishops, several 
 mitred abbots, tho officers of state, and a large number 
 (if tho most powerful barons of the kingdom. During 
 its sittings an e.^communication was fulminated against 
 llobert Bruce, by Peter of Spain, the papal legate, 
 assisted by the other bishops, with all tho ceremonies 
 usual on such occasions.' Tlie army having assembled 
 at tho timo and place appointed, Edward celebrated his 
 ia.st birth-day, in tho ancient city, and on the 2f>th of 
 June, set out on his march towards Scotland. The 
 exertion of sitting on hoi-seback, however, proved too 
 much for tho aged monarch, he having heretofore been 
 carried in a litter, and he was obliged to halt at Cald- 
 cote, in the neighbourhood of Carlisle. On the foUowin" 
 day, believing himself better, he resumed his journey, 
 and proceeding by slow marches, on the Sth of July 
 reached Burgh-onSands, where ho expired two days 
 afterwards. A messenger was immediately despatched 
 to convey tho tidings to prince Edward, who arrived at 
 Carlisle on tho next day, and was at once acknowledged 
 
 ' The papal bull antliorising this, is dated May the 18lh, 1308 ; it 
 13 groonded ou the murder of Comyn, in n cliurib. 
 
 king by the assembled prelates and nobles. He then 
 proceeded to Burgh, to assist at the obsequies which 
 were performed for the repose of the late monarch's 
 soul, and shortly afterwards, abandoning the war with 
 the Scots, returned to the south, passing through Car- 
 lisle in September. 
 
 In 131-1, Robert Bruce invaded England by Carlisle, 
 and wasted all the country as far as York.' In the fol- 
 lowing year, he again entered Cumberland, and on the 
 29nd of July appeared before Carlisle, which he at once 
 invested, little expecting the determined resistance 
 which he met with from the garrison and its brave 
 commander, Andrew de Hercla. " On every day of the 
 siege," says the Chronicle of Lanercost, " an attack was 
 made on some one of the three gates of the city, and 
 sometimes all three together; but not with impunity, 
 for daits, arrows, and stones, as well then as at other 
 times, were cast down upon them from the walls in so 
 great an abundance, that they questioned among them- 
 selves whether the stones did not increase and mul- 
 tiply within the walls. But on the fifth day of the 
 siege, they erected an engine for carting stones near the 
 church of the Holy Trinity, where the king had placed 
 himself, and continually threw great stones towards the 
 Caldcw-gate, and at the wall, but did no injury, or but 
 little to those within, except that they killed one man. 
 There were indeed within the city, seven or eight simi- 
 lar engines with other warlike instruments, called 
 springaldes, for throwing long darts ; and slings in 
 sticks, for casting stones, which greatly terrified and 
 annoyed those who were without the city. In the 
 meanwhile the Scots erected a great berefray, in the 
 manner df a tower, the height of which considerably 
 exceeded that of the walls ; which, being observed, the 
 carpenters of the city erected a wooden tower, which 
 exceeded the height of the other, upon one of the towers 
 of the wall towards which that engine must have come, 
 if it had approached tho waU : but it never drew near 
 to the wall, for when it was drawn upon wheels over 
 moist and claj'ey ground, there it stuck, by reason of 
 its weight, nor could it be drawn any further, or occa- 
 sion any inconvenience. But tlie Scots applied many 
 long ladders, which they had brought with them, for the 
 purpose of ascending tho wall in the same manner in 
 different places, and a sow for undermining the wall of 
 the city, if they found it practicable ; but neither the 
 sow nor the ladders availed anything. They also made 
 bundles of straw and grass in great abundance, to fill 
 up the moat without tho wall, on the cast side, in order 
 to pass over it dry ; they also made long wooden bridges 
 
 • The Chronicle of Englimd, by John Capgrave, London, 1858, p. 181.
 
 88 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 running on wheels, that being drawn forcibly and rapidly 
 with cords, they might be carried across the ditch ; but 
 neither would the bundles, during the whole stay of tlie 
 Scots there, fill up the moat, nor those bridges pass the 
 ditch, but fell by their weight to the bottom. On the 
 ninth day of the siege, ^Yhon all the engines were ready, 
 they made a general assault on all the gates of the 
 town, and attacked valiantly throughout the whole 
 circuit of the walls, and the citizens defended them- 
 selves as valiantly; and in like manner ou the following 
 days. Moreover the Scots employed a stratagem similar 
 to that by which they took the castle of Edinburgh : 
 they caused the greater part of their army to make an 
 assault on the eastern part of the city, against the place 
 of the Friars Minors, that they might draw thither the 
 party within ; but the Lord James Douglas, a valiant 
 and wary soldier, with certain of the more bold and alert 
 of the army, posted themselves on the western side, over 
 against the place of the Canons and Preaching Friars, 
 where, ou account of the height [of the walls] and diffi- 
 culty, an attack was not apprehended, and there erected 
 long ladders, which they ascended, and they had archers 
 in great numbers, who discharged their arrows thickly, 
 lest any one should raise his head above the wall ; but, 
 blessed be the Lord, they found such a resistance there 
 that they were thrown to the ground with their ladders, 
 and there, and elsewhere about the walls, some were 
 taken, some slain, and others wounded. Yet no English- 
 man was killed during the whole siege, except one man 
 struck with an aiTow, and the one above-mentioned, but 
 a few were wounded. Thereupon, on the eleventh day, 
 that is to say, on the feast of St. Peter ad Yincula 
 (August 1st), the Scots, cither because they heard of the 
 approach of the Enghsh to raise the siege, or because 
 they despaired of making any further progress, early in 
 the morning returned into their own land, in confusion, 
 leaving behind them all their warlike engines above 
 mentioned. Certain English pursuing them, took John 
 de Moray, who, in the before mentioned battle at Stri- 
 veUan, had for his share twenty-three Enghsh luiights, 
 besides esquires and others of lower rank, and received 
 a great sum for their ransom. They took also with the 
 aforesaid John, the Lord Robert ]3ardolf, a man cer- 
 tainly of the very worst disposition towards the English, 
 and brought them both to the castle of Carlisle." This 
 extract from the chronicle will give an insight into the 
 manner in which sieges were carried on in those days. 
 
 In 132'^, Andrew de Hercla, governor of Carlisle, 
 having vanquished the Duke of Lancaster and his 
 adherents at Boroughbridge, was rewarded for his ser- 
 vices by the earldom of Carlisle and the wardenship of 
 the Western Marches. The same vear, Edward 11. 
 
 assembled a numerous army for the invasion of Scot- 
 land, infoi'raation of which coming to the ear of Bruce, 
 he entered England near Carlisle, and burnt Rose 
 Castle, plundered the Abbey of Holme Cultram, and 
 laying waste the sun-ounding country, proceeded through 
 Copeland as far as Preston, carrying destruction whither- 
 soever he went. He returned with great booty, and 
 encamped in the neighbourhood of Carlisle for five days, 
 during which time the Scottish troops were constantly 
 engaged in plundering. "Whereupon," says Nicholson 
 and Burn, "Andrew de Hercla, concluding that King 
 Edward neither knew how to govern nor defend his 
 kingdom, and fearing that he would in the end lose it, 
 did, ou the 3rd of January, privately repair to King 
 Fiobert, at Loehmaben, and there they mutually agreed 
 to assist and succour each other with all their might. 
 And it was further agreed, that if the king of England 
 should within one year approve thereof, that then King 
 Robert should cause one monastery to be built in Scot- 
 land, and endowed with 500 marks of yearly revenue 
 for ever, to pray for the souls of all those that had 
 perished in the wars between England and Scotland ; 
 and should pay 4000 marks of silver to the king of 
 England within ten years : and that the king of Eng- 
 land should have the prince of Scotland and marry him 
 to a relation. The earl returning to CarUsle, sum- 
 moned all the chief of the county, as well clergy as 
 laity, and there, more out of fear than love, they aU 
 swore that they would keep and defend the said con- 
 vention with their whole power. And all the common 
 people were much pleased therewith, hoping they might 
 now live peaceably at home. But an account of all 
 these proceedings being carried to King Edward, he 
 was greatly surprised and troubled at it ; and publicly 
 proclaiming the earl a traitor, sent to Anthony Lord 
 Lucy to apprehend him, promising that he and his 
 assistants should be well rewarded. Whereupon the 
 Lord Lucy, having his squires and other men properly 
 dispersed here and there upon various pretended causes, 
 on the morrow of St. Matthias the Apostle (February 
 25 th), he and they entered the castle of Carlisle, where 
 the earl was, as upon common business. With Lord 
 Lucy were three stout and daring knights, Sir Hugh de 
 Lowther, Sir Richard de Denton, and Sir Hugh de 
 Moriceby, with four squires, all well armed. And as 
 they entered the castle they carefully left a guard at 
 every gate. The Lord Lucy, with his three knights, 
 went through the great hall to the place where the earl 
 was sitting, and thus accosted him, — 'Sir, you must 
 either surrender or defend yourself instantly.' Upon 
 which he submitted. Then some of his servants calling 
 out treason, the keeper of the inner gate would have
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 89 
 
 shut it upon the knights thut had entered, but Sir 
 Richard de Denton killed him with his own hand, and 
 this was the only person that was slain in the wliole 
 affair. But all that were in the castle surrendered 
 themselves and it to Lord Lucy. Rut some of the 
 family repaired with all speed to High-head Castle, to 
 acquaint his brother John therewith, \Yho immediately 
 fled into Scotlatid, and with him Sir William Blount 
 and many others. A special message being despatched ' 
 to King Edward at York, to acquaint him with all that 
 was done, and to know his pleasure ; the earl, in the 
 meantime, apprehending what would be the consequence, 
 confessed himself to several monks, who gave him abso- 
 lution, and assured him of eternal happiness. On the 
 feast of St. Chad (March 2nd), six days after the seizing 
 of the said earl, an armed force, with Sir Jeffrey de 
 Scrope, chief justiciar, arrived at Carlisle, who, the next 
 day, tried and sentenced the siiid earl to be degraded, 
 hanged, and quartered. After the pronouncing which 
 sentence, the earl said, ' You have disposed of my body 
 at your pleasure, but my soul I give to God.' And 
 then, with an unchangeable countenance and uplifted 
 hands and eyes, he was carried to the gallows and 
 executed, having first fully explained the intention of 
 the treaty." ' 
 
 J Histor)' of Cumberland find Westmoreland, vol. ii, pp. 2^0, 231. 
 The jiulgment was in auhslimce as follows: — Whereas our lord the 
 king, on iiceount of the loyalty which he thovight he had obser^*cd 
 in you, Andrew de Herein, made you earl of Carlisle, and with his 
 own hand girded you with the sword, and gave you n fee of the 
 county, with entitle-, to\7ns, lands, and tenements, to support the 
 estate of nn earl ; and yet you have traitorously, falsely, and mali- 
 ciously gone to Robert Uniro to maintain him in opposition to the 
 will of tlie king, lliis court duih award that you shall be degraded, 
 and lose the title of earl fur yourself aiul your heirs for ever ; and 
 that you shall be ungirded of your sword, and that your spurs of 
 gold shall be struck off from your heels. And whereas you, Andrew, 
 the liegeman of our lord the king, contrary to your homage, faith, 
 and allegiance, have traitorously gone to Robert Hruce, the mortal 
 enemy of our lord the king,&e., this court doth award llial for the same 
 treason you shall be drawn, hanged, and beheaded : that your heart, 
 bowels, and entrails, from which these traitorous thoughts proceeded, 
 shall be plucked out and burnt to ashes, and the ashes be scat- 
 tered in the wind; and that your body shall lie divided into four 
 quarters and sent to Newcastle, Carlisle, York, and Shrewsbury, and 
 your head shall be placed on London Bridge for an example, that 
 others may Icani not to commit such treasons against tlieir liege- 
 lord.— /ij/ni. ilOiP, Pari, n'rils, ii. app. 202. 
 
 The following arcount of this affair is given by Capgrave: — " In 
 this same yere Andrew Hcrcle, whecli took Thomas of Lancastir, 
 and broulo biin to the kyng, and whom the kyng had rewarded 
 gretely, and mad erl of C'arlyle, ros ageyn the Spenseres. And 
 itbanne he say it myte not availe, lliic were so wallid with the kyngis 
 grace, he rebelled openly, and drew to tlic Srottis, and favoured her 
 p»n ageyn the kyng. Theime was there a nobil knyle in that cunlre, 
 cleped Sir Anihony Lucy. lie, supposing to .stand the better in the 
 kyngis grace, sodeynly fel upon this tyrant at Karlhil, took him, put 
 him ill yrunnes, and brout him to London to the kyng, and tliere 
 was lie scliaincfully deposed of allc worchip, aud deed as a Ire- 
 tourc."— C/irunic/* <)/ England, p. 191. 
 
 13 
 
 As some reward for his services in arresting Hercla, 
 Lord Lucy appears to have been appointed governor of 
 Carlisle, for we find that in 1.327 the lords Urford and 
 Mowbray were sent to that city with a reinforcement 
 to the governor, Anthony Lord Lucy. He does not, 
 however, seem to have held that important post for any 
 lengthened period; for, in 1332, when Edward Baliol 
 sought protection here after his unsuccessful attempt 
 to obtain the Scottish crown, he was entertained by 
 Lord Dacre, who appears to have been governor at that 
 time. 
 
 In 1334, Edward Baliol and the earls of Warwick 
 and O.xford were sent to Carlisle by Edward lET., who 
 was then in Scotland, with instructions to defend Cum- 
 berland against the Scots. Shortly after their arrival 
 in the city, their force having received several additions, 
 they made an incursion into Scotland under the leader- 
 ship of Baliol, and then returned to Carlisle. On the 
 11th of July in the following year, another expedition, 
 headed by the king in person, marched from Carlisle 
 against the Scots, who three years later retaliated by 
 making an irruption into Cumberland aud attacking 
 Carlisle, but being unable to make any impression upon 
 the city, they burnt the suburbs, and the hospital of 
 St. Nicholas, as well as Rose Castle. Li 1345, how- 
 ever, they were more successful, and the city itself was 
 given to the flames. From this date we find no further 
 notice of CarHsle till 1356, in which year Bishop Wel- 
 ton granted an indulgence of forty days, upon the usual 
 conditions, to all those who should contribute to the 
 repairs of the bridge over the Eden to the north of the 
 city. On the demise of Edward III., in 1377, 
 Richard II. succeeded to the English throne ; and in 
 the third year of his reign " the Scots," says Dr. Todd, 
 " invaded Cumberland and Westmoreland, killing aU 
 they met, and miserably laying waste the whole country. 
 They passed by the city of Carlisle, going through the 
 forest of Inglewood, where they seized four thousand 
 head of cattle and sent them to Scotland, with a small 
 party to secure them. They came to Peiu'itli on the 
 market-day, and killed many of the people, putting the 
 rest to flight, and spoiling the town of all goods which 
 they were able to carry away. In their return they 
 designed to have made an attack upon Carlisle, but 
 finding it well manned aud provided, they durst not 
 attempt it, which some of the cliief archers perceiving, 
 made a sally upon them, and by their bows and arrows 
 killed many of them. The Earl of Northumberland 
 would have pursued them, but the king would not suffer 
 him, though he had lost a thousand marks by the rapine 
 and fury of the invaders. About two years after, as 
 soou as they had eaten their stolen provisions, the Scots
 
 90 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 again invade Cumberland, bum part of Penrith, lay 
 •siege to Carlisle, and throw fire into it, which consumes 
 to ashes one whole street ; and tliey had in all proba- 
 bility taken the city, but that they were frightened 
 away in a miraculous manner, as is reported, which 
 was thus : — When they had put the citizens to great 
 consternation, and were ready to make an assault, there 
 appeared a woman to them, and told them that the king 
 of England with a puissant army was coming upon 
 them. They, looking about, saw the English banner, 
 and a vast array advancing towards them, as they sup- 
 posed, whereupon tliey left their ladders and engines at 
 the walls, and took to their heels for security, never 
 looking behind them till they came into tbeii' own 
 country. This woman was then supposed to be the 
 Blessed Virgin, the patroness of the city, who had upon 
 these occasions often appeared to the citizens and 
 inhabitants, as Henry Knighton is of opinion ; and 
 such religious esteem has been had towards the Blessed 
 Virgin, that her impress with our Saviour in her arms, 
 is the public seal of the Corporation to this day." In 
 1385, the same enemy, in conjunction with some French 
 auxiliaries, invaded Cumberland, when another fniitless 
 attempt was made upon Carlisle ; and in 1 387 the city 
 was again attacked by the Soots under the Earls of 
 Douglas and Fife, but with a similar result. " In 
 1391," says the writer just quoted, " this city was 
 burnt by misfortune, whereupon the king (Richard II.) 
 moved with compassion, gave to the citizens i£40 fee 
 farm-rent, and a mill for four years, to repair in part 
 the damages which they had sustained. After the poor 
 and unfortunate city was burnt and laid in ashes so 
 many times by the fury of the Scots and by casualty, 
 as has been seen, it was able to recover itself from many 
 desolations; and even at this day the scars of those 
 dreadful wounds arc yet apparent, for the town is so 
 tliin and empty of inhabitants that it looks like a 
 country village well walled about rather tlian a city 
 ■which can boast of so many royal favours and immuni- 
 ties bestowed upon it ; and these devastations which it 
 has suffered, are not only attested by our historians, 
 but also demonstratively evident now-a-days by the 
 several pavements which are discovered in digging 
 wells, one above another, which are nothing but the 
 ancient streets, buried in vast heaps of rubbish, at the 
 several conflagrations that the town has suifered." 
 
 During the civil wars between the houses of York 
 and Lancaster, the city is said to have been " miserably 
 harrassed," but we have no recorded particulars of that 
 period with the exception of an act of parliament passed 
 in 1161, in which it is stated that " Carlisle had suffered 
 greatly in the late civil wars when besieged by the 
 
 King's enemies, Margaret (the late Queen), Edward 
 (late Prince of Wales), and Henry Duke of Exeter, 
 when they burnt the suburbs and the city gates.'' In 
 consideration of what the citizens had suffered on this 
 occasion, Edward IV. remitted one half of their fee-form 
 rent of £80, and granted to them the lordship of the 
 royal fisheries at Carlisle. By another act passed in 
 the twenty -second year of the reign of the same monarch, 
 it was enacted that no English goods were to be sold 
 to the Scots at any other places than Carlisle and 
 Berwick-upon-Tweed, under pain of forfeiture. 
 
 For the next forty years we hear no more of the 
 ancient city. In 1522, however, the Duke of Albany, 
 at that time regent of Scotland, entered Cumberland at 
 the head of a large army, and advanced towai'ds Car- 
 lisle ; but finding the city well prepared to sustain a 
 lengthened siege, he withdrew his forces without at- 
 tempting anything of importance. In 1537 broke out 
 the Northern Rebellion, or, as it is more generally 
 called, the POgrimagc of Grace, which soon spread over 
 tlie northern counties ; and we are informed that 8,000 
 men, under Musgrave, Tilby, and others, attacked 
 Carlisle without effect, being repulsed by the gar- 
 rison and citizens. The Duke of Norfolk, who com- 
 manded the royal forces sent agamst the insurgents, 
 intercepted them on their retreat from Carlisle. All 
 the leaders, with the exception of Musgrave, were cap- 
 tured, and seventy-four officers expiated with their blood 
 their too ardent attachment to the faith and practices 
 of the old religion, — being hung on the walls of the 
 city. The same year Cuthbert Tunstal, bishop of 
 Durham, and the Bishop of Orkney, met at Carlisle, as 
 commissioners for arranging a treaty of peace between 
 England and Scotland. 
 
 Nothing farther transpires relating to Carlisle till 
 1568, when Elizabeth occupied the English throne, 
 and Mary of Scotland makes her appearance here as a 
 prisoner. She landed at Workington on Sunday, IMay 
 16th, whence she proceeded to Cockermouth, and then, 
 imder the escort of Mr. Lowther and a number of the 
 gentlemen of the county, she was conducted to Carhsle 
 and lodged in the castle. She was followed to the city 
 by the Earl of Northumberland, who was desirous of 
 getting possession of her person, but the vigilant watch 
 kept over Mary by Mr. Lowther prevented the accom- 
 plishment of the earl's designs. When Ehzabeth was 
 informed of the Scottish queen's arrival at Carlisle, she 
 sent instructions to Mr. Lowther that Mary should be 
 treated with the greatest respect, and commanded Lady 
 Scrope, and other ladies, to repair to Carlisle and 
 attend upon her. In order that Mary's conduct might 
 be strictly watched and properly reported, Elizabeth
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 01 
 
 ordered Lord Serope aud Sir Francis Knolles to pro- 
 ceed to Carlisle for that purpose. 
 
 On the 29th of Ma)', Sir Francis wrote to Elizabeth, 
 giving her an account of the first interview which he 
 and Lord Serope, the lord deputy, had with the captive 
 queen. In this letter he describes Mary's great dis- 
 satisfaction at not being admitted into the presence of 
 Elizabeth, and recommends to the lattor's consideration 
 ■whether it would not be more honourable in the sight 
 of foreign princes, and of her own subjects, to suffer 
 the Queen of Scotland to return to her own country, if 
 she thought proper. Alluding to the possibility of her 
 being still longer detained a prisoner, he remarks, 
 " She cannot be kept so rigorously as a prysener with 
 your hyghness honor (in myn opynyon) but that with 
 devyces of towels or toys at her chamber wj'ndow or 
 elsewhere in the nyght, a bodye of her agylyty and 
 spyryte may escape beyng so near the border." It 
 having been resolved to detain Mary as a prisoner, 
 Sir Francis was appointed her keeper, an office which 
 he by no means relished, though he appears to have 
 fulfilled the disagreeable task imposed upon him with 
 the utmost fidelity. In a letter dated June the loth, he 
 recommends Naworth Castle as a much more secure 
 place for her residence than Carlisle. He also, in the 
 same letter, assures Elizabeth that every precaution 
 should be taken for Mary's safe custody, though he 
 seems to think that escape was possible, considering 
 the small number of guards he had at his disposal, 
 and that appearance of liberty which it was deemed 
 advisable to allow her. We gather from the same 
 letter that it was to keep up this semblance of liberty 
 that the Scottish queen was allowed to attend service 
 at the cathedral church, ^^'ith respect to air and 
 €.\ercise shi; does not appear to have had much indul- 
 gence, as wo learn from the letter just mentioned, in 
 which Sir Francis says, " Yesterday hyr grace went 
 owte at a posterne to walke on a playinge green toward 
 Skotlaiul, and we, with 21 halberders of Master Head's 
 band, with divers gentlemen and other servants waited 
 ou hyr. Where about twenty of her retinue played 
 at footeball bcforo hyr the space of two bowers very 
 Htronglye, nymbyley, and skyllfidlye, without any fowle 
 play oH'cred, the stualness of theyr balls occasyouyng 
 theyr fayre playe. And bcforo yestordayo since our 
 comyng she went but twysc out of the towne, once to 
 the lyke playo at footeball in the same place, and once 
 roode cute a hunting the hare, she gallopyng so fast 
 upon every occasyon, and hyr hoolc retinue being so 
 well horsyd, that we upon e.xperyenco thereolT, dowblyng 
 tliat upon a set cowrso some of her frendes owte of 
 Skotlaud myghto invade aud assaulte us upon the 
 
 sodayne to reskue and take hyr from us, we mean here- 
 after yff any sotche rydyng pastymes be reqwyred that 
 waye, so motche to feare the indangeryng of her per- 
 son by some sodayue invasyon of her enemyes, that she 
 must hold us excused in that behalfe." 
 
 Elizabeth, it appears, was most anxious to learn what 
 kind of person the Scottish queen was, for in reply to 
 some inquiries concerning Mary, Sir Francis observes, 
 " This Ladie and Prynces is a notable woman, she 
 seemeth to regard no ceremonious honour beside the 
 acknowledgyng of hyr estate royallc, she shoethc a 
 disposition to speak motche, to be bold, to be pleasant, 
 and to be very famelyare ; she shoethe a great desyre 
 to be avenged of hyr enemyes : she shoethe a rediness 
 to expose hyrself to all perylls in lioopc of victorie ; she 
 delythethe motche to hear of hardiness and valeancye, 
 commendyng by name all approved hardye men of hyr 
 countrye, althoe they be hjT enemyes, and she con- 
 cealeth no cowardness." With regard to her attendants, 
 and how they were disposed, Su: Francis tells us, that 
 she had about thirty or forty servants, including gen- 
 tlemen servers aud waiters, carvers and cupbearers ; but 
 not more than three or four of these had lodgings in 
 the castle. The lords Claude and Skading, and young 
 Mr. Maxwell, with several other gentlemen aud then: 
 servants, lay in the city at theur own expense, and 
 waited upon the queen when opportunity offered. Lord 
 Herries, who had gone to London to try and obtain for 
 Mary an interview with Elizabeth, shortly after this 
 returned to Carlisle, his efforts having proved unavail- 
 ing. An order subsequently arrived for her removal to 
 the south, which Mary resisted as long as she could, but 
 was ultimately obliged to comply with, and after a resi- 
 dence of two months in Carlisle, the Scottish queen left 
 the ancient city, which she was destined to behold no 
 more. She was removed on the i:ith of July to Lowther, 
 whence she was taken to Bolton Castle in Yorkshire. 
 
 Fears being entertained for the safety of Carlisle 
 during the rebeUion of the Earis of Nurthumberiand 
 and Westmoreland, in 156!), Lord Serope, warden of the 
 western marches, occupied the city, but this precaution 
 was needless, as the forces of the earls did not advance 
 beyond Naworth, where they dispersed. In 1590, 
 William Armstrong, or " lunmout Willie," a noted 
 borderer, was taken prisoner on the marches, and car- 
 ried to Carlisle, although it was a day of truce upon the 
 borders. When the knowledge of Willie's capture came 
 to the ears of Lord Buccleugh, who at that time bad 
 chai-ge of Liddesdale, he at once applied to Lord Serope, 
 the English warden of the western marches for the bor- 
 derer's release, but his application being refused, he 
 at once formed the resolution of rescuing his countiyman.
 
 92 
 
 CUMBERLAND WAED. 
 
 Coming to Carlisle during the night with a party of 
 200 men, he made a breach in the city wall sufficient 
 to admit a few men, who, by breaking open a postern 
 gate soon let in the remainder, and before the gariisou 
 was prepared for resistance, Armstrong, whose place of 
 confinement was previously known, was released and 
 carried off in triumph. The boldness of the Scots in 
 thus surprising an English fortress is said to have 
 highly incensed Queen Elizabeth, and to have en- 
 dangered the peace of the two kingdoms. When 
 Buccleugh was afterwards presented to the English 
 sovereign, tradition tells us that, in a peremptory way, 
 she demanded how he dared to undertake an euteqmse 
 so desperate; and the undaunted chieftain's answer 
 was, " What is it that a man dares not do ? " A reply 
 ■which so struck the queen that she exclaimed, " With 
 ten thousand such men our brother of Scotland might 
 shake the firmest throne of Europe." 
 
 According to Ridpath, commissioners appointed to 
 settle the disturbances upon the borders met at Carlisle 
 in 159G. They were empowered to hear and redress 
 all wrongs committed siuce the last sitting of the com- 
 missioners, which took place at Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 upwai-ds of nine years previously. This arduous under- 
 taking found them employment for several months, 
 during which time the raids of the borderers were as 
 frequent as ever. The Bishop of Durham was the 
 principal commissioner on the part of England, and the 
 Bishop of Dunkeld on the part of Scotland. Carlisle 
 suffered severely from the plague in 1598, when 1,196 
 persons, or about a third of the entire population, are 
 said to have died. The sick poor were not neglected 
 on the occasion, upwards of £300 being collected for 
 their relief. On the 19th of August of the same year, 
 Christopher Robinson, a Roman Catholic priest, suffered 
 death at Carlisle, with all the revolting details usual in 
 cases of high treason, for having celebrated the rites of 
 his religion, and performed the duties of his profession. 
 He was a native of Woodside, and having studied at 
 Douay aud Rheims, was ordained and sent upon the 
 English mission in 1592. During his imprisonment 
 before execution. Bishop Robinson, who at that period 
 held the see of Carlisle, had a conference with him, 
 but failed in his attempt to make him abandon his 
 relioion. In 1600 an act of parliament was passed 
 for the rebuilding of the two bridges over the Eden at 
 the expense of the county, as they were both at that 
 time in a very decayed state. 
 
 On the accession of James VI. of Scotland to the 
 English throne on the demise of Queen Elizabeth, the 
 border inroads may be said to have ceased, as only one 
 occurred after that event, and in 1003 the garrison of 
 
 Carlisle was reduced. In 1G71 James I. visited the 
 city, and was gladly received by the citizens, who by 
 their mayor aud recorder presented him with an ad- 
 dress, a gold cup valued at i:30, and a purse containing 
 forty jacobuses. His majesty graciously received the 
 address, and not less graciously tho cup and purse, 
 lie subsequently visited the Cathedral, and having 
 attended a feast given in honour of the royal visit, 
 departed on the 7th of August, after a stay of three 
 days. 
 
 Scotland being in rather a disturbed state in 1639, a 
 garrison of DOO soldiers was placed in Carlisle, but 
 the Earl of Stafford, not deeming this number suf- 
 ficient, in a letter dated May 30th, advised its being 
 increased to 1500. In June of the following year, 
 rumours being prevalent that a Scottish army was 
 about to enter Cumberland, orders were issued to pre- 
 pare the various beacons, so that they might be avail- 
 able on the shortest notice : strict watch was also to bo 
 kept on the threatened part of the county ; and the 
 governor of Carlisle, Sir Nicholas Byron, who was 
 appointed the same year, received authority to pro- 
 claim martial law, should he think such a measure 
 requisite. In 1 041, in pursuance of the provisions of 
 a treaty made with the Scots, the garrison of Carlisle 
 was disbanded, and the Parliament gave orders that 
 the arms and ammunition should be cai'efuUy laid up 
 till again wanted. Shortly after this date the civil 
 wars commenced, and early in 1644 Montrose raised 
 a small army in Cumberland. Having advanced as 
 far as Dumfries, and taken possession of it, he was 
 compelled by the Earl of Callander to fall back on 
 Carlisle, which place, according to some accounts, was 
 besieged by the latter. If this be correct, the siege 
 must have been of short duration, as it is hardly men- 
 tioned by any of the contemporary writers. In June 
 of the same year, the royahst troops, under the com- 
 mand of Sir Thomas Glenham, took possession of 
 Carlisle, which, in the following October, was invested 
 by General Lesley and a detachment of the Scottish 
 army. Sir Thomas Glenham defended the city with 
 the greatest courage, industry, and patience, being well 
 supported by his devoted soldiers ; and it was only after 
 a siege of nine months, during which the garrison and 
 inhabitants were compelled to subsist on the flesh of 
 horses, dogs, aud other animals, and when all hope was 
 lost by the disastrous result of the battle of Naseby, 
 that Carlisle capitulated. It was surrendered on the 
 most honourable terms to Lesley on the 25th of June, 
 1645, and was immediately occupied by Scottish troops, 
 who continued in possession till the December of the 
 following year. For three years after tliis siege we-
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 93 
 
 learn nothing of Carlisle; but ia April, 1648, mention 
 of it is again made as being captured by Sir Pliilip 
 Musgrave and Sir Thomas Gleuham, who in July gave 
 it up to the Duke of Hamilton, who placed in it a 
 Scotch garrison, and appointed Sir William Livingstone 
 governor. Shortly afterwards, when Sir Philip Mus- 
 grave, with a portion of the royalist militia of Cumber- 
 land, presented himself before the city, the governor 
 refused to admit him. Carlisle was surrendered to 
 Cromwell on the 1st of the following October, pursuant 
 to treaty made some time before, between the Marquis 
 of Argylc and General Monro, and at once received a 
 Strong garrison, which, consisting chiefly of cavalry, 
 proved of the greatest service in repressing the tur- 
 bulence of the mosstroopers during the three years in 
 which its efficiency was maintained. After the resto- 
 ration of Charles II. to the throne of his ancestors. Sir 
 Philip Musgrave, whose devotion to the royal cause was 
 conspicuous on every occasion, was appointed gover- 
 nor of Carlisle, and from this period the ancient city 
 appears to have enjoyed comparative tranquillity, dis- 
 turbed only on one occasion when the last effort was 
 made to replace the Stuarts on the English throne. 
 
 We come now to the memorable year 1745, at which 
 time the population of Carlisle did not exceed 4000 
 persons, almost the whole of whom dwelt within the 
 ■walls of the city, — the present suburbs, with the e.xcep- 
 tion of a few cottages outside the gates, having no 
 existence. The old castle and walls, the connecting links 
 which united the Carlisle of that period to the dim ages 
 of the past, and the more recent ones of Scottish warfare, 
 were still standing ; and with the presence of a company 
 of invalided soldiers, under the command of a governor 
 who rarely, if ever, saw his troops ; and the closing of 
 the gates at the boom of the evening gun, still reminded 
 the citizens that they dwelt iu what was termed a gar- 
 rison town. The princifial people in the city were the 
 members of the ecclesiastical body, the dean and chap- 
 ter, and the members of the corporation, between whom 
 not the best understanding appears to have existed. In 
 short, Carlisle, in 171.j, iu regard to its condition to 
 sustain a siege, differed from the Carlisle of border 
 history as widely as it is possible to conceive, — its im- 
 portance as a frontier town liaving disappeared after 
 the union of England and Scotland ; nor was there any 
 reason that would justify the authorities in its being 
 maintained as one. The thought of an invasion from 
 Scotland no one for a moment entertained ; and hence 
 the astonishment and consternation felt by the entire 
 kingdom, when the news of the irruption of tho High- 
 landers spread over the country. 
 
 The appearance of a party of fifty or sixty Iliglilaud 
 
 cavalry on Stanwi.x bank, immediately opposite to Car- 
 lisle, on the afternoon of Saturday, November the 9th, 
 warned the citizens that they were about to be attacked, 
 and caused them to man the wall as best they could. 
 The fear of injuring the country people, who were 
 thronging the road on their return from market, and 
 among whom the Highland party had mixed them- 
 selves, prevented the garrison from opening fire, and 
 thus allowed the city to be reconnoitred iu safety ; but 
 when the country people had retired, a few shots were 
 fired from the ten-gun battery of the castle, and the 
 Highlanders at once retreated. Having been rein- 
 forced, in tho afternoon, by the arrival of part of the 
 Peebles division, with the artillery, the prince, with a 
 portion of the army, marched down the right bank of 
 the Eden, which he crossed at Peatwath, near Piockliffc, 
 and proceeded the same night to Moorhouse. On the 
 following day considerable reinforcements arrived, and 
 the city was formally and completely invested, — one 
 body, under the Duke of Perth, approaching by Stanwix ; 
 another, under the Marquis of Tullibardine, by Shad- 
 dongate ; and a third, commanded by the prince in 
 person, by Black Hall fields and St. Nicholas. The 
 fire from the castle and citadel obliged the assailants to 
 retire, and the prince slept that night at Black Hall. 
 The following day, Jlonday, the besiegers, much to the 
 relief of the citizens, marched to Brampton, which they 
 judged more favourable for repelling an attack which 
 they thought IMarshal Wade was about to make upon 
 them ; but as no more was heard of the marshal, and 
 a few days were lost in waiting for his coming, on the 
 afternoon of the 13th the Highlanders returned and 
 resumed the siege, the trenches before the city being 
 opened the same evening. For the defence of Carlisle 
 at this time, the garrison consisted of the Cumberland 
 and Westmoreland regiments of militia, two companies 
 of invalids, numbering about eighty men, and a few 
 volunteers, the whole being under the command of 
 Colonel Durand, a brave and skilful officer, wlio was 
 resolved to defend the plaed to the last, and there is 
 no doubt that he would have kept his resolution had he 
 been sufficiently supported by those from whom he had 
 every right to expect assistance. 
 
 On the morning of tho Ittli, Colonel Durand received 
 a message from the officers of the militia regiments, iu 
 which they acquainted him that having been lately 
 e.xtremcly fatigued with duty, in expectation of relief 
 from his majesty's forces, and it appearing that no such 
 relief was now likely to be had, and not being able to do 
 duty or hold out any longer, they were determined to 
 capitulate. On receipt of this the commandant went at 
 once to the ofiicers, and eudeavourcd, by eveiy means
 
 94- 
 
 CUMBF.nLAND WARD. 
 
 in his power, to induce them to change their resolution, 
 but his efforts were fruitless. The townspeople shortly 
 afterwards joined the militia officers, upon which Colonel 
 Durand, Captain Gilpin, and the officers of the invalids, 
 after protesting against the proposed capitulation, retired, 
 with the two companies of invalids, into the castle, which 
 they were resolved to defend to the last. On the morn- 
 iu" of Friday, the 15th, the besiegers had pushed their 
 trenches withiu eighty yards of the wall, and it appears 
 intended to assault the place, and try to take it by esca- 
 lade, but before anything could be effected, a white flag 
 was huug out, and an offer made to treat for the surren- 
 dering of the city. This proposal came from the officers 
 of the militia and the inhabitants, and referred to the 
 city aloue, — not embracing the castle. An express 
 was at once despatched to the prince at Brampton, 
 whose reply was that the castle must be surrendered 
 at the same time with the city, or the proposition 
 would not be entertained. In the afternoon these 
 conditions were accepted on the following terms : — 
 " That the town and castle, with the artilleiy and 
 magazines, should be delivered up ; that the men 
 should lay down their arms iu the market-place, after 
 which they should have passes to go where they 
 pleased, on taking oath not to carry arms against the 
 House of Stuart for a twelvemonth ; that the city of 
 Carlisle should retain all its privileges : that they should 
 deliver up all arms, &c., and also the horses of such as 
 had appeared in arms against the prince ; and that all 
 deserters, particularly the soldiers that had enlisted with 
 the Highlanders after the late battle at Preston Pans, 
 and had fled to Carlisle, should be delivered up." 
 These things being agreed to, the Duke of Perth imme- 
 diately entered the city and took possession, and the 
 next day proclaimed King James, attended by the mayor 
 and corporation in their robes of office. The prince 
 received the mayor and corporation at Brampton, where 
 they presented him with the keys of the city ; and on 
 Monday, the 1 Sth, the Pretender made his entry into 
 Ciulisle. 
 
 The capture of the ancient city was in every respect 
 a fortunate circumstance for the prince, for, in addition 
 to its moral effect, it put him in possession of a number 
 of cannon and a largo quantity of ammunition, besides 
 mihtarv stores of various kinds ; and, what was of still 
 greater importance, furnished a basis for securing his 
 further advance into England, afifording a safe medium 
 for keeping open his communication with Scotland, and 
 a secure poiut upon which to retreat in case of a re- 
 verse of fortune. The terms of the capitulation were 
 honourably fulfilled, and the Highlanders appear to 
 have refrained from plunder or violence. Captain John 
 
 Hamilton was made governor of the castle, and a gar- 
 rison of 100 men placed under his command ; and Sir 
 John Arbuthnot, an officer in the service of the King 
 of France, received the governorship of the city. These 
 appointments being made, Prince Charles Edward, on 
 the 22nd of November, marched out of Carlisle, at the 
 head of his troops, and proceeded towards the south. 
 
 It would be foreign to our purpose to follow the 
 footsteps of the prince anil his brave followers, suffice 
 it to say that after having reached Derby, it was thought 
 advisable to return to Scotland as quickly as possible. 
 When the news of this retrograde movement reached 
 Carlisle, Governor Hamilton began to prepare for the 
 worst, by seizing on the markets, fixing prices on all 
 commodities, laying iu supplies, and taking everj- pre- 
 caution to ensure the safety of the city, which he fully 
 apprehended would have to resist the attacks of the 
 king's troops. On the 19th of December, the retreating 
 Highlanders entered Carlisle, and two days afterwards 
 set out for Scotland, leaving a garrison in the castle, 
 consisting of the Manchester Regiment, 120 strong, 
 with 270 Scotch troops, and a few others, including 
 four French officers. The same day, the Duke of Cum- 
 berland, with his entire army, marched from Penrith, 
 and on his arrival before Carlisle, proceeded at once to 
 invest the city, fixing his head-quarters at Black Hall, 
 as Prince Charles had done previously. 
 
 The governor of the city. Colonel Francis Townley, 
 in conjunction with Hamilton, the governor of the 
 castle, resolved to do all in his power to retain Carlisle 
 for the house of Stuart, or perish in the attempt. But 
 his efforts were unavailing. The Duke of Cumberland, 
 having received some cannon from Whitehaven, and 
 being reinforced by the arrival of some Dutch troops, 
 opened fire on the 2«th of December, and on the .'50th, 
 two breaches having been made iu the walls, Hamilton 
 proposed to surrender on being allowed the privilege 
 of prisoners of war. To this proposition the duke's 
 answer was that they must suiTender at discretion ; 
 and the only terms he would grant was that the gar- 
 rison should not be put to the sword, but referred to 
 the king's pleasure. On these hard conditions the 
 garrison was obhged to give up the city, which was 
 immediately occupied by 1,100 infantry and 120 
 cavalry, under the command of Brigadier Blight. The 
 garrison, amounting to 390 officers and men, were 
 made prisoners, and, after laying down their arms in 
 the market place, were conveyed for security to the 
 cathedral, where a strong guard was placed over them. 
 On the 31st the duke entered Carlisle, and at once 
 ordered the mayor and town-clerk to be arrested and 
 sent to London ; but they being able to vindicate their
 
 THE CITY OF CARLTSLE. 
 
 95 
 
 conduct, were subsequeully restored to liberty. Several 
 other gentlemen were also taken into custody, who 
 did not fare so well. The duke took up his quarters 
 in Jlr. Highmore's house, where the prince also had 
 lodged, but in a few days he returned to London, 
 having given the command of the army to General 
 Hawley, whom he instnicted to follow the fugitives into 
 Scotland. General Sir Charles Howard was appointed 
 governor of Carlisle, whore a considerable garrison was 
 left, and on his arrival there early in January his 
 first care was to get the prisoners removed to Chester 
 and Lancaster. "On the 10th of January," says Mr. 
 Mounsey, " these unfortunate men left Carlisle. The 
 officere were placed on horseback, their legs tied under 
 the bellies of their horses, their arms pinioned so as 
 to afford them barely the power of holding the bridle, 
 each horse was tied to the tail of the one before it. 
 The privates were on foot — each man's arms tied — 
 the whole marching two abreast, fastened to a rope 
 hanging between them. The governor, Hamilton, 
 went first, his hoi-se led by a dragoon with a drawn 
 sword ; then followed the officers, and dragoons in 
 the rear. The foot were preceded by two dragoons, 
 one of whom held the rope to which the prisoners 
 were attached; the whole were followed by a body of 
 dragoons." ' 
 
 Governor Hamilton, Colonel Townley, and many of 
 the officers of Prince Charles's anny, were conveyed to 
 London, where they were tried, convicted, and suffered 
 death, the heads of some of them being placed upon 
 Temple l?ar, and those of others being sent to Carlisle, 
 and placed over the gates there. In the latter end of 
 July, a number of the prisoners were brought back to 
 Carhsle, where the commission for their trial was 
 opened on the I -ith of August. The total number to 
 be tried amounted to 383. It having been found that 
 it would be ne.\t to impossible for the judges and juries 
 to try this largo number, it was, therefore, arranged 
 that, with a few exceptions, the prisoners should have 
 tlie option of drawing lots for selection of one out of 
 every twenty to stand trial, the nineteen remaining to 
 submit to transportation. These terms were accepted 
 by several, and in this manner the number to be tried 
 was reduced to 127, against whom bills of indictment 
 were found by the grand jury. On the '.Ith of September 
 the prisoners were arraigned, and of the large number 
 just mentioned, very few were acquitted. Eighty-si.\ 
 were sentoncod to dtath, of whom thirty-one were exe- 
 cuted, two died in prison, and the remainder, with the 
 exception of a few who received their jmrdon, were 
 transported. At the conclusion of the assizes the 
 
 1 Authentic account of the occupation of Carlisle in 1715, p. 175. 
 
 judges ordered the release of those who had been 
 arrested by order of the Duke of Cumberland. 
 
 " On Saturday, the 18th October," sa3's the authority 
 above quoted, '• Thomas Coppock, JIajor Macdonald, 
 Kinlock Moidart, Francis Buchanan, Brand, Hender- 
 son, Roper, Cameron, and Macnaughton, were taken 
 from Carlisle to Gallows Hill to suffer the execution of 
 their sentence. . . . Coppock is said to have read 
 a sermon to the rest, and when finished to have flung 
 
 it to the crowd, but the sheriff sei;!ed it 
 
 After the bodies had hung a few minutes they were cut 
 down, ripped open, the bowels burnt, and the heads 
 severed from their bodies. The remains of Coppock 
 and two others were buried on the spot ; the bodies of 
 the rest were interred iu the churchyard at Carhsle. 
 The heads of Major Macdonald and Kinloch Moidart 
 ■were placed on the Scotch-gate, where they remained 
 many years. A Highland regiment, in after times, 
 passing through Carlisle, is said to have been halted on 
 the Sands, without the gate, in order to avoid marching 
 under those revolting mementos."' On the 21st of 
 October six more suffered death at Brampton, and three 
 days later five others were executed at Penrith. On 
 the 10th of November, Sir Archibald Primrose and two 
 others suffered the extreme penalty of the law at Gal- 
 lows Hill. Such was the closing scene of the rebellion 
 of 1745, as far as Carlisle was concerned, but for some 
 years afterwards a gairison was maintained there, and 
 " watch and ward " duly and regularly kept. The nu- 
 merous prisoners who had escaped the fate of their 
 companions in arms were detained in captivity till late 
 iu the spring of 1747, when they were sent off to the 
 various seaports for transportation. From this period 
 the historical proceedings of Carlisle settled down into 
 mere annals, possessing little interest to engage the 
 attention. 
 
 From the recital of deeds of war and violence, let 
 us turn now to the records of peaceful industry, and 
 see what progress the city of Carlisle has made since 
 the energies of its inhabitants have been directed to 
 such pursuits. The situation of the city affords every 
 facility for the encouragement of manufactures, though 
 we do not find any mention made of them previous to 
 the year 17 17. the year of the deportation of the pri- 
 soners of Prince Charles's army, except that of a manu- 
 factory of fustiaus, which was established here about 
 the period of the Restoration. In 1717 some Ham- 
 burgh merchants commenced the manufacture of wol- 
 leus in the city, but alter a few years, on the death 
 of tlie leading partner, the concern was mismanaged, 
 and soon ceased to exist. A few years afterwards an 
 
 * .\uthcnlic account, pp. 203, 2G1.
 
 96 
 
 CUMBERLAND -WARD. 
 
 establishment for niakiug coarse linens, and a new 
 ■n-oolleu manufactory were commenced, but with the like 
 unsuccessful results. Shortly after this a public brewery 
 is first mentioned. The cotton trade was subscqueutly 
 introduced, and with the best results ; the number of 
 hands reciuired for this branch of trade and the linen 
 manufacture, which vras equally successful, adding con- 
 siderably to the population of the city and neighbour- 
 hood. Nor did the good effect produced end here. 
 Many of the old houses were taken down and rebuilt 
 in a superior style, the means of access to the city 
 much improved, and gi'eater facilities for traffic given 
 to every one. In 1758 several hundred French pri- 
 soners were brought to Carlisle on parole, and by their 
 expenditure in the city added considerably to its trade. 
 We are also told that they introduced a more expensive 
 style of living amongst the inhabitants. According to 
 Jefferson, there were at this time only four private car- 
 riages in the city ; and he gives the names of their 
 owners : he adds that " about this period chaises were 
 first kept at the inns." In 1701 calico printing was 
 introduced by a Newcastle company, Scott, Laird, & Co. 
 Cotton-spinning soon followed, and has continued to 
 extend to our own days, affording emjiloymeut to great 
 numbers of the inhabitants. Iron and brass founding, 
 and other branches of industry, were subsequently 
 commenced. Power-looms have been recently intro- 
 duced on a large scale. There are numerous cotton- 
 mills ; and one belonging to the I\Iessrs. Dixon, by 
 its extent, rivals some of the largest in Lancashire. 
 The woollen manufacture is again " looking up," two 
 lai-ge factories havuig lately been established. Carlisle 
 is likewise noted for its extensive biscuit manufactories. 
 One firm has obtained the royal appointment, and 
 exports its goods to all parts of the world. Steady 
 increase in material prosperity has been the charac- 
 teristic of the city for a lengthened period ; and 
 the last ten years have witnessed great and impor- 
 tant changes for the better in the old border city, — 
 changes and improvements which are well described 
 in the subjoined extract from the "CarUsle Examiner" 
 of Tuesday, August 11th, 1857, and which, without 
 further preface, we present to the reader : — 
 
 " There are few towns in England that have made 
 more rapid strides in social and material advancement 
 than Carlisle. In a single decade the face of the town 
 has been almost entirely- changed. Ten years ago green 
 pastures basked in the sunshine and waved in the wind 
 where now a city's population has taken up its abode, 
 or pursues its ceaseless industry. Streets of houses, of 
 massive form, with all the conveniences that modern 
 art can suggest — with little gardens decked in the 
 
 lovely hues of summer — have sprung up as residences 
 for the merchant, the manufacturer, and the tradesman. 
 Streets of houses, too, have been erected for the work- 
 ing man, in lieu of dingy alloys, creaking garrets, and 
 fever-stricken yards. The clerk, the mechanic, and 
 even the labourer, has had his dwelling improved, and 
 now enjoys the freshness of the fields and the recreation 
 derived from the cultivation of his little plot of garden 
 ground. 
 
 " Ten years ago, this very summer, was begun one 
 of the grandest works of which Carlisle can boast. 
 Then was formed that deep basin on the top of Gallows 
 Hill -which has since continued to pour its cleansing 
 streams of water, received from a source a mile distant, 
 into the heart of our city, and thence pursuing its di- 
 rected course to the farthest extremity. Before the lapse 
 of many months the same city will have raised a stately 
 monument to the memory of the man who, amongst 
 other important public works, took the foremost part 
 in providing for his fellow-townsmen one of the greatest 
 benefits to a community — an abundant supply of water. 
 But that supply, ample as it then was to rueet all the 
 wants of the town, became insufficient for the increased 
 demand ; and only during last spring, exactly ten years 
 after the water works company commenced their ope- 
 rations, it was found necessai-y to lay down pipes of 
 enlarged diameter to carry a more dense body of water 
 through the streets. 
 
 " Ten years ago another great boon was conferred 
 upon the city by the establishment of the gas works. 
 Previous to that time the town was indifferently lighted 
 by a private company carrying on business at the head 
 of Brown's Row — on the ground now spanned by the 
 railway arch at the south end of the Citadel Station. 
 To say nothing of the reduction that was made in the 
 rates charged upon consumers of gas, the facilities 
 offered by the corporation, when the old company broke 
 up and the new works were built under their direction, 
 the benefits to private consumers and to the town 
 especially, were most important. Since then the town 
 has been well lighted on the ^^ aole ; shopkeepers can 
 afford to place flaming lights in their windows, and 
 nearly the whole of tlie cottage property that has since 
 been built is provided with gas. The dim light of a 
 halfpenny candle is superseded by a flame that illumines 
 the whole house, and at a much cheaper rate. The 
 gas works themselves possess all the modern improve- 
 ments for the manufacture of this indispensable 
 element — certainly one of the most useful and impor- 
 tant which the civilisation of the nineteenth century 
 has produced. Originally provided with two large 
 tanks, the town was well supplied with gas; but, as in
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 97 
 
 the instance of the water works, these were in time 
 found to be insufficient to meet the growing con- 
 sumption, and two or three years ago, it was found 
 necessary to lay down another gasometer capable of 
 holding double the (]uantity of each of the others. 
 But in addition to the benefit accruing from the forma- 
 tion of the gas works by the Corporation, their erection 
 gave an impetus to the building trade in their imme- 
 diate locality, and laid the foundation of one of the 
 greatest improvements that has yet taken place in the 
 city. This is the Nelson Bridge. Previous to the 
 establishment of the gas house, the only means of 
 communication between the east and west sides of the 
 town — that is, between Botchergate, Enghsh-street, 
 Scotch-street and Castle-street, and Caldewgate, was 
 over the old bridge that spanned the Caldew. This 
 route is to a great extent still adopted by the inhabitants 
 residing in the last-named streets, and to them, therefore, 
 the opening of a new road was not of much importance. 
 But to the residents of Botchei'gate, and the extensive 
 population that surround it, the inconvenience attending 
 so circuitous a journey was very great. The opening 
 out anew and direct road from Botchergate to Caldewgate 
 was a desideratum the want of which had been long 
 felt, and was at length obtained by the erection of the 
 Nelson Bridge. The road once formed, houses rapidly 
 sprung into existence, and the new town on the western 
 bank of the Caldew may be said to owe its origin to the 
 huilding of the bridge. This, however, was not all 
 that the gas works produced Three streets now radiate 
 from the tall chimney that was called into being, where 
 before there was nothing but the green fields and a 
 dank reservoir to supply the gaol with water. At the 
 end of one of these is the celebrated and extensive 
 marble works of the Messrs. Nelson; opposite stands 
 the equally well-known iiattery of the IMessrs. Carrick, 
 which formerly stood on the other side of the dam 
 course; in another of the streets may be heard the 
 constant whir of the steam saw as it divides the lui^o 
 tree or the slim plank in one of the largest saw mills 
 in the country; and on the other side of the same 
 street is another of those wonderful biscuit manufac- 
 tories the fame of whose productions has been wafted 
 across the sea to the ends of the earth. Two thoron"li- 
 
 o 
 
 fares diverge from the west end of Nelson Bridge. 
 One leads to the little colony founded by the Cumberland 
 Land Society on the Denton llolmo property, and to 
 the extensive and celebrated beetling works of ^Icssi-s. 
 Ferguson Brothers; while it also furnishes a con- 
 venient route to the Cemetery. The other road is along 
 Charlotte-street, at the end of which it is intersected by 
 Wilboumc-street, and the old road to the Holme Head. 
 
 13 
 
 Junction-street, opened out by the Messrs. Dixon, gives 
 a direct communication with the Dalston road and 
 Caldewgate. In this locality several manufactories 
 have been erected. During the period mentioned 
 Messrs. Dixon have laid alongside their great factory 
 a commodious building in which several hundred power- 
 looms give work to a large number of our population. 
 Within a few yards from the place Messrs. Joseph 
 Kohinson and Co. have built a large flour mill and 
 biscuit manufactory ; and close adjoining is another 
 tall chimney and a power-loom shed belonging to Messrs. 
 John Ferguson and Co. In the immediate vicinity 
 the enterprising firm of Messrs. Nelson have erected 
 works of the most novel character — being no other 
 than a manufactory where, by means of steam and the 
 proximity of a railway, thousands of perforated bricks 
 are daily finished and transported to their destination. 
 
 " Ten years ago, or a little more, two railways and a 
 canal had their termini at Carlisle. The one railroad 
 carried our citizens and their merchandise to the banks 
 of coally Tyne; the other had only recently opened a 
 direct route to Maryport and the west. The canal 
 brought the bales of cotton for our manufacturers from 
 Liverpool, our timber from Quebec and the Baltic, and 
 transported the coals that came along the Newcastle line 
 to Scotland and Ireland. Then was opened out one of 
 the most prosperous railways in the kingdom, — the 
 Lancaster and Carlisle — an " impracticable " scheme in 
 its day, but its success has since bcHed the prophecy — 
 and there rolled along it the traffic of the south. 
 Next came another gigantic undertaking — the Cale- 
 donian Railway, which forded the Esk and gave a 
 direct communication to the heart of Scotland. A 
 direct line was then laid down from London to 
 Edinburgh and Glasgow ; into which ran the traffic of 
 the north-west part of the island. The Glasgow and 
 South-Western Railway next opened up another exten- 
 sive district, and brought traffic to Carlisle, which 
 thus found itself the centre of a net-work of railways. 
 With the railways came improvements — one of the 
 first of which was the clearing away of extensive 
 blocks of old property. The Citadel Station reared its 
 beautiful form amid the surrounding waste, and is now 
 the radius of four lines of railway, and one of the 
 most attractive features in the town. The canal has 
 now bceu converted into a railway, and a new line 
 diverges from it to tho Sohvay. 
 
 " But to talto five years from our decade, and wliat 
 do wo find '? What has been pulled down and what 
 built up ? Some of tho finest streets of houses have 
 risen into shape and form since then ; a first-class 
 hotel stands on the site of a carrier's warehouse ;
 
 98 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 gentlemen's handsome villas overlook thcEJeufrom over- 
 hanging banks ; manufactories have been enlarged or 
 rebuilt, and one of the most extensive locomotive 
 building premises iu the Idugdom is now in course of 
 erection at St. Nicholas, by the Lancaster and Carlisle 
 Railway Company ; chapels have been extended and 
 repaired ; handsome shops greet the eye at almost 
 every step ; one of the finest ecclesiastical structures 
 in the country has been restored, if not to its original 
 dimensions, at least to its pristine beauty ; schools 
 have been erected, and the benevolence of a single 
 gentlemen has sufficed to provide a home for the out- 
 casts and wanderers amongst our juvenile population; 
 the voluntary exertions of our citizens and neighbours 
 will ere long result iu the providing of a suitable Dis- 
 pensary for the relief of the sick poor ; the clay will 
 this year be moulded for the bricks to be used in the 
 erection of an asylum for the most helpless of God's 
 creatui'es ; and already has been laid down an extensive 
 system of sewerage, which daily sweeps away, in its 
 underground coiu-se, the filth of thirty thousand people. 
 " Over and above these multifarious works, which 
 religfon, philanthropy, or the requirements of commerce 
 have called forth for the comfort and accommodation, 
 the protection and occupation of the living, the last 
 ■want of man here below has also been provided for. 
 The grave has been closed that used to spread the seeds 
 of disease among our popidation, and has been re-opened 
 on a sunny hill far away from the din and bustle of the 
 to^vn. At Spital ]\Ioor, a mile and a half from the 
 centre of the city, stands the Cemetery, which public 
 decency demanded for the repose of the dead, as well 
 as for the protection of the living. To this place hun- 
 dreds of our citizens — some bound by the tenderest 
 ties and others led by admiration of the lovely land- 
 scape that is unfolded to the view — take their summer 
 evening ramble, rendered more pleasant and refreshing 
 by the presence of rustic seats which the Burial Board 
 have provided in different parts of the ground, and 
 more easy of access by tlie footpath which has recently 
 been made. Here are the gi-aves of the imforgotten 
 dead — for they are all new, and imfurrowed with age. 
 It is a temple of Nature, but the footprints of Art are 
 already traceable. It has none of that soft melancholy 
 ■which lingers about older cemeteries — it is not shaded 
 by trees, nor are its walks embowered by the majestic 
 ivy or the enduring yew ; but its broad expanse is 
 turned to the open sky, and the graves arc visited by 
 the gentle sunshine and the refreshing shower. The 
 •warble of birds is not heard in the overhanging boughs ; 
 but the lark carols in the clear atmosphere above. 
 There is not the mournful urn, or the storied monu- 
 
 ment, or the sculptured bust, that arrest the eye in 
 other burial-grounds ; but there is hardly a grave where 
 a shrub or a llowcr is not planted to note that the hand 
 of affection has been there. Simple headstones there 
 ai'e too — differing in design, but having a sameness in 
 the general effect, from their uniform size ; and there 
 are four which may more appropriately be called monu- 
 ments. One is a tapering pedestal surmounted by a 
 cross, around which a wreath of evergreens is twined, 
 to the memory of a loved chUd. Another, and the 
 only one which has been erected some time, is dedi- 
 cated to a man of genius — whose bones rest not there, 
 but whose memory lives in his works, — the late Peter 
 Nicholson ; a third is a square pillar, with pointed 
 summit, bearing the name and age of a worthy country 
 gentleman, — the late Mr. John Dalton, of Cummers- 
 dale ; and the fourth, a newly-erected sti'ucture of filial 
 affection, is one of the neatest little monuments in tliis 
 locality. It is of Gothic style, and has a ■well-pro- 
 portioned base, ^vith a slender piUar and a cross. The 
 monument is in a prominent position — being at one 
 corner of the Roman Cathohc ground — and has a 
 striking effect. Of the two chapels and the curator's 
 lodge it is sufficient to mention their general neat ap- 
 pearance ; the continued absence of a chapel for the 
 Roman Catholics ; and take our departure from the 
 place where 
 
 ' Nature provide.s for all one common grave, 
 The last retreat of the distressed and brave." 
 
 Such is a resume of the chief improvements that 
 have been effected within the boundaries of our ancient 
 city during a period of only ten years." 
 
 THE CATUEDKAL. 
 
 Twelve centuries have well nigh elapsed since St. 
 Cuthbert, quitting his beloved Lindisfarne, visited Car- 
 lisle, and founded there a centre of Christian worship 
 and teaching. Previous, however, to his time, the city 
 possessed religious institutions, and there is little doubt 
 that as soon as Christianity was planted in this part of 
 the country, which was about the year 400, there was a 
 church erected in Carlisle ; tradition informs us that 
 the site of this early church is that now occupied by 
 the cathedral. During the Danish invasions, the 
 religious edifices of our Saxon forefathers were com- 
 pletely destroyed, and lay in ruins for four centuries ; 
 nor were they restored till Saxon and Dane were alike 
 brought under the yoke of the Norman conquerors of 
 England. 
 
 The foundation of Carlisle cathedral is generally 
 ascribed to Rufus, the second Norman king ; but his
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 «9 
 
 premature death prevented him from completing the 
 structure, a work reserved for his brother Henry I., 
 who dedicated it to the Blessed Virgin in 1101, and 
 attached to it a college of secular priests. Thirty 
 years later Henry founded the bishopric ; and, with 
 the authority of the Pope, changed the secular priests 
 into a college of regular monks of the order of St. 
 Augustine. " We have vciy little means of knowhig," 
 says the present Bishop of London, " what was the 
 extent of the .buildings of the old Norman establish- 
 ment. As to the form of the church, we can make a 
 tolerably good conjecture. It was built of a white 
 stone, now grey with age. Its nave, with arches such 
 as we find in St. Mary's parish church, and windows 
 such as are in the corner between the transept and the 
 nave, must have extended into the site of Mr. Gipp's 
 house, nearly the whole way to Paternoster-row. The 
 north transept, now entirely gone, must have a good 
 deal resembled the south transept now standing ; and 
 the choir probably was very short, not reaching so far 
 as the present robing-room of the minor canons, that 
 is, about the length of the present stalls. The con- 
 ventual buildings would of course be on the south side, 
 though what they were it is impossible to conjecture ; 
 for, as far as I am informed, not a shigle vestige of 
 them now remains, — cloisters, chapter-house, fratery, 
 and prior's residence having been almost all rebuilt, it 
 would appear, from the very foundation, in the fol- 
 lowing age."' 
 
 In the reign of Henry III. it was thought expedient 
 to rebuild and enlarge the choir. The style of archi- 
 tecture visible in the walls of the north and south 
 aisles, with their windows and arcades, shows them to 
 have been erected about the year 1250 ; and from the 
 same data we may infer the erection of St. Catherine's 
 Chapel, as well as the arch and pUlar leading into the 
 north transept, and the window over the door in tin' 
 south transept, to have taken place at the same period. 
 How far the work of enlargement proceeded wo have 
 no means of knowing ; but a tire which broke out in 
 1202, and is said to have consumed many houses in 
 the citv, and greatly damaged the cathedral, no doubt 
 interfered materially with the rebuilding of the church, 
 and prevented for some time the completion of the 
 works. During the reign of Edward I. the new north 
 transept wus finished, and the choir raised to tlie height 
 of the triforium : the east end also was probably carried 
 up to the same height. The four small windows at the 
 eastern end of the aisles are also specimens of the style of 
 architecture prevalent at this period. 
 
 1 An Historical Sketch or Carlisle Callieilral. By tlie Rev. A. C. 
 Tait, D.C.L., Dctui of Carlisle. London and Carlisle, 1858. 
 
 From the time of the first Edward we hear no more 
 of the cathedral of Carlisle till the episcopacy of Bishop 
 Kirby, who, to secure a fund by means of which the 
 rebuilding of the church might be proceeded with, ap- 
 propriated for a time for this purpose the revenues of 
 the churches of Sowerby and Addingham. But it was 
 not till 1332 that the work prospered. Bishop Welton 
 and his successor. Bishop Appleby, made every exer- 
 tion to have the church finished, granting indulgences 
 of forty days, upon the usual conditions, to those who 
 should render aid ; and we are told that the king, the 
 principal families of the neighbourhood, and the public 
 treasury of Carlisle, contributed to the work. To this 
 period belong the fine east window, with its nine lights; 
 the graceful triforium ; the beautiful carving' of the great 
 arches, with their rich tracery of leaves and flowers, and 
 the decorated windows of the clerestory ; all of which 
 mark the most beautiful period of Gothic architecture. 
 In l-lOl Bishop Strickland commenced the rebuilding 
 of the central tower, a structure not at all in harmony 
 with tlic splendour of the choir ; and shortly afterwards 
 some alterations were made iu the north transept. 
 
 Little more was done to the building till near the 
 beginning of the sixteenth century, when Thpmas 
 Gondibour was elected prior, who at once set about 
 ornamenting the details of the building, and restoring 
 whatever was decayed. The beautiful tabernacle work 
 of the stalls is usuiilly ascribed to him, but by some 
 they are considered to be older. The grotesque paint- 
 ings, at the back of the stalls, appear to have been 
 executed under his direction ; and the screens of St. 
 Catherine's chapel, and others of similar workmanship, 
 which once enclosed the centre of the choir from tho 
 stalls to the high altar, are said to have been erected 
 by him. Dr. Tait says, " He probably inserted two very 
 indillVroutly executed Perpendicular windows, one on 
 the north, the other on the south side of the choir, for 
 the purpose of admitting light to the part of the build- 
 ing iu which the high altar, wc may suppose at that 
 time stood. . . . And now we have come to the 
 last prior, who was not unwilling, at tho bidding of 
 Henry VIH. to become the first reformed dean. His 
 initials, L. S., Lancelot Salkeld, you see on tho screen, 
 close below the pulpit to the north side, a somewhat 
 remarkable piece of workmanship, speaking, when ex- 
 amined minutely, of the waning taste iu architectural 
 decoration." 
 
 From this time there is little to relate concemiug 
 the cathedral, and wo may say it nil in a few words. 
 It suffered severely from the fanatic.il zeal of the first 
 reformers, who thought they were doing a service wheu 
 they were destroying the monuments which the pie^
 
 100 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 of their ancestors had raised, and which for so many 
 centuries had adorned the length and breadth of the 
 land. Carlisle cathedral shared the fate of other 
 churches ; the monumental brasses were torn from 
 the tombs, the stained glass of its windows destroyed, 
 and the ornaments and images completely demolished. 
 But the most serious blow was inilicted upon it by the 
 orders of Cromwell during the Parliamentary wars. 
 The damage done ou this occasion can never be re- 
 paired. In contempt of the articles of capitulation, 
 which stipulated that " no church should be defaced," 
 more than two-thirds of the nave of the cathedral were 
 pulled down, and the stones carried away to erect 
 guardhouses, in different parts of the cit}% for the more 
 effectual suppression of any feelings of attachment to 
 royalty which might be supposed to linger in the 
 breasts of the citizens. In 17-l.j the cathedral served 
 as a prison to the imfortunate adherents of Prince 
 Charles, and was much injured during the time they 
 were detained there. The building having fallen into 
 a very decayed state, it was found necessary to have it 
 repaired, and this was done by the dean and chapter 
 in 170-1. On this occasion a new groined ceiling in 
 plaster was put up, hiding completely the fine old 
 timber roof; the fine screens which filled the spaces 
 between the piers of the choir were removed, and 
 others of much inferior workmanship placed in their 
 stead. In the year 1852 the dean and chapter made 
 an arrangement with the Cathedral Commissioners, by 
 which they agreed to convey to the latter the estates 
 of the chapter, and to receive a certain fixed income, 
 with a suitable provision for the support of the esta- 
 blishment and the maintenance of the fabric of the 
 cathedral. The Commissioners having caused a survey 
 to be made by Mr. Christian, their architect, on his 
 report determined to expend the sum of £15,000 upon 
 the necessary repairs and improvements, including the 
 purchase of the leasehold interests in two houses, the 
 property of the dean and chapter, which had long been 
 condemned by public opinion, as they concealed from 
 view the matchless east window, and now stood in the 
 way of the projected new entrance to the cathedral. 
 In the autumn of 1853 the work of restoration was 
 begun. The repair of the tower was the first work of 
 the architect, and this was followed by the raising of 
 the roof of what is left of the nave to its original height. 
 
 In its perfect state the cathedral of Carlisle must 
 have presented a noble and imposing appearance, but 
 the wars of the Commonwealth swept away its glories, 
 and what is now remaining gives us only an imperfect 
 notion of what the structure was previous to the time of 
 
 Cromwell. The church is at present nearly surrounded 
 by lofty lime trees, and being situated on the most ele- 
 vated site in the city, is seen from a great distance on 
 every side. It is, like the great majority of cathedral 
 churches, a cruciform structure, consisting of nave, 
 transepts, choir, aisles, and central tower, and its origi- 
 nal length was about 330 feet. 
 
 The nave formerly e-^tended 135 feet from the inter- 
 section of the transept, but 39 are all that now remain, 
 the other 00 feet being destroyed during the civil wars. 
 The original nave seems to have consisted of eight 
 bays, si-x: of which have been destroyed ; the remaining 
 two are in the Norman style, of a simple and massive 
 character. The exterior of the nave is somewhat en- 
 riched, the windows having small detached shafts inser- 
 ted at their sides for the springing of the arches, which 
 have the zig-zag, billet, and other usual ornaments of 
 this style. The interior of the nave is massive in its 
 character. The main arches are circular, with plain 
 architraves springing from immense piers, whose height 
 is only fourteen feet, while their circumference is more 
 than seventeen. Some of the capitals have the chevron 
 and bell ornament, but others of them are plain. The 
 fragment of tlie nave still standing has been galleried 
 and pewed, and now serves as the parish church of St. 
 jMary ; the space formerly occupied by the remainder 
 has been converted into a burial ground. 
 
 The transepts, which are without aisles, are 111 feet 
 long by 28 broad, and consist of three stories. The south 
 transept is in the same style as the nave, and is entered 
 from the abbey by a richly decorated doorway, the capi- 
 tals and arch mouldings of which are profusely decorated 
 with foliage and figures, carved in the most beautiful 
 manner ; a gable rises over it, terminating in a cross ; 
 and on each side it is supported by strong buttresses, 
 canopied and decorated with finely carved crockets. In 
 this transept, on the eastern side, is a chapel dedicated 
 to St. Catherine, but now used as a vestry for the 
 choristers. This chapel was founded at an early period 
 by John de Capella, a wealthy citizen, and endowed by 
 him with certain rents, lands, and burgage houses. In 
 the year 1300, a portion of its revenues being fraudu- 
 lently retained, Bisliop Appleby commanded the chaplain 
 of St. Mary's and St. Cuthbert's to give public notice 
 that the offenders were required to make restitution 
 within ten days, on pain of excommunication. Its 
 revenues, according to the King's Book, were valued at 
 M3 2s. 8d. per annum. In this chapel is a large altar- 
 tomb, ornamented on the sides with large quatrefoils, 
 and supporting a figure of Bishop Barrow beneath a 
 rich canopy, who, in his will, dated in 1429, bequeathed 
 some plate to the cathedral, and £20 to a priest to sing
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 101 
 
 masses in this chapel for the repose of his soul. The 
 monument is well executed, and iu a tolerable state of 
 preservation. On the western side of the south transept, 
 about a foot from the ground, there is a Scandinavian 
 Eunic inscription, which was discovered iu 1853, soon 
 after the recent restorations. The runes are of a 
 slender character, and some are not over well defined. 
 The Rev. Mr. Maughan, of Bewcastle, has suggested 
 that tho inscription might perhaps be read thus, — 
 " Dolfiu [raised] this stone in sorrow for the soul of 
 his son." Dr. Charlton is of opinion that the inscrip- 
 tion is not sepulchral, but a simple whim of a workman, 
 the siguification being, " Tolfiu made these marks on 
 this stone." There is but one other Danish inscription 
 known to exist in England — one recently discovered iu 
 London ; and as this in Carlisle is in great danger of 
 being effaced and lost, it has been suggested that some 
 means be taken for its protection and preservation. 
 The screens here are ancient, and contain some curious 
 tracery, with the initials of Prior Gondibour. In the 
 south transept is a monument, erected by subscription, 
 to the memory of Ilobert Anderson, the "Cumberland 
 Bard," a native of this city, and of humble birth. His 
 songs in the Cumberland dialect are truthful as well 
 as amusing dehneations of rustic life as it still e.\ist3 
 in this county. In the Norman part of the transept 
 are two wells, from the presence of which it has been 
 inferred that the cathedral served in times of pressing 
 danger as a place of refuge as well as of devotion. The 
 north transept, in its restored state, presents a fine exam- 
 ple of the Early English style. The heavy Perpendicular 
 tracery of the large window of this transept has been 
 removed, and its place supplied by a very fine one of 
 geometrical tracery, and with the best effect. Over this 
 the newly-erected gable is piurccd with a circular window 
 of tho same style, which has been fitted with stained 
 glass, the gift of Mr. Scott, of Carlisle. In this transept 
 is tho altar-tomb of Prior Simon Senhouse, and iu tho 
 west side of the same transept is a monumental win- 
 dow, erected by subscription, to the memory of the 
 late chancellor of the diocese, the llcv. Walter Fletcher. 
 This window contains a full-length portrait of the 
 deceased in the attitude of prayer. 
 
 The choir, which is elegantly furnished for the cathe- 
 dral service, is DW feet in length, 7^ feet in height, and 
 < '-i feet wide, inclusive of the aisles. It consists of eight 
 bays, those at the several extremities being narrower 
 than tho rest, and the most easterly serving as a passage 
 behind the comnuuiion table. The altar formerly stood 
 two arches from the eastern i nd, and, for the purpose 
 of throwing additional light upon it, had the narrow 
 lancet-shaped windows in the corresponding division 
 
 of tlie aisle displaced, on either side, by one large Per- 
 pendicular window ; it was removed one pier nearer to 
 the east end in the middle of the last century. The 
 general style of this part of tho edifice is Early English ; 
 at its junction with the transept the flat mouldings of 
 the arches indicate an early period of that style, but 
 towards the cast it becomes more advanced, and the last 
 division, with the whole of the eastern end, is in the 
 Decorated style. " The east front," says Hickman, 
 " contains one of the finest, if not the finest. Decorated 
 window in the kingdom. Tt is considerably decayed ; 
 but its elegance of composition and delicacy of arrange- 
 ment, the harmony of its parts and the easy flow of its 
 lines, rank it even higher than the celebrated west 
 window of York Cathedral, which it also exceeds in the 
 number of divisions." This window fills up the whole 
 space between two uncommonly bold buttresses, which 
 rise to the ridge of the roof, where they are terminated 
 with fine crocketed pinnacles ; they have niches with 
 enriched canopies, which have recently been fiUed with 
 statues. The whole of the accessories, including the 
 shafts, mouldings, and buttresses, are very chaste and 
 beautiful. The aisles at the east end have each a fine 
 small window of two lights, with rich tracery, deep 
 mouldings, and clustered shafts. The south aisle has 
 a low parapet supported by a range of brackets, and is 
 flanked by two bold buttresses, which are crowned with 
 fine pinnacles. The north aisle differs from the south, 
 having its parapet carried higher, and partially enriched ; 
 its buttresses have no pinnacles, and do not reach to the 
 parapet, but they are panuelled and have enriched 
 canopies. At the north angle is a small octagonal 
 turret. 
 
 The tower has an embattled parapet, with a small 
 turret at its north-east angle, and previous to tho 
 Ivestoration had a leaden spire. This is the latest 
 portion of the building, and appears to have been 
 erected about three hundred years later than the nave. 
 Between two small windows in the second floor is a 
 niche containing an angel bearing a shield, as a pedestal 
 for a statue, but there is nothing to show that it was 
 ever occupied. The tower was thoroughly repaired 
 during the recent restorations. Its height to the top of 
 the vane is about 130 feet. 
 
 The interior appearance of the choir is very beautiful, 
 and seldom if ever fails to excite the admiration of tho 
 beholder. The heavy screens which formerly stood 
 betwixt its clustered pillars have been taken away, and 
 the visitor has an uuiuterrua^ view of the entire 
 structure, e.xhibiting a lengf^Bed array of massive 
 columns, with their high overhanging roof " stretching 
 iu aisles majeslicid," termiualing in the glorious eastern
 
 102 
 
 CUMBERLAND WAKD. 
 
 •window, with its slender mullions and delicate flowing 
 tracery. It is in very truth — 
 
 "A dim and mighty minster of old time ! 
 A temple shadowy with remembrances 
 Of the majestic iiasll'' 
 
 The main arches of the choir are equilaterally pointed, 
 and have a deep architrave consisting of various mould- 
 iugs, enriched with the dog-tooth ornament, and finished 
 with a dripstone, whose extremities arc supported by a 
 variety of heads. These arches spring from fine 
 clustered piers of eight shafts, whose capitals are orna- 
 mented with foliage and grotesque figures, illustrative 
 of domestic and agricultural pursuits, such as sowing, 
 reaping, grape gathering, and the like. At the base of 
 the piers on the south side, the foundations of the 
 original Norman piers of the old choir may yet be 
 traced. The arches of the clerestory have a pierced 
 parapet ornamented with quatrefoils. Its windows, in 
 each compartment, consist of three pointed arches, the 
 centre one being earned higher than the other two ; 
 they are Early English windows, but are filled with 
 tracery of the succeeding style, which nearly corre- 
 sponds in eveiy alternate group. The two Decorated 
 inndows of the clerestory in the most easterly bay of 
 the choir are very curious, especially that on the north 
 side, the arch of which, instead of being pointed, is 
 elliptical, and its tracery is continued half way down 
 the uprights. The Early Enghsh windows of the aisles 
 are strangely diversified in their stylo, form, and 
 arrangement ; and not less so in the manner in which 
 their workmanship is e.'cecuted. The form which pre- 
 vails in the north aisle is tliat of four long lancet arches 
 of equal height, with rich mouldings. Of these the 
 two middle ones have been pierced for windows. They 
 have detached shafts, with bands and capitals between 
 them, and the space between their heads is occu- 
 pied by a quatrefoil panel. But there are singular 
 variations from this form, and there are also some 
 Decorated and Perpendicular insertions. Under these 
 windows, against the wall, on both sides of the church, 
 is a range of elegant small arches, with cinquefoil 
 heads, and a series of deep and rich mouldings running 
 round the cinquefoil, and springing from shafts which 
 are generally detached, but towards the east end they 
 form an integral part of the wall. Two crowned heads 
 occur in the south-east corner of the building. 
 
 The lath and plaster ceiling of the choir of 1764 
 has been taken down, and the ancient and unique 
 wagon-shaped ceiling, inth its azure and gold decora- 
 tions is once more displayed. A manuscript of the 
 arms which originally were carved on the bosses is 
 
 preserved in the Heralds' College ; among them occur 
 those of the ancient families of Percy, Warren, Mon- 
 tagu, Slortimcr, Clifford, Greystokc, Beauchamp, Dacre, 
 IMusgrave, Fitz Hugh, Neville, Vaux, Curwcn, Lam- 
 plugb, and Lowther, all of whom, there is little doubt, 
 were benefactors of the cathedral. Under the great 
 east window, a little to the south, is an ancient piscina, 
 which was long built up, hut has recently been restored. 
 The stalls in the choir are composed of fine tabernacle 
 work, supplied by Bishop Strickland, about the j-ear 
 1401. They are oniamented with numerous niches, 
 formerly filled with small statues, surmounted by cano- 
 pies terminated with enriched pinnacles. The images 
 were removed about 1649. The scats of the stalls are 
 so constructed as to turn up, when they form small 
 shelving seats called misereres, and exhibit knots of 
 very curious carving, in a groat variety of grotesque 
 designs. The door by which the choir is entered from 
 the north aisle, is a fine, and the only remaining, ex- 
 ample of the original screens of the choir. The upper 
 part of it is filled with rich tracery, and on the lower 
 panels are exhibited several profiles and other carved 
 work skilfidly executed. This screen bears the initials 
 of Lancelot Salkeld, the last prior and first dean of 
 Carlisle. The bishop's throne is a much more recent 
 production ; it is formed of oak, and though not splendid, 
 is in keeping with the wainscotted screens which run 
 round the more easterly part of the choir, and which 
 were erected from a design furnished by Lord Camelford, 
 nephew to Bishop Lyttleton, who formerly held the 
 see. The whole design and appearance of the choir 
 may be pronounced elegant ; but that which contributes 
 most to this effect is the great east window before 
 alluded to. This beautiful structure, allowed to be the 
 finest iu the kingdom, consists of an equilateral pointed 
 arch, divided by slender mullions into nine lights ; the 
 upper portion being filled with delicate flowing tracery, 
 remarkable for its elegance and graceful arrangement. 
 This traceiy is filled with stained glass ; but owing to 
 its great elevation and the smaUness of the figures, the 
 subject depicted cannot be distinctly seen from below. 
 It is thus described by Mr. Purday : — " The subject is 
 the favourite one for such situations — the Last Resur- 
 rection and Judgment. In the uppermost compartment 
 is a sitting figure of our Saviour surrounded by angels 
 bearing the crown of thorns and other emblems of the 
 Passion. Lower down are angels sounding trumpets, 
 while on every side the dead are seen pushing aside 
 the sculptured gravestone and rising from the tomb. 
 Among them may be distinguished popes, kings, bishops, 
 priests, &c. Two central compartments are occupied by 
 the procession of the redeemed to the New Jerusalem.
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 103 
 
 The towers and gates of the city appear to the right 
 guarded by angels ; and the river of life flows under its 
 walls. In the lowest central compartment is a repre- 
 sentition of the punishment of the lost." It is under- 
 stood that there is in the hands of the dean and chapter 
 a fund, raised by subscription, sufDcient to substitute 
 stained glass of the richest character for the present 
 plain gla/ing of the lower part of tliis splendid window, 
 and the whole of the large window in the northern 
 transept. When these improvements have been effected, 
 the venerable cathedral church of Carhsle will bear a 
 comparison with many of the more highly favoured 
 minsters of England, and may be looked up to with no 
 small feelings of pride by the natives of the ancient 
 border city. A powerful organ has been placed over 
 the north entrance to the choir, and has added mate- 
 rially to the solemnity and impressiveness of the daily 
 services. 
 
 Among the ancient tombs in the choir and aisles of 
 tlie cathedral, are two placed in low recesses in the wall 
 of the north aisle, the arches of which are ornamented 
 with very peculiar mouldings, in the form of the ragged 
 staff. These are supposed to be the tombs of Bishop 
 Wclton, who died in 13G'2, and his successor. Bishop 
 Appleby, who died in i;!95. Under the next window, 
 in a low arched recess, is a slab, supporting the figure 
 of a bishop, now much decayed. This is said to be the 
 monument of Bishop Strickland, who died in 1419. 
 Speaking of this tomb, the Messrs. Lysons say, " The 
 sides of the slab supporting the effigies are ornamented 
 with foliage, lilie that of Bishop Kilkenny, in Ely 
 Cathedral. It is much more ancient than 1419, and 
 from the style of it, was probably designed for some 
 bishop who died before the middle of the thirteenth 
 century." This tomb, with the two just mentioned, 
 having been opened, and the foliage removed, since 
 1808, the period at which Lysons visited Carlisle, it is 
 impossible now to .judge from its style of the accuracy 
 of the deduction then made, but if it be correct, the tomb 
 in question may probably be that of Bishop Halton, who 
 died in lo'^l, and is said to have been buried in the 
 north aisle of the cathedral. About half-way up the 
 Tiorth aisle is the last restiug place of Archdeacon Taley ; 
 a small brass plate let into the stone, and a small maj-blc 
 slab upon the wall, bearing his name, and the date of 
 his decease, are all that mark the jilace of his inter- 
 ment. In the south aisle, near the vestry, in an arched 
 recess, is the tomb of Sir John Skelton, Knight. In 
 the middle of the choir, between the pews, tiiere is a line 
 example? of the monumcntid brasses so much in use 
 diu-ing the fourteenth century. It mai-ks tlie last rest- 
 ing place of Bishop Bell, who, after presiding over the 
 
 see for eighteen years, resumed the monastic habit, and 
 died in the year 1490. The monument consists of a 
 large slab of blue marble, on which is the representation 
 in brass of a bishop, in his pontifical vestments, with a 
 book in his right hand, and a crosier in his left. This 
 tomb has been well preserved, but since the removal of 
 the litany desk, which formerly stood at its head, it has 
 been much worn, in consequence of persons walking 
 over it, ami, unless some means be taken for its preser- 
 vation, the inscription upon it will soon become ille- 
 gible.' A small monumental brass plate, in memory of 
 Bishop Henry Robinson, is preserved. He was a native 
 of tliis city, and died of the plague in 1601. It is a 
 finely engraved copy from the original plate in the 
 chapel of Queen's CoUege, Oxford, and was presented 
 to this cathedral by his brother. It is finely engraved ; 
 the bishop is represented in his episcopal robes, kneel- 
 ing, with one baud supporting a crosier, the other holds 
 a lighted candle, and a cord, to which three dogs are 
 attached, who appear guarding sheepfolds from the 
 attack of wolves. Below the candle is a group of 
 figures, bearing irajilemeuts of agriculture and peaceful 
 industry ; near their feet is a wolf playing with a lamb, 
 and various warlike instruments scattered and broken. 
 Each part is illustrated with appropriate Greek and 
 Latin sentences. At the bottom of the plate is a Latin 
 inscription, to this effect. " To Henry Eobinsou, of 
 Carlisle, D.D., a most careful provost of Queen's 
 College, Oxon, and afterwards a most watchful bishop 
 of this church for eighteen years, who, on the 13th 
 calend of July, in the year from the delivery of the 
 Virgin, 1016, and of his age, 04, devoutly resigned his 
 spirit unto the Lord. Bernard Robinson, his brother and 
 heir, set up this memorial as a testimony of his love.°" 
 This plate was discovered in fciking down the hangings 
 and ornaments of the high altar, in tlie middle of the 
 last century ; it is now fi.xed in the wall of the north 
 aisle of the choir. In the choir towai'ds the altar, is a 
 flat stone, inscribed to the memory of the munificent 
 Bishop Smith, who died in 1702 ; at the head of the 
 stone is a shield charged with his armorial bearings, and 
 followed by a Latin inscription. Against a pillar, be- 
 hind the pulpit, is a beautiful monument, to the memory 
 of Bishop Law — above the tablet is the figure of Ilehgiou 
 resting upon the mitre, and supported by the cross. 
 Bishops Ralph dc Irton. who died in IS'.lvi: John dc 
 Kirkby, who tUcd in l:io-i ; John Best, who died in 
 1570; John iley. who died in 1597, and Richaid 
 
 > All I'ligrnving of this tomb will he foimd iii Ilutckiiiaon's Cuni- 
 bcrlancl, iinil iu Cough's SepiUcbral Monumenls. 
 
 s Tliis plaie is engraved iu Jefferson's " History of Carlisle," p. ISO.
 
 104 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 Senhouse, who died in 1626, were all buried in the 
 cathedral, but their tombs cannot now be identified. 
 There are in the transepts and other parts interesting 
 monuments or tablets to the memory of the following : 
 Bishop Iteming, who died in 1717 ; his son, Archdea- 
 con Fleming, who died in 174'2 ; Thomas Wilson, D.D., 
 fourteen years dean of the cathedral, who died in 177S; 
 Sir J. D. A. (lilpin, Knt., inspector of hospitals and an 
 alderman of this city, who died in 1834, and Hugh 
 James, M.D., who died in lf^l7. 
 
 On the screens behind the stalls of the choir arc a 
 number of curious paintings, of great age, and rude 
 execution, said to be the gift of Prior Gondibour. They 
 occupy the spaces between several of the arches. Three 
 of them are the legends of the saints, Anthony, Cuth- 
 bert, and Augustine ; as related by the early chroniclers. 
 A fourth is intended to represent the twelve apostles. 
 The rhymes describing the different stages of the 
 life of each saint as pictured below, are as rude as the 
 paintings, and are said to have been written by Prior 
 Senhouse. These paintings were long concealed by a 
 covering of whitewash, which was removed by Dean 
 Percy. 
 
 Among the relics of antiquity yet remaining in the 
 cathedral, the most remarkable is the cornu oburncum, 
 or ivory horn, which is said to have been given to the 
 priory in the twelfth century, instead of a written docu- 
 ment, as evidence of certain grants made by Henry I. 
 It was originally mounted with some precious metal, 
 the whole of which has now disappeared. There are 
 also two copes, used in the cathedral before the Re- 
 formation. One of these is of embroidered silk, with a 
 broad border of needlework, in which arc representations 
 of several saints of the church ; the other is of crimson 
 velvet, richly wrought with gold, and having a gold 
 border. These copes are in a decayed state, and have 
 been deprived of some of the ornaments with which 
 they were formerly enriched. 
 
 In addition to St. Catherine's Chapel above alluded 
 to, the cathedral comprised two chantries, those of St. 
 Fioch and St. Cross, the former of which was founded 
 in the year 1422, by Bishop ^Yhelpdale, who, at his 
 death, left the sum of £200 for the purpose of founding 
 and endowing a chantry for the celebration of masses 
 for the repose of the souls of Sir Thomas Skellory, Knt., 
 and Mr. John Glaston, two of his intimate friends, who 
 •were buried in the cathedral. Nicolson and Burn con- 
 sider it probable that this was the chantry of St. Roch ; 
 itsrcvenues wore valued at £3 14s. per annum. There 
 was another chantry, that of St. Cross, but we possess 
 no record of the date at which, or the person by whom 
 it was founded. It was granted by Edward YI., with 
 
 all messuages, lands, tenements, profits, and heredita- 
 ments belonging thereto, valued at £3 lOs. per annum, 
 to Henry Tanner and Thomas Bucher. 
 
 ANSALS OF THE BISHOPS. 
 
 On the foundation of the see, in 1133, Athelwald, a 
 Saxon, and prior of St. jMary's, was appointed the first 
 bishop. He appears to have been also prior of St. 
 Oswald's, at Nostell, in Yorkshire, and the king's con- 
 fessor ; and in 1136 his name occurs as a witness to a 
 charter of King Stephen. The churches of Wetheral, 
 Warwick, and other places, having been granted to 
 the abbey of St. Mary, at York, Athelwald confirmed 
 this grant, stipulating, however, that the abbot and 
 convent should take care that the cure of souls in those 
 places should not be neglected, but that a decent main- 
 tenance should be allowed to the clergymen whom they 
 were bound to provide. This prelate died in 115.'). 
 
 Bernard, the second bishop, was consecrated in 1157, 
 and in 1169 officiated at the dedication of the church 
 of St^ Mary Magdalen, at Lanercost. He died in 1186, 
 and the see remained vacant for thirty-two years. We 
 find, however, that King John granted it in 1200 to 
 the Archbishop of Sclavonia, who was succeeded in the 
 following year by Alexander do Lacy ; but the next 
 regular bishop was 
 
 Hugh de Bcllo Loco, abbot of Batelc, in Sussex, who 
 was elevated to the see in 1218. Two years later his 
 name occurs as making grants to the abbey of St. 
 Mary, at Y'ork, and to the monks of Wetheral. This 
 prelate appears to have stood high in the estimation of 
 his sovereign, Henry HI., who requested the Pope 
 to restore the rectories of Penrith, Newcastle, Cor- 
 bridge, and Wliittingham, to the see of Carlisle. He 
 also appears as one of the sureties of Henry HI. 
 for the due performance of engagements which that 
 monarch had entered into with the King of Scotland. 
 This bishop died at the abbey of La Ferte, in Bur- 
 gundy, and was succeeded by 
 
 Walter JIalclerk, who was consecrated in 122."), and 
 received the temporalities of the bishopric on the 26th 
 of October in the same year. In 1230 Henry III. 
 granted the manor of Dalston to Walter and his suc- 
 cessors, bishops of Carlisle. Two years later the same 
 king, by charter, made this prelate treasurer of his 
 exchequer , an office which the bishop retained but 
 a short time, though he had been appointed for life. 
 In 1234 he was instrumental in effecting the contract 
 entered into between the king and the daughter of the 
 Earl of Winchester, and subsequently we find his 
 name as a witness to the great charter. In 1239 he 
 was appointed catechist to Prince Edward, and in 1243
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 105 
 
 was joined in commission with the Archbishop of York 
 and William de Cantclupe as lords-justices of the realm 
 in the king's absence. He held the office of sheriff of 
 Cumberland for the space of ten years. In 12-10 he 
 resigned his see, and became a Dominican friar at 
 O.\ford, where he died in 1218. 
 
 Silvester de Everdon, archdeacon of Chester, was 
 consecrated bishop of Carlisle in 1210, ou the resig- 
 nation of Walter IMalclerk, and in the following j'ear 
 conlirmcd the grants of his predecessors to the abbey 
 of St. Mary, at York. He was afterwards made Lord 
 High Ciiancellor. In ISij:? Bishop de Everdon sup- 
 ported the Archbishop of Canterbury and others in 
 their opposition to the king, who wished to encroach 
 upon the liberties and privileges of the church. Two 
 yoare afterwards the bisliop died in consequence of a 
 fall from his horse, his successor being 
 
 Thomas Vipout, or de Veteripont, of the family of 
 the carls of Westmoreland, who was consecrated in 
 ] 255. This bishop only held the see for a year, dying 
 in 1250. 
 
 Kobert de Cheverel, or de Chauncy, called by Leland 
 the Queen's chaplain, was the next occupant of the 
 see, to which he was elevated in 12.')8. He appears to 
 have been for some time engaged in an unhappy con- 
 troversy with the sheriff of Cumberland, although he 
 himself filled the office for two years. On his demise, 
 in 1278, William de Rotherfeld, dean of York, was 
 nominated, but he refused the proffered elevation, and 
 the prior and convent elected 
 
 Rodolph, or Ralph de Ireton, prior of Gisborne, who 
 was consecrated in 1280. This bishop, who was of a 
 Cumberland family, was a firm defender of all ecclesias- 
 tical rights, nor could ho be deterred from upholding 
 those rights and privileges by any person, however high 
 his rank or station. In 1281 he maintained a suit 
 against Sir Michaol do Hercia, by which he recovered 
 the manor and church of Dalston. He also sti-ovc to 
 obtain the tithes of newly-cultivated lands within Ingle- 
 wood Forest, which he hfld to have been granted to the 
 church of Carlisle, by Henry I. " who enfeoffed the 
 eamo per quoddam cornu eburneum." This suit was 
 decided against the bishop, and the tithes were adjudged 
 to the king, Ivlward [., who subsequently granted them 
 to the prior and convent. Bishop de Ireton was called 
 upon to take part in the various events which occurred in 
 the country during the tinio he held the sco of Carlisle. 
 Ho was joined in commission with the Bishop of Caitli- 
 ness, to collect tenths within the kingdom of Scotland ; 
 and in 1291 was a confidential commissioner to the 
 l''.nglish monarch for adjusting tlic claims to the Scot- 
 tish crown. Ho was also one of the plenipotcutiarios 
 U 
 
 empowered to contract Prince Edward in marriage with 
 (jueeu Margaret of Scotland. Ho died at Linstock, 
 March the 1st, 1293, and was succeeded by 
 
 John de Halton, canon of Carlisle, who was elected 
 on the 9th of the following May. The powers granted 
 to his predecessor seem to have been continued to Bishop 
 de Halton, who took an active part in Scottish affairs. 
 He was present when Baliol was adjudged the rightful 
 claimant for the Scottish throne, in 1292, and five 
 years afterwards witnessed Robert Bruce swear fealty to 
 Edward at Carhsle. In 1302 Bishop Halton was ap- 
 pointed governor of the castle of Carlisle, and had the 
 custody of the Scottish prisoners and hostages. Three 
 years afterwards his name occurs as one of the peti- 
 tioners for the canonisation of Thomas de Cantelupe, 
 bishop of Hereford ; and in li?07 we find him enter- 
 taining the English monarch and his retinue for six 
 days at Linstock Castle. Next year he was summoned 
 to attend the coronation of Edward II. lu 131 4 he was 
 summoned to a parliament at Westminster, but not being 
 able to answer the summons, in consequence of Car- 
 lisle Castle being blockaded by the Scots under Edward 
 Bruce, he was obliged to request the rectors of Leving- 
 tou and Brough-undcr-Stanemore, to appear for him, 
 and to excuse his personal attendance on account of the 
 position in which he was placed, and the troubles in 
 which his diocese was involved. This prelate died in 
 November, 1324, and William Ayremyn, canon of 
 York was elected, but the pope appointed. 
 
 John de Rosse, canon of Hereford, who, in 1330, 
 was summoned to appear before the papal delegate, the 
 prior of Durham, to answer charges preferred against 
 him by the prior and convent of Carlisle, for interfering 
 with their peaceable enjoyment of several churches 
 appropriated to them, as likewise for his seizure of their 
 rents, which he disposed of as he thought fit. This 
 bishop subsequently excommunicated the prior for neg- 
 lecting to pay some tenths that were in his hands. He 
 died at Rose, in 1332. 
 
 John de Ivirkeby, prior of St. ]\Iary's, Carlisle, and 
 the next bishop, was invested with the tempoi-alities of 
 his diocese by the king, on the 8th of May, 1332. 
 This prelate, says Hutchinson, " came to his episcopacy 
 in a most unhappy era, both in regard to the public 
 troubles and agitations in the state, and the litigious 
 and unhappy disposition of the clergy. He was con- 
 tinually subject to alarms from tlie Scots, in conse- 
 quence of tlio king of Engknd's unfortunate expedi- 
 tious and unsuccessful arms; and, added to this, ho had 
 gained the hatred and contempt of that people before 
 his advancement to the see : so that, it is said, his 
 ordinations were held in very distant parts of the
 
 106 
 
 CUJfBEBL.4.ND WARD. 
 
 kingdom, and he was frequently out of this diocese ; and to 
 render his life still more distressful, he was involved in 
 
 innumerable suits with his clergj-." Passing through 
 Penrith, in the spring of 11)37, he was attacked by a 
 band of ruffians, and several of his retinue were severely 
 wounded. In the same year ho was not able to raise 
 the tenths, in consequence of most of his clergy having 
 fled from the Scots, and was obliged to certify to the 
 barons of the exchequer to that effect. In October 
 the Scots burnt Rose, aud devastated the surrounding 
 country. In 13-11 he received .£-200 from the receiver 
 of the royal funds, to pay the men whom he had in bis 
 service for the safe keeping of the western marches. 
 Two years later he was appointed one of the commis- 
 sioners to treat with others from Scotland, to settle and 
 preserve peace and commerce, aud in the following 
 yeai' was required to assist Edward Baliol, king of 
 Scotland, who had been appointed by Edward III. 
 captain-general of all his forces in the north. In 1348 
 he received instructions to convey the Princess Joan to 
 her husband, she having been betrothed to Alphousus, 
 king of Castile. He died in 1353, when John de Horn- 
 castle, prior of Carlisle, was elected, but he was set 
 aside by the pope, and the see given to 
 
 Gilbert de Wilton, in 1353. Shortly after bis eleva- 
 tion. Bishop de Wilton assembled the clergy of his dio- 
 cese, for the pui-pose of obtaining a subsidy, which was 
 at once granted, and amounted to 900 marks. He was 
 one of the commissioners appointed by the king to treat 
 for the ransom of Bang David of Scotland, and for the 
 establishment of peace between the two nations. In 
 1359 he was joint warden of the western marches with 
 Thomas de Lucy ; and subsequently, as one of the com- 
 missioners, took part in the treaties which acknow- 
 ledged Da\dd as king of Scotland, aud renouuced the 
 claims of the English mouarchs to the sovcreiguty of 
 that country. As we leai'n from his registers, this 
 bishop took great interest in the repair of public bridges, 
 and the erection and adornment of churches and 
 monasteries. After a life of great usefulness, he died 
 in 1362. 
 
 Thomas de Appleby, canon of Carlisle, was the next 
 occupant of the see, being consecrated at Avignon, on 
 the 18th of June, 1304. In 1305, he, amongst other 
 prelates, took an oath in the king's presence, at West- 
 minster, " to keep and observe inviolably all the articles 
 of peace lately concluded and agreed upon by his majesty 
 and the French king." Two years afterwards, he re- 
 ceived a joint commission with Roger de Clifford, An- 
 thony de Lucy, and Pialph de Daci-e, for the wai'denship 
 of the western marches. In 1309, in obedience to 
 the king's writ, the bishop ordered the rural dean of 
 
 Cumberland to summon all the abbots, priors, and other 
 rehgious and ecclesiastical persons, to array all the men 
 capable of bearing arms, between the ages of si.'iteen and 
 sixty, apprehensions being entertained of a French in- 
 vasion; and in the same year he was again appointed 
 to the wardenship of the western marches, in conjunc- 
 tion with Roger de Clifford, Thomas de Musgrave, and 
 others. In 1373 Bishop de Appleby, with the Bishop 
 of Durham, Edward Mortimer, Earl of March, aud 
 other noblemen, were appointed to hear and detennine 
 all complaints and causes of action upon the borders; 
 and they were required to see satisfaction made for in- 
 juries done by any of the Idng's subjects. In 1384, 
 during the reign of Richard II. the Bishop of Carlisle, 
 the Bishop of Durham, the Earl of Northumberland, 
 the Lord of Raby, and the Sub-dean of York, were ap- 
 pointed special commissioners and ambassadors, to treat 
 with the King of Scotland, for a truce between the two 
 kingdoms, and for the adjusting of all differences on 
 the borders. Eight years after this, the bishop was again 
 appointed a commissioner, to see executed " that part 
 of a late treaty of peace, concluded with the French 
 king, which related to the kingdom of Scotland." This 
 prelate died in 1395, and William Stricldaud was 
 chosen to succeed him, but was set aside by the pope in 
 favour of 
 
 Robert Reade, who was translated from the see of 
 Waterford and Lismoro, in Ireland, in 1370, and ob- 
 tained the royal warrant for all the mesne profits of 
 the see, from the demise of Bishop de Appleby. He 
 was translated to Chichester in the course of the same 
 year, and was succeeded by 
 
 Thomas Merkes, who was invested with the tem- 
 poralities of his see by Richard IL, and received a 
 provision from the pope in 1397. From the will of 
 the unfortunate Richard we leani that Bishop Merkes 
 was one of the five prelates whom that monarch num- 
 bered amongst his executors, and to whom he bequeathed 
 a gold ring of the value of £20. It is a remarkable fact 
 that the Bishop of Carlisle is the only bishop who is 
 recorded to have taken letters of protection from Richard, 
 and placed himself under an obligation to personally 
 attend the king towards the coast of Ireland. On the 
 removal of Richard, Bishop Merkes remained faithful 
 to the fallen monarch, and in the first parliament coura- 
 geously showed his attachment by speaking in favour 
 of the deposed king. For this he was accused of high 
 treason in January, 1400, and was soon after deprived 
 of his see, and committed a prisoner to the Tower. On 
 the 23rd of the follo\ring June, the bishop was placed 
 in the custody of the Abbot of Westminster, in whose 
 community he had formerly been a monk, and on
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 107 
 
 November 28tli received the king's pardon, and was 
 set at liberty. In consequence of his "notable poverty," 
 he was allowed to receive from the pope, who had con- 
 ferred upon him the title of Bishop of Samothrace, 
 ecclesiastical benefices to the value of dOO marks, which 
 the king increased to 300. Ho held the vicarage of 
 Sturminstcr, in Dorsetshire, and, in 1404, the Abbot 
 of Westminster bestowed upon him the rectory of 
 Todenham, in Gloucestershire. It is probable he 
 died iu the latter place about the cud of the year 
 1409. 
 
 William Strickland was the next prelate appointed 
 to the see of Carlisle. He was elected iu 1:J99, conse- 
 crated at Cawood by the Archbishop of York, August 
 24th, 1400, and received the temporalities of his see 
 on the 15th of the following November. Bishop Strick- 
 land was a devoted adherent of Henry IV., from whom 
 he received a commission to arrest all those persons 
 in the diocese of Carlisle " who should assert that 
 Richard II. was still alive, aud abiding in the parts of 
 Scotland." In 1400, the Bishop of Carlisle was one of 
 the prelates that signed and sealed the act of succes- 
 sion, by which the crowns of England and France were 
 entailed upon the lung's four sous. The erection of the 
 tower and belfry of the cathedral is ascribed to this pre- 
 late, as is also the tabcniacle work in the choir, aud the 
 covering of the spire on the tower with lead. He 
 built the tower at Kose Castle, called Strickland's tower, 
 and constructed a watercourse from tho river Petteril 
 through the town of Penrith. A chantry in tho church 
 of St. Andrew, in the same town, is likewise of his foun- 
 dation. He died on the 30th of August, 1419, after 
 an tj)iscopacy of twenty years, and was buried in his 
 catiicdral. His successor was 
 
 Roger Whelpdale, provost of Queen's College, Oxford, 
 who was consecrated by the Bishop of London in 14'20, 
 and had restitution of the temporalities on the 12th of 
 March, in the following year. This prelate, who was a 
 native of the county, having been bom at or near Grey- 
 stoke, did not long enjoy his elevation to the episcopate, 
 for ho died in London on tho 4lh of February, 1422, 
 and by his will ordered his body to be interred in St. 
 Paul's Church, in that city, leaving £200 for the foun- 
 dation aud endowment of a chantry in his cathedral of 
 Carlisle. Bishop Whelpdale was a learned man, and 
 well vcreed in the literature of tho period in which he 
 lived. His works are a book with tho title Df invocate 
 Deo, and somo treati.ses on logic and mathematics. 
 
 William Barrow, bishop of Bangor, was tho next occu- 
 pant of the see of Carlisle, to which ho was translated 
 on tho death of Bishop Whelpdale, and received tho 
 temporalities on Januarv the lUth, 1423. In 1429 his 
 
 name occurs among the bishops who protested against 
 Cardinal Beaufort appearing at Windsor, on Saint 
 George's day, as prelate of the order of the garter, in 
 right of his bishopric of Winchester. In the July fol- 
 lowing he bore a joint commission with the earls of 
 Northumberland and Salisbury, on behalf of the King of 
 England, for the truce concluded with Scotland, at 
 Hawden Stank. He died at Rose Castle, the seat of 
 the bishops of Carlisle, on September 4th, 1429, and 
 was buried iu the chapel of St. Catherine iu his cathe- 
 dral church. His successor was 
 
 Marmaduke Lumley, ai-chdeacon of Northumberland, 
 who was raised to the see iu 1430, aud received resti- 
 tution of the temporalities on April the loth, 1431. 
 In 1433 he was licensed to attend the Council of Basil, 
 the eighteenth general council, aud two years later was 
 appointed one of the commissioners to treat with the 
 Scots. During the episcopacy of Bishop Lumley, the 
 diocese suffered so severely from tho ravages of the 
 Scots, that the bishop could not obtain wherewithal to 
 support the dignity of his office, aud iu order to enable 
 him to do this, an application was made to the throne, 
 in consequence of which a royal grant was issued in 
 June, 1441, by which the churches of Caldbeck and 
 Rothbury were annexed to the see for ever. These 
 appropriations, however, did not take place, aud the two 
 churches arc to this day rectorial. Bishop Lumley, 
 who was of the noble family of Lumley, in the county 
 of Durham, filled the offices of lord treasurer, lord 
 chaucellor, and chancellor of Cambridge University. 
 Ho was translated to Lincoln in 1449, when 
 
 Nicholas Close, archdeacon of Colchester, aud one of 
 the king's chaplains, was appointed bishop, receiving 
 restitution of the temporalities on the 14th of Slarch 
 in tho following year. In 1451, he, with the Bishop of 
 Durham and others, was commissioned to superintend 
 " the conservators of the tnice and wardens of the 
 marches, and to punish their negligence and irregulari- 
 ties." Iu 1452 he was one of a commission appointed 
 to receive the homage of James, earl of Douglas, and all 
 other Scottish noblemen who should apply for that i>ur- 
 pose. These are all the notices of this prelate that 
 occur during the time that ho fdled the see of Carlisle. 
 He was translated to Lichlicld and Coventry iu 1432, 
 and was succeeded by 
 
 William Percy, a son of the F.arl of Northumberland, 
 and a inobondary of York, Lincoln, aud Sidisbury, who 
 was invested with the temporalities of his bishopric on 
 tho 24th of October. 1452, and. though ho hold tho 
 see for ten years, nothing is on record respecting him, 
 except that ho was chancellor of Cambridge. Ho died 
 in 1462.
 
 108 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 John Kingscotes, archdeacon of Gloucester, was 
 elected by the chapter bishop of Carlisle on the de- 
 mise of Bishop Percy, but he only held the see one year, 
 dying on the 10th December, 1013, when 
 
 Richard Scrope, rector of Feu-Ditton, Cambridge- 
 shire, succeeded to the vacant mitre. Nothing what- 
 ever is recorded of this prelate, except the dates of his 
 elevation and decease ; the latter event occurring on the 
 ICth of May, 1408 ; his successor was 
 
 Edward Story, chancellor of Cambridge, who being 
 elected by the chapter and approved of by the pope, had 
 restitution of the temporalities on September 1st, 1408. 
 Three years later we find his name among those 
 of the prelates and chief of the nobility who took an 
 oath of fealty to Edward V., then Prince of Wales ; and 
 shortly afterwards, he, with the Bishop of Durham, the 
 earl of Northumberland, and others, was appointed a 
 commissioner to treat with those of Scotland at Alnwick, 
 and the year following at Newcastle ; and in 1473 at either 
 of these places or any other place. In 1474 he again 
 appears as a commissioner in the treaty of marriage be- 
 tween the Prince of Scotland and the Princess Cicely, 
 daughter of Edward IV. Three yeai's later he was 
 translated to Chichester, where he died in 1503. 
 
 llichai'd Bell, prior of Dm'ham, was the next prelate, 
 being elevated to the see in 1478, shortly after the 
 translation of Bishop Story. While prior of Durham, 
 he was several times in the commissions of Edward IV., 
 on treaty with the king of Scots. All that we learn of 
 him during his episcopacy is, that he built the tower at 
 Eosc Castle, which still bears his name. He died in 
 1490, and was interred in the middle of the choir of his 
 cathedral, where a monumental brass still recalls his 
 memory, and requests a prayer for the repose of his 
 soul. His successor, 
 
 William Sever, abbot of St. Mary's, at York, was 
 shoitly afterwards elected, and received restitution of the 
 temporalities of his see on the 1 1th of December, in the 
 same year, when he also received a license to hold his 
 abbacy in comincndam, and was included in a commis- 
 sion with the Bishop of Durham and others, to treat 
 about the marriage of the king's daughter, Margaret, 
 with James IV. of Scotland. The following year his 
 name occurs as one of the royal plenipotentiaries in a 
 general treaty between the English and Scottish mon- 
 archs. In 1409 Bishop Severs services were again 
 brought into requisition, and he was appointed one of 
 the conservators of the truce, which had just been 
 agreed upon between the kings of England and Scot- 
 land. Three years later he was translated to Durham, and 
 
 PiOger Leybourn, archdeacon and chancellor of Dur- 
 ham appointed his successor. This prelate was conse- 
 
 crated on the 1st of September, 1 503, and received resti- 
 tution of the temporalities on the 15 th of the following 
 October. He was a native of Westmoreland, and was 
 educated at Cambridge, where he became master of 
 Pembroke Hall. Little is known of him, and even the 
 year of his demise is uncertain. His will, in which he 
 expresses a wish to be buried in St. James's Hospital, 
 near Charing Cross, London, bears date July 17th, 
 1507 ; but, whether he died in that year or the follow- 
 ing one we have no means of ascertaining. 
 
 John Penny, bishop of Bangor, was translated to the 
 see of Carlisle by a papal rescript, bearing date, Rome, 
 September 21st, 1508; and on the 23rd of the fol- 
 lowing January he made his promise of canonical obe- 
 dience to his metropoHtan, the Archbishop of York. He 
 held the see for twelve years, dying in 1520, and the 
 following, year 
 
 John Kite, archbishop of Armagh, in Ireland, was 
 translated to the vacant bishopric, when he relinquished 
 the primacy of Ireland, but was appointed archbishop 
 of Thebes, in Greece. Cardinal Wulsey and he 
 appear to have been intimate friends ; and it is to the 
 influence of the former that Bishop Kite is said to owe 
 the alterations in his preferments. Jefferson informs us 
 that the fees of the translation of this prelate, " with 
 the commeudams for Carlisle and his other benefices, 
 amounted to 1890 ducats. But the cardinal success- 
 fully pleaded for the remission of '270 ducats." Bishop 
 Kite, in 15'34, was appointed by Henry VIII. as one of 
 his commissioners to meet those of the King of Scot- 
 land, concerning a cessation of hostilities ; and two 
 years later, he, in conjunction with Ralph, Earl of 
 Westmoreland, and others, was named as a plenipoten- 
 tiary to conclude a treaty of peace with the Scottish 
 monarch. In 1529 a document having been signed by 
 several of the English bishops, approving of the reason- 
 ableness of the scruples of Henry VIII. in the matter 
 of his marriage with Catharine of Arragon, and advising 
 that the case should be laid before the Holy See for 
 speedy settlement. Bishop Kite's name appears among 
 the subscribers. In the following year he was one of 
 the four bishops, who, with Cardinal Wolsey, Arch- 
 bishop Warham, and the majority of the English nobility, 
 addressed Pope Clement VII., on the question of the 
 king's divorce. In 1536 his name again occurs in the 
 history of the period. He ajipears to have been much 
 attached to the old religion, and zealously assisted his 
 metropolitan, the Archbishop of York, in opposing the 
 innovations proposed by Cranmer, in the convocation of 
 the clergy. During his occupation of the see he made 
 several additions to the episcopal residence at Rose, 
 and otherwise improved it. He died in London, on the
 
 THE CITY OF CAKLISLE. 
 
 109 
 
 19th of June, 1537, aud wns buried iu Stepney Church. 
 He was succeeded the same year by 
 
 Eobert Aldrich, provost of Eton College, and canon 
 of Wmdsor. Tliis prelate, who was a native of Burn- 
 ham, in Buckinghamshire, received his early education 
 at Eton, and in 1507 became scholar of King's College, 
 Cambridge, where he took the degree of M.A. In 
 1529 he became B.D. at Oxford, and was subsequently 
 advanced to the dignity of D.D. Among his contem- 
 poraries ho appears to have been eminent as an orator 
 and poet; and, in conjunction with Cranmer and others, 
 wrote the work commonly called the " Bishop's Book." 
 lie performed the duties of chaplain and almoner to 
 Lady Jane Seymour, queen of Henry VIII. and mother 
 of Edward VI. Although he held this office, Bishop 
 Aldrich was, nevertheless, a firm supporter of the tenets 
 of the old religion, aud, in 1510, was consulted by the 
 king on the teaching of the church with respect to the 
 seven sacraments. When Cranmer strove to propagate 
 the new doctrines, he mot with the most determined 
 opposition from the Bishop of Carlisle, who clung to the 
 ancient faith iu its entirety during the whole of his life. 
 He died in 1555, and 
 
 Owen Oglethorpe, dean of "Windsor, was appointed 
 his successor, in October, 1356 ; but the papal confir- 
 mation did not arrive until the 28th of the following 
 January. Tiiis prelate was born at Newton Kymc, near 
 Tadcaster, in Yorkshire, and becoming a member of 
 Magdalen College, 0.\ford, was made proctor of that 
 univcreity iu 1531. Four years afterwards, having 
 attained the degree of B.D., he was chosen president 
 of his college, and was elected vice-chancellor iu 1S51. 
 He was shortly afterwards appointed first canon and 
 then dean of Windsor, and in the first year of the rcigu 
 of l,.>U(en Mary became secretary of the Order of the 
 Garter. In 155 1 a public disputation on the mass was 
 held at Oxford, at which Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer 
 stated their opinions, and were opposed by several 
 membei-s of the ancient faith, among whom Bishop 
 Oglethorpe stands conspicuous. Two years after this 
 lie was raised to the sec of Carlisle, as above stated. 
 When Queen Elizabeth ascended the throne, in 155S, 
 she at once proceeded to reintroduce Protestantism, and 
 to put down the religion which (Jueen Mary had restored. 
 One of the first indications of this change was her com- 
 mand to the Bishop of Carlisle not to elevate at mass 
 the consecrated host ; a command with which the bisliop 
 refused compliance, adding, at the same time, " My life 
 is the queen's, but my conscience is my own." Sus- 
 pecting the queen's intentions from this prohibition, the 
 English bishops publicly declared that they could not, 
 iu conscience, adniiuister tho coronation oath, and 
 
 refused, therefore, to assist at the forthcoming ceremony. 
 This announcement greatly embarrassed the court ; but 
 at length Bishop Oglethorpe was induced to separate 
 himself from his colleagues, and the coronation was per- 
 formed. The services of the Bishop of Carhsle were, 
 however, soon forgotten ; for refusing, iu common with 
 the other members of the English episcopacy, with the 
 exception of the Bishop of Llandaff, to take the oath of 
 supremacy, he was deprived of his see in 1559, when it 
 was offered to Bernard Gilpin, rector of Houghton-le- 
 Spring, in the county of Durham, but by him dechned. 
 John Best, prebendary of Wells, and the first Protes- 
 tant bishop, was consecrated on the 2nd of March, 1500. 
 He was a native of Yorkshire, and received his education 
 at Oxford, but embracing the principles of the Pieformers, 
 was obliged to live retired during tho reign of Mary. 
 In 1504 he received a commission from Elizabeth, by 
 which he was empowered to arm himself and his depen- 
 dents ; a measure deemed necessary in consequence of 
 the unsettled and turbulent state of the diocese. Nothing 
 further is recorded of this prelate, whom Fuller speaks 
 of as "a grave and learned divine." He died on tho 
 22nd of May, 1570, and was buried in Carlisle Cathe- 
 dral. His successor was 
 
 Richard Barnes, who came to the see in the same 
 year. This prelate was born at Warrington, iu Lanca- 
 shire, and entering Brazennose College, Oxford, received 
 there his degree of M.A. iu 1556. He became B.D. 
 at Cambridge, and, iu 1501, was made chancellor and 
 prebendary of York, and subsequently styled Bishop of 
 Nottingham. Wheu raised to the see of Carlisle he was 
 allowed to retain in commcudam his stall and dignities 
 at York, for one year after his consecration. In 1577 
 he was traiisLitcd to Durham, and 
 
 John Mey, prebendary of Ely, was appointed to the 
 vacant bishopric, having previously been master of 
 Catherine Hall, Cambridge, and vice-chancellor of tl)at 
 university, for which he appears to have procured a new 
 body of statutes. He held the see of Cailisle for twenty 
 years, and fell a victim to the plague in 1597, being 
 buried in his cathedral church on tlie evening of tho 
 same day on which he died. 
 
 Henry Robinson, provost of Queen's College, Oxford, 
 was the next bishop. He was a native of Carlisle, 
 where ho was born in tho j-ear 1550. At an early ago 
 ho entered the University of Oxford, and nuiking great 
 proficiency iu his studies, soon became a fellow, attain- 
 ing a high character as a preacher. In his twentieth 
 year, liaving just taken his master's degree, he was 
 chosen principal of Edmund Hall, aud in 15s l was 
 unanimously elected provost of Queen's College, an 
 office which he held for eighteen years, during which
 
 no 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 time the college eiijoj-eJ a high degree of prosperity, 
 lie was also chaplaia to Archbiiliop GrinJall. Ou the 
 27th of May, 1598, he was chosen to fill the see of 
 Carlisle, was consecrated on the U3rd of the following 
 July, and iu the ne.xt year named one of the royal com- 
 missioners for ecclesiastical causes. From the records 
 of the exchequer we learn that, in 1G13 Bishop Robin- 
 son filed a bill in that court against George Denton, of 
 Cardew Hall, who had refused all suit to his lordship's 
 court, and having obUuued a decree in his favour, se- 
 cured thereby the rights and privileges of the see of 
 Carlisle. This prelate died, it is supposed, of the 
 plague, at Rose Castle, on the 10th of June, 1010, and 
 was interred the same night in his cathedral church, 
 where a mortuary brass, ou the wall of the north aisle 
 of the choir, still perpetuates his memory. Bishop 
 Robinson's character as a scholar stood high amongst 
 his contemporaries. He took part in the conferences 
 held at Hampton Court, and is said to have been held 
 in great estimation by Queen Elizabeth. His succes- 
 sor was 
 
 Robert Snowdon, prebendary of Southwell, who was 
 consecrated on November 2 1th, 1010, iu York Minster, 
 by Archbishop JIattbews. He only held the see for a 
 little more than four years, dying in London, iu May, 
 1C21. Of the incidents of his episcopate we have no- 
 thing recorded. In the following September, 
 
 Richard ]\Iilbourne, bishop of St. David's, was trans- 
 lated to Carlisle, which he held till 1021, when he died, 
 leaving a bequest for the endowment of a school and the 
 foundation of an hospital. This prelate was bom at 
 Utterbauk, in Gilsland. Previous to liis promotion to 
 the see of St. David's, he had been respectively vicar of 
 Sevenoaks, in Kent, and dean of Rochester. 
 
 Richard Senhouse, dean of Gloucester, the next 
 bishop, was of an old Cumbrian family, the Senhouses 
 of Nether Hall, ou whom he reflected the greatest credit 
 by his talents aud abilities. Having entered as a stu- 
 dent iu Trinity College, Cambridge, he shortly after- 
 wards removed to St. John's, where he gained a fellow- 
 ship, and took his degree of D.D., in 1022. He served 
 as chaplain to the Earl of Bedford, Prince Charles, and 
 subsequently to James I., the latter of whom gave him 
 the deaueiy of Gloucester. He had the reputation 
 of a great preacher, aud was styled the " Cambridge 
 Chrysostom." He was killed by a fall from his horse, 
 on the 0th of May, 1020, and was interred in Carlisle 
 Cathedral. The Dean of Carlisle, 
 
 Francis AVbite, was his successor, being consecrated 
 bishop CD the 3rd of the following December. He how- 
 ever, only continued at Carhsle till the 0th of February, 
 1028, when he was translated to Norwich, aud 
 
 Barnabas Potter, provost of Queen's College, Oxford, 
 appointed bishop. He was consecrated iu London, on 
 the 15th of March, 1628. Tbis prelate was bom at 
 Kendal, or, as Atkinson says, in Winster Chapelry, in 
 1577, of poor but respectable parents. He was educa- 
 ted at Queen's College, O.xford, where he took the degree 
 of D.D. in 1015, and the following ^-ear was elected pro- 
 vost, an office which he held for about ten years. He 
 was chaplain to tbe Prince of Wales, afterwai'ds Cbarles 
 I., by whom he was much esteemed. Bishop Potter 
 died at his lodgings in Co vent Garden, in January, 
 1012, the fourteenth year of his episcopate, and was 
 buried in St. Paul's Church, Covent Garden, where the 
 monument erected to his memory, with the sacred 
 edifice, was destroyed by fire in 1795. 
 
 James Usher, archbishop of Armagh, was the next 
 occupant of the see. " This great advocate of what 
 has been invidiously termed ' moderate episcopacy,' 
 was born iu Dublin, on the llh of January, 1580, 
 and he became one of the earliest students of Trinity 
 College, in that city. He early distinguished himself 
 in the Roman Catholic controversy, and gaining thus 
 the favour of James I., he was, iu 1020, appointed to 
 the see of Meath, whence he was, 4vc years later, 
 translated to Armagh, the primatial see of all Ireland. 
 He came to England in 104O, and the rebelhon in the 
 next year preventing his return to Ireland, bo repaired 
 to the king at Oxford, and as a means of subsistence 
 was allowed to hold the see of Carlisle in commendam. 
 He was greatly esteemed by the king, and was expressly 
 summoned to assist him with his advice at the Treaty of 
 Newport. Archbishop Usher produced many laborious 
 w^orks, written amid trouble and danger, aud his learning 
 and virtues commanded the respect of many who were 
 the avowed enemies of his order. Thus he was allowed 
 to hold the professorship of Lincoln's Inn after the 
 bishop's lands had been sold, and Cromwell listened 
 to Ills earnest remonstrances in favour of the despoiled 
 clergy, who owed some alleviation of their sufferings to 
 him. Usher fouud a home in the house of the countess 
 dowager of Peterborough for several years, and ho died 
 under her roof at Reigate, March 21, 1050. His 
 remains were honoured with a public funeral, to the 
 cost of which Cromwell contributed £200 by letter of 
 privy seal, April 2nd, 1630." ' Ou the death of Arch- 
 bishop Usher, the see was vacant four years. Ou the 
 Restoration of Charles II., iu 1600 
 
 Richard Sterne, master of Jesus' College, Cambridge, 
 was nominated to Carlisle. He was a native of Not- 
 tinghamshire, and educated at the college just named, 
 
 I Aunala of England, vol. iii. p. 8, London, 1857.
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 Ill 
 
 and while there took his degree of D.D. Being do- 
 mestic chaplain to Archbishop Laud, he attended him 
 on the scaffold at his execution, and was subsequently 
 imprisoned, with some other heads of houses in the 
 universities, on a charge made by Cromwell, that they 
 had conveyed their college plate to Charles I. at York." 
 He was then deprived of his mastership, and obliged to 
 retire into private life till the restoration of the regal 
 power, when he was promoted to this see. During his 
 episcopate he erected a chapel at Eose Castle, which, 
 however, was taken down shortly afterwards. He was 
 translated to York, in 1664, and was succeeded by 
 
 Edward Eainbow, dean of Peterborough. Bishop 
 Eainbow was a native of Bilton, in Lincolnshire, and 
 entered Coi-pus Christi College, O.xford, in 1023, being 
 then in his fifteenth year. He remained there for two 
 years, after which he proceeded to ilagdalene College, 
 Cambridge, where he became tutor to several noble 
 pupils, and obtained a fellowship. In lG-1'2 he was 
 appointed master of ^lagdalene, and four years after- 
 wards received the degree of D.D. In IGuO Dr. Rain- 
 bow was requested to sign a protestation against Charles 
 II., then in course of signature, but having refused he 
 was deprived of his office, which he did not regain 
 tOl the Picstoration. In 1062 he was nominated vice- 
 chancellor of his university, and two years later he was 
 promoted to Carlisle. This prelate made considerable 
 additions to the episcopal residence at Rose, rebuilt the 
 chapel erected by his predecessor, and carried out many 
 other improvements. He died at Rose Castle, March 
 
 - Of liis snfferings at ibis period we have the following acconnt in 
 a letter i)f liis, written from his prison in Jily House, October the 9th, 
 1048: — "This is now the fourleenlh luouth of my iniprisonnient; 
 nineteen wetks in the Tower, thirteen weeks in the Lord Petre's 
 lionse, ten duys in the ships, and seven weeks here in Ely House. 
 'J'he very fees and rents of tliese several prisons have amounted to 
 above i'lOO, besides diet and all other charges, whieh have been 
 various and excessive, as in prisons is usual. For the better enabling 
 me to tnnintain myself in prison and my family at home, they have 
 seized U|)on all njy means that they can lay their hands on. . . . 
 And all this while I have never been so much as spoken withal, or 
 called either to give or receive an acconnt why I am here. Nor is 
 anything laid to my charge (not so much as the genend crime of 
 ray being a malignant), no, not in tile warrant for my connnitmcnt. 
 What hath been wanting in human justice, hatli been, I praise God, 
 supplied by divine mercy. Health of body, and patience, and cheer- 
 fulness of mind, 1 have not wanted, no, not on shipboard, where we 
 lay, the first night, without anything under or over us but tlic bare 
 decks and the clothes on our backs; and after we had some of us 
 got beds, were nttt oble, when it rained, to lie dry in them, and when 
 it was fair weather, were sweltered with heat, anil stifled with our 
 own breaths, there being of us in that one small Ipswich coal-ship 
 (so low bnill, too, thot we could not walk or stand upright in il,) 
 within one or two of three score ; whereof six knights, and eight 
 doctors of divinity, and divera gentlemen of very good worth, that 
 would have been sorry to have seen their servants, nay, their dogs, 
 no belter accommodated. Yet among all that company, I do not 
 remember that I saw one sad or dejected countenance all the while; 
 £0 strong is Cjod, when we ore weakest." 
 
 20th, 1684, and was buried at Dalston. The next 
 bishop was 
 
 Thomas Smith, dean of Carlisle. This prelate was 
 born at Whichall, in the parish of Asby, Westmore- 
 land, on the 21st of December, 1614. He was edu- 
 cated at Appleby School, and iti the sixteenth year of 
 his age was admitted into Queen's College, O.xford, 
 where his early proficiency in his studies " gained him 
 a singular repute in the university." After he had 
 taken the degree of il.A. he obtained a fellowship, and 
 soon became eminent as a tutor, most of the gentlemen 
 of the college being committed to his care. When 
 Charles I. resided at Oxford he was one of those who 
 were appointed to preach before his majesty, at Clirist 
 Church, aud before the parliament at St. Mary's. In 
 consequence of the events which soon after occurred 
 he removed to the north, where he remained till the 
 Restoration, after which he took his degree of D.D., 
 and became chaplain to Charles II. He was appointed 
 to a prebend in Carlisle Cathedral in Xovember, ] 660, 
 and a few months later received one of the "golden" 
 prebends of Durham. He became dean of Carlisle in 
 1671, on the promotion of Dean Carleton to the see of 
 Bristol ; and while holding this oSice he restored the 
 deanerj' at his own expense, bestowed a communion 
 service to the cathedral, endowed the Grammar School, 
 made additions to the capitular library, and proved him- 
 self in every way a public benefactor. Xor were his good 
 deeds confined to Carlisle, for Dalston, Penrith, Ap- 
 pleby, Asby, and other places experienced his bountj'. 
 On the death of Bishop Rainbow, in 1084, Dr. Smith 
 succeeded to tlie see, which he held for eight years, and 
 died at Rose Castle on the 19th of April, 1702. He 
 was buried in Carlisle Cathedral, where there is an 
 inscription to his memory. 
 
 William Nicholson, archdeacon and prebendary of 
 Carhsle, was the next occupant of the see. He was 
 bom at Orton, about the year 1655, and, iu 1670, was 
 entered at Queen's College, Cambridge. In 1678, and the 
 early part of the following year, he visited Germany 
 and Frtuicc, and on his return home was admitted a 
 fellow of his college, having previously taken the degree 
 of M.A. He received a prebend in Cailislo Cathedral 
 and tho vicarage of Torpenhow from Bishop Rainbow, 
 iu 1681, and next year was made archdeacon. In 
 17112, on tho demise of Bishop Smith, he was elected 
 bishop, and was consecrated at Lambetli on the llUi 
 of June iu the same year. The first four years of his 
 episcopate were spent by Bishop Nicholson in inspect- 
 ing the various churches, parsonage houses, glebe-lands, 
 lie. in his diocese. In 1715 ho was appointed lord 
 high almoner by George I., aud three years later was
 
 112 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 translated to Londonderry, vhich. see he held till Feb- 
 ruary, 1720, when he was made archbishop of Cashel, 
 but he died on the 14th of that month, and was buried 
 at Londouderr}-. This celebrated man was well versed 
 in the several departments of human knowledge, but 
 particularly in that of history, which he appears to have 
 cultivated with the greatest assiduity and success, and to 
 his industry and learning the historians of this county 
 are particularly indebted. In 1078, when at Leipsic, 
 he translated into Latin Hook's Essay on the Motion 
 of the Farth from the Sun's Parallax, which was sub- 
 sequently printed. Two years later he published an 
 account of Denmark, Poland, Norway, and Iceland, iu 
 the first volume of the EugUsh Atlas, of which he 
 afterwards published the second and third volumes, 
 containing Germany. These were followed, in 1085, 
 by a letter to the master of University College, on the 
 Fiunic inscription at Bewcastle, which was published 
 in the philosophical transactions. No. 178, and also a 
 letter to Sir William DugJale, concerning the font at 
 Brideldrk. In 1000 appeared the first part of his 
 English Historical Library, the second part was pub- 
 lished the following year, and the third in 1090. After 
 an interval of three years he published a similar work 
 for Scotland, and in 17'2J: one for Ireland. Between 
 the iiublication of the two latter works, he produced, in 
 1705, his Border Laws, with an appendix of charters 
 and records. Besides these works, he wrote, in 1715, 
 an essay to be inserted in Chamberlain's book, contain- 
 ing the Lord's Prayer in one hundred languages ; and 
 in 1719 the preface to the third edition of Wilkin's 
 Leges Anglo-Saxonica;. The bishop published several 
 sermons, and left to the capitular library at Carlisle his 
 MS. collections for a history of the counties of Cumber- 
 laud and AVestmoreland and the diocese of Carlisle. 
 In 1809 John Nichols, F.S.A. published in two octavo 
 volumes, Letters on Various Subjects, Literary, Political, 
 and Ecclesiastical, to and from William Nicolson, D.D. 
 Samuel Bradford, prebendary of Westminster, suc- 
 ceeded Bishop Nicolson, iu the see of Carlisle, when 
 the latter was translated to Londonderry. This pre- 
 late was a native of London, received his education 
 at Beunet College, Cambridge, and having been ad- 
 mitted to orders, became chaplain to Bishop Compton, 
 and tutor to the children of Archbishop Tillotsou. 
 He subsequently became rector of St. Mary-le-Bow, 
 London, prebend of Westminster, master of Bennet 
 College, and ultimately dean of the most honourable 
 order of the Bath. After holding the see of Carlisle 
 for five years he was translated to Rochester; and d3'ing 
 in 1731, was interred in the north aisle of Westminster 
 Abbey. His successor was 
 
 John Waugh, dean of Gloucester, a native of Appleby 
 in Westmoreland, where he was bom in 1600. He 
 received his early education at Appleby School, and sub- 
 sequently entered Queen's College, Oxford, where ho 
 obtained a fellowship. He was rector of St. Peter's, 
 Cornhill, London, in 1708; ten years later prebendary 
 of Lincoln; two years afterwards dean of Gloucester; 
 and in 1793 bishop of Carlisle. For eleven yeai*s he 
 governed the diocese with great zeal and ability, and 
 with the greatest credit to himself. He died in West- 
 minster, in 1734, and was buried in St. Peter's, Cornhill. 
 
 Sir George Fleming, Bart., the next bishop, was the 
 son of Sir Daniel Fleming, Knt., of Eydal Hall, West- 
 uiorelaud, where the future bishop was born, in 1007. 
 He seems to have had his school education at Appleby, 
 whence he was transferred to Edmund Hall, Oxford, 
 which he entered in 1088, and having received his 
 degree in arts, became domestic chaplain to Bishop 
 Smith of Carlisle, by whom he was collated to the 
 vicarage of Aspatria, and in 1700 to a prebendal stall 
 iu tlie cathedral. The favour shown to Mr. Fleming 
 by Bishop Smith was continued by that prelate's suc- 
 cessor Bishop Nicolson, who, in 1705, promoted the 
 subject of this notice to the archdeacour}'. He became 
 dean in 1727, and was raised to the see of Carlisle, in 
 1734. He enjoyed his elevation for thirteen years, and 
 died at Rose Castle on July 2nd, 1747, in the eighty- 
 first year of his age. He was interred in his cathedral 
 church where a marble monument perpetuates his 
 memory. His successor was 
 
 Richard Osbaldiston, dean of York, who was descended 
 from a good family at Hunmaudby, in Yorkshire, and 
 received his education at Cambridge. He held this 
 see from 1747 till 1702, when he was translated to 
 London, which see he held for two years, dying iu 
 1704. 
 
 Charles Lyttleton, dean of Exeter, his successor, was 
 the third son of Sir Thomas Lyttleton, Bart., of Hagley 
 Hall, in Worcestershire, at which place he was born in 
 1714. Having received his early education at Eton, 
 he entered University College, Oxford, and on the 
 completion of his studies became a member of the 
 Jliddle Temple. He w^as in due course called to the 
 bar, but not finding legal studies congenial to his dis- 
 position, he returned to Oxford, and subsequently took 
 orders. He was appointed to the rectory of Alve, iu 
 his native county, in 1743, and in 1747 became chap- 
 lain-in-ordinary to George II. The following year he 
 was made dean of Exeter, and in 1763 received the 
 bishopric of Carlisle, which he held for six years. He 
 died in London on December 22nd, 1768, and was 
 interred with his ancestors at Hagley. Bishop Lyttleton
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 113 
 
 was a zealous antiquarian, and was for some time pre- 
 sident of the Antiquarian Society, to which he gave 
 a considerable number of books and manuscripts. 
 
 Edmund Law, the next bishop, was a native of Lan- 
 cashire, being born at Cartniel in that county in 1703. 
 lie received his early education at Cartmel and Kendal, 
 and afterwards entered St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 from which ho removed to Christ's College, where he 
 obtained a fellowship. In 1737 he was presented by 
 the university to the living of Greystoke, and in 1743 
 was appointed archdeacon of Carlisle by Bishop Flem- 
 ing ; and as the archdeaconry has the rectoiy of Salkeld 
 annexed to it, he went to reside there iu 1746. In 
 1754 he took the degree of D.D., and two years after- 
 wards he was elected master of Peter House, upon which 
 ho resigned his office of ai-chdeacon. About 1700 he 
 received the appointment of head librarian of the uni- 
 versity. He subsequently became archdeacon of Staf- 
 fordshire, prebendary of Lichfield, and in 1707 received 
 a prcbcndal stall iu Durham Cathedral. He was elected 
 bishop of Carlisle iu the following year, and held the 
 sec till 1787, when he died at Kose Castle on the 14th 
 of August, in his eighty-fourth year. He was buried 
 iu his cathedral. During his residence in Christ's Col- 
 lege he published a translation of Archbishop King's 
 " Essay on the Origin of Evil," with notes, and pre- 
 pared for the press an edition of Stephen's "Thesaurus." 
 He also formed 'au acquaintance with several literary 
 celebrities, among others the learned Dr. Jortin, Dr. 
 Taylor, the editor of Lysias and Demosthenes, and 
 Dr. Waterton, the master of Magdalene College. In 
 1734 or 1735 ho published an " Inquiry into the 
 Ideas of Space, Time," &c. ; and while resident at 
 Salkeld his " Considerations on the Theory of Reli- 
 gion." About 1777 he edited Locke's works, which he 
 published in three volumes quarto, with a- preface and 
 life of the author. Bishop Law devoted a great portion 
 of his time to metaphysical studies, and is said to have 
 held the writings of Locke in the highest esteem. 
 " Ho was distinguished by a mild and tranquil dis- 
 position, and the ami;nity of his manners endeared him 
 to all who kn(>w him. His countenance always wore 
 the sumo kind and composed aspect, truly indicating 
 tho eahnnoss and benignity of his temper." Ho was 
 succeeded in the see of Carlisle by 
 
 John Douglas, canon residentiary of St. Paul's, who 
 was born at Piltenwecn, in I'ife-hire, and in 1730 was 
 entered a commoner at St. JIary's Hall, O.-cford, from 
 which ho removed, in 1738, to Baliol College. Having 
 been appointed chaplain to the 3rd Foot Guards, he 
 went to the continent with his regiment, and was 
 present at the Battle of Fontcnoy. He subsequently 
 13 
 
 became tutor to Lord Pulteney, with whom he travelled 
 for some time, and, in recognition of his services, was 
 rewarded by the Earl of Bath with considerable church 
 preferment. Ho was consecrated bishop of Carlisle in 
 1 787, having previously held the dignities of canon and 
 dean of Windsor. In 1791 he was translated to Salis- 
 bury, and died the 18th May, 1807. Bishop Douglas 
 held the office of chancellor of the most noble order of 
 the garter, was a fellow of tho Royal Society, a vice- 
 president of the Antiquarian Society, and a trustee of 
 the British Museum. The ne.xt bishop was 
 
 The Hon. Edward Yenables Vernon, who was ap- 
 pointed on tho translation of Bishop Douglas, at which 
 time he was canon of Christ Church, Cxford. This 
 prelate, the second son of George, Lord Vernon, was 
 born on the loth of October, 1757, educated at West- 
 minster School, and afterwards removed to Christ 
 Church, Oxford. He subsequently became Fellow of 
 All Souls' College, chaplain to the king, prebeudaiy of 
 Gloucester, and canon of Christ Church. Iu 1791 he 
 was appointed to the bishopric of Carlisle, and upon 
 inheriting the Harcourt estates, assumed the surname 
 of Harcourt. In 1808, Bishop Harcourt was translated 
 to York, and the see was oflered to Dr. Thomas Zouch, 
 prebendary of Durham, who declined to accept it, in 
 consequence of his advanced age and retired habits. 
 
 Samuel Goodenough was elected bishop on the 26th 
 of January, 1808, and held the see till his death on the 
 14th of August, 1827. Bishop Goodenough was edu- 
 cated at Christ Chui'ch, Oxford, when he took the degree 
 of L.L.D. in 1772. He was appointed dean of Ro- 
 chester in 1802, and six years later wa.s promoted to 
 Carlisle, as above stated. His lordship was a vice- 
 president of the Royal and Linnean Societies, and one 
 of the council of the first named learned body. Bishop 
 Goodenough was the author of some papers, which were 
 printed in the tr.insactious of the Linnean Society, aud 
 also of some sermons. 
 
 Tho Hon. Hugh Percy, bishop of Rochester, was 
 translated to Carlisle in September, 182;*. This prelate, 
 tho third son of Algernon, first earl of Beverley, was 
 born on the 29tli of January, 1784. Ho entered the 
 Univei-sity of Cambridge as a member of Trinity Col- 
 lego, and graduated i\I.A. iu 1805, but subsequently 
 placed his name on the boards of St. John's College. 
 Having married a daughter of Archbishop Manners 
 Sutton, ho was by him collated, in the year 1809, to 
 the rectories of Bishopbounie and Ivychurch. He sub- 
 sequently became, iu 1811, chancellor and prebendary 
 of Salisbury ; in 1810, a prebendary of Canterbury, and 
 of St. Paul's; in 1822, archdeacon of Canterbury; and 
 iu 1S25, dean of that cathedral chui-ch. He wiis cou-
 
 114 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 secrated bishop of Rochester in Juue, 18'27, and trans- 
 lated to Carlisle as above, retaiuiug the chancellorship 
 of Salisbury and the valuable living of Finsbury, during 
 his episcopacy. Dr. Percy died at Rose Castle in Feb- 
 ruaiy, 1850, aged 72 years, and was succeeded by 
 The Hon. H. Montague Villiers, the present bishopi 
 
 THE SEE OF CARLISLE. 
 
 When the see was founded by Henry I. in 1 133, it 
 was made suffragan to York, and its jurisdiction com- 
 prised the greater part of the two counties of Cumber- 
 land and Westmoreland, wliicli were taken from the 
 diocese of Durham, to which they bad up to Uiat time 
 belonged. From its establishment till 1856, this 
 diocese was the smallest in England, the whole of it 
 being comprised in one archdeaconry, containing only 
 137 benefices ; but on the demise of Bishop Percy, on 
 the 5th of February, in the year just named, it was, 
 under the provisions of and 7 AYilliam IV. c. 77, and 
 of an order in council made in August, 1847, greatly 
 enlarged by the creation of the new archdeaconiy of 
 Westmoreland, abstracted from the diocese of Chester, 
 with a view to the equalising of the two sees, and by 
 which arrangement upwards of 1'20 benefices, comprising 
 an area of 00'2,676 acres, were added to the former. 
 The diocese of Carlisle now comprises the whole of the 
 counties of Cumberland aud Westmoreland (excepting 
 the parish of Alston, which is within the bishopric of 
 Durham), and Furness and Cartmel (Lonsdale North of 
 the Sands), in the county of Lancaster. It is divided 
 into two archdeaconries — the archdeacomy of Carlisle, 
 comprising the deaneries of Carlisle, Allerdalc, Cum- 
 berland, and Westmoreland: and the archdeaconry of 
 Westmoreland, containing the deaneries of Copeland, 
 Furness and Cartmel, Kendal, and Kirkby Lonsdale. 
 The see of Carlisle has given to the state one lord 
 chancellor, two lord treasurers, and three chancellors 
 to the University of Cambridge. We subjoin a list of 
 the ai-chdeaconries, deaneries, and parishes which at 
 present (1858) form the diocese. ' 
 
 AECHDEACOKEY OP CARLISLE. 
 
 DEA>-EKV OF ALLERDALE. 
 
 AUballows, P.C. 
 Aspatria, V. 
 Bassenthwaite, P.C. 
 Bolton, R. 
 Bridekirk, E. 
 Brougliton. Great, P.C. 
 Bromfidil, V. 
 
 AUonby, P.C. 
 Caldbeck, R. 
 CamertoD, P.C. 
 
 Crosscanonbv, P.C. 
 
 Maryporf, P.C. 
 Crostliwaite, V. 
 
 Borrowdale, P.C. 
 
 Newlands, I'.C. 
 
 St John, Kesnick, P.C. 
 
 St. Jolin-in-the-Vale, P.C. 
 
 Tliornthwaite, P.C. 
 
 Wythbum, P.C. 
 Dearham, V. 
 Flimby, P.C. 
 
 fiilcrux, V. 
 
 Holme Cultram, P.C. 
 
 St. Culhbert, P.C. 
 
 St. Paul, P.C. 
 
 St.Johii,NcwlonArlosb,P.C. 
 Ireby, P.C. 
 Isel, V. 
 Kirkbride, R. 
 I'lumbland, R. 
 Torpenhow, V. 
 Uldale, R. 
 AVestward, P.C. 
 Wigton, V. 
 
 DEANDIT or CAALISLB. 
 
 Aikton, R. 
 Arthiiret, R. 
 ]'.ewonstlo, R. 
 liowness, R. 
 Brampton, V. 
 Burgh by Sands, V. 
 Carhsle, St. Mary, P.C. 
 Holy Trinity, P.C. 
 St. Cutl.bert, P.C. 
 Christchurch, P.C. 
 Upperby, P.C. 
 Wrcay, P.C. 
 Castlecarrook, R. 
 ■ Crosby on-Eden, V. 
 Cumrew, P.C. 
 Cumwhitton, P.C. 
 Dalston, \. 
 
 High Head, P.C. 
 Denton Nether, R. 
 Denton Over, P.C. 
 Farlam, P.C. 
 Grinsdale, P.C. 
 Hayton, P.C. 
 Hesket in the Forest, P.C. 
 
 Armathwnite, P.C. 
 Irthington, V. 
 Kirkandrews upon-Eden, R. 
 
 w. Beaumont, R. 
 Kirkandrews-upon-Esk, R. 
 Kirkbampton, R. 
 Kirklinton, R. 
 Lanercost, P.C. 
 
 Gilsland, P.C. 
 Nichol Forest, P.C. 
 Orton, R. 
 Rockliffe, P.C. 
 Scaleby, R. 
 Sebergham, P.C. 
 Stanwix, V. 
 
 St. John, HonghtOD, P.C. 
 Stapleton, R. 
 Thursby, V. 
 Walton, P.C. 
 
 Wethcral P.C. w. Wanvick.P.C. 
 St. Paul, Holm Edeu, P.C. 
 Scotby, P.C. 
 
 deanehy of cumberlasd. 
 
 Addingbam, V. 
 Ainstable, V. 
 
 Lang 
 
 Castlesowcrby, V. 
 
 Raughtou Head, P.C 
 Croglin, R. 
 Dacre, V. 
 Edenhall, V., wiili 
 
 wathby, C. 
 Greystoke, R. 
 
 Matterdale, P.C. 
 
 Mungrisdalo, P.C. 
 
 Threlkeld, 1'. C. 
 
 Water MiUoch, P.C. 
 Huttou-in-the-Forest, R 
 Kirkland, V. 
 
 Culgaith, P.C. 
 Kirkoswald, V. 
 Lazonby, V. 
 
 Plumpton, I'.C. 
 Jlelmcrby, R. 
 Newton ]leigny, P.C. 
 Ouseby, R. 
 Penrith, V. 
 
 Christ's Church, P.C. 
 Renwick, P.C. 
 Salkeld, Great, R. 
 Skelton, B. 
 
 SEAKEIIT or VrESTMOBELASD. 
 
 Appleby, St. LanTence, V. 
 
 St. Michael, V. 
 
 Murton, P.C. 
 Ashy, R. 
 Askham, V. 
 Bampton, Y. 
 Barton, V. 
 
 Martindale, P.C. 
 
 Patterdale, P.C. 
 Brough under Stanemore, V. 
 
 Stanemore, P.C. 
 Brougham, R. 
 Clibum, R. ' 
 CUfton, R. 
 Crosby Garret, R. 
 Crosby Ravensworth, V. 
 Dufton, R. 
 Kirkby Stephen, V. 
 
 Moilerstang, P.C. 
 
 Soulbv, P.C. 
 Kirkby Thore, R. 
 
 Milbum, P. C. 
 
 Temple Sowerby, 
 Lowther, R. 
 Slarton, Long. E. 
 norland, V. 
 
 Bolton, P.C. 
 
 Thrimby, P.C. 
 Blusgrave, Great, R. 
 Newbiggin, R. 
 Ormside, R. 
 Orton, V. 
 
 Ravenstonedale, P.C. 
 Shap, V. 
 
 Mardale, P.C. 
 
 Swindale, P.C. 
 Warcop, V. 
 
 ,P.C. 
 
 AKCHDEACOXr.Y OF. WESTMORELAND. 
 
 1 In this list E, means Rectory, Y. Vicarage, and P. C. Perpetual 
 CuracT. 
 
 DEASEET OF FtJKXESS AiTD 
 CARTMEL. 
 
 Aldingh.im, R. 
 Dendron, P.C. 
 Cartmel Fell, P.C. 
 Field Broughton. P.C. 
 Flookburgb, P.C. 
 Lindale, P.C. 
 Slaveley, P.C. 
 
 Colton, P.C. 
 
 Finsthwaite, P.C. 
 
 Haverthwaite, P.C. 
 
 Rusland. P.C. 
 Dalton in Furness, V. 
 
 Kirby, P.C. 
 
 Raniside, P.C. 
 
 Walney, P.C. 
 Hawkshead, V.
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 Hi 
 
 HawksheaJ — Dissiugton, E. 
 
 Brathay, P.C. Drigg, P.C. 
 
 Sattertliwaite, P.C. Egremont, R. 
 Kirkby Irelelh, V. St. John's, C. 
 
 lii'oughton ill Furuess, I'.C. Goslbrtli, 11. 
 
 Seatliwaite, I'.C. Harrington, R. 
 
 Woodland, I'.G. Haile.P.C. 
 
 PenningtoD, V. Irton, P.C. 
 
 Ulvcrstone, P.O. Lamplugli, E. 
 
 Blawitb, P.C. Millom, Holy Trinity, V. 
 
 Conistone, P.C. Tliwaites, P.C. 
 
 Egton and Newland, P.C. Ulplia, P.C. 
 
 Holy Trinity, P.C. Moresby, R. 
 
 Lowick, P.C. Muncaster, P.C. 
 
 Tor\er, P.C. Ponsonby, P.C. 
 
 Urswick, V. Wabertbwaite, K. 
 
 Uordsea, P.C. Whicbam, R. 
 
 Grange, P.C. Whilbeck, P.C. 
 
 Whitehaven. See Bees, St, 
 
 oEAjiiatT 01 KuiKBY LOS3j>ALE. Workiugton, R. 
 
 Kirkbv Lonsdale, V. ^::/°''°^',F-^- 
 
 Barbon, P.C. C'^fto'". ^■^■ 
 Castcrton, P.C. 
 Firbauk, P.C. deasery or kehdal. 
 
 Hutlon Roof, P.C. Beetham, V. 
 
 Killington, P.C. Wilherslack, P.C. 
 
 Mansergh, P.C. Burton in Kendal, V. 
 
 Middkton, P.C. Holme, P.C. 
 
 Preston Patrick, P.C. 
 DEX-NEEY OF COPKI.A.VD. Grassmere, R. 
 
 Arlecdon, P.C. Ambleside, P.C. 
 
 Beckermet, St Bridget, P.C. Langdale, P.C. 
 
 St. John's, P.C. Eydal, P.O. 
 
 Oalder Bridge, P.C. ' Heversham, V. 
 
 Bees, St., P.C. Crossthwoite, P.C. 
 
 Ennerdalc, P.C. Crosscrayke, P.C. 
 
 Eskdale, P.C. Lcvens, P.C. 
 
 Hcnsingham, P.C. Milnthorpe, P.C. 
 
 Loweswater, P.C. Kendal, V. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, P.C. St. George, P.C. 
 
 Nether Wasdalc, P.C. St. Thomas, P.C. 
 
 St James, Whitehaven, P.C. Bumeside, P.C. 
 
 St Nicholas, ditto, P.C. Crook, P.C. 
 
 Trinity, ditto, P.C. Grayrigg, P.C. 
 
 Wasdale Head, I'.C. Helsington, P.C. 
 
 Bootle, E. Hugil, or Ings, P.C. 
 
 Brigham, V. Kentmerc, P.C. 
 
 Buttennere, P.C. Long Sleddale, P.C. 
 
 Cockcrmnulli, P.C. Natland, P.C. 
 
 Embleton, P.C. New Hutton, P.C. 
 
 Lorton, P.C. Selside, P.C. 
 
 Mosser, P.C. Staveley, P.C. 
 
 Setnnirthy, P.C. Under Barrow, P.C. 
 
 Wytliop, P.C. AVinster, P.C. 
 
 Clealor, P.C. Windermere, R. 
 
 Comey, E. Birtliwaitc, I'.C. 
 
 Dean, E. 'J'routbeek, P.C. 
 
 The patronage of the bishop consi.sts of the right of 
 preseutatioii to the archdeaconries of the diocese, the 
 four cauonries in the cathedral, and the following 
 thirty-eight benefices: — 
 
 Alllmllows, P.O., Cumberland £%0 
 
 Appleby, St Michael, V., Westmoreland . . . 175 
 
 Applelhwaite, P.C, Westmoreland IW 
 
 Asby West, C. (Line), Lincoln 64 
 
 Asputrin, v., Cumberland 24!) 
 
 Bromlleld, v., Cumberland 270 
 
 Caldbcck, R., Cumberliuul 4;t(i 
 
 Chellasloii, V. (Licit.), Derby 80 
 
 Clibiirii, R., Westmoreland ]S8 
 
 Chflon, R., Westmoreland l.'iO 
 
 Crosby ou-Kden, v., Cumberland 1)0 
 
 Crosthwoitc, V., Cumberland 4;!0 
 
 Dalston, V., Cumberland 283 
 
 Denton Nether, R., Cumberiand i'19G 
 
 Gilcrux, v., Cumberluud HIO 
 
 Homcastlc, V. CLi'dc), Lincoln (Jl2 
 
 Lazonby, V., Cumberland 551 
 
 Mai'eham, R. (Line), Lincoln 355 
 
 Mareham-on-the-Hill, P.O. (Line), Lincoln. . . 80 
 
 Melbourne, V. (Lich.), Derby 170 
 
 Morseby, R. (Line), Lincoln 140 
 
 Mount Pleasant, P.C, Cumberland, alternately with 
 
 Crown IflO 
 
 Musgrave, R., Westmoreland 149 
 
 Newburn, Y. (Durh.j, Northumberland . . . 230 
 
 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, V. (DurU.), Northumberland . 474 
 
 Newton Eeiguey, P.C, Cumberland 80 
 
 Ormside, R., Westmoreland ICR 
 
 Oushy, R., Cumberland 35:! 
 
 Penrith, V., Cumberiand 200 
 
 Eotliburv, R. (,D»r/».), Northumberland. . . . 1106 
 
 Salkeld,E., Cumberiand 345 
 
 Scaleby, R., Cumberland 107 
 
 Stanwix, V., Cumberland 264 
 
 ToyntoD, High, P.C. (Line), Lincoln. ... 80 
 
 Torpeuhow, V., Cumberland 305 
 
 Waikworth, V. (Durh.), Xortliumberland . . . 523 
 
 Wigton, Y., Cumberland ' . . . 150 
 
 Woodeuderby, P.C. (Line), Lincoln .... 5U 
 
 THE PRICKS. 
 
 The first foundation of the Priorj of St. Mary is in- 
 volved in obscurity, but it is generally supposed to have 
 been founded in the reign of Eufus, when the city was 
 rebuilt, and its various ediiices restored. Little pro- 
 gress, however, was made during the lifetime of the Red 
 king, and it was reserved for the first Henry to finish 
 the work and attach to it a community of secular priests, 
 over whom he placed the Sa.xon Athelwald, as prior. 
 This was in 1101. Some years afterwards, in 1129, 
 Henry's sou. Prince Henry, was lost with many of his 
 companions in the ill-fated Wliite Ship, and all tra- 
 ditions agree that it was to the sorrow felt by the English 
 monarch on that occasion that we owe the foundation 
 of the bishopric of Carlisle. " Twenty years before," 
 says the present Bishop of London, " the king liad gone 
 on with A\'illiain Rufus' work, and had, as we have seen, 
 founded here a college of secular priests. Ho had com- 
 pleted the Xoi-man cliurch, with its nave, transepts, and 
 a choir much smaller than the present structure, and 
 iu proportion to the nave ; he had endowed it with the 
 titlies of the churches in the forest of Inglewood, and 
 now, by the advice of Prior Athelwald, he determined 
 to do a greater work for this northern district. He 
 founded the bishopric, and changed his secular priests 
 into monks. This design, however, took some time to 
 be matured, and probably was not fully accomplished 
 till 1133, within a few yeais of Henry's death ",' when 
 Athelwald became the first bisliop of Carlisle. 
 
 llis successor in tlie government of the priory was 
 AV alter, who, previous to his embracing the religious 
 life, had been a soldier, and had followed the fortunes 
 
 1 .\n Historical Sketch of Carlisle Cathedral p. M.
 
 116 
 
 CUMBERLAND WAED. 
 
 of the Conqueror from Noruiaiuly. As a reward for bis 
 valorous conduct the guarJiauship of Carlisle ^vas 
 entrusted to his care, and during bis term of offico 
 the vralls and fortifications of the city were restored. 
 Extensive grants of lands and manors in the neigh- 
 bourhood seem to have been bestowed upon him ; and 
 amongst other possessions ho held the lordship over 
 Stanwix and St. Cuthbert's. He subsequently joined 
 the community of St. Mary's, and when Athclwald was 
 raised to the episcopate, became the second prior. Walter 
 enriched the priory with the lands and other possessions 
 which his stout arm had won, and was long looked up 
 to by the brotherhood as their greatest benefactor. 
 The property given to the convent by this prior con- 
 sisted of the manors of linstock, Rickerby, Crosby, 
 Little Crosby, Walby, Bruuskcw, Carleton, Little 
 Carleton, and the Wood ; also the churches of St. 
 Cuthbert, in Carlisle, and St. Michael, Sanwix.' 
 
 Prior John succeeded Walter, and governed the 
 commmiity in Bishop Bernard's time. He is stated 
 to have granted Waitcroft and Flimby to the lord of 
 Workington. 
 
 Bartholomew occurs as fourth prior. His name is 
 found as a witness to several old charters ; and he and 
 the community confirmed the appropriation of the 
 church of Orton, in Westmoreland, to the priory of 
 Conishead. 
 
 Ralph is the next prior on record, and during his 
 government the abbey of Holme Culti-am, received from 
 the prior and convent of Carli.slo, tho appropriation of 
 the church of Burgh-upon-Sands. 
 
 We know no more than the names of the next six 
 priors, they were respectively, Robert de MorviUe, 
 Adam de Felton, Alan, John de Ilalton (who was raised 
 to the see in 1292), John de Kendal, and Robert. 
 
 Adam de Warthwic succeeded Prior Robert. Hutch- 
 inson says that " he was in contention with the bishop, 
 and in 1300, at his visitiition, articles were exhibited 
 against him. Warthwic being old and infirm, resigned 
 in 1304, with a pension of twenty marks arising out of 
 Langwathby tithes." 
 
 Wilham de Hautwyssel was the next prior, but he 
 only held the oflSce for four years, when he resigned, 
 and was succeeded by 
 
 Robert de Helperton, who governed the convent for 
 about seventeen years. 
 
 Symon de Hautwyssel, WiUiam de Hastworth, 1325 ; 
 John de Kirby, and GaUrid were the successors of 
 Robert de Helperton. 
 
 John de Homcastle, 1352, was the next prior. 
 During the period of liis government Bishop Welton 
 1 Jefferson's Carlisle, p. lis. 
 
 made inquiries concerning the appropriate churches 
 belonging to the convent, and certified them accord- 
 ingly. The convent underwent four episcopal visita- 
 tions during the time Prior Homcastle held office. In 
 consequence of his age and infirmities he resigned in 
 1370, his successor being 
 
 Richard de Ridal, who, having leave of absence for 
 a time, Jlartin de Brampton was appointed to the 
 guardianship of the convent. 
 
 John de Penrith was his successor, and resigned in 
 1381. 
 
 William dc Dalstou, the next prior, refused to take 
 the oath of canonical obedience to the bishop, who 
 thereupon excommunicated him, but the prior appealed 
 to the king, who issued a writ to stop further proceed- 
 ings. The difficulty was shortly afterwards amicably 
 arranged, and the prior, being preferred, at once 
 resigned his priory, and was succeeded by 
 
 Robert de Edcnhall, who was elected in 1386. 
 
 Thomas de Hcton, of an ancient Cumberland family, 
 was his successor, and was followed by 
 
 Thomas Elye, who built New Layth's Grange, near 
 Carhsle. 
 
 Thomas Barnaby became prior in 1433; after whom 
 
 Thomas de Haithwaite was elected. 
 
 Thomas Gondibour was the next prior. He improved 
 the priory building, to which he made considerable 
 additions, and in many ways proved a great benefactor 
 to the community. 
 
 Simon Senhouse succeeded Prior Gondibour in 1507, 
 and carried on the works commenced by his predeces- 
 sor. He repaired and beautified the square tower 
 within the precincts of the priory, besides ornamenting 
 other portions of the building. He was succeeded by 
 
 Christopher Slee, who erected the gatehouse at the 
 western entrance to the priory, on which the request, 
 " Orate pro anima Christopher Slee, prioris, qui primus 
 hoc opus fieri iucepit, A. D. 1528," is inscribed. — 
 Growing old and infinn, Prior Slee resigned his office 
 in 1532, and retired upon a pension of £'25 per annum. 
 
 Lancelot Salkeld, the next and last prior, lived at 
 the period of the suppression of the rehgious houses, 
 and, on the 9th of January, 1540, surrendered the 
 priory to the commissioners of Henry VIII., who, two 
 years afterwards, founded, in its stead, an estabhsh- 
 ment consisting of a dean, four prebendaries, eight 
 minor canons, a sub-dean, four lay clerks, or singing 
 men, a grammar master, six choi'isters, a master of 
 choristers, six alms-men, a verger, two sextons, and 
 other persons ; granting to them the site of the priory 
 and the greater pai-t of its revenues, together with the 
 revenues of the dissolved priory of Wetheral. In the
 
 THE CITY OF CAKLISLE. 
 
 117 
 
 new foundation the church is called " Tlie Church of 
 the lloly and UudiTided Trinity," and Sallield was 
 constituted the first dean. Thus ends the history of 
 the priory of St. Mary. Tlie revenues were valued hy 
 Dugdalo at ill8 3s. 4d, ; by Speed at £181 8s. Id. 
 We subjoin the succession of deans, prebendaries, &c., 
 from the foundation to the present time : — 
 
 DEANS or CASLISLE. 
 
 1510. Lancelot Salield, the last prior of St. Jlary's, (lepriveil 
 
 on the accession ot Edward VI. ; restored in the reign 
 
 of Marv, and again ejected by Queen Elizabeth ; died 
 
 in 1500'. 
 1M7. Sir Thomas Smith, appointed on SnlUeld's deprivation by 
 
 Edward VI.; ejected by Queen Mary, but restored by 
 
 Elizabeth ; died in 1577. 
 1877. Sir John Woolev, M.A. ; died in 1595. 
 1590. Christopher Perliins, L.L.D. ; died in 1C2-2. 
 ]n-J-,>. Francis Wliite, S.T.r. ; electe.l bishop of Carlisle in 1020. 
 1626. WiUiam I'utterson, S.T.P. ; became dean of Exeter in 
 
 1629. 
 1030. Thomas Comber, S.T.P. ; deprived by the parliament in 
 
 1642; died in 1053. 
 3060. Guy Carlelon, D.D., prebendai-y of Durham; promoted 
 
 to the see of liristol in 1071. 
 1071. Thomas Smith, D.D.; elected bishop of Carlisle in 16S4. 
 1081. Thomas Musgrave, D.D.,prtbeudary of Cliichester; died 
 
 in 1880. 
 1680. William Graham, D.D., prebendary of Durham; became 
 
 dean of Wells iu 1704. 
 
 1701. Francis Atterbury, D.D., chaplain to William and Mary; 
 
 appointed dean of Christ Church in 1711. 
 1711. George Smalridge, D.D., prebendary of Lichfield; pro- 
 moted to Christ Church, 1713. 
 I7l;l. Thomas Gibson, U.D., rector of Greystoke ; died in 1710. 
 1716. Thomas TuUie, L.L.D., chancellor of Carlisle; died in 
 
 1720. 
 1727. George Fleming, L.L.D. ; elected bishop of Carlisle in 
 
 1731. 
 1734. Robert Bolton, L.L.D., vicar of St. llary's, Beading, 
 
 Berks ; died in 1703. 
 1761. Charles Tarrent, D.D. ; became dean of Peterborough in 
 
 the same year. 
 1761. Thomas Wilson, D.D., prebendary of Carlisle ; died in 
 
 1778. , _ 
 1778. Thomas Percy, D.D., chaplain to George III; promoted 
 
 to the see of Dromoro in 1782. 
 1782. Jeffrey Kkins, D.D., lector of Sedgefield, Durham ; died 
 
 in '1792. 
 
 1702. Isaac Milner, D.D., F.R.S., professor of mathematics, and 
 
 master of Queen's College, Cambridge; died in 1820. 
 1880. Eobcrt Hodgson, D.D., F.RS., rector of St. George's, 
 
 Hanoversiiuaro, London. 
 1811. John Anthony Cramer, D.D. ; died in 1818. 
 1818. Samuel Hinds, D.D. ; promoted to tho see of Kornich 
 
 in 1849. 
 18S0. A. C. Tail, D.C.L. ; promoted to the sco of London in 
 
 1850. 
 1856. Fnincis Close, D.D. 
 
 AllCnDEACOSS 
 
 Oerrose do Lowiher, in tho 
 
 reigns of Henr)' II., 1323. 
 Uichard I., John, and 1351. 
 part of the reign of 
 Henry III. 1301. 
 
 1203. Atneric do Theobald, 
 
 rector of Dnlslon, 111."). 
 
 Alexander do Lucy. 1503. 
 
 1230. Kobert. 1521. 
 
 123:t. Peter do Koss. 1548. 
 
 1293. Uichard. 1567. 
 
 1302. P.'tcr dc Insula. 15S8. 
 
 1311. Gilbert do UaltoD. 1S9I). 
 
 Henry de Korliol. 
 William de Kendalo. 
 Richard do Arthurct. 
 William de Rotherby. 
 Johu do Appleby. 
 • • • 
 John de Kirkcby. 
 Hugh do Uacre. 
 William liowerbank. 
 George Neville. 
 Edwd.Threlkeld,L.L.D. 
 Ueniy Dellrick. 
 Richard Pickington. 
 
 1590. 
 1002. 
 1022. 
 IflCU. 
 1067. 
 ICfiP. 
 1082. 
 1 702. 
 1705. 
 1731. 
 
 1220. 
 1311. 
 
 1311. 
 1335, 
 1353. 
 136.3. 
 
 1380. 
 1397. 
 
 15.52. 
 1560. 
 1570. 
 1577. 
 1580. 
 1.597. 
 1(;15. 
 1022. 
 1061. 
 1000. 
 
 1542. 
 
 I.'i49. 
 1585. 
 1017, 
 1019. 
 lOUO. 
 1001, 
 1001, 
 1081, 
 1702, 
 1733, 
 170S, 
 1777, 
 1785, 
 1H21, 
 1817, 
 
 1512, 
 1540. 
 1552, 
 1552, 
 1554, 
 1.560, 
 1568. 
 1574. 
 1077, 
 1595, 
 1590. 
 
 10(10. 
 
 1041). 
 lOOl). 
 1701). 
 
 Giles Robinson, D.D. 1743. 
 
 Nicholas Dean. 1750. 
 
 Isaac Singleton. 1777. 
 
 Lewis West. ' 1782. 
 
 John Peachill, B.D. 1805. 
 
 Thomas Jlusgr.ive, MA. 1827. 
 
 William Nicolson, M.A, 1855. 
 
 Joseph Fisher, M..\. 1850. 
 George Fleming, M.A. 
 William Fleming, M.A. 
 
 Edmund Law, M„4. 
 
 ^'enn Eyre, JI.A. 
 
 John Law, D.D. 
 
 William Paley, D.D. 
 
 Charles Anson, M.A. 
 
 Wm. Goodenough, M..4. 
 
 Wilham Jackson, D.D. 
 
 Robert W. Evans, B.D., 
 archdeacon, Westmore- 
 land. 
 
 VICAKS-GESEIUI, AND 0FFICI.1LS. 
 
 TICABS-GENEBAL, 
 
 Adam de Kirbythore. 1311. 
 Robert de llelperton and 
 
 William de Gosford. 1335. 
 Adam de .\ppleby. 
 
 Thomas de Halton. 1342. 
 
 Abbot of Holme Cultram. 1352. 
 
 John de Horncaslle, John 1355. 
 
 de Applebv, aud Adam 1373. 
 
 de Caldbeck. 1379. 
 
 Wilham, rector of Bow- 1498. 
 
 ness. 1513. 
 Richard Pyttes. 
 
 Adam de Appleby. 
 Walter de Ullesby. 
 Robert de Southayke. 
 John de Appleby. 
 John de Stoketon. 
 Nicholas de Whitby. 
 Adam de Caldbeck. 
 William de Eowness. 
 William del Hal. 
 John Whelpdale. 
 Nicholas Williamson.' 
 
 CHANCEIXORS OF THE DIOCESE. 
 
 H. Deltrick, M.A., L.L.B. 1667. 
 Gregory Scott. . 1683. 
 
 Thomas Burton, L.L.B. 1727. 
 Thos. Hammond, L.L.B. 1705. 
 H. Deltrick, M.A., L.L.B. 1 785. 
 H. Deltrick, M.A., L.LJ3. 1795. 
 Henry Woodward. 1804. 
 
 Isaac Singleton. 1814. 
 
 Robert Lowther. 1855. 
 
 Henry Marshall, M.A. 
 
 Rowland Nichols, M.A. 
 Thomas TuUie, JI.A. 
 John Waugh, M..A. 
 Richard Burn, L.L.D. 
 WiUiam Paley, M.A. 
 Joseph Dacre Carlyle. 
 Browne Grisdale, D.D. 
 Walter Fletcher, M.A. 
 Charles J. Burton, M.A. 
 
 FBEBEltDAIlISS. 
 
 FiaST STALI.. 
 William Florens. 
 Hugh SeweU, D.D. 
 Edmund Bunnic, B.D. 
 Richard Snowden. 
 Lancelot Dawes. 
 Thomas Smith, S.T.P. 
 Thomas Canon, B.D. 
 William Sill, M.A. 
 William Nicolson. 
 John Atkinson, M.A. 
 Edward Birket, M.A. 
 Johu Waugh, M.A. 
 J. L. Lusliington, JI..\. 
 George Henry Law, M.A, 
 William Vausittart. 
 Uem-y Percy, JI.A. 
 
 SECOND STALL. 
 
 Edward Losh. 
 William Parrye, D.D. 
 John E. Tremcllin-^. 
 Edwin Sandys, D.D. 
 Edward Mitchell, L.L.B. 
 John Maybray. 
 Thomas Tookie, L.L.B. 
 John Barnes. 
 Thomas Fairfax, S.T.P. 
 John Meve, L.l .B. 
 William jleye, .M.A. 
 Thoina-s Fairfax, juii. 
 Frederic Tunstall, M..\. 
 Arthur Savage, M..\. 
 George Fleming, M.A. 
 
 1727. John Waugh, M.A. 
 1765. Robert Wardle, M.A. 
 1773. John Law, M..\. 
 17 sj. Joseph Hudson, D.D. 
 1811. R. P. Goodenough, M.A. 
 1S20. Edmd. Goodenough, D.D. 
 1815. Henry Gipps, M..\. 
 
 THian STALX. 
 
 1542. Bernard Kirkbride. 
 1501. Gregory Scott, M.A. 
 
 1576. Thomas Biuton, L.L.B. 
 
 1577. Anthony Walkwood, 
 l(il2. Bernard" Robinson, D.D. 
 1037. Lewis West, M.A. 
 1007. John Peachel, B.D. 
 1669. Thomas Musgrare, M.A. 
 1070. John Ardrev, M.A. 
 10S4. Thomas Tullie, 3I..\. 
 1710. Thomas Benson, >LA. 
 1727. Richard Holme, M.A. 
 1738. William Fleming, M..\. 
 1743. Thomas Wilson, .M.A. 
 1704. Roger Baldwin, M..\. 
 1801. Robert Jlarkhani, M.A. 
 1837. C. G. V. Hareonrt, M.A. 
 
 rOCRTlI ."(TALI.. 
 
 154'. Richard Brandling. 
 1570. Arthur Key. 
 1575. Thomas Burton, L.L.O. 
 15711. (ieorge Flower, 
 15'^2. Edward Hansby. 
 1581. Edward Itlayplate. 
 1021. John Fletcher, B.D. 
 
 1 In 1570 Bishop Bonios granted a patent to Chancellor Scott, by 
 which tlio powers of official and vicor-gcueral « eiv given to tlie chan- 
 cellor, and sine] that period the three oiBccs have been united.
 
 118 
 
 CUMBERLAND WAKD. 
 
 1C32. "V\'illiam Doddinp, JI.A. 1730. Thomas TuUie, L.L.E. 
 
 1(137. Richard Smith, B.l). 1742. Krasmus Head, M.A. 
 
 KU.'i. Henry Sutton, JI.A. 170:1. .TnsephAmiihlctt, L.L.I). 
 
 16fi(). Georjjo liuchanan. i7b>n. William Va.\oy, M.A. 
 
 16Gfi. Henry Marshall, JI.A. 17'J5. AVm. ShecpsbanUs, M.A. 
 
 1GC7. Jeremy Nelson, M.A. 1810. S. J. Goodenough, M.A. . 
 
 1085. Hugh Todd, M.A. 18&H. AVilUam Jackson, D.D. 
 
 The Dean anil Chapter of Carlisle possess the 
 
 patronage of the following twenty-nine benefices : — 
 
 Addingham, V. Cumberlnnd Xa53 
 
 Appleby, Y., AVestraorcland 300 
 
 Bassenthwaite, P.C., Gnniberland .... 150 
 
 Bewcastle, K., Cumberland 
 
 Camerton, P.C., Cumberland 
 
 Carlisle, Clirist Church, I'.C 150 
 
 „ St. Cuthbert, P.C 150 
 
 „ St. Mary's, P.C 7Q 
 
 „ Upperby, I'.C 
 
 „ Wreay, P.C 80 
 
 Castlecarroek, I!., Cumberland 98 
 
 Castlesowerby, V., Cumberland 98 
 
 Corbridge, V. (Dwr.), Northumberland . . . 482 
 
 Crosscnnonby, P.C, Cumberland .... IDO 
 
 Cumrcw, P.C., Cumberlnnd 81 
 
 Cumwhitton, P.C, Cumberland .... 102 
 
 !Kdenhall, V.. Cumberland 178 
 
 Hayton, P.C, Cumberland 123 
 
 Hesket, P.C, Cumberland 150 
 
 Hmton, R., Cumberland. . . . • . 133 
 
 Ireby, P.C, Cumberland 04 
 
 Kirkland, V., Cumberland 221 
 
 Morland, v., Westmoreland 177 
 
 Eockliff, P.C, Cumberland 100 
 
 Sebergham, P.C, Cumberland 139 
 
 Thursby, V., Cumberland 100 
 
 Westward, P.C, Cumberland 120 
 
 Wetheral, with Warwick, P.C, Cumberland . 140 
 
 Whittinghaui, V. {Dur.), Noi-thumherland . . 040 
 
 CATHEDR.^r. ESTABLISHMENT, 1858. 
 
 The figures deaotu the value of the incomes, and the date when each 
 di^itary was inducted. 
 
 BISHOP. 
 
 Hon. and Fa. Eev. H. Montagu Villiers, D.D. . ;£4,500 . . 185C. 
 
 DEAX. 
 
 Vei7 Rev. Francis Close, :M.A., 1850. 
 
 CANOKS. 
 
 C. G. Vernon Harcourt, M.A., 1837. Henry Gipps, M.A., 1845. 
 Henry Percy, M.A., 1847. William Jackson, D.D., 1858. 
 
 ASOBDE&COKS. 
 
 Carlisle.— Ven. \\m. Jackson, D.D..f 200.. 1855. 
 Westmorehmd.—Ven. Robert W. Evans, D.D. .£200. . 1850. 
 
 CnANCHLLOR OF THE DIOCESE. 
 
 Worshipful Chai-les James Burton, M.A., 1855. 
 
 UASTEU op Tilt: OATnHDaAl. SCHOOL. 
 
 William Bell, JI.A. 
 
 MIN'OR CANOKS. 
 
 William Reos, M.A. (Sacrist), 1819. T. G. Livingston, M.A., 
 (Precentor), 1855. F. S. Tireman, M.A., 1855. 
 
 bishop's examining CHAPLAIN. 
 
 T. R. Bilks, M.A. 
 
 KEGISTEAB. DEPUTY EEOISTRAR. 
 
 Joseph MUner, M.A., 1323. G. G. Mounsey, Esri-, 1818. 
 
 SECRETARIES TO THE DISHOP. 
 
 John B. Lee, Esq., London ; and G. G. Mounsey, Esq., Carlisle. 
 
 ORGANIST. 
 
 Mr. Ford. 
 
 HONORART CANONS. 
 
 C. J. Burton, M.A., 1857. Benjamin Ward, 1357. 
 
 THE CASTI.E, WALLS, ETC. 
 
 The castle occupies a fine situation on an eminence 
 at the north-west extremity of the city, and is popularly 
 said to stand upon the site of a Roman fortress. Its 
 origin is generally ascribed to AVilliam Ilufus, though 
 some writers think, and not without good reason, that 
 the Conqueror would not fail to perceive the strong and 
 important position occujiied by Carlisle, and would not 
 think of leaving it unprotected, or exposed to the 
 attacks of the Scots, -^^-ithout some means of defence. 
 It is, however, certain that iu the reign of Eufus the 
 castle was put into a state of defence, and the fortifica- 
 tions were further strengthened by Henry I., in 1122. 
 David of Scotland, who obtained possession of Carlisle 
 iu 1135, assisted in the completion of the works. From 
 the numerous sieges which the castle from time to time 
 sustained, its defences became much weakened, and 
 when, iu 1217, Archbishop Gray amved at Carlisle, 
 to take possession of the fortress for the English crown, 
 he found it in a very dilapidated condition. In 1230 
 it is again reported as in a decayed state. In 1302 
 Bishop Halton, who was governor of the castle, ex- 
 pended £275 14s. 7d. in repairing the structure; in 
 1341 repairs were again needed. We hear no more of 
 the fortifications till 1522, when the castle appears to 
 have mounted 43 pieces of cannon. Dm-ing the reign 
 of Henry VIII. some additions were made, and the 
 whole fortress put into a state of repair. It was at 
 this period that the citadel was built, to strengthen 
 the defences of the southern j)*"^* of the city. Li 
 the reign of Elizabeth, in consequence of a report 
 being made of the condition of the fortifications, 
 the queen ordered the whole to be repaired, and tho 
 castle and citadel to be furnished with guns and 
 ammunition. Dunng the period of the Commonwealth, 
 the keep was converted into u battery, and other altera- 
 tions made in the defences of the place. From this 
 time nothing of importance is recorded of tho castle 
 till the rising of 1745, when it fell into the hands of 
 the Scots, as we have seen at page 94. 
 
 The castle contains two wards, an inner and outer, 
 the entrance to the latter being from the south, through 
 a tower, v.hich is embattled and defended by a strong 
 gate and portcullis In front of this entrance there was 
 foiTnerly a drawbridge across the moat which extended 
 along that side of the fortress The outer ward is exten- 
 sive, and includes a good parade ground for the garrison, 
 barracks for fifteen olficers and upwards of 200 men, an 
 hospital, and a house for the master gunner. On the 
 north-west angle of the wall is a bastion, upon which 
 six guns were foiTaerly mounted; five guns were upon 
 the battery of the south-west angle, and between these
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 119 
 
 is a semi-bastion, wliich contains embrasures for two 
 guns. The walls of this ward are embattled, and are 
 eighteen feet iu height by nearly nine in thickness. 
 The inner ward, which is separated from tlic outer one 
 by a rampart, is entered through an arched gateway, 
 the passage to which, up to a recent period, was pro- 
 tected by a halfraoon battery, and a ditch with a draw- 
 bridge, to which the approach was by a covered way; 
 a subterranean passage connected this battery and 
 the keep. The chapel, ()ueen Mary's Tower, a hall, 
 and a barracks, were all in this ward. The hall was 
 talcen down in 1827, and a magazine erected upon its 
 site ; the chapel has been converted into barracks and 
 a mess-room for the officers of the garrison ; the old 
 ban-acks was taken down in 1812. Queen Clary's 
 Tower was situated at the south-east angle of the cattle, 
 and derived its name from having been the place in 
 which tlio unfortunate Scottish queen was confined 
 during her stay in Carlisle. It was of a much better 
 style of architecture than the other buildings ; but, iu 
 consequence of its insecure state its demolition was 
 deemed advisable iu 1834-5. On the south side of 
 this ward the castle^was defended by a battery of eight 
 guns, and on the north by a battery armed with nine; 
 the total number of guns mounted on the castle, when 
 its defences were complete, being thirty. The keep is, 
 liowever, the most prominent and most interesting part 
 of the castle, and though it has borne the storms of 
 seven hundred winters, and sustained many a fierce 
 assault and many a lengthened siege, it still stands 
 a noble and enduring monument of the architecture 
 introduced by the Normau conquerors of England. 
 It is nearly square ; its dimensions arc sixty-six feet by 
 sixty-one, and its height si.tty-eight feet. The wall 
 fronting the city is eight feet in thickness, the others 
 are each fifteen feet thick. A well, seventy-eight feet 
 in depth, and supposed to be the work of the Itomans, 
 is situated within the north wall. The keep comprises 
 three stories, exclusive of the ground floor, each of 
 which is sixteen feet in height. The dungeons arc 
 situated in tlie latter ; the upper rooms ser^'ing as 
 military store-rooms or barrack-rooms. 
 
 The following is a list of the governors of Carlisle, 
 arranged under the dilTcrent reigns, and iu chronolo- 
 gical order as far as has been ascertained ; — 
 
 HrsRT II. .Tobn Bnliol. 
 liobert de Vnux, or Vallibus. Kobert Briicc. 
 
 Jqijj. \Villiam de Fortibus. 
 
 William de SlutJvillo. V-a^l'^ce dc IJaliol. 
 
 nobort do Vuux. ""S'jr ''"^ Lejl^umo- 
 
 Hknry III. Edward I. 
 
 Robert de Votoripont. Robert de liamptoD. 
 
 Gilbert de Curwen. 
 
 AVilliam de Boyville. 
 
 Robert Bruce. 
 
 Jlicbael de Herein. 
 
 John Halton. 
 
 Alexander do Bassenthwaito. 
 
 Edwaiu) II. 
 John de Castre. 
 Andrew de Hercla. 
 I'iers de Gaveston. 
 Ralph Fitzwilliam. 
 John Halton. 
 
 Edward III. 
 Ranulph de Dacre. 
 p Anthony, Lord Lucy. 
 John de Glanton. 
 John ICirby. 
 Sir Hugh de Moresby. 
 Thomas, Lord Lucy. 
 Rowland de Yaux. 
 Sir Richard de Denton. 
 Sir Hugh do Lowther. 
 
 R'CHAItD II. 
 
 Henry Percy, earl of Northnm- 
 berland. 
 
 Ralph, Lord Neville. 
 
 John, Lord Ross. 
 
 John HaUand, earl of Hun- 
 tingdon. 
 
 Sir Lewis Clifford, Knt. 
 
 Henky IT. 
 Henry, Lord i'ercy. 
 
 EnWiVKD IV. 
 Richard, Duke of Gloucester. 
 
 RiCHAIlD III. 
 Sir Richard SaUceld, Knt. 
 
 IlENnv VII. 
 
 Sir Richard Sallicld, Knt. 
 
 HE.sr.Y XIXI. 
 Thomas, Lord Wharton. 
 William, Lord Dacre. 
 
 William do Diicre. 
 Thumas do .MuUou. 
 
 Rirhard de llolebrok. 
 John do Swiuburn. 
 
 Edward VI. 
 Williara, Lord Dacre. 
 John, Lord Conyers. 
 
 Mary. 
 William, Lord Dacre. 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 Henry, Lord Scrope. 
 ■WJUiam, Lord Dacre. 
 
 Charles I. 
 Sir Nicholas liyron, Knt. 
 Sir Henry Stradhug. 
 Sir John Brown. 
 Sir William Douglas. 
 Sir William Livingston. 
 Sir Philip Musgrave. 
 Jeremiah Tolhurst. 
 Colonel Thomas Fitch. 
 
 Charles II. 
 Sir Philip JIusgrave, Bart. 
 Sir Christopher Musgrave, Bart. 
 
 James II. 
 Francis Howard. 
 
 William III. 
 Clinrles Howard, earl of Car- 
 lisle. 
 Jeremiah Bubb. 
 
 George I. 
 Charles Howai-d, earl of Car- 
 hsle. 
 
 Georoe II. 
 Colonel Durand. 
 General John Stanwix. 
 
 GEoitor, III. 
 Henry Vane, carl of Darlington. 
 Lieut.-gen. Montgomery Agnew. 
 Lieut.-gcn. Robert Burne. 
 
 George IV. 
 Sir George A. Wood, K.C.B. 
 
 William IV. 
 Lieut.-gen. the Hon. J. Ramsay.' 
 
 The ancient walls from wliich the citizens of Carlisle 
 so often resisted the attacks of the Scots have well 
 nigh disappeared, the only remaining portions being 
 nearly all on the west side of the city. They were 
 long in a state of great dilapidation, and, in many 
 places, had become quite ruinous. This added to the 
 fact of their being no longer needed for defence, leave 
 to remove them was obtained early in the present 
 century. Previous to their removal tliey had long 
 served as a promenade for the citizens, and from that 
 part of the west wall which yet remains, fine views of 
 the distant mountains of the Lake district may be ob- 
 tained. Of the portion of the walls still standing, that 
 part which extends from the south-west angle of the 
 castle to the Gloucester Tower (so called from its 
 having been erected by the Duke of Gloucester, after- 
 wards Richard III., during his goveraorship) is the 
 most perfect. From this spot tho wall extends in a 
 southerly direction, and about fifty yards from the 
 tower stood the Irish Gate, tlie site of which may be 
 
 1 On the demise of LieuL-geu. Itiunsar, in 1837, tbc tucicut office 
 of governor of Carlisle was discoiuiuued-*
 
 120 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 known by tbe narrowness of the road froiu Abbey-street 
 to the briJge. From the Irish Gate the wall proceeds 
 without interruption until it approaches the gaol, but 
 its height has been considerably reduced, and near its 
 termination ou the south it is concealed by numerous 
 buildings which have been erected against it on the 
 outside. This is the west wall, and when complete 
 it formed the line of defence between the Irish and 
 English Gates, the latter of which was connected with 
 the citadel by a short wall. The east wall extended 
 from the citadel to East Tower-street, along a hne 
 which may be described as froni f()ur to five yards 
 distance from the present footpath ou the west side of 
 Lowther-street. At the point of junction of the east 
 and north walls was a circular tower, called the 
 Springold, from which the north wall was carried to 
 the Scotch Gate, along East Tower-street, upon a line 
 close to its north side. Between the Scotch Gate and 
 the castle were three semi-cu'cular and one square 
 tower. 
 
 The gates of the city were semi-circular, with double 
 iron-studded doors of great strength, but without any 
 architectural features deserving of particular mention, 
 and until almost the close of the last century were shut 
 every evening at sunset. There were apartments over 
 the Scotch Gate, which served for some time as a 
 prison for debtors. On this gate, as well as on the 
 English Gate, were exposed the heads of the unfor- 
 tunate followers of Prince Charles Stuart, where they 
 remained for many years ; and Allan Cunningham 
 informs us that an old lady of Dumfrics-shiro often 
 mentioned to him the horror which she felt when she 
 saw several heads upon the Scotch Gate at Carlisle, 
 one of which was that of a youth with very long yellow 
 hah: Tradition tells us that a lady, young and beauti- 
 ful, used to come from a distant part and gaze at the 
 head every morniug at sunrise, and every evening at 
 sunset — at last the head and lady disappeared. To 
 each gate a guard-house was attached, the whole of 
 wliich, as well as the main guard in the market-place, 
 were built during the wars "of the Commonwealth, by 
 the orders of Cromwell, with the materials obtained by 
 the destruction of the greater part of the nave of the 
 cathedral. The main guard was removed in 1855. 
 
 IS'othing authentic is known respecting the origin of 
 the citadel, but it is generally believed to have been 
 erected in the reign of Henry VIII., though some 
 writers state that it formed part of the ancient fortifi- 
 cations of William Piufus, and that Henry repaired and 
 strengthened it. These repau-s do not seem to have been 
 very substantial ones, for in an account given in the 
 reign of Ehzabeth, it is stated that " the great round 
 
 tower at the east side being paved with stone and sand 
 upon a lead roof was thereby so overcharged that a 
 great part had fallen to the ground ; and that two 
 houses called the buttery and tbe boulting house, 
 standing within the rampire wall were falling to the 
 ground in consequence of their being overcharged with 
 earth." The citadel consisted chiefly of two strong 
 circular towers, united by a curtain wall facing the south. 
 The ward was entered from English-street, and contained 
 besides the buttery and the boulting house a largo 
 hall, but there was little accommodation for a garrison. 
 Previous to the towers being converted to their present 
 use, their roofs were covered with soil and served as 
 gardens. An act of parliament was obtained in 1807, 
 by the provision of which the citadel and walls of 
 Carlisle were granted to the justices of the county of 
 Cumberland for the purpose of building courts of jus- 
 tice for the county; and for tbe carrying out of this 
 object the whole of the ancient fortifications, with the 
 exception of the eastern bastion, were removed. 
 
 ANCIENT RELIGIOUS HOUSES. 
 
 Of the ancient conventual buildings of the Priory of 
 St. Mary, as seen iu their original state, we have no 
 authentic account ; but it is generally believed by those 
 most capable of forming a correct judgment upon the 
 subject, that they formed a quadrangle, the east side of 
 which abutting upon the south transept of the cathedral, 
 extended iu the same direction to the house occupied 
 by the late Canon Goodeuough, as is evident from the 
 vaulting of its cellars. The ruins of the cloisters were 
 visible at tbe commencement of the present centur}'; 
 the only portion now remaining is a blocked up doorway 
 near the present south entrance to the cathedral. Over 
 the cloisters on this side were the chapter house, and 
 no doubt dormitories. The refectory, or fratery, formed 
 the south side of the cloister quadrangle, which was 
 completed by cloisters and dormitories from the west 
 end of the refectory to the nave of the cathedral. The 
 refectory fortunately escaped the destruction which befel 
 the adjoining buildings, and in its original state was a 
 noble structure in the Perpendicular style, about eighty 
 feet in leugtli by thirty in breadth ; it has lately been 
 restored and beautified. The interior originally formed 
 the noble and spacious dining h.all of the priory, occu- 
 pying nearly the whole area of the building, but it is 
 now divided into several apartments, the principal being 
 the chapter house, which is fitted up in an elegant 
 style. On the wall opposite the windows arc three 
 ancient niches, of considerable beauty, with projecting 
 semi-hexagonal crenellated canopies, ornamented with 
 panels, and osse and ciuque-foil arches; they are sup- 
 
 4
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 121 
 
 ported hj large projecting corbels, and appear formerly 
 to have held statues. At each end of this apartment 
 there is a fine picture, of large dimensions, — one of 
 which represents St. John the Baptist preaching in the 
 ■wilderness, the other the Resurrection ; they were jire- 
 sented to the capitular body, about the beginning of the 
 present century, by the Earl of Lonsdale. The apart- 
 ment at the \yest end of the refectory is fitted up for 
 the library of tlic dean and chapter, which, though 
 not extensive, contains man}' valuable works, on history, 
 divinity, itc, as well as several volumes of MSS. The 
 original library appears to have been scattered during 
 the civil wars, as the present one was founded by the 
 Eev. Arthur Savage, who was a prebendary in 1000. 
 It has been enlarged by subsequent contributors, among 
 whom Bishop Smith stands foremost, many of the most 
 valuable books having been given by him. In the 
 apartment at the east end, elevated above the floor by 
 three steps, is a stone ambo, or pulpit, from which grace 
 was said, or passages of Scripture, or parts of the lives 
 of the saints, read to the monks during dinner. The 
 basement story consists of a double range of vaulting, 
 plainly gi-oined, supported in the middle by short octa- 
 gonal piers, from which the groining springs without 
 capitals. At the intersection of the groins, there is, in 
 one instance, a boss charged with the letters P. T. G., 
 the initials of Prior Thomas Gondibour, thus pointing 
 out the end of the fifteenth century as the period at 
 which the building was erected ; at the south-west angle 
 is a circular staircase, conducting to the upper apart- 
 ments ; and at the south-east is a small octagonal 
 turret. A little to the west of the refectory is a square 
 embattled tower, which at present forms part of the 
 residence of the dean. It is-not unlikely that this 
 tower was formerly fortified, and in times of war used 
 by the commmiity as a place of retreat, and it may 
 have been the usual residence of the prior. This 
 ancient structure was repaired by Prior Scnhouse, 
 at tho beginning of the si.Kteenth century, and its 
 principal apartment is well worthy of particular 
 notice. It is lighted by two oriel windows, in part 
 ornamented with stained glass, and the ceiling, which 
 is of oak, is carved and painted with armorial and other 
 bearings, among whicli the ragged staff and escallop 
 shell are conspicuous. It is in a good state of preser- 
 vation. Tho buildings connected with tho tower arc 
 of more recent date, the greater part of them having 
 been erected about tho year 1090 by Bishop Smith. 
 Tho deanery was a short time ago improved and enlarged 
 by the late dean, the present bishop of London. The 
 western gate house was erected in 1528, by Prior Slee, 
 ns we learn from an inscription on its inner arch. 
 
 10 
 
 A Convent for the Franciscan, or Grey Friars, was 
 founded in Carhsle in 13.53, and occupied a site on the 
 east side of English-street, near the south-east comer 
 of the city. It was bumt down in a dreadful conflagra- 
 tion which took place on the 10th of May, 1292, but 
 was subsequently rebuilt, and in 1315, when Carlisle 
 was besieged by Bruce, the Chronicle of Lanercost tells 
 us that the besiegers " caused tho greater part of their 
 army to make an assault on the eastern pai't of the 
 city, against the place of the Friars Minors, that they 
 might draw thither the party within." From Bishop 
 Nicholson's MSS. we learn that Edward III., in 1331, 
 honoured the convent with a visit, but we are not 
 informed how long he remained. Nothing further is 
 known of this house, e.\cept that in some of the gardens 
 on its site, many bones have from time to time been dug 
 up, and portions of the foundations of buildings have 
 sometimes been met with. 
 
 The Dominicans, or Black Friars, were introduced 
 into Carlisle in 1233, when a convent was founded for 
 them. The information relating to this house is very 
 meagre, and Tanner can only inform us that it was 
 founded before 1207. It appears that the friars first 
 took up their residence without the walls, but Leland 
 mentions them as within. During the siege mentioned 
 above, some of the besieging army " posted themselves 
 on the western side, over against the place of the Canons 
 and the Preaching Friars," the latter name being borne 
 by the Dominicans, from preaching being the peculiar 
 end and object of the order. The site of the convent 
 was between the English Gate and St. Cuthbert's 
 Church, and the name Blackfriars-street still recalls 
 tho locality where the community resided. Every 
 vestige of the convent and buildings has long since 
 disappeared, but part of the old county gaol is said to 
 have been a portion of their convent. Jeflersou says, 
 " It is supposed that the buildings and site were granted 
 to the Aglionby family, and it was in a garden here 
 that Camden saw the Eoman sepulchral inscription, 
 which has since been removed to Drawdikes Castle." 
 
 A Nunnery seems to have been founded at Carlisle 
 at a very early period, of which the sister of Ecgfrid, 
 king of the Northumbrian Angles was au iumate, and 
 where she was visited by St. Cuthbcrt." It appeare to 
 have been destroyed during the Danish invasions, as 
 every record or memorial appertaining to it has perished. 
 Another institution of the s.auie kind is said to have 
 been founded hero by David, king of Scotland, but we 
 jiosscss no further knowledge relating to it. When 
 the foundations of the present church of St. Cuthbort 
 were being dug, the workmen discovered, below the 
 ' Sec pngc 6.
 
 122 
 
 CUMBERLA.ND WARD. 
 
 foundation of the churcli, the remains of a buildinrj 
 still luore ancient, as also several pieces of broken 
 sculpture, amongst which was one representing a nun 
 with veil or hood : and from tliis discovery the church 
 of St. Cuthbert is supposed by some to occupy the site 
 of the nunnery. 
 
 The Hospital of St. Nicholas was situated in the 
 suburbs of the city, near the southern extremity of 
 Botchergate, and although the period of its establish- 
 ment is unknown, it is said to have been of royal foun- 
 dation. Bishop Nicholson's MSS. state that it was 
 endowed for thirteen lepers, male and female, but the 
 Messrs. Lysons inform us it was for twelve poor men 
 and a master. A moiety of the tithes of Little Bampton 
 was granted to it, before the year 1180, on condition 
 that tlie parish of Bampton should always enjoy the 
 privilege of appointing two of the almsmen. The hos- 
 pital was burnt and totally destroyed during the siege 
 of Carlisle by the Earl of Buchan, in 1-^90, but being 
 afterwards rebuilt, it again experienced the same fate in 
 a subsequent siege. In the year 1477, the hospital of 
 St. Nicholas, viith its lands, was granted to the prior 
 and convent of Carlisle, and with the other possessions of 
 the priory became the property, at the Eeformation, of 
 the dean and chapter. Among the payments charged 
 on the capitular body by this transfer are £2 Gs. 8d. 
 to the chaplain of St. Nicholas' Hospital, and £5 17s. 
 to three poor bedesmen there. The buildings connected 
 •with this hospital are supposed to have been destroyed 
 in the civil wiu's, about the year J 640. 
 
 Carlisle formerly possessed a free chapel dedicated 
 to St. Albau, the proto-martyr of Britain, which is sup- 
 posed to have been founded by some one of our English 
 kings, and to which a burial ground was attached. It 
 occupied a site at the head of Scotch-street and Fisher- 
 street, and St. Alban's Row still points out the situa- 
 tion. The cross which formerly ornamented the eastern 
 end of the building is preserved in the Museum of the 
 Literary and Philosophical Society, and the bell on the 
 Town Hall is supposed to have belonged to this chapel. 
 Some remains of the foundations may yet be discovered 
 in the cellars of the houses which have been erected on 
 its site. In 1350, Bishop Welton having discovered 
 that the chapel and bui'ial ground had not been con- 
 secrated, forbade, under pain of suspension and excom- 
 munication, anyone to eelebrate or attend divine servici; 
 in it. It appears to have been afterwai'ds consecrated, 
 for it continued till the reign of Edward VI., when it 
 shared the fate of similar establishments throughout 
 the country, and was then granted by letters patent, 
 with several houses belonging to it, to Thomas Dalston 
 and William Denton. 
 
 CHURCHES AND CHAPELS.' 
 
 The Catholic Church of Sts. Maiy and Joseph is 
 situated at the east end of Chapel-street, facing Albert- 
 street. Adjoining is the Keclory, within an enclosure 
 of rather more than half an acre of ground, part of 
 which was for some years used as a cemetery. This 
 church was opened for divine service on Christmas-day, 
 1824. It owes its existence to the almost unaided 
 exertions of the late venerable incumbent, the llev. 
 Joseph Marshall, who was appointed to this mission 
 at Christmas, 1800. After conducting its pastoral 
 duties with great care and successful zeal for exactly 
 half a century, he officiated for the last time on the 
 morning of Christmas day, 1850, when he suddenly 
 fell at the altar, and was carried in a state of uncon- 
 sciousness from the church, lie survived this accident 
 four years, when his long and arduoits labours were 
 brought to a peaceful close on the 4 th January, 
 1854, in the eighty-seventh year of his age, and the 
 fifty-fourth of his residence in Carlisle. He was 
 justly venerated by his ilock, which he had seen 
 increase from the small number of 20 to upwards of 
 4000, and was also held in high estimation by all 
 classes of his fellow-citizens. The first CathoUc jilaco 
 of worship established in Cailisle after the change 
 of religion in this countrj-, was at the close of the 
 eighteenth century, when a small building in the 
 West Walls was provided for that purpose by Mr. 
 Falrbairn of the Bush Hotel, and was served 
 for a short time by the Eev. Charles Saul. He 
 was succeeded by Mr. Marshall, the late venerable 
 founder of the present church. It is a spacious build- 
 ing, measuring ninety feet in length, by thirty-eight 
 in breadth, and has a gallery at the west end which 
 will accommodate about two hundred. In its original 
 state it was not so large, and without much pretension 
 to ecclesiastical style ; but within late years it has 
 undergone considerable alterations, which have im- 
 proved its general appearance. A handsome Gothic 
 porch has been built for the staircase to the gallciT, 
 and a rather lofty bell-turret erected on the east gable, 
 ■with spaces for three bells. The presbytery has been 
 enlarged to nearly double its original size, and the 
 whole premises are enclosed with a strong wall sur- 
 mounted with iron palisading. In the interior of the 
 church we perceive that the old ceiling has been 
 removed, and the roof thrown open, and the old organ 
 replaced by a new and very fine instrument built by 
 the late Mr. Bishop, of London. The Ixigh altar, on 
 
 I St. Jfnrj-'s, St. CiUhbert's, Christ Church, and Trinity Church, 
 will be found described, with their porishes, Sec, nt a subsequent 
 pogc. Vie give here the other churches and chapels of the city.
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 123 
 
 wliicli stand six massive brass canJIeslicks of great 
 beauty, with its altar-piece of " Christ rising from the 
 tomb," executed by Mr. Nutter, a native artist, and 
 the two neatly-painted side chapels, (one dedicated to 
 the Jilessed Virgin and the other to St. Joseph) which 
 are separated from the rest of the church by open 
 screen-work, give to the interior a very imposing ap- 
 pearance. The present rector of the church is the 
 llev. L. Curry, his assistant the Eev. J. Dunderdde. 
 The congregation is estimated to be at present about 
 5000. 
 
 The Evangelical Union Church meets for worship 
 in the Athenieum, Lowther-street, temporarily, and is 
 under the pastoral care of the Kev. John Whitsou 
 who commenced his ministerial labours with the form- 
 ation of this body in November, 1854. In doctrine 
 this church is Armenian, and in government Inde- 
 pendent. It has been characterised by steady growth 
 since its commencement, and its members anticipate 
 being able, before long, to erect for themselves a neat 
 and suitable place of worship. 
 
 The Friends' Meeting-house is near the upper part 
 of Fisher-street, where it was erected in 1770. The 
 Society of Friends have had a meeting-house in Car- 
 lisle since the time of (icorge Fox, who was imprisoned 
 ill the city in 1053, during the time of the Common- 
 wealth. 
 
 The Independent or Congregational chapel in Low- 
 ther-street was opened in 184:^. It is built of white 
 freestone, from a design by Mr. Nichol of Edinburgh, 
 is well fitted up, and will seat 800 persons. There 
 are also commodious rooms beneath the c-hapel used for 
 instructing the young and other purposes. The Inde- 
 pendents had a chapel in Annetwell-street, which was 
 occupied until the present one was erected. The first 
 Congregational minister of the old chapel was the Rev. 
 C. Hill, who was appointed in 1808. He died some 
 time before 1814, when the Rev. John Whitridge was 
 appointed; he resigned in 1819. In 1820 the Rev. 
 Thos. Woodrow became the minister, and resigned in 
 
 1835. He was succeeded by the Rev. Percy Stoutt in 
 
 1836, who resigned in 1837. The next minister was the 
 Rev. Robert AVolstenholmc, who continued from 1837 
 to 1843, and resigned. These were the ministers of 
 the old chapel. The Rev. [H. Wright was the first 
 minister in the new chapel : he entered on his duties 
 in 1843, and resigned in 1840. The Rev. Thomas 
 Hind was minister from 1817 to 1854, and resigned. 
 The Rev. AV. A. Wrigley became minister in ]8r)5, 
 and resigned in 1858. The Rev. Ninian White is the 
 present minister. 
 
 A now Congregational Church has leen estabUshed 
 
 under the ministry of the Rev. AV. A. '\\'rigley, which 
 meets in the Mechanics' Hall, Fisher-street, as a tem- 
 porary place of woi-ship. The first service was held 
 January 10th, 1858. 
 
 The Presbyterian Church (Scotch), Chapel-street, in 
 connection with the Established Church of Scotland, 
 was erected in 1834, and will accommodate upwards 
 of 700 persons. The Rev. David R. Lowson, M.A., is 
 the present minister. 
 
 The Presbyterian Church (United), situate in Fisher- 
 street, is an elegant structure, capable of accommodating 
 about 700 persons. It was erected in 1855-0, at a cost 
 of £1,15U, and was opened for public worship on the 
 29th of June of the latter year. The style is Transition 
 between the Nonnan and Early English. The congre- 
 gation was in existence as early as the year 1707, but 
 how long before that period cannot be determined, and 
 was thus one of the early English Nonconformist 
 Churches. At that time they met for worship at a 
 place called Blackfriars, under the west wall of the city. 
 The names of any of the ministers officiating there are 
 not known. In the year 1731 they removed to the 
 church they had erected in Fisher-street. Among 
 their ministers since that period we find the names of 
 Thomas Dickinson, minister in 1733 ; Israel Bennett, 
 translated from Brampton, and inducted in Carlisle, in 
 1745; Robert Miln, A.M., author of Physico Theolo- 
 gical Lectures on the Slate of the World from tlie 
 Creation to the Deluge, and other works. He was 
 ordained about the year 1708, and died in 1801. His 
 successor was Jame Kyle, a licentiate of the Associated 
 Synod, but who, when in Carlisle, was not in ministerial 
 connection with that synod. He was pastor of the 
 congregation from 1800 to 1809, when he met an un- 
 timely end by drowning. During the vacancy caused 
 by his death the congregation connected themselves as 
 a congregation with the Associated Syuod, and on the 
 31st of October, 1810, George Hendei-sou, M..\., was 
 ordained over them by the Presbytery of Selldik. He 
 laboured among them for eight or nine years, and then 
 resigned his charge and went to Canada, where it is 
 believed he still is. The next minister was Richard 
 Hunter, who was ordained on the 3 1st of August, 1819, 
 and died on the 22nd of March, 1853. By the union 
 of the General Associate Synod and the Associate 
 Syuod, in September, 1830, the United Secession 
 Church was fonned, and ngaiu by the union of 
 the United Secession and Relief Denomination, in 
 May, 1847, the United Presbyterian Church was 
 formed — a denominulioii adhering to the Westminster 
 Confession, and which in all its parts has ever pro- 
 tested ugaiust patronage ; and has asserted tho right.
 
 124 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 the privilege anil the duty of the Christiau people to 
 elect and support their own ministers. With this 
 denomination the congregation in Carlisle came then 
 to bo connected. The late pastor, the Rev. Robert S. 
 Drummond, M.A., was ordained on the 29th of Septem- 
 ber, 1853. During his ministry the congregation 
 increased so much that it was found necessary to build 
 the present large and commodious church upon the 
 site of the old one. Mr. Drummond removed to 
 Edinburgh in February, 1858, and was succeeded by 
 the Rev. Henry Miller. 
 
 Wesleyan Methodism was introduced into the city of ' 
 Carlisle about the year 1707, by ]Mr. 'WiUiam Bell, an 
 excise officer, who, at that time, resided at Longtown, 
 on the Scottish border, eight miles from Carlisle. The 
 Wesleyan Jlethodists having passed through great per- 
 secutions in the city and neighbourhood were favoured 
 with the presence and services, for the first time, of 
 the Rev. John Wesley, on Good Friday, April 13th, 
 1770, when he preached in a barn in Abbey-sti'eet. 
 In 178-5 the first Wesleyan chapel was built in the 
 city, in Fisher-street, and ten years afterwards, being 
 found much too small, it received considerable addi- 
 tions, and the chapel, as then enlarged, is still standing, 
 the underpart of it having been converted into two 
 dwelling-houses, and the upper part making the place 
 of worship occupied, a few years ago, by a congregation 
 of Baptists. A new and elegant chapel was built in 
 another part of Fisher-street, capable of containing 
 about 1100 persons, in 1817, at a cost of about £2000; 
 and from that time to the present, the services con- 
 ducted in it have shed a beneficial influence upon a 
 considerable portion of the population of the city and 
 neighbourhood. There is a large room underneath 
 wliich serves as a Sunday school. In 1790 Carlisle 
 first became the place of the residence of Wesleyan 
 ministers, and has continued so ever since. 
 
 The Wesleyan Free Church, Lowther-street, is a 
 neat and graceful structure. The front is in the Early 
 English style, and is divided into three parts, a centre 
 and two side wings. The chief window is in the front, 
 and consist of five lights, glazed with round and stained 
 glass. There are two principal entrances, one in each 
 wing, and each of the porches is lighted by a two-light 
 window above the entrance. At each angle of the 
 front there is a buttress crowned with a roof-shaped 
 canopy. The front rises in a pyramidal form, having 
 towards the top the date 1857, in a circular panel. 
 The apex is finished by an elegant cross. The ceiling 
 of the interior is supported on two ranges of lofty 
 pillars, its central portion curved and ribbed, and the 
 sides rather inclined from the horizontal. In the 
 
 centre is an elliptical dome-light of plain and stauied 
 glass. The arrangements of the interior are well adapted 
 to the requirements of the congregation. The organ 
 is a fine instrument by Nicholson, of Newcastle. This 
 place of worship formerly belonged to the Wesleyan 
 Methodist Association, the Carlisle members of which 
 forming a junction with a large body of Wesleyan 
 Reformers, constituted themselves the Wesleyan Free 
 Church. 
 
 In addition to these churches and chapels, the Latter 
 Day Saints have a meeting house in Barnes' Yard, 
 Castle-street ; the New Testament Church meets for 
 worship in Porters' School room, West Walls; and 
 the Primitive Methodists have a chapel in Cecil-street. 
 
 PDBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 Foremost among the schools of Carlisle, both for its 
 antiquity and usefulness, stands the Grammar School, 
 which, as we learn from a register in the library of the 
 dean and chapter, was founded by St. Cuthbert, about 
 the year 68(5. Like the other ecclesiastical and educa- 
 tional estabhshments of the country it sufTered much 
 from the ruthless ravages of the Danes, who appear to 
 have been, in this country at least, enemies to all 
 mental culture. When Rufus began the priory of St. 
 Mary, he also gave his attention to this school, making 
 it au appendage to the monastic establishment, from 
 which the teachers were appointed, and thus it con- 
 tinued till the time of Henry VIIT., who, in rofounding 
 the cathedral, re-established the school, and endowed it 
 with an annual payment of £iO. Bishop Smith, during 
 his occupancy of the see of Carlisle, gave £'500 to be 
 applied for the benefit of this school, with which sum an 
 estate in the parish of Addiugham was purchased, from 
 the reut of which the principal part of the income, 
 about £1-10 per annum, is at present derived. Dr. 
 Thomas, bishop of Rochester, who received his early 
 education here, left £1000 stock, the interest of which 
 was to be applied for the benefit of two sons of clergy- 
 men, educated here, and sent to Queen's College, Oxford. 
 For a loug period the school was held in the room over 
 the Abbey Gate, but, in 1832, a new and commodious 
 school was erected m Eaglesfield Abbey, and, in conse- 
 quence of the rapid increase in the population of the 
 city, greater accommodation being necessary, large ad- 
 ditions have since been made, with great advantage to 
 the comfort both of masters and pupils. Among the 
 eminent men which this school has produced we may 
 mention the names of Bishop Thomas, of Rochester ; 
 Bishop CarletoD, of Bristol ; Dr. Tullie; and Professor 
 Cariyle. 
 
 The British or Lancasterian School, Mary-street,
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 125 
 
 i cBtnr 
 
 Botcliorgate, is a largo and "TJBinmoJious structure, 
 erected by subscription, aided by a grant of £300 from 
 government, in 1833, and comprises two large rooms, 
 in which about 100 children of both sexes arc educated. 
 Previous to the erection of the present building, the 
 school business was transacted in a large room in Water- 
 gate, which was opened in 1811, when tho Lancas- 
 terian school was first founded. Since its commence- 
 ment, this school has been eminently successful, and 
 lias conferred great benefits upon the population of the 
 city. It is supported by subscription, and is managed 
 by a committee of the subscribers. 
 
 Tho Central School, for children of tlie Established 
 Church, is situated on the West Walls, and is a spacious 
 building, erected in 1812, upon ground leased from the 
 corporation, at a nominal rent, for a long term of years. 
 It is managed by a committee of subscribers. As it 
 ■was intended to be a school for the training of masters 
 for other schools in the diocese, as well as for the instruc- 
 tion of children, it receives the name of the the Diocesan 
 Central School. 
 
 Christ Church School, Day and Sunday, for boys, 
 girls, and infants, is situated in Crown street. It was 
 erected by subscription in 18.t9, aided by grants from 
 the Committee of Council on Education, and the Na- 
 tional Society, at a cost of £1400, inclusive of tho 
 master's house, and the purchase of the site, and will 
 accommodate nearly 100 children. This school was 
 the first in Carlisle built under the minutes of the 
 Committee of Council. It is under goveniment inspec- 
 tion, and conducted by certificated teachers, assisted by 
 pupil teachers. 
 
 The Fawcett School was erected by public subscrip- 
 tioa in 1850, as a testimonial of the veneration and 
 love of the parishioners of St. Cuthbort's for tlieir pas- 
 tor, the Rev. John Lawcett, and to commemorate the 
 fiftieth year of his incumbency. As it was erected during 
 his lifetime, he was a witness of this gratifying proof 
 of public feeling. It stands upon a piece of ground ad- 
 joining tho West Walls, granted by the corporation, at 
 a small ainnial rent, and embraces a day school for boys, 
 girls, and infants, and a Sunday-school for boys and 
 girls ; in connection with the Sunday-school there is a 
 sick club, and a library for tho toachei-s and scholars. 
 The building is of brick with stone dressings, and com- 
 prises three schoolrooms, a conuuiltee room, open and 
 covered play grounds, and is well supplied with gas and 
 water. Tlio cost of erection was £1700, including a 
 government grant of £331. Tho schools, wiiich are 
 under government inspection, are taught by certificated 
 teachers, aided by pupil teachers, and supported by 
 voluntary subscriptions and donations. From the an- 
 
 nual report for 1857, we learn the following particulars. 
 The treasurer's financial statement showed a balance iu 
 his favour of £7 7s. 8d., against £41 4s. od. due to the 
 treasurer last year. The attendance, &c., during the 
 year was as follows : — 
 
 
 Avi;r:ii,'e 
 
 Pence 
 
 No. on 
 
 
 Atiendatico. 
 
 Itecc'ived. 
 
 the Books. 
 
 FIRST QUARTER. 
 
 
 .£ 3. ll. 
 
 
 Iu the boys' school .... 
 
 00.8 
 
 7 12 (1 
 
 120 
 
 In the girls' school. . . . 
 
 70.ii 
 
 1 18 11 
 
 1(10 
 
 In the infants' school.. 
 
 SO 
 
 4 It) 3 
 
 130 
 
 SECOND QUARTER. 
 
 
 
 
 In the boys' school .... 
 
 91 
 
 7 6 7 
 
 126 
 
 In the girls' school.. .. 
 
 7U 
 
 4 11) 4 
 
 103 
 
 In the infants' school.. 
 
 102 
 
 5 10 6 
 
 141 
 
 THIRD QUARTER. 
 
 
 
 
 In the boys' school.... 
 
 SCO 
 
 7 11 7 
 
 110 
 
 In the girls' school .... 
 
 7.').5 
 
 4 14 
 
 104 
 
 In the infants' school,. 
 
 102.3 
 
 6 U 9 
 
 14S 
 
 FOURTH QUARTER. 
 
 
 
 
 In the boys' school 
 
 92.6 
 
 7 7 11 
 
 124 
 
 In the girls' scliool .... 
 
 77 
 
 5 13 1 
 
 124 
 
 Inthe infants' school.. 
 
 79,1 
 
 4 3 10 
 
 143 
 
 The average attendance of boj's, girls, 
 
 and infants dnr 
 
 ng the past 
 
 ye;ir has, therefore, been 
 
 25.T as cooipurcd with 229 last 
 
 year. Tlie 
 
 falling otf in the attendance at the infant school during the last quar- 
 
 ter is chiefly attributable to an nnusual prevalence of measles. 
 
 In the Sunday-school the number of scholars is 220, 
 the number of teachers, 35. Evening classes under an 
 efficient teacher, have lately been added to the other 
 departments of these schools. 
 
 St. Patrick's Catholic Schools, near the Catholic 
 Church, with which they arc in connexion, were founded 
 in 1823, on a site granted by the Duke of Devonshire. 
 They consist of separate schools for boys, girls, and in- 
 fants, and have for some years been placed under 
 government inspection. The boys' school is under the 
 care of a certificated teacher, who is assisted by two 
 pupil teachers. A certificated mistress and three pupil ■ 
 teachers superintend the girls' and infants' school. 
 The total average weekly attendance is about 250. 
 
 Trinity Church School, iu Caldewgate, is a plain 
 commodious brick structure, erected in 1832, and at- 
 tended by about 100 children. It is partly endowed. 
 
 Besides these schools, there are the Ragged School, 
 Caldewgate, built and supported by G. II. Head, Esq , 
 and tho Shaddongate Schools, near the extensive works 
 of Peter Di.xon and Co., erected and supported by the 
 firm for the education of the children of tho workmen iu 
 their employment. There are also many private schools, 
 as well as some day schools connected with the Dissent- 
 ing places of worship, and seveiiil Sunday-schools. 
 
 RELIGIOUS, ETC., SOCIETIES. 
 
 Besides the religious agency at work iu the various 
 churches, chapels, and Sunday-schools, there is in the 
 city a number of societies by means of which various
 
 12G 
 
 CUMBERLAND ^YARD. 
 
 religious and other praiseworthy objects are greatly 
 promoted. We subjoin the names of the different 
 societies: — Carlisle Auxiliary of the London Society 
 for Promoting Cliristianity amongst the Jews; the 
 Carlisle Branch of the Irish Society of Loudon, for 
 Promoting the Education and Picligious Instruction of 
 the native Irish, established in 1847 ; Cai'lisle Church 
 Missionary Association, instituted 1817; Carlisle Ladies' 
 Bible Association ; Carhsle Town Missionary and Scrip- 
 ture Readers' Society ; Cumberland and Carlisle Auxi- 
 liary Bible Society, instituted 1813 ; Society for Pro- 
 moting Christian Knowledge ; Northern Sub-division of 
 the Evangehcal Alliance ; Peace Society ; llcligious 
 Tract Society ; Wesleyan Benevolent Society ; and the 
 Wesleyan Missionary Society. In addition to these, 
 which arc strictly of a religious character, there are the 
 Carlisle Auxiliary of the United Kingdom Alliance, the 
 Anti-capital Punishment Society, the Carlisle Tempe- 
 rance Society, and the Female Visiting Society for the 
 Ilelief of the Aged and Indigent. 
 
 Cn.\HlTABLE IXSTITCTIOXS. 
 
 The Cumberland Infirmary stands foremost among 
 the charitable institutions of Carlisle. It is situated on 
 the western outskirts of the city, and is a handsome 
 Grecian building of white stone, with lodge in corre- 
 spondence, the grounds of which are nearly six acres in 
 extent. The buildiug was completed in the year 1830, 
 but owing to disputes with the contractors, which ended 
 in a chancery suit, it was not opened for the reception 
 of patients until the beginning of the year 18-12. From 
 that time untU his death, which took place in 18.jG, the 
 late Bishop of Carlisle, Dr. Percy, as president of the 
 institution, took an active constant personal interest in 
 the management, and it is doubtless in great part owing 
 to the known care bestowed at all times upon the expen- 
 diture that the accumulated benefactions have reached 
 at the present time to £10,000. At the death of the late 
 president, the governors, in general meeting assembled, 
 with the present bishop. Dr. ViUiers, as his successor 
 in the chair, determined on naming the principal ward 
 " Bishop Percy's Ward." The building has accommo- 
 dation for fifty-two in-patients ; and cases, oftentimes 
 the most formidable, are constantly congregated within 
 its walls, not only from that part of the kingdom whose 
 name it bears, but also from the surrounding counties. 
 Carlisle being a manufacturing town, and a centre of 
 many railroads, accidents in great numbers are brought 
 for treatment. The number of out-patients annually is 
 about 2000. A special fund maintains a chaplain, who 
 also acts as curate in the parish (Trinity) in which the 
 Infirmary is situate. The institution is managed by a 
 
 
 committee consisting'WTihe principal gentlemen in the 
 town and neighbourhood, which meets ever3' Wednes- 
 day morning. The medical conduct of the institu- 
 tion is confided to a physician, a surgeon, and a 
 house surgeon, and his assistant. The receipts for the 
 year ending the 27th of July, 1857, amounted to 
 i'2,005 7s. d., and the expenditure to £1,780 3s. Cd., 
 leaving a balance of £219 3s. 7d. in favour of the 
 instituticiu. 
 
 The following extracts from the statutes and rules 
 will no doubt be acceptable to many of our readers : — 
 
 " Bencfactoi's of twenty guineas or upwards, to be 
 governors for life. 
 
 " Subscribers of two guineas or upwards annually, to 
 be governors during payment. 
 
 " A subscriber of half-a-guinea annually, or a bene- 
 factor of five guineas, to be entitled to recommend two 
 out-patients annually. 
 
 " Every annual subscriber of one guinea, or bene- 
 factor of ten guineas, shall be allowed to recommend 
 two out-patients and one in-patient annually. 
 
 " Every annual subscriber of two guineas, or bene- 
 factor of twenty guineas, shall be allowed to recommend 
 two in-patients and six out-patients within the year ; 
 and benefactors and subscribers to a larger amoimt after 
 the same ratio. 
 
 " No subscriber or benefactor to have more than cue 
 in-patient at a time. 
 
 " No person to be admitted a patient but by recom- 
 mendation of a benefactor or subscriber, unless in cases 
 of accident or emergency which admit of no delay. 
 
 " In-patients are admitted by the committee ou 
 ^Vednesdays at 10 o'clock. Accidents and cases of 
 emergency are received at all times." 
 
 OFFICEES — 1858. 
 
 Patron. — The Et. Hon. the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 
 Vice patrons. — His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K.G. ; 
 The Rt. Hon. the Earl of Carlisle, K.G. 
 
 President. — The Hon. and Kt. Eev. the Lord Bishop of 
 Carlisle. 
 
 Vice-presidents. — The Rt. Hon. Sir J. E. G. Graham, Bart., 
 M.P.; Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart. ; Sir George Musgrave, Bart.; 
 The Very Rev. the Dean of Carlisle, Rev. William Graham. 
 
 Trustees.— The Rt. Hon. the Earl of Lonsdale; The Rt. 
 Hon. Sir J. R. G. Graham, Bart., M.P.; Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 
 Bart. ; Sir George Jlusgrave, Bai-t. 
 
 Treasceee. — Thomas Henry Graham, Esq. 
 
 Medicai Officers. — Physician: Dr. Lonsdale. Surgeon. 
 Mr. W. B. Page. House Surgeon : J. M. Frodsham, M.D. 
 
 Chaplain. — Rev. F. Steggal. 
 
 Secretart. — Mr. John Reed Donald. 
 
 Matrom. — Mrs. Llewellyn.
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 12; 
 
 The Carlisle Dispensary was founrled in 1782, under 
 the auspices and patronage of the Earl of Arundel and 
 Surrey and the clergy and gentry of the city and neigh- 
 bourhood, and since that period has been the means 
 of affording medical aid to thousands of the indigent 
 sick of Cai-lisle and the surrounding district. For some 
 years tin; institution carried on its good work amidst 
 many difficulties, in a small house up a narrow 
 passage in the entrance of the Abbey, but was at 
 last compelled to cease from lack^Sof funds, and 
 CarUsle was for several years without a dispensary. 
 In J800 the medical gentlemen of the city and 
 neighbourhood took the mutter into consideration, 
 and, having made a representation to the dean and 
 chapter, obtained from tliat body the grant of the use 
 of the room over the Abbey Gate which had formerly 
 been the High School of Carlisle. The dean and 
 chapter likewise gave the institution a yearly subscrip- 
 tion of ten guineas, and other very liberal subscrip- 
 tions having been sent in, the promoters were enabled 
 to open the Carlisle Dispensary on the 1 st of February, 
 1810. From that time the subscription list has been 
 a good one, and the institution has gone on prospe- 
 rously and most satisfactorily to our own day. In IbSl 
 application was made to the dean and chapter for the 
 room at the head of the Abbey Gate, but an offer was 
 made by the chapter to allot to the institution a part 
 of the Tithe Barn in Head's Lane for that purpose, and 
 on the acceptance of that offer, they further subscribed 
 a sura of £30 towards the fitting up of the place. 
 This done the dispensary was carried on in that build- 
 ing till April, 18.58, when it was removed to the new 
 edifice in Chapel-street, the foundation stone of which 
 was laid by John Waldie, Esq., on September 17th, 
 1857. The present building is of Prudhoe stone, 
 in the Italian style ; the cost, inclusive of the site, 
 was i,*72d IDs. 6d. The ground floor comprises 
 patients' waiting room, consulting room, drug room, 
 entrance and staircase to the apothecary's house, and 
 the requisite offices. The upper floor is occupied by 
 the apothecary's apartments and the committee room. 
 The design was furnished by John Hodgson, Esq., 
 and is very pleasing and effective. 
 
 We subjoin the following extracts from the rules : — 
 " An executor paying over a legacy of £100 shall be 
 a life governor ; and all donors of ton guineas at one 
 time, or who make up their contributions to that amount 
 within the year, shall be governors for life, have two 
 votes, and power to recommend an unlimited number 
 of patients. All subscribers of ten guineas per annum 
 aro governors, entitled to recommend an unlimited 
 number of patients. A subscriber of one guinea per 
 
 annum, is a governor with two votes, and can have 
 two patients coustautly on the books. A subscriber 
 of ten shillings is a governor, has one vote, and can 
 have one patient constantly on the books. No 
 persons are deemed objects of this charity, but such as 
 are really necessitous." 
 
 The receipts for the year 1857 were £180 19s. lOd., 
 and the expenses £173 Cs. 4d. The number of patients 
 who received the benefit of this institution during 
 1837 amounted to 3788. Of these there were casual- 
 ties cured, 917; patients recommended by subscribers' 
 tickets, cured, 2302 ; ditto relieved, 157 ; ditto iiTegular, 
 09 ; ditto died, 40 ; ditto no better, 25 ; transferred to 
 parish surgeon, 50 ; remaining on the books, 102 : total, 
 3788.1 
 
 orriCEits — 1858. 
 
 Peestoent. — The lit. Hon. the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 
 Vice-Peesidekts.— The Et. Hon. Sir J. P.. G. Graham, 
 Bart.; P. H. Howard, Esrj. ; W. MarshaU, Esq., il.P.; the 
 Dean of Carlisle ; the Mayor of Carlisle. 
 
 Physician ExTEAORDiNAKY. — Thomas Barnes, M.D.F.F..S.E. 
 
 Physicians.— Gustavus Evans, M.D. ; M. J. liae, M.D. 
 
 HoDSE SoROEON. — Mr. George J. Langsford. 
 
 Seceetary AJiD Teeasukee. — Mr. Laver. 
 
 The House of Recovery, or Fever Hospital, was 
 founded at Carlisle in 1820, when a building was 
 erected in Collier's Lane for the reception of patients. 
 But in consequence of the site being required for the 
 construction of the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, the 
 institution was removed to Crozier Lodge, near the 
 infirmary, which was purchased as a more salubrious 
 
 ' We sutijoiu the following coaipamtive statement from ISlC to 
 18«, at difl'erent periods, and continued to the present time: — 
 
 s 
 
 >> 
 
 OS g 
 
 II" 
 11 
 >=-3 
 
 
 i 
 
 c 
 
 
 M 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 8. 
 
 D. 
 
 £ f. 
 
 D. 
 
 £ S. D. 
 
 1810 
 
 , , 
 
 848 
 
 620 
 
 245 12 
 
 7 1247 9 
 
 7 
 
 .. 
 
 isis 
 
 73 
 
 108'J 
 
 745 
 
 4G0 13 
 
 8I21I 8 
 
 
 
 249 4 11 
 
 iwo 
 
 93 
 
 2r.51 
 
 2187 
 
 389 7 
 
 7 
 
 236 8 
 
 6 
 
 1.52 19 1 
 
 \mr, 
 
 154 
 
 28G8 
 
 2603 
 
 387 3 
 
 10 
 
 202 1 
 
 4 
 
 185 2 6 
 
 1K.)0 
 
 119 
 
 3330 
 
 2929 
 
 217 10 
 
 6 
 
 202 1 
 
 6 
 
 15 9 
 
 1h:!.', 
 
 17-1 
 
 31G1 
 
 2866 
 
 215 
 
 4 
 
 234 16 10 
 
 .. 
 
 1«I0 
 
 71 
 
 2687 
 
 2498 
 
 213 8 
 
 4 
 
 229 5 
 
 4 
 
 . . 
 
 l^i.'i 
 
 145 
 
 3143 
 
 2723 
 
 538 10 
 
 8 
 
 438 10 
 
 8 
 
 94 14 4 
 
 IK 111 
 
 85 
 
 SO.IS 
 
 2S03 
 
 359 13 
 
 10 236 15 
 
 3 
 
 122 18 7 
 
 1K17 
 
 88 
 
 2530 
 
 2138 
 
 353 11 
 
 5 1 223 6 
 
 
 
 131 8 6 
 
 IHIS 
 
 100 
 
 1853 
 
 1047 
 
 366 12 
 
 4 1 195 9 
 
 9 
 
 171 2 7 
 
 IHIl) 
 
 91 
 
 2094 
 
 2421 
 
 387 2 
 
 6 230 12 
 
 9 
 
 156 9 9 
 
 1k:.0 
 
 103 
 
 2192 
 
 1957 
 
 330 10 
 
 3 
 
 188 16 
 
 1 
 
 142 8 
 
 IWl 
 
 126 
 
 2792 
 
 2363 
 
 313 5 
 
 9 
 
 190 
 
 4 
 
 123 5 5 
 
 \H:.-i 
 
 187 
 
 3149 
 
 2.551 
 
 278 11 
 
 1 
 
 197 2 
 
 
 
 81 9 1 
 
 1K-.;| 
 
 108 
 
 2467 
 
 19-20 
 
 293 18 
 
 4 
 
 219 18 
 
 6 
 
 73 19 10 
 
 IN", I 
 
 179 
 
 2044 
 
 18S2 
 
 340 19 
 
 9 291 10 
 
 7 
 
 49 9 2 
 
 IK.-.,') 
 
 77 
 
 3165 
 
 2745 
 
 209 2 
 
 1 1 19G 10 
 
 1 
 
 12 12 
 
 18A(I 
 
 208 
 
 3208 
 
 2668 
 
 183 11 
 
 6 i 180 15 
 
 4 
 
 2 16 4 
 
 183" 
 
 254 
 
 3788 
 
 2362 
 
 186 19 10 173 6 
 
 2 
 
 13 13 C
 
 128 
 
 CUMBERLAND WAKD. 
 
 situation. From the report for the year ending De- 
 cember, 1S57, we learn that very great and necessary 
 improvements have been effected in the house, so as to 
 render it more efficient for the purpose to wliich it is 
 appHed. The total number of patients admitted into the 
 house during the year amounted to 108; 35 of these 
 were affected with typhus fever, 1 8 with scarlatina, and 
 35 with smallpox; of the 55 typhus fever cases ad- 
 mitted, 42 were discharged cured, five died, and 
 8 remained under treatment; 15 of the scarlet fever 
 patients wero discharged cured, and three died ; 
 of the 35 smallpox cases, 33 were discharged cured, 
 and two died ; of the 1 7 cases remaiuiug in the 
 house at last report, six were labouring under typhus 
 fever, two of whom recovered and four died, one of 
 scarhitiua was discharged cured, the remaining 10 were 
 small pox cases, of which eight recovered and two 
 died. The receipts for the year ending November, 
 30th, 1857, were £iW 19s. o'd., and the expenditure 
 £419 10s. 3id. : balance £9 3s. 5^d.i 
 
 I The following table shows the rnmlier of pntients admitted into 
 tlie House of Recovery sLuce its establishment: 
 
 Nov. T, ]san, to Dec. 
 Dec. n, Isai.toDec. 
 Dec. a, 1S22, to Dee. 
 Dec. 1, \H-a, to Dec. 
 Dee. 1, 1824, to Dec. 
 Dee. .% l.siO, to Dec. 
 Dec. 4, 182(5, to Dec. 
 Dec. :i, 1827, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 1H28, to Dec, 
 Dee. 1, 1820, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 1830, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 1R;11, to Dec. 
 Dec. ), 1832, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 1S33, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 1834, to Dee. 
 Dec. 1, 1835, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 183ii, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 1837, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 1838, to Dec. 
 Dee. 1, ls3:i, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 1810, to Dec. 
 Dee. 1, 1''41, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 1812, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 1813, to Dec. 
 Dee. 1, 1814, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 184."i, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 1846, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 1847, to Dee. 
 Dee. 1, 1848, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 184!), to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, ls;-,n, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, Isiil, to Dec. 
 Dee. 1, lv.52, to Dee. 
 Dec. 1, 18r,R, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 18.54, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, 18.55, to Dec. 
 Dec. 1, ]8,')li, to Dec. 
 
 3, 1821 
 
 2, 1823 
 
 1,1823 
 
 1, 1N24 , 
 
 ,5, 1825 
 
 4, 1821! 
 
 3, 1827 
 
 1,1828 
 
 1, 1S20 
 
 1, 1830 
 
 1,1''--'I 
 
 1, 1832 
 
 1,1833 
 
 1, 1^34 
 
 1, 1835 
 
 1, 1830 
 
 1, 1«37 
 
 1, 1n38 
 
 1, 183n 
 
 1. IMO 
 
 1, 1811 
 
 1, 1842 
 
 1, 1843 
 
 1,1841 
 
 1, 184.-. 
 
 1,1810 
 
 1. 1817 
 
 1,1848 
 
 1, 18l!l 
 
 1, 1800 
 
 1, 18.51 
 
 1, 18.52 
 
 1, 18.53 
 
 1, 18.54 
 
 1,1855 
 
 1,1856 
 
 1, 18-57 
 
 No. of 
 Patients 
 Admitted 
 
 01 
 44 
 07 
 02 
 68 
 58 
 72 
 52 
 76 
 CO 
 
 119 
 53 
 M 
 26 
 51 
 01 
 04 
 
 270 
 61 
 
 1.5!) 
 
 192 
 
 156 
 80 
 25 
 43 
 41) 
 
 190 
 01 
 78 
 !) 
 13 
 10 
 69 
 02 
 40 
 63 
 
 1(18 
 
 In 
 
 Typlms 
 alone. 
 
 ■ 56 
 
 40 
 
 62 
 
 88 
 
 64 
 
 50 
 
 67 
 
 51 
 
 70 
 
 64 
 
 119» 
 
 48 
 
 14 
 
 23 
 
 47 
 
 50 
 
 80 
 
 205 
 
 05 
 
 1.50 
 
 169 
 
 153 
 
 83 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 174 
 
 31 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 53 
 36 
 
 23 
 23 
 05 
 
 • It appears by the report for that year that epidemic typhus prevailed 
 at 'Warivicli Bridge during the winter of 1930, and that only 55 of these 1 19 
 cases were from Carlisle. 
 
 Officers — 1807-8. 
 
 PiiEsiDENi. — The Et. Hon. the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 
 VicE-PnESiDESTs. — The Hon. and Et. Rev. the Lord Bishop 
 of Carlisle; the Et. Hon. Sir J. E. G. Graham, Bart., M.P. ; 
 W. N. Hodgson, Esq., M.P. ; the Mayor of Carlisle ; the Very 
 Eev. the Dean of Carlisle. 
 
 TnEAsuiiEr.. — Mr. John Norman. 
 
 Committee. — R. Cowen, Esq. ; Mr. H. Dobinson; Eev. 0. G. 
 V. Harcouit; G. H. Head, Esq.; W. N. Hodgson, Esq., M.P. ; 
 P. H. Hownrt, Esq.; Geo. Mounsey, Esq.; John Xanson, Esq.; 
 G. Relph, Esq. ; M^Shiter, Esq. ; 'William Stordy, Esq. ; Mr. 
 Waldie. 
 
 Seceetaey. — Mr. H. J. Halton. 
 
 Physicians. — Thomas Barnes, M.D., F.E.S.E.; M. J. Eae, 
 M.D. ; John Steel, M.D. 
 
 SunoEON-AroTHECAEY. — Jlr. Ellcray Armstrong. 
 
 Inspectoe. — David Little. Matron. — Mrs. Little. 
 
 PUBLIC BUlr.DTNGS, ETC. 
 
 The Athenoeum, Lowtber-street, was erected in 1840, 
 from designs furnished by Messrs. Williams of Liver- 
 pool, at a cost of about £0,500, raised iu £5 shares, 
 but it has since become the property of G. H. Head, 
 Esq., who purchased it for £4,000. This building has 
 supplied a want long experienced in Carlisle, which, 
 previous to its erection, possessed no room sufficiently 
 large for general purposes. The external appearance is 
 very striking ; the facade is of white stone from the 
 Prudhoe quarries, and is in what may be called the 
 Roman style of architecture. The centre part is com- 
 posed of four massive pilasters, with Corinthian capitals, 
 and windows in the intermediate spaces. The cornices 
 are surmounted by an open balustrade, with sunk 
 panels, and the angles are ornamented with massive 
 pilasters. The interior is divided, on the first floor, 
 into entrance hall and staircase, committee room, 
 library, niuseum, and lecture room ; second floor, gal- 
 lory over the library, with spacious concert room, fitted 
 up in an appropriate manner, and well suited for the 
 purposes for which it was erected. 
 
 The County Assize Courts are situated at the head 
 of English-street, on the site of the ancient citadel, at 
 the southern entrance to the city, adjoining the gaol. 
 They were erected iu 1810-11, from the design of E. 
 Smirke, jun., R.A., pursuant to an act of parliament 
 which was passed for the purpose of " enabling his 
 majesty to grant the citadel and the walls of the city of 
 Carlisle, Ac, to the justices of the peace for the county 
 of Cumberland, for building courts of justice for the 
 said county, &c." The courts are built in the Gothic 
 castellated style, and two projecting corridors, give the 
 whole the semblance of a fortified gateway, and recal to 
 mind the ancient citadel. They present elegant fronts 
 
 I
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 129 
 
 of polished freestone of a reddish colour, and arc sur- 
 rounded with cast iron railings. The Crowu Court 
 occupies the western tower, and is connected with the 
 adjoining gaol by an underground passage, through 
 which the prisoners are conveyed to the dock. lu the 
 entrance hall is a fine statue of the late Major Aglionby, 
 for many years chairman of the Quarter Sessions of 
 the county. Over the judge's seat is a fine bust of 
 George III. by Rossi, on eauh side of which are statues 
 of Justice and Mercy. The eastern tower ou the oppo- 
 site side of the street serves as the Nisi Prius Court, 
 and, like the Crown Court, is finished and fitted up iu 
 a very handsome and appropriate manner. Attached 
 to this court are suitable rooms for the grand jury, 
 counsel, witnesses, Ac, with the usual offices. In the 
 centre of the street, between the two courts, is a fine 
 Btatue of the late Earl of Lonsdale. 
 
 The County Gaol and House of Correction stands 
 upon the spot formerly occupied by the Dominican 
 Convent, near what was, in bygone days, the English 
 gate, and is a fine structure, in the Gothic style, con- 
 bisting of a centre and two wings, surmounted by an 
 embattled parapet. It was completed in 1827, at a 
 cost of £ 19,53 1, inclusive of the purchase of some land. 
 The interior arrangements consist of a governor's house, 
 from which six wings radiate, affording accommodation 
 to thirteen classes of prisoners, with separate areas, 
 divided by walls and lofty iron rails. The prison con- 
 tains room for 150 prisoners, with means of extension 
 for a much larger number. The whole is enclosed with 
 a wall of red freestone. This edifice was begun from 
 the designs of William Nixon, Esq., of Carlisle, but he 
 dying during tho progress of the work, the completion 
 of the structure was entrusted to C. Hodgson, Esq., 
 who aildcd several improvements to the original plan. 
 During tho progress of the building several Roman 
 and other antiquities were discovered. The office of 
 governor or gaoler is at present held by Mr. lledin, 
 whoso salary is iSH,") per annum. The chaplain is 
 appointed by the magistrates, at a salary of £125 ; he 
 is not allowed to cngitge in any parochial duty, and is 
 required to perform divine service iu the chapel twice 
 and to preach every Sunday, and on Christmas-day 
 and Ciood Friday ; to read prayers daily, and to attend 
 on prisoners under sentence of death, unless in such 
 cases where prisoners, not belonging to the Church of 
 England, desire to bo attended by a minister of their 
 own religion. The lU.v. John F. Simpson is the pre- 
 sent chaplain. A surgeon is appointed by the magi- 
 strates, with a yearly salary of £70, and an allowance 
 for niedicinn at prime cost, liesides these, the principal 
 officers, there arc a matron, a schoolmaster, six turn- 
 
 17 
 
 keys, and other subordinate assistants. For the year 
 ending 30th September, 1857, the number of prisoners 
 received into the gaol was 470. The number of crimi- 
 nals was 89 less, and debtors 29 more, than those 
 received in the preceding year. The greatest number 
 in custodjf, at any time, was 102; the lowest 59, and 
 the daily average 75. The number of County Court 
 debtors has much increased of late, being now nearly 
 one-fifth of the number received. In the workroom, 
 the prisoners manufactured 003 brush mats, 272 Samot 
 mats, 072A yards of matting, and 2372 brushes, from 
 which a profit was derived of £86 19s. 8Jd. From the 
 chaplain's report for the year mentioned above we learn 
 that the total number of criminals committed was 375 ; 
 and by comparing this number with those of 1855 and 
 1856, it appears there is a diminution of 89 in favour of 
 this year over the last, and of 48 over the preceding one. 
 As suggesting a reason for the unusual increase of 
 1856, the chaplain found that while in 1857 the com- 
 mittals upon military charges were 6, they amounted in 
 1856 to 47, and in 1855 to 16. If the military otTences 
 be deducted, and they cannot fairly be reckoned among 
 the crimes of the county, the numbers would stand 
 thus— 1855, 407; 1850,417; 1857, 369— showing the 
 real decrease in the criminal committals. The number 
 of debtors continues rapidly on the increase. In 1855 
 it was 58, in 1856, 72; and in 1857, 101 ; confirming 
 the conjecture — thrown out in a former report — that 
 an increase might be anticipated from the introduction 
 of the alteration in the County Court Act, by which the 
 cost of the conveyance of debtors to gaol, after the first 
 commitment, was transferred from the plaintiff's ac- 
 count to that of the counties. Tho behaviour of the 
 prisoners, with two or three e.xceptions, was satisfactory, 
 and their conduct in school and the classes for religious 
 instruction met with tho chaplain's entire approbation, 
 and the report concluded by his tendering thanks to a few 
 magistrates and friends, through whose kind liberality 
 a small organ had been procured. Their services iu 
 chapel being now conducted with a simplicity and order 
 second to none in the kingdom. The surgeon reported 
 that the general state of health of the prisoners during 
 the year was good. No death occurred, and of the 363 
 cases of indisposition, but two were of sufficient im- 
 portance to render removiil to the Infirmary requisite. 
 A girl of unsound mind was committed to the prison, 
 who was afterwards removed to a lunatic asylum. 
 
 Tho Guild Hall, Green Market, is a quaint old 
 building, in which tho meetings of the guilds or in- 
 corporated companies of tho city arc held. 
 
 The Town Hall is an ancient structure, situated in 
 the Market Place, but without architectural pretensions.
 
 130 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 The ground floor consists of shops, held upon a peculiar 
 tenure, called cullery tenure, one equal to freehold, and 
 this circumstance prevents being effected in the build- 
 ing those alterations and improvements which the con- 
 venience of the public demands. The hall is entered 
 by a double flight of steps. Above the mayor's seat 
 are four fine old paintings, three of which are portraits 
 of William ami Mary, and Charles, the first Earl of 
 Carlisle of the Howard family. In the passage leading 
 to the magistrates' office stands liie ancient city chest, 
 ■which is formed of oak, strengthened by thick ribs of 
 iron, and secured by five massive padlocks. The edifice 
 is surmounted by a cupola, containing a clock with four 
 dials, one of which is illuminated. Previous to the 
 erection of the Court Houses, the assizes for Cumber- 
 land were held in this building, and it was here that 
 the devoted adherents of the Stuarts were arraigned 
 after the rebeUion of 1745. 
 
 The Carlisle Library and Newsroom, situated at the 
 junction of Enghsh and Devonshire-streets, is a very 
 elegant modern sti'ucture of white freestone, exhibiting 
 a fine e.-iample of the Decorated style. The south-west 
 front consists of a gabled centre, flanked by two wings 
 with embattled parapets, and containing a doorway with 
 flowered mouldings and an enriched triangular canopy; 
 above the door is a large window of four lights, having 
 its head filled with good flowing tracery. The elevation 
 in Devonshire-street is more extended. It contains in 
 the centre a bay window, all the lights of which have 
 crocketed canopies; the buttresses are particulai'ly light 
 and elegant, aud are crowned with enriched pinnacles. 
 In vai-ious parts of the e.xterior there is some good 
 carving, and the ornaments discover considerable lu.xu- 
 riance of design and shaqiness of execution. On the 
 ground floor of the building, which has beneath a range 
 of cellarage, is the Newsroom, and other offices. On 
 the first floor is the Carlisle Library, having a separate 
 entrance from Devonshire-street, which is elegantly fur- 
 nished in a style corresponding somewhat to that of the 
 building. The structure was completed in 1831, from 
 designs by Rickman and Hutchinson, and the cost of 
 erection was defrayed by shares of foO each. The 
 building is the property of a company. 
 
 The Police Office for the city of Carlisle is on the 
 AVest Walls. The police force of the city was established 
 in the year 1829, and has been increased from time to 
 time as found necessary ; one chief constable, three ser- 
 geants, and twenty-five constables at present constitute 
 the force, for which the corporation obtained the govern- 
 ment grant last year. In addition to their other duties, 
 they have charge of the fire engines of the city. We annex 
 the cost of the police estabhshment for each of the last 
 
 tenyears— 1848, .fil.no lOs. fid.; 1849, .CI, 184 4s.; 
 1850, £1,180 8s. Jld.; 1851, £1,154 9s. lOd.; 1852, 
 £1,167 73. 2d.; 1853, £1,185 7s. 8d.; 1854, £1.294 
 Is. 5d.; 1855, £1,325 Is. 9d.; 185C, £1,424 12s. Id.; 
 1857, £1,044 14s. 4d. The rateable value of the pro- 
 perty in the city in the years 1848 and 1857 was 
 respectively £45,493 10s. 2d., and £00,908 7s. 8d. 
 
 LITEBAEY AXl) SCIENTIFIC ISSTITUTIOXS, NEWSPAPERS, 
 ETC. 
 
 The Carlisle Library was established in 1708, but for 
 many years after its formation the number of its sup- 
 porters was very limited, and consequently its spliere of 
 usefulness was much restiicted. In 1804, however, 
 measures were adopted by which the institution was 
 placed upon a broader basis, and this change bringing 
 a greater number of subscribers, the institution began 
 to flourish, aud has since continued in a very satisfac- 
 tory state. The subscription list includes the names of 
 nearly all the leading families of the city and neighbour- 
 hood, and even some from the more distant parts of the 
 county. The institution possesses about 10,000 volumes 
 in the various departments of literature. The govern- 
 ment is vested in a committee of thirteen subscribers, 
 chosen yearly. The number of members at present is 
 80, who pay a subscription of one guinea each per 
 annum. 
 
 The Church of England Religious and Literary Asso- 
 ciation, established in the AthensEum, Lowther-street, 
 " consists, as its name imports, of members of the Church 
 of England, and was designed to provide instruction 
 and agreeable recreation for such of the operative and 
 industrious classes of that communion as might, without 
 such a resource, have become connected with institutions 
 in which opinions are tolerated, if not openly encouraged, 
 calculated to corrupt and mislead those whose education 
 may not have sufficiently prorided them with means to 
 counteract the subtle poisons, or the open assaults of 
 infidelity." It is well supported by the higher classes 
 of the community, aud possesses a good librarj-, con- 
 sisting chiefly of donations from persons who feel an in- 
 terest in its success. The newsroom is well supphed 
 with the metropolitan, provincial, and local newspapers. 
 The present number of members is 100. Lectures are 
 frequently delivered on subjects of general interest, and 
 are usually well attended. 
 
 The Mechanics' Institution, Fisher-street, was first 
 founded in 1824, but not meeting with adequate sup- 
 port, was closed in 1831. Two years afterwards it was 
 re-opened, and has since maintained its place among the 
 institutions of Carlisle. It possesses a good reading 
 room and newsroom, with a lecture hall, and the
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 131 
 
 members have now the privilege of access to a well- 
 selcctoJ library of 4074 volumes, which is rapidly in- 
 creasing. The number of members is 520. 
 
 The Union Newsroom was opened to the share- 
 holders and subscribers in 1831. It occupies the 
 ground of the same building as the Carlisle Library, in 
 Devonshire-street, and is supported by subscribers, who 
 each pay two guineas a year. 
 
 The Young Men's Christian Association, Fisher- 
 street, was established in 1850, and is based upon the 
 principles of the parent society in Loudon. This insti- 
 tution possesses a good reading room and library, and 
 is at present in a very flourishing condition. " To young 
 men separated from their friends, it offers a comfortable 
 and convenient place of resort, where they may enjoy 
 Christian communion, and the sympathy and friendship 
 of those who, like themselves, are engaged in the battle 
 of life." The Bishop of Carlisle is president of the 
 association, and the deau is one of its most active sup- 
 porters. 
 
 One of the most interesting and promising features 
 connected with the institutions of Carlisle has yet to be 
 mentioned. This is the existence of a number of 
 reading rooms, libraries, and schools, which are exclu- 
 sively under the management of working men. It is a 
 fundamental rule of these societies that no man shall 
 exert an influence by holding office unless he be one 
 dependent upon weekly wages for support. It is also 
 a rule, that any member capable of getting and doing 
 work, shall be c.\pelled if he leave his contribution for 
 a mouth unpaid ; but in the manly spirii; which has 
 guided the whole management of these institutions, it 
 is aLso a law that any member that is out of work, 
 through real inability to obtain it, or to do it, shall be 
 entitled to continue in the enjoyment of the privileges 
 without payment and without responsibility. 7'here is 
 no one wlio lias taken a deeper interest in the progress 
 of working men's reading rooms than Dr. EUiot, of this 
 city, whom Lord Brougham has well designated the 
 " worthy successor of Dr. liirbeck in these good works." 
 " In April, 1848," says a writer in Dickens' Household 
 Words, " when everyone was daily listening for the 
 great tidings which that period of strange excitement 
 was continually furnishing — in April, 1848, a few 
 poor men, most of them hand-loom weavers, clubbed 
 their wits together for the purpose of getting a weekly 
 newspaper. Obviously it was found requisite that they 
 should also club their pennies. The result was, that 
 within tlio first week after tho suggestion had been 
 made, fifty persons had come forward as the subscribers 
 of a wceldy penny, and a school-room had been lent to 
 them, wherein to meet and read their papers. These 
 
 men were all of the same class ; they had originated 
 their idea, and they were themselves managing its 
 execution. Companions multiplied about them ; there 
 was formed quite a prosperous little society of men 
 contributing their weekly pennies, and it was resolved, 
 therefore, to attempt tho formation of a permanent 
 reading room, and a committee was appointed to draw 
 up a code of rules. The working men's reading room 
 in John-street, Botchergate. became thus one of the 
 institutions of Carlisle, and flourished for a few months; 
 then news became less interesting, trade also was bad, 
 members fell ofif, funds dechued, and the experiment 
 would have been abandoned but for the judicious and 
 well-timed assistance of Dr. Elliott, and other members 
 of the middle class. These aided the efl'orts of the 
 working men to help themselves, with advice, and cash, 
 and books ; their aid was fairly given, fairly taken, no 
 abandonment of independence on the part of the men 
 being asked or offered. This is what working men can 
 do ; and there is no duke who can be made, by virtue 
 of his title, more noble tlian the labourer who thus 
 strives in his own behalf. He need not mind the good 
 old gentleman who informs him that he ought to touch 
 his hat and be respectful to his bolters. The good old 
 gentleman who has let the world outrun him, and made 
 little effort to keep pace thfirewith, might much more 
 properly uncover the head to him. The best minds 
 claim him as their kindred, and the help of others ever 
 presses upon him who helps himself. Two or three 
 men, however poor, if they will have faith in the force 
 of a right heart and a stout will may gather to their 
 council other poor mechanics like themselves ; and 
 there is no town in which, according to its size, one 
 or a dozen true mechanics' institutions may not rise 
 to occupy the place whieli Dr. Birkbeck's institutes 
 were meant to fill, but which they have insensibly 
 vacated." 
 
 Tlie following is a list of the working men's reading 
 rooms, and the years in which they were established : — 
 
 1810. Dute-street Adult Scliool nnd Rending Room, Shaddon- 
 
 gato. No. of vols. 51!), No. of members 90. 
 1317. John-street Working Men's Rending Room, Caldewgnte. 
 
 No. of vols, loot), No. of members 150. 
 1S13. Lord-street Working Men"s Reading Room, Botchergate. 
 
 No. of vols. 700, No. of members -'OO. 
 1353. Parlinm Reck .\dult School and Rending Room. No. of 
 
 vols. SOU, No. of iiieinbcrs 10. 
 1851. Caldewgat<i Adnll Scliool and Reading Room, Brewery 
 
 Row. No. of vols. iOO, Na ol members lOH. 
 lb.")!. Trinity niiiUlings Rending Room. No. of vols, 177, No. 
 
 of members ;)0. 
 1857. Shaddonsnte Adult School and Reading Room. No. of 
 
 vols. 70, No. of members 10. 
 
 Carlisle possesses two weekly papers and one tri-
 
 132 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 ■weekly, the "Carlisle Journal," the " Carli^e Patriot," 
 and the " Carlisle Examiner." The " Journal " was 
 first published in November, 1798, by Mr. Francis 
 Jollie, in whose family it remained for many years. 
 It was subsequently purchased by the late Mr. Steel, 
 at that time the editor, and it is still published by his 
 family. It advocates whig or liberal principles, and 
 has an extensive circulation. The '• Patriot" was com- 
 menced on the 3rd of June, 1815, by a company of 
 proprietors in .C25 shares. It is now, however, private 
 property, and is conservative in its political principles. 
 The " Examiner" issued its first number in May, 1857, 
 and has for its editor and proprietor Mr. Wilks. lu 
 politics it is popularly liberal, and " goes for peace, 
 retrenchment, and reform." 
 
 COURTS OF LAW. 
 
 In 1435, in consequence of the assizes having been 
 removed to other places during the Scottish war, an act 
 of parliament was obtained, the provisions of which are 
 as follow: — "Whereas, by a statute made in the time of 
 King Pilchard II., it was ordained that the justices 
 assigned, or to be assigned, to take assizes and deliver 
 gaols, shall hold their sessions iu the principal or chief 
 town of every county, that is to say, where the shire 
 courts of the county heretofore and hereafter shall bo 
 holden. Our lord the king, willing the same statute to 
 be observed and kept in the county of Cumberland, con- 
 sidering that the city of Carlisle is the principal and 
 chief town of the said county, and in which the shire 
 court of the same county hath been holdeu before this 
 time, hath granted and ordained by the authority of the 
 same parliament, that the sessions of the justices to 
 take assize and to deliver gaols iu the county of Cum- 
 berland, be holden in time of peace and truce in the 
 said city of Carlisle, and iu none other place within the 
 same county, as it hath been used and accustomed of old 
 times." The assizes are now held here in spring and 
 autumn, each assize being attended by two judges, 
 who hold their courts iu the County Court Houses, 
 which are described at page 128. 
 
 The midsummer and Christmas quarter sessions for 
 the county are held at Carlisle. 
 
 Quarter sessions for the borough of Carlisle are held 
 in the Town Hall, on the Monday preceding each 
 county sessions, by the mayor and two senior aldermen. 
 
 The borough magistrates also sit at the Town Hall, 
 every Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday ; and the 
 county magistrates at the Court House, every Wed- 
 nesday and Saturday. 
 
 The court of the mayor and bailiffs of the borough 
 of Carlisle sits every Monday in the Town Hall, to try 
 
 actions of debt and trover, to the amount of forty 
 shillings. It may be adjourned at pleasure, and is 
 held quarterly, when, by a concurrent jurisdiction, 
 acti(ms of debt, Ac, amounting to upwards of forty 
 shillings may be tried and determined. 
 
 A Court Leet and View of Frank Pledge for the city 
 of Carlisle was formerly held twice, but now only once 
 a year, in October, by the dean and chapter, in their 
 manors of Uotchergatc and Caldewgate. 
 
 The County Court of Cumberland for the recovery 
 of debts under i'50, is held at Carlisle, and other places 
 iu the county. 
 
 UASKS, JIAEKliTS, FAIUS, ETC. 
 
 There are three banking establishraeuts in Carlisle, 
 two of which issue their own notes, viz., the Carlisle 
 City and District, and tlie Carlisle and Cumberland 
 Banking Con^pauy. The Carlisle Old Bank, J. M. 
 Head and Co.'s, is a private bank, and issues Bank of 
 England notes. The first banks established in Carlisle 
 •were opened about the middle of last century, by Messrs. 
 Foster and Son, and a Mr. Wilson, and were found to 
 be of considerable service to the trade of the city. 
 
 The Market Place is situated in the centre of the 
 city, where English-street, Scotch-street, Castle-street, 
 and Fisher- street meet. The Jlarket Cross is a stone 
 structure, erected in 16S2, and consists of an Ionic 
 column, with a plain shaft and pedestal, rising from 
 the centre of a flight of circular steps. It is surmounted 
 with a square block of masonry, the sides of which 
 serve as sun-dials, and is terminated by a lion bearing 
 the arms of the corporation. Above the capital of the 
 column is the inscription, " Joseph Reed, ]\Iaior, 1082." 
 The market days are Wednesday and Saturday, the 
 latter of which is perhaps the best attended market in 
 the north of England, large quantities of grain and other 
 farm produce being brought from a distance of twenty 
 and thirty miles around the city. The shambles con- 
 sist of two rows of butchers' shops, extending from 
 Scotch-street to Fisher-street, and were erected by the 
 corporation, who, in 1 790, purchased and renewed the 
 old shambles, which stood in the Market Place. The 
 Fish Market occupies the spot upon which formerly 
 stood the Main Guard, and is well supplied with various 
 kinds of fish. 
 
 Fairs for the hiring of servants and the sale of cattle 
 arc held here on the nearest Saturdays to AVhitsuntide 
 and Martinmas. Fairs are also held on the 2Gth of 
 August, when they continue for fourteen days, and on 
 1 9th of September. During the last named fairs, all 
 persons arc free from executions issued by the borough 
 court. A series of fairs for horses and cattle commences
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 133 
 
 on the Saturday after the 10th of October, and con- 
 tinues until Christmas. There is an annual show of 
 cattle in the large Cattle Market, near the race course, 
 when prizes are distributed by the Agricultural Society. 
 Eaces are held here annually in July. The race 
 course is situated on the Swifts, on the south side of 
 the Eden, and possesses a grand stand, erected in 1830. 
 Races were first established in Carlisle about tiie middle 
 of the last century — the first King's Plate was run for 
 in 1703. 
 
 R.\ILWAYS, C.\S, W.tTER WORKS, ETC. 
 
 Carlisle possesses railway communication with almost 
 every part of Britain, a fact that has much improved its 
 position as a commercial and raanuliicturiug town. 
 The Newcastle and Carlisle line connects it with the 
 German Ocean, and the Carlisle and Silloth with the 
 Irish Sea ; the Maryport and Carlisle with West Cum- 
 berland, as well as with TTlverston and the peninsula of 
 Fumess, and so onward into Lancashire ; while the Cale- 
 donian unites it with Edinburgh and Glasgow, and the 
 Lancasterand Carlisle with Ijondon and the south. The 
 whole of these lines, with the exception of the Newcastle 
 and CarUsle, make use of the Citadel Station, a fine struc- 
 ture, in the Elizabethan style, erected in 1817-8. The 
 Newcastle and Carlisle Station is a mean structure, 
 situated on the London Road, about a mile from the 
 city, and possesses few, if any, of the requisites of a rail- 
 way station. Two schemes are now before parliament 
 for connecting Carlisle with Hawick, one by Langholm, 
 and the other by Longlown and Cannobie. 
 
 In 1819 an act of parliament was obtained for the 
 formation of a Gas and Coke Company, and works were 
 shortly afterwards erected at a cost of about ii 10,000, 
 raised in shares of JBiiS each. The works were situated 
 at the south end of the town, upon a plot of ground 
 forming part of the present general railway station. In 
 1846, the corporation purchased nearly all the shares, 
 at £43 per share, and in the following year erected the 
 present gas works, the site of the old being required for 
 the railway station. 
 
 The want of pure water was long felt in Carlisle, and 
 many schemes were from lime to time propounded to 
 obtain an adequate supply. .Vt length, in 1810, a joint 
 stock company was formed for the purpose of furnishing 
 the city and its environs with the limpid element, from 
 the river Eden, and openitions being at once commenced, 
 the city is now in a very fair position as far as water is 
 concerned. The water is raised from the Eden through 
 ft deep bod of gravel, by powerful steam engines, and 
 forced into a reservoir on the hill, near the London Iload, 
 about a mile from the Market Place, whence it is dis- 
 tributed to all parts of the city. 
 
 Carlisle has been put under the operation of the 
 Health of Towns Act, and a Board of Health estab- 
 lished, through the itistrumentality of which the city 
 has been sewered, many nuisances removed, and its 
 sanitary condition much improved. 
 
 BRIDGES. 
 
 Carlisle is connected with the surrounding country 
 by five bridges, one of which crosses the Eden, three 
 the Caldew, and one the Petteril. During the six- 
 teenth century, two wooden structures, called Eden and 
 Prestbeck bridges, formed the communication between 
 Carlisle and Stanwix, but one of them having fallen 
 down, and the other being in a state of great dilapida- 
 tion, an act of parliament was passed in 1600 for 
 rebuilding them at the expense of the county, and in 
 their stead two narrow stone bridges were erected. In 
 1807 an act of parliament was again obtained for the 
 rebuilding of Prestbeck Bridge, and a new structure was 
 commenced in 181i2, from designs furnished by Robert 
 Smirke, jun., Esq., R.A. It was completed in 1815, 
 at a cost of i'70,000, towards which government 
 advanced £10,000, in consequence of its being in the 
 line of the intended new north road to Port Patrick. 
 The bridge consists of five elliptical arches of sixty- 
 five feet span each, and is connected with the city 
 by an arched causeway. The piers arc founded partly 
 ou the solid rock and partly upon piles, ten or twelve 
 feet below the surface of the Eden. The material em- 
 ployed in the principal portions of the structure is white 
 freestone, brought from near Gretna, in Scotland. The 
 entire length of the bridge and its approaches is 400 
 yards ; its breadth within the parapet, twelve yards ; 
 and there is a flagged pavement on each side of the 
 carriage way for pedestrians. On the completion of this 
 fine structure tlic old bridge was removed. In ISiO 
 two bridges were erected over the Caldew, one of three 
 arches, and the other of one, for the purpose of facili- 
 tating the communication between the city and its 
 western suburb. Ten years afterwards a bridge of 
 three semicircular arches was built over the Petteril, 
 at the southern entrance of the city ; and five years ago, 
 another bridge. Nelson Bridge, was erected over the 
 Caldew, opening a new and direct road from Botcher- 
 gate to Caldewgate. On the south battlement of this 
 bridge is the following inscription: — The Nelson Bridge. 
 The foundation stone of this bridge was laid June 'ibth, 
 A.D. 1852, by Thomas Nelson, Esq., mayor. On the 
 north battlement is the following : — The Nelson Bridge. 
 This Bridge was built by the following subscribers, and 
 completed a.d. 1853. Family of the late John Jlil- 
 bourno Dixon, Ferguson Brothers, Peter Dixon and
 
 131 
 
 CUMBEULAND WAHD. 
 
 Sons, John Ferguson and Company, Joseph Kome, 
 Thomas Nelson, Corporation Gas Works Committee. 
 
 conroi'.ATiox. 
 We have no positive information relating to the first 
 incorporation of the burgesses of Carlisle, or the form of 
 the original city government. The citj' has, however, 
 receiveil many marks of favour from the different 
 monarchs of England, who, in their charters, granted 
 to the citizens many privileges and immunities, yiatij 
 of these documents are no longer in e>dstence, having 
 been lost or destroyed during the various scenes of war 
 and tumult of which Carlisle has been the tlieati'e. 
 " The fii-st charter granted to Cailisle now named in 
 history, was granted in the reign of Henry 11., and was 
 burned in a fire which destroyed great part of the city. 
 This charter was confirmed by Henry III., in the 35th 
 year of his reigu, granting to the citizens freedom from 
 toll, passage, pontage, all customs belonging to the king, 
 with the privilege of dead-wood for fuel, and timber for 
 their houses, in divers places within the forest of Carlisle, 
 by the assignment of the king's sergeants and foresters, 
 with a free guild for trade and merchandise. Edward I., 
 by his charter bearing date the 2Sth June, in the i21st 
 year of bis reign, setting forth that Henry III.'s charter 
 was also burned, recites the tenor thereof from the en- 
 rolment in chancery, and confirms the same verbatim. 
 Edwai-d III., by liis charter bearing date the 7th of 
 February, in the 2lkh year of his reign, setting forth 
 that it having been found upon inquisition taken by his 
 trusty and well-beloved Richard de Denton and John de 
 Hanington, and returned into the chanceiy, that the 
 citizens of the city of Carlisle had from time immemo- 
 rial enjoyed the following privileges, grants and confirms 
 the same to them accordingly, — viz., return of writs ; a 
 market on the Wednesday and Saturday of every week, 
 and a fair yearly on the feasts of the Assumption of the 
 Blessed Virgin Mary, and fifteen days after ; a free 
 guild, and election of mayor, baililTs, and two coroners ; 
 assize of bread, beer, and wine ; trial of felonies, infang- 
 ihief, and all pleas of the crown which belong to the 
 oflGice of sheriff and coroner ; goods of felons and fugi- 
 tives ; freedom from all fines, amerciaments, and suits 
 to the county court and wapentake ; common of pasture 
 for all tlicir beasts, at all times of the year, upon the 
 Iving's Moor, au J liberty to get turf there ; with freedom 
 throughout the whole realm of England from toll, pon- 
 tage, passage, lastage, wharfage, carriage, murage, and 
 stallage : and that they shall have the place called 
 ' Battail Holme ' for their markets and fairs ; and 
 shall have power to divide and devise their tenements, 
 and shall have the citv mill and the kings fishery in 
 
 the water of Eden. Eicbard If. (May 20th). in the 
 fifth year of his reign, by his charter recites and con- 
 firms aU the same. Edward IV. (December Oth), in 
 the first year of his reign, on the petition and repre- 
 sentation of the citizens, that the city had sutTered 
 greatly in the late ci\'il wars, when besieged by the said 
 king's enemies, Margaret, late queen of England, Ed- 
 ward, late prince of Wales, and Henry, duke of Exeter, 
 by burning the suburbs, and even the very gates of the 
 city and the mill, and other devastations, — remits unto 
 them £40 yearly of their fee farm rent of iSO, and 
 further grants unto them the keeping of the king's 
 fisheries of Carlisle, otherwise called the Sheriff's Net, 
 otherwise called the Fishery of Frithnet, in the water 
 of Eden. Henry VII. (February 11th). in the third 
 year of his reigu, recites and confirms their former 
 charters ; also Henry VHL, in the first year of his 
 reign; Edward VI., in the fii-st year of his reign; 
 and Queen Elizabeth, and James I. Charles I. 
 (July 21st), in the thirteenth year of his reign, by 
 Inspeximus, recites and confirms all the aforesaid grants, 
 except the free election of mayor, bailiffs, and coroners : 
 and further grants that the mayor and citizens shall be 
 one body corporate and poUtic, by the name of Mayor, 
 Aldermen, Bailiffs, and Citizens of the city of Carlisle. 
 This charter, comprehending all others, was surrendered 
 for the use of Charles II., August 7th, 1084, to the Lord 
 Chief Justice Jeffries; the surrender not being enrolled, 
 was therefore a void surrender. But this charter, with 
 many others, was restored, and declared valid and effec- 
 tual, by proclamation of James II., on the 17th of 
 October, 1088.'" 
 
 The charter of Charles I., under the provisions of 
 which the city was governed till the year 1835, enacted, 
 " That in all times coming, the mayor and citizens 
 shall be one body corporate and politic by the name of 
 the Mayor, Aldermen, Bailiffs, and Citizens of Carlisle, 
 and shall have a common seal; that one of the alder- 
 men shall be mayor; that there shall bo besides the 
 mayor, eleven other aldermen, two bailiffs, and two 
 coroners; that there shall be within the city twenty- 
 four other men, capital citizens, to be of the common 
 council and assistants to the mayor, itc." They were 
 also empowered to elect a recorder and town-clerk, one 
 sword bearer, three sergeants at mace, and other 
 officers. The charter also states that the mayor, alder- 
 men, bailiffs, and twenty-four capital citizens, or the 
 major part of them in Guild Hall assembled, on the 
 Monday next after Michaelmas-day, shall have power to 
 choose annually one of the aldermen to be mayor for 
 
 ■ Jefferson's History of Carlisle, p. 149. 
 
 1
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 135 
 
 the eusuing year; and in case of an equal number of 
 Totes, the then mayor to have a casting vote. The 
 new mayor so chosen must be sworn into office by the 
 last mayor, if ho be living, otlierwisc by the aldermen 
 or major part of them ; and he must continue in office 
 tiU another is chosen and sworn. In like manner the 
 two bailiffs and coroners are to be aunually chosen and 
 sworn. On the death of an alderman, the mayor and 
 surviving aldermen, or the major part of them, are to 
 elect another who shall be sworn by the mayor, and 
 shall continue for life. The charter then states the 
 penalties for refusing to serve any of these offices. 
 The twenty-four capital citizens continued in office 
 during pleasure. The mayor, recorder, and two senior 
 aldermen, were, es-officio, justices of the peace. " And 
 finally," continues the charter, " the mayor, aldermen, 
 bailiffs, and citizens, shall have such and the like court 
 leet and view of frank pledge, and other courts, issues, 
 fines, ransoms, penalties, forfeitiu'es, amerciaments, 
 waifs, estrays, deodands, goods of felons and fugitives, 
 fehdese, and persons put in exegent and outlawed, and 
 other emoluments, as former mayors, aldermen, bailiffs, 
 and citizens, have enjoyed, by whatever name of incor- 
 poration they were called or known." This charter, 
 comprehending the spirit of aU previous grants, and 
 giving some new privileges to the corporation, was sur- 
 rendered in 1684, to Judge Jeffreys, as above stated, 
 but was afterwards restored as we have seen. In 1835 
 an act was passed for the regulation of municipal corpo- 
 rations in England and Wales, and under its provisions 
 the old corporation of the city was dissolved, and a new 
 body, consisting of ten aldermen and thirty councillors 
 established. Tiio style of the corporate body now is 
 the Mayor, Aldermen, and Burgesses oftlie city of Car- 
 lisle. The municipal and parliamentary limits of the 
 city of Carlisle are co-extensive, and comprise the town- 
 ships of Rotchergate, English-street, Scotch-street, 
 Fishcr-strect, Castle-street, Abbey-street, Rickergate, 
 Eaglesfiold Abbey, and part of Caldewgate township. 
 For municipal purposes the city is divided into five 
 wards, the citizens or burgesses of each ward electing 
 si.x councillor.^, who retain their office for three years, 
 but are eligible to be re-elected. The aldermen arc 
 elected by tlie councillors, and during their appoint- 
 ment, which is sk years, they are mcmbei-s of tlie 
 council, but possess no power or authority above the 
 councillors. From the towii council, consisting of both 
 aldermen and councillors, tlie mayor is chosen annually, 
 lie is an unpaid officer, and the business of the town 
 council is transacted monthly, at meetings which are 
 open to the public. Since the establishment of this 
 new body, many improvements have been effected, 
 
 including a more efficient police establishment, and 
 the funds of the corporation are now applied for the 
 advantage of the citizens generally. The funds of the 
 corporation amount to between £2,000 and £3,000 a 
 year, derived principally from rents and tolls, but the 
 latter, by an arrangement with the railway companies, 
 have been almost entirely commuted. The following is 
 a list of the charters granted to Carlisle : — 
 
 28th June, 21st Edward I. 
 lath May, 9th Edward II. 
 I'Jth .Tanuarr, Uth Eiiward III. 
 
 7th February, 2Cth Edward III. 
 2Gth Mav, oth Richard IT. 
 1 Otii Marc}), Snd Henry I V. 
 r2lh May, J 3th Henry VI. 
 
 Oth December, 1st Edward TV'. 
 28th January, Ist Richard III. 
 
 11th February, .3rd Henry XTl. 
 27th February, 1st Henry VIII. 
 
 Uth December, 1st Edward YI. 
 Utli February, 5th Elizabeth. 
 21st November, 9th Elizabeth. 
 
 Ist May, 2iid James I. 
 2 1st July, 13th Charles I. 
 
 9th April, ICtli Charles II. 
 
 3rd December, 36th Charles II. 
 
 I.IST OF THE MAYORS OF CARLISLE. 
 
 "The following list," says Jefferson, "has been com- 
 piled from the audit-book of the corporation, where the 
 names incidentally occur. From the circumstance of 
 the mayoralty commencing in one year, and terminating 
 in the nest, — in some cases, the date given may be the 
 year in which the mayor was elected, whilst in others, 
 it may be tlis year in which he left office, but the names 
 may be relied on as being those of the actual mayors." 
 
 1.375. AVilliam de London. 1035. 
 
 13S2. Adam Blennerhasset. Ifl30. 
 
 1507. Robert Dalton. 1037. 
 
 1598. Richard Bell. l(;3s. 
 
 1599. Edward ARlionbye. 1039. 
 ICnO. Henry Baines. ].;4n. 
 IGOl. Tlinmas Blennerhasset. VAX. 
 1(502. William Earwise. 1(142. 
 10O3. Richard Warwick. ICis. 
 1604. Henry Baines. 1(!49. 
 1(105. Thomas Warwick, juD. 1(150. 
 ICOfi. Thomas Browne. 1051. 
 10117. Thomas Blennerhasset. 1652. 
 1(jOS. Thomas Warwick, sen. 1053. 
 
 1009. John Pattinson. 1054. 
 
 10 10. Thomas Pattinson. 1055. 
 
 1011. Edward AgUonby. 1650. 
 
 1012. Thos. James, alias Shapp.lC57. 
 
 1013. Henry Brougham. 165R. 
 
 1014. Thomas Blennerhasset. 16.59. 
 
 1015. Itichard Dell. 1060. 
 1010. Thomas Warwicke. 1001. 
 
 1017. Adam Uobinson. 1602. 
 
 1018. Thomas Pattinson. 1063. 
 
 1019. IMward AgUonby. I(i04. 
 1620. Thomas Blennerhasset 1665. 
 1G21. Thomas James. 1666. 
 
 1022. Henry Baines. 1067. 
 
 1023. Thomas Blennerhasset. 166S. 
 
 1624. Peter Baynes. 1009. 
 
 1625. George Bavnes. 1670. 
 
 1626. Edward AgUonby. lOTl. 
 1027. .Mallliew Cape. ' 1072. 
 lOJS. William Uarwise. 1673. 
 
 1629. IVIor Baynes. 1074. 
 
 1630. William Barwiso. 107,5. 
 
 1031. K.Iwnrd Vglionl.y. 1670. 
 
 1032. William Barwise. 1077. 
 
 1033. John Baynes. 
 
 1U34. Adtm Warde. 1078. 
 
 Ambrose N'icholson. 
 William Barwise. 
 
 Sir Thomas . 
 
 John .4glionby. 
 John Aglionby. 
 John Baines. 
 
 Langbome. 
 
 Stanwix. 
 F.ichard Barwise. 
 Robert Collyer. 
 Thomas Crnister. 
 Thomas Craister. 
 Cuthbert Stndholme. 
 Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Knt. 
 Thomas Cholmley. 
 Thomas Monke. 
 Peter Noi-man. 
 Sir Peter Lawson, Knt. 
 Richard lowry. 
 Thomas Sewell. 
 Isaac TuUie. 
 George Barwick. 
 Henrj' Baines. 
 Henry Baines. 
 John .\ghonby. 
 Sir Philip MiisgraTe,Bart. 
 John Thouilinson. 
 Thomas Stanwix. 
 William Wilson. 
 Thomas Jackson. 
 John Aglionby. 
 Sir Georgi- Fletcher, Hart. 
 Sir Christ. Musgrave, Bart. 
 Itobert Wilson. 
 Thomas Stanwix. 
 Goorge Barwise. 
 William Tallanlirc 
 Charles (1st Earl of Car- 
 
 Uale). 
 Thomas Warwick.
 
 136 
 
 CUMBERLAND WAED. 
 
 1079. Thomas .Tackson. 1763. 
 1082. .Toseph KeeJ. 1~B4. 
 IGS.'J. K(lw.ir.l (LonlMoqieth). 17(i'). 
 1«S4. .loliii How. 17(i(l. 
 IGnri. Tliomns Wai-wkk. 1T(J7. 
 lOsn. Basil Fielding. 17fi8. 
 1687. Henry Fletcher. 1709. 
 1088. 'Williiim Nicholson. 1770. 
 
 1080. Jiinies Nicolson. 1771. 
 1690. Robert Jackson. 1772. 
 lOlll. John How. 1773. 
 l(i!)_>. Willinm Nicholson, 1775. 
 J(IS)t. William Rarwise, 1776. 
 Kilir). Jolin How. 1777. 
 1097. Thomas Simpson. 1779. 
 
 1698. Robert Jackson. 1780. 
 
 1699. James Nicholson. 1781. 
 
 1700. Charles (3ril Earl of Car- 17X2. 
 
 lisle). 1783. 
 
 1701. William Nicholson. 1781. 
 
 1702. Thomas Simpson. 1787. 
 
 1703. John How. 1788. 
 
 1704. William Barwise. 1789. 
 
 1705. Nicholas Robinson. 1790. 
 
 1700. Joseph Parker. 1791. 
 '707. Thomas Jackson. 1794. 
 170H. Thomas CouUhard. 179.'). 
 
 1709. Thomas Brougham. 1796. 
 
 1710. Matthew Pattinson. 1797. 
 
 1711. William Nicholson. 1798. 
 
 1712. John Kow. 1799. 
 
 1713. William Barwick. 1800. 
 
 1714. Nicholas Robinson. 1801. 
 
 1715. Brigadier Thos. Stanwix. 1803. 
 
 1716. Joseph Parker. 1803. 
 
 1717. Thomas Jackson. 1804. 
 
 1718. Matthew Pattinson. 1805. 
 
 1719. Thomas Railton. 1800. 
 
 1720. William Tate. 1807. 
 
 1721. Joseph Jackson. 1808. 
 
 1722. Timothy How. 1810. 
 1793. John James. 1811. 
 1724. Henrv Hall. 1812. 
 172.5. Joliullow. 1813. 
 1720. Joseph Parker. 1814. 
 
 1727. Thnraiis Railton. 1815. 
 
 1728. William Tate. 18)0. 
 
 1729. Jos,-ph Jackson. 1817. 
 
 1730. Timuthv How. 1818. 
 
 1731. Henry Hall. 1819. 
 
 1732. Thomas Pattinson. 1820. 
 
 1733. Thomas James. 1821. 
 
 1734. Proctor finbinson. 1822. 
 
 1735. Thomas Railton. 1823. 
 
 1736. John Atkinson. 1834. 
 
 1737. Henrj' Aslionliy. 1825. 
 
 1738. Joseph Backhouse. 18i0. 
 
 1739. Richard CouUhard. 1><2S. 
 
 1740. William Tate. 1829. 
 
 1741. Henry Aelionhv. 1830. 
 
 1742. Thomas iPattinson. 1831. 
 17415. Henrv Aglionby. 1832. 
 
 1744. Joseph Backhouse. 1833. 
 
 1745. George Pattinson. 1834. 
 
 1746. James Graham. 1835. 
 
 1747. William Tate. 1830. 
 174M. Joseph Backhouse. 1837. 
 1750. George Pattinson. 1838. 
 1753. George Blamire. 1839. 
 1755. Thomas Yeats. 1840. 
 1750. Richard Cook. 1841. 
 
 1757. Thomas Coulthard. 1842. 
 
 1758. Joseph Backhouse. 1843. 
 
 1759. Richard Coulthard. 1844. 
 
 1760. George Blamire. 1845. 
 
 1701. Thomas Yeats. 1840. 
 
 1702. Humphrey Senhouse. 1847. 
 
 Thomas Coulthard. 
 Pilchard Hodgson. 
 John I'avison. 
 Richard Hodgson. 
 John Pears. 
 John Pearson. 
 William Hodgson. 
 Jeremiah Wherlings. 
 Morris Coulthard. 
 George Dalton. 
 George Harrington. 
 Richard Hodgson. 
 William Hodgson. 
 Jeremiah Wherlings. 
 Morris Coulthard. 
 George Dalton. 
 Joseph Potts. 
 Joseph Gill. 
 John Senhouse. 
 Joseph Gill. 
 
 Sir Josph. Senhouse, Knt. 
 Joseph Potts. 
 Richard Jackson. 
 Jeremiah ^Vherl^ngs. 
 Richard Jackson. 
 Jeremiah Wherlings. 
 Richard Jackson. 
 Morris Coulthard. 
 R. Hodgson. 
 Jeremiah Wherlings. 
 Richard Jackson. 
 John Richardson. 
 Jeremiah Wherlings. 
 Richard Jackson. 
 John Hodgson. 
 Thomas Lowry, D.D. 
 Thomas Blamire. 
 Sir J. V. A. Gilpin, Knt. 
 Richard Jackson. 
 Thomas Lowry, D.D. 
 Thomas Blamire, M.D. 
 Sir J. D. A. Gilpin, Knt. 
 George Blamire. 
 John Hodgson. 
 Thomas Lowry, D.D. 
 Thomas Blamire, M.D. 
 Sir J. D. A. Gilpin, Knt. 
 John Hodgson. 
 William Hodgson. 
 Thomas Blamire, M.D. 
 Sir J. D. A. Gilpin, Knt. 
 ,Tohn Hodgson. 
 William Hodgson. 
 Thomas Blamire, M.D. 
 John Hodgson. 
 Thomas Blamire, M.D. 
 William Hodgson. 
 William Hodgson. 
 John Hodgson. 
 John Hodgson. 
 Thomas Lowry, D.D. 
 John Hodgson. 
 AVilliam Hodgson. 
 W. N. Hodgson. 
 John Hodgson. 
 George Gill Mounsey. 
 Joseph Ferguson. 
 Peter Dixon. 
 Thomas C. Heysham. 
 John Dixon. 
 John Dixon. 
 George Gill Mounsey. 
 George Dixon. 
 Robert Bendle. 
 James Steel. 
 James Steel. 
 George Belph. 
 
 1818. William Stordy. 
 1849. George Dixon. 
 18 50 Joseph Rome. 
 
 1851. John Hewson. 
 
 1852. Thomas Nelson. 
 
 1853. Peter James Dixon. 
 
 1854. Peter James Dixon. 
 
 1855. Robert Ferguson. 
 1850. Robert KUiot. 
 1857. George Mounsey. 
 1853. John Uowe. 
 
 MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT FOR CARLISLE. 
 
 Intimately connected with the representation of the 
 city are the incorporated companies, or guilds, of which 
 Carlisle comprises eight, viz., merchants, butchers, 
 smiths, tailors, tanners, weavers, skinners, and shoe- 
 makers. The privileges of a free burgess are restricted 
 to those who belong to one or other of these companies 
 or guilds, and consist in a freedom from tolls within 
 the city, and the right of voting in the election of 
 members of parliament. No one is admitted to these 
 guilds but the sons or apprentices of freemen. The 
 sons of burgesses are free of all the guilds of which 
 their father may be a member, and also of the guild or 
 trade to which they have served an apprenticeship. The 
 number of freemen having the right of voting for mem- 
 bers of parliament was citrtailed by the Reform Act, 
 which disfranchised all freemen living beyond the dis- 
 tance of si.K miles from the city. They now amount to 
 about one-third of the electoral body, or nearly 400. 
 The number of electors is 1134. 
 
 The city of Carlisle has sent members to parliament 
 since the reign of Edward I. The members were 
 elected by the free burgesses, the members of the 
 various guilds of the city. On a dispute in the House 
 of Commons, in 1711, it was declared that the sons of 
 burgesses born after their freedom, and persons serving 
 seven years' apprenticeship within the city, have a right 
 to be made free. We subjoin a list of the members of 
 parliament for the city, from their first summons to the 
 present time, as far as we have been able to ascertain. 
 
 Epwakd L 
 1294. Robert de Grenesdale, Andrew de Seller. 
 1301. Heniy le Spencer, Andrew Serjeant. 
 liOl. Robert de Grenesdale, Alan do Grenesdale. 
 1305. Alan de Grenesdale. 
 
 Edward 11. 
 
 1307. Andrew Serjeant, Richard de Hubrickley. 
 
 1308. Williatu Fit'z Juting, Robert Grenesdale. 
 
 1310. John de Crostonc, WilUaiii Fitz Henry. 
 
 1311. Alan de Grenesdale, Andrew Fitz Peter. 
 Alan de Grenesdale, William de Tailleur. 
 
 1313. Robert Grenesdale, John Winton. 
 
 1314. Robert Grenesdale, Bernard Lecatour. 
 1318. Robert Grenesdale, Bernard Poulter. 
 
 Robert Grenesdale, Richard Fitz Ivo. 
 l."21. John de Wilton, Thomas de Calston. 
 
 1326. John Fleming, Nicholas le Despencer. 
 
 Edwakd III. 
 
 1327. John Fleming, Robert de Grenesdale. 
 Alan de Grenesdale, John de Capella. 
 
 1328. Robert de Grenesdale, Alan dc Grenesdale. 
 John de Haverington, Simon de Sandford. 
 Robert Grenesdale, John de Harding.
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 137 
 
 133i. John Havorington, Simon Sandford. 
 l:i:W. John Fleinin;,', Adam Crofton. 
 Vt'ii. John de I'ickerinj;, Henry Pepir. 
 
 John riemin'_:, Adam Crofton. 
 1335. Thomas Ilardidl, Thomas Friskington. 
 
 John de lOxhnglon, Thomas 'Worllifell. 
 
 1337. Thomas ilo Pardishow, Giles de OnetoD. 
 John de Uenioii, Adam Brighton. 
 
 1338. Thomas de Pardishow, Giles de Orreton. 
 John de Kxlington, John de Bardgit. 
 Piiiliert (irenesdale, William Fitz Ivo. 
 Thomas Baron, 'I'iinma^ de Fresington, 
 
 1310. John Fleming, Adam Crofton. 
 
 William Filz Henry, Henry le Spencer. 
 1341. Thomas Hard^il, John Fleming. 
 1313. John Chni)el, William Chapel. 
 1317. Adam Crofton, Bohert Tehay. 
 Blls. Adam Crofton, Tlipmas Appleby. 
 13.JII. Uobert Tebay, John de llaghton. 
 13.j.'). William Artme, Thomas Stanley. 
 1357. Thomas .41aynby, William Spencer. 
 I3(J(). John de Tliorneton, Alam do Aglionby. 
 13(i2. William .\nhuri-tli, William Spencer. 
 13(i3. Adam HaMcn, William Spencer. 
 1301. William Arthureth, Bichard London. 
 13(J.'5. Bi.-hard Orfenr, William Clifton. 
 130H. Adam Aglionhy, William de Clitford. 
 13()!l. William Arthmet, John de Wavcrton. 
 
 1371. John de Whillawc 
 
 1372. William Hanghton, William Carlisle. 
 
 1373. Thomas Tayleur, Fuchard Denton. 
 137(1. Bicliard Denton, John (!«> Bnrgh. 
 
 1377. Itichard Dontun, John de Burgh. 
 
 ElCHARD II. 
 
 1378. llobert Carlisle, John Levington. 
 
 1379. Ilohert Carlisle, — Parker. 
 
 1383. William Osmunderlaw, John Skelton. 
 1383. Ilichord Loudon, John de Appleby. 
 
 Stephen de Carlisle, Thomas Bolton. 
 13S4. Bicliard London, John Blennerhasset. 
 13»5. William .Vgiionby, John Gemot. 
 138fi. .\dain de Denton, F.obert de Bristow. 
 1387. I'.obcrt d? Carlisle, William Aglionby. 
 138K. John de Corkeby, Nicholas Leveston. 
 
 13h!). Adam da Kirkbride 
 
 1301. Jidin Monceanx, Robert Bristow. 
 13;).;. John P.oddesdale, John do Wek. 
 J3!ll. John de Unidiaui, John Moiiceaux. 
 13!)n. John Helton, John Brugham. 
 13117. liobert Briston-, John Uriston-. 
 Hknuy IV. 
 13!)!l. John Helton, Bobert Bristowe. 
 1401. Thomas Bolton, Uoliert Bristowe. 
 140(J. Thomas do Darle, William Mulcastre. 
 
 Hknry V. 
 
 1413. Hohprt de Carlisle, Bnlph Blennerhasset 
 
 1414. Bobert de Carlisle, William de Cardoyll. 
 
 1415. P.obert Lancastro, William Bell. 
 1117. Itoberl Carlisle, Willinni Cardoyll. 
 14°H. William Alanchestre, John Thompson. 
 
 Henuy VI. 
 1432. Boliprt Cardoyll, Bicliard Gray. 
 1437. John Helton, William Camberton. 
 1421). Thomas Derwent, .\ilnm Havcrington. 
 1430. Everard Barwiok, Bobert Clerk. 
 1432. Richanl Hrislow, Bichard Bawleke. 
 
 1434. Willinni Northing, Nicholas Thompson. 
 
 1435. r.ii'hard Tlioriibnrgh, Ilowland Wherton. 
 143(1. Bobert Mason, Thomas Marescall. 
 1441. John HIennerhnsset, William Buckler. 
 141(1. Thomas Stnnlaw, George Walton. 
 
 144H. Bobert Carlisle, Richard Alanson. 
 1440. Richard t iiatlerley, Thomas Chatterley. 
 1150. Richard Alanson, Alun d Malevercr. 
 1353. John Skdton, Bowland Vaux. 
 1104. John Bcrc, Tliomas Derwent. 
 IS 
 
 1159. 
 
 ur.7. 
 
 1473. 
 
 Richard Berverley, Thomas Rukin. 
 
 Edwaiii) IV. 
 Henry Denton, Richard George. 
 Robert Skelton, John Coldale. 
 
 Heskv VIIL 
 
 1541. William Stapylton. 
 
 Edward VI. 
 1547. Edward Aglionby, Thomas Dalston. 
 1553. Edward Aglionby, John Dudley. 
 
 Map.y. 
 1553, John Aglionby, Simon Bristow. 
 
 Robert Whitley, Richard Mynsho. 
 
 Piiii.ip ANn JIary. 
 
 1553. Richard Whitley, Richard llynsho. 
 
 1554. William Middleton, William Warde. 
 
 1555. Richaid Asheton, Robert Dalton. 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 1558. Richard Asheton, William Mulcastre. 
 
 1563. Richard Asheton, William Mulcastre. 
 
 1570. Robert Bowes, Chi-istopher Musgrave. 
 
 1571. Thomas Pattinson, Thomas Tallentyre. 
 15S4. Edwaid Aglionby, Thomas Blennerhasset. 
 1585. Henry Mc. William, Thomas Blennerhasset. 
 J58S. Henry Scroope, John Dalston. 
 
 1593. Henry Scroope, Edward Aglionby. 
 1590. Henry Scroope, Thomas Stanford. 
 
 1000. Henry Scroope, John Dudley. 
 
 James I. 
 1003. Thomas Blennerhasset, William Barwick. 
 
 1014. Henry Fane 
 
 ICaO. Heni-y Fane, George Butler. 
 1023. Henry Fane, Edward Aglionby. 
 
 Charles I. 
 1C35. Henry Fane, Edward Aglionby. 
 Henry Fane, Richard Graham. 
 1037. Richard Barwick, Richard Graham. 
 
 1039. William Dalston, Richard Barwick. 
 
 1040. William Dalston, Richard Barwick. 
 
 Commonwealth. 
 1055. Col. Thomas Filch. 
 1057. Col. George Downing. 
 1059. Col. George Downing, Thomas Craister. 
 1(500. William Briscoe, Jeremy Tolhurst. 
 
 Charles II. 
 
 1001. Philip Howard, Christopher JIusgrave. 
 
 1079. Philip Howard, Christopher Mnsgrave. 
 
 1080. Edward Lord Morpeth, Christopher Musgrave. 
 
 James II. 
 1085. Christopher Musgrave, James Graham. 
 
 William III. 
 
 1089. Christopher Musgrave, Jeremiah Bubb. 
 
 1090. Jeremiah Bubb, Christopher Musgrave. 
 
 William Lowther 
 
 James Lowther 
 
 1C94. William Howard, James Lowther. 
 1697. William Howard, Jnines Lowther. 
 1099. Philip Howard, James Lowther. 
 170(1. Philip Howard, James Lowther. 
 
 Anne. 
 1703. Christopher Musgrave, Thomas Staniriz. 
 1705. Thomas Stanwix, Jamos Montague. 
 1708. Thomas Stanwix, James Montague. 
 17 III. Thomas Stanwix, Jomes Monlagiio. 
 1713. Christopher .Afusgravo, Thomas Stanwix. 
 
 George I. 
 1711. Thomas Stanwix, WiUiam Strickland. 
 
 Henry Aghonby 
 
 1731. James Batcman, llenrj- Aglionby. 
 
 Georoe II. 
 1737. Charles Howard, John llyltoii. 
 1733. Cburle^ Howard, John lljlton.
 
 138 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 1740. Charles HowarJ, .Tnhn Hylton. 
 . .liilin Stanwix. 
 1717. Charles Howard, John Stanwix. 
 1751. Chai-les Howard, J ohu Stanwix. 
 
 Geokge III. 
 17fiO. Raby Vane, Henrj- Curwen. 
 1707. Lord J'Mward lientinci, George Musgrave. 
 1774. Fletcher Norton, Anthony Storer. 
 Walter Stanliope. 
 
 1780. Earl of Surrey, 'Wmiam Lowther. 
 
 1781. Earl of Smrey, Edward Norton. 
 
 1780. J. Christian, on the elevation of the Earl of Surrey to the 
 
 peerage. 
 1787. Rowland Stephenson, on E. Norton's demise. 
 17!)0. J. C. Curwen, Wilson Bradyll. 
 17n(i. J. C. Curwen, Sir F. Fletcher Vane, Bait 
 1802. J. C. Curwen, Spencer Stanhope. 
 1800. .T. C. Curwen, Spencer Stanhope. 
 1807. J. C. Curwen, Spencer Stanliope. 
 1812. Sir.T. (irahani. Hart. (Edmond Castle), Henry Fawcclt 
 
 1810. J. C. Curwen, on the deaili of H. Fawcett. 
 1818. Sir James Graham, Bart., J. C. Curwen. 
 
 GEoncF. r\'. 
 
 1820. Sir .Tames Graham, Burt., J. C. Curwen. 
 
 1820. William James, on Jlr. Curwen's election for the comity. 
 
 1825. Sir Philip Jlus^'rave, Bart., on the death of Sir James 
 Graham, BarU 
 
 1820. Sir P. JIusgrave, Bart., Right Hon. Sir J. K. G. Graham, 
 Bart. 
 
 18S7. Col. I.ushington, on Sir P. Jlusgrave's decease. 
 
 1820. Sir William Sco!t, Bart., cu Sir J. R. G. Graham's elec- 
 tion for the county. 
 
 Wn,i,iAM IV. 
 1830. Col. Lnshington, P. H. Howard. 
 18:31. Philio H. Howard, William James. 
 1832. Pliilip H. Howard, William James. 
 
 1834. Philip H. Howard, William Marshall. 
 
 1835. Philip H. Howard, William Marshall. 
 
 VicToniA. 
 1837. Philip Henry Howard, William Marshall. 
 
 1811. Philip Henry Howard, William Marshall. 
 1817. John Pixon, W. N. Hodsson.i 
 
 181S. I'hilip Henry Howard, W. N. Hodgson, 
 l^.^l. Sir James Graliam, Joseph Ferguson. 
 1857. Sir James Graham, Vi'. N. Hodgson. 
 
 poor. LAW UNION*. 
 
 Carlisle I'oor Law Union is divided into six sub- 
 districts, viz., St. Cutbbert's, comprising the townships 
 of Carleton, High Blackwell. Low Blacliwell, Ilarraliy, 
 Upperbj-, Brisco, Botcherbj, Botcbergate, Englisli- 
 street, and Wreay Cbapehy; St. Mary's, embracing 
 Scotch-street, Fisher-street, Castle-strcot, Abbey-street, 
 Piiclcergate, and Caldewgate townships, with the extra- 
 parochial place called Eaglesficld Abbey; Burgh, 
 including the parishes of Beaumont, Giinsdale, Ivirk- 
 andrews, and Burgh-on-Sands, with the townships of 
 Boustead Hill, Longburgh, and Moorhouse ; Dalston, 
 which contains the township of Orton, Baldwiuholme, 
 Cummersdale, Dalston, Buchabank, Eaughton and 
 Gatesgill, Ivegill, Hawkesdale, and Cumdevock ; Stan- 
 wix, comprising the townships of Stanwix, Eickerby, 
 Linstock, Tarraby, Houghton, Etterby, Stainton, Cai-go, 
 
 ■ Electiou declared void March, 1848. 
 
 Churcli Town Quarter, Castle Town Quarter, and the 
 extra-parochial place called Kingmoor: Wethcral, con- 
 sisting of Walby, Brunstock, Low Crosby, High Crosby, 
 Aglionby, Warwick, Warwick Bridge, Great Corby, 
 Wetheral, Coathill with Cumwhinton, and Scotby 
 townships. The area of the union is 70,810 statute 
 acres. Its population in 1851 was 41, ,157, of whom 
 20,138 were males, and 21,419 females. The number 
 of inhabited houses at the same period was C92.8, 
 of uninhabited 105, and 57 were in course of erec- 
 tion. 
 
 This union possesses three workhouses, viz., St. 
 Mary'Sj for the reception of iiifinu paupers ; St. Cutb- 
 bert's, for able-bodied paupers; and Caldewgate, for 
 children. St. Mary's Workliouse, situated near Irish 
 Gate Brow, was erected in 1 785, for the reception of 
 tlie paupers of the four townships of St. IMary's parish 
 within the city ; it is a large building, with a spacious 
 yard attached. St. Cutbbert's Workhouse, on Harraby 
 Hill, was built in 1809, at a cost of about £4,000, 
 including furniture, &c. It is a large structure, cover- 
 ing an area of ground, which was purchased with a 
 bequest of £20 aided by parish money. Caldewgate 
 Workhouse, on Coal Fell Hill, is a plain brick building, 
 erected in 1&Q9, at an expense of £750, and has since 
 been enlarged and otherwise much improved. 
 
 The following statement of accounts shows the re- 
 ceipts, expenditure, and balances for the year ending 
 25th March, 1858. Balance in favour of parishes last 
 year, £2,011 3s. 3Jd. ; payments and workhouse rents 
 during the year, £14,821 Os. 4d.; balance against 
 parishes at the end of this year, £223 3s. Sid. ; total, 
 £16,255 7s. 3Jd. Averages, £00,874: number of 
 paupers, in-door, 1050; out-door, 6053; balance against 
 parishes last year, £40 13s. 4J-d.; in-uiaintenancc, 
 £1,299 10s. 2H-; out-relief, £2,419 9s. 3d.; relief to 
 irremovable poor, £4,072 7s.: lunatics in asylum, 
 £458 Is. 9d.; e.xtra medical fees, £13 10s.; vacci- 
 nation fees, £54 12s. 6d.; registration fees, £135 16s. 
 Gd.; coimty and police rate, £1,807 8s. Id.; establish- 
 ment charges, £1,714 lis. Od.; collectors' salaries, Sec: 
 £326 lis. 9d.; total expenditure this year, £18,13;; 
 Gs. lljd.; total expenditure for the year ending March, 
 1857, £12,243 Us. Hd.; increase £1,032 Os. lOJd.; 
 diminution, £142 6s.; balance in favour of parishes, 
 £2,940 12s. 4d.; total, £10,225 7s. 3ad. The ave- 
 rage weekly number of in-door paupers for the first half 
 year was 236, for the second half-year, 237. The 
 weekly cost per head was as follows : — first half-year, 
 food and necessaries, 2s. 7id-; clothing, 3id.; total, 
 2s. lid.; second h.-ilf-year, food and necessaries, 2s. 9Jd.; 
 clothing, SJd.; total, oa. 2id. 
 
 i
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 13a 
 
 ASTllJUITIES. 
 
 In giving au account of the antiquities found in 
 Carlisle, it must necessarily prove brief and imperfect, 
 from the limited space at our disposal. A parti- 
 cular account of all the Roman remains which have 
 been found in this city, would alone fill volumes. Car- 
 lisle may indeed be said to be Roman in its soil and 
 foundation, since no search cau he made beneath the 
 surface without turning from its resting place of nearly 
 two thousand years some valuable relic of antiquity, the 
 cunning workmanship of the imperial masters of the 
 world. Many centuries have elapsed since the Romans 
 left Carlisle, and during that time the spade and a.\e have 
 been continually bringing to light some of the concealed 
 proofs of their having had a residence in the city ; and 
 yet the store is uue.xhausted ; year after year some fresh 
 memorials are continually dug up, and additional relics 
 brought to light to be preserved in the cabinets of the 
 curious. 
 
 A labourer who was excavating some ground iu Fisher- 
 slreet, in ITf^iJ, met with a large quantity of silver coins, 
 within a few feet of the surface. The}" were in a state 
 of high preservation, and consisted of those of Vitellius, 
 Vespxsiau, Titus, Domitian, Hadrian, Antouinus Pius, 
 Commodus, and the Empress i'austiua. 
 
 In the year 1787, ia making a drain in Scotch- 
 street, two Roman altars were found, one of which had 
 figures in bas-rt.lief, but without any inscription, and was 
 much mutilated. The other altar, an account of which 
 was sent by Mr. Rooke to the Society of Antiquaries, 
 was in better preservation. It has a figure in bas- 
 relief, which that gentleman supposed to represent 
 Silvauus, or some other rural deity, holding a I'ara in 
 his right hand ; but the Messrs. Lysons suppose it to 
 Iiave been intended for a goat ; the left hand holds what 
 jippears meant for a patera or cup. 
 
 At the latter end of the last century, some workmen 
 discovered, near the West Walls, between the citadel 
 and the deanery, the top of a stone arch ; and on 
 removing some of the stones, they gained an entrance 
 into an arched room, thirty feet in length, twelve feet 
 in breadth, and fifteen feet liigh in the centre. The 
 end was not so lofiy, and rather narrower : it was sup- 
 posed to have had communication with other similar 
 rooms, the entrance to which was walled up. A circular 
 funnel of stone-work rose from otip side of the room to 
 the footpath on the walls, where it was covered by a 
 largo flat stone. Another funnel, nearly square, ex- 
 tended from the middle of the arch towards the city ; 
 this was about two feet broad, and three feet high. 
 Search was made into it, but it was found to be choked 
 up with rubbish. A vase, and the thigh-bone and parts 
 
 of the ribs of a bison, were found iu this cui'ious ca\aty. 
 The ribs were about four inches broad. 
 
 Iu 1804, an accidental discovery was made in SeweU's 
 Lane, Scotch-street, of a small aperture in the ground, 
 having the appearance of a communication with a sub- 
 terraneous passage. This e.xcited curiosity, and it was 
 found there was a wall beneath, of the depth of twenty- 
 seven feet, twenty-four of which were water. The 
 earth was removed, and the workmen then found them- 
 selves ou the brink of an abyss, whose depth no light 
 could render visible, and into which the rubbish fell 
 with a hollow reverberation. After this large opening 
 was emptied of the water, they found a loose bottom, 
 composed of clay, and mixed with the bones and oifal 
 of animals, among which was the head of a bullock or 
 cow, with the horns as perfect as when slain. Amidst 
 this heterogeneous mixture, they brought up two Roman 
 sacrificial vases, of beautiful workmauship, with carved 
 handles, ornamented with figures in alto-relief. One of 
 these vases was very perfect, and measured above eleven 
 inches in height, and twenty-one inches in circum- 
 ference. They were both very elegant in their form, 
 and resembling Etruscan vases. From the number of 
 bones found, it was conjectured that this had been a 
 place where the Romans had been accustomed to offer 
 their sacrifices, and from the style and workmanship 
 displayed in the vases, they were attributed to the period 
 between the reigus of Xerva and Mai'cus Aurelius. Xo 
 inscription, however, was discovered to attach any 
 certainty to these conjectures of their probable date. 
 This description of vase, generally known by the title 
 prafericidum, was appropriated for containing the in- 
 cense used iu sacrifice. The two vases are formed of 
 metal, appearing to be a composition of brass, era kmd 
 of bronze, refined to a degree capable of being exqui- 
 sitely WTOUght aud of bearing a high polish. Their tops 
 and bottoms have evident marks of having been turned 
 and finished in a lathe. The handles contain four dis- 
 tinct tiei"s of figures or groups in bas-relief, illustm- 
 tive of sacrificial rites. The upper tier represents two 
 persons preparing a bullock for sacrifice : the second, a 
 bear held for a similai- purpose ; the third, a. priest, 
 habited in sacerdotal robes, holding a victim ou au altar: 
 and the lower one, the most beautiful of the four tiers, 
 represents on one side, a man iu armour, holding a 
 knife, and another person presenting a sheep or Iamb 
 for slaughter; on the other side is a priest with a knii'o 
 or sword. These most curious vases were sold as old 
 brass by the labourers who discovered them, for the 
 sum of eighteen-pcnce I But they were eventually 
 secured from being melted dowu, and purchased by the
 
 140 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 late Mr. Towiilcy, the antiquariiiii. They are now pre- 
 served in the iiritish Museum. 
 
 Horsley describes a Roman inscription which he saw 
 at Carlisle : — 
 
 LEG. VI. 
 
 VIC. PF. 
 
 C. P. K. F. 
 
 ■which he reads, — Lcffio scxta vktrix pia fidclis Gcnio 
 Popiili Eomani fecit. Camden speaks of it iu his time 
 as being " in the garden of Thomas Middletou," but it 
 appears to have been destroyed or removed, and 
 Hutchinson says it was unknown what had become 
 of it. 
 
 In 1809, some men employed in digging a cellar, 
 also in Fisher street, discovered the handle of a Ronian 
 vase, made of stone and highly ornamented, with a 
 small hand-mill, also of Roman origin. These remains 
 of antiquity were found beneath two distinct pavements, 
 ■which were exposed in excavating the eartli. Pave- 
 ment has been frequently discovered at the depth of 
 from ten to eighteen feet below the present surface of 
 the city ; proving beyond doubt the devastation com- 
 mitted by the Picts and the Danes. 
 
 In digging the foundations for the new gaol, many spe- 
 cimens of Roman antiquities were found on the site of 
 the convent of the Black Friars. At the depth of fifteen 
 feet from the surface, a tank was discovered, composed 
 of oak frames and boards of very rude workmanship, and 
 stuffed all round with a light blue clay rarely to be met 
 with in this neighbourhood. They found two pitchers 
 in the tank ; and also several fragments of red earthen- 
 ■ware, bearing ornaments in bas-relief; coins of Vespa- 
 sian, Trajan, Autonius Pius, Tacitus, &c. ; various urns 
 containing bones; and two sandals, or shoe-soles; these 
 were embedded in a stratum of rubbish, of the depth of 
 from twelve to twenty-seven feet, which covered the 
 natural soil. These antiquities are now in the valuable 
 collection of Mr. C. Hodgson. 
 
 On excavating the earth on Stanwix bank, in 1812, 
 in a field belonging to the Earl of Lonsdale, preparatory 
 to building the bridge over the Eden, the workmen found 
 at about four feet from the surface of the gi'ound, the 
 capital and part of a pillar of the Tuscan order, which 
 was fifteen inches in diameter, and lying horizontally. 
 An aqueduct was also discovered, formed of large stones 
 laid with cement, and several pieces of hewn stone and 
 large bricks. The base of a massive column with 
 pedestal were dug up, about five feet below the surface, 
 near the same place, in 1815. In the following year, on 
 widening and impro\-ing the road at that place, a very 
 large quantity of human bones was discovered in a 
 vault about eight feet long and four in breadth, which 
 
 was flagged at the bottom, lined with el^y, and covered 
 at the top with earth about a foot in dejith. A fragment 
 of Roman pottery was found at the time, with this in- 
 scription on the rim — s a i; r r, which may probably 
 mean, Scvcrus Ai(yustus licsliliitor Romanorum Imiicrii, 
 in allusion to the services rendered to the Roman empire 
 by Sevcrus, in checking the irruptions of the northern 
 barbarians. 
 
 In 1899, during the excavations made at Gallow Hill, 
 near this city, for the purpose of levelling the turnpike 
 road, a considerable number of interesting remains of 
 antiquity were found. Gallow Hill is an e.\tremely 
 interesting place, not only from its having been the 
 place selected for the execution of the rebels of 1745,' 
 but also from its being on the line of the great Roman 
 road from Lugubalia to Voreda, and from the evidences 
 of its being a place of sepulture during the Roman 
 period. AVhcn the road was levelled through this hill, 
 many Roman urns, lamps, jet rings, lachrymatories, and 
 coins, were found, and also the head of a statue, the 
 capital of a Corinthian column, and a well executed 
 sepulchral stone, in good preservation. This latter 
 represents a female, in alto-relievo, three feet long, and 
 one foot two inches and a half broad. The stone itself 
 is a red freestone, live feet four inches long, two feet 
 nine inches and a half in width, and about seven inches 
 in thickness. The figure is holding a llowcr in her left 
 hand, and underneath is the following inscription, in 
 letters an inch and a half in length : — 
 
 D • M • AVR • AVRELIA • VIX • SIT 
 
 ANN'OS xxxxi VLPns ■ 
 
 APOLINAEIS • COSJVGI • CAEISSIJIE 
 
 rosviT. 
 The following reading has been suggested as coiTcct : — 
 Diis Manibus Aitrelui. Aurclia virit annos 41. L'lpius 
 Apolinaris coiijiigi carissinne posuit ; or. To the Dii 
 manes of Aurelia. .'\urelia lived 41 years. Ulpius 
 Apolinaris placed (or consecrated) this to his most dear 
 wife. The same year a silver buckle, or fibula, with 
 the inscription, "jhestjs na.," — Jesus Kazarcniis, was 
 found in a garden in Botchergate. 
 
 In 1830, when the workmen were digging for the 
 foundation of the Newsroom and the adjoining houses, 
 iu Devonshire street, they found a great quantity of 
 Roman antiquities, particularly the remains of a bath ; 
 also some portions of the pillars which were supposed 
 to have belonged to the convent of Grey Friars. A part 
 
 'GiUlow Hill is commemorated by Sir Walter Scott, in the "Heart 
 of Mid Lotbiau," as tbe scene of tbe executions in 17-l(i. Until 
 nearly lli»^ end of last century tbe remains of tbe gibbet were to be 
 seen ; and at tlie foot of it, tbe asbes of tbe lire used in burning the 
 bodies of those who suffered for high treason. 
 
 4
 
 THE CITY OF CARLISLE. 
 
 141 
 
 of a Eoman jug was also found, most singularly orna- 
 mented with grotesque faces, which is now preserved 
 in the collection of Mr. Christopher Hodgson, of this 
 city. 
 
 A large nuinlior of curiosities was discovered in 
 various parts of Carlisle while the workmen were en- 
 gaged in the recent operations connected with the 
 sewerage of the city.' 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Biillcij's Chnrit'j. — The sum of fifty shillings is paid 
 out of the funds of the coqioration of Carlisle, as Piid- 
 ley's Charity, hut the origin of it is unknown. The 
 corporation fix upon some day in the month of Septera- 
 her yearly, when the sum is distributed by the mayor, 
 amongst fifty poor women, who attend at the Town Hall 
 to receive it. 
 
 Woodle's Charity. — The sum of forty shillings yearly 
 is also paid out of the funds of the corporation, and dis- 
 tributed in the month of December, in like manner, 
 amongst forty poor women, as Woodle's Charity. The 
 origin of this is also unknown. 
 
 Pott's Charity. — Maiy Potts, who died in 181-1 or 
 1815, bequeathed to the corporation of Carlisle £30, 
 the interest thereof to bo distributed annually at Christ- 
 mas, amongst six poor widows of freemen of Carlisle, 
 and si.\ spinsters, daughters of deceased freemen, of the 
 age of forty years and upwards ; the said widows and 
 spinsters to be nominated by the mayor for the time 
 being. This legacy, after the payment of the duty 
 thereon, was paid to the corporation in 1S15, but they 
 agreed to pay the interest of the full sum of C30 out of 
 their funds, notwithstanding the deduction above men- 
 tioned. One moiety of the interest has been distributed 
 annually by the chamberlain to si.x poor widows. 
 
 Tjord Whrirtnn's BUdc Charity. — This city is entitled 
 to receive a certain number of bibles from Lord Whar- 
 ton's Bible Charity. They are usually sent to the Dean 
 of Carlisle, and disposed of by him. 
 
 KlIINENT MEN. 
 
 We subjoin an alphabetical list of those eminent men, 
 who, having distinguished themselves in their several 
 pursuits, have lent a lustre to the plnco of their birth, 
 and have bccomo the pride of their fellow citizens : — 
 
 'On npplying tn Hfr. Cortinoll, city IrcnsuriT, for nn nrcouiit of 
 those nnlii)uilip9, lie kindly infnnncd 119 tliat tlioy lind been out of 
 his ImmlH fur some time, for tlio purpose of rlnssilicntion, nnd liiul 
 not yet been ri'lurned ; lint ho proiniseil tlitit n-s soon as he rercivcd 
 them we should henr from liini. We therefore liope 10 be able to 
 gire some account of tliem in a subsequent porliou of our work. 
 
 Aglionby, John, n.D., divine and linguist, one of the eminent 
 men engnjed in the translation of the New Testament by 
 James I., in 1604; horn about 1565; died, 1009. 
 
 Anderson, llohert, poet, the "Cumberland Bard;" died in 
 Carlisle in 1S33. 
 
 Bacon, John, author, WTitor of a nnmber of essays tending to 
 promote public and patriotic institutions, and, in 178(i, of a 
 larger work entitled "Liber Regis, vel Thesaurus Eerum 
 I'Jcclesiasticnrum." 
 
 BestjWilliaiu Thomas, musician, celebrated organist; bom, 1820. 
 
 Bell, John, engineer, who made several improvements in the art 
 of gunnery. 
 
 Bowman, Bobert, mathematician, who, though blind from 
 infancy, made considerable progress in the various depart- 
 ments of science and literature. 
 
 Carlyle, Joseph Dacre, divine, traveller in the East, Arabic 
 scholar, and poet; died, 1804. 
 
 Harrington, llobert, physician, and author of several works on 
 chemical subjects. 
 
 Gilpin, Sir Joseph J 'acre .\ppleby, physician, who rendered great 
 service to the army, with which he was connected for a 
 lengthened period. 
 
 Gilpin Sawrey, E.A., artist, superior painter of animals, and 
 engraver ; horn, 1783 ; died, 1807. 
 
 Head, Grey, eminent painter; died, 1800. 
 
 Jefferson, Samuel, historian, &<:. ; died in London a few years ago. 
 
 Morris, Capt. Thomns, song writer and biographer; died, 1732. 
 
 Mulcaster, Richard. i\I.A., divine, poet, hnguist, and master of 
 Merchant Tailors' School; died, ICll. 
 
 Stephenson, Joseph, landscape painter; born, 175R; died, 1792. 
 
 Thompson, William, mathematician, about the beginning of the 
 present century. 
 
 Strong, Joseph, mechanic, lived in King's Arms-lane. He was 
 blind from infancy, yet he made a fine-toned organ and other 
 musical instruments, altogether with liis own hands. He 
 was also tailor to bis family, and made part of his own furni- 
 ture; died, 1803. 
 
 Tullie, Thomas, learned divine and controversialist; horn, 1G20; 
 died, 107.') 0. 
 
 Wilkinson, Rev. Joseph, author. 
 
 AMUSEMENTS, CUSTOMS, ETC. 
 
 The principle amusements of the people of Carlisle, 
 as well as those of tlic whole country, are wrestling 
 and quoits. They know nothing of bowls, football, or 
 cricket. The last-named is played mildly by boys of 
 the middle and upper classes. 
 
 The best attended ceremony is that of a funeral. At 
 one time the bellman went round, to announce that on 
 a certain day and hour so-and-so would be buried at 
 such a place. This custom still lingers. Perhaps one 
 or two hundred persons may accompany the corpse of 
 a neighbour to church, most of whom never attend a 
 place of worship at other times. Tlicy attacli great 
 importance to the churchyard whcro their relatives 
 have been buried ; and tiie middle class, and some even 
 of the upper, will attend a church chiclly for the reason 
 that their departed relatives are interred in the church- 
 yard adjoining. It is also a custom for ladies to attend 
 the interment, wearing black silk scarfs over their bon- 
 nets, with the broad ends banging down, not unlike 
 the-head dress of the Swiss peasantry. 
 
 18 ft
 
 142 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 PARISH OF ST. CUTHBERT. 
 
 This parish, as at present constituted, consists of English-street township, comprising the principal shops of the 
 citr, and numerous lanes and courts closely packed together, with the residences of a few geutrv and professional 
 men. The majorily of the inhabitants are hand-loom weavei-s, who are, for the most part, generally in ver}' straitened 
 circumstances, in consequence of the variable rate of wages. The area of English-street township is 1,5 12 acres. 
 Its population is given at page 83. The parish has been much improved by the sewering and draining of the city. 
 Since the passing of Lord Blandford's Act, in 1850, the outlying townships have been severed from the mother 
 church, and now form two separate and distinct parishes, formerly ecclesiastical districts, called respectively Christ 
 Church and Upperby parishes. The corporation of Carlisle are lords of the manor and lords of the soil within the 
 ancient bounds of the city ; lords of the soil meaning of the open places, such as streets, lanes, and squares. 
 There are two banks within this parish, Messrs. Head and Co. and the City and District Bank. The county gaol 
 post-office, Athenroum, etc. are also in the parish, through which run the Lancaster and Carlisle and the Caledonian 
 railways. The rateable value of St. Cuthbert's Within, in 1 S48, was £9,-2i!0 8s. lod.; in ] 85 7, £ 1 1,303 Os. 8d.; that 
 of St. Cuthbert's Without, for the same years was respectively £9,1-29 7s., and £15,404 7s. 8d. 
 
 THE cmmcH. 
 
 The church, which is dedicated to St. Cuthbert, is 
 situated in Blacldriars-street, on the south side of the 
 cathedral. The original church of St. Cuthbert was 
 erected at a vei7 early period ; but having been destroyed 
 by the Northmen in the ninth century, remained in ruins 
 for a considerable time, and was rebuilt shortly after the 
 Conquest. It continued till the seventeenth century, 
 ■when the steeple, being in a very decayed state, was 
 taken down, and a large quantity of Anglo-Saxon coins 
 discovered. The church was rebuilt at the expense of 
 the inhabitants, in 1778. It has no pretensions to 
 architectural elegance, but is large and commodious, 
 capable of accommodatiag about 1200 persons. The 
 tower is low and square, and possesses one bell. The 
 church contains a number of mural tablets, and a monu- 
 ment inside the communion rails, to the memory of the 
 Kev. John Fawcett, who was incumbent of the parish 
 for fifty years, and died in 1851, at the advanced age of 
 eighty-two. The monument contains a well executed 
 bust of the deceased, with an appropriate inscription. 
 The living is a perpetual curacy, to which the dean and 
 chapter of Carlisle have the right of presentation, the 
 lands and tithes of which body have passed into the 
 hands of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. The gross 
 annual income of the living is £155 10s., made up in 
 the following manner: — rent of fields, £58; cottages, 
 £7 10s.; (iueen Anne's Bounty, £33 18s. lOd.; Eccle- 
 siastical Commissioners, £33 ; railway stock, £9 9s. 4d.; 
 dean and chapter as impropriators, £5 Gs. 8d.; fees, 
 £8; total, £155 10s. lOd. Deductions and allowances 
 amount, in round numbers, to £15 ; nett income £140. 
 The parish registers extend from 1093 to the present 
 time. A tax, now extinct, was laid upon registers of 
 burials and baptisms ; thus notified in the parish 
 
 register — " 1783. N.B. By Vertue of an Act of Par- 
 liament which commences this day, viz. y^ Second Day 
 of October, 1783, a Stamp Duty of Threepence is 
 granted to His Majesty for every future Entry in yf 
 Register of any Christening, Burial, &c." 
 
 Incujcbexts. — Henry Pjchardson, 1751; D. Carlyle, profes- 
 sor of Arabic at Cambridge, 1785 ; John Fawcett, 1600 ; Clement 
 Moody, 1851 ; B. A. Marshall, 1853. 
 
 A parsonage of modern style, was erected in 1815, 
 at the expense of the congregation of St. Cuthbert's 
 Church, as a testimonial of affection to their beloved 
 pastor, the Eev. John Fawcett. Over the garden door 
 is inscribed on a stone, in Hebrew, " The gift of my 
 people. J. F. 1815." 
 
 Connected with this parish is a District Yisiting 
 Society, for distributing tracts, giving rehef by bread 
 tickets, and reporting the cases of sickness, &c. to the 
 incumbent ; as also a Female Visiting Society, for the 
 relief of the aged and indigent, founded in 1803, which 
 gives a small sum weekly to each pensioner, besides 
 supplying blankets to the most necessitous — it is sup- 
 ported by voluntary subscriptions. 
 
 CHAEUIES. 
 
 Bcv. George HUschell's Gift. — Hy will dated 14tb 
 June, 1717, the Rev. George Ritschell bequeathed £500 
 to his sister, and directed her to purchase therewith a 
 real estate of the yearly value of £20 or thereabouts, 
 and pay thereout, amongst other charities, forty shillings 
 a year to the minister and churchwardens of Carlisle, to 
 be by them distributed to forty poor widows, inhabiting 
 within the same city, on the feast day of St. Thomas, to 
 every one a shilling. The estate out of which this pay- 
 ment is made is called Nunbush, and is situate in the 
 parish of Warden, near Hexham, from which place
 
 PARISH OF CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 143 
 
 twenty shilliiij^s arc annually received by tbe clergj'man 
 of St. Cuthbert's, who distributes the same to twenty 
 poor widows in the parish. 
 
 Blacldock's Charity. — Thomas Blaeklock, by will, 
 about the year I'rii, left to the parish of St. Cuthbert 
 f '20, the interest to be distributed every year, at the dis- 
 cretion of tho overseers of the poor. " The name of 
 Blaeklock,"' say the Charity Commissioners, " was not 
 known in this parish, as a benefactor, at tho time of our 
 inquiry ; but there was in the church chest an indenture, 
 dated 1st March, lT:i6, whereby in consideration of tho 
 sum of £20 an acre of ground at a place called Gallow 
 Hill, was conveyed to four persons therein named, 
 churchwardens and overseei-s of the poor, and trustees 
 of tho said parish, to hold to them and their successors 
 in trust, for tho use of the poor of the parish of St. 
 
 Cuthbert for ever. It was also understood that this 
 piece of land was purchased with some money left to the 
 parish. From these circumstances it appears, most 
 probable, that this land was purchased with Blacklock's 
 legacy." This land was formerly let at i'4 a-year, and 
 the rent carried to the churchwarden's account. But a 
 workhouse was subse(}ucuty built upon part of the land, 
 and the rest was turned into a garden for the use of the 
 workhouse, and for some time no rent was allowed for 
 it. Since the inquiry of the Charity Commissioners, a 
 vestry has been held, at which it was agreed that j£4 
 rent should be paid for this acre of laud, of which dS2 
 was to be given to poor persons of the city townships 
 of the parish, not receiving relief, and the same to 
 poor persons in the out-townships yearly, between 
 Candlemas and Easter. 
 
 PARISH OF CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
 This parish consists of the township of Botchergate, which, until the passing of Lord Blandford's Act in 1850, 
 was comprised in St. Cuthbert's parish. For the most part it is densely peopled by the labouring classes, there are, 
 however, a few r&spectable houses and shops. It contains three cotton mills, one woollen factory, and three foundries, 
 which alTord employment to a large portion of the population, many of whom are engaged on the railways. Botcher- 
 gate township contains 8 10 statute acres. For population, see page 8:3. Like the other parts of Carlisle, this 
 parish has been improved by sewerage, a good water supply, and the erection of a bettor class of dwellings for the 
 poor. The manor of Botchergate, formerly belonging to the prior and convent of Carlisle, and now to the dean and 
 chapter, extends over the greater part of the old parish of St. Cuthbert. This township is said by some to owe its 
 name to one Botchard, a Fleming, who formerly possessed extensive property here. 
 
 THB CHUBCH. 
 
 Christ Church is a neat building, in the early 
 English stylo, erected from designs furnished by Mr. 
 Rickman, and will seat about 1,000 persons. Its 
 exterior appearance is handsome, and it possesses a 
 neat spire. The amount subscribed towards its erec- 
 tion by the parishioners was £2,140, the remainder 
 being defrayed by tho Commissioners for building new 
 churches. The church contains a mural tablet, to tho 
 memory of the late Mr. Rothwell, of the Mains. The 
 benefico is a perpetual curacy, in tlic gift of the dean 
 and chapter of Carlisle; gi"oss income about £125, 
 
 derived chiefly from pew rents. The church was con- 
 secrated in 1831, when the Kev. B. Ward, the first and 
 present incumbent was appointed. 
 
 Tho parsonage, a plain brick structure, was erected 
 by subscription and a grunt from Queen Ainie's bounty, 
 in 1833, on a site given by the dean and chapter, in 
 EaglesCeld Abbey. 
 
 There is a District Visiting Society in tliis parish. 
 
 Ilardwick Lodge, the property of tl. H. llead, Esq., 
 now the residence of tlio Rev. J. II. Burton, chancellor 
 of the diocese : and the Jlaiiis, tlie residence of Jliss 
 Rothwell, aie in the palish.
 
 144 
 
 CUMBEBLAND WAKD. 
 
 iNclTstBENTS.— George Braithwaite, ; Robert Simiison, 
 
 1754 ; John Bird, 1783 ; Michael Wheelwright, 1801 ; Samuel 
 E. HarUey, 1808; William Eees, 1819. 
 
 CHAMTTES. 
 
 PAKISH OF ST. MARY.' 
 
 Tnis parish comprises the townships of Abbej-strect, Casde-strcet, Fisher street, Scotch-street," Eickergatc, Zyiiddle- 
 scough and Braithwaite, Caldewgate, Cummersdale, and Wreay, the latter of which is a chapchy. Caldewgatc and 
 Cummersdale form the ecclesiastical district of Holy Trinity. The Tort Carlisle and Silloth railway runs through 
 a portion of the parish. The rateable value of St. Mary's Within, in 1848, wasJClLOTl 7s. 9d.: in 1857, 
 .£12,037 10s. 2d. That of Kickergate, for the same years, was £5,900 10s. 5d., and £8,054 15s. 5d. respectively. 
 
 The manor of John de Capella, belonging to the dean 
 and chapter, extends over a great portion of this parish. 
 Hutchinson, quoting from Milbourne's additions to John 
 Denton's MS. gives an account of the manor of Cald- 
 coats, or Harrington House, afterwards called Coldale 
 Hall, which belonged successively to the Canterelle, 
 Semen, Coldale, Brisco, Sibson, Dacre, and Foster 
 families. The manors of Caldoats, Newbiggin, New 
 Laithes, and Botehardgate, which, previous to the sup- 
 pression of the religious houses by Henry VIII. be- 
 longed to the priory of Carlisle, were granted by that 
 monarch to the dean and chapter. The tliree first 
 named manors seem to have merged into what is now 
 termed the manor of John de Capella. The parish also 
 seems to have included the ancient manor of Shaddongate, 
 ■which was granted by Henry I. to Morvin, whose grand- 
 daughter brought it in marriage to Gwercius Flan- 
 drensis, and which afterwards became the property of 
 the Dentons, from whom the demesne, called Denton's 
 Holme is said to derive its name. This property was 
 purcliased about the close of the seventeenth century, 
 by Mr. Norman, from whom it passed to the DLson 
 family. Most of the lands at Shaddongate are now held 
 under the manor of liow Dalston, or that of John de 
 Cappella. The Soccage manor of Carlisle comprises 
 the whole of Scotch-street township, and e.xtends over 
 500 acres of land in the neighbourhood. It was 
 demised by Queen Elizabeth to Henry, Lord Scrope, 
 and next to George Clifford, earl of Cumberland, sub- 
 sequently coming into the hands of the Howards, earls 
 of Carlisle; but the Duke of Portland liaving succeeded 
 in his claim to this manor, as part of the forest of Ingle- 
 wood, it was included in the Duke of Devonshire's pur- 
 chase in 1787. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 The parish church of St. Mary is within what remains 
 of the rained nave of the cathedral, in our notice of 
 which it wiU be found described. The benefice is a 
 perpetual curacy, in the patronage of the dean and 
 chapter, to whom the great tithes are appropriated, and 
 is worth about £79 per annum. 
 
 Rev. George RitscheU's Gift. — The parish of St. Mary 
 is entitled to twenty shiUings, left by the Rev. George 
 Piitschell, to be given annually to twenty poor widows, 
 as stated in the account of St. Cuthbert's parish. This 
 is received regularly, and distributed as directed. 
 
 Kirk Michelis Gift. — The interest of the sum of 
 £10, supposed to be a legacy from a !Mr. Kirk Michell, 
 formerly of Carlisle, is annually distributed to poor 
 widows of the parish. 
 
 irlDDLESCEUGH AND BRAITHWAITE. 
 
 This township, though ecclesiastically in St. Mary's 
 parish, is locally situated in Leath Ward, at a distance 
 of from nine to ten miles south of Carlisle. It is 
 bounded on the north by Dalston, on tlie west by Castle 
 Sowerby, on the south by Skelton, and on the east by 
 Hesket-in-the-Forest and Sebergham. Its area is 2010 
 acres, and rateable value £1,553. The population in 
 1801 was 156: in 1811, 167; in 1821, 221; in 1831, 
 195 ; in 1841, 181 ; and in 1851, 103; who arc located 
 in single houses dispersedly. Agriculture is the chief 
 employment, and Penrith is the market usually attended. 
 The soil is a strong arable, with a portion of meadow 
 land, resting on a strong clay subsoil. The manor of 
 Middleseeugh belongs to Sir H. F. Vane, Bart., and 
 that of Braithwaite to Lord Brougham. The common • 
 was enclosed under the act of 1803 for enclosing the 
 forest of Inglewood. The principal landowners are Sir 
 H. F. Vane, Bart., Mrs. W'ilson, James Atkinson, Mrs. 
 Price, John Pollock, William Pollock, Mrs. Foster, and 
 Messrs. A\'akefield. The inhabitants attend the chapel 
 at IvcgUl or Highhcad, and marry and bury at Seberg- 
 ham, for which privilege they keep in repair a hundred 
 yards of road near the church ; they support their own 
 poor. Middleseeugh Hall is at present a farmhouse. 
 Middleseeugh Forest or Wood is a noted place for fox 
 hunting. 
 
 ^ Eaijtexfield Abhcy. — Extm-Parochial Place. — This is an extra-parochial place, the returns for which, np to 1811, were included in 
 those of St. Mary's pariah. It comprises ten inhabited houses; its population in 1811 was 03, and in 1&51, 09.
 
 nOX-Y TRINITY ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICT. 
 
 U6 
 
 HOLY TRINITY ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICT. 
 
 The district attached to the cliurch of Holy Trinity includes the townships of Caldewgate and Cummersdale, 
 part of the parish of St. ]\Iary, Cariisle. The soil here is of a heavy clay, partly mixed \Yith gravel, upon a wet 
 subsoil, except in the valley of the Eden and Caldew, where it is of a red sandy alluvium. The habits of the 
 people arc similar to those of any other manufxcturing district. The Port CarHsle, Silloth, and Newcastle and 
 Carlisle railways run through this district, in which are situated the Infirmary and i'ever House. 
 
 black mould incumbent upon a red clay subsoil, gene- 
 
 CALDEWGATE. 
 
 This township comprises an area of 1,564 acres; its 
 population will be found at page 83. It was enclosed 
 by act of parUament in 1780. The inhabitants are 
 chiefly engaged in the various branches of the cotton 
 manufacture. The Roman wall passed through part of 
 the township of Caldewgate upon the banks of the Eden. 
 The manorial rights are vested in the dean and chap- 
 ter. The rateable value of Caldewgate, in 1848, was 
 £0-i~0 ICs. 2d.; in 3 857, £12,008 7s. 9d. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 The District Church of Holy Trinity was begun in 
 September, 1828, and opened in 1832. It is in the 
 Early English style, from a design by Rickman, and 
 will seat about 1,000 persons. The cost of erection was 
 about i;G,000, towai-ds which the £1,890 was subscribed 
 by the parishioners ; the remainder of the required sum 
 being furnished by the Commissioners for building 
 new churches. There is a handsome painted window 
 in the chancel, presented by Mrs. Ann Thwaytes. The 
 living, a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of the 
 dean and chapter, is worth about £100 per annum. 
 
 iMCUHBEiiTS. — Edward Solkeld, 1831; James Tbwaytes, 1639 ; 
 James Toskcr, 1S-J5. 
 
 The parsonage is in Eaglesfield Abbey. 
 
 CHAIIITY. 
 
 Davison's Charity. — .Tohn Davison, who died De- 
 • ccmbcr 2nd, 1774, bequeathed i'OOO, the interest of 
 which, after paying a small sum to a person for keeping 
 the accounts, was to be distributed amongst eleven or 
 twelve poor housekeepei*s, who had not been in receipt 
 of parish reUcf The money was invested, in Februar}-, 
 1770, in the purclia.=io of £692 8s. stock, in the 3 per 
 cent. Consols, and the dividends are divided annually, 
 amongst eleven or twelve poQr persons of Caldewgate 
 township. 
 
 CCMMERSDAIE. 
 
 This township contains an area of 1,011 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £2,800. lu population in 1801 was 
 382; in 1811, 402; in 1821, 512; in 1831, 488: in 
 1841, C20; and in 1851, 059. The soil is a light 
 
 rally well drained by tiles, and from its proximity to 
 Carlisle m a high state of cultivation. The Carlisle and 
 Maryport railway intersects the township. The prin- 
 cipal landowners are the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, 
 Joseph Ferguson, Esq.; Dr. Barnes; Colonel Sowerbv; 
 John Dalton, Esq. ; Gustavus Gall, Esq. ; George 
 Thompson, Esq. ; Messrs. John Birket, Thomas .\rm- 
 strong, Thomas Dalton, and William Xixou. The tithes 
 have been commuted for £27 18s. The Bishop of Car- 
 lisle is lord of the manor. 
 
 A large cotton factory (spinning) and flour mill are 
 canned on here by Messrs. John Dalton and Sons ; and 
 at Holme Head, which is partly in this township, and 
 partly in that of Caldewgate, are the extensive dvein" 
 and bleaching works of Messrs. Ferguson, Brothers. 
 Here are also situated the printworks of Messrs. T. 
 and H. Mc.Alpin, Stead, & Co. This place was erected 
 in ISOl, by Mr. John Forster, banker, Carlisle, and 
 commenced business under the name of Forster, James, 
 and Co. (afterwards Forster, James, Wastell, Donald, 
 and Co.), under the management of ilr. David Donald. 
 The garment prints produced by this firm were in 
 great request, and considered second to none at that 
 time for good workmanship and fastness of colours. 
 The works were continued by the above firm until the 
 year 18)7, when they ceased, and for seventeen years 
 remained tot;dly unoccupied. At the end of that time 
 the place, then iu a most ruinous state, was taken by 
 Thomas Mc.Alpin & Co., who put it iu thorough repair, 
 and having laid down new machinery, moved by a largo 
 and powerful water-wheel, commenced working on the 
 31st of August, 1835, since when, up to the present 
 time, under the able management of Mr. II. Mc.Alpin, 
 the works have been successfully carried on. Some 
 years after eonimoncing, the linn underwent a change, 
 it is now T. and H. Mc.Vlpin, Stead, & Co. There 
 are several distinct branches in the business, each 
 presided over by its own foreman ; the number of 
 hands altogether employed being about two hundred and 
 twenty. The work produced is of the liighest class of 
 block chintz furniture printing, and for many years the 
 firm has stood unrivalled in this important branch of
 
 146 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 trade. Of the many print works formerly existing in 
 Cumberland, this is the only one no\T left. 
 
 The village of Cummersdale is two miles south-west 
 of Carlisle. 
 
 Xewby is another village in this townshig, about one 
 and a half miles north-west of Cummersdale. Here is 
 a school for children of both sexes, erected by subscrip- 
 tion in ]8P,3, aided by a grant from the National 
 Society. 
 
 There is also a school at Holme Head, erected in 
 18-11, by Messrs. Ferguson Brothers, for the education 
 of the children of their workpeople. The average 
 attendance is about 70. 
 
 Carlisle Cemetery. — The new cemetery, which has 
 been provided as the last resting place of the inhabi- 
 tants of the old border city, is situated in this township, 
 about a mUe south-east of Carlisle, and comprises an 
 area of th irty-fi ve acres, purchased from the Ecclesia.s tical 
 Commissioners. It was opened for interment on the 
 20th of May, iBoi and the present Bishop of Carlisle, 
 Dr. YiUiers, consecrated that portion, sixteen acres, 
 allotted to the members of the Established Church, 
 on the 23rd of June, 1850. The cemetery is beauti- 
 fully situated on elevated ground, which commands an 
 extensive view of the Scottish, Northumbrian, and 
 Cumbrian mountains. In the foreground appear the 
 cathedral and other churches, the grey keep of the 
 castle built by Rufus, the ancient priory, and the only 
 remaining portion of the wall by which the city was 
 formerly surrounded. There are two handsome chapels 
 in the Early English style, built of brick, with white 
 stone dressings and buttresses. Each chapel is sur- 
 mounted by a belfry and cross. The floors of the inte- 
 rior are laid with encaustic tUes, by Minton, and have a 
 very pleasing effect. The lodge and entrance gateway 
 form a neat structure in the same style as the chapels. 
 The ground was laid out and the chapels and lodge 
 erected from designs furnished by the Messrs. Hay, of 
 Liverpool ; Mr. J. Creighton, of Carlisle, was the con- 
 tractor. The cost amounted to £14,000. Several 
 
 handsome monuments oniaraent the cemetery. Outside 
 the boundary wall, but in the neighbourhood of the 
 cemetery, are the remains of some ancient wells, at the 
 foot of a gentle eminence, called in the ancient writings 
 " Seven Well Bank," and on which tradition reports 
 there formerly stood an ancient chapel, the foundation 
 of which may still be traced. On the principal re- 
 maining well, of a circular form, is an inscription in 
 Medioeval Latin, which, divested of its contractions, 
 reads as follows : — 
 
 Pargatuni, decUcatumque, Ubeskud, die quinto 
 Decembris, Frater, de sub rupo lapidem venerabili 
 Sancto Eedx, ore rotundo. 
 
 Venerable Bede, to whom this well seems to be dedi- 
 cated, was contemporary with St. Cuthbcrt, to whom, 
 as has been seen at page 84, a grant was made of all 
 the laud within fifteen miles of Carlisle. The Burial 
 Board of Cai'lisle have therefore placed a copy of the 
 golden cross woni by the saint, sculptured of a beautiful 
 white stone, on the eastern gable of the Church of England 
 chapel, and have adopted the device for their common 
 seal. It appears also alternated with the sacred mono- 
 gram in the diamonds of Hartley's patent glass, with 
 which the windows are filled. This interesting relic of 
 antiquity was found upon what was considered by many 
 to be the saint's body, when bis stone coflBn was opened 
 at Durham, in 1827. The following is the statement 
 of interments in the cemetery, for the year ending 31st 
 December, 1857: — 
 
 
 Chnrch 
 of England. 
 
 Dissenters. | 
 
 Soman 
 Catholics 
 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 1. 
 
 i 
 
 •J 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 1857. 
 
 S-2 
 
 y. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 aa 
 
 
 ■A 
 
 ■-3 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 Quarter ending 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 31st March.. 
 
 .-■)« 
 
 T) 
 
 71 
 
 134 
 
 14 
 
 i 
 
 14 
 
 ■Z'J 
 
 a 
 
 
 V 
 
 18 
 
 181 
 
 12 
 
 :lOili .lime . . 
 
 40 
 
 o 
 
 f,e 
 
 !W 
 
 19 
 
 (1 
 
 l.". 
 
 34 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 l.-i3 
 
 26 
 
 liOth Sept. . . 
 
 HO 
 
 a 
 
 m 
 
 1331 14! 1 
 
 a 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 2 11 
 
 22 
 
 175 
 
 16 
 
 3Istl)ec. ... 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 67 
 
 133 3i 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 » 
 
 ji.:. 
 
 23 
 
 1114 
 
 12 
 
 
 •223 
 
 10 
 
 259 
 
 498 50 2 
 
 39 
 
 91 
 
 38 
 
 3 43 
 
 84 
 
 673 
 
 66 
 
 WREAY CHABELRY. 
 
 This chapeliy, whose mother church is that of St. Mary, Carhsle, is bounded on the north and west by the new 
 parish of Upperby, on the south by High Hesket, and on the east by the river Petteril. The inhabitants who reside 
 in the small villages or hamlets of "SA'reay and Foulbridge, and some scattered houses, are principally engaged in 
 agricultural pursuits ; they attend the Carlisle and Penrith markets. There is a tile manufactoiy carried on by Mr. 
 Howe, of Carlisle. The soil here is good and fertile, with a portion of meadow and arable land resting on a clayey, 
 and in some parts a sandy subsoil. The Lancaster and Carlisle Railway runs through the chapelry, and there is a 
 station close to the village.
 
 WREAY CHAPELKY. 
 
 1. 
 
 The population of Wreay township in ] 801 was 118 ; 
 in 1811, 104 ; in 1821, 130; in 1831, 100 ; in 1841, 
 151 : and in 1^51, 149. Its area is 1,088 acres. The 
 manorial rights of the township are vested in the Eccle- 
 siastical Commissioners. James Losh, Esq., William 
 S. Losh, Esq., Miss Losh, Joseph Scott, Esq., William 
 Carrick, Esq., John P. Fletcher, Esq., John K. Saul, 
 Esq., and ilr. William Thomlinson, are the principal 
 landowners. 
 
 The village of Wreay occupies a pleasant situation, 
 five miles south by east of Carlisle, at the southern 
 extremity of Cumberland Ward. 
 
 THE CHATEL. 
 
 The chapel was entirely rebuilt in 1843, at a cost of 
 about £1,200 ; the whole of which sum, with the excep- 
 tion of a small donation from the patrons of the living, 
 and the contributions of a few friends, was defrayed by 
 Miss Losh, of Woodside. It is in the Xorraan style, 
 consisting of nave and chancel, with turret, crowned by 
 a Roman eagle, and containing, in two niches, statues 
 of Saints Peter and Paul. The western doorway, which 
 is arched, is much admired, being ornamented with 
 tlowers of the water lily, <S,c. The interior is very neat, 
 and all the windows being of stained glass, the " dim 
 religious light," adds much to the impressiveness and 
 solenmity of the sacred edifice ; the three in the west 
 end are richly executed. The chancel, which is semi- 
 circular in form, is very beautiful, and its windows are 
 cut to represent antediluvian flowers, llere aie seven 
 lamps, apparently lighted, intended to represent the 
 seven spirits mentioned in the Book of Pievclations. 
 Two eagles in bniss, support the communion table; 
 another, richly carved ia wood, serves as a reading desk; 
 and numerous figures of angels, birds, itc. ornament 
 the interior of the structure. The oaken roof of the 
 cliaptl is also beautifully curved, and was furnished 
 from the well wooded lawn of Woodside, the seat of 
 Miss Losh, whose prolific mind furnished the various 
 devices for this splendid little edifice, which is fitted 
 up in the style of some of the Italian churches. In 
 the adjoining churchyard, there is a beautiful monu- 
 ment, by Dunbar, to the nienior)- of the late Miss 
 Catherine Losh. It consists of a figure of the deceased 
 in white polished marble, and occupies an antique 
 Druidical cell, near to which stands a stone cross, 
 Wghteon feet liigh, a copy of one in Bowcastle church- 
 yard, with a Latin inscription to the memory of the 
 lute John Losh, Esq. and his wife. The cemetcrj-, 
 at a short distance from the chapel, as also the sexton's 
 house, was the gift of Miss Losh. The former contains 
 a neat oratory, a copy of one at Perran/.abuloe, Cornwall. 
 
 The chapel ry of Wreay existed at least as early as 
 the reign of Edward II., but how much greater its 
 antiquity may be, we have no means of ascertaining. 
 In 1319, Bishop Halton allowed a chaplain to it, 
 to celebrate the divine offices and administer the 
 sacraments, on condition that he constantly resided 
 within his chapelry. In 1739, the old chapel was con- 
 secrated by Bishop Fleming, and the incumbent's salary 
 was made into £20 a year, with a house. Wreay had 
 no other endowment than the interest of a chapel stock 
 of £200, till augmented in 1757, by Queen Anne's 
 Bounty. The living, a perpetual curacy, is in the 
 patronage of the dean and chapter of Carlisle, and is now 
 worth £80 per annum. The tithes were commuted in 
 1839, for £30 lis. 7d. 
 
 I.NCU.iiBENis. — Philip Robinson, 1738; David Graham, 
 1731; John Parker, 1733; Joseph Parker, 1738; 'Williain 
 Gaskin, 1783; John Barnes, 1832; Eichord Jackson, 1835. 
 
 The parsonage is a neat building, in the Elizabethan 
 style, erected by the present incumbent, in 1840, on the 
 site of the old parsonage, at a cost of £050. 
 
 CBAIUTIES. 
 
 ScJwol. — John Brown, Esq. of Woodside, by will 
 dated 27th March, 17C3, left to certain trustees, £000 
 in trust, to pay the interest of £200, part thereof for 
 and towards increasing the salary of the schoolmaster 
 of Wreay School. A part of the money was laid out 
 soon afterwards in the purchase of laud in Wreay, 
 amounting to rather more than ten acres. Th£ land is 
 now let by the school trustees for the benefit of the 
 master. The school-house was built by subscription 
 in 1700. In 1830 Miss Losh built a new school, near 
 the site of the old one, and endowed it with thirty acres 
 of pasture land, which now lets for about £10 a year, 
 which sum is applied to the education of poor children 
 of the adjoining townships. The master's house erec- 
 ted by the same lady, is on the model of one discovered 
 among the ruins of Pompeii. The school is now under 
 government inspection, supported by the quarter pence 
 of the children, and lias an average attendance of CO 
 pupils. There is also a girl's school, attended by 
 about 20 scholars. The late Miss JMargaret Losh be- 
 queathed to each of the above schools £50, which is 
 invested in the Xewcastle and Carlisle railway, and 
 the interest applied as directed. 
 
 Louthian'i Gift. — Richard Lowthian gave £50 to the 
 minister and twelve men of Wreay, to be distributed, or 
 othenviso invested, as they should think proper. This 
 legacy was received in the year 1780, and is in the 
 hands of the family of Losh, by whom the interest is
 
 148 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 regularly paiJ. The amount, CO 5s. is given away at 
 Candlemas, to three or four poor persons not receiving 
 parochial relief. 
 
 Wreay Working Men's Reading Room was established 
 
 in 1850. It is well supplied with periodicals, and com- 
 prises a library of nearly -100 volumes. The members 
 pay a subscription of two shillings per annum. 
 
 Foulbridge is a hamlet in the township, about a mile 
 south-west of AVrcay. 
 
 BEAUMONT PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by the river Eden, on the west by Burgh-upon-Sands, on the south by 
 Moorhouse, and on the east by Grinsdale. It Las uo dependent townships. The inhabitants are located in the 
 village of Beaumont, and in a few scattered houses and farms. Agriculture is their principal employment, and they 
 attend the markets at Carlisle. The soil here is rich and fertile. 
 
 Beaumont township comprises an area of 1470 acres, 
 and its rateable value is £1,288. The population in 
 1801 was 219; in 1811,270; in 1821, in consequence 
 of many labourers being employed in this and the ad- 
 joining parishes, in the construction of a canal, it was 
 323; in 1831, 270; in 1841, 288; and in 1851, 294. 
 A portion of the township is intersected by the Carlisle 
 and Port Carlisle railway, formerly a canal. The Roman 
 wall passed through this parish, and some traces of it, 
 as well as of the vallum, are still to be seen. The 
 course of the wall was as follows : — It entered the parish 
 at Beaumont Beck, near the Eden, and proceeding in a 
 direct line to the church, went thence in a westerly 
 direction to Burgh-upon-Sands. 
 
 The manor of Beaumont was held in ancient times 
 by the Bruns, lords of Bowness, who were also the 
 patrons of the living. Previous to 1380 it became, by 
 purchase, the property of the Dacre family, and has 
 since continued annexed to the barony of Burgh, now 
 held by the Earl of Lonsdale, who is therefore lord of 
 Beaumont. The principal landowners, in addition to 
 the lord of the manor, are, .John Uodgson, Esq.; Rev. 
 J. Hodgson ; Robert Faulder, Esq. ; G. H. Oliphant, 
 Esq. : AVilliara .Tackson, Esq. ; Mary Wilson : George 
 Gill Mounsey, Esq. ; Mllliam Daud, Esq. ; Christopher 
 EUiot, Esq.; — Rothwell, Esq.; and Ehzabcth Brown. 
 
 The village of Beaumont occupies a gentle eminence 
 on the west bank of the Eden, about four miles north- 
 west of Carlisle, and commands beautiful views of that 
 city, as well as of the Solway Frith, and the iiTegular 
 country about Rockliff. Here are a tile manufactory 
 and a com mill. 
 
 THE CnUIlCH. 
 
 The church, which since 1092 has been common to 
 the parishes of Beaumont and Kirkandrews, is dedicated 
 to St. Mary. It is a plain structure in the Xormau 
 
 style. The chancel arch has at some time been removed, 
 otherwise the church is in a fair state of preservation. 
 The Earl of Lonsdale is patron of the united livings of 
 Beaumont and Kirkandrews-on-Eden. Among those 
 who have exercised the right of presentation to Beau- 
 mont, we find the name of Robert de la Ferete, lord of 
 Beaumont, in 1290 ; in 1300, Sir Richard de Brun, 
 Knt., presents; in 1339, Matilda Brun, lady of Beau- 
 mont; in 1300, William Beauchamp, rector of Kirk- 
 oswald, Thomas de TugUall, vicar of Torpenhow, and 
 Robert Pago, chaplain, present; in 1380, Sir Hugh dc 
 Dacre ; in 1562, Sir William Dacre, Knt. ; in 1581, the 
 Earl of Arundel ; in 1011, .\nne. Countess Dowager of 
 Anuidel, and again in 1015; in 1010, Bishop Snowdon. 
 The living, a rectory, valued in the King's Book at 
 £8 Is. 8d., is worth about £134. The tithes were com- 
 muted for £134 2s. 9d., in 1827, by special .act of 
 parliament. The parish register commences in 1092. 
 
 Kectors.— Ellas de Tliirlwall, 1290 ; Waller de Arthuret, 1 3:10 ; 
 Wm. Bronne, — ; HicharJ Bronne, 1;5;!9; Thomas de So'jrby, 
 1305; Adam de Caledbect, — ; Walter de Ormshcved, 18(iC; 
 Robert Croft, 1380; Robert Cbapman, 140(1 ; Jobn Thompson,! 
 — ; Henry Haslehead, 1502 ; Lancelot Wilson, ir.Sl ; Edward 
 Johnston, — ; Thomas Thompson, 1011; John Wilson, 1015; 
 Thomas Robinson, KilC ; Thomas Warwick, 1625 ; Andrew 
 Smith, 1034; Patricius Hume, 1CC3; Richard Wilson, —; Sir 
 John Lowther, 1002; Gabriel Trant, 1703; Thomas Lewthwaite, 
 1705; George Bowness, 1762; Richard Burn, sen., — ; Richard 
 Bum, 1815 ; William Benn, 1847 ; John Brown, 1802. 
 
 MonkhiU and New Sandsfield are hamlets in this 
 parish. The single houses having particular names 
 are. Priest Hill; Casson Dyke; Kinney Garth, anciently 
 Coney Garth, now a place for cattle to shelter in ; and 
 Holmes Mill. 
 
 1 Deprived in the rclgu of Elizabeth for refusing the oath of 
 supremacy.
 
 BOWNESS PARISH. 
 
 14:9 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Pattinson's Charily. — Thomas Pattinson left the 
 interest of t'oO to the schoolmaster of this parish, 
 Kirlxaudrews-upon-EJen, and Griusdale, share and 
 sliare aUke, if more than one, for teaching the children 
 of those parishes who sliould not receive parish relief.' 
 There is no school at Licauniont, but the inhabitants 
 subscribed to the buildin" of one at Kirkandrews, the 
 
 master of which receives the interest of ^Mr. Pattin- 
 son's bequest. 
 
 Mrs. Hodgaon's School. — The children of parents, 
 within the parish of Beaumont, not possessed of a real 
 estate of £13 per annum, are entitled to free instruc- 
 tion at the school founded by Mrs. Hodgson, at Wig- 
 gonby, in Aikton parish; but the distance between 
 Beaumont and ^^'iggonby is too far to render this privi- 
 lege of much value. 
 
 BOWNESS TARISH. 
 
 BowNESS occupies a large headland stretching eastward into the Solway, and extends about six miles in length from 
 east to west, and two miles in breadth from north to south. It is bounded on the north by the Solway, on the west 
 by the Solway and the river Wampool, on the south by the Wampool and Aikton parish, and on the east by Aikton, 
 Kirkbampton, and Burgh-on-Sands. It comprises the townships of Bowness, Anthorn, Drumburgh, and Fingland, 
 whose united area is 1791 acres. Carlisle andWigton arc the markets usually attended by the inhabitants. A large 
 track of moss-land, containing several hundred acres, called Bowness I'low, situated near the river Wampool, in 
 Bowness and Anthorn townships, has been recently drained and reclaimed. 
 
 BOWNESS. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 200 ; 
 in 1811, 318; in 1821, in consequence of the presence 
 of labourers employed in the construction of a canal, it 
 had increased to 471 ; in 1831, it was 388 ; in 1811, 
 cat ; and in 18.51, 508. Its rateable value is £2,053 
 l.'is. The soil here varies from a good reddish clay or 
 marl to a light gravelly soil resting on blue clay. The 
 Carlisle and Port Carlisle railway runs through an 
 angle of the township. On Bowness Flow there is a 
 chemical works, carried on by Mr. David Dick, of 
 Burgh-on-Sauds ; and an asphalte manufactory, carried 
 on by Mr. John IloUingworth, of Carlisle. 
 
 " Bowness," says CoUingwood Bruce, " is the name 
 of the bow-shaped ness, or peninsula, at the extreme 
 point of the left bank of the Solway Frith. It is 
 slightly elevated above the surrounding counti"}', as is 
 plainly seen when it is viewed from a distance. A little 
 to the east of the site of the station (lioman), the Solway 
 is easily fordable at low water ; but no one in the 
 memory of the inhabituits of these parts has forded the 
 estuary westward of the town. This circumstance 
 would render Bowness a fit place to terminate the bar- 
 rier wall. With diflioulty the antiquary may sec some 
 slight traces of the walls of the station, its southern 
 lines near the church being those which arc most 
 apparent. No quarry being within several miles of the 
 
 1 Sec Bowue39 pitriah. 
 
 spot, the wall and station have furnished the materials 
 of which the church and most of the habitations of the 
 town arc composed. A small altar built up in the 
 frout of a barn in the principal street, has an inscription 
 importing that it was dedicated to Jupiter, the best and 
 greatest, by Sulpicius Secuudiauus, the tribune of the 
 cohort for the safety of our lords the emperors Galbus 
 aud Volusianus. Bowness may be the Gabroscntum of 
 the Notitia; Horsley reckoning Watchcross among the 
 stations of the line, conceives it to bo Tunnocelum." 
 
 Bowness appears to have been at a very early period 
 parcel of the barony of Burgh, and was given by one 
 of its first barons to Gamcl le Brun, or Broyne, as the 
 family afterwards spelled the name. The Bruns, or 
 Broynes, continued to possess Bowness for several gene- 
 rations, and had their seat at Drumburgh, generally sup- 
 posed to have been one of the stations on the lloman 
 Wall, which ran through this parish, and from its con- 
 tiguity to the wastes in this district, the family was 
 sometimes called Do la Feritato. Itichard lo Brun, 
 and after him Robert le Brun, enjoyed it in the reign 
 of Fdward I. In the year 131)7, the first year of the 
 reign of Edward II., Richard lo Brun obtained the 
 king's license to crencUate " his house at Drombogh, 
 in marchia Scolitc ;" and a similar license was given to 
 Thomas Dacre, baron of Burgh, as lord paramount. 
 Robert le Brun occurs in the reign of Edward HI., and 
 Jolni Brun in that of Richard II. The last of this
 
 150 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 ivame and family at Bowness was Richard le Brun, who 
 died about the latter part of the fourteenth century, 
 and his co-heiresses having married into the Curwen, 
 Harrington, and Bowctt families, Bowness appears to 
 have been reunited to Burgh Barony, as it still con- 
 tinues, being now the property of the Earl of Lons- 
 dale, the lord paramount ; besides whom, W. Hodgson, 
 Esq.; Mrs. Wood; John, Daniel, and Thomas Lawson ; 
 John Topping; Robert Kobiuson ; Pattinson Lawson; 
 Mrs. Reed ; John Lawson, seur. ; and John Wills, are 
 the principal landowners. 
 
 The village of Bowness is pleasantly situated on a 
 rockv promontory, overlooking the Solway Frith, four- 
 teen miles west-by-north of Carlisle, and ten miles 
 north-by-west of Wigton. 
 
 THE CHCBCH. 
 
 Bowness church, dedicated to St. ^Michael, is an an- 
 cient building, the date of whose erection is unknown, but 
 the materials employed are generally said to have been 
 brought from the Roman station. The living, a rectory, 
 has always been appendant to the manor, and is conse- 
 quently in the patronage of the Earl of Lonsdale. The 
 benefice is valued in the King's Book at £il los. 1 Id., 
 but is now worth about £'450 a year, arising from the 
 tithes, commuted for £'.3QG 5s. Od. in 1838 ; 57 acres of 
 glebe ; 73 acres of laud on the west common, let for 
 ^42 a year; and 191 acres of uncultivated laud. The 
 parish register commences in 1648. 
 
 Eectoks. — Koald tie Richmond, 1300; Reginald de North- 
 burgh,l:307; Walter,— ; William de KirkbyThore, 1342; AVilliam 
 de Hall, 13.J4; Thomas de Barton, 13^1 ; William de Bowness, 
 1390 ; John Eobinson, — ; William Tallentvre, 1565 ; Arthur 
 Caye, 15T-.J; James Taylor, — ; Leonard Lowther, 1580; Bichard 
 Sibson, 1597; William Orbel, 1617; Thomas War«-ick, 102!); 
 Mr. Watwick, — ; George Troutbeck, lOflO; Henry Aglionby, 
 IfiOl; Gerard Lowther, 1C07; Henry Lowther, 1731; Hugh 
 Eobinson, 1753 ; James Watson, 17C3; Browne Grisdale, 17t<4; 
 Harrison Shaw, 1814 ; William M. Preston, ISiS ; Andrew Hud- 
 dleston, 1828; John Jenkins, 1852; John Robinson, 1855. 
 
 The old rectory is about to be rebuilt ; the rector 
 resides at present (1858) iu the village. 
 
 The parish school is a stone building, enlarged iu 
 1835, with an average attendance of 40 pupils. It is 
 under inspection, aud is supported by quarter pence, 
 donations from Pattinson's charity (as below), and 
 William Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 CHAKITIES. 
 
 Pattinsot^'s Chanty. — Thomas Pattinson, by will, 
 dated the ICth of March, 1785, gave all his personal 
 estate, afterja few specific legacies, in trust, to be put 
 out at interest, and the interest of £'1G0, part thereof, 
 
 to be paid annually, on the 1st of May, to the master 
 teaching school at the new school-house at Easton, as 
 an encoiu'agement for teaching the children of the poor 
 inhabitants of Drumburgh Quarter, not receiving alms, 
 such children to be chosen by the trustees. And the 
 testator declared his will to be, that in case the school- 
 liouse should he vacant, or the trustees should not 
 approve of the incumbent, in that case the interest of 
 the money should accumulate for the benefit of a new 
 incumbent. And that the trustees should pay the 
 interest of £20 more for supplying fires for the school ; 
 aud that the interest of other £100 should be paid 
 annually, on the 1st of May, to the schoolmasters 
 teaching school iu the quarters of Bowness, Anthorn, 
 aud Whitrigge, to he divided equally among them, 
 share aud share alike, if more than one ; and the 
 interest of £20 towards instructing the poor children of 
 the parish of Bowness in singing psalms. He also 
 directed that the interest of another £100 should be 
 paid annually to the schoolmaster of Burgh, Long- 
 burgh, and Moorhouse, in the parish of Burghon- 
 Sands, as an encouragement for his or their teaching 
 poor children of the parish of Burgh aforesaid, who should 
 receive alms of the said parish. Also, the interest of 
 another £100 to a schoolmaster of the parish of Orton, 
 for teaching children of the parish not receiving relief. 
 Also, the interest of another £50 to the schoolmasters 
 of the parishes of Beaumont, Kirkandrews-on-Edeu, 
 aud Grinsdale, shai'e and share alilce, if more than one, 
 for teaching the children of these parishes who should 
 not receive relief. Also, the interest of other £50 to 
 the schoolmaster teachuig school in the townships of 
 Harraby, Cai'lton, aud Brisco, share and share alike, if 
 more than one. Also, the interest of other £10ii to the 
 schoolmaster of Blackball. The several sums above 
 mentioned were invested in the year 1787, by the 
 trustees, in the purchase of stock iu the Three-per-cent 
 Consols, at 77J, thus producing, for every £100 so laid 
 out, £3 17s. yearly, which rate of interest is paid regu- 
 larly every year, on the 1st of May, to the different 
 parishes entitled to receive the benefit of these dona- 
 tions. 
 
 Trouthcck's Charity. — Robert Troutbeck, by will, 
 proved Gth June, 170G, gave to the poor of Bowness 
 £50, the interest thereof to be distributed every year 
 by a Troutbeck or the minister and churchwardens for 
 the )-ear. This sum was laid out in the purchase of 
 about three acres of land at Wigton, which produces 
 about £13 a year. The rent is distributed about 
 Easter, every year, by the minister and church- 
 wardens, amongst poor persons not receiving parish 
 rehef.
 
 BOWNESS PALISH. 
 
 151 
 
 Port Carlisle, formerly Fisher's Cross, is a village 
 witbin the township, situated near the junction of the 
 EJen and the Esk with the Solway Erith, twelve miles 
 north-west of Carlisle. Less than thirty years ago it 
 contained only two houses, Kirkland House, and a 
 small inn, called the " Binnacle." Tt has now grown 
 to a respectably-sized village, and possesses an hotel, 
 inns, and good accommodation for sea bathers, by 
 whom the place is much frequented. It is connected 
 with Carlisle by a railway, an account of which will be 
 found at page fi,") : previous to the construction of the 
 railway a canal joined the two places. The Solway 
 Frith has been well buoyed and lighted, and a consider- 
 able trade is carried on with Uelfast, Liverpool, and other 
 ports. The depth of water at the entiance of the port 
 is 18 feet inches. There is a private school in the 
 village, under the direction of the rector of the parish. 
 At Port Carlisle is a mound resembling an ancient 
 British Barrow, called b'isher's Cross. About half a 
 mile to the westward of it is another, which has been 
 somewhat encroached upon by the road that runs along 
 the mai'gin of the Solway, and is denominated Knock's 
 Cross. The proverb is common throughout Cumber- 
 land, " As old as Knock's Cross." In the front of the 
 Stcampacket Hotel, Port Carlisle, is built up the frag- 
 ment of a small Roman altar, bearing the inscription, 
 " Svis ]\lATniiu's." It is one of the numerous instances 
 that we meet with along the line of the llomau wall, 
 of altars dedicated to the Dea Matres. Between Port 
 Carlisle and 13ownoss the site of the Iloraan wall may 
 be traced nearly the whole way ; not lud'requeutly the 
 foundations of it and its fosse may be discerned. In 
 one place some largo stones resembling those used 
 in forming the gateways of the mile castles will be 
 noticed. ^^ 
 
 ANTiionx. 
 
 Anthorn township contained in 1801, 170 inhabi- 
 tants; in LSI I, 10) ; in lSi\, 20.3; in 18:il, 230; in 
 1841. 207 ; and in 18.'^, 211. The soil here is chieily 
 of a gravelly nature, with a largo tract of moss; lio 
 acres are culled " Ancient land," the rest was enclosed 
 in 1820. This township forms part of the manor of 
 Bowness, of which the E.arl of Lonsdale is lord para- 
 mount. The principal landowners are Messrs. John 11. 
 Donald, Georgo Donald, John ilesscnger, John Tape, 
 Thomas 1!. Topping, John Pattinson, Mre. I?ackhouse, 
 and Mrs. Wilson. 
 
 The village of Anthorn is situated on the north bank 
 of the estuary of the Wampool, about four miles soutli- 
 west of Bowness. 
 
 Cardumock is another village in this towTiship, four 
 
 miles west-south-west of Bowness, on the verge of a 
 tongue of land which terminates the parish. 
 
 Longcroft is also a village in this township, three miles 
 south by west of Bowness. Here there is a school, a 
 small plain building, with an average attendance of 
 thirty children. It is under inspection and supported 
 by quarter pence. 
 
 DKUMBUEGH. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £2,314 lOs.Cd. 
 Its population in 1801 was 299; in 1811, 299: in 
 1821, in consequence of the formation of the canal, it 
 had increased to 118 : in 1831 it was 084 ; in 1841, 
 470; and iu is.'il, 430. The soil is partly fertile, 
 with some mossy barren land. The Port Carlisle, and 
 Carlisle and Silloth railways run through this township, 
 and have a station at this village. The principal land- 
 owners here are the Earl of Lonsdale (lord paramount), 
 Mrs. Anna Lawson, Miss T. Lawson, and Messrs. 
 William Borridaile, Edward Barnes, Thomas Lawson, 
 John Lawson, Faulder Lawson, William Nixon, Chris- 
 topher Watson, Thomas Pattinson, John Xorman, John 
 Watson, Joseph Pattinson, Jeremiah Sharpe, and Tho- 
 man Sanderson. 
 
 Drumlmrgh contains distinct remains of a small sta- 
 tionary Human camp. This, if Watch Cross be rejected, 
 was the sixteenth station of the wall, and consequently 
 the Axelodunum of the Nolitia, which was garrisoned by 
 the first cohort of the Spaniards. The camp is on the 
 ground of Richard Lawson, Esq. The ramparts are 
 well defined, as well as the ditch which surrounds them. 
 The whole area is covered with a luxuriant sward, 
 and its northern margin is shaded by some thriving ash 
 trees. No portion of the wall remains in its vicinity, 
 but its present proprietor remembers witnessing the 
 removal of the foundation. The northern rampart of 
 the station did not come up to the wall, but was removed 
 a few yards from it ; probably, the military way luu 
 between the station and the w:dl. The stjition at Barr 
 Hill, on the Antoninc Wall, is similarly situated. 
 South of the station is a well, enclosed by a circular 
 wall of Pvoman masonry, it is still in use, though the 
 water is drawn up from it by a pump. 
 
 Drumburgh Castle, the ancient scat of the Bruns, lords 
 of Bowness, is a fine specimen of the ancient fortified 
 manor-house. It is built of Roman stones, and now serves 
 as a farmhouse. It appears to iiave been rebuilt iu the 
 reign of Henry VI II. by Tiiomas. Lord Dacro. John 
 Aglionby, Esq., purchased the demesne of Drumburgh, 
 in the year l(i7s, uf Henry, Duke of Norfolk, and, 
 according to Deuton, repaired the castle, which was 
 then in ruins; some years afterwards he conveyed it to 
 Sir John Lowther, in exchange for Nunnery.
 
 159 
 
 CUMBERLAND AVAKD. 
 
 The village of Dniniburf;h occupies a pleasant situa- 
 tion, on an eminence, 3 J mile? south-east of Bowness, at 
 the junction of the Port Carlisle and Carlisle and Silloth 
 lines of railway. Here is a school, erected by subscrip- 
 tion and a grant from the National Society, in 1831, at 
 a cost of £150. It is under goveniment inspection, and 
 is supported by quarter pence and an annual grant of 
 £•20 from W. Hodgson. Esq., of liowness. Tlie average 
 attendance of children is about 70. In 1849, the Earl 
 of Lonsdale gave £10 for the erection of a gallery, ven- 
 tilation, Ac, a part of which was given to Bowness 
 School. W. Hodgson, Esq., is about to erect a school 
 here at his own expense. 
 
 Easton is a hamlet in Drumburgh township, four and 
 a half miles east-by-south of Bowness. The school here, 
 which receives £0 1 Ss. 8d. a year from Thomas Pattin- 
 son's charity, has been closed for some time. 
 
 Glasson is another hamlet in this township, two miles 
 south-east of Bowness, where there is a small Primitive 
 Methodist chapel, which was erected in 18-14, at a cost 
 of about £80. A subterraneous forest was cut through 
 in the excavation of the canal, near the banks of the 
 Solway Frith, about half a mile north-west of this 
 village, and extending into Kirkland. The trees were 
 all prostrate, and they had fallen with little deviation, 
 in a northerly direction, or a little eastward of it. Some 
 short trunks of two or three feet in height were in the 
 position of their natural growth ; but. although the trees, 
 with the exception of the alburnum and all the branches, 
 were perfectly sound, yet the extremity of the trunks, 
 whether fallen or standing, were so rugged, that it was 
 not discoverable whether the trees had been cut down, 
 or had fallen by a violent storm. The level upon which 
 the trunks lay was a little below that of high tides, and 
 from eight to ten feet above the surface of the ground 
 they were embedded in ; which, excepting the super- 
 ficial soil, is a soft blue clay, having the appearance of 
 
 marine alluvion Although the precise 
 
 period when the forest fell is not ascertainable, there is 
 a positive proof that it must have been long prior to the 
 building of the wall, because the foundations of the wall 
 passed obliquely over it, and lay three or four feet above 
 the level of the trees. Arch. ..El. ii. 117. The forest 
 extends over a considerable tract of ground. It is 
 probable that it was overthrown by a tempest from the 
 south or south-west, at a time when the sea occupied a 
 lower level than it does at present. The wood was so 
 sound that it was used in common with other oak tim- 
 ber in forming the jetties at the outlet of the canal into 
 the Solway Frith. 
 
 FISGI.AKD. 
 
 The area of this township is 1804 acres, and its 
 rateable value £1,524 2s. Gd. The number of inhabi- 
 tants in 1801 was 136 ; in 1811, 129 ; in 1821, 128; 
 in 18:3], 194; in 1841, 187; and in 18D1, 2:50. The 
 Carlisle and Silloth railway intersects the township. 
 The landowners are Mrs. Hodgson, Messrs. William 
 NLxon, Piobert Pattinson, John Hallifax, William and 
 James Corry, ^Yilliam Carr, John Story, Nathan llolli- 
 day, and William Beaty. Fingland forms part of the 
 manor of Bowness. AVhitrigge, in this township, was 
 anciently the property of a family to whom it gave 
 name, one of whose co-heiresses, carried it by marriage 
 to the Skeltons. 
 
 The village of Fingland is five miles south-south-east 
 of Bowness. 
 
 The hamlet of Whitrigge is situated on the north 
 bank of the Wampool, three miles south-by-east of 
 Bowness. 
 
 The school is a neat stone building, erected by sub- 
 scription and a grant from the School Building Society 
 about the year 1844; it is under goverimien^Bbpection, 
 supported by quarter pence and private subscriptions, 
 and has an average attendance of forty pupils. 
 
 BURGH - UPON - SANDS PARISH.' 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by the river Eden and BockclilY parish, on the west by Bowness, on the south 
 by Orton and Kirkbampton, and on the east by Beaumont. It includes the townships of Burgh-upon-Sands, Lon»- 
 burgh, Boustead Hill, anciently Burghstead Hill, and Moorhouse and Thui-stonfield, whose united area is 7,839 
 acres. Burgh Mai-sh is a stinted pasture of about 1400 acres of alluvial soil, extending from Old Sandsfield to a 
 brook called Fresh Creek in the township of Boustead Hill. 
 
 • Also Burgh-le-Sands, and Bnrgh-by Sands.
 
 BURGH-UPON-SANDS PARISH. 
 
 153 
 
 BURGH-nPON-SANDS. ' 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 326; 
 in ISll, 357; in isCil, 490; in 1831, 457; in 1841. 
 512; and in 1851, 541. The inhabitants are princi- 
 pally yeomen, who reside in the village of Burgh-upon- 
 Sands and a few detached dwellings. They attend the 
 Carlislo markets. The soil here is very fertile, cou- 
 sisting of good vegetable mould. The township is 
 intersected by good public roads, and by the Carlisle 
 and Silloth and Port Carlisle railways, a station on 
 which is situated at Burgh, and also a depot for coal 
 and lime. 
 
 In Ilorsley's day the remains of the ramparts of the 
 Roman Wall were to be seen at a place called Oldcastle, 
 a little to the east of the parish church. He says, 
 " On the west side these remains are most distinct, 
 being about six chains in length ; and Severus's Wall 
 seems to have formed the north rampart of the station. 
 I was assured by the person to whom the field belonged 
 that stones were often ploughed up in it, and lime with 
 the stones. Ums have also frequently been found here. 
 I saw, besides an imperfect inscription, two Roman 
 altars lying at a door in the town, but neither sculptures 
 nor inscriptions are now visible upon them. 
 If, besides all this, we consider the distance from the 
 last station at Stanwix, I think it can admit of no doubt 
 but there must have been a station here, though most 
 of its ramparts are now levelled, the field having been 
 in tillage many years. I shall only further add, that it 
 was very proper to have a station at each end of the 
 marsh, which, if the water flowed as high as some 
 beliovo, would make a kind of bay." At present little 
 meets the eye of the inquirer to inform him of the spot 
 where the station stood, but when the surface of the 
 ground is broken, the traces of a Roman city are still 
 suflicicutly distinct. The churchyard is filled with 
 fragments of red sandstone blocks. At the depth of 
 two feet it contains several distinct lines of foundations. 
 Kntire lachrymatory vessels, and fragments of unglazed 
 jars and ums, and glazed bricks for the pavement of 
 baths, have repeatedly been dug up. A small bronze 
 figure was recently found. When the canal was cut, 
 blocks of stone, blackened by smoke, were dug out 
 of the soil to tlie south-ciust of the church. A few in- 
 scribed stones have boon found since Ilorsley's day, but 
 none of them name the cohort which was stationed in 
 the camp. Henco we have no means of knowin<T 
 whether Burgh is, as Ilorsley states it to be, the Axelo- 
 dunum of the Notitia, or Cougavata, according to the 
 
 'This townsliip romjiri^ies nnrgli Tlond nnd West Eml, formerly 
 two .ndoprndcm townships, but owinR li. the difficulty of deUning 
 tlio boundaries of eacli, thej an now united. 
 
 10 
 
 opinion of Hodgson. Among the Roman altars which 
 have been fouud here there is one inscribed " deo 
 BELATVc^.;" another, "deo belatvcadro posvit aeam 
 PRO sE ET svis ;" a third, " alatvn . . rpo s. 
 
 CENSOEINVS SALVTE SVA . . ES ET POS." 
 
 Near to Burgh is the site on which the castle of Sir 
 Hugh de Morville formerly stood. The adjoining field 
 is called " Hang-man-tree," doubtless because the lord 
 had his gallows here always ready for use. A neigh- 
 bouring enclosure bears a designation not less ominous, 
 " Spillblood Holme." 
 
 After the Conqueror had given the county of Cum- 
 berland to Ranulph de Meschines, the latter divided the 
 same into seven baronies, of which Burgh is one, and 
 comprises the parishes of Burgh, Bowness, Aikton, 
 Thursby, Orton, lurkbampton, Kirkandrews-on-Eden, 
 and Grinsdale. It was given by Ranulph de Meschines 
 to his brother-in-law, Robert D'Estrivers, or Trivers, 
 who married a sister of the said Ranulph, and received 
 from his brother-in-law the ofBce of chief forester of 
 Inglewood, which dignity with its liberties and privileges 
 continued to be held by the successive lords of Burgh 
 until Thomas de Multon of GUsland forfeited the same 
 by joining in the insurrection of Simon de Montfort, 
 Earl of Leicester, in the reign of Henry III. Ibria, 
 the heiress of Robert, married Ranulph Engayne lord 
 of Isell, and with her husband gave Harraby, near 
 Carlisle, to the prior and convent of that city, which 
 gift was confirmed by Hugh de IMorville. Their grand- 
 daughter Ada brought this barony in marriage to Simon 
 de Morville, son of Hugh de Morville, who in the 
 third year of King Stephen (1188) was one of the 
 witnesses to the charter of protection then made by 
 David king of Scotland to the monks of Tynemouth. 
 This Simon de Morville, in 1187, gave fifty marks for 
 Engayne's lauds. He had issue by his wife two sons, 
 Roger and Richard, the latter of whom in 1069 gave 200 
 marks to Henry II for livery' of those lands which he 
 claimed with the daughter of William do Lancaster, 
 and left issue Helena his daughter and heir married 
 to Roland de Galway. Roger do Morville, the eldest 
 sou- of Simon, had issue a son and heir, Hugh de 
 Morville, who was one of the four knights who, on 
 December 29th, 1170, assassinated Thomas ii Becket, 
 archbishop of Canterbury, before the altar of St. Bene- 
 dict, in his cathedral church,' " which done," saj- 
 
 ' The body of tlic orchbishnp wns hastily buried in the crypt on 
 the lUst December. There it rfmained nulil the year 1«0, when it 
 WHS trftiisferred with solemn pomp to a splendid shrine, which had 
 been prepared immedinlely behinil the high altar. St. Thomas was 
 canonised by I'opo Alexander III., March llnl, 117); and although 
 his shrine was destroyed, and his name erased from the .\nglican 
 calendar by Henry VIII., no less than sixty-four churches sliU 
 exist in England dedicated to him.
 
 154 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 Nicolson anil Burn," they entered the archbishop's 
 stables, and taking his liorscs, rode to Knarcsbui'gh in 
 Yorkshire, (a town belonging to this Hugh,) where they 
 stayed till all the inhabitants were weary of them. 
 Mr. Denton says, the sword that killed Becket was in 
 his father's time at Isell, which place belonged to the 
 Morvilles as heirs of Engayno ; after that, the said 
 sword remained with the house of Arundel." This 
 Hugh de Morvillc espoused Helcwiso de Stutovillc, 
 ■with whom he received the manors of Kirkoswald and 
 Lazonby ; and in 1'200 he obtained license to enclose 
 the woods in Kirkoswald, as likewise to crenellate his 
 manor house and have a fair once every year with a 
 weekly market. " He also," say the writers just (juoted, 
 "gave the King (John) fifteen marks and three good 
 palfreys to enjoy his court, with the liberties of toll, 
 theam, infangtheof, fire and water ordeal and all other 
 such privileges as belong to the crown, during the 
 continuance of Helewise his wife in a regular habit." 
 Hugh died without male issue leaving two daughtei-s, 
 Ada and .loan, the former of whom was married twice, tho 
 fii-st time during her father's life to Richard son of Regi- 
 nald de Lucy, lord of Egremont, and afterwards to 
 Thomas dc Mnlton. .loan, the younger, was married after 
 her father's death, to Richard (ieruon. Upon the division 
 of Hugh's estates, in 120-1, between these his daughters 
 and co-heirs, Richard de Lucy paid a fine of 900 
 marks and five palfreys for the share of Ada his wife, 
 and the forestership of Cumberland, as fully as the 
 said tenure had been enjoyed by Hugh dc JMorvUle ; 
 and Richard Gernon gave 600 marks for liberty to 
 marry Joan, with the share belonging to her of the 
 land of which her father had died seised. Two daugh- 
 ters, Amabil and Lucy, were the fruit of Ada's marriage 
 ■with Richard de Lucy. To her second husband Tho- 
 mas de Multon, she bore a son Thomas de JIulton, 
 who became heir to her portion of the Morville estates. 
 This Thomas, in 1251, had livery of his lands, for 
 which he paid a fine of £-10 ; and the forestership of 
 Cumberland also descending to him from his mother, 
 he, in 1252, paid for that dignity 400 marks. He 
 married Maud, daughter and heir to Hubert de Vaux, 
 baron of Gilsland, and in 1233 obtained for himself 
 and his wife a charter of free warren in all his demesne 
 lands in Cumberland, Yorkshire, Norfolk, and Suffolk ; 
 and that " they and their heirs, after the decease of 
 Maud de Vaux her mother (then the wife of William 
 Everard) should have free warren in aU the demesne 
 lands they held in the counties of Somerset and Devon, 
 being of the dowTy of the said Maud the mother, and 
 of the inheritance of ^laud the daughter."' In 1258 
 he was summoned to attend with horse and arms, and 
 
 to march with the other barons of the north into Scot- 
 land fdr the purpose of rescuing the King of Scots, who 
 was then a minor, and said to be kept in restraint by 
 liis own subjects ; and b}' another summons he was 
 required to be at Chester on the IVIonday before the feast 
 of St. John the Baptist (June 24) to restrain the incur- 
 sions of the Welsh. He died in l2flS or 1209, leaving 
 a son and heir Thomas do Multon, who performing 
 homage came into possession of his lands. This 
 Thomas received a considerable accession to his pro- 
 perty on the demise of Helwise de Levington, widow 
 of Eustace de Baliol, in 1271, when he was found to 
 be her heir as to the whole manor of Aiktou, and the 
 other moiety of Burgh-on-Sands, Kirkoswald, and La- 
 zonby ; all which Eustace de Balinl (having had issue 
 by her which lived for some time) held of her inhei'i- 
 tance as tenant by the courtesy of England till his 
 death, which happened in 1271, when Thomas de 
 Multon came into possession. He died in 1293, and 
 the estates devolved upon his son and heir Thomas de 
 Multon, who at that time was in the twenty-sixth year 
 of his age ; but he did not enjoy them long, for ho died 
 two yeai-s afterwards, being then seised of the manor 
 of Denham in the county of Norfolk, as also of the 
 manors of Burgh-upon-Sands and Kirkoswald, also of 
 the barony of Gilsland, and lands in Santon, Irton, 
 Bolton, and Gosforth, leaving Thomas, his son and 
 heir, thirteen years of age, and Isabel his wife sur- 
 viving, who had for her dowry the manor of Denham, 
 which had been made over to her by transfer of title. 
 Thomas de Multon paid £100 for relief, and in 31 
 Edward I. (1303) served in tho war with the Scots, and 
 again in 130f). The following year he was ordered to 
 fit himself with horse and arms, and join John de Lan- 
 caster and Ingleram dc Gysnes, in resisting tho incur- 
 sions of tho Scots uudcr Robert Bruce. Two years 
 later we find him in the Scottish wars, and again in 
 1310. In 1316 he obtained for himself and Margaret 
 his wife a special charter from Edward II., by which 
 he was empowered to hold a market weekly on Wed- 
 nesdays, and two fairs every year, one on the eve, da)', 
 and morrow after the festival of Our Lady, the other 
 on the eve, da_y, and morrow after the festival of Sts. 
 Simon and Judc at Ayshall in Somersetshire ; as also 
 free warren in all his demesne lauds at Seven Hampton 
 in the said county of Somerset, and Pynho in the 
 county of Devon. He was summoned to Parliament 
 amongst the barons of the realm, from 1297 to 1314 
 inclusive, and died afte rthe last-named year, lea'ving 
 issue Margaret, married to Ranulph de Dacre, who 
 performing fealty to Edward II., his wife making proof 
 of her age, came into possession of her estates. Her
 
 BURGH-UPON-SANDS PARISH. 
 
 155 
 
 unelc William, the brother of lier father, was, however, 
 the heir male, and held the manor of Lazouby during 
 his hfe ; but on his death in lUll, the whole of the 
 Multon estates beciime centred in her, and by this 
 means became the property of the Dacrcs, wliich 
 family received a further large addition of fortune by 
 marriage with the heiress of Greystoke. The eldest 
 branch of the Dacre family terminated in a daughter, 
 to whom descended, with some others, the original 
 estate at Dacre. The other estates, Greystoko, Gils- 
 laud, liurgh, itc, were settled upon " a younger branch 
 of the Dacres of the male line, which continued in 
 that name for four descents further, and then that 
 branch ended in coheirs ; for George lord Dacre, in the 
 II th year of Queen Elizabeth (J oGO), dying without male 
 issue, was succeeded by his three sisters, one of whom 
 dying unmarried, the estate came to the two other 
 sisters, Anne the elder, married to Philip earl of Arun- 
 del, and Elizabeth the younger, married to the lord 
 William Howard, both of them sons of Thomas duke 
 of Norfolk. The barony of Burgh, in the partition, 
 was allotted to the lady Anne, whose descendant in the 
 fourth generation, Henry Howard, Duke of Norfolk. 
 sold the same about lliHll, to Sir .Tdhu Lowther, of 
 Lowtlier."' The barony is now held by the Earl of 
 Lonsdale, the present head of the house of Lowther. 
 The customs of the manor of Burgh, as conlirmed 
 by a decree of Chancery in 1074, are as follow: — 
 Upon every general fine or change of tenant by death, 
 tho tenants pay a twentyponny fine, or two years im- 
 proved value, at the option of the lord ; and a thirty- 
 penny fine, or three years improved value, upon every 
 change of tenant by sale or alienation, at the like option. 
 Customary courts are occasionally held hero by the 
 Earl of Lonsdale. ISIost of the tenements arc now 
 enfranchised. An ancient and singular custom of 
 holding races on tho death of the lord of the manor is 
 still preserved, when a silver prize cup is given by the 
 new lord ; the race being restricted to horses bred iu 
 the barony. The last of these sports was in 18-1-1, on 
 the accession of tlu; present Earl of Lonsdale. Li 
 addition to the lord of the manor, the landowners are, 
 Mr. George Blaylock, Miss Aglionby, G. H. Oliphant, 
 Esq.; ^Ir. Johu Norman, Mrs. MofTatt, Mr. Matthews 
 Hodgson, Mrs. J. Hodgson, Mr. John Hodgson. Mr. 
 Samuel Blaylock, .Mr. W. Tinnion. Jlr. 1\. Liddell, 
 and others. 
 
 The village of Burgh-upon-Sands occupies a fine situa- 
 tion live miles wcst-by-north of Carlisle, near and along 
 
 ' Nirolson biuI Biima I list. WeBlmorelimd anil CumberlonJ. 
 vol. 11., pp. UUi,21ll. Ilulchiiisoii sav3 the cstnle was soKl iu !«•<., 
 Willie Messrs. Lyson sUlc ia l«i4. 
 
 the site of the celebrated Roman Wall. In and around 
 the village is a large number of boulder stones, some of 
 them half a ton in weight. They are of granite, and iu 
 some distant age have been torn from the summit of 
 Crifiel, the hUl which lends so much beauty to the land- 
 scape on the northern side of the Solway. On Burgh 
 Marsh, about a mile north of the village, is a monument 
 to the memory of Edward I. — "Malleus Scotorum" — 
 who died there iu 1307. It was erected by the Earl of 
 Lonsdale, in 1803, upon the site of an old one, and 
 bears the following inscription : — " omni veneuatione 
 
 PROSEQUENS INCLYTAlt EDWARDI PRIMI F.\MA1I, OPTIMI 
 
 .4.KGLI.E EEGIS, COLUMNAM HAhX HUMIFUSAM DIRUTAMQDE, 
 HIC HEP0NEN-D.4M CUEAVIT GULIELMUS VICE-COMES DE 
 
 LowTHEP,, ANNO sAXUTis MDCcciii." Camden tells us 
 that Burgh Marsh, or rather the very estuary of the 
 Solway, was the scene of a fight between the Eughsh 
 and Scots. 
 
 THE CHUBCH. 
 
 Burgh Church, dedicated to St. Michael the archangel, 
 is very ancient, but having undergone great alterations 
 in the course of ages, presents many chflereut styles of 
 architecture — the north entrance is Saxon. The tower 
 is very strongly fortified, the walls on three sides being 
 from six to seven feet thick. The vaulted chamber on 
 the ground floor is only ten feet by eight, and the en- 
 trance to it from the church is secured by a ponderous 
 iron door, si.x feet eight inches in height, with two large 
 bolts exactly resembling one remaining at Naworth 
 Castle. On the north side of the chamber is a very 
 narrow opening, or arrow slit, at the end of the recess 
 iu the wall, six feet three inches deep ; and on the west 
 side are two such openings, (one of them only throe 
 inches wide), with steps leading up to them. At the 
 south-west angle is a stone staircase, leading to the 
 upper chamber, tho dimensions of which are 10 feet 
 9^ inches by 11 feet 7^ inches. On tho east side of 
 the room is an opening into tho upper part of the nave 
 of the church, and on the south and west sides are 
 small narrow windows. This lower was probably built 
 iu the reign of Edward I., and there can be no doubt 
 that it often served as a place of refuge during tiie bor- 
 der wai-s. JIan}' hewn stones appear in diflerent parts 
 of the building with the e.vterior surface reticulated, 
 evidently taken from tho Roman Wall, or the statioa 
 the site of the churchyard and church. Tho church, 
 wliich was anciently rectorial, was granted by Sir nu"h 
 do Morville. one of tlio lords of Burgh, to the abbey of 
 Holme Cultrani, " for tho finding of liglits, wine, and 
 other necessaries for the ornament of the church of 
 Holme Cultrani, and the service of the altar there." 
 This grant was confirmed by Richard de Lucy, first
 
 156 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 husband of Ada, daughter of Hugh do Morville, and 
 afterwards by Thomas de Multou, her second husband, 
 who granted further to the abbot and convent common 
 of pasture in the village of Burgh after the hay and corn 
 should be carried off, and two acres of arable land in 
 Burgh Marsh, and a fishery in Eden, with two nets for 
 every carucate of land which they had in Burgh. Joan 
 de Morville, second daughter of Sir Hugh, confirmed 
 the said grant, for the health of her soul and of the soul 
 of her husband lliehard do Gernon, of her father, Hugli 
 de Morville, and all her ancestors and successors. The 
 same was likewise confirmed by Pope Innocent IV., 
 who granted to the abbot and convent liberty to apply 
 the revenues of the said church to the use of their 
 own house, for hospitahty and maintenance of the poor, 
 reserving a competent portion for a chaplain to officiato 
 at Bui-gh. The living is a vicarage, in the patronage of 
 thecrown. Itisvaluod intheKing'sBookatJL'u Is.lljd., 
 but was certified to the governors of Queen Anne's 
 Bount}', at £13 8s., after which, in 1758, it was aug- 
 mented by Joseph Liddell and Queen Anne's Bounty, 
 with £400, with which land was purchased. In 1843, 
 the Ecclesiastical Commissioners granted to it £30, and 
 in the same year the tithes were commuted for a yearly 
 rent-charge of £23, so that the benefice is now worth 
 about £120 per annum. The rectorial tithes, which 
 formerly belonged to a number of lay impropriators, 
 were redeemed by the landowners in 1829, except that 
 portion belonging to Dovenby School, which was also 
 purchased by the proprietors of the soil in 1840, for the 
 sum of £500, so that the whole is now merged in the 
 land. The parish register commences in 1G53. 
 
 Vicars.— Peter, 1231; Hugh de Hayton, 1!?37; John de 
 
 Kerby, 18(JK ; Eudes de Raveustonedale, ; John Lakesson, 
 
 13C9; John de Kane, ; Eichard Garth, 1381; Wilhani 
 
 Nicholson, 1473 ; Thomas Langton, ID35 ; WilUam Blane, l.'JSl ; 
 
 Thomas Story, 1081; Thomas Ismay, 1739; Harrison, 
 
 178C; Robert Walker, 1800; William Mark, 1820; John Lown-, 
 1838. 
 
 The Vicarage is a plain building, adjoining the 
 church. 
 
 CHAMTIES. 
 
 Pattinson's Charity. — Thomas Pattinson, by will, in 
 1785, directed that the interest of £100 should be paid 
 annually to the schoolmaster of Burgh, Long Burgh, and 
 Moorhouse, in this parish, as an encouragement for his 
 or their teaching poor children of Burgh, who should 
 not receive alms of the parish.' The sum of £3 17s., 
 as interest of £100, is paid in equal proportions to two 
 schoolmasters, one at Moorhouse, and the other at 
 Burgh. The trustees send to each school as many 
 
 ' For the particulars of this charity, see Bowness, page 100. 
 
 poor children of the parish as the interest will pay for 
 at the usual rate of quarterage. 
 
 Mrs. Hodgson'' 8 School. — The children of parents 
 within the parish of Burgh, not possessed of a real 
 estate of £12 per annum, are entitled to free instruction 
 at the school founded by Mi-s. Hodgson, at Wiggonby, 
 in Aiktou parish. ' 
 
 Hodgson's Charity. — Richard Hodgson, who died 
 about 130 years ago, left £liiO to the parish of Burgh, 
 one moiety of the interest thereof to be distributed 
 amongst poor householders of the parish not receiving 
 relief, and the other moiety to be applied for the edu- 
 cating of poor people's children. The interest of this 
 sum, £4, is divided annually, on Easter Monday, as 
 directed by the testator. 
 
 Liddle's Charity. — John Liddle, who died in 1804, 
 left £50 in trust, for poor people of the parish of Burgh 
 not receiving parish relief. The interest of this sum, 
 £2, is distributed annually, on Easter Monday, amongst 
 poor householders not receiving assistance from the 
 parish. 
 
 Mrs. French, Chelsea, grand-daughter of the Rev. 
 Thomas Ismay, has for some years transmitted £3 10s. 
 to be distributed according to her direction at the dis- 
 cretion of the vicar. 
 
 There are schools for boys, girls, and infants in the 
 parish. There is also a subscription library, supported by 
 about twenty members, and also a Sunday-school library. 
 
 John Stagg, the author of some poetical pieces in the 
 Cumberland dialect, was a native of this place. 
 
 At West End, in this township, is a chemical works, 
 about to be removed to Drumburgh Moss, Bowness 
 parish, carried on by Mr. David Dick, who manufac- 
 tures copperas, acids, sulphate of ammonia, itc. 
 
 BODSTEAD HILL. 
 
 Boustead Hill township contained, in 1801, a popu- 
 lation of 84 persons; in 1811, 65 ; in 1821, 80; in 
 1831, 03 ; in 1841, 74 ; and in 1851, 72. Its rateable 
 value is £024 18s. The acreage is included in the 
 parish returns. The principal landowners are ^Messrs. 
 Samuel Rigg, W. Nixon, W. Morton, John Faulder, 
 Thomas Rigg, and John Beattie. 
 
 The village of Boustead Hill is beautifully situated 
 on a rising ground overlooking the Solway Frith, and 
 on the south side of the Carlisle and Port Carlisle Rail- 
 way, two miles west of Burgh. 
 
 LONG BUEGH. 
 
 The number of inhabitants in this township in 1801 
 was 100; in 1811, 111; in 1821, 154; in 1831, 118; 
 
 1 See Wiggonby School.
 
 CEOSBY-UPON-EDEN PARISH. 
 
 101 
 
 in 1841, 1-24; and in 1851, 127. The rateable value 
 isi'857 ITs. The Roman Wall ran through part of this 
 township. The principal landowners are G. H. Oliphant, 
 Esq. ; Messrs. John Hodgson, Piohert Uodgson, and 
 Samuel Blaylock ; Miss Ilobson ; and M. Hodgson, Esq. 
 The soil here is a rich loam, and partly gravel. Long 
 Burgh is intersected bj tlie Port Carlisle Railway. 
 
 The village of Long Burgh is situated one mile west 
 of Burgh, south of the Port Carlisle Railway, aud con- 
 tains two private schools. 
 
 Dykcsfield, a hamlet in this township, north of Long 
 Burgh, was long the seat and property of the family of 
 Dykes, who removed thence to Dovenby. It is now 
 the residence and property of Matthew Hodgson, Esq. 
 On the western side of the hamlet is a common which 
 contains several earthen ramparts and temporary camps. 
 
 MOORHOUSE. 
 
 The population of the township of Moorhouse in 
 1801, was 204; in 1811, 135; in 1821, 254 ; in 1831, 
 277; in 1841, 203; and in 1851, 343. Moorhouse 
 possesses light but good soil, and its rateable value is 
 j£l,168 10s. The principal landed proprietors here 
 are Major Ewart, ^Messrs. John Ostell, John Galloway, 
 William and Thomas Stordy, and Robert Lamonby. 
 There arc three corn mills in the township and a 
 tannerv. 
 
 The village of Moorhouse is pleasantly situated about 
 two miles south of Burgh, aud contains several neat 
 houses. The school, which is entitled to a moiety of 
 Pattinsou's Charity, is in ruins. 
 
 Moorhouse Hall is a neat structure, the property of 
 :\Ir. John Galloway, who purchased it of Major Ewart, 
 and is now the residence of his son, Mr. J. Galloway. 
 
 The Society of Friends have a meeting house here a 
 brick building, erected in 1733, adjacent to which is 
 their burial-ground, enclosed by a brick wall, and over 
 the entrance to which is a slab bearing the date 1004.' 
 
 Thurstonfield is a hamlet in this township, one mile 
 west of Moorhouse, where there is a tannery. 
 
 1 Thomas Stordy, who died in 10X4, and Jonathan Ostell.who died 
 in nr,r,, were natives of this parish, and zealous members of the 
 Society of Friends. Being liy law entitled to tlie impropriation of 
 certain tithes, they demised them to the several owners on whose 
 estates they arose. Mr. Stordy suffered many persecutions for his 
 attachment to the principles of the society. In 1662, being at 
 Carlisle Assizes, he went to see some of his friends then in prison 
 in that city, when he was illegally detained by the gaoler, and next 
 day brought before the court. As he refused to uike the oath of 
 allegiance then tendered to him, he was committed to prison, and 
 next day sentence of ;irci«Hni><? passed upon him, which euuiled the 
 loss of all his real and personal estates. In consequence of this 
 sentence he was kept a close prisoner at Carlisle for ten years, but 
 was at length released by the king, in 167i;, and, tlirough the inter- 
 cession of the Earl of Carlisle, his real estate was restored to him. 
 A few years afterwards he fell a victim to a statute of the ••J:)rd of 
 Elizabeth, and, for absenting himself from pubUc worship, was cast 
 into prison, where he died iu lUdl. 
 
 CROSBY-UPON-EDEN PARISH. 
 
 This parish comprises the townships of High Crosby, Low Crosby, Brunstock, and Walby, whose united area is 3590 
 acres. It is bounded on the north by Scaleby, on the west by Stanwix, on the south by the river Eden, and on the 
 east by Irthington. A survey has rocciuly been made for the commutation of tithes, but not completed. It may bo 
 worthy of remark that a curious boundary, or double fence, exists on the east sidt> of the parish, adjoining tlio parish 
 of Irthington, known by the nanm of the " Baron's Dyke," being a division between the barony of Gilsland and the 
 barony of Linstock. The inhabitants, who are engaged entirely in agricultural pursuits, are industrious, cleanly, 
 peaceable, and contented. They generally attend the Carlisle markets. The quality of the soil in the parish is 
 various. Adjoining the river Eden is a rich dry loam, on a gravelly subsoil ; in other parts there ai-e portions of a 
 strong clayey soil, with a portion of moor and meadow. Tlio rateable value of the parish is, at the present 
 time, £3,392. The militJiry road between Newcastle and Carlisle intersects the parish, and runs nearly 
 parallel with the old Roman Wall, which was on the northern side of the parish. This road was formed and 
 completed soon after the rebellion of 1745, for the purpose, according to an old act of parliament, " of keeping a free 
 and open communication between the city of Carlisle and the town of Xewcastle-upon-Tync ; and for the passage of 
 troops, horses, and carriages at all times in the year." A great part of the labour required in the making of this road 
 is supposed to have fallen to the lot of General Wade's army. There are also distinct remains of a Roman road 
 running through the middle of this parish, in a direction of nearly cast and west, the same as tho present militarv 
 road, and at a short distance from it. Many old coins have been discovered at various times, but none particularlv 
 ■worthy of notice. This parish possesses no ancient edifices or other objects of antiquarian curiositv, except that a 
 grange is saitl to have been erected here after Linstock was given to tho Cliurch of Cadislc, aud that it was called 
 Crosby, on account of its belongiiig to the Church. It may be remarked that Linstock Castle, iu the neighbouring 
 parish of Stanwix, was formerly the residence of the bishops of Carlisle. 
 
 10 a
 
 158 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARP. 
 
 tow CROSBY. 
 
 The population of Low Crosby township in 1801 was 
 150 ; in 1811, 101 ; in 18-21, 184 ; in 1831, 204 ; in 
 1841, 133; and in 1831, 148. The soil here is a rich 
 loam. 
 
 The manor or baroii}' of Crosby, which has always 
 been annexed to Linstock, and wliich includes the whole 
 of the parish of Crosby -upon -Eden, is vested in the 
 Bishop of Carlisle, to whose predecessors it was assigned 
 by Gualo, the papal legate, on a partition of the estates 
 of the bishop and priory. The other claimants are the 
 Earl of Carlisle ; Jlr. IMaude, of Sellaby, in Yorkshire : 
 and the Vicar of Crosby. The Earl of Carlisle's claim 
 would exist during the last century, and long before, — 
 the vicar's from time immemorial. The other small 
 manor, held by !Mr. Mautle, has not been long in his 
 possession. Small sums, or lord's rents, are paid an- 
 nually to the lords of the manors just named. The 
 land in tliis manor is nearly all held by customary 
 tenure, except a little of leasehold and freehold. The 
 bishop's court was formerly hold in this parish four 
 times a year, but recently only once. The court rolls 
 e.'ctend through a long period of time. The principal 
 landowners in the township are Mrs. Saul ; PJchard 
 Carruthei-s, Esq. ; AVilliam Nicholson Hodgson, Esq. : 
 and Thomas Phillips, Esq. 
 
 The village of Low Crosby stands upon the gently 
 sloping banks of the river Eden, about four miles east- 
 north-east of Carlisle. 
 
 THE cnrncn. 
 The church, dedicated to St. John, occupies the site 
 of the ancient church of Crosby. It was erected iu 
 1854, at a cost of £1,800. It is a beautiful and sub- 
 stantial structure, in the Gothic style, consisting of 
 nave and chancel, with gallery for organ and choir, and 
 contains about 200 sittings, the greater part of 
 which are free. The living is a vicarage, in the 
 patronage of the Bishop of Carlisle, who has been im- 
 propriator and patron for a long period. It is valued 
 in the King's Book at STt lis. 4d., but is now worth 
 upwards of £150 per annum. The vicar receives, under 
 commutation, the annual value of the hay and small 
 tithes, together with the rental of the glebe. The 
 whole tithes, great and small, have lately been com- 
 muted for £375. The parish registers commence 
 in 1059. 
 
 Vicars. — William de Insula, 1303; John 'Waschip, 1310; 
 Thomas de Dalston, 1337; Robei-t Merke, 1353; Roger de 
 
 Ledes, 1307; John de Grandon, ; Thomas de Kirkland, 
 
 13Ci; John Fitxroger, ; Robert CajUes, 1379; EUas, ; 
 
 Simon Gate, 1-J77; Thomas Twentjman, ; Thomas Wil- 
 son, 1585; Thomas Shaw, l(;i'J; Thomas Jlilburn, l(;a7 ; 
 Richard Welshman, 1035; William Hodgson, 1C30; John 
 
 Theckston, 16G1 ; Philip Flemingr, 1666 ; Bobert Home, 1670 : 
 
 Nathaniel Bowev, 1080; Richmond Fenton, 1713; William 
 Gibson, 17,10 ; Henry Shaw, 1758 ; Thomas Lo\vr)', D.D., 1701 ; 
 Edward Salkeld, 1832; Joseph Thomlinson, 1838. 
 
 The Parsonage is a plain structure, situate at Iligb 
 Crosby, rebuilt upwards of fifty years ago. 
 
 CHAHIT1E3. 
 
 Jaclcson's Charity. — Joseph Jackson, by will proved 
 13th November, 1773, bequeathed to the overseers of 
 the poor of the parish of Crosby-on-Eden, £40, the 
 interest of which was to be given to the poor annually 
 iu Easter week, at the discretion of the overseers. The 
 interest, amounting to £2, is distributed as directed. 
 
 Patrickson's Charity. — This is another bequest left 
 by the late Hiss Patrickson, the interest of which is 
 distributed to the poor at Christmas. 
 
 The parish school is a neat stone building in the 
 Elizabethan style, erected by subscription in 1844, at 
 a cost of £350. It is under government inspection, 
 has an average attendance of upwards of 50 scholars, 
 and is supported by voluntary subscriptions, with the 
 interest of a legacy bequeathed by the late Miss 
 Patrickson. 
 
 Eden Grove, a delightfully-situated villa in this 
 township, is the seat of Richard Carmthers, Esq. 
 Several houses in this parish take their names from 
 the Ptoman wall, viz., Wall Head, AValby, Wall Dub ; 
 and fields also bear the names of walls. 
 
 BKUKSTOCK. 
 
 Brunstock township contaiued in 1801, a population 
 of 05; in 1811, 03; in 1821, 53; in 1831, 108; 
 in 1841, 75 ; and in 1851, 70. The land here is fer- 
 tile and good, but rather cold, on a clayey subsoil. 
 The principal landowners are Mrs. Saul, R. S. Dixon, 
 Esq., and Mr. John Forster. 
 
 The village of Brunstock is about three miles north- 
 north-east of Carlisle. Here stands Brunstock House, 
 the beautiful seat of Mrs. Saul. It is a fine building 
 in the Gothic style, surrounded by excellent grounds, 
 and adds very much to the general appearance of the 
 landscape. Crosby Lodge is also the property of the 
 same lady. 
 
 HIGH CEOSBY. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 102 ; 
 in 1811, 134; in 1821, J 36; in 1831, 133; in 1841, 
 140 ; and in 1851, 162. The soil here is partly rich 
 good land, with some poor, on a gi'avelly subsoil. The 
 principal landed proprietors are Mrs. Saul, W. N. 
 Hodgson, Esq., M.P., and Rev. Joseph Hudson, 
 Messrs. John Nicholson, Robert Bell, and Mrs. Wright.
 
 DALSTON PARISH. 
 
 159 
 
 The village of High Crosby is about half-a-mile east 
 of Low Crosby. Here are the Vicarage llouse, Crosby 
 Lodge, and Crosby House, the Litter of which was 
 erected by the late Rev. Dr. Lowry, vicar of this 
 parish, and uow belongs to his graudson, the Rev. 
 Joseph Hudson. 
 
 Newby Grauge in this township, the seat of William 
 Nicholson Hodgson, Esq., J. P. and M.P., is a handsome 
 building in the Elizabethan style. 
 
 WALBT. 
 
 The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 30 ; in 
 181], 52; in Ls^!l, 40; in 1831, 02; in 1841, 49; 
 and in 1851, 33. The landowners are Messrs. John 
 •Jameson, John Thompson, and John Dixon, and Mrs. 
 
 Saul and Miss Howard. 
 
 The village of 'Walby is about four miles north-east 
 of Carlisle. 
 
 DALSTON PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Dalston extends about six miles in length by three in breadth. It is bounded on the north by portions 
 of the parishes of St. ^lary and Upperby, on the west by that of Thursby and Westward, on the south by Sebergham, 
 and on the cast by Leath Ward. The soil in general consists of a diy loam, except near the village of Dalston, where 
 it is gravelly, and is mostly " laid don-n to grass for pasturage and meadow ;" but all kinds of grain thrive well in 
 every part of this extensive parish. A great part of the arable land lies rather low, with a gentle inchuation to the 
 river Caldew. Besides this river the parish is watered with the Raugh, Ivegill, and Shalk rivulets, and is remarkable 
 for its ancient mansions, foremost amongst which stands Rose Castle, the seat of the bishops of CarUsle for many 
 centuries. Dalston parish comprises the townships of Dalston, Buckhowbank, Cumdevock, Hawkesdale, Ivegill, and 
 Raughton and Gatesgill, whose united area is 15,073 statute acres. 
 
 D ALSTON. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 701 ; 
 in 1811, 914; in l.s21, 955; in 1831, 1109; in 1841, 
 1021 ; and in 1851, 1022. Its rateable value is 
 1-1783 15s. 9d. The Maryport and Carlisle Railway 
 intersects the township. 
 
 The barony of Dalston was given by Ranulph de 
 Meschines to a brother of Hubert de Vallibus, of Gils- 
 land, named Robert, who thereupon assumed the name 
 of Dalston, and it continued in the possession of his 
 descendants till King Stephen gave Cumberland to 
 David of Scotland, when tho latter gave it to Henry 
 Jlorison. It was, however, subsequently seized by 
 Henry II. ns an escheat, and remained in the posses- 
 sion of the crown till the year 1228, when Henry III. 
 gave to Walter, Bishop of Carlisle, and his successore 
 in the sec for ever, " the manor of DiJston, with the 
 advowson of the church there, with sac and soke, and 
 woods and mills, and all other appurtenances ; to hold 
 the same disatVorested, with power to assart' and make 
 enclosures, and dispose of the wood at their will and 
 pleasure, without the view and interruption of his 
 foresters, vorderers, regarders, or other oHicers ; and 
 that they shall be free from suits, and summonses, and 
 pleas of the forest ; and have liberty to hunt and take 
 deer and other game witliin the said manor, and no 
 
 ' From the olil Frnicli assarter, lo grub up trees. 
 
 other shall have such liberty without their permission ; 
 and shall hold the said manor as a forest, as the king 
 held the same before the said grant. The said bishop 
 and his successors to find one canon regular to say mass 
 every day in the Church of St. Mary, Carlisle, for the 
 souls of the lung, and of his father, and all his ancestors 
 and successors." And, by another charter, the same 
 monarch further grants, •' that if they, or any person 
 with their permission, shall chase any game within 
 their forest of Dalston, and the said game shall fly into 
 the king's forest, they may pursue and take the same 
 within the king's forest, and return without the moles- 
 tation of the king's foresters, or other oflicers." In the 
 reign of Edward I. this manor was claimed against the 
 bishop, in a writ of right, by Jlichael de Hercla, who 
 grounded his pretensions upon his descent from an 
 heiress of the elder branch of tho Dalston family, but 
 without success. The barony of Dalston comprises the 
 parish of Dalston, and the manors of Great Dalston, 
 J.,ittle l)alston, Cardew, High Head, and Raughton and 
 (latesgill. The north part of tho baixiny, which is in 
 tho parish of St. Mary. Carlisle, was assigned to the 
 prior, aud now forms tho manor of John de Capella, 
 belonging to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, who 
 have succeeded to tho manors, S:c., of the dean and 
 chapter of Carlisle. The manor of Great Dalston com- 
 prises the principal portion of the parish, and is a mixed 
 manor, consisting of freehold, copyhold, aud customary
 
 ICO 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 tenements, with some leaseholders for life. The wife 
 of a copyhold or customarj' tenant in this nianor cannot 
 be deprived of her dower by the husband selling or sur- 
 rendering his estate, unless she join in such surrender. 
 On the failure of male issue, the daughters of tenants 
 inherit equally as coparcenci-s. The principal land- 
 owners here are Mrs. Richardson, Mrs. Cowen, Joseph 
 Richardson, itc. 
 
 The village of Dalston is large and populous, occu- 
 pying a pleasant situation on the picturesque banks of 
 the Caldew, about four miles south-by-west of Carlisle, 
 and has a weekly market for flesh on Fridays. An 
 ancient cross, raised on several steps, and bearing 
 several coats of arms, formerly stood at the east end 
 of the village ; it was, however, removed in 1815. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 Dalston Church, dedicated to St. Jlichael, is a neat 
 and substantial structure, consisting of nave, chancel, 
 and small transept, on the south-east. It contains 
 a handsome font by BiUinge, and a fine organ presented 
 by George Cowen, Esq., in 1847. In the chancel there 
 is a handsome marble monument to the memoiy of the 
 late Eev. W. Fletcher, M.A., for thirty-two years chan- 
 cellor of the diocese of Carlisle, and vicar of this parish 
 for fifty-three years. He died April 1st, 1850, aged 
 79. The monument is by Watson of London, a native 
 of this place, and contains a fine bust of the deceased. 
 There is also a handsome tablet to the memory of the 
 late ]Mrs. Salkeld, of Holm Hill. In the churchyard 
 there is a monument to the late bishop of Carlisle, 
 Dr. Percy, who died in February, 1856, and was buried 
 here. The benefice is a vicarage, valued in the King's 
 Book at £'8 18s. lid.; but after the Ilestoration, it was 
 augmented with corn tithes to the amount of £30 
 a year, and with a legacy of £300 left by Bishop 
 Smith, which was expended in the purchase of land 
 adjoining the Vicarage, so that the living is now worth 
 about £300. The great tithes of Dalston are appro- 
 priated to the Bishop of Carlisle, who is patron of the 
 living. 
 
 Rectors.— Americ Theobald, ]203; Egbert rickering, 1204; 
 John de Drockenford, 1292. 
 
 Vkaks.— Gilbert de Derington, 130.1 ; John de Carlisle, 1310; 
 
 Henry Hand, ; Richard Asklaby, 1300 ; Roger de Ledes, 
 
 1358; John Middleton, 1309; John del Marsh, 1371; Jolm de 
 
 Alanby, 1378 ; John Mayson, 1378 ; George Bewley, ; 
 
 Mark Edgar, 1570; Thomas Nicholson, 1580; Robert Colher, 
 
 1590; William Griffith, ; Edward Baker, 1012; Richard 
 
 Garth, lOCl ; John Walker, 1003; Thomas Benson, J7U; 
 William Nicholson, 1727; John Story, 1731; William Paley, 
 archdeacon of Carlisle, 1770; Walter Fletcher, 1793; John 
 Woodham Dunn, 1810; R. H. Howard, 1853. 
 
 The Vicarage is a plain but neat building, close by 
 the church, and has lately been enlarged and improved. 
 
 The Wcsleyan Association Methodist Chapel is a 
 small building, erected in 1851, at a cost of £250. It 
 will accommodate about 300 hearers, and is attended by 
 local preachers and the Carlisle ministers. There is a 
 Sunday-school held in connection with this chapel. 
 
 The Grammar School was erected by subscription in 
 1815, and is open to all the children of the parish at a 
 low quarterage. This school appears to have been 
 founded at an early period, but part of the original en- 
 dowment was lost during the civil wars in the reign of 
 Chai-les I. From an account entered in a book belong- 
 ing to this parish, called the School Book, it appears 
 that there was, in l(j()3, tlie sum of £108 15s. Gd., the 
 interest of which was applied as the salary to a school- 
 master. In the year 1673, the school stock is entered 
 as£110 15s. Cd.; and the following additions have sub- 
 sequently been made by beneiactions given expressly 
 for the increase of that stock : — 1C78, by Bishop 
 Rainbow, £10 ; .1084, Mrs. Elizabeth Rainbow (widow 
 of the bishop), £5 ; 1685, John Rayson, £2 ; 1094, 
 1095, two gifts made by Bishop Smith, £30 ; 1703, 
 Madam Rainbow, £10 ; making in the whole, £167 
 15s. Cd. About the year 1703 there appears to have 
 been paid towards the expenses of recovering part of 
 this school stock, which was in the hands of one George 
 Denton, £29 15s. Cd., leaving a balance of £138. 
 This sum was afterwards reduced by expenses in 
 repairing the school-house to £110, which was invested 
 in the funds. In 1808 the stock was sold out for 
 £120 10s. 4td., and out of that money £10 10s. 45d. 
 was expended in enclosing an allotment made to the 
 school, and £50 was added to a sum amounting to 
 nearly £300, raised by subscription fur the building of 
 a new school-house. These expenses reduced the school 
 stock to £00, which was placed out at interest. In 
 addition to the £30 above mentioned. Bishop Smith, by 
 indenture, dated March 22nd, ICflO, gave to this school 
 a cottage, and about seven acres of land in Hawkesdale, 
 in this parish, and he also built a school-room at his 
 own expense. About the year 1800, on the enclosure 
 of the common land, in this parish, an allotment of two 
 acres was made to the school, in pursuance of a clause 
 in the enclosure act, which directed that a parcel of 
 ground should be set out for the erection of a school-house 
 for the parish and manor of Dalston. In 1847, the 
 sum of £200 was left to this school by Mrs. Fletcher 
 and Mrs. Hodgson, executrixes of the late Chancellor 
 Fletcher, who was the surviving trustee to the will of 
 John Tiffin of Brownelson, whereby a sum of money 
 •was at his disposal for charitable purposes. 
 
 The National School is held in the old Methodist 
 Chapel, erected in 1825, and is under the patronage of
 
 DALSTON PARISH. 
 
 IGl 
 
 the vicar, wlio reuts the cbapel for the purpose. It 
 will accommodute over 100 scholars, the average atten- 
 dance is about 00. 
 
 There is a ^VorldDg Men's Reading-Eoom here, which 
 was established in 1848, and numbers about fifty mem- 
 bers, who subscribe one penny per week, for which sum 
 they have the use of a library containing about 400 
 volumes, and a daily and local newspapers. The entire 
 management is in the hands of working men. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Benson's Charity. — Dr. Benson, who died about the 
 year 17;i0, bequeathed i'50 to the poor of this jmrish. 
 The legacy was received in the following year, and, 
 about 1708, it was invested in the funds. In 1808, 
 this stock was sold for X'5i 10s., which sum was placed 
 out at interest. It amounts now to £05 10s. 4d., 
 three-per-cents, which is distributed uinmally by the 
 minister and churchwardens amongst poor persons of 
 the parish. 
 
 Strowj's Charily. — Mary Strong, who died in 1814, 
 left by will to the Rev. 'Walter Fletcher, and his suc- 
 cessors, vicars of Dalston, ,{,'100, to be placed out, and 
 the interest to be for ever applied to the instruction of 
 poor girls of the parish. It has been since increased to 
 £171 5s. 3d. The vicar is trustee for this charity. 
 
 There are two other charities, viz. : — Thumlinsou's 
 Charity for the poor, £27 133. 5d. three-per-cents ; and 
 Tifui's Charity for the poor, £1(H) three-per-cents, — 
 the interest of which is distributed at Christmas. 
 
 Hutchinson tells us " there was a hermitage near 
 Dalston: the recluse, in 1343, who occupied it, was 
 called Hugh do I.ilford ; but where his cell was, or 
 when, or by wlioni it was tirst constructed, there is no 
 record or tradition to point out." It seems that there 
 was a chapel appertaining to it, dedicated to St. 
 Wynemius the Bishop, and indulgences were granted 
 by Bishop Kirby, about the year 1343, to all such as 
 should give any money, books, or vestments for the 
 repair, &c., of the chapel. At some distance from the 
 parish church, in a deep and romantic part of the vale 
 of Caldew, surrounded by rock and hanging woods, there 
 is a field called Chapel Flat, which is conmionly sup- 
 posed to have been the site of this chapel. 
 
 There was formerly a circle of rude stones, ton yards 
 in diameter, near the village, supposed to have been the 
 remains of a Druidical temple ; and. at a little distance 
 from it, was a tumulus, three yards high and eight in 
 diameter. In the rich vale of Dalston there was a largo 
 earthen embanknunt, called a bar, or barrow, extending 
 from Dalston Hall to Cumdevock, a disUince of three 
 miles, raised for the purpose of protection against the 
 
 incursions of the moss troopers. Near this embankment 
 several " bar houses " were erected, aud occupied by 
 people whose duty it was, on the approach of the 
 enemy, to give an alarm by the ringing of bells and 
 blowing of trumpets, on the sound of which the inhabi- 
 tants drove their cattle, &c., behind for safety. 
 
 The manor of Little Dalston belonged, from an early 
 period, to the ancient family of Dalston, descended by 
 a younger branch from Robert de Vallibus, to whom 
 the barony of Dalston had been granted by Eauulph de 
 Meschines. Sir William Dalston, the immediate descen- 
 dant, a zealous royalist, was created a baronet in 1040. 
 The title and the male lino of the elder branch of this 
 ancient family became e.xtinct by the death of Sir 
 George, the fifth baronet, in 1765. Four years before 
 his death he sold his estate at Dalston to Jlonkhouse 
 Davison, Esq., after whose demise it was purchased, in 
 the year 1705, by John Sowerby, Esq., and is now the 
 property of Colonel Sowerby. 
 
 Dalston Hall, at present a farmhouse, is a very ancient 
 castellated structure, but the date of its erection cannot 
 be ascertained : the chapel is now used for some of the 
 purposes of the farm. Dalston Hall was the head 
 quarters of General Lesley during the siege of Carlisle 
 in 1044 and 1045. 
 
 nUCKHOWBANE. 
 
 This township contained in 1801, 493 inhabitants; 
 in 1811, 471 ; in 18^1, 570; in 1831, 008 ; in 1841, 
 030; and in 1851, 070. Its rateable value is £0,000 
 4s. The manorial rights of that part of the township 
 in the manor of Great Dalston, are vested in the 
 Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and those of the portion 
 in Little Dalston manor in Colonel Sowerby. The prin- 
 cipal landowners are Thomas Salkeld, Esq., Colonel 
 Sowerby, Rev. Mr. Parker, Mr. George Robinson, and 
 Mrs. Richardson. 
 
 Here are two corn-mills, one carried on by 3Ir. Bcwley 
 of Carhsle, the property of Mrs. Cowen, and the other 
 by jMr. Gibson, the property of Colonel Sowerby. There 
 are three cotton-mills, two carried on by .T. Cowen and 
 Sons, and tlie other by Messrs. Johnson and Dover. 
 Tiierc are besides a saw-mill and iron-forge, the pro- 
 perty cf ti. Cowen, Esq., and carried on by Mr. John 
 Dover; at this forge, which was established in 1750, 
 are manufactured agricultural implements of a superior 
 description. There is also a llax-mill, carried on by 
 Mr. Arthur Parker, who is also a canvas manufacturer. 
 
 Browuclson, two farms iu this township, were for- 
 merly given to the priory of Carlisle by Henry Dalston, 
 the second of that family who resided at Dalston Hall. 
 
 Unthank and Lingley Close Head are two small 
 hamlets iu this township.
 
 162 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 This township, a suburb of Dalstoa village, is partly 
 on the east side of the Caldew, and partly on the 
 west side. 
 
 ci;mdevock. 
 
 The population of Cum Jevock in 180 1 was 283 ; 
 in 1811, 31,5 ; in 1821, 333; in 1831, 348 ; in 1841, 
 361; and in 1851, 337. The soil here is generally 
 good loamy land, and the rateable value is £2,1 9i). The 
 principal landowners are the Ilarl of Lonsdale, Mrs. 
 ThomUnson, Messrs. Robert Blamire, John Guard- 
 house, William Dobinson, T. K. Atkinson, — Dkon, 
 John Richardson, John Armstrong, and several small 
 owners. 
 
 The manor of Cardew in tliis township belonged, at 
 an early period, to a family who took their name from 
 the place. In the reign of Edward I. it became the 
 property of John Burdon, who in default of issue from 
 his son of the same name, entailed it on .John Denton 
 and his wife Ivan, the heiress of Kirkbride and his 
 heirs. This John Denton is said to have distinguished 
 himself in the service of Edward Baliol, who gave him 
 as a crest, a castle burning with a flaming sword in a 
 lion's paw, which was afterwards borne by his family, 
 for defending a castle in Annandale against Robert 
 Bruce. In 1080 George Denton, Esq., sold the manor 
 of Cardew to Sir James Lowther, Bart., from whom it 
 has descended to the present Earl of Lonsdale. The 
 customary tenants of the manor were enfranchised in 
 1672, by George Denton, Esq., who reserved only a 
 small quit rent and the royalties. 
 
 Cardew Hall, long the seat of the Dcntons, is now a 
 farmhouse. Here resided Mr. John Denton, whose 
 voluminous MS. History of Cumberland has proved of 
 the greatest service to all those who have taken an 
 interest in the history and antiquities of this county. 
 
 The village of Cumdevock is about one and a half 
 miles south-west of Dalston. 
 
 Cardew Lees is a hamlet in this township, one and a 
 half miles north-west of Dalston, and is included in the 
 manor of Parton. 
 
 The Gill, another hamlet, is partly in this and 
 partly in Hawkesdale township, one mile south-west 
 of Dalston, near to which is Thomlinson Lodge, a neat 
 building in the Elizabethan style, erected about twenty 
 years ago. 
 
 Shalkfoot is also a hamlet in this township, two and 
 a half miles west of Dalston. In this hamlet there is 
 a school for boys and girls, built by the parishes of 
 Westward and Dalston, in 1780. It is a small stone 
 building, capable of accommodating about thirty chil- 
 dren. The brook, at the foot of which this place 
 stands, and which is variously called Shalkbeck, 
 
 Shawkbeck, Chalkbeck, and Chokebeck. nnis into a 
 level bog, two miles long, and a quarter of a mile 
 broad, formerly consisting of reeds and bulrushes, but 
 latterly, by a judicious system of drainage, converted 
 into arable and pasture land. The rivulet rises on 
 Warnel Fell, and divides this parish from that of West- 
 ward, and, joining Loughbeck, they together take the 
 name of Wainpool. On its rugged and rocky banks are 
 liic Shalk quarries, where tliree different beds of stone 
 arc wrought, viz., one of red freestone, of an open grit : 
 another of very white freestone, of a close body ; and a 
 seam of limestone. The extent of the workings, the 
 quality of the stone, and an inscription on one of the 
 clifis, clearly prove that the Romans obtained materials 
 here for the erection of that part of the wall westward 
 from Carlisle. There is, on an overhanging cliff, seven 
 or eight yards above the rivulet, the following Roman 
 inscription: — 
 
 LEG. n. AVG. . 
 MILIIES PE. . . . 
 
 COH. m. coH. nn. 
 which has been read, " legionis secundjj adgust.f. 
 
 MILITES rOSUEKCXT COHORS TEETIA COHOES QUARTA." 
 
 The cliff formerly rose several yards above the inscrip- 
 tion, and was called Tom Smith's leap, from a person 
 of that name having thrown himself over the precipice 
 to avoid being taken prisoner, and was kiUed on the 
 rocks beneath. Christ Church, Carlisle, has been built 
 of stone from these quarries. About a quarter of a 
 mile south from this place, is a sulphurous spring, 
 rising from a bed of grey limestone. The Green Quar- 
 ries have yielded large quantities of excellent red slates. 
 Lady's Hill Quariy is on the west side of the stream, 
 in Westward parish ; and here are extensive old work- 
 ings, in which there were once a few stones with Roman 
 names upon them. Cunning-garth appears to have 
 been a Roman intrenchmcnt, and near the quarries are 
 several ancient barrows, one of which bore the name of 
 Toddle HUl ; it was forty yards in diameter, and seven 
 yards high. Several urns, containing ashes, skulls, 
 bones, &c., have been found on this hiU, which has been 
 entirely taken away for the reparation of the roads and 
 for building purposes. 
 
 HAWKESDALE. 
 
 The population of Hawkesdale township in 1801 was 
 321 ; in 1811, 376 ; in 1821, 330 ; in 1 831, 427 ; in 
 1841, 411 : and in 1851, 353. The rateable value is 
 £3,437 10s. 8d. The soil here is chiefly loam by the 
 river side, on the high ground clayey incumbent on a 
 red sandstone. The manorial rights are vested in the 
 Ecclesiastical Commissioners, who, with Thomas Salkeid, 
 Esq. ; Wm. Blamire, Esq. ; J. J. Watts, Esq. ; Messrs.
 
 DALSTON PARISH. 
 
 163 
 
 Robert Twentyman, and John Bunting, are the prin- 
 cipal landowners. The township extends along the west 
 side of the Caldew, from one to three miles south of 
 Dalstou. 
 
 Hose Castle, the episcopal palace of the see of Car- 
 lisle, is situated in this township, in a pleasant vale 
 near the river Caldew, about seven miles south by west 
 of Carlisle. From having been repaired at different 
 times, according to the prevalent architectural taste, it 
 has assumed a somewhat incongruous appearance, when 
 conij]arcd with its origiual castellated style. The castle 
 presents a fine mass of towers built on the north side 
 of the vale, surrounded by hanging gardens that rise. 
 terrace above terrace, up to the level lawn upon which 
 it stands. It is not certain that this castle occupies 
 the site of the ancient baronial mansion of Dalston, 
 though there is every probability that it does, and such 
 is the generally received opinion. In 1 300, Edward 
 I., while prosecuting his claim to the Scottish crown, 
 resided for a few days at Rose Castle, and after the 
 termination of the siege of Carlaverock, we find him 
 here again, when he was jomed by his queen. During 
 his residence here, he received a communication from 
 the Pope respecting the affairs of Scotland, which seems 
 to have been the principal cause of his summoning his 
 parliament to meet him at Lincoln, in the following 
 I'ebruary. The writs for this parliament are dated 
 Apud la liosc, September 2.jth and Stith, l;>00. In 
 i:)ii'i, the baronial mansion of Rose, in which the 
 bishops of Carlisle now occasionally resided on account 
 of the numerous attacks to which Liustock was exposed, 
 was burnt by die Scots under Bruce. Some years later 
 it again sufl'ored from the same enem}', in consequence 
 of which Bishop Kirby, in 1330, obtained a royal 
 license to castellalo his manor-house at Rose ; and from 
 this time it is known in all documents, itc, as Rose 
 Castle. As built by Bishop Kirkby, tlie castle formed 
 a ([uadrungle, encompassed by a rampart ajid ditch, and 
 such continued to be its form till the seventeenth cen- 
 tury, numerous additions, however, having been made 
 to it in tho interval, by successive bishops. These 
 additions consisted of a tower, built by Bishop Strick- 
 land, another by Bishop Bell, and a third by Bishop 
 Kyte. " The north side of the quadrangle," says Jeffrr- 
 son, "consisted of tlie Const^iblu's Tower, the chapel, 
 licU's Tower, a chamber called the council chamber, 
 with one chamber under it, denominated Great Para- 
 dise, and Stricldiind Tower, eontiiining together sixteen 
 looms. On tho east side were situated the gi-eat 
 diuiiig-room, kitchen, buttery, with lodging rooms and 
 cellars. Tho south side contained a long gallery lead- 
 ing to the hall, and a variety of store rooms and 
 
 domestic offices, with two or three little turrets. The 
 west side contained Pettenger's Tower,' and Kyte's 
 Tower, and various other rooms; the total number of 
 apartments appeai-s to have exceeded sixty. The 
 stables and coach-house were enclosed within the 
 mantle wall or rampart, in the out«r court; this wall 
 was defended by a number of turrets placed at intervals 
 upon it. In the centre of the inner court or quad- 
 rangle, was a fountain, which conveyed water to all the 
 offices of the house. No historical events of any 
 interest in reference to the castle are recorded between 
 the time of Bishop Kirby and the period of the parlia- 
 mentary wars, during which few fortresses remained 
 unscathed, and Rose being held in 10-i.j, by Mr. 
 Lowther, the constable of the casde, with about twenty 
 or thirty men, was attacked and taken by a party of 
 Colonel Heveringham's regiment, and for some time 
 served as a prison for the royalists. la 1048 it was 
 again garrisoned by a company of royalists, amounting 
 to forty men, and was attacked by a detachment of 
 General Lambert's array. The governor, though twice 
 summoned, woidd not surrender, being determined to 
 hold out as long as possible : but after sustaining an 
 assault of two hours, the castle was taken by storm, 
 and was afterwards burnt by order of Major Cliolmley, 
 who appears to have been in command of the detach- 
 ment. A few weeks after this event, the army of tho 
 Duke of Hamilton, which had been raised in Scotland 
 for the Kings service, was here joined by Sir Marma- 
 duke Langdale's forces. The survey of Rose Castle, 
 made by order of the parliament in 1049 or IGoO, 
 describes it to be in a state of great decay, and values 
 the materials for sale at .£425. Mr. Heveringham. 
 who possessed a moiety of the manor during Cromwell's 
 time, fitted up the office for his own residence. When 
 Bishop Rainbow came to the see in 1GG4 no pai-t of 
 the house was habitable. He built a few rooms for 
 immediate use, and was obliged to rebuild the chapel, 
 which had been insutficieudy built by his predecessor. 
 Bishop Smith built the tower adjoining the staircase, 
 and by him and his immediate successor the house 
 was again rendered a comfortable habitation. Bishop 
 Lytdeton repaired Strickland Tower, built a new- 
 kitchen and odicr offices, and made great improvcmeats 
 in the habitable part of the house. Several altonidons 
 conducive to comfort and convenience have since been 
 made, and tho external and internal appearance of the 
 castle much improved. In ancient times every bishop 
 of Carlisle wius obliged to leave for his successor a 
 certain number of books of divinity and canon law, 
 
 >" There iaalmdilion thnt one Pclleni^r linnged himself in (liis 
 tower, hence it3 Dttne." — NicoUon and Bum,
 
 164 
 
 CUMBEKLAND WARD. 
 
 104 oxen, 16 lieifcrs, and other live stock in proportion." 
 The castle, as it appears at present, occupies only tlic 
 north and west sides of the (luadrangle, the othor two 
 sides not liaviug been restored since their destruction in 
 the civil wars. Its present state is owing in a great mea- 
 sure to the exertions of the late bishop. Dr. Percy, who 
 made everj' effort to restore the castle to a complete 
 state, and to render it worthy of its ancient name. 
 Notwithstanding the repairs which had taken place 
 under his lordship's predecessors, the edifice was in a 
 very dilapidated state when Dr. Percy was raised to tlie 
 see in 18v!~ ; the floors were rotten, the roofs gave little 
 or no protection against the weather, and the exterior 
 presented a strange mixture of styles, according to the 
 periods at which the several portions were erected or 
 restored. The bishop, in 1829, commenced a complete 
 renovation of the entire edifice, and under the guidance 
 of Messrs. Piickman aud Hutchinson, the castle was com- 
 pletely restored in the style that prevailed when Strick- 
 land's Tower, the oldest part of the castle remaining, 
 was erected. 'With the exception of this tower, together 
 ■with those of Bishops Bell aud Kyte, and Pettenger's 
 tower, which form an inconsiderable part of the buil- 
 ding, the castle was entirely renewed. A new range 
 of offices was also erected on the western side, to 
 supply the place of those which existed previous to the 
 wars of the parliament. A new tower, called Percy's 
 Tower, was also added to the north-west angle of the 
 main building. The ancient gateway and mantle wall 
 with its turrets still remain. The entrance door of 
 the house, is at the point where the Constable's Tower 
 stood, and is secured by a large and curious look, 
 presented to the castle by Ann Countess of Pembroke, 
 which bears the inscription A. P. 1073. The stair- 
 case is an elaborate and extremely elegant structure, 
 composed of polished oak, with a private balustrade, 
 consisting of cinque foils, charged iu the centre with 
 the armorial bearings of the see, and those of the 
 bishop alternately. On the staircase is a full length 
 portrait of Bishop Smith, and a half-length of Ann 
 Countess of Pembroke. 
 
 The chapel, which occupies the north side of the 
 house, aud has beneath it the bishop's libraiy and study, 
 is 44 feet in length, by 2a in breadth. It is lighted by 
 four large windows on the south side, and one at the 
 east end, all filled with tracery in the Perpendicular 
 style; the carved panels of the stalls were brought from 
 Lambeth Palace, where they had been used for a 
 similar purpose by Cardinal Pole in the sixteenth 
 century. 
 
 At the north-east angle of the chapel is a door con- 
 ducting to the chaplain's apartment, in Bell's Tower, 
 
 which contains the small library belonging to the see. 
 To the east of the chapel was formerly the apartment 
 called Great Paradise, covered by a massive curtain wall 
 uniting Bell's Tower with Strickland's. The latter is a 
 square tower now detached, situated at the north-east 
 angle of the house, aud was formerly the keep or 
 donjon of the castle; its form is similar to most of the 
 border peel -houses, consisting of three apartments; 
 of these the lower one is vaulted, and has walls seven 
 feet thick; the staircase leading to it commenced at 
 the end of a narrow passage, on a level with the first 
 floor. The apartments on the first floor, which, from 
 its ruinous state, is open to the roof, has, at its south- 
 cast gable, a piscina which renders it probable that the 
 apartment was used as a chapel. In a closet at the 
 same angle of the second floor, which is reached by a 
 dilapidated staircase, is a small opening about a foot 
 square cut or left in the substance of the wall, running 
 down to the dungeon, and supposed to have been used 
 cither for conveying food to the prisoners there con- 
 fined, or for overhearing their conversation. 
 
 The west side of the building contains the principal 
 apartments of the castle. The dining and drawing- 
 rooms are spacious and elegant, the two mantle-pieces 
 iu each of them contain some fine carving, and the 
 oriel windows, looking into the quadrangular court, 
 towards the river, command an extensive prospect, and 
 on the exterior have a very fine appearance. The older 
 portions of the castle are thickly mantled with i\j, and 
 on the cornice of the tower erected by Bishop Bell, is 
 iust visible, the emblematical device of a bell with the 
 initials, R. b. 
 
 Hawkesdale Hall, many years the property and 
 residence of the Nicolson family, is now in a very 
 dilapidated state. A monument on the outside of the 
 chancel of the parish church of Dalston, commem- 
 orates several members of this family. 
 
 Holme HiU, many years the residence of the family 
 of Holme, passed to George Holme Summer, Esq., 
 M.P., and having been since sold, is now the property 
 of the Salkelds. 
 
 muits of f aiolicsbak f)all. 
 This family claims descent from the old Yorkshire 
 house of Le Fleming, of Wath. From an ancient 
 pedigree it appears that 
 
 Sib John le Fleming, lord of Wath, on Dearn, co. York, 
 who died U Edward 11., left, by Joaa his wife, daughter of 
 Waher de Faueonberg, three sons, viz., 
 
 Thomas, of Wath and Dearn, anoestor of the Flemings of 
 
 Wath, whose eventual heiress married Saville, of New HaU. 
 Eaineb, of whose descendants we treat. 
 
 Lambert, a Knight Templar, put to death at Paris, with the 
 Grand Master, by order of Philip le Bel.
 
 DALSTON PARISH. 
 
 UL 
 
 The second son. 
 
 Eaiser le Fleming, called " Kainer de Watli, Chevalyr," 
 was in the Scottish wars in the retinue of Lord Percy. He 
 married Ada, daughter and heir of Thomas de Bethune, and 
 had, with other issue, a second son, 
 
 Simon de Wiin, who married Alice, daughter and coheir of 
 John do Eston, and was father of 
 
 John de WATir, or Wathes, who possessed, jure matris, a 
 moiety of Kston, co. Worcester, and considerable landed pro- 
 perty in Yorkshire, temp. Edward III. He married Emmn, 
 daughter of Sir Hugh Golofre, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 William Watiies, of Eston, living 1397, who married 
 Blanche, danghtpr of William do Wellesbume, and had a son, 
 
 Sm Thomas Wathes, of Eston, who served in the French 
 wars, and is frequently mentioned in the Acts of the I'arliament 
 of Paris as " Sir Thomas Wathes de Eston," and as " Sir 
 Thomas d'Eston, Chevalier Anglaise." He had a grant from 
 Henry V. of the seigneury of Langeais, on the Loire, and other 
 property in France, the forfeited possessions of the Vicomte de 
 Brosse, who had descried the English faction. Sir Thomas 
 married Isabeau, diuighter of Bertrand Goyon, seigneur do 
 JIatignon, and widow of Amboise, Vicomte do Thouars ; and 
 dying 14'-'-t, left a son, 
 
 Simon Wathes, of Eston, 7 Henry VI., 1128. Ho married 
 Margery, daughter and heir of Thomas de Stotesbury of Whit- 
 lield, CO. Nortliampton, and left a son, 
 
 Siii Richahi) Wattyb, who fought under the banner of York 
 at Wnkefiekl, where he fell, or died soon after the conflict, of 
 his wounds, leaving by his wife Isabel Stafford, a son and heir, 
 
 Thomas Wativs, who was plaintiff in an aclion-at-law against 
 William de Stotesbury, William de Lovett, and others, for the 
 recovery of the manor of Whitfield, in the last year of the reign 
 of Henry VI., Ulil. By his wife, Alice, heiress to an estate at 
 Beby, CO. Leicester, he had issue, 
 
 I. John, heir. 
 
 II. Richard, who liad a son, Hichard, end two daughters, Jfary, 
 tile wife of George Gape, nf niuuules, in the co. Northampton, 
 and Joan, the wife of Gervas .\stley. 
 
 III. Thomas, the father of John, from whom descended the 
 family of Walts, sealed in Norfiilk. 
 
 I. Elizabeth, the wife of Richard Usbome. 
 The eldest son, 
 
 John Wattes, of Beby, co. Leicester, married twice. By his 
 second wife he had issue John and Francis. By his first wife, 
 Magdelaine, daughter and heiress of Thomas Berkeley, of the 
 city of Worcester, John Wattes had a son and heir. 
 
 Thomas Wattes, Esq., of Beby, who had a grant, a.d. 15C0, 
 of the lands and lordship of Blakeslcy, co. Northampton. By 
 his first wife, Anne, daughter and coheir of Sir John Crouch, 
 of Crouch, CO. Kent, he had a son and heir William. His 
 second wife was Catharine Sulyard, of Essex. Mr. Watts died 
 in 10li;i, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 William Watts, Esq., of Blakesley, who died Ifi June, lOU. 
 Ho married Mary, daughter of the famous Lord Chief Justice 
 Sir Edward Montagu, Knt. of Boughton, co. Northampton, and 
 had issue, i. Edwaud his heir; li. Montagu, barristerat-law; 
 and Miu-y, wife of .iVuiliony X'almcr, Esq., of Stoko-Doyley. The 
 elder son and heir, 
 
 EiiwARD Waits, Esq., of Blakesley, married Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Sir P.alph Coningaby, Knt., of North Mymms; 
 Herts, and had issue, William ; ii. Edward, a royalist, whose 
 only daughter and heir, Mary, married Rev. John Pettyfer ; 
 III. CoNiNusuv, of whom presently, iv. Ainphilug; v. Ralph; 
 I. Mary ; and ii. Elizabeth. The third .son, 
 
 CosiNosDV Watts, early embarked in the royal cause, and 
 suffered in consequence, both in person and property. By his 
 
 wife Barbara, daugliter and eventually sole heir of George 
 Danet, Esq., of the city of London, he had 
 
 I. Montagu, who died young. 
 
 II. John, who removed into Leicestershire, and purchased a con- 
 siderable estate there, which had originally belonged to the 
 ancient family of Danet, big mother's bouse, built Danei's 
 Hall, and took up liis residence tliere. He held tlie office of 
 Receiver-General fur the county, projected and nearly com- 
 pleted the water-woiks for supplying the city of Leicester 
 Willi spring-water, and was also of cousiderable sen'ice to the 
 early manufacturers of Leicester, by lending them money in 
 the infancy of the hosiery business. It is said he had the 
 honour of handing the first cup of liquor to William 111. on 
 his landing in Kngland. He died in 1742, aged 80. Mr. 
 Walls married Caiberiue, daughter of — Carter, Esq., of 
 Leicester, and niece of Sir Lawrence Carter, one of the 
 barons of ilie Court of Exchequer, and had issue, 
 
 John Walls, jun., of Danei's Hull, who was a barrister-at-law, 
 autl sunk a considerable furtune in the South Sea scheme. 
 He (lied in 17'.i8, aged .')2. He married Klizabeth, daughter 
 of Nicholas Mosley, Esq., and niece of Sir Oswald Mosley, 
 Cart., of r.olleslon. By this lady (who died in 173U, 
 aged 80) Mr. Walls had issue. 
 The Rev. William Walts, M.D., who was educated as a 
 physician, and practised at Leicester. He subsequently 
 entered the church. Dr. Watts was chiefly instrumental 
 in the estiililishment of the Leicester Infirmary, of 
 which he was one of the governors. He married the 
 daughter of George Wlialley, Esq., of Norton, and had 
 by her John Mosley Waits, who married Sarali, 
 daughter of Samuel Bolton, uf Fair ilUe, near Hen- 
 ley on-Thames, and had issue, 
 William Moslev, of whom hereafter. 
 Alaric .Alexander, the distinguished poet, married 
 Zdlah, sister of tile late J. II. Wiffen, Esq., the 
 Irauslator of Tasso, and has hud issue .Alaric Wil- 
 liam, who died young; Alahic .Vlfred; Francis 
 Coleridge, who died young; and Zillah-Emily- 
 Frances. 
 Anaslasia. 
 The elder son, 
 
 William Mosley Watts, of Byfield House, Barnes, 
 CO. Surrey, burn 12 September, 1780, married 
 Mary, duughter of Thomas I'itler, Esq., of Craw- 
 ley, and died 7 October, 1.S40, having had issue, 
 William Power, who died Young. 
 Frederick Mosley, M..A., of Lincoln College, 
 
 Oxford, in huly orders, born 11 March, ls20. 
 Mary, who died in 1832. 
 III. Georob, of whom hereafter. 
 
 I. Barbara, wife of George Bentley, Esq., of Monmouth. 
 The third, but second surviving son, 
 
 Geokge Watts, a Turkey merchant in the city of Bristol, 
 married twice. By his first wifo Mary, daughter of George 
 Dennis, Esq., of Bideford, he had a daughter Mary, who mar- 
 ried Andrew Nelthorpe, Esq. By his second wife, Miss Aiine 
 Harrington, he had 
 
 I. Ch AiiLES, of whom presently. 
 
 II. Montagu, who inhcriicd the greater part of bis father's for- 
 tune, whiih he lost by embarking in the South Sea bubble. 
 He married Jliss .lane Seymour, and left issue. 
 
 III. William, M..\., in holy orders. 
 
 I. Florence, died young. 
 
 II. Anne, wife of Captain Frazer. 
 
 III. Elizubeth, wife of Sir Samuel Goodyer, Bart. 
 
 The eldest son, 
 
 Chahles Watts, a captain of the Royal Life Guards, offended 
 his father, and was disinherited. Ho married Katherine, 
 daughter of Rolicrt Scrope, Esq., colonel in the French service, 
 and ChevaUer of SL Louis, descended from the Scropes of 
 Hameldon, Bucks (by his wife Katherine Middleton, of tho 
 family of Stockeld), and dying 1745, left a son, 
 
 The Rev. Wiujam Watts, A.M., rector of Moresby, Cum- 
 berland, J. P., who mainly assisted Joseph Nicolson, Esq., in 
 his arduous undertaking of compiling tho History of Cumber-
 
 166 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 land. He married Mary, daughter ( by Mary liis wife, daughter 
 of BeUingbam Jlauleveror, Esq., of Amclitlo) of John Nicol- 
 son, Esq., nnd sister and eventually sole heir of John Nicolson 
 of HawkesJale Hall, in Cumherlaml, and groat-uiece of Dr. 
 AVilliam Nicolson, bishop of Carlisle, altenvurds of London- 
 derry, and I'ventiiuUy archbishop of Cashel, by which lady ho 
 left issue a daughter, Warj-, wife of the Eev. William Brisco, 
 of Langrigg, co. Cumberland, and a son, 
 
 The Uev. Clement Watts, M..A.., vicar of Holme Cultram, 
 CO. Cumberland, J. P.; nianied JIary, daughter of Williaiu 
 Benn, Esq., of More Eow, and only sister of Sir John Benu 
 Walsh, Bait., of Orraathwaite Hall, by whom (who died 1818) 
 he had issue. Tlie eldest son, 
 
 JonH Nicolson Watts succeeded, on the death of his great 
 uncle, John Nicolson, Esq., of HawUesdale, to that nnd other 
 estates in Cumberland. Mr. Watts went out to India early in 
 life, in the Company's civil service, on the Madras establish- 
 ment, where he died in 1815, at the early age of :i.5. He mar- 
 ried in 1800, Ann I'itt, daughter of James Dodson, Esq., of 
 Eeading-hill, Berks, by Sarah his wife, daughter and coheir 
 of John Philip Carey, Esq., of Compton, co. Gloucester, and 
 by her (who died 17 July, 18'J(p) had issue, 
 
 I. John James, his successor. 
 
 II. Montague, Lieut.-Ccilonel Madras Horse Artillery, born 'i 
 March, 180s ; married Jane, daughter of John Bird, Esq., 
 Madras Civil Service. 
 
 III. Henry, Lieutenant in the Madras Engineers, born 26 Janu- 
 ary, 18 U), died unmarried in India, in Lh.Jh. 
 
 I. Helen Cramer, married 182IJ, Henry Diekuison, Esq., of the 
 Madras Civil Sen-ice, and died 211 May, 18:')1. 
 
 II. MaiT Anne, married 1 8.'!0, Heiu'y Briggs, Esq., of the Madras 
 Light Cavalry. 
 
 Mr. Watts died June, 1815, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 John James Watts, Esq., of Hawkesdala Hall, born 15 
 March, 1803. 
 
 Anns — Quarterly: 1st and Itli, arg., a fesse, and in chief, two 
 cross-crosslets, gii ; 2i!d and 3rd, enu., on a chief, gu., a bezant, 
 between two billets, or. 
 
 Crests — 1st, a dexter arm, embowed, in armour, ppr., grasping in 
 the gauntlet an aniohisbaena, (or a suake wiUi ti head at each ex- 
 tremity), or, langued, gu. ; 2ud, a lozenge, gu., between two wings, 
 elevated, or. 
 
 Seat — Hawkesdide Hall. 
 
 IVEGILL, OR UlGll HEAD. 
 
 The township of Ivegill, or High Head, contained 
 in 1801 IIG inhabitants; iiilSll, 109; in 1821, 129; 
 hi 18.31, 141; in 1841, 194; and in 1851, 134. The 
 rateable value is £1437 Us. The population, whose 
 principal employment is agriculture, is very much 
 scattered over the the township, and in the small 
 village of Ivegill. Carlisle and I'eurith are the 
 markets attended. In the immediate neighbourhood 
 of the township, thougli not in the township itself, are 
 the remains of a Roman camp, but they are not very 
 distinct. In a field, near to this place, a few Roman 
 coins, one a gold piece, have been discovered. 
 
 The manor of High Head, in this township, belonged 
 in the reign of Edward II. to John de Hercla, who 
 ■was attainted for being concerned in rebellion with liis 
 brother, the Earl of Carlisle. In 1;342, William 
 L'Angleys, or English, had the king's license to crenel- 
 late his mansion at High Head, yet it appears there 
 
 had been a castle there before, belonging to the crown, 
 for in the year 1320, Ralph Dacre had a grant of the 
 custody of the castle of High Head, for ten years, and 
 the ue.\t year the custody was granted for life to 
 ■\Mlliam L'Angleys, who took possession under that 
 grant, whereupon Ralph Dacre, in 1330, petitioned 
 parliament to be reinstated for the remainder of his 
 term. In 133.S the son of AVilliam above mentioned 
 had a license from the bishop to build a chapel here, 
 and to have a chapluin to olliciate therein. About the 
 year 1550, High Head Castle was purchased of the 
 family of llostwold, by John Ricbiuond, Esq., in 
 whose posterity it continued till the demise of Chris- 
 topher Richmond, Esq., when it became the property 
 of two of his daughters. Isabel, the eldest daughter, 
 born 1079, married S. Gledliill, Esq., whose descen- 
 dants sold their half of the estate to Lord Brougham. 
 Margaret, the seventh daughter, born 1089, was married 
 to W. Gale, Esq., merchant, of Whitehaven, whose 
 descendants took, in 1770, the name of Braddyll. 
 Colonel Braddyll, born 1770, is their representative. 
 Lord Brougham's family is connected with the Rich- 
 mond family, through Elizabeth, second daugliter of the 
 Christopher Richmond above mentioned, born in 1080, 
 who married Peter Brougham, Esq., of Slielton. Their 
 eldest son, Henry Richmond Brougham, Esq. of Scales 
 and High Head Castle, was high sheriH' of Cumberland 
 in 1749, and died unmarried in that year. This 
 family connection accounts for the purchase of the por- 
 tion of the estate now in the possession of Lord 
 Brougham. The mansion belongs to that nobleman, 
 who shares the manorial rights, <i-c., with Colonel 
 Braddyll, in addition to whom, Messrs. John Knight, 
 Thomas Knight, Isaac, and Christopher WilHamson, 
 John Dennison, and Christopher Hudson, are the 
 principal landowners. 
 
 High Head Castle, the manor house, is a substantial 
 building, but at present unfit for residence, having been 
 allowed to go out of repair. It has, however, been some- 
 what restored lately, and is now occupied as a farm- 
 house. There was formerly a good deal of carved wood- 
 work about the building, but this has been removed to 
 Brougham Hall. The house occupies a most picturesque 
 situation, on a steep rock overlooking the neighbouring 
 scenery, backed up by the range of Skiddaw Forest in 
 the distance, while the little river Ive winds its way 
 immediately beneath, through a rocky channel com- 
 pletely overshadowed with timber. 
 
 ^rHbbgll ^"amilg. 
 
 John Vactc, of Catterlen, manied Jlabol Musgiave in IfllC, 
 and by her had issue, Mabel, who was married to Christopher 
 Eichniond, of High Head, to whom she bore two sons and a
 
 DALSTON TAKISH. 
 
 167 
 
 ilttiighter, CiinisTornEn, of whom presently, John, and Mag- 
 dalen. Mr. liichmond married 2ndly Magdalen, daughter of 
 A. Huddlcston, of Hulton John, and by her had issue. 
 
 CiiRisTopiiKn RlciiMoNn, mnrried tjrsilv Miiud, daiiphtor of Sir 
 
 \V. Lnwscin, liort., of Isell Ilnll, liy whlim he liinl one son anil 
 
 two diutphters. His scroiid wife was Isjiliell, daughter of 
 
 Thomas Reynolds, of London, by wliora he had issue, 
 
 I. Erasmus, bom 1084, died an infant. 
 
 71. Henry, the only son surviving infancy, who bequeathed High 
 
 Head estate to his mother on his death, 1710. 
 in. William, who died an infant. 
 
 I. J^nliel, born 1('pT!i, who ninmed S. Gledhill, Esq. 
 
 II. Eli/iibtih, born li;"!!, married Peter Brougham, of Skelton, 
 collector of excise, and had issue, 
 
 1. Henry Richmond Brougham, of Scales and High ITend 
 Castle, hi?li sheriff of Cumberland, 174(1, wlio died un- 
 married, in April, 17-19. 
 
 2. John, who died unmarried. 
 M. Afary, who died young. 
 
 in. Sarah, bom 1(581, married G. Simpson, of Thackwood, gent. 
 
 IV. Aime, died young. 
 
 V. Mabel, married Henry Brisco, youngest son of J. Briseo, o^ 
 Crolton Hall. 
 
 VI. Susannah, to whom High Head Castle was bequeathed by 
 her mother's will, as well as Catterlen in fee. 
 
 VII. Margaret, bom l(l«!), married W. Gale, of Whitehaven, 
 merchant, and had issue, 
 
 I. John (iale, of Whitehaycn and of Cleator Hall, who 
 married Snrah. danphter and coheir of Christopher 
 Wilson, of Bardsey Hal!. Liuirashire, by Margaret, annt 
 and heir of Thomas Braddyll, born 17^8, died 1774. 
 Mr. tiale had issue, 
 
 Wii.r.iAM Galk, of Conishend Priory, Lancashire, 
 baptised '.ilth February, Pof), took the name of 
 Braddyll in 177ip, He married in the latter year, 
 Jane, daughter of Manillas Gale of Londou, mer- 
 chant, and by her had .Iomn Gale HnAnnTi,L, 
 Esq.. of ConisIiea<l Priory, born 1 1th November, 
 1770, who took the surname of Kichmond before 
 that of Braddyll, ami the arms of liichmond and 
 Gale quarterly with those of Braddyll, by license, 
 Olh October, iHlii. William Gale, i;sq.,'die<l lllh 
 Noycmber, IhIk. 
 
 VIII. Mardia. 
 
 The villnge of Ivegill is eight miles south of Carlisle. 
 
 High Head chapel, in the immediate neighbourhood 
 of tho castle, and one mile distant from Ivegill, is a 
 chapel-of-case to Dalston. It is a plain and somewhat 
 mean-looking building, with small bell turret, erected 
 in 1830, upon the sito of an older building. The 
 interior is better than the exterior. The font is hex- 
 agonal, and is the gift of the late Miss Rliimiro, of 
 Thackwood Nook. Tho chapel contains a memorial 
 window to that lady by O'Connor, — subject, Our Lord 
 bearing tho Cross ; two other windows are also by the 
 same artist, and tho remaining four arc lilled with tho 
 stamped quarries of Jlessrs. James Powell, itc. All are 
 the gift of tlio present incumbent. Tho dedication of 
 the chnpel is unknown. The townships of Ivegill, Jlid- 
 dlesceugh, in the parish of St. Mary's Without, Caj-lisle, 
 and Itonfield, in the parish of Hesk.t-in-the-Forest, have 
 scats in the chnpel and are united for educational ]iur- 
 poses. Tiio living, a perpetual curacy, was only endowed 
 with £;tOO, which has been since augmented from (Jueen 
 .\uno'8 Bounty, and Parliamentary grants, &c., the whole 
 present value is about £91 i;ts. Od. There are no 
 
 tithes. Baptisms only are solemnised in the chapel. 
 The register commences in 1705. 
 
 Incoidents,— John Hudson, 1782; Thomas Robinson, 1770; 
 Joseph Ashbridge, 1771; James Maws, 1777; Joseph Hudson, 
 1784; Samuel Hudson, 170O; Joseph Hudson, 1820^; Hugh 
 Elliot, 1840 ; Richard Dugdale, 1843 ; Arthur Emilius Hulton, 
 1853. 
 
 There is a small school at Ivegill, erected in 1835 ; 
 for the townships of Ivegill, or High Head, Itonfield, 
 and MiJdlesceugh. 
 
 CHAIUTT. 
 
 Chapel Stock. — It is stated in a terrier of this 
 cbapelry, dated 1777, that there was then the sum of 
 £300, called ancient chapel stock. By reference to the 
 will of Isabella JMiller, dated 1st May, 1786, it appears 
 she directed that those who, after her decease, should 
 become possessors of the castle, manor, demesne lauds 
 of High Head, should pay yearly, and every year for 
 ever, out of the same, the sura of 20s. to such person 
 as should be reader and schoolmaster at High Head 
 chapel. Provided always that the reader and school- 
 master should be nominated and appointed by or 
 with the consent of the said possessor or possessors, 
 and their successors, and that the school should be 
 taught in the parish of Dalston as formerly. The 
 interest of the £'300 and the 20s. yearly, is paid to 
 the incumbent of the chapelry. 
 
 There is a corn-mill close to High Head Castle, the 
 property of Lord Brougham, and carried on by Mr. 
 George Eayson. 
 
 There are two bridges in this township: one over 
 the Roe, called High Bridge, the other over the Ive, 
 immediately below High Head Castle. 
 
 The people here are very general in their invitations 
 to funerals, wliich all in tho neighbourhood or laiting 
 are expected to attend : and much unnecessary expense 
 is consequently often incurred. 
 
 IIAUGHTON AND GATESGILL. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 206; 
 in 1811, 18.1; in 1821, 294: in 1?31, 330: in 1841, 
 318: and in 1851, 302. Its rateable value is £2,320 
 68. Id. "Gatesgill and Baughton," say Nicolson and 
 Burn, "were at the Conquest all forest ami waste 
 groimd, and were lirst enclosed by way of purpresturc 
 by one Ugthred, to bo holden of tho king in fee by 
 serjenntry for keeping the eyries of hawks for the king, 
 which bred in the forest of Inglcwood. Ciateskale, being 
 a wbiney place, where the inhabitants of Rnugh- 
 ton made scales or shields for their gates (or goats) 
 
 ' Joseph Hudson, uou resident. Hugh Elliot, his successor, was 
 assistant cunle.
 
 163 
 
 CUJfBERLAND WARD. 
 
 from thcnco took its name, as Raughion did from the 
 beck or river, called Raugh (or llaghe), which signifies 
 u rough rapid water. The posterity of Ugthred took 
 their surname of the place, and gave the sparhawk 
 for their cognizance. It continued in this name and 
 family for several generations; till the last of the 
 name settledjit upon his wife Margaret (Stapleton), and 
 she dying without issue, her brother William Stapleton 
 of Eden Ilall succeeded to the inheritance. lu like 
 
 manner the Musgraves succeeded the Staplelons by a 
 female heir, and towards the end of tlie fourteenth cen- 
 tury settled it upon a younger son, whose chief seat was 
 at Hayton, in which house it still continues." 
 
 The principal landowners are the representatives of 
 the late George Coweu, Esq., Thomas Salkeld, Esq., 
 the executors of the late John Bond, Esq., Lord 
 ]3roughani, Robert Mouusey, Esq., and William Bond, 
 yeoman. 
 
 GRINSDALE PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north and east by the 
 Kirkaudrcws, and on the south by the parish of St. Mary 
 
 The area of Grinsdale is about 730 acres (890 in 
 the Census returns!, and its rateable value £580. Its 
 population in 1801 was 86; in 1811, 118; in 1821, 
 138; iu 1831, I35.';7in isil, 115 : and in 18,51, 95. 
 It is now about 100, inhabiting 23 houses. Their 
 occupation is entirely agricultural. The land here is 
 well cultivated, and the houses clean and comfortable. 
 The village] of Grinsdale is the only collection of 
 houses. There are three separate farm-houses situated 
 at Millbock, where there is a corn-mill moved by water- 
 power ; Comhill and Knockupworth Hall. The quality 
 of the soil near the river Eden, comprising about 
 one-fourth ^part of the parish, is a deep rich deposit ; 
 and iu the highest part near the borders of it, is 
 situate thejvillage of Grinsdale, so that the inhabitants 
 are near their good land, and yet out of the reach of 
 the water, when in the highest flood they are nearly 
 surrounded. On going'from the village to the southern 
 part of the parish, the land becomes poorer. Pre- 
 vious to the year 1808, nearly the whole of this part 
 (450 acres) was a wet unproductive common, but it 
 was divided and enclosed in that year, and is now 
 under good cultivation, and produces most excellent 
 crops. The subsoil is of a red gravelly nature, with 
 bands of clay ; and the surface varies from good loam 
 to blacktop earth towards the south. Carlisle markets, 
 held on Wednesdays, Tlmrsdays, and Saturdays, are 
 those attended by the inhabitants. 
 
 The Roman wall and vallum ran through this parish. 
 The wall as it entered the parish on the east, came a 
 little south of the footpath, which now leads from Car- 
 lisle to Grinsdale by the river side. Instead of bending 
 with the footpath when it reaches the south end of the 
 island, it held its direct course, and sought the high 
 
 river Eden and the parish of Stanwix, on the west by 
 
 Carlisle. It possesses no dependent townships. 
 
 ground where the footpath now is between Grinsdale 
 and Kirkaudrcws ; and this footpath is the site of the 
 wall, except where it passes through the Blcachhousc- 
 field, and here it was a little diverted from it a few 
 years ago by Mr. Thomas Sibson, who in straightening 
 the path, removed the only remaining foundations of 
 the wall. It leaves this parish here, and enters Kirk- 
 andrews at Sour Milk Bridge. The traces of the 
 vallum or ditch are not distinct in this parish. 
 
 The parish of Grinsdale is a manor in the barony of 
 Burgh, and gave name to a resident family who lived 
 here during the reigns of Henry I., Stejihen, Henry II., 
 and John. In the reign of the latter monarch the 
 manor came to two daughters of the Grinsdales or 
 Greensdales, called Marriott and Margaret. In the 
 time of Henry III., when Thomas de Multon was lord 
 of Burgh, Thomas de Newton, a descendant of one 
 daughter, held a moiety ; and William de la Sore, a 
 descendant of the other daughter, held the other 
 moiety.' In the reign of Henry IV. the two moieties 
 were sold to the Dentons of Cardew, a daughter of 
 whom married Sir Thomas Dacre of Lanercost. Iu 
 Queen Elizabeth's time the estates of the Dacres were 
 forfeited to the crown by the rebellion and attainder of 
 Leonard Dacre, whose sisters (Anne and Elizabeth) 
 mai-rying the Earl of Arundel and Lord William 
 
 ' In 129-5, and again in Wtl, Robert de Gi-insdale represented 
 the city of Carlisle in Parliament. This Robert was the son of Gil- 
 bert, whose father Robert de Grinsdale, a citizen of Carlisle, and an 
 inheritor of lands both at Grinsdale and Parton, was a second 
 brother of .\3ketiU de Grinsdale, one of tlie iirst of that family con- 
 nected with this manor. The said Robert had a son Atan de Grins- 
 dale, who was member for Carhsle in 1300 and 1306, and one of the 
 representatives for the connty in 1312. After him was Robert de 
 Grinsdale, who represented Carlisle several times in the reigns of 
 Edward U. and Edward III.
 
 KIXGMOOR KXTEA PAEOCniAL PLACE. 
 
 169 
 
 Howard, the sons of the Duke of Norfolk procured 
 the estates to bo granted to them again by the crown. 
 This manor being in the barony of Burgh came thus 
 into the hands of Philip, earl of Arundel, who died in 
 1595 ; and in 1085 his descendants sold the barony to 
 Sir John Lowther for ;£lt,O0O, who in 1090 was 
 created Baron Lowther and Viscount Lonsdale. The 
 present Earl of Lonsdale is lord of one part of the 
 parish, and Joseph Dacre, Esq., of Kirklinton Hall, 
 of the other part. The principal landowners are Mr. 
 Thomas Sibson, Miss Jane Ilobson, Mr. Sibson Gra- 
 ham, Mr. Richard Bum, and Mr. John Graham. 
 
 The village of Grinsdale is two-and-ahalf miles 
 north-west of Carlisle. 
 
 THE CnUECH. 
 
 The church, dedicated to St. Kentigem, is a small 
 but neat building, delightfully situated on the banks of 
 the river Eden, and from its quiet and secluded posi- 
 tion, its graveyard is a most fitting depository for the 
 remains of the dead. It was formerly rectorial, and 
 belonged to the lords of the manor of Grinsdale, up to 
 the reign of Henry II., when Hugh de I\rorville, lord 
 of the barony of Burgh, and Piichard de Newton and 
 Robert de la Sore, coparceners in the manor of Grins- 
 dale, granted and confirmed the church of Grinsdale, 
 with all its rights, to the canons of Lanercost Priory. 
 At the dissolution of this priory, the rectory and ad- 
 vowson passed to Sir Thomas Dacre by the grant of 
 Edward VI. ; and bis descendants have always ap- 
 pointed a curate with a salary of forty shillings yearly, 
 tliough the church lay iu ruins for many ages. It was 
 rebuUt by Joseph Dacre, Esq., at his own expense, in 
 1710. The living lias been several times augmented 
 by grants from (juccn Anne's bounty office, with which 
 
 lands have been purchased at Dapley Moor, iu the 
 parish of Stapleton, and at Mildburnhead, iS-c., in the 
 parish of Kirklinton. Its present value is about £115 
 per annum. The tithes were paid in kind previous to 
 the year 1751, when they were purchased by the land- 
 owners of the late Joseph Dacre, Esq., the patron and 
 lay impropriator, for the sum of £1,000, passed by fine 
 and recovery, Hilary Term, 20 George II. The patron 
 is Joseph Dacre, Esq., Temple, London, who appoints 
 a perpetual curate, wilh a stipend of £2 annually, to 
 maintain his ecclesiastical right, paid by the parish. 
 The parish register commences in 1738, and is con- 
 tinued till the present time. There is an entry made 
 on a small fly-leaf of a pocket-book by the late Mr. 
 Thomas Sibson, — "On Sunday, April y'' 19th, 1741, 
 service first performed at Grinsdale church by Rev. 
 Mr. Stamper, the text was in y^ 122 Psalm and vers y« 
 first, viz., ' I was glad when they said unto me, we 
 will go into the house of the Lord.' " Grinsdale is not 
 mentioned in the King's Book, nor is there any presen- 
 tation or other account of it in the bishop's registers. 
 
 Incumbents. — John Stamper, 1738; William Baty, 17C0; 
 Thomas Pattinson, 177C; Jonathan 'Wilson, 1829; Henry 
 Gough, Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, 1848 ; John Burton 
 Norman, 1855. 
 
 There is no parsonage bouse. The present incum- 
 bent living at Kirkandrews, about a mile from the 
 church. 
 
 This parish is entitled to a third of Pattinson's 
 charity for the education of poor children. There is 
 uo school iu the parish, but the inhabitants subscribed 
 towards the erection of that at Kirkandrews-on-Eden, 
 the master of which receives the interest of £50. ' 
 
 ' See Downess parish, p. IDO ; luij Kirkandrews-on-Eden, p. 172. 
 
 KINGMOOR EXTRA PAROCHIAL PLACE. 
 
 KiXfiMoou is an extra parochial place, nearly encircled by Stanwix parish. It is bounded on the north by 
 Rockliffe parish, on the west by Cargo township, on the south by that of Stanwix, and on the east by Houghton. 
 Since 1811 it has been included, for church purposes, in Houghton Ecclesiastical District. 
 
 The area of Kingmoor is 1,110 statute acres, and its 
 rateable value £1,00 t 2s. Cd. Its population in ISQl, 
 was 103; in 1811, 132; in 1821, 162; in 1831, 420; 
 in IHll, 112; and in 1851, 502. A light blackish 
 -soil, incumbent on a red clay, prevails in the district, 
 which is intersected by the Caledonian railway. " King- 
 moor," says Hutchinson, " was formerly vested in the 
 
 crown, the citizens, or corporation of Carlisle, having a 
 prescriptive right to depasture their cattle, and get 
 turves thereon, which right was confirmed to them by 
 the charter of Edward IIL, and the subsequent ones 
 granted by most of the other kings and queens of Eng- 
 land, down to Charles II. In the year 1082 the cor- 
 poration leased out a part of this moor for their lives,
 
 170 
 
 CUMBERLAND WAHD. 
 
 at a small rent ; and so from time to time granted 
 other parts thereof in like manner, which leases were 
 regularly renewed on the dropping of one or two of the 
 lives, on payment of 20s. as a fine for every new life. 
 The whole of the moor hath been thus held ever since, 
 except Mr. Lamb's, the principal estate, of which the 
 corporation granted the fee about fifty years ago. In 
 the year 1792, some of the freemen of this corporation 
 being disposed to revive the exercise of their rights of 
 common pasture and turbary on this moor, au action- | 
 at-law was commenced in consequence thereof, which ! 
 
 was argued at the assizes held at Carlisle the j-oar fol- 
 lowing, and determined in favour of the occupiers or 
 lessees of the corporation." The principal landowners 
 at present are George G. Mounsey, Esq., Chai-les J. 
 Lamb, Esq., Richard Ferguson, Esq., Mr. C. Arm- 
 strong, with some small proprietors. Charles J. Lamb, 
 Esq., possesses the manorial rights and privileges. 
 
 The village or hamlet of Ivingmoor is on the high 
 road to Scotland, about two miles north of CarUsle. 
 The freemen of the city have for a considerable period 
 held their guild races here on a small waste. 
 
 KIEKANDREWS-ON-EDEN PARISH. 
 
 This parish is hounded on the north by the river Eden, on the west by Beaumont and Burgh-on-Sands, on 
 the south by the parish of Orton, and ou the east by tliat of Grinsdale. It comprises no dependent townships. 
 
 Kirkandrews comprises an area of 1,050 statute 
 acres, and its rateable value is £'020. The number 
 of its inhabitants in 1801 was 98 ; in 1811, 100 ; in 
 1821, 141; in 1831, 107; in 1841, 142; and in 1851, 
 131, — living in the village of Kirkandrews, and two 
 or three farm-houses in other parts of the parish. 
 Hoskett Hill is a small hamlet situated on the side of 
 the common. This is a well-cultivated parish ; the 
 north-eastern part, lying alongside the river Eden, is a 
 fine rich holme, with the drawback of being occasionally 
 flooded by the river. The middle part is divided from 
 this holme by the eminence which forms the site of the 
 Boman wall, and is a stcpp about twenty feet higher 
 than the holme. This part contains the village of 
 Kirkandrews, with its crofts of strong productive loam 
 and clay subsoil. Higher still is the third part, divided 
 from the middle part by the eminence called Bracken- 
 hill Brow ; this is of a variable quality of soil, from 
 the loamy to the blacktop with red roachey subsoil. 
 Here is situated the yet unenclosed common ; but the 
 division of it under the Enclosure Acts has just been 
 completed, and a few years will materially improve this 
 part of the county. This common contains about 130 
 acres. The remainder of this third part, about 250 
 acres, are ancient enclosures, which have been granted 
 to the tenements of Kirkandrews from time to time by 
 the lords of the manor. The inhabitants are chiefly en- 
 gaged in agriculture. There are no mines or minerals. 
 The Port Carlisle railway passes through this parish, 
 touching the village at the west end, where there is a 
 station. Carlisle is distant about three miles, and i.s 
 the market town on Wednesdays and Saturdays. 
 
 The Roman Wall and Vallum pass through this 
 parish, entering ou the east side at a place called Sour 
 llilk Bridge, where they are about 200 paces apart, 
 and continue in a westerly direction. The wall, fol- 
 lowing the top of an eminence which bounds the holme 
 land, passed through where the churchyard now is, on 
 the north side of the village, and entered Beaumont 
 parish where Beaumont Beck empties itself into the 
 river. The ditch, pursuing a similar direction, passed 
 on the south side of the village, and entered the parish 
 of Beaumont where the same beck crosses the Monkhill 
 road, and here it is distant from the site of the wall 
 about TiOO paces. On the higher parts, towards the 
 south of this parish, there are several traces of Roman 
 earthworks. At a place on the common near Janet 
 Hill, where the plough has not yet stirred the surface, 
 there are three mysterious circular ditches on the high- 
 est part of the ground of no great dimensions, being 
 respectively five, seven, and nine yards in diameter. 
 Here it is said some urns were found about eighty years 
 ago. These circular ditches are deep, and their interior 
 spaces are a little elevated. Apparently they are very 
 ancient, and the purpose for which they were made has 
 belonged to a period now long gone by. There are also 
 ou this same common most curious traces of what tra- 
 dition says was an aqueduct to bring water from the 
 river Caldcw down into Beaumont Beck for some pur- 
 poses of water-power. It is first seen in this parish on 
 the Far Moor, where it winds round the south and east 
 side of this brow ; thence it proceeds in a northerly 
 direction through Lammonby Close plantation, and 
 behind Maxwell Cottage, thence to the southern side of
 
 KIllKANDREWS-ON-EDEN TAKISH. 
 
 171 
 
 the brow on which stands Hoskett Hill ; and stiU pro- 
 ceeding in a northerly direction, as it finds its desired 
 decline, it enters the parish of Beaumont at a place 
 called Cowper Nook, and bending to the east runs in 
 that direction to Beaumont Beck : at Cowper Nook, 
 where there is some uncultivated ground, the traces are 
 very distinct. 
 
 In this parish, Kirksteads deserves the attention of 
 the antiquarian. It is situated on the south side of the 
 farm-house called Cobble IJall. Here tradition tells us 
 a church once stood to serve the parishes of Kirk- 
 andrews, Beaumont, Grinsdale, and Orton. Yet we 
 cannot llnd, cither from internal evidence, or from any 
 ancient documents whatevc-r, that the building which 
 once stood here was dedicated to Christian worship. 
 Man}' Roman remains have been dug out ; an altar, 
 ■with many sculptured stones now in the garden of ilrs. 
 Norman of Kirkandrews, and illustrated in Bruce's 
 iloraan Wall,' many Koman coins, and some beautiful 
 specimens of Roman decorations of the vine tracery 
 cut in rehef in stone, now in the possession of Mr. 
 Norman of Bow, and Mr. Stordy of Thurstonfield. 
 Remains of human bones have also been exposed here, 
 but still no traces of mediicval architecture. But the 
 strongest evidence against this tradition is, that the 
 churches in Beaumont and Orton, as well as what 
 recently remained of the old church which stood in 
 Kirkandrews' churchyard, all bear evidence that they 
 Lave been erected during the thirteenth and fourteenth 
 centuries. And previous to that time it is not likely 
 that the inhabitants here would be cither so numerous 
 or so wenlthy as to maintain a separate church. No 
 doubt the human bones that have been dug up, and the 
 sculptured stones that have been removed, led our fore- 
 fathers, who were not skilled in Roman remains, to 
 think that this was the site of some " auld kirk," and 
 therefore they named the field " Kirksteads." 
 
 About 300 paces from Kirksteads, in a field called 
 Hainings, the property of Mrs. C. Norman, there was 
 found, in the summer of 1855, in the northern angle 
 of the field, and a very little way beneath the surface 
 of the ground, an earthenware vase containing about 
 1,100 Roman denarii. The coins were of bronze, and 
 principally of the reigns of Constjintine and Diocletian. 
 
 ' Tho nitnr hcnra marks of liiiTinif bi.'pn cut ilimn to suit the 
 purposes of somi- oomparalively lUoili'rn Imildcr. The focus of the 
 altar ia unusually large, the boltliip.xs of its lettering indicating an 
 carlj (Ittte. Dr. Uruce reads it as follows: Lfciis Junius Vioto- 
 
 BISUS ET CaiUS -KlLVXIS I.KO.MI AlOlsrALKS I.KOIONIS VI. 
 VIlTaiCIS Pl« KT I'lDKI.IS OB RfjJ TRANS VALLUM PROSPLHE OP.STAS. 
 
 I.ueius Junius Victorinus, and Caius /Klinnus, .\u^'usliil Legates 
 of the sixth legiou, victorious, pious, «ud fnithlul, on accouut of 
 achisTcmcnts beyond the wall prosperously performed. 
 
 The discoverer of this treasure was a labouring man 
 who was hedging at the place, and cutting some fresh 
 sods for an adjoining fence. On his spade coming in 
 contact with this buried treasure, his wits were sorely 
 tried as to how he could conceal them and convert 
 them into real money. Often and often he paid a visit 
 to this treasured angle, and bnre away some prize every 
 time ; but one day he had tilled his pockets too full, 
 and some of the coins were found hy his master on the 
 barn floor at Cobble Hall, whore they were living. To 
 his enquiries the man turned a deaf ear. But 
 the master was a " vary canny Scotchman," and 
 collected all the coin he could find, and throwing his 
 plaid over his shouldere set off to the silversmith's at 
 Carlisle to make as good a bargain as he could. When 
 he oflered them he wa.s sadly crestfallen to find that the 
 silversmith would not buy them, as he had already pur- 
 chased at a good pi-ice more than he wanted ; and when 
 he learned that they had all come from a place which 
 he recognised as his own home, and brought by his 
 own servant, he wended his way back again, and dis- 
 missed his " fa'se and knavish loon of a servant." 
 
 This parish forms part of the barony of Burgh be- 
 longing to the Earl of Lonsdale. T. Denton says that 
 it was for a while severed from Burgh, and made parcel 
 of the barony of Levington, but afterwards was re- 
 anncxed to Burgh. It is now nearly all freehold. The 
 landowners are Mrs. Dorothy Norman, JNIrs. Catherine 
 Norman, Rev. John Burton Norman, Mr. John Hind, 
 Mrs. Ruth Graham, and the Misses Blamire. It is 
 enclosed with the exception of 130 acres on the com- 
 mon, which has just been divided under the Enclosure 
 Acts, and will be enclosed in another year. 
 
 The village of Kirkandrews is situated three miles 
 west- north-west of Carlisle. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 The church which formerly stood here was dedicated 
 to St. Andrew, from which the parish takes its name. 
 No part of it is now in existence, nothing save the 
 undulations in the green sward remain to show the site 
 where it stood. There are some persons yet living who 
 recollect the old chancel arch whicii remained for many 
 years after the other portions of the church had been 
 removed. It was used to perform the burial service 
 under, and from what we can learn it was a Norman 
 arch, and the church, in all probability would be in 
 that stylo of architecture. BLshop Nicholson, in his 
 Itinerary through this diocese iu a.d. 1703, savs. 
 "Tho church here at Kirkandrews is quite demolished. 
 Tho parishioners bury their dead iu the churchyard, 
 and the late rector (Mr. Hume) lyes buried, sub Dio, 
 in y" Quire; but tho divine service is at Beaumont,
 
 172 
 
 CUMBERLAND WAKD. 
 
 atout half a mile off. The parsonage-house is a long ' 
 row of low buildings of clay, improved by the late 
 incumbent, who also was at about £10 charges in 
 walling in an orchard. The glebe is about four acres 
 of good land. The value of this and Beaumont (jointly) 
 not above £30. I moved the parishioners here to a 
 compliance with the men of Beaumont, rather tlian 
 run the hazard of being put upon the expence of re- 
 pairing their own church; offering, that, towards the 
 making all things the more easy to them, the old 
 timber in that church should be brought for the 
 improvement of the parsonage house here. They 
 seemed to like the proposal well; and, I believe wiU 
 peaceably comply. They have a tradition that the 
 three little neighbouring churches (of this town, Beau- 
 mont, and Grinsdale) were built by three sisters, who, 
 I must say, were not too generous in subsisting their 
 chaplains, I rather think they ha^-e been small oratories 
 supplied by y* religious of Carlisle." This parish is 
 still united with Beaumont in ecclesiastical matters, and 
 the church in the latter place is used by the parishioners 
 of Kirkandrews, precisely as if it stood in their own 
 parish, contributing towards its repairs, &c. The 
 advowson and right of presentation is in the hands of 
 the Earl of Lonsdale, to whose family it has belonged 
 since 109'^, when George Hume was presented to this 
 living and that of Beaumont,^ on the anne.xation of the 
 two parishes by Sir John Lowther, Bart. The present 
 value of the living, which is a rectory, is £270. The 
 great and small tithes of these united parishes were 
 abolished by a private act of parliament, dated 14th 
 June, 1827, and compensation in lieu thereof was made 
 amounting in Kirkandrews to £57 3s. 3d., and in 
 Beaumont to £134 2s. 9d. Previous to this time the 
 
 1 The following have exercised the right of presentntion to this 
 living :^The Prioress and Convent of Marrig, or Maryke, in York- 
 shire, in 13G1; Queen Elizabeth, in 157G; Bishop May, in 1687; 
 George Bumney, in 1611; and Sir John Lowther, in 1692. 
 
 living was of very small value. It was augmented in 
 1740, by a grant of £200 made by the governors of 
 Queen Anne's Bounty, which in the year following was 
 laid out in the purchase of two dweUing-houses, and 
 out-buildings called Upper Town and seventy acres, part 
 of a tenement called Dapley Moor in the parish of 
 Stapleton. In 1772, land was purchased near Sedberg 
 in Yorkshire with £400 (half of which was given by 
 the Countess Dowager Gower,) to the value of £14 
 per annum, but now let at £9 per annum. There are 
 also about seven acres of good glebe, situate near the 
 rectory at Kirkandrews. The paiish register com- 
 mences in 1746, and is very imperfect at the commence- 
 ment. 
 
 Eectors. — John Palmer, — ; John de Bampton, 1:361; 
 Thomas Watson, — ; Christopher Lowther, 1578 ; William 
 Witton, 1.587; George Millikin, 1011; Kichard 'VVilton, — ; 
 George Hume, lOOi ; Gabriel Trant, who was schoolmaster at 
 Lowther, 1703; Thomas Lewthwaite, 1705'; George Bowness, 
 17C2 ; Richard Burn, the elder, 1780 ; Kichard Burn, the 
 younger, 1811; William Benn, 1840; John Brown, 1852. 
 
 There is a most excellent parsonage-house adjoining 
 the churchyard which commands a beautiful view to 
 the east and north over the rich and fertile vale of the 
 Eden, whose winding course may be traced to a con- 
 siderable distance. The house was erected in 1847 
 by the Rev. Mr. Benn, rector, at a cost of £800, bor- 
 rowed of the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty. It 
 is a plain substantial building of brick, and the interior 
 accommodation appears to have been more aimed at 
 than any architectural beauty. 
 
 There is a small school, with an endowment of £1 
 18s. Cd. from Thomas Pattinson's Charity, for which 
 two children are instructed free. It was erected in 
 1817, by the contributions of the inhabitants of Kirk- 
 andrews, Beaumont, and Grinsdale, and lias an average 
 attendance of fifty children. 
 
 1 His descendants are now receiving relief from this parish. 
 
 KIRKBAMPTON PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by Burgh-upou-Sands, on the west by Aikton and Bowness, on the south 
 by Aikton, and on the east by Burgb-upon-Sands and Orton. It comprises the townships of Bampton Great, 
 Bampton Little, and Oughterby. The parish was surveyed for the purposes of the tithe commutation, and 
 there are maps deposited in the different townships. The population, who are principally employed in agri- 
 culture, are located in the villages of Kirkbampton, Little Bampton, and Oughterby, and the hamlets of Flat, 
 Longrigg, Ploughlands, and Studholme, and a number of detached farm-houses. The state of the parish as to 
 cleanliness and comfort is generally good, and as regards the village of Kirkbampton remarkably so. A con- 
 siderable portion of the parish, viz., the lands near the three principal villages, consists of good vegetable
 
 KIUKBAMPTON PAEISH. 
 
 173 
 
 earths, resting on gravelly clays ; another considerable portion consists of poor soils resting oa cold clays ; and 
 there are some mossy lands. The soil varies much and abruptly, hence improvement has been effected of late 
 years by draining. The residents here attend the Carlisle and Wigton markets, — chiefly the former. Almost 
 all tliB parish is enclosed, but not under any Act of Parliament. The lands not enclosed are nearly all sub- 
 divided, and assigned to their several owners. 
 
 KIRKBAIIPTOX, OU DAMPTON GREAT. 
 
 The township of Kirkbampton comprises an area of 
 ],20() acres, and its rateable value is about £1,178. 
 The population in IHdl, was 149; in 1811, 175; in 
 1821, 193; in 1831, 19'2 ; in 1S41, 193; and in IH.jl, 
 •i-iO. 
 
 The manor of Kirkbampton is within the barony 
 of ]?urgh, and seems to have anciently included the 
 whole parish. Its first recorded possessor was Hildred 
 de Carlisle, who had his seat here in the reign of Henry 
 II. After his death, it was divided by his descendants, 
 Ilichard and Robert, children of his son Odard. In 
 the year l'2i7, Eudo de Carlisle, tenant of Kirkbamp- 
 ton, gave four carucates in Oughterby and Little 
 Bampton to Walter de Bampton by fine, which by an 
 inquisition takin in 1293 was valued to £20 land, and 
 to be held of the manor of Burgh. Another part was 
 lield in 195'2 by Eli/.abcth Montacuto, Countess of 
 Salisbury, as of the inheritance of William Montacute, 
 earl of Salisbury ; and in the same year Sir Brian 
 Sta[)leton of Bedale in Yorkshire, held it (by purchase, 
 as it appears) whose posterity sold it in the reign of 
 Henry III. to the Uacres of Lanercost, whose son 
 Christopher sold it in severalties to the tenants. In 
 l.'jH'i, Thomas Brisby, gentleman, in consideration of 
 L'300 conveyed to John Soutliaick, Esq. and Richard 
 Tolson, their heirs and assignees, the manor or lordship 
 of Little Bampton, which four years later was again 
 sold to John Dalston, Esq., who sold it in the following 
 year to the respective tenants. Some lands in this 
 parish are held by Sir Wastcl Brisco, Bart. ; in respect 
 of which courts are held at Orton. 
 
 There seems to have been numerous defensive works 
 in this parish, against the predatory incureions of the 
 moss-troopers. The remains cf llie most considerable 
 of these are situated south of Kirkbampton village, 
 on a rising ground commanding an extensive view 
 along the shores of the Solway. It consists of a strong 
 enclosure covering more than an acre of ground. The 
 greatest portion of it appeal's to have been defended 
 by a double rampart of earth and a double ditch, the 
 other portion, which probaldy was appended to the 
 principal work, was surrounded by a single rampart and 
 ditch. Tradition says that tho cattle of the district 
 were driven to this place for protection, on tho 
 appearance of tlic moss-troopors ; and, in consequence, 
 •iO a 
 
 the work is commonly ascribed to the time of these free- 
 booters. The irregularity of the work favours this 
 supposition, but the discovery of a stone, with the 
 following Latin inscription on it, in the adjoining 
 field, in the year 1843, seems to connect the Romans 
 with this locality. 
 
 DEAG 
 
 LATI 
 
 J.\CYIS 
 
 VES. (Kest defaced.) 
 
 Further examination may probably establish a con- 
 nection between this and works of a similar character in 
 the neighbourhood ; or, at all events, may show that a 
 Hue of defence, consisting of an earthen rampart and a 
 ditch, extended from it to a considerable distance, as 
 they can be clearly traced in the adjoining field, which 
 is called " Foldsteads." Not far from this a notorious 
 moss-troojier, caUed Boothill, was killed in a singular 
 manner. He was found asleep on the ground, by a 
 person of Ivii-kbamptou, called Hody, who, determined 
 not to let the opportunity slip of freeing himself and 
 neighbours of a formidable enemy, coolly drew the free- 
 booter's sword out of its scabbard, and with it severed 
 his head from his body. The Scot lies buried in Kirk- 
 bampton church-yard, and his grave is covered with a 
 stone, on which is engraved a sword. 
 
 No feasts or wakes are at present observed in this 
 parish ; formerly, it is said, there was annually a bon- 
 fire near Kirkbampton. It is stated to have been on 
 the evening of the day before ^Midsummer Day, but it 
 was probably in reality on the eve of St. John the 
 Baptist's day. The children and young people ran 
 through the flames and smoke of the bonfire, singing, 
 " awake, awake, for Sin Gal's (St John's) sake." 
 
 The village of Kirkbampton is pleasantly situated 
 about six miles west of Carlisle, and seven north-north- 
 east of Wigton, and commands beautiful and extensive 
 views of the surrounding country. 
 
 TUB cucncn. 
 Kirkbampton church, dedicated to St. Peter, is an 
 ancient structure, the great arch and doorway of which 
 are in tho Saxon stylo : within tho latter there is a 
 rudely-sculptured bas-relief, representing two animals, 
 and wliat seems to have been designed for an abbot. 
 Tho benefice, which is a rectory, valued ia the King's 
 Book at JElt 17s. lid., pays a pension of 3s. Id. to
 
 174 
 
 CUMBERL.\ND WARD. 
 
 the Bishop of Carlisle. A moiety of tho rectory was 
 given in the roigii of Henry 11. by Adam, son of Kobcrt, 
 to the hospital of St. Nicholas at Carlisle, and is now 
 held by the dean and chapter. The right of presen- 
 tation to the second moiet)', long called the rectory of 
 Kirkbamptou (the other moiety having no concern with 
 the cure) has been disputed ever since the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth. There were then three claimants, 
 Cuthbert Musgrave, Esq., William Brisco, Esq., and 
 Christopher Dacre, Esq. In 1710 those famihes joined 
 in a presentation. In ITIO, on the death of the Rev. 
 Thomas Story, who bad held the incumbency for si.v 
 years, and who is said to have buried every one of the 
 parishioners who were living at the time of his induc- 
 tion. Henry Viscount Lonsdale presented die Rev. 
 Michael Burn, who died in 1786, after which the living 
 seems to have been vacant for some years, owing to the 
 disputes regarding the right of presentation. Ulti- 
 mately the Rev. John ^^'heatley was presented by the 
 Earl of Lonsdale ; and since that period the advowson 
 is understood to he jointly in the Earl of Lonsdale and 
 Sir Wastel Brisco, Bart. The living was augmented 
 some years ago by £1.52 10s. 4d. from the " Parlia- 
 mentary Fund," reduced three-per-cents, now yielding 
 a half yearly dividend of £6 15s. 9d., so that the benefice 
 is now worth about £100 per annum, including seven 
 acres, three roods, twenty ferches of glebe. The tithes 
 were commated in 1840 for a yearly rent-charge of 
 i£9-l 4s., viz., Kirkbampton township £16 8s. Id.; 
 Little Bampton, £67 Ss. 8d. ; and Oughterby. £10 
 6s. 3d. A rent-charge of £38 6s. 6d. was awarded in 
 lieu of the moiety of the great tithes of Little Bampton, 
 which formerly belonged to the dean and chapter of 
 Carlisle. This rent-charge was transferred with the 
 capitular estates to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, 
 who have bought the lease of James Losh, Esq., and 
 who are in consequence in full possession thereof. The 
 parish register commences in the year 1005. 
 
 EECTons.— Walter de Balyter, ; John de Culgajth, 1235 ; 
 
 John Grainger, 1341; John de Appleby, ; William de 
 
 Appleby, 1.343 ; Thomas dc Bampton, 13r)n ; John de Thornton, 
 ; Robert de Gayton, 13(!1 ; Kicli.ird Damysell, ; Wil- 
 liam de Cressop, 1307 ; Edward Mitchell, ; John Aketon, 
 
 1561 ; Roland Hauxbie, 1580 ; Joseph Lowden, 1598; Cuthbert 
 
 Eoper, 1610; Robert Brown, ; Otho Polewheele, 1C39; 
 
 John Bell, ; Thomas Story, KiiH; Michael Burn, 1740;' 
 
 John Wheatley, 1705 ; Joseph Stordy, 1809; Robert FaUowfield, 
 1835 ; Wilham rattinson, M.A., 1845. 
 
 ^ In consequence of tile disputes about ihc risht of presentation, 
 no rector nppears to have been Appointed from 174il to 179.J, during 
 ■which period we fjnd the foUowins; curates : — George Rickerby, offi- 
 ciating minister from 1786 to 17S9; Thomas Shepherd, curate from 
 17S9 to 1808; George Eickcrhy, curate 1808-9. The Kev. John 
 Wheatley, when rector, was non-resident. 
 
 There is a neat rectory, but the date of its erection 
 is not known. 
 
 There is a parish school here, as also a Sunday 
 school, the latter of which is supported by vultuitary 
 contributions, and is attended by about fifty children. 
 
 Haverlands House and Bank House (the last name 
 is applied to the neighbouring detached houses) arc in 
 this township. 
 
 Longrigg is a hamlet in this township about a mile 
 west of the village of Kirkbamptou. The lands here 
 and in some other parts of the parish are iu the lord- 
 ship of the rector. 
 
 Flat is another hamlet one and a half miles south- 
 east of the village. 
 
 B.^MPTOX LITTLE. 
 
 Little Bampton township contains 1,337 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £9'^9. The number of its inhabi- 
 tants in 1801 was 190; in 1811, 176; in 1821, 172 ; 
 iu 1831, 213 ; in 1841, 212 ; and in 1851, 210. This 
 manor formed originally a part of the manor of Kirk- 
 bampton ; but in 1227 Eudo de Carlisle gave four 
 carucates of land here and in Oughterby to Walter de 
 Bampton by fine, which by an inquisition taken in 
 1295, were found to be worth £20, and to be held of 
 the barony of Burgh. Tliis esfcite appears to have 
 passed to the Musgraves of Crookdake, the coheiresses 
 of which family enfranchised the lands. We find also, 
 that in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Thomas Brisley 
 conveyed an estate called the manor of Ijittle Bampton, 
 to Messrs. Southaick and Tolson ; tho latter conveyed it 
 to John Dalston, Esq., by whom it was sold in severalty 
 to the tenants. 
 
 The village of Little Bampton is situ.itcd two-and-a- 
 half miles west-south-west of Kirkbampton, and five 
 miles north of Wigton. There is a spring on the edge 
 of Little Bampton Moss, the waters of which arc col- 
 lected in a well, and are used for the dressing of sores, 
 being considered to have a healing power. New 
 Bampton, Westfield House, Windmill House, and The 
 Building are single houses having particular names in 
 this township. 
 
 Ploughlands is a hamlet in the township of Little 
 Bampton. 
 
 OUGHTERBT. 
 
 The area of this township is 905 acres, and its rate- 
 able value £700. In 1801 it contained 117 inhabi- 
 tants; in 1811, 107; in 1821, 105 ; in 1831, 118; in 
 1841, 131; and in 1851, 116. 
 
 The village of Oughterby is one mile south-west of 
 the parish church, and si.x miles north-east of Wigton.
 
 OETOX VARISH. 
 
 irs 
 
 The Rev. AVilliam Hodson, D.D., fellow, tutor, and 
 finally master of St. Peter's College, Cambridge, was 
 born here. He died in lS-17. 
 
 Studholme is a hamlet in this township three miles 
 
 west of the village of Kirkbampton, and is separated 
 from the rest of the township by the hamlets of Plough- 
 lands and Lougrigg and their lands. 
 
 ORTON PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Ortou is bounded by those of St. ilary, Burgh-on-Sands, Kirkbampton, Kirkandrews, Aikton, 
 Thursby, and Dalston. It comprises the townships of Great Orton and Baldwin Holme, whose united area is 
 4,277 acres. The soil is chiefly clayey with a mixture of gravel; several attempts have been made to discover 
 coal here, but without success. The rateable value of the parish is £!2,580. 
 
 holden of Edward Musgrave, gentleman, as of his 
 
 ORTOX. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 173 ; 
 in 1811, 2U.5 ; in 1821, 208 ; in 1831, 210 ; in 1841, 
 204 ; and in 1851, 285. They are principally engaged 
 in agriculture, and attend the Wigtoa and Carlisle 
 markets. 
 
 The manor of Orton, held under that of Levington, 
 belonged at an early period to a family to whom it gave 
 name. The first of the name that is recorded is Simou 
 de Orton, who had issue Alan, and received from 
 Henry III. a grant of free warren in Orton. He was 
 succeeded by John, his son, to whom was granted, in 
 1310,' a license for making a park here. John de 
 Ortou was succeeded by his son Giles, whose daughter 
 and heir Joan was married to Sir Clement de Skelton, 
 who by her had four daughters, coheirs, one named 
 Agues, married to one of the Leighs of Isell, another 
 to a member of the family of Bcllasis, a third to one 
 of the RiJleys, and the fourth to a Blennerhassot. The 
 manor was thereupon divided into three parts, which 
 came into tlie possession of the Leigh, Ridley, and Bleu- 
 nerhasset families; and the land was charged with a rent 
 of £8 to Bellasis, who sold the same to a Mr. Coldale, 
 a merchant in Carlisle, and it afterwards came by 
 marriage to a younger branch of the Briscos. Sub- 
 sequently John Brisco purcliased Leigh's part of Wil- 
 frid Lawson and Maud his wife, and of Thomas Blenner- 
 hassot the other portion. Accordingly, iu 1588, it was 
 found by an in(iuisitioii that " William Brisco, of 
 Crofton, son of the .said John, died seised of the niauor 
 of Orton, with 20 messuages, 400 acres of land, 40 acres 
 of meadow, 200 acres of common, 100 acres of wood, 
 in Orton aforesaid, together with the donation and 
 right of patronage of two parts iu throe to be divided 
 of the parish church of the aforesaid manor of Orton, 
 
 'Cart Hot. 14 Kdwnr.l 111. .13. Wlicii .liilin dc Orton was called 
 upon lo prove his riRlu to free warrtii in 11100, lie ollcgcd tliat lliis 
 charter wns ileslrnyid wlien the town of Orion was biiriil Ijy tlio 
 Soots. The claiiu was not allowed. tjuo Warranto lloll, M 
 Edward I. 
 
 manor of Levington, by two parts of one knight's fee. 
 And that the third jiart of the said manor of Orton, late 
 the inheritance of Nicholas Ridley, Esq., deceased, and 
 all and every the messuages, lands, tenements, and 
 hereditaments, to the said third part belonging, were 
 holden of the queen in capite by the service of the 
 third part of one knight's fee ; aud that the said two 
 parts were worth by the year above reprizes £5 Cs. 8d., 
 and the said third part £2 13s. 4J." Not long after 
 Ridley's portion came into the same family by purchase. 
 For in 1023, John Brisco, son of the William above 
 mentioned, claimed the entire patronage, which being 
 appendant to the manor, was, when it was severed and 
 divided into three parts, enjoyed alternately by all the 
 three ; but ever since that time it has remained in the 
 Brisco family, and is now enjoyed by Sir Wastel Brisco, 
 the present lord of the manor, who holds a court here 
 annually, and receives about £40 a year as lord's rent. 
 
 The manor of Wiggouby, iu this parish, long ago anni- 
 hilated, belonged to the Ortons, and was divided among 
 their representatives. The principal landowners iu the 
 township are Sir Wastel Brisco, Bart. ; Messrs. George 
 Robinson, George Blaylock, William Lowther, John 
 Storily, the trustees of the late John ]Mooiv, Thomas 
 Wannop, William Nixon, and Thomas Norman. 
 
 The village of Orton is five miles west-by-south of 
 Carlisle. L'rom an adjacent enclosure called Parson's 
 Thorn, no fewer than fifteen churches may be seen in 
 Cumberland, and several iu Scotlnnd, with beautiful 
 views of Carlisle, Gretna, and many other places. 
 Eroin the many Roman causeways and other foundations 
 which have been from time to time dug up near the 
 village, it is evident that Ortou was at one time u place 
 of some consequence, and most probably a market town. 
 At the CNtroniity of a lann that extends 300 yards 
 northward of the village, is a large foss or double ditch, 
 where an iron chain went across the road, and was 
 locked every night, called Barniss Gate, made as a 
 defence against the frequent incursions of the Scots or
 
 176 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 Moss Troopers. The entrance from the cast had a 
 similar defence, and the whole parish was surrounded 
 with a ditch and an embankment, called the Ringfeuce, 
 within which was found several years ago, a very curious 
 and neat sandal, buried in the peat moss. Tradition 
 says, that on one occasion, a trooper, while reconnoi- 
 tring near Barrass Gate, was nailed to his saddle by 
 an arrow discharged from a great distance by a yeomau 
 of the name of Wilson. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 Orton church, an ancient structure, situated near the 
 
 centre of the parish, is dedicated to St. • 
 
 The living, a rectory in the patronage of Sir Wastel 
 Brisco, Bart., is valued in the King's Book at £'9. In 
 1795 it was valued at £140, and is now worth about 
 £370, including seventy acres of glebe land. The tithes 
 have been commuted. The parish register commences 
 in 1509. 
 
 Rectors. — John, 1303 ; John de Whitrigg, 1337 ; 'William Je 
 Artliureth, 1337; Richard de Langworthy, 1371!; Thomas de 
 Eaughton, U07; Richard Place, — ; Leonard Lowther, 1578; 
 William Mey, 1585; Mr. Burton, 1043; John Rearson, 1005; 
 Gaven Noble, — ; Rowland Noble, 1603; David Bell, 1709; 
 John Brisco, 1730; William Taylor, 1771; James Brisco, 177? ; 
 John Mason, 1825 ; Robert Peiirson, 1845 ; Frederick Paget 
 Wilkinson, 1857. 
 
 The parish school is a stone building, situated 
 near the church, and has an average attendance of 
 forty children. The master receives £3 17s. 6d., the 
 interest of £100, left by Thomas Pattinson, in 1785, 
 for which eight children are taught at half the usual 
 quarterage.' About a mile from Orton is another school, 
 built in 1830. New schools are just about being built 
 by Sir Wastel Brisco, on a beautiful site, at the south 
 entrance to the village. 
 
 Bishop Nicolson was a native of this parish ; an 
 outline of his life will be found in the annals of the 
 Bishop of Carlisle, page 111. 
 
 Eichard Di.xon was master of Orton school for nearly 
 fifty years, and styled himself " Happy Dick," an appel- 
 1 See Bowness parish page 160. 
 
 lation which was ever afterwards bestowed upon him by 
 the parishioners, most of whom he educated. He died 
 in 1811, and his long and faithful life is commemorated 
 by tlie following inscription on his tomb : — 
 
 " Seven times seven years he taught this school, 
 And canvassed many a tedious rule ; 
 Five times seven years, as you may marl:, 
 He served here as parish clerk. 
 He was a just and upright man, 
 As far as we his life could scan, 
 And now he rests beneath this clod, 
 Till called upon to meet his God." 
 
 Bow is a hamlet iu this townsliip, one and a half miles 
 north of the village. 
 
 B.\L15\V1X HOLME. 
 
 The number of inhabitants in this township in 1801 
 was 203; in 1811, 217; in 1821, 234; in 1831, 235; 
 in ISil, 278; and in 1851, 234. The soil here is 
 similar to that of Groat Orton, clayey with a mi.\ture of 
 gravel. Baldwin Holme forms part of the manor of 
 Orton, and as such its manorial rights and privileges 
 are possessed by Sir Wastel Brisco, Bart. The princi- 
 pal landowners are Sir Wastel Brisco, Bart. ; Messrs. 
 Twentyman, James Hayes, Mrs. Pattison, John Hind, 
 Robert Blamire, John Newton, Mrs. Bowes, Joseph 
 Railton, Robert Story, Joseph Wood, John Mc. Knight, 
 and Arthur Westmoreland. 
 
 The hamlet of Baldwin Holme is one and a half miles 
 south-by-east of Great Orton. Baldwin Holme is not 
 far from the line of the ancient Roman road from 
 Lugubalia, Carlisle, to Olenacum, Old Carlisle. The 
 other hamlets are Little Orton, one and a half miles 
 north-east ; Orton Rigg, one mile south, and AVood 
 Houses, one and a half miles south of the same place. 
 Hylton Castle, about two and a half miles south-east of 
 Orton, is also in this township. It is an elegant man- 
 sion, erected a few years ago by Sir, Wastel Brisco, 
 Bart., for his son, Hylton Brisco, Esq., an officer in the 
 army. Near to Little Orton is a spring of excellent 
 water, never known to run drv. 
 
 ROCKLIFFE PARISH. 
 
 RocKLiFFF. parish is bounded on the north by the estuary of the rivers Esk and Line, on the west by the Solway 
 Frith, on the south by the river Eden and StaQwi.ic parish, and on the east by Kirklinton parish iu Eskdale Ward. 
 The name is derived from the conspicuous red sandstone clifif on which the village stands. It was anciently written 
 Routheclive, and sometimes Redeclive. 
 
 i 
 
 The manor of Rockliffe, which was coextensive with 
 the parish, was anciently a fee or appendage of the 
 Barony of Burgh, though not within the boundary of 
 that barony. It was granted by Hugh de Morvill, 
 
 baron of Burgh, in the reign of Henry II., to John de 
 Routheclive ; to hold of his Barony of Burgh by render 
 of homage, service, and 2s. rent. William de Routhe- 
 clive, sou of John, iu the year 1205 sold and conveyed
 
 EOCKLIFFE PARISH. 
 
 177 
 
 the ' Vill of rioutlieclive ' to IlaJulf do Braj-, wlio wivs 
 one of the king's maishalls for England. He granted 
 the rector}' to John, prior of Saint Wary's, in Carlisle, 
 who appropriated the sumo to the Prior}'. Richard do 
 Bray, sou of lladulf, had an only child, Matilda, who 
 married William de llardreshull. In the 33rd year of 
 Henry III., W. do Hardrcshull and Matilda his wifo 
 (with the concurrence of John do Ladbrook and Joan 
 his wife, which Joan was widow and dowress of Richard 
 de Bray) conveyed the manor to John le Fraunceis. To 
 hiui succeeded (Jilbert le Fraunceis, who died in 1278, 
 leaving a son Richard, aged sixteen years. A dispute 
 ensued concerning the wardship of this manor. Tho- 
 mas deMulton, baron of Oillesland and Burgh, claimed 
 it in virtue of Rocldiffe being held of his barony of 
 Burgh. The crown claimed on an assertion that the 
 manor was held of the king in capite. A writ of diem 
 dausit crtreinwn was issued, and an inquisition found 
 that the manor was held of Multon, by payment of 2s. 
 rent, and by payment of 13d. cornage to the king's 
 exchequer at Carlisle. How this cornage payment arose 
 it does not appear. Meantime, Michael dc Herclatook 
 possession of the minor, and married him to his 
 daughter: in consequence of which the king seized 
 Michael's lauds and lined him. The real name of this 
 family was Vernoun — Fraunceis, or Francigena being an 
 appellation given in consequence of their French origin, 
 as Denton says. Thus, in the 18th year of Edward I., 
 Richard Venioun surrendered the mauor to the king — 
 and in the 22nd Edward I. took a fresh grant of it to 
 himself for life, with remainder to his son Richard and 
 Alienor his wife, and the heirs of their bodies, remain- 
 der to the heirs of Richard in fee. Isabella, daughter 
 and heiress, carried it in marriage to Thomas Dauyell, 
 who died 13l!(, leaving an infant daughter, Margaret, 
 wlio afLerwards married John de Radclill'. In 1308, 
 they created an entail of the property on collaterals, 
 having then no issue themselves. It was subsequently 
 sold by a RudclilY to the Daeres ; and so became re- 
 united to the barony of Burgh. The precise date of 
 this reunion does not appear, but it certainly was in 
 possession of Ranulf Lord Dacre in 1400. Camden 
 informs us that here was " a little ca.stle built not long 
 since by the Daeres for their own private defence." It 
 stood on the cliff, commanding a fine view of the Scot- 
 tisli border, and was admirably placed as an outpost for 
 the defence of Burgh against the Scots. It was seized 
 and garrisoned by Leonard Dacre, on his rebellion in 
 1500, and soon afterwards demolished. Nothing remains 
 of it save some foundations. On tho partition of the 
 Dacre csUtes RocklllVu fell to tlie Countess of Arundel, 
 and from her lo the I>uke of Norfolk. The castle and 
 
 demesnes, and most part of the customary tenements, 
 were sold, in 1082, by the Duke, to the Rev. Charles 
 Usher, a descendant of Archbisliop Usher, who erected 
 a mansion on the site of the castle. His granddaughter, 
 Madam Usher, in 1745, was there residing, and is said 
 to have been visited there by the young Pretender, 
 Charles Edward, who, with the Highland elans, crossed 
 the river Eden at Rocklill'e, on their march to Carhsle. 
 Mrs. Usher devised to AVilliam Strong, Esq., who, in 
 1700, enfranchised most of the customary estates, and 
 his descendant sold the demesnes and remaining cus- 
 tomary tenements to Robert Mounsey, Esq. 
 
 The village of Rockliffe occupies a pleasant situation 
 on a long cliff above the Eden, live miles north-north- 
 west of Carlisle, and commands a beautiful view of the 
 surrounding country. A little below the village, within 
 reach of the tide, there is a remarkable mineral spring ; 
 there is another in one of the farmyards. 
 
 The parish contains two townships, viz., Rockliffe 
 Castletown and Rockliffe Churchtown; but for all prac- 
 tical purposes of rating, maintenance of poor, highways, 
 &c., they are conjoint. 
 
 r.OCKLIFl''E CASTLETOWN. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 296; 
 in 1811, 338 ; in 1821, 360 ; in 1831, 422 ; in 1841, 
 471 ; and in 1851, 400. Its area is 5,225 statute acres, 
 and its rateable value £2,289. The principal landowners 
 are, George G. Mounsey, Esq. : Rev. John Hodgson ; 
 the Misses Lowry ; Jlrs. Skelton, John Nixon, and 
 Robert and WiUiam Edgar. The soil in tho neighbour- 
 hood of the Eden is a rich lo.am, with a large extent of 
 alluvial salt marsh ; in other parts there is arable land 
 of a cold clay description, and also of black peat soil. 
 The Caledonian railway runs through this township. 
 
 At Castletown is the mansion of ( ieorge Gill Mounsey, 
 Esq., beautifully situated on the north bank of the Eden, 
 and surrounded with woods, shrubberies, &c. 
 
 ^ounscn of C'jstlctolnit. 
 The Eev. Robert Mounsey, perpctunl curate of Ravcnstone- 
 (lale, CO. Westmoreland (son of Gcorgo .Mounsey, of Ilullondale, 
 'Wostmorcliind), married Mary Winter, of Tebay, in tlio same 
 cour.ty, and Inid issue, 
 
 Geohqe; liuliri, of London ; Moiy Elizabeth ; and Anne. 
 Tho older son, 
 
 Geoiuie Mot'NSKV, Kaq., of Carlisle, married, in 1753, Mar- 
 garet, daughter of John Stephenson, of Carlisle, and b; her (who 
 died INOT) had issue, 
 
 I. (icorgo Stephenson, majcir I'.. I. Co.'g service, 
 n. HoiiEiiT, of whom presently, 
 in. .lohn, who diet) ninniirried. 
 
 IV. William, po:jt-cai)tuin It.N. 
 
 V, Thomas. 
 
 VI Ilenrj', of London, died unmarried, 
 vn. James, married Amic £warl.
 
 178 
 
 CUMBERLAND 'WAKD. 
 
 I. Barbarn, mnnied ti Tliomas Ramshor, of Nnworth. 
 
 II. Jlarv, died unmarried. 
 
 III. Margaret, married to James Duudas. 
 IT. Elizabeth, married to John Gray. 
 
 T. Ann, died unmarried. 
 
 TI. Dorothea, married to Christopher Thomhill. 
 
 The second son, 
 
 KoBEBT Mou.vsKY, of Rockliffe Castletown, married aSrd 
 November, 178!), Mary, dangliler of Captain Joseph Gill, and 
 by her (who died 1811)) had issue, 
 
 I. Georoe Gill, his heir, now of Castletown. 
 
 It. William Henry, lute cuiU. 4lh lugt. liifuutry. 
 
 I. Margaret. 
 
 II. Juliana, married to Joliu Lambert, Esq., of Alnwick. 
 
 III. Mary, died umnnrried. 
 
 IV. Anna, married to 'i'homas Brown, Esq. 
 T. Elizabeth. 
 
 Mr. Mounsey died aCth July, 1812, and was succeeded by 
 
 Geokge Gu.l MofxsEY, of KockhfTo Castletown, born 27th 
 May, 1797, married (Jth September, l'<a7, to Isabella, daughter 
 of John Heysbam, M.D., and by her (who died lllh Jlay, 1618) 
 has issue, 
 
 I. EoDERT HEVSH.1M, bom 20ih July, 1828. 
 
 II. George William, born Ikd .\pril, 1H31. 
 
 III. John Giles, bom 22nd .\ugust, I8:!2. 
 
 rv. Augustus Henry, born 27lh .\ugU5t, 1834. 
 
 V. Charles James, born l.'Uli Deeember, 1830. 
 I. Elizabeth Mary, died Uth Jmie, 18DG. 
 
 u. Isabella Dorothea. 
 
 Arms — Chequy, or aud gu ; on a chief of the second, three mullets 
 of the CrsL 
 
 Crest — A demi-grifSn, with a wreath of oak round the neck, and 
 bearing, with three claws, a banner, erect. 
 
 Motto — Semper paratus. 
 
 Redhill, Floristown, Garistown, Cross, Croft End, 
 Tod Hills, and Wcthcral, are hamlets scattered over this 
 township at various distances from Rockliffe Church. 
 
 BOCKLIFFE CHCBCHTOWN. 
 
 This township contains 1,847 acres, and its rateable 
 value is £1,001. Its population in 1801 was 222 ; in 
 1811, 2.^0; in 1821, 302; in 1S31, 403; in 1841, 
 853 ; and in 1851, 535. The soil is rich and loamy 
 near the Eden. The Caledonian railway intersects the 
 township, and there is a station within half a mile, or 
 thereabouts, of the village. 
 
 THE CUUECa. 
 
 The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a small but 
 neat structure of hewn stone, in the Decorated style, 
 erected in 1848 at a cost of £'1,400, raised partly by 
 subscription, but chiefly by the liberality of George 
 Gill Mounsey, Esq., of Castletown. It consists of 
 nave, chancel, north transept, and a handsome spire at 
 the south-west comer. The windows are filled witli 
 stained glass, of beautiful colours and design. The 
 eastern window contains the Crucifi;don, Resurrection, 
 and Ascension, while the west one contains figures of 
 the Blessed Virgin, St. Peter, and St. Paul. The 
 church contains sittings for 170 persons, the whole of 
 
 which arc free and unappropriated. The benefice is 
 now a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of the dean 
 aud chapter of Carlisle, to whom, on the dissolution of 
 the priory, the appropriate rectory was granted by Henry 
 Till. It is worth about £100 per annum, arising from 
 Queen Anne's Bounty and a money payment by the 
 Ecclesiastical Commissioners, in whom the tithes of 
 the parish (commuted for a rent charge of £294) are 
 now vested. There is no glebe nor house of residence. 
 
 Ikcohbents. — William Robinson, 1751; Jeremiah Reed, 1780; 
 George Topping, 1833. Previously to 1751 it seems not to havo 
 been a benefice, but a mere curacy under tlie dean and chapter 
 of Carlisle. 
 
 There is no parochial school. A school is maintained 
 by Mr. Mounsey capable of accommodating seventy 
 scholars ; the average attendance is about sixty. 
 
 CHAKITinS. 
 
 Grii'f^on's Gift. — Mr. John Grierson, about a cen- 
 tury ago, left the sum of 20s., payable yearly out of his 
 lease of the tithes of Rickerby, in the parish of StanwLx, 
 to be distributed weekly in bread to poor persons in this 
 parish. This payment was reguliu'ly made, and seven 
 penny loaves given away every Sunday, until the lapse 
 of the lease within a short time past, when it was lost. 
 
 Usher's Gift. — Mrs. Hannah Usher, by her will, 
 dated 24th September, 1747, gave to the minister and 
 churchwardens of Rockliffe £20, the interest to be dis- 
 tributed yearly amongst poor housekeepers. This 
 money is in Mr. Mounsey 's hands, aud 20s. are yearly 
 distributed according to the bequest. 
 
 Harker is a hamlet in this township, situated at the 
 eastern extremity of the parish, three miles norlh-by- 
 west of Carlisle. 
 
 Harker Lodge is the seat of Richard Ferguson, Esq. 
 
 ;J[trguso:t of ^^arlitr ^.-obgt. 
 
 RlCH.iHD Fep-OVson, grandfather of the present possessor of 
 Harker Lodge, left, by Mary his wife, a daughter, Mary, and live 
 sons, viz. : 
 
 John, Bichard, Robebt, Joseph, aud George. 
 Of these, the third, 
 
 RoBEKT Ferguson, of Carlisle, married 27th December, 1782, 
 Anne, daughter of John Wood, of Maryport, and liad issue, 
 
 I. Richard, now of Harker Lodge. 
 
 II. John, died 8th December, 1829. 
 
 III. Joseph, married Maria Isabella, daughter of John Clarke, 
 Esq., of Bfbside, co. Northumberland, and has issue, 
 
 John, Robert, Joseph Selby, Richard WilUam, Elizabeth, and 
 ilaria Isabella. 
 
 I. Mary. 
 
 II. Sarah, married to George Hem-y Hewit, Esq., of Burgh. 
 
 III. Elizabeth. 
 
 Mr. Ferguson died Ilth November, 1810, and was succeeded by 
 his eldest son, 
 
 KiCHAKD Ferousos, Esq., J.P. and D.L., born 20th May,
 
 STANWIX rAKISII. 
 
 179 
 
 17H1; high sheriff in Im.!'); married 25th Jlay, J 809, Margaret, 
 third daughter of Captain William Giles. 
 
 Cretl — A (lemi lion, holding in its paw a thistle, ppr. 
 
 Motto — Miirte el arte. 
 
 The Hill, three miles north of Carlisle, is the seat 
 of Sir James Robert Grant, Knt., inspector-general of 
 army hospitals. 
 
 The principal landowners in this township are George 
 Gill Mounsey, Esq.; Sir James Grant ; Richard Fer- 
 guson, Esq.; Edmund Graham, Esq.; Rev. M.James; 
 Mrs. Twcntymau ; and Mr. J. Donald. 
 
 STANWIX PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north and north-west by the parishes of Scaleby, Kirklinton, and Rockliffe ; on the 
 south by the river Eden; and on the east by Crosby-upon-Eden and Warwick. It is divided into the towu.ships of 
 Cargo, Etterby, Houghton, Linstock, Kickcrby, Stainton, Stanwi.x, and Tarraby. A survey with a map or plan has 
 been made for the purpose of tithe commutation, and other parochial purposes ; the plan is deposited in the 
 parish church. The inhabitants, who are located in the villages, and in single houses here and there scattered 
 over the parish, are generally employed in agriculture, and are industrious and cleanly in their habits, and 
 comfortable. The quality of the soil is vnrious, some of it being verj- good, some of middling quality, and a portion 
 much inferior, iluch of it rests upon a clay subsoil, and is well adapted for the growth of wheat and other grain ; a 
 considerable portion, especially near the river Eden, is a rich loam, naturally dry, a part of which consists of excellent 
 permanent pasture ; in other p.irts of the parish the soil is poor, a portion being black soil, resting upon a poor sandy 
 or gravelly moorband. The land is generaUy well cultivated and very productive, and along the banks of the Eden, 
 and to some distance backward is extremely rich and beautiful, the views from different points being highly 
 picturesque and interesting. The Caledonian railway passes through the parish. Carlisle being close at hand, 
 the inhabitants attend that market town. 
 
 The Roman Wall and Vallum passed through this parish, entering it on the north-east at Walby, in the 
 parish of Crosby-upon-Eden, and running in a south-west direction through the townships of Linstock, Tarraby, 
 and Stanwix, where they cross the river Eden. In many places their site, with the ditch, can be distinctly traced : 
 the latter passing through the farmyard of Drawdykes, while the former runs along the ridge of high ground to the 
 north of the other. A Roman road, or trackway, can be traced running parallel to the Wall, a few hundred yards to 
 the south. There was a Roman station at Stanwix. Several Roman monuments have been found, which have been 
 described by different antiquaries; amongst others one built in the garden waU of Drawdykes Castle. Another has 
 very recently been brought to light in making a doorway between the farmhouse and the castle, where, on removing 
 the plaster from the wall, a stone with a Roman inscription was found built into the wall, but no reading of the 
 inscription has as yet been given, it having been discovered so very lately. 
 
 of the city reside. "The church and churchyard," says 
 
 STANWI.X. 
 
 This township comprises an ai'ca of 125 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £'3,0"25. The number of its inha- 
 bitanU in 1*^01 was .337; in 1811, 400; in 1821, 400; 
 in 1831, 51.'>; in 1841, 780; and in 1851, 882. 
 
 Stauwi.x is parcel of the manor of the socage of the 
 castle of Carlisle, and the lands are all freehold. The 
 principal landowners are the Duke of Devonshire, Cap- 
 tiin Watts, Richard Ferguson, Esq., and George H. 
 Head, Esq. 
 
 The village of Stanwix is delightfully situated on 
 the north bank of the Eden, across which there is a 
 line stone bridge, connecting it with CarUslc, of which 
 it may be considered as forming a largo and populous 
 suburb. It contains scvend well-built houses and ter- 
 races, where several of the merchants and tradespeople 
 
 Collingwood Bruce, " oecupj' the site of the station 
 which guarded the northern bank of the Eden. Recent 
 explorations have displayed distinct remains of ancient 
 edifices. In pulling down tlie old church, to make way 
 for the present structure, a very fine figure of Victory, 
 somewhat mutilated, was disclosed, which is now in the 
 museum at Xewcistle-upon-Tyne. The name of the 
 place indicates that, whilst the dwellings in the vicinity 
 were made of clay, as many of them are yet. by reason 
 of the plunder of the Roman station, it could boast of 
 being a town of stones. The situation is one of great 
 beauty. To the east, at a considerable distance, the 
 Nine-nicks of Thirlwall rear their rugged peaks ; and 
 to the south and south-cast appear the beautiful grounds 
 of Rickcrby House, the river Eden permeating a rich
 
 ISO 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 and well-woodeil countiy, tlie ancient city of Carlisle 
 crowned with its venerable cathedral, and the long vista 
 of country terminating in the Cumbrian mountains. 
 Between the station and the north bank of the Eden, 
 the fosse of the Wall is distinctly marked, and a hollow 
 line, formed by the excavation of the foundation of the 
 Wall itself, shows its track to the water's edge, near to 
 the Hyssop Holme Well. We are told by Camden 
 'that the Wall passed the river over against the castle, 
 where, in the very channel, the remains of it, namely, 
 the great stones, appear to this day.' That the Wall 
 on the other side of the river clambered up that part of 
 the castle bank which projects most boldly forward, 
 is rendered probable by the appearance of masonry, 
 resembling its foundations, beneath the grassy surface. 
 At this point, however, we lose all sight of the great 
 structure, until we get beyond the boundaries of the 
 famous border city of the west." ' 
 
 THE CHCr.CH. 
 
 The church, dedicated to St. Michael, is a cruciform 
 structure, in the Early English style, consisting of 
 nave, aisles, transept, chancel ornamented with crosses, 
 and fine tower surmounted with pinnacles. It was 
 erected by subscription in 18-11, at a cost of £'3,030, 
 including about £'300 for an organ, and occupies the 
 site of the old parish church, which was huilt on the 
 place, and partly out of the ruins of the Roman station 
 of Congavata. On the 51st December, 1843, the 
 church was partially burnt; and the pews, windows, 
 and organ, were completely destroyed. It was insured 
 for £000, which, with flDO collected by subscription, 
 were expended on its renovation, and in the purchase 
 of its present large and splendid organ, built by 
 Hill, of London, which is considered one of the 
 finest in the north of England. The eastern window 
 is filled with stained glass, containing figures of our 
 Saviour, St. Michael, and St. John the Evangelist. 
 The tower contains a fine clock, with three dials, pre- 
 sented by Richard Ferguson, Esq., of Harker Lodge. 
 The church will accommodate about 800 pereons. The 
 living is a vicarage, valued in the King's Book at £0, 
 but now worth about £300 a-year, including £51 Cs. 8d. 
 from the bishop and dean and chapter, Easter dues, &c. 
 The tithes were commuted in 1840 for a rent-charge of 
 
 1 About three yenrs ago, in cutting the main sewer for the Carlisle 
 sewerage worlis, tlie worlimen came upon the foundation of the 
 Roman Walt, in the low gromul, between where it crosses to the west 
 of Sianwix and the high ground to the west of Carlisle castle, known 
 by the name of Davidson's Banks, and in a straight line with the 
 foundation of ilie Wall at Stanwix. As this is a considerable dis- 
 tance to the north of the castle, this takes away the supposition 
 " that the Wall on the other side of the river clambered up that part 
 the castle bank which projects most boldly forward." 
 
 £000 a-year. The benefice was formerly a rectory ; but 
 being given by Waller, chaplain to Henry I., to the 
 prior and convent of Carlisle, was soon afterwards ap- 
 propriated thereto; and the corn tithes have been shared 
 between the dean and chapter and the bishop, the latter 
 of whom appoints the vicar. The parish register com- 
 mences in 1650. 
 
 VicAits.— AJam, 1300; Gilbert de Derlyngton, 1.300 ; John He 
 
 Appleby, ; Thomas Hagg, I-IIU; Ricliaid de Caldbeck, 
 
 ; Richard de .islacby, 1308 ; Thomas de CiiUerdone, 1359 ; 
 
 William Bjx, lifi5; Thomas Best, 1473; Edward Rothion, 
 
 1477; Thomas Boyet, 1487; Henry Brown, ; Richard 
 
 Phayer, 1577; Mark Edgar, 1579; John Braythwaitc, 1585; 
 Thomas Langhorn, ICOi ; John Robinson, 1014; John Jackson, 
 
 ; Robert Brown, 1025; Richard Welshman, 1039; George 
 
 Buchanan, 1001; Henry Marshall, 1000; Jeremiah Nelson, 
 1007; John Tomlinson, 1070; Hugh Todd, 1085; Nathaniel 
 Spooner, 1068 ; George Fleming, 17U3; Thomas Benson, 1705; 
 John Waugh, 1727; James Farish, 1705; William Paley, 1793; 
 John Farrar, 1795; Joseph Hudson, 1808; Thomas Wilkinson, 
 1840. 
 
 The vicarage house, erected about thirty years ago, 
 is pleasantly situated adjoining the churchyard. 
 
 There arc two schools here, one erected in 1846, the 
 other iu 1855. There are eight pupil teachers. In 
 one school there are about iiOO children in average 
 attendance, in the other about 00. 
 
 There is a reading-room in the village, which is sup- 
 ported by about 70 members, and possesses a library of 
 about 70:) volumes. 
 
 Here is a Reformatory for boys convicted of petty 
 theft, which is open to criminals from the counties of 
 Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire, and the North 
 Riding of Yorkshire. It was established in 1854 by 
 George H. Head, Esq., of Eickerby House, by whom it 
 is entirely supported. The boys work eight and a half 
 hours per day, devote three hours to school, one hour 
 to religious instruction, and two and a half hours to 
 meals and play. No specific time is allotted for their 
 residence here ; the object being the moral and social 
 reformation of each boy ; his thorough instruction 
 iu the habits of order, cleanliness, and industry, so that 
 they may become as it were a portion of himself, and 
 thus fit him for returning to society a new being, 
 with every rational guarantee of his becoming a useful 
 citizen. None but boys who have been iu prison are 
 elegible for admission, and they must be recommended 
 by the magistrates, or chaplain of the gaol, and other 
 persons interested in the reformation of juvenile offen- 
 ders. The course of instruction embraces reading, 
 writing, arithmetic, geography, and grammar. Mr. 
 Head attends regularly and takes part in the instruc- 
 tion of the boys. The Reformatory is under the super- 
 intendence of Mr. and Mrs. Connell.
 
 STANWTX PARISH. 
 
 181 
 
 CIIAKITIES. 
 
 Benson's Charity. — Dr. Bensou, who died about the 
 year 1720, bequeathed £50 to the poor of this parish, 
 to be disposed of iu the same manner as a similar 
 legacy left by him to the parish of Dalston. 
 
 Graham's Charity. — Monkhouse Graham, by will 
 dated ,17th June, 1805, directed his executors to pay 
 ;£100 to the rector of Stanwix, to be placed out by 
 him, and the interest thereof to be laid out on every 
 24th December, in the purchase of bread, to be dis- 
 tributed amongst sober, honest, and industrious poor 
 housekeepers, or labouring individuals, without distinc- 
 tion of communions, residing within the said parish, in 
 such shares as the rector should think proper. In con- 
 sequence of the failure of a bank in Carlisle, some 
 years ago, the benefactions are now reduced to iilOO, 
 the interest of which is distributed in bread at Christ- 
 mas. 
 
 Gowland's Bequest. — There was also another bequest 
 made by William Gowland, in 1792, but it was never 
 received. 
 
 3/iss Patrickson's Charity. — Miss Patrickson, who 
 died at Houghton-town-head, January 15th, 1854, be- 
 queathed the sum of £100 to the vicar and church- 
 wardens of Stanwix for the time being, the interest to 
 be applied for the benefit of poor and indigent persons 
 resident in the parish. She also bequeathed the further 
 sum of £100 to the vicar and churchwardens of Stanwix, 
 the interest to be applied for the purposes of the school 
 then recently erected there. 
 
 Sou-erby's Charity. — William Sowerby, who died at 
 Stanwix in 1855, bequeathed £200, the interest to be 
 applied for the benefit of poor persons resident in the 
 township of Stanwix ; and also a further sum of £200, 
 for the purposes of the school at Stanwix. 
 
 CARGO. 
 
 The area of Cargo to\^-nship is 1,196 statute acres, 
 and its rateable value £1,075. Its population in 1801, 
 was 237; in 1811, 243; in 1821, 274; in 1831, 242; 
 in 1841, 250; and in 1851, 292. The township is 
 intersected by the Caledonian railway. The tithes of 
 Cargo were commuted iu 1841, for £173. 
 
 The first recorded possessor of Cargo is John de 
 Lacy, constable of Chester, who held the same imme- 
 diately of the King, by cornago. This John do Lacy 
 granted Cargo and Cringledyke to William de Vescy 
 and his heirs, lords of Alnwick, in Northumberland, to 
 be held of the donor and his heirs, for a mewed hawk 
 yearly, in lieu of all services. William de Vescy, in his 
 turn, grunted it to Sir Ewan Cailisle, but reserving 
 to himself and his heirs similar services. In 1274, 
 
 Robert de Ross, lord of Wark, in Tyndale, died seised 
 of this manor, having held the same of Wilham de 
 Carlisle the younger, rendering yearly a hawk or mark 
 in lieu of all services. It continued in the family of 
 de Ross for many generations, until 1 338, and shortly 
 after, when Elizabeth de Ross, the heir general, trans- 
 ferred the inheritance to the family of the Parrs of 
 Kendal, with whom it remained till Ellen, Marchioness 
 of Northampton, widow of William Law, gave it in 
 exchange to Queen Elizabeth. It was subsequently 
 granted by King James to the AMiitmores, by whom it 
 was possessed in 1 688 ; it was afterwards bought by the 
 Dacres, who sold it, in 1793, to Joseph Lamb, Esq., 
 of Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; it is now the property of 
 Charles John Lamb, Esq. The principal landowners 
 are Messrs. Thomas James, William Robinson, Richard 
 Ferguson, Francis Holland, John Xorman, Jlrs. Twenty- 
 man, 'William Lowry, Charles Conway, John and Thomas 
 Bone, and the Rev. John Lowry. 
 
 The village of Cargo is about three miles north- 
 north-wost of Carlisle. 
 
 At the entrance of the village there is a substantial, 
 commodious, and well-arranged school, with a house 
 for the master, erected iu 1850, according to plans 
 approved of by the Lords of the Committee of Council 
 on Education, at a cost of £258, on a site kindly given 
 by T. James, Esq. It is under government inspection, 
 conducted by a certificated teacher, and has an average 
 attendance of about sixty children. During the summer 
 mouths divine service is held in the school-room every 
 Sunday afternoon. 
 
 ETTERBY. 
 
 This township comprises an area of 297 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £1,254 14s. 4d. In 1801 it con- 
 tained 40 inhabitants; iu 1811, 51; in 1821, 07; in 
 1831, 110; in 1811, 152; and in 1851, 204. The 
 Caledonian railway runs through the township. The 
 soil hero is strong, and incumbent upon a strong clay 
 subsoil. 
 
 •' Etterby " say Nicolsou and Burn, " iu old writings 
 is called Arthuriburgum, which seems to imply that it 
 had been a considerable village. Some alhrra that it 
 took its name from Arthur ICing of the Britons, who was 
 in this country about the year 550, pursuing his victo- 
 ries over the Daues and Norwegians. But there are 
 no remains of antiquity at or near this place to justify 
 j such a conjecture." Etterby is parcel of the manor of 
 j Wosllinton and barony of Burgh, under the Earl of 
 I Lonsdale. The chief landowners aro Messrs. John 
 Saul, John and Thomas Allison, John Fawcett, and 
 Henry T. White.
 
 182 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 LINSTOCK. 
 
 This towTisliip comprises an area of 1,133 acres, ami 
 its rateable value is £1,065. In 1801 it contained 107 
 inhabitants; in 1811, 19-2 ; iu 18-21, 231 : in 1831, 
 228 : in 1841, 290 ; and in 1851, 220. The soil here 
 is alluvial, on a clay subsoil, and some with a sandy 
 bottom. 
 
 Linstock was gi'anted by Heiny I. to his chaplain 
 Walter, and by him given to the prior and convent of 
 Cai'Hslc. After the creation of the see, the bishop and 
 convent held their lands in common, till a partition was 
 made by Gualo, the papiil legate, by which, among other 
 manors. Linstock was ajipropriated to the bishop, and 
 Linstock Castle was for a long time the only seat of the 
 bishops of Carlisle. Bishop Irton died at the castle in 
 1292, and the next year Bishop Halton entertained 
 Johannes Romanus and his suite of three hundred per- 
 sons. In the year 1307, Edward, with his queen and 
 court, were at Linstock from the 0th of Mnrcli till the 
 12th, when he removed to Carlisle. The castle was 
 repaired and modernised about a century ago, by John 
 Nicolson, the lessee of the estate. The ancient square 
 tower, probably the donjon or keep, still remains. It 
 is of red freestone, with walls of great thickness and 
 strength ; a portion of the moat with which the struc- 
 ture was formerly surrounded still e.\.ists. There is no 
 record of the date of the erection of the castle, which 
 must have been at one time much more extensive than 
 its present remains would lead us to suppose, from its 
 having for so long a period been the residence of the 
 bishops, and from the many royal and other visitors 
 who were from tin^e to time entertained within its 
 walls. 
 
 The Bishop of Carlisle is lord of the manor of Lin- 
 stock, which includes the parish of Crosby-upon-Edeu. 
 The principal part of the estate of Linstock Castle was 
 held by lease under the bishop, but is now held in a 
 similar manner under the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. 
 The landowners are John James Watts, Esq., Thomas 
 Donald, Esq., James Boustead, Esq., George Bainbridge, 
 Esq., Airs. Saul, the Misses Coleman, William Bou- 
 stead, Esq., with several small proprietors. 
 
 The village of Linstock is situated near the Eden, 
 about two and a half mUes north-east of Carlisle. Here 
 is a small place of worship, erected by G. H. Head, 
 Esq., in which prayers are read on Sunday evenings. 
 
 EICKEEBT. 
 
 The rateable value of Rickerby township is £1,046, 
 and its area 500 statute acres. It contained, iu 1801, 
 85 inhabitants; in 1811, 108; in 1821, 108; in 1831, 
 74 ; in 1841, 92 ; and in 1851, 92. 
 
 Rickerby, or Richardby, is a mense manor under 
 Linstock, formerly belonging to the Tilliols, afterwards 
 to the Pickerings and Westons, from tlie latter of whom 
 it was purchased by Sir Edward Musgrave. From the 
 Alusgravcs it passed by sale to the Studholmes, then 
 to the Gilpins, in which family it continued three 
 generations; Mr. Richardson afterwards purchased what 
 had not been sold off to the tenants. From the Richard- 
 sous it passed to the Grahams, and is now all enfran- 
 chised. The principal landowners are George H. Head, 
 Esq., and Miss Aglionby. 
 
 Tlie village of Rickerby is about one and a half 
 miles east-by-north of Carlisle. It contains a school, 
 a neat stone building, erected in 1830, by G. H. Head, 
 Esq., and capable of accommodating about eighty 
 children ; average attendance about fifty. 
 
 Rickerby House, the residence of George H. Head, 
 Esq., is a fine mansion, occupying an eligible situation 
 about a mile east of Carlisle. 
 
 ST.UNTOX. 
 
 The population of Stainton in 1801 was 03 ; in 
 1811, 64; in 1821, 71; in 183], 67; in 1841, 69; 
 and in 1851, 55. The area of the township is 585 
 statue acres, and its rateable value £1,040. The soil 
 here is rich and loamy, with a partly clayey subsoil. 
 The Caledonian railway intersects the township. 
 
 Stainton is a mense manor, being parcel of the 
 manor of Westlinton and the barony of Burgh. It be- 
 longed to the ilusgraves of Crookdake, iu this county, 
 from whom it was transferred by sale to the Earl of 
 Lonsdale, the greater part of it being previously enfran- 
 chised; it is now held under the barony of Burgh, as 
 above. The principal landowners are Mrs. Allison, 
 Thomas K. Atkinson, Esq., William James, Esq., 
 Messrs. John Norman, Nauson, and Young ; William 
 Robinson, Miss Andrew, and Joseph Johnson. The 
 tithes were commuted in 1839, the corn tithe for 
 £74 lis., and the vicar's for £8 Is. Id.; total, 
 £82 12s. Id. 
 
 The village of Stainton is two miles west-north-west 
 of Carlisle. 
 
 TABEABY. 
 
 This township comprises an area of 484 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £895. The number of its inhabi- 
 tants in 1801 was 110; in 1811, 134; in 1821, 153; 
 in 1831, 138 ; in 1841, 135 ; and in 1851, 150. 
 
 The manor of Tarraby was conveyed by John Aglionby, 
 Esq., in exchange, to Sir John Lowther, xfho again 
 exchanged it with the Dalstons for an estate in West- 
 moreland. It was sold to the tenants about the year
 
 HOUGHTON ECCLESIASTICAL DISTIUCT. 
 
 183 
 
 17G4, by Sir William Dalston. The principal land- 
 owners arc Charles Fotlierstonhaugh, Esq., John Fer- 
 guson, Esq., Thomas Graham, Esq., and George Kobin- 
 soii, Esq. 
 
 Drawdyiies Castle, in this township, is a mansion of 
 the Aglionbys, on the site of an ancient castle, whicli 
 was talicn down in the seventeenth century, and 
 rebuilt in its present foiin by John Aglionby, Esq. This 
 castle, which had been among the earliest possessions 
 of the Aglionbys, in Cumbcrliind, upon the demise of 
 Christopher AgUonby, Esq., the last heir male in 1789, 
 
 passed under a decree of chancery to John Orfeur 
 Yates, Esq., of Skirwith Abbey, who married Mary, the 
 youngest daugliter of the coheiresses. The Drawdykyes 
 estate is free of toll of the city of Carlisle, a privilege 
 which was confirmed to the tenants at the assizes in 
 1775. 
 
 j\Iany Roman inscribed stones &c. have been found 
 here; among others a lloman inscription " con iiii pro 
 ros ivL viT.^LES." which Horseley read " Cohortis 
 quartai Prctoriannc posuit centuria Julii Vitalis." 
 
 HOUGHTON ECCLESL\STICAL DISTRICT. 
 
 The ecclesiastical district of Houghton was formed out of Stanwix parish and the extra - parochial place of 
 Kiugmoor, by an order in council, dated November 2and, 1841, and comprised in 1851 a population of 502. 
 
 The school is a small stone structure, close to the 
 
 HOUGHTON. 
 
 The area of Houghton township is 1478 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £1,705. Its population in 1801, 
 was 2-20; in 1811,243; in 1821, 288; in 1831, 384; 
 in 1841, 372; and in 1851, 381. The soil here is 
 good and strong. 
 
 The manor of Houghton and Tarraby came anciently 
 by marriage to the Aglionbys, who were lord? thereof 
 for several generations, until John Aglionby, Esq., ex- 
 changed it with Sir John Lowther, Bart ; who in his 
 turn exchanged it for the manor of Jlelkiiithorp, in 
 Westmoreland, with Christopher Dalston, Esq., whose 
 heir, Sir William Dalston, sold the same about the 
 year 1704 to the tenants. The landowners are Messrs. 
 John Di.xon, Richard Ferguson, John Forster, John 
 Ferguson, Tiiomas II. Hodgson, Robert Patrickson, 
 Clement S. Sutton, John F. Anderson, with some small 
 proprietors. 
 
 The village of Houghton, which is small and irregu- 
 larly built, is about two miles uorth-by-east of Carlisle. 
 
 THE cnrncn. 
 
 Near to the village is St. John's District Church, 
 erected chiefly by subscription in 1840, and contain- 
 ing accommodution for 300 persons. It i.s of white 
 freestone from the Sbalk quarries, near Dalston, and 
 consists of nave, chancel, and tower. The church is 
 endowed with land yielding £40 a year. The tithes 
 were commuted, in 1842, for £138 8a., viz.: the com 
 tithe for £128 7s. (id., and the vicar's tithe for 
 £10 8s. 6d. John Dixon. Esq., is the patron, and the 
 Rev. J. Ruck, D.C.L., incumbent. 
 
 The parsonage house is a plain but neat building. 
 
 church. It was rebuilt in 1841. wiU accommodate 
 seventy children, and has an average attendance of 
 forty. 
 
 CHARITY. 
 
 Miss Patrickson's Charity. — iliss Patrickson, who 
 died at Houghton-town-head in 1854, bequeathed the 
 sum of £200 to the resident clergyman and chui'ch- 
 wardens of Houghton, to apply the interest for the 
 benefit of poor and indigent persons resident in the 
 township of Houghton ; and also a further sum of 
 £200, to be applied for the purposes of the school at 
 Houghton, so long as such school shall be under the 
 superintendence of the National School Society. 
 
 The Knells is a beautiful mausion, the seat of John 
 Di.xon, Esq. 
 
 ^ivoiT of Jlnclls. 
 
 Peter Dixon, Esq., son of Jolin, and grandson of Cliristoplicr, 
 of Edmond Castle, mmried 2iid September, 17H3, JIan', daugh- 
 ter of Richard Fergusim, Esq., of Carlisle, and liad issue, 
 
 I. JoHjr, now of Knells. 
 
 II. Riebnrd Fer^isnn, decensed. 
 
 III. Peter, ninrried Sarnli Rebecca, daughter of Lieut-General 
 Clarke, E. I.C.S., iiud lins issue, I'eier Sydenham, Henry 
 Hall, 1°. Clarke, .lohn, Joseph. Edward, Sarah Bebecca, Au- 
 gusta .luuc, and Catberiue Anne. 
 
 IV. Oenr;;e, niaiTJetl Mary, youngest daughter of the Rev. Jona- 
 than BcuirluT, vicar of F.psoni, Surrvy. 
 
 V. Robert, deceased. 
 
 VI. .losepli, married .\nne, daughter of Wilson Perry, Esq., of 
 Whilcliavcii, and hits issue IN-ter Wilson, tuid Joseph. 
 
 I. France"', died unmiirricd in 1^18. 
 
 II, Mary, liied uuniarried in 18;l'j. 
 
 Joux Dixos, Esq., of Knells, J.P., high sheriff in 180S, and 
 mayor of Carlisle in ln:10 and ISiJO, horn 2Gth October, 1795,
 
 184 
 
 CUMBEKLAND WAED. 
 
 marrieil 2'2nd November, 1814, 5Iary Tirzah, daugliter of the 
 late Captain Stordy, 31st regiment, and has issue, 
 
 1. Peter James. 
 
 u. Robert Stordy, 9th Lancers. 
 
 m. Ricliard Ferguson, ilied 3rd November, 1810. 
 
 IV. George Hodgson. 
 
 v. William Giles, died in l^^an. 
 
 I. Mary Sarah, died 'Mb FcbruaiT, 1821. 
 
 n. Sarali, married to Charles W. Thompson, son of Colonel T. 
 
 Perronett Thompson. 
 lu. .Jane Eleanor, married to James Robert Grant, son of Sir 
 
 James Grant. 
 TV. Mary Tirzah, died in April, 1827. 
 
 V. Elizabeth, died in 1824. 
 VT. Henrietta. 
 
 vu. Maria Rebecca. 
 
 Arms—Az., a dove, statant, ppr. ; in chief, two bees, volant, or; 
 a chief, of the last, thereon three pallets, gu. 
 
 CiesI — In front of an anchor, in bend sinister, sa., a deiter cubit 
 arm erect, ppr., in the hand an olive branch, also ppr. 
 
 Motto — Peace. 
 
 Houghton Hall is the seat of Peter James Dixon, 
 Esq. 
 
 Houghton House is the seat and residence of Thomas 
 Houghton Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 ^obgson of ^migbioit fmst. 
 
 WlLijAJi HoDGSox, Esq., son of George Hodgson, Esq., by 
 Jane his wife, and granddaughter of Joseph Hodgson, by Kliza- 
 beth, his wife, married in 1707, Klizabeth, daughter of Joseph 
 Stordy; and had, besides, the late William Hodgson, Esq., 
 of Houghton House, another son and two daughters, viz., 
 
 II. Joseph, married Sarah Nicholsou, of Bat House, parish of 
 Crosby, and has issue. 
 
 1. William Nicholson, married Mar}', daughter of Thomas 
 Irwin, F.eq, J. P. 
 
 2. Joseph Stordy, in holy orders, married Otli Anpist, 1810, 
 Sophia Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Thomas Didrymple 
 Hesketh, Bart., of lUillbrd Hall, and has issue. 
 
 3. Sarah Grace, married to John Fawcett, Esq., of Petterill 
 Bank, barrister-at law. 
 
 I. Isabella, married to Thomas ,\tkinson, Esq., of Carlisle, J. P. 
 u. Elizabeth, married to David Uouald, Esq. 
 
 WrLi.iAJi Hodgson, Esq., of Houghton House, J. P. and 
 D.L., five times mayor of Carlisle, born 9th February, 1773; 
 married 17th June, 1800, Anne, eldest daughter of Thomas 
 Young, Esq., and by her (who died 22nd December, 18-54) he 
 left at his decease, 14th January, 1854, 
 
 I. TH0M.1S HoiGHTOx, HOW of Houghton House. 
 
 II. William Henry, born lOdi June, 181S. 
 
 lU. Joseph Lowiher, linrn 27th September, 1818; married .lane 
 Eleanor, widow of James R. Grant, Esq., and daughter of 
 John Dixon, Esq., and has issue Annie and Mabel. 
 
 IV. George Courleney, born 2.5th December, 1821, married 
 Elizabeth, daughter of .lohn Bircham, Esq., and has William 
 George Courtenay, Henry Bernard, and .Vunette Isabel. 
 
 V. Charles Bernard, born 21st May, 1824, 
 
 I. Annette, married first, Lieutenant-Colonel Cowper, C.B. : and 
 secondly, the Rev. William Deacon Isaacs, of Harts Hill. 
 
 II. Elizabeth, married to the Rev. William M. Thompson, of 
 Woolwich. 
 
 III. Jane. 
 
 IV. Isabel Sarah, married to William Carruthers, Esq. 
 
 V. Mary. 
 
 Mr. Hodgson died as above, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Tbom.\s Houghton Hodgson, Esq., bom 2nd January, 
 181:!, married 111th April, 1812, Elizabeth, eldesi daughter 
 of the Bev. Robert Gutch, of Seugrove, Leicestershire. 
 
 Arms — Sa., a chev., between three martlets, or. 
 
 Crest — .V dove, close, az., holding in his beak a sprig of laurel, ppr. 
 
 Mollo — Dread God. 
 
 UPPERBY PARISH. 
 
 This parish, comprising the several townships of Upperby, Harrabj', Botcherby, Blackwell High, Blackwell Low, 
 Brisco, Carletoii, and a small portion of Botchergatc, was fomied into a legal district for ecclesiastical purposes in 
 the year 1S4G, the cure of souls in these townships being assigned to the church of St. John at Upperby, and the 
 incumbent thereof for ever, according to the provisions of an act passed in the second and third years of the reign 
 of Queen Victoria, entitled " An act to make better provisions for the assignment of ecclesiastical districts to 
 churches or chapels augmented by the Governors of Queen Anne's Bounty, and for other purposes." Again, by 
 the 18th Victoria, 1855, better known by the name of "Lord Blandford's Act," the ecclesiastical district thus 
 formed became a new and independent parish, free from all claims, rates, payments, or dues of any kind or degree 
 to the mother church of St. Cuthbert, Carlisle. 
 
 UPPERBY. 
 
 Upperby township comprises an area of 449 acres. 
 The population in 1801 was 119 ; in 1811, 228 ; in 
 1821, 310; in 1831, 393; in 1811,471: and in 1851, 
 551. The land here is generally leasehold, under the 
 dean and chapter's manor of Botchergate. The land- 
 owners are John Fawcett, Esq., William Lamb, Esq., 
 Samuel AValdie, Esq., John Harrison, Esq., John 
 
 Slater, Esq., the executors of Jackson Pears, Esq., and 
 several small proprietors. The soil is a rich loam 
 on a clay and partly gravel subsoil. The Lancaster and 
 Carlisle railway intersects the township. 
 
 The village of Upperby is situated on the west side of 
 the Petteril, two miles south-east of Carlisle, and con- 
 sists of poor-built cottages, inhabited chiefly by weavers, 
 with two or three good farm houses, and two inns.
 
 UPPEr.BY PAKISH. 
 
 185 
 
 IBE CHUBCH. 
 
 Upperby church, dedicated to St. John, stands a 
 little cast of the village. It was erected by subscription 
 in 1840, on a site given by John Fawcett, Esq., and 
 was consecrated in 1S40. The living is only partially 
 endowed with .t'-tO per annum, assigned to it by the 
 Ecclesiastical Commissioners in the year 1810, and 
 the interest of £G25 13s. 8d. reduced Bank Annuities, 
 in the hands of the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty, 
 with a small payment from the pewholders of two-thirds 
 of the pews in the church, the remaining one-third 
 being free sittings. The dean and chapter of Carlisle 
 are patrons; incumbent, the llev. William Cockett, 
 M.A., who was instituted iu the year 1810 ; and it is 
 to his great and untiring exertions that the neighbour- 
 hood is indebted for the formation of the ecclesiastical 
 district, the obtaining of the small endowment possessed 
 by the church, the purchase of two acres of glebe 
 land, and the building thereupon in the year 1848 of 
 a suitable and commodious parsonage, and the erection 
 and formation of large and elegant national schools. 
 
 Up to the year 18^8 there was no school at Upperby. 
 At that period several of the inhabitants solicited sub- 
 scriptions, with which they built a small one, with two 
 rooms over the same for a residence. The funds were 
 inadequate for the completion of the work, and there 
 was left a mortgage upon the building ; the interest of 
 this sum was paid by the schoolmaster or schoolmisti-ess, 
 as such happened to be. In the year 1847 this debt 
 was paid by the National Society, on condition that the 
 rooms were conveyed by deed to the minister and church- 
 wardens as trustees for the parochial schools. During 
 the year 1854, the schoolroom becoming too small for 
 the increasing number of scholars, and the residences 
 of the teachers being found inconvenient and prejudicial 
 to health, the incumbent of tho parish and the church- 
 wardens resolved to build upon the village green a now 
 school in two parts, one for the boys, and the other for the 
 girls ; and to add the room then used as a school to those 
 immediately over it to form a permanent and suitablo 
 residence for tho master. Fur this purpose a grant of 
 JE147 was obtained from the Committee of Privy Coun- 
 cil on Education, another of £45 from the National 
 Society ; and tho late Wiss Losh, of Woodside, loft a 
 legacy of i;i3(). Tho cost of tho erection of the 
 echool was £m 89. 7d., the residue of which was 
 made up from smaller private subscriptions. The 
 schools are under government inspection, and have 
 already conferred great benelits upon the neighbour- 
 hood. 
 
 Here is a skinnery, the property of Mr. S. Waldie, 
 and carried on by Mr. Brown. Joseph Robinson and 
 21 
 
 Co., of Carlisle, have a place here for the manufactory 
 
 of plaster of Paris. 
 
 BLACKWELL, HIGIi. 
 
 The township of High Blackwell contains 3,459 
 acres, and its rateable value is £1,565 10s. The num- 
 ber of its inhabitants in 1801 was 263 ; in 1811, 253; 
 iu 1821, 2S3; iu 1831, 268; in 1841, 315; and in 
 1851, 370. ^ 
 
 The manor of Blackwell, or Blackball, formed 
 anciently a parcel of Inglewood Forest, and was granted 
 by Henry I. to Odard de Logis, lord of Wigton, in 
 whose family it continued till the reign of Edward III., 
 when Marijaret de Wigton, heiress of this baronial 
 house, gave it to Sir Robert Parvinge, the king's ser- 
 jeant-at-law, as a recompense for the ability he displayed 
 in defending her title to the barony of Wigton, which 
 title had been called in question by the heir-at-law. Sir 
 Robert de Kirkbride, on the ground of her mother's 
 incontinency. From the Charter Rolls of the 13th 
 Edward III., we learn that Sir Robert Parvinge, who 
 had attained the dignity of lord chancellor, and lord 
 high treasurer, obtained a license to enclose his woods 
 at this place in 1339. llis representatives sold Black- 
 hall to Sir William Staploton, who iu his turn sold it 
 to Lord Dacre, from whom it subsequently passed to 
 the Earl of Sussex, by whose co-hciresses it was con- 
 veyed, iu 1716, to Su- Christopher Musgrave, the 
 ancestor of Sir George Musgrave, Bart., of Eden Hall, 
 the present possessor of the manorial rights and pri- 
 vileges. The landowners are Colonel Sowerby, Messrs. 
 Joseph Robinson, W. Ostell, Richard Standish, Joseph 
 Scott, and others. The township is intersected by the 
 Maryport and Carhsle railway, and possesses a strong 
 clayey soil. The tithes were commuted in April. 1810, 
 for £65 lis. 3d. 
 
 There is a school near to Blackwell High village, and 
 another at Stoneraise iu this townsliip, both of which 
 are closed. 
 
 Here are two stone quarries, worked by Mr. John 
 Pearson, which yield white and red freestone of a good 
 quality for building purposes and grindstones. 
 
 The following hamlets are iu this township : — High 
 and Low Burulhwaitc, consisting of a few farm houses 
 and cottages, four miles south of Carlisle; Durdar, 
 three miles south of Carlisle : Ratten Raw, three and 
 a half miles south of the same place ; and Stoneraise. 
 
 rn.M<lTIES. 
 
 Loirri/'s CiMrilies. — Thomas Lowry, by will dated 
 November 22nd, 1779, bequeathed £200 to his execu- 
 tors, to be placed out, and the interest of £100, to be
 
 186 
 
 CUMBERLAND WARD. 
 
 paid to the master of the school at Blackhall (if one 
 shouU 1)0 built within two years after his death), he 
 teaching gratis seven or eight poor children belonging 
 to Blackhall quarter, if so many ; and if fewer, or none, 
 to be uevertheless paid ; and the interest of the remain- 
 ing £100 to be paid to the poor widows within the said 
 quarter who should not get parochial relief. A school 
 was built at Blackhall within the time appointed, and 
 since that period the charity has been distributed as 
 directed. 
 
 Pattinson's Charity. — Thomas Pattinson, in 1785, 
 left the interest of £10 to the schoolmaster of Black- 
 hall. (See Bowuess parish). The sum of 7s. Sid. is 
 paid to the schoolmaster of Blackhall on account of this 
 donation. This donation and the one preceding, are 
 not paid to the master of the school at Durdar, but to 
 another school in Blackwell township. 
 
 Durdar School. — !llrs. Grace Graham, by will dated 
 ]7th March, J798, gave £100 in trust, the interest of 
 which was to bo applied to the schoolmaster of Durdar. 
 for which he should teach gratis, in reading, writing, 
 and accounts, not fewer than eight children, residing 
 within the "division of Blackball High." 
 
 BLACKWELL, LOW. 
 
 Low Blackwell township comprises an area of 941 
 acres. In 1801 the number of its inhabitants was 
 105; in 1811, 119; in 1831, 134; in 1831, 150; in 
 1841, 181; and in 1851, 182. This township is 
 included in the manor of Blackhall. The principal 
 landowners are Sir George Musgrave, Bart ; the Misses 
 Lowry, F. L. B. Dykes, Esq., Edward Rowlands, Esq., 
 Mr. W. Martendale, Jlrs. Wilson, and I\Ir. Jonathan 
 S. Bell. The soil of the township is partly a heavy 
 loam, with some good land near the river, and a portion 
 of heavy wet land. The Maryport and Carlisle railway 
 intersects the township. 
 
 The village of Low Blackwell is two and a half miles 
 south of Carlisle. 
 
 Hoshes and Scugger Houses arc hamlets in this 
 township. 
 
 EOTCUEEPT. 
 
 The township of Botcherby, or Botchardby, contains 
 495 acres, and its rateable value is £1,058. Its popu- 
 Lation in 1801 was 94; in 1811, 118; in 1821, 125; 
 in 1831, 144; in 1841, 125; and in 1851, 155. 
 The son here is generally a strong loam, on a sandy 
 bottom. The principal proprietors are Major Sped- 
 ding, John Norman, Esq., Mathews Hodgson, Esq., 
 Eev. John Norman, Miss E. Lowry, and John Hodg- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 The village of Botcherby is pleasantly situated one 
 
 mile east of Carlisle. On the north side of the village 
 is a small school for children of both sexes, which wiU 
 accommodate about fifty pupils ; average attendance 
 about forty. It is supported by the quarter-pence of 
 the scholars. 
 
 BRISCO. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 224 ; 
 in 1811, 300; in 1821, 308; in 1831, 305; in 1841, 
 303; and in 1851, 292. The area of the township is 
 1,904 statute acres, and its rateable value £2,195 2s. 
 lOd. The soil is generally good, incumbent on a strong 
 clay. The Lancaster and Carlisle railway runs through 
 the township. 
 
 Brisco is included in the manor of Botchergate, the 
 rights and privileges of which are vested in the Eccle- 
 siastical Commissioners, but about £3 a-year are paid 
 to Sir Wastel Brisco, of Crofton Hall, whose ancestors 
 held this place, and took their names from the township. 
 The landowners are the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, 
 James Losh, Esq., Messrs. Joseph SneU, William 
 LambjThomasLowthian, Jonathan Fallowfield, General 
 I\Iartin, Dr. Hutchinson, Joseph Ni.Kon, and Messrs. 
 Howe and Backhouse. 
 
 The village of Brisco occupies a pleasant and airy 
 situation about three miles south of CarUsle. 
 
 Woodbank is a hamlet in this township, where 
 are the extensive iron works of ]\Iessi-s. Cowan, Shed- 
 don, and Co., who cany on the business of engineers, 
 founders, and iron manufacturers. And at Quarry 
 Gate is a red sandstone quarry. 
 
 Brisco Hill and Xewbiggin Hall are two neat man- 
 sions in this township ; the latter appears to have been 
 an occasional residence of the Prior of Carlisle, who 
 fortified it against the incursions of the Scots ; its walls 
 are about nine feet thick, and the whole of the first 
 iloor has a plain vaulted roof. 
 
 Woodside, the seat and property of the Losh family, 
 is a large handsome structure, surrounded by beautiful 
 and well-wooded grounds. The Woodside estate has 
 been long in the possession of the family of the present 
 proprietor. 
 
 CAELETON. 
 
 The number of inhabitants in Carleton township in 
 1801 was 185; in 1811, 173; in 1821, 201; in 1831, 
 189; in 1841, 175; and in 1851, 188. The area is 
 returned with that of English-street township, Carlisle; 
 its rateable value is £1,011. This township is also in 
 the manor of Botchergate. The principal landowners 
 here are Messrs. Joseph RaUton, David Nelson, William 
 James, PJchard Fergusson, Charles Piivaz, Miss 
 Sewell, Thomas Little, Fiev. John S. Mulcaster, Mrs.
 
 WATIWICK PARISH. 
 
 187 
 
 Cooper, Mr. Hodgson, Mr. Calvert, John Lowthiau, 
 Esq., Samuel James, Esq., the Cumberland and West- 
 moreland Asjlura, John Robinson, and the Ecclesias- 
 tical Commissioners. The Cumberland ajid Westmore- 
 land Lunatic Asylum is in this township. 
 
 The village of Carleton is situated on the Penrith 
 road, three miles south-by-east of Carlisle. Here is a 
 beautiful willow tree, raised from a cutting taken from 
 a tree which overhung the grave of Napoleon at St. 
 Helena. There are several neat houses in the village. 
 
 Near to the Roman road is a farmstead called Scales- 
 ceugh, upon the land attached to which Roman coins 
 have been found. There is a flour-mill close to the 
 river PetterU. 
 
 CHABnr. 
 Pattimon's CItarity. — Thomas Pattinson, by wiU 
 dated 10th March, 1785, left ^£50, the interest to be 
 paid to the schoolmasters teaching school in the town- 
 ships of Harraby, Carleton, and Brisco, share and share 
 alike, if more than cue. The interest of this money, 
 
 £1 18s. Od., is now paid to a schoolmaster at Carleton, 
 there being no school in Harraby or Brisco.' 
 
 lUItr.ABT. 
 
 Harraby contains an area of OOl acres. Its popu- 
 lation in 1801 was 47: in 1811, 58; in 1821, 46; in 
 1831, 66; in 1841, 55 ; and in 1851, 82. The town- 
 ship is included in the manor of Botchergate, and the 
 landowners arc Messrs. George Blamire, William 
 Hodgson, John Fawcett, the executors of Admiral 
 Taylor, Mrs. Fairbairn, and Miss Lowry. The New- 
 castle and Carlisle railway runs through the township. 
 Here is a corn-mill. 
 
 The vOlage of Harraby is situated on the Penrith 
 road, one and a half miles south-by-east of Carlisle. 
 
 Harraby Grange was formerly known as the manor 
 of Henderbye, but it is now included in the same manor 
 as the rest of the township, and is held under the 
 Ecclesiastical Commissioners by leasehold tenure. 
 
 Harraby Green is principally in tliis township. 
 
 1 See Bowncss parish, p. IDO. 
 
 WARWICK PARISH. 
 
 TiiF. parish of Warwick is bounded on the north and oast by the river Eden, on the west and south by the parish 
 of Wetheral, and includes the townships of Aglionby and Warwick. Its soil is rich and fertile, consisting prin- 
 cipally of sand or loam. 
 
 WARWICK. 
 
 The area of this township is 1,280 acres, and its 
 rateable value £2,373 7s. 7d. The population in 1801 
 was 211; in 1811, 211; in 1821, 2."; in 18-31,206; 
 in 1841, 225; and in 1851,210. 
 
 The manor of Warwick was given by Hubert de 
 Vallibus and Robert his son to Odard, first lord of 
 Corkeby, or Corby, to be held of his barony of Gilslaud. 
 At the visitation made by Sir William Dugdale, in 
 1005, Thomas Warwick, Esq., certified a pedigree, in 
 which this Odard is stated to be Odard dc Logis, first 
 baron of Wigton, but the pedigree does not agree with 
 that of the family of tiie lords of Wigton, heuce we may 
 reasonably conclude that there must have been another 
 Odard, of whom and of his descendants we have the 
 following account: — 
 
 OoAiti), lirst lord of Curby and of Warwick, had issue Osbert 
 and WiUiiim, to the furmerof vfhom ho rhvo Corby, to the latter 
 Warwirk. Osbert, the oUlcr son, dying Vfithout issue, both 
 manors became tlio properly of his brother WiMiaui. 
 
 William, wiili odicr cliiUlrcii, had issue John and Robert ; War- 
 wiek was given to John, the eldest, and Corhy to liobcrt. 
 
 Jons niipenvs to have lived in the rei|fn of nicliard I. 
 
 Wii.i.iAM vr. WAitTinvvKr. ocrurs in 17lli Henry HI. (1232-3). 
 He WH» kninhled in lllU year of the same reign ( 1251)-00). 
 
 llouEKT DE Waktuwtke Is mentioned in 1301. 
 
 William he Wahthwvke in temp. Edward II. 
 
 John i)e Warthwyke, Knt., sou of W illiam, died without issue 
 and was succeeded by his nephew and heir, 
 
 John de Warthwyke, sou of Edmund de Warthwick deceased, 
 lie hvid ler)ip. Edward III. 
 
 Geouge de Wahtiiwyke occurs in the reign of Richard II. 
 
 John de Warthwyke in the same reign. 
 
 John he Waiitmwtke temp. Edwiu-d IV. 
 
 Lancelot Wauwike in the reign of Henry VII. 
 
 Hkiiard Wakwike is next mentioned. He, in 35th Henry 
 VIIl. (I.V13-1) held the manor and vill of Wiirwike of tlie King, in 
 capile, by knight's services and coruage. He was succeeded by 
 his son, 
 
 CiiBisTopHEK Wakwike, who married Frances, daughter of Sal- 
 keld, of Corby. His son, 
 
 liicuARD Wauwike, married twice. His first wife was Frances, 
 daughter of Salkeld, of Whilehidl, by whom he liad issue, Thomas, 
 and a younger son, George, wlio died wilhout issue. His second 
 wife, whose name' is not known, bore him a son, John WiuTiike, of 
 l.ockwait, near Hartley Castle, co. Westmoreland. This Richard 
 died aliont Hi:) I. 
 
 Thomas Warwick married a dau^hlcr of Gawin Dratliwaite, of 
 Amblesi.le, and died iu his falher's lifetime. 
 
 Thomas Warwick, of Warwick, married Frances, daughter of 
 John Skelton. Esq., of ,\nnalhwaile, and had issue, John, who died 
 unmarried; Thomas; Marv, mairied to Rowland Nichols, rector of 
 .\ikton; and Catherine. He died in lOil. 
 
 Thomas Wahwuk, aged 22 at the lime of Diigdalc's Tisii.itiou, 
 married Frances, daughter of John Dalston, Esq., of Acom Uauk, 
 CO. Weslmorelaiiil, and ha<l issue, 
 
 John Warwick, wlm married Mary, daughter of Francis Howard, 
 Esij , of Corby, and by her had issue.
 
 188 
 
 CUMBEPvLAXD ViAUV. 
 
 Frascis Waewick, Esq., who married Jane, (laughter of Thomas 
 Howard, Esii., of Corby, by Barbara, daughter of Tuhu, Viscount 
 Lonsdale, who died without issue in 1772, and was succeeded by 
 his only sur\iving sister and heir, Mrs. .Anne Warwick, after whose 
 decease the estate became the property of Ralph Mnddison, Esq., 
 of Gateshead, Newcastle-on-Tyiie, in pursuance of the will of Francis 
 Warwick, Esq. On the deatli of Mr. Maddison the properly passed 
 to his brother John, who dying witUont issue, it devolved on the 
 next heir of llie testator, Robert Boinier, Esq,, son of Sarah Mad- 
 dison (sister uf Ralph and John just mentioned) by Thomas Bonner. 
 This Thomas took the surname of Warwick in 1792. 
 
 The present lamlowucrs arc the e.xecutors of the late 
 William Parker, Esq., James Heald, Esq., and William 
 Richardson, Esq. 
 
 The village of Warwick is pleasantly situated four 
 miles east of Carlisle, ou the west bank of the Eden, 
 which is here crossed by a fitie stone bridge of three 
 arches. Near this bridge is an eminence, upon which 
 are the remains of a breastwork, supposed to have been 
 raised to guard the river, during the days of the moss- 
 troopers. 
 
 THE CHimCH. 
 
 The church, dedicated to St. Leonard, is an ancient 
 structure, in the Norman style, the date of its erec- 
 tion is very uncertain. It possesses an apsis, or semi- 
 circular recess at the east end, a form comparatively 
 rare in England. On the exterior, this semicircular 
 termination of the chancel of the church has thirteen 
 narrow niches, measuring ten feet eight inches high, 
 and one foot five inches wide, reaching almost to the 
 ground : three of them have small windows inserted. 
 This edifice is at present 70 feet long, but once extended 
 twenty-one feet more to the west ; there being still at 
 that end a good rounded arch, now fiUed up. The bene- 
 fice was a rectory, and was given by Rauulph de Mes- 
 
 chiues to the abbey of St. Mary, at York, but was 
 granted, after the dissolution of the religious houses, 
 to the dean and chapter of Carlisle, who united the 
 living to that of Wetheral, and have since continued to- 
 appoint a curate to the joint livings. 
 
 There is here a substantial stone building, erected 
 for a Sunday-school, by the late Thomas Parker, Esq., 
 who endowed it at his death with i£50Qi The late 
 William I'arker left .£350 for the support of a day- 
 school. The building is now used as a chapel by the 
 Wesleyan body, and is attended by the Carlisle minis- 
 ters and local preachers. 
 
 AVarwick Hall, erected in 1828, the seat of the Parker 
 family, is an elegant structure, of red freestone, situated 
 four miles east of Carlisle. The grounds are beautifully 
 disposed, and neatly laid out. 
 
 AGLIOXBT. 
 
 Aglionhy township comprises an area of 559 acres. 
 Its population in 1801 was 02 ; in 1811, 73 : in 1821, 
 91; in 1831, 107 ; in 1841, 137; and in 1S5], 1-17. 
 
 The manor of Aglionby was the ancient inheritance 
 of the family of that name, who are said to have been 
 settled here from the time of the Conquest. The last 
 heir male of the family, Christopher Aglionby, Esq., 
 died in 1783. P. H. Howard, Esq. of Corby, claims 
 the manorial rights of a portion of this township. 
 The principal landowners are Messrs. James Tod- 
 hunter, John Jackson, John Bond, John Bouch, 
 Christopher T. Dawson, George Eayson, Joseph Piob- 
 sou, William Robson, Messrs. Atkinson, Mrs. Ruth 
 Jackson, Joseph Hope, and John Nbcon. 
 
 WETHERAL PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by Wai-wick, on the west by Upperby and St. Mary's, on the south by Wrcay 
 and Hesket, and on the east by Hayton and Cumwhitton. It includes the four townships of Great Corby and War- 
 wick Bridge, Cumwhitton and Coathili, Scotby, and Wetheral. The soil here is in general fertile. In Scotby 
 and Wetheral there is a mixture of clay and sand, suitable for any kind of grain ; in Coathili there is a strong loamy 
 soil ; Cumwhitton is more sandy ; and in Great Corby and Warwick Bridge township the soil is a niLxture of 
 sand and loam, except part of the enclosed common, which is cold and wet. 
 
 tinucd to be held by that house till the time of the 
 
 WETHER.\I.. 
 
 This township contains 4,458 acres, and its rateable 
 value is £4,376 7s. 2d. The population in 1801 was 
 376: in 1811, 349; in 1821,451 ; in 1831, 007; in 
 1841, 586; and in 1851, 035. The Newcastle and 
 Carlisle railway intersects the township. 
 
 The manor of Wetheral was granted by Ranulph de 
 Mescbines to the abbey of St. Mary, at York, in 1086, 
 when the priory of Wetheral was founded, and con- 
 
 dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII., at 
 which period it was granted to the dean and chapter of 
 Carlisle, in whose possession it continued till 1650, 
 when it was sold by the commissioners of Oliver Crom- 
 well to Richard Banks, of Cockermouth : but on the 
 restoration of the regal power the dean and chapter 
 recovered their property. One of the customs of the 
 manor seems to have been, that each of the tenants of
 
 WETHEEA.L PARISH. 
 
 189 
 
 Wetheral should cany the abbot's corn one day in 
 autumn, find o>ic reaper, plough one day for the abbot 
 yearly, carry wood for the fishguard and mill, repair 
 the wear and the mill, and grinding corn there, pay a 
 thirteenth portion for raulcture. The manorial rights 
 are now vested in the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, in 
 addition to whom Jfessrs. George Graham, William 
 Robinson, Thomas Wannop, Isaac Lawson, George 
 Elliot, John Nicolson, Joseph Slack, Dr. Graham, 
 Eev. John Graham, Miss Collius, Mrs. Grahnin, Rev. 
 J. French, and Miss Graham, are the principal land- 
 owners. 
 
 The village of Wetheral occupies a picturesque situa- 
 tion on the west bank of the Eden, four and a half miles 
 east south 'east of Carlisle, in the neighbourhood of a 
 splendid bridge, on the Newcastle and Carlisle railway. 
 
 THE cnDEcn. 
 
 The church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, is a 
 neat Gothic structure in the Early English style, con- 
 sisting of nave, aisles, chancel, tower, and gallery at 
 west end, and calculated to seat about 000 people. 
 The columns of the nave are circular and octagonal. 
 In the windows of the clerestory some portions of ancient 
 stained glass may still be seen. In the first window^ on 
 the right is a representation of the Blessed Virgin, 
 with the Divine Infant, and two other figures, with 
 the badges of some guild. The first window on the left 
 contains two figures, and some heraldic devices. 
 The east window is of three lights, and contains 
 some small portions of painted glass, as does also 
 the small window on the right of the chancel. Round 
 the arch of the door leading to the vestry, is an 
 inscription to the following effect : — om. into axima 
 BicuARDi WEDDERiiALT,. OvcT a window in the vestry- 
 is ibis inscription : — oua pro anima willi'mi tiiorntox, 
 ABBATis. On the north side of the chancel is an altar 
 tomb sculptured with armorial bearings, on which aro 
 tho mutilated eihgics of Sir Richard Salkeld and his 
 lady, the possessors of Corby Castle, in the reign of 
 Hciny VII. On tho opposite wall is a neat niarblo 
 tablet to the memory of the Jlisscs Waugh, of Carlisle, 
 granddaughters of liishop Waugh. Tho Howard mauso- 
 leum is entered from the chancel, on tho north side of 
 which it is situated. It was erected in 1791, by Henry 
 Howard, Esq., on the foundation of his family place of 
 sepulture, and hero are interred the mortal remains of 
 Sir Francis Howard, second son of Lord AN'iliiam 
 Howard, of Xaworth, and all his succcssoi-s and their 
 wives, down to tho late Henry Howard, Esq. Tho 
 mausoleum contains an cast window of four lights, and 
 has a fine groined and vaulted ceiling springing from 
 ■n a 
 
 slender pillars. It contains several monuments, among 
 which we may mention a cast by Westmacott, to the 
 memory of Adeliza Maria Howard, the wife of Henry 
 Petre, Esq. ; behind which there is a mural tablet to 
 tho memory of Philip, second son of Philip and Anne 
 Howard of Corby. The ne.\t arch contains two more 
 mural monuments ; and at the end of the mausoleum 
 there is a fine group in marble, to the memory of the 
 Hon. Maria, daughter of Andrew Lord Archer, first wife 
 of the late Henry Howard, whom it represents supported 
 bj' Religion, and sustaining in her arms the infant to 
 which she has just given birth. This exquisite work 
 of art, executed by the celebrated sculptor, Nollekens, 
 excites the admiration of every visitor, aud has been 
 declared by competent judges to be the finest piece of 
 modern sculpture in England. There is also a splendid 
 monumental brass, erected in 1850 to the memoiy of 
 the late Henry Howard, and Catherine Mary his wife, 
 a daughter of Sir Richard Neave, Bart. 
 
 As stated in our account of Warwick parish, this 
 living and that of Warwick arc united in the same 
 patronage and incumbency. The tithes were com- 
 muted in 1841, for a yearly rent-charge of £1,002, and 
 the united curacy is worth about £150 per annum, 
 arising out of land purchased with i'l,:!no parliamen- 
 tary grant, £52 given out of the tithes, aud £4S 
 given by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. The parish 
 register commences in 1074. 
 
 Incumbents. — George GillbanUs, I7i9; EJmuDil Stanger, 
 178H ; Charles Vausiltai-f, ISiC ; Josci)li L. Hodgson, 18i8. 
 
 The parsonage is a modern red stone building, in 
 the vicinity of the church : the original building was 
 erected in 1714, by the Picv. Edward Tong, the patrons 
 and impi'opriator contributing only £23 towards its 
 erection. The present building was commenced by the 
 Rev. Charles Vansittart in 1847, and completed by the 
 present incumbent, the Rev. J. L. Hodgson, in 184S-9, 
 at an expense of about .C'J-iOO, towards which the 
 patrons and impropriator contributed nothing ! 
 
 The school is a handsome stone structure, built by 
 subscriptions obtained by the incumbent, and by the 
 help of a ba/aar held in Carlisle in 185 1, at a cost of 
 £.'tOO. It will accommodate about seventy pupils, and 
 has an average attendance of fifty. 
 
 CUAniTY. 
 
 School. — Thomas Graham, who died in 1760, left 
 
 £0i) for educating poor children of Wetheral township. 
 The interest of the sum is given to the schoolmaster, 
 for which he instructs three or four poor children. 
 
 A little to the south of tho village stands a solitarr 
 tower, which is all that now remains of the ancient
 
 190 
 
 CUIICERLAND WARD. 
 
 prioiy of Wetheral ; the other portions being demolished 
 many years ago, by the dean and chapter of C'arliisle, who 
 erected a prcbendal house with the materials, although 
 the late Thomas Howard, Esq., generously offered sulE- 
 cient compensation if thoy would allow the venerable 
 ruins to remain as they stood. " The priory of 
 AVetheral," says Dr. Todd, '• was first founded at the 
 instance of Stephen, first abbot of St. ^Mary's, at York, 
 the first year of William Kufus, anno Domini 1080, by 
 the Karl Randolph dc I\Ieschines, who gave his manor 
 of Wetheral to this Stephen, with other lands thereunto 
 belonging, in pure alms to the said abbey of York. 
 Stephen dedicated the same to God, under the invocation 
 of St. Mary and St. Constantiue, and gave all such things 
 as the said abbey held iu'S^'estmorelaud and Cumberland 
 to the said cell or priory of Wetheral, as the fishing in 
 the Eden, and the mill there ; the two churches of St. 
 Lawrence and St. Michael in Appleby, all of the gift 
 of the Earl Kandolph Meschiues : with the church 
 of Wetheral, and the chapel of Warwick, and the 
 cell of St. Constantiue, and two oxgangs of land in 
 Corkby, of the gift of Adam the son of Swen, a great 
 baron ; the hermitage of St. Andrew on the east side 
 of Eden, of the gift of Uchtred, the son of Lyulph; 
 the third pai-t of Croglin lands, in Elston and Ciim- 
 ■whinton, the tithe of Sowerby, by demesne, and Scotby 
 Mill, of the gift of Emant, the son of Walter ; a caru- 
 cate of land in C'oleby, the church of ilorland, and 
 three carucates of land there, wliich Ivetel, the son of 
 Eldred, gave them. The church of Bromfield, the 
 manor of Salkeld, and the tithes of that demesne, 
 which ^^'altheof the son of Gospatric, gave with his 
 body to be buried." William Rufus confirmed to St. 
 Mary's Abbey the gift of Randolph de Meschines, and 
 added thereto the whole pasture between Eden and the 
 highway, which leads from Carlisle to Appleby, and 
 from Wetheral to Drybeck. Henry I. confirmed all 
 former grants, and gave to the priory pannage for 
 swine in his forest, without paying the usual forest 
 dues for the same. William, son of Odard, lord of 
 Corby, with the assent of his lord Robert de Vallibus 
 nud Osanna his wife, and John his son, by charter gave to 
 God and the church of St. Mary at Y'ork, and St. Con- 
 stantino of Wetheral, all the laud between Wetheral 
 and Warwick, called the cell of Constantiue, and two 
 bovates of land in Corby, and granted that neither he 
 nor his heire should hinder the monks from fortifying 
 their fish-pool, stank, or wear, upon the river bank at 
 Corby; and Richard de Salkeld, lord of Corby, by 
 charter granted and confirmed to the monks of Wetheral 
 their fishgai-th or wear, with liberty to construct, fortify, 
 and repair the same, upon the bank as far as a place 
 
 called Moakwath, towards Brigend, and to make sluices 
 and trunks in the same, and freely to dispose of the 
 salmon and other fish taken therein, and also to toke 
 stone and branches of trees for making the said wears ; 
 he also granted to them the whole water of Eden, 
 and the whole fishery, from the upper part of the 
 said wear towards Corby unto the place called !Monk- 
 walh. Richard I. added many privileges and immu- 
 nities ; among others, he ordained that all the posses- 
 sion of this house should be exempt from " pleas and 
 plaints, murder, robbery, scutagegeld, dancgeld, hidcage, 
 assizes, works of castles, bridges, and parks, serdwite 
 and hengewite, and flemensfrith, averpeni, bloodwite, 
 flitwite, huudredpeni, tethingpeni, legerwite, toll, pas- 
 sage, pontage, lastage, stallage, gridelbreke.'and ham- 
 soken. He also granted to them fridstiill, soke and sack 
 and theam, and infangthief and outfan^thief."' 
 
 ' The foUowinj persons occur among the benefactors to the liouso : 
 L.-iwrcnce de Agullonby gnvc four ncrcs of Inud at .\gIioiiV>y. Adam, 
 son of Suane, gave the hermitage of St. .Andrew, which grant was con- 
 ijrmed by David, king of Scotland. Itauulph de ^teschiues gave the 
 churches of St. Michael and St. Lawrence of his castle of Appleby ; 
 Walter, son of Robert, land at .\ppleby. Michael de Ainsiapelit 
 gave nine acres and a half of laud at .^instable ; John Muslie, seven 
 acres ; and Henry de Terriby, seven acres. Eobert, son of Buet, gave 
 four acres, with pasture for three liu!;dred sheep at Bewcastle ; and 
 Mabel, daughter of , Adam, son of Richard of Butboastre, fourteen acres, 
 with two tofts. Richard, sou of Richard, son of Trute, gave a toft with- 
 out Botcherdgate, in Botchardby. Waller de Botchardby gave the 
 lands called Elwick Flat, between Srotbydyke and the rivulet running 
 from St. Helen's well; and .-Vdaui, brother of ihe said Walter, gave n 
 parcel of ground at the head of his croft, adjoining to the s.aid rividet. 
 Waltbeof, son of Gospatric, gave the church of Broiutleld, and the 
 crops of the manor there. Walter Bavin, for the health of his soul 
 and of the souls of bis lords, Ranulpli de Vallibus and Robert his 
 son, gave twenty acres in the fields called Haithwaite, in Burdoswald. 
 Eanulph Eugayne and William his son, gave two salt pits at Burgh, 
 which grant was confirmed by Joan de Morville, Hicliard de Lucy, 
 and Thomas de Jlultou, and others. Henry I. gave them dead wood 
 in his forest of Carlisle, for their houses and fuel. Knfiant, son of 
 Walter, gave a carucate of land at Coleby. Osbert, sou of Odard, 
 gave the tithe of the mill of Corby, ami of all the hogs depastured in 
 the woods diere; Robert, son of William, son of Odard, gave four 
 acres of laud at the snme place ; and William, son of Roger and 
 Osanna his wife, gave for their buildings and fuel dead wood, stand- 
 ing and dry, throughout the whole wood of Coiby; also green oaks 
 standing and deficient in cropping, and others. Alice and JIabel, 
 sisters and heirs of R. de Beauchainp, gave the lands at Cringledyke, 
 called GildeshiU or Gildhouse-hill, witli an enclosure called Ox Close, 
 which grant was confirmed by their brother, who ordered his body to 
 be buried in the church of Wetheral. The lady Ibria d'EstriverB, 
 gave half a ploughland at Croglin, which grant was couiinued by 
 Sunon de Morville. William de Croglin (i. e. of Little Croghn) gave 
 two ox-gangs and two acres of land at Croglin, and also his bond- 
 men, Ralph and his son; and also Alan and iiis wife Alice, with all 
 their families and chattels — confirmed by Robert de Vallibus. Alex- 
 ander de Creuquer gave part of Kirkandrews wood, wiUi half the mill, 
 and pasturage throughout the fields and woods of Culgaiib : Alexan- 
 der, son of Swain, gave the other half of the mill ; and both the grants 
 were confirmed by David, kingof Scotland. Uchtred, son of Lyalph, 
 gave half a carucate of land at Cumwhinton, confirmed by William 
 de Heris, with common of pasture ; Eudo de Carlisle gave the dead 
 wood and liberty ofcutting oaks which were dry in the cropping at the
 
 WETHERAL PARISH. 
 
 191 
 
 In the compromise of a dispute between the bishop 
 of the diocese and the abbot of St. Mary's, it was deter- 
 mined that the abbot should present the prior, and the 
 bishop should institute, and the abbot should have the 
 guardianship of the house upon a vacanc}', upon con- 
 dition that the abbot and convent should make over 
 to the bishop and his successors two marks and a 
 hall-yearly, which was payable to them out of the 
 church of Denton. In the year 1539 Kalph Hartley, 
 then prior, surrendered this house to Henry VIII. 
 It was rated, ^Oth Henry VIII., at i;il7 lis. lOd. 
 according to Dugdale, or £128 5s. 3d. according to 
 Speed, and was granted in the 33rd year of the reign 
 of the same king to the dean and chapter of Carlisle. 
 The possessions were ample, and consisted of all the 
 site of the priory or cell of Wetheral, with the church- 
 steeple, church-yai-d, and all other lands and pos- 
 sessions in and about the same ; and also the manor of 
 Wetheral, and sundry parcels of land there. St. 
 Anthony's Chapel, with two enclosures, the water-mill 
 and the fishery at the hay of Wetheral ; and also all those 
 manors, messuages, lauds, and tenements, in the several 
 
 same pluce, confirmed by Robert de Leversilale; .^dani, son of Roger 
 de Carlisle, gave Xa. yeurly rent out of certain lauds there, and also 
 tlie heath where his shields stood, under a rent of Cd. to him and to 
 his heirs, which rent, Eudo, his grandson (son of William), changed 
 to a rose on midsuininer-day ; John, sun of Gamel, verderer of 
 Cumivliinton, gave four roods of land and a toft there. Adam de 
 Camxew, sou of William de Ravennick, gave two oxgangs of land 
 nt Cumrew, with pasture for sixty sheep, eight cows, and four oxeu ; 
 and also gave Roger, sou of Uchtred, with all his goods and chattels. 
 Robert de Duet gave the church of Denton witli tlie glebe land there- 
 UQto belonging, and eight acres more of his own— this grant iras 
 equally between the priories of WeUieral and L:mcrcost. Uclilred, son 
 of Lyulph, gave two bovales of land at Easton. Solomon de Farlam 
 gave sixteen acres of land in several places within the territories of 
 Farlam J two acres more in the liehl calleil Rutliwait, were given by 
 Richard, son of Bernard de Farlam. Robert de Vaux conlirmed 
 to Oiem all the huids that had been given to tlieni in Gilsland. 
 Gervas de Laseells gave twenty -(.ue acres and one rood of land, in 
 Hedrcsford.with pasture for lino welhers, three hundred ewes, nine 
 oxen, and four horses, and the use of his mill at Leviiigton, mulctie 
 free. John de Enniue, son of William, gave two oxgangs of laud 
 at Kaberth, to wltirh Henry de t'lverthwailc added the meadow of 
 Smallwailis, lying lietwccn Kabertli and Croglin. Ralph de Iloif, for 
 llie heidih of the soul of his lord lUigh Jlorville, gave certain lauds 
 in lluddleseough, in the parish of Kirkoswald. William, son of 
 Gilbert, gave atcift at Kirkbylhorc. Maurice de Man gave license to 
 erect a sail pan on Man island, with the like conveniences as had 
 been formerly given to the monks of St. Bees. Raniilph de Mes- 
 chines gave two parts of tlie tithes of his demesne ut Meabiini ; and 
 John, sou of Walter de Ravensby, gave a small parcel of ground 
 to build on, in King's Meabiirn. Gervase de Melmerby gave one 
 oxgaug in the towulields of Melmerby, and one acre anil a half in 
 another part of the territories ; and Adam ile .Mora gave two oxgangs 
 tliere. Kelcl, son of Eldred, gave the church of ^lorlaud and three 
 onieales of land there. Henry de Legal (in the time of Walter, 
 bishop of Carlisle), gave all his lauds at Morelaud,rescrviug a yearly 
 rent of half a pound of cummin ])ayable to the bisho]), at Carlisle 
 fair; an! Peter de Legal, (brother of the said Henry) gave other 
 lauds. Waller, porter of the priory, gave with his body Iwo oxgangs 
 of laud with a toft and croft at Ncwby ; imd Ausclm dc Ncwby gave 
 
 parishes or hamlets of Corby, Cumwhintou, Botcherby, 
 Morehouse, Holmehouse, Frodelcrooke, Peureithcottys, 
 Bridgend, Cryugledyke, Ainstable, Armathwaite, Brod- 
 wall in (jilblaud, Newby, Farlam, Kaybridge, Gallow- 
 lield, Ilukf, Skallmelock, St. Mary's and St. Cuthbert's, 
 Carlisle ; also, the rectories and advowsons of the 
 churches of Morlaud, St. Michael's, and St. Lawrence's, 
 in Appleby; also the tithes of corn and hay in the vills of 
 Bolton, Mykelstry, Relaud,Thorneby,Thurneby Grainge, 
 Morlaud, Slcagill, Xewby in the Stoues, King's Meabum, 
 Little Stricldaud, Skytergate, Laugton, Crackenthorpe, 
 Hilton, Bondgate, Moreton, Drybeck, Fallowficld, Bar- 
 wis, Rutter, and Coleby ; and a pension of 15s. out of 
 the rectory of Great Salkeld. By another charter of tlie 
 same king, the advowsons of the churches of Wetheral 
 and Warwick, and the chapels of St. Anthony and St. 
 Severn thereto anne.xed, were granted to the dean and 
 chapter. 
 
 At a short distance from the ruins of the priory, 
 further up the vale, are the caves of St. Constantine, 
 or Wetheral Safeguards. They are three in num- 
 ber, deeply excavated in the face of the perpendicular 
 
 fifteen and a half acres (being two oxgangs) in the same vill — con- 
 tinned by others of his name and family. Adam, son of Alan, gave 
 half a ploughland iu Ormesby tielil, at Urmesliy ; and .\dam, son of 
 Robert, gave another half, called Jlirland, to which Euilo de Carlisle 
 added other lands. Robert de Robertby gave three acres and a hiilf 
 in the town fields of Ousby, with right of common and other appur- 
 tenances, saving the mulcture of the idth dish due to the mill there. 
 Ranulph de Jlcschines gave two parts of the tithes of the demesne 
 lands 01 Salkeld; and Waltheof, sou of Gospatrie, afterwards gave 
 the whole. David, king of Scots, gave one mark of silver yearly out 
 of the rent of his mill at Seotby, and also tlie tithes of the vill of 
 Scotby; and Uehu-ed, sou of Lyulph, afterwards gave the mill. David, 
 earl of Dunbar, gave the town and church ofKarkarevil iu Scotland. 
 Gilbert de Sleygill gave one messuage with the appurtenances at 
 Slcagill. Uchtred, sou of Lyulph, gave the whole tithes of the demesne 
 lands at Sourhy, and half a carueaie of land. Alice ajid Mabel, sis- 
 ters and heirs of R. Beauchamp, gave right of common at Stallole. 
 and other piivilegcs. Walter de Su-ickland, Kut., gave four acres iu 
 Strickland lields at Strickland, whose grant was conlirmed by 
 Sir William de Suickland. John, son of William de Thrymby, gave 
 four perches and a half of land at Thrimby. William, son of l.)dard, 
 gave three oxgangs of land, anil the tilhe of his mill at Warwick ; 
 John, sou of the said William, gave a loft and croft ; Alan de Lang- 
 wayt gave all his lands there, and lireboot in his woods at Longwayi, 
 widi pasture for their horses or other cattle in carrying w.iod, hme, 
 or stone; ami Henry Bitkenheved au.l Beatrice his wife gave three 
 acres iu the Holme, near the bridge. Besides the grants at Wetheral 
 above specilie.l, Robert, son of William, son of Oilard, remitted the 
 eightlt lish, which he and his ancestors had out of ihe coup of the 
 monks; and .lohu Spendlowe and Miu-garet his wife, gave a house 
 and four acres of laud, and granted a lease for sixty years to the prior 
 and convent of an oxgang more, in consideration of three marks of 
 sUver given them iu ihoir great need ; which said Margaret ami her 
 children soon after iputled claim for ever to the saiil oxgimg. Kelel, 
 eon of Eldred, gave the church of Workington, .lohu de Velcripont, 
 for the good of his 3<mi1 ami of the soul of Sibil his wile, gove twenty 
 cartloads of firewood yc;u-ly, oul of his forest of Wynfell. The whole 
 of tliesc grants were coulirine<l by the kings, bishops, and pope-, and 
 continued to be possessed by the convent lUl the period of the 
 Dissoluiiuu.
 
 192 
 
 cumbehlaxd ward. 
 
 rock, forty feet above the -watfr of the F.Jen, nml 
 are said to have been formed by Constantine III., 
 King of Scots, who for a time retired here, and 
 afterwards became a monk, and died at !Meh'03 
 Abbey. They are protected by a breastwork of 
 masonry, in which is a fireplace and three small 
 lights. Subsequently they acquired the name of 
 " safeguard, " from tlie neighbouring monks and 
 other inhabitants, who frequently fled to them as a 
 place of refuge, during the forays of the moss-troopers. 
 These cells are divided into three apartments, each of 
 ■which has a separate window. A stratum of rock, 
 about eight feet below the floor of the cells, serves as a 
 foundation for the wall which is built before them, and 
 which makes the gallery, and reaches a little above, with 
 the door at one end through which in former times the 
 cells are supposed to have been approached by a ladder 
 or plank drawn up after them by the refugees for greater 
 securit}'. It is even now ditlicult of access, though a 
 flight of steps has been made to communicate with the 
 narrow path beneath leading to the cells. The follow- 
 ing inscription is still on the same rock, a little higher 
 up the river : — maximvs sceipsit . . . le.xx. y. v. cond. 
 CASsivs. Opposite to the cells, ou the Corby side of 
 the river, is a full-length figure, carved in stone, of St. 
 Constantine, standing on a pedestal, and lookhig to- 
 wards the caves. This figure was placed here by Mr. 
 Howard, in 1843. A little up the river stands Wetheral 
 Tower, built in the Gothic style, with turrets, by the 
 late Misses Waugh, of Carlisle, as a summer house. 
 
 GREAT COKBY AMD WARWICK BRIDGE. 
 
 Great Corby and Warwick Bridge form a joint town- 
 ship, comprising an area of J2,747 acres, and its i-ateable 
 value is A'4,250 Gs. 4d. The population of Great Corby 
 in 1801 was 344 ; in 1811, 326; in 1821, £03; in 
 1831, inclusive of Warwick Bridge, 1,285 ; in 1S41, 
 31G; and in 1851, 297. 
 
 The manor of Corby, on the east side of the Eden, 
 was granted by Henry II. to Hubert do Vaux, who 
 gave it to Odard, whose posterity assumed the name of 
 De Corby, or Corby. Odard was succeeded by his son 
 Osbert, who, dying without issue, was succeeded by his 
 brother William. The latter had issue by his wife Os- 
 winx two sons, John and Robert. John, the elder, seated 
 himself at Warwick, and Ilobert, the younger, at Corby. 
 After Robert, Adam dc Corby occurs, as, also, a William 
 de Corby, son of Roger and Osanna his wife, who granted 
 to AVetheral priory the dead wood in the wood of Corby, 
 in the reign of Edward I. In the same reign it came 
 into the family of Richmond, who conveyed it to An- 
 drew de Hercla, Earl of Carlisle. After his attainder 
 
 it was granted in 1335, to Richard Salkeld, '• for his good 
 services in taking Andrew do Hercla, earl of Carlisle, 
 prisoner."' His descendant, of the same name, who died 
 in the reign of Henry YIL, left two daughters, co-heir- 
 esses, one married to Salkeld of \\'hitehall, and the 
 other to one of the Bleukiusop family. The imme- 
 diate descendants of these fiimilics sold their moieties 
 of Corby to Lord William Howard; Blenkinsop ia 
 1000, Salkeld in 1624. Lord William gave Corby to 
 his second sou. Sir Francis, the immediate ancestor 
 of Philip Heni'y Howard, the present proprietor. The 
 principal landowners are Philip Henry Howard, Esq., 
 Peter Di.\on, Esq., Mr. Bowman, Messrs. Jeremiah 
 Lawson, the trustees of the late J. E. Hall, Robert 
 Peascod, George Hodgson, George Howe, Thomas 
 Wanuop, and Fergus Watson. 
 
 The village of Corby is pleasantly situated, on the 
 east side of the Eden, about live miles eastward of 
 Carlisle. 
 
 Hero is a school which was endowed in 1720 with 
 twenty-five acres of land, now let for £27 2s. Od. a-year, 
 besides which the master has a house and garden, the 
 former being erected by the trustees in 1845. The 
 late Henry Howard Esq., endowed this school with two 
 £100 shares in the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, 
 now yielding about five per cent ; so that the endow- 
 ment of the school at present amounts to about £38 a 
 year, for which the children are instructed at a small 
 quarterage. 
 
 Corby Castle, the beautiful seat of Philip Henry 
 Howard, Esq., is situated on the summit of a precipitous 
 cliff, overhanging the river Eden, near the village of 
 Great Corby, and is 
 
 " bosom' J liiKh 
 
 In nature's sylvan majesty." 
 
 The present elegant mansion occupies the site of a more 
 ancient castle, and, in part, consists of the very walls of 
 a large square tower of one of the border fortresses. 
 The surrounding country is very beautiful. The lofty 
 hills which descend precipitately on every side, clothed 
 with stately trees, the thousand beauties which here 
 adorn the Eden, where, amidst the hanging shades 
 and groves of oak, bold rocks put forth their shades of 
 rugged fronts and lift up their prominent brows with 
 imposing dignity, and where every turn and avenue 
 affords a rich sylvan scone, are the delight and admira- 
 tion of every visitor to this part of the kingdom. The 
 beautiful scenery of the grounds has been most admi- 
 rably kept up by plantations and other improvements, 
 while fresh charms have been elicited by the taste and 
 
 1 Eot. pat. 9 Edward III. part 2. IS. Chron. Lanercost. 
 
 I
 
 ■\VETIIEEAL PARISH. 
 
 193 
 
 judgment of its successive proprietors, who have greatly 
 enriched the beauties of this dchghtful spot, where, at 
 almost every step the visitor is struck with some new 
 object, particulai-ly in the walks on the margin of the 
 Eden, which retain as much of their originality as could 
 be preserved, and arc shaded with lufty trees, where a 
 number of caves, &c., have been excavated with consider- 
 able labour and great taste. The walks extend for a 
 considerable distance along the Eden, and afford a great 
 variety of rich prospects and pleasing solitudes. To the 
 north-west of the house a terrace is stretched along the 
 summit of the cliff, overlooking tho thick groves which 
 adorn the declivities and brink of the river, and coni- 
 manding a line view of its course. Among the sylvan 
 ornaments of this romantic spot are many venerable 
 oaks, with a variety of foreign trees and shrul)s. The 
 public are admitted to the grounds during the sum- 
 mer months, and strangers at all times.' Part of 
 the old mansion was t;iken down in 1S19, and a 
 fine Doric front, with a superb suit of rooms, n.'built by 
 tho late Henry Howard, Esq. The parapet in two of 
 the fronts, has in tho centre a pedestal surmounted by 
 a lion statant guardint, the crest of the Howards. All 
 the old walls of the castle are upwards of sLk feet thick. 
 The apartments are elegantly furnished, and contain 
 many fine paintings and relics of bygone days ; amongst 
 the former, wo may enumerate the following: — St. 
 Catharine, with two angels, by Luini (one of the most 
 admired paintings at the recent Manchester exhibition) ; 
 St. Agnes, by Carlo Dolce, which was also there ; Ma- 
 donna and Child, by Sasso Fenato ; Holy Family, with 
 St. Catharino, by Corregio ; Portrait of Canova ; curious 
 
 ' We siilijoin llie following extiBot from a letter written by Sir 
 Wulter Scott to Mr. Jlorritt, of Rokiby, Unil October, Ibl.'j, in whicli 
 Sir Walter refers to Corby : — •' We viHiteil Corby Cuslle on our return 
 from Scotland, wliieb remains, in point of situation, as beimtiful as 
 when its walks were eclcbratcil by Lluvid Hume in tlic only rbyiiies 
 ho wag ever known to be guilty of. Here tliey ore, from a pone of 
 glass la oa inn ut Corlisle : — 
 
 * Hero chicks in epp* for brcnkftut sprawl, 
 Here f,'odlcttM boys God'n glories 611U1UI, 
 Hero licftils of Scotclinieii t^imrd ttio wall; 
 But Corbiu'i walkj atouu for all.' 
 
 Would it not be n good (luiz to odverlise the poetical works of David 
 Hume, with notes, critical, historical, and so forih; with ou liistoricol 
 enijuiry into the use of eggs for breakfast — a physical discussion on 
 their being addled — a history of tho Kngllsh church music, nnd of 
 tho choir of Corlislo in particular — a full account of the affair of 
 1745, with llio trials, last speeches, and so forth, of the poor Plaids 
 who were lashed up ut Carlisle — and lastly, a full and particular 
 ilcscriptiou of Corby, with tho genealogy of every family who ever 
 possessed it. I think, even without more than the usual waste of 
 margin, the poems of Huvid would make a decent twelve shilling 
 touch. I shall think about it when I have exhausted mine own 
 century of inventions." The pane of glass ou which the lines 
 allndcd to above are written, is now iu posscssiou of Mr. Dell, 
 solicitor, of Urauipton. 
 
 Portrait of a Spanish Princess, unknown ; Emperor 
 Charles V. and his Empress Isabella of Portugal, by 
 Titian ; David triumphing over Goliah, by Nicholas 
 Poussin ; Thomas, second Duke of Norfolk, the victor 
 at Floddon Field, by Holbein ; Lady Anne Vere, wife 
 of Henry, Earl of Surrey, the accomplished poet ; 
 Thomas, the fourth Duke, his son, in miniature, by 
 Sir Antonio More ; Philip Howard, author of Theoiy of 
 the Earth and other works, by Clarke ; Ann, wife of Philip 
 Howard, by Gainsborough ; another by Piamsay : Henry 
 Howard, the late possessor of Corb}', by Hoppner ; 
 Catherine Mary, daughter of Sir Richard Neave, the 
 wife of tho late Mr. Howard, by Hoppner ; Philip 
 Henry Howard, the present possessor of Corbj-, and his 
 sister Catherine, when children, by Northcote ; Lady 
 Emma Agnes Petre and Miss Adela Howard, by Jack- 
 son ; Lady Petre and her sister Adela, by Enders; Lady 
 Petre's eldest son and daughter, copied by her ladyship 
 from Hurlston's : Passage at Isclla on the Simplon, by the 
 Hon. Mrs. Philip Stourton; a full-length portrait of Lord 
 William Howaid when about si.xty years of age ; Sir 
 Francis Howard, the second son of Sir 'William, to 
 whom he gave Corby; Colonel Thomas Howard, second 
 son of Sir Francis ; William Howard, of Corby ; Sir 
 Francis Howard, and his wife Jane Dalstou, of Acorn 
 Bank ; Thomas Howard his son, and Barbara JIus- 
 grave his wife ; Charles, Duke of Norfolk, by Hoppner; 
 Charles II., given at the Restoration by himself; 
 James II. as High Admiral ; James, son of the above, 
 and Prince Charles Edward and his sister. There 
 are also portraits of Sir Richard and Lady Neave ; 
 of Henry Howard, by Clark; and of a lady of the 
 House of Colonna, by Jlaria do Tiori. The ornaments, 
 rehcs, &c., consist of tho Grace Cup of St. Thomas a 
 Beckct, archbishop of Canterbury, bequeathed by will 
 by tho high admiral. Sir Edward Howard, to Henry 
 VHI.'s queen, Catherine of Arragon, who, dying first, 
 it came by descent to Bernard, Duke of Norfolk, who 
 gave it to the late Ileftry Howard — it is of ivory, mounted 
 in silver gilt, and set with precious stones ; the cele- 
 brated group of the Lion and Horse, in bronze, inscribed 
 Antoxio Sossrxo Fi.oi:e.nxi.si orus; a very curious Cup, 
 formed of a Nautilus Shell, mounted in silver, and set 
 with stones and pearls of very ancient workmanship, 
 certainly as old as Edward III.s time: a massive gold 
 Rosary and Cross, said to have been worn by JIary, Queen 
 of Scots, when brought to the scaffold, and bequeathed by 
 her, through ilelville, to tho Eail vi Arundel ; a square 
 Tablet, dug out of tho ruins of Hyde Abbey, near \\'in- 
 chesler, inscribed Alfuedcs Rkx, dccclxx.xi : and 
 the Claymore of Major MacDonald, the Fergus JIacIvor 
 of Wavcrley. There is also a Roman Altar, which was
 
 lOi 
 
 CUMBERLAND WAKD. 
 
 found at Burdoswald, and bears tbe following decayed 
 
 inscription : — 
 
 rao s.vLVTE 
 
 D. S. MAXIAN.E 
 rOBT. IMP. CAES 
 M. AVREL. . . . 
 
 O. C. 
 
 V. ... VST 
 OAKDEF 
 
 It appeal's to have been more perfect when it was seen 
 by Horsley, who read it tbus, " Pro Salute Domini 
 Nostri Maxinii ac fortissimi Imperatoris Cresaris ilaici 
 Aurelii [Maximiard] .... oedificant," and suggests tbe 
 words wbicb filled tbe hiatus to have beeu ■' templum 
 ereclum a solo." 
 
 ^ofaarb of Corbg.' 
 
 This is a distinguished branch of the illustrious house of 
 Norfolk. 
 
 Snt Francis Howard, Ent. of Corby Castle, Cumberland, 
 bom ailtli August, 1588, second son of Lord William Howard, 
 " Belted Will," (second son of Thomas, fourth Duke of Norfolk) 
 by Elizabeth his wife, sister and coheir of George, Lord Dacre, 
 of Gilsland, was next brother of Sir Philip Howard, ancestor 
 of the Earls of Cai-hslo. He was colonel in the service of 
 Charles 1. and in the royal cause raised a regiment of horse. 
 
 and sold two estates (Newsham, Co. Durham, and Beretoa 
 near York) for its support. Ho married first ilaigaret, 
 daughter of John Preston, Esq., of tlie manor of Furness, of 
 Lancaster, and by her (who died iu 1020) had issue, 
 
 I. Tliomas, colonel of his father's regt., who fell at Athcrtoii 
 
 iloor, in 161:5. 
 I. Elizabeth, married to Edward Staudisb, Esq., of Staudisb, 
 
 CO. Lancaster. 
 
 Sir Francis married, secondly, Mary, daughter of Sir Henry 
 Widdrington, Knt., of Widdringion Castle, co. Northumberland, 
 by Mary his wife, daughter of Sir Eichard CurweD, Knt, and by 
 her had issue, 
 
 I. Francis bis heir. il. William. 
 
 I. Jlnignrei, married to Thomas Hnggerstou, Esq., of Ifag- 
 
 gerstou. 
 
 II. Alethin, died unmarried; believed to have been a uuu at 
 
 .Antwerp. 
 
 III. Catherine, died unmarried, 
 ir. Anne, died unmarried in 1G$3. 
 
 Sir Francis died 1 1th April, 1659, and was succeeded by his 
 eldest son, 
 
 Francis Howard Esq., of Corby Castle, bom aOth June, 1035, 
 captain in the army, and governor of the city of Carhsle; who 
 married first Ann, daughter of William Gerard, Esq., of Bryn, 
 and had by her (who died in 1C70), Elizabeth, married first to 
 William Errington, Esq., of Walwick Grange ; and secondly, to 
 3Iichael Ann, Esq., of Branianbiggin ; and MaiT married to 
 Francis Wai'wick, Esq., of AVarwick, county of Cumberland. 
 
 * Tbis family is descendeil in a direct line from King Edward I., being 
 sliows the descent from Edvfard I. to Lord William llo\7ard, from whom to 
 the text. 
 
 M.argaret. dau. of Philip III. ^^ Edwabd I. K 
 King of Frrtnce. (/. iu 1317. | 
 
 Thomas de Brotherton, Earl of Nor-= 
 folk, and Marshal of England, d. 
 in 133^^ I 
 
 Margaret, dau. and eventual sole^ 
 beir, created Duchess of ICofolk, 
 in I39«; j 
 
 Elizabeth, dau. and heir of John,= 
 Lord Se^ave. 
 
 I 
 Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Netting-- 
 ham, I>iike of Nnrfolk, and Karl 
 ilarshul of Eugland, K.U, d. io 
 1400. 
 
 = Alice, dau. of Sir Roger Halys, Knt. 
 of Uarwicb. 
 
 -John, Lord Segravc, d. 27 Edward 
 111., 1353. 
 
 =Jobn, Lord Mowbray, of Axliolme, 
 d. in 13G0. 
 
 Elizabeth, dau. of Eichard Fitzalaii, 
 
 mid sister and co-li«ir of Thomas 
 Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel. 
 
 I 
 
 Margaret, dau. of Thomas, and==Sir Uohert llowartl, Knt., eldestson 
 
 couaiu of John, Duke of ftorfolk. 
 
 of Sir John Howard, KuL, by 
 Alice, his wife, dau. and liuir of 
 Sir Willinm Tarding, of Tarding, 
 CO. Norfolk. 
 
 Sir John Howard, K.G , created- 
 Duke of Norfolk in 1483, and slain I 
 at Bosworth Field. 
 
 -Katherine, dan. of TVilliatu, 
 Moiincs, </. iu U.i2. 
 
 Lord 
 
 Thomns Howard, Earl of Surrey.: 
 created Duke of Norfolk, and E-iVl 
 Marshal, ! Feb., 1514, K.G., d. 21 
 Mav,l.j24. 
 
 :EUzabeth, dau. and heir of Sir 
 Frederick Tilney, Knt., of Ash- 
 well Thorpe, co. Norfolk, and 
 widow of Sir Edward Bourcbier, 
 K.B., sou of Lord Ueraers. 
 
 I 
 
 entitled to quarter the Plantagenet arms. The nubjoined pedigree clearly 
 PuiLip H. Howard, Esq., the present owner of Corby, tbe lineage is given in 
 
 ing of Rpgland.=^ Eleanor, dau. of Ferdinand, 
 I Kintr of Castile, f/ in I2'.'0. 
 
 Isabel, dau. of Philip IV., King ofyEDWABD II., King of England. 
 France, d. in 1357. 
 
 Edward III., King of England, Founder of the Most Noble Order of the 
 Garter, d. 1377. 
 
 Eleanor, eldest dau. and co-heir of^Thoma? Plantagenet. of Woodstock, 
 
 Humphrey de Bohun. Karl of 
 Hereford, &c... Constable of Eng- 
 land, (/. iu 13*J^. 
 
 Earl of Ilnckingham, Duke of 
 Gloucester, K.G.,</. iu 13ii9. 
 
 Edmund Stafford, Earl of Stafford,=Anne, dan and co-heir of Thomas. 
 K.G. Duke of Gloucester. 
 
 Ann*', dau. of Kalph Neville, Earl= 
 of Westmoreland, K.G. 
 
 ■Uuniphrt^y Stafford, Duke of Buck- 
 ingham, K.G., slain in 14C0. 
 
 Marg.iret, dau. of Edmund lJeaufort,=Humpbrey Stafford, Earl of Stafford, 
 Duke of Somerset, K.G. slain at St. AlbAn's, in the life- 
 
 I time of his father. 
 
 Catherine, dau. of Richard Widvine,=7=Hcnry. Duke of Buckingham, Con- 
 Earl Rivers, K.G, and sister to stable of England, K.G. , beheaded 
 Elizabeth, Queen of Edward IV. [ in 1483. 
 
 Eleanor, dan. of Henry Percy, Earl=Edward, Duke of Buckingham, 
 of Northumberland. I K.G., beheaded on Tower Hill, 
 
 1524. 
 
 Tbomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal, K.G/=Eltzabetb, dau. of Edward, Duke of Buckingnam, second 
 I wife. 
 
 Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, beheaded in the lifetime^ 
 o f his father, 154G. [ | 
 
 Thomas, Dnke of Norfolk, K.G., beheaded l.>72. 
 
 :Frances, dau. of John Vere, Earl of Oxford. 
 
 Lord William Howard, of Naworth Castle, co. Cumberland, = 
 rf. 7 Oct. I '140, of the plague then raging; See inquisUto 
 post mortem^ IS Car. I. 
 
 ^Margaret, dau. and sole heiress of Thomas, Lord Audley, 
 I Lord Chancellor of England, second wife. 
 
 =Elizabeth, dau. of Thomas, and sister and co-heir of George 
 Dacre, of Gillesland, d. 9 Oct. IGo9.
 
 WETHERAL PAEISH. 
 
 195 
 
 Captain HowarJ, marrieil secondly, Slary Ann Dorothy, dauglitcr 
 of Richard Towneley, and l)y her had two daughters, Ann, mar- 
 ried to Mnrmaduke I.angdale, Ksq., of Howton ; and Frances, 
 who died unmarried. Captain Howard died ia 1702, having 
 devised his estate to liis brotlier, 
 
 William IIowaud, Esq., of Little Corby Hall, married Jane, 
 daughter of Tohn Dalston, Esq., of Acombank, county of West- 
 moreland. Jlr. Howard, in his youth, served in the navy under 
 the Duke of York, afterwards James II., and lost a leg in action 
 with the Dutch fleet. He died in 170S, and was succeeded by 
 his son, 
 
 Thomas Howipd, Esq, of Corby Castle, who married, first, 
 Barbara, dniighter of John, Viscount Lonsdale, by whom he had, 
 (with a son Thomas who died in youth) three daughters, 
 
 I. Klizabcth, died unmarried in ITCD. 
 
 II. .lune, niarrieil to Krancis Warwick, Esq., of Warwick Hall, 
 and died, without issue, in 1778. 
 
 HI. Alary, died young. 
 
 He married secondly, in 1720, Barbara, sister of Sir Christopher 
 Musgrave, of Eden Hall, by whom he had, inter alios, a son and 
 heir, Philip. Ho married thirdly, in I7:i4, JIary, sister of Francis 
 Carrington Smith, Esq., but by her (wlio died in 173.1) had no 
 child. He died 20 Aug., 1740, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 PaiLiP HoWAitn, Esq., of Corby Castle, born in 1700, who 
 married, in n.'jl, Ann, eldest daughter of Henry Withnm, Esq., 
 of ClilV, county of York, and by her (who died at Bath in July, 
 1794) had issue, 
 
 I. Hexuy, his heir. 
 
 II. I'liilip, born in 1706; in the Sardinian seiTice; died unmar- 
 ried in Piedmont, in 178(i. 
 
 I. Catherine, married in 1770, to John Gartside, Esq., of 
 Crninpsall, co. Lancaster. 
 
 II. Maril^ married first, in 1788, to the Hon. George Pctre, and, 
 sccoudly, to Colonel Henry Espinasse. 
 
 2ii. Howard died 8th Jan., IBIO, and was succeeded by his son, 
 Henry Howaud, I"sq., of Corby Castle, born 2ud July, 1757 ; 
 high shcritfof Cumberland in 1832; married lirst, 4th November, 
 178?, Maria, tliird daughter and coheir of Andrew, Lord Archer, of 
 Umbcrslade, but by her (who died 9th November, 17S0) had no 
 issue. He married secondly, 18th March, 1793, Catherine Mary, 
 second daughter of Sir Richard Neave, Bart., of Dageuham Paik, 
 Essex, and had by her two sons and three daughters, viz., 
 
 L Philip IIenby, liisheir. 
 
 II. Henry I'rancis, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipo- 
 temiury at Lisbon, born .'trd November, I80II, married first, 
 23rd December, 1830, SeviUa, fourlh daughter of David, Lord 
 Erskine, and by her (who (lied 12th March, lN3.'i) Ims two 
 daughters, Isitbelhi imd Adela. He married secondly, 3i)di 
 August, 18|lj .Maria Kriiesline, Itiironess Vimder Sihukn- 
 berg, (bnigbler of the late llaron Willulm Leopold Vender 
 Schiileiilierg, of Prieuicm, in tbr kingdom of Prussia, and has 
 1>V her, lleury, born lltli .\iigust, 1-*1.!, Francis, born 2tith 
 Mnrcli, IMIH; Sivilhi CalLerim-, died 1840; Catherine Mary, 
 and Mitria I.niii^i. 
 
 I. Catherine, married in 1829, to ihe Hon. Philip Stourton. 
 
 II. Km ma Agnos, married in 1823, lo William Francis, late 
 Lord I'etre. 
 
 III. Adelii^a Maria, married in 18.10, (o her consin, Hcnr\- Pctre, 
 of lliinkcnhulgb, countv of Lancaster, who died 2lllh S'ovcm- 
 bcr, 1802. 
 
 Mr. Howard died 1st March, 1842, in the enjoyment of the high- 
 est reputation for piety, patriotism, and virtue, and was not less 
 distinguished by his courtesy and kindness than by his literary 
 attainments and correct taste. He was succeeded by his eldest 
 son, 
 
 PiitLiP Henry Howard, Esq., of Corby Castle, bom 22nd 
 April, 1301 ; succeeded his father 1st March, 1812 ; morriod 
 
 Eliza Minto Canning, of Foxcote, county of Warwick, eldest 
 daugliter of the lato Major John Canning, E. I. Co.'s ser\ice, 
 by Marianne Matilda, his wife, daughter of Sir John Meredyth, 
 Bart., and niece of the late Francis Canning, Esq., of Foxcote, 
 whose estates she inherits, and has issue, 
 
 I. Philip John Canning, bom Mth March, 1853. 
 
 I. Mary Frances. u. Margaret Jane. IIL Agnes Julia. 
 
 Mr. Howard was for some time M.P. for Carlisle. 
 
 Arms — Gu., ona b^nd, between six cross-crosslets, fitchde, arg., 
 an escutcheon, or. clmrpred with a demi lion, rampant, pierced through 
 the mouth with uu arrow, within a double tressure, flory, counter 
 flory, of the first, qniirttriug, Buotiiekion, Wakeen, Mowurav, 
 Dacre, and Gkevstoke. 
 
 Crest — ()n a chapeau, gu., turned up, erm., a lion statant, guar- 
 dunt, the tail extended, or ducally crowned, org., gorged with a label 
 of three points, of the l.ist. 
 
 Motto — Sola virtus invicta. 
 
 CUMWHIXTON AND CO.VTHILT,. 
 
 The population of this township in ]811, was 365; 
 in 1811, 429; in ]8-21,472; in 1831, 575; in 1841, 
 of Cumwhinton, 339, of Coathill, 253; in 1851, Cum- 
 whinton, 31G, Coathill, 302. The area of the township 
 is 9,5 19 acres ; the ratcahle value of Cumwhinton is 
 £1,128 Is. lOd., of Coathill, £1,371 19s. 8d. ; total 
 of the township, £2,500 ]s. 5d. 
 
 The manors of Cumwhinton and Coathill belonged, 
 soon after the Conquest, to Hildred do Carlisle, in 
 whose posterity they continued for many generations. 
 Having been divided between two brothers of this 
 family, they have ever since been in moieties, one of 
 which has long been attached to the Armathwaite Cas- 
 tle, the other to the Aglionby estate, under which tho 
 lands are held; some, however, being under the Duke 
 of Devonshire, and some customary under the Dean 
 and Chapter. The principal landowners are Jlessrs. 
 John Coulson, Thomas Henderson, James Holme, Wil- 
 liam James, John and Eobert Story, John Pattinson, 
 Trustees of late Kobert Richardson, John Bell, John 
 Watson, John Pigg, William and Joseph Richardson, 
 Joseph Bell, John Howe, William Peascod, John 
 Milbuni, Josepli Robinson, ilrs. Peascod, Mrs. Arm- 
 strong, and Jlr. Slack. 
 
 Tlierc are two alabaster quarries at Coathill, one 
 carried on by .Messrs. Howe and Pigg, and the other by 
 John Glasson, who also works another at Cumwhinton. 
 
 The village of Cumwhinton is situated about three 
 and n half miles south-oast of Carlisle, and contains 
 a smiUl school, which was erected by subscription 
 ill 1S39, at a cost of i'75. There is also a chapel 
 belonging to tho Wcsloyan .\ssociation, built in 1810. 
 
 Coathill village is about six miles south-oast of Car- 
 lisle. It also contains a school, whicii was built by 
 public subscription raised by the incumbent of Wethe- 
 ral in 1852, at an expense of £250, and will accom- 
 modate about si.\ty children.
 
 196 
 
 CUMBERLAND WAKD. 
 
 HOLME EDEN ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICT. 
 
 The Ecclesiastical District of Holme Eden was formed by an order in council, dated l^tli October, 1815, and is 
 bounded on the north-east by the parish of Haytou, on the south by the parish of Cumwhitton, and on the west by 
 the township of Wetheral and parish of Warwick. It comprises Warwick Bridge (part of the township 
 of Great Corby, and Warwick Bridge in Wetheral parish), whicli includes the hamlets of Burnriggs, Broadwath, 
 and Alleiiwood ; and the township of Little Corby in Havton parish. 
 
 The population of AVarwiek Bridge in 1801 was 217 ; 
 in 1811, 204 ; in 1821, CIS; in 1831, it was returned 
 with Corby; in 1841, 929; and in 1851, 883. The 
 Newcastle and Carlisle railway runs through the town- 
 ship. At Allen Wood there is a paper manufactory, 
 established in 1853, by Mr. John Cockburn, formerly 
 at Hanghton IMill, near Hexham. It affords employ- 
 ment to about sixty men, and makes paper for printing 
 purposes exclusively. The village of Warwick Bridge is 
 situated on the east side of the Eden, four and a half 
 miles east of Carlisle. Here are the extensive cotton 
 mill and dye-works of Peter Dixon and Sons, w4iich 
 afford employment to upwards of 300 persons. There 
 is also the Warwick works school established by the 
 firm just named, for the education of the children of 
 their workpeople and others. It is a fine commodious 
 structure, and will accommodate about 150 pupils; the 
 average attendance is 90. 
 
 Near this village, on the south bank of the river, is 
 situated Holme Eden, the splendid scat of Peter Dixon, 
 Esq. It is in the Tudor style, and has a very imposing 
 appearance, its porch tower, and numerous turrets, 
 adding considerably to the general effect. The sur- 
 rounding grounds are laid out with great taste and 
 elegance, the natural beauties being enhanced by the 
 numerous appliances with which modern skill has sur- 
 rounded it. 
 
 THE cnur.cn. 
 
 The District church of Holme Eden, is a very neat 
 structure, in the Norman style, consisting of nave 
 
 and chancel, with tower 110 feet high. The cast 
 window of the church is of stained glass by Scott 
 of Carlisle, and contains a representation of the Last 
 Supper ; the west window contains a full-length figure 
 of St. Paul, to whom the church is dedicated. The 
 living is in the patronage of Peter Dixon, Esq., and 
 incumbency of the Rev. S. A. Shepherd, who succeeded, 
 in 1840, the Rev. Henry Nembherd, the first incumbent. 
 
 The Catholic Church, dedicated to St. Mary, was 
 erected in 1841, from a design furnished by the cele- 
 brated architect, the late A. W. Pugin, Esq. It is 
 in the first pointed stj-le of architecture, and consists of 
 a nave, chancel, south porch, sacristy, and open bell 
 turret. The chancel, whicli is separated from the nave 
 by a finely carved rood screen, surmounted with the 
 Rood, and the figures of the Blessed Virgin and St. John, 
 is chastely and beautifully diapered in gold and colours : 
 all the windows are of stained glass, by Harrington, of 
 Loudon, and were given to the church by P. H. Howard, 
 I^sq., who also presented the organ, a fine instrument, 
 by Hill, of London. The pulpit is of cut stone. By 
 many this church is considered a good specimen of a 
 small parish church of the thirteenth century. In the 
 adjoining garden is a neat presbytery. The church was 
 erected chiefly out of an endowment left for this mis- 
 sion, by the last of the Warwick family. The Rev. 
 William Ryan is the resident priest. 
 
 Little Corby, the other township in this ecclesias- 
 tical district, wiU be found described in our account of 
 Hayton parish, Eskdale Ward, at a subsequent page. 
 
 SCOTBY ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICT. 
 The Ecclesiastical District of Scotby was formed froni Wetheral parish a few years ago, and comprises the 
 township of Scotby. It is bounded nu the north by the river Eden, on the west by Botcherby township, on the 
 south by Cumwhinton, and on the east by Wetheral, from which it is separated by a small stream called Pow 
 Maushan Beck. 
 
 scoTnr. 
 The area of Scotby township is 1,G72 acres, and its 
 rateable value £2,751 Os. 4d. The number of its 
 inhabitants in 1801 was 275 ; in 1811, 293 ; in 1S21, 
 318 ; in 1831, 397 : in 184], 383 ; and in 1851, 475. 
 The land here is principally strong on a clayey subsoil. 
 
 Scotby is intersected by the Newcastle and Carlisle 
 railway. 
 
 The manor of Scotby was one of those granted to 
 the King of Scots. After the resumption of the grant, 
 it continued to be held by the crown, and was annexed 
 to the honour of Penrith, granted in the reign of
 
 SCOTBY ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICT. 
 
 197 
 
 Edwanl III. to tlio Duke of Portland, ami now be- 
 longs to the Duke of Devonshire. The principal land- 
 owners are Miss Lowry, David Hodgson, Esq., Messrs. 
 William Sutton, John Wilkinson, Dr. Lonsdale, Robert 
 liendle, W. Routledge, Kobert Donaldson, — Brailh- 
 waite, and William Jackson. 
 
 The village of Scotby is pleasantly situated two and 
 a-lialf miles east by south of Carlisle, and commands 
 extensive views of the surrounding district. The 
 neighbourhood is very healthy, and the village has 
 been much improved during the last few years by 
 David Hodgson, Esq., and Mr. William Sutton. 
 
 THE Cni'RCH. 
 
 Scotby church is a handsome structure in the Early 
 
 EngUsh style, consisting of nave, chancel, and square 
 
 tower, and contains 212 sittings, one-half of which 
 
 are free and unappropriated. It was erected at the 
 
 e.tpense of G. H. Head, Esq., upon ground given by 
 
 David Hodgson, Esq., who, with other friends, endowed 
 
 the church with .i'TO a-year, the latter gentleman 
 
 having since increased it to £100 ; it was consecrated 
 
 by the late Bishop of Carhsle, on J 1th October, 1853. 
 
 G.H. Head, and David Hodgson, Esqrs., are the patrons. 
 
 iNctrsiBENTS. — Rev. Joseph MacCartie, 1855; Rev. John 
 JIcAUister, 1857, 
 
 The house occupied by the incumbent is a neat 
 substantial building, situate at the Grove, the property 
 of David Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 Scotby Endowed Scliool is a neat building, in the 
 Early English style of architecture, erected by sub- 
 scription in 1853 and 1854, at a cost of about £-2o0. 
 
 It will accommodate about one hundred scholars, and 
 has an average attendance of fifty. This school is 
 endowed with nine acres of land, now let for £17 10s. 
 per annum, for which sum the master teaches a small 
 number at a low quarterage. 
 
 Efforts are now being made towards the erection of 
 a girls' school, and of affording every opportunity to 
 the inhabitants of the village of educating their chil- 
 dren more elTectually. 
 
 The Society of Friends have a meeting-house in the 
 village, which was erected in 1718. It is a small 
 stone building, with burial-ground attached, capable of 
 seating 120 persons. This body was formed about the 
 time the chapel was buUt ; but previous to that date 
 there were a few members inten'ed in what is called 
 the Sepulchre, — a corner of a field called White Hill, 
 situated near the village. 
 
 Here are situated tho tanning and currying estab- 
 lishments of Mr. William Sutton, which afford em- 
 jiloyment to about sixty persons. It is one of the 
 largest establishments of the kind in the north of Eng- 
 land. The leather manufactured here, particularly a 
 kind called Cordovan, commands a good and ready sale 
 in all parts of the kingdom. From this establishment 
 the village is now partially lighted witli gas. In 
 connection with his works ]Mr. Sutton has buUt and 
 established a reading-room, which is well supplied with 
 newspapers : there is also a good library, containing 
 about 300 volumes. This was one of the first reading- 
 rooms established for working men in the north of 
 England.
 
 (y 
 
 o 
 
 r 
 
 a I 
 
 TuE Ward of Allerdale- below -Derwent is bounded on tlie north by Cumberland Ward and by the estuary of 
 the rivers Waver and Wampool, on the west by the Irish sea, on the south by Derwent Ward, and on the south- 
 east and east by Leath Ward. It is about sixteen miles in length from east to west, by eleven miles in breadth 
 from north to south, and is intersected by the ^Nlaryport and Carlisle railway. The "Waver and Ellen are the prin- 
 cipal rivers, besides which there are numerous smaller streams. The eastern part of the ward is mountainous, com- 
 prising the Brocklebank and Caldbeck Fells, with other elevations, while its western portion contains rich and highly 
 cultivated plains and fertile valleys. Lime and freestone are the principal mineral productions, with lead 
 and copper found in the Caldbeck Fells. Allerdale-below-Derwent Ward includes the parishes of Aikton, All- 
 hallows, Aspatria,' Bolton, Bromfield, Caldbeck, Holme Cultnim, Holme St. Cuthbert's, St. Paul's Newton Arlosh, 
 Holme Low, Ireby, Kirkbride, Sebergham, Thursby, Torpenhow,* Uldale, Westward, and Wigton. 
 
 AIKTON PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Aikton is bounded on the north by those of Bowness and Kirkbampton, on the west by the river 
 Wampool and the parish of Kirkbride, on the south by Thursby, and on the east by Orton and Kirkbampton. It c.\tends 
 about five miles in length from north to south, and two iu breadth from east to west, and comprises the townships 
 of Aikton, Biglands and Gamblesby, Wampool, and Wiggonby, whose united ai-ea is 6,157 acres. The soil varies 
 from a strong clay to a mi.\ture of loam and gravel, but iu the north-west parts it is marshy, where the lands are low 
 and level. 
 
 Boyvill, of Levington, and afterwards to William 
 Furniville. She died in 1Q71, when Helwise, her 
 daughter and heir, succeeded to the inheritance of 
 Ada and Randolph Boyvill, of Levington. Helwise 
 died without issue soon after her mother, and the lands 
 of Randolph Boyvill of Levington fell to his six sis- 
 ters coheirs ; and her fourth part, viz , the half of 
 her grandmother's moiety of the lands of the Jlor- 
 ville family, came to Roger, son of Walter Colvill, 
 and of Margaret his wife, iu right of the latter, who 
 was daughter and heir of Helwise, elder daughter of 
 Joan de MoniUe, and wife of Eustace Balioll. The 
 said Helwise died in 1250, and her daughter Margaret 
 in 1381. Roger Colvill, son of the said Margaret, and 
 in her right lord of Aikton, was succeeded by his son 
 Edward Colvill, and after him Robert Colvill was 
 found heir. In 1295 Thomas Daniel died lord of 
 
 AIKTOK. 
 
 The population of Aikton township in 1801 was 185 ; 
 in 1811, 201; in 1821, 249; in 1831, 261; in 1841, 
 318; and in 1851, 312. The rateable value is 
 £1,099 15s. 9d. Wigton is the market usually at- 
 tended by the inhal)itants. 
 
 The manor of Aikton is comprised in the barony of 
 Bur^h, and was the principal seat of Johan de Morville, 
 second daughter and one of the two coheirs of Sir Hugh 
 de Morville, lord of Burgh, one of the assassins of Sir 
 Thomas a Beckett, whose sword is now in the posses- 
 sion of Sir Wilfred Lawson, of Brayton Hall. The 
 manorial seat was at DownhaU, a small hamlet in 
 Wiggonby township, where Joan de Llorville and 
 her husband. Sir Richard Gernon, resided. Joan 
 died in 1247, leaving two daughters, Helwise and 
 Ada, the latter of whom was married to Randolph 
 
 1 .Mlerby and Oughterside townships, in ibis parish, are locally in Derwent W.-u'd. 
 = The two townships of Bewaldeth and Snittlegurth, and liotliel and Threapland, in this parish, are in Derwent Ward.
 
 AIKTON PARISH. 
 
 109 
 
 Aikton, in right of liis wife Isabel, heir of the Colvill 
 family, and left Margaret bis daughter, a child lliree 
 years old, his heir, who in 1330 entailed the land to 
 her husband John Eatcliffe and herself for life, with 
 remainder to Richard their son for life ; and then to 
 liobert, Thomas, liichard, and John, sous of the said 
 Richard, and their heirs successively in tail male ; then 
 to the heirs male of Henry, son of Catherine Chiftley ; 
 then to the heirs male of John, sou of William llat- 
 clifib of LongCeld ; after, to the heirs male of Eobert, 
 son of William, son of Fuchard Eatcliffe; afterwards, 
 to the right heirs of Margaret Daniel (the grand- 
 mother) for ever. She died in 1370. The manor 
 was subsequently purchased by the Dacres, in the 
 reign of Ileury VI., from Sir John Savage, Knight, 
 and again united to tho barony of Burgh. It is now 
 the property of the Earl of Lonsdale. The principal 
 landowners are the Earl of Lonsdale, the Misses 
 Bragg, the trustees of the late Joseph Barnes, Edward 
 Barnes, and Mrs. Brown. 
 
 The village of Aikton is pleasantly situated on a 
 gentle acclivity, three and a half miles north-by-cast 
 of Wigton, and ten miles west-by-south of Cai'lisle. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 Aikton parish church, dedicated to St. Andrew, 
 stands about a mile east of the village. It is u very 
 ancient structure, the original architectural features of 
 which are almost entirely gone, in consequence of the 
 numerous alterations which succeeding ages have ren- 
 dered necessary ; but there are still remaining some 
 traces of Norman architecture about tho chancel. 
 About a ccntur)' ago the church was considerably en- 
 larged, by the addition of a south aisle in the Per- 
 pendicular stylo. The living, a rectory, valued in the 
 King's Book at X'll 3s. lid., was returned by the 
 commissioners as of the annual value of £'510, but 
 is noT? worth upwards of .tdSO per annum. The tithes 
 were commuted in ls33 fur a yearly rent-charge of 
 il93 Vis. lOd., of which i'J l'2s. Id. belong to certain 
 landowners ; and the remainder, together with upwards 
 of nincty-fivo acres of glebe, let for £140 a-year, belongs 
 to the rector. The church in ancient times was presented 
 to by moieties, which probably arose from the parti- 
 tion of the Morvillo estates between the two daughters 
 1 r.f Sir Hugh Morville; Ada married into tho Multon 
 ! family, and Joan into the Gernous. In 1340, 
 1 Thomas do jMulton of Gilsland presented William 
 j Somerset to ono moiety, whereupon an inquisition de 
 Jure palnmatus was held, and Richard do Aykcton pro- 
 j tested that there was no vacancy, for that he himself 
 was solo rector; and towards consolidating the said 
 
 rectory, Richard de Ayketon resigned his title. Never- 
 tlieless, in the register this immediately follows an 
 institution and mandate for induction to the rectory 
 of the William Somerset above-mentioned. Two years 
 later Tliomas do Multon again presents to a moiety. 
 In 1339 Margaret de Dacre presented William de 
 Salkeld to a moiety of the rectory of Aikton ; and upon 
 an inquisition of the right of patronage, the jurors 
 found that such a right was vested in her. In 1002, 
 Ralph, Lord Dacre, presents to a moiety, and again 
 in 1373. Hugh de Dacra, lord of Gilsland, presents 
 to a moiety in 1378. In 1405, a writ of quare im- 
 pcdit was brought by Sir John Savage, Knight, claiming 
 the right of presentation against the bishop and Richard 
 IMurland, rector of Aikton ; but tho latter continued 
 possessor, as it seems, of the whole rectory, for after 
 this we hear no more of moieties. In 1563, William 
 Lord Dacre presents; in 1572, Queen Elizabeth, who 
 also presents in 1583, and again in 1501 ; in 1642, 
 Thomas Dennis, a mercer in O.xford ; in i 694, Sir 
 John Lowther ; since which time the patronage has 
 been vested in his successors, and is now enjoyed by 
 the Earl of Lonsdale. The parish register commences 
 in 1004. 
 
 llECTor.s.— 'William de Aldewerl,-, ; Richard de Ajketon, 
 
 ; William de Somerset, 1304 ; Richard de .\skelly, IIUJG ; 
 
 Robert de Halghton, ; Thomas le Spencer, ; William 
 
 de Salkeld, V]'M ; William Beaucliamp, 13G'.J; 'WiUiam Cham- 
 bcrlaync, 13Ct; Robert de Kirkby occm-s in i:!71; Thomas de 
 
 Hulton, ; Thomas Eoke, 137:) ; John de Middleton, ; 
 
 John de Kirby, 1378 ; Richard Moiland occurs in 1-IG5 ; Chris- 
 topher Caunefield, ; liobert Lowtho occurs in 1509 ; Ni- 
 cholas Crawhall, 1542; John lilylli, died 15U3 ; 'William Low- 
 den, 10C3 ; Robert AUanby, 1S7-.! ; Roland Hauxbie, 1D83 ; 
 William Lowson, 1501; Edmund Hewitt, 1502; Thomas Blayne, 
 
 1598; Thomas Head, 1042; Mr. Lampit, ; Rowland 
 
 Nicholls, lOOU; E. Threlkeld, lO'Ji ; Richard Holme, 1707; 
 William Lindsey, 1739; Henry Lowther, 1753; Dr. Lowther, 
 
 ; Dr. Satterlhwaile, 1^14; Richmond Tell, 1828 ; Samuel 
 
 J. Goodenougli, 184.'! ; Joseph Stordy Hodgson, 1858. 
 
 Aikton Hall, near the church, serves as parsonage. 
 
 CHAltlTIES. 
 
 Wiggonhy School. — By indenture, dated 19th October, 
 1702, JIargaret Hodgson conveyed to Robert Hodgson 
 and others certain premises at Wiggonby, contiiniug 
 about 140 acres, and all her other lauds and tenements 
 in Wiggonby, or within tho parish of Aikton, upon 
 trust, out of the rents thereof, in the first place to build 
 a school-house, upon .some part of the said lauds ; and as 
 soon as tho same should bo erected, that they should 
 pay to the schoolmaster thereof £40 per annum, for 
 teaching and instructing all persons of the name of 
 Hodgson, wherever they should come from, during 
 such time as they should think fit to continue at the
 
 200 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW - DF.r.WENT WARD. 
 
 said schnol ; and also to teacli and instruct all poor per- 
 sons' cbilJrcn within the parish of Aikton, whose parents 
 should not be possessed of a real estate of £20 per an- 
 num ; and all poor persons' children within the parishes 
 of J3urgh-ou-SanJs and Lieaumont, whose jiarents sliould 
 not be possessed of a real estate of £ld per annum, 
 in the principles of the Church of England, and to 
 read, write, and cast accounts, to learn the catechism, 
 and other proper and useful learning, without receiving 
 any money or any gratuity whatsoever. And upon fur- 
 ther trust, that they should pay to such of the said poor 
 boys and girls as they should think fit, the sum of QOs. a 
 year each, towards finding their necessary and comforta- 
 ble apparel, and more in case of real necessity ; and also 
 that they should provide necessary books for the educa- 
 tion of the said children and scholars ; and she directed 
 that the said trustees should have the full management 
 of the school, and that the schoolmaster should be 
 elected by them ; that no scholar should be admitted 
 before the age of eight years, or continue after the age 
 of twenty-one, except those of the name of Hodgson, 
 who should continue at the said school as long as they 
 should think fit ; and she directed that the said trus- 
 tees should twice in every year meet in the said school- 
 house, or some other place in the said parish, to examine 
 into any neglect, miscarriages, or irregularities that 
 might be committed by the schoolmaster or any of the 
 scholars, and to make such orders as to them should 
 seem fit for the good of the charity ; and she empowered 
 the said trustees to displace the schoolmaster for any 
 offence or neglect, or to remove the scholars : and as to 
 the remainder of the said rents and profits, that her 
 trustees should tlispose of the same for the benefit of 
 the said school, schoolmaster, and scholars, as they 
 should think fit. The said Margaret Hodgson, by will, 
 dated the -Srd April, 1797, reciting the above indenture, 
 and further reciting that the school -house had been 
 erected and buUt upon part of the said lands and pre- 
 mises, bequeathed to trustees all the residue of her 
 personal estate (over and above certain legacies before 
 bequeathed) upon trust, that they should iuvest of a part 
 thereof, and apply the interest of the same, after paying 
 an annuity of £20 per annum, and some minor ex- 
 penses, for the use and benefit of the said school, 
 schoolmaster, and scholars, as they should tliink fit ; 
 and she directed that no minister of any church or 
 chapel should be master of her school; and that no 
 person holding lands in Wiggonby should ever be chosen 
 one of her trustees. The property taken by the trustees, 
 under the indenture of 1792, amounts to about £100 
 a-year, and that under her will to £75 15s., together 
 £175 15s. For several years after the foundation, the 
 
 children of small farmers and persons of some property, 
 received the sum of 20s. yearly ; but the trustees sub- 
 sequently confined those payments to children of the 
 poorer class. AH tiie scholars are supplied with sta- 
 tionery and with such books as the master tliiuks requi- 
 site, in whatever class they may be. The master takes 
 all the children of the name of Hodgson, wherever their 
 parents reside ; and all the children of farmers who have 
 not real estates in Aikton, of above the value of £20 ; 
 and would take any children of Burgh or Beaumont, if 
 they apply and are properly qualified. The chUdreu 
 are nominated by the trustees, and no applications 
 are refused, provided they are eligible, according to the 
 terms of the foundation deed. They are taught read- 
 ing, writing, and arithmetic, and the classics, without 
 any charge whatever. 
 
 Watson's Charity. — It appears by an entry in one of 
 the parish books, dated September 24th, 1775. that 
 Joseph Watson, of the parish of St. Andrew, Holboni, 
 by will, dated 11th September, 17G4, bequeathed to the 
 minister and churchwardens of Aikton £30 upon trust, 
 that they and their successors should from time to time 
 pay the interest thereof unto the schoolmaster of the 
 charity school of Aikton, in the same manner as the 
 'charities and donations to the said school were then 
 paid and applied. Speaking of this charity, the 
 Charity Commissioners say : — " We have not been able 
 to discover what other charities or donations the testa- 
 tor alluded to, except that of Holmes' Charity." 
 
 Holmes's Chanty. — The Charity Commissioners in- 
 form us that " It is stated in a terrier, dated 1777, that 
 the schoolmaster of Aikton was entitled to 40s. per 
 annum, payable by the overseers. We have not been 
 able to obtain any authentic information as to the origin 
 of this charity. It is said that £40 was left by the Kev. 
 Marmaduke Holmes, and it is supposed that the parish 
 took this money into their hands." They allowed 
 40s. yearly, as interest thereof, to the schoolmaster, 
 which was regularly paid to him out of the poor-rate for 
 some years, but is now discontinued. 
 
 Both Watson's Charity and Holmes's Charity have 
 been entirely lost by misappropriation and neglect. 
 
 Bandse's Bequest. — By an entry in the parish book 
 above-mentioned, it appears, that Peter Barwise died iii 
 1773, having deposited in the hands of Jeremiah Smith, 
 of Micklethwaite, the sum of £50 upon trust, that the 
 yearly interest thereof should be applied every year to 
 charitable uses iu the parish of Aikton. There is no 
 recollection in the parish of any money having been 
 given away in respect of this charity. It is generally 
 understood that Jeremiah Smith died many years ago 
 iu a state of insolvency.
 
 AIKTON PARISH. 
 
 201 
 
 BIGI-ANDS AND GAMBLF.SBY. 
 
 Tlie rateable value of this township is £713 16s. 3d. 
 The number of its inhabitants in 1801 was 151; in 
 181 1, 150; in 18-21, 191; in 1831, 192; in 1841, 
 187 ; and in 1851, 214. lu 1855 about 170 acres were 
 enclosed belonging to this township, when four acres, 
 in which there is a mineral spring, were allotted for 
 the recreation of the inhabitants. 
 
 The manor of Biglands and Gamblesby was in 
 ancient times held under the barony of Burgh by 
 one William Brewer wlio held it as a part of that barony, 
 as the baron held the same of the king. The next 
 lord we meet with is Adam de Crookdake, who had it 
 by fino of William Brewer. The coheiresses of the 
 Crookdakes married into the families of Roughtou and 
 Boyvills of Westlinton. Roughton's moiety descended 
 to a daughter named Catherine, wife of John Aspilon, 
 a native of Buckinghamshire, who sold the same to 
 the Waroops, and they to the Crackenthorps or South- 
 aiks, who exchanged the same with the Dentons of 
 Cardcw for their land in Skeltou. One of the Dentons 
 sold this moiety to the several tenants. Boyvill's 
 moiety descended long in the male line, till by a 
 daughter it was transferred in marriage to Alexander 
 Highniore, Esq., of Harbybrow, whose heir sold the 
 same to lord Dacre, becoming again, in this manner, 
 parcel of Burgh barony, now vested in the Earl of 
 Lonsdale. Tiie principal landowners are Messrs. Joseph 
 Addison, Jonathan Edgar, Rev. Ismay Barnes, and 
 others ; Joseph Atkinson, Jeremiah Smith, John Stod- 
 dart, jun., and others ; Joseph Gill, Robert Matthews, 
 and others. 
 
 The hamlet of Biglands is situated on the banks of 
 the Wampool, three and a half miles north of Wigton. 
 
 fiamblcsby hamlet is also on the Wampool, throe 
 miles north of Wigton. The ancient mnnov-liouse 
 formerly stood here, and is said to have dtrived its 
 name from one Gamel, who built it for a residence, the 
 place previous to his time being a woody waste much 
 frequented by deer. Here is a flour-mill. 
 
 Drunleaiiing is another small hamlet in this town- 
 ship, about one mile south of Aikton. 
 
 WAMrooL. 
 In 1801 this township contained a population of 
 119; in 1811, 115; in 1821. 07; in 1831. 127; in 
 18-11. 107; and in 1851, 111. The rateable value is 
 £673 78. 3d. The Silloth Bay railway runs through 
 a portion of the township. The manor of Wampool, 
 or Wiuhinpool. derives its name from the river upon 
 which the township is situated. Its first recorded 
 possessor is Robert Bran, or Brune, son of Radulph, who 
 
 2!i 
 
 was called Robert do Wathinpool. He married Mar- 
 garet, daughter and heir of Richard de Trute, lord of 
 Newby, near Carlisle. This family assumed the loiial 
 name, and were called de Wathingpools. Wampool 
 came afterwards to the Warwicks, whose heir Richard 
 Warwick sold the manor to the several tenants. The 
 principal landowners in the township are Sir Wastel 
 Brisco, Bart.; John Lawson ; .Joseph Hodgson; Miss 
 Frances Barnes; Hugh Stanger Laythes, Esq.; and 
 Jane Skelton. 
 
 The hamlet of Wampool is two and a half miles west- 
 north-west of Aikton, on the east bank of the river from 
 which its name is derived. 
 
 Leathes is another manor in this township, which 
 gave name to its possessors, who held the manor from 
 the period of the Conquest to the reign of Queen Eliza- 
 beth, wheu Adam de Leathes sold it to the inhabitants. 
 Leathes was part of tlie demesne of Whitrigg, which 
 belonged to the ancient family of Brun. The hamlet 
 of Leathes is three miles north-north-west of Aikton. 
 
 Whitrigg Lees is also a hamlet in this township, 
 three and a half miles north-west of Aikton. 
 
 WIGGOXBY. 
 
 The township of Wiggonby comprises an area of about 
 2,330 acres, and its rateable value is £1,331 18s. 8d. 
 Its population in 1801 was 127 ; in 1811, 142; in 1821, 
 169: in 1831, 175; in 1841, 190; and in 1851, 219. 
 
 This township is included in the manor of Aikton, 
 the principal messuage or manor-house of which was 
 situated at Downhall. The landowners are Sir Wastel 
 Brisco, Bart. ; Messrs. John Jennings, John Pearson, 
 Jonathan Pearson, Thomas Isma}*, John Brown, Thomas 
 Twentyman, the trustees of the Grammar School, Daniel 
 Sibsou, and Jeremiah Reed ; Rev. .Tohn Lowry, Isabella 
 Robinson, Mrs. Addison, Sai'ah Hodgson, and Mary 
 Scott, with a few other smaller owners. 
 
 Tlie village of Wiggonby is two m'les east-by-south 
 of Aikton. For an account of the school see page 198. 
 
 At Downhall, a small hamlet, about a mile south-east 
 from Aikton, is the moated site of the ancient manor- 
 liouse of Joan de Jlorville, daughter of Hugh do Mor- 
 ville, and wife of Sir Richard Gernon. It was subse- 
 quently held for many gcncnitions by the Hodgson family, 
 and, with the estate, is now the property of Mr. Bow- 
 stead, of London. When the present buildings were 
 being erected, in 1826. a portion of the old drawbridge 
 was found. This place has borne the name of Down- 
 hall ever since that old mansion was burnt by the 
 Scots. 
 
 Tiioniby is another hamlet in this township, one and 
 a half miles south-east of Aikton.
 
 202 
 
 ALLEKDALE - BELOW - DEmVENT WARD. 
 
 ALLHALLOWS PARISH. 
 
 This parish, which was anciently a chapelry in that of Aspatria, is bounded on the north by Bromfield, on tlic west 
 by Aspatria, on the south by Torpenhow, and on the cast by Bolton ; and though divided into the four districts of 
 Ukmanby, Whitehall, Harby, and Baggray, yet contains only one township. Agriculture is the principal employ- 
 ment, though some of the inhabitants are engaged in the coal mine of Mr. Dre\vry, the shaft of which is eighty-five 
 fathoms in perpendicular depth, and the vein now working six feet broad ; the number of persons employed is 
 about fifty. Wiglon and Cockermouth are the markets usually attended. 
 
 The area of the township of Allhallows is 1,860 sta- 
 tute acres, and its rateable value £1,567 IBs. 8d. The 
 population in 1801 was 173: in 181 1, 179; in 1821, 219: 
 in 1831, 905: in 1841, 935; and in 1851, 255. The 
 Roman road from Old Carlisle to EUonborough is said 
 to have passed through a portion of this township. 
 
 The manor of Ukmanby or Upmanby, was, with 
 Blennerhasset. granted by Alan, second lord of Allen- 
 dale, to Kandolplnis or Kanulphus de Lyndsay, in 
 marriage with his* sister Ethelreda, granddaughter of 
 the illustrious Saxon refugee Cospatric, and sister of 
 Gunhilda, wife of Uchtred, the Pictish prince of Gal- 
 loway. This Randolphus witnesses charters of King 
 David of Scotland, Henry Prince of Scotland, and of 
 his uncle by marriage. Earl Cospatric the second : and 
 is otherwise known by his gifts to the Priory of St. 
 Bees, a coll of St. Mary's, York,' and to the Priory oi 
 Carlisle, whose representatives, the dean and chapter, 
 still hold the manor of Lorton m virtue- of his dona- 
 tion." It afterwards came in marriage to the TUliols, 
 which family failing in issue male, the manor came to 
 co-heiresses, and was divided into moieties, one of which 
 was sold by the representative of one of the co-hciresses 
 to the Salkelds, the other passed to the Highmores. 
 The Blenoows purchased of the latter, and Mr. T. 
 Denton describes the manor of Ukmanby as being, in 
 1088, the jointui-e of Mrs. Mary Blencow, mother of 
 Christopher Blencow, Esq. 
 
 We have no information respecting the original 
 owners of the manor of Whitehall. It appears to have 
 
 > He gave them the church or chapel of Loweswater and two 
 bovates of land, early in the twelfth century. The precise date is not 
 known, but it was fifty years before tlie Charter of Confirmation 
 granted to them by Alicia, Countess of jUberoarle, as heir of her 
 brother William, the sou of William, the son of Duncan, eldest son 
 of Malcolm Cfeenmore — commonly culled the boy of Egremont — and 
 in which charter it is stated that the monks have possessed the 
 " capellam, cum duibus bovatis terre eidem capelle pertinentibus," 
 by the gift of Randulphus de Lindsay, "jam quiqaaginta annis 
 transactis." Hegist. fol. 13. 
 
 -A Charter of Confirmation by Henry II. enumerates " ex done 
 BandiUphi de Lindesia totam terram quano habuit praedictus Kau- 
 dulphus iu Arthureth, et totara terram suam de Lorettmae, cum 
 molendino et cum omnibus pertinentiis ejusdem tente." Pugd. 
 Monast., torn, vi., p. 141. Besides, according to Isicolson and 
 Bums, " the miller, his wife, and children." 
 
 been restored in the reign of Uenry IV. to Sir Henry 
 Percy. It was afterwards the property and seat of a 
 younger branch of the Salkelds of Corby, the first of 
 whom that settled here was 
 
 Thomas Sukeld, who married Mary, daughter of Winiam 
 Taux of Catterlen, and had issue, 
 
 Laxcelot Salkeld, who married Elizabeth, danghter and co- 
 heir of Nicholas Berdesej, of Berdsey, in Lancashire, and had 
 issue three sons, 
 
 I. Francis, who married Dorothy, daughter of Thomas Biath- 
 waite, Esq., of Bumeshend, and died without issue. 
 
 II. Nicliolas, who also died without issue, 
 in. Thomas, who succeeded his father. 
 
 Thomas Sai.kf.i.u, Esq., of Whitehall, married Mary Cope- 
 land, and by her hud issue, 
 
 Lancelot S.vlket.d Sai.keld, Esq., of Whitehall, who mar- 
 ried Dorothy, daughter of .Man Askeugh, of Skeughsby, in the 
 county of York, and by her he had issue, 
 
 Francis Sai.kei.u, Esq., of Whitehall, who married i\nne, 
 daughter of Walter Strickland, third son of Sir Thomas Strict- 
 land, of Sizerth, Westmoreland, and had issue, 
 
 Thomas Salkeld, Esq., of Whitehall, who lived in the reign 
 of Charles II., and had issue, Thomas, Lancelot, Roger, and 
 eight daughters. 
 
 Thomas Salkeld, Esq., of Whitehall, son and heir of the 
 last Thomas, had issue, Thomas and Henry. Thomas, the 
 elder brother, died without issue, and then the estate descended 
 to 
 
 Henry Salkeld, Esq., who also dying without issue, he 
 devised the estate to his widow during life, and afterwards to 
 trustees for payment of debts. 
 
 After the death of Henry Salkeld, Esq., the last heir 
 male, this estate became the subject of a long suit in 
 chancery, by which it was at length adjudged to the 
 Charltons of Northumberland, descended from Mar- 
 garet, daughter of Sir Francis Salkeld, and is now the 
 property of William Henry Charlton, Esq. 
 
 The manor of Harby, or Harby Brow, anciently called 
 Leesrigg, was for many generations the seat and pro- 
 perty of the Highmore family. Nicholas Highmoru 
 sold it to the Blencows, who possessed it for several 
 descents. It was afterwards held by the family of 
 Steel, but is now the property of William Henry 
 Charlton, Esq. 
 
 The principal landowners are Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 
 AVilliam H. Charlton, Esq., Mrs. Clarke, and Mr. John 
 Drewix.
 
 ASPATRIA PARISH. 
 
 203 
 
 This parish has been enclosed under an act of parlia- 
 ment passed in 181 J, by which lands were given in 
 lieu of tithes to the Bishop of Carlisle, as appropriator, 
 or his lessee.' 
 
 THE cnuitcii. 
 
 The church, dedicated to All Saints, is a small struc- 
 ture situated about six miles south-west of Wigton. It 
 contains two stained glass windows ; on the south side 
 of the chancel is the burial-place of the Salkelds. The 
 living is a pei^pctual curac}', and was certified to the 
 governors of (^ueen Anne's Bounty at £9 per annum, 
 but it has since received two augmentations from that 
 fund, with which land was purchased, so that it is now 
 worth about £80 a year. The impropriation is at pre- 
 sent in the hands of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. 
 The parish register commences in 1060. The following 
 have been incumbents during the last century : — 
 
 William Taylor, 17i:3; Robert Robinson, 1734; William 
 Tearson, 175(1 ; John Cheainbcrs, 1757 ; Thomas Singleton, 
 1801; W. Monkhouse and W. Gaskell, from 1h07 to 1812; 
 Thomas Thompson, 1812. 
 
 The parsonage was erected in 1813, at a cost of 
 f300. 
 
 The parish school is a neat stone building, situate at 
 Leesrigg, where it was erected in 185.J, at an expense 
 of £300 ; it is under government inspection, supported 
 by quarter pence and subscriptions, has a masters house 
 attached, and is attended by about forty children. 
 
 ' The lease has passed willi the Lawaon estates to the present Sir 
 WiUrid Lawson, Burt, 
 
 CHAMTV. 
 
 FiUson's Charity. — It appears by an entry in thi- 
 parish books, dated Oct. 1st, 1793, that the sum of 
 J£10, which had been deposited in the hands of different 
 persons, in the year 1710, was, in 1793, called in and 
 laid out with otlier money, amouutmg in the whole to 
 £20, in the purchase of a house at Bleuuerhasset, for 
 tlie use of the poor of .tVllhallows. It is understood 
 that the sum of £ 1 was a legacy left by Joseph Ritson, 
 the interest thereof to be distributed amongst the poor 
 of Allhallows not receiving pai'ish relief; and that pre- 
 vious to the principal sum being laid out, as above 
 mentioned, the interest had been so applied. This 
 charity now produces £1 per annum, which is distri- 
 buted amongst poor persons of the parish not receiving 
 parochial rehef. 
 
 Whitehall, the ancient seat of the Salkelds, is now 
 occupied as a farm-house. It bears the date 1589; 
 and a little to the north of it is a circular mound nearly 
 sixty yards in diameter, with the ruined remains of 
 some ancient building; and about two hundred yards 
 to the south is an entrenchment, twenty-eight yards 
 square, surrounded with a ditch, and having near it the 
 ruins of extensive buildings. 
 
 Harby Brow, also a farm-house, is a very quaint 
 looking building, with a square tower; and in an 
 adjoining building arc the letters and date F. 159-t. H. 
 
 Baggeiy, Baggray, or Bagraw, is a small village on 
 the river Ellen, seven miles south-west of Wigton, 
 opposite to Bleunerhasset. 
 
 ASPATRIA PARISH. 
 
 Asi',^1 iii.\ parish is bounded on the north by Bromtield and West Newton, on the west by Gilcrux and Cross Cannonby, on 
 the south by Plutnbland and Torpcuhow, and on the east by Bromfield and Allhallows. It comprises the towushii)s of 
 Aspatria and Brayton, Ilaytnn and Melay, and Oughterside and .•Mlerby. The soil about Aspatria is light and red, 
 in some parts sandy, in others loamy, producing in general good crops of wheat and other grain ; Oughterside is 
 more wet and heavy, and around Hayton a reddish clay and deep loam prevail. Fine red freestone is found iu the 
 parish. Agriculture is the principal employment of the inhabitants, some of whom are, however, engaged in coal- 
 mining. Cockermouth, -\Iaryport, and Wigton, tu'e the markets usually attended. 
 
 The manor of Aspatria, as parcel of the barony of 
 
 ASPATRIA AND nUAYTON. 
 
 The area of this township is 1,(111 acres, and its 
 rateable value £4,155 15s. lis population in 1801 was 
 327; in 1811. 478; iu 18-21, 032; in 1831, 701; in 
 1S41, OSS; and in IS.'il, 1,123. Sur\eys of this 
 township are deposited with the overseers and vicar. 
 A Roman road loading from Old Carlisle to Ellen- 
 borough pa.sscd through this township. 
 
 Allerdalo -below -Dcrwont, was given by Ranulph de 
 Meschiues to Waltheof, son of Gospatric, Earl of Dun- 
 bar, from whom the name of Aspatria is said to have 
 been derived. On the division of the estates of William 
 Fitz Dimcan and Alice do Rondey, his wife, among tlicir 
 throe daughters and co-heirs, this manor was allotted to 
 Alice, the youngest, who dying without issue, her share
 
 20i 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW - DERWF.NT WARD. 
 
 came to her two sisters, or their representatives. The 
 line of the elJcst sister having failed, the entire manor 
 descended to tlie Lucys, who inherited from tlio second 
 sister. This latter family terminated in a female 
 heir, Maud de Lucy, who, upon her marriage with her 
 second husband, Henry Percy, first carl of Northumber- 
 land, granted to him the whole of her estates, and, in 
 this manner, Aspatria became the property of the Percys, 
 carls of Northumberland. In 1578 an inquisition was 
 held in which we find it stated that 
 
 "The manor of Aspatria, otherwise called Aspatrick, 
 is an ancient manor situate in Allerdale, and in the 
 partitions of the possessions of Allerdale, Cockermouth, 
 and Copeland, hath been allotted as a principal manor, 
 and is now holden of the Queen's majesty by like 
 tenure as the residue of the earldom is. 
 
 " The manor includes the town of Aspatria, and 
 within and adjoining are the following townships, viz., 
 Ukmanby, Blennerhasset, Crookdake, Langrigg, Brom- 
 field, Newton, Ormesby, Hayton, Brayton, and divers 
 other hamlets. 
 
 " The commons, or waste, within the said manor, are 
 very great and large ; the soil thereof appertaineth only 
 to the said earl, and, for the better preservation thereof, 
 it is yearly used that the bailiffs and officers then do 
 perambulate the said bounder, and all manner of chat- 
 tels, especially horses, found within the said bounder 
 (being foreigner's goods, and not having right of common 
 there), are for their trespasses punished by way of amer- 
 ciament, which is answered to the lord for that purpose ; 
 and if any man do encroach or improve any of the said 
 waste, or commons (the same being found by present- 
 ment), the said grounds so improved are either pulled 
 down or laid open (if it be found noisome), or else rented 
 to the lord, and, in the meantime, till reformation 
 thereof can be had, is amerced as is aforesaid. 
 
 " The said earl hath, in the said manor, a court baron, 
 and all liberties, privileges, and rights belonging to the 
 earae, in which court certain freeholders are called and 
 make their appearance there, and by reason of that 
 appearance are in divers court-rolls discharged of their 
 appearance in the court holden for the barony of Aller- 
 dale. 
 
 " There is no advowson of benefice there, by reason 
 the same hath been of ancient time granted away, and 
 now impropriate to the, &c. 
 
 " There are no woods or underwoods of any value 
 within the said manor or lordship, nor any parks, chases, 
 or waters of pleasure, &c." 
 
 Among the freeholders wc find that " William 
 Orphewer holdeth in Aspatiia two messuages and two 
 carucates of land, sometime the lands of Christopher 
 
 Sands by homage, fealty, and suit of court, from three 
 weeks to three weeks, and payctli his portion for cumage, 
 seawake, and other services, according to the quantity 
 of his fee, and for fee-farm. 
 
 " The Bishop of Carlisle holdeth in Aspatria divers 
 lands and tenements in pure alms. 
 
 " Anthony Barwise holdeth in Aspatria certain lands 
 and tenements by fealty only, sometime the lauds of the 
 Prior of St. Bees, then holden in pure alms. 
 
 " The same Anthony holdeth there certain lands by 
 fealty only, sometime the lands of the Abbot of Holme 
 Cultram, and then held in pure alms. 
 
 " The tenants of Aspatria pay yearly amongst them- 
 selves, — de parte alani, Gs. 8d. ; de parte comts., 3s. Ud.; 
 turusilver, id. ; in toto, per annum, 17g. 4d. 
 
 " John Beeby holdeth a tenement at Aspatria, with 
 the appurtenances, late the lands of .... by 
 like services, as is aforesaid." 
 
 From the time that it came into the possession of the 
 Percys, the manor of Aspatria has descended along with 
 the barony, and belongs now to General Wyndham, who 
 holds manorial courts here twice a year, at which many 
 of the inferior lurds of manors perform suit and service, 
 this being one of the principal manors of the barony. 
 
 The landowners of the township are Sir Wilfrid 
 Lawson, Bart. ; Sir James Musgrave, Bart. ; Dr. Wilkin- 
 son, Mrs. Clark, the Misses Laugcake, Grace Pattinson, 
 Mrs. Ritson, Mrs. Lomas, Messrs. Peter Fisher, John 
 Langcake, Joseph Lucock, John Jameson, Edward 
 Kirkhaugh, John Pattinson, Joseph Hayton, Joseph 
 AlJersey, John Asbridge, Peter Atkinson, George 
 Elliot, Thomas Rigg, Richard Penketb, Martin Peart, 
 and others. The commons were enclosed in 1814. 
 
 The village of Aspatria, which is long and irregularly 
 built, and contains several good houses, is situated on 
 the ridge of an eminence, at the foot of which passes 
 the Maryport and Carlisle railway, eight miles east- 
 north-east of JIaryport, and nine miles north of Cock- 
 ermouth. Aspatria is one of the polling-places for the 
 county. 
 
 TUE CHURCH. 
 
 Aspatria church, dedicated to St. Kentigern, stands 
 upon the site of the old church, which being found toO 
 small for the rapidly increasing population of the parish 
 was taken down and the present beautiful structure 
 erected in its stead. The foundation stone was laid on 
 the 23rd July, 1846, a large body of clergy, the Free- 
 masons of the province, and a vast concourse of spec- 
 tators attending to take part in and witness the 
 ceremony. The following inscription, written on parch- 
 ment, and enclosed in a bottle, was deposited in a lead 
 box prepared for the purpose, together with coins of
 
 ASPATBIA PAPaSH. 
 
 205 
 
 Queen Victoria's reign, and two of the county news- 
 papers : — 
 
 "ECCLESLE SANOTI KEKTIOEENI JAM NUSO TEIITIO MULTOBUM 
 
 SUMPTIDU3 CONSTRCENDiE. 
 
 FUNDAaENTA I'OSUIT IinOO PCRCV, S.T.P. CARLEOLENSIS 
 
 EPISCOPDS. 
 
 DIE X KAI,. AUG. ANNO SALUTIS JI.DCCCXLVT. 
 
 ASTASTIBUS JosEPHo ihedale, d.p.o.m et sodambus snis 
 
 EDVAUDO SALKELD, A.M., VICAP-IO. 
 
 JOHANNE P. JOHNSON, \ 
 
 TIIOMA SEALBT, 
 
 Y SACROnUM CUSTODIBDS. 
 ROBERTO JEFl-ERSON, 
 
 JOHANNE HETHERINOTOX, j 
 
 TRAVIS ET MANONAIX, ABCHITECTIS. 
 
 MO KAY ET BI.ACKSTOCK, CONDITORIBIS. 
 
 LAUS DEO." 
 
 The church is in the Early Enfjlisli style, temp. 
 Edward I., and consists of nave, side aisles, chapel, 
 chancel, south porch, north vestry, and fine western 
 tower, surmountnd with parapets and pinnacles. The 
 material is the red sandstone of the county. Dimen- 
 sions — nave 71 (net 10 inches by 40 feet, chancel 
 30 feet by 15 feet inches. Piers circular and multiaa- 
 gular alternately. The pulpit, of stone, is on the north 
 bide of the chancel arch, and the reading-desk on the 
 south side. The seats are open and uniform, with 
 finials at the end. There are fine, well-executed win- 
 dows, containing the Crucifixion, the Ilcsurrection, the 
 Ascension, with sacred devices and monograms. These 
 wore erected by special subscription. The window in 
 the JIusgravc chapol contains the arms of the Mus- 
 grave family and otliers. It was given by Sir George 
 Musgrave, Bart., of Eden Hall, and Sir James Mus- 
 grave, Bart., of Barnsloy Park, Gloucestershire. The 
 windows are by Scott, of Carlisle, upon whom they 
 retiect the highest credit, for the great sldll and 
 exquisite taste displayed in their execution. Mr. 
 Scott has recently executed a handsome window in the 
 south side of the chancel, to the memoiy of the Hev. E. 
 Thompson, formerly vicar of the parish. It is the gift 
 of his only son, Lieut. Eilward Thompson, of the Tth 
 Hussars. C)ver the communion-table is the inscription 
 •' Do this in remembrance of me." The tables of the 
 Decalogue are in harmony with the other arrange- 
 ments, which are in all respects complete. In the 
 rebuilding of the church, the architectural features of 
 iho old structure which it has replaced have been 
 preserved as far as possible, amongst which are a fine 
 N'orman doorway and a beautiful Norman arch between 
 the nave and chancel, a view of which appears in Sir 
 Walter Scotfs, " Border Antiquities." The old Nor- 
 man font has also been preserved, and the ancient 
 dormitory of the house of Haytou and afterwards of 
 the Musgrave family has been restored. The monu- 
 
 32 a 
 
 mental tablets and other memorials of the departed 
 have likewise been piously preserved, and placed upon 
 the walls in situations corresponding with the old 
 arrangements, so that with the exception of the organ 
 and a peal of bells (there is one of great sweetness of 
 tone,) the church is complete. The architects were 
 Messrs. Travis and Mangnall, and the builders Messrs. 
 McKay and Blackstock. The expense of rebuilding 
 and restoration amounted to about£?,000, nearly £1 ,000 
 more than the original estimate. About £1,950 of this 
 sum was collected by private subscripton ; the Church 
 Building Society, gave £'250 ; and £600 was raised by 
 a parish rate, by the unanimous consent of tho vestry. 
 The church was consecrated on the 6th June, 1848. 
 
 The church of Aspatria was given by the first lord 
 of Allerdale to the prior and convent of Carlisle, 
 which grant was confirmed by Henry II. and Edward 
 III. It was formerly rectorial, but is now a vicarage, 
 the advowson of which has always belonged to* the 
 bishop of Carlisle, to whom the great tithes wore appro- 
 priated till the year 1S13, when, under the Enclosure 
 Act, allotments of land were given in lieu of them to 
 the appropriator and vicar. The benefice is valued in 
 the King's Book at £10 4s. 3d., and was certified to 
 the Ecclesiastical Commissioners as of the annual 
 value of £100; it is now worth about £250 per 
 annum. The parish register commences in 1000. 
 
 Vicars. — Alan de Homcastle, 1309 ; Ricliard do Melburu, 
 
 I-TIS ; Nicholas de Stroveton, ; Robert Bully, 1H3;! ; Adam 
 
 Deincourt, ; Eoger do Lodes, 1357 ; Adam do Alenburgb, 
 
 i:j58 ; ^VilIiam de Arthuret, 1380 ; Robort de I'ontefract, ; 
 
 Adam I'ouward, 13S5 ; William Sandes, liii ; Edward Mitchell, 
 
 ; Anthony Thwaites, 15115; Lancelot Dawson, 157b; 
 
 Wilham Orboll, 1010 ; Matthew Braddell, 1017 ; Thomas 
 Warwick, 10311 ; Francis Palmer, lOCl ; Richard Holme, lOSG ; 
 George Fleming, 1GU5 ; Robert Hume, 1703 ; Band Bell, 1700 ; 
 John Briscoe, 17i?'J ; William Gilpin, 1771 ; WiUiam Fernyhough, 
 1793; John C. Gilbauks, 1815; Edwai'd Thompson, 1S37 : 
 Edwiu-d Salkeld, 1S38. 
 
 The vicarage was erected in 1 714. 
 
 There is an Independent chapel here, a small stone 
 building erected by subscription in 1827, and pos- 
 sessing accommodation for about 300 persons. 
 
 The National School occupies a neat stone building 
 erected by subscription in 1825, at a cost of about 
 £160. It is under government inspection, supported 
 by quarter pence and donations, and lias an avci^age 
 attendance of upwards of 100 children. It is conducted 
 by a master, two pupil teachers, and a paid monitor. 
 
 There is also a girls' school, erected in 1837, by Sir 
 Wilfrid Lawson, which is attended by about 40 children. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 air Thomas Mttsgraves Charity : — " Sir Thomas Mus- 
 grave, by a codicil to his will, dated 10th November.
 
 206 
 
 AtLERDALE - BELOW- DERWENT WAKD. 
 
 1811, directed his executors to transfer to tlie minister 
 and churchwardens of Aspatria for the time being 
 £333 (is. >^d.. three-per-cent. reduced, upon such minister 
 and churchwardens becoming bound by a proper deed 
 of covenant, that they and their successors should for 
 ever after, out of the dividends, keep the dormitory of 
 the testator's family and the monuments therein in 
 good repair and condition, and well painted and 
 cleansed ; and that if from time to time there should be 
 any surplus, it should be laid out in the purchase of 
 bread, or other useful food, to be distributed among the 
 industrious poor of the said parish, at their discretion, 
 and that a memorial thereof should be hung up in a 
 conspicuous part of the church." This sum of .£333 Os. 
 8d. is now standing iu the name of the trustees, and the 
 dividends, amounting to £10 a year, lU-e apphed as 
 directed by the testator. 
 
 Thomas Donald's Chanty. — Mr. Thomas Donald, iu 
 18-15, left £450, the interest of which is distributed in 
 coals and flour to the poor, imder the direction of the 
 trustees, the vicar, and churchwardens for the time 
 being. 
 
 In this township there are a saw mill, a brewery, and 
 several stone quarries. 
 
 Brayton is another manor iu this township. It was 
 oiven by Alan, second lord of AUerdale, to Ughtred, 
 whose posterity assumed the name of Brajton, and resi- 
 ded here. From the inquisition above quoted we learn 
 that, in 1578, William Bewly held Brayton by fealty 
 only, sometime the lands of the Bishop of Cai'lisle, in 
 free alms. It afterwards came into the possession of 
 a 3'ounger branch of the Salkeld family, from whose 
 co-heiresses it was purchased in the early part of the 
 last century by an ancestor of its present possessor, 
 Sir Wilfrid Lawsou, Bart. 
 
 Brayton, the seat of Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart., is a 
 fine mansion, occupying a pleasant situation, one and 
 a half miles east-by-north of Aspatria, and seven miles 
 south-west-by-south of Wigton. 
 
 ^abjsBits of glrantou. 
 
 This family deduces its descent from 
 
 John Liwsou, Trho, in the first year of Henry III., was 
 lord of Fawkesgrave, in Yorkshire ; and from him, through a 
 long line of eminent ancestors, descended [ 
 
 SiK WttFRiD Lawson, Knight, who married the widow of ' 
 Thomas Lee, Esq., of Isell, in Cumberland, and thus acquired 
 that estate. Sir Wilfrid died without children, and bequeathed 
 his property to his nephew, 
 
 William Lawson, Esq., whose son and successor, 
 
 Wilfrid Lawson, Esq., of Isell, wa,^ created a haronet by 
 James II. Sir Wilfrid married Jane, daughter of Sir Edward 
 Mnsgrave, Bart , of Hay ton Castle, and had issue, 
 
 I. William, who morriecl Slilcha, daughter of Sir William 
 Su-icklniid, Bart., of Boynlon. in Yorkshire ; and dying brfore 
 his father, left ( ritb two diiugUlcra > 
 AViLFUiD, successor to ihe baronetcy. 
 
 n. Wilfrid, of Brayton, mnrricil Surah, daughter and coheir of 
 James, Esq., of Washington, in Durham ; and left 
 
 .V ^"'''""''l-fiHi and 7th baronets. 
 i. Alfred, J 
 
 The baronet represented the county of Cumberland in the 
 Kestoration Parliament. He died in JG8H, and was succeeded 
 by his grandson, 
 
 SiK WiLFKiD Lawson, and baronet, M.P. for Cockermouth. 
 This gentleman married Elizabeth, only daughter and heir of 
 George Preston, Esq., of HolUer, in Lancashire ; and dying in 
 1704, was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 SiE WiLFRiu Lay,son, 3rd baronet, M.P. for Cockermouth, 
 one of the grooms of the bedchamber to George I. Ho mai-- 
 ried Elizabeth Lucy, daughter of the Hon. Henry Mordaunt, 
 and niece of the Earl of Peterborough; and dying in 17-37, was 
 succeeded by his elder son, 
 
 SiE Wi:i-Em L.iw^soN, -Ith baronet, who died in infancy, and 
 wa."! succeeded by'his brother. 
 
 Sir Mord.vxtnt Lawson, ."ith baronet, at whose decease, in 
 minority (1743), the title and estate devolved upon his cousin, 
 (reter to issue of Wilfrid, second son of 1st baronet) 
 
 Sir Gilfrid Lawson, 6lh baronet, who was succeeded in 
 1749 by his brother, 
 
 Sn*. Alfred Lawson, 7th baronet. This gentleman died in 
 1752, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 8th baronet, who was sheriff of Cum- 
 berland in 175C, and M.P. for the same county in 1701. He 
 died without issue, the next year, and was succeeded by his 
 brother. 
 
 Sir tinjnrD Lawson, 0th baronet. This gentleman married 
 Amelia, daughter of John Lovett, Esq. ; and dying about the 
 year 1704, was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 10th baronet, who man-icd .\nne, 
 daughter of John Hartley, Esq., of Whitehaven ; but ha^iDg no 
 issue, the baronetcy expired at his decease in ISOG, when the 
 Lawson estates passed, by Sir WiKrid's will, to the nephew of 
 Ids wife, 
 
 Thomas Wybergh, Esq., second son of Thomas Wybergh 
 Esq., of CUt'ton Hall, Westmoreland, by Isabell.i, daughter of 
 John Hai'tley, I^sq., and sister of Lady Lawson. 3Ir. Wybergh, 
 upon inheriting those estates, assumed the siu-name and arms 
 of Lawson. He died without issue, in 1S1~', and was succeeded 
 by his brother, 
 
 Wilfrid Wybergh, Esq., who thereupon likewise assumed 
 the names and arms of Lawson. This gentleman, boni 
 ."ith October, 179.'), married 20th June, 1821, Caroline, third 
 daughter of the late Sir James Graham, Bart., of Xelherby, 
 and has issue, 
 
 I. Wilfrid, bom 4th September, 1829. 
 
 II. Alfred, died 18 J4. 
 
 III. (Ulfrid, bom 2(>lh December, 1833. 
 
 IV. WUlinm, bom 24th August, 1836. 
 
 I. Caroline. II. Maria, iii. Elizabeth, it. Catherine. 
 Sir Wilfrid was created a baronet 15th September, 1831. 
 Antix, — Per pale, arg. and sa., a cbcvron cnuuter changed. 
 Crest. — Two flexed arms, arg., supporting the sun, ppr. 
 Mvtio. — Quod honestum utile. 
 
 HATTON AND MELAY. 
 
 This township contains 1,071 acres, and its rateable 
 value is £'1,865 14s. The number of its inhabitants 
 in 1801 was 174; in 1811, 193; in 1821, 241; 
 in 1831, 2o3; in 1841, 378; and in 1851, 401.
 
 ASPATEIA PAEISH. 
 
 20; 
 
 The manor of ll^yton was granted by Alan, lord of 
 AUerdale to bis huntsman Schtf, whose posterity took 
 the name of De Ilayton. From the Haytons the manor 
 was brought by marriage to tlie ilulcasters, one of 
 whom, Robert de !!\Iulcaster, maiTied the daughter and 
 heir of John de Haytou, the last of the name. It came 
 into the possession of the Tilliol family in a similar 
 manner, and having been held by them for eight 
 descents, came to two sisters, coheirs, Isabel and Mar- 
 garet, the former of whom becoming the wife of John 
 Colville, had Haytou as lier share; the latter married a 
 iloresby. Isabel, wife of John Colville, had two sons, 
 William and Robert. William Colville, the elder, 
 succeeded his mother in her pait of the Tilliol's lands, 
 and died in 14S0, without issue male, leaving two 
 daughters coheirs, who, marryiug two of the I\Iusgraves, 
 brought Hayton to that family. An inquisition taken 
 in 1078 informs us that "William Musgrave, Esq., 
 holdeth the manor of ilayton, sometimes the laud of 
 Peter Tilliol, and late the land of Anthony Colwel, by 
 homage, fealtie, and suit of court from three weeks to 
 three weeks, Serjeants' food, and pnyi^tli for coruage, 
 4s. Od.; seawake. Is.; tui'nsilver, 3s. lOd. ; and for 
 fee-farm, astank, and turbary, 20s.: in toto, 29s. 4d." 
 Hayton continued to bo held by the Musgraves till 
 the death of Sir Richard Musgrave, the fifth baronet, 
 when it became the property of his daughter Eleanor, 
 who married Wilham JoUilTe, Esq., M.P., and from 
 whom it has dsscended to its present possessor, Charles 
 JoUiffe, Esq., the present lord of the manor. 
 
 The ancient mansion of Hayton Castle is now occu- 
 pied as a farmhouse. It is said to have stood a long 
 siege by the parliamentarians, and to have been rebuilt 
 by Sir Richard JIusgrave, after the restoration. For- 
 merly there was a chapel of ease adjacent to the castle, 
 which continued in use till the beginning of the present 
 century, when it was suflercd to fall into decay, and no 
 trace of it can now b(! found. It appears from an Act 
 (3th Edward I., that the ilulcaster family had in ancient 
 times a market at Hayton on Tuesdays, and a fair for 
 three days at the festival of St. Mary Magdalene. The 
 principiU landowners are Charles Jollilfe, Esq. ; Sir 
 .lames Jlusgrave, Bart.; Mrs. Dykes, William Paisley, 
 William Thoniburn, John Waite, John Atki^on, 
 Thomas Beeby, .'Viin Blackburn, Joseph Hetherington, 
 .lospph Wilson, John Dalzell, Michael Foster, Joseph 
 Donald, lUibert Beaty, Robert Xicholsou, J. Jackson, 
 and Mrs. Fearon. ■ The tithes of the township were 
 commuted in 1840. Tiie great tithes for £200 ; the 
 vicar's for £25 ; L'lC a year was set aside for hay tithe. 
 
 The village of Hayton is about one and a half miles 
 west of Aspatria. Here is an Independent Chapel, a 
 
 small stone building, erected by subscription in 1844, 
 and attended by the Aspatria minister. There is also 
 a day and Sunday-school, which was built by subscrip- 
 tion in 184",). It is supported by the quarter pence of 
 the pupUs, and has an average attendance of 25 
 children. 
 
 Melay, is a small hamlet in this township, near the 
 sea. 
 
 ^usgrafac of ^jngton. 
 
 This is a branch of the Musgraves of Eden Hall, 
 springing from 
 
 NicnoLAs MusGKAVE, J.sf]., tliirj son of Sir John Musgrave, 
 Knt., ami his wife Joan, dauyliter and co-heir of Sir ■\Yilliam de 
 Stapleton, of Edenhall; which Nicholas luarxied, in or about the 
 time of Henry VI , JIai-garet, daughter and heiress of William 
 Colville, Esq., of Hayton Coslle, co. Cumberland, and thereby 
 acquired that estate. He died in li31, and was succeeded by 
 his son, 
 
 Thomas Musgeave, Esq., of Hayton Castle, who married 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Lord Dacre, of GilslauJ ; and, dying in 
 1500, was succeeded by his son, 
 
 WiLLiAii Musgeave, Esq., of Hayton Castle. This gentle- 
 man married Isabel, duughtor and co-hciress of James Martin- 
 dale, Esq., of Kewton in Cumberland, in whose right the manor 
 of Newton came into the family. He died in 1032, and was 
 succeeded by his son, 
 
 Sir EDWAitu Musgrave, Knight, who married Catherine, 
 daughter of Sir Thomas I'enruJdock of Exeter, and had a son, 
 William. Sir Edward was Iord-lieuten.int and custos rotulorum 
 of the county of Cumberland He was also justice of oyer 
 and terminer, and sit as judge at Cailisle. He died in 1597, 
 and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 William Musgrave, Esq., of Hayton Castle, who married 
 Catherine Sherburne, a co-heiress of tlie family of Sir Nicholas 
 Sherburne, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 I'^DWARD Musgeave, Es(i., of Haytou Castle, who was created 
 a Baronet of Nova Scotia in lC3f . Sir Edward married Mary, 
 daughter of Sir llichard Gruham, Baiu, of Nelherby, by whom 
 he had three sons and four diuighters. The baronet was a dis- 
 tinguished supporter of the royal cause, and was made colonel, 
 by Chailes I., of a regiment which ho had raised and maintained 
 at his own expense. To sustain, however, the heavy charge, be 
 was necessitated to alienate estates of more than i'.i,000 a yeai-. 
 Sir Edward attended Ctailes II. at the Battle of Worcester, and 
 when the prince's liorse was shot under him, dismounted and 
 supplied him with his own. After the defeat he fled into Scot- 
 land, and was protected by the Duke of Gordon, until Cromwell, 
 finding him out, despatched a message to the duke, " That if 
 he did not forthwith deliver up Ned Musgrave, that arch rebel, 
 he would send a troop of horse and storm the castle." Sir 
 Edwoi-d was then forced 10 lly '" '•'« I*''' "f ^'"^< where he soon 
 after died, and was succeeded by his eldest son. 
 
 Sir lliriiAHi), who married Dorolliy, daughter of William 
 Jaiues, Es<]., of Washington, co. Durham, through whom the 
 manor of Washington come into the family, and by whom be 
 had (with daughters), 
 
 I. Itlc'iiAiii), his .successor. 
 
 u. Willinm, a lliunburgh merchant It Ncwctst]e.on-Tjiie, who 
 
 died wilhuiit isauc. 
 III. Joiucs, in liol)- orders, r«clor of Gninsdcn, in Cnuibridge- 
 
 shire; mamcd Catherine, daughter of Jauies Peirott, uf 
 
 BunileT, and bad a ion,
 
 208 
 
 ALLERDALE -BELOW. DERWENT WARD. 
 
 The Rev. James MusonAVE, of Chinnor, co. Oxford, 
 who married Miss Huggins, and was father of 
 James, wlio inherited as eightli liaroiiet, at th-j 
 death of his kiasuiiui, Sir Thomas, in 181"^, 
 
 Sir Richard rebuilt from the ground Hayton Castle, which had 
 suffered so njuoh during the civil wars. He died in ]710, and 
 was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Sir Richard, M.P. for the county of Cumberland, temp. 
 William III. and Queen Anne. He died in 1711, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Sir KicniRD. This gentleman married Anne, sister of John 
 Hylton, Esq., of Uylton Castle, co. Durham, and dying in 17.3I), 
 left three sons, successive baronets, ile was succeeded by the 
 eldest, 
 
 Sir Richard, who assumed the surname of Hylton (his only 
 daughter, Eleanor, married William JoUiffe, Esq., M.P.), and 
 was succeeded in the baronetcy by his next broUicr, 
 
 Sir WiixiAM, who married Isabel, Countess Dowager of Car- 
 lisle, and daughter of WiUiani, Lord Byron, but had uo issue. 
 The title devolved upon his only surviving brother, 
 
 Sir Thomas, who died without issue, December 31, 1812, when 
 the baronetey devolved upon his kinsman. 
 
 Sir James (refer to the Rer. James Musgrave, son of the 
 second bai-onet). This gentleman married, in 1781, Clarissa, 
 
 daughter of Elackall, Esq., and, dying April 27, 1814, left 
 
 issue, 
 
 I. James, the present bai'onet. 
 
 II. William Augustus, in holy orders. 
 
 III. Thomas Henry, deceased. 
 
 IV. Richard Adolphus, married Miss Lowther, and died leaving 
 
 three daughters. 
 
 V. John Knightlcy, deceased. 
 
 I. Georgiana, married in June, 1S3G, to Aubrey Wenham Wyke- 
 ham, Esq., of Tyihrop House, Oxon. 
 
 Sir James was succeeded by his son. 
 Sir James Musgkave, Bart, of Hayton ; born May 24, 1785. 
 Arms. — Az., six annulets, three, two, and one. 
 Crest. — Two arms in armour, embowed, sustaining the sun, ppr. 
 Seat. — Bamsley Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire. 
 
 OUOHTEKSIDE AND ALLERBY. 
 
 The area of this township is 2,160 acres. It con- 
 tained in 1801, 209 inhabitants; in 1811, 249; in 
 1821, 347; in 1831, 381; in 1841, 555 ; and in 185], 
 002. The soil here is brown and gravelly, chiefly 
 resting on red sandstone. The township is intersected 
 by the Maryport and Carlisle railway. The commons 
 were enclosed in 1816. Tliere is only one coal-mine in 
 this township in operation at present (1 858j ; it is worked 
 by J. HaiTis, Esq., of Greysouthen. The depth of tlie 
 shaft is about seventy fathoms. The population is much 
 scattered over the township — the farm buildings being 
 at the extreme ends and centre — and the mining part 
 of the population generally live in a few cottages built 
 near the different coal pits, with part in the village. 
 
 The manor of Oughterside, Outerby, or Uchtredby, 
 took its name from Uchtred, to whom it was granted 
 by Alan, second lord of Allerdale. From the inquisi- 
 tion taken in 1578, we learn the following particulars 
 of Oughterside: — Anthony Barwis, Esq., holdeth 
 certain lands and tenements in Ulterside, late the 
 
 lands of Edward !Musgravc, and sometime the lands 
 of Wilham Stapleton, by homage, fealtie and suit of 
 court, cornage, seawake, and Serjeant's food, and payeth 
 yearly 'Id. \Villiam Orphewrc holdeth certain lands 
 and tenements at Ulterside, late the lands of William 
 English, by like services, and renders 2d. WilUam 
 Osmotherlcy holdeth, at Ulterside aforesaid, certain 
 lands and tenements, late the lands of William Coulterd, 
 by like service, and renders per annum 2d. The tenants 
 of Ulterside pay yearly amongst themselves, for cornage, 
 4s. Od. ; for seawake, 7d. ; for turnsilver, Is. 3d. ; in 
 toto, Gs. 4d. It was for several generations in the 
 Orfeur family, from whom it was purchased by the 
 Lawsons, and is now held by Sir W^ilfrid Lawson, Bart. 
 There is an old building at Oughterside called the 
 Old Hall, which is supposed to have been a place of 
 consequence, and upwards of seventy years ago a road 
 four yards broad, supposed to be Roman, was discovered 
 leading from Oughterside to Allerby. In a letter on the 
 old church of Aspatria, published in the Cumberland 
 Faeqiiet, June 24th, 1844, Dr. W'ilkinsou, of Asjiatria, 
 says, "It is stated that Alan de Horncastle was the 
 first incumbent of Aspatria, in 1309 ; that upwards of 
 a century ago, at the east end of the church, a stone 
 cofBn was found, on the lid of which, composed of 
 solid "stone, was inscribed " Hie .Tacet 13artholoraeus de 
 Uchtersat." This tomb is supposed to have apper- 
 tained to an ecclesiastic, and, by the character, appears 
 to have been of much greater antiquity than 1309. It 
 is believed that the said Bartholomeus de Uchtersat 
 resided at the Old IlaU in Oughterside. The stone 
 lid of the coffin is now placed in the east wall of the 
 churchyard, near the vicarage house." Some traces of 
 a Eoman road leading towards Ellenborough have been 
 found in this township. 
 
 The manor of Allerby. or Alwardby, so called from 
 Alward, the first recorded proprietor, gave name to the 
 family of Allerby, whose heiress brought it in marriage 
 to the family of Porter, one of whom, William Porter, 
 in 1543, held it of the king in capite, rendering for the 
 same, yearly, 3d. cornage, and 8d. seawake, with other 
 services due and accustomed. In 1578, Thomas Porter 
 and Elizabeth, his wife, held the manor of Crosby and 
 Allerby, " sometime the lands of John Derwentwater, 
 and late the lands of William Porter, father of the said 
 Thomas, by homage, coniage, Serjeant's food, seawake, 
 and turnsilver, rendering per annum 1 1 s. 8d.'' The last 
 of the Porters having no child, made his wife joint tenant 
 with himself, and she, surviving, afterwards married a 
 yoimger brother of the Eaglesfields, in whose family it 
 continued for several generations. It was purchased of 
 their descendant, in the latter part of the seventeenth
 
 BOLTON PARISH. 
 
 yo9 
 
 century, l)y Richard Lamplugh, Esq., of Dovenby, but 
 is now the property of several freeholders. 
 
 The principal landowners of the township are F. L. 
 B. Dykes, Es(i. ; Sir Wilfrid Lawson ; Jlessrs. John 
 Todd, Joseph Llayton, Wilfrid Hind, Joseph Simm, 
 Matthew Wilson, James Elliott, John Shaw, William 
 Thompson ; Mrs. Sealby, Mrs. Nicholson, the Earl of 
 Lonsdale, and General Wyudham. The commons were 
 enclosed about the year 1 824. 
 
 The village of Oughtorsidc is situated on the north 
 side of the river EUen, one and a half miles west-south- 
 west of Aspatria. Here is a school €rected by Sir 
 Wilfrid Lawson, Bart., which serves as a Sunday-school 
 and place of worsliip for the Lidepcndents. 
 
 The village of Merby is about four miles east-north- 
 east of Maryport, and is said to have been the birth- 
 place of Robert Eaglesfield, founder of Queen's College, 
 0.\ford. 
 
 BOLTON PARISH. 
 
 Tins parish is bounded by Thomtliwaito Close Beck, from its source to where it falls into the Waver, up the 
 Waver to Little Gill above Blathwaite on the west side of the Waver, and to the head of the gill, then north- 
 west to the Crummock, up the Crummock southwards to I'riestcroft, thence south-west to Mealsgate, thence 
 along Dowbeck to Whitehall Park Wall, thence along the Cockcrmouth road .to Cockbridge, thence up the Ellen 
 to Ireby Bridge End, up Birkby Beck by Aughertree to its source, turning east thence to Thorny Stone, and 
 so to the top of Sandale, running north on the tops of the hills to Thornthwaitc. The parish award, and the 
 maps made on the commutation of tithes, are kept at the rectoiy. The parish comprises the townships of 
 iiolton Ilighsidc and Bolton Lowsidc, the inhabitants of which are principally located in tile several hamlets of Bolton- 
 gatc, Mealsgate, Sandale, Bolton Lowhouses, Bolton Ncwhouses, and Bolton Wood Lane, with a few scattered 
 houses. The occupation of the inhabitants is principally agriculture and mining — there is at present only 
 one coal-mine working. Wigton, Keswick, and Coekermoulh are the markets attended. The old Roman road, 
 from EUenborough to Old Carhsle, must have gone through one corner of the parish. 
 
 BOLTON HIGHSIDE. 
 
 The area of this township is S,S~t> acres, and its 
 rateable value £'2,477. The population in 1801 was 
 ii32; in 1811, 307: in 1821, 321: in 1831, 332; in 
 1«41, 312: andinl8.jl, 305. 
 
 The manor of Bolton was given by Alan, lord of 
 AUerdale, to Gospatrick, his bastard brother, whose 
 posterity assumed the name of Bassanthwaite, from 
 whoso family it passed to the Lascelles, one of whom, 
 Tlioraas do Lascelles, was lord of Bolton in the reign 
 of Henry II T. He married Christian, daughter of 
 William do Ireby, and confirmed to tlie abbot and 
 monks of Holme Cultram, the hermitage of St. Hilda, 
 and granted them commons in Bolton. His widow, 
 Clirisiian de Ireby, afterwards married Robert Bruce, 
 and died iu 1305, seised of Heselspring in Westward, 
 (iamelsby and Unthank-beyond-Eden, and of Market 
 I ruby, which latter place she held of John Boyvill, 
 lord of Timrsby. It subsequently became the pro[icrty 
 of the Jloubrays, by one of whom, Geoffrey do JIou- 
 bray, it was forfeited, in consequence of his taking part 
 witti the Scots, 28 Edward I., but was restored three 
 years later to his son John, who luul returned to his 
 allegiance, and done fealty to the king. From tlu! 
 Moubrays it passed to tho Nevilles, from whom it 
 descended through the Percys to the Earl of l^gre- 
 
 mont, and'is now held by General Wyndham, whose 
 tenants hero are mostly customary, paying rents, 
 heriots, and a tenpenny fine : but a few of the farms 
 have been enfranchised. The priucijial landowners, 
 in addition to the lord of the manor, are Miss Scott ; 
 G. Moore, Esq.; N. TarditT, Esq.; John Watson, Esq.; 
 W. Addison, Esq. ; Dr. James Cowan ; J. Harris, Esq. ; 
 Messrs. Thomas Robinson, Isaac Scott, Thomas Cape, 
 and Joseph Barnes. 
 
 Bolton Gate village is about sis miles south-by-west 
 of Wigton, where the church is situated. 
 
 'the chbech. 
 The church is an ancient cruciform structure, dedi- 
 cated to All Saints, with a stone arched roof, and is 
 traditionally said to have been built in one night by 
 the imps at the command of the wizard ilichael Scott. 
 •Tho benefice is a rectory, valued in tho King's Book at 
 £19 18s. 4d., and now worth about i' l.')0. The ad vow- 
 son of tlie rectory was annciced to the manor till about 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when it camo into tho 
 possession of the Porters, of Weary Hall, to whom 
 it belonged for many years. It was afterwards in 
 tho Thomsons, of Kellam, in Yorkshire, and is now 
 vested in the Earl of Lonsdale. The tithes were com- 
 muted in 1844 for £437 Us. 4d., viz. 1220 4s. 4d.
 
 210 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW- DERWENT WARD. 
 
 for Higlisii.le, aud i''-iJ7 7s. for Lowsido towuship. 
 The parish register extends frorn 1011 to the present 
 time, but is much defaced, etc. 
 
 Rectors. — Simon ile Josemwy, V^d'i; Robert de Appleby, 
 
 l:!10; Henry de Appleby, ; Robert Bo\iU, ; John do 
 
 WhitriJ^'O, 1341 ; 'NViUiara de Ebor, l;!53 ; ,\dam do Crosby, 
 
 I3(il; George Xeville, ; William Turner, loO"; William 
 
 Eairfax, 1692; Daniel Hicksletter, IfiCj; Michael Robinson, 
 16s6; Gnstavus Thompson, 1702; Obadiah Yates, 1710; Adam 
 
 .\skew, 1752 ; Daniel Fisher, 1701 ; Robert Wates, ; Henry 
 
 Lowther, 1823. 
 
 There is a parsonage house. 
 
 The (Juakcrs and Methodists have meeting houses in 
 the parish, both situated at Low Houses. 
 
 The National School was erected in 1854, at a cost 
 of about £'000. It is under government inspection, and 
 is supported by voluntary subscriptions ; average atten- 
 dance, about fifty. The schoolroom is licensed for 
 worship on Sunday afternoons. 
 
 CHABITY. 
 
 Scott's Charity. — By a terrier of this parish, dated 
 18th November, 1T49, it instated that "there is the 
 sum of rJs. a year paid out of a close, containing by 
 computation an acre, and called the Great Paddock, in 
 the hands of the heirs of John Scott, which sum is paid 
 to the churchwardens and then given to the poor." To 
 this statement is added, apparently in the writing of the 
 rector, "This benefaction is said to have been left by 
 one of the Porters of Weary Hall." An old inhabitant 
 stated to the chaiity commissioners, that he heard this 
 charity was left by one Thomas Scott, for twelve poor 
 widows. The sum of ] 2s. is paid every Easter for a 
 field in the possession of Dr. Cowan, to the churchwar- 
 dens, and is by them distributed to poor widows. 
 
 BOLTON LOWSroE. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 403 ; in 
 1811, 008; in 1821, 802; in 1831, 893; in 1841, 
 
 899; and in 1851, 700. The area is 4,570 acres, and 
 rateable value £3,818. This township includes the 
 hamlets of Bolton Wood, Newland, Thornthwaitc Close, 
 Low Houses, and Mealsgate ; and a colhery, distant 
 from three to four miles south of Wigton. The prin- 
 cipal landowners are John Watson, Esq. ; John Harris, 
 Esi|. ; John Stead, Esq. ; John Cowan, Esq. ; Sir H. 1". 
 \'ane, Bart.; Messrs. George Jloore, Tliomas Moore, 
 John Goutch, John Wilson, Nathan Tordiff, John 
 Dixon, William Addison, the trustees of the late Joseph 
 Toild, William H. Charlton, Esq., Joseph Hodgson, 
 and Jonathan Welsh. 
 
 Weary Hall, the ancient seat of the Porters, is in this 
 township, and was the birth- place of George Porter, aii 
 eminent civilian, aud thirty years doctor and professor 
 of civil law, at Queen's College, Cambridge. He died 
 about the year 1030. The hall is now a farm house, the 
 property of John Harris, Esq., of Greysouthen. 
 
 Bolton park, the seat of John Watson, Esq., is a 
 beautiful mansion erected about eighteen years ago, 
 aud commands varied and extensive prospects of the 
 surrounding country. 
 
 Mr. Denton speaks of Newbiggin, in Bolton, as the 
 seat of Mr. John Relfe, deputy-clerk of the House of 
 Lords. The manor of Newbiggin, which belonged to 
 the prior and convent of Carlisle, is now vested in the 
 dean and chapter. There was formerly a manor of 
 Newland in this parish, belonging to the Mulcaster 
 family, by whom it was conveyed to the Herclas ; it 
 was forfeited to the crown on the attainder of Andrew 
 de Hercla, earl of Carlisle, in 1322. 
 
 Bolton colliery was opened in 1855, is the property 
 of General Wyndham, and worked by Mr. William 
 Addison, of Bolton Wood. It possesses one engine- 
 shaft whose perpendicular depth is thirty -four fathoms. 
 The seam worked is about nine feet thick, aud affords 
 employment to about fifty persons. 
 
 BROMFIELD PARISH. 
 
 The pai-ish of Bromfield is bounded on the north by the parish of Holme Cultram, on the west by the new district 
 parish of West Newton, on the south by the parishes of Allhallows and Aspatria, and on the east by Wigton. It 
 comprises the townships of Bromfield, Crookdalo and Scales, Blenoogo, Duudraw aud Kelswick, and Langrigg, part 
 of the township of Langrigg aud ilealrigg. The inhabitants are cleanly aud orderly in their habits of life, and arc 
 chiefly engaged in agricultm-e — they attend the markets held at Wigton. The Maryport and Carlisle railwav inter- 
 sects the southern portion of the parish. The soil here is varied but fruitful, and the pasturage is very rich. An 
 act for the enclosure of the parish was passed in 1 812.
 
 BROMFIELD PARISH. 
 
 211 
 
 BROMFIELD. 
 
 The area of Bromlield township, inclusive of that of 
 Langrigg and Jleahigg, is 8,270 acres, and its rateable 
 value is £'^,237 :is. 4d. The population in 1801 was 
 297; in 1811, 297; in 1821, 3t;;3 ; in 1831, 405; in 
 1841, 364; and in 1851, 359. 
 
 The manor of Bromfield was granted by Waltheof, 
 lirst lord of Allerdale, to Melboth, his physician, whose 
 posterity assumed the name of De Bromfield. I5ut the 
 patronage of the church was not given at the same 
 time, being reserved out of the grant and given to the 
 abbey of St. IVIary at York. " The said abbey," say 
 N'icolson and Burn. " had also lands at Bromfield, as 
 likewise had the abbey of Holme Cultrani : and by the 
 general term manor being applied to them both, it is 
 difficult to ascertain thek separate possessions. Soon 
 after the foundation of the abbey of Holme Cultram, 
 Adam, son of Thomas de Brunfeld granted to the 
 same abbey, the manor of Brunfield, by the boun- 
 daries in the grant specified. After this grant, Thomas 
 de Brunfeld, the said Adam's father, grants to the 
 monks of Holme Cultram the cultivated lands in 
 Brunfield called Northrig, with the marsh on the east 
 part thereof; and Henry, son of the said Thomas, 
 granted to the said monks two acres of land Ivin" 
 within one of their enclosures, for one mark of silver, 
 which they gave unto him for the same ; and Walter, 
 son of ]5euedict, the priest, quit claim to the monks of all 
 Ills right and claim of common of pasture in the marsh 
 which Adam and Thomas do Brunfeld gave to the 
 said monks. Agnes, daughter of William White, of 
 Brunfeld. carpenter, gave to the said monks five acres ' 
 of arable land, and one acre of meadow in the territory 
 of Brunfeld, which giant Thomas de Brunfeld con- 
 firmed; and Alan, son of Henry de Brunfeld, quitted 
 claim of all his right therein. In the 20th Edward 
 I. (1201-2) Hugh, son of Alan de Brunfield, having a 
 controversy with the said monks concerning common 
 of pasture upon the aforesaid marsh, an agreement was 
 made and a limitation prescribed within what places 
 and at what times each of them respectively might 
 depasture their cattle without the interruption of the 
 other. And there was a like agreement in the same year, 
 between the said monks and Ilalph de Osmunderlaw, 
 and Agnes, his wife, and Thomas de Laithes, and Alice, 
 his wife, concerning the said mai-sii." .\fter the sup- 
 jiression of the religious houses by Henry VHI. we 
 find that in 1543, William Hutton held Bromfield of 
 the king as of his manor of Papcastle, rendering for 
 the same !8s. 4d. eoniiigo, lOJ. seawake, (id. free rent, 
 pufure of the Serjeants, and witne.ssman. On the 15th 
 .luly in the same year, Henry granted to Thorans 
 
 Dalston, Esq., amongst other particulars, one tenement 
 in Bromfield with the appurtenances in the tenure of 
 John ScuiTe, and another tenement, -with its appur- 
 tenances, in the tenure of William Scurre, late par- 
 cel of the possessions of the abbey of Holme Cultram, 
 paying for the same to the king yearly at the feast 
 of St. Michael the Archangel, the sum of 3s. 3*d. 
 Edward VI., by letters patent dated 25th August, 1 547, 
 "in considerationthatHenr)'Thompson had suirendered 
 into the hands of Henry VIII. all the right and interest 
 which he had in the late hospital, commonly called 
 Maison Diou of Dover, in the county of Kent, grants 
 to the said Heury Thompson, inter alia, the whole 
 manor of Bromfield, and the rectory and church of 
 Bromfield, with the appurtenances in the county of 
 Cumberland, late belonging to the monastery of the 
 Blessed Mary, nigh the walls of York ; and all, and 
 singular granges, mills, messuages, houses, buildings, 
 tofts, cottages, lands, tenements, meadows, pastures, 
 feedings, commons, wastes, moors, mosses, tui-bary, 
 woods, underwoods, waters, fisheries, pensions, procu- 
 rations, tithes, oblations and obventions, rents, rever- 
 sions, sei-vices, kuights' fees, wardships, maniages, 
 escheats, reliefs, fines, amerciaments, heriots. courts 
 leet, view of frank pledge, waifs, estrays, goods 
 of felons and fugitives, freewaiTons, and all other 
 rights, jurisdictions, liberties, franchises, privileges, 
 profits, commodities, emoluments, possessions, and 
 hereditaments, whatsoever, with the appurtenances, 
 situate, lying and being in Brumfield aforesaid, to the 
 said manor of Brumfield and to the said rectory of 
 Brumfield, or to either of them in everywise belonging 
 or appertaining ; and :dl other messuages, lands, tene- 
 ments, rents, reversions, services, and other possesions 
 and hereditaments, whatsoever in Brumfield aforesaid. 
 to the said late monastery belonging ; which premises 
 are extended at the clear yearly value of £Si. To 
 hold of the king in capite by the fortieth part of one 
 knight's fee, and rendering for the same yearly to tl>e 
 king, his heirs, and successors, £3 8s." From an 
 inquisition taken in 1578, we learn that Thomas Hut- 
 ton do Forrest, Esq., hold the manor of Bromfield, 
 "late the lands of Ambrose Crackenthorp, and some- 
 times the land of Fowler by homage, featly and suit of 
 court, paying for homage 18s., seawake lOd., turnsilver 
 23. 6d. with Serjeants' food, and witnessraan, and for 
 free rent Od., in toto 22s. 2d." The above possessions 
 came afterwards into many hands, but the greater part 
 appears to have been held by the Portere of Weary 
 Hall, who enfranchised most of the lands. The manor 
 and demesne of Bromfield passed by successive sales 
 to the families of Osmothcrley and Barwis, and are now
 
 212 
 
 ALLEHDALE - BELOW - DERWENT WARD. 
 
 the property of William Barwis, Esq., of Langrigg Hall, 
 who has also the manor of Lower Scales. The demesne 
 of Scales was sold hy the Porters, to Sir John l^allan- 
 tine, whose heiress hrougbt it to the Dykes family ; it 
 is now the property of Mi-s. Dykes of Doverby. " General 
 WynJham has also some manorial rights in the town- 
 ship. The landowners are General Wyndham : John 
 Eeay, Esq. ; F. L. B Dykes, Esq. ; Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 
 Bart.; John Todd, Esq.: Jlrs. Clark, John Ritson, 
 William Mawson, John Beaty, John Longcake, John 
 Asbridge, Joseph Smalhvood, William Barnes, Robert 
 Peat, Mrs. Hewitson, Robert Bragg, and Wilson Briggs. 
 
 Some curious old coins were found on Gill Jloor 
 Common, at the time of its euclosure, in 1815. Watill 
 Moor on tliis common, as weU as many other places in 
 this parish, having a good yiew towards Scotland, served 
 formerly as stations from which a look-out might be 
 kept during the times of border warfare, and many 
 estates in this, and the adjoining parishes, paid for 
 blowing the horn, to give alarm, in case of the ap- 
 proach of an enemy. The levy of this " Out Horn 
 Money " as it was eaUed, ceased to be collected soon 
 after the union of England and Scotland ; an attempt 
 was however made within the last half century to renew 
 it, which, of cour.se, proved unsuccessful. 
 
 The village of Brorafleld is situated about the centre 
 of the parish, five and a half miles west-by-south of 
 Wigton. 
 
 THE CHUBCH. 
 
 Bromfield church is dedicated to St. Mungo, or Ken- 
 tigern. It is an ancient edifice, consisting of nave, 
 chancel, and north aisles. On the south side of the 
 chancel, forming a kind of transept, is a small chapel, 
 the burial place of the JoUiflcs and Pearsons. There 
 was a similar chapel on the north side belonging to 
 Orookdake Hall, but it has been removed. In 1751 
 the chancel was somewhat restored, when an east win- 
 dow was given by the late Joshua Watson, Esq., of 
 Hapten, a native of the parish. At the same time 
 Oliver Thomlinson Windowe, Esq., then lord of the 
 manor of Blencogo, placed a memorial window in the 
 south of the chancel to a member of the Thom- 
 linson family. The window has two compartments, 
 containing representations of the Adoration of the 
 Shepherds, and the Ascension. John Reay, Esq., of 
 the Gill, also caused a small window to be inserted in 
 the north of the chancel. There is a very ancient 
 cross in the churchyard, near to which is a famous 
 spring called St. Mungo 's well. The church of Broni- 
 field was appropriated, as we have seen above, at a very 
 early period, to the abbey of St. Mary at York ; the 
 patronage of the vicarage was at the same time vested 
 
 in the Bishop of Carlisle. Before tho Reformation, 
 there was a chantry of St. George at Bromfield, en- 
 dowed with lands of considerable value. The living is 
 valued in the Iving's Book at f 22, and was certified to 
 the commissioners as of the annual value of £270, but 
 it is now worth about £300 per annum. The great 
 tithes of the parish, e.xcept those of Blencogo, are 
 merged in the land, — part of them being purchased 
 by the landowners about ninety years ago, and tho 
 remainder exonerated at the enclosure of the com- 
 mons. The rectorial tithes of Blencogo belonging to 
 the vicar, who keeps the chancel in repair, were com- 
 muted about fifteen years for a rent-charge of £13!) 
 per annum. The parish register commences in 1C54. 
 
 Vicars. — Ealph de .Vile, ; William de Suthwcrk, ; 
 
 William de Otrington, 1330; Hugh de Whitelnw, ; Roger 
 
 de Kirkoswald, 1344; Jolm de Culwen, 1377; John King, ; 
 
 .Tohn Corry, 15G-.? ; Thomas Laythes, 10C4 ; Nicholas Dean, 
 
 1581) ; Teter Beck, ICO'2 ; William Grainger, ; Richard 
 
 Garth, lCn3 ; William Sill, 1073; John Child, lOSl ; John 
 Proctor, lfi'.)'2 ; Joseph Rothery, 1714: Jeremiali Nicolson, 1717; 
 WiUiam Wilkinson, 1733 ; Obadiah Yates, 170'' ; William Rain- 
 cock, 1702, or 1765; the succeeding incumbents have been 
 Isaac Denton, Henry Denton, W. Fletcher, C. H. Wybergb. 
 
 The vicarage is a plaiu but comfortable residence, 
 built during the incumbency of the Kev. W. Fletcher. 
 
 Bromfield School was endowed by Richard Osmo- 
 therly, who, by his will, dated 7th May, IC13, gave 
 to the minister and churchwardens of the parish 
 church of Bromfield, £10 yearly, issuing out of his 
 freehold lauds and tenements being in or near Alders- 
 gate, in the parish of St. Botolph, in the city of London, 
 after the decease of his wife, upon condition that they 
 should find and provide a sufficient schoolmaster to 
 teach fifteen poor men's children inhabiting within the 
 towns of Langrigg and Bromfield, two to be nominated 
 by the inhabitants of Langrigg Hall, whosoever they 
 should be, seven more out of Langrigg, and six out of 
 Bromfield; the schoolmaster to bo choseu and appointed 
 by the mutual consent of the inhabitants of Langrigg 
 and Bromfield. The testator afterwards devised all the 
 rents and profits issuing out of his freehold lands and 
 tenements in the parish of St. Botolph, unto the master, 
 wardens, and assistants of the Compauy of ilerchant 
 Tailors, London, to hold the same after the decease of 
 his wile, upon condition that they should justly pay the 
 annuities in the will mentioned. In a terrier of this 
 parish, dated 8th October, 1749, it is stated that the 
 school was " endowed by a dwelling-liouse built by the 
 Rev. Dr. Tliomlinson, prebendary of St. Paul's, London, 
 about the year 1741 ;" and that it was also possessed of
 
 BROMHELD PARISH. 
 
 213 
 
 £Gi, then in the hands of the sidesmen of Bromfiekl, 
 for which thoy paid interest 3'early. It is not known 
 how the school stock-of £04 arose ; but it was afterwards 
 laid out in land, as appears by a deed dated 23 rd 
 Novomber, I7.")0, whereby certain premises in IJlencogo 
 were conveyed to Thomas Robinson in fee, who, by in- 
 denture of the same date, reciting the above deed, 
 declared that £Ct l, pait of the consideration, was the 
 proper money belonging to the school stock, and that 
 .CIO belonged to the poor stock of Bromfield ; and that 
 tlie schoolmaster should enjoy the premises on condi- 
 tion that he p;ud live shilHngs yearly to the poor of the 
 pirish of Brotiilield as interest for the said ten pounds, 
 to be distributed by the discretion of the vestry and 
 chuichwardeus. This land consists of about four acres 
 iiud a half, which is let at about £7 a year. By in- 
 denture dated 31st May, 1751, about two acres and a 
 half of land in the lowuship of Bromfield, were purchased 
 for the sum of £45 7s., which premises by indenture 
 of the same date was declared to have been purchased 
 by money belonging to the school stock of the free 
 school of Bromfield, and for the use of the master of 
 the said free school, and his successors for ever. It is 
 not known from what source this money arose. The 
 land in Bromfield is occupied by the schoolmaster, and 
 is worth about four pounds a year. Ou the enclosure 
 of Aspatria East Common, an allotment of not quite 
 two roods was given to the school and to the land be- 
 longing to the school in Bromfield. The allotment is 
 a mile and a half from the school. Mr. Thomas Tbom- 
 linson, by will dated ICtli April, 1798, left a share of 
 the residue of his personal property to this school. The 
 money received from this bequest was £334, with which 
 land was purchased. The endowment amounts now to 
 about £43 a year, besides a house for the master ; a 
 schoolmistress to teach sewing, Ac, is paid for by sub- 
 scription. The building in which the school business is 
 transacted is a poor one, being very old, and far from 
 adequate to the purposes to which it is devoted, 
 ahlioiigli enlarged a few years ago by John Reay, Esq., 
 of The Uill. There are about eighty scholars. 
 
 There is a very good parochial library, established in 
 1S53. It comprises about l.dllO volumes, and is open 
 to all the parishioners at an annual subscription of one 
 shilling. 
 
 Crookdako is a hamlet in Bromfield township, about 
 five and a half miles west-south-west of Wigton. The 
 manorial right-i of the ancient land belong to Mrs. 
 Dykes, anil those of the pasture and common to 
 General Wyndliam. The manor of Crookdako was, 
 at an early period, held by the Lowthcr family, of 
 whom it was purchased, in the rcigu of JMward IV., 
 
 by the Musgraves, a younger branch of whom had their 
 seat here at Croukdukc Hall, now a farmhouse, bearing 
 marks of great antiquity. One of the co-heii-esses of 
 the Musgraves brought it to Sir John Ballanline. This 
 family, after two or three generations, ended in daugh- 
 ters, one of whom married Lawson Dykes, from whom 
 it has descended to Mrs. Dykes, the present proprietor. 
 In Bromfield Church there is an inscription to the 
 memory of Adam de Crookdake. It is in black letter, 
 evidently modern, but most probably copied from one 
 of older date : — 
 
 " Here lieth eiitomb'd, I dare undertake. 
 The w.jrtliy wurrior, .Vdara of Crookdake, 
 Knight, lill.'' 
 Mr. Boucher, who drew up the account of this parish 
 for Hutchinson's History of Cumberland, supposes this 
 person to have been the grandfather of Cuthbert Mus- 
 grave, who held the manor of Crookdake in the reigu of 
 Henry VUl., but there is no mention of Sir Adam 
 Musgrave in the pedigrees of that family. There is a 
 corn-mill at Ciookdakc, and another (new mill) near 
 Leegate station. 
 
 Scales is another hamlet of dispersed houses, called 
 High and Low Scales, in this township, on the west 
 side of Crummock Beck, one mile south of Bromfield, 
 and four and a half miles west-by-south of Wigton. It 
 is the property of John lleay, Esq., of The Gill, who 
 possesses the manorial rights of his own property. The 
 estate of The Gill has been upwards of OUO years in the 
 family of Bay, or lleay, and tradition says that it has 
 been handed down from father to son, and confirmed by 
 old papers dating from the year IdlO. These lands, 
 then very e.\tenbivo, were bestowed by the celebrated 
 monarch William the Lion, king of Scotland (who died 
 in 1214, after an eveutful reign of nearly half a century, 
 during which time Cumberland remained attached to 
 the Scottish crown), ^lon his friend and companion, 
 both in the wars aud in the chase, the ancestor of the 
 lleay family, as a reward for his fidelity to his sovereign, 
 for unparalleled swiftness of foot in hunting the deer 
 in tliose days, whence the name appears to have been 
 derived, for in the old Sa.von vulgar tongue ra, or raa, 
 signifies a roe; the crest of the family, a stag, and the 
 motto, " in onniia promptus," ajqiear to be derived 
 from the same source. The conditions of the grant 
 were the payment of a peppercorn annually, as an 
 acknowledgment; and also that the name of William 
 (after the king) should be perpetuated through the 
 eldest son, in memory of the royal donor. These con- 
 ditions were duly observed up to tlie three last genera- 
 tions, when, after duo consultation with cmincut lawyers, 
 
 ' Sco I'liursbf parish, al 1 subtcqticDt page.
 
 ■214 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW- DERWT.NT WARD. 
 
 the eldest son was called John. Up to the present 
 time some of the family have always resided uiioii the 
 estate. ^Villiam Rea. or Heay, great-grandson of the 
 ancestor above-mentioned, was papal legate and bishop 
 of Glasgow ; he built, at his own cost, the bridge over 
 the Cl3-de at Glasgow, in 101.5. He appeai-s, by various 
 documents in the Scots' College at Paris, and the 
 Writers' Library in Glasgow, to have obtained from 
 King David II. of Scotland, the royal charter by which 
 Glasgow was created a borough, and to have acted as 
 royal commissioner in a treaty of peace with England, 
 as appears by his name being attached thereto. John 
 I'eay, or Ray, the celebrated naturalist, was another 
 member of this family; he was the author of several 
 works on the ^Creation, and during his rambles over 
 Alston Moor and the romantic parts of the county, 
 imbibed that knowledge of natural history for which he 
 was so eminently distinguished. John Eeay, who was 
 high-sheriff of London and Middlesex: in the eventful 
 years 1814 and 181.5, was also of this family. 
 
 BLENCOCO. 
 
 The township of Blencogo comprises an area of 
 1,097 acres, and its rateable value is £1,314 10s. 9d. 
 The number of its inhabitants in 1801 was 167 ; in 
 1811, 185: in lS-31, ;21G; in 1831, 2-30 ; iu 1841, 
 311; and in 18j1, 3'2'1. This township has been sur- 
 veyed, and the map deposited with the clergyman of 
 the parish; it was enclosed by agreement signed 1820. 
 The great tithes of Blencogo are received by the vicar 
 of Bromfield, who keeps the chancel of the parish 
 church in repair. 
 
 The manor of Blencogo was given by Waltheof, first 
 lord of Allerdale, to Odard de Logis, together with 
 Wigton, Kirkbride, Ulton, Waverton, and Dundraw, 
 and continued to be held by the posterity of Odard for 
 several generations. We have no further account of 
 this manor till the reign of Henry Yll , who, by letters 
 patent, dated 1st of May, 1508, granted to Richard 
 Cholmley, Knt., the manor of Blencogo, " with the 
 appurtenances, and all lands aud tenements called 
 Blencogo, within the parish of Bromfield, with all and 
 all maaner of commons, courts leet, aud view of frank- 
 pledge, free warren, aud other liberties whatsoever to 
 the said manor and other the premises belonging or in 
 anywise appertaining, tj hold of him aud his heirs by 
 fealty only, without other account to be made thereof." 
 In the account of knights' fees in Cumberland, in 134!!, 
 we find that Richai-d Cholmley, Kut., then held the 
 manor and town of Blencogo of the king, as of his 
 manor of Wigton, by the serrice of one knight's fee, 
 1 3s. cornage, 7s. Od. for puture of. the bailiif, 23. sea- 
 
 wake, and witnessraan, and suit of court at Wigton from 
 three weeks to three weelcs, and 50s. relief when it shall 
 happen. From an inquisition taken in 157'^, we learn 
 that Anthony Barwis held of the Earl of Northumber- 
 land, of the barony of Wigton, the town or manor of 
 Blencogo, by knights' service, cornage, puture, suits, 
 and witnessman ; rendering per annum for cornage, 
 13s. 4d. ; for puture, suit of court, <tc., Os. 8d. ; and 
 scawakc, Ss. These charges appear to have been paid 
 by the tenants, for the same inquisition informs us that 
 " the tenants of the town of Blencogo pay yearly to the 
 lord for cornage ISs. 4d., seawake Is. Cd., and for turn- 
 silver 7s. Od. ; in toto, per annum, 223. 4d. " (,)ueeii 
 Elizabeth, by letters patent dated March 22nd, 158!), 
 granted to NValter Copinger and Thomas Butler, of 
 London, gentlemen, inter alia, the manor of Blencogo, 
 with its appurtenances, and all lands, tenements, and 
 hereditaments, called or known by the name of Blencogo, 
 heretofore in the tenure of Richard Cholmley, Knt., to 
 hold to them and their heirs for ever, as of the manor 
 of East Greenwich, by fealty only, and not in capita. 
 The Messrs. Lysons think it probable that these gentle- 
 men were trustees for the Barwis family, to whom it was 
 conveyed by them. On the 2Gth June, 1034, Richard 
 Barwis, Esq., of Isle Kirk, lord of the manor of Blen- 
 cogo, "ranted to the tenants, eighteen in number, for 
 forty years ancient rent, " that they shall hold to them, 
 iind their heirs and assigns, customary estates of inheri- 
 tance, paying the ancient yearly rent, and two years' 
 ancient rent land no other fine) after change of lord by 
 death, and change of tenant by death and ahenation, 
 doing suit of court as before. Every alienation to be 
 entered at the ne.\t court, paying for the entry 12d., and 
 no more. He grants to them also all trees, woods, and 
 underwoods, on their respective tenements, with power 
 to get freestone and limestone in their several grounds, 
 or in any waste ground within the town fields or com- 
 mons, for their own use, but not to give or sell the 
 same to any other." The Thomlinsons purchased this 
 manor about the latter end of the seventeenth century. 
 It is now the property of Mrs. George Reay and her 
 sister, ]Miss Wiudowe, whose mother was one of the 
 Thomlinsons of Blencogo. The principal landowners 
 are George Di.\on, Esq. ; the trustees of the late 
 Oliver T. Windowe ; Messrs. Thomas Turtle, Jeremiah 
 Skclton, \V. W. Parkinson, Thomas H. Jackson, John 
 Barnes, William Parkin, George Wilkinson, John 
 Foster, Thomas Wood, John Rickerby ; Jlrs. Jackson, 
 and Mrs. Parrot. 
 
 Nicolson and Burn, quoting the register of Holme 
 Cnltram, inform us that "Galiene, daughter of Richard 
 de Hervi, gave to the abbey of Holme Cultram three
 
 BROMFIELD PARISH. 
 
 215 
 
 acres of arable land in the territory of Bleiicoggon, and 
 pasture for one hundred sheep, twenty-eight cows, one 
 bull, and two horses, for the maintenance of the infirm 
 poor; and Jliirjoria, daughter of Galiene, gave to the 
 said abbey of Holme Cultram two bovatcs of land iu 
 Blencoggon, unto which her son Robert quitted claim. 
 And Adam, son of Dolphin de Langrigg, give half an 
 acre of ar.iblc land to the said abbey, iu the territory of 
 Blencoggon. And Henry VIII., by letters patent 
 l)eariug date July the 9th, in the 37th year of his reign 
 I L.5 1j), granted to Thomas Dalston, Esq., and Eleanor, 
 his wife, inter alia, the messuages and tenements, and 
 all the lands, meadows, pastures, and other heredita- 
 ments whatsoever, with the appurtenances, in the several 
 tenures of Christopher Martindalc, Ilichard Howe, and 
 .(ohn Messenger, in Blcncogo, late parcel of the posses- 
 sions of the abbot and convent of Holme Cultram." 
 
 Tlie village of lUencogo is four miles west-by-south 
 .if Wigton. 
 
 An excellent school, in the Early English style, was 
 built at Blcncogo in the year 18.54. at a cost of about 
 LGOii, by George Di.Kon, E-iq., of Carlisle, who has a 
 country residence here. The school, which is under 
 government inspection, is carried on at the sole expense 
 of Mr. Di.^on. It is conducted b}' a certificated master, 
 with an jussistaut mistress, and is attended by about 
 seventy children. There will probabl}' be a pupil- 
 teacher in the course of the present year (1858). 
 
 Bleucogo Hall, formerly the residence of the Thom- 
 linsons, now a farmhouse, is the property of ]\Irs. George 
 iieay. There is a good residence here belonging to 
 George Di.xon, Esq., above-mentioned; it was erected 
 liy the Ilev. Jonathan Boucher, whose daughter is now 
 .Mrs. Di.xon. 
 
 Tiio Rov. Jonathan Boucher, a divine, a political 
 writer, a general scholar, an English philologist of the 
 last century, and the writer of the best portions of 
 Hutchinson's History of Cumberland, was a native of 
 Blencogo, being born here in 1737. He died at Epsom 
 in 1804. A biographical notice of him will bo found 
 in the English Cyclopicdia, vol. i., p. 851. 
 
 DUNDli.VW. 
 
 Dundraw township contains iJ.SSS statute acres, and 
 its rateable value is £2,542 5s. Cd. In 1801 it con- 
 tained 108 inhabitants; iu 1811, '430; in 1821, 310 ; 
 in 1H31, 3;!7 ; in 1841, 3-J'J ; and iu 1851, 332. The 
 soil in this township is a deep strong loam, in a high 
 stats of cultivation. Dundraw has been surveyed, and 
 the map deposited with the clergyman of the parish. 
 
 As we iiavo seen, when speaking of Blcncogo, Dun- 
 draw manor was given by Waltheof to Odard dc Logis, 
 
 who in his turn gave it to Gilbert his sou, who, assu- 
 ming the local name, styled himself Gilbert de Dundraw. 
 This Gilbert was succeeded by his son, also of the same 
 name ; and after him, according to Denton, there was 
 a Simon de Dundraw, who lived in 1232 or 1233; but 
 we have no evidence that the latter held the manor, for 
 the four daughters and co-heirs of the second Gilbert 
 de Dundraw inherited his lands iu Dundraw, Crofton, 
 Thackthwaite, and Distingtoii. These daughters were 
 Cieeley, the wife of Jordan Clopell, who gave her part 
 by fine to William Cundall, in whose right succeeded 
 Ralph Cundall ; Matilda, the wife of William Multon, 
 who gave her part of Distiugton to Thomas, son of 
 Lambert de Multon, lord of Egremont, and her part 
 of Thackthwaite to Thomas Lucy, the son of Alice 
 and of Alan ^lulton ; Isold, the wife of Adam de Tin- 
 mouth, who sold her part of Thackthwaite to Thomas 
 Lucy, and of Distington to Thomas, son of Lambert 
 de ^Multon ; and Ada, the wife of Stephen de Crofton, 
 whose part descended by the Croftons till the time of 
 Henry IV., when it came to the Briscos, who still 
 enjoy the same in Dundraw and Crofton ; and she gave 
 her part in Distiugton to Thomas Moresby and Mar- 
 garet his wife and to the heirs of Thomas ; and her 
 part of Thackthwaite to Margaret, sister of Thomas 
 Lucy, and wife of Thomas Stanley. In 1543, Robert 
 Lamplugh held a moiety of the town of Dundraw of 
 the king as of liis manor of Wigton, by knights' ser- 
 vice, rendering for the same Gs. 8d. coruage, lOd. sea- 
 wake, puture of the serjeauts, witnessman, and suit of 
 court from three weeks to three weeks ; and Robert 
 Brisco held the other half by like services. In April, 
 1578, " John Brisco, Francis Lamplugh, and Anthony 
 Barwis, Esqs., held the town and manor of Dundraw, 
 saving certain of the lord's land there, and eertaiu 
 lands holden there by William Osmotherley aud John 
 Bleunerhasset, as after appearcth, by knights' service, 
 coruage, seawake, puture, suit of court, reuderiug per 
 annum for cornago lis. 8d., seawake Od. ut supra. 
 ^^■illiam Osmotherley holJeth a tenement there called 
 Whayrigg Hall, by knights' service, the part of u 
 knight's fee, homage, fealty, and suit of court, and 
 rendereth pei- annum. John Blenuerhassct holdetli 
 a h.amlet there called Kell Sike, sometime the land 
 of William Martindalc, by knights' service, homage, 
 fealty, suit of court, seawake, and witnessman, and 
 renders per annum two geese and 3d." The same 
 MS. further iuforms us that " the tenants of the 
 town of Dundniw ]iay yearly to the lord for cornage, 
 13s. 4d., seawake, 2s., and turnsilver, 7s. Od. : hi 
 toto per annum 22s. lOd." According to the regis- 
 ter of the abbey of Holme Cultram, i|uoteJ by
 
 216 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW - DERWENT WARD. 
 
 Nicolson nnd Burn, in their nccount of this manor, 
 Roger de Lyndebv gave with his body seven acres of 
 arable land in tho territory of Duudraw to the abbey 
 of Ilohne Cultrum, under the yearly rent of 2s. 4d. to 
 the lord of Dundraw for all services. Duudraw and the 
 two neighbouring hamlets of Wbeyrigg and Moor-row 
 are now the property of Sir Wastel Brisco, Bart. When 
 this township was enclosed by act of parliament in 1813, 
 the Earl of Egreraont claimed the royalties of this 
 manor as parcel of his barony of Wigton. The prin- 
 cipal landowners are Sir Wastel Brisco, Bart. ; Messrs. 
 John Barnes, John Watson, Rev. Thomas Dand, Wil- 
 liam Liglitlbot, John .JelTorson, John Barnes, John Tim- 
 peron, John Wood, William Ross, AVilliam Messenger, 
 Joseph Nelson, Tlinnias ^lessengcr, George Rigg, George 
 Wilkinson, John Collinson ; Mrs. Ross, Mrs. Ritson, 
 Mrs. Wood, and the Misses Pearson. 
 
 The village of Dundraw is situated about three miles 
 west of Wigton. Besides Dundraw, the township com- 
 prises the hamlets of Kelswick, or Kelsiek, formerly 
 Kelsyke, four miles west-by-north ; Moor-row, three 
 miles west ; Wayrigg, or Wbeyrigg, four miles west ; 
 and Wavcrbridge, two miles west of Wigton. Sir Was- 
 tel Brisco, Bart., holds his manor courts at Wayrigg. 
 
 LANGRIGG AND MEAI.niGO. 
 
 The area of this township is returned with that of 
 Bromfield ; its rateable value is £1,951 4s. 3id. The 
 population in isni was 198; in 1811, 51'3; in 1821, 
 l'.U: in 1831, 2()0; in 1841, 202; and in 1851, 281. 
 The township was enclosed by the act for enclosing 
 Aspatria Common, 52 George III. 
 
 The manor of Laugrigg, which was anciently de- 
 mesne of Allerdale, was given by Waltheof, lord of the 
 barony, to Dolphin, son of Aylward, with Applethwaite and 
 Brigham, whose posterity possessed it for some descents, 
 but the family became extinct in the time of Henry III. 
 It was afterwards held by a family bearing the local 
 name. In 1281, Agnes, wife of Gilbert de Langrigg, 
 demanded against John Crookdake, twenty-five acres of 
 land, fifteen acres of meadow, and 2s. 5d. rent there ; 
 and against Thomas de Langrigg, thirty acres of land 
 and fourteen acres of meadow. From the registers of 
 the abbey of Holme Cultram, we find Agnes, wife of 
 Ralph de Osmunderley, and Alice, wife of Thomas de 
 Xiaithes, daughters and heirs of Thomas de Langrigg. 
 In the year 1365, John de Bromfield and Thomas de 
 Lowther held lands in Langrigg, rendering for the same 
 6s. 8d. cornage, and 7d. seawake, being of the yearly 
 value of i£5. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the 
 Porters were possessed of the manor, and the Osmun- 
 derleys, or Osmotherleys, of the demesne. It appears 
 
 that the latter had then been a considerable time in pos- 
 session. William Osmunderly, of Langrigg, was sheriff 
 of Cumberland in the reign of Henry IV., and in the 
 preceding reign the same person, or a person of the 
 same name, was one of the knights of the shire. From 
 an inquisition taken in 1578, we learn that the free- 
 holders at that period were as follow: — "Thomas Hul- 
 ton, Esq., in the right of his wife holdeth certain lands 
 in liangrigg, Lite Christopher Martindale, by homage, 
 fealty, suit of court, from three weeks to three weeks, 
 and rendereth. AVilliam Osraotherley, gent, holdeth 
 certain lands at Langrigg aforesaid, late the lands of 
 Richard Osraotherley, by like services, and rendereth. 
 The same William holdeth there a tenement, called 
 Langrigg Hall, by like services, and rendereth per 
 annum. Robert Barwis, gent., holdeth there the third 
 part of the lands of the said Clement Skelton. and ren- 
 dereth per annum. Anthony Brisco. gent., holdeth there 
 another third part of the lands of the said Clement Skel- 
 ton, and rendereth per annum. Adam Lathes holdeth 
 there another third part of the said Clement's lands, 
 and rendereth per annum. The whole town of Lang- 
 rigg aforesaid paieth yearly to the lord at the feasts of 
 St. Martin and Pentecost, for cornage 6s. 6d., seawake, 
 8d., for turnsilver, 3s. lOd. in toto lis. Od. Adam 
 Lathes holdeth at Langrigg aforesaid, two tenements by 
 like services, and rendereth per annum. Id." By au 
 inquisition, postmortem, of Cuthbert Osmunderley, 4th 
 Oct. 41 Elizabeth (]5!I9|, it appears that at that date 
 the Porters held the manor and old rent, and the Os- 
 munderleys the demesne and six tenements. This 
 Cuthbert Osmunderly, first mentioned, in addition to 
 his other possessions, died seised of six tenements in 
 AVheyrigg, one in Moorrow, one in Blencogo, two in 
 Bewaldeth, one in Armathwaite, six in Oughter- 
 side, four in Meldrigg, seven in AVaverton, and four in 
 Southwaite. At a subsequent period the Porters sold 
 the manor to the Osmuuderleys, the last of which 
 family, the Rev. Salkeld Osmunderley, sold the manor 
 and demesne, in 1735, to Thomas Barwis, Esq., in 
 whose family they still continue ; AA'illiam Barwis, 
 Esq,, of Langrigg Hall, being the present lord. The 
 abbey of Holme Cultram had possessions in Langrigg, 
 which, after the suppression of the monastic institutions, 
 were granted (amongst others), to Thomas Dalston, 
 Esq. The present landowners of the township are 
 Hugh J. Percy, Esq. ; Messrs. John Younghusband, 
 John AVilkinson, Benjamin Barwis, the trustees of the 
 late Joseph Miller, the trustees of the late W. Rudd, 
 John Barnes, John Stamper, John Barnes, John Car- 
 ruthers, John Pearson, Isaac Glaister; Mrs. Barwis, 
 Mrs. Pearson, and Mrs. Clarke.
 
 WKST newtox ecclesiasticai, disteict. 
 
 217 
 
 Tlio village of Langrigg consists of several good 
 liouses, plcasautly situated on a long ridge of land, 
 pointing eastward from Bromfield, sL\ and a half miles 
 west- by -south of Wigton. Here is a tile manufactory, 
 carried on by Mr. J. liucock. On Laugrigg Bank is a 
 flour mill, worked alternately by water and steam. 
 
 Langrigg Hall, a commodious mansion, occupying a 
 delightful situation, a littlo north of the village, is the 
 residence of Mrs. Barwis, widow of the' late John 
 Barwis, Esq. 
 
 gartojs of ^"aiigrlgg l^all. 
 
 This family was originally of Dcarham, which estate they 
 acquireil at an early period, by marriage with the heiress. The 
 senior line merged into tho family of Lauiplugh. A branch, 
 settled at Isle Kirk, iu Westward, hocame extinct about the latter 
 end of the seventeenth century, tho co-heiresses man-ying into 
 the Fetherstonhangh and Kirkley families. 
 
 TuoMAs Bahwis, Ksq., married Klizabeth Osmotherley, a 
 descendant of a family wliieh had settled in the parish of Brom- 
 field, Ump. Edward I., and had purchased Langrigg in the reign 
 
 of Richard II., and by her, with three daughters, and another 
 son, was father of 
 
 JoHX RAnwis, Esq., of f.angrigg, whn married Elizabeth Brisco, 
 and had Thomas, John, William, and Elizabeth. The third son, 
 
 William Barwis, M.D., of Devizes, boru '.; jih June, 1740, married 
 Sai'ah, daughter of tlie late Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart., of Brayton, and 
 by.her (who died lOtli October, 1805), left at liis decease, November 
 29th, 1701, a sou, 
 
 John Bakwi.s, Esq., J.P., of Langrigg Hall, bom 18th August, 
 1770, married, Slst August, 1S18, Franc.:s, youngest daughter of tUe 
 Eev. John Gutcli, JI.A., registrar of the University of Oxford, and 
 had issue, 
 
 William Cuthbeut, present representative. 
 
 Thomas Osmotherley, iiorn IJth April, Is-.;.?. 
 
 Sarah Janf, married, "th November, 18o0, to the Rev. Charles 
 
 Frederick Booker. 
 Elizabeth Fanny, died unmarried, 1315. 
 
 On the demise of Jlr. Barwis, he was succeded by his son, 
 
 The Rev. William CirnnEBx Barwis, M.A., incumbent of Christ 
 Cliurch, Leeds, born l.Jth July, ISil; married 3id Januarj-, 1800, 
 JIiuT, youngest daugliter of the late Benjamin Ilogton, Esq., of 
 Wallham Abbey, Essex, and has a daughter, \my. 
 
 Arms — .\rg., a chevron, between three boars' heads, couped, sa., 
 muzzled, or. 
 
 Crest — A bear muzzled. 
 
 Motto — Bear aud Forbear. 
 
 WEST NEWTON ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICT. 
 
 The Ecclesiastical District of AVest Newton is bounded on tho north by St. Cuthbert's parish, Holme Cultram ; on 
 the west by AUonby ; on the south by Aspatria ; aud on tho east by Langiigg. It comprises the township of West 
 Newton, and ilcalrigg, part of Langrigg and Moalrigg township ; as tho parish of Bromfield is now to be divided 
 into three, West Newton will shortly be constituted a separate aud distinct parish, under Lord Blandford's Act. 
 
 W^EST NEWTON. 
 
 The area of this township is returned with that of 
 Allonby ; its rateable value is £2,066 12s. lOd. Its 
 population in ISOl was returned with that of Allonby; 
 in isil, it was Q':!3 ; in 18-21, 300 ; in 1831, 322 ; iu 
 18-41, 335 ; and in 18.M, 317. The inhabitants, who 
 are entirely engaged in agricultural pursuits, reside 
 principally in the village of West Newton, some of 
 them however reside in the hamlets of Howrigg and 
 Yearn Gill, or Urn Gill, and a few scattered houses. 
 Although the houses generally arc very clean, yet tho 
 people have not been remarkable either for good morals 
 or for keeping their village in commendable order. 
 This was owing, in a great measure, to the want of reli- 
 gious and secular education. Within the past year, 
 however, this want has been supplied, and there is 
 already a marked improvement. The soil here is gene- 
 rally fertile. Cockermouth, A\'igton, and Maryport, 
 are the markets usually attondcd. 
 
 The m.mor of West Newton was given by Alan, second 
 Lord of Allcrdalo, to Odard do Wigton, who gave it to 
 Kotel, his fourth son, father of Adam do Ncwtou, who 
 
 23 
 
 first took that name. This Adam was succeeded by his 
 brother Ricbard, who gave lauds at Newtou to the 
 abbey of Holme Cidtram, which grant was confirmed 
 by Adam dc Newton, his son. This Adam had a son, 
 Richard, who also confirmed the grant of his grand- 
 father. Richard had a son, Thomas, who in his turn 
 had a son, Thomas, whose daughter and heir became 
 tho wife of Roger ]Martindale, aud brought West Newton 
 to that family, who continued to possess it for four or 
 five generations, until the family ended in daughters. 
 Amongst the knights' fees in Cumberland, in 1513, it 
 appears that Cuthbert Rjidclitfe, John Blennerhasset, 
 Anthony Barker, Richard Dacre, and Humphrey Dacre, 
 in tho right of their wives, daughters, and heirs of James 
 Martindale, co-parceners, held jointly and undivided tho 
 manor of Newton-upou-the-Sea, with the appurten-inccs 
 and tho vill of Newton, of the king, in capilc, by knights' 
 service, cornago 13s. Id., scawakc, and suit of court. 
 Tiiey also hold tho manor of Ormcsby : with lands and 
 tenements in Langrigg, Bromfield, Moalrigg, Crook- 
 dake, Kelsyke, and Lounthwaite, by like services. After 
 the pai-titiou of the esUUes, Ncwtou came to tho
 
 318 
 
 AT.LKRDAT.E - BKT.OW - DERWENT WARD. 
 
 Musgraves, by the marriage fas it appears) of one of the 
 co-heirs of Martiiuhilo, after the death of hor iirst 1ms- 
 band ; for Denton, wlio was contemporary, says, — 
 " Newton in Allerdale is now the inheritance of Edward 
 Musgrave, second son to William and his wife, one of 
 the co-heirs of ]Martiiid;ile, last of that name, lord of 
 Newton." Eleanor, daughter and heiress of Sir Richard 
 Musgrave Hylton, Bart., brought West Newton in mar- 
 riage to William Jolille, Esq , M.P., from wliom it has 
 descended to its present owner, Charles JolitTe, Esq., 
 who succeeded Ilylton Jolifife, Esq. 'The landowners, 
 besides the lord of the manor, who owns above 1,000 
 acres, are, John Richmond, John Todd, John Richard- 
 son. Mrs. Worsley, William Cape, J. Wilson, ili^s 
 Aglionby, and the trustees of the late Joseph Wise. The 
 lands are held here by customary tenure, subject to a 
 fine of two years' rent on the death of the lord, or change 
 of tenant ; the remainder is freehold. The lord holds a 
 court annually. The castle stood at the west end of the 
 village, but the ruins have now entirely disappeared, and 
 a little hillock in the centre of a grazing field alone 
 marks the site. 
 
 Aspatria common was divided by act of parliament 
 in ]8'21, and a portion of it assigned to West Newton. 
 The landowners of the township purchased their tithes 
 more than 100 years ago. 
 
 The village of West Newton is pleasantly situated at 
 the junction of two small rivulets, three and a half miles 
 cast-by-north of AUonby, and eight miles north-east of 
 Maryport, and west-by-south of Wigton. The small 
 streams just mentioned run through the village, and 
 though useful are certainly not ornamental, though they 
 might easily be made so. 
 
 THE CHCRCn. 
 
 The want of church accommodation had long been 
 felt in the parish of Bromfield, and Mrs. Barwis, of 
 Langrigg Hall, undertook some time ago to raise sub- 
 scriptions towards building and endowing a church, and 
 great praise is due to that lady for the strenuous efforts 
 she made for that purpose. There seemed, however, 
 little likelihood of raising the sum required until Jolm 
 Todd, Esq., of Manchester, a native of West Newton, 
 came nobly forward and offered to build, at his own cost, 
 a church, parsonage, school, and teacher's house. Such 
 an offer was not to be refused, and Mrs. Barwis readily 
 consented to invest for an endowment the sum she had 
 collected, which amounted to £2, .3 00. Besides build- 
 ing the above, which cost £3,000, Mr. Todd also gave 
 £500 towEirds the endowment. He is also a large con- 
 tributor towards the stipend of the incumbent" and 
 
 the schoolmaster, and at his death intends endowing 
 both church and school. This is an example worthy 
 the imitation of our merchant princes, and is a substan- 
 tial proof that I\[r. Todd has not forgotten his native 
 village, which he left more than thirty years ago. 
 
 West Newton Church, dedicated to St. Matthew, was 
 erected in 1857. It is a neat structure, in the Early 
 English style, consisting of nave and chancel, and pos- 
 sesses four beautifully-stiiinod windows, by Wailes, of 
 Newcastle. That in the east end of the chancel con- 
 tains a representation of the Crucifi.vion, Resurrection, 
 and Ascension, with the symbols of the four Evange- 
 lists ; the west window, erected by Mrs. Barwis, in 
 memory of her daughter, has for its subject, St. Mat- 
 thew and St. Barnabas ; tlie third, on the north side of 
 the cliancel. The Woman Anointing the Feet of Jesus ; 
 the fourth, on the south side of the chancel, Mary sit- 
 ting at the feet of Jesus. With regard to the internal 
 fittings of the church, there is no country church in the 
 county that can be compared with it, — everything is 
 good, useful, and beautiful. The cost of erection was 
 about £1,000. All the i-ites of the English Church are 
 performed here. The church is endowed with £2,300 ; 
 the value of the living is about £ 1 00 a-year. With the 
 joint consent of the Rev. C. H. Wybcrgh, vicar of 
 Bromfield, John Todd. Esq., and Mrs. Barwis, of Lang- 
 rigg Hall, the right of nominating the incumbent was 
 conveyed to the Bishop of Carlisle. The Rev. John 
 Bone is the first and present incumbent. 
 
 The Parsonage, a neat building in the Early English 
 style, is situated at the west end of the village. It was 
 erected in 1858, at a cost of about £1,000. 
 
 A good school and master's house were erected 
 in 1858. They are situated near the clmrch, and 
 are in the same style of architecture. The school 
 is under government inspection, and supported by the 
 children's pence and John Todd, Esq., by whom it was 
 built, at a cost of £1,000. 
 
 Howrigg and Yearn Gill, or Urn Gill, are two ham- 
 lets in this township, both within a short distance of 
 West Newton, and may almost be considered a part 
 of it. 
 
 Warwick Hall is situated a little to the south-west of 
 tlie village ; it is occupied by Mr. Richard Jackson, 
 the principal tenant of the lord of the manor. 
 
 John Todd, Esq., son of Joseph Todd, Esq., left his 
 native village more than thirty years ago, and went to 
 M.anchester, where he became a very influential mer- 
 chant, aud to his honour has now become a liberal 
 benefactor to his native place.
 
 ALLONBY CHAPELr.V. 
 
 219 
 
 ALLOXBY CHAPELRY. 
 
 Allonby Chapelrt, which is uow (October, 1838,) about to be constituted a separate and distinct parish, is 
 bounded on the north by the parish of Holme St. Cuthbert and the Ecclesiastical District of West Newton, on 
 the west by the Solway Frith, and on the south an4 east by the townships of Ilayton and Melay in Aspatria parish. 
 This chapelry comprises the township of Allouby, which is united with that of West Newton for the support 
 of the poor, &c. 
 
 without issue, the manor and other possessions were 
 left in trust for the two daughters of his brother Wil- 
 liam, who lived in Ireland. The eldest daughter mar- 
 ried Captain Samuel Wyndowe, and the younger Robert 
 Swann, Esq. On a partition of their possessions, 
 Samuel Wyndowe, Esq., became lord of the manor. 
 He was succeeded by his son, Oliver Thomlinsou 
 Wyndowe, Esq., who died in London ; and the manor 
 is now held by Jlrs. George Reay and her sister. 
 
 Ormesby, in this parish, was anciently a small manor 
 held by the lords of Dearham, who gave lands out of 
 Ormesby to the abbey of Holme Cultram. The manor 
 passed from the lords of Dearham to the Martiudales, 
 lords of West Newton, with whom it continued till the 
 demise of James Martindale, when it was divided among 
 his daughtei's. One part, containing Melay, Crook- 
 hurst, and other lands, called Ormesby lands, became 
 joined to the manor of Allonby, being the jointure of 
 Janet Martindale, wife of John Blennerhasset. The 
 other part, containing Melay Uill and Bowseale, with 
 other lands, became the property of William Musgrave, 
 Esq., of Hay ton Castle, who married Isabella, one of 
 the five daughters of James ilartindale above-men- 
 tioned. An inquisition taken in the 20th year of the 
 reign of Queen Elizabeth (1578), informs us that 
 " William Musgrave, Esq., holdeth three parts of five 
 parts of the manor of Ormesby, late the lands of George 
 Martindale, by homage, fealtie, and suit of court, from 
 three weeks to three weeks, and payeth yearly for 
 cornage, seawakc, and foe-farm, at y^ feasts of St. 
 Martin and Ponticoste, 2s. 5d. John Blennerhasset 
 holdeth one part of five parts of the manor aforesaid by 
 like services, and payeth for cornage, seawake, and fce- 
 furm. 9id. John KadclilT holdeth another part of the 
 said five parts of the manor aforesaid, by like service, 
 and payeth for cornage, seawake, and ftefariu, Uid.' 
 < )ruiesliy manor has since passed with the luanoi-s of 
 Allonby and Uayton. 
 
 The principal landowners arc Messrs. William Wil- 
 liamsou, Thomas Williamson, William Beeby, John 
 Saul, John Osborne, Peter Nicholsou, Thomas Bouch ; 
 Jlrs. Bragg, and Mrs. Dickinson. 
 
 The village or town of Allonby is situated on tho 
 coast, five miles north-uortU-east of Muryport, and com- 
 mands a fine view of Uie Solwav and the Scottish coast 
 
 ALLONBY. 
 
 The area of the township of Allonby, inclusive of 
 that of West Newton, is 1,7",I4 acres, and its rateable 
 value £'1,020. Its population in 1801, with that of 
 West Newton, was 726 ; in 1811, Allouby alone, <5.55 ; 
 in 182], 709; in 1831, 783; in 1841, 811; and in 
 1851, 74'J ; who are all collected in the village of 
 Allonby. The principal employment of the people is 
 agriculture ; a few are engaged as fishermen or boat- 
 men ; and there ni"e also a few handloom weavers, 
 working principally for a firm at Wigtou. The inha- 
 bitants chiefly attend Maryport market; a few, how- 
 ever, go to Wigton. The soil here is sandy, some 
 loamy, and in parts there is a mi.Ked quality, resting 
 chielly on a clayey subsoil. There are two red free- 
 stone quarries, one on tho property of Charles Joliffe, 
 Es<i., and the other on that of General Wyndham ; 
 both of which are worked by Mr. Henry Graves, of 
 Aspatria. 
 
 The manor of Allonby, or Alanby, is said to have 
 received its name from Alan, second lord of /Ulendale, 
 " who being a melancholic man, was pleased with the 
 lovely situation of the place, and the rather as it was 
 near the abbey of Holme, which he had undertaken to 
 rebuild." This Alan is stated by Nicolson and Bum to 
 have given Allonby " to some of his kindred, who took 
 their name therefrom, and were called Do Alanby." 
 There appears to have been a John de Alanby, and an 
 Edward de Alanby, and these are the only members 
 of the family with whose names we are acquainted. 
 In the reign of Edward 111. a De Lacy occurs as 
 proprietor. SooJi after this the male line of the 
 Alanbys appears to have failed, and a female heir 
 brought it in marriage to William de Flimbv. From 
 the Flimbys the mnnor passed in a similar manner to 
 the Blenuerhassets. John Blcnnerhossett, Esq., of 
 Carlisle, lord of Allonby, having married Janet, one of 
 the live daughters of James Martindale, lord of New- 
 ton, the latter family continued to hold Allonby till the 
 year 1700, wlien they sold it to William Thomlinsou of 
 Blencogo Hall, who in 1701 or 1702 sold the lands in 
 -Mlonby to tho tenants, reserving a small quit-reut. 
 This gentleman was succeeded by his son William 
 Thomlinson, and the male lino failed in John Thom- 
 linsou, Esq., of Brisco Hdl, Carlisle, who, dying
 
 220 
 
 ALLERDALE- BELOW- DER\raNT WARD. 
 
 au(l mountain'?, among which Criffcl stands conspicuous. 
 The town, which contains some good houses, has a neat 
 appearance, is much resorted to for sea-bathing, for 
 which it is well adapted, the sands being smooth and 
 firm, and the inclination of the beach to the sea so gradual 
 that bathing may be easily enjoyed at all times of the 
 tide. The herring-fishery here, at some seasons, is veiy 
 productive ; but, at others, the shoals of this fish, after 
 remaining in the channel ton years, are said to leave tho 
 coast, and after an absence for the same length of time, 
 to return again. AUonby contains a hotel, several 
 good inns, besides capacious boarding and lodging- 
 houses. Baths were erected in lSo5, and in the same 
 building are news and assembly rooms. A meat and 
 vegetable market is held here every Saturday. 
 
 THE CHTTRCH. 
 
 Allonby Church or Chapel, called " Christ Church," 
 was erected and originally endowed by Dr. Thomliuson, 
 vicar of Xewcastlc-on-Tyne, and canon of St. Paul's, 
 London,' in 1744, but was rebuilt by subscription about 
 eleven years ago. It is a cruciform structure, and 
 probably one of the worst specimens of cliurchwardens' 
 architecture to be found in the county. It will accom- 
 modate about 400 perions. There is a splendid mural 
 tablet to the late Captain Joseph HudJart, F.K.S., 
 
 * The foUowmj letter of Dr. Thomliuson, gives an nccouut of the 
 foundation of .^lonby Church, anil is iut»*resting from the aecount 
 which tijewritergivesof himself and his various chariliibic works: — 
 
 My good Lord, — Your judicious and learned labours are so ser- 
 viceable to all impartial aud tmbiassed readers, and your advices 
 upon emergent difficulties are so useful to your friends, that I, who 
 have tasted of both, cannot but earnestly wish tliat tliis may Ond you 
 in as perfect health, as I enjoy, wlio am advanced within a few 
 months of 7(i. I have been eight years blind, imd by the blessing of 
 God, am not only easy and contented, but cheerful and as well dis- 
 posed as ever to works of piety and charity, in which, for five years 
 past, I have bestowed more than the neat produce of my living, pre- 
 bend, &c. I go nowhere but to the house of God, which, when I 
 entered in 1712, was in u sorry condition, covered over with green 
 mould, but is now beautiful and adorned, with three galleries, two 
 of my erection, for the benefit of my charity school ; a handsome 
 chance!, with elegant waiuscoat, aud sash windows; and Oie comnui- 
 nion table and pulpit enriched with such ornaments es no country 
 church I know of can e.\cel or equal them. I delight to be present 
 on prayer days, aud especially on Sundays, when we have constantly 
 full congregations ; and at monthly sacraments, when I always con- 
 secrate the elements, and give the bread. When I drew near to tlie 
 common term of man's hfe, my mind was frequently filled with un 
 common apprehensions of the uncertainty of life, the first importance 
 of charity, of laying up treasure in heaven, and the awful and endur- 
 ing speech of the Great Judge to the sheep on his right hand, and the 
 day of judgment, which then inspired me with a rcsolntion to devote 
 the income of my spu-itual preferments, to the finishing such chari- 
 ties as I had then in view, and to act the wise merchant, who, before 
 he removes to a foreign coimtry, sends his effects before him. That 
 ■wise resolution, which moved me as a divine impulse, produced the 
 building of two charity schools, one here, and the other, for fifty 
 children, at Bellingham, in the parish of Simonbnrn, which is com- 
 puted twenty-four miles in length, and twenty in breadth, besides 
 
 one of the Elder brethren of the Trinity House, and a 
 distinguished navigator, who was born in the village. 
 It is of white marble, and was executed by Fontano, of 
 Carrara, and cost ,£500. The incumbent is a perpetual 
 curate or vicar, presented by the vicar of Bromlield, in 
 right of his vicarage. Allonby will shortly be made a 
 distinct parisli, under the provisions of Lord Blandford's 
 act. Tho tithes are at present paid to the mother 
 church of Bromfield. The founder of the chapel. Dr. 
 Thomliuson above-mentioned, endowed it with i'200, 
 which, with £200 obtained from Queen Anne's Bounty, 
 were vested in a rent-charge to be paid out of an estate 
 in Abbey Holme. The living subsequently received 
 another augmentation, which was expended in purchase 
 of laud at Carlisle ; it is now worth about £90 a year. 
 
 Inci'Meents. — Thomas Wilson, ; John Cowan, ; 
 
 William Graliam, II.A., ; Gilfrid HarUey, M.A., 182'2, ; 
 
 James Carter, 1850 ; John Eitson, M.A., Itjijl ; J. Pousonhy 
 Steel, M.A., 1858. 
 
 There is a parsonage house. 
 
 The Society of Friends and the Independents have 
 each a place of worship in this village. 
 
 Allonby School is a plain stone building, rebuilt in 
 1S37, on the site of the old school, adjacent to the 
 church. It is endowed with some land purchased with 
 .£100 left in 1753 by Mrs. Thomliuson, relict of Dr. 
 
 the library at Newcastle, of which your Lordship had a particular 
 account in 1S41. 1 mention these, my Lord, not by way of vanity, 
 for I disclaim all merit, and do know that in lae there is nothing I 
 can call my own, but the abuse of mercies, my follies, failings, and 
 imperfections : if there be anything in me that is good, it is from 
 God, to which I owe all my good thoughts and dispositions, and my 
 very abilities to do good, for I was the youngest of ten children, and 
 God's providence was mine inheritjince. This, my Lord, I presume 
 to offer as the best apology I can make, for niy neglect in your Lord- 
 ship's cathedral, where fur many years I have been an unworthy 
 member, and I hope you will be so favourable as to conclude that, 
 though I cannot labour in the vineyard, as I did now fifty years, 
 before the loss of sight, yet 1 am now not altogether useless and un- 
 profitable. A half a year ago, when I liad erected three small 
 monnments and memorials of my gratitude to tlie Divine bounty, 
 and had mtended to put an end to my public charities, I met witli 
 such a melancholy account of the want of a chapel at .Mlonby, in 
 Cumberland, as engaged me in building one there, with a school 
 annexed, which will he finished this week, of which I will give a full 
 account to your Lordship. Allonby is situated on the bonks of the 
 Solway Frith, ten miles west of Wigton, where, in 17JI, 1 put six 
 clergjnnen's widows into a college of matrons, whose statutes your 
 Lordship was pleased to revise. There, a year or two after, I built a 
 school, witli a dwelling-house for the master, one fabric of ashlar work, 
 with hewn door-ease, windows, and rustic coins, twelve yards long; 
 that is accounted a handsome building; but tliis which I have built 
 here, two years ago, exceeds it in size and beauty. I beg your 
 Lordship's piu:don for trespassing so long upon yom' patience, aud 
 remain, my good Lord, 
 
 Your most obedient and obliged 
 Humble Servant, 
 
 EOEEBT TUOMLINSOS, 
 
 Rector of Whickhain. 
 To the Right Rev. Edmund Lord Bishop of London.
 
 CALDBECK PARISH. 
 
 221 
 
 Tliomliuson, and now producing about £'7 10s. per 
 annum, for \Yhieh ten free scholars are taugbt by the 
 master. The number of chikhvn in attendance is 
 about forty. 
 
 The British School was erected by subscription in 
 1810. It possesses an endowment of J£:50 a year, 
 
 arising from the proceeds of a sum of money invested 
 in the Darlington railway, by Thomas Richardson, Esq., 
 of Stamford Hill, near London, who transferred it to 
 the use of this school, the master and mistress of which 
 receive £ib each, or an equal share of the profits. 
 
 CALDBECK PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Caldbcck is bounded on the north by the parishes of Westward, Bolton, and Sebergham ; on the west 
 by Bassenthwaite, Uldalo, and Ireby ; on the south by Bassenthwaite and Skiddaw ; and on the east by Castle 
 Sowerby and Grcystoke parishes.' Its area is 2-1,280 statute acres, of which about 12,000 are commons and fells, 
 which afford good pasturage to numerous flocks of sheep, and abound with vai-ious kinds of game. The lands seem 
 to rise by a gentle ascent from the vale of the Caldew up to the mountains. The soil near Caldbeck and Hesket is 
 fertile, but the western part of the enclosed land is cold and heavy. The minerals found in this parish are lead, 
 copper, coal, and limestone — there is an almost boundless variety of the former; and while the surrounding rocks 
 attract the eye of the geologist, few districts of a similar extent contribute more to the pleasure and curiosity of the 
 toui-ist, and the cabinet of the mineralogist. The parish is divided into the townships of Low Caldbeck, High Cald- 
 beck, Caldbeck llaltcliff, Mosedale, and Swincside. The inhabitants attend the Wigton, Carlisle, and Penrith markets. 
 They reside in several small villages, but the majority are dispersed in single houses for agricultural purposes, and are 
 engaged in agriculture and mining. The rateable vdue of the whole parish is £0,073 per annum. It is evident a 
 Roman road has passed through the parish from the station near Papcastle to another near Plumptou. Entering 
 the parish at the boundary near Uldale, it proceeded over the common to Pikeless Gate, thence by Wath to Hesket 
 Xewmarkct, along the road now called Street, and from Hesket to Millhouse, in the parish of Castle Sowerby, in the 
 direction of the station Pctriana. The commons belonging to the various townships in this parish are not enclosed, 
 and contain by admeasurement 12,033 acres. 
 
 LOW CALDBECK. 
 
 The population of Low Caldbeck township in ISOl 
 was 505 ; in 181 1, 035 ; in 1821, 720 ; in 1831, 738 ; 
 in 18 11, 010 ; and in 1851, 083. Its rateable value is 
 J£2,014 lis. 8d. 
 
 The m.inor of Caldbeck is divided into two divisions, 
 called Caldbeck Upperton, or Uppertown, being that 
 part which lies near the church ; and Caldbeck-under- 
 Fell, the part near the mountains. The whole lordbliip 
 or manor was held by the lords of Allordale, till the 
 si.vth Earl of Northumberland gave it to Henry YIIL, 
 who granted Caldbcck TIppertown to Thomas Dalston, 
 Esq., and Caldbcck-undcr-Fcll to Thomas, Lord Whar- 
 ton, the latter of whom soon became possessed of the 
 whole, having purchased Jlr. Dnlston's moiety. From 
 a survey taken in 1.j37 we learn the following par- 
 ticidars relating to Caldbeck: — "The heirs of Henry 
 
 Denton hold four messuages of the barony of .jVllcrdale, 
 and other lands and tenements in Caldbeck Upton 
 and Caldbeck-imder-Fell, by cornage, homage, &c., ren- 
 dering per annum 7s. Od. Philip, Lord Wharton, 
 holdeth Caldbcck-under-Fcll, being of the ancient pos- 
 sessions of the said earl, and of the yearly value of i.'20, 
 granted amongst other things by Henry, late Earl of 
 Xortlmmiierland, uncle of the earl that now is, to one 
 Thomas Wharton, controller of his household, to him 
 and to his heirs male, paying therefore yearly i'20. 
 The same Lord Wharton holdeth Caldbeck Upton, being 
 of ancient possessions of the said carl, and of the yearly 
 value of £8 10s. 4d., purchased of the said late King 
 Henry VIII., by one Thomas Dalston, to be holden of 
 the king by knight's service, viz., the — part of a 
 knight's fee, and by the yearly rent of 30s. Sid., of 
 which lands and tenements the said Thomas Dalston 
 
 > The boumUr}' line commences nenr llie clmrcli, nnil extends norlhwarils along liowlcn Beck to (lie angle of ibo ronil to Carlisle, from tlience 
 In a strni^lit line to 'rhciriitliwuiie Gilltiond, ilicn to near FuKls, anil from ilienoo Iv Tlioniey Stone to Piu Gill, then to riplio Will, from ilienca 
 In (irccuttli Well, near (Jliliile, tlion to a stone chair near Bngray Gale, then to a sloue calleJ Fallen Gruel, then to a cintler bed near Longlunds, 
 ilicncc to a Ipomiiliiry stone uiljoining the river IMlin, from thence to a stone miir Copiwck, Oicnce to the road and enclosed lands to I'ash nnd 
 I'aiidlcsieve hog, and to Dead Heck fool, and to the river Caldew at Scot's I'old, and along llie river Ciildew to Micklcbcck, near Hesket Ilcll, 
 and along Micklehcck to the commcucemeut near the church.
 
 222 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW - DEUWEN'T WARD. 
 
 infeoffed Thomas, Lord Wharton, grandfather to the 
 said Philip, Lord Wharton, by the rents and services to 
 the said Earl of Northumberland due, 30s. 8Jd." Tlie 
 followiug are the free tenants in Caldbeck Uppertown 
 and Caldbeck-under-Fell at the period of the survey : — 
 "The heirs of Edward Blennerhasset holdeth there two 
 messuages, twenty acres of laud, with appurtenances, 
 by knight's service, viz., for comage, homage, fealtie, 
 and suit of court of Allerdalo, and render 2s. 'id. The 
 heirs of John Sleawright hold there one tenement and 
 eight acres of land, by like services, and render Cd. 
 The heirs of Eobert Warcop hold certain lauds there by 
 like services, and render Is. The dean and chapter of 
 Carlisle hold there certain lauds called Sharelauds, by 
 like services, and render per annum Is. The heirs of 
 Robert Yaux hold there certain lands, by like services, 
 and render Is. The heirs of Robert Priestman hold there 
 certain lands called Wardflat, by hke seiTice, and render 
 6d. The heirs of William Eaglesfield hold there certain 
 lands, late the lands of John Caldbeck, by like services, 
 and render Is. The touants and inhabitants of the 
 said town of Caldbeck pay to the lord yearly, for 
 comage, 20s.; for seawake, 2s. Id.; in toto, 22s. Id." 
 The entire manor continued to be held by the Wharton 
 family till the famous Duke Philip, whom Pope calls 
 " the scorn and wonder of our days," and who was the 
 last of the family, was obliged to alienate this and other 
 estates to four trustees, for the payment of his debts. 
 Being sold by the trustees to Charles, Duke of Somerset, 
 it became again united to the barony of Allerdale, and 
 has descended with that barony to General Wyndham, 
 who is now lord of tlie soil ; but the minerals, which had 
 been reserved to the crown, now belong to the Earl of 
 Pomfret ; Sir George William Denys, Bart. : and Sir- 
 Francis Shuckburgh, Bart. The landowners in this 
 township are Jackson (iillbanks, Esq.; William Jen- 
 nings, Esq. ; John Jennings, Esq.; Lieut.-col. Wilson ; 
 George G. Mounsey, Esq. ; Messrs. Richard Hanison, 
 Joseph Scott, John Smith, and Thomas James, with 
 several small owners and resident yeomen. 
 
 The village of Caldbeck is situated in this township, 
 at the nonh-easteru extremity of the parish, near the 
 confluence of the CalJew and the Caldbeck, one and a 
 half miles north-west of Hesket Newmarket, and seven 
 miles south-south-east of Wigton. Weaving, bobbin- 
 making, fulling, and other manufactures, are carried on 
 here. The origin of this village is said to have been as 
 follows : — " Long after the Conquest this parish was a 
 wild forest and desolate waste, and, being crossed by a 
 high-road which extended from Westmoreland to the 
 western co.ist of Cumberland, it lay under the imputa- 
 tion of being the resort of dangerous outlaws, who fre- 
 
 quently assailed travellers. To prevent this as much as 
 possible, Ranulph Engaync, chief forester of Inglewood, 
 granted a license to the Prior of Carlisle to build an 
 hospital here, for the purpose of entertaining travellers 
 and protecting such as were benighted from the hands 
 of prowling freebooters. On this giant the prior enclosed 
 some portions in the environs of the hospital, when soon 
 afterwards a church was erected, around which a village 
 quickly rose, and tlie parish of Caldbeck was called into 
 existence. The hospital was dissolved about the time 
 of King John, and the church endowed with its lauds, 
 which have since been designated the manor of Kirk- 
 land." King John was at Caldbeck on the SOtli June, 
 121S. 
 
 TUE CHUBCn. 
 
 Caldbeck Church is a very ancient fabric, dedicated 
 to St. llungo, or St. Kentigem, the tutelar saint of the 
 north, and is supposed to have been erected in the year 
 1112. It coi;sists of a nave, two side aisles, and chancel. 
 Gospatric, son of Orme, granted the patronage of the 
 rectory to the priors of Carlisle, which grant was con- 
 firmed by William de Vesey, and Burga his wife, and 
 dame Alice Romiley, lady of Allerdale, and also by the 
 kings Henry L and Edward IL About the year 1223 
 Prior Bartholomew granted the advowsou to the bishop 
 of Carlisle, and his successors have since enjoyed the 
 same, but not without question, for in 12G7, Ciceley, 
 Countess of Albermarle, eldest daughter of William Fitz 
 Duncan, is said to have claimed it, but we are not in- 
 formed upon what her claim was grounded. It is added, 
 however, that upon a qiiare impedit, the bishop recovered 
 the right of collation to the church of Caldbeck. Tho 
 benefice is a rectory, valued in the King's Book at 
 £15 3s. Od., and returned in 1845 as of the annual 
 value of .£130 ; it is now worth £1S0 per annum. The 
 Bishop of Carlisle is patron. The tithes have been 
 commuted for £315, and there are nearly 200 acres of 
 glebe. The church has this year (18.j8) been lighted 
 and heated with gas. The parish register commences 
 for baptisms, April 10th, 1640 ; marriages, April 17th, 
 1031 ; burials, June 2nd, 1628. 
 
 Rectors. — John Franceys, ; Alan, ; Kobert de 
 
 HalgbtoD, 1312; Adam de Appleby, ; Robert de Bramley, 
 
 133i; Peter Galiciano, 13-3i; Nicholas de Whitrigg, 1335; 
 WUliam de RagenhUl, 1302 ; Thomas de Salkeld, 13C0 ; 
 
 Thomas del Hall, 1379 ; Hagh Sewell, ; Thomas Fairfax, 
 
 ' 1383 ; Fredei-ick Tunstall, lOiO; Richard Hutton, 1(157 ; Arthur 
 Savage, IC(i3; Jeffrey Wybergh, 1700; John Waugh, 1727; 
 Pynson Wilmot, 17C5 ; Browne Grisdale, 1789 ; James Lynn, 
 1813 ; James Thwaytes. 1855. 
 
 There is an e.xcellent rectoiy house, of large dimen- 
 sions. The eutrance hall, which is sixteen feet wide
 
 CALDBECK PARISH. 
 
 22£ 
 
 by thirty-two feet long, is supposed to be the old hall of 
 the ancient hospital of Caldbeck. 
 
 The places of worship in the parish, in addition to 
 the church, arc a Methodist chaprl at Hesket ; a 
 Friends' mectinf»-house at Caldbeck High, another near 
 Hesket, and another at Mosedale. The Quakers do not 
 now meet in these chapels, having become absorbed 
 by the church. 
 
 The school is a neat stone building, in the Eliza- 
 bethan style, erected in 1851, by John Jennings, Esq., 
 of Fell Side, at a cost of £300. It is supported by 
 qnarter-pence and private subscriptions. About 100 
 children are educated here. 
 
 CHAHITIES. 
 
 School. — In a terrier of this parish, dated November 
 10th, 1749, it is stated that there is belonging to the 
 parish of Caldbeck a school stock, which was raised by 
 voluntary contribution in the year 1047, as (it is stated) 
 would further appear by an ancient book kept for that 
 purpose. The principal stock at that time is stated to 
 be ,t'll)3, thou lodged in the hands of the most sub- 
 stantial inhabitants of the parish, for which they paid 
 the schoolmaster interest at lOd. in the pound. It is 
 also added that by one of the articles agreed upon at the 
 fii'st endowment, the contributors to the said stock, and 
 their lineal descendants enjoying the estates of the first 
 contributors, should be free to the school ; but that, for 
 the encouragement of the school, in case any of the 
 estates should be sold, neither the seller nor buyer 
 should thereafter be free. The Charity Commissioners 
 state that " A great part of the sum of .€103 above- 
 mentioned is said to have been lost long ago, by the 
 failure of a family of the name of Scott ; and all that 
 is now known to remain is the sum of i47 ICs. This 
 money was in the hands of six different persons, all of 
 whom, for several years, paid interest for their several 
 proportions, at lOd. in the pound, to the Rev. Joseph 
 Eogerson, who was schoolmaster for twenty-five years. 
 Mr. Rogerson has now left Caldbeck five or si.\ years, 
 since which time no interest has been paid." They go 
 on to state that they " suggested to the pei-sons in 
 whoso hands the money remains, the propriety of paying 
 in the principal with arrears of interest, in order that 
 the oliject of the original sub-cription may, a.s far as 
 possible, bo fulfilled." The following inscription was 
 over the door of the school: — " E.v dono lloberti Vnux. 
 de lirownrigge, a.d. 16s8;" but nothing more could be • 
 learnt of its foundation. 
 
 Poor Slock. — By a terrier dated in 1710, it appears 
 there was a poor slock of I'30 (of which 1'15 had been 
 left by Cuthbert Brown in 1(505), which was placed out 
 by the overseers, and the interest divided amongst the 
 
 poor with the money collected at the sacrament. On 
 examining the overseer's book, it was found that in 
 1771 the sum of £1 2s. 6d. was received as the interest 
 of £'30 poor stock, but no interest has been received for 
 a great number of years. It appears probable that the 
 principal sum was expended in building a poor-house; 
 and it is stated to have been so disposed of in returns 
 made to parliament in 1780. The rector has a book 
 containing an account of the distribution of the sacra- 
 ment money for upwards of a century, by reference to 
 which it appears that the principal money of several 
 legacies left to the poor have been from time to time 
 disposed of. A legacy of £40 left by John Lamb is 
 stated in the returns of 1786 to have been distributed 
 by the overseers in ) 754. On examining the church- 
 wardens' accounts, it appears that Cd. a year has been 
 paid by the family of Nicholson of Hesket, for at least 
 a century, for a property called JIarshall Lauds. These 
 lands are held by the Nicholsons of the dean and chapter 
 of Carlisle at a small rent, and Od. is paid also yearly to 
 the churchwardens of Caldbeck, when called for, but it 
 has not been demanded since 1803. In the return of 
 1786 this was stated to be for the poor, but we could 
 not discover the origin or object of the payment. 
 
 Eci: Arthur Savage's Charity. — By will, dated Jst 
 November, 1606, the Rev. Arthur Savage gave to the 
 parish of Caldbeck £50, for the binding out poor men's 
 children apprentices, which £50 he directed to be paid 
 by £5 yearly for ten years ; and that the £5 so paid 
 should be disposed yearly, with the advice of the rector 
 and the churchwardens, to that use only and no other. 
 This sum of £50 was paid by the executor to some of 
 the principal inhabitants, and is now secured upon tlie 
 tolls of the turnpike road between Penrith and Carlisle, 
 the sum of 40s. being paid as interest. Tiiis charity is 
 not disposed of in apprentice fees, but is distnluited in 
 sums of 4s. or us. to poor children when bound out by 
 the parish. An account of the distribution has been 
 regularly entered from 17'^5 to 1818 ; but since that 
 period the interest has not been paid, no application 
 having been made for it. It seems by the terms of the 
 testator's will that he intended this legacy of £50 should 
 be disposed of in ten apprentice fees, witliiii ten years 
 after his death ; the principal, however, has not been 
 disfiosed of, but still n'lnaiiis as a jicrmanent fund. 
 
 Lord Whiirloii's Bible Charity. — The parish of Cald- 
 beck is entitled to twenty Bibles from Lord Wharton's 
 charity. The Bibles are regularly received and distri- 
 buted by the clergyman amongst tlie poor of the parish. 
 
 Simpson's Charily. — By will, dated v!-th August, 
 1781, I^bert Simpson left the sum of 45s. yearly to 
 purchase eight Common Prayer Books at 2s. 6d. each,
 
 aa4 
 
 ALLKRDALK - BE LOW . DERWENT WARD. 
 
 to be given yearly to eight poor children of Caldbcck 
 parish, and the remaining pai't of the money for buying 
 religious books, or small tracts distributed by the Society 
 for Promoting Christian Knowledge, for the use of the 
 children of the poor of CalJbeck ; all which said books 
 should not exceed the value of IDs.; and the remaining 
 5s. he directed should be spent in a collatiou for the 
 trustees when they should meet yearly. This sum of 
 43s. is regularly paid by the owner of the Fauld's 
 estate, -which is subject to this payment. A regular 
 account is kept of the distribution, by which it appears 
 that eight Prayer Books annually, and other books, to 
 the amount in the whole of 40s., are given away in the 
 manner directed by the testator. 
 
 Bell's Gifl.— John Bell, by will, left ;eiO, the interest 
 to be distributed to the poor widows of Caldbeck who do 
 not receive parochial relief. The first distribution was 
 made in January, 1810. The interest, amounting to 
 £1 13s. 4d., is distributed in the church by the rector, 
 yearly, about midsummer, amongst the poor widows 
 properly qualified to receive it. 
 
 Brownrigg, long the seat of a family of the name of 
 "Vaux, is a hamlet in this township, as is also Ratten 
 Row, at the latter of which the rector of the parish has 
 a small manor, called the manor of Kirklaud, the 
 tenants of which pay £7 1 Ts. 4d. customary fines, and, 
 on alienation, an arbitrary fine, but on the change of a 
 tenant by death, only a God's penny, and on the death 
 of a lord nothing. At Piatten Row there is a chapel, a 
 small stone building erected in ] 83:2 by the Indepen- 
 dents. At Whelpo is a Friends' meeting-house, erected 
 in ] 698, attached to which is a burial ground. 
 
 A library was established in the parish in 1810, 
 which contains about 300 volumes, and is supported 
 by annual subscriptions of t\\o shillings per member. 
 
 HIGH CAI.DBECK. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £1,017 4s. lid. 
 The number of its inhabitants in 1801 was 239 ; in 
 1811, 267; in 1821, 272; in 1831, 207; in 1841, 
 282 ; and in 1851, 308. Tile making is carried on 
 here. The landowners are Thomas Jennings, Esq. ; 
 John Jennings, Esq.; Colonel Benson ; Samuel IMerr}-- 
 weather, Esq. ; Messrs. John Scott, Thomas Hudson, 
 and Joseph Jackson, with several small owners and 
 resident j-eomen. 
 
 This township contains the hamlets of Branthwaite, 
 Fell-Side, Hudscales,' Greenrigg, and Nether Row, with 
 
 iHudscales has been deriveil from Old Norse bud, a liide, and 
 stall, a wooden but or log house. The first may have reference to 
 the skins of mid beasts laid over the roof as shelter, or nailed on the 
 side3 as trophies. 
 
 some scattered dwellings extending from one to three 
 miles west and west-by-south of Hesket Newmarket, 
 being bounded on the south by Caldbeck Fells. 
 
 Greenrigg is a small village, or hamlet, about three 
 and a half miles west-by-south of Hesket Newmarket. 
 It formerly belonged to the 3Iusgraves of Crookdake, 
 who were long a considerable family, holding several 
 offices of great trust under the Earl of Northumber- 
 land, from whom, it seems, they obtained several grants 
 of sundry parcels of waste ground, all of which they con- 
 verted into tenancies. Sir John Ballantinc, who mar- 
 ried Anne, the eldest daughter and co-heir of William 
 Musgrave, Esq., sold these tenancies also to Lord 
 'Wharton, from whose trustees they passed by purchase 
 to the Duke of Somerset, and are now held by General 
 'Wyndham. 
 
 CALDBECK HALTCLIFF. 
 
 The rateable value of this to\nisliip is £2,093 10s. 8J. 
 In 1801 it contained 497 inhabitants ; in 1811, 534 ; in 
 1821, 590; in 1831,573; in 1841,507; and in 1851, 
 617. The landowners are Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart. ; 
 Jackson Gillbanks, Esq.; John Jennings, Esq.; Wil- 
 liam Irving, Esq. ; Rev. J. Hudson ; Messrs Robert 
 Priestmau, Isaac Harper, Joseph Nicholson, J. Young- 
 husband, William Robinson, William Hamilton, John 
 Greenup, Thomas Oklmau, C. Hudson, Thomas Rich- 
 ardson, Jolm Williamson, Joseph Scott, and others. In 
 this township is a field called Fell Lodge, near CaiTock 
 Fell, which is said to be the first enclosure made in 
 Caldbeck parish for the purpose of catching the deer 
 before the general use of guns. 
 
 Haltcliff Hall, in this township, is a very ancient 
 structure, several inscriptions about which denote that 
 it was for a long period the residence of the Bewleys, 
 some of whom were knights of the shire, temp. Richard 
 II., Henry IV., and Henry V.' The elder branch of 
 this family became extinct in the reign of Charles I., 
 when the heiress married one of the Lawson family. 
 The Messrs. Lysons state that they were not able to 
 ascertain the aims of the Bewleys of Hesk^.'t ; but a 
 year or two since the present owner of Haltcliff Hall, 
 in pulling down a dry wall, lound different armorial 
 bearings, which formed a perfect shield, many of the 
 quarterings being identical with those borne by the 
 tilled family of Boileau - (in the south of England) ; so 
 there can be no doubt that these families have had the 
 
 1 See page 73. 
 
 -The arras of Sir .lohn Peter Boileau, Bart., of Tacolnestoue Hall, 
 Norfolk, are az., a tower, triple towered, masoned, sa.; in base, a 
 crescent. The crest : a pelican in lier piety, ppr., charged on the 
 breast with a saltier, couped, ga., the nest resting on a coronet. The 
 motto : De tout mon ccEur.
 
 CALDBECK PARISH. 
 
 225 
 
 same origin. The Cumberland Bewleys have been 
 Quakers since the time of George Fox, who resided 
 with them at Woodhall, in this parish. Haltcliff Hali 
 has for some time belonged to Jackson Gillbanks, Esq., 
 of Whitefield, who has a krge estate here ; it is now 
 occupied as a farm-house. 
 
 The manor of Hesket, containing l.'iO acres, in the 
 tomiship of Haltcliff, is a mense manor, within that of 
 General Wyndham. The heiress of William BeauJy, 
 or Bewley, Esq., whose ancestors possessed it for many 
 generations, brought it, iti the reign of Charles T., to 
 the Lawsons, and it is now held by Sir Wilfrid Lawsou, 
 Bart. Hesket Hall, the manor-house, built by Sir 
 Wilfrid Lawsou, the first baronet, is a singular struc- 
 ture, with twelve angles so contrived that the shadows 
 give the hour of the day; the roof is circular, the chim- 
 neys running up in the centre. It is now occupied as 
 a farm-house. 
 
 Hesket Newmarket is a small but neat market-town in 
 this township, situated in a quiet spot among the moun- 
 tains, near Caldbeck Fell, and upon the banks of the 
 Caldow, thirteen miles south-west from Carlisle, and 
 fourteen north-north-west of Penrith. Its name is sup- 
 ix>sed to be a corruption arising out of the rapid pro- 
 nunciation of East Cote or E:ist Gate ; both this town 
 and that of Hesket-in-thc-Forest having, perhaps, for- 
 merly been the eastern inlets into the forest, on which 
 they are respectively joined. The market, which was 
 held on Friday, is ni-arly obsolete, or at least of little 
 consequence ; but cattle-fairs are held here on the first 
 Friday in May, and every alternate Friday till Whit- 
 suntide ; and for sheep and cattle, on the last Thursday 
 in August, and the second Thursday in October. 
 
 Howbeck forms the southern suburb of Hesket, aud 
 possesses a school, which has an endowment of £.3 
 a year left by the late Ifr. Richardson, to be paid out 
 of liis estate at Wliam, for the education of the poor 
 children of the parish. The school was erected by 
 subscription, and it has an average attendance of fifty 
 children. 
 
 IlaltclifT village is about half a mile south of Hesket. 
 There is another school here, a plain stone building, 
 with master's house attached, erected by subscription 
 in 1831. It is supported by quarter-pence, and has 
 an average attendance of twenty. 
 
 In a freehold estate at Gillfoot, about three-quarters 
 of a mile south of Hesket Newmarket, there seems to 
 have been a Druid's grove, consisting of two parallel 
 rows of large oak trees, e.\teuding 150 yards in 
 lenglli, and the rows twelve yards distant. In a level 
 field, at the middlo of the two rows, was a barrow of 
 stones. The trees were cut down and the barrow 
 
 removed in the year 1794, when, beneath the barrow, 
 several places where human bones had been burnt and 
 deposited, were discovered, as also numerous pieces of 
 flint and stone beads, and a stone battle-axe. 
 
 Here is a Wesleyan chapel, a small stone building, 
 erected by subscription in 1839, at a cost of £134. 
 At Gillfoot is a Friends' meeting-house, erected in 
 1729. At one period this body had a place of worship at 
 Woodhall, in this township, the remains of which are 
 yet visible. Woodhall, the property of John Jennings, 
 Esq., was formerly the seat of the Bewley family. 
 
 There is a corn-mill in this township. 
 
 MOSEDALK AND SWINESIDE. 
 
 The hamlets of Mosedale and Swineside, and Stone 
 End pay tithes to the rector of Caldbeck, but support 
 their own poor, who are sent to the Penrith Union 
 Workhouse. JMosedale is looked upon by the inhabi- 
 tants as an independent township aud is said to belong 
 to Leath Ward; but the Census Commissioners, thougli 
 they return it as a separate township since 1841, 
 return it with Allerdale-below-Derwent AVard, Its 
 estimated area is about 301 acres, and its rateable 
 value £189 Is. The population in 1841, was 58 ; and 
 in 1851, .59. 
 
 The manor of'Mosedale and Swineside, containing 
 .about 3.50 acres of enclosed land, belonged anciently 
 to the baronial family of Dacre, and passed by female 
 heirs, with the title, to the families of Fiennes and 
 Lennard ; it was sold by the co-heiress of Thomas, Earl 
 of Sussex, to Sir Christopher ilusgrave, Bart., of Eden 
 Hall, and by him to Edward Hassell of D;ilemain, 
 ancestor of E. M. Hassell, Esq., the present proprie- 
 tor. This manor is stated to have been the place where 
 the Dacres, barons of Greystock, kept their deer and 
 wild swine ; but it was afterwards divided into ten- 
 ancies. The landownera are John Jennings, Esq., 
 Messrs. Joseph Wilson, Isaac Hunter, John Wilkinson, 
 Thomas Martin, the trustees of liluugrisdale School, 
 Mrs. Hesket, John Nicholson, and Jane Mitchell. 
 
 The village of Mosedale is situated near the Ciddew, 
 four miles south of Hesket. Here is a meeting-house 
 belonging to the Society of Friends, with burial ground 
 attached, erected, or, as some say, rebuilt and enlarged, 
 in 170'4. The meeting-house is now used but seldom, 
 as tlie Friends meet at ilr. Pearson's house in Bow- 
 scalos village, a short distance from Mosedale. Swine- 
 side lies about a mile to the west About a mile from 
 the latter place, is a mine in which several kinds of 
 minerals have been found. It was worked in 18-54 aud 
 1855, but is now (1858) standing. 
 
 Caldbeck Fells, including the lofty mountains of
 
 226 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW- DERWENT WARD. 
 
 Carrock Fell, High Pike, Brae Fell, Cald Fell, Noon 
 Fell, mid several smaller eminences, form an extensive 
 Alpine region, comprising the greater part of the 
 parish. At the meeting of the British Association iu 
 Dublin, a paper on the geology of Caldbeck Fells, and 
 the lower sedimentary rocks of Cumberland, was road 
 by Professor Harkness. The district alluded to in this 
 communication forms the northern portion of the 
 mountainous area of the lake district of Cumberland. 
 Caldbeck Fells, including the eastern extremity of 
 Carrock Fell, consist of masses of a plutouic and an 
 igneous nature. On the southern slopes of these hills 
 there is seen Skiddaw slate, whicli generally has a south 
 dip; and this Sldddaw slate, as it approximates the 
 granite of Skiddaw Forest, passes into chiastolite slate, 
 chiastolite rock, and a pseudo-gneiss. On the south 
 side of the granite area the same phenomena occur, 
 hut on this side hornblende rook and actiuolitc rock 
 also appear. In the metamorphic rocks, and likewise 
 in the ordinary Skiddaw slates which succeed them in 
 position, the strike of the strata is nearly east and 
 west ; and the general arrangement of the strata seems 
 rather to indicate that the Plutonic masses of Caldbeck 
 Fells form the axis of the group, rather than the 
 granite of Skiddaw Forest. With respect to the 
 unaltered rocks of the Skiddaw district, these have 
 been referred by Professor Sedgwick to three groups — 
 black Skiddaw slate, grits seen in the masses of Grass- 
 moor, and grey Skiddaw slate containing fossils described 
 in the Palieozoic fossils of the AVoodwardian Museum. 
 The upper grey slates are the deposits which have 
 hitherto afforded organic remains. Last year the 
 author obtained traces of worms from the black Skid- 
 daw slate, the lowest member of the unaltered series, at 
 Bralkeld, and from a communication which the author 
 had recently from Professor Sedgsvick, it would appear 
 that in these low strata graptolites have been lately 
 obtained by ilr. J. Euthveu. With regard to the litho- 
 logical nature of these Skiddaw rocks, it would seem 
 that there is a considerable change according to locality. 
 Westward grey slates, with intercalated grits, obtain on 
 the line of the strike of the black Skiddaw slates, leading 
 to the inference that the coarser beds supply the place 
 of the finer black slates on the eastern margin of the 
 area. 
 
 The lofty mountains of Caldbeck Fells are traversed 
 with numerous veins of lead and copper ore, producing 
 mineral specimens in great variety. It is on record 
 that Lord Wharton was the first mining adventurer in 
 this locality (being lord of the manor), at or near Brandy 
 <iill, in the sixteenth century, and it is supposed that 
 Pioughtengill and Silvergill mines were opened about 
 
 the same time. Driggeth mine was opened by iVfr. 
 How in 179(1, who wrought it by shallow shafts and day 
 levels, and a kind of water engine, to the depth of 
 twenty-five fathoms. He also erected, on the old prin- 
 ciple, small smelting works, near Carrock Beck, the 
 buildings of which still remain. After he loft the mine 
 it stood idle for sonu' time, but was again opened in 
 Iblii, and worked until 1822, by Messrs. Richardson. 
 Lowrey, and oth(?rs, who erected a crushing mill to 
 reduce the ore to a proper size for washing and smelting. 
 During the time this company leased the mine, they 
 employed from thirty to forty pickmen, and it is said 
 they raised .OOO bings, or 200 tons, of ore, for a period 
 of five years successively, and that every ton of ore made 
 twelve hundredweight of lead, or sixty per cent, and 
 that every ton of lead, when refined, produced from 
 forty-five to fifty, and even as high as sixty-two, ounces 
 of silver to the ton of lead. But the experience of late 
 years shows these figures to be incoiTect, for the same 
 vein is producing now the same Isind of ore, and, by the 
 improved mode of washing and refining, the ore is 
 brought to seventy-five and seventy-eight per cent, of 
 lead, and from twenty-five to thirty ounces of silver, to 
 the ton of lead, a pretty good proof that the lead was 
 burnt away in smeltuig, thus causing a serious loss to 
 lessees and lessors, whilst the silver, being less fusible 
 than the lead, remained in the lead that was left. T. 
 Pi. G. Braddyll, Esq., of Cooishead Priory, bought the 
 mine in 1822, and drove up the present sandbed level, 
 working the mine at a considerable loss till about 
 1834, when John Barrett, Esq., took and worked it four 
 years, after which Messrs. Dickinson and Co. worked 
 it till 1849, when Messrs. Brocklebank and Jeffrey, 
 the present owners, took and commenced to work it in 
 July of the same year, under the management of William 
 Jeffrey, Esq. A more efficient mode of working was 
 now introduced, and by great perseverance both under 
 and above ground (for the machinery is all now erected 
 and of a ditTerent kind to any in the country before), 
 the mine has got its name raised, if not to a good divi- 
 dend paying mine, to one that pays as it goes. It was 
 at this mine that Zeuner's rotating bridJle was first 
 erected, and it was found to be so etficieut for washing 
 stamped ores that there has since been two more erected 
 by the same company. During eight years ending 
 December, 1857, there were raised 1,950 tons of lead 
 and copper ore, which is close upon an average of 250 per 
 annum, duty at one-tenth included. Employment has 
 been given to thirty-five men and fifteen boys, on an 
 average. The mine is worked by day levels to tlie depth 
 of si.xty fethoms, and a new level now in course of 
 driving will come up thirty fathoms deeper still, and to
 
 CA.LDBECK PARISH. 
 
 227 
 
 extend these levels under the summit of the hill, it 
 would bo at least '^OO fathoms deep. Driggeth mine is 
 situated on the east side of High Pike, which here is 
 composed of a light coloured clay slate. It is singular 
 that all over the hill is a great number of large blocks of 
 granite, some of which are at least a hundred tons in 
 weight. The nearest granite being Cnrrock, which is 
 two miles to the south-east, and between which and High 
 Pike there is a deep valley. 
 
 Roughtongill mine, as above-mentioned, is supposed 
 to have been opened in the sixteenth century, and is 
 now held under lease from Earl Pomfret. About the 
 time that Mr. Braddyll commenced the working of the 
 Uriggeth mine, a company of working miners and others 
 took up Rougbtengill and Silvergill mines, which had 
 lieeu unnoticed for some time, and after a struggle 
 of eight years a deeper level becoming necessary 
 to win the mines, many members of the company 
 wore obliged to sell their shares to others who pos- 
 sessed more capital. The late Thomas Dickinson, 
 Es(]., of Alston, who pureliasod one-fourth of the mine, 
 having taken an active part in forwarding the work, a 
 level thirty fathoms deeper was effected, to the extent 
 of ."iOO fathoms, and a crushing-mill and other apparatus 
 for washing the ores were erected. During the ten 
 yeare ending 18-15, Rougbtengill mine produced 4,000 
 tons of lead and copper ore, and the company divided 
 upwards of £'J,000 profit, after paying all expenses, with 
 dues at one-seventh included. Their successors have 
 driven up a deeper level still, half a mile iu length, and 
 .•it a depth of 200 yards from the surface, and have 
 erected smeltworks with de-silverisinft and rofinin" 
 apparatus complete, and are now raising large quantities 
 of lead and copper ores. This mine affords employ- 
 inent to about seventy men and boys, and produces 
 annually from 500 to OOi) tons of ore. It is worked by 
 levels driven into the mountain more than half a mile 
 in length, and upwards of 100 fathoms deep. The 
 lodes or veins, which run nearly east and west, are 
 of great strength and width, and produce a greater 
 variety of ores than most mines of the same description. 
 The greatest produce is silver load, but the copper found 
 is very rich, assaying sometimes as raucli as forty per 
 cent. The average earnings of tlie men is about three 
 shillings a day — farm-labourers, two shillings and si.'C- 
 pence. 
 
 There are severtl other mines that have raised lead 
 and copper ores, which have only been worked to a very 
 hmited extent, the dues then being one-seventh ; now 
 
 the dues are one -tenth only, nearly one-thiid less.' 
 The mines here are generally let upon lease, at a stipu- 
 lated duty (at present one-tenth) paid in ore in the raw- 
 state, in money, or iu smelted lead. It is the opinion 
 of practical men that these dues are too high, and that if 
 more liberal encouragement were given to the enter- 
 prising spirit of the present day, so that the various 
 improvements which the science of modern times has 
 introduced into mining operations could be made use of, 
 this manor would yield an increase of royalty hitherto 
 unattaiued, together with greater remunerating profits 
 to the adventurer, and abundance of work to the mining 
 population. 
 
 Carrock Fell lies wholly in this parish. It is one of 
 the flanks of that mountain group of which Skiddaw 
 forms the crown, and is upwards of -2,000 feet iu height, 
 showing a double -pointed summit, on which a space 
 appears to have been once enclosed by a wall. The 
 front of the mountain is strewed with immense masses 
 of rock, and " rivers of debris," which encroach on the 
 way below. 
 
 About half a mile west from the parish church, in a 
 wild and romantic situation, is that striking curiosity 
 the Howk — a deep waterfall in the bed of the river, 
 over which is a natural bridge of limestone rock. 
 Under this bridge the stream rushes with great impetu- 
 osity, and dashing along over rugged rocks, it empties 
 itself into a basin boihng in whirling eddies, covered 
 with foam. The intertwining branches of oak, ash, and 
 hazel, intercepting the sun's rays, throw a dense gloom 
 over the recess, even at noonday ; whilst the long dark 
 weeds and matted grass hang over the wave-worn rock 
 in rich festoons, interlaced with bright green ferns. On 
 one side is a deep excavation called the Faiiy's Kettle, 
 the receptacle, in time of floods, of another cascade that 
 falls about twenty yards down perpendicular rocks : a 
 little to the right of which is a cavern eighteen yards 
 long, called the Fairy Kirk, in which the noise of the 
 cataract has an imposing effect. This and tiie Kettle, 
 which is then filled, ai-e inaccessible at liigli floods. 
 Not far from Carrock, at Ilaltcliff Bridge, the river 
 takes a subterranean passage, which it keeps for a space 
 of about four miles, when it emerges opposite to Warnell 
 Hall estate, near Sebcrgham Bridge, at a place called 
 Spouts Dub. The subterraneous course is formed almost 
 entirely of limestone rock, and, in dry summers, when 
 tlio water is low, takes in nearly the whole stream. 
 
 1 Tlie statistics of Uic lomi mid other miues of the caauty,from tlie 
 latest imblisb«(l ri.-liiriis, will be Touud at ptge 7i.
 
 228 
 
 ALLEEDALE - BELOW - DEEWENT WARD. 
 
 HOLME CULTRaM PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Holme Cultrani, wbicb, since the passing of Lord Blaudford's Act in 1836, comprises oul^- the township 
 of Holme Abbej', is homided on the north-east bj East "Waver township, on the north-west by Holme Low township, 
 on the south-west by St. Cuthbert's township, and on the south and south-oast by the parish of Bromfield. The best 
 survey that has been made of the parish is that of the tithe commission, the plans, &c., of which arc under the care 
 of the incumbent. 
 
 The manor of Holme Cultram, comprising the whole 
 of the ancient parish of Holme Cultram, was demesne 
 of Allerdale, but King Stephen having given Cumber- 
 land and the earldom of Huntingdon to Prince Henry, 
 eldest son and heir apparent of David, king of Scot- 
 land, Henry, in the year 1150, gave two parts in tbreo 
 of the Holme to the abbey, and the remaining third to 
 Alan, son of Waltbeof, for his hunting there, but Alan 
 at once gave his portion to the abbey, and Wdtbeof, his 
 son, consented to the grant, which was confirmed by 
 Prince Henry of Scotland, as well as by David and 
 Malcolm, kings of Scotland. Ou the death of Stephen, 
 Heni-y II. succeeded to the English throne, and re- 
 suming the grant of the county of Cumberland made 
 by his predecessor to the Scots, the community of 
 Holme Abbey acknowledged him as their founder, 
 receiving from him a grant of the whole island of 
 Holme and Raby, with timber and pasture in the 
 forest of Inglewood, which grant was confirmed by the 
 charters of his sons and successors, Richard I. and John. 
 The greater portion of the lands with which the abbey 
 became thus endowed consisted of forest, but the monks 
 soon brought some of it into cultivation, and erected 
 granges for husbandry at Raby, Mawbergb, Skinbum, 
 Culshaw, and Newton Arlosh, and turned all into tillage, 
 meadow, and pasture. They also had several privileges 
 and exemptions granted to them by the kings of this 
 realm, together with a confirmation of all former grants, 
 as particularly freedom from shires, and hundreds, 
 and wapentakes, and toll and theam, and infangthicf, 
 and assart, and waste {e.xcept in the king's forests), and 
 from regard of the forest, and escape, and amerciaments 
 and geld, and danegeld, and assizes, and seaward and 
 castlework, and tallage and cornage, and passage and 
 stallage, and scutage, and aids of sberifTs, and in 
 general all secular exaction. The charters, grants, and 
 privileges of the monastery were confirmed by the bulls 
 of several popes, Alexander III., Clement HI., Inno- 
 cent III., Gregory IV., Innocent V., and Honorious IV. 
 The manor continued to be possessed by the abbot and 
 convent of Holme Cultram till the time of the disso- 
 lution of the religious houses. From the j-ear 1540 
 until 1093 it remained in the crown. In 1572-3 there 
 •were no freeholders in the lordship. The tenants were 
 to serve in peace and war ou the borders with horso 
 and armoiu-, and to uphold the sea-dykes. Wedholm 
 
 Wood was granted to the tenants for maintenance of 
 the sea-dykes. There were salt-pans under demise by 
 indenture. The sea banks had been broken down, and 
 sixty acres of land wasted and covered with sand. 
 Newton Tower, a defence against the enemy in war, 
 was in decay, as were also four bridges. Wulstey 
 Castle mentioned below was also in decay. The inqui- 
 sition which reported these things (and a return made 
 thereto by jurors) stated that if that fortress was not 
 maintained and upheld for the defence of the eastern 
 part of the lordship in time of war, fourteen townships 
 of the yearly rent to the crown of £1'20 17s. would be 
 spoiled and destroyed by the enemy. The service 
 on the border was to be one hundred with horse and 
 armour, eighty serviceable men furnished with meaner 
 horses or nags, and footmen furnished with bows or 
 spears, besides men's sons and servants. The salt-pans 
 were washed away by the sea, and many workmen 
 drowned. Those that performed boon service had for 
 every plough for three days' work seventeen white 
 herrings and sis red herrings, a quarter of a killin, a 
 quarter of a salmon, three wheat loaves, three loaves of 
 yeoman's bread, and three gallons of ale ; for every 
 sheerbond in harvest, to every person for three days, 
 three loaves of bread, six white herrings and three 
 pints of ale : besides, at Ciiristmas, eveiy tenant and 
 his wife dined at the abbey. The manor continued in 
 the crown, and was granted as a jointure to Henrietta 
 Maria, on her mai'riage with Charles I. in 1025 ; it 
 was also granted as a jointure to Catherine of Portugal 
 on her marriage in 1002, with Charles II. In 1003 
 the manor was conveyed by grant of the crown to 
 Frances Villiers, of Middlesex, spinster, to be held in 
 free and common socage by fealty at the rate J 3s. Id. 
 per annum, under the royal manor of Greenwich. In 
 1003 the said Frances Villiers sold the manor to 
 Bartholomew Burton, Esq., of the county of Suffolk, 
 in whose family it continued till 1732, when William 
 Burton, representative of the said Bartholomew Burton, 
 sold it for £11,100 to Edward Stephenson, Esq., of 
 Barfield, in the county of Essex. In 170S John 
 Stephenson succeeded by inheritance. In 1770 Row- 
 laud Stephenson, of the city of London, succeeded by 
 will, and, in 1 788, purchased from the crown the 
 reserved annual rent of 13s. 4d. In 1790 Edward 
 Stephenson succeeded by inheritance, and seven years
 
 HOLME CULTEAM PARISH. 
 
 229 
 
 afterwards Piowland Stephenson succeeded in a similar 
 manner. In 1807 Edward Stephenson inherited the 
 manor, which he held till 1833, when Eoland Stephen- 
 son succeeded by inh'-ritance, and in the following year 
 assumed, by royal license, the name of Standish. In 
 1813 Edward Ferris Standish succeeded by inheritance; 
 and in 1845 was succeeded by llowland Edmund Walter 
 Pery Standish, Esq., of Farley Hill House. Berks, the 
 present lord of the manor. The copyhold lands are 
 held by the payment of a j'oarly fixed rent, and by 
 attendance at the manorial courts. Military service 
 was in former times required of the tenants. It is the 
 custom of the manor that if, on the demise of a tenant, 
 his lieir-at-law neglects to claim his title within twelve 
 months, tlie next person in the line of inheritance may 
 be called and declared tenant. If a tenant wishes to 
 sell or alienate a portion of the land which he holds, the 
 lord can on such severance claim five per cent on the 
 value of the land so severed. The custom of the manor 
 is tiiat there shall be three courts baron and two courts 
 Icet held within the manor each year. 
 
 There is not, and it does not appear that there ever 
 has been, a manorial seat within the township since the 
 dissolution of the abbey. One part of the ancient con- 
 ventual buildings was called the mansion or manorial 
 place, where all the rents and revenues due to the 
 monastery were formerly paid ; of this, however, there 
 arc now no certiiin remains. It may be stated that 
 there are in different localities of the parish lands 
 of very considerable extent called Accm'sed Lauds. 
 The tenants who held them in former times had, for 
 irregularities, been thus branded by the conventual 
 house, in consequence of which theso lands were de- 
 prived of the privilege of paying tithe, but were mulcted 
 in having to pay what was at the lime a larger propor- 
 tional share of lord's rent. They have ever since been 
 free from the payment of tithe. ' All the lauds of the 
 township are now enclosed, in accordance with the pro- 
 visions of an act of parliament passed in the year 1808. 
 The fields throughout tiie township are enclosed with 
 hedges of thorn, this parish not possessing the stone 
 f(;nces so common in the other portions of the northern 
 counties. From the period of the dissolution of the 
 
 > Till' mmiiicr in which the niiinastc ry tilhcil nn extensive roogc of 
 Croimil oiUlcil Acreilules was pcrulinr. These Aorednlos were 
 (liviiled into portions, — sny A, 1!, C, D. Tlie portion A was to he 
 tilled for three years, H and C during tliese ycors heing in posture, 
 rill' portion H was in tilhiRO dnrinn tlic three succeeding years, A 
 and C being in pasture. Tlicn llie portion C was to be tilled three 
 yeare, A and B in the niinnlinio remaining in pnsinre. During the 
 three respective years in which each of these portions was tilled, tithe 
 was taken only for the hitler two years, it being considered from tlio 
 imperfect cultivation that the snmll produce of the lirat year's tillage 
 would not allow the pnynient uf tithe. 
 
 abbey of Holme Cultram, the crown kept up the em- 
 bankment along the sea coast until the year 1572, 
 when the parish took charge of these embankments on 
 receiving from the crown a grant, as already stated, of 
 the woods of Wedholrae, in East Waver. 
 
 irOLME ABBEY. 
 
 The township of Holme Abbey comprises an area of 
 5,330 acres, and its rateable value is .t'4.957 10s. Gd. 
 About one-seventli part of the land, or 787 acres, is in 
 demesne. The landowners, beside the lord of the 
 manor, are the Earl of Lonsdale, Messrs. George 
 Harrison, James Losh, J. Rooke, W. Piitson, Richard 
 Jackson, and M. Grayson, all non-resident. The 
 resident landowners who cultivate their own estates 
 are Messrs. John TordifF, John Grainger, John Steel, 
 John Jackson, John Steel, William Tordiff, John 
 Steel, John Younghusband, Alfred Jefferson, William 
 Roper, Amos Hayton, Mungo Glaister, John Farlam, 
 Joseph Backhouse, and S. Johnstone. The estates 
 of the resident proprietors are generally of small 
 extent. 
 
 The population of the township in 1801 was 590 ; in 
 1811, COO; in 1821, 758; in 1831, S61 ; in 1841, 
 808 ; and in 1851, 972 ; the greater portion of whom 
 reside in the village of Abbey Town and the immediate 
 neighbourhood; about 250 reside in the various ham- 
 lets of the township, and the remainder in dispersed 
 farm-houses and cottages. The employment of the 
 people is almost entirely agricultural, and the agricul- 
 ture within the township is generally arable. There 
 has not been much inducement hitherto to direct the 
 people to other pursuits. The streams are few and 
 small, and having little fall are not adapted for applica- 
 tion as a motive power. There are no woods nor 
 quarries, nor mines of any kind, to employ labour. Tho 
 coal-field in the neighbouring parishes of Cross Canonby, 
 Aspatria. and Bolton, does undoubtedly extend iuto this 
 parish, but this coal, from the natural inchnation of tho 
 seam, is probably at a considerable depth, and no attempt 
 has ever been made to reach it. Tlie fisheries also on 
 the coast are not productive, in consequence of the largo 
 accumulation of sand in tho higher part of tho Frith, 
 and do not employ more than a, few families. The Fort 
 of Silloth, now in course of formation, may induce enter- 
 prising men to open out the coiil-field. The people are 
 remarkable for plain, blunt manners, and grave deport- 
 ment ; the first may arise from tliere never having been 
 a gentleman's family resident among them, and the 
 second may in part bo tlio result of their living and 
 working much alone. Therc is in general among them 
 a desire to raise themselves in the social scale, and so to
 
 230 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW- DEUW'ENT WARD. 
 
 have their children educatctl. Tiie yeomen are in easy 
 circumstances, and the labouring fumihcs enjoy a con- 
 siderable degree of comfort, inasmuch as the population 
 being small for the extent and fruitfulness of the land, 
 agricultural work, at all seasons of the year, at remu- 
 nerative wages, is easily obtained by tlicra. The effect 
 of which is that there is in general among them domestic 
 cleanliness, although too many of the houses are small 
 and poor, in consequence of the distance and expensive- 
 ness, in times past, of all building materials ; this, how- 
 ever, may be materially rectified, in future years, from 
 the facility of carriage hy the Silloth and Carlisle rail- 
 way, which runs through the township and has a station 
 at Abbey Town. Within the memory of persons now 
 linng, when the coutitry to the east was unenclosed and 
 without roads, the people here were obliged to go to the 
 distant market of Workington, which is upwards of 
 twenty miles from Abbey Town. In later years, 
 Wigton, six miles distant, has been their market-town, 
 on each Tuesday. Since the opening of the above- 
 named railway, many of the farmers attend the market 
 in Carlisle on each Saturday. 
 
 Tlie village of Abbey Town is situated on the cast 
 bank of the Waver, six miles west-by-north of AVigton, 
 and seventeen west of Carlisle. It had anciently a 
 market on Saturday. Two fairs are held here in the 
 year, for the sale of cattle and the hiring of servants ; 
 one of those is held on the Tuesday before Whitsuntide, 
 and the other on the 29th of October. 
 
 Tn the year ll.oO, Henry, son of David, king of 
 Scotland, being at that time Prince of Cumberland, 
 founded at Holme Cultram an abbey for monks of the 
 Cistercian Order, endowing it with two-thirds of the 
 manor of Holme Cultram, having given the other third 
 to Alan, son of Waltheof, as a chase for bunting ; this 
 third part .\lan soon afterwards gave to the abbey. 
 Some writors assert that Alan himself was the founder 
 of the abbey: but from the crown rolls of the time of 
 Edward I. the inference is drawn by other writers that 
 it was founded by Henry I., and that Alan merely 
 restored it from some injuries and increased its revenues. 
 Henry 11. becoming possessed of the county of Cum- 
 berland, by the cession of Malcolm of Scotland, took 
 the abbey into his special protection, and having con- 
 firmed the grant of Holme Cultram and other lands, 
 was recognised by the community as its chief patron 
 and benefactor. Ample revenues were afterwards given 
 to this abbey by various persons.' That the abbots 
 
 ' .\mong the benefactors of the community of Holme Cultram 
 appear the names of Antliouy de Lucy, who gave them dead wood 
 in his woods of Allerd-alf, for fuel for the abbey, and coal wood for 
 their forges within Holme Cultram, but not to have coal wood for 
 their iron mines without special license of him or his heirs. Richard 
 
 were regarded with the greatest consideration hy the 
 kings of England seems pretty certain, for in the reigns 
 of Edward I., and his son, Edward II., they enjoyed the 
 rare privilege of being summoned to parliament, and, 
 though not mitred, they received from the crown many 
 exemptions that were not enjoyed by others of their 
 rank. It was in this abbey, in the month of October, 
 1300, that King Edward I., in person, released the 
 Bishop of ( rlasgow from his imprisonment, and received 
 his allegiance with much solemnity, in the presence of 
 the Bishop of Carlisle, the abbot, and the French envoys.- 
 Wc learn from the Chronicle of ilailros that tliis abbey 
 was pillaged by the army of Alexander, the Scottish king, 
 in 1210, and again, in 1322, by Robert Bruce, notwith- 
 standing, as Harrison, the Scottish historian, observes, 
 his father's body was there interred. According to the 
 rolls of parliament in or about the year 1388, during an 
 inroad not mentioned by any of our historians, the 
 abbot and convent of Holme Cultram were obliged to 
 pay .£200 to the Earl of Douglas to save their monastery 
 from being burnt. Nothing further of importance is 
 recorded of the abbey till the year 1538, when Abbot 
 Borrowdalc surrendered it to Henry VHI. ; its revenues 
 being then valued at .C427 19s. 3d. clear yearly 
 income. Abbot Borrowdale v.as made rector of the 
 rectory tliat followed, instead of receiving a pension. 
 Browne AA'illis inforsns us that " the abbey was sur- 
 rendered by Gavin Borrowdale, the last abbot, and 
 twenty -five monks, on the 0th March, l.)l'8, soon after 
 v.hich a pension of £100 per annum was assigned to the 
 said abbot, which it is presumed was . . . ante an. 
 1553, when there remained only .£1 10s. 8d. in charge 
 for annuities, and these following pensions, viz.: — To 
 A. Richards and William Simonson, £5 each ; John 
 Idel, £i ; Robert Clement, £o ; John ... £5: 
 John Wise, £S 6s. 8d. ; Thomas Browne, £4 13s. 4d. : 
 Richard Patison, £3 Os. 8d. ; Nicholas Pingney, £4 : 
 Thomas Ireby, Richard Adamson, and William Morton, 
 £2 each ; Robert Banks, £3 6s. 8d.; WiUiam Marshall, 
 £4 13s. 4d.: Richard Wade, £5; Robert Laugton, £0." 
 After the dissolution the monastic buildings were 
 allowed to go to ruin, and a portion of the nave of the 
 abbey church, with some other remains, are all that 
 is now left of the ancient structin-e which the piety 
 of kings, and princes, and nobles endowed, and in 
 which many of the noblest of the laud found their last 
 resting-place. There is an ancient building \erj near 
 
 - Bymer, vol. ii., p. 808. 
 
 de Aluebnrgh, and William, sou of Simon Sheftling, lords of ^Une- 
 borgh.gave them a fishing at themouthof the river Alue, aud William 
 de Holdemess gave ihcm a toft and croft in .■ilueburgh. Ahce de 
 Romeley gave three acres of laud aud a quarrj- at .\spatria, with com- 
 mon of pasture for ten oxen, ten cows, one bull, aud their produce
 
 HOLME CULTRAM PARISH. 
 
 231 
 
 the parish church, now belonging to the Earl of Lons- 
 dale, aud understood to have lieea part of the residence 
 of the abbots. This building contains some architec- 
 tural details worth}' of notice, but it is much injured by 
 partial demolitions, alterations, or neglect, — or, perhaps, 
 all three combined. There are also other houses at some 
 distance from the church towards the south, \\hicli dis- 
 tinctly show in tlie windows, and archways, and general 
 masonry, that they constituted part of the conventual 
 buildings. Long parallel walls of dormitories, of wliich 
 the foundations were removed within the present ceu- 
 tur\' to be used as building materials for farm-houses, 
 indicated, moreover, the great extent of the conventual 
 buildings. These buildings were fortified against the 
 incursions of the Scots, and there is still remaining, at 
 a short distance on the north side of the site of the 
 monastery, a portion of a mound, and at its foot a 
 broad wet ditch. The present incumbent has found, 
 within the List few years, on the site of the ancient 
 abbey, several ancient monumental stones, with beau- 
 tiful and elaborate crosses in basso relievo, which are 
 carefully preserved. 
 
 THE CHCT.CH. 
 
 The parish church of Holme Cultram, like all other 
 churches of the Cistercian Order, is dedicated to the 
 
 tor two vears ; also for two iiorses anil forty sheep. GuUeiii, dangbter 
 of Ricliaril lie Hevi, gave three acres of arable land at IJlencogo, aud 
 ptxstnre for one bnudreJ sheep, twenty-eight cows, and tlieir produce 
 for two years, one bull, and two liorses, for maintenance of tlie intimi 
 poor; and Mnijorj', daughter of Galieni, gave two bovates of land 
 lliere ; and Adam, son of Dolphin de Lanrigg, half an acre. Thomas 
 lie Lossells gave pasture for their swine in the woods of Bolton, 
 except in tlie time of pannage. Adam de Harrais gave them lands 
 in Branstibet. Thomas de Drunfeld gave lands at Bromfiel^; Adam, 
 sou of Thomas de Bninfeld, gave tlic manor of Bromtield; Henry, 
 son of Thomas de Brunfeld, gave two acres of land there ; aud 
 Agnes, daughter of Adam White, gave 8ve acres of lu-able and one 
 of meadow. Hugh de Mor\ille gave the church of Burgh, out of 
 the profits of wliich wore to be found lights, wine, and nil necessaries 
 for the oniament of t!ie church of Holme Cultram, and for the 
 service of ihe altar there. He also gave to tlie community of Holme 
 Cnltram a nei at Sollebtirgh and in all other places upon £deu in 
 common with the inhabitants of Bnrgh, with room to dry their nets. 
 Uictmrd de Lucy (husband of .\du, elder daughter of Hugh dc 
 ^Ior^•ille) conlirmed the giant of the church of Burgh, a.H did idso 
 his younger daugliter .loon, wife of Richard Geriion, who olso grauted 
 to tiiem common of pasture at Burgh. After them Thomas dc 
 Multon confirmed tlie said gnint, and granted them two nets in the 
 tisherv of Eden for every ciu-ucate of land which lliey bad at Burgh ; 
 he also granted them a tofi and croft at the same place. These 
 gifts nt Burgh were conlirmed by I'ope Innocent V., who in his bull 
 allows the abbot and nionlUfof Holme C'ullram to retain the whole 
 profits thereof to their own tlse for the piiri>o»e9 of hospitality aud 
 maintenance of the poor, saving thereout a sufficiency to maiutaiu a 
 chaplain, .lohn l-'niunceys, parson of Caldbeck, wiili the conseni of 
 the Bishop of Carlisle, and of the prior and convent of the same city, 
 granted to the abbey of Iloline Cultram a moiety of an inclusure 
 called Waniel Bank, in Caldbick. which gi-vmt was confinncd by 
 Henry Ul. ; and William, son of Patrick de Caldbeck, granted ten 
 acn'S and a half nt Kskbend, in Caldbeck. Guido, a merchant and 
 burgher of Carlisle, gronlcd them a house in Uiciurdgatc in ilmt city ; 
 
 Blessed Virgin. This fine specimen of the architecture 
 of bygone ages has passed through many vicissitudes. 
 After the destruction of the monastic buildings, the 
 church, in common with the other ecclesiastical struc- 
 tures of the Idngdom, suffered at the Reformation : and 
 the parish register records that, in the year 1600, the 
 tower suddenly fell, bringing down with it the greater 
 part of the chancel. Two years later the University of 
 Cxford issued a commission for the re-building of the 
 chancel, and the work was completed by the liev. 
 Edward llandeville. The register also records another 
 misfortune of singular origin. In April, 1004, a man 
 named Harden went into the church with a live coal 
 aud a candle, to search for a chisel which his brother 
 had left ; the wind was high, and " it chanced that the 
 coal blew out of his hand into a daw's nest," which set 
 the roof on tire, and in three hours the whole edifice, 
 with the exception of the south side, was burnt to the 
 ground. Mandevillo again voluntarily re-built the 
 chancel, and the parishioners, at the command of the 
 bishop, repaired the body of the church. It now con- 
 sists of about the half of the middle portion of the nave 
 of the abbey church ; the rest of the ancient building 
 having been gradually and eflectuaUy destroyed. The 
 church in its original state was a large and lofty cruci- 
 
 and Henry, son of William, gave tliem a messuage near St. Mary's 
 Churchyard, towimls the castle, in the same city, whereiu he had 
 built two houses, to find a light at the altar for private masses. 
 Lambert de Multon gave them liberty to dig for, get, aud carry away 
 iron ore in Cupelaud, they paying for the same half a mark of silver 
 yeiu-ly. Itichard de Herez gave them the meadow gMunds between 
 Cromboo and Waver, just before the meeting of those two rivers. 
 Gilbert, sou of Gilbert de Dundraw, g.ive twenty fonr acres of land nt 
 Distiugton, and pasture there for COO sheep, seven cows, one bull, 
 two horses, and eiglit oxen ; ami Hugh de Moresby gave bL\ acres 
 of arable land there, and four of meiulow. lloger de Lyndeby gave, 
 with his body, seven acres of land at Dundrake, under a yearly rent 
 of £2 4s., payable to the Lord of Duudmke. Robert Turp gave 
 fourteen acres of land at iOdculudl, part of his demesne there. 
 William, Earl of .\lbemarle, gave an iron mine at Egremont. 
 Thomas, son of Gospatric, son of Ormc, with the assent of Alau, 
 his brotiier, gave the gi'auge of Flimby, and common of pasture at 
 Seton, Camberton, ami Kernepat ; and .Mice de Komely gave com- 
 mon of pasture on Brechlon ]\loor for the cattle of tlieir grange of 
 Flimby; and Edward I. granted them free Wiurcii at the siuue place. 
 William, sun of Orme de Ircby, gave his dwclliughouse at Gilcrux, 
 with die garden, orcluurd, and other appurtenances; and the grange 
 lliorcunto belonging, and twenty-one acres of land ; and the Abbot 
 of Colder paid to thciii yeoily half a mark for certain lauds in Gilcrux. 
 .\gnes, daughter of Adam dc Ilnrrais, gave one acre and half of a 
 perch in Harrais. Kobert de Brus gave a cajiitid messuage at 
 Hardepool ; and I'etcr le Gniunt gave bouses and lauds lliere, for 
 wliich Itobcrl It' Graunt bound himself aud his heirs by oath to pay 
 ills, yearly. King John granted to tlum the hermitage of St, Hilda, 
 with hberty for forty cows iu tlio forest of luglenuudoud their young 
 till two years old, and for a.M many horses and oxen as would be suf- 
 ficient to cultivate their lands there. Kichard, Earl SlronglHjw, 
 John de Courcy, and others, gave divers possessions in Irclaud. 
 Gospatric, son of Drnic, gave a moiety of the vill of Kelton. William 
 dc la I'erte released to them all his right in certain waste 'ground 
 nigh Kirkbride. Waltheof, sou of Gamel, son of Whelp, gave the
 
 232 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW. DERWENT AYARD. 
 
 form stnicture, consisting of nave, chancel, transepts, 
 side aisles, clerestoiy, and central tower, 180 feet liigli, 
 at the intersection of nave and transepts. Tiie lateral 
 clustered pillars and the arches, \Yhich are six in number, 
 on each side of the present church, are very chaste and 
 gi'aceful, and belong to the Early English period of 
 Gothic architecture ; the largo cast window is an elabo- 
 rate specimen of the Transition period, and the west 
 doorway is perhaps one of the purest specimens of 
 Norman architectvire in the county. Around the door 
 of the porch of the west entrance is the inscription, 
 "Robertus Chamber hoc opus fecit fieri, a.d., mdvii;" 
 on the capital of the north pillar of the same doorway 
 are sculptured the words, " Exultemus Domino Eege 
 summo qui hoc sanctificavit tabeniaculum ;" and round 
 the capital of ihc south pillar of the same are ths words, 
 " Non est aliud nisi Doraus Dei et porta ccoli ;" on the 
 north portion of the wall of the said west entrance are 
 sculptured a lion rampant and cross, the arms of the 
 monastery; and above this the arms of England as they 
 
 were emblazoned in the time of Heury VII. (France 
 and England quarterly) ; and ou the south portion of 
 the wall of the same west entrance, is sculptured a bear 
 chained to a pastoral staff and mitre, the device of 
 Robert Chamber, one of the abbots. On the north 
 part of the west wall of the church itself, is a highly 
 ornamented niche, in which formerly stood an image of 
 the Blessed Virgin, and on the south part of the same 
 is a beautiful small Gothic window. In the churchyard 
 there are the remains of a monument to the abbot, 
 Robert Chamber above-mentioned, consisting of several 
 blocks of red freestone, with vigorous and strong sculp- 
 ture in alto relievo, of an abbot surrounded by monks, 
 and which originally supported a large blue marble slab 
 now lying much broken in the midst of them, and to 
 which there must have fonnerly been afB.xed brass or 
 silver plates of the mitre and pastoral staff, Sec. In the 
 church porch there are among others one lai-ge monu- 
 mental recumbent stone, with a beautiful and elaborate 
 cross sculptured upon it, which is said to have been 
 
 lands called Tofts and Hale Bt Kiriby Tliore, also n marsli there 
 
 with two acres of the laud at the head thereof. Lawrence, son of 
 
 Robert, steward of Kenbiggin, gave all the lands called Sperstanrig, 
 
 and all liis part of the marsh between Newbiggln and them, and 
 
 common of pasture in Newbiggin Field for 360 sheep, twenty cows, 
 
 one bull, and thirty oxen. John de Vetcripont gave a farm called 
 
 ' Castle Rig, containing twenty-five and a half acres, with pasture 
 
 for 400 sheep, 20 wethers, and as many oxen, cows, and horses, as 
 
 they sliall need to till their ground at Hale, six cows, and one boar, 
 
 with furze, peats, and turbary. -Vrnold de Kirkby Thore gave two 
 
 acres in Sandslaih. Adam, son of Lyulpli, gave all the laud which 
 
 was his fjther's, in the field called Jlorland, at Kirkby Tliorc, 
 
 towards Sowerby, with three acres of arable land of his own, and the 
 
 meadows adjoining thereto in the territory of Kirkby Thore. Fulk, 
 
 and Amasia, his wife, gave two acres of land toward Warthebirth. 
 
 Robert de Broy, and Amabil, his wife, gave sixteen acres in the 
 
 territory of Kirkby Thore, with a marsh at the head thereof: Adam, 
 
 son of Waltheof de Kirkby Thore, gave five acres of arable lands iu 
 
 the territory of Kirkl>y Thore. Adam, son of Waltheof, gave one 
 
 toft and one croft iu th; viU of Kirkby Thore, and eight acres iu the 
 
 territory thereof. Gilbert, sun of .\dain de Kirkhy Thore, gave ten 
 
 acres upon Warthebergh. Amabil, daughter of Robert de Bereford, 
 
 and widow of Robert de Broy, gave all her land in Maidengalc, and 
 
 two acres at thehe.ad of that land. Hugh de Jlorville gave pasture at 
 
 Lazonby for ."SOO sheep, ten oxen, t"n cows, and their young for one 
 
 year, one bull, two horses, four acres of arable land, and nine acres 
 
 of meadow, with common of pasture in all his demesne lands there. 
 
 He also, afterwards, with his body, gave other lands there. Renald 
 
 de Carlisle gave Newby, near Carlisle, with a reservation of IO3. 
 
 yearly rent to him and his heirs. Adam, son of Ketel de Newton, 
 
 gave common of pasture for all their cattle of their grange of 
 
 Sfaiburgli, over all his land at Newton, except corn and meadow 
 
 gronni, and liberty to make a water course over his land from 
 
 Polnewton to Maiburgh- Richard, son of Ketel de Xewton, gave 
 
 eight acres of land at Newton ; and .^dam, son of Kdward de Newton, 
 
 gave two oxgangs of laud at the same place. Henry de Derham, 
 
 with consent of his wife, Maud, gave half an acre in Onnesby ; and 
 
 Christian de Derham, widow of Michael de Clifton, gave UU her 
 
 lands there. Alice, daughter of Roger, son of Gerard, gave divers 
 
 parcels of land in the territory of Sacmirdagh, with common of 
 
 pasture for eight oxen, two horses, sixty ewes, and as many goats, 
 
 with theu: young for tliree years. Walter de Eerkele, chainbeilain 
 
 of Scotland, granted to them lands in Galloway, which grant was 
 confirmed by Wilhnm, king of Scotland. Christian, bishop of Glas- 
 gow, becoming professed of the Cistercian order, and of the house 
 of Holme Cultram, gave liis body to be buried there, and therewith 
 the grange of Kirkwinny, and charges all men to protect and defend 
 the same grange, as they tender the blessing of God and of himself, 
 and threatens, if they do otherwise, they shall incur the papal excom- 
 munication, the curses of .Vlmighty God and of himself, and the 
 pains of eternal fire ; and Joscelin, bishop of Glasgow, granted to 
 them the chapel of Kirkwinny, which grant was confirmed by Pope 
 Innocent V. Robert, king of Scots, for the health of his soul, and 
 the souls of his ancestors and successors, and especially of his father, 
 whose body was interred iu th;? church of St. Mar)-, of Holme 
 Cultram, quits claim to them of an annual rent of £10, which they 
 paid oa» of their lands in Galloway. The community of Holme 
 Cultram had several other possessions in Scotland, given by private 
 persons. Edward, king of England, gave them 300 marks yearly out 
 of forfeited estates in Scotland, by his charter dated September 
 Vnh in the 30th year of his reign (lOiS). Gunild, daughter of Henry, 
 son of Arthur, Lord JliUom, in her widowhood, granted to them all 
 the lands in Lekcly or Seaton, which her father had given her in 
 mania^, and that they may have shields for their cattle in Crocherk, 
 and common of pasture within the forest, so far as tlie cattle may 
 go and return home at night. Thomas, son of Gospatric, gave eight 
 acres of land in Seton, adjoining to thirty-two acres of their own 
 there, and one net in Derwent, and one toft nigh the bank, where they 
 might abide and mauage the fishery ; and John, son of Alan de 
 Camberton, re-leased to them a pool which they had made, or should 
 make, to turn die water of Derwent, or so much thereof as should be 
 prejudicial to their fishery of Seton. Brice de Penrith gave St. 
 Swinthin's Holme, adjoining to the river l^amont, near Penrith. 
 The lands on the west side of Waverton Magna were given by Adam, 
 son of Gamel ; and other lands there iS^ Roger, son of Gilleslephen. 
 John Gemon. and Margaret, his wife, gave the clinrch of Wigton, 
 with some lanil?, on condition that the abbots and monks should 
 establish a chantry tliere, which being done, the church was soon 
 after appropriated ; Adam, son of Lambert, gave another parcel of 
 land at Wigton ; and Udard, son of Adam, another parcel, and pasture 
 for ten cows, with their young, for two years, two horses, and ten 
 sheep, with their young for one year. William, Earl of Albemarle 
 gave a forge at Whinfell, with wood for charcoal.
 
 HOLME CULTRAM PARISH. 
 
 233 
 
 placed over tlie grave of Bruce, Earl of Carrick, the 
 father of Robert Bruce, king of Scotland. Sir Waiter 
 Scott, in his Lay of the Last Minstrel, canto v., sta. 80, 
 alludes to the abbey of Holme Cultram as a place of 
 sepulture for tlio northern barons.' The church lias 
 been much injured by injudicious alterations within the 
 last hundred years, and by dilapidation and destruction 
 during the two preceding centuries ; still it is very 
 venerable, and remarkable for its good architectural 
 remains, and is quite capable of being to a certain 
 extent restored. 
 
 No other township now properly pertains to the parish 
 church, as the original parish of Holme Cultram has 
 como under the operation of the act of 1850, for the 
 formation of new parishes, by force of which the three 
 other townships of East Waver, St. Cuthbert's, and 
 Holme Low have been constituted three separate 
 parishes for ecclesiastical purposes. The incumbent 
 is vicar of Holme Cultram. His predecessors were, 
 in former times, vicars of, and oiTiciated at, Newton 
 Arlosh, in East Waver township. On the donation of 
 the conventual church and the tithes by (Jueeu Mary 
 to the University of Oxford, as mentioned hereafter, 
 the parochial services began to bo celebrated in the con- 
 ventual church at Abbey Town, as being more central, 
 and the incumbents then began to be designated vicars 
 of St. Mary's, Holme Cultram. Tho old parish church 
 of Newtoii Arlosh was built in the year 130:?, before 
 which period there was no proper and parochial church 
 in Holme Cultram, — there only existed in different 
 places small oratories or buildings for private prayer 
 and confession ; one of them existed at jNIawbray, dedi- 
 cated to St. Cuthbert ; another near the Tarns, dedica- 
 ted to St. Roque ; one at Newton Arlosh, dedicated to 
 St. John ; one near Skiuburncss ; and one near the 
 present National School at Aldoth. The monastery 
 was, moreover, accustomed at certain intervals to send 
 one of the community through the district to hoar con- 
 fessions and administer the sacraments. From the 
 time of the transfer of tho parochial services to the 
 conventual church, that at Newton Arlosh was neg- 
 lected, and subseipiently fell into decay. 
 
 Tho University of Oxford is in place of rector, and 
 possesses the impropriation, having been impropriators 
 since the death of Abbot Horrowdale, tho first and only 
 
 1 Two inscripliona nipiilioned l>y nislinp Nicolson, in 1703, na 
 sciilpUireil cm the wolls of the church, niul frnm hhn qiir>lc(I by 
 Hutchinson — the one, " Orntc pro nniniii Rubcrli Chuniber," tho 
 other, " Lftdj' doyr, siive Robert Clmnibero" — iiro not now remaining. 
 The inscriptions menlioneil in tlio text — one beginning, "Kxullcnuis 
 Domino," the oilier, "N.m est nlinil," have been to a certain extent 
 ver>- cnn'Iessly injurcil by cutting away some of tlie last letters of 
 each, to lit a modem door into the beautiful old cmiouce of llie 
 porch. 
 
 rector in the first year of Queen Mary (1553), by grant 
 from the crown. The impropriators name the vicar, 
 who must bo a graduate of O.xford. He takes no 
 specific portion of the profits, the chief part of his 
 stipend being paid by grant from the university. The 
 value of the living is about £170 a year. The value of 
 the great tithes which have been commuted is about 
 £000 a year; the small tithes, which on an average 
 may be worth about £50 a year have not been com- 
 muted. The value of the living in the King's Book is 
 £0 13s. 4d. ; it was certified to the governors of Queen 
 Anne's Bounty at £45. There is no charge upon this 
 vicarage of first fruits, tenths, synodals, or procurations. 
 The parish registers have been carefully kept from 
 1581 to 1597, then there is a blank in them to 1006, 
 from which year till 1007 they are not regularly kept; 
 but from that time to the present they seem to be 
 perfect. From a close examination and comparison 
 of the registers it appears that the population of Holme 
 Cultram must have been larger at the close of the 
 seventeenth century than it was at the close of the 
 eighteenth, due probably to the uniting of many small 
 holdings into larger farms during the intervening 
 peiiod. There are in the register books entries of 
 excommunication issued by the incumbent for tlie 
 immorality of individuals so late as the year 1750. 
 
 ViOAES. — 'William Robinson, ; George Stubb, 1564; 
 
 William Adcoclc, 1576 ; Henry Symson, 1.577 ; Christopher 
 Symson, 1578; Edward JlaudeNille, .A,.M., 1581 ; Robert Mau- 
 
 deville, A.M., 1C06; Thomas Jefferson, A.M., ; Charles 
 
 Robson, S.T.B., 1632 ; ■\Villiain Head, A.M., 16:)S ; John Hewitt, 
 A.M., 1081 ; John Holmes, A.M., ](;37 ; John Ogle, A.B., ](i04; 
 Thomas Jefl'crson, A.M., 1715; Thomas Book, A.li., 1730; 
 Jlatlhcw Kay, D.D., 17(10 ; William Pattiason,.\.M., 17Si>; John 
 Thompson, A.M., ISOO; John S.Jackson, A.M., 1S14; Robert 
 Collinson, A.M., 182-^ ; Joseph Simpson, A.M., 1812. All the 
 incumbents for the last hundred years have been resident 
 except William Pattinson, who being absent during the whole 
 of his incumbency, had for his curate William Barker. 
 
 A few years since there was but one church in the 
 large parish of Hulme Cultram, which church accom- 
 modates 810 persons. The present vicar, the Rev. 
 Jo-soph Simpson, on his appointment, was induced, 
 tlurough the known liberality of the impropriators, tlio 
 University of Oxford, to endeavour to meet the spiritual 
 and educational wants of tho district. Subscriptions 
 were immediately raised for tho erection of churches, 
 schools, &c., and on the completion of tho work, tho 
 University of Oxford and tlio Ecclesiastical Commis- 
 sioners for England conjointly endowed three new 
 churches in East Waver, St. Cuthbert's. and Holmo 
 Low, tiio particulars of which will bo found in au account 
 of these parishes at a subseqtent page.
 
 234 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW - DEBWENT WARD. 
 
 Tho vicarage, a large, substantial residence, but 
 •without pretensions to any particular style of arcbitec- 
 ture, was erected in 1817, at a cost of £J,000, towards 
 which the University of Oxford liberally contributed. 
 
 At Abbey Town the Wesleyaus have a small place of 
 worship, a neat stone building, erected in 1858. 
 
 There ai-e national schools for boys and girls, at 
 Abbey Town, erected in 1853, at a cost of £450. They 
 are in the Gothic style, and are attended by about 
 sixty-five boys and forty girls. The hamlet of Aldoth 
 also possesses a national school for children of both 
 sexes, erected in 1851, at an expense of £150, and 
 attended by about forty pupils. All these schools are 
 under government inspection, and have been hitherto 
 supported by the childreus' pence, and a few local 
 subscriptions. The University of Oxford has now made 
 to the vicar an annual grant of £30 towards the sup- 
 port of the schools of his parish. There are two assis- 
 tant teachers in the schools at Abbey Town. 
 
 This parish possesses no endowed school. Probably 
 there are few parishes so large as Holme Cultram 
 totally devoid of all endowments for education, and yet 
 there are few places in which the people are more 
 desirous of securing some education for their children. 
 They have been cast upon their own resources ; this 
 has stimulated them and made them more self-relying. 
 There is no endowed hospital or charity of any kind 
 in the parish. In former times the abbey discharged 
 the office of an alms-house to the neighbouring poor, 
 and served as an hospitium to travellers, who, if they 
 were men, were admitted for entertainment within the 
 precincts of the abbey ; if women, they were received 
 into a private and separate building without the walls, 
 which for a considerable period after the Dissolution 
 was called the " Woman's House," but it is not now 
 in existence. 
 
 A provident society was formed in Abbey Town, in 
 185 I . It is supported by subscription, and has for its 
 object the providing of warm clothing at a cheap rate 
 on the approach of winter in each year for the labouring 
 poor. 
 
 A reading room was established in 1857 at Abbey 
 Town for the use of the labouring men. A small 
 library has been formed in connection with the same, 
 and is under the care of the master of tho national 
 school. 
 
 The only village in the township is that of Abbey Town. 
 The hamlets, with their distances from Abbey Town, 
 are as follows : — Abbey Cowper, one mile west, whose 
 ancient name was Cowbyer, from the circumstance, no 
 doubt, that here the monks kept their cows. Akeshaw 
 is situated on the north bank of the Crummock Beck, 
 
 five miles south-by-west; iUdoth, three miles west-by- 
 south : Brownrigg, occupying a pleasant situation on 
 the west bank of the Waver, near its entrance into More- 
 cambo Bay, two miles north ; High Laws, two miles 
 south-west; Kingsido Hill, one mile north-west; Souther- 
 field, extending from two to three miles south ; and 
 Swinsty, a short distance south, where the monks are 
 supposed to have kept their swiue. The names of 
 these places, and of most others through the whole of 
 Holme Cultram, ai-e indicative either of the locality, 
 or the nature, or past history (however unimportant 
 generally) of each of them. 
 
 The single houses in the parish having particular 
 names are — Red Flat, Sanden House, Apple Garth, 
 Coney Grarth, Stank End, White Lea, the Hill, the 
 Bog, the jMoss, Hards, Akeshaw, Park House, King 
 Moor, &c. It may be here observed that many of the 
 houses, and more especially of the separate yeoman's 
 dwellings throughout the whole parish of Holme 
 Cultram, have been bmlt from the materials of the 
 ancient abbey ; and it is very melancholy to notice beau- 
 tiful windows, pillars, and in some cases admirable sculp- 
 tures, which have been allowed to be taken away and 
 placed in the most incongruous situations. This is 
 especially the case at Raby Cote, in East Waver, which, 
 with a large extent of land, according to a parchment 
 document still in existence, seems to have been uncere- 
 moniously conveyed by Abbot Chambers, in 1503, to 
 his brother, Robert Chambers, a la)Tnan, and to his 
 family — one evidence among others, that, in all times, 
 ecclesiastical property has been more or less subject to 
 spoliation. 
 
 Kingside Hill, in this township, is so called from a 
 tradition that Edward I., in one of his expeditions, 
 probably the last into Scotland, had a portion of his 
 force encamped upon it. The river Crummock, after 
 bounding in part the township on its south-eastern 
 border from the parish of Bromfield, joins the river 
 Waver, in its course from the east, at the east angle of 
 the township. From this point the united streams 
 forming its eastern boundaiy, run in a waving hue, 
 and north-westerly direction, into the bay of More- 
 cambe — there are only eels and flounders in these 
 rivers. The bridges in the parish are — one over the 
 Crummock, on the way from Abbey Town towards 
 Wigton, another over the Waver, on the road from 
 Abbey Town towards Newton Arlosh, and a third over 
 a rivulet on the road from Abbey Town to Brownrigg. 
 The public and ancient bridges of Holme Cultram are 
 erected and kept in repair not by the county, but by 
 the parish. There is no water mill in the townsliip ; 
 there is one steam corn-mill in Abbey Town. There
 
 HOLME ST. CUTHBERTS PARISH. 
 
 235 
 
 are several new briJges built along the Carlisle and 
 Silloth railway. 
 
 There is no noticeable old mansion within the town- 
 ship, and it does not appear that there ever was any 
 family within Holme Cultram which held rank with 
 the gentry of the county. The reason of this may be 
 that iH'foro the dissolution of tho abbey, the whole 
 district belonged to the community, and that on the 
 Dissolution, the greatest portion of the land was divided 
 among a multitude of tenants, with small holdings : of 
 which class of men probably more exist even to this 
 time within this district than in any other part of 
 England of the same extent. 
 
 No stated feasts or wakes are observed among tho 
 people. The only revelry in which the careless and 
 irregular among them are wont to indulge is the revelry 
 of the village alehouse. The people are not remarkable 
 for the indulgence of innocent amusements. This may 
 arise in part from their laborious pursuits and indus- 
 trious habits, and in part from their not having tho 
 moans of harmless gratihcation supplied to thom. It 
 appears that in former years thej' were much given to 
 football contests on the extensive commons of the 
 district, but from this they have been excluded ever 
 since tho time of tho enclosure. The inhabitants are 
 generally marked for strong, shrewd intellect, and are 
 
 not given to superstitious notions. Tho district is very 
 salubrious, the cause of which may be that the land is 
 chielly on a level, with no narrow valleys, not much 
 wood, and few rivers, exposed to the gentle sea breezes, 
 and having improved drainage since the enclosure of 
 the commons — much also may be due to the cleanly 
 habits of the people. A secondary cause, or rather an 
 evidence of the salubrity of the district is this, that 
 the range of temperature is very moderate throughout 
 the year — snow seldom falls, and when it does soon 
 disappears. The productiveness of the land may be in 
 part owing to this. The births exceed the deaths in more 
 than the usual proportion, so that the population, at one 
 time on the decrease, as before stated, is now gi-adually 
 increasing. In respect to marriages, the fact that all 
 parties, with very few exceptions, can subscribe their 
 names, proves that a certain portion of education has 
 been given to the people generally. We do not know 
 of au3' superstitious in connection with deaths, funerals, 
 or marriage ; the inhabitants aro in general plain, 
 matter-of-fact people. They are not much interested 
 about the past or the distant, and have a very small 
 share of enthusiasm, or poetic imagination among them. 
 The tame features of the place may have stamped, to a 
 certain extent, its character upon then: minds. 
 
 HOOIE ST. CUTHBERT'S PARISH. 
 
 Holme St. Cutubert's Paeisii is bounded on the north and west by the Solway Frith; on the south by a stream 
 called the Dub, which divides it from Bromfield parish; and on the east by an ancient boundary line having Holme 
 Low on tlio north-east. Abbey Holme on tho cast, and Bromfield on the south-cast. It comprises the township of 
 Holme St. Cuthbcrt. 
 
 St. Cuthbert'a township comprises an area of 5,884, 
 acres, and its rateable value is £4,542 16s. 3d. Its 
 population in 1801 was 589; in 1811, 078; in 1821, 
 701 ; in 1831, 740 ; in 1841, 760 ; and in 1851, 822 ; 
 who reside in the villages of Mawbray, Beckfoot, Edder- 
 Bide, Cooper, and Pelutho, and in several detached farm- 
 houses. Of tlio villages, Mawbray is tho most popu- 
 lous. Foulsike and Gilbank arc small hamlets adjoin- 
 ing Pelutho. There is also to the cast of the church 
 a few scattered houses, called the Tarns, from a neigh- 
 bouring mere or small lake. Agriculture is the chief 
 employment of tho inhabitants ; there are also a few 
 fishermen. Tho people arc generally simple in man- 
 Hoi's, stationary in habits, and in easy circumstances. 
 The soil in general is not particularly good. Mai'yport 
 and Wigton aro the mai'kets usually attended. This 
 
 township forms part of the manor of Holme Cultram, 
 of which K. E. W. P. Standish, Esq., is lord, whose 
 courts leet and courts baron are held at Abbey Town. 
 The chief landowners are Jlessrs. Thomas Barnes, 
 Thomas Chambers, John Longcake, AVilliam IloUiday, 
 Joseph Holliday, John Grainger, John Asbridge, Joseph 
 Wise, John l\obinson, Rev. John Parkin, \Villiam Pape, 
 Daniel NVaite, Henry Spark, Henry I'lotchcr, Joseph 
 Hayton, John Holliday, Richard Barwise, Joseph Jlac- 
 Farrow, M. Fearow, Joshua Simm, Joseph Pearson, 
 Joseph :\Iillcr, John Ostell, Daniel Ostell, John Ostell, 
 WiUiam Simni, Ostell Mordaunt, Joseph Bell, Daniel 
 Glaistor, Robert BiglanJs, William Wilson, Thomas 
 Brown, Joseph Brown, William Brown, Thomas Cham- 
 bers, John Younghusbaud, Thomas Green, John Daw- 
 sou, Joseph Hayton, Daniel Mc.MuUen, the trustees of
 
 236 
 
 ALLERDALE- BELOW- DEKWENT WARD. 
 
 the late John Barwise, Joseph ^[essenger, William Ten- 
 nison, Robert Ball, Caleb Ostell ; Ann Asbridge, Mrs. 
 Miller, and Mary Atkinson. 
 
 THE cnUKCH. 
 
 The parish church, dedicated to St. Cutlibert, and of 
 the first period of Gothic architecture, was built iu the 
 year ] 815, at a cost of £800, and will accommodate 350 
 persons. It contains a mural tablet to the memory of 
 John "Wyse Longcake, erected by his father, Mr. John 
 Longcake, of Pelutbo. The living is a perpetual curacy, 
 in the patronage of the incumbent of Holme Cultram, 
 and is worth about .£100 per annum, arising from an en- 
 dowment of £50 a year from the University of Oxford, 
 augmented by £'50 annually from the Ecclesiastical Com- 
 missioners. All the rites and services of an indepen- 
 dent parish are performed here. The tithes of the 
 original parish of Holme Cultram have been commuted 
 for the average sum of £900, pa^vable to the University 
 of Oxford. The parish register commences with the 
 consecration of the church in 1849. 
 
 Incumbents. — Isaac Eowmari, 1849; John Short, 1852. 
 
 The parsonage house was erected in 1851, at a 
 cost of £700. 
 
 The Xaional School is a neat Gothic jbuildiug, with 
 master's house attached, erected in 1845, at a cost of 
 £320. It is under government inspection, aud is 
 partly supported by the children's (juarter pence. 
 
 Beckfoot is a village in this township about sis miles 
 west of Abbey Town. From the many ancient founda- 
 tion stones found in its vicinity it is supposed to have 
 
 been formerly much larger. Here is a place called 
 Castlefields, said to have been the site of an ancient 
 fortress, which is generally understood to have been 
 one of the partially fortified farm-houses of the monas- 
 tery. The Society of Friends have a small meeting- 
 house here. 
 
 Mawbray, or Malbrey, is situated near the sea-shore, 
 two miles above Allonby, and is supposed to have been 
 the site of a small Eoraan encampment. Hutchinson 
 says that " the vallum has been defaced, aud corn now 
 grows upon the site of it, though some of the inhabi- 
 tants remember part of the wall standing." Osi a stone 
 said to have been taken from the wall, was this inscrip- 
 tion : L. TA. PR.EF. COH. II. PAXNOS FECIT. This 
 
 indicates that some portion of a Pannonian legion may 
 have been stationed in the neighbourhood during the 
 Roman occupation of the country. The Wcsleyans 
 have a chapel here, a small stone building, erected in 
 1843. 
 
 Kew Mawbray is a pleasant village near Beckfoot. 
 
 Pelutbo stands on the brow of an eminence, com- 
 manding good views of the Sohvay Frith and Scottish 
 hills, and here are a few neat houses, occupied by their 
 owners. The lake, or tarn, near the Tarns hamlet, 
 covers about thirty acres. 
 
 The village of Cowper, is five and a half miles south- 
 west of Abbey; and Edderside is seven miles south-west 
 from the same place. The laud of the district parish 
 is somewhat elevated, and in a great measure consists 
 of a range of sandhills extending from its eastern bound 
 to the sea coast. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S, NEWTON ARLOSH, PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the east by a gutter called Mung Dyke, on the north by the river Wampool, on the west 
 by the river Waver, and on the south by the extensive peat range of Wedholme, or Wedholme Flow, which separates 
 it from the parish of Wigton, and by the river Waver, which bounds it from the paiish of Bromfield. It consists 
 of the township of East Waver, which, by the provisions of Lord Blandford's Act (passed in 185(3), was separated 
 from the mother church of Holme Cultram, and formed into a distinct parish. 
 
 HOI.ME EAST W.WER. 
 
 The township of East Waver contains about 5,710 
 acres, and its rateable value is £3,800. Its population 
 in 1801 was 371 ; in 1811, -103; in 1821, 502; in 
 1831, 481; in 1841, 470; and in 1851, 473. The 
 inhabitants reside in the villages and hamlets of Newton 
 Arlosh, Moss Side, Saltcoats, Angerton, and Eaby, as 
 well as iu several detached farm-houses. The popula- 
 tion consists of farmers (proprietary and tenant) and 
 farm labourers, with a few artisans, such as black- 
 smiths, wheelwrights, tailors, and shoemakers. The 
 
 people are very cleanly iu their habits; the houses, how- 
 ever, of some of the farmers, and the cottages generally 
 are bad; but improvements in this respect are beginning 
 to take place since the opening of the Silloth railway, 
 which runs through the parish. Wigton is the market 
 usually attended. This tow^nship forms part of the 
 manor of Holme Cultram ; the lauds ai'e held by lords' 
 rent, aud ancient freehold rent, payable twice a )-ear. 
 The manor courts were formerly held five times in each 
 year. The chief landowners are the Earl of Lonsdale, 
 Backhouse, Esq. ; Messrs. John and Silas Saul,
 
 ST. JOHN'S, NEWTON ARLOSH, PARISH. 
 
 237 
 
 John Clark, Henry ITuddart, Joseph Donald, Thomas 
 Chambers, Isuiay Stubbs, AVilliam lluddart, AVilliam 
 Donald, Henry Nelson, George Dunn, Heurj Hope, 
 Robert Glaister, John Rooke, R. Jackson, Samuel 
 Hallifax, Joseph Cocktou, Richard Jackson, Nor- 
 man, Daniel Dowson, J. Rigg, Jonathan Peat, W. 
 Barwise, and William Elliott ; Mrs. Dean, Misses 
 Olaister, !Miss Blackburn, Mrs. Peat, Mrs. Reed, Mrs. 
 Chambers. 
 
 Newton Arlosh, or Long Newton, where the church 
 is situated, is a Tillage four miles north-east of Abbey 
 Town, and seven miles north-west of Wigton. 
 
 THE cnrRcn. 
 
 The church, which is dedicated to St. John, is of the 
 Anglo-Xorman style of architecture; it was restored and 
 enlarged in 18 U, at a cost of £800, and will accommo- 
 date about 300 persons. The original church is said to 
 have been erected by St. Niniau, out of gratitude to God 
 on his safe return from Rome, where he was educated ; 
 but it must have become decayed at a very early period, 
 for Bishop Iliilton, by his charter, dated at Linstock, 
 April 11th, 1303, granted a license to the abbot and 
 convent of Holme Cultram to build a chapel or church 
 within their territory of Arlosh, to which he anne.Ked 
 every parochial right and privilege, and all the tithes 
 within their territory, with power to them to present a 
 priest, for institution upon a vacancy, allowing him £4 
 a year, and room for a house, and who, in token of his 
 obedience, was to pay out of the said £1, half a mark per 
 annum to the bishop iu the name of a cathedraticum, 
 and forty pence to the archdeacon for procurations. 
 Many of the incumbents of Holme Cultram were 
 inducted to the living iu the parish church of Newton 
 Arlosh, several having " read themselves in " amid 
 the ruins of the ancient edifice. Arlosh, on the 
 removal of tlie inhabitants thither from Skinburness, 
 which had suffered severely in consequence of the 
 inroads of the sea, acquired the name of Newton 
 Arlosh, and in 13(1-1 the abbot petitioned parliament 
 that tiicy might havo at this place the market and 
 fair, which had been originally granted at Skinbur- 
 ness. Tills [lOtition, as wo learn from the rolls of 
 parliament, was allowed. The church then built, iu 
 consequence of tlio frequent incursions of the Scots, 
 which the bishop mentions in his charter, was con- 
 structed so as to answer the purpose of a fortress. The 
 strong old tower of this ancient church is still standing, 
 and constitutes part of tho present edifice. On the 
 ground lloor of the tower is a vaulted chamber, thirteen 
 fi'ct square, with a small aperture, eighteen inches high 
 and nine inches wide, on the west side ; over this is a 
 
 chamber of nearly the same dimensions, with three 
 narrow windows, or rather slits for arrows, on the north, 
 south, and west sides ; it has a fireplace on the soutli- 
 west side, and a passage in the wall at the north-west 
 corner leading to a small recess intended for obser- 
 vation ; as also an opening on the south side, by way of 
 view from above into the body of the church. The 
 chamber on the upper story is of the same dimensions, 
 nearly resembling that on the first floor, e-xcept that it 
 has a fourth window on the east side, and no fireplace. 
 There is a stone staircase in the south-west angle of 
 the tower, leading to the upper chambers. So great 
 was the attention paid to security in the construc- 
 tion of the church, that the principal window at the 
 east end, over the altar, was onlj- eleven inches in 
 width. The University of O.xford is impropriator. 
 The living is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of 
 tho incumbent of Holme Cultram, and worth about 
 £107 per annum. The registers commence in 1849. 
 
 Incumbents. — Robert Wightraan, 1S49; William Eothery 
 stipendiary ourale, was appointed sole minister of tlie parish, 
 in 1847, by tlie Bishop of Carlisle. 
 
 The parish school is a poor building, without any 
 endowments; the master is supported by quarter-pence; 
 the average attendance is about twenty. There is also 
 a school for girls, as well as a Sunday school. 
 
 The following are the names of the hamlets in the 
 parish, with their bearings and distances from Abbey 
 Town : — Augertou, si-v miles east ; Mossside, two and a 
 half miles north-east ; Raby, one mile east ; Saltcoates, 
 two and a half miles north-east; and Slightholm, two and 
 a half miles cast-by -north ; Raby Cote, two miles north- 
 east, was for some time held by collateral relations of 
 Robert Chambers, abbot of the monastery. This house 
 was erected entirely from the spoils of the conventual 
 buildings, and it is lamentjible to see some most chaste 
 and elegant sculptured monuments and inscriptions 
 placed most incongruously in its walls. The forest of 
 AVedhohne, in this township, was granted by Queen 
 Ehzabeth to tho copyhold tenants of Holme Cultram, 
 for maintaining the sea-dyke bank, near Skinburness. 
 At the village of Angerton there are some ancient 
 houses, one of which belongs to a family bearing the 
 name of " Charles," who havo had au estate here for 
 some generations, the owners, and now tho only remain- 
 ing representatives of the family being the two daugh- 
 ters of tho late George Charles, who married tho eldest 
 daughter of John and JuUa Reay, of the Gill. A tablet 
 is erected iu Bromficld Church to the memory of the 
 family. 
 
 Li order to improve the parish, the people require
 
 238 
 
 ALLEP.DALE - BELOW - DERWENT WARD. 
 
 a better eJucntiou : a heartfelt and enlightened Chris- 
 tianity, pervading all the duties of life : good cottages, 
 safiGciently commodious for the requirements of domestic 
 comfort. The land requires to be properly drained, and 
 might he much embellished and improved by plantations 
 of forest trees. It would bo well if the people had 
 harmless and healthful recreations, instead of that 
 degrading intemperance which is so prevalent in many 
 country places. Through the exertions of the Rev. 
 William Rothery the privilege of regular postal com- 
 munication has been recently obtained for this paiish. 
 
 This parish is most remarkable for the longevity of 
 its inhabitants, several of whom are upwards of seventy. 
 
 and others upwards of eighty, years of age, and yot are 
 in the enjoyment of excellent health, are quite able to 
 manage their own business, and actually to walk with 
 the spring of youth. The following, which is a copy of 
 the inscriptions upon one headstone in Newton Arlosh 
 churchyard, cannot be easily exceeded as a testimony of 
 long life : — " Sacred in memory of William Donald, who 
 died 10 August, ] 800, aged 81 years ; also, Jane, his 
 wife, who died 1 May, 1809, aged 89 years : also, 
 Joseph, their son, who died 11 August, 1833, aged 85 
 years ; also, Maiy, his wife, who died 13 December, 
 1897, aged 81 years; also, William, son of Joseph and 
 Mary Donald, who died 13 June, 1855, aged 81 years.' 
 
 ST. PAUL'S PARISH, HOLME LOW; OR HOLME ST. PAULS. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the east and north-east by the estuary of the rivers AVaver and Wampool (Morecambe 
 Bay), ou the west by the sea or Sol way Frith, and by the township of Holme Abbey, and Holme St. Cuthbert's on 
 the south aud east. It comprises the township of Holme Low, which includes several villages and hamlets, the 
 principal of which are, in addition to the new town and port of SOloth, Skinburnoss, Blitterlees, Calvo, Seaville, 
 Blackdvke, Wolsty, Causeway Head, Green Row, aud ^^'ath. There are also many excellent single houses dispersed 
 over the parish, inhabited by respectable yeomen. 
 
 HOLME LOW. 
 
 The area of this township is 7,040 acres, and its 
 rateable value (exclusive of the town of Silloth) is 
 £5,932. The number of its inhabitants in 1801 was 
 037; in 1811, 707; in 1821, 811; in 1831, 974; 
 in 1841, 933; and in 1851, 9'22 ; who reside in the 
 villages and hamlets above-named. The population 
 of Silloth is estimated at 850 or 900, and is rapidly 
 increasing. Agriculture is the principal employment, 
 but there are a few fishermen, who reside in the 
 villages near the sea -shore. The inhabitants are 
 generally remarkable for their primitive simplicity of 
 habit and manners, and sterUng honesty and upright- 
 ness of character. The soil is most excellent for cereal 
 crops. The Carlisle and Silloth railway intersects the 
 parish, and since its opening the inhabitants have been 
 enabled to attend the Carlisle markets, having pre- 
 viously gone to those of Wigton and Maryport. 
 
 A sea-dyke, thrown up in the reign of Elizabeth, is 
 the only earth work in the parish ; its length is about 
 one mile and a quarter, and it effectually excludes the 
 sea, which would otherwise, at high tides, do much 
 injury. If, as many persons imagine, there was in the 
 time of the Romans a direct communication between 
 the stations at Bowness (Tunnocellum) aud Maiyport 
 (Volantium) it would pass through this parish ; and 
 may be identical with a road which even now bears 
 
 the name of Causeway Head. This opinion is in some 
 measure confinned by the discovery of some remains of 
 the Roman camp or fort at Mawbray, which would be 
 a midway station between the two places. 
 
 Holme Low is a portion of the manor of Holme 
 Cultram, of which Rowland Edmond Walter Pery 
 Standish is lord, who holds courts leet and baron regu- 
 larly. The township, with the exception of about 1,000 
 acres of common, at the east end of the parish, called 
 Skinburness and Calvo Marsh, was inclosed in 1807. 
 The principal landowners are the Earl of Lonsdale, 
 Messrs. Charles JoUiffe, Richard Barnes, Robert Peat, 
 Robert Glaister, Joseph Barnes, Wilham Messenger, 
 Richard W. Glaister, John Wilkinson, John Holliday, 
 John Wise, John Tordiff, John Skelton, Joseph Back- 
 house, Wm. Hodgson, Joseph M. Sim, John Stamper, 
 Robert Lawson, Jonah Pape, Jeremiah Holliday, Joseph 
 Holliday, Wilson Jefferson, R. Miller, Joseph Saul, 
 — Batty, John Hayton, — Asbridge, — Timperin, 
 James Barwise, Daniel Waite, Fletcher Gash, Thomas 
 Williamson, Mrs. Luna Saul, Ann Ostell, and the Car- 
 lisle aud Silloth Railway Co. 
 
 THE cnOECH. 
 
 The parish church, dedicated to St. Paul, is situated 
 at Causeway Head. It is a neat edifice, in the Early 
 English style of architecture, consisting of nave, chancel, 
 porch, and vestiy, erected in 1845, at a cost of £'850.
 
 ST. PAUL'S TAEISH, HOLME LOW; OR HOLME ST. PAUL'S. 
 
 239 
 
 It will accommodate 3.jO persons. The windows arc 
 lancet-shaped, and si\ of them are of stained glass. 
 The east window is a triplet, consisting of a large central 
 light, and a smaller one on each side ; in the central 
 conipartmeut is a full-length figure of St. Paul, in a 
 richly floriated niche and canopy, helow which is an 
 illuminated cross with the sacred monogram. The 
 bide lights contain mcdaUious of the emblems of the 
 four IJvaugflists, surmounted by the Greek capitals 
 Al[.ha and Omega. Over the window is a scroll bearing 
 an inscription, to the effect that the window is inserted 
 "In memory of John Messenger of East Cote, a zealous 
 promoter of the building of the church." The other 
 three windows in the chancel are also filled with stained 
 glass. In the north of the nave is another beautiful 
 ■window, in the centre of which is an oval medallion 
 representing Christ receiving and blessing little chil- 
 dren ; this is surrounded by the text in black letter — 
 " Suffer little children to come unto me," etc. An 
 inscription in Latin states that the window is erected 
 "to the memory of John Hayton, the son of John and 
 Esther Holliday." Another memorial window has been 
 inserted in the centre of the west end, the colours of 
 which are very rich. It bears two largo medallions 
 representing the Adoration of our Lord by the Shepherds 
 and the Presentation in the Temple, subjects peculiarly 
 appropriate, the window being immediately over the 
 font. In the upper part of the window is a cross, sur- 
 rounded by the motto, " In hoc signo vinces." At the 
 foot is a Latin inscription. The churchyard is neatly 
 planted with trees and flowering shrubs. The impro- 
 priators are the chancellor, masters, and scholars of the 
 University of O.^ford. The incumbent of the mother 
 church of Holme Cultram is patron. The income of 
 the living is a fixed stipend of £100 a year, exclusive 
 of the globe and fees. The tithes have been commuted. 
 The parish register commences in 1850. The Picv. 
 Francis Redford, appointed in 1849, is the first and 
 present incumbent. 
 
 The parsonage house is a neat Elizabethan struc- 
 ture of stone, rock faced, erected in 1851-2, at a cost 
 of nearly X'1,000. 
 
 Largo parochial schools are now (1858) in course of 
 erection and nearly completed. They occupy a promi- 
 nent site in the town of Silloth, and are designed for 
 150 children. The style of architecture is a combina- 
 tion of I'ilizabctlian and Early English. The roofs aro 
 high pitched and surmounted by ornamental ridges. 
 At the south end is a neat bell turret, above which 
 stands a well-proportioned stone cross. Over the ex- 
 ternal door of tho porch is a neatly executed scroll in 
 stone, bearing the inscription, " St. Paul's Parochial 
 
 Schools," in Old English characters, below which is 
 another stone with the date 1857. In the front of each 
 of the chimneys is inserted a carved shield in stone, 
 one of them bearing the inscription, " Disce Vivere," 
 and the other, " Laus Deo." At the north end, adjoin- 
 ing a capacious class-room, is an excellent house for the 
 master, containing six rooms, built in a corresponding 
 style of architecture. The schools will be in connection 
 with the National Society, and under government 
 inspection. The cost of erection is about £060. Until 
 the erection of a church at Silloth, divine service will 
 be performed in these schools. 
 
 THE TOWN AND PORT OF SILLOTH. 
 
 The need of a safe port on the north-west coast of 
 England had long been felt. The existing ports, as 
 Whitehaven, Worldngton, Maryport, and Port Carlisle, 
 being only dry harbours, accessible for a short period 
 at or near high water, were inadequate to accommo- 
 date the increasing traffic between Newcastle and other 
 ports on the east coast of England, with the west coast 
 of Ireland. Silloth iiuy had from time immemorial 
 been remarkable for the depth, and comparative ti'an- 
 quillity of the water ; having the advantage of a natural 
 breakwater to the westward of Silloth bank. This bay 
 has always been much frequented by mariners as a 
 harbour of refuge; the invaluable roadstead having 
 easy access and ample space, and being accessible at 
 all times of the tide. It was to turn these natural 
 advantages to good account that the Carlisle and 
 Silloth Bay Railway and Dock Company was formed 
 in 1854, which consists of the leading persons of the 
 trading community of Carlisle. The capital of the 
 company is £165,000, and its chairman Peter J. Dixon, 
 Esq. Application was made to parliiiment for powers 
 to make a railway from Druuiburgh, on tho Port Carlisle 
 line, to SUloth, a distance of thirteen miles, and also for 
 the construction of a floating dock of four acres area, and 
 pier, or jetty. The dock is designed to serve as an en- 
 trance basin to docks of a larger area to be formed, should 
 the increase of traile render them necessary. J. Aber- 
 ncthy, Esq., M.I.C.E., was entrusted with tho works as 
 engineer-iu-chief. Tho act of parliament authorising 
 tho undertaking was obtained, after a licrco opposition 
 from poreons interested iu the other ports on the coast, 
 in July, 1855 ; and the fii-st sod of tho railway was cut 
 by the lit. Hon. Sir J. 1!. (i. (iraham, Bart., on the 
 30th of the following month. The railway was opened 
 for traffic on the 2Hth of .\ugu8t, 1850. In the mean- 
 time the dock excavations were going on, and the 
 foundation stone was laid, by the same right hon. 
 baronet that commenced the railwav, on the 18th of
 
 240 
 
 ALLERDALE - DELOW -DERfl-ENT AVARD. 
 
 August, 1857. The worlts are so fur hdvaiieed tliat 
 the (lock is expected to be opened before the month 
 of Sfarch, 1859. The entrance gates, which are sixty 
 feet in width, will be opened and closed by hydraulic 
 pressure.' Extensive wharves, comprising upwards of 
 eight acres, are in course of formation. The pier has 
 been completed nearly twelve months, and is greatly 
 admired for its strength and excellent constniction. A 
 neat lighthouse is erected at the extreme end, near which 
 passengers may embark or land from the steamers or 
 other vessels at all times of the tide. There is a 
 considerable amount of tralTic, although the dock is 
 not yet completed ; and lirst-elass screw steamers ply 
 regularly twice or thrice a week, between Liverpool, 
 Ireland, and various parts of the Scottish coast. The 
 traffic on the railway also exceeds the anticipations of 
 the promoters, and promises well for the success of the 
 undertaking. 
 
 Intimately connected -with the railway and dock is 
 the new town of Silloth, which is rapidly rising into 
 importance. The company having secured an ample 
 quantity of land, entrusted the formation of the town 
 to Messrs. J. W. and J. Hay, the eminent architects of 
 Liverpool, and their design is strictly adhered to in 
 the erection of houses, width, and direction of streets, 
 &c. Several streets have already been laid out, flagged, 
 and paved ; gasworks erected, excellent parochial 
 schools, and about 100 houses are built or in progress. 
 The situation of the town is most commanding: the 
 view of Skiddaw and the whole range of Cumberland 
 mountains on the land side ; and of Criffel and other 
 Scotch mountains across the Solway cannot be suqmssed. 
 The whole site of the town is sand or gravel, ensuring 
 excellent spring water and a dry surface. Tlie facili- 
 ties afforded for sea-bathing are good, the shore being 
 free from holes or rocks. Commodious boarding and 
 lodging houses have been erected, and a large private 
 family hotel (the Queen's), under excellent management, 
 has been opened. Eut that which constitutes one of the 
 chief advantaages of Silloth as a watering place, or 
 place of resort for the invalid, is the salubrity of its 
 climate, and equability of tcmpia-ature. The inhabi- 
 tants of the old hamlet of Silloth, which adjoins the 
 new Town, have been proverbial for longevity. 
 
 From a long series of oliservations made by the Rev. 
 Francis Kedford, a member of the British Meteoro- 
 logical Society, incumbent of the parish, it appears that 
 
 > The following are the particulars of the dock and jetty : — length 
 of .iett.v, 1,000 feet; length of dock, 600 feet; breadth of dock, .'lOO 
 feet ; giving an area of water surface of npwards of four acres ; width 
 of entrance gates, (iO feet. Depth of water in dock at high water 
 ordinary spring tides, aj feet; depth of water over the sill at high 
 water ordinary spring tides, 32 feet U inches. 
 
 there are few places, even in the extreme south of 
 Phigland, that have a higher mean temperature, or less 
 range of temperature. This is doubtless owing to the 
 prevalence of west and south-west winds, and to the 
 influx of a portion of the waters of the Gulf Stream 
 into the Solway Frith. Snow rarely falls to any great 
 amount, and never remains long upon the ground. 
 
 It is proposed to erect a marine hospital, or sea- 
 bathing institution, at Silloth, for the counties of Cum- 
 berland and Westmoreland, which shall be capable of 
 affording accommodation to twenty persons. Towards 
 the carrying out of this object, .£''^."iO has been given by 
 Richard Carruthers, Esq., of Eden Grove, and as sup- 
 port is promised by various other persons, its reahsation 
 at no distant day may be looked upon as certain. 
 
 The following comparative statement gives a better 
 idea of the climate of Silloth than a more lengthened 
 description : — 
 
 Mean annual temperature of the air at the under- 
 mentioned places : — 
 
 Silloth (latitude f)4" 51' 51" N.) . . . 49»2' 
 
 Of that part of England between lat, 51 and 52 48o 8' 
 
 Cornwall and Devonshire 50o 8' 
 
 The Isle of Vfight (including Ventnor) . 51o 0' 
 
 Torquay 49o 0' 
 
 Hastings 40<>O' 
 
 Worthing 48o 9' 
 
 The Isle of Man 47o 6' 
 
 Scarborough 4C» 4' 
 
 Tynemouth 45° 7' 
 
 Annual average fall of rain, and average number of 
 days upon which rain falls, in the year, at the same 
 places : — 
 
 Days. Inches. 
 
 Silloth l'!0 „ 25-1 
 
 Places between lat. 51 and 62 . 143 „ 24-1 
 
 CornwiiU and Devonshire. . 1G9 „ .3:3-8 
 
 Isle of Wight . . . .141 „ 30-5 
 
 Torquay ICO ,, 30-2 
 
 Hastings 152 ., 26'1 
 
 Worthing 153 „ 26-2 
 
 Isle of Man . . . .144 ., 2C-7 
 
 Scarborough . . . . 110 „ 24-3 
 
 Tynemouth ISl „ 40-9 
 
 "We subjoin the report of Commander Calver, R.N., 
 of the marine surveying cutter ' Seaflower,' on Silloth 
 R.ay and the approaches thereto, read at the meeting 
 on the occasion of laying the foundation stone of the 
 Silloth Dock, on the 18th of August, 1857 :— 
 
 "I shall confine the brief observations I have to offer 
 to three points — the ^award approach to the Solway 
 Frith — the channel leading up to Silloth — and the 
 roadstead near it. First, as -regards the approach to 
 the Solway, I may characterise it as free and unincum- 
 bered. It is an axiom with seamen, that to constitute 
 a good position for a laud-fall the point of arrival must
 
 ST. PAUL'S PAEISH, HOLME LOW; OR HOLME ST. PAULS. 
 
 2A1 
 
 be free from outlying danger ; its outline must be well 
 marked so that it may be readily distiuguished ; and, 
 above all, it must have regularity of depth in front of it. 
 All these you have iu perfection at St. Bees Head, 
 which I term the inner beacon of the Sohvay. This 
 )iromontory is more remarkable than any other portion 
 of the coast between the Sohvay and the Mersey ; it is 
 distinguished by a first-class light ; it is fronted by a 
 gradually decreasing depth, while there is not a single 
 obstruction lying out from the main for several miles on 
 either side of it. The outer beacon of the Solway is the 
 Isle of Man, situated in the offing of the entrance to the 
 Frith at the distance of only twenty-five miles, for being 
 nearly in the direct track of vessels bound to the Solway 
 from Ireland, the west coast of Scotland, and the western 
 coasts of England and Wales, it serves as an invaluable 
 point of departure from whence a course may be shaped 
 to St. Bees Head with certainty. But the jioint, how- 
 ever, which by comparison, places the Solway iu a far 
 more favourable position is this : a N.W. gale causes 
 the greatest loss in the deep bight formed between the 
 north coast of Wales and the coasts of Lancashire and 
 Cumberland. When this finds a vessel deeply embayed 
 at or about the time of low water, when there is no 
 entry into the bar-harbours under her lee, there is 
 scarcely a chance left of escape from wreckage ; and to 
 this cause, as well as to that of thick weather and the 
 consequent diificulty in distinguishing the floating ob- 
 jects marking iho outlying sands, is principally due the 
 loss of life and property which annually takes place at 
 the head of the bight in Morecambo Bay, and at the 
 mouths of the Dee and Mersey. With the Solway, on 
 the contrary, there can be no embaying wind. A N.W. 
 gale is comparatively harmless after the Frith has been 
 fau:ly entered : one from the northward is of little consc- 
 nucncc, as there is no space for the formation of a sea ; 
 while gales more westerly and southerly are fair, and 
 blow into the Frith. In short, the simple effect of the 
 configuration of the coast is this, that as a vessel's 
 danger on the occurrence of an on-shore gale, is in pro- 
 portion to her advance up the head of the bight towards 
 Liverpool and the ports in its vicinity, so in like pro- 
 portion is her safety insured under the same circum- 
 stances of wind by her approach to St. Bees Head. 
 Another not unimportant feature as regards the safety 
 of navigation is, that the whole of the sands of the 
 Solway are recessed within a line joining tho horns of 
 the Frith — Abbey Head and St. Bees head. The second 
 point for remark is tho channel leading to Silloth. 
 I'his is both simple and safe : it first skirts the Cum- 
 berland shore, and it is quite direct for nine miles, 
 when it turns, and continues direct to Silloth. It will 
 
 be satisfactory to the present meeting to hear, that a 
 few days since, I took a longitudinal line of depths 
 through this channel, and I found its main features to 
 be the same as those delineated on the Admiralty survey 
 of 1S37 ; also instead of tho two bars, so often referred 
 to in evidence, I found only one, and the depth over it 
 to be thu-teeu feet at low water spring tides, sufficient 
 for vessels to cross it with safety at the first quai'ter 
 flood. Assuming that springs and neaps flow 28 feet 
 and 10 feet, it follows that the high water depth over 
 the bar is 34 feet in neap tides, and -10 feet iu spring 
 tides. The bar at present is at the turn of the channel 
 above alluded to, two miles within the light vessel, 
 from whence the depths inward increase considerably, 
 and so continue through St. Catherine's Hole up to 
 Silloth. As a whole, the channel with the present 
 lightage and buoyage is of comparative easy use by 
 night aud by day, and it would be rendered perfectly 
 so by tho addition I have suggested to those interested 
 in the port. The last point to be referred to, is the 
 anchorage in front of, and below Silloth. This invalu- 
 able roadstead has easy access and ample space. Cap- 
 tain Frazer calls it seven miles long, and a quarter 
 to a third of a mile wide, with a depth vai-ying 
 from fourteen to thirty -nine feet. Captain Robinson 
 assigns two -thirds of a mile as its general breadth — 
 but admitting it to be only four miles long and a 
 quarter of a mUe wide, this represents a space of 
 !-ill) acres, and allowing two acres to each vessel for a 
 swinging berth, it consequently follows that the road- 
 stead affords berthage for upwards of 400 sail of vessels, 
 with ample protection in all weathers. The value of 
 this striking feature of your port speaks for itself. I 
 may further remark in connection with this, that I 
 have taken some testing sections across the deep water 
 in the upper part of the roadstead, aud beginning 
 abreast Lee Scar Lighthouse. I find tho depths 
 in feet, at low water aud spring tides, are in pro- 
 gression as follow — 34, 40, 40, 30, 31, the last 
 depth is abreast the dock. Then in continuation 
 towards the north side of Skinburness spit are 26, 
 23, 22. The last being a quarter of a mile above the 
 jetty. It will be perceived that those depths are rather 
 greater than those in tho caitoou exhibited ou the wall. 
 I am awaro that cousiderablo apprehension Las beea 
 felt about the maintenance of depth in Silloth road and 
 the channel leading to it, but when it is considered that 
 their main features have continued as they now are 
 for upwards of a century at least, any material loss of 
 deptii from natural causes must bo regarded as a remote 
 contiugenoy ; and fears will bo further diminisiied if 
 due consideration be given to the active agents causing
 
 242 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW - DERWENT WARD. 
 
 the features of the channel and rondstead. These are 
 evident : the principal stream of flood for the supply of 
 the Sulway Frith winds round the Mull of Galloway, 
 and being directed by the trend of the Scottish coast, it 
 naturally has a tendency to bite hard upon and to keep 
 along the Cumberland strand in its progress upwards, 
 while the ebb or onset from the Frith, meeting the vast 
 mass of high-lying sands in the triangular space between 
 the courses of the Eden and the Xith, is also deflected 
 to the southward along the same shore, and to these 
 combined causes the deep-water channel, tlie valuable 
 feature of your port, is due. Allowing this to be 
 correct, it follows clearly that the channel will always 
 retain its capacity while the tidal economy and the 
 relative positions of the rivers Eden and Nith remain 
 as they are. The occasional prolongation of the Skin- 
 burness spit should not be a cause of anxiety ; the surface 
 features of all masses of sand, like those in the estuary 
 of the Solway, are constantly changing. A succession 
 of freshes, for instance, often cause considerable 
 derangement ; but after an interval the sands return 
 to their mean state again : the eflfect, in short, ceasing 
 ^vith the cause. But even admitting a tendency to 
 decrease to follow, your cngiueer, whose successful 
 works in other parts of the kingdom I am well 
 acquainted with, will no doubt tell you that, by the aid 
 of a low and inexpensive rubblc-work, curved along the 
 edge of Silloth Bank, presenting a converging and 
 accumulative line with respect to the flood and ebb 
 streams, the four-fold result would be obtained of deep- 
 ening the roadstead, making the tidal currents bite 
 hard upon and keep clear the frontage of your works, 
 render the extension of Skinburness spit all but impos- 
 sible, and permanently fix the position of the channel 
 across the flats towards Annan Foot. Such, in con- 
 clusion, are a few of the advantages possessed by 
 Silloth. ' The view I have taken is a favourable one, 
 but I can conscientiously state, that after carefully 
 studying the whole case, I know of nothing of an opposite 
 character calculated to lessen the estimate I have given, 
 and I make the statement with the more confidence, 
 because the subject is one of an order I am daily 
 familiar with, and with which my experience for 
 upwards of twenty years has been connected. I am 
 not aware of the special reasons which induced the 
 promoters to estiblish this port on the Solway, but I 
 think I can perceive clearly that it possesses the 
 elements of future prosperity. Unhke the case of a 
 purely artificial harbour, where an increase of structure 
 is too often followed by a corresponding increase of 
 obstruction, Silloth possesses ample faciUties for the 
 extension of works to which natural agents alone will 
 
 always maintain a highway; the character of its seaward 
 approach and the depth over the bar, place it, as we 
 have seen, in a superior position to Liverpool ; whilst 
 its situation at the narrowest part of the island at the 
 back of all the coal-ports of the north-east coast of 
 England, and in the line of the shortest track between 
 the Baltic and Ireland, marks it out as likely to 
 possess, eventually, an extensive transit trade. I may 
 mention, lastly, for the encouragement of the promoters 
 of this undertaking, that in 1838 I made an Admiralty 
 survey of a spot where stood in their solitariness the 
 ruin of an old mill and one or two indifferent houses. 
 On this same spot, in an interval of less than twenty 
 years, a flourishing town has been called into existence, 
 possessing, I believe, a population of upwards of 10,000 
 souls — a chain of three wet docks — two extensive tide 
 harbours, and a foreign and coasting trade but little 
 inferior to some of the old est;iblished ports in the 
 neighbourhood. I allude to West Hartlepool. Tlie 
 natural advantages of Silloth are superior to those of 
 West Hartlepool, and you liave my best wishes, gen- 
 tlemen, that Silloth may more than rival it in the rate 
 of its progress." 
 
 Wo have been favoured with the following communi- 
 cation from the Eev. J. Simpson, vicar of Holme Cul- 
 tram, to whom we are much indebted for valuable infor- 
 mation relating to this part of the county. 
 
 " Some notice may very appropriately be taken in a 
 topographical history of Cumberland of the roadstead of 
 the bay of Silloth, which is situated towards the north- 
 west point of the ancient parish of Holme Cultram and 
 on the south shore of the Solway Frith. Its natural 
 features are uncommon and peculiar. It is in that part 
 of the Frith which is in general shallow in depth and 
 much encumbered with sand banks ; it is opposite and 
 immediately adjoining a portion of the coast line which 
 for many miles on each side of it is very slightly 
 elevated above the general range of the ocean tides ; 
 and yet it is a roadstead of considerable "depth and 
 great security. It appears to have been known as 
 such during the whole period of local historical record. 
 Its deep waters approach the shore opposite the hamlet 
 of Silloth, where there is a long range of sand hdls, 
 which are in a state of continual accumulation. These 
 hills are the effects of the tidal cuiTents sweeping 
 along the bed of the bay, which consists of hard and 
 perfectly smooth clay, and depositing on the shore a 
 portion of the sand which is brought up on each return 
 of the tides ; while the rest of the sand drifted up is 
 through the action of the waves, deposited in the 
 middle of the Frith, and forms the numerous banks 
 with which it is in its upper and landward recess
 
 ST. PAUL'S PARISH, HOLME LOW; OR HOLME ST. PAUL'S. 
 
 243 
 
 cncumbcrcJ. There is indirect evidence that these 
 hills may have existed for many ages ia much the 
 same state they are in at present, as there have been 
 discovered at different times Roman coins and medals 
 iu the sand at no great depth bulow the present 
 elevated surface. Tliese may have been lost by 
 legionary soldiers, as there is reason to believe, from 
 the discovery of one or two inscriptions on stone, that 
 the Romans had a watch station in the neighbourhood. 
 The Romans left the island about the year 420 ; there- 
 fore the portion of the sand hills on which have been 
 found such indications of their presence must have been 
 raised at or before that period ; consequently, the deep 
 liay, of which these sand hills are the product, may 
 have existed as it is for many centuries ; and, as a 
 legitimate inference, the roadstead itself must be the 
 result of powerful and permanent agencies ; and hence 
 arises the hope that it will continue open in future 
 years, and so render successful the present endeavour 
 to form a port and floating dock at Silloth where the 
 railway from Carlisle terminates. The question, then, 
 which is presented to every considerate mind is this — 
 what arc the great natural causes that have been 
 silently and effectually producing the results which 
 human skill and enterprise are now endeavouring to 
 turn to good account. The effects wrought out seem 
 to be solly duo to the unchanging course of the 
 strong tidal currents, directed as they are by the con- 
 figuration of the Cumberland and the opposite Scotch 
 coasts. These currents, one from the south by the St. 
 George's Channel, and another from the north by the 
 strait between Port Patrick and the north-east of 
 Ireland meet in the middle of the Solway to the north 
 of the Isle of Man ; tho united stream sweeps along 
 the coast of Kirkcudbright and Dumfriesshire to the 
 head-land of Southerness Point. Here the sea channel 
 is contracted to less than half its width by the said 
 head-land and the e.\tensivo natural barrier or break- 
 water of tlio Beck Foot Flats on the EngUsh coast. 
 Tho tides, therefore, como up between these two pro- 
 jecting points with more than two-fold force and volume 
 directly into the bay of Silloth, and meeting there with 
 no obs<truction along its hard and smooth bed form a 
 natural roadstead, which is said by nautical men to be 
 safer and better than any other along the whole extent 
 of the coast of Cumberland." 
 
 Skinbuniess, situated near Gruno Point, about five 
 miles north-ea.st-by-north from Abbey Holme, is a 
 pleasant village, commanding extensive views of the 
 Scottish hills and the Solway Frith, and R])pears for- 
 merly to have been a town and harboui- of somo 
 importance. In the year 1300 Edward I. undertook a 
 
 campaign against the Scots in Dumfries, Galloway, 
 and the west of Scotland. With this view he visited 
 the abbey of Holme Cultram, and inspected the shores 
 of the Solway in that neighbourhood. The result was 
 satisfactory. He found deep water in Silloth Bay, 
 directly opposite his proposed field of operation, and 
 accordingly fixed his depot there, and issued orders 
 to most of the sheriffs of the northern counties to carry 
 supplies to Skiuburness. He next collected there a 
 fleet of nineteen vessels, some of them of considerable 
 size, — two being manned by crews of about fifty men 
 each, — which he employed in conveying military stores 
 and engines to Earl Warwick on the opposite coast. 
 Skinburness had formerly a market and fair, for which a 
 fincof 100 marks was paid by the abbot of HolmeCultram 
 to the king. In J301 the abbot procured a grant from 
 the bishop for building a church there and making it a 
 separate parish, but the project does not seem to have 
 been carried out, for tho town appears to have been 
 washed away or submerged by the inroads of the sea, 
 and in consequence of this calamity the abbot petitioned 
 to have the market removed to Kirkby Joan or Newton 
 Arlosh, which he desired might be created a borough. 
 The request was acceded to ; and in the charter it is 
 stated that Skinburness had been wasted by storm and 
 invasion, and that the inlets of the sea there became so 
 deep that people could not resort thither. This event 
 is supposed to have occurred before 1303. Whatever 
 may have been the effect of the devastation thus caused, 
 the place was not entirely abandoned by the govern- 
 ment, for it continued to be the point whence supplies 
 were conveyed over to the Scotch coast as long as the 
 Edwards kept up their incursions against the Scots. 
 The village of Skinburness is much resorted to iu the 
 summer season for the purpose of sea-bathing, &c. 
 
 The following are the names of the other villages and 
 hamlets in this parish, with their distances and bearings 
 from Abbey Town: — Black Dyke, hamlet, two and a 
 half miles west-by-north ; Blitterlees, village, five miles 
 west-by-north ; Calvo, hamlet, throe miles north-north- 
 west ; East Cote, four and a half miles north-west : 
 Causeway Head, where the parish church is situated, 
 four and a half miles west -by- north ; Green Row, 
 a small hamlet, which possesses an academy, first 
 established by Mr. John Drape, from whom it passed 
 into tho hands of Mr. Joseph Saul, who succeeded 
 on tho death of the founder. Mr. Saul died iu ISIO, 
 and his old pupils and other friends erected a mai-ble 
 monument to his memory in tho Abbey Church. Mr. 
 John Saul, his son, soon afterwards became master, 
 and the academy is now conducted by Mr. Isaac Drape. 
 The school has been attended by pupils from every
 
 244 
 
 ALLEKDALE - BELOW - PERTVENT WARD. 
 
 part of Britain, and also from different parts of Europe 
 and the West Indies. Havrigg, hamlet, is four miles 
 west; Seaville is a small but pleasant village on the 
 west bank of the Waver, two miles uortli-by-west ; 
 Wath, four miles north-by-west; Wolsty, hamlet, is 
 situated near the coast, about five miles west ; here 
 are the ruins of Wolsty Castle, once a fortress of great 
 strength, surrounded by a moat, and erected by the 
 abbots of Holme Cultram as a place of safety for their 
 books, charters, treasures, &c., in the sudden invasions 
 of the Scottish marauders. Here Camden says, " the 
 
 secret works of Michael the Scot lie in conflict with 
 mothes." This celebrated man received the honour of 
 knighthood from Alexamler HI., king of Scotland. He 
 devoted himself to the study of philosophy, mathe- 
 matics, and the abstract sciences, and is said to have 
 spent the last years of his life as a monk in the abbey 
 of Holme Cultram. It is pleasant, in retracing the 
 past, to find that the rich monasteries of our land were 
 often, during the middle ages, the sole refuge of the 
 pious, and the quiet abode of the learned. 
 
 IREBY PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Ircby is bounded on the north by Bolton, on the west by Torpenhow, on the south by Bassenthwaite, 
 and on the east by Caldbeck and Uldale. The south-east side of the parish is high, and the soil a light red loam ; 
 on the other side the soil is also loamy, rising of a strong clay, and well adapted for the growth of wheat, barley, 
 oats, etc. The parish contains plenty of limestone, some grey freestone, and coal, and is watered by the river Ellen. 
 It comprises the townships of Low Ireby and High Ireby. The commons have been enclosed in accordance with the 
 provisions of an act of parliament passed in 1811. The inhabitants attend the Wigton markets, and some go to 
 those at Cockermouth and Keswick. 
 
 LOW IREBY. 
 
 The area of this townsliip is 831 acres, and its rate- 
 able value £1,Q1-1. Its population in 1801 was 202 ; 
 in 1811, 260 ; in 1821, 293 ; in 1831, 314 ; in 1841, 
 314 ; and in 1851, 331. In this township there are a 
 corn- mill and two saw-mills. 
 
 The manor of Low Ireby was anciently held by the 
 family of Thursby, whose ancestor, Herbert de Thursby, 
 held it as an assart in the forest of Westward, and routed 
 it of the king. Clcrota, the heiress of the Thursbys, 
 on her marriage with Guido Boyvil, brought the manor 
 to that family. It was acquired of the Boyvils by 
 William de Ireby, whose daughter and heir. Christian, 
 married Thomas, the son of Duncan Lascelles, and 
 afterwards Robert Bruce. This lady conveyed Ireby to 
 Thomas Middleton, from whom it passed to the Tilliols. 
 On the death of Robert Tilliol, the ksst of the family, 
 in 1433, it was allotted to Isabel, his sister and co- 
 heiress ; one of the co-heiresses of her sou, William 
 Colvil, brought this estate to the Musgi-aves. A survey 
 was made of the barony of Allerdale in 1578, when it 
 was found that " Cuthbert Musgrave holdeth Base Ireby 
 by homage, fealtie, and suit of court, and payeth yearly 
 for cornage 4s. Gd., seawake Od., Serjeant's food and free 
 rent Is., in toto Os." Sir John Ballantine married 
 Anne, one of the daughters and co-heirs of William 
 Musgrave, the last of the Crookdake family, from whom 
 
 it descended to the family of Ballantine, coming ulti- 
 mately to the Dykes of Dovenby, the present possessors, 
 Mrs. Dykes being lady of the manor. The principal 
 landowners are Henry Railton, Esq., F L. B. Dykes, 
 Esq., Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart., and some resident 
 yeomen. 
 
 The ancient market town of Ireby is still a con- 
 siderable village, situated on the west side of the river 
 Ellen, in the township of Low Ireby, seven miles south 
 of Wigton, the same distance west of Heskct New- 
 market, and sixteen miles south-south-west from Car- 
 lisle. Camden considers it to be the site of the Roman 
 Arbeia, occupied by a detachment of the Barcarli 
 Tigrisienses, which others have placed at Papcastle and 
 Moresby. On the map of Britannia Romana, in the 
 Jlonumenta Historica Britannica, it is marked as the 
 site of a castrum, or camp. The market here was 
 granted, in 1937, to William de Ireby, to be held on 
 Thursday, together with a fair for three days at the 
 festival of St. Matthew (September 21st).' From an 
 inquisition taken in 1578, we learn that " Cuthbert 
 ^Musgrave, Esq., hath in like manner erected a market 
 at Ircby, with two fairs in the year, taking toll and 
 stollage, and other like duties there, the which, if it 
 should continue, is very like greatly to decay his lord- 
 
 ' CLiiiter 22 Heury III. confirmeil to Peter THliol by letters patent 
 U Bichara 11. 
 
 iS.
 
 IREBY PARISH. 
 
 245 
 
 ship's said market at Cockennout'ii, and utterly impove- 
 rish the inhabitants of the said town, which thing is to 
 be reformed, for as much as the said town of Ireby is 
 within his lordship's barony or sei;;;niory of Allerdale." 
 Ireby was a great corn market in 1088. Mr. T. Denton 
 tells us that "in this market all sorts of graine (big 
 aad oates especially), and also salt are sold at far cheaper 
 rates, and by a larger measure, than in any market in 
 the north ; the reason is because of the great plenty of 
 good corn that grows every where round that neigh- 
 bourhood." The market has long been obsolete, but 
 two fairs are held annually; the first on February 21st, 
 for horses and cattle; the second on October J 8th, for 
 sheep. The ancient market cross, after lying in ruins 
 for nearly a century, was restored some years ago by 
 Henry Grainger, Esq., who is the owner of the old 
 building once the Moot Hall of the town. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 Ireby church, dedicated to St. James, was erected at 
 the suggestion of Henry Grainger, Esq., of High Ireby 
 Grange, who subscribed £100 for the purpose, on a site 
 given by tlie late Mr. W. Railton, of Low Ireby. The 
 foundation stone was laid ou the 13th August, IS-lo, by 
 Henry Grainger, Esq., assisted by the llev. Chancellor 
 Fletcher and others ; and the church was opened on the 
 Cth December, 1840, by license from the Bishop of 
 Carlisle, the Rev. J. Heyshara, of Scbergham, preaching 
 on the occasion. It was consecrated on the 10th of the 
 following May, by the Hon. and Rev. Hugh Percy, late 
 bishop of Carlisle, who also preached the consecration 
 sermon. It is a neat Gotliic structure, and contains a 
 beautiful stained glass window, of upwards of 8,000 
 pieces, by Wailos of Newcastle-on-Tyne, the gift of 
 Jlr. Grainger, Jlrs. Grainger giving the communion 
 service, and furnishing the chancel. The church con- 
 tains 200 sittings, the wliole of which arc free, with the 
 exception of one reserved for the late Mr. W. Railton. 
 The font of the old church, and a curious stone, com- 
 memorating John do Ireby and his wife, found in its 
 walls, are preserved here. The total cost of the edifice 
 amounted to ClOO. Tho church, whicli was formerly 
 rectorial, was given by Alan, se(n)nd lord of Allerdale, 
 to the prior and convent of Carlisle, which grant was 
 confirmed by Henry 11. and Edward III.; it is now 
 in tho patronage of the dean and clmpter of Carlisle 
 as successors to the prior and convent, and receives 
 £25 a year from the lessees. Tho benefice was 
 augmented by Queen Anne's Bounty in 1809, 1811, 
 18 m, and 1822, with four sums of £200 each, with 
 which twenty-seven acres of laud and a parsonage house 
 were purchased. Tho living, a perpetual curacy, is 
 now worth about £04 per annum. 
 
 IxcuMBEKTs. — Bonjamin Lazonby, 1752; Jacob Jefferson, 
 1770; James Marshall, 177S ; Joshua Clarke, lS4i. 
 
 The parsonage house is situated contiguous to the 
 church. 
 
 Ireby School is a plain stone building, rebuilt and 
 enlarged in 1 850, by Henry Granger, Esq. It is under 
 government inspection, supported by quarter pence, 
 and has an average attendance of forty-five pupils. 
 
 CHAniTT. 
 
 School. — Previous to the year 1749, the sum of £100 
 was given by Matthew Caldbeck, Esq., for the establish- 
 ment of a school in this parish. The intent of this 
 establishment, as expressed in a deed dated 2nd Feb- 
 ruary, 1749, was, that there should be a schoolmaster 
 in the said parish, who should teach the children of 
 such poor persons as the original subscribers should 
 think truly entitled to this charity, in the rudiments of 
 grammar and other learning, and in the principles of 
 the Christian religion according to the Church of 
 England ; and trustees were appointed for the manage- 
 ment of the said intended school. By indenture dated 
 I'.lth July, 1770, certain buildings in Ireby were pur- 
 chased by the trustees for a school-house, in considera- 
 tion of £14, part of the said sum of £1()0, other part 
 thereof had been previously laid out in the purchase of 
 two closes at Birkmire, in the parish of Uldale. These 
 closes consist of about seven acres, and are let at a rent 
 of about £8 per annum, which is paid to the master of 
 Ireby school above mentioned, who in consideration 
 thereof instructs gratuitously eight poor children of the 
 parish — four from each township. 
 
 Ellcnside House, in this township, occupies a pleasant 
 situation near the bank of the river, from which it derives 
 its name. 
 
 UIGII IliEISY. 
 
 High Ireby comprises 2,701 acres, and its rateable 
 value is £1,042. In 1801 it contained 00 inhabitants; 
 in 18U, 130; in 1821, 101; in 1831, 185; iu 1841, 
 153; and in 1851, 174. The population here is 
 entirely agricultural. There is a curious barrow on tho 
 top of Binsoy, a large isolated hill in this township, 
 belonging to Sir Henry R. Vane, Bart. 
 
 Tho manor of High Ireby was given by Alau, son of 
 Waltheof, lord of Allerdale, to Gospatric, son of Orme, 
 lord of Seaton and Workington, wlio gave it to a younger 
 son, Orme, who thereupon assumed tho name of Orme 
 do Ireby, and was ancestor of two families of that name. 
 Robert de Courtney and Alice, his wife, gave to this 
 Orme do Ireby his manor of Embleton, in the reign of 
 Richard I. ; and he had also lands in Wa\ erton. He 
 had issue Adam, his heir, and William, a priest, who
 
 216 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW- DERWENT WARD. 
 
 gave lands in Gilcnix to the abbot, and convent of 
 Holme Cultrain. Adam bad Thomas, his heir, and 
 AVilliara, lord of Gamelsby and Glassonby, and Alan, 
 father of Isaac, who gave bis dwelling-house in Ireby, 
 called Isaacby, to the prior and convent of Carlisle. 
 Thomas had issue John ; and be, Thomas, father of 
 AVilliani, who by Cbristiau, his wife, bad issue two 
 daughters, co-heirs. Christian and Eva. Eva had a rent 
 charge out of the lauJs, and was married to Robert 
 d'Esteville, and afterwards to Alan de Charters. She 
 released her share to her sister Christian, wife of 
 Thomas Lascellcs of Bolton, who had issue Armina 
 Lascelles, married to John Seatou, whose son, Christo- 
 pher Seaton. was attainted in the reign of Edward I., 
 for taking part with llobert Bruce and the Scots. After 
 this we find at Ireby one John de Ireby, who was sherifif 
 of Cumberland in loSO, and also in 100;^ and lo'JO. 
 He was knight of the shire in the parliaments held in 
 1384, 1387, and 1390. This is the last representative 
 of the name that wo find at Ireby. At a later period 
 this manor became the property of the Barwis lamily ; 
 one of whom, Anthony Barwis, Esq., held it in 1578, 
 by homage, fealty, and suit of court, and paid for ic 
 yearly, for cornage and seawalie 4d. It was purchased 
 of the Barwis family by an ancestor of Sir Heury R. 
 Vane, Bart, the present proprietor. 
 
 Euthwate, another manor in this township, was 
 granted by Alan, lord of .\llerdrJo, to the Brans, from 
 whom it passed at an early period to the Deutons. In 
 1676, Thomas Denton, Esq., sold it to Mr. Peter 
 Norman, of Carlisle. It is now the pi-operty of Sir 
 Henry R. Vane, Bart., besides whom Jackson Gill- 
 banlts, Esq., Henry Grainger, Esq., Sir Henry R. Vane, 
 Bart., Henry Railton, Esq., Mr. Daniel Bu-kett, and a 
 few yeomen, are the landowners. 
 
 The principal mansion in Ireby parish is Whitefield 
 House, the seat of Jackson Gillbanks, Esq., J.P. It is 
 situated on the north side of Skiddaw, about two miles 
 from its base, near the centre of a beautiful and exten- 
 sive estate, comprising a fruitful valley, reaching from 
 Binsey to the Skiddaw range of mountains, and stretch- 
 ing towards Uldale. The river Ellon, which empties 
 itself into the sea at Maryport, rises here. In the front 
 of the house is the small lake of Overwater, well-stocked 
 with pike, trout, and perch. Wild fowl being well pro- 
 tected breed here in great numbers, and in winter it is 
 visited by many rare aquatic bii-ds. The father of the 
 present owner improved the property by planting exten- 
 sively, — when it came into his possession being 
 entirely devoid of beauty in consequence of the absence 
 of timber. The present owner is daily adding some 
 improvement. The house is in the castellated style, 
 
 and has a noble appearance. In the neighbourhood of 
 Whitefield House is Little Tarn, a small lake, the depth 
 of which is unknown. It is well-stocked with pike of 
 an extraordinary size. This larn divides the parish of 
 Ireby from, that of Uldale, and is connected w ith 
 Overwater by a small stream — the latter also hes 
 between Ireby and Uldale. 
 
 (Silltanks of Silbiicfulb |5ouse. 
 
 This family derives its origin from the mountain district in 
 the neiglibourliond of Keswick, and several generations ago 
 held considerable property about the vale of St. John and 
 Threlkcld, where the ancient hamlet of Gillbank still exists, 
 and where they are said to have resided, but the bulk of the 
 property having devolved upon an heiress who married, it 
 passed into other hands, and the family were much dispersed. 
 One branch then settled in the east of Cumberland, where 
 there have been a, succession of clergymen of the name 
 (under the patronage of the Howards) for many generations. 
 The late I'ev. G. Gillbanks held the livinj of Lanercost for 
 nearly sixty years. A distant branch is also represented by 
 Thomas Gillbanks, Esq., of Culgaith ; another branch, of which 
 we now treat, settled at Scothwaite Close, near Ireby, which has 
 now been in their possession for about two centiu'ies. 
 
 Joseph Gilleanks, Esq., the younger son of Joseph Gillbanks 
 of the above place, who married Jliss Elizabeth Sheffield, was 
 born i!8th January, 1780. He went to Jamaica in 1800, and 
 having amassed a large fortune as a merchant there, returned, 
 in 1814, to England, when he purchased Whitefield House, 
 Orthwaile Hall, Haltcliife Hall, and other estates in the county 
 of Cumberland, which the present owner has since much im- 
 proved and beautified. He married 7th January, 1811), JIarj-, 
 eldest daughter of Ilalpli Jackson, Esq., of Normanby, in 
 Cleveland, Yorkshire, and niece of Col. Jackson, of St. Dorothy, 
 Jamaica, and of the Hon. R. Jackson, lord chief justice of that 
 island, which family has held large possessions there for many 
 generations. This lady, by the sudden death of her cousin, 
 W. Thomas Jackson (son of Col. Jackson, of Jamaica), has 
 succeeded to the gi'eat bulk of that gentleman's property ; and 
 by this lady, who survives him, Mr. Gillbanks had issue, one 
 son and two daughters, viz. : — 
 
 Jackson, now of \\'hitefield House. 
 
 Mary Elizabeth married, June 1840, to H. M. Lawrance, M.D., 
 
 and has issue. 
 Maria Josephine, married, 2tth January, 18.jfi, to Rev. Henry 
 
 Gougli, Ai..\., fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, and rector of 
 
 Charlton, Oxfordshire. 
 
 Mr. Gillbanks was for forty years a most active magistrate, 
 and deputy-lieutenant for the county. He died suddenly on the 
 3rd Februar)-, 1853, and was succeeded by his only son, 
 
 Jackson Gillbanks, Esq., of Whitefield House, J.P., bom 
 5th November, 1810; B.A., and LL.B. of St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, a barrister-at-law, patron of the living of Uldale. 
 
 Jrms — Az., five hearts, in saltire, or, on a chief, arg., a rose, gu., 
 between two trefoils, slipped, vert. 
 
 Crest — A stag's head, or. Motto — Honore et virtate. 
 
 The Grange is another seat in High Ireby township. 
 It is a handsome building in the Italian style, and 
 serves as a summer residence to Henry Grainger, Esq., 
 a gentlemau engaged in commercial pursuits in Liver- 
 pool, and who has a considerable estate here.
 
 KIRKBRIDE PARISH. 
 
 247 
 
 KIRKBRIDE PARISH. 
 
 KiRKBRiDE parish is bounded on the east and north by the river Wampool, on the west by the Jlonk's Dyke, and 
 on the south by Wigton parish. It has no dependent townships, but contains the hamlets of Powhill and Longlaud's 
 Head. The inluibitants are principally engaged in agriculture. 
 
 This parish consists of one township, comprising 
 1.051 acres. Its population in ISOl was 249 ; in 1811, 
 iir>6; in 1821, 308; in 1831, 383; in 1811, 372; and in 
 1 851,346. The Carlisle and Silloth railway runs through 
 the township. The soil of the ancient land is good, 
 resting on sound clay; the common is inferior land, and 
 some of it peaty. The rateable value of the township 
 is £905. The inhabitants are principally located in the 
 village of Kirkbridc and the hamlets abDve-mentioned ; 
 and generally attend the Carlisle and Wigton markets. 
 The manor of liirkbride is parcel of the barony of 
 Wigton, from which it was granted in the reign of 
 King John, by Adam, son of Odard, second baron of 
 Wigton, to his socond son Adam, who took the name 
 of Kirkbride. It continued in this family for several 
 generations, till a co-hcircss of George Kirkbride, the 
 last heir male, brought a moiety to the Dalstous of 
 Dalston Hall. The other moiety was afterwards sold 
 by another co-heir to the Baron of Wigton, in whose 
 possession it remained till tlio sixth Fjaii of Northum- 
 berland gave it to Henry VIII., who granted the same 
 to Thomas Dalston, Esq. After this the whole manor 
 continued in the Dulstou family, who held it of the 
 king in capita by knight's service, and the payment of 
 13s. 4d. for cornage, '22d. for puture of the sergeants, 
 and ICd. for seawake, &c. An inquisition taken in 
 1578, informs us that ".John Dalston, Esq., holjeth 
 half the manor or town of Kirkbride by homage, fealtie, 
 and suit of court at Wigton, and payeth for cornage, 
 3s. 4d.; seawake, Cd. ; puture. Is. lO^d.; and for free 
 rent, 2s. ; the rest paid by his tenants." A note to 
 this entry further informs us that " The said John 
 Dalston holdeth the other moiety of Kirkbride togetlier 
 with Ulton now in question as after appcureth." From 
 this document we also learn that " John Briscoe, Esq., 
 holdeth a tenement, or capital messuage, called Whin- 
 now Hall, by homage, fealtie, and renders per annum Is. 
 The tenants of the town of Kirkbride pay yearly to the 
 lord for coraage 13s. 4d. ; seawake. Is. 4d. ; and for 
 turn-silver, 7s. CJ.; in toto per aunum, 22s. 2d. John 
 Dalston, for the reserved upon the moiety of Kirkbride, 
 paieth yearly at the feasts of St. ^Martin and Pentecost, 
 73. lOid. John Dalston, Esq., above-named, holdeth 
 the other moiety of the manor or town of Kirkbride, and 
 th(! liaralet called Ulton (as is afore noted) which were 
 parcel of the said barony or demesne, and sold by King 
 Henry VIII. to Thomas Dalston, father of the said 
 
 John Dalston, and were of the yearly rent of over 
 
 and besides the free rents of certain freeholders in Ulton 
 aforesaid, amounting to the sum of 33s. 4d. per annum, 
 holden of the said barony, which rents and services of 
 the said freeholders the said John Dalston claimeth 
 and detained by colour of his said letters patent (quo 
 jure it/nor.) the rents and services of which freeholders 
 hereafter followeth : — Robert Dalston holdeth there a 
 tenement and two o.xgangs of land, late William Mor- 
 pith's, by fealtie and suit of court, &c., and renders per 
 annum 10s. John Kay holdeth a tenement called 
 Gamsey Land, by the same services, and renders 
 (Is. 2d. Robert Vause holdeth certain tenements and 
 lands by like services, and rendcre 4s. Cd. John 
 Thompson holdeth two tenements and certain land 
 with other appurtenances by like services, and renders 
 5s. Robert Dalston holdeth there a parcel of meadow, 
 sometime John Sparrow's, by the like services, and 
 renders 9d. The same Robert holdeth another parcel of 
 meadow, late Thomas Pattiuson's, by like services, and 
 renders 9d. John Thompson holdeth there three acres 
 of land, late the lauds of John Thompson, by like service, 
 rendering Is. 4d. Cuthbert Grainger and Nicholas 
 Allison holdeth there one parcel of meadow, late Nicholas 
 Brown's, by like services, and renders Gd. The heirs 
 of Robert or Thomas Leche holdeth there three acres 
 of meadow by hke services, and render per annum 
 Is. 4d." The Dalstons remained the possessors of the 
 manor of Kirkbride till 1764, when Sir George Dalston, 
 Bart., the last of the family, sold it to Joseph Wilson, 
 Es(i., of Pontefract, by whom it was conveyed to 
 William Matthews, Esq., of Dykesfield, and of him 
 purchased by the Earl of Lonsdale, in whose family it 
 still continues, the present carl being the possessor of 
 the manorial rights and privileges. The landowners 
 are the Rev. Joseph Hallifa.K ; Robert H. Wills, Esq. ; 
 S. and J. Saul, Esqs., of Carlisle; Rev. Joshua Clarke; 
 John Clarke, Esq.; Mrs. Hodgson : John Wills ; Robert 
 ]\itson ; Charles Lightfoot ; Matthewe Hodgson, Esq.; 
 John Clarke ; A. P. T. C. Somerset ; with some small 
 proprietors. The township w as enclosed in the year 1810. 
 The village of Kirkbride is situated on the south 
 side of the estuary of the Wampool, six miles north-by- 
 west of Wigton. The river is here crossed by a wooden 
 bridge lending from Kirkbride to Whitrigg for general 
 traffic, which was erected iu 1856-7, at a cost of about 
 £000, defra3'ed by subscription.
 
 2-18 
 
 ALLEKDALE- BELOW. DERWENT WAED. 
 
 THE CHUnCH. 
 
 The churcb, dedicated to St. Bride or Bridget, stands 
 on aa acclivity a little east of the village, and is suid to 
 have been erected previous to the Norman Comjuest, 
 on the site, and there is little doubt with the materials 
 of the Piomau fort or station, which formerly stood here. 
 It consists of uave and chancel, and contains an ancient 
 and beautiful font. The church contains several monu- 
 jnents to the Metcalfe and Hallifa.\ families. From an 
 inquisition de jure patronatus, taken in 1341, we learn 
 that Sir John de Weston, Kut., was the patron of the 
 rectory of Kirkbride, in right of his wife, the Lady 
 Joan de Wigton. In 15S0 the patronage was vested 
 in the Dalstons, and continued in that family till the 
 Sir George above-mentioned sold the advowson to tlie 
 Kev. T. Metcalfe, vicar of St. Margaret's, Leicester. 
 It was subsequently purchased from the trustees of tho 
 late Rev. Francis Metcalfe by the Rev. Joseph HaUifax, 
 and is now the property of the present rector. The 
 parish registers extend from 1C02 to the present time. 
 Kirkbride is a rectory valued in the King's Book at 
 £5, and certified to tho governors of Queen Anne's 
 Bounty at £44. It is row worth £'250 per annum. 
 The tithes have been commuted for £145. 
 
 Eectoes. — Robert de Broinfield, 1341; John de Westerton, 
 1343; Cuthbert Fisher, — ; Robert AUanby.M.A., 1580; Giles 
 Hemmerford, 1386 ; Nicholas Dean, 1D8G ; Mr. Hudson, 1C43 ; 
 Thomas Luraley, ICCO; Henry Hall, 1CT8; John Walker, A.T!., 
 1717; John Covr^er, A. 13., 1743; George Gillbanks, 1700; 
 Francis Metcalfe, the elder, 1797; Francis Metcalfe, the younger, 
 mZ'i ; William Flowers, 1835 ; Joseph Hallifax, the elder, 1847 ; 
 Joseph Hallifax, the younger, 18J5. 
 
 The rectory is a large and commodious edifice, in the 
 Tuscan style of architecture, erected between the years 
 
 1790 and 1800, at a cost of i"l,GOU, and commands 
 beautiful and e-xtensive views of the surrounding scenery. 
 In its garden wall is a portable Roman altar, with the 
 inscription, deo belatvcaduo peisivs. m. solvit votv 
 
 M. L. M. 
 
 Tiie village school is small and poor, but on the 
 whole well attended. 
 
 There is a meeting house belonging to the Society 
 of Friends. There seems to have been a family or two 
 resident here soon after the formation of that body, but 
 there are none now. 
 
 Beside the Roman alt<xr just mentioned, and the 
 ancient font constructed in the church, few remains of 
 auti(|uity are visible in this parish. The church, as 
 above stated, is supposed to occupy the site of a Roman 
 fort or station, the upper and lower moats of which may 
 still be traced on the western side of the sacred edifice. 
 There are, however, no less than throe ancient roads, 
 at some depth from the present surface, one of sand, 
 one of gravel, and one paved. This last is about three 
 feet below the surface ; and as far as can be traced they 
 all run from south to north. The paved one goes up 
 to the site of the present church, and was first dis- 
 covered while removing some soil from the churchyard. 
 Roman pottery, in the shape of urns, lamps, vases, and 
 vessels of domestic use, have frequently been found in 
 parts of the churchyard, and in the adjoining land. 
 Some ancient British pottery has also been discovered, 
 though less frequently than Roman, and many Saxon 
 beads of glass, and other ornaments, which may be 
 seen at the rectory. 
 
 Powhill and Langland's Head are two hamlets in 
 this parish. 
 
 SEBERGHAM PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north and north-west by Dalston and Westward, on the south and west by Caldbeck. 
 and on the east by Castle Sowerby. Agriculture is the principal employment of the inhabitants — there is a small 
 tile work on the common. The people are very industrious and clean, and as a general rule in easy circumstances. 
 The soil varies much in quality, some land being let as low as ten shillings an acre, and some as high as .£3 10s. 
 Carlisle and Wigton are the markets usually attended. Sobergham parish comprises the townships of High Bound 
 and Low Bound, whose united area is 5,890 acres, and rateable value, £'3,008 19s. The commons were enclosed 
 in 1765. The parish is intersected by the river Caldew, whose picturesque banks are clothed with wood ; and l\w. 
 small stream, the Shalkbeck, is its boundary for a considerable distance towards the west and north-west. 
 
 I stands, which is a hill or rising ground in the forest of 
 
 SEBEKGII.\1I HIGH BOUND. 
 
 The population of this township in 1810 was 434 ; 
 in 1811, 474; in 1821, 505; in 1831, 494; in 1841, 
 493; and in 1851, 500. " Sebergham," says Nicholson 
 and Burn, "was so called from the place where it 
 
 Iiiglewood, whereof the east and south-east parts were 
 woodland and dry ground ; but the south, west, and 
 north-west parts were wet springy ground, covered with 
 rushes, which the country people caU sieves ; and there-
 
 SEBEEGHAJI PAEISH. 
 
 S49 
 
 upon the place was called Skvy-hurgh, or Sievy Hill. 
 At the lime of the Conquest, it was a great waste and 
 wilderness. Afterwards, in the latter end of King 
 Henry II. 's time, one William Wastall, or de Waste- 
 dale, began to enclose some part of it. He was an 
 hermit, and lived tliero to an extreme old age, by the 
 labour of his hands, and the fruits of trees. He came 
 liither in Henry I.'s time, and died about the end of 
 King John's reign, or in the beginning of Henry Ill's. 
 King John granted him the hill Sebcrgham, and he 
 left it to the priory of Carlisle," who also possessed the 
 manor of Ijangbolme, in this parish, by the gift of John 
 de Sebergham. These estates are now vested in the 
 dean and chapter as the successors of the prior and 
 convent. The manor of Sebergham belongs to the 
 Duke of Devonshii'e, as parcel of the forest of Ingle- 
 wood. 
 
 The manor of Warnell, in this parish, was given by 
 Henry II. to Andrew de Ilercla, after whose attainder 
 it was granted to Ralph Lord Dacre. William Lord 
 Dacre gave it in e.Kchange to John Denton, Esq., of 
 Denton Hall, in Exchange for Denton, in the year 
 149(5. His immediate descendant of the same name 
 sold it in the year 1774, to the ancestor of the present 
 Earl of Lonsdale. The old mansion of Warnell Hall, 
 an Elizabethan structure, much dilapidated, now serves 
 as a farm-house. It had formerly one of the large 
 square towers common to many of the Cumberland 
 mansions, and intended for defence against the inroads 
 of the Scots. The family of Denton of Warnell sprung 
 from Denton in Gilsland — their pedigree was certified 
 at Dugdale's visitation in lOOj, as follows: — 
 
 Jlciifoit of 53l;iriuII. 
 
 Thomas de Denton livej in the reigns of Edward III. and 
 Ricliord 11. 
 
 AriASi DE Denton died 10 Henry IV. 
 
 Thomas Denton, Esq., mai-ried Alice, daughter of Thomas 
 Moore. 
 
 Richard Denton, Esq., of Gilsland, married Jane, natural 
 daughter of Sir Hamplirey Dacre, Knt., Lord Dacro of Oilalund, 
 and died in 3 Richard 111. 
 
 John Df.nton, Esq., of Denton Hall, married Agnes Sithe, 
 and died in '-'7 Henry VII. 
 
 Thomas Df.nton, Esq., of Warnell, died in Elizabeth. 
 
 Thomas Denton, Esq., of Warnell, died in C Jumes, without 
 issue, and was succeeded by his brother's son, 
 
 Thomas Di;nton, son of George, by his wife, a daughter of 
 the Lnscelles family, in co. York. This Thomas died unmar- 
 ried, and WHS succeeded by his brother, 
 
 Hksry Denton, who married Elizabeth Ogletborp, and died 
 about 1(130. 
 
 Thomas Denton, his successor, was a captain of foot under 
 the Earl of Neivcaatle, in the service of Charles I., and died of 
 the wounds he received at Hiall in 161:). His wife was Lcttice, 
 daughter of John Lowgher, Esq., co. StfllTord. 
 
 TuoMAs Denton, Esq., of Warnell, bnrrister-at-law, and 
 'il 
 
 recorder of Carlisle and Appleby, married Lettice, daughter of 
 Thomas Vachell, Esq., of Cowley, co. Berlis. His successor was 
 
 Thomas Denton, Esq., who married Margery, daughter of 
 Mr. Crackenthorp, of Newbiggin, in Westmoreland. His son, 
 
 Thomas Denton, Esq., married a Miss Pattinson, of Penrith, 
 and died in 173G, when 
 
 John Denton, Esq., of Warnell Hall, succeeded hira. The 
 latter married Mary, daughter of Mr. Thomas Wilkin, of Brough 
 Sowerby, in Westmoreland ; and by her had issue Thomas and 
 Barbara. Mr. Dentou, iu 1774, sold Warnell to Sir James 
 Lowther, Bart., afterwards Earl of Lonsdale. 
 
 Arms — hxg., two bars gii., in chief tliree cinque foils, sa. 
 
 The little manor of Hartrigg, which belonged formerly 
 to the Dalstons, is now the property of J. P. Fletcher, 
 Esq., who also owns Sebergham Castle, a large farm- 
 house about two miles west of the village. 
 
 A court leet is held annually here in September. 
 
 The principal landowners are the Earl of Lonsdale ; 
 J. P. Fletcher, George Dixon, George Gill Mounsey, 
 F. L. B. Dykes, James Heysham, and William Denton, 
 Esqs. ; and Messrs. William Helme, John Studholme, 
 James Connell, John Steele, Hugh McAlpin, and 
 Messrs. Lee. 
 
 The village of Sebergham, or Sebcrgham Church 
 Town, occupies a pleasant situation near the river 
 Caldew, two and a half miles north-by-east of Hesket 
 Newmarket, eight miles south-east of Wigtou, and ten 
 miles south-by-west of Carlisle. 
 
 THE cHcrr.cn. 
 Sebergham church, which is dedicated to St. Mary 
 the Virgin, is a plain edifice, consisting of uave, 
 chancel, vestry at south-west corner, built by the pre- 
 sent incumbent, and western tower. It was repaired 
 during the incumbency of the Rev. J. Heysham, now 
 vicar of Lazonby, Penrith. Its foundation dates from 
 the reign of King John, and it is supposed to occupy 
 the site of the cell of the hermit, William Wastell, 
 above-mentioned. Bishop Nicholson, in his MS. 
 " Account of the Present State of the Churches, Par- 
 sonages, and Vicarage Houses, Glebe Lands, Ac." in 
 1703, says of this church, " I found the outside iu good 
 repair, and the inside pretty tolerable. The school- 
 master teaches in the west end ; and none but suiters 
 come near the communion table, which is railed in. la 
 the quire are the seats of Jlr. Denton, of Warnell ; Ur. 
 Crosby, Jlr. Aglionby (for Baxter's tenement), and Mr. 
 Hill, of Bell Bridge. Hero is also, against the south 
 wall, a freestone monument, with tlio following inscrip- 
 tion (in bas relief) on the side : — ' Cumbria Warnellum 
 Thomam deplorat ademptum Denton, qui si quidcm 
 Deltnion alter crat nempe pins, Sapiens, ex omni ptirto 
 Quudratus quolom vix hodio secula nostra ferunt.' And 
 a little lower: 'MoUiter ossa cubant; mens aurea vivit 
 Olynipo, vivet in /Etemuin Chara Deo soboles.' At the
 
 250 
 
 ALLERDALE- BELOW -DEBWENT WARD. 
 
 end, above his coat of arms, ' Thomas Dentou do 
 Wamell, Armg' in Artibus M' et digna; memorial 
 octaginta expletis An. felicitcr Obijt. 1. die Aprilis 
 A° Dili. 1616.' " The bishop adds, " the churchyard 
 is miserably fenceless." The living is now a perpetual 
 curacy, in the patronage of the impropriators, the dean 
 and chapter of Carlisle, and is worth about £170 per 
 annum, arising from tithes and glebe ; the value of the 
 former being about £110, and of tlie latter about £00. 
 The tithes were commuted in 1771 for a fixed quantity 
 of wheat, viz., 267 Winchester equal to 89 Cariislc 
 bushels ; and in the same year a modus, or prescription 
 of £9 Os. lljd. was settled by au act of parliament to 
 be paid in lieu of the hay tithes and com tithes of the 
 ancient land, to the curate. The parish register com- 
 mences in 1691. 
 
 Isci'MBENTs. — Samuel Relph, 17i4 ; Thomas Denton, 1768 ; 
 
 William Sheepshanks, 1777 ; , 1808; John Lynn, 1818; 
 
 John Heysham, 1823; Clement Moody, 1840; N. F. Y. Kemble, 
 1852. No incumbents resident from 1768 until John Heysham 
 in 1823. John Stubbs was curate to Thomas Denton and 
 William Sheepshanks from 1771 to 1803; and'was succeeded 
 by John Dodgson, in 1803; by George Harker, in 1808; C. 
 Thompson, in 1812; J. Lowthian, 1816 ; J. Ir\ing, in 1818; who 
 remained until Mr. Heysham came into residence in 1823. 
 
 The present parsonage house was erected on the site 
 of an old one in 1770. It is an edifice without any 
 pretensions to architectural beauty, but has been much 
 improved by the late and present incumbents. 
 
 There are two parish schools, but without endow- 
 ment : they are supported by quarter pence. One is 
 situated at Sebergham Church Town, and the other at 
 High Welton. Average number of children ia attend- 
 ance at the two schools about ninety. 
 
 Sebergham Circulating Library and Reading Room, 
 established by the present incumbent and otlici-s in 
 January of the present year (1858), is in a prosperous 
 condition. It is supported by quarterly payments of 
 ninepence to the hbrary, and Is. 3d. to the reading 
 room. It is held in the school-house in Sebergham 
 Church Town. 
 
 Sebergham Bridge is a hamlet in this township, 
 delightfully situated, on both sides of the bridge, which 
 here crosses the Caldew, and which was built iu 1 080 
 by Alexander Denton, Esq., justice of common pleas. 
 Bell Bridge, about a mUe lower down the river, consists 
 of one lofty arch, erected iu 1772, on the site of a 
 previous one, which was swept away by a flood in 1770. 
 
 Newlauds and Warnell are two other hamlets in the 
 township, the former one mile north-east of Hesket 
 Newmarket, and the latter one and half miles west-by- 
 uorth of Sebergham. At a place called Iron Gill, near 
 Wamell, is a chalybeate spring. 
 
 Brown Top and Monkhousc Hill are also hamlets in 
 High Bound township. 
 
 Ever;- farm-house in the parish almost has a distinct 
 name. There is one called Sebergham Castle, having, 
 however, nothing worthy of the name but a modern 
 castellated frontage. 'W'arnell Hall was formerly the 
 seat of the Dentons, an old Cumberland family, the 
 representative of which is William Denton, Esq., wlio 
 lives near Keswick, and is unmarried. 
 
 There are two corn mills iu the parish, one at Seber- 
 gham Bridge, the otlier is called Crookholme Mill. 
 
 The people here seem to have no amusements. They 
 are never seen playing at cricket, quoits, football, or 
 any of the games so prevalent in the south of England. 
 They are singularly devoted to the public-house. A 
 belief in supernatural appearances, and a dread of 
 passing the churchyard at night, still lingers : a 
 custom also prevails of sitting at night with a corpse. 
 The incumbent informs us that he never lived in a 
 place so barren of traditions, or documents of local 
 interest. No one seems to have collected any informa- 
 tion interesting to the historian, the antiquarian, or the 
 geologist. 
 
 The Rev. Josiah Relph, " the past'ral bard of Cauda's 
 Vale," author of a volume of miscellaneous poems in 
 the Cumberland dialect, was bom at Sebergham Church 
 Town in 1712. He was educated at Appleby School 
 and Glasgow University, and was for many years curate 
 and schoolmaster in his native village. He died unmar- 
 ried, in the prime of Ufe (it is said from actual want of 
 the necessaries of life) June 17, 1743, at the place of 
 his nativity, and is buried in Sebergham churchyard. 
 
 The Rev. Thomas Denton, another of the celebrities 
 of Sebergham, was born here in 1721, and was educated 
 by Mr. Relph. Like him, he published a volume of 
 poems, besides which he edited the supplementary 
 volume to the last edition of the Biographical Dic- 
 tionaiy. He died in June, 1777, aged 53 years. 
 
 SEBERGHAM LOW BOUND. 
 
 This township contained in 1801, 308 inhabitants: 
 in 1811, 307; in 1820, 338; in 1831, 340; in 1841, 
 358; and in 1851, 349.' The hamlets in Sebergham 
 Low are High Welton, the most considerable hamlet in 
 the parish, eight miles south-by-west of Carlisle ; and 
 Nether Welton, portion of which is in Dalston parish. 
 There is a parish school at High Welton. Borrans 
 Hill, the seat of James Heysham, Esq., is in this town- 
 ship, two miles from the parish church. It is a hand- 
 some structure, in a pleasant situation, overlooking the 
 banks of the Caldew. 
 
 1 Tor landowners, &c., see Sebergham High.
 
 THURSBY PARISH. 
 
 251 
 
 THURSBY PARISH. 
 
 TnuESCY is bounded on the north by Aiktou parish, on tlie west and south by that of "U'igton, on the south- 
 east by Westward, and on the east by Dalston and Ortou. The soil, which consists principally of gravel, with 
 a mixture of loam, is tolerably fertile, except on the eastern side, where a cold clayey land prevails. Its situation is 
 rather low, along the river Wampool, where quantities of reed grow, especially on the swamp called Cardcw Mires. 
 Thursby parish comprises the townships of Thursby, Crofton, and Parton-with-Micklethwaitc. The rateable value 
 of the whole parish is £3,541. Agriculture is the principal employment of the inhabitants, and Wigton and Carlisle 
 are the markets usually attended. 
 
 TUURSBr. 
 
 The township of Thursby comprises an area of 1,382 
 acres. Its population in ISOl was 249 ; in 1811, 272 ; 
 in 121, 355; in 1831, 373; in 1841, 390; and in 
 1851, 411 persons, resident in Thursby village, Shalk- 
 foot hamlet, and a number of single houses scattered 
 over the township. 
 
 The manor of Thursby was given by Alan, second 
 lord of Allerdale, to Herbert le Brun, who thereupon 
 assumed the local name, styling himself de Thursby. 
 His female heir brought the inheritance to Guide 
 BoyviU, a 3'oungor son of the Levington family. This 
 Guido had issue William, who with his brother John, 
 were knights and foresters in Allerdale from Shalk to 
 Ellen, which was the west ward of Inglewood Forest — 
 the office of foresters descended to them from the 
 Herbert just mentioned. In 1299, Sir William Boyvill, 
 Knt., held the same, and seven years later Sir John de 
 Boyvill, Knt., occurs. Soon after this we find Thursby 
 in the possession of Robert de Ogle, whose son Thomas 
 de Ogle, in 1364, being then under age, presented a 
 rector to the church of Thursby. In 14G9 it was 
 found by inquisition that Sir llobert Ogle, Knt., then 
 held the manor of Thursby, with the advowson of the 
 church there, of the Lord Dacre or of his barony of 
 Burgh, by knights' service. The manor came after- 
 wards to the Dacres, who held the same united to and 
 as parcel of their barony of Burgh ; and among the 
 knights' foes in 1543 (temp. Henry VIII,), William 
 Lord Dacro held Thursby of the king by knights' 
 service, and 2."i3. 8jd. coraage. From that period it 
 lias continued to be Iield by the lords paramount of 
 Burgh barony, and is now the property of the l^arl of 
 Lonsdale. The landowners are Sir Wastcl Brisco, 
 Bart. ; John 11. Wilson, Esq., J.P. ; and a few resident 
 yeomen. 
 
 The village of Thursby is pleasantly situated on the 
 Carlisle and Wigton road, si-^c miles south-west from 
 Carlisle, and five miles east-north-east from Wigton. 
 
 TRB CHCECn. 
 
 Thursby church,' dedicated to St. Andrew, is situated 
 on an elevation a Htllo west of the village. It is a 
 beautiful edifice, in the style of architecture prevalent 
 
 in the 13 th century, erected in 1846, on the site of 
 the old church, which is said to have been built by 
 David I. of Scotland.' The funds for its construction 
 were raised by a parochial rate of 3s. 6d. in the pound, 
 aided by £500 left by the late Sir John Brisco. The 
 cost of the bells was defrayed by a separate rate. 
 The interior of the church is neatly fitted up for 
 the requirements of public service, according to the 
 rites of the Church of England. There are four 
 marble monuments to members of the Brisco family, 
 whose last resting place is here. The old font is 
 preserved in the present church. The benefice was 
 a rectory, till about the year 1409, when Sir Robert 
 Ogle granted it to the prior and convent of Carlisle; 
 but is now a vicarage in the patronage of the dean and 
 chapter of the diocese. It is valued in the King's 
 Book at £11 10s.; its present value is about £160, 
 exclusive of upwards of twenty-one acres of glebe. The 
 vicar, by prescription, is entitled to all the small tithes 
 of the parish, and the great and small tithes of the two 
 townships of Pai'ton and I\Iicldethwaite, and Crofton 
 
 ' Bishop Nicolson, in 1703, says " I found the church in tolerable 
 good order ; well paved, and pretty well scaled. Mr. lirisco's aisle in 
 niut'li tile worse coudiiion, upon props and ready lo full. lie pro 
 mises to put it into a better state immediately. One of the beils 
 broken and the chest without a lock upon it. I complained to Jlr. 
 Waite, llie vicar, that I had seen one of Jlr. Olcy's books ( llamiuond 
 OH the Psalms) at Rose; aud upon enquiry had found that himself had 
 lent it, contrary to the engaftenient of his predecessor and his own 
 present oblijjation, to Mr. Wybergh. He confessed his fault iu it; 
 auil promised that the Ust of books should be forthwith entered in 
 the parish register, and tlie will of the donor more exactly observed 
 hereafter. Foreseeing that I might possibly meet wiili the like failures 
 in those other parishes that are coucerued iu this benefaction, I 
 desired my brother, and secretary, at luy return, to look out the papers 
 relative to it; which ho did. And they have beeu transcribed: — 
 Itooks given to ten poor vicaroges (Crosbyon Kden, Isell, Dalslon, 
 Thursby, Wigton, Askham, Ainslable, Decrhaiu, Crosby- Havens- 
 worth, ISiirgh-upon-Sands) by Mr. liaruabaa Oley, 1085. Ur. Ham- 
 mond's Works, 1 vols, folio; Bishop .\uilrew3' Sermons, foUo; Mr. 
 Midi's Works, folio; liisbop Sanderson's Sermons, folio; Bishop 
 Sanderson's Nine Cases of Conscience, Hvo; Bishop Pearson on tlie 
 Creed, folio; Bishop Usher's Body of Uiviuily, folio ; tlic works of 
 the author of llie Whole Duly of Man, folio; Bishop Sparrow's 
 Ualionole, f vo ; Bishop Sparrow's Collection of Canons, Jio ; llr. 
 Cave's Primitive Chrislianily ; 1 Icrlwrl's Country Parson, 8vo ; I/.aak 
 Walton's Lives, Svo. " The bishop Uieii gives ilio articles of agree- 
 ment by the several vicars who received these btuiks for the use of 
 lliemselves. Some of the parishes received instead of Or. 1 lanimoud's 
 Works, Dr. Jackson's Works, 3 vols, folio, and Dr. Toweraou's Works, 
 I vol. folio.
 
 252 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW- DERWENT WARD. 
 
 and Wliinnow. In 1838 the tithes were commuted 
 for a yearly rent charge of X*354, of which £150 (the 
 rectorial tithes of Thursby township) are leased by the 
 dean and chapter. The parish register commences in 
 1680. 
 
 Eectoes.— William, 1175; Henry de Burton, 1290 ; Richard 
 <le Abinden, ]29S; William de Swindon, 1305; Robert de 
 Bojrill, 131fi; Robert Bix, 1304; Robert Paye, 13GC; John 
 Thorsyby, 14«5. 
 
 Vicars. — Richard Walles, alias Brandling, 1570; Thomas 
 Monk, 1570; William Walles, 1600 ; Christopher Peale, 10.i2 ; 
 John Hamilton, IfiCi ; Richard Savaje, 1673 ; Thomas Stalker, 
 16S0; George Theobalds, 1031; Matthew Preston, lO-tS; Joseph 
 White, 1099; John Story, 1720; Robert Wardale, 1731 ; Andrew 
 HoUiday, 1763; Thomas Nicolson, 1T71 ; Nicholas Robinson, 
 1774; John Brown, 1788; Joseph Pattinson, 1805; W. T. 
 Brigs, 1813 ; James Webster Huntley, 1830. 
 
 The vicarage house is a good residence contiguous 
 to the church. 
 
 Thursby School is a handsome stone building, erected 
 in 1740, rebuilt in 1848. The only endowmeut which 
 this school has acquired is from Thomas ThomUnson, 
 Esq., a native of this parish, who died in America, and 
 by his will, dated 16th AprO, 1798, bequeathed the 
 residue of his personal property, not otherwise disposed 
 of, to the schools of Thursby, Bromfield, Uldale, and 
 Wigton, to be divided equally amongst them, and to 
 become a part of the funds of those respective schools. 
 The sum of £354 was received as the share of the 
 testator's personal estate, bequeathed to the school at 
 Thursby. It is placed in the hands of Sir Wastel 
 Brisco, one of the trustees, who pays four per cent 
 yearly interest (£14 3s. 4d.) to the master, who, in 
 respect thereof teaches ten poor children at a low 
 quarterage. It is under government inspection, and 
 has an average attendance of fifty children. 
 
 CHABITIES. 
 
 Thomliiison's Charity for the Poor. — The Thomas 
 Thomlinson mentioned above also in the same year 
 bequeathed to the poor of Thursby, Uldale, and 
 Wigton — to the first-mentioned parish £100, and to 
 the two last-mentioned parishes £60 each, to be dis- 
 tributed by the minister and churchwardens for the 
 time being of the respective parishes, amongst the 
 most industrious and deserving objects, and in such 
 manner that their ordinary allowances from the said 
 parishes (if any there should be) should not be lessened 
 thereby. £155 was received for the legacy left to this 
 parish, after the payment of expenses. The interest 
 of this sum, amounting to £7 15s.' per annum, is 
 distributed annually amongst six or seven poor indus- 
 trious parishioners, as directed by the testator. 
 
 Gibson's Chanty. — Thomas Gibson, by will, dated 
 14th November, 1798, gave to the poor of Thursby 
 
 parish £30 to be divided on the Christmas-day after his 
 decease, as the churchwardens should think proper. 
 He also gave to the industrious poor of the said parish 
 £5 for ever, on the said Christmas-day. The testator 
 died in 1800, leaving personal property insufficient for 
 the payment of the debts and legacies which he had 
 charged thereon, a suit in chancery was in consequence 
 instituted against his executors, by the different persons 
 who claimed any interest in his effects. In the course 
 of the cause it was referred to the master to take an 
 account of the testators personal estate, and to appor- 
 tion the assets according to the amount of the different 
 legacies ; and he was further directed to have the 
 legacy of £5 per annum to the poor of Thursby valued 
 at a gross sum. On the 11th July, 1803, the master 
 reported that there was due to the parish of Thursby, for 
 the legacy of £30, with interest £32 Os. 8d. ; for their 
 legacy of £5 with interest, according to a valuation 
 made thereof, £125 ; in respect of which he approved 
 of the following apportionment: — For the former, 
 £17 2s. 7d. ; for the latter, £06 4s. 7d. ; total, 
 £78 7s. 2d. The amount of both these legacies was 
 directed by the court to be laid out in the purchase of 
 stock in the three per cent consols, which was accord- 
 ingly done. In the year 1817, the stock was sold out 
 by the trustees, and the produce being £107, was placed 
 in private hands at five per cent interest. By this 
 measure the interest was increased from £4 12s. to 
 £5 7s. per annum, which is given away annually by 
 the minister and churchwardens to about fourteen or 
 fifteen poor industrious persons residing in the parish, 
 whether they are settled parishionei-s or not. 
 
 John Studholme, of Moor End, a celebrated essayist, 
 was born in this parish. 
 
 Evening Hill is a hamlet in this township. Here is 
 the residence of John Knubley Wilson, Esq., lieut.- 
 col. of the Cumberland iililitia. It is a large mansion 
 in the Elizabethan style, erected about twenty-four 
 years ago, by its present proprietor, and commands 
 some beautiful views of the surrounding countr>'. 
 
 Moor End and Meal House are also hamlets in 
 Thursby losvnship. 
 
 cnOFTOS. 
 
 Crofton township occupies the centre of the parish, 
 and contains 975 acres. The number of inhabitants 
 in 1801, was 69; in 1811, 58; in 1821, 65; in 1831, 
 106; in 1841, 80; and in 1851, 90, living dispersedly 
 in single houses, and in the hamlet of AVhinnow. 
 
 The first recorded possessor of the manor of Crofton 
 is Sir Gilbert, son of Gilbert de D undraw, who lived in 
 the time of King John. He gave a parcel of Crofton
 
 THURSBY PARISH. 
 
 253 
 
 to the hospital of St. Nicholas, at Carlisle, and bound 
 that land to grind at his mill at Croftou. He had 
 daughters, eo-heirs ; one of wliom, Ada, was married to 
 Stephen de Crofton ; after whom there was John de 
 Crofton, Robert de Crofton, John de Crofton, and 
 Clement de Crofton, wlio died in 1309-70, and was 
 succeeded by his son, Sir John de Crofton, whose 
 daughter and heir was married about 1390 to Isold 
 Brisco, of Brisco, whereupon Crofton came into the 
 possession of the Brisco family, who have continued 
 to hold it to our own time. Sir Wastel Brisco, Bart., 
 being the present lord of the manor and owner of the 
 township. 
 
 Crofton Hall, tlic beautiful scat of Sir Wastel Brisco, 
 occupies a delightful situation on the north bank of the 
 Wampool, about four miles oast-by-riorth from Wigton, 
 and one mile west from the parish church. It has 
 been considerably enlarged and improved during recent 
 years, by its present proprietor. At a little distance 
 from tlic liidl is a conical mount of considerable size, 
 bearing the name of Torquin. It is clothed with wood, 
 and is said to have been tho residence of two gigantic 
 brothers. 
 
 Whinnow, a hamlet in tliis township, is three and a 
 quarter miles east-uorth-east of Wigton. 
 
 Many antiquities have been found in this township, 
 amongst others, several old coins, one of which had the 
 arms of England and France, on a shield, with the 
 legend E. D. G. Rosa sine spina, on the obverse ; on 
 tlio reverse, Civitas London. 
 
 ^risto of (Troffon ^jall. 
 
 Tho surname of this family was originally De Birk- 
 skougli, from their abode being at liirkskcugh, or 
 Birkswood, near Ncwbiggin, in a lordship belonging 
 to tho priory of Carlisle, a large portion of which 
 estate is still in their possession. 
 
 Isold Bnisco obtained the manors of Crofton, 'WliinnoiT, and 
 Sundraw, with Margaret, )iis wilo, daughter and heir of Sir 
 John Crofton, Kill., of Crofton, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 CnnisToniEn Bnisco, of Crofton. It appears by an arbitra- 
 ment between tlie prior of Carlisle and Ibis Christopher, con- 
 cerning tho nmnor of Brisco, that tho said manor should remain 
 to the prior and Iiis successors, pnying to tho snid Christopher 
 one hundred murks ; and that the capital messuage, with the 
 woods for building, should remain to the said Christopher and 
 his lioirs. This Christopher kept fourteen soldiers at Brisco- 
 tbom-upon-Esk. He wa~i taken prisoner at the burning of 
 Wigton ; and on that and similar occasions was forced to mort- 
 gage a considerable piut of his estate. Ho was succeeded by 
 
 Ids SOD, 
 
 RoDERT Biusno, of Crofton, wlio married Isabel, daughter of 
 William Dykes, of Warthole, by whom ho had issue, 
 I. Thomas, a priest. 
 
 II. Robert, who succeeded his father. 
 
 III. Isold, who served against the Saracens, and died a hermit. 
 
 IV. Edward Brisco, of Westward, from whom tlie families of 
 
 Westward aud Aldenhuin, co. Hertford, are descended. 
 v. Alexander Brisco, from whom are descended the Briscos of 
 Yarwell, co. Northampton ; and two daughters, Sytli, mar- 
 ried to liichard Brown ; and Susan, married to Robert Ellis, 
 of Bothill. 
 
 Robert Brisco, of Crofton, second son of the last Robert, 
 married Catharine, daughter and sole heir of Clement Skelton, 
 of Petteril Wray, and had issue. He was succeeded by his son, 
 
 John Brisco, of Crofton, who married Janet, daughter of 
 Thomas Salkeld, Esq., of Corby. 
 
 RiciuRD Brisco, of Croftou, son of John, married a daughter 
 of Leigh, of Frisiugton, by wliom he had issue Robert and 
 Leonard ; the latter of whom had a son, Robert, who married 
 the heiress of Coldhall, in whose posterity that inheritance con- 
 tinued for four generations, when that branch became extinct. 
 
 Robert Brisco, of Crofton, sou and heir of Richard, was 
 slain at the battle of Solway Moss ; in reward of whose services, 
 Henry VIII. remitted the wardship of his infant son for the 
 benefit of the widow aud the said infant. 
 
 John Brisco, of Crofton, son and heir of Robert, married 
 Anne, daughter of William Musgravc, Esq., of Hayton. He 
 purchased Leigh's part of the manor of Orton, in Cumberland, 
 of Sir Wilfrid Lawson and Maud, his wife, late wife of Thomas 
 Leigh, of Isell; and another third part of Thomas Blennerhasset, 
 of Carlisle. He was succeeded by his son and heir, 
 
 John Brisco, of Crofton, who married Mary, daughter of Sir 
 Thomas Brathwaite, of BurnesheaJ, and by her had sixteen 
 children, viz., ten sons and six daughters. 
 
 1. Thomas, who died in infancy. 
 II. Thomas, who also died iu infancy. 
 
 III. William, his successor. 
 
 IV. John Brisco, of Wampool, who married Judith, a daughter 
 
 of Bewley. 
 
 V. Edward, a merchant in London, who married a daughter 
 
 of Tolsou, Esq., of Bridekirk, aud died without issue. 
 
 VI. Richard, who died young. 
 VII. Thomas, who died iu infancy, 
 viii. Christopher, who died in Ireland, unmarried. 
 IX. Frani'is, a oaptaUi of horse in the civil wars, who died 
 
 unmarried. 
 X. Nazareth, wlio died in his travels beyond the sea, unmarried. 
 I. .lane, who died unmarried. 
 
 II. Dorothy, married to Sir John Pousonby, of Hale, colonel of 
 
 a regiment in the civil wars, who went over into Ireland 
 with CiMinwell, and settled there ; and was ancestor of tho 
 Earls of Beslioniugh. 
 
 III. Grace, married to Clement Skelton, of Peltentwray. 
 
 IV. ^lary, who died young. 
 
 V. Mary, married to the Rev. Joseph Nicolson, father (by her) 
 
 iif William Nicolson, Lord Bishop of Ciu*!isle. 
 VI. .Agnes, married to William Rnyson, of Dalstou. 
 Wii.HASi Bbisco, of Crofton, third son and heir of John, 
 married twice. By bis first wife, Susanuah, daughter of Sir 
 Randal Cranllcld, he had issue one son, who died young. By 
 his second wife, Susannah, daughter of Francis Brown, merchant 
 and alderman of London, ho had issue, 
 I. John, who succeeded him. 
 
 11. William, a ineribniit iu London, who died without issue. 
 111. Tlionm?, who married Jane, daiighlcr of Lancelot Fletcher, 
 lOsii., of Tallantire, and widow of Major Crisp, by whom ha 
 bad issue. 
 
 John Brisco, of Crofton, eldest son and heir of William, 
 married Mercy, daughter of William Johnson, of Kibblesworth, 
 in county Durham, alderman of Ncwcastle-on-Tyne, and by her 
 had issue, 
 
 I. William, who died unuiorried.
 
 251 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW . DERWENT WARD. 
 
 n. Jons, his successor. 
 lu. Tliomas, who tUed immarried. 
 n NathKniel, nhu also died UDmurried. 
 T. Richard. TI. Henry. 
 I. Margaret, who itiiirried Georpe LongstafiT, Esq. 
 
 II. Susnuna, who married Rev. David Bell, rector of Orton and 
 
 Aspatria. 
 III. Abigail, married to Henry Buseo, of Backborough, in 
 
 Ireland. 
 IT. Mary. 
 
 He was succeeded by his second son, 
 
 John BRisco,Esq.,ofCroftoD,wlio married Catherine, danghter 
 of Sir Richard Jlus^rave, of Hayton, aud by her had issue, 
 
 I. Richard, who married a daughter of Lamplugh, of Lamplugh, 
 
 and died before his father, without issue. 
 II. John, who succeeded his father. 
 
 III. William, rector of Dissinglon. 
 n*. Musgrave, a captain in the army. 
 
 V. James, collector of customs at Beaumaris. 
 VI. Wastel, who went to Jamaica. 
 
 vn. Ralph, who married Dorothy, daughter of the Rev. Jonathan 
 Rowland. 
 I. Dorothy, married to Richard Lamplugh, Esq., of Ribton. 
 II. Catherine, married to Jolm Holme, of Carlisle, attorney-at-law. 
 Mr. Brisco was succeeded by his second son, 
 
 The Rev. John- Bnisco, of Crofton Hall, rector of Orton and 
 Ticar of Aspatria, who married Catherine, daughter of John 
 Hjlton, Esq., of Hylton Castle, and had issue, 
 
 I. John, his successor. 
 
 II. Richard, an officer in the army, killed in Germany, 
 ui. Horlon, colonel E. I. Co.'s service. 
 IT. William Musgrave, an officer in the army. 
 T. James, in holy orders, rector of Orton. 
 
 I. Dorothy, married to Jacob Morland, Esq. 
 
 He was succeeded, at his decease, by his eldest son, 
 John Bkisco, Esq., of Crofton Hall, who was created a 
 baronet, 11th July, 1782. Sir John married Caroline Alicia,i 
 daughter of Gilbert Fane Fleming, Esq., by Lady Camilla 
 Bennet, his wife, sister of Charles, 4th Earl of Tankerville, and 
 by her (who died 27lh December, 1822) he had 
 
 I. Wastel, his successor. 
 
 II. Fleming Jolm, born in 17X1. 
 
 I. Camilla Caroline. II. Caroline. 
 
 III. Augusta. IV. Emma. 
 
 He died 27th December, 1800, aud was succeeded by his 
 eldest son. 
 
 Sir Wastel Bbisco, Baronet, of Crofton Hall, bom in 1778, 
 married 18th November, 180C, Hiss Sarah Lester, and has had 
 issue, 
 
 I. Robert, bom 17tli September, isn8, married 10th July, 1832, 
 
 Anne, third daughter of George Rimmington, Esq., of 
 Tynefield House, county Cumberland, and has issue, 
 I. Musgrave Horton, bom 11th .\ugust, 1833. 
 
 II. Robert George, bom 7tb September, 183U. 
 HI. Wastel, born JlUh Sei)temlier, 1838. 
 
 IV. Fleming, bom 2l.Hh April, 181-5. 
 
 v. Arthur Hylton, bom 18th September, 1S17. 
 TI. Alfred, bom 3rd April, 18.51. 
 
 I. Annie Camilla, ii. Ada Susan. 
 
 III. Ella. IT. Frances Dykes. 
 
 II. Hylton Harrey, bom 21th March, 1810. 
 
 t Her sister, Camilla AnnabeUa, married Edward Cary, Esq., and 
 was mother of the present George Stanley Carey, Esq., of Follatou 
 Park, Devon. 
 
 III. Wastel, l)om 2Cth October, 1812, died in July, 1835. 
 Creation.— nth July, 1782. 
 
 Arms. — .Vrg., three greyhounds, courant, in pale, sa. 
 Crest. — A greyhound, courant, sa., seizing a hare, ppr. 
 
 PARTOX AND MICKLETHWAITE. 
 
 This townsliip comprises an area of 6'27 acres. It 
 contained in 1801, 98 inhabitants; in 1811, 110 ; in 
 18-21, 95 ; in 1831, 85 ; in 1841, 101; and in 1851, 
 90 ; who principally reside in the hamlets of Parton and 
 Micklethwaite. 
 
 The manor of Parton which, besides Partou and 
 Micklethwaite, includes Xealhouse in Thui-sby town- 
 ship and Cardewlees in Dalston parish, was anciently 
 held by a family who took their name from the place. 
 From this family it was transferred by marriage to the 
 Manscis, one of whom, PJchard Mansel, married the 
 heiress of the Partons, and by her had a son and heir, 
 Jolm Mansel, who sold this manor to Robert de Mnl- 
 caster, who granted the same, in the reign of Henry 
 III., to Robert de Grinsdale. This Robert de Giins- 
 dale had issue Gilbert, wlio had issue Alan and Robert. 
 Alan had two sons, Thomas and Henry, who both died 
 without issue, when Parton feU to their sister Margaret, 
 who gave it to Robert de Roos, her second husband, 
 whose nephew and heir, Richard Roos, sold it to Jolm 
 Carhel, incumbent of Kirkland, and his nephew Robert, 
 son of Robert Carliel, sold it to William Denton, son and 
 heir of John Denton, of Cardew, in whose family it 
 continued till George Denton, of Cardew, sold the manor 
 to Sir John Lowther in lOSO, and it is now possessed 
 by his descendant, the Earl of Lonsdale.' In 1672, the 
 John Denton just mentioned sold to the tenants, for 61 
 years' ancient rent, about £330, all rents, fines, heriots, 
 carnages, boon -days, duties, services, and demands 
 whatsoever ; reserving only one penny rent to be paid at 
 Martinmas yearly, and suit of court, royalties, escheats, 
 and all other mattere belonging to the lordship. He 
 also granted them liberty to cut wood for their own use, 
 and to get stones within their own grounds, or the 
 wastes, for their houses and fences. Sir AVastel Brisco, 
 Bart., John Addison, Esq., Thomas Ismay, Esq., and 
 John Hewson, Esq., are the principal landowners. 
 
 The village of Parton occupies a pleasant situation, 
 two mUes north-north-east of Wigton. Micklethwaite 
 is a hamlet in this township, on the road between Wig- 
 ton and Carlisle, two miles north by east of the former 
 place. 
 
 1 This must have been the estate in Tbursby, mentioned in tlie 
 Chronicle of Lauercost, as given by Edward II. to Sir Richard 
 Denton, for his good services in taking Sir Andi-ew de Hercla 
 prisoner, in the Castle of Carlisle. See pages 88, 89.
 
 TORPENHOW PAEISU. 
 
 255 
 
 TORPENHOW PARISH. 
 
 TuE parish of Torpenhow lies on the south side of the river Ellen, and is about six miles in length from north to 
 south, by two and a half miles in breadth. It is bounded on the north by the river, ou the west by Plumbland, on the 
 south by Iscll, and on the east by Ireby. The soil towards the north-west is of a sharp gi-avelly nature, and in 
 the other parts a strong loam, cold clay, or limestone earth prevails, producing in general good crops of wheat, oats, 
 barley, Ac. Limestone is found here in abundance. The parish includes the four townships of Bewaldcth and 
 Snittlegarth, Blennerhasset and Kirkland, Bothel and Threapland, and Torpenhow and Whitrigg, whose united 
 area is 9,670 acres. The inhabitants attend the Wigton and Cockermouth markets. 
 
 have been purchased of the latter by Sir Gilfrid Lawson, 
 iu 1 712, and has since passed with the Isell estate. It 
 
 TOIiPKXnOW AND WniTRir.G. 
 
 The rateable value of this townsliip is .<;1,3I 0. The 
 population in 1801 was 310; in 1811, 262; in 1821, 
 256; in 18;31, 317; in 18-11, 315; and in 1851, 349. 
 Torpenhow was enclosed in 1 808, under the provisions 
 of an act passed in the previous year. 
 
 The manor of Torpenhow was given by Alan, son 
 of Waltheof, to his brother-in-law, Ughtred, son of 
 Fergus, lord of 'ialloway, to be held by him and his 
 heirs by homage, coruage, and other services. Philip 
 de Valoniis held it in the reign of Henry 11., in right of 
 his wife, who hold the same of Reginald Lucy, and 
 Amabii, his wife, lord of the moiety of Allerdale. In 
 the time of King John it was held by Piobert Estoteville, 
 brother to Nicholas Estoteville, lord of Liddell. In 
 1247, AVUliam, son of WUliam de Ulfby, gave three 
 carucates of land here to Robert de Mulcaster, and 
 held five parts of the same of Richard Brun ; the other 
 sixth part, which he joined to the manor of Bothel, he 
 held of the lord of Liddell, heir of Estoteville. The five 
 parts, just mentioned, descended to the Mulcasters, and 
 from them to the Tilliols, one of whose co-heirs brought 
 the same to the Moresbys. " The heir general of the 
 Moresbys," say Nicolson and Bum, " was married to 
 Weston, Knevet, and Vaughan. Accordingly in the 
 35 Henry VIII. (1543-4) it is found that Henry 
 Ivnevet and Anno his wife, in right of the said Anne, 
 held the manor and to\>-n of Torpenhow of the king in 
 eapite, by the service of 24 s. coniagc, lUd. seawake, 
 and puture of tho Serjeants. Afterwards, her third 
 husband, Vaughan, joined with her in levying a fine, 
 and thereby convoyed the manor of Torpenhow unto 
 .lames Salkeld and John Appleby." This estate has 
 passed witii Whitehall, in tho parish of Allhallows, and 
 is now tile property of John W. Charlton, Esq. 
 
 The paramount manor of Whitrigg was, in 1804 or 
 1805, adjuiiged to belong to Mr. Charlton, who, at the 
 time of tho enclosure, had a composition for his 
 manorial rights. This manor is at present held by 
 John W. Chariton, Esq. A subordinate manor of the 
 same name, wiiich passed with one of tho co-heiresses 
 of tho Tillinl family to that of Coh-ille, and was after- 
 wanls held by the Skeltons, of Annathwaite, is said to 
 
 is now held by Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart. The prin- 
 cipal landowners in the township are Sir Wilfrid Law- 
 son, Bart.; Sir Henry 11. Vane, Bart.; Heuiy Railton. 
 Esq.; George Moore, Esq.; William Thornburn, Esq.; 
 John Thirlwall, Esq. ; Mr. Thomas Plaskett, and Miss 
 Moore. 
 
 The village of Torpenhow occupies a pleasant situa- 
 tion, a short distance from the Cockermouth road, about 
 seven miles south-south-west of Wigton, and eight and 
 a half miles uorth-by-east of Cockermouth. 
 
 THE CHUBCH. 
 
 Torpenhow church, dedicated to St. Michael, is an 
 ancient structure, containing some good specimens of 
 Norman architecture, — the great arch is encircled with 
 chevron mouldings. The capitals of the half pillars on 
 each side arc remarkably ornamented ; one of the sides 
 being formed by an assemblage of grotesque heads, the 
 other by human figures, with interlaced arms. The 
 church of Torpenhow was given by Sibella de Valoniis 
 and Eustachius Estoteville to the prioress and con- 
 vent of Rossdale in Yorkshire, to whom it was appro- 
 priated ; but by an award made iu the year 1290, by 
 Bishop Irton, the glebe, &c., of Torpenhow, and the 
 great tithes of Torpenhow, Threapland, Aldorsceugh, 
 Applewray, SnitUegaith, Bellasis, and Bewaldcth, were 
 assigned to the vicar for the maintenance of three 
 priests and one sub-deacon, one of the said priests to 
 assist the vicar iu all parochial offices, another to cele- 
 brate, daily, the mass of tho Blessed Virgin, and another 
 to say mass for the dead, and for the prosperity of the 
 bishop and his successors. Some of these tithes were 
 granted by Queen Elizabeth, in 15(')2, to Cicely Pickrell, 
 and the remainder in 1574 to John Sonkej- and Percival 
 Gunson. At the enclosure, which was made in 1808, 
 about i>50 acres were allotted in lieu of all tithes ; those 
 of Torpenhow and Bewaldcth townships belong entirely 
 to the vicar, for which he has about 329 acres, viz. : — 
 240 for the former, and about eighty for the latter. He 
 has also forty acres for the tithes of Bothel, and twenty, 
 five for those of Blennerhasset ; tho great tithes of the 
 former belong to W. Thornburn, Esq., for which he
 
 250 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW - DERWENT WARD. 
 
 has eighty acres ; and for the tithes of Threaplaud 125 
 acres have been awarded. The living is valued in the 
 King's Book at £33 Is. lOd. ; but is now worth about 
 j£305 per annum. It is iu the patronage of the Bishop 
 of Carlisle. 
 
 ViCAKS.— Roger Teytenin, 1303 ; Robert Jo Ilalogton, 131(1 ; 
 
 Alan Jo Ilomcastle, 1323; Thomas RolanJ, ; Peter de 
 
 MorlanJ, 1355; Thomas de Salkeld, 135;); Thomas de Enghle, 
 
 ; Robert de Bjx, 1371 ; John Jla.son, 1380 ; John de Car- 
 
 lel, occurs in 1303 ; William Dobson, deprived IOCS; Thomas 
 Tookie, 15C8; Anthony Walkwood, 1570 ; Bernard Robinson, 
 
 1615; Bernard Robinson, junr., 1033; William Sill, ; 
 
 William Nicolson, 1081 ; Thomas Nevinson, IfiOS ; Thomas 
 Nicolson, 1723; William Fleming, 1735; Thomas Wilson, 
 1713; Augustus 11. Newcombe, 1773; George Law, 1787; 
 J. D. Carljle, 173 1 ; John Fenton, 1801 ; Joseph Thexton, 
 1854.1 
 
 There is a parsonage house. 
 
 In the village there is a memorial Sunday school, a 
 small but ueat building, erected in 1855, by the late 
 Joseph Eailton, Esq. It is sometimes used as a place 
 of worship on Sunday evenings. 
 
 CHAllITIES. 
 
 In addition to the school at Bethel, this parish pos- 
 sesses the following charities : — 
 
 Addison's Charity. — Thomas Addison, by will, dated 
 14th December, 1702, devised to trustees certain lauds 
 and tenements in Torpenhow, that they should lay out 
 the rent of the said premises, for the first year after his 
 decease, in making a convenient place for setting the 
 bread and loaves, thereby directed to be distributed, as 
 thereafter mentioned ; and upon further trust, yearly, 
 for ever thereafter, to divide the rent of the said premi- 
 ses into fifty-two equal parts, to bo laid out weekly by the 
 overseers of the poor of the said parish, with the appro- 
 bation of the vicar or curate for the time being, iu such 
 quantities of bread as the said overseers should appoint, 
 to be set in the place thereby ordered to be fitted, every 
 Sunday during divine service, and to be distributed to 
 such and to so many of the poor people of the said parish 
 as the said trustees, churchwardens, and si.xteen of the 
 said parish, or any thirteen, or more of them, should 
 judge fit, such poor people to be present in church during 
 the service, unless hindered and kept from the church 
 by some lawful impediment. This charity now pro- 
 duces d£10 per annum, and bread to that amount is 
 given away, by weekly distribution, on Sundays, at 
 church, amongst the poor attending divine service. 
 
 Beiraldeth Quarter. — Simpson's Charity. — John 
 Simpson, by will, dated QOth November, 1753, gave to 
 the poor of Bewaldeth Quarter £40., the interest thereof 
 to be paid yearly, on Good Friday. 
 
 1 This gentleman was curate from 1S31 till his appointment to 
 the vicarage. 
 
 Blenncrhassct Quarter. — Bouch's Charity. — Richard 
 Bouch, by will, dated August 20th, 1713, gave to tho 
 poor of Blennerhassot Quarter, for ever, all the rents 
 and profits of a freehold close, called GUI Bushes, and 
 uouiiuated certain trustees to dispose of the rents at 
 their discretion, to the use of the poor of the said quarter 
 of Blennerhasset, on every 2nd day of November, at the 
 parish church of Torpenhow ; and he empowered his 
 trustees to lease, alienate, or convey the said close at 
 their discretion, so as the rents or interest of the money 
 should continue to the use and purpose aforesaid ; 
 keeping to themselves a moderate allowance for their 
 trouble. Gill Bushes was sold some years ago to the 
 late George Dawson, Esq., and in its stead a field, about 
 six acres in extent, at Bothcl, called Thornbank, has 
 been purchased, the rent of which is £5 a year, which is 
 distributed to the aged poor of the township of Blenner- 
 hasset and Kirkland. 
 
 Whitrigg, or Whitcrigg, said to derive its name from 
 "the waste ground there fashioned like a cornrig," is a 
 village and joint township with Torpenhow, from which 
 it is distant one mile south. 
 
 BEWALDETH AND SN'nTLE0.4ETH. 
 
 In 1801 this township contained 5.'j inhabitants; in 
 1811, 05; in 1821, 97; in 1831, 72; in 1811, 73; 
 and in 1851, 90. The rateable value is £856 10s. 2d. 
 The soil here is good, resting on limestone. 
 
 The manor of Bewaldeth, or Bowaldcth, was given by 
 Waltheof, lord of Allerdale, to Gilmin, whose posterity, 
 residing at Bothel, assumed the name of Bowett. 
 Having afterwards reverted to tlie lord paramount, it 
 was granted by Adelaide Romili, daughter of William 
 Fitz Duncan, to John de Utterfield. It subsequently 
 became the property of the jMulcasters, in which family 
 it remained for several descents. In the 2nd Edward 
 
 I. (1273-4) Robert de Mulcaster granted by fine to his 
 son, Walter de Mulcaster, the manors of Bewaldeth, 
 Bolton, Torpenhow, and Blennerhasset; and in the 
 2nd Henry VI. (1400-1) Robert de Mulcaster granted 
 to Robert de Highmore the vLU of Bewaldeth, with the 
 water mill, &c. It continued to be held by the Highmore 
 family till Mr. Benson Highmore sold it to James 
 Spedding, Esq., from a descendant of whom, John 
 Spedding, Esq., of Mirehouse, it was purchased by Sir 
 Frederick Fletcher Vane, Bart., grandfather of Sir H. 
 R. Vane, Bart., the present lord of the manor. From 
 an inquisition quod damnum taken in the 6th Edward 
 
 II. (1312-13) we learn that the manor was held of the 
 honour of Cockerraouth, by the service of maintaining 
 one of the king's servants once for every three weeks.
 
 TORPENnOW TARISH. 
 
 257 
 
 The principal landowners are Henry Railton, Esq.; 
 Sir Henry U. Vane, Bart.; Robert Atkinson, John 
 Bows, and John Birbeck. 
 
 The village of Bewaldeth is situated behind the lofty 
 mountain called Binsey Fell, two miles north of the 
 foot of Bassenthwaite Lake, and four miles south-south- 
 west of Ireby. 
 
 Snittlegarth, now the seat and property of Henry 
 Railton, Esq., is supposed to have been formerly a 
 village of considerable magnitude. 
 
 BLENNERHASSET .\ND KIHKLAXD. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £1,800. The 
 number of its inhabitants in J 801 was 201; in 1811, 
 195; in 1821,224; in 1831,238; in 1811, 224; and 
 in 1851, 211. The commons of this township were 
 enclosed by an act of parliament passed in 180T. 
 
 The manor of Blennerhasset was given by Alan, lord 
 of Allerdale, to his brother-in-law, Rauulph do Lindsey, 
 from whose family it passed by inheritance to the Mul- 
 casters, one of whom, Robert de Mulcaster, held it in 
 the reif;n of Henry HI. Robert was succeeded in the 
 manor by his son William, who had issue Walter, who 
 had issue William, whose son Robert had a daughter 
 and co-heir, who was married to Jeflbry Tilliol, and 
 brought Hayton, Torponhow, and Blennerhasset to the 
 Tilliols. Blennerhasset continued in this family for five 
 generations, when I\Iargaret, the younger sister of Robert 
 do Tilliol, brought it in marriage to Robert Moresby, 
 Esq., who died in the :!7th Henry VI. (1458-0). Tho 
 Moresbys held the manor till the demise of Sir Christo- 
 pher Moresby, in 10th Henry VII. (1500-1), when it 
 was brought by his daughter, Anne, to Sir .Tames Pick- 
 ering, Knt., of Killington, in Westmoreland. The 
 heiress of tho Pickerings sold it in tho following reign 
 to tho Salkelds, as we loam from an inquisition taken 
 ^r,th Henry VIII. (1543-1), when it was found that Sir 
 Henry Knevet, and Anne, his wife, daughter of Sir 
 Christopher Pickering, then held the manor of Torpon- 
 how, but she had before sold tho manor of Blennerhasset; 
 for at tho same time wo find that Tiiomas Salkcld, of 
 Wliitehall, held tlio manor of Blennerhasset of the 
 king in capitc, by the service of tho third part of one 
 knight's fee, 123. cornage, 0}d. seawake, and puture 
 of the sergeants. From another inquisition taken in 
 the 20lh Elizabeth (1577-8), we learn that at that time 
 Lancelot Salkeld held tho manor of Blennerhasset, 
 some limo tho land of the ICarl of Warwick, by homage, 
 fealty, and suit of court, and paid yearly for cornage 
 13s. Id.; seawake, Is.; turn-silver, 3s. lOd.; with ser- 
 geant's food; in toto, I83. 9d. The manor of Blen- 
 nerhasset has since passed with Whitehall, and is now 
 
 28 
 
 the property of William Henry Charlton, Esq., ot 
 Hesley Side. Up to the time of the publication of 
 Nicolson and Burn's History, the tenants of this manor 
 paid an ancient annual rent of £23, and arbitrary fines, 
 and also heriots as well upon the widow's death as 
 death of the tenant, and several boons and services, 
 viz.: — "One day mowing, shearing, ploughing, mea- 
 dows dressing, and two days leading coals." 
 
 The manor of Kirkland, so called from having be- 
 longed to the church, was previous to the suppression 
 of the religious houses, held by the prioress and convent 
 of Rossdale. After the reformation it was given to the 
 Salkeld family, from whom it has come to William 
 Henry Cliarlton, Esq. Nicolson and Burn state that 
 " the tenants here have an e.'ctraordinary kind of tenure, 
 namely, by lease granted to them generally by Mr. 
 Lancelot Salkeld, father of Sir Francis, for 999 years, 
 paying a certain yearly rent for every tenement, amount- 
 ing in the whole to £6 15s. Id. yearly, and every 
 twenty-one years they are to pay a fine to the lord, 
 viz., " a twenty-penny fine, which they called a running 
 grossem, and then take new leases, but pay no general 
 fine upon the lord's death nor upon change of tenant, 
 but they pay an heriot upon the death of every tenant." 
 Tlie principal landowners in the township are Sir 
 Wilfrid Lawson, Bart.; William Henry Charlton, Esq.; 
 .Tohn Dawson, Esq.; Thomas Jennings, Esq.; Christo- 
 pher Benson ; Mrs. Hartness, Mrs. Hodgson, Mrs. 
 Parkings, Miss Moore, Joseph Cape, and the Rev, 
 Joseph Thcxton. 
 
 The village of Blennerhasset is situated on the banks 
 of the Ellen, seven miles south-west of Wigton. Here 
 is an Independent chapel, a plain stone building, 
 erected in 1828, at a cost of X"J40. There is also a 
 school, which is supported by the quarter-pence of the 
 children, and has an average attendance of about fifty 
 pupils. There is a corn-mill in tho township. 
 
 BOTHEL AND THREAPLAND. 
 
 .The population of this township in 1801 was 313; 
 in 1811, 302; in 1821, 384; in 1831, 405; in 1841, 
 455 ; and in 1851, 495. Bethel and Threapland form 
 a joint township for tho maintenance of the poor, but 
 are separate for the repairs of highways, \c. The 
 waste lands belonging to tho towuship were enclosed 
 many years ago. The inhabitants are principally 
 engaged in agriculture, and are chiefly resident in the 
 village of Bothel. Tiio township abounds in limestone, 
 and coal is found in various places, but no mines have 
 as yet been opened here. The soil is principally a strong 
 loam. Cockermouth and Wigton are the markets 
 usually attended. Ou a hill south-east of the village
 
 258 
 
 ALLERDAXE- BELOW- DEKWEST WARD. 
 
 of Botliel, called Camp Hill, are the remoius of a 
 Roman encampment, favourably situated for giving 
 ■warning in times of invasion, for it commands an 
 extensive view of the greater part of the Solwaj Frith 
 from Maryjiort to Bowness, and from it a signal made 
 from any of the stations near the border would be at 
 once discovered. In the year ISo'l, whilst some quarry- 
 men were at work in the limestone quarry at Botliel, 
 they found several human skeletons about two and a 
 half feet from the surface of the ground. Some of them 
 were entire, but on being exposed for a short lime to 
 the influence of the atmosphere they crumbled to dust. 
 A silver finger-ring was found among them. How these 
 skeletons came to be in the place they were found is a 
 mystery ; the most probable supposition is that they 
 ■were the remains of some of those who fell victims 
 to the marauding Scots during the times of the border 
 forays. 
 
 The manor of Bothel, otherwise Boald, was given in 
 the reign of Henry I. by Waltheof, lord of Allerdalo, 
 to Gamel, son of Brun, whose posterity continued its 
 possessors uutil the reign of Edward III., when, male 
 issue failing, it came to co-heiresses, by whom it was 
 brought in marriajje to the Harrington, Culwen, and 
 Bowet families. The descendants of Harrington sold 
 their share, with the parks and demesne to Thomas 
 Lord Dacre, who conveyed it in exchange to the 
 Dentons. From an inquisition taken in the 20th of 
 Elizabeth (1577-8) we find that " Anthony Barwise, 
 Esq., holdeth the third part of the manor of Bothel, 
 late the land of Thomas Culwen; Thomas Ellis, son 
 and heir of Jo. Ellis, holdeth another third part of the 
 said manor, sometimes the lands of Thomas Bowett, 
 luiight ; and Thomas Denton, of Waraethal, holdeth 
 another third part of the said manor, sometime the land 
 of Michael Earington, Knight, by homage, fealty, suit of 
 court from three weeks to three weeks, and sergeant's 
 food, and payeth by year for cornage, 8s. lOd. ; and for 
 seawake, 2s.; in toto, 10s. lOd." In 1670 Thomas 
 Denton, Esq., sold the park, &c., to Sir Francis Salkold, 
 and the manor to Captain Anthony Wilkes. Sir Henry 
 Curwen sold the third part of Bothel, which belonged 
 to his iiimily, to the Barwises of Ileldrk, whose heiress 
 brought it to the Dentons, and the Deutons sold it to the 
 Salkelds. Bowet's share is said to have been conveyed 
 by Sir Nicholas Bowet to William Ellis, whose grand- 
 son sold it to the tenants ; but in 1H07, William John 
 Charlton, Esq., representative of the Salkelds, claimed 
 to be sole lord of the manor, and his claim was allowed 
 by the commissioners. The manorial rights are now 
 claimed by WiUiam Henry Charlton, Esq.; Mr. Brown, 
 of Tallantire Hall ; and Mr. Turner, of Derwent Hall, 
 
 near Keswick, have also some ti'ifling claims. Bothel 
 Hall is now a farrn-house. 
 
 The manor of Threapland was granted by Alan, 
 second lord of AUcrdale, to his steward, Ketel, from 
 whose descendants it passed in the reign of Edward I. 
 to the family of Hercla, one of whom, Michael de Hcrcla, 
 in the reign of Edward II. conveyed it to William de 
 Mulcaster, whose brothers, Thomas and John de Mul- 
 caster, held it successively, the latter granting it ia 
 the reign of Edward HI., by fine, to Sir Henry Multon 
 and JIargaret his wife, whose daughter and co-heir 
 brought it in marriage to the Skeltons. In 1578 
 William Skelton held Threapland by homage, fealty, 
 suit of court, and other services, paying yearly for 
 comage 4s. 6d. ; seawake, 8d. ; free rent, 20s. ; and 
 for sergeants food and turn-silver, 2s. ; in toto, 27s. 2d. 
 It subsequently passed by sale to the Siilkeld family, 
 and from them to the Greggs of i\Iirehouse, one co- 
 heiress of whom married the Rev. John Story, and the 
 other Roger Wilkinson, Esq. R. Jackson, Esq., is the 
 present lord of the manor. Threapland Hall is now 
 occupied as a farm-house. 
 
 The principal landowners of the township are Messrs. 
 Richard Jackson, William Thornburn, Jonathan Harri- 
 man, John Smitbson, John Penrice, Thomas Falcon, 
 Robert Miller ; the trustees of the late Wilson Jackson, 
 the trustees of the late William Brisco, the trustees of 
 the late Joseph Strong, the trustees of the late Thomas 
 Moore; Miss Pearson, Elizabeth Hodgson, and Mrs. 
 Spratt. 
 
 The village of Bothel is pleasantly situated on the 
 side of an eminence, one mile south-west of Torpenhow. 
 At its east end is a remarkably large boulder stone, 
 probably drifted here from Norway, or it may have 
 been tossed over the fells from Wastdale Crag, or Shap 
 Fells, in Westmoreland. Here are chapels belonging 
 to the Wesleyans and Primitive Methodists. That 
 belonging to the former body was eret;ted by subscrip- 
 tion in 1840, and that of the latter in 1830. 
 
 THE SCHOOI,. 
 
 The only account we have of the foundation of the 
 school at Bothel is derived from an entry in one of the 
 parish books, dated May 12th, 1086, which states that 
 a subscription was raised amongst the parisliioners 
 towards the founding of the school at Bothel into a free 
 school for all the parish. The school stock raised in 
 this manner is entered in 1688 at £55, in 1706 at 
 £44. Part of this appears afterward to have been laid 
 out in the purchase of a freehold close, called Nicol 
 Flatt, situated at Bothel ; £'10 (other part thereof) was 
 put out at interest till about 1811, when it was laid out 
 as hereafter mentioned. There is also the following entry
 
 ULDALE PARISH. 
 
 259 
 
 in tbc parish book, under the date 12tli of May, 1C80, 
 and immediately preccdiug the names of the inhabi- 
 tants who subscribed to the raising of the school 
 stock : — " Henry Salkeld, Esq., pays yearly the sum of 
 50s., at the two terms of May 1st and November 1st." 
 It does not appear whether this was a charge existing 
 before that time, or whether Mr. Salkeld then first 
 agreed to pay SOs. annually towards the support of the 
 school, nor have we been able to ascertain whether that 
 payment was ever paid upon land. It has, however, 
 been considered as a rent charge upon Mr. Salkeld's 
 property. In the parish book, under the date of 108G, 
 it is mentioned as " Salkeld's charge on Threapland, 
 £•2 10s.," and in a terrier dated 1777 it is described as 
 payable out of Threapland Hall. As long as the pro- 
 perty belonging to the Salkelds remained in the family 
 undivided, the 50s. was regularly paid. Previous to 
 the year 17G8, the estate was divided into two parcels: 
 Threapland Hall, with its appurtenances, came to Roger 
 Williamson, Esq., and Bothel Hall, with its appurte- 
 nances, to Mr. Story. The payment was then appor- 
 tioned between these two persons, the former paying 
 yearly £1 18s., and the latter 12s. About 1708 Mr. 
 Story ceased to pay his proportion, and about 1816, or 
 1817, Mr. Williamson became embarrassed, and since 
 that time the payment of his share has also been dis- 
 continued. The rents of two closes, the one called 
 Cuskeld and the other Witheriggc, have also been 
 carried to the school account from the time when the 
 subscription was raised, in 1080, up to the present time. 
 Before 1080 those rents had been carried to the account 
 of the parish ; but it is not known how they became 
 possessed of tliis projierty, uor by what arrangements 
 the rents were transferred to the school. A further 
 endowment appears to have been loft by Ilichard Smith- 
 son, as we liud that, in ITOl, John Briseo and Barbara 
 bis wife re-leasod to the schoolmaster and si.\teen of the 
 
 parish two acres of land in Laug Flatt, described as 
 being one moiety of the land left to the free school by 
 Ilichard Smithson. And also that two acres of land, 
 lying in the same place, and also described as being 
 a moiety of the laud left by Ilichard Smithson to 
 the free school, were re-leased to the same person by 
 William and Jane Allason. There is also a close called 
 the Low Field, or the parish close, the rents of which, 
 have been apphed to the use of the school as long as 
 can be remembered ; but by whom this property was 
 given cannot now be ascertained. The only other 
 source of income to the school is a piece of laud 
 allotted to it about the year 1811, upon the enclosure 
 of certain common lands in the parish. The ilO 
 residue of the school stock above-mentioned was laid 
 out in fencing this allotment. These lands are seve- 
 rally let by auction, in public, by the sixteen of the 
 parish (every seven years), in whom the management 
 of the school affairs is vested. The whole of the rents 
 are regularly paid to the master. The repairs of the 
 school, when required, are generally provided for by the 
 parish : except when there has been no schoolmaster 
 the rents have been retained and applied to that pur- 
 pose. The schoolmaster is appointed by the sixteen at 
 a select vestry ; and he takes all the children of the 
 parish that apply, without any charge, and teaches 
 them English, writing, and arithmetic. A regulation 
 has been made by the sixteen that no children shall be 
 admitted under the age of five years. The average 
 number of scholars is now about seventy-five. 
 
 In this township there is a small saw-mill, carried on 
 by John and George Messenger. There is also a white 
 freestone quarry, worked by the inhabitants, and from 
 which the houses in Bothel have been buUt. There 
 are in addition two limestone quarries. 
 
 The village of Threapland, in this township, is sevea 
 rniles uorth-uorth-east of Cockermouth. 
 
 ULDALE PARISH. 
 
 The parisli of Uldale is bounded on the north by Bolton, on the west by Ircby, on the south by Basscnthwaite, and 
 on the cast by Caldbeik. It is said to derive its name from the river Ellen, which has its principal source 
 hero from two small lakes, one of which, Over-water, is about a mile and a half, and the other, Little Tarn, 
 about half a mile in circumfereucc. About a mile and a half to tho south of these lakes there is a lino cascade, 
 called White Water Dash, where u brook is precipitated from a lofty mountiiin ; and, after a great full of rain, its 
 foaming down the rocks, which may bo seen at a considerable distance, is grand and imposing. Tlic parish contains 
 throe divisions, viz., Uldale, Aughcrtree, and Above Ouze, whoso united area is 5,500 acres, but comprises 
 only one township and manor. Cockermouth, ^Vigtou, and Keswick arc the mai-kcts usually attended by the 
 inhabitants.
 
 260 
 
 ALLEEDALE - BELOW - DERWENT WAED. 
 
 The population of Uldale in 1801 was 284 ; in 1811, 
 279; in 1821, 343; in 1831, 344; in 1841, 330; and 
 in 1851, 388. Its rateable value is £1,815. The soil 
 about the village of Uldale is a clay, or strong loam, 
 and produces excellent crops of barley, oats, turnips, 
 &c., and the Uldale Hall estate has long been known as 
 one of the finest grazing farms in the county. The 
 division Above-Ouze, which is more mountainous and 
 much colder, is not so fruitful, the crops there being 
 generally light ; but it alTords good pasturage for sheep, 
 of which between four and five thousand are kept in 
 the parish, which, like Caldbeck and other adjoining 
 parishes, is famed for the Herdwick breed. Large 
 quantities of limestone are obtained here, and a small 
 seam of coal has also been met with. There are also 
 some veins of copper, which were wrought, but with 
 indifferent success, about seventy years ago. On Uldale 
 common are some ancient ruins, apparently the remains 
 of two Roman stations, and in a field near Orthwaite 
 Hall is a very perfect Roman camp ; a tripod and other 
 things have been lately dug up in its vicinity. 
 
 The manor of Uldale was given by Waltheof, lord of 
 AUerdale, to Adam, son of Lyulph, brother of Phoru, 
 son of Lyulph, baron of Greystoke, together with the 
 manor of Gilcrux. From this Adam it descended by a 
 daughter to the Bonekills, who granted Gilcrux to a 
 younger brother, Robert Bonekill, whose sons, Thomas 
 and Walter, gave away their inheritance in Gilcrux to 
 the abbey of Calder — this grant was confirmed by Sir 
 Ranulph Bonekill, lord paramount of Uldale and Gil- 
 crux. Sir Ranulph had issue Alexander, whose son 
 Adam gave Aiverthwaite, now Aughertree, parcel of 
 his manor of Uldale, to the priory of Carlisle. The 
 said Adam had issue another son, Alexander, whose 
 daughter and heir was married first to John Stuart, 
 kinsman of the King of Scotland, and afterwards to 
 David Brigham, a Scottish knight renowned for his 
 prowess and bravery, and by this marriage the manor 
 of Uldale passed to the Brigham family. "This David 
 Brigham," say Jsicolson and Burn, "was a companion 
 of William Wallace that was executed at London for 
 treason committed against Edward I., by resisting that 
 king's attempt for the superiority of Scotland, and the 
 Baliol's right to the crown of Scotland, taking part 
 with Robert Bruce. Wallace was a man of extraor- 
 dinary strength, and David Brigham an exceeding good 
 horseman, whereupon the Scots made this rhyme, — 
 
 The man was ne'er so wigbt nor genj. 
 But worthy Wallace durst him bide ; 
 
 Nor ever horse so wild or weud. 
 But David Brigham durst him ride." 
 
 On the attainder of Alexander Senescall, this manor 
 was given to Anthony Lord Lucy, in 1337, as we learn 
 
 from the patent rolls of the reign of Edward IIL 
 From this time it continued attached to the barony of 
 AUerdale until Henry, the sixth carl of Northumber- 
 land, gave it to Henry VIH., who, by letters patent 
 bearing date 15tli of July, 1543, granted to Thomas 
 Dalston, Esq., together with other possessions, the 
 manor of Uldale, for which he was to pay yearly 
 47s. 3id. This Thomas Dalston, two years later, by 
 fine, settled the manor upon himself and his second 
 wife Eleanor for life, with remainder to his son Chris- 
 topher Dalston (by his said second wife) and the heirs 
 of his body, with remainder to his own right heirs. 
 Uldale continued to be possessed by the Dalstons till 
 the demise of Sir William Dalston, Knt., of Acorn 
 Bank, Westmoreland, when it was sold to John Gaff, 
 Esq., and by his son to the Earl of Egremont, from 
 whom it has descended to General Wyndham, the 
 present lord of the manor. The principal landowners 
 are Jackson Gillbanks, Esq. ; Henry Railton, Esq. ; 
 Henry Grainger, Esq. ; Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart. ; 
 Messrs. Jonathan Cowx, James Burn, Richmond Fell, 
 Henry Norman, Christopher Taylor, Joseph Scott, and 
 Mrs. Parkin. 
 
 The village of Uldale is situated six miles west-by- 
 Kouth of Hesket Newmarket, nine miles south-by-west 
 of AVigton, and one mile south-by-east of Ireby. A 
 sheep fair was established here iu 170], and continues 
 to be held annually on the 20 th of August. 
 
 THE cnuEcn. 
 Uldale church, which stands about half a mile from 
 the village, is a small structure, being only twenty-two 
 yards in length, by eight in breadth. It was built, at 
 the expense of the inhabitants, in 1 730, and is kept in 
 good repair. The living is a rectory, in the patronage 
 of Jackson Gillbanks, Esq., whose father, Joseph GiU- 
 banks, Esq., purchased the advowson of the Rev. Jona- 
 than Cape ; he also rebuilt the chancel, and added a 
 vestry to the church. The chancel contains a good 
 stained glass window. The tithes were commuted in 
 1830 for a yearly rent charge of £130, exclusive of 
 surplice fees and Easter dues. The glebe land consists 
 of upwards of twenty-two acres. The living is valued in 
 the King's Book at £17 18s. l^d., and is now worth 
 about £130 per annum. The parish register com- 
 mences in 1642. 
 
 PiECTons. — Robert de Depjng, ; Hugh de Eoueestre, 
 
 1305; Adam de Eglesfield, ; Hugh, 13:W; Richard de 
 
 Askeby, 1354; William Aykheved, ; Thomas de EttoD, 
 
 13C9; Robert Mairays, 1375; John FryseU, 1385; John 
 
 Shayres, ; Thomas Harrison, 157C; James Carlisle, 1583 ; 
 
 George Hudson, 1(124; Henry Fallowfield, ; William 
 
 Walker, 1C(!5; Henry Guy, 1077; Thomas Nevinson, 1C84; 
 Peter Gregory, 1697; Edward Bftckhouse, 1719; Richard
 
 ULDALE PARISH. 
 
 261 
 
 Machel, 1752; AnJrow Holiday, 1770; Joseph Cape, 17S6; 
 Jonathan Cape, 1830 ; Joshua Claris, 1633. 
 
 CH.UUT1ES. 
 
 The Grammar School. — The establishment of this 
 school originated in au agreement datej the 30th of 
 January, 17^0, between Mattliew Caldbcck, Esq., of 
 the one part, and the inhabitants of Uldale of the other 
 part. By articles drawn up of the date above-mentioned. 
 I'eciting that the said JIatthcw Caldbeck has paid into 
 the iiands of trustees JtlOO towards the maintenance of 
 a master in the grammar school to be erected in Uldale 
 for the teaching of the children of the parishioners of 
 the said parish, parties to the said agreement, and the 
 children of those who should succeed to their respective 
 estates, and of such poor persons as the trustees for 
 the time being should think lit, in the rudiments of 
 grammar and other useful learning, and in the princi- 
 ples of the Christian rehgion according to the doctrine 
 of the Church of England ; and further reciting, that 
 the pai'ties thereto had agreed to raise, amongst them- 
 selves, the further sum of £100 for the same purpose, 
 it viaa agreed that certain persons therein named should 
 be trustees for the building and ordering the said school- 
 house, and laying out the said monies on sullicient 
 security for the maintenance of a schoolmaster, and 
 that the said trustees should have the nomination and 
 displacing of such schoolmaster ; and it was further 
 agreed, that the school-house should be repaired by the 
 parties thereto and out of the said fund. Indorsed 
 upon the said articles is an agreement, that certain 
 other persons who had subscribed to the school, but 
 were not of the parish of Uldale, should also have the 
 benefit of the freedom thereof. The full sum of ilOO 
 appears soon afterwards to have been raised amongst 
 the inhabitants, and to have been added to the £ 1 00 
 given by Matthew Caldbeck. In the year 1730 
 £ol 10s., part of the I'-JOO, was laid out in the pur- 
 chase of about si.K acres of land in Uldale town iields ; 
 and in 1759 a further sum of JEISO was laid out, 
 together with CH Ss. advanced by the trustees, in the 
 purchase of about fifteen acres of land in the parish of 
 Ireby. The sum of i' II 5s. advanced by the trustees, 
 continued as a charge upon the property in Ireby until 
 sometime after the year 1708, wlieu it was paid off. 
 Thomas Thomhnson, Esq., by will, dated April 10th, 
 170H, as stated more fully in our account of the parish 
 of Thursby, left part of the residue of his personal 
 property to the trustees of this school. The share 
 received by them was £35 J, of which there was e.\- 
 pondcJ £41 5s. in paying off the money duo to the 
 trustees on account of the purchase of the Ireby estate; 
 about £10 10s. in crectiug a marble tablet in the church 
 
 to record the benefaction of the testator: and £300, 
 being the remainder of the sum, after payment of some 
 expenses that were incurred, was placed out at interest. 
 The entire income of the school at present amounts to 
 £40 1 9s., the whole of which is paid to a schoolmaster, 
 who teaches free as many poor children of the parish. 
 as the trustees send to him, and the children of the 
 representatives of the original subscribers. For other 
 scholars he takes a quarterage. The average attend- 
 ance is about seventy. 
 
 Dalston's Charity. — The Charity Commissioners were 
 not able to ascertain the particulars of the bequest of 
 John Dalston, but they state that " by indenture dated 
 3rd November, 1719, Jennett and Joseph Atkinson, in 
 consideration of £30 which it was therein recited was 
 bequeathed by John Dalston to the poor^of the parish 
 of Uldale, conveyed two acres of land, at Birkmire, in 
 the parish of Uldale, with the houses thereunto belong- 
 ing, to the minister, churchwardens, and overseers of 
 the said parish (whom they directed should be trustees 
 for the said charity, for the poor) for the remainder of 
 a, term of 3,000 years." The property now belonging 
 to this charity is a field of about two or three acres, 
 without any buildings upon it. It is let at a yearly 
 rent of £4 4s., which is distributed every Good Friday, 
 in the church, after divine service, amongst si.\ or eight 
 poor persons who do not receive parish relief. 
 
 Cape's Charily. — Thomas Cape, by will dated 1 3th 
 March, 1771, left £300 in trust, to be disposed of for 
 the use and benefit of such poor persons and children 
 of Uldale as should not receive parish relief. This 
 legacy was paid over by the representatives of the 
 testator to trustees, who secured it upon a mortgage 
 of land, which produces about .£8 4s. per annum, which 
 sum is distributed annually on the 14th September 
 amongst six or eight poor persons who do not receive 
 parish relief. The same persons who receive the benefit 
 of Dalston's charity above-mentioned generally receive 
 this also. 
 
 Thniiiliiison's Charity. — Thomas Thomlinson, by will 
 dated 10th April, 1798, left £0(1 to the poor of Uldale, 
 as more particularly mentioned in our account of his 
 charity to the poor of Thursby. The sum received on 
 account of tiiis legacy for tho parish of Uldale, after the 
 payment of expenses, was £54, which yields £'i 8s. a 
 year interest. That sum is distributed annually by 
 the minister and churcinvardens amongst such of the 
 poor of the parish as are considered tho most necessi- 
 tous and deserving. It is not confined to those who 
 do not receive iwrish relief. 
 
 In addition to these charities there is a free quit-rent 
 of 4s. Cd. a year, purchased with £5 left by Mr. Cowx.
 
 S62 
 
 ALLERDALE -BELOW -DEEWENT WARD. 
 
 There are two corn mills in the parish, one situated 
 near the church, and the other at Mirkholme. 
 
 Aughertvee is one mile north-by-east of Uldalc. It 
 was granted to the prior of Carlisle by Adam Bonokill, 
 as above stated, and at the Dissolution came to Thomas 
 Dalston along with the manor of Uldale. 
 
 Longlands is one mile east-by-south of Uldalc, and 
 Orthwaite two miles south. Orthwaite Hall is a 
 fine old building, which has been the residence of 
 many old Cumberland families, among whom were 
 
 the Simpsons, Richmonds, and Brownes of Tallan- 
 tirc. The last owner of the latter name was the cele- 
 brated African traveller, from whose representatives it 
 was purchased by the late Mr. Gillbanks, of Whitefield, 
 father of the present owner, Jackson Gillbanks, Esq. 
 .\bout the stable are the armorial bearings of the 
 Sa'.kelds of High Head Castle, and the Kichmouds, 
 who married heu-esses of Vaux, of Catterlen. The old 
 mansion is now occupied as a farm-house. 
 
 WESTWARD PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Westward is bounded on the north by Thursby, on the west by Wigton, on the south by Bolton and 
 Caldbeck, and on the east by Sebergham and Dalston. The soil, which is in a high state of cultivation, consists 
 chiefly of a strong fertile clay, with a portion of sand, and produces excellent crops of wheat, oats, &c., except towards 
 the south and south-east parts, where it is rather cold and wet. The higher grounds abound with hmestone ; and 
 the Shawk and How Pugg quarries have long been noted for the production of red and white freestone, slate, flags, 
 &e., esteemed the best in Cumberland. In the parish are also several seams of cauucl and other coal, ■\^'estward 
 contains the townships of Stoneraise, Woodside, Eosley, and Brocklebank, whose united area is 13,120 acres. 
 Wigton is the market usually attended. 
 
 At the period of the Norman Conquest of England, 
 Westward was forest ground of Allerdale, and was con- 
 veyed by Alan, second lord of that barony, to Henry II., 
 who annexed it to, and incorporated it with, his forest of 
 Inglewood, and from thence it received the name of the 
 Westward.' Subsequent to this, Iviug John granted 
 the hermitage of St. Hilda withiu the boundaries of 
 Westward to the monastery of Holme Cultram, and the 
 monks of that house erected a chapel in the neighbour- 
 hood of the hermitage, which chapel or oratory, in pro- 
 cess of time obtained the rights and privileges of a 
 parish church, but was then, as all forests were, extra- 
 parochial. In the 18th Edward I. (1990), a memora- 
 ble case occurred concerning the tithes of Louthwaitc 
 and Curthwaite, both of which wei'e within the bounds 
 of the forest. The tithes were claimed by the king as 
 of common right, he being entitled to all those of extra- 
 parochial places ; they were also claimed by the bishop 
 as being within the parish of Aspatria ; the prior and 
 convent of Carlisle also claimed them by grant from 
 Henry TL., as of an assart within the forest of Inglewood ; 
 and, finally, the parish priest of Thursby claimed them 
 
 1 The statement in tlie text is given ou the authority of Nicolson 
 and Burn ; but in the survey mnde iu 157S, to which we have so often 
 referred, we find it stated that " It appeareth that the said Westward 
 is not within the limit of tlie forest of Inglewood, for that in a peram- 
 bulation of the said forest mad"" the Cih of August, in tlie ninth year 
 of the reign of King Bicuard II., the \Yestwaid is not included. " 
 
 as being witliin his parish — the case was decided iu 
 favour of the monarch. The same king, iu the twenty- 
 second year of his reign (12'J4), by his chai-ter setting 
 forth the settlement of the case just mentioned, and his 
 recovery of the tithes, granted unto the prior and con- 
 vent of Carhsle not only the tithes of the places above- 
 mentioned, but also all tithes accruing in all lauds and 
 places in the forest of Inglewood, that should be after- 
 wai'ds assarted, not being within the limits of any parish, 
 without the impediment of the king or his heirs, his 
 justices, foresters, verderers, or other ofiicers, of the 
 forest. Since the granting of this charter the tithes of 
 AVestward have been enjoyed by the church of Carlisle, 
 dming Catholic times by the prior and convent, and 
 since the Dissolution by the dean and chapter. The 
 forest having been granted to Henry II., as we have 
 seen above, it continued to be held by the crown tUlthe 
 reign of Edward IH., who, in the seventeenth year of 
 his reiga (1343), gi-anted it to Thomas Lord Lucy and 
 Agues his wife, under the name of " Solum et herhagium 
 de Allerdale," These possessions were afterwards in- 
 creased by Eobert Tilliol, who, by deed, dated 17th 
 February 1363, gave certain lauds adjoining to "Hasil 
 Spring (in Bosco de Allerdale^ to the said Thomas Lord 
 Lucy and Agnes his wife." Their daughter and last 
 surviving heir, 5Iaud, conveyed this property to her 
 husband, Henry Percy, Ci-st Earl of Northumberland,
 
 WESTWARD PARISH. 
 
 263 
 
 in whose family it contiiuietl till Henry, the sixth Earl, 
 gave it, with others, to Ilonry VIII. Queen IMary 
 granted these possessions to Thomas Percy, brother to 
 the last Henry, but they reverted to the crown, on bis 
 attainder during the reign of Elizabeth. Nicolson and 
 Burn tell us that after this forfeiture, in the 14th Eliza- 
 beth (1571-2), a commission was issued to Eichard, 
 Bishop of Carlisle; Henry Lord Scrope; Thomas Lord 
 Wharton; Simon Musgrave, Knt.; Henry Curwen.Knt.; 
 Francis Slingsby, Cuthbcrt ^Musgrave, John Penruddock, 
 Anthony J^arwise, Thomas Leigh, and Pvobt. Higlimoor, 
 Esqs., to enquire upon certain articles to the said com- 
 mission annexed ; and accordingly an inquisition was 
 taken at Westward January 9th and 10th, ioTii, 
 upon the oaths of Pilchard Salkeld, Francis Lamp- 
 lugh, Poland Vaux, John Ilichmoud, Anthony Curwen, 
 Esqrs., Alexander Highmoor, John Southake, John Ellis, 
 Thomas Bewley, Robert Vaux, Robert Dal ston, Richard 
 Ivirkbride, John Skelton, Richard Stauwix, John Pattin- 
 son, and Robert Mulcaster, gentlemen, as follows, viz ; — 
 
 ■" Articles and intcrrogatives to be ministered and in- 
 quired upon, for and in behalf of the tenants and inhabi- 
 tants that claim common and pasture within the forest 
 of Westward ;" 
 
 " Pii-st, how the said common and pasture hath been 
 used before the late attainted Earl of Northumberland's 
 restitution to the same by the late sovereign lady. Queen 
 Mary ?" 
 
 " To this it is answered, that the tenants of the bishop 
 of Carhsle and of the dean and chapter of the cathedral 
 church of Carlisle, inhabitants at Great Dalston, Little 
 Dalston, Hawkcsdale, Cumdevock, Cardcw and Cardew- 
 Ices, liuckhowbank, Northauk, Caldewgate, and Caldew- 
 stones, Caldcoats, Newby, Great Cummersd-ale, Little 
 Cummersdale, Brownelson, New Laythcs, and Harring- 
 ton Houses; the tenants and the manor of Crofton and 
 Parton, Jlickletbwaite aud Whyney ; the Queen's 
 Majesty's tenants, and the tenants of her JIajesty's free- 
 holders of the barony of Wigton ; the manor and town- 
 ships of Wavcrton aud Xyket, Woodside, Kirklaiul, 
 Roshcwcn, JMoorthwaitc, Dockwray, JMoorhouse, Ultou, 
 Lasscnhow, Kirkbridc, Caldbeck and Kirkthwaitc, have 
 always used time witliout memory (before the restitution 
 of the late attainted Earl of Northumberland by the late 
 Queen Mary) to have common and posture mthin the 
 forest of A\'cstward. 
 
 " Tlie second article : What inclosuros the said late 
 Earl of Northumberland hath made within the said 
 Westward ; what (luantity of ground the same inclosure 
 doth coutain ; and how the same hath been used ; and 
 what yearly rent hath been paid, and answered since the 
 same inclosure ? — Answer : Since the restitution of the 
 
 said late attainted earl, there have been made and im- 
 proved six score aud seven inclosures, containing twenty- 
 seven score, five acres, half acre, one rood, one half rood ; 
 of which six score and seven inclosures there be newly 
 inhabited, and houses buildcd upon thirty-two, which 
 thirty-two contain ten score, five acres, half acre, one 
 rood and half rood of ground ; the residue of the said 
 six score and seven inclosures, which be four score and 
 fifteen in number, and coutain seventeen score acres, 
 are rejoined and annexed to the tenants that have an- 
 cient farmholds besides : Aud they find, that the rents 
 in hand or reserved upon the said enclosures (as they 
 learn and understand bv the late receiver-general of the 
 said late attainted Earl of Northumberland) do amount 
 to the sum of £0 19s. .5d. 
 
 " The third article : How many of the inclosures 
 may remain in what state they be, without annoyance 
 and hurt to the tenants and inhabitants that claim com- 
 mon and pasture there within the same ? — To this they 
 find and present, that none of the said improvements 
 and inclosures may remain in the same state they be, 
 without annoyance to the said tenants and inhabitants 
 specified in the first article, and that claim common and 
 pasture within the same. 
 
 " To the several following articles, they give one 
 general answer, as follows, viz: 'Art. 4. What number of 
 tenants and inhabitants there be, that claim or ought to 
 have common there, and in what lordships, baronies, 
 parishes, towns, and villages the tenants and inhabitants 
 that claim to have the said common and pasture do dwell 
 and be ? Art. 5. Whether any of them that claim the 
 said common and pasture be the (^leen's Majestys ten- 
 ants ; if they be, then what number is there of them, 
 and in what lordship, barony, town, or parish they do 
 inhabit ? Art. 0. What annoyance, hurt, or hindrance 
 would the said inclosures be to such as claim the said 
 cnmraon and pasture, if the same should still remain ; 
 and -whether may any thereof remain inclosed without 
 their hurt'.' Art. 7. To what yearly rent do the said 
 inclosures amount ; and if the said inclosures should be- 
 laid open aud unclosed, how should the Queen's JIajesty 
 be answered of the same rent, or what yearly rent or 
 money should or ought she have yearly of or by the 
 said tenants and inhabitants that claim the said com- 
 mon, if they should enjoy the same, or what other 
 service or considerations should they do, or have they 
 heretofore done, in respect of or for the same '.' Art. 8. 
 WHiether have the said tenants and inhabit.auts that 
 claim the said common aud pasture had tlie same time 
 out of mind of man before the said inclosure ; or how 
 long, and at what time have tiiey had the same'.* 
 Answer : To these articles they find and present, as 
 before they have fouud and presented ; aud further,
 
 264 
 
 ALLEEDALE BELOW- DERWENT WARD. 
 
 that they, the said tenants and inliabitants aforesaid, 
 claiming common for the said grounds inclosed to be 
 laid open and prostrate, will submit themselves and 
 stand to her grace's order for the rent thereof." " 
 
 From the inquisition taken in 1578, we learn the 
 following particulars relative to Westward, which are 
 now printed for the first time, and will no doubt be 
 acceptable to our readers : — 
 
 " Within the bounder is contained the whole chase 
 called the Westward, being all of th' inheritance of the 
 said Earl, Saving one parcel of ground called Cleofield, 
 and certain tenements called East Kirthwate, West 
 Kirthwate, and Starthwate Lees, of the inheritance of 
 the Queen's Majesty; and also three tenements in 
 Starthwaitorigg and one tenement lying in Kirthwate, 
 of the inheritance of the late Lord Dacre, and also two 
 tenements in Starthwaiterigg of the inheritance of .John 
 Starthwaito and Edward Hewet, and one tenement at 
 Fosterfolde of the inheritance of John Robinson. 
 
 " The said earl hath, within the said Westward, by 
 charter dated at Westminster the 18th day of June anno 
 tertio Ricbardi Secuudi (1380), free chase and free warren 
 throughout the wliole grounds within the limits and 
 bounds before specified, and also court barrens from 
 three weeks to three weeks, with view of frank pledge 
 and court leet two times in the year, viz., within one 
 month next after Easter, and within one month next 
 after the feast of St. Jlichael the Archangel, and also 
 within the said chase all goods, waives, strays, goods 
 of felloncs, fugitives, of men outlawed and put in 
 exigent, the goods of fellons of themselves forfeited, and 
 also iufangtheof and outfangtheof, the punishment by 
 amerciament and all frays and violent drawing of blood, 
 execution of presses, the forfeiture by amerciaments 
 of the breach of the assize of bread and ale within the 
 whole limits of the said Westward, and also the chattels 
 or goods of any person not the lord's tenant within 
 the said Westward within the same do pasture or be 
 found there, the officers of the lord do and may im- 
 pound the same and present the offenders at the court 
 there, in the which court the said offences are punished 
 and is punishable by way of amerciament, and in the 
 same there hath been a great store and yet remains 
 some part of fallow deer, for the preservation whereof 
 the M'- of the same, bowbearers, foresters, keepers, and 
 rangers, are by the lord appointed and have certain 
 fees and allowances, all which liberties, royalties, and 
 privileges, with divers others, the said carl and his 
 ancestors (whose estate he hath in the said chase) have 
 peaceably used and enjoyed, the time whereof the 
 memory of no man is to be had to the contrary. 
 
 " There is no advowson of benefices appendant or 
 
 belonging to the said chase, for that the whole grounds 
 and compass thereof are of the parish of St. JMarie's at 
 Carlisle, distant from thence five miles at the least, in 
 consideration whereof, Thomas late Earl of Northum- 
 berland (brother unto the said carl) procured the erec- 
 tion of a church there, now called the new Kirk in 
 Westward, whereunto the whole inhabitants of the said 
 chase resorte, and all the sacraments there administered 
 unto them by a curate or stypendarie priest, found of 
 their own charges, saving for his mansion-house and 
 certain grounds thereto adjoining, which ho hath of 
 benevolence, and at will and pleasure of the said earl, 
 as hereafter appeareth among the tenants at will. 
 
 " There is within the said chase one house called the 
 New Hall, near and about the which there is certain 
 pounds wliich have been inclosed, and are convenient 
 to have been inclosed for preservation of the game and 
 woods then not or yet rented or employed to any other 
 use, which said grounds contain by estimation ISO 
 acres, and in compass or circuit by measure l,06i?. 
 roods, of which compass the hedges of Rethwate, 
 Hasilspring, and other do inclose — roods, the residue 
 being — roods at 8d. the rood, will amount to — within 
 which said ground, where the ancient frith hath been 
 and now needful to be inclosed, as w-ell for the pre- 
 servation of deer, as also for th' increase of woods as 
 is aforesaid. Cuthbcrt Masgrave and Anthony Barwis, 
 Esqrs., hold a great parcel of ground, where as is now 
 the fittest place for deer and the best growth for wood, 
 called Tougthwate : and the said Anthony Barwis 
 holdeth another parcel of ground adjoining to the 
 same, called Longmire ; and Richard Studholme 
 holdeth there a close adjoining to the same called 
 Waver Banks, or Waver Riggs ; all which said parcels 
 are now remaining in the lord's hand for the cause 
 before declared, and not demised. 
 
 " There is at this present within the said forest or 
 chase the number of four score and twelve fallow deer, 
 or thereabouts, which, if the frith and grounds afore- 
 said, were inclosed and preserved would soon encrease 
 and plenish to a convenient number, and without the 
 same provision there can never be any encrease by 
 reason the grounds be suffered and used as common are 
 depastured so bare in summer that the deer, especially 
 the fawnes and old deer, die and perish in winter (so 
 maney sometimes more) as commonly encrease in the 
 summer. 
 
 " The tenants of the Bishop of Carlisle, of Dalston, 
 John Dalston, Henry Denton of Cardew, the tenants 
 of Thorsby, Crofton, and certain tenements of the 
 barony of AVigton, being all foresters or borderers of 
 the said chase called Westward (have by suffering]
 
 •WESTWARD PARISH. 
 
 265 
 
 had pasture there for their cattle, and have sometimes 
 license to grave turfes, and take wood for their neces- 
 sities, and paid for them certain small amerciaments, by 
 reason of wliich continuance the said tenants or parties 
 do challenge to enjoy the same of right, which is much 
 hurtful to the inheritance of the said earl, and must be 
 provided to be reformed, or otherwise it will be to his 
 lordship's great disinheritance. 
 
 '* The grounds aforesaid lying about the New- IlaU 
 were immediately upon the taking of this present survey 
 included in two several parks, as foUoweth, viz. : — 
 
 " The North Park is inclosed with a ditch and 
 quickset hedge, and the whole compass and circuite of 
 the same, as the ring-ditch goeth, is by measure one 
 thousand three score and two roods, allowing seven 
 yards to the rood, and five score to the hundred; and 
 the lentil of the said North Park from the west part 
 thereof, called Wysa Water, up to the east end, called 
 Water Spring, contains by like measure 330 roods ; 
 and the bredth of the said North Park, from the foot 
 of the Day Platts ou the south side, to a place called 
 the Prince's Gill on the north side, 103 roods ; and the 
 
 whole park contains by estimation in which said 
 
 North Park standeth the said New IlaU, now used for the 
 keeper lodge ; and there is in the said North Park and 
 South Park following, to the number of four score and 
 twelve fullow doer, or thereabouts, as aforesaid. 
 
 " The South Park is, in like manner, inclosed with 
 a ditch and quickset hedge; and the compass of the 
 same, containing by like measure 1,071 roods by 
 
 estimation, coutjiineth in all . In which said 
 
 South Park the said game hath recourse as well as 
 in the other." 
 
 The following is in a different hand : — 
 
 " The inhabitants and Ten"- at Westward claim a 
 certain custom of ton'- riglit, which (it seemcth) thoy 
 cannot prove to be any Interest for them, for tliat 
 y° ground 'being a Chase or Forest) was at y" first 
 grant thereof (as appeareth) not much inhabited with 
 dwellers or Ten"- and a great number of y° Tenants 
 that are now placed there, have built houses upon 
 y- grounds, improved within time of memory . . And 
 also in y' 20lh year of K. Hen: C: it appeareth in a 
 book of accounts that one Henry Fenwick, Knt., held 
 all y' same grounds of y° said earl his ancestors for a 
 certain rent, by lease for a term of years ; and y Tenants 
 there are in all Records and Precedents named Tenants 
 at Will, and so remain." 
 
 TlioMS. then gives alistof the tenants at will, with an 
 account of their rcspectivo tonoments, itc, and concludes 
 by giving the " Sum general and total of the rents and 
 yearly receipts within the Westward, besides the profits 
 
 of parks, and perquisites of courts now payable — 
 £i5 4s. 7d." From this sum there were several deduc- 
 tions made, and the residue amounted to £37 17s. 7d., 
 besides the profits of parks and the perquisites of courts. 
 Westward shared the fate of the possessions of the 
 Percy family, passing from them to the Earls of Egre- 
 mont, coming ultimately to General Wyndham, the 
 present lord of the manor. 
 
 STONERAISE. 
 
 The number of acres in Stoneraisc township is 3,471, 
 and its rateable value £4,390 15s. Its population in. 
 1801, was 434 ; in 1811, 475 ; in 1821, 021 ; in 1831, 
 003; iu 1841, 440; and in 1851, 430. This town- 
 ship, which has no village of its own name, is the 
 largest and most fertile in the parish. The principal 
 landowners are General Wyndham, Charles Feather- 
 stonehaugh, Esq.; Miss AgUouby ; F. L. B. Dykes, 
 Esq. ; John Barnes, Robert Jefferson, and Mrs. Peat, 
 with many resident yeomen. 
 
 THE CHTOCn. 
 
 The parish church of Westward is situated on aa 
 elevated piece of ground, overlooking a deep ravine, in 
 the hamlet of Churchbill, and township of Stoneraise, 
 three miles south of Wigton. The church of West- 
 ward is supposed to have taken its origin from the 
 hermitage of St. Hilda mentioned above. It contains 
 monuments of the Barwis family, particularly that 
 of Pachard Barnis, Esq. (commonly called the Great 
 Barwis, from his gigantic stature) of Ilekirk Hall, 
 and his wife Frances, who died in 1048. The 
 benefice is a curacy certified to the governors of Queen 
 Anne's bounty at £23, and returned, in 1835, as 
 of the average value of £99, but is now worth about 
 £120 a year. There are five acres of ancient glebe, 
 together with forty acres allotted at the enclosure of the 
 commons in 1 822 (the act for which was passed in 181 1), 
 the rent of which, with the interest of a parliamentary 
 grant of £1,200, £22 a year from the ecclesiastical 
 commissioners, £4 a year for performing son,-ice every 
 Sunday afternoon at the chapol of ease, Easter dues, 
 surplice fees, &c., make up the sura named above. At. 
 the enclosure 1,408 acres were awarded to the dean and 
 chapter, the patrons of the living, in lieu of all tithes, 
 viz., 803 i acres for the tithes of the common land, 300 
 acres in lieu of the tithes of the ancient land, 07 acres 
 as a modus for the tithe of meal 38^ acres for the 
 tithe of geese, and 49 acres in lieu of the tithe of wool 
 and lamb. The parish register commences in 1005. 
 
 iNcrMBF.VTS. — • Pipncy, orcurs in 157S; William Hayton, 
 
 died 1752; James Currie, 17.VJ; John r»po, 17(14; Sarauol 
 llallifiuc, 1777; J. Uogcrson, IbU; Uobt. Wood, liceused in 1S23. 
 
 There are schools at Church Hill and the Craggs. 
 
 29
 
 26G 
 
 ALLEED ALE - BELOW - DETIWENT WARD. 
 
 CHAEITIES. 
 
 Bancis's Charity. — Frances Banris, in lG57,gave to 
 the poor of Westward and ^Yigtou a parcel of ground 
 near Wigtou, colled Stankbank, or a rent-charge of 
 40s. yearly therefrom, whereof 20s. to Westward on the 
 2lst December, and 10s. each to Westwai-d and Wigton 
 on the iith April, yearly. Trustees : The heirs of 
 Bekirk, the'minister of Westward, the heirs of Mungo 
 Dalton, of Swinsty ; and of John Watson, of Stoneraisc. 
 
 John Jefferson i Charity. — John Jefterson, of Brack- 
 enthwaite, left by will, in 1747, £'00 for teaching six poor 
 children belonging to the parish of Westward. With 
 this sum a cottage and two acres of land were purchased 
 nearDalston. Kent iSO per annum. Trustees : Tho per- 
 petual curate and sidesmen of the parish. 
 
 Papr's Charity. — The Rev. Mr. Pape, perpetual curate 
 of Westward, left by will, in 1778, £Q0 for teaching one 
 poor child at the church school, when the incumbent 
 is not master. Otherwise the interest to be given to 
 poor persons. Deposited in Carlisle Savings Bank, 
 interest 12s. a year. Trustees : Minister and sides- 
 men of Westward. 
 
 Ttoliert Jefferson's Charity. — Robert Jefferson, of 
 Chalkside, left by will, in 1793, £100 for the support 
 of poor persons in Westward not receiving parochi.nl 
 relief, or the education of their children. Invested in 
 bank annuities. Interest, £8 17s. 9d. per annum. 
 Trustees : jMinister and churchwardens of Westward. 
 
 Hodge's C7inn/i/.— Joseph Hodge, of Highmoor House, 
 left by will, in 1844, £000 for the clothing or main- 
 tenance of poor women in Westward, or the education 
 of poor children. Interest, £21 per annum. Trustees; 
 WUliam Banks, Joseph Rook, William Rook, Jane 
 Pattinson, William Henderson, and John Banks. 
 
 Hodyson's Charity. — Joseph Hodgson, of Bracken- 
 thwaite, left by will, in 1851, £50 to the poor of West- 
 ward for their maintenance, or the education of their 
 children. Nett sum £i5, deposited in Carlisle Savings 
 Bank. Interest, £1 7s. per annum. Trnstoes : Per- 
 petual curate and churchwardens of Westward. 
 
 Stoneraise township includes the hamlets of Church- 
 hill, Foresterfold, Red Dial, and Wai-blebank, with 
 several dispersed and pleasantly situated dwellings 
 bearing different names, among which are Greenhill 
 House, Forest Hall, Rays Lodge, Stoneraise Place, 
 Greenrig, Cunning Garth, Westward Parks, &c. At 
 Westward Parks referred to above as the ground lying 
 about Kew Hall, is a mansion belonging to General 
 Wyndham, M.P. for West Cumberland, where he 
 generally resides a few weeks in each year. Green- 
 hill House is a large mansion, re-built about fifteen 
 years ago, two miles south of Wigton, and the others are 
 
 from one and a half to two and a half miles from 
 the same town. At Red Dial hamlet, which is about 
 one mile and a half south of Wigton, fairs are held 
 annually on the 1st of August, for sheep and wool, and 
 on the 21st of September for sheep only. At the Red 
 .Dial Inn the manor courts are held, and here the 
 magistrates meet monthly for tho appointment of the 
 surveyors of highways, overseers of the poor, tho granting 
 of licenses to publicans, and the transaction of other 
 business. 
 
 Ilelurk, in this township, had its name from the 
 hermitage of St. Hilda, the foundation of which is now 
 unknown. It appears to have existed and been well 
 known in the twelfth century, for King John granted 
 " the hermitage of St. Hilda, which had before belonged 
 to Roger the Hermit, to the abbey of Holme Cultram." 
 On the suppression of the monastic institutions, Henry 
 Vni., in l.')t.j, granted the hermitage of Hildkirk or 
 Ilekirk, with all tho lands thereto belonging, to Thomas 
 Dalston, Esq., who the next year transferred it to 
 Anthony Barwis, gentleman, and it continued to be held 
 by his descendants for some generations. One of the 
 Barwis family, Richard Barwis, of whom we have spoken 
 above, was famed for his gigantic stature. It is said 
 he used to display his great strength by walking round 
 the court yard of Ilekirk Hall, carrying, at arm's length, 
 his wife on one hand, and a stone of prodigious size on 
 the other. There is also a tradition that he once walked 
 along Eden Bridge, Carlisle, with his fair spouse seated 
 on his hand, and elevated over the battlements. There 
 is still to be seen at Ilekirk, a large stone, which it is 
 asserted he could throw with ease the whole length of 
 the court yard, fhougli there are now few men who can 
 raise it from the ground. About the latter end of the 
 seventeenth century, the last of the Barwis family left 
 two daughters, co-heiresses, the elder of whom married 
 Major Fcatherstonhaugh and died without issue ; the 
 younger married Mr. Kirby, of a Lancashire family, 
 and sold Ilekirk to Lancelot Emerson, from whom or 
 from his daughter, it came to the Postlethwaites and 
 Sleet families, and from them by purchase to Joshua 
 Lucock, Esq., of Cockermouth; and is now the pro- 
 perty of Charles Featherstonehaugh, Esq. 
 
 Ilekirk Hall, now a fai-m-house, is sitnated in a deep 
 valley, near a small stream, about a mile west of the 
 church. 
 
 Old Carlisle, the ancient Olenacum, is situated in 
 this township, nearly two miles south of Wigton. The 
 station is a large one ; the ruins of its ramparts and 
 exterior buildings are boldly marked. A double ditch 
 with intervening vallum seems to have surrounded the 
 fort. The small river Wiza runs in a deep ravine
 
 WESTWARD PARISH. 
 
 267 
 
 immediately below the stution on its west side, and at 
 remoter distance, ou its south, also, thereby lending 
 to it additional strength. The remains of suburban 
 buildings may still be seen outside the walls, on the 
 south, east, and west. Within the fort a street may 
 be distinctly traced from the north to the south gate, 
 and another from the east towards the west. Near 
 the centre of the station is a moist spot of ground 
 where we m&y conceive a well to have been. Up to 
 a recent period, the Koman roads leading from this 
 station on the one hand, to Carlisle, and on the other 
 to Jluryport, wore distinctly visible. From this station 
 the view is very extensive, especially towards the west, 
 where it reaches to the sea, which is distinctly visible. 
 Numerous remains of the Roman period of our history 
 have been discovered here from time to time, consistui'^ 
 of sacrificial instruments, statues, altars, coins, inscrip- 
 tions, &c., several of which are in the possession of the 
 gentry in the neighbourhood. The Messrs. Lysons give 
 no less than thirteen inscriptions found here. In 1845 
 a Roman altar was dug up here, three feet two inches 
 high, one foot five inches broad, and five inches thick, 
 bearing the following inscription, which records its 
 dedication to the goddess Bellona, by Ruftnus, prefect 
 of tlie cavalry of the Augustan Ala (or wingj and his 
 son Lainianus : — 
 
 DE\E BEI. 
 LON.T! . KVFI 
 
 HVS. I>RAB 
 
 EQ. AL/G .\va 
 
 ET. LAINIA 
 
 NVS. Vlh. 
 
 It now stands at the Red Dial Inn, in this parish. 
 Of the many inscribed stones dug out of this station, 
 one found in the year 1775, about '200 yards east of the 
 camp, and now in the collection at Netherby, is pro- 
 bably the most interesting. It bears the inscription — 
 
 I[ovi] 0[ptimo] M[aximo] 
 I'ro salvt[e 
 
 Imp[eralori3] L. Septim[u] 
 Severi Aug[v3ti] nostri 
 Efivitea .\Iae 
 Avg[vsta!] cvranto 
 Egnntio Vore 
 Crado I'ra 
 cf[ectv3] posvervnt' 
 
 DROClvLEBANK. 
 
 This township, which forms the soathem extremity 
 of the parish, comprises an area of 2,891 ocres, and its 
 rateable value is £'I,C8,5 5.s. Its population prior to 
 1341 was returned with tliat of Stoneraise township ; 
 
 ' To Jupiter best ouil greatesu for the safety of Uie Eropeior Lucius 
 Septimus Seveni3 our Augustus; ihf cuvalrj- of llie wing sti/Ud llie 
 Augustan under the direction of Eguatius Verccundus Prefect 
 placed litis. 
 
 in that year it was 171, and in 1851, 148. The 
 principal landowner is General Wyndham. Sir Heniy 
 Fletcher, Bart. ; Messrs. Thomas ililton, Joseph and 
 Robert Coulthard, George Johnstone ; Miss Baty, 
 ilary Todd, ^Irs. Lumley, and some few others 
 have also estates here. Brocklebank is a hilly 
 district, bounded on the south by Caldbeck Parish. 
 Clea Hall is situated in tliis township. This place was 
 the seat of a younger branch of the Musgraves of 
 Crookdake; by intermarriage with the female heir, 
 the inheritance passed to the Fletchers of Dearham ; 
 and is now the property of Sir Henry Fletcher, Bart. 
 
 dlttt^crs of €kn gall. 
 
 This family is descended from the Fletchers of 
 Cockermouth. 
 
 Heney Fletcher, Esq., of Cockermouth Castle, son of 
 AYilliam Fletcher, Esq., of Cockennoutb, by his wife, a daughter 
 of Swinbum, of Huthwaite, had the trust of Mary Queen of 
 Scots, when that princess journeyed from Workington. 3Ir. 
 Fletcher treated his royal charge with all deference due to bur 
 regal station, and received from her a letter of thanks for the 
 presentation of a robe of velvet. This gentleman died in 1574, 
 leaving, with other issue, a son, 
 
 Thomas Fi,etcher, Esq., of Cockermouth, who married Miss 
 Jane Boleen, and had, with other issue, 
 
 Eichnrd, whose son. Sir Henry Fletcher, was created a baronet 
 in l(i40, and fell lighting for tlie house of Stuart, at the skir- 
 mish 01 Rowtou Heath, in lijlj, leaving a son, Oeorge, "Jnd 
 baronet, father of 
 Henry, 3rd and last baronet, and of three daughters; the 
 youugest of wlioni, Catherine, was married to Lionel 
 Vane, Esq., of Long Newton, ancestors of Sir Francis 
 Fletcher Vane, Bart. 
 Philip 
 
 The younger son, 
 Philip Fletcher, Esq., was grandfather of 
 Richard Fletcher, Esq., whose sou, 
 
 Major PiiiLir Fleiohee, died in 1744, at a very advanced 
 age, leaving issue, 
 
 I. Jo US', his heir. 
 
 It. Pliihp, sur>eyor-general of tlie province of Ulster; married 
 Wary, daughter of the Rev. Mr. Twigg; and died in 17jS, 
 having bad issue, 
 
 1. Philip, died unmarried. 
 *.■. Tliomas, killed at Deltingcn. 
 
 U. llichard, who married Anne Eleanor Scott, daughter of 
 Archibald Ldmoustone, Esq.; and died m 1782, leaving 
 a sou, 
 Philip, M.D. : bom in 17.17. 
 •I. Edward of Lisburn, in holy orders; who died in 1777, 
 leaving by Jano Murray, his wife, three sous, 
 Philip of Lisburn, in holy orders ; bora in 1734. 
 Edward, ui tliu East India Company's civil service ; 
 
 bom in 1703. 
 James, bora in 17US. 
 
 I. Elizabeth, married to Humphrey Pearson, Esq. 
 
 The elder son, 
 
 JoH.s Fletcher, Esq., of Clen Hall, married 1st Mary, 
 daughter of Evan Christian, Es<]., by whom bo had no sur- 
 surviving issue ; and Jndly, Isabella, daughter and co-heir 
 of John Seiihouse, Esq., of Notherhall, CO. Cumberland, by 
 whom he had, 
 
 I. Philip, capt. in tlie army, died in 174*2. 
 IL John, also capt. in (he anny, dktl in 17iti>
 
 268 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW. DERWENT WARD. 
 
 in. George, capt. of Grenadiers, killed at Qaebec in 1700. 
 IT. Lowther, Ueut. R.A., lost ai sea in 1708, 
 
 T. JiENKV, the Urst baronet. 
 VI. Charles, copt. of Marines. 
 
 I. Grace, married to William Taylor, Esq, 
 II. Jane, married to Thomas Benson, Esq. 
 
 The fifth son, 
 
 Henky Fletcheb, Esq., of Clea Hall, having been en- 
 gaged in the sea servica of the East India Company, 
 and subsequently chosen a member of its court of directors, 
 was created a baronet 20th May, 1782. He married in 1708, 
 Catherine, daughter and sole heir of Henry Lintot, Esq., of 
 South ^Vater, co. Sussex, by whom he had a son and daughter, 
 Henby and Catherine. Sir Henry represented the county of 
 Cumberland in parliament for thirty-four years, from 17C8 to 
 1802. He died 20th ]March, 1807, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Sir Henky, 2nd baronet, who married 19th March, 1801, 
 Frances Sophia, 4tli daughter of Thomas Wright Vaughan 
 Esq., of Woodstone, by whom he had surviving issue, 
 
 Henry, late baronet. 
 John Fliilip, born in ]Kl'). 
 
 Sir Henry died 10 Aug., 1821, and wag succeeded by his son, 
 Sir Henry, 3rd baronet, born 18th Sept., 1807 ; who married 
 26th June, 1831, Emily Maria, 2nd daughter of George Brown, 
 Esq., formerly member of council, Bombay, and had issue, 
 
 I. Henry, present b.tronet. 
 
 II. George Philip, bom in 1837 ; died in 181D. 
 
 III. Edward, born iu 1841. 
 
 IV. Lancelot, born in 184(3. 
 
 V. PhiUp, born in 1848. 
 
 TI. John Lowther, born in 18.51. 
 
 I. EmUy, died in 181.'). 
 
 U. Frances Sophia, died 1845. 
 
 HI. Edith. IV. Adelaide Maria. v. .\Iice, died 1851. 
 
 Sir Henry died Gth Sept., 18D1, and was succeeded by his 
 eldest son, 
 
 SiK Henhy, 4:th baronet, an officer in the Grenadier Guards 
 born 24th September, 1830. 
 
 Creation.— 20lh May, 1782. 
 
 Arms. — Sa., a cross, engrnilcd, arg., between four plates, each 
 charged with an arrow of the first. 
 Crest. — .\ horse's head, arg., charged with a trefoil, gu. 
 Motto. — Martis non Ciipidiuis. 
 Seat. — Ashley Park, Widton-on-Thames, Surrey. 
 
 The hamlet of Brocklebank is about five miles south- 
 south-east of Wigton. Clea Green and Reathwaite are 
 also hamlets iu this township. Clay Hall is now a 
 farm-house. 
 
 EOSLEY. 
 
 The area of Rosley township is 2,947 acres, and its 
 rateable value £3,8.51 10s. The united population of 
 Eosley and Woodside in 1801 was 484 ; in 1811, 527 : 
 of Rosley alone in 1821, 302 ; of Rosley and Woodside, 
 iu 1831, 050 ; of Rosley alone in 1841, 279; and in 
 Eosley alone iu 1851, 295. The principal landowners 
 here are the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for England, 
 General Wyndham, and Sir Wastel Brisco ; but Messrs. 
 Joseph Jefferson, John Richardson, Joseph Rook, — 
 Lea, Thomas Dockray, William Hodgson, Thomas 
 Hodgson, Wilham Rook, Thomas Hayton, Wilham 
 Pearson, Christopher Armstrong, John Roper, and 
 George Wood have also estates. 
 
 The village of Eosley occupies a delightful situation 
 on the southern acclivity of an eminence, fivo miles 
 east-south-east of Wigton, and nine south-by-west of 
 Carlisle. It has long been noted for its large horse 
 and cattle fairs, which are held on Whit-Monday, and 
 on every alternate ^Monday after till Laininas-day. 
 Two other lairs for cattle, horses, and sheep, established 
 here in 1845, arc held on the 21st of April, and oa 
 the third ^Monday in October. Mr. T. Dehton, writing 
 iu 11)88, says, " that Rosley fair was then the best in 
 all the north for Irish and Scotch horses, cattle, and 
 sheep." Rosley Hill is a large piece of common. 
 
 Brockenthwaite and Craggs are two hamlets in 
 this township, the former being two and a half and 
 the latter three miles south-east of Wigton. There is 
 a school at Craggs. 
 
 WOODSIDE. 
 
 Woodside township contains 2,443 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £3,331. The number of its inhabi- 
 tants was returned with Rosley till 1821, when it was 
 364; in 1831 it was again returned with Rosley; in 
 184] it was 415; and in 1831, 404. Sir Wastel 
 Brisco is the principal landowner ; besides whom 
 John Taylor, Esq., Rev. Mr. Hewson, Messrs. John 
 Jefferson, John Hewit, J. T. Cowen, Thomas Light- 
 foot, Kelicker and Barnes, AViUiam AVooJ, John 
 Gibson, Thomas Turtal, John Thompson, Robert 
 Jefferson, Mary Todd, and Eliza Lowry, have also 
 estates here. Here is a manor called Twenty Houses, 
 the joint property of Sir Wilfrid Lawson and Sir 
 Wastel Brisco. A meal tithe was levied on this manor 
 by one of the lords of Inglewood Forest, for the support 
 of the hotinds which were kept at Forester Fold, and J 
 the inhabitants were subject to its payment till the ■ 
 enclosure of the commons, when land was allotted iu 
 lieu thereof. They are toll free at Eosley, Wigton, 
 and Penrith. 
 
 Westwoodside, Eastwoodside, East and West Curth- 
 waite, Howrigg, and the Heights, are all hamlets in 
 this township, extending from two and a half to five 
 miles east of Wigton. At the Heights there is a chapel 
 of ease to Westward church, erected in 1840, at a cost 
 of about d£700, raised by subscription, aided by a dona- 
 tion of £70 from the Incorporated Society for Building 
 Churches. It is endowed with £100, the interest being 
 £4 a year. The site was given by the late Mr. Hodge. 
 
 Previous to the enclosure of the common laud, several 
 trenches and other vestiges of encampments could be 
 traced in this parish, particularly near the Heights, 
 but most of them have been levelled, and large quanti- 
 ties of stone removed from their sites.
 
 WESTWARD PARISH. 
 
 269 
 
 JLOnX OF THE PARISH OF WESTWAKD AND ITS 
 IMMEDIATE NEIGHBOURHOOD. 
 
 There are two circumstances which materially influ- 
 ence the growth and number of plants in any particular 
 district — the quality of the soil and its elevation above 
 the level of the sea. In both these respects the parish 
 of Westward presents a considerable variety. On the 
 north side, the ground along the river Wampool rises 
 little above the sea level ; while on the south side, above 
 Urocklcbanli, it attains the height of 800 or 900 feet. 
 Between these extremes there is of course no little 
 variety of surface. The quality of the soil is not less 
 varied. Soil, we know, is but the worn-down parts of 
 the subjacent rocks, mi.Ked up with animal and vege- 
 table organisms; and within the district of which we 
 speak we have three great geological formations, the 
 lower scries of the now red sandstone, the coal measures, 
 and the mountain limestone. There is also a small 
 band of millstone grit crossing the higher part of the 
 parish, but it is too small to influence the nature of the 
 soil ; and at one or two places, as at Low-ling and at 
 Shawk-beck, a limestone crops out strongly impregnated 
 with magnesia. This, however, is not the maguesian 
 limestone, as appears from the fossils imbedded in it; 
 the limestone here mentioned containing very fine 
 specimens of the beautiful fossil called by Morris 
 " Strombodcs floriforme," which does not extend beyond 
 the mountiiin limestone. The sandstone lies on the 
 north and cast of the parish ; and excellent quarries 
 have been opened at different points, particularly at 
 Ilowrigg and Shawk, where some beautiful white 
 freestone strata have been worked, supplying building 
 stones to many parts of the county. The coal measures 
 run from Ileldrk by Clea Hall and across Broadmoor, 
 where many hhallow pits have formerly been opened. 
 It seems probable that a good band might be found at 
 a greater depth, and many seams of cannel coal are yet 
 unwrought. The mountain limestone composes the 
 highest part of the parish. 
 
 I'lio dilVorencc of these three great divisions is very 
 well marked by the three kinds of primula) found 
 growing in the locality. On banks overlying the 
 sandstone we have the common primrose in abundance; 
 on the limestone soil the cowslip is equally abundant ; 
 and between these, on tho wet clayey soil of the coal 
 measures, the beautiful primula farinosa, (bird's-eye 
 primrose,) grows in gi'eat numbers. There arc not 
 many plants of great rarity within the district; per- 
 haps the most uncommon is the toothwort, (lathni'a 
 squamaria,) which is occasionally found in a wood near 
 llekirk. Wo may also mention tlio tufted loosestrife, 
 (lysimachia tliyrsilloia,) growing ou the Penrith road, 
 
 through Rosley; the herb Paris, (Paris quadrifolia,) 
 which grows abundantly near Clea Hall, a very pretty 
 flower, with its four egg-shaped leaves, and golden 
 anthers contrasting with the green petals ; the beauti- 
 ful little pyrola minor, less winter green, with its slender 
 cluster of drooping pale rose-coloured flowers, so very 
 wax-like and delicate ; the three different kinds of 
 sun-dew, the round-leaved being very common but 
 well worthy of close examination, its pecuhar-shaped 
 leaves are covered with glandular hairs from which 
 exudes a viscid fluid shining like dew, and by which 
 flies are entangled, and supposed, though probably 
 without reason, to contribute to the sustenance of the 
 plant. Chicory grows near the Wiza, at Church Hill. 
 The greater bind-weed, (convolvolus sepium,) near Crof- 
 ton toll-bar. In other places may be found the yellow 
 asphodel, the enchanter's nightshade, the wild teasel, 
 the mountain globe flower, the broad-k-aved heleborine, 
 the hemp agrimony, the sand garlic, the dwarf elder, 
 and the great bell flower. Another beautiful flower, 
 and in some places rare plant, is the grass of Parnassus, 
 (Pamassia palustris.) The more we examine it, the 
 more we are struck with the beauty displayed iu its 
 formation; its pure white flower leaves streaked with 
 lines of green ; its nectaries placed alternately with 
 its stamens, and opposite the petals, each covered 
 with a Uttlc yeUow globe, like the balls on an earl's 
 coronet; its slender graceful stem and heart-shaped 
 leaves point it out as one of the most elegant of our 
 native plants, and forcibly remind us how exquisitely 
 beautiful and how faultless are the works of the 
 Almighty. 
 
 The following list of plants growing in the parish, 
 in addition to those above-mentioned, is subjoined not 
 on account of their rarity, but iu hopes that persons who 
 have a taste for botany, one of the most innocent and 
 entertaining of pursuits, may, iu other localities com- 
 pare it with the plants in their own neighbourhood and 
 observing what additions can bo made, in a short time 
 a complete flora of tho county might be compiled. A\ e 
 will first enumerate the grasses which have been ob- 
 served growing naturally in the district ; and then tho 
 flowers arranged under the months iu which they com- 
 monly may be found in perfection. It is not easy to 
 say what is the exact number of British flowers, be- 
 cause some writers enumerate as species what others 
 consider merely as varieties. Macgillevray, iu his last 
 edition of Withering, describes l,l(i'2 species. If from 
 them wo deduct the trees, b'i ; tho willows, 04 ; and 
 tho sedges, 61 ; wo have remaining 1,'285 : hence it 
 will be seen that fully one-fourth of this number may 
 be found iu the small district of which we speak.
 
 270 
 
 ALLERDALE- BELOW- DERWENT WARD. 
 
 The whole number of British grasses is 122. The 
 following list contains 40. Almost all the rest are rare, 
 growing only on liigh mountains, on the sea-shore or 
 other particular places : — 
 
 Antlwxanthum odoratum, sweet-scented spring grass. 
 Plialaris arundinacea, reed Canary grass. 
 PhUum pratensc, cat's tail or Timothy. 
 Alujiecurus pratatsis, meadow fox-tail. 
 „ agreslis, slender do. 
 „ geniculiitus, lloatin^ do. 
 Milium effusum, spreading millet {jrass. 
 Agrosiia canina, brown bent grass. 
 
 „ vulgaris, fine do. 
 
 „ dlbii, raarsli do. 
 
 Aira caspitosa, turfy hair grass, 
 „ Jlextiosa, wavy do. 
 
 „ caryophyllia, silver do. 
 Eolcus avenacetis, oat-like soft grass. 
 
 „ mollis, creeping do. 
 
 „ lanatus, meadow do. 
 
 Melica uniHora, wood melio grass. 
 
 „ cccnilea, purple do. 
 
 Glyceriajluitans, floating sweet grass. 
 Briza inedia, common quaking grass. 
 Poa trivialis, rough meadow grass. 
 „ pratetviis, smooth do. 
 „ annua, annual do. 
 
 Dactylys glomerata, cock's foot. 
 Cynosurus cristatm, crested dog's tail. 
 Festuca ovina, sheep's fescue. 
 
 „ duriuscula, hard do. 
 
 „ gigantea, great do. 
 
 „ hliiicea, spiked do. 
 
 „ pratensis, meadow do. 
 
 „ elatior, tall do. 
 
 „ sylvatica, slender wood fescue. 
 Bromus mollis, soft broine grass. 
 
 „ asper, hairy wood do. 
 
 „ sterilii, barren do. 
 
 Lalium peienne, rye grass. 
 Avena pratensis, narrow-leaved oat grass. 
 
 „ flavescens, yellow do. 
 
 Triticum repens, couch grass. 
 „ eaninum, dog's wheat. 
 
 A few of these grasses grow only in marshes or 
 watery places ; as the reed Canary grass, the floating 
 fox-tail, the floating sweet grass. Others in woods, as 
 the millet and melic grasses, the great, the tall, and 
 the wood fescues, and the hairy brome grass. The 
 agrostis alba is called by some the famous florin grass, 
 said to be the most productive grass ever cultivated. 
 The rest are excellent pasture grasses. Three are 
 troublesome on account of then* creeping roots, called 
 twitch, the holcus aveuaceus, mollis, and triticum 
 repens. All are perennial except the annual meadow 
 grass, slender fox-tail, silver hair grass, and bromus 
 sterilis. 
 
 Those flowers are omitted which, though growing 
 wild in some places, are here found only in gardens, 
 as the snowdrop, tulip, and such like. 
 
 In Fcbruaiy it can scarcely be said that any plants 
 commence flowering, because those which are then to 
 be found in flower are such as flower throughout the 
 whole year, as chickweed, groundsel, and deaduettle. 
 
 In March appear the pile wort, or less celandine, 
 coltsfoot, dog's violet, wild strawberry, butter bur, shep- 
 herd's purse, hairy cardamine, and a few others. 
 
 In April, moschatei, wall cress, wood anemone, water 
 starwort, bitter cardamine, lamb's lettuce, ground ivy, 
 wood sorrel, goldilocks, spurwoit, rue-leaved sa.\ifrage, 
 early orchis, and dog's mercury. 
 
 In May, bugle, rampsons, cuckoo pint, woodrufi", 
 earth nut, gout weed, 'wood sauicle, crosswort, corn 
 gromwell, wood loosestrife, mercury, beaked parsley, 
 sweet cicely, water parsnip — the least of the umbeli- 
 ferous order — harebell, golden saxifrage, meadow saxi- 
 frage, stitchwort, sandwort, common avcns, celandine ; 
 ivy leaved, bulbous, and water crowfoot ; several speed- 
 wells, bilberry, marsh marigold, toadflax, lady's smock, 
 garlick, hedge mustard, bush vetch, birdsfoot, meadow 
 orchis, cow berry, and sweet gale. 
 
 In June, marsh speedwell, butterwort, valerian, 
 several bedstraws, hoary, sea-side, and buckshorn plan- 
 tain, forget-me-not, bogbean, sheepsbit, pansy, night- 
 shade, wild carrot, arrow grass, cranberry, bistort, com 
 cockle, red and white campion, agrimony, water avens, 
 creeping cinquefoil, spearwort, henbit, lousewort, yellow 
 toadflax, water cress, meadow uood, jagijed and dove's 
 foot cranebUl, fumitory, milkwort, broom, rest harrow, 
 kidney vetch, bitter vetch, goat's beard, hawkweed, 
 hawk's beard, carline thistle, mountain cudweed, corn 
 marigold, feverfew, butterfly orchis, frog orchis, spotted 
 orchis, and aromatic orchis, twayblade, orache. 
 
 In July, common stonewort, yellow iris, bristle- 
 stallced club rash, reed, wild teasel ; small, field, and 
 bitter scabions ; vipers, bugloss, centaury, marsh penny, 
 fool's parsley, hemlock, hemlock dropwort, burnet 
 saxifrage, water purslane, water plantain, several 
 willow herbs, sea campion, red sandwort, wild wood, 
 stone bramble, rock rose, betouy, hemp nettle, wound- 
 wort, red bartsia, eyebrigat, cow wheat, figwort, Pep- 
 porwort, musk mallow, wood vetch, hairy and smooth 
 tare ; common, trailing, mountain, hairy, square, and 
 upright St. John's wort, wall lettuce, rough and autumn 
 hau'hhit, cat's ear, nipplewort, sawwort, hemp agrimony, 
 wormwood, mugwort, golden rod, sueezewort, knap- 
 weed, blue bottle, and burreed. 
 
 In August, marsh bedstraw, curled pondweed, pepper 
 saxifrage, autumal gentian, yellow saxifrage, purple
 
 ■RTiSTWARD TARISU. 
 
 271 
 
 loosestrife, marsh woundwort, wild basil, liigliland cud- 
 ■necd, and hornwort. 
 
 In September, biting persicaria, perennial knawcl, 
 and dwarf wliin. 
 
 MOSSES. 
 
 These form a numerous family of the crj-ptogamic 
 class, and present very interesting objects of contempla- 
 tion with a microscope. The beautifully dotted loaves 
 of the thread moss, and the seed vessels of all the 
 different kinds, are well worthy of inspection. Fii-st 
 ■we find a slender stalk surmounted by an egg-shaped 
 cup, and this cup surrounded generally with one or two 
 sets of fringes : then a neatly fitting lid, and over all a 
 fairy like umbrella, altogether forming a receptacle for 
 the almost invisible seed that must excite our admira- 
 tion. It is curious to observe that the number of teeth 
 in the fringes is always either four or eight, or sixteen, 
 or thirty-two or sixty-four ; no intermediate number is 
 ever found. The number of British mosses is about S2Q. 
 Some of these are found only in the highest mountains. 
 Eightj'-five have been observed in this locality. Of 
 these, about twenty-three sorts belong to the hypnums, 
 or feather mosses ; some of which are very fme, as the 
 trif[uetrous, the prtelongus, the proliferous, the tree- 
 like, and several others. The water moss, abundant in 
 streams, with its dark three-cornered stems, is another 
 line moss ; so is the curled neckera, which is found near 
 Clea Hall, the same kind of moss which grows so 
 luxuriantly on rocks overhanging the mouth of the cave 
 on the braes of Lochaber, in which the Pretender took 
 refuge after his defeat at CuUoden. Perhaps the most 
 beautiful of our mosses is the apple moss, with its light 
 green leaves and perfectly round capsules on tall 
 slender stalks. Several of the bryums, or thread 
 mosses, are very fine, particularly the bryum ligulatum, 
 with its long strnp-shaped leaves and several seed stalks 
 springing from the top of one stem. The bryum 
 argentcum looks like a catkin of the hazel frosted with 
 silver. The bristle mosses grow principally on trees ; 
 the hygroractric cord moss where charcoal has been 
 burnt. Then we have several kinds of hair moss — the 
 dwarf, the urnbcaring, and the great broom hair moss — 
 all with two veils, or umbrellas, instead of one. The 
 lattice moss, with its bright red teeth netted together; 
 tlic screw moss, with its twisted fringe ; the fork moss ; 
 the fringe moss, with greatly divided teeth ; the twin 
 toothed moss ; tho hoary grimmia, covering our moun- 
 tainous pastures ; tlie cxtingiiish(<r moss, with its veil 
 so exactly resembling the extinguisher of a candle ; the 
 four-toothed moss ; the branched beardless moss ; the 
 bog moss, and tbo earth moss. Some of the last are so 
 small as scarcely to be visible to the naked oyc ; and, 
 
 lastly, the split moss, the capsule of which opens so 
 differently from most other mosses, being divided into 
 four valves perpendicularly instead of having its top cut 
 off horizontally. 
 
 FEItNS. 
 
 In the splendid volume of Nature-Printed Fenis, by 
 Bradbury, the number of British species is reckoned to 
 be forty-five. Of these, we have in this parish twenty. 
 Some of the specimens grow most luxuriantly, and 
 attain a very large size. The moonwort, one of our 
 prettiest ferns, is found in great numbers in the 
 grounds belonging to General Wyndham, at Hdl Top ; 
 and the oak fern, a handsome species, with its three 
 delicate light green branches, is common in shady 
 places. The following is the list of species : — Common 
 polybody, beech fern, oak fern, parsley fern, lobate 
 shield fern, broad buckler fern, prickly toothed fern, 
 mountain fern, male fern, lady fern, blacli spleenwort, 
 green ditto, maiden hair ditto, ruedeaved ditto, hard 
 fern, common brakes, brittle fern, hart's tonge, moon- 
 wort, adder's tongue. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGT OF WESTWARD. 
 
 Birds, with respect to any given locality, may be 
 divided into four classes — comtant residents, summer 
 visitants for the sake of breeding, winter visitants for 
 food, and occasional visitors or stragrjlers which some 
 chance had driven to tho place. There may be dif- 
 ference of opinion as to the birds to be included in any 
 of these classes ; nor need we be surprised at this ; it 
 is tho same in all classification whatever devised by the 
 art of man. Every class has its transitional forms 
 which run into some adjoining class. Even the line 
 which separates the great kingdoms of natm'e is invisi- 
 ble ; and men of tho highest attainments in natural 
 science have disputed whether certain objects which 
 lie on the boundary between the animal and vegetable 
 kingdom do really belong to the one or the other. 
 Among our birds this remark applies to tho wagtails ; 
 they evidently increase in numbers about tlie breeding 
 season, yet some are found at all times of the year. 
 They are partly migrant, therefore, and partly resident. 
 Then, again, with regard to tho common gull and the 
 heron, they neither breed in the district, nor are they 
 driven from more northern climates for winter food, 
 and yet they may bo found occasionally at all times. 
 
 Tho whole numlier of British birds, according to 
 Yan'cl, is 337. Of these Wi arc residents, 50 sum- 
 mer visitants, 38 winter visitants, and 124 stragglers. 
 Leaving out this last class as of no value in inquiring 
 into tho ornithology of any district, wo have in West- 
 ward 4U of the first class, 25 of the second, and six of
 
 272 
 
 ALLEEDALE - BELOW - DERWENT WARD. 
 
 the third, or 80 birds in all. The greatest difference 
 is in the winter visitants, and this arises from the 
 parish being at some distance from the sea, and without 
 any lakes or fens, so that we derive no accession either 
 from the swimming or wading class of birds which are 
 so numerous in other places in winter; while it may 
 be noticed that of fifty birds that migrate to Great 
 Britain in summer, twenty-five are common to this 
 neighbourhood. In the recollection of the writer, one 
 or two very noticeable changes have taken place as to 
 the number of particular kinds of birds. Forty or fifty 
 years ago starlings were very rare birds indeed; now 
 they are very common. The goldon-crested wren, too, 
 has increased very much of late, while the bittern or 
 mire drum, once not uncommon, is now entirely ban- 
 ished, and the buzzards, or gleads, as they were called, 
 are only occasionally seen. 
 
 Of the birds of prey we have seven residents, merlin, 
 kestrel, sparrow hawk, common buzzard (now rare), 
 common harrier, white or barn owl, and tawny owl. 
 
 Of perching birds thirty-two are residents, water 
 ousel, missel thrush, song thrush, blackbird, robin, gold- 
 crested wren, blue titmouse, greater titmouse, coal tit- 
 
 mouse, long-tailed titmouse, hedge sparrow, pied wag- 
 tail, yellow wagtail, crow, jackdaw, rook, magpie, jay, 
 starling, greenfiuch, goldfinch, grey linnet, less redpole, 
 house sparrow, chaflinch, common bunting, yellow 
 bunting, reed bunting, sk3'lark, bulfinch, wren, king- 
 fisher. Twenty summer visitants : 'Wheatear.whinchat, 
 stonechat, redstart, blackcap, whitethroat, sedge warbler, 
 grasshopper warbler, wood warbler, willow warbler, 
 titlark, tree pipit, spotted flycatcher, common creeper, 
 cuckoo, goatsucker, common swallow, martin, land 
 martin, swift. Three winter visitants : Fieldfare, red 
 wing, and snow bunting (frequently.) 
 
 Of the rasores, or scraping birds, we have five resi- 
 dents : Wood pigeon, black grouse, red grouse, par- 
 tridge, and pheasant. One summer visitant: The 
 quail. 
 
 Of wading birds, four residents : Heron, snipe, golden 
 plover, and water hen. Four summer visitants : Sand 
 piper, corncrake, curlew, and lapwing. Two winter 
 visitants : Woodcock and jacksnipe. 
 
 Of the swimming birds we have only one resident, 
 the common wild duck, and two that occasionally visit 
 us at all seasons, the teal and the gull. 
 
 WIGTON PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Wigton is bounded on the north by the parishes of Kirkbride and Holme Cultram, on the west by 
 Bromfield, on the south by Bolton and Westward, and on the east by Aikton and Thursby. It is about five miles 
 in length by three in breadth, and consists generally of low, dry, and fertile land, the soil varying from loam, clay, 
 and gravel. Plenty of red freestone is found here, but no coal or limestone. It is intersected by the Wiza, and 
 several small brooks and rivulets, and contains a small lake called Mai-tin Tarn, in which pike, perch, &c., are 
 found. Wigton parish comprises the townships of Wigton. Onlton, Waverton, and Woodside, whoso united area 
 is ] 1,800 acres. The Maryport and Carlisle railway runs through the parish. 
 
 Adam had issue Odard the second, whose son and heir, 
 Adam the second, dying without issue, the inheritance 
 came to his brother Walter, who had issue Odard 
 the third. The latter died without issue, as did also 
 another Odard, upon which their brother, John de 
 Wigton, son of Walter, came into possession. This 
 •John had an only daughter, who was married to John 
 Gernon, and in the reign of Edward III. was impleadedi 
 for her birthright, in consequence of which, her mothpr.J 
 Idonisa Lovetot, was for a time kept out of her dower, 
 but she afterwards regained it. Shortly after the demisBj 
 of the wife of John Gernon, Wigton barony came 
 Thomas Lucy, lord of Allcrdale, "and thereby," say.l 
 Nicolsou and Bum, " in right the seigniory of Wigton J 
 was extinguished, and became again part of the ancient j 
 barony of Allerdale, though it is still taken and reputed! 
 
 WIGTON. 
 
 The population of tho township of Wigton in 1801 
 was 2,450: in 1811, 2,077; in 1821, 4,050 ; in 1831, 
 4,885; in 1841, 4,738; and in 1851, 4,568. The 
 rateable value is £10,528. 
 
 The barony of Wigton was anciently demesne of 
 Allerdale, until Waltheof, son of Gospatric, earl of 
 Dunbar, gave it to Odard de Lucy, whose posterity 
 took their name from the place. At that time the 
 barony contained Wigton, Waverton, Blencogo, Dun- 
 draw, and Kirkbride, with Oulton, each of which town- 
 ships is still a manor within itself, known by metes 
 and bounds, and Has in the barony of Wigton. Henry 
 I. confirmed Waltheof s gi-ant to Odard, who lived until 
 the reign of King John, so that he must have attained 
 a respectable old age. This Odard had issue Adam, and
 
 ^VIGTON PARISH. 
 
 273 
 
 as a distinct barony." From the Lucies Wigton came 
 to tlie Pcrcies, carls of Northumberland, together with 
 the rest of the estates of that family. When Henry 
 Percy, carl of Northumberland, was attainted in ir)78, a 
 survey was made of the barony of Wigton, when it was 
 found that Wigton was an ancient barony, and " hatli 
 been of long time the inheritance of the ancestors of 
 the said carl . . . and was of ancient time holden 
 of the kings of this realm by knight's service, cornage, 
 (tc, and is now holden by the last letters patents, 
 together with all the lands belonging to the said earl- 
 dom by part of a knight's fee." From the same 
 
 MS. we learn that the barony at that time comprised 
 tiic towns of Wigton, Waverton, Dundraw, Kirkbride, 
 and Oulton, " the which two last-named are accompted 
 both far one town ; and there is also the hamlets of 
 Rosenen, Kirkland, Woodside, Aiton, and others, within 
 which circuit the said earl hath the liberties, royalties, 
 and privileges of court liarron fi'om three weeks to three 
 weeks; a court leet at two times in the year, viz., 
 within one month next after the feast of Easter, and 
 within one month after the feast of St. Michael the 
 Archaiigi'l ; and also by a charter bearing date at West- 
 minster, the third day of February, anno regni Ilenrici 
 Tertii 40 (1202), one market weekly at the town 
 of Wigton on Tuesday, with one fair there every 
 year, to endure for three days, viz., the even, the 
 day, and the morrow after the feast of the nativity of our 
 Saviour, with all tilings to a market and fair belonging: 
 And also the lords of the said manor and barony have 
 had and used within their limits and bounds, free- 
 warron and all things thereto belonging; and also have 
 had and used, through all the wastes and commons 
 within tlie said barony according to the limits thereof 
 before set down (c.Kcepting Dockwray Moss and Morros 
 Moss), free soarcli and drift yearly ; and all goods and 
 eliattcls found there by the said search of any foreigner 
 and otlier persons not having liberty or interest of coni- 
 Doon there were taken, distreyned, and impounded, or 
 detayncd until such times as the owners tiiorcof did 
 compound and agree and make amends for their depas- 
 turing there, to the use of the lord of the manor. And 
 all trespasses committed u])on the said wastes or com- 
 mons by any person by improving or taking up any 
 part thereof, without license of the lord, or in digging 
 of turfe. pulling of ling, or any such like offence there 
 committed, have always been inquired of and presented 
 at tho courts of the said manor or barony, and there 
 punished by the way of amerciament or otherwise, as 
 tho offence required." 
 
 The following list of the freeholders of Wigton at 
 this period, extracted from tho same inquisition, now 
 30 
 
 printed for the first time, will no doubt be interesting 
 to our readers : — 
 
 AT mOTON. 
 
 "Leonard Dykes holdeth two tenements at Tufos- 
 thwaite, in socage tenure and rent at the feast of the 
 nativity of our Lord, pr. ann. 13s. The same Leonard 
 holdeth six acres of land at Guildrigg by like services, 
 and payeth yearly at tlic feast abovesaid, 8d. 
 
 " Anthony Curwen holdeth two tenements at High- 
 moor by homage, fealtio and suit of court, and payeth 
 by year at the feast of St. IMartin and Pentechost, 8s. 
 The same Anthony holdeth ten acres of meadow in 
 Coldmire, late the lauds of John Lamb, by like services, 
 and rend. pr. ann. 5s. 
 
 "Jo. Tliompson and Tho. Thompson hold certain 
 lands at Wigton by like service, late the lands of Piobert 
 and Michel Thompson, viz. : two acres, 2s. ; four acres 
 of land lying at the foot, 3s. lOd. ; si.K acres of land at 
 Ilowrigg, 3s. fiid. ; three acres of land at Coldmire, 
 3s. ; two crofts. Is. Od. ; a tenement and certain lands, 
 called Longmoor, Is. 2d. ; and one tenement, Od., late 
 the lands of John Tliompson, and rend. pr. ann. 
 15s. OJd. 
 
 " Cuthbcrt Grainger holdeth there a tenement with 
 an acre of land, late the lands of Alexander Highmoor, 
 by like services, and rend. pr. ann. 2s. 4d. 
 
 "Jo. TiQa holdeth there a tenement called the 
 Longmoor, late the lands of Michael Thompson, by like 
 services, and tho 13th mulcture, and rend. pr. ann. 
 Is. 8d. 
 
 "Bartholomew Lamplugh, William Scot, and Wil- 
 liiuu Harrison, hold there two tenements, one acre of 
 land, and two acres of meadow, rend. 5s. 5d. 
 
 " Jo. Daker holdeth at Wigton aforesaid an acre of 
 meadow in Breading, late the lands of Adam Perts. by 
 liko services aforesaid, and rend. pr. ann. Id. 
 
 " The same Jo. Daker holdeth there two tenements 
 in p'tiu', late Adam Perts' by the like services, and 
 payeth for tho one 7s., and for the other 2s., in toto, 
 pr. ann. 9s. 
 
 " Cuthbcrt Studholme holdeth two parts of one tene- 
 ment, and Helen, late wife of Robert Tifin, holdeth the 
 third part, late the lands of Robert Iligbnioor, by like 
 services, the sd. Cuthbcrt payeth 2s. 4d., and the sd. 
 Helen Is. 2d., in toto, 3s. Od. 
 
 "Jo. Dogeson, holdeth there a tenement lato William 
 Lydall's by liko services, and payeth by the year at tho 
 said feasts. Is. Od. 
 
 " Anthony Barwis, Esq. holdeth there a tenement, 
 lato Robert Highmoor, by like service, and rend. pr. 
 anil. 2s. 
 
 "Jo. Tiliii holdeth there a toft and certain lauds
 
 274 
 
 ALLERDALE-BKLOW DEnWENT WARD. 
 
 called Brekenlands, late the lands of Jo. Adamson, hj 
 like services, and rend. 2s. 9d. 
 
 " Michael Jackson holdeth there a tenement, late 
 William Morpith, by like service, and rend. pr. ann. 
 ris. 8d. 
 
 " Anthony Barwis, Esq., holdeth there a tenement or 
 tofte in p'tiu' by like services, and rend. pr. ann. S.^i. Od. 
 
 " Edward Rook holdeth there an acre of land at the 
 Lonf^moor by like service, and rend. pr. ann. 8d. 
 
 " The heirs of Henry Painter holdeth there a mes- 
 suage and seven acres of land, late the lands of the 
 said Henry by homage, fealtie, and suit of court, and 
 by the service, l\i. to comage, and payeth free rents 
 at the feasts aforesaid. Is. 
 
 " The heirs of William Aiked holdeth a raessnage, 
 a cottiigc, and two crofts, by like service as is aforesaid, 
 and by the service of IJd. comage, and the twenty- 
 six moulture, which said lands were sometimes the 
 lands of William Aiked, and payetli yearly at the feast 
 aforesd. 8d. 
 
 " The heirs of Tho. Barwis holdeth an aero of land 
 in the south end of Wigton, late the land of Nicholas 
 Lowther, by like services, and payeth by year 2s. 
 
 " The heirs of Cuthbert Briscoe holdeth there a 
 tenement called Longmoor, late the lands of Nicholas 
 Lowther afsd., by like services, and rend., pr. ann., 3d. 
 " Richard Studholme, jun., holdeth a messuage called 
 the West End, and forty acres of land, late the lands 
 of Nicholas Lowther afsd., by like services, and rend. 
 pr. ann. Id. 
 
 "The same Richard holdeth four acres of land, 
 sometimes the land of Alex. Lowther, and late the 
 lands of Nicholas Lowther afsd., by like service, and 
 rend. pr. ann. 5s. Od. 
 
 " The heirs of Tho. Barwis holdeth three acres of land 
 lying at Lideat, alias Galabar, and another acre there 
 by like services, rend, per ann. at the aforesaid feasts 
 for the said three acres Is. 2Jd., and for the said one 
 acre 3s. 9d., in toto pr. ann. 4s. 4-Jd. 
 
 " Richard Richardson holdeth there ono tenement 
 and one acre of land, late the lands of the said Nicholas 
 Lowther by like services, and payeth yearly at the feast 
 afsd. Is. 
 
 " The heirs of Cuthbert Brisco holdeth there a tene- 
 ment called Longmoor, late the lands of Nicholas 
 Lowther by like services, and rend. pr. ann. 6s. 2d. 
 
 " Tho heirs of Leonard Brisco holdeth there a parcel 
 of land called the Black Acre, in the east end of 
 Wigton, late the lands of the said Nicholas Lowther, 
 rend. pr. ann. at the feast afsd. Is. 4d. 
 
 " The heirs of Tho. Barwis holdeth there at Wigton 
 six acres of land, called the Untlands, late the lands of 
 
 Alex. Lounde, and late the lands of Nicholas Lowther 
 afsd., and rend. pr. ann. Is. 4d. 
 
 " Richard Studholme, jun., holdeth there a messuage 
 and twelve acres of land, late the lands of William 
 Barker, and late the lands of the afsd. Nicholas Lowther, 
 1 by like service, and payeth by year at the feast before 
 named for comage lid., for free rent 8s. 4d. 
 
 " The heirs of William Carpenter holdeth a messuage 
 ' and si-ic acres of land, late the lands of William Car- 
 penter, and late the lands of the said Nicholas Loivther, 
 by like services, and rend. pr. ann., at tho feast above- 
 , named. Id. 
 
 1 " Richard Studholme, jun., holdeth there a messuage 
 
 and three acres of land, late the lands of Jo. Crosby and 
 
 I Nicholas Lowther, by like services, and for comage lid., 
 
 and thirteen nioultcr, and payeth for free rent pr. ann. 
 
 I at the feast abovementioned, 4s. 4d. 
 
 " The heirs of Nicholas Lowi;hcr holdeth there ono 
 I acre of land, late the land of the said Nicholas by tho 
 like service, and payeth yearly ad fest., 6d. 
 
 " The heirs of llobt. Gothieson holdeth a messuage 
 and one acre of land, late the lands of the said Robt. 
 Gothieson, by like service, and payeth by year ad fcst. 
 before named for comage ]Jd. the thirteen moulter, 
 and for free rent, 4s. 4d. 
 
 " The heirs of Nicholas Lowther holdeth two acres of 
 arable land and half an acre of meadow, late the lands 
 of the said Nich., by like services, and payeth by year 
 at the feasts aforesaid, 2s. 7d." 
 
 A few pages further on wo find that the tenants 
 of the town of Wigton pay yearly to the lord for com- 
 age, 13s. 4d : seawake, 2s. : and for tarnsilver, 7s. Od. ; 
 in toto pr. ann., 23s. 4d. 
 
 From the Lucies, Wigton passed by marriage to the 
 Duke of Somerset, from whom it has come by inheri- 
 tance to its present proprietor, General Wviidham. 
 
 The principal landowners in the township of Wigton 
 are iliss Aglionby, Sir Wastel Brisco, Bart. ; Messrs. 
 John jMartindale, John Glaister, John Taylor, Joseph 
 Henderson, Edward Fidler, Joseph Skelton, John 
 Hodgson, and John Maudriel. 
 
 THE TOWK OF WIGTON. 
 
 The town of Wigton is situated near the right bank 
 of the river Wiza, in 54° 40' north latitude, 3° 9' west 
 longitude, distant eleven miles south-west from Carhsle, 
 303 miles north-north-west from London by I'oad, .and 
 312 by the North-Western and Lancaster and Carlisle 
 railways. Its population in 1851 was 4,244, of which 
 2,011 were males and 2,233 females, inhabiting 957' 
 houses, besides which 52 houses were uninhabited, and 
 two were in course of erection.
 
 WIGTON PARISH. 
 
 a76 
 
 Wigtou consists chiefly of one long and tolerably wide 
 street, wliicli is lighted with gas, auJ coutaius many well- 
 built houses. The principal manufactures are checks, 
 ginghams, and caUeoes ; some linen is also made. 
 Tanning, nail malung, brewing, and malting, are carried 
 on, besides several other branches of industry. The 
 market, which is held on Tuesday, is well supplied 
 with corn and all kinds of provisions ; a great market 
 for butchers' meat, apples, and honey, is held on St. 
 I'homas' Day. Fairs are held on the ;^Oth of Februarj' 
 and 5 th of April, the former for horses, and the latter 
 for cattle and merchandise, Ac. Wigton is one of the 
 polling places for the eastern division of the county. 
 I'ettj sesious are held every alternate Tuesday, at the 
 police station ; a county court for the recovery of debts 
 under £00 is also held here. 
 
 THE CHUECH. 
 
 Wigton parish church, dedicated to St. Jlary, is a 
 handsome structure, containing about 1,000 sittiugs, 
 and was erected in 1788 ou the site of a former 
 edifice, said to have been built by Odard, first baron 
 of Wigton, with materials taken from the Roman 
 station of old Carlisle in the neighbourhood of the town. 
 It contains monuments to the memory of Colonel 
 Thomas liarwis, who died in 1048; the Rev. John 
 lirowu, vicar of Wigtou, 17C3 ; and the llev. Lowther 
 Yates, D.D., master of Catherine Hall, Cambridge, who 
 died in 1798. A splendid organ has recently been pre- 
 sented to this church by G. Moore, Esq., of London, a 
 native of this neighbourhood. It cost £'M0, and was 
 opened ou the 2Uth January, 18o9. Margaret de Wigtou 
 gave the church to the abbey of Holme Cnltram, to 
 which it was soon afterwards appropriated, that the com- 
 munity might find " four chaplains, monks of their own 
 house, to perform divine service in the church of the 
 abbey, and two secular chaplains to olUciate in a chantry 
 of the church of St. Mary, at Wigton, for the soul of the 
 said Margaret, and of her husband, John Gernon, and of 
 her ancestors, and of all faithful people.' Shortly after 
 the church of Wigton was granted to the abbey, upon 
 tlie petition of Tiiomas de Talcane, theu abbot of Holme 
 Cultram, and liis convent to Bishop Kirkby; the bishop 
 and his commissaries, Ilobert de Southayke and John 
 de Burden, confirmed the appropriation, and ordained 
 that there should bo a perpetual vicar, who should have 
 au annual stipend of twenty-six marks of silver, to be 
 paid by the abbot and convent, and one messuage and 
 ten acres of arable land in the vill of Kirkland, aud one 
 acre of land in the vill of Wigton, near to the mansion- 
 house, but roserving to the bishop the collation to the 
 bcnoGco, in recompense of the diminution of the episco- 
 pal right occurring by such appropriation. After the 
 
 dissolution of the monastic institutions of this country, 
 (jueeu Elizabeth, by letters patent, dated February 9th, 
 1588, granted the corn tithes of the villages of Wigton, 
 Waverton, aud Oulton, to Edward Downinge and Miles 
 Dodding, who assigned the same to Robert Petrie, 
 whose heu', Sir John Petrie, disposed of them to Richard 
 Fletcher, of Cockermouth, for JL'GuO. James I., by 
 letters patent, granted the remainder to the rectory, 
 with the exception of the tithes of eggs, geese, and 
 apples, to Francis Morice, Esq., and Francis Philips : 
 who, in the year 1015, assigned the same to the Richard 
 Fletcher above-mentioned. The same monarch, in 1007, 
 granted the tithes of eggs, geese, and apples to Lewis 
 Owen and Wilham Bkke, from whom they passed to 
 the house of Crofton. These tithes have since been 
 commuted. The rectorial tithes belonged to Sir Frede- 
 rick Fletcher Vane, Bart., as impropriator ; but he 
 obtained an act of parliament to convert them into other 
 property, aud sold them to the proprietors of the laud. 
 The benefice is a vicarage, valued in the King's Book 
 at £17 19s. 9d., aud having been augmented with 
 £450, obtained from Queen Aune's Bounty, and a 
 yearly rent charge of £13, left by the Rev. John 
 Thompson, is now worth about £150 a year. Efforts 
 are now being made to further augment the living. 
 The Bishop of Carlisle is patron. 
 
 EECTons.— James de Dalilegh, 1308 ; "William de Hilton, 
 1317; Adam de Stayngrave, ; Gilbert de Wyggeton, 1332. 
 
 VicAKS.— Heury de Appleby, 133G ; Thomas de CuUerdane, 
 
 ; Kichai-d de Aslacby, 13j9 ; WiUiam de Cressop, : 
 
 TLicliard Damysell, 1307; William de Hay ton, IOCS; John de 
 
 Wcllon, 1309; John King, ; William LowJen, 1572; 
 
 William Lowson, 1592; Thomas Warcoppc, l(il2: John Cham- 
 bers, IGUl; Henry GeJdis, lU7i; John Brown, 171i ; Wilfrid 
 Clarke, sen., 1705; WilTrid Clarke, jun., 1802; John Uoild, 
 1801; J. Irving, 1820 ; W. Lyde, 1S57. 
 
 There was a free chapel at or near Wigton attached 
 to the hospital of St. Leonard, the lands belonging to 
 which were granted by Edward VI. to Thomas Dalston 
 and Wilham Denton. This hospital is supposed to 
 have been at a place called Spital, nearly a mile east of 
 the town, now the property of Sir Wastcl Briico, Bart. 
 
 CHAUTIES. 
 
 The School. — Wigton Free lirammar School, situated 
 in Market Hill, was erected about the year 17o0. It 
 is stated in a memorandum added to a list of the 
 principal inhabitants of Wigton, in the year 17 U, that 
 a free school should be erected, with convenient lodgings 
 for a master and usher, towards which each inhabitant 
 should contribute £1 for every Id. they paid to the 
 purvey; and that those who would not pay, aud tlieii- 
 lieirs, should bo excluded from Laving any more benefit 
 in the school tlmn foreigners. From the same list it
 
 276 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW - DERWENT WAIID. 
 
 appears that the family of Thomlinsons subscribed very 
 largely to this establisliment. The original endowment 
 of the school also appears to have been raised by con- 
 tribution. In a deed of re-lease, dated 2Uh August, 
 1724, it is recited that an agreement had been here- 
 tofore made between the Rev. John Thomlinson, rector 
 of Rothbury, then deceased, and tlio parishioners of 
 Wigton, whereby the latter had bound themselves to 
 raise a sum of £417 5s. 6d. to be laid out in a rent 
 charge of £Q0 Gs. 8d., for the endowment of a free 
 school or charity school at Wigton, and that in pur- 
 suance of such agreement the said sum had been paid 
 into tlie hands of the said John Thomlinson. He 
 died, however, before the said rent charge was settled ; 
 and by his will, dated I'Jth February, 1719, after leaving 
 to the vicarage of Wigton for the time being £13 per 
 annum out of that part of his rent-charge paid by Robert 
 Smitli, of Haughton, in Northumberland, he left to the 
 churchwardens of Wigton, and their successors, for 
 the use of the free school, such a further sum as should 
 answer what he had of them, at the rate of five per 
 cent. It appears that previous to the 24th of August, 
 1724, the executors settled a rent charge of £20 Cs. 8d. 
 upon the free school, payable out of the Haughton 
 estate in Northumberland. Since the first establish- 
 ment of the school several persons have purchased their 
 freedom, and the following bequests have been made : — 
 John Allison, by will, dated 20lh April, 1787, £1,000 
 stock at three per cent, reduced, to the ministers and 
 churchwardens of Wigton, the interest thereof to be by 
 them paid to the two schoolmasters of the free school 
 at Wigton, share and share alike, upon condition that 
 they should constantly teach four boys that should 
 not belong to the parish of Wigton. Thomas Thomlin- 
 son, Esq., by will, dated 10th April, 1798, bequeathed 
 to this school a third part of the residue of his personal 
 property.' The sum received by the trustees in respect 
 of this legacy amounted to £353. The only additional 
 property belonging to the school is a small parcel of 
 land consisting of two roods thirty perches, which was 
 allotted to it on the enclosure of a common in the 
 parish. The income is now upwards of £70 a year, 
 about £28 of which is paid to the usher, and the 
 remainder to the master. According to the rules and 
 orders for the regulation of the school, " the head 
 master shall teach in Latin and Greek, gratis, the 
 children of all such, as by contributing to raise the 
 salary of the school, have made their houses free. And 
 that the school may not be burdened with a number of 
 foreigners, he shall not teach any but who are free for 
 a less sum than five shillings a quarter. The under 
 1 See TUiirsby parish, page 202, for a more Jetailed account. 
 
 master shall teach all the children of such as are free 
 to read, write, cypher ; and those tliat intend to advance 
 to the head master, he shall teach them the accidence ; 
 and all these gratis ; nor shall ho take any foreigners 
 under his care for less premium than 2s. Od. per quar- 
 ter, or any whatever till they can read the Testament." 
 The rules further ordain that the under master " shall 
 be paid out of the income of the school ; the fourth part 
 of the school income, and all the rest of that income, 
 together with the dwelling-house, to belong to the 
 head master." Whenever a vacancy happens, the head 
 master and usher arc to be elected by a majority of all 
 such as are free to the school, and appear to that pur- 
 pose, when due notice of their meeting has been given 
 in the church. Four boys are taught free under the 
 will of John AUison. They arc appointed according to 
 the directions of the testator, by the heir of the late 
 Henry Allison, of Aspatria, to whom the nomination of 
 the first four boys was assigned. All the children, boys 
 or girls, of the occupiers of the tenements that belonged 
 either to the original contributors, or to those who have 
 since purchased their freedom, are admitted into the 
 school upon the payment of a certain quarterage. Until 
 about six years previous to the publication of the report 
 of the Charity Commissioners, they were all taught 
 free, but the occupiers of the free tenements then 
 agreed that the master should be permitted to demand 
 3s. a quarter for each of the children learning Latin or 
 Greek, and the usher 2s. Od. for every one learning 
 reading, writing, or arithmetic. 
 
 Widow's Hosjiital. — Tliis institution was founded in 
 1724 for six indigent widows of Protestant beneficed 
 clergymen, by the Rev. John Thomlinson, M.A., rector 
 of Rothbury, Northumberland, who endowed it with a 
 yearly rent-charge of £45. 12s., to be paid out of lands 
 at Haughton, in that county ; CO a year out of lands 
 near Gateshead, in the county of Durham ; and £G per 
 annum out of lands at Blencogo, besides a yearly rent- 
 charge of £3. lO.s., which was purchased in the latter 
 estate, with the £100 left by Mrs. Read, of Carlisle, 
 sister to Dr. Thomlinson, one of the e.xecutors to the 
 will of the founder. The hospital is incorporated by 
 the name of the Governors and Sisters of the College of 
 Matrons, or Hospital of Christ, in Wigton. Widows 
 of clergymen in the diocese of Chester, also those of the 
 parish of Rothbury, in Northumberland, and Whick- 
 ham, in the county of Durham, are eligible to this 
 charity. AVidows of clergymen who have served as 
 curates in any of the above places for two years, are, 
 according to the tenor of the regulations, also eligible ; 
 but those of a beneficed clergyman are to have the 
 preference. No widow is admitted under forty-six
 
 TVIGTON PAEISH. 
 
 277 
 
 years of a^o. £0 a year is paid to eacli of tlio six 
 inmates, and lOs. extra is paid to the eldest, who is 
 appointed goveruess. They have each three apartments 
 in the hos]iital, wliich is a neat edifice on the north 
 side of the church. The chancellor of the diocese, the 
 rectors of Aikton and Caldbeck, and the vicars of Brom- 
 field and Wigton, are the governors. 
 
 Banvis' Charitij. — An account of the origin and 
 history of this charity is given in our account of West- 
 ward Parish. The annual sum of ten shillings, as 
 therein stated, is paid over to tho vicar of Wigton, and 
 by him distributed as directed. 
 
 Thomas ThoniUnson's Bequest for the Poor. — Thomas 
 Thonilinson, by will, dated IGth April, 179S, bequeathed 
 to tho poor of Wigton £'00, to he distributed by the 
 ministers and churchwardens for the time being, 
 amongst the most industrious and deserving, in such a 
 manner that their ordinary allowance from tho parish 
 should not he lessened thereby. Tho charity is distri- 
 buted by the vicar, according to the expressed wishes 
 of the donor. 
 
 Jolui Tliomlinson's Gift to the Vicar. — John Thoni- 
 linson, by will, dated 12th February, 1719, left to the 
 vicar of Wigton £13 per annum, part of a rent-charge, 
 payable out of the llaughton estate, in Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 Wii/toji and Oulton Quarters, Barnes' Charity. — 
 John Grainger, by will, reciting that his brother, John 
 Barnes, had beijuealhed to him £oO, to be laid out for 
 raising the sum of lOs. a year, to be distiibuted by the 
 churchwardens and overseers of the poor of Wigton 
 and Oulton quarters, amongst the poor of the said 
 (juarters, on the UiJlh May and the ~'5th December, 
 yearly, two-thirds thereof to the poor of Wigton and 
 one-third to tho jioor of Oulton ; and reciting that he 
 had not met witli an opportunity of laying out tho 
 same, charged all his froo and customary lord's rents 
 issuing out of several la. ids and tenements in tho town- 
 ships of Oulton, Kirkland, Longthwaite, Lowhouses 
 and Waverton, in tho parish of Wigton, with a pay- 
 ment of lOs. yearly, to be distributed as aforesaid, until 
 £50, or sulliciont to raiso the sum of 40s. yearly should 
 bo otherwise laid out. Tho money received on account 
 of this cbarity is divided into three parts, two of which 
 are paid over to the overseers of Wigton quarter, and 
 the third ]nirt to thoso of Oulton quarter, and distri- 
 buted as directed. 
 
 Sanderson's Charily. — Richard Sanderson, Esq., of 
 Xorbury House, Croxton, in the county of Surrey, 
 inerchant and citizen of London, but a native of this 
 ni'ighbourhood, by will, dated September, 1830, be- 
 queathed £5,000 bank stock, three per cent, consols. 
 
 upon trust, to the vicar, churchwardens, and overseers 
 for the time being, after the death of Honor Thompson, 
 the interest thereof to be distributed by them on the 
 20th December, in each year, amongst twenty poor 
 persons, of either sex, born and resident in the parish 
 of Wigtou, who shall have attained the age of fifty 
 years; each person to receive not less than £'>, nor 
 more than £10. 
 
 Hodije's Bequest. — Mr. Joseph Hodge, manufacturer, 
 of Wigton, who died 27th March, 1840, bequeated to 
 trustees £1,500, bearing interest at three and a half 
 per cent., for the education of the poor children of the 
 parish of Wigton and Westward, viz. : £000 to the 
 former and £000 to the latter; and directed the 
 residue, if any, to be given in clothing to poor women. 
 Upon the demise of the last survivor of the first 
 trustee the money is to be placed in the funds, stocks, 
 or other government security ; and on the death of a 
 trustee the remainder are to elect one to fill up the 
 number. The trustees are not to be ministers, curates, 
 or parish clerks, either of the Established Church or of 
 dissenters ; schoolmastei's, or teachers. The benevolent 
 donor has also left several small sums, varying from 2s. 
 to 8s. a week, to some of his old workmen. 
 
 CnUECUES, CnAPELS, AND SCHOOLS. 
 
 St. Cuthbert's Catholic Church is a neat Gothic 
 structure, consisting of nave, chancel, and one transept, 
 the nave being erected in 1835-0 from designs by Bo- 
 nomi, and the other portions in tho spring of lb57, 
 when stone mullions were inserted in all the windows, 
 and the entire edifice otherwise much improved and 
 ornamented, in accordance with the requirements of 
 Catholic worship. Vestries were also added, and a neat 
 and commodious presbytery, or priest's house, erected, 
 which is connected with the vestry by an ornate cloister. 
 Another cloister unites the south transept with the 
 adjoining schools and convent. 
 
 The school is in tho same stylo as tho church, and 
 is sixty-seven feet long by eighteen broad. It is lighted 
 by three elegant triple lancet windows at each gable, 
 and has two doore opening on tho south to the ample 
 play ground in front. Internally as well as externally 
 it is complete in every respect, and presents a very neat 
 appearance. 
 
 Adjoining the school is the Convent of the Sisters of 
 ]\Iercy, a branch house of the well-known Order of 
 Mercy, founded for tho express purpose of educating 
 youth, relieving the sick and distressed, and adminis- 
 tering to the sphitual wants of tho poor. It is tho 
 only establisiiment of the kind in Cumberland and 
 Westmoreland, and is the first religious house erected
 
 278 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW - DERWENT WARD. 
 
 in these counties since their suppression at the period 
 of the llefonuatiou. It is in the midJle-age style of 
 conventual arcliitecture, and consists of two wings of 
 two stories high, and excellent attics, with triangular 
 dormer windows. With the south-east transept 
 of the church, and school on the south, and the 
 cloister (connecting the convent with the transept) 
 on the west, it forms a quadrangle, embracing recrea- 
 tion grounds of some fifty yards by forty yards. Ou 
 the north and east sides there are ample Idtcheu 
 gardens. Five ladies, from the Convent of the Sisters 
 of Mercy at Bermondsey, London, took possession of 
 this convent on the third of September, 1857. Two of 
 these ladies formed part of that noble band who, headed 
 by their superioress, Mrs. Moore, went forth umid the 
 rage of battle and the strife of cruel warfare to tend 
 our sick and wounded soldiers ou the ensanguined 
 fields of the Crimea, and in the pestiferous hospitals of 
 Varna and elsewhere, sharing all the dangers and 
 suflerings of the campiiigu, to which some of their 
 companions fell victims.' The year 1808 saw the first 
 reception of a nun in Cumberland since the time of 
 the Keformation, when a young lady, of London, re- 
 ceived the white veil of a novice from the hands of the 
 Eight Rev. Dr. Hogarth, Bishop of Hexham, in whose 
 diocese the Catholics of Cumberland and Westmoreland 
 ai'e included. 
 
 From the period of the Reformation till the year 
 IS'M), the Catholics of Wigton and neighbourhood 
 possessed no resident priest, and had to go from 
 time to time to Carlisle to receive the sacraments, but 
 iii the year just named the Rev. John Dowdal, a 
 gentleman of considerable talents and attainments, and 
 an eloquent preacher, founded a mission in the town, 
 where he laboured zealously aud successfully far several 
 years, during which period his retired and unassuming 
 manner, aud kindness of disposition, secured the friend- 
 ship and esteem of all parties. 3Ir. Dowdall was subse- 
 quently removed to St. Patrick's Church, Manchester, 
 and afterwards to Bolton-le-Moors, where he died, in 
 1848, universally beloved and regretted. His successor, 
 the Rev. Edmund Kelly, was appointed to Wigton in 
 1838, where he continued till 1852, when he was trans- 
 ferred to South Shields and the Rev. Canon Nicholas 
 Brown, the present incumbent, succeeded. Mr. Brown's 
 
 1 General Sir W. Codrinp;toii, eommander-in-claicf in the Crimea, 
 in a letter, requested Sir John Hiil, cbief of tlie medical staff, "to 
 assure tlie superioress of the Sisters of Jlercy of the higli estimation 
 in which her ser\ices and those of the nurses were held by them all, 
 founded as was that opinion upon the experience of hunself and the 
 medical officers of the hospital, and of the niauy patients, both 
 wounded and sicli, who, during fourteen or fifteen months past, bad 
 been benefitted by dieir care," Sio. 
 
 first care was to improve the education of the children of 
 the poor, and the beneficent munificence of a good lady 
 (Miss Aglionby, daughter of the late ilajor Aghonby, 
 M.P.), whose many charities are but partially laiown, 
 soon enabled him to purchase a large portion of an 
 adjoining field, and to erect the present elegant buildings 
 as above named. All the several buildings are of stone. 
 The whole group, church, convent, schools and presby- 
 tery, gardens, &c., occupying an area of little less than 
 two acres, present a very pleasing and attractive feature 
 ou entering the town from the east. The congregation 
 numbers about four hundred persons. 
 
 The Friends Meeting House, situated in Allonby 
 Road, to the west of the town, is a handsome structure 
 (if red freestone, erected in 18JJ0, upon the site of a 
 previous meeting house, built in 170(5, and will 
 accommodate about 500 persons. For many years 
 previous to the erection of the old meeting house, the 
 Society of Friends had a congregation in Wigton, but 
 the date of its first formation cannot now be ascer- 
 tained. 
 
 The Independent Chapel, Water Street;, was erected 
 in ISni, at a cost of £'1,900, inclusive of the adjacent 
 burial-ground and minister's house. It is a large 
 commodious edifice of three stories, and contains 
 sittings for 600 persons. Tlie lowest story serves as a 
 Sunday school, and also a British day school. The 
 first chapel possessed by the Independent body in 
 Wigton was erected in Market Hill in 1819, when the 
 cjugregation \ws placed under the care of the Rev. 
 John \Valton, previous to which period they had met 
 for worship in a school-room in Strong's Lane. Mr. 
 AValton was succeeded by the Rev. Edward Leighton, 
 in 1820, and he by the Rev. .Jonah Reeves in 1837. 
 Two years later the Rev. Mr. Kelsay became pastor, 
 and in 1845 the Rev. George Young, who was suc- 
 ceeded, in 1858, by the Rev. Henry Perfect, the pres- 
 ent minister. 
 
 The Presbyterian (United) Church is situated in 
 Market Hill. It was erected iu 1819, by the Indepen- 
 dents, who upon the completion of their new chapel 
 in 1834 sold it, and it is now private property, rented 
 by the present congregation. It will seat about 300 
 persons. The Presbyterians first formed a congregation 
 ill Wigton, about seventy years ago, and had for their 
 first minister the Rev. Mr. Davis, holding their meet- 
 ings in Meeting House Lane, from which they removed 
 to their present place of worship. The congregation 
 was for some time without any regular minister. The 
 Rev. Alexander Leitch has been minister for the last 
 few years. 
 
 The Wesleyan Chapel is a plain but substantial
 
 ■\YIGTO.N PARISH. 
 
 279 
 
 building in George Street, erected by subscription in 
 18-28, at a cost of £000, and contains SOO sittings. 
 This body was established about the year 1819, when 
 they occupied the school-room in Strong's Lane, after 
 the Independents had left it. Afterwards they re- 
 moved to Meeting House Lane, where they continued 
 to assemble for worship till the erection of their pre- 
 sent chapel — Rev. Edward C. Woolmer, minister. 
 
 The Primitive Jlethodists formed a small congre- 
 gation in this town for a short time, but they have 
 long since ceased to e.xist, as such. 
 
 MECH.VWCS' INSXITUTIOX, &C. 
 
 Wigton ^Mechanics' Institution, situated in AUonby 
 Road, is a handsome building, erected in 1650, from 
 designs furnished by the late Mr. John Walker and 
 Mr. W. Ileudei-son, at a cost of about £-100. It is of 
 red freestone, with a portico in front, above which is a 
 group of three figures, the centre one representing 
 Fame. The institution comprises first and second- 
 class reading-rooms, and a library ; in the first-class 
 reading-room there is a bust of the late Sir Ro- 
 bert Smirke, who was born in a small cottage which 
 formerly stood opposite the site of the institution. The 
 bust and pedestal of scagliola were presented to the 
 members by Mr. Sydney Smirke, a son of the cele- 
 brated painter. Both reading-rooms are well supplied 
 with newspapers and periodicals, &c., and are orna- 
 mented with maps, globes, &c., which have, at various 
 times, been presented to the institution. The library 
 occupies a room to the rear of the first-class reading- 
 room, and comprises upwards of 1,400 volumes in the 
 various departments of literature, science, and art. The 
 subscription to the library and reading-room.s is one 
 guinea per annum, to the library alone eight shillings — 
 the subscribers to the latter are principally ladies. Me- 
 chanics are admitted for a subscription of eight shillings 
 per annum to llie library and second-class reading-room. 
 The affairs of the institution are managed by a com- 
 mittee of thirteen members, who ai'o chosen annually. 
 Lectures arc frequently given in connection with the 
 institution. 
 
 A working men's reading-room was estabUshed in 
 the year 1S58 in a room on Market IIill. 
 
 The National School, situated in the South End, is 
 a plain stone building, with girls' school over the boys', 
 conducted by mastcrand mistress and two pupil teachere. 
 Average attendance, ItiO boj-s nud 80 girls. 
 
 In addition to the school mentioned at page 273, and 
 the Catliolic schools, and National school just mentioned, 
 tliero arc several other schools ; well-attended Sunday 
 schools are attached to all the places of worship in the 
 town. 
 
 CEMETEKY. 
 
 I Wigton Cemetery is handsomely situated about a 
 
 mile north-west from the town. It was opened on the 
 1st of August, 1855, and consecrated by the present 
 bishop of Carlisle on the 11th of July 1856. The 
 ground, which covers an area of five acres, was given 
 by the late Miss Matthews, of Wigton Hall ; £-2,000 was 
 expended upon it previous to its being used for inter- 
 ments. It is divided into three parts or divisions, one 
 of which is reserved to the members of the Church of 
 England, another for Catliolics, and. the third for 
 Nonconformists. There are two chapels, situated to 
 the right and left of the entrance, with a house for the 
 registrar ; these are of red freestone. A wall seven feet 
 high encloses the entire cemetery, with the e.\ception of 
 the space between the idiapel of the Church of England 
 and the registrai-'s house, which is palisaded. 
 
 GAS WOEKS. 
 
 The Gas Works, situated in Tenters Field, was 
 erected in 1831, by a company of shareholders of £10 
 each. It was rebuilt and considerably enlarged in 
 1851, at a cost of £3,000, twelve retorts being added, 
 and room made for fifteen more, in all twenty-seven. 
 There are (wo gasometere, one of which is capable of 
 containing 8,000, and the other 2,500 cubic feet. The 
 gas is sold to consumers at six shiUings per thousand 
 cubic feet. The annual consumption is about 2,500,000 
 cubic feet. The affairs of the company arc managed 
 by a committee of resident gentlemen ; and the esti- 
 mated value of the works is now about £5,000. 
 
 POOR LAW UNION. 
 
 The Poor-law Union is divided into three sub-districts, 
 viz., Wigton, comprising Thursby, Crofton, Parton and 
 Micklethwaitc, Oughtorby, lurkbampton, Little Bamp- 
 ton, Eingland, Drumburgb, Bowness, Anthorn, Kirk- 
 bride, Wampool, Aikton, Biglands and Gamblesby, 
 Wiggonby, Oulton, Wigton, Woodside, ^A'averton and 
 Ilolme-east Waver ; Abbey Holme, embracing Holme 
 St. Cuthbert, Abbey Holme, Dundraw and Kelsick, 
 lilcncogo, Bromfiold, I.angiigg and Mealrigg, West 
 Newton and Allonby. Ilaytou and ]\Ielay, Aspatria atul 
 lirayton, Blennerhasset and Kirkland, Torpeuhow, and 
 Whitrigg, and Allhallows ; Caldbeck, including High 
 Bolton, Low Bolton, Stoneraise, Woodsido, Rosley, 
 Brocklcbank, Low Sebergham, High Sebcrgham, Low 
 Caldbeck, High Caldbeck, Caldbeck Haltcliff, Low 
 Iroby, High Ireby, and Uldale. The area of the union 
 is 170,529 acres.' Its population in 1S51 was 23,001, 
 
 • This areo, (fivcu from llio ccnniis rclnrns, iiirludrs wntcr, or llie 
 soaroii^i, iho nnn, acconliii^ to Uie rcluru furuisbed by llie clerk lu 
 the guunliniu u 138/^0.
 
 280 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW - DERWENT WARD. 
 
 of whom 11,781 wore males, and 11.880 females. The 
 number of inhabited houses at the same period was 
 4,718, of uninhabited 391, and there were 29 building. 
 The rateable value of the union amounts to .£110,174. 
 The following statement of accounts shows the receipts 
 and expenditure for the year ending 2-2nd March, 1858. 
 The receipts were, from poor-rates, £'7,4C1 Is. ; in aid 
 of poor-rate, £309 l.^s.: total, .i'7,6G;l 16s. The expen- 
 diture amounted to the following : — For in-maintenance, 
 £359 9s. 33d.; outrelief, £1,901 Os. fid.; maintenance 
 of lunatics in asylums, £360 17s.; extra medical fees, 
 £13 5s.; vaccination fees, £33 lis.; registration foes, 
 £73; county rates, £191 133. 4d.; building expenses 
 (instalment and interest of loan), £155 7s. 3d.; lunatic 
 medical visits, £5 ; conveyance of lunatics to and from 
 asylum, school fees, itc, £19 Cs. lid. ; common charges, 
 including salaries, rations, relief of irremovable poor, 
 in-door and out-door, Ac, £9,148 17s. 3id. : total, 
 £5,480 13s. 7Jd. Expenditure of year ending March, 
 1857, £5,259 9s. O^d.; increase, £221 4s. 6Jd. Num- 
 ber of paupers relieved in the union on the 1st of 
 January, 1838, in-door, 134; out-door, 910: total, 
 1,044. Average weekly cost per head of in-door 
 paupers, 9s. 5d. 
 
 Aikhcad, a small hamlet in Wigton township, about 
 one and a half miles west-by-north of that town, was 
 long the residence of John Eooke, Esq., one of the last 
 of the English Neptunian geologists. He was author 
 of a Geology of the Lake District, and many papers on 
 his favourite science. He died in 1850, and is interred 
 in ths Cemetery at Wigton. 
 
 Dockray is another hamlet, one and a half miles east- 
 by-north of Wigton, near the confluence of the Wiza 
 and Wampool. It contains the old farm-house called 
 Dockray Hall. 
 
 Moorhouse hamlet is two miles north of Wigton, 
 where there is a largo farm-house called Moorhouse Hall. 
 
 Standing Stones is another small hamlet, occupying 
 an elevated situation above the railway station, half a 
 mile north of Wiston. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £1,840. The 
 number of its inhabitants in 1801 was 294; in 1811, 
 321; inl891, 33C; in 1831, 379; in 1841,400; and in 
 1851, 491. The Maryport and Carlisle railway runs 
 through the township. A gi'oat portion of the land 
 here consists of a kind of moss, producing nothing but 
 peat. Martin Tarn., a small lake about a mile in 
 circumference, is situated in this township. 
 
 The manor of Oulton was anciently held by the 
 
 Dalstons, and we learn from an inqusition taken in 
 1578, that "John Dalston, Esq., holdeth the other 
 half of Kirkbride, and the hamlet of Ulton (as is afore- 
 noted), which were parcel of the said barony (Wigton) 
 in demesne, and sold by King Henry VIII. to Thomas 
 Dalston, father of the said John Dalston, and were of 
 
 the yearly rent of over and besides the free rents 
 
 of certain freeholders in Ulton aforesaid, amounting to 
 the sum of 333. 4d. per annum, holden of the said 
 barony, whicli rents and services of the said freeholders 
 the said John Dalston claimeth and detainetli by colour 
 of his said letters patent (quo pire ijnor.) The rents 
 and services of which freeholders hereafter followeth : 
 Robert D.il^ton holdeth a tenement and two oxgangs of 
 land, late William Jlorpith's, by fealtie, suit of court, 
 and moult, to the 13th moult., rendering per an. 10s. 
 John Kay holdeth a tenement called Gamsey laud, with 
 the same service and moult., and renders per an. 
 Os. 2d. Piobert Vause holdeth certain tenements and 
 lands by like services and moult., and renders per an. 
 4s. Od. John Thompson holdeth two tenements and 
 certain lands, with other appurtenances, by like services 
 and moult., and renders per an. 5s. Ilobert Dalston 
 holdeth there a parcel of meadow, sometime John Spar- 
 row's, \iy the like services as aforesaid, 9d. The 
 same Robert holdeth another parcel of meadow, late 
 Thomas Pattinson's, by like services, and renders per 
 an. 9d. John Thompson holdeth there three acres of 
 land, late the lands of John Thompson, by like services, 
 rendering Is. 4d. Cuthbcrt Grainger and Nicholas 
 Allison holdeth there one parcel of meadow, late Nicholas 
 Brown's, by like services, rendering OJ. The heirs of 
 Robert or Thomas Leohe, holdeth there three acres of 
 meadow, by like services, and renders per annum ls.4d." 
 At the same time " Richard Barwis holdeth four acres 
 of demaine in Ulton, rendering 5s. 4d." After the 
 extinction of the Dalston family, this manor was sold 
 to — Watson, Esq., from whom it came to William 
 T.aylor, Esq., of Greenwich, and is now held by John 
 Taylor, Esq., who holds customary courts from time 
 to time. The landowners of the township are Messrs. 
 •lohn Barnes, Daniel Barnes, William Cape, H. J. 
 Percy, .John Todd. John Gibson, John Lightfoot, John 
 JI Watson, John Taylor, .John Ismay, and a few other 
 small owners. 
 
 The village of Oulton is pleasantly situated, two miles 
 uorth-by-west of Wigton, and contains a small chapel, 
 erected by the Baptists in 1722, but rebuilt in 1 832. 
 It is now used on week nights by the vicar of Wigton. 
 
 Eskrigg, Lawrence Holme, Tanirigg, and Wedholme 
 Hill, are hamlets in this township, situated from one to 
 two miles north and north-west of Oulton village.
 
 WIGTON PARISH. 
 
 281 
 
 WAVKRTOX. 
 
 The populalion of Wavertoa township in 1801 was 
 375; in 1811, 409; in 1821, 477; in 1831, 487; in 
 1841, 543; and in 1851, 345. Its rateable value is 
 £4,548. Tho Jlaryport and Carlisle railway runs 
 through the township. 
 
 Wc possess no information relating to Wavertou 
 previous to 1578, in wliicli year a survey of the barony 
 of Wigton was made, and from it we transcribe the 
 following particulars: "Leonard Dykes holdeth the 
 fourth part of the town or manor of Waverton of tho said 
 Earl (Northumberland) by the third part of a knight's 
 fee, and suit of court at Wigton, from three weeks to 
 three weeks, cornage, seawake, puture of the Serjeants, 
 and for free rent yearly is. 8d. The said Leonard Dykes 
 holdeth certain other lands there of another fourth part 
 of the said town, by like services, and payeth for free rent 
 by year '-Js. Hd. The said Leonard holdeth a parcel of 
 ground there called the Parke, by homage, fealtio, &c., 
 rendering per an. Is. 4d. The said Leonard holdetli 
 there two acres of land by homage, fealtie, suit of court 
 &c., and renders per an. Is. William Osmotherly 
 holdeth a third part of a fourth part of Waverton afore- 
 said, by the twelfth part of a knight's fee, and other 
 services as is aforesaid, rendering per annum 3^d. 
 The heirs of William Pennington holdeth another third 
 of a fourth part of Waverton aforesaid, by like services, 
 and renders 2jd. Anthony Curwcu holdeth another 
 third part of a fourth part of Waverton aforesaid, by 
 Uke services, rendering 3Jd. John Bleiinerhasset 
 holdeth in Waverton aforesaid one tenement, sometime 
 William Bowett's, and late the lands of Roger Dent, by 
 the like services, rendering per an. 3s. The heirs of 
 Iioger Lathes now holdeth the fourth part of Waverton 
 by like service as is aforesaid, and render per an. 8s. Id. 
 William Osmotherly holdeth four acres of land there in 
 Waverton, called the Marshalftat, by the like service 
 as is aforesaid, and renders per an. Is. 4d. Robert 
 Vaux holdeth one acre of land in Waverton by fealtie, 
 suit of court, and other services aforesaid, and renders 
 per annum 8d. John Plumer holdeth certain land 
 and tenements in Waverton at Aikbank, by homage, 
 
 fealtie, and suit of court, rendering ." A few 
 
 pages further we find that "the tenants of tho town of 
 Wavirton pay yearly to tho lord for cornago 13s. 4d., 
 seawake CJs., and for turnsilvor 7s. Od. : in toto per annum 
 'iv!s. IdJ." Tho manorial rights of Waverton arc now 
 vested in General Wyndham as lord paramount of tho 
 barony of Wigton. Tho landowners are the Rev. 
 Willian Hcwson, llossrs. Charles Ray, John Stamper, 
 John T. JelTerson, Joseph Barnes, Pattison Hayton, 
 John Dixon, WUliam Manduel, Richard Hall, John 
 31 
 
 Martiudale, the trustees of the late John Tifhn, Robert 
 Glaister, Thomas Dand, John Swan, the trustees of 
 the late Christopher (iloag, John Dand, — Bragg, 
 ]\[essrs. Tiffin ; and Mrs. Donald and Miss Jfessenger. 
 
 The village of Waverton occupies a pleasant situation 
 two miles south-west of Wigton. 
 
 Aikbank, a hamlet a mile west from Wigton, was 
 long the residence of Joseph Rooke, who was interred 
 here in his own garden. Lesson, or Lasson's Hall, 
 originally Lassell's Hall, from one of its remote pro- 
 prietors, is described as being an independent manor 
 in the successive possession of the Waverton, Multon, 
 JIulcaster, or Pennington families. It was purchased 
 of the latter by the Dalstons, having from that time 
 been esteemed parcel of the manor of Oulton, which 
 was enfranchised by Sir George Dalston, Bart., in 
 1747. Lesson Hall is a neat village, two and a half 
 miles west-by-uorth of Wigton, where Charles Ray, 
 Esq., has a commodious residence. 
 
 The other hamlets are Barugh, Blaithwaite (High 
 and Low), Parkgato, Woodrow, from two to three miles 
 south-west of Wigton. Ilawkrigg House is tho resi- 
 dence of John T. Jefferson, Esq. ; Blaithwate Houso 
 the residence of Mrs. Donald. 
 
 WOODSIDE. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £3,270. In 
 1801 it contained 238 inhabitants; in 1811, 344; in 
 1801,587; iu 1831, 750; in]S41, 745; and in 1851, 
 095. It is intersected by the Maryport and Carlisle 
 railway. 
 
 From the survey quoted in our notice of Waverton 
 township we derive the following information relating 
 to Woodsidein 1573: — " William Osmortherley holdeth 
 at Lownthwaite four tenements, late in the tenures of 
 the said William, 83. Thomas Calvert, 83. Od.; Thomas 
 West and Thomas Calvert, lis. 8d.; and one piece of 
 land there late in the tenure of Thomas Wilkinson, 
 2s, by fealtie and suit of court, and renders per 
 annum, at the feasts of St. Martin and Pentecost, 
 25s. 9d." In the margin is noted, in a dilferent hand, 
 " Wm. Calvert, 1 is. -id. ; Stubbs, 1 Os. Qd." The survey 
 continues " John PuidclilYe holdeth four tenements, with 
 tho appurtenances at Lownthwate, by fealtie and suit 
 of court, and payeth at the feasts aforesaid, per annum, 
 10s. 4d. Anthony Barwis holdeth certain acres of land 
 there in Kayrigg, by fealtie and suit of court, and paieth 
 at the said feasts Is. Od. John Aylno holdeth one aero 
 of land at Kayrigg aforesaid, by like services, and paieth 
 by year, ut supra, 9d. Edward Adamson holdeth one 
 acre of land there by like service, and payeth by year, 
 at tho feasts aforesaid, 9d. The same Edward holdetli 
 there a tenement and three acres of land by like service,
 
 282 
 
 ALLERDALE - BELOW - DERWENT WAUD. 
 
 and renders per annum, at the feasts aforesaid, 23. 1 Id. 
 John Thompson holdeth at Briggbank a tenement and 
 three acres of h\iiJ, late John Daj'es', by like service, 
 and renders per annum, at the said feasts, 3s. Jolm 
 'I'imperon and Edwai'd Barwis holdeth there two 
 messuages and five acres of land, late John Dayes' 
 aforesaid, by like services, rendering at the said feasts 
 lOs." The manorial rights of this township, like those 
 of Waverton, are vested in General Wyndham. The 
 landowners arc Sir Waste! Brisco, Bart. : F. L. B. Dykes, 
 Esq.; John Taylor, Esq.; Wm. Banks, Esq., the trus- 
 stees of Brookfield Academy ; Messrs. John Martindalo, 
 Oeorge Studholmc, Joseph Carruthers, Joseph Banies, 
 Thomas Ilayton, John riichardsou, the tnistees of the 
 late John Robinson, .John Spencer, the Misses Stock- 
 dale, Miss Aglionby, and Jane Cowan. 
 
 The hamlet of Ivirkland, one mile east ; Lownthwaite 
 (High and Low), one mile south-by-west, and Moor- 
 thwaitc, two miles east of Wigton, are in this township. 
 High Moor House, the seat of W. Banks, Esq., stands 
 on a gentle eminence commanding an extensive prospect 
 of the surrounding countiy, about half a mile south of 
 Wigton. 
 
 Brookfield Academy, belonging to the Society of 
 Friends, occupies a substantial building in this town- 
 ship, about a mile west from Wigton, erected in 1826, 
 at a cost, inclusive of the purchase of land and master's 
 house, of £'(5,100. The institution was previously at 
 High Moor House. The number of pupils is limite ' 
 to thirty boys and thirty girls, from the age of eight to 
 fifteen years. Children attending this school from any 
 part of Cumberland are taught partly at the expense of 
 the society should they require such assistance. This; 
 establishment is supported partly by subscription, and 
 the interest of endowments valued at £12,000. The 
 number of scholars taught in the school since its com- 
 mencement in 1815, amounts to 701. 
 
 Among the eminent natives of the parish of Wigton 
 we may mention I\Ir. Ewan Clarke, the Cumberland 
 poet ; P.. Smirke, Esq , R.A., the eminent historical 
 painter ; George Barnes, a celebrated mathematician ; 
 and Joseph Rooke, who, from the rank of a poor weaver, 
 became, self-taught, a mathematician and philosopher, 
 excelling also in music, optics, and botany.
 
 n'tontt llar^. 
 
 |)|SRWENT Waki) is bounded on the nortli b}' AUerdale-below-Derwent, on the north-west by the Irish sea, on the 
 west by AIlerJalc-above-Derwcnt, on the south by Rootle Ward, and on the south-east and east by Westmoreland and 
 Leath Ward. It is about twenty-two railcs in length by eleven in breadth, and contains the market towns of 
 Maryport, Cockermouth, and Keswick. This ward, formed for magisterial purposes in 1833, and for taxes iu 1843, 
 is a highly picturesque and interesting district, embracing, as it does, every variety of scenery which mountain and 
 valley, lake and river, can impart to the landscape. It contains the lakes of Derwontwater, Bassenthwaite, Wast- 
 water, Buttermere, Thirlmere, Cruramock, and Loweswater ; and the rivers Derwent, Wythburn, Marron, and 
 several smaller streams, whose waters augment the various rivers and lakes. Coal, limestone, and plumbago are 
 the chief mineral productions. Derwent Ward comprises the parishes of Bassenthwaite, Bridekirk, Brigham (including 
 Cockermonth,) Caramerton, Cross Gannonby (including JIaryport), CrostUwaite (iacludiug Keswick), Dean, Dear- 
 ham, Flimby, Gilcru.x, Isell, and Plumblaud, and the chapelry of Loweswater. 
 
 BASSENTHWAITE PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded by the parishes of Crosthwaite, Isell, Torpcnhow, freby, Uldale, and Caldbcck. It com- 
 prises no dependant townships, but is divided into the two constablcwicks of Highside, and Ilawcs or Lowside, and 
 its area is 0,1)30 acres ; the rateable value i'3,10'J 19s. lOd. 
 
 The population, which is scattered over the parish, 
 numbered iu 1801, 150; in 1811,497; iu 18:21, 537; 
 in 1831,540; inl811,53C; and in 185 1, 557. Agri- 
 culture is the principal employment. The llobin Hood 
 mine, which produced antimony, has been tried several 
 times, by various parties, but without elfcct, the quan- 
 tity obtained not being suHicient to pay the cost in- 
 curred. The mine has been laid up for the last twelve 
 years. Cockermouth and Keswick aro the markets 
 attended. The parisii includes tlie beautiful bike from 
 which it takes its name, as also Skiddaw and other 
 mountains, which will be found described at page 48. 
 The soil on the north-west part of tiie piirisii is of a 
 wot and sterile nature, but since iho enclosure of the 
 commons, it has been much improved. Near the moun- 
 tains and lake it is mostly high and gravelly — iu some 
 parts loamy, but in general fertile. 
 
 The manor of Bassenthwaite was given by Alan, the 
 socoud lord of AUcrdale, to his bastard brother, Gospatric, 
 
 whose posterity assumed the name of De Bassenthwaite. 
 The last heir male of this family was Sir Adam do 
 Bassenthwaite, who died in the reign of the secoud 
 Edward, aad left two daughters, co-heiresses, the elder 
 of whom having uwrried twice, settled her moiety of 
 the manor, that called Low Bassenthwaite, upou her 
 second husband, one of the Lawsons of Northumber- 
 land, in whose posterity it has since continued, and is 
 now held by Sir Wilfred Lawson, Bart. The other 
 colieiress married cue of the Wartindale family, whose 
 descendant having been attainted of treason, it was 
 granted by the crown to the Earl of Derby. A survey 
 of the barony of .Mlenlale. taken in 1578, informs us 
 that " Henry Earl of Derbie holdeth the moiety of the 
 manor of Dossiuthwaite, by homage, fealtio, and suit of 
 court, from three weeks to three weeks, and paveth 
 yearly for cornago, Serjeant's food, seawake, and turn- 
 silver, 4s. 7d. Richard Irton, Esq., holdeth the other 
 moiety of the manor aforesaid, by like service, and
 
 284 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 payeth yearly for cornage, seawake, turn-silver, and 
 Serjeant's food, 4s. 7d." lu 1714 tbis estate, called 
 the manor of High Bassenthwaite, passed in maniagc 
 with Henrietta Stanley to John Lord Ashburnham, 
 who, in the following year, sold it in parcels to the ' 
 tenants for the sum of £1,825. The manorial rights 
 and privileges of the manor are consequently vested in 
 Sir Wilfred Lawson, Bart., and the landowners ; but 
 (jeneral Wyndham, who is lord paramount, is proprietor 
 of the fine lake of Bassenthwaite, and has the sole right 
 of navigation and the whole fishery, with the exception 
 of tliree draughts, called Ewen Bridge, Stone Wall, and 
 Elars Stile, in which Sir H. 11. Vane, Bart., has a right 
 to fish. General AVyndham receives a quit-rent of 
 i3 4s. lOd. from the parish. The principal landowners 
 are Sir Henry Ealph Vane, Bart. ; Thomas Story 
 Spedding, Esq. ; Abraham Fisher, Esq. ; and Messrs. 
 John Eooke, John Ewart, Mrs. Smith, and others. 
 This parish possesses no village of its own name. The 
 commons were enclosed in 177], in pursuance of an 
 act passed in the previous year. 
 
 THE CHUnCIT. 
 
 The parish church, dedicated to St. Bridget, is an 
 ancient structure, in Ilighside Constablewick, near the 
 margin of the lake, about five miles north-north-west 
 of Keswick. It is of the transition period between the 
 Early English and Decorated styles, and consists of 
 nave, aisle, chancel, north porch, and turret, with one 
 bell. There is an ancient brass in the south aisle and 
 the Vane family has a tablet in the chancel. It was 
 formerly rectorial, and was given to the Abbey of Jcd- 
 worth by Waltheof, son of Gospatric, aud appropriated 
 to that monastery. The dean and chapter of Carlisle 
 are now the appropriators, and patrons of the perpetual 
 curacy, which is worth about d£160 per annum. The 
 tithes were commuted at the period of the enclosure of 
 the commons in 1771, when 215 acres were allotted 
 to the incumbent of the parish in lieu of all tithes. 
 There are also about eleven acres of glebe. A lec- 
 tureshii) was founded in this church in the beginning 
 of the seventeenth century, by Matthew Cape, a mer- 
 chant of Carlisle, who endowed it with a lease of the 
 tithe of com and hay in Levington, or Linton Holme, 
 and Harper Hill. The parish register commences in 
 1574. 
 
 iNcuirBENTS. — Joseph Sim, 17C4; John Hewer, 1793; A. 
 Turner, 1800; John Dunlinson, 1802; John Dodgson, 1803; 
 William Sewell, 1805; John HalUfax, 1807; John Brown, 1814; 
 
 John Monkhouse, 1824; Jolin Barnes, 1835 ; E.lward B. Web- 
 ster, 1853; Thomas Shnpson, 1855; Russel Shurlock, 1850. 
 
 The parsonage house is a substantial stone building, 
 situated on the Keswick road, between the church and 
 Cbapel. It was erected in 1858, at a cost of £800, of 
 which £200 was a benefaction from Queen Anne's 
 Bounty, the remainder being raised by subscription. 
 
 The school is situated close to the chapel, and is 
 entirely supported by subscriptions and the donations 
 of a few gentlemen, who contribute £i'> per annum for 
 that purpose. The average attendance is about forty. 
 
 CBABITIES. 
 
 A small estate appears to have been left for the use 
 of the poor of this parish, but by whom, or at what 
 time, is unknown. It consists of a close of about four 
 acres of land in the parish of Crosthwaite, with an 
 allottment of common, and two closes in Bassenthwaite, 
 which bring in about £14 a year. 
 
 There is also a house, an orchard, about four acres of 
 land, aud about one acre of woodland, supposed to have 
 been left for the use of the parish clerk for the time 
 being, by one Mr. Grave, who was himself formerly 
 clerk of this parish. 
 
 Hawes is a small village in this parish, in the 
 vicinity of Hawesbeck, six aud a half miles nortli-by- 
 wcst of Keswick. A feast, with sports, is held here in 
 the early part of August, which is attended by a con- 
 siderable number of persons. 
 
 Chapel is another small village, or hamlet, near the 
 Chapcl-beck, in Lowsidc constablewick, six miles north- 
 by-west of Keswick, where there is a chapel-of-ease to 
 the parish church, aud a school. 
 
 Arraathwaite Hall, the seat of Sir H. R. Vane, Bart.,' 
 occupies a delightful situation at the northern extremity 
 of the lake, of which it commands a fine view, eight and 
 a half miles north -north -east of Keswick. It is sur- 
 rouuJcd with beautiful grounds, and when viewed from 
 the lake, with its trees, single or in clumps, spread over 
 the sloping lawns, the rising grounds behind enrobed 
 with woods, adds very much to the gratification of the 
 tourist. 
 
 Mirehouse, the seat and property of Thomas Story 
 Spedding, Esq., is a beautiful mansion, situated between 
 Skiddaw and the lake. 
 
 There are two corn-mills in this parish. 
 
 1 For genealogy of this family see Hutton parish, Leath ward, at a 
 subsequent page.
 
 BRIDEKIRK PARISH. 
 
 285 
 
 BRIDEKIRK PARISH. 
 
 BniDEKiBK parish extends along the Derweut, which separates it from Brigliara, and is about seven and a half miles 
 long. It is bounded on the other side by the parishes of Camerton, Flimby, Dearham, Gilcrux, and Iscll ; and 
 comprises the townships of Bridekirk, Broughton Great, Broughtou Little, Dovenby, Papcastle and Goat, Kibton, 
 and Tallantire. 
 
 BRIDEKIRK. 
 
 The area of this townshi}! is 91G acres, and its rate- 
 able value £960. Its population in 1801 was 94; in 
 1811, 115; in 1821, 141; in LS:U, 111; in 1841, 
 121 ; and in 1851, 113. The inhabitants, who attend 
 the Cockermouth market, are principally collected in 
 the village of Bridekirk ; there are also a few scattered 
 houses. Agriculture is the only employment. 
 
 The manors of Bridekirk and Appleton, with the 
 church of Bridekirk, were given by AValtheof, first lord 
 of AUcrdalo, to Gisbornc priory, in Yorkshire, which 
 grant was confirmed by Alan, son of Waltheof, and after- 
 wards by two several charters by Alice de Romely for 
 the health of her soul, and the souls of her father and 
 mother, and all her ancestors and successors, and her 
 husbands, Gilbert Pypard and Robert de Courtney, and 
 the same were confirmed and appropriated to the mon- 
 astery by Ralph de Irton, bishop of CarUsle. The 
 manor continued to be held by the priory of Gisborne, 
 till the dissolution of the religious houses by Henry 
 VITI., who, by letters patent, in the thirty-fifth year of 
 liis reign, granted it to Henry Tolson, to be held in 
 eapite by the twentieth part of one knight's fee and 26s. 
 yearly. The manor has long been enfranchised, and 
 pays the fee-farm rent of 2Cs. to the crown. The lands 
 hero arc all freehold. The principal landowners are 
 Mrs. Dykes, Major Andrew Green Thompson, John 
 Cowley Fisher, and — Dawson, Esqs. 
 
 The village of Bridekirk is about two miles north of 
 Cockermouth. 
 
 TUE CBuncn. 
 
 The church, dedicated to St. Bridget, is a very ancient 
 structure, the tower of which was rebuilt about the 
 year 1720, at which time sevenJ of the windows were 
 enlarged. It contains a carved font which, the Messrs. 
 Lysons say, is " the best entitled to notice in this 
 county, and probably the most curious one in the king- 
 dom." The sides of this relic of antiquity are all 
 enriched with sculptures in bas-relief, the style of 
 whicli alone, independent of a Runic iuscription which 
 it bears, clearly indicates it to be the work of an age 
 antecedent to the Norman Conquest. The south side 
 of the font contains the inscription, which was read by 
 Bishop Nicolson thus — "Er Ekard ban men egrocten, 
 and to dis men red wcr Taner men brogteu ;" which was 
 
 interpreted " Here Ekard was converted, and to this 
 man's example was the Danes brought." The late Mr. 
 Kemble, in the Archfeologia, vol. xxviii., supplies the 
 following reading: — " Herigar thegn gewrohte, UUel 
 thegn Irmunricys gebrohte," — " Herigar the Thane 
 wrought it, Utel Eormaurics Thane brought it.' " This 
 interpretation," he adds, " I fairly confess is anything 
 but satisfactory to myself. All that I can claim for 
 it is that it is Anglo-Saxon, which no explanation 
 hitherto published is." Professor Munch has beeii 
 only able to make out "... me iwrogte, and to 
 this . . . me brogte." It has been more recently 
 read " Ricard he me iwrocte, and to dis merth gernr me 
 brocte ;" which may be interpreted, " Richard he me 
 wrought, and to this beauty carefully mc brought." 
 The scroll on which the inscription is cut rests on two 
 pillars, one of which is clustered. Above the inscrip- 
 tion is a scroll of vine branches, proceeding from a gro- 
 tesque head, with the figure of a man at the opposite 
 end, eating oue of the bunches of grapes ; beneath it is 
 introduced the figure of a sculptor, with his mallet and 
 chisel, executing a scroll, and supposed to represent the 
 maker of the font. In the upper part of this and the 
 north and east sides, are introduced various grotesque 
 animals and foliage, with a sort of cross floree on the 
 west side. The east side bears a representation of the 
 Baptism of Our Saviour by St. John, with the dove 
 descending. On the west side is a circular ornament, 
 supported by two grotesque animals, within a border of 
 foliage. The sculpture on the lower part of the north 
 side is supposed to refer to the expulsion of Adam and 
 Eve from Paradise. The benefice, as has been seen 
 above, was granted to Gisborne Priory. After the 
 Dissolution, the advowson of the vicarage was granted 
 by Queen Mary to George Cotton and William Manne, 
 to hold as of the manor of East Greenwich, by fealty 
 only, and not in ctipitc. After this period wc find the 
 presentation in the Lamplugh family, from whom it has 
 descended to Mrs. Dykes, in whom it is now vested. 
 James I., by letters patent, in the second year of his 
 reign, granted to Job Gillett and William Blake, among 
 others, the titlie of corn and grain of Little Broughton, 
 Groat liroughton. and Papcastle, to hold to them aud 
 their heirs for ever, of the king, as of his manor of 
 East Greenwich, in free socage, and not in eapite.
 
 286 
 
 DEEWENT WAKD. 
 
 The great tithes of Bridekirk township belong to John 
 Cowley Fisher, Esq , of WooJhall ; those of Great auj 
 Little B rough ton were sold several years ago to the 
 landowners by the late Sir F. F. Vane, Bart.; those of 
 Dovenhy and Papcastle belong to lira. Dykes ; those of 
 Hamcshill, Rihton, and Goat, to the Earl of Lonsdale ; 
 and those of Tallantire to ^\'illialu Brou-ne, Esq.; the 
 latter belonged to Gisborne Priory, and wore granted 
 by Queen Elizabeth to George Fletcher, Esq., of Tal- 
 lantire. The present amount of tithe rent-charge for 
 Dovenby is about JtoO ; Mrs. Dykes is the owner, 
 but a considerable portion of original award has been 
 given in exciiange for common right, at the enclosure of 
 Dovenby and Papcastle commons in 1842. The living, 
 valued in the King's Book at £10 8s. Gd. is now worth 
 about £H:0 a year, upon which there is a charge of Mi'i 
 per annum, to repay the sum (£375) borrowed from 
 Queen Anne's Bounty for the enlargement of the 
 vicarage. In 1839 the tithes of Dovenby wore com- 
 muted. The great tithes, which belong to Mrs. Dykes, 
 were awarded as £108, and the vicarial to the vicar, 
 £20. In 1820, on the enclosure of the commons, 171 
 acres were given to the vicar, in lieu of small tithes for 
 Great and Little Broughtou townships. The parish 
 registers commence in 1 585. 
 
 Vicars. — Roger de Eboraco, ; Robert Urry, 1^07; Robert 
 
 lie Wilton, UlC; Jolin de Tbwenge, 1320; William de Cnithoru, 
 
 ; Teter de Uelyington, 13s0; George Elletson, 15 j3 ; 
 
 Percival Wbarton, ; William Robinson, 1.503; Jobu Wheel- 
 right, 1581; Jobn Williamson, 10J5; Nicholas Beeby, lfi34 ; 
 
 George Beuson, ; Samuel G^a^ty, IfifiO; Thomas Belman, 
 
 1064; Richard Ticlicll, 10-<n; David King, l(iH.5; John Har- 
 rison, 1701; John Harrison, 17iO; John Bell, 1755; Humphrey 
 A. Hervey, 173.5; Joseph Balbmtine Dykes, 1844; Joseph B. 
 Steel, 1848; John Fothergill, 1849; James Carter, 1851. 
 
 The 'Vicarage is a good substantial building, close to 
 the church, and was considerably enlarged in 185), at 
 a cost of £375, borrowed from (Jueen Anne's Bounty. 
 
 ■Woodhall, in this township, formerly the seat of the 
 Tolsons, has been much improved by J. C. Fisher, Esq. 
 It stands in a beautiful situation, commanding a view 
 of the windings of the Derwent, Cockermouth Castle, 
 and the mountains in the neighbourhood of Keswick. 
 A handsome mansion in the village of Bridekirk is the 
 property and seat of ]\Iajor A. G. Thompson. 
 
 BEOITGHTON GRE.\T. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was, 408; 
 in 1811, 422; in 1831, 435; in 1831, 523; in 1841, 
 569; and in 1851, 019. Its rateable value is £3.371. 
 lis. 5d., and its area, inclusive of that of Lii;tle Brough- 
 ton, is 9,743 acres. The Cockermouth and Workington 
 railway skirts the south of the township. 
 
 On Broughton Moor there is a coal mine, worked by 
 the Broughton Moor Colliery Company, the property of 
 John Harris, Esq., of Darlington. It has one shaft 50 
 fathoms deep, and another of about 10 fathoms. The 
 seams of coal worked at present are the "Ten Quar- 
 ters Seam," about 5 feet thick; and the "Canal and 
 Metal Scam," about 25 falhums below the former seam. 
 These seams are of the same thickness wherever found 
 in this part of Cumberland. The colliery employs about 
 200 persons, and produces annually about (it), 000 tons 
 of coal, the whole of which is shipped at Maryport. 
 
 The manor of Broughton, which includes the two 
 townships of that name, was given by Waltheof, lord of 
 Allerdale, in marriage with his sister, to Waltheof, son 
 of Gilmin, whose posterity took the name of Broughton, 
 and resided here for several generations. This famUy 
 becoming e.xtinct about the reign of Henry VI., the 
 manor appears to have reverted to the earls of Northum- 
 berland as lords of AUerdale. Henry, the si.\th earl, 
 conveyed it to Sir Thomas Wharton. From a survey 
 taken in 1578 we learn the following particulars : — 
 "Philip Lord Wharton holds Little Broughton of the 
 ancient inheritance of the earls of Northuraberlaud, of 
 the yearly value of £3 14s. 8d., granted, among other 
 things, by Henry late Earl of Northumberland, uncle to 
 the said earl that now is, to one Thomas Wharton, then 
 controller of his household, to him and to his heirs 
 male, paying therefore yearly £3 14. 8d. The tenants 
 of the town of Little Broughton pay yearly to the said 
 earl for cornage, 6s. 8d. ; seawake, 8d. ; and for turnsilver, 
 2s. 8d,; in toto, 10s. The heirs of William Eaglesfield 
 hold certain lands in Little Broughtou by homage, 
 fealtie, and suit of court, and render per annum Cd. 
 Phihp Lord Wharton holds Great Brnighton, being of 
 the ancient possessions of the Earl of Northumberkind, 
 of the yearly value of £22 4s. 2d., granted, amongst other 
 things, by Henry, late earl of Northumberland, uncle to 
 the earl that now is, to Thomas Wharton, then con- 
 troller of his household, to him and his heirs male, &c., 
 and renders £22 4s. 2d. The tenants of the said town 
 of Great Broughton pay yearly to the said lord in two 
 parts divided for cornage, 13s. 4d. ; seawake, i^d.; 
 and for turn-silver. Is.; in toto, 14s. 8^d." It was 
 subsequently purchased of the trustees of the Duke 
 of Wharton, by Charles, Duke of Somerset, from 
 whom it has descended to its present possessor. General 
 Wyndham, who holds a court baron annually about 
 Michaelmas at the Punch Bowl Inn in the village of 
 Great Broughton. The tenure here is copyhold subject 
 to a nominal charge of one penny ; but on the change by 
 death, &c., of either lord or owner a tenpenny fine is 
 paid. The principal landowners are Mrs. Sewell, Messrs.
 
 BRIDEKIRK PARISH. 
 
 2sr 
 
 William Paislej, John Robinson, John Harris, and 
 Isaac Sibson. The common was enclosed in 1820, in 
 pursuance of the provisions of an act passed in 1819. 
 In Spencer's mill-field, in this township, are the remains 
 of an ancient chapel. 
 
 The village of Great Broughton is situated on the 
 southern acclivity of a hill above the Derwent, three 
 miles west -by-north of Cockcrmcuth. Here is a Wes- 
 leyan chapel erected in 1840. Between this village and 
 that of Little Broughton there is a chapel of ease to the 
 parish church, opened in 18-j6. There is also a school, 
 which was built in 1810, at a cost of £"200, towards 
 which government granted £70 ; the remainder being 
 raised by subscription. It possesses an endowment of 
 .£20 19s. a year, left in 1735, by Mr. Joseph Ashley, 
 for the education of the children of the two Broughtons. 
 An almshouse was founded here in 1735, by the Mr. 
 Ashley just mentioned, for " four poor persons, men or 
 women, out of the poor of Great or Little Broughton, 
 and if not four persons there, out of any other villages 
 within the parish of Bridckirk," which he endowed with 
 .£8 a year. Four poor women arc appointed by the trus- 
 tees. These also share in Lord Wharton's Bible Charity. 
 
 Broughton Hall, situated in the village, was, about 
 sixty years ago, the property and residence of the 
 Hoskins family ; it is now a fiirm-house, and the pro- 
 perty of Mr. Isaac Sibson. 
 
 nnouonTO-s little. 
 
 The area of this township is returned with Great 
 Broughton. In 1801, it contained 243 inhabitants ; la 
 1811, 231; in 1821, 237; in 1831, 297; in 1841, 
 341; and in 1351, 439; who are principally collected 
 in the village. Coal mining is the principal employ- 
 ment ; some, however, arc engaged at the brick and 
 tile works of Mr. Joseph Lucock, on Broughton Moor. 
 The common was enclosed at tho same time as that of 
 Great Broughton, in 1820. 
 
 The village of Little Broughton is about a quarter 
 of a mile from Great Broughton. Here are a Friends 
 meeting house, erected in 1059, and a Baptist chapel, 
 erected in 1072 : tho Rev. John Collins is the present 
 minister of the latter. The foundation of this congrega- 
 tion is ascribed by tradition to the ollicers of Cromwell's 
 army when engaged in the siege of Cockermoulh Castle. 
 
 DOVENPY. 
 
 Dovcnby comprises an area of 1,880 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £1,009 10s. Its population in 1801 
 was 153; in 1811, 209; in 1821, 214; in 1831, 247; 
 in 1841, 246; and in 1851, 2B1. To the north-west 
 of this township is Dovcnby Close Colliery, carried on 
 by John Steele, Esq. The mine has one shaft, with 
 
 two air shafts — the first is forty-si.K fathoms deep. 
 The Little Main Seam extends about 1,000 yards 
 south-east of the shaft, and 600 north-west, and is 
 one foot ten inches thick. Rattle Seam, which is now- 
 worked out, extends eighteen fathoms above the Little 
 JIain Seam. These seams drift in about 170 yards, 
 and come in with a down-cast fault, and strike in with 
 the Kendal and Xetile Seam, which is eight feet thick, 
 but mi.xed with many bands. This colliery affords em- 
 ployment to about 100 hands, and produces, on an 
 average, when working, about 13,000 tons per annum. 
 There are nine coke ovens, burning about thirty tons 
 weekly. 
 
 There are two rather remarltable appearances of very 
 ancient earthworks close to Dovenby Hall and the vil- 
 lage, — one is in the park in front of the hall, of an 
 elliptical shape, the greater diameter being about 112 
 yards, the lesser about seventy-two yards. At one, or 
 perhaps two points, in the ellipse, the line has a sort of 
 a shoulder or bastion shape given it. There is part of 
 a well defined fosse visible, three or four yards wide at 
 the bottom, with the slopes well marked. The perpen- 
 dicular height of these (from bottom of ditch to top of 
 platform) must still, in some places, be five or six feet. 
 There is another in a direct line west about 360 yards, 
 in an old grass field belonging to Mrs. Dykes, called 
 the " Guards." It is nearly circular, and about fifty- 
 eight yards in diameter. One or two, of the same 
 peculiar shoulder shapes as in the other, are also visible 
 in this. There is again a smaller circular one directly 
 between these two, in the wood adjoining the hall. As 
 usual in these works, all three are en the edge of the 
 stream, no doubt for the convenience of water. All ai'e 
 very near the Roman line of road, which itself, as in 
 other cases, might have been formed on a more ancient 
 line. The work in the Guai'ds is quite close to the 
 point of junction described below of the track through 
 the fields and the old high road. The ground is on the 
 rise here, and tho field has a remarkable appearance of 
 foundations all over it. 
 
 At a distance of about 200 yards from the hall, in 
 the grass land around it, is the visible track of the 
 Roman road from Glanoventa ('?), EUenborougb, near 
 Maryport, to Derventio, Papcastlc. It was cut through 
 in di-aining (at least the thickness that remaiued) at 
 about eighteen inches or two feet from the surface. 
 Further on, through some wood, the remains appear 
 exposed on the surface for a short distance. This 
 track is in a direct line with, and joins part of. the 
 high road formerly used between Maryport and Cock- 
 ermoulh, which is itself undoubtedly on the very lino 
 of the Roman roaJ, as evident remains of the materials,
 
 288 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 in many places, show. At this point a deviation was 
 made from the old Ixoman line in the more modem 
 direction of Cockermouth, through the adjoining village 
 of Dovenby, and at this spot in particular, many of the 
 immense paving stones are still lying about the hedges, 
 &c. The track traceable through the fields and the 
 old line of high road which it joins would together form 
 a perfectly straight and direct line of communication as 
 used by the Romans between these stations. The large 
 boulder stones, which formed the pavement of the 
 Roman road, have evidently been led from the part 
 lying near tlie hall, and made use of in the building of 
 the old tower and part of the house, where they appear 
 in the walls on removing the cement or rough -cast. 
 The same was done generally in the construction of 
 ancient dwelliugs and medieval castles near the Roman 
 works, the walls, &c. 
 
 What was called the Old Cross, formerly stood on 
 the common, when unenclosed, sixteen or seventeen 
 years ago. A piece of the shaft and base vs-as all that 
 remained. There used to be a tradition that markets 
 were held there during the prevalence of the plague. 
 It is still in the same state, and w.is removed, on the 
 enclosure of the common, by Jlrs. Dykes, as lady of the 
 manor, into a suitable situation for its security and pre- 
 servation. In the Dovenby manor book, date 1090, 
 mention is made of " the Old Thorn Cross on the moor," 
 which, no doubt, refers to the cross in question ; the 
 inference being that it was of a religious description, 
 and either bore, in Roman Catholic times, a representa- 
 tion of the Crucifixion, or only the appendages of the 
 Passion, a crown of thorns, inscription, iScc. 
 
 The manor of Dovenby, or Dolfinby, was given by 
 Waltheof to Dolfin, son of Ailward. whose posterity 
 assumed the name of Dovenby, and continued the 
 possessors until the reign of Henry III., when, the 
 male line becoming extinct, it was brought in marriage 
 to the family of Rawle, or IloUe. Thomas Lucy was 
 possessed of this manor in the reign of Edward I. ; it 
 was afterwai'ds in the Kirkbrides, whose heiress, in the 
 time of Henry IV., brought it in marriage to Nicholas 
 Lamplugh, son of Sir Thomas Lamplugh, of Lamplugh, 
 who settled at Dovenby. It descended from him to 
 Abraham Molyne, Esq., in right of Frances, his wife, 
 the granddaughter of William Lamplugh, brother of 
 Sir Thomas, the last male descendant having surviving 
 issue. He sold it, along with the manor of Papcastle, 
 purchased by Francis Lamplugh, of Dovenby,' temp. 
 
 ■ In l.j78, Francis Lamplugh held Dovenby by homage, fealty, and 
 suit of court, paying yearly for comage 63. 8d., seawake 8d., tum- 
 sjlver 4s. 4d., seijeant's food and free rent, and rendered per annum 
 lls.8d. 
 
 Elizabeth, to William Cooke, scrivener, of London, iu 
 107d, from whom it passed successively, by purchase, 
 through various parties, to Henry Mason, Esq., of 
 London, who, in 1777, sold it, along with that of 
 Papcastle, to the late William Browne, Esq., of Tal- 
 lantire, whose son, the present William Browne, Esq., 
 in 1810, sold both manors to Mrs. Dykes, who, as 
 descendant of the Lamplughs, from whom she had co- 
 hcrited the mansion and demesne, thus united again 
 tho two manors to them, and became the possessor of 
 the manorial rights and privileges. Dovenby is an 
 independent manor, held by payment of quit rents and 
 boon services now commuted, and certain fines on 
 alienation and death of lord or tenant. A considerable 
 portion of the manor is enfranchised, only £0 5s. did. 
 manorial rent remaining, including out - tenements. 
 Courts leet and courts baron are held as requested, 
 for the admission of tenants, on the descent or aliena- 
 tion of property, and various other matters within its 
 jurisdiction, relating to the township, for which purpose 
 a jury is summoned, empannelled, and sworn by the 
 steward. The court books of the manor extend from 
 1G63. The tenure is the usual "customary." About 
 one-fifth or one-sixth of the township is in demesne. 
 The principal landowners are Mrs. Dykes ; William 
 Browne, Esq. ; Messrs. Henry Dodgsou, Joseph Archer, 
 William Paitson, and Matthew Smith. 
 
 Dovenby Hall, in this township, is the seat of Mrs. 
 Dykes, lady of the manor, as it was originally of the 
 lords. The large, square, border tower was first buUt, 
 no doubt, and as early, most likely, from appeai'ances 
 and circumstances, as the time of Henry II., or pro- 
 bably earlier, as mentioned before. There is every 
 appearance of much of the material, particularly the 
 large boulder stones used in the construction, having 
 been brought from the adjoining line of Roman roads, 
 then existing, no dovibt, comparatively perfect. The 
 long and lower building — as a wing-^aud next the 
 square mansion-house ; additions, as usual in other cases 
 in this country, were made to it at later periods, ieinp. 
 Henry IV. or Henry V., and Elizabeth or James. 
 Some additions were also made during the present 
 century. In parts of the first of these, however, if 
 indicative of an earlier period than that mentioned, 
 Roman road materials also appear. The whole struc- 
 ture has been modernised, so far as not to show any 
 decisive character. On the building, however, with 
 other?, there is a very handsome shield, in stone, bear- 
 ing the Lamplugh and Kirkbride arms quarterly — 
 the marriage, as above, having taken place between 
 those families about 2-2nd Richard 11. There are other 
 shields of the Lamplugh coat, one quartering Barwise,
 
 BEIDEKIRK TAKISH. 
 
 289 
 
 Preston, Feuwick, and Lucy. The ground story 
 in the old tower, now cellars, still shows the marks 
 of stallage for cattle, made use of in the remote and 
 turbulent periods of English and Scottish warfare; 
 and one of the deeply splayed but narrow embrasures 
 still remains, as used by the bowmen, but now bricked 
 up, of course, for the more peaceful modern arrange- 
 ments on the other side. Tlio mansion is a large 
 and commodious one, and with its old tower, has still 
 an ancient appearance. Adjoining are ornamental 
 grounds and gardens, surrounded by park-like ground. 
 In the house are several family and other paintings ; 
 amongst the former are portraits of Sir Thomas Lam- 
 plugh, founder of the school and hospital, temp. Charles 
 I., his wife. Lady Lamplugh, daughter of Sir Thomas 
 Braithwaite, of Burnshcad, Westmoreland, who lived to 
 the age of 100 ; Thomas Lamplugh, archbishop of 
 York, James II., Ac. 
 
 The village of Dovenby is two and a half miles north- 
 west of Cockermouth. 
 
 School. — Dovenby Grammar School was founded and 
 endowed by Sir T. Lamplugh, about the year 1020. Mrs. 
 Dykes is patroness, as his representative. The endow- 
 ment consists of a charge on the tithes of Burgh-ou- 
 Sands, since commuted ; land in Dovenby, and a small 
 payment to the master in connection with the hospital 
 charity of Dovenby. The number of scholars varies 
 from sixty to eighty. The building is a picturesque and 
 commodious one, erected in 1843, from a design sanc- 
 tioned by the Committee of Council on Education, 
 who also granted £100 towards defraying the cost of 
 building. The situation is pretty, sheltered as it is by 
 the woods of Dovenby. Adjoining the school there is 
 a playground, wliich was laid out at tho time of the 
 enclosure of tho common. 
 
 Ilvspital. — There is also an hospital, whicli was en- 
 dowed by Sir T. Lamplugh, about tho same time as the 
 school, for "six poor aged persons of tho rehgious poor." 
 It is endowed with tlie tithes of Rcdmain, purcliased 
 from Leonard Dykes, Esq., of Warthole. Mrs. Dykes is 
 patroness. As regards " religious poor," the patroness 
 makes no distinction of sects ; if poor, aged, and reli- 
 giously disposed. The building itself has long since 
 gone to decay, there being no funds for its restoration, 
 and it is not of much consequence that it is so, as 
 helpless people, recipients of the stipends, live more 
 conveniently with their friends than in an isolated 
 
 building. 
 
 Jlglics of Jnlitsficlb rmts ?iil:irbb:ill, nofa of 
 gobEiibiT >)all, tCc' 
 
 The name of Dykes, anciently del Dykes, is derived 
 from the Roman Wall of Hadrian, on the line of which 
 Dykesficld, the ancient residence of the family, is 
 directly situated. Mr. Bruce, in his Roman Wall (vide 
 Dykesfield) considers the name " to be derived from 
 the works of the barrier, and to have been the site of a 
 station." The Saxon appellation of the Dyke, or the 
 Dykes — for the Vallum and Murus joined here, the 
 former terminating — was given to the Wall here, as 
 "Graham's Dyke," was to that of LoUius Urbicus. 
 Hence the family located on tho spot became del Dykes 
 (of the Dykes), and their residence Dykesfield, and that 
 the place derived its name from the family is the tradi- 
 tion there still. Kimber's Baronetage, vol. ii. p. 408, in 
 its account of the Sussex and Kentish branches of this 
 family says, " The family of Dyke, or Dykes, was seated 
 in Dykesfield, in Cumberland, before the Norman Con- 
 quest, but by several later marriages removed their 
 seat to Wardhall, in that county, of which was Leonard 
 Dykes, Esq., chief heir male. A branch of this family 
 very early removed into Sussex, where they were seated 
 at Henfield and other places, and one was seated at 
 Cranbrook, in Kent, of which was Reginald de Dyke, 
 Sheriff of Kent, 29 Edward III." The elder of these 
 junior branches is represented by the present Sir 
 i'crcyvall Hart Dyke, Bart., and another by Sir Thomas 
 Dyke Acland, Bart. The arms borne are the same. 
 
 In a deed without date Robert del Dykes conveys lands at 
 Burgli to William del Monkys. The name of Lord Hugh de 
 Multon occuiring in this fixes the date at the end of Henry III. 
 or beginning of Edward I. 
 
 The pedigree commences with William del Dykes. In a 
 deed also without date, supposed by the writing to he Uiat 
 of Henry III. and Edward I., Syinon do Crosseby, clerk of 
 Carlisle, conveys lands at Waverton to William del Dykes. Wit- 
 nesses : The Lord Hugh de Benton (sheriff), and others. He 
 was father of 
 
 Wiu.iAM DEL Dykes, who, temp. Edward II., married Agnes, 
 or Agueta, heiress of Sir Hugh de Waverton, of Wavenon. In 
 Oth Edward IH. is a conveyance of lands at Waverton to .lohn de 
 Orraeby, Agnet del Dykes, and their heirs. With this daughter, 
 married to John de Ormcby, as appears, they had a son, 
 
 William del Dykes, living, temp. Edward HI. In a deed, 
 12th I'Mward HI., the witnesses are William de Boyvill, Robert 
 do Quenhow, William del Dykes, and others. He was father of 
 
 WiLiJAa DEI. Dykes, who, (emp. Richard II., married Jane, 
 co-heiress of Sir Hugh do Dystyngton, of Dystyngton. Mar- 
 garet, her sister, married Sir Hugh do Moresby. In a daed, 
 0th Richard II., cited in tho Fleming pedigree' William del 
 Dykes is a grantee of lands from Nicholas do Bowcness, clerk. 
 Witnesses : Sir Richard lo Fleming, KnL, ond others ; and in a 
 deed, 20th Richard II., Adam Gibson conveys lands to WilUam 
 del Dykes, and bis heirs. Their son, 
 
 WiLLiAU DEL Dykes married, temp. Henry lY., Catharine, 
 
 1 Jldt Bnm, vol. i., p. 117. 
 
 S3
 
 290 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 dftugliler of Willium Thwayts, of ThwBjts ; ami 9th Henry TV. 
 is witness to a deed with William de Legh and others. AVilh 
 two daughters, one married to Nicholas tic Irton, of Irton, and 
 another, Isabel, married to Robert Brisco, of Orofton, he had 
 a son, 
 
 ■WiLUAM DEI. Dykes, temp. Henry \1., who represented the 
 connty in parliament. By deeds, 11th and 13th Henry VI., 
 Eobert Whiteliede convoys to him and his heirs the manor and 
 lands of Wardhalli (still in the family). lOth Henry VI. he 
 is witness to deeds with Sir Christopher de Culwen and Sir 
 Henry FenwyUe, Kiita., and Hugh de lowtbcr. He maiTied 
 Elizabeth, dau|,'hter of William de Leigh, of Isoll, the descendant 
 of Sir William de Leisli, who, temp. Edward II., married Mar- 
 garet, daughter and hoir of William, son of Hubert do Jlulton, 
 of Isell, younger son of Thomas de ^lulton and Matilda de Vaux, 
 of Gilsland. Through the lines of do Morville, d'Esti-lvers, 
 d'Engayne, and de Mesuhines, Elizsibelh de Leigh descended 
 directly from Kinmn, daughter of Arlotta (mother of the Con- 
 queror), and Ilarlowen de Contevillo or de liurgo, who was 
 himself sixth only in direct male line from Charles Duke of 
 Ingelheira, fifth son of Charlemagne." In a deed, 0th Henry 
 VI., Henry second Earl of Northumberland (son of Hotspur), 
 grants to our well-beloved William Dykes, Esquire, lauds at 
 Wyggeton, Ulton, and Waverton. The seal attached to tho 
 deed bears the Brabant lion rampant. From this and other 
 circumstances the politics of the family were evidently Lan- 
 castrian, as most in the north were. In a French genealo- 
 gical publication this William del Dykes is mentioned as being 
 wounded, on the LancasU-ian side, at the battle of Wakefield:— 
 " Sous le ri--gne de Henri VI., William del Dykes representa le 
 Comte de Cumberland, au parlement Anglais. II combattit 
 pour la cause de Lancastre, et fut blessc a la bataille de Wake- 
 field," (to. His name is returned amongst the gentry of the 
 county by the commissioners, lith Heniy VI. s His son and 
 successor, 
 
 AViLLiAM Di-KES, of Wai'dhttll, married, temp. Edward IV., 
 Christiana, daughter and co-heu- of Sir Richard Salkeld, of 
 Corby, by his wife, .Tane Vairs, daughter and heir of Roland 
 Vaux, of Triermain. Marriage settlement dated aist Edward IV. 
 Witnesses: Sir William Leigh, Knt., ^\■illiam Musgrave, and 
 others. 3nd Richard III., WiUiam Dykes presented to the 
 ■vacant rectory of Dystj-ngton.* In Wetherall Church is the 
 curious old altar and efiigial tomb of Sir Richard Salkeld and 
 his wife, realising the well known verses — 
 
 " Ontstrotcticd together are expressed 
 
 Sir knight and my lady lair, 
 With liands uplifted on the breast, 
 
 In attitude of prayer ; 
 Long-visaged, clad in armour he — 
 With ruffled arm aud boddicc she." 
 
 1 The adjoining manor of Gilcrnx, which has since proved a 
 valuable coal field, was acquired about die reign of Edwiud VI. in 
 exchange for the demesne of Wavertnn, which came into the family 
 by marriage, as above, with the heiress, temp. Richard n. There 
 is a tradition and story, aud apparently a correct one, mentioned also 
 in Hutchinson, vol. ii. p. 319, that all was perilled on the turn of the 
 dice and cards, which fortunately proved a favourable one, as ran 
 the distich — 
 
 Up now ace, and down with the traye, 
 
 Or Wardhall's gone for ever and aye. 
 It came as the player wished, and to perpetuate the trick be had the 
 card cut in stone, the ace of clubs, which still exists. 
 
 - Vide Bum's Westmoreland and Cumberland : Isell Parish — 
 Baions of Burgh ; and Burke's Extinct Peerage, &c. 
 
 ' Fuller's Worthies, 
 
 * Bum, Tol. ii., p. 19. 
 
 There is a quaint description of the tomb and epitaph in tho 
 Lacsdowne MS., British Museum, (Sir William iJethick's col- 
 lection, garter, tnni>. Elizabeth,) and of the arms sculptured on 
 it, as "Fretty (Salkeld) empaling Vaux of Trevcrmaine, argent, 
 a bend, dexter, chequy, or, and gules." The co-heiresses of Sir 
 Richard and his wife with their husbands, or their descendants, 
 conveyed to the Lords Thomas and William Dacre, temp. Henry 
 VII. and VIII. and Edward VI. — as enrolled on the survey 
 of the barony of Gilsland, temp, Elizabeth — their purpartios 
 of the lordship and demesne of Triermaine, which are stated to 
 come to them as " inheritance from their mother, daughter and 
 sole heir of Roland Vaux,'' &c.; aud she is described in a pedi- 
 gree of the Salkeld family, in Lord William Howard's papers, 
 preserved at Corby, as " Job", sine Jana sola filia andhisres 
 Rolandi Vaux de Trevermaine, ao. a3nd Henry VII."' Thomas 
 Dykes, son of William and Christiaiut, conveyed his puiTarty to 
 Lord William Dacre, by deed (in Latin), 2aih Henry VIII., and 
 this gentleman, 
 
 Thomas Dykes, of Wardhall, married, temp. Henry VII., 
 Isabel, only child and heiress of John Pennington, Esq., of 
 Munoaster Castle, eldest son and heir of Sir John Pemiington of 
 tho same. Thomas Dykes is recorded in the histories of Giun- 
 berland as furnishing horse in the border services of this period, 
 and having the command of the watch and ward between Ellen 
 and Derwcnt. Thomas Dykes, 3 jth Henry VIII., is found by 
 inquisition to hold the manor of Dystyngton of the king, as of 
 his Castle of Egremont, &c.- His son and successor (with a 
 daughter, Jane, married to Richard Orfeur, of High Close) was 
 
 Leoxai'.d Dykes, Esq., of Wardhall, who married, limp. Henry 
 VIII., Anne, daughter of John Layton, Esq., of Dalemayne. 
 4th Philip and Mary, he presents to tlio rectory of Distington," 
 He had issue, amongst others, with a daughter, Catharine, mar- 
 ried to Gawen Eaglesfield (settlement dated 19th Elizabeth), 
 his son and successor, 
 
 Thomas Dykes, escheator of Westmoreland, Icmp. Elizabeth. 
 He manicd Jane, daughter of Lancelot Lancaster, Esq., of Sock- 
 bridge ; descended from Sir Roger de Lancaster, half or natural 
 brother to William de Lancaster the third, bai'on of Kendal, and 
 descended from Ivo de Tailbois, first baron of Kendal, brother 
 of Fulk Earl of Anjou, and uncle of Gooflry Plantngonet, hus- 
 band of tho Empress Matilda. He had a brother, Oswald 
 Dykes, who with himself is mentioned honourably by Camden, 
 as stated in the History of Cumberland — " Tliis also, among 
 others (inscriptions), was copied for me (10&7) by Oswald 
 Dykes, a very learned divine, and is now at Wai-dhiUl, tho scat 
 of his brother, T. Dykes, a gentleman of great note." In the 
 Cottouian MSS. of the British JIuseura (Julius, c. iii., &c.) are 
 preserved two curious letters from Oswald Dykes to his friend 
 Sir Robert Cotton. He " commends himself right heartilie 
 unto good Ml'. William Camden," etc. In a Ust in this collection 
 of "the! naymes of all the gentlemen wi> in the schyer of Cum- 
 berland," is that of " Thorns. Dykes, armr," temp. Elizabeth. 
 His son, 
 
 Leonard Dykes, married, 43rd Elizabeth, Anne, only sur- 
 viving child and heir of 'Xhomas RadcUfle, Esq., of Mayland 
 
 ■The other four co-heiresses married Thomas Salkeld, of Eosgill ; 
 Thomas BIcnkuisop, of Helberk ; Nicholas Featherstone, of Northum- 
 berland; and Lancelot Warwick, of Warwick. No descendants of 
 the two first are known to exist; there are of the other two in the 
 female line. This documentary statement, as above, disproves those 
 on the subject in Sir B. Burke's Extinct Peerage, and Peerage and 
 Baronetage; aud in the note in the appendix to the Bridal of Trier- 
 main. 
 
 2 Bum, vol. ii., p. 49. 
 
 3 Bum, vol. ii., p. 49.
 
 ERIDEKIEK PARISH. 
 
 291 
 
 and Bishopton, in Durham: marriaso registered at Muncaster 
 church, 1001 : articles of marriage of this date ( 16ih September, 
 1601) between his father, Thomas, and himself. As she was a 
 minor, and in ward to the croaii, he was arraigned for U'eason, 
 but received a general pardon by warrant from the crown, under 
 the great seal, wliich is still preserved amongst the family 
 papers. He was sheritT for Cnmberland, and (10th Charles I.) 
 whilst sharitf he was appointed by warrant treasurer for the 
 king's forces for the county and garrison of Carlisle: the docu- 
 ment is still preserred. lie married, secondly, Margaret, 
 daughter and co-heir of John Frecheville, of Staveley, uncle of 
 John Lord Frcchevillo (trustees for her dower, Oth December, 
 lfi45, are William Pennington, of Muncaster, and Lawson, son 
 of Wilfrid Irton, of Threlkeld), and hart a daughter, Eliza- 
 beth, married to Lawson Irton, Esq., of Threlkeld. He was 
 succeeded by the son of his first marriage, 
 
 Thomas Dtkes, a devoted Royalist. After the defeat of the 
 party, he concealed himself for some time in a large mulberry 
 tree near his house, where food was conveyed to him by his wife 
 and daughter : the tree is still in existence. He eventually fell 
 into the hands of the Republicans, and was imprisoned in 
 Cockermouth Castle, where he is stated to have died. When 
 offered his liberty and property if he would recant, his reply was 
 " Prius frangitur quara fleclitur" — since adopted as the family 
 motto. He married, 1(523, Joyce Frecheville, daughter and co- 
 heir of John Frechville, uncle of Lord Frecheville, of Staveley,' 
 This lady, througli the families of Leke (Lords Deincourt), 
 Savage (Earls of Rivers), Stanley, Fitzal.in, and Bohun, was 
 tenth in descent from Eleanor Plantagenet, daughter of Henry 
 Dake of Lancaster, and eleventh from the Princess Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Edward I., as recorded in the Herald's College ; 
 also (similarly recorded), by another line — Kay of Woodsome, 
 Wentworth of Bretton, the eldest branch of the Fitzwilliams, 
 and the Warrens (Ilarls of Surrey), all now extinct in the male 
 line — she descended in a direct line from the Conqueror. Ralph 
 Lord Frecheville, her immediate ancestor, of whom she was a 
 CO -representative, was summoned to parliament as a baron, 
 temp. Edward I. His descendants have since twice claimed tho 
 barony. Thomas Dykes married, secondlj-, Jane, daughter and 
 heir of Ralph de la Vale, Esq., 1019, trustees for whose settle- 
 ment are Sir Patricius Curwen and William Penoington, Esq., 
 of Muncaster. The issue of his tirst raariiage was, inUr alios — 
 with Frecheville, and Joyce, maiTicd to Thomas Curwen, Esq. 
 of Workington, wliose descendant and representative, Joyce 
 Curwen, married ^Vilfrid Hudleston, of Hullon — his heir, 
 
 Leonard Dvees, who, Ump. Charles II., married Grace, 
 daughter of John Salkcld, of Thrcapland, tho descendant of 
 Lancelot Salkeld, of Whitehall, who married Margaret, daughter 
 and co-heir of Sir Richard Hudleston, of Milium. Sir Richard 
 dciceadod, through hUs mother, Joan, co-hck of Sir Miles 
 Stapleton, of Ingham, from the Do Lancasters, barons of 
 Randal ; William de Lancaster (the first of that lini') having 
 married Gundred Countess of Warwick, daughter of William 
 the Conqueror. Mr. Dykes was twice sheritl' of Cumberland. 
 He pulled down tho old castle, and built a mansion with an 
 
 ' Settlement in toil male of tho eslales, ltl37, between Leonard, 
 rbouia.i, and .'oyce Tykes; John Frecheville (afterwards Lonl 
 t'lcoherille), son and heir of Sir P. Frecheville; and John Pening- 
 lon, sou anil heir of Sir J. Peniiigton, of Muncniitrr. In Ifll'.', 
 Thomas Dykes makes his will, eriileully cuusi'd by the cominouce 
 tnent of bnsiilitits, as was the case in that yeiir, uaming as trustees 
 "liis door fuller Leonard, his loving father in-lnv Peter Senhuusc 
 (husband of his ninlln'rinhiw, foriuerly Biirbam Freehcville, bom 
 I'.yri-), and his friends Sir Patricius Curweu, and William Peuuing- 
 '■'M. of MuucosUt. 
 
 ornamented stone fiont, from a design by Inigo Jones.' His 
 sou and heir, 
 
 FiiECHEViLLE DvKEs, of Wardhall, married, ICl)", Jane, 
 eldest sister of Sir Gilfrid Lawson, Bart., of Brayton. They 
 had issue, with two other sons, Frecheville, a captain in tlie 
 navy, lost at sea, and Gilfrid Lawson, and a daughter, Jane, 
 married to John Ballantine, Esq., of Crookdake Hall. Their 
 son and heir, 
 
 Leonard Dykes, Esq., of Wardhall, married, 17^3, Susanna, 
 only sur\iving child of the Rev. Thomas Capstack, vicar of 
 Newburn, and Esther his wife, granddaughter of Sir John 
 Lowther, first baronet of Lowther ; the pities to subsequent 
 settlement, 1T:30, are Sir Richard Musgrave, BarL, of Hayton 
 Castle, H. Aglionby, and Humphrey Senhouse. They had, 
 with other issue, two sons, Feecheville and Lawson. The 
 elder, 
 
 Fbechevitxe Dykes, Esq., of Wardhall, a captain in the 07th 
 Foot, and companion-in-arms of General Wolfe, married, 1703, 
 Mary, only daughter aud eventual heir of her father, John 
 Brougham, Esq., of Cockermouth, and her brother, Peter 
 Brougham Lamplugh, Esq., of Dovenby Hall. John Brougham 
 was grandson of John Brougham, of Fairbank and Staveley, son 
 of Thomas Brougham, of Scales, and Mary le Fleming, of Rydal, 
 as recorded in tho Herald's College, common ancestor also 
 of the present Lord Brougham. Sir. John Brougham married 
 Frances, daughter and heii- of John Woodhall, Esq. and Eliza- 
 hetli, daughter and eventual heir of Richard Lamplugh, E.sq., of 
 Ribtou Hall, and his wife, Mary Molyne, of Dovenby HaU, 
 eventual representative and heir of the Dovenby branch of the 
 family of Lamplugh. Richard Lamplugh, of Ribton, cousin to 
 Thomas Lamplugh, archbishop of York, lOS.'i, and named so 
 in his will, descended with him from Thomas de Lamplugh, of 
 SkelsDioor (whose descendant removed into Yorkshire), younger 
 son of John do Lamplugh, of Lamplugh (of the main line), and 
 Isabel, daughter of Sir John Pennington, and great-grandson of 
 Sir John de Lamplugh, who married JIargaret, daughter of John 
 de Eaglesfield, of Alnburgh, founder's kin of Robert de Eagles- 
 field, founder of Queen's College, Oxford, and chaplain to 
 Edward III. and his queen Philippa.= The Dovenby line 
 descended from Nicholas, younger son of Sir Thomas Lam- 
 plugh, of Lamplugh, who settled at Dovenby on his maiTiage with 
 the sister and heiress of Richard Kirkbride, temp. Richard 11.' 
 Francis Lamplugh, of that line, living there, Ump. Elizabeth, 
 married Jane Salkeld, of Whitehall, as recorded in tho Herald's 
 
 'Leonard Dykes was living Slli Anne, ITOi), aged 7,'>. He gives 
 some curious evidence in a case respecting the lords of the manor of 
 Wardhall being owners also of the lithe within the manor (as is the 
 ea.sc) in connection with his grandfather, Lcononl, whose marriage 
 took place 4;!rd Elizabeth— a eousidcnible lapse of time in three 
 generations! — mentioning, as circmnstjmces that accounted for 
 facts, or recalled them to his recollection, that "he was taken, in 
 1037, by his grandfalhcr, to Cariisle, where tliey stayeil till a year 
 after the siege was broken up ;" that his grandfather on one occasion 
 mode liim a present of " a little brass caimou wliich went upon 
 wliiels" (such tliiiijs wer»' then in vogue nUo as toys!); lliat "a 
 former decree was burnt— fir the family was severnl times plundered 
 in those troublesome limes, tlieir writings burnt, and bis father aud 
 himself driven from their seate, where the eiiemie kept a guard." 
 I'liore is a curious old papir dmwn up at the time by Leonard, tlie 
 ';randfatber, and his son Thomas, UUt, detiiling the losses inflicted 
 upou them by the Scottish tnmps under Lord Montgomery, tlicn 
 quartered at Caldbcck. 
 
 9 Bum, Lamplugh Pariah ; Heralds' College ; and Uorlean Mis- 
 
 cfIIuuv. 
 
 ' Ildc Bum, vol. ii.
 
 292 
 
 DERWENT WABD. 
 
 College ; she was daughter of Marie Vaux, of Catterlen, and 
 granddaughter of Margaret, co-heiress of Sir Richard Hud- 
 dleston, of Millon], whose descent is given above. Francis 
 Lamplugh was son of Robert, who first presented to Bridekirk, 
 1563, (his descendant, Mrs. Dykes, is still patroness), and Jane 
 Preston, daughter of Sir Thomas Preston, of Preston I'atrick. 
 Her sister, Ellen Lady Leyburne, was mother of Elizabeth Lady 
 Dacre, afterwards Duchess of Norfolk, and Anne Lady Mount- 
 eagle : these ladies, therefore, were first cousins to Francis 
 Lamplugh, of Dovenby. The descendant, then, and great- 
 granddaughter of Richard Lamplugh and Mary Molyne, who 
 united the two brandies of Kibton and Dovenby, Mary Brougham, 
 (having married, as above, Frecbeville Dykes, Esq., of Ward- 
 hall), their only surviving child, Mary, on their death, and that 
 of her uncle, P. Brougham Lamplugh, Esq., of Dovenby Hall, 
 who had taken the name and arms of Lamplugh, inherited the 
 estates of Wardhall and Dovenby, &c., and married her cousin, 
 Joseph Dykes Ballantine, eldest son of 
 
 Lawsos Dykes, younger son, as above, of Leonard Dykes and 
 Susanna Capstack. He married, 1764, Jane, daughter and 
 heir of John Ballantine, Esq., of Crookdake Hall and Iroby, &c., 
 and took the name and arms of Ballantine in addition, by sign 
 manual. Sir John Ballantine, of Corehouse, in Scotland, their 
 immediate ancestor, married, 10C3, Anne, daughter and heir of 
 William Masgrave, Esq., of Crookdake Hall and Ireby, &c., by 
 Dorothy, daughter of Henry Dacre, Esq, of Lanercost. William 
 Masgrave was the descendant and representative of William, 
 younger son of Thomas de Musgrave and Mariotta, daughter 
 and co-heir of Sir William Stapleton, of Edenhall, who, temp, 
 Edward IV., marrying Felicia, granddaughter of John Colvil 
 and Isabel TilUol, acquired with her the manor and estates 
 of Crookdake and Ireby, and was the founder of the Crook- 
 dake branch of the Musgrave family.' The family of Ballan- 
 tine is termed- a family of note in Scotland ; one of them, 
 under the Latinised name of Bellendenus, was the author of 
 a work, " De Stata," to which Dr. Parr wrote a learned preface, 
 Ac. Sir John Ballantine (as recorded in the Lyon College, 
 Scotland) descended from " Sir Richard of Bannocktyne of 
 yc Corhous" (circa 14(J0), whose grandson, John Lannatyne, 
 married Lady Isabel Hamilton, eldest daughter of James, first 
 Earl of Arran, and granddaughter of the Princess Mary, eldest 
 daughter of James II. The name subsequently became changed 
 (as was not uncommon in those days) to Ballantine. Sir John 
 Ballantine's settlement, 1603, is witnessed by his brother. Sir 
 ■\Villiam Ballantine, and his friend Sir William Lockhart, Jcc. 
 Miss Dacre, mother of his wife, Anne JInsgrave, was grand- 
 daughter of Alice Knyvett, daughter of Sir Henry Knyvett, of 
 Beckenham Castle, Norfolk, and Anne, daughter and heir of 
 Sir James Pickering, of Killington. Sir Henry Knyvett was 
 son of Sir Thomas Knyvett and Lady Mmiella Howard, 
 daughter of Thomas, second Duke of Norfolk, fifth in descent 
 from Lady Margaret Plantagenet, granddaughter of Edward I. 
 and his second wife Margaret of France. Sir John Ballan- 
 tine's son and heir, William, married Miss Johnstone, daugh- 
 ter of Sir James Johnstone, of Westerhall, who, tlirough the 
 Lords Oliphant, Enrol, Huntly, Erskine, and Morton, de- 
 scended from James I. of Scotland and Joan de Beaufort, 
 great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, son of Edward III.^ 
 
 • Vide Bum, vol. ii., pp. 129 and 105 ; and Hntcbinson, vol. ii., 
 p. 306 ; and Musgrave pedigree. 
 
 = Hutchinson, vol. ii., p. 303. 
 
 ' Vide Knyvett Pedigree ; Heralds' College ; Bum, vol. ii., p. 503, 
 fw. ; and Peerages, &c. — See Burke's Eoyal Descents. 
 
 The issue of Lawson Dykes and Jane Ballantine were Joseph, 
 Frecheville, major-general H.E.I.C. ; Thomas, East India naval 
 service ; and Mary, married to James Spedding, Esq., of Sum- 
 mer Grove. Thoir eldest son and successor, 
 
 JosEPU Dykes Bali.anti.se, Esq., of Crookdake Hall, Scales, 
 and Ireby, married, as above, IBOO, his cousin, JIary Dykes, heir 
 to her father, Frecheville Dykes, Esq., of Wardhall, and her 
 uncle, P. Brougham Lamplugh, Esq., of Dovenby Hall, and 
 tank the name and arms of Dykes again, in addition, by sign 
 manual. He was sheriff for Cumberland, 1806, and died in 
 1830. The issue of the marriage are, 
 
 I. Fbecueville Lawson, M.P. for Cockermoulli, lS3i; sheriiT 
 
 for Cumbcrlanil, Isfi; married, 1><14, Anne EUzo, eldest 
 surviving dauRliier iiiid coheiress of J. Gimsun, Esq., of 
 Ingwell, and has issue, 
 
 1. Frecheville Brougham. 
 
 2. Lamplugh Frecheville. 
 
 3. Mary FroHces. 
 
 4. Adefiza. 
 
 5. Eveline Joyce. 
 
 6. Ida Isabel. 
 
 7. Hubert Frecheville Lawson. 
 
 8. Beatrice Irton. 
 
 II. Joseph, late Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, and now 
 
 Rector of Headley, Hants, 
 m. Lamplugh Brougham, Fellow of Peter House, Cambridge, 
 
 and barrister-at-law. 
 IV. Lawson P., Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford. 
 V. James William, E.I.C.S., Madras. 
 
 I. Mary, married, firstly, John Marshall, Jan., of Headingley, 
 Leeds, and Derwentwater, CumUerlaud, and has issue, 
 
 1. Reginald Dykes. 
 
 2. Herbert John, lieut. R.N. 
 
 3. Julian. 
 
 1. Janet Mary. 
 
 2. Catherine Alice. 
 
 She married, secondly, P. O'Callaghan, Esq. (late 11th 
 Hussars), and has issue, 
 
 Desmond Dykes Tynte. 
 
 II. Jane Christiana, married Thomas Donnelly, lieuucol. E.I.C., 
 
 and has issue, 
 
 John Frecheville Dykes, lieuU R.E. 
 
 in. Ellen, married James Walker, Esq., of Dairy House, N.B., 
 and has Issue, 
 
 1. William Frecheville. 
 
 2. Frauds Dvkes. 
 1. Mary Ellen. 
 
 IV. Frances, manied Edward Ormerod, Esq., of Seymour House, 
 
 Old Trafford, Lancashire. 
 
 V. Susan. 
 
 Arms.i—Oi three cinquefoUs sable, quartering Waverton, Dystyng- 
 ton, Salkeld of Corby, Vaux of Triermain, Pennington of Muncas- 
 ter, Lancaster, Radcliffe, Frecheville, Fitz Ralph, Musard, Nulhill 
 of Nuthill, Braose, Peverel, Beaufoy, Brougham, Woodholl, Lamp- 
 high, Ballantine, Musgrave, De Ros, Stapleton, Vipont, CoMI, 
 Tilliol, Lowther, &c. 
 
 Crests.' — On a meath a lobster, vert, for Dykes. On a wreath a 
 griffin, couped, &c., for Ballantine. 
 
 Jl/oHo«s. — "Prius frangitur quam flectitur" for Dykes; "Nee 
 cetonec tarde'' for Ballantme. 
 
 I The crest and arms (the first erroneously given in Moule's Heraldry 
 of Fish as a " crayfish") have reference, no doubt, to the original 
 location of the family, " the more than primeval beach " at Dykesfield, 
 as described by Mr. Bruce iu his Roman Wall. The lobster indi- 
 cates the then preseuce of sea, in ages post, though now far removed, 
 and the dark-coloured marsh cinquefoil ("sable") would flourish in 
 the more or less submerged low ground adjacent, which anciently 
 gave the name " de Feritate " to its possessors.
 
 BRIDEKIEK PARISH. 
 
 293 
 
 I'APCASTLE. 
 
 The area of this towusliip is 1,210 acres, and its 
 rateable value £3,009 93. 3(1. The number of in- 
 habitants in 1801 was 283; in 1811, 311 ; in 1821, 
 384 ; in 1831, 101 ; in 1841, 308 ; and in 1851, 032. 
 The inhabitants of the townships are principally located 
 in the villages of Papcastle and Goat, the former of 
 which contains many respectable residences. A linen 
 thread manufactory was commenced at the Goat mill, 
 near Cockermouth, in 1820 ; and in 1835, Messrs. 
 Harris erected the Derwent Side Mills, also near 
 Cockermouth, which were enlarged in 1810 to three 
 times the former size. They now contain 11,000 
 spindles, fend afford employment to about 750 persons. 
 
 The first recorded possessor of the manor of Pap- 
 castle, is Walthcof, lord of Allerd;ile, who appears to 
 have resided here previous to his removal to Cocker- 
 mouth. It was afterwards successively held by the 
 Lucies, Multons, and Dacres, and on the attainder of 
 Leonard Dacrc, became vested in the crown. From a 
 survey taken in 1578, we learn that William Lord Dacre 
 held Papcastle of the ancient possessions of the earls of 
 Northumberland, of the yearly value of X'lT 2s., pur- 
 chased of the late king, Edward VI., to be holden of 
 the said king by sergeantry. The same document also 
 states that the co-heirs of Lord Dacre held Papcastle, 
 and paid yearly for cornagc, 6s. 8d. ; scawake, Is. Od.; 
 and for free rent, in toto, 8s. 2d. Anthony Barwis, 
 Esq., held one tenement at Papcastle, called Hameshill, 
 and paid yearly for free rent, 2s. It was granted by 
 Queen Elizabeth in 1595, to Lancelot Salkeld, Thomas 
 Braithwaite, and Richard Tolson, from whom it ap- 
 pears to have been subsequently purchased by the 
 Lamplughs, and is now possessed by Mrs. Dykes, of 
 Dovenby. The principal landowners are Messrs. John 
 Steel, John S. Mawson, and William Thornburn. 
 The principal part of this manor has been enfranchised, 
 only i;3 Os. 2^d. of customary, or manorial rents, 
 remaining, and including ont-toncments in Bothel and 
 Ireby, j£5 Is. lOjd. Mrs. Dykes is also the owner of 
 the great tithes, but some part has been exchanged with 
 the landowners for common right. The remaining 
 commutation, or awarded rent charge, is X'20 83. 6d. 
 The township was enclosed by act of parliament, passed 
 in 1841. 
 
 The village of Papcastle occupies a pleasant and 
 elevated situation on the north bank of the Derwent, 
 one mile west-north-west of Cockermouth, and is said 
 to derive its name from one Pipard, its owner, in Saxon 
 times. On the summit of a hill here are the traces of 
 a Romau station or castrura, suppot-ed to be Dcrventio, 
 where a body of troops, called the Numcrus Derven- 
 
 tionensis, was quartei-ed. This station is connected 
 with that at Elleuborough by a Roman road, traces 
 of which are still visible. A great number of coins 
 and other interesting relics have been discovered at 
 this place and in the neighbourhood. The castrum 
 was subsequently the residence nf the above-mentioned 
 Waltheof, by whom it was demolished, and the materials 
 used in the construction of Cockermouth Castle. The 
 new road from Cockermouth is cut through a portion 
 of the field where the castrum stood. The large edible 
 snail (Helix pomalia} is said to be common in the 
 adjoining hedges, and may have been introduced by the 
 Romans as an article of diet. 
 
 Goat, a village in this township, forms the north-west 
 suburb of Cockermouth, with which town it is connected 
 by a stone bridge. Here are two corn mills. 
 
 I Derwent Bank, the seat of John Steel, Esq., is a 
 
 handsome mansion, erected in 1840, on an elevation 
 
 I about a mile north by west of Cockermouth, overlook- 
 ing the vale of the river from which it derives its 
 name. 
 
 CHARITY. 
 
 Whinnay's Charity. — Mr. John Whiunay, in 1802, 
 bequeathed £0 a-year to the poor of this township. 
 
 Skltoix of ^-.ipcastlc. 
 
 The family of Skelton, of Armathwaite Castle, was 
 one of great antiquity ; and so far back as the time of 
 Richard II. we find by a deed dated 14th November, 
 in the fourteenth year of that monarch's reign, that Sir 
 Robert do Mulcastrc then granted to Sir Clement de 
 Skelton " totam terram mcam a Threpland." 
 
 EicHAUD Skelton, Esq., son of .Tolin Skelton, Esq., of 
 Armathwaite, aud grandson of Kichard Skelton, Esq., of the 
 same place, sold the castle and estate of .Vrmalhwaite to William 
 Sanderson, Esq., in 1712. Mr. Skelton left a numerous issue. 
 
 The Skeltous of Branthwaite Hall were a junior 
 branch of the Skeltons of Armathwaite, derived from 
 
 Richard Skeltos, who was present at Agincourt with Henrjr 
 v., and served tho otiice of high sheriff of Cumberland. Ho 
 was younger son of Joii.s de Skelton, who married in IVii tho 
 heiress of tho Branthwaite estate.s, and acquired that property, 
 whore his descendants continued to reside till about 17J7. Its 
 then possessor was IIkniiv Skklios, Esq., of Branthwaite Hall, 
 general in the army, and governor of Portsmouth. This officer 
 was engaged in Elanders, and also in Scotland, in 1715 : in the 
 former country his hfe was saved by his aide-do camp. Captain 
 James Jones, who shot a dragoon as ho was on tlio point of 
 cutting down tho general. The latter, wh.> die.l 1757, did not 
 forget this, for on the opening of his will, it was found that he 
 left liranthwaito Hall and e'itato to his friend, 
 
 Captain James Jones, of the 3rd tiuiuds, who tbon became of 
 Branthwaite. lie was son of James Jones, who descended 
 from General John Jones, by Catherine, his wife, sister of Oliver 
 Cromwell, and relict of Wheatslono. Cnptnin Jones married,
 
 294 
 
 DERWENT WABD. 
 
 1749, .Temiina, ilaujlitpr of Colonel TuUekens, who came from 
 Holland witli William Prince of Orange, anJ by this lady had a 
 son, Ansoi-prs, and a dau^'hter, Jemima, who married, 17(iy, 
 Charles, first Marquis of Cornwallis. The sod, 
 
 Ahnoldus Jones, of the 3rd Guards, bom 1750, assumed the 
 samame of Skelton, 1774. He married, October, 1775, Eliza- 
 betli, daughter of William Hicks, Ksq., of Whitehaven and 
 Papcastle, and by her (with whom he aciiairod I'apcastle) had 
 four sons and five dauyblers, 
 
 I. Henbt, major lOili Lancers, sold (ho Brantliwuite II.iIl estate, 
 1707, to .lohii Cliristinn Curwcn, F.S(i.,anil (liiMlv!lllli Angusi, 
 IHSB, iinviiip Imd no issne by his wife Mnria, eldest diuif^hter 
 of William liutly, Esq., of Dublin, barrister-at-law, LI..D. 
 
 II. Daniel Jones, iiresenl representative. 
 
 III. Cliurles Cornwallis, lieiit. R.N., killed in action, mimarried. 
 
 IV. William, lieut. K.N. died unmarried. 
 
 J. Jemima TuUekens, married to Thomas Foster Gunter, Esq., 
 lieut. in the army. 
 
 II. Elizabeth, married to William Birmingham, Esq. 
 
 in. Maria, married to William Rudd, Esq. of Cockermoufh. 
 
 IV. I'riscilla Sarab, married brst to Edward I'ciiruiUbicke, Esq., 
 of Fyliekl, Wilts, and secondly to James Walker, Esq., rear- 
 admiral, K.N. 
 
 V. Mary, died unmarried. 
 
 llr. Jones Skelton died 171)2, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Daniel Jones Skelton, Esq., of Papcastle, county Cumber- 
 land, late a captain, Royal Art., born 17H5 ; married, 10th De- 
 cember, 1810, Mary Anne, daughter of Thomas Theed, Esq., of 
 London, and has issue. 
 
 William Browne 
 died Jane, 1800, 
 
 James Barrow, 
 of Sir ilicbard 
 
 , formerly lieut.- 
 
 Esq., late major 
 
 I. Henry Charles Cornwallis, H.E.I.C.S., died 28th May, 1830. 
 II. HiiNRY JoSEs, born 4tb July, lS2i, deceased, 
 I. Anne Eliza, married, 28th February, 1814, lo 
 Fonsouby, Esq.,au officer HJ<),1.C.S., who 
 leaving issue. 
 
 II. Mario, married 1st Jannarj-, 1814, to the Kev 
 
 incumbent of Asbford, Bakewell, nephew 
 Fleming. Bart., and has issue. 
 
 III. Mary Dorothea, married I lenry Orove, Esq. 
 
 col. 23rd Lancers, and has issue. 
 
 IV. Frances, married George Hutchins Bellasis, 
 
 H.E.I.C.S., and has issue. 
 V. Sophia HenrieWa. 
 
 A)-ms. — Az., afesse, between three fleure-de lis, or. 
 
 Crest. — A chough's head, erased, in the beak a shp of oak, ppr., 
 fmcted, gold. 
 
 Seal. — Papcasde. 
 
 RIBTOK. 
 
 The area of Ribton township is 590 acres, and its 
 rateable value £512. The number of its inhabitants 
 in 1801 was 47; iu 1811, 51; in 1821, 30; in 1831, 
 20; in 1841, 25; and in 1851, 19, who occupy two 
 farm-houses and two cottages. The Cockermouth and 
 AVorkington railway skirts the south of the township. 
 
 The manor of Ribton belonged to a family of that 
 name, descended from a younger son of Waltheof, son 
 of Gilmin. It continued in possession of the Eibton 
 family for several generations, and, in the reign of 
 Edward III., we find that John Eibton held it by the 
 service of 23. 8d. cornage, 8d. seawake, putture of the 
 
 sergeants, and suit of court at Papcastle, from three 
 weeks to three weeks. The Ribtons occur as owners 
 as late as 1578, for in that year William Ribton, 
 though under age, held Ribton by homage, fealtie, and 
 suit of court, paying yearly for cornage, Gs. 8d. ; for 
 seawake, 7^6..; and for sergeant's food, iu toto, 7s. yjd. 
 It was subsequently purchased by Tiiomas Lainplugh, 
 Esq., of Beverley, in the county of York. His grand- 
 son, Richard Lamplugh, Esq., eldest sou of Richard 
 ],amplugh, Esq., of Dovenby and Ribton, sold Ribton to 
 Sir James Lowlher, Bart., from whom it has descended 
 to the Earl of Lonsdale, who is also proprietor of the 
 lands in the township. There are no corn-tithes in 
 Ribton; the small tithes are £1 Os. j 
 
 Ribton Hall, a large stone building, formerly the 
 seat of the Lamplughs and Lowthers, is now a farm- 
 house. I'rom an old chair found iu the building, 
 bearing date 1038, that year has been conjectured to 
 be the time of its erection. 
 
 The township is about five miles west of Cocker- 
 mouth. 
 
 TALLANTIRE. 
 
 The townsliip of Tallantire contains 1,913 acres, and 
 its rateable value is il,072 7s. Od. In 1801 it con- 
 tained 182 inhabitants; in 1811, 213; in 1821, 244; 
 in 1831, 237; in 184], 240; and in 1851, 250. The 
 inhabitants reside partly in the village of Tallantire ; 
 their principal employment is agriculture. 
 
 The manor of Tallantire was granted by Waltheof, 
 son of Gospatric, to Odard, son of Liulph, whose de- 
 scendants assumed the local name, and continued to 
 hold Tallantire till a short time previous to 1578 ; for, 
 from a survey of the barony of Allerdale taken iu that 
 year, we learn that the heirs of John Radcliffe hold 
 Tallantire with Castlerigg and the Isle of Dcrwent- 
 water by homage, fealtie, and suit of court, paying 
 yearly for coruago, 21s. lOd.; for seawake. Is. 4d. ; for 
 sergeant's food, turnsilver, and free rent, 2s. ; iu toto, 
 25s. 2d. It afterwards came by purchase to the 
 Fletchers of Cockermouth, from which family it was 
 transferred, by marriage, to that of the Partis of New- 
 castle. In 1770 it was purchased of Henry Hopper, 
 Esq., devisee of Fletcher Partis, Esq., by William 
 Browue, Esq. ; in whose family it still continues. The 
 landowners are William Browne, Esq.; Messrs. John 
 Smith, Thomas Smith, and Richard Harboard. The 
 tenants are all enfranchised. The township was en- 
 closed and tillottcd iu 1812. 
 
 The village of Tallantire is three and a half miles 
 north by west of Cockermouth, and about a mile and 
 a half north-west of Bridekirk.
 
 BRIGIIAM PAKISH. 
 
 295 
 
 grofainc of ^allairfm gall. 
 
 The family of Browne was settled at Woodhall, in 
 the parish of Caklbeck, for many generations. 
 
 TViLUAM Browne, Esq., bom 19th Sept., 1732, a younger son 
 of William Browne, Esq., of Woodhall and Ortliwailc Hall, 
 both in this county, purchased the lonlsbips of Tallaniire, 
 Dovenby, and Papcastle, and served as high sherill in the 30th 
 George III. He married, 23rd September, 17711, Mary, rehct of 
 Richard Lancaster, Esq., and died in 18{I2, leaving a son, Wa.- 
 I.U3I, the present possessor of the estate, and three daughters, 
 Mary Dorothea, raarrieii to John Peniberton, Esq., of Sherburn 
 Hall, CO. Durham ; Elizabeth, married to Capt. John X'onsonliv, 
 Ii.N. ; and Isabella, married to John Smith, Esq. Mr, Browne, 
 on lus demise, was succeeded by his son, 
 
 m 
 
 ■\VirxiAM Browne, Esq., of Tallantire Hall, J.P., and D.L., 
 high sheriff in 1817, born 3rd December, 1780; mairied 11th 
 October, 1803, Catherine, daughter of the late William Stewart, 
 of Castle Stewart, co. Wigton, N.B., by bis wife, the Hod. 
 Euphemia Mackenzie, and has issue, 
 
 I. William, bom Oih July, 1810, married in 1817, Isabella 
 
 Midlord. 
 II. Jobn Stewart, bom lOlli October, 1811. 
 
 I. Catherine. ir. Jane Eupliemia. 
 
 H. Caroline, married in 1838, to Lord Teigumouth. 
 IV. Hairiette. 
 
 Arms. — Three martlets in pale, sa., between two flaunches, of the 
 second, each charged witb a liuii, pasaaut, or. 
 Crcsl. — A grffiiu 3 bead, vert, between two wings. 
 Moilo. — Traducere a;viim leuitur. 
 
 BEIGHAM PARISH. 
 
 Tuts parish, which extends about twelve miles from north to south, and about nine miles from east to west, is 
 bounded by the rivers Derwent and JIarron, and by the lalics of Loweswater, Crummock, Buttermere, and Bassen- 
 thwaitc. It contains the ancient borough, parochial chapelry, and township of Cockermouth; the parochial chapelries 
 and townships of Emblcton, and Lorton ; the chapelries and townships of Buttermere, Mosser, Setmurthy, and 
 AVythop ; and the townships of Brigham, Blindbothol, Eaglesfield, Greysouthen, Whinfell, and Brackeuthwaite. 
 The inhabitants attend the markets at Cockermouth. 
 
 BninH.\M. 
 
 Brighom township, inclusive of that of Eaglesfield, 
 contains 0,006 acres; its rateable value is .£'3,522 9s. 9d. 
 The population in 1801 was 238; in 1811, 277; in 
 1891, 390; in 1831, 503; in 1841, 490; and in 1851, 
 446. The inhabitants chiefly reside in tho village of 
 Brigham. They are principally engaged in agriculture, 
 but many of the labouring classes are employed in the 
 quarries and coal mines which adjoin this township. 
 The limestone quarries, which are extensively worked, at 
 Brigham Low Houses, are said to be the finest in Cum- 
 berland. There is a small earthenware manufactory in 
 this township. The soil hero is a rich, fertile loam, 
 and a dry gravelly clay earth ; it is very productive. 
 The Cockermouth and ■\Vorkiiigton railway runs through 
 tho township on the south bank of tho Derwent, and 
 has a station near the church, a short distance from 
 Brigham, and another at Broughton Cross. The river 
 Derwent flows through part of the township ; it is 
 spanned by a lino bridge, called Broughton Bridge, 
 built in 183.'(, which unites the township of Broughton 
 with that of Brigham. 
 
 Tho manors of Brigham, Eaglesfield, and Grey- 
 southen, wore given by William do Meschiues, to Wal- 
 theof, son of Gospatric, who gave Brigham, together 
 with tho manors of Dean and Clifton, to Dolfin, son 
 of Ailward, in marriage with his sister. After a few 
 descents it was divided into moieties between tho co- 
 
 heirs of the Brigham family ; one moiety, after remain- 
 ing for some time in the possession of tho family of 
 Twinham, and afterwards in that of Hercla, was for- 
 feited on the attainder of Andi'ew^ do Hercla, earl of 
 Carlisle, and given to a chantry in the church of Brig- 
 ham, by Thomas do Burgh, in 16th Edward II. ; this 
 moiety, after the suppression of the religious houses, 
 was granted to the Fletchers of Moresby, and was sold 
 to the tenants. The other moiety was held, 8th Edward 
 I., by Gilbert Huthwaite, from whose family it passed 
 to the Swinburnes, one of whom, John Swinburne, in 
 '■\')\\\ Henry VIII., "held a moiety of the vill of Brig- 
 ham of tho king, as of the honour of Cockcnuouth, by 
 knight's service, 2s. cornage, puture of the sergeants 
 and witnessman, with suit of court at Cockermouth 
 from three weeks to three weeks." In 1578, tho vicar 
 of the parish church of Brigham held there one tene- 
 ment, with the appurtenances of tho Earl of Northum- 
 berland, as of his honour of Cockermouth, by homage, 
 fealty, suit of court, and other services. At tho same 
 date John Swinbourne, gentleman, hold a moiety of the 
 town of Brigham, and paid yearly for cornage 2s. 6d. 
 .^nthony Barwis held the other moiety by like service; 
 and William Walker held one tonemeut by fealty and 
 suit of court, rendering per annum lis. The Swin- 
 Iiurnes sold their moiety, in 1699, to the Hon. Goodwin 
 Wharton. In 1727 tho trustees of the Duke of Whar- 
 ton sold it to Mr. Wilfrid Grisdalo, after the death of
 
 296 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 whose dauglitcr and granddaugbter it passed under bis 
 will to Mr. William Singleton, who died in 1707 ; on 
 his death this and other estates became vested jointly 
 in several persons under Mr. Grisdalc's will, and having 
 been divided by virtue of a commission of partition 
 issued out of the Court of Chancery, this moiety of the 
 manor of Brigham was allotted to Joshua Lucock, Esq., 
 and is now the property of his trustees. 
 
 General Wyndham is lord paramount, and the tenants 
 of this manor render suit and service at his honor 
 courts, held at Cockermouth Castle. The principal 
 landowners are the Earl of I^onsdale ; William Lumb, 
 Esq.; J. K. Wilson, Esq.; Mrs. Fawcott ; Messrs. J. 
 Fawcett, and L. and F. Grave. The common was en- 
 closed in 1821, under an act of parhament passed in 
 2nd George IV. 
 
 The village of Brigham is about two and a quarter 
 miles west of Cockermouth. It is irregularly built, but 
 has long been famous for the salubrity of its atmos- 
 phere, and the longevity of its inhabitants. Middlo 
 class houses are much wanted hero, and as there is 
 plenty of lime and stone in the vicinity, and sites easily 
 obtainable, it is not easy to explain their absence. 
 
 THE CHUECH. 
 
 The church, dedicated to St. Bridget, is an ancient 
 structure, supposed to have been erected in the eleventh 
 century, and consists of nave, chancel, aisle, porch, and 
 square tower; but is much in want of renovation and 
 improvement. It is now a vicarage, but was formerly 
 rectorial. The advowson was conveyed by Thomas de 
 Huthwaite to Isabel, Countess of Albermarle, in the 
 reign of Henry III., and in 1439 it was appropriated 
 to the coUegiate chui'ch of Staindrop, in the county 
 of Durham. In 1.579 the Bishop of Carlisle assumed 
 the patronage, and in 1018 Sir llicbard Fletcher, 
 and one Hodgson presented. The Earl of Ijonsdale is 
 the present impropriator and patron. The living, 
 which is valued in the King's Book at £"20 ICs. OJd., 
 is now worth £190 per annum. When the commons 
 were enclosed in 18'21, there were 203 acres allotted 
 to the Earl of Lonsdale in lieu of corn-tithes. The 
 parish register commences in 1504. 
 
 Incumbents. — John Pierson, 1061; John Martin, 1605; 
 Heory Stephenson, 1U74; Roger Fleming, 1705, Joseph Dixon, 
 1736 ; William Henry Leech, 17K2 (the Rev. Pearson Simpson 
 otficiatecl as cm-ate for Mr. Leech till 1S23, when the Rev. William 
 Henry Leech, jun., officiated as curate for his father up to the 
 latter's death in 1834); John Wordsworth, 1834. 
 
 The Vicarage is a commodious house, near the church, 
 erected in 1847, by the Cockermouth and Workington 
 Railway Company, who purchased the site of the old 
 vicarage. 
 
 Brigham Parochial School, situated to tho south-east 
 of the village, is a small stone building, capable of 
 accommodating about forty-five children, the average 
 number in attendance. At the enclosure of the com- 
 mons in 1821 the school received an allotment of two 
 acres, which are now let for £3 a year. The vicar and 
 churchwardens for the time being are trustees. 
 
 Brigham Sunday-school, a small building at tho 
 church gates, was erected in 1839. 
 
 A rich pasture field near the church, known by the 
 name of Chantry, contains a fine spring, and a mound 
 supposed by some to cover the ruins of some ancient 
 reUgious edifice. 
 
 The Wesleyans have a chapel in the village, which 
 was erected in 1850, at a oo#aDf £'120, and is the first 
 dissenting place of worship that has been built in the 
 township. It is a small stone structure, capable of seat- 
 ing upwards of one hundred persons. For thirty years 
 previous to the erection of this chapel the congregation 
 met at a house in tho village. 
 
 Fitz House, within about half a mUe of Cocker- 
 mouth, is the property of Humphrey Senhouse, Esq. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Susannah Slater's Charitij. — About the year 1711 
 Susannah Slater left £100 to the parish of Brigham. 
 The Charity Commissioners inform us that it is under- 
 stood in the parish that on the death of Mrs. Slater, 
 £'55, being a moiety of the principal, with one year's 
 interest thereon, was distributed by the then vicar. 
 The remaining £50 has been secured on the tolls of 
 the road between Cockermouth and Workington. Such 
 parts of the parish as formed distinct chapelries at the 
 time this legacy was left, and were thus separated from 
 the rest of the parish of Brigham, have been considered 
 as not having been intended to partake of the benefit 
 of this charity. The interest paid upon the £50 above- 
 mentioned, amounting annually to £2, has accordingly 
 been given away on the 14th of February yearly, by 
 the churchwardens of the following divisions, viz., of 
 Brigham, Greysouthen, Eaglesfield, Mosser, BUnd- 
 bothel, and Whiufell, amongst poor persons of their 
 divisions who receive no parochial relief. 
 
 Saivrci/s Charity. — Myles Sawrey, by will dated 17th 
 I\Iarch, 1774, bequeathed £400, upon trust, to apply 
 the yearly dividends amongst eight poor widows of the 
 Chin-ch of England, uot receiving parochial relief. The 
 trustees of this charity, in 1770, purchased £500 stock. 
 New South Sea Annuities, out of the dividends of which, 
 amounting to £15, there is given to each of eight poor 
 and aged women £7 10s. 6d. ; the remaining sum is 
 expended in procuring the dividends and other charges. 
 
 Broivn's Charity. — Frances Brown, in 1770, left £10
 
 BRIGHAM PARISH. 
 
 297 
 
 to the poor of the township of Brighatn. This money 
 is invested at four per cent., and the interest, amounting 
 to 8s., is distributed by the churchwardens amongst 
 poor persons of the township not receiving parochial 
 relief. 
 
 John Askew, a native of this township, is the author 
 of a Voyage to Australia and New Zealand, a work 
 which gives an interesting account oi those far-off lands 
 at a time when the utmost excitement prevailed, owing 
 to the discovery of the Australian gold fields. 
 
 BLINDBOTIIEI.. 
 
 The area of this township is 1,215 acres, and its 
 rateable value i'STl. The number of inhabitants in 
 1801 was 8-2; in 1811, 90; in 1821, 112; in 1831, 
 100; in 1841, 100; and in 1851, 128. Agriculture is 
 the only employment of the inhabitants, who are scattered 
 over the township. The mauoriiil rights of the commons 
 are vested in General Wyndham, who is also lord para- 
 mount of the ancient land, which is freehold, and sub- 
 ject only to a peppercorn rout. In 1578 the following 
 persons occur as freeholders here: — William Fawick, 
 William Fearon, John Fletcher, Robert Yoward, the 
 heirs of Cuthbert Nicholson, John Nicholson, Miles 
 Pearson, the heirs of Matthew Addison, Thomas Head, 
 Christopher Wilkinson, and John Fearon. The land- 
 owners at present (1858) are the trustees of the late 
 — Timpcron, Esq. ; Mrs. Seuhouse ; Messrs. John 
 Nicholson, William Paisley, Fletcher Norman, Thomas 
 Loathes, Isaac Nicholson, and a few small proprietors. 
 The township was enclosed in 1818, in pursuance of 
 the provisions of an act of parhameut passed in 1812, 
 when twenty acres of laud were awarded for the educa- 
 tion of the children of the poos of this and Eaglesfield 
 township. Tho Earl of Lonsdale received 204 acres 
 in lieu of tithes for tho same townships. 
 
 Blindbothel, where tho school is situated, is about 
 two and a half miles south of Cockermouth. 
 
 cuahity. 
 School. — The land awarded to the school at the 
 enclosure of tho commons as above mentioned, pro- 
 duces now about £10 per annum, which is paid over 
 to tho schoolmaster, who takes all the children of 
 Eaglosficld and Blindbothel at a small i|uartcragc, as 
 fi.ved by the trustees. Tho master is allowed to take 
 children from other townships on his own terms. He 
 has upon an averago between si.xty and seventy children 
 in tho school. 
 
 At a place called Green Trees, in this township, James 
 Dickinson, one of tho earliest propagators of tho doc- 
 trines of the Society of Friends, was born in 1057. 
 
 S3 
 
 EAGLESFIELD. 
 
 The area of the townsliip of Eaglesfield is returned 
 with that of Brigham ; its rateable value is £1,332 2s. 2d. 
 In 1801, it contained 310 inhabitants ; in 1811, 333 ; 
 in 1821, 405; in 1831, 411; in 1841, 371 ; and in 
 1851, 309. The population, whose employment is 
 agriculture, are chiefly located in the village, and 
 attend the markets at Cockermouth. 
 
 A paved Eoman way, seven yards in width, has been 
 discovered at several places in this township, leading 
 from north to south ; and in removing the surface for 
 the purpose of quarrying the limestone which abounds 
 here, several human bones, teeth, and instruments of 
 war have been found from time to time, at a place called 
 Endlaw, from which circumstance, it is supposed to 
 have been the site of a Pioman station. 
 
 The manor of Eaglesfield was given by William do 
 Meschines to Waltheof, son of Gospatric. It afterwards 
 came into the possession of a family who took the local 
 name, one of whom, Robert Eaglesfield, was confessor 
 to Philippa, queen of Edward III., and founder of 
 Queen's College, Oxford. This township is parcel of 
 what is called the manor of the five towns, and the 
 manorial rights are vested in General Wyndham. In 
 1578 Nicholas AVilhamson held certain lands and 
 tenements in Eaglesfield (late tho lands of Richard 
 Eaglesfield) by knight's service, and rendered Os. 8d. 
 Richard Jackson held, at the same period, a capital 
 messuage with certain demesne lands belonging to the 
 same, in Eaglesfield, by like sers-ice. Antliony Barwis, 
 Esq., and Anthony Curweu, Esq., also held laud here 
 by like service ; the latter also held some in Blind- 
 bothel and Greysouthen. Lancelot Fletcher, and John 
 Gill, also occur among the freeholders. The tenure 
 hero is principally copyhold, or tenancy subject to a 
 fine of two years' value, at tho death of either lord or 
 tenant. Courts are held at Cockermouth Castle. The 
 Earl of Lonsdale, -Messrs. John and Joseph Robinson, 
 Joseph Harris, William Wood, and Thomas Benn, Esq., 
 aro the principal landownere. Tho township was en- 
 closed at the same time as Blindbothel, in 1818, and 
 the inliabitiints participate in the benefits conferred by 
 the school situated in that village. 
 
 Tho village of Eaglesfield is two and a half miles 
 south-west of Cockermouth. Close to tho village there 
 is a meetiug-houso belonging to the Society of Friends, 
 as also a burial-ground ; over tho entrance to the former 
 is the date 1711, over tho latter, 1003. The Friends 
 only meet hero on occasion of a funeral. There is also 
 a Wcsleyan chapel, a small, plain, stono building, 
 situated in tho village, erected in 1845, at a cost of 
 £120, and will accommodate about 120 persons.
 
 298 
 
 DEBWENT WAED. 
 
 Fletcher's Chariti/. — Henry Fletcher, of Green, in 
 Eaglesfield, by will dated Hth January, 1730, gave to 
 the poor of Eaglesfield the sum of £2 yearly, to be 
 distributed at Green aforesaid ; the said ,^"2 a year " to 
 be paid out of the parcel of ground known by the name 
 of Lowfield, in Lortou, in the manor of Derwent Fells." 
 
 Upon the enclosure of a common, in this township, 
 about the year 1814, twenty acres of land were set out, 
 •with the consent of the inhabitants, for the maintenance 
 of a schoolmaster.' 
 
 Dr. Dalton, the celebrated philosopher and chemist, 
 was a native of this township. 
 
 Fletcher Christian, who led the mutineers in the 
 Bounty, and settled in Pitcairn's Island, went from 
 Moorland Close in this township. 
 
 GRETSOTITHEN. 
 
 Greysouthen township contains 1,635 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £2,784 10s. The number of its 
 inhabitants in 1801 was 1.55 ; in 1811, 406; in 1821, 
 416; in 1831, 555; in 1841, .584; and in 1851, 633. 
 The inhabitants, who are principally employed in the 
 neighbouring collieries, are chiefly located in the large 
 village of Greysouthen. The township is skirted on 
 the south by the Cockermouth and Workington railway. 
 For upwards of seventy years coal has been found hero 
 in abundance, but at present there is only one colliery 
 at work, that of Messrs. Joseph Harris & Co. It con- 
 sists of one shaft of about forty-two fathoms perpen- 
 dicular depth. The seam worked is the " Cannel Band," 
 which is from five to five and a half feet thick. The 
 number of hands employed is about seventy ; and the 
 produce of this colliery is principally shipped at Work- 
 ington. 
 
 Greysouthen, anciently Crakesothen, one of the five 
 towns belonging to the honor of Cockermouth, was given 
 by WiUiam de Meschines to Waltheof, son of Gospatric, 
 and descended in the same manner as the rest of the 
 barony. In 1578 Henry Curwen, Knt., held certain 
 lands here of the Earl of Northumberland, by homage, 
 fealty, and suit of court, rendering per annum 6s. 8d. 
 William Bell also held one tenement by lilie services. 
 Anthony Barwis also held some land by knight's ser- 
 vice, as did also Anthony Curwen, Esq. The principal 
 landowners are Joseph Harris, Esq. ; William Paisley, 
 Esq. ; Isaac Fletcher, Esq. ; and John Harris, Esq. 
 The township was enclosed in 1828, under the authority 
 of an act passed in 1819. 
 
 1 See BUudbothel township. 
 
 The village of Greysouthen is three and a half miles 
 west-by-south of Cockermouth. To the east of the 
 village is a small Wesleyan place of worship, erected in 
 1838, at a cost of £101 ; it possesses accommodation 
 for about 200 hearers. Tliis was the first chapel of the 
 kind buUt in this township, a private house serving for 
 worship previously. At a short distance to the cast 
 of the village is a Friends meeting - house and burial- 
 ground. 
 
 CHAMTT. 
 
 School. — At the enclosure of the common, in 
 1828, fifteen acres of land were appropriated for the 
 education of the poor of this township. 
 
 Here is also an infant school, established, in 1643, 
 by the late Miss Woodville, in a house given for that 
 purpose by Joseph Harris, Esq. ; it is supported by 
 voluntary subscriptions, and has an average attendance 
 of forty pupils. 
 
 Tarn Bank, the property and residence of Isaac 
 Fletcher, Esq., is situated near the village. 
 
 WniJJFELL. 
 
 In 1801 this township contained 82 inhabitants; in 
 1811,84; in 1821, 107; in 1831,122; in 1841, 133; 
 and in 1851, 108. Its area is 1,723 acres, and its 
 rateable value, £1,201 lis. 2d. The soil here is 
 various, chiefly a gravelly loam. The township con- 
 sists of old enclosures, lying in the form of a crescent, 
 round the foot of Whinfell Fell, which rises 1,000 or 
 1,200 feet above the level of the sea; near the base 
 there is soil of good quality, but it becomes poorer and 
 lighter at greater elevations, and is intermixed with 
 patches of gravelly clay and peat. 
 
 The township and manor of Whinfell were, in the 
 reign of Henry VIII., the joint property of Christopher 
 Curwen, J. Eaglesfield, and Ambrose Middleton. In 
 1578 Anthony Barwis held certain lands and tenements 
 at ^^■hinfell and Blindbothel, late the property of Wm. 
 Eaglesfield, by homage, fealty, and suit of court, render- 
 ing per annum one halfpenny. The heirs of Ambrose 
 Crackenthorp and Anthony Curwen also held certain 
 lands and tenements in Whinfell and Blindbothel, late 
 the lauds of the said Ambrose and Anthony, by like ser- 
 vices, rendering one halfpenny. It was afterwards in the 
 AVharton family, and, having been sold by them to the 
 Duke of Somerset, came from him to the family of the 
 Earl of Egremont. The manor is now held in moieties, 
 one of which belongs to General Wyndham, the other 
 to JSIajor Thompson. At the time of the enclosure of 
 the common in 1828, the common and Major Thomp- 
 son's moiety were enfranchised. The principal land- 
 owTiers are R. Harbord, Esq. ; William Dixon, Esq. ;
 
 COCI^ERMOUTH PAROCHIAL CHAPELRY. 
 
 299 
 
 Major Thompson ; Sir Wilfrid Lawson ; Messrs. Wilsou 
 Robiuson, Allan Peele, John ^^'^3on, John Nicholson, 
 M, Stainton, and John Asbridge. The tithes have been 
 commuted for a rent charge of £14, payable to the Earl 
 of Lonsdale. 
 
 Whinfell township has no vUlage of its own name, 
 but contains the small hanilot of Rogerscale, and a few 
 
 scattered houses built on the skirts of the Fell, four and 
 a half miles south of Cockermouth. 
 
 CHABITY. 
 
 Lord Wharton's Charity. — The poor of this township 
 receive from the minister of Dean a share of the books 
 transmitted to him from Lord Whaiton's trustees, as 
 stated in our account of the parish of Dean. 
 
 COCKERMOUTH PAROCHIAL CHAPELRY. 
 
 TiiE parochial chapelry of Cockenuouth is about five miles 
 from north to south. It is bounded on the north by the D 
 and Lorton, and on the east by the lake of Bassenthwaite 
 Cockermouth. 
 
 COCKE BMOtlTH. 
 
 The area of the township of Cockermouth is 2,320 
 acres, and its rateable value £12,101. Its population in 
 1801 was 2,805 ; in 1811, 2,iJ0i ; in 1821, 3,700 ; in 
 1831, 4,530 ; in 1811, 4,910 ; and in 1851, 5,775. 
 
 Cookcnnouth is tlie site of the barony of Allerdale, 
 since called the barony and honour of Cockermouth. 
 This barony was given by William do ileschines to 
 Waltheof, son of Uospatric, earl of Dunbar, whose 
 granddaughter brought it to William Fitz-Duncan, 
 nephesv of Malcolm, king of Scotland ; one of the 
 co-heiressos of Fitz-Duncan, was twice married, and 
 died without issue ; the two others, whose issue 
 eventually shared this barouy iu moieties, married 
 WilUamLe'Jros.cail of Mburmarle, and RcgiiialdLucy ; 
 the heiress of Lucy manied one of the Multon family, 
 who took the name of Lucy. After the death of ^Villiam 
 do Fortibus, earl of Albcrmarle, and Isabel his countess, 
 without issue, a moiety of the castle and honour of Cock- 
 ermouth fell to the crown, and having been for a while 
 in the possession of Piers Gaveston, by the grant of 
 Edward II., was some years afterwards' (1323), granted 
 to Anthony Lord Lucy,- ahcady possessed by inheritance 
 of the other moiety. Maud, sister and heiress of 
 Anthony Lord Lucy, who died in 1300, settled the 
 castle and honour of Cockermouth on Henry Percy, 
 earl of Northumberland, her second husband, and his 
 heirs male, on condition that they should bear the arms 
 of Lucy quarterly with tlieir own. 
 
 From a survey taken in 1578 wo learn as follows : — 
 " The said honor cousisteth iu the liberties and terri- 
 
 1 Cart. 18 Edward 11., 0. 
 
 ' It was granted to him fnr his gallniilry (ind good servipos in taking 
 Andrew de Hercla,enrl of Carlisle, prisoner, in l:ViJ, in the cnstle of 
 Culule, of which he yita theu goveiaur. — Chron. dc Lauercogl. 
 
 in length from east to west, and about two miles in breadth 
 
 erweut, on the west by Brigham, on the south by Embletoa 
 
 The inhabitants are principally collected in the town of 
 
 tones of Cockermouth and Darwent Fells, with the 
 seiguory called the Five Towns on the south of the 
 river Darwent, and of the seignory of Allerdale on the 
 north part of the riv(5r Darwent, within the several 
 meers and bounds hereafter mentioned. Within the 
 precincts of which said bounds and hmits are situ- 
 ated the manors, towns, villages, and hamlets hereunder 
 specified and declai-eJ, viz., Cockermouth, Setmurthon, 
 Embleton, Wythop, Lorton, Thackthwate, Drackin- 
 thwate, Lowswater, Mockerin, Buttermire, Thom- 
 thwate, Brathwate, Coledale, Rogerset, Borrowdale, 
 .Alt. Borrowdale ; and also the manors, to^v^s, or ham- 
 lets of Brigham, Dean, Ullock, Branthwate, Deanscales, 
 Pardshow, Woodhall, Crakplace, Graysoutheu, Clif- 
 ton, Staiuburne, Eglesfield, Bliudbothel, and Whinfell. 
 And also within the hmits of the aforesaid boundrio 
 and limits : The said earl and all other his ancestors 
 (whose estate he now hath) have had, holden, and 
 peaceably used and enjoyed tho hberties, privileges, and 
 franchises, and freedoms hereunder mentioned and ex- 
 pressed, without any interruption, molestation, let, or im- 
 pediment, as by a certain record taken by inquisition at 
 Carlisle, tho Thursday next after the feast of St. Hilary, 
 in the year of the reign of Kiug Richard II., the 17th 
 (1304) before William, then Lord Daker, and other com- 
 missioners, which said record is enrolled in tlio High 
 Coui-t of Chancery, as by the same appearcth agreeing 
 with these words following, viz. : — To have within tho 
 aforesaid limits one coroner by the nomination and con- 
 stitution of the lord of tlio said castle, honor, lordship, 
 and manoi-s aforesaid, the same coroner to do and 
 execute all things and whatever to tho said ollico of a 
 coroner belonging within tho liberties aforesaid, in as 
 larce and ample a inanuer and form, in all and every- 
 thing, as any coroner or coroncry within the body of the 
 shire heretofore have done or may do ; and also to do
 
 300 
 
 DERWENT WAKD. 
 
 and execute all and whatsoever to the said office be- 
 longeth for and concerning all attachments of the 
 crown ; and likewise of all felonies, burgallaries, thefts, 
 murders, manslaughters, robberies, and of all other 
 felonies whatsoever; as well as the suit of our sovereign 
 lady the Queen's majestic, her heirs and successors, as 
 also the partie and parties greved. And also have had 
 and ought to have the lands, tenements, goods, and 
 chattels of all persons drowning, strangling, or otherwise 
 willingly and wilfully putting themselves to sudden 
 death, and all other forfeitures and goods of fellones, 
 persons outlawed and put in esegent. And also they 
 have had at Cockcrmouth Castle aforesaid one gaol for 
 the security and safe keeping of prisoners and all 
 profits and commodities of the said gaol belonging ; 
 together with the escapes of fellones and other prisoners 
 whosoever to the said gaol committed as prisoners, 
 and all profits and commodities of the said escapes, in 
 such manner and form as the said earl and his officers 
 or ministers, and all and other his ancestors whose 
 estate he now hath have been and shall be exonerated 
 of all and singular the escapes towards our sovereign 
 lady the Queen, her heirs and successors. And also to 
 take knowledge of all pleas and actions in his court of 
 Cockermouth aforesaid, to be holden from three weeks 
 to three weeks, as well by and in nature of writts of 
 right of our sovereign lady the Queen at the common 
 law, as also by other actions there to be begun and com- 
 menced ; and pleas de reiito namio in such manner and 
 sort as the sherilT hath and useth to do within the 
 county, and also the return of all writts and execution 
 of the same, and also to levie and gather the debts of 
 our sovereign lady the Queen, her heirs and successors. 
 And also the lords of the said honor of Cockermouth 
 Lave and still hath the privilege and royalty of keeping 
 within the said town, courts baron, courts leet, three 
 week courts ; and also have and enjoyed the perquisites 
 of the same courts to theirown uses without interruption. 
 There is within the said town of Cockcrmouth a market 
 every week kept upon the Monday, and two horse fairs 
 ia the year — the one upon Whitsun-Mouday, the other 
 upon the feast of St. Michael the Archangel. There is 
 also a castle in Cockermouth, situate between the waters 
 of Darwent and Coker (or Coko), with a trench or dry 
 ditch about the same, with two barns and other buildings, 
 and also a parcel of land called the Green, without the 
 castle gates, containing by estimation about two acres, 
 which is of small value, for that the castle and other 
 buildings are situate upon the same. The said castle 
 is now in great decay, as well in the stone work as 
 timber work thereof; the said castle is covered with 
 lead, and worth bv estimation . There is also at 
 
 Cockermouth a parke called Cockermouth Parke, fenced 
 about in some places with a stone wall, and in some 
 places with a hedge and a ditch, and in other some 
 places with the river of Darwent. The said parke is in 
 compass by estimation three miles, and containeth by 
 estimation, of statute measure, 340 acres, whereof there 
 is of plain or pasture ground 200 acres, and of wood 
 ground 140 acres. There is about the castle certain 
 demesne lands rendering J£0 10s. per annum." This is 
 followed by a list of the freeholders or burgagers, and 
 the land and tenements they held, and concludes with 
 the following entries: — " AU the burgesses of the said 
 town of Cockermouth pay yearly to the lord for their 
 freedom and liberties upon the commons and moors of 
 Cockermouth, at the feast of the Annunciation of the 
 Blessed Virgin, as in old rentals and records it ap- 
 peareth, lib. of wa.\, or 4s. PhiUp Lord Wharton 
 holdeth the herbage of the park of Cockermouth afore- 
 said, and the mUnes and tolls of Cockermouth, and the 
 fishing of the water of Darwent, parcel of the posses- 
 sions of the said honour of Cockermouth, granted by 
 Henry, late earl of Northumberland, and uncle to the 
 earl that now is, unto one Thomas Wharton, then con- 
 troller of his household, to have and to hold to him and 
 his heii-s males of his body lawfully begotten, paying for 
 the said herbage, £13 6s. 8d. ; for the mUnes and tolls 
 aforesaid, £18 15s. 6d. ; and for the said fishing in 
 Darwent, £7 Os. 8d. ; in toto, per annum, £34 8s. lOd. 
 The sum total of the free rents and burgage rents 
 amounted to £37 5s. 8d., besides 4s. 7d., the value of 
 wax, &c." We also find from the same inquisition 
 " that the burgages, or freeholders, within the said 
 town of Cockermouth liave been accustomed to pay to 
 the lords of the said honour or manor, at their several 
 deaths, every of them one whole year's rent for and in 
 name of a release ; and that as well the said freeholders 
 as also the tenants at will have been and are accus- 
 tomed to be put on juries and charged for the tryal of 
 all accions betwixt partie and partie plealed in the 
 courts there." 
 
 Elizabeth, sole heiress of Josceline, the last earl of 
 Northumberland, brought Cockermouth and other large 
 estates to Charles Seymour, duke of Somerset. Lady 
 Catherine, second daughter and co-heiress of the duke, 
 married Sir William Wyndham, whose son. Sir Charles, 
 was, in 1749, created Earl of Egremont, and was father 
 of George O'Brien, earl of Egremont. From this noble- 
 man the honour or barony of Cockermouth has de- 
 scended to General Wyndham, the present possessor. 
 The park, which was long ago disparked, and sold to 
 Sir Thomas Wharton, lias since been re-united to the 
 honour. General Wyndham is the largest landowner
 
 COCKEEMOUTH PAROCHIAL CHAPELRY. 
 
 301 
 
 in the township, but Jeremiah Spencer, Esq., and 
 others have estates here. General Wyndham has 
 several manors of customary tenure in this district, 
 which arc governed hy a number of commissioners, 
 who preside at the Court of Dimissions, held in the 
 castle of Cockermouth, when the estates are passed 
 according to their ancient tinuro, " by deed, surrender, 
 and admittance." All the liberties of the baronies of 
 Wigton and Egremont ; of the honour of Cockermouth; 
 of " the Five Towns with Eaglesfield above Cocker,'' 
 viz., Brigham, Dean, Greysouthen, Clifton, with the 
 hamlets of Little Clifton, and Staiuburn ; and the 
 manors of Derwent Fells, Braithwaite, Coledale, As- 
 patria, Bolton, Wasdale, Eskdale, Mitterdale, Kenny- 
 side, and Westward, are amenable to this court. Be- 
 sides the court of audit, a court leet for this honour 
 is held in the Court House, in Cockermouth, at Christ- 
 mas and Easter, by the agent of General AVyndham. 
 The town of Cockermouth, the Five Towns with 
 Eaglesfield, and the manor of Derwent Fells, are 
 amenable to this court, for each of which three liber- 
 ties separate juries are charged. A Court Ikron for 
 the recoveiy of debts under 403. is held in the Court 
 House every three weeks. 
 
 Cockermouth Castle, the ancient baronial seat of the 
 lords of Allerdale, stands on a bold eminence near the 
 confluence of the rivers Derwent and Cocker. It is 
 supposed to have been erected soon after the Conquest, 
 but no part of the existing structure exliibits the archi- 
 tecture prevalent at that period, though it is very pro- 
 bable that it occupies the site of an older fortress. 
 The present building is entirely Edwardian in its 
 character, and may bo safely assigned to the latter 
 end of the thirteenth, or beginning of the fourteenth 
 century. Cockermouth Castle is stated, upon the 
 authority of Ilardyng's Chronicle, to have been yielded 
 to Henry IV. Part of it appears to have been kept in 
 repair till the period of the civil wars, at which time, 
 we are informed by Whitakor and Rushwortli, it was 
 held by Lieutenant Bird, as governor for the parlia- 
 ment, who was besieged for some weeks by a party of 
 Cumberland Itoyalists, but was, however, relieved by 
 Colonel Ashton, who was sent out of Lancashire by 
 Cromwell for that purpose. From the register of 
 burials for the chapelry, wo learn that " the siege was 
 laid against Cockermouth Castlo .\ugust, 101^, and the 
 castle was relieved tho 20th of September, in which 
 time were slain of the besiegers George Buck, &<:., itc." 
 It is probable that the castle, if not dismantled, was 
 suffered to go to decay after the civil war, since which 
 period it has lain in ruins, with the exception of the 
 gate-house, the court house, and some adjoining rooms. 
 
 which are fitted up as the residence of General Wynd- 
 ham. This fine specimen of the military architecture 
 of the middle ages, forms an irregular square, enclosed 
 by strong walls, 000 yards in compass, and was formerly 
 defended at the entrance by a portcullis, drawbridge, 
 and moat. It consists of two courts, the first a very 
 small one. The Gateway Tower, embelUshed with the k 
 arms of the Umfravilles, Multons, Lucies, Percies, and J 
 Nevilles, is a striking object. On each side of the! 
 gateway leading to the interior and more ancient court 
 is a deep vaulted dungeon, capable of holding from forty 
 to fifty persons. The south-west front, of which much 
 still remains, stood on the brink of the precipice above 
 the rivers, where appear to have been the state-rooms 
 and other apartments in the great tower. Under this 
 tower is a vault thirty feet square, lighted by a small 
 grated window, and approached by a descent of twelve 
 steps, the roof upheld by a single octagonal pillar, which 
 branches out into ribs supporting the groining. 
 
 THE TOWN OF COCKERMOUTH. 
 
 The ancient borough and market-town of Cockermouth 
 occupies a beautiful and advantageous situation in the 
 heart of a most picturesque and highly cultivated country, 
 on the south side of the river Derwent, and at the mouth 
 of the Cocker, whence its name is derived, eight miles 
 east of Workington, seven miles south-east of Mary- 
 port, fourteen miles north-east of Whitehaven, twenty- 
 seven south-west-by-west of Carlisle, and about 30.5 miles 
 north-west of London, in 5i^ 40' north latitude, and 
 3° 20' west longitude. The river Cocker runs through 
 the town, and on its eastern side are situated the market- 
 place, castle, and church. The bridge over this stream 
 consists of one arch, 100 feet in length, erected, in 18'28, 
 at a cost of £2,000. The two principal streets are 
 spacious. The Derwent, after receiving the watere of 
 the Cocker, is crossed by a handsome bridge of two 
 arches, erected in 18Bi!, at a cost of i'3,000. A large 
 number of antique remains have been found in this 
 town and neighbourhood. On the north side of the 
 town is a tumulus called Toot's Hill ; and one mile to 
 the west are the remains of a rampart and ditch of an 
 encainpnieut, 750 feet iu circuit, called Fitz-Wood. 
 On the summit of a hill at Papcastle, a village one 
 mile and a half south-west of Cockermouth, there were 
 until lately tho traces of a Roman aistrum, which in 
 the early Norman times served as a residence to 
 Waltlieof, the first lord of Allerdale, by whom it was 
 demolished, and the materials used in tho construction 
 of Cockermouth Castlo. 
 
 The early history of Cockermouth is interwoven with, 
 and inseparable from, tlio great families who possessed
 
 302 
 
 DEIiWf:NT WARD. 
 
 its castle, and exercised the lordship of the honour, 
 and must be sought for aud studied in connexion with 
 them. The town itself does not appear to have made 
 any figure in the history of bygono ages previous to 
 the time of Ehzabcth, when a new interest became 
 attached to it from its being one of the places iu which 
 the hapless Mary Queen of Scots staid during the 
 early days of her sojourn in this country; aud as Miss 
 Agues Strickland has desciubed in her own graphic 
 style all that is kuown of Mai-y's sojourn iuthis ancient 
 to^vn, we cannot do better than give in extenso the 
 account furnished by that gifted authoress. Ilaving 
 described the Queen's arrival at Workington, aud given 
 the letter which Mary wrote, from Workington, to 
 Elizabeth, Miss Strickland continues: — 
 
 "Lord Herries's letter to Sir Richard Lowther having 
 prepared the authorities on the English border for such 
 an event (Mary's landing), every one was on the alert. 
 The news of Queen Mary's arrival at Workington spread 
 with inconceivable rapidity, aud the Earl of Northum- 
 berland, who claimed the pre-emineuce in that district, 
 under colour of showing her a mark of respect, sent 
 a baud of gentlemen to wait upon her as a guard of 
 honour, with strict orders to prevent her from leaving 
 the country till Queen Elizabeth's pleasure concerning 
 her should be ascertained. He communicated her arrival 
 at the same time to the council at York. The result 
 was a warrant from that body, addressed in the name 
 of the sovereign to the high sheriff, magistrates, and 
 gentlemen of Cumberland, 'to use the Scottish queen 
 and her company honourably, but to see that not one 
 of them escaped.' 
 
 '• Thus it is appax'ent that the Earl of Northumber- 
 land, who subsequently lost his head for engaging in 
 the northern rebellion, which was excited for the libera- 
 tion of the Scottish queen, was the first person who 
 constituted her a prisoner, under the pretext of doing 
 her honour. After the ai-rival of the gentlemen deputed 
 by him to keep guard over her, it was out of her power 
 to embark for France, which, with the friendly assist- 
 ance of Sir Henry Curweu, she might previously have 
 done. Under these circumstances, it is plain she did 
 not exercise free will in her advance to Cockermouth, 
 which, with its strong and stately castle on the conflu- 
 ence of the Cocker aud the Derwent, its park, forest, 
 and manor, were the demesnes of the Earl of Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 "Attended by her lund English host Sir Henry 
 Curwen, his son, aud most of the gentlemen iu that 
 neighbourhood. Queen Mary left W^orkington Hall on 
 the morning of the ] 7th of May, with her devoted little 
 train of Scottish nobles and ladies. The journey, a 
 
 pleasant distance of six miles, was performed on horse- 
 back. It lay through a green picturesque country, 
 enamelled with spring flowers, and intersected by the 
 devious coui'se of the beautiful river Derwent. The 
 first bold range of English mountains, Skiddaw ' and 
 licr cubs,' rose in the foreground ; while the mighty 
 forms of Screel and CrilTel stood like hostile giants 
 across the Firth of Sol way. AVhat would have been 
 ^Mary's feeUngs when she saw their broad blue out- 
 lines mingle with the misty clouds ou the verge of the 
 horizon, could she have known that her tearful eyes 
 had looked their last ou Scotland, aud that in England, 
 the land of promise which lay so bright before her iu 
 its May livery, nothing awaited her — the representative 
 of the elder line of Alfred, and presumptive heiress of 
 the nation — but a succession of gloomy prisons and a 
 bloody grave ? The dark page of the future was in 
 mercy hidden from her sight, and for the present she 
 had met with a frank and courteous reception from Sir 
 Henry Curwen, his family, and the stout Cumberland 
 knights and squires his neighbours, who mustered 
 strongly round her, apparently to do her honour. She 
 entered Cockermouth, if not with royal pomp, in very 
 pleasant fashion, for man, woman, and child came forth 
 in their holiday attire to meet and welcome her. The 
 Earl of Northumberland was absent from the castle, 
 being then at his house at Topcliffe ; so Mary and 
 her Scottish train were lodged at Cockermouth Hall, 
 the mansion of the wealthy merchant, ]\lastcr Henry 
 Fletcher, at that time sufliciently spacious and well- 
 appointed to have accommodated a queen iu more 
 prosperous circumstances than those under which the 
 unfortunate sovereign of Scotland entered it. A dilapi- 
 dated portion of the once stately quadrangular elevation 
 of Cockermouth Hall is still iu existence, but reduced 
 to the lowest degree of degradation, being divided into 
 three tenements, which are used as a carpenter's shop, 
 a beerhouse, aud a mechanics' lodging-house. Even by 
 the humble occupants of the lodging-house, three large 
 apartments on the first floor, leading one through the 
 other, are called 'Queen Mary's Rooms.'' They are 
 budt after the French fashion, and probably served as 
 ante-room, presence-chamber, aud bed-chamber for the 
 distinguished guest. In the absence of documentary 
 
 ' On entering the last, the good woman Of the house said to me, 
 " This was Queen Mary's bed-cliaraber, but she did not sleep here, 
 for the poor lady was in fdar of her life, and passed the night iu 
 this olosel," opeaiug, as she spoUe, the doors of an arclied recess, 
 which had been partially built up, but was neither more nor less 
 than tlie remains of the alcove where the bed formerly stood, a 
 fashion of which my humble informant could scarcely have been 
 aware, and is therefore coufirmatory of the local tradition, as 
 identifying the precise spot where the hapless Mary rested her 
 weary head the night she passed at Cockeimouth.
 
 COCKERMOUTH PAROCHIAL CHAPELEY. 
 
 303 
 
 records, it becomes the duty of her biographer to trace 
 the local traditions that, after the lapse of centuries, 
 linger on spots connected with this romantic portion of 
 Mary's histoiy. The oral chroniclers of Cockermouth 
 declare that their princely merchant, Henry Fletcher, 
 observing the deplorable condition of his royal guest's 
 habiliments, presented her with thirteen ells of rich 
 crimson velvet to make her a new robe ; and this 
 pleasing story is verified by the fact that Mary wrote a 
 letter to her kind host, thanking him for having sent 
 her a velvet robe, and gratefully acknowledging all his 
 courtesies to her. Nor were these forgotten by her more 
 fortunate son James I., who, when Thomas Fletcher, 
 the only son and representative of Henry Fletcher, 
 came to meet him at Carlisle on his accession to the 
 throne of England, treated him with great distinction, 
 and offered to bestow the honour of knighthood on 
 him, as a token of grateful acknowledgment for his late 
 father's kindness to his royal mother.' 
 
 " The next morning, May 18th, Mary held a little 
 court in her presence-chamber at Cockermouth Hall, 
 for the reception of the ladies of that district, with Lady 
 Scroope, the Duke of Norfolk's sister, at their head, 
 they having been hastily summoned from their castles 
 and halls by circular letters, in the queen's their sove- 
 reign's name, sent by post-haste expresses, to come in 
 their best array to wait upon the Queen of Scotland, 
 and pay her all proper respect by attending her on her 
 journey to Carlisle.- 
 
 " Brief warning had there been for the ladies of that 
 district to equip themselves and ride to Cockermouth 
 for presentation to the illustrious refugee, whom they 
 were required to meet and attend on her way to Carlisle ; 
 but it was happily accomplished, and all knotty points 
 of precedency amicably arranged, in time for them to 
 bring her on to her appointed resting-place that day. 
 Surely the details of that memorable gathering of the 
 female aristocracy of the border, to pay their devoir to 
 
 ' Cockormoath Miscellany. Thomns Fletcher, the grandfather, 
 nnil Kii hiiril I'lctobcr, llie futliur of this Henry Fletclier, hud lirat 
 hy trade, aiid afterwards by uureantile speculations, amassed great 
 wealth, with which they purchased Wythop and divers lands and 
 teneiiieuts in the neighlvourhood of Cockermouth, and thus founded 
 n family on iho houourablc basis of their own honest exertions. 
 
 " State paper, revised by Secretary Cecil — in .Vuderson's Collections, 
 vol. iv. Sir ICiehard Lowiher had, on the first note of the arrival of 
 the Toyal stranger, sinnmoned the gentlemen >iy beacon, according 
 to the ancient border custom of telegraphing. He afterwards com- 
 plained tlinl they werj negligent in attending to bit signals. Yet it 
 is certnin a very niunerous and splendid company was assembled in 
 nn inrri'dibly short time at Cockermouth, two dnys, indeed before it 
 was possible for tjuecn Khzabeth to have signitied her plcasnre on 
 llic occasion, for she did not receive Mary's letter, till tlie -Oili ; so 
 that ivhat was douc in her nimic on this occasion was without her 
 orders. 
 
 the Queen of Scots, the manner of reception she gave 
 them, and the order of their cavalcade to merry Carlisle, 
 must exist in the family archives of the Percies, the 
 Scroopes, the Dacres, or the Howards, and may one day 
 be discovered, and add a rich page in some future 
 edition of these personal annals of the princess through 
 whom her present Majesty derives her title to reign 
 over Great Britain. There had not been time to 
 convert the considerate present of the munificent 
 English merchant of Cockermouth Hall into the regal 
 robe for which it was designed; and though some useful 
 articles had been contributed by the widowed mother of 
 Sir Henry Curwen and his lady, the deficiencies and 
 incongruities of a toilette thus made up must have 
 been no trifling mortification to a royal beauty so 
 attentive to all the elegant proprieties of dress as Jlary 
 Stuart, and who bad been not only the Queen of France, 
 but the glass of fashion in that polished court, which 
 then, as now, gave laws to "Western Europe in all 
 matters of costume. 
 
 "Mary had, however, every reason to feel cheered 
 and delighted with her first reception in the realm she 
 expected one day to call her own, but not only was she 
 affectionately and respectfully welcomed by the ladies 
 of the hospitable northern counties of England with 
 demonstrations of sympathy and deference, but all sorts 
 and conditions of people flocked to meet and follow in 
 in the procession which conducted her to Carlisle; so 
 that her journey thither, mahjrc the presence of Captain 
 Bead and fifty soldiers under hLs command, commis- 
 sioned to prevent her escape or rescue, resembled a 
 triumphant progress. Nor was this wonderful. 'Beau- 
 teous, and royal, and distressed,' she appeared under 
 circumstances of no common interest. Not yet six- 
 and-twenty, she had experienced trials and vicissitudes 
 of the most painful nature; but, unconquered by the 
 inexorable destiny which appeared to pursue all of her 
 race and name, she had borne up under her troubles 
 with a courage, both physical and moral, that excited 
 no common admiration. IMany a manly J'.iifjlish heart 
 had thrilled at the report of all she had sutfcred during 
 her incarceration in the grim fortress of Lochleven, 
 and rejoiced in the marvellous talo of her dcliveranco 
 by the foundling boy Willie Douglas, whose ann God 
 had strengthened for the achievement of an enteqirise 
 which tho stoutest champion in Christendom might 
 have been proud to have pcrfonncd. That bravo 
 stripling rode near bis royal mistress in tho faithful 
 little traht who had assisted in carrying her oflf from 
 the fatal field of Latigside, and attended her on her 
 adventurous voyage to England. Mary Stuart was 
 the very bcan-idcal of a distressed Queen. ' No man,'
 
 304 
 
 DERWENT ■WARD. 
 
 says Brantome, ' ever saw her without love, or will 
 read her history without pity;' a sentiment that held 
 good witli regard to the high-minded and generous 
 portion of mankind, those, in a word, whom sordid and 
 selfish interests had not hardened, uor fanaticism ia- 
 flamed against her. The impression made by her 
 personal graces and winning manners in the north of 
 England was never forgotten. The lapse of nearly 
 three centuries, indeed, has not cooled the enthusiasm 
 with which her memory is still regarded by the des- 
 cendants of those who saw and judged of her according 
 to the witness of their own senses, and not from the 
 political libels of her foes. 
 
 " On the road between Cockermouth and Carlisle, 
 Queen Mary and her cavalcade were encountered by 
 Villeroy de Beaumont, the French ambassador, from 
 whom she had parted scarcely a week before at Hamilton 
 under circumstances far different. She was then full 
 of hope, at the head of a numerous party, in hourly 
 expectation of the arrival of the gay Gordons and 
 gallant Ogilvies to swell her forces to such numbers as 
 might once more have enabled her to drive her per- 
 fidious brother Moray and his faction over the border. 
 Yet she had been willing to settle the quarrel amicab ly, 
 and had employed Beaumont to negotiate with the 
 usurpers of her rights. His efforts having proved 
 unavailing, he had, on the unexpected injin of her 
 cause, signified his intention of returning to France 
 through England, but had been beset and plundered by 
 the Regent's partisans, and his servants maltreated, 
 before they could cross the border. The only tidings 
 he could give Mary were of the most dispiriting nature. 
 He accompanied her to Carlisle." 
 
 Such is the account furnished by Miss Strickland of 
 Mary's residence in Cockermouth. From the time of 
 the departure of the Scottish queen, history is silent 
 respecting this ancient to^vn, till the time of her unfor- 
 tunate descendant, Charles I., when, as we have seen 
 above, the castle was seized by the Parliamentarians, 
 who resisted all the efforts of the Cumberland Royalists 
 to dislodge them. This appears to have been the last 
 military transaction which occurred in the town, and 
 there is nothing since recorded save the advance of 
 Cockermouth in peaceful industry and commerce. 
 Among the manufactures of the place that of cotton 
 claims the first place, whether we consider the amount 
 of capital engaged in that branch of trade, or the num- 
 ber of people depending upon it for their support. 
 The Messrs. Harris have a large mill in the town- 
 ship of Papeastle, which affords employment to 800 
 persons. The woollen trade is carried on in two estab- 
 lishments, Croft Mills and Fitz Mills, which together 
 
 employ about 100 hands. The Messrs. Banks pursue 
 the linen manufacture at Simon Scales, about a mile 
 and a half from the town. An extensive establishment 
 for the manufacture of bats was spiritedly carried on 
 for years by the late Mr. T. Wilson till his demise, when 
 his son succeeded him. Besides these establishments 
 there are four tanneries, two skinnerics, and a brewery; 
 and in the neighbourhood are extensive coal mines. A 
 market is held on iMonday for corn and cattle, and on 
 Saturdays for provisions. From May to midsummer 
 cattle shows are held every alternate Wednesday. 
 Fairs for horses and cattle are held on February 18lh 
 and October 10th; and for hiring servants on Whit 
 Monday and the Monday next after Martinmas Day. 
 A railway eight miles in length connects Cockermouth 
 with Workington, whence other railways extend north 
 to Carhsle, and south to Furness and Lancaster ; the 
 station is to the west of the town. Cockermouth is well 
 supplied with water, and lighted with gas. Gas works 
 were established in 1834, at a cost of £3,000, raised by 
 seventy-five shai'eholders, in £5 shares. In consequence 
 of the increased demand for gas, it was found necessary, 
 in 1856, to enlarge the works, and an additional sum 
 of £3,000 was subscribed by the shareholders, in tho 
 same proportion as before. The works now comprise 
 two gasholders, capable of containing 30,000 cubic feet 
 of gas. While attending to the requirements of the 
 living, the decent interment of the dead has not been 
 neglected, a new cemetery being opened in June, 1 856, 
 about a quarter of a mile south-east of tho town, and 
 consecrated by the Bishop of Carlisle on the 12 th of 
 the following September. It contains upwards of five 
 acres, and possesses two neat chapels, in the Early Eng- 
 lish style. The total cost was about £2,800. A high 
 opinion may be formed of the salubrity of the town by 
 the fact that in the year 18-57 there were buried in the 
 cemetery, in consecrated ground, eighteen individuals, 
 whose united ages amounted to 1,486, two of them 
 attaining the advanced age of 92 years. There were 
 si.xtcen others died during the same period, whose 
 united ages amounted to 1,052 years. 
 
 THE CnUECH. 
 
 The church, dedicated to All Saints, is a beautiful 
 and noble structure, situated on an eminence at the 
 head of Kirkgate. The foundation stone was laid by 
 .Archdeacon Hcdlam, on the 28th of February, 1852, 
 and the consecration took place on the 15 th of June, 
 1 854. It is a cruciform structure in the Early English 
 style, comprising nave and aisles, transepts, chancel, 
 north and south porches, and central tower, surmounted 
 by a spire. Its dimensions are as follow: — Length
 
 COCKERMOUTH PAROCHIAL CHAPELEY. 
 
 305 
 
 of nave, seventy feet; TiiJth of transepts, twenty-two 
 feet ; length of chancel, thirty ; total length, 122 feet. 
 The height of the roof of the nave is sixty feet ; of the 
 tower, ninety feet ; of the sjiire, from its base to the 
 top of the tower, ninety feet ; making a total height of 
 tlie spire from the ground, inclusive of the cross, of 
 180 foct. Nearly all the founilations of the old church 
 remain undisturbed, thereby binding and strengthening 
 the foundations of the present edifice. The walls are of 
 solid rubble masonry, faced with hammer-dressed stones. 
 The nave consists of four bays of elegant pointed 
 arches, the pillars of which have foliated capitals, beau- 
 tifully sculptured. The aisles, transepts, and nave are 
 paved with Staffordshire tiles, in diamond and other 
 patterns ; the chancel with ^linto's encaustic pavement. 
 The church is neatl)' furnished. The seats, which are 
 all open, are of red pine, stained and varnished, and 
 arc constructed in sfiuare-pancllcd framing, with framed 
 and panelled ends. The seats in the chancel are more 
 ornamental than those in the body of the church, having 
 solid ends and carved poppyheads, with tracery fronts. 
 The reading-desk is on the south side, and is ascended 
 by a wooden staircase ; the seat is in a recess, con- 
 structed in the solid masonry of the pier behind ; the 
 head of this recess is arched, and the border all round 
 deeply grooved and enriched with sculptured flowers. 
 The pulpit, which is fi.\ed against the north-west pier 
 of the tower, is of Caen stone ; it is octangular in shape, 
 and is ascended by a stone staircase, with a fine circular 
 brass handrail. The font is also of Caen stone, and is 
 massive, chaste, and appropriate. It was presented to 
 the church by P. S. Coxe, Esq., formerly of Cocker- 
 mouth. The beauty of the interior is much enhanced 
 by three handsome screens, one of which is under the 
 arch from the chancel to the south transept aisle ; 
 anotlier under the opposite arch, having a doorway for 
 an entrance from the vestry ; and the third under the 
 arch of the north transept aisle. The principal trusses 
 of the roof of the nave arc supported by finely curved 
 corbels, which are much and deservedly admired. The 
 groined ceiling of the tower is also a striking feature in 
 the church, and is a very scientific, elegant, and well- 
 executed piece of work. The east window is fitted 
 with stained glass, through which the light streams 
 in beautifully softened rays, giving to the church that 
 solemnity so appropriate and so much admired by every 
 well-educated mind. The Wordsworth memorial win- 
 dow in this church was erected by subscription, and 
 is a fine specimen of modern art. It consists of five 
 lights, with tracery in the upper portion. The centre 
 light contains a representation of our Lord, seated in 
 majesty ; beneath, a canopy, on which are figures of 
 34 
 
 Adam. Eve, and St. John the Baptist, surmounted by a 
 half-length figure of King David, which occupies the 
 upper portion of the light. The figure of our Lord 
 is surrounded with cherubim, in the act of adoration ; 
 and beneath the Saviour, in the lower part of the hght, 
 is a group of the apostles, with the insignia of martyr- 
 dom, the three in the front of the group being Peter, 
 .Tames, and John. In the two lateral lights, on the 
 left of the centre, are the four greater prophets, with 
 symbols and scrolls, while the side lights on the right, 
 of the centre contain representations of the four evan- 
 gelists. In the various canopies are smaller figures of 
 the remainder of the patriarchs and prophets. The 
 tracery consists of trefoils and sexfoils, filled with figures 
 representing Abraham, Moses, Xoah, St. ilary Magda- 
 lene, St. George, St. Alban, St. Stephen, St. Thomas, 
 and St. Catherine. The tower contains a clock, chimes, 
 and a peal of eight bells. The architect of the church 
 was J. Clarke, Esq., of London. The total cost of the 
 building amounted to £7,143 12s. 7d., inclusive of organ 
 £31)0, bells £000, clock and chimes £240. There is 
 a very beautiful monumental tablet, to the memory of 
 the late Thomas Wilson, a liberal contributor to the 
 funds for the erection of church. In the churchyard is 
 a tombstone, bearing the following inscription : — " Rev. 
 Joseph Gillbanks erected a gravestone in memory of 
 his three faithful aud aftectionate wives — first, Eliza- 
 beth, aged 27 years, died August 9th, 1783 ; second, 
 Jane, aged 42, died October 24th, 1701 ; third, Marj-, 
 aged 38, died May Sth, 1794. This stone is inscribed 
 by the above Joseph Gillbanks, twenty years minister 
 of this church, in the firm hope of an eternal and happy 
 re-union with these ever-beloved objects of his atfection." 
 The benefice is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage 
 of the Earl of Lonsdale, who is also the impropriator. 
 It was returned to the governors of (,iueen Anne's 
 bounty, in the early part of the last century, as being 
 worth £20 13s. 4d , paid by the Earl of Lonsdale, and 
 £8 surplice fees ; and was certified to the Ecclesiastical 
 Commissionei-s as of the average value of £132 per 
 annum. The curacy was augmented in 1798, with 
 £200, given by a Mr. Haines; and in 1811 it received 
 11 parliamentary grant of £ 1 ,000. The registers of the 
 chapelry commence in 1032. There was formerly a 
 chantry in the chapel of Cockermouth, founded in the 
 IStii Itichard II.. by Henry Percy, carl of Northum- 
 berland, who probably endowed it with lauds iu Cocker- 
 mouth, for in the 20th Elizabeth there is a grant from 
 the crown, to Porcival Gunson, of two acres of land in 
 Cockermouth, late in the tenure of .Man Ribton ; two 
 acres, late in tho tenure of William Thompson ; and 
 two acres, late in tho tenure of Michael Boueh ; parcel
 
 300 
 
 BERWENT -nAED. 
 
 of the posspssio'.is of tlie late collegiate church of Stain- 
 drop, in the couuty of Durham. 
 
 Incumbents. — Tlobert Eidtordby, preTions to the civil wars ; 
 George Lnrkham, daring the Commonwenlth; Eobert Itickardljy 
 Again; Thomas JeiTersoo, ICD9 ; from 177i to 177.S it was 
 served by the churchwardens; Joseph GiUbank, 17 7S; John 
 Wheatley, 1705; Edwiu\l Fawcett, IBOO. 
 
 The parsonage was erected in 1814, at a cost of 
 
 .£1,300, of which £900 was granted from Queen Anne's 
 Bounty, and £"100 by the Earl of Lonsdale. When the 
 commons were enclosed, in 1813, an acre of land was 
 set aside for the parsoupge, to which four acres were 
 added by the parishioners, in 1815. 
 
 CHUBCHES .VXD CUArEI.S. 
 
 The Catholic church, dedicated to St. Joseph, is a 
 neat edifice, in the Gothic style, erected in 1850, from 
 designs furnished by Thomas Gibson, Esq., of New- 
 castle, upon a suitable site at the west end of the town. 
 It will accommoilate about 500 persons, and cost, in- 
 clusive of the priest's house, i 1,400. The Bishop of 
 He.xham was the chief benefactor, and to bim the 
 Catholics of Cockermouth are much indebted for their 
 present suibible place of worship. Previous to the 
 erection of the church, the congregation worshipped, 
 for many years, in a room over a stable in the Sun Inn 
 Yard, to which place the Prince de Joinville, and other 
 members of the exiled family of Orleans, repaired to 
 hear mass, during their sojourn at Keswick in 185G. 
 
 The Primitive Methodist chapel is situated in Sand 
 Lane, and formerly belonged to the Weslcyan body, 
 from whom it was purchased by its present possessors 
 on the erection of the V^esleyan chapel. 
 
 The Wesleyan chapel, a good substantial stone build- 
 ing, in Maiket-street, was erected in 1841, at a cost of 
 £1,800. It contains 850 sittings, 250 of which are 
 free. 
 
 The Congregational chapel is a handsome Gothic 
 edifice, erected in the year 185t), at a cost of £-2,200, 
 and contains sittings for 500 persons. Behind the 
 present place of worship is the old chap.l, previously 
 occupied by this congregation ; it was erected in IV.'W, 
 and is now used as a Sunday school, in which 340 
 children arc taught. The Independents, or Cougrega- 
 tionalists, were formed into a church in this town as 
 early as the year 1C51, from which time their records 
 are preserved. Their first pastor, the Rev. George 
 Larkham, who was a man of superior literary attain- 
 ments, and a conscientious Konconformist, suffered 
 imprisonment for three years in York Castle, for his 
 adherence to Puritan principles. The history of this 
 religious body was chiefly written by ]\Ir. Larkham, 
 during his prolonged pastorate, and contains mauy 
 
 curious and interesting entries of the sufferings of botli 
 pastor and people during the operation of the " Five 
 Mile" and "Conventicle" acts. The following passage 
 is extracted to show the opinion of a contemporary, and 
 a country pastor, on the character of Cromwell : — " On 
 this day died that eminent servant of God, and nursing 
 father of the churches, Oliver Cromwell, lord protector 
 of Great Britain and Ireland." The number of com- 
 municants during Mr. Larkham's ministry seems to 
 have averaged il5, many of whom resided at a consi- 
 derable distance from Cockermouth. Mr. Larkham 
 died on tho '2Cith of December, 1700, after being 
 minister of this religious body for 49 years. 
 
 MiKiSTEES. — George Larkham, 1051; J. Atkinson, 1701; 
 — Walker, 17.33 ; W. Aspinwall, B.A., of Magdalen College, Cam- 
 bridge, (ejpcted from tlie rectory of Mattersey, Notts), liyl; T. 
 Jollie, 1737 ; T. Lowtliion, 17C4 ; Henry Townsend, 1783 : Mr. 
 Trail, 1793; Mr. Williams, 171)3; Robert Swan, 1797; James 
 Muscutt, 1815; Jonathan Edw-irds, 1819; Edward Gatley, 
 18il; Joseph Mather, 1S35: Andrew Fielder Sliawyer, 1H35 ; 
 Eobert Wilson, 1813; Tortus II ewiirt Davidson, 1848; Patrick 
 -Morrison, ISuG ; Wilhaiu Southwick, 1858. 
 
 SCHOOLS, ifcc. 
 
 The Grammar School for the townships of Cocker- 
 mouth and Embletou is situated near the church. It 
 appears to have been founded in IGTO. There is the 
 following inscription over the door: — 
 scHoi. : HCjrs fund : 
 
 MCT : FUEEUNT XSV. DIE ^ 
 
 MENSIS IIAII AN DOM : 
 11. D. C. L. X.\VI. 
 
 And on a stone in the school-room arc inscribed these 
 lines : 
 
 I^, 
 
 Htqoedes julchras cum posteja viderdt letas 
 Et Lowry et Tubman sit grata utrique Eic.irdo 
 Ultima cujus habet subscripta linea nomen, 
 Huius erat primus Gymnasiarcha Schola', 
 Gavenus Noble, 1070. 
 
 The following account of the school is given in Xicol- 
 son and Burn's History of Westmoreland and Cumber- 
 land: — "Here is a free school, which, in 1717, was 
 certified at £26 i5s. a year, viz. ±10 paid by Mr. 
 Fletcher Yane, then impropriator of the church; £'5 
 by Mrs. Fletcher, of Tallautire; £5 by the Duke of 
 Somerset, £5 rents of houses in the town, 35s. interest 
 of money. The school was founded by Philip Lord 
 ^Miarton, Sir George Fletcher, Sir Ptichard Grahame, 
 Doctor Smith, dean, afterwards Bishop of Carlisle, and 
 other contributors." In the reports of the Charity 
 Commissioners the endowments of this school are set 
 at £34 3s. Id. per annum, of which £10 are paid out 
 of the tithes of the chapelry, and the remainder arises 
 from rents of houses in Cockermouth, dividends ou 
 stock, and a payment of Os. 8d. from Embkton. It is
 
 COCKERMOUTH TAROCHIAL CHArELRY. 
 
 3or 
 
 considercJ that with respect to classical instruction, all 
 the children of Cockermouth are froe, and those of 
 Erabloton, ou the pa_vment of a small fee. All, how- 
 ever, pay a small quarterage. 
 
 The National School, situate in New-street, was 
 erected in 1815, mainly through the exertions of the 
 Rev. Charles C. Southey, son of the poet. It is a good 
 substantial stone structure, capable of accommodating 
 about '420 pupils, the average number in attendance 
 being ISO. It is supported by subscription, is under 
 government inspection, and is conducted by a master, 
 an assistant master, and two pupil teachers. In 1S47, 
 the late Geo^e L. Bragg, Esq., of Lorton Hall, left 
 £100 to this school. 
 
 In the same street there is an infant school, which 
 is also under government inspection, and attended by 
 upwards of 1 00 children. It is conducted by a mistress 
 and two pupil teachers. 
 
 The Catholics opened a school in 1858, which is now 
 attended by about seventy children. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Poor Stock. — Barbara Relfe, in 1723, left £50 for 
 the benefit of the poor of Cockermouth. Sir Thomas 
 Pangolly, in 1727, left £50, and Mary Winder, in 1789, 
 left £100 for the same purpose. Besides these, Hugh 
 Potter, in 1000, left £52 ; an unknown person, in IGO'.), 
 £50 ; Sir Orlando Gee, in 1091, £50 ; Thomas Little- 
 dale, in 172'.), i'50 ; John Mounsey, in 1700, £100. In 
 addition to these there are some small legacies. The 
 whole amount of the above-named benefactions is £527. 
 Speaking of these beiiuesLs, the Charity Commissioners 
 say : — " Wliether any of these donations were distri- 
 buted at the time they were given, or whether any part 
 of them has Ijoen lost, is not known. It appears, how- 
 ever, that in 1781 the wliole of the stock then belong- 
 ing to the poor was £127 12s. 7d. ; that sum was then 
 laid out, with other charity money, in the funds, and 
 now forms part of a sum of £1,3:15 Os. 11 J d. stock, 
 three per cent, consols. Out of the dividends of that 
 stock, £17 is annufilly distributed on St. Thomas's 
 Day, in respect of the poor stock, by the chapelwardens 
 and ovei-seers, amongst poor persons of the township of 
 Cockermouth." 
 
 Glaislei's Charitij. — Joseph Glaister, by will dated 
 22nd of January, 177;i, left 50s. yearly, to be distributed 
 among poor housekeepers of the town of Cockermouth 
 by the minister and churchwardens. By a codicil to 
 his will the testator directed that no loss a sum than 
 5s. should be given to each housekeeper. And he fur- 
 ther directed that a Maryport harbour ticket for £200 
 should be appropriated as a security for the paymcut 
 
 above mentioned. The sum of 50s., on account of this 
 charity, is distributed amongst poor pereons, together 
 with the dividends arising from the poor stock belong- 
 ing to this townsliip, every year, about Christmas. 
 
 Bread Money. — Barljara Relfe, in 1725, in addition 
 to what she left to be distributed to the poor, bequeathed 
 also £50, the interest thereof to be distributed in bread, 
 every Sunday, to the poor widows frequenting the chapel 
 of Cockermouth ; and Richard Baynes, by will dated 
 October, 1771, left £100, the interest thereof to be dis- 
 tributed in penny loaves of bread every Sunday, to poor 
 persons, not receiving alms, who should attend chapel. 
 There are also mentioned in the table of benefactions 
 two other legacies for supplying bread to the poor — £30 
 left by Elizabeth Todd, and £20 left by ilary English. 
 The two legacies last mentioned appear to have been 
 entirely lost, previous to 1784. At that time £150 was, 
 with other money, laid out in the purchase of stock, 
 which now forms part of the sum of £1,335 Os. Hid. 
 three per cent, consols before mentioned. Out of that 
 stock, £10 Ss. is expended annually in bread, of which 
 •Is. worth is given awa}' every Sunday, amongst poor 
 widows of the township who attend divine service. 
 
 Widows' Hospital. — The Rev. Thomas Leathes, by 
 will dated 8th of April, 1700, left £100 for the use of 
 si.x poor widows, or other unmarried poor women above 
 sixty years of age, that should live in a house in Kirk- 
 gate, which he gave for tlieir residence, the interest of 
 the said £100 to be divided equally amongst the said 
 six women by the minister and churchwardens. Eliza- 
 beth Winder, daughter of the said Thomas Leathes, by 
 will dated Uh December, 1775, gave £50, secured on 
 the tolls of the Carlisle and Workington road, the in- 
 terest of which was to be applied, in the first place, 
 towards the repaiiing of the premises in Kirkgate, given 
 by her father, and the residue thereof to be distributed 
 amongst the poor widows, share and share alike, with 
 the assistance of the vicar or officiating clergyman of 
 Isell. The sum of £100, left by the Rev. Thos. Leathes, 
 was laid out in the funds, with other money, in the 
 purchase of £1,335 6s. lljd- three per cent, consols. 
 Six poor women are always appointed under this charity, 
 but the house in Kirkgate, which consists only of three 
 rooms, is not sudicieut to accommodate more than three 
 persons, the others arc therefore obliged to reside else- 
 where. Out of the dividends of iho stock !C't Is. is paid 
 to the six women, in equal proportions, as from Thomas 
 Leathes 's legacy ; £2 10s. is received annually as tlio 
 interest ui)on the turnpike toll ticket, left by Elizabeth 
 Winder, the residue of which, after the payment of such 
 expenses as may be incurred in the repairs of the alms- 
 house, is divided amongst the said poor women. A
 
 yo8 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 small allotment of very poor land was made to this hos- 
 pital a few j-ears ago, ou the iuclosure of a common in 
 this parish. 
 
 Eitsoit's Charity. — Mrs. Deborah Pdtson, who died 
 about the year 1800, loft CI 00, the interest of which 
 was to be divided annually, about the month of January, 
 amongst poor widows, resident in or near Cockermouth, 
 us should not receive parochial relief, in sums not 
 smaller than 2s. Gd. each. The sum of £94 only was 
 received, the residue having been deducted for legacy 
 duty, and for e.xpenses ; that sum was laid out in the 
 purchase of stock, and forms part of the £1,335 Os. Hid. 
 three per cent, consols befor^j mentioned. Out of the 
 dividends thereof, £1 2s. 6d. is regularly given away, 
 in respect of this charity, to thirty-three poor widows of 
 Cockermouth, in sums of 2$. OJ. each. 
 
 Dr. Bray's Library. — There is a library iu Cocker- 
 mouth, established by the associates of the late Dr. Brny, 
 consisting of about 500 volumes. This library is under 
 the management of trustees. Part of the school 
 building is appropriated and fitted up for this pur- 
 pose. 
 
 Lord Wharton's Charity. — The minister of Cocker- 
 mouth receives annually, from the trustees of Lord 
 Wharton's Charity, thirty Bibles, and a proportionate 
 number of Expositions of the Catechism, and reward 
 books, and he distributes them according to the direc- 
 tions of the donor, amongst poor persons at Cocker- 
 mouth. 
 
 Miss Leathes Charity. — Miss EU?abeth Leathes, 
 of Workington, repaired the alms-houses, and in 
 1851, left i'litO, vested in the public funds, towards 
 the maintenance of the six widows placed iu the alms- 
 houses. 
 
 MECHANICS' INSlmiTION, itC. 
 
 The Mechanics' Institution, held in a building 
 attached to the Savings Bank, given gratuitously by 
 the trustees of the same for the time being, was estab- 
 lished by subscription in 1845. It contains an excellent 
 library, and a fine collection of birds presented to the in- 
 stitution by J. W. Harris, Esq. In 1858 it received 
 a munificent bequest from General Benson, Hasuess, 
 who left to it the whole of his valuable library, 
 amounting to upwards of 1,000 volumes, and also a 
 legacy of £100. The committee keep the books thus 
 acquired separate and distinct from the general library, 
 and have entered them in the catalogue as " General 
 Benson's Bequest." The receipts during the year 
 1858, including a balance of £G IBs. 6d. in hand, at 
 the commencement, amounted to the sum of £80 7s. 5d.: 
 and after deducting the expenditure, £70 83. 9d., a 
 
 balance of £3 J 8s. Id. remained to credit. The insti- 
 tute numbers upwards of 2 10 members, and has a 
 library containing 2,300 volumes. The members pay 
 a contribution of 5s. a year, with the exception of 
 ladies and junior members, who pay 3s. There are 
 classes for French, arithmetic, writing, &c. 
 
 There is a news-room iu the Court-house Buildings, 
 supported by subscribers of a guiuca each per annum ; 
 and there is also a working men's reading-room, estab- 
 lished in 1855. 
 
 The Savings Bank, established in 1818, is situated 
 in a neat building near the Court House, erected in 
 1840. This institution has proved of gifiat utility to 
 the town and neighbourhood, and has been extensively 
 used by the inhabitants. The number of depositore at 
 present Q858), is 1,383, and the deposits amount to 
 ,£44,305. The bank is opened every Saturday evening 
 for the receipt and payment of deposits, &c., from six 
 to seven o'clock. 
 
 The Dispensary, one of the mpst important charitable 
 institutions in Cockermouth, was established in 1785, 
 since which time it has administered medical and 
 surgical aid to thousands of indigent patients. 
 
 rARI.UMENTARV RF.I'r.ESENTATION. 
 
 Cockermouth ranks among the oldest boroughs in 
 the kingdom, and sent two members to parliament as 
 early as the reign of Edward I. It was subsequcntlj 
 disfranchised, upon the petition of the inhabitants, who 
 wished to avoid the expense attendant upon representa- 
 tion, the members of parliament being at that time 
 paid for their services. In 1040, the franchise was 
 restored by Charles I., and it has since continued to be 
 possessed by th,e town. Previous to the passing of the 
 Reform BiU of 1832, the only persons qualified to vote 
 for the election of members of parliament for this town 
 were those who held their property by burgage tenure, 
 about 300 in number, the baililF being the returning 
 officer, but for a long period before the passing of the act 
 just named the representation of the borough was not 
 contested, the Earl of Lonsdale, who owned most of 
 the burgage tenements, appointing whom he thought 
 proper. The number of electors is 355. The parlia- 
 mentary borough of Cockermouth consists of Brigham 
 and Eaglesfield, and the chapelry of Cockermouth in 
 the parish of Brigham; the townships of Bridelcirk 
 and Papcastle, with a detached part of Dovenby town- 
 ship, in the parish of Bridekirk. Its population in 
 1851 was 7,275, of whom 3,425 were males and 3,850 
 females, inhabiting ],500 houses; the number of un- 
 inhabited houses being 03, and there were 19 in course 
 of erection. We subjoin a list of the members of
 
 COCKEKMOUTH PAEOCHUL CHAPELRY. 
 
 309 
 
 parliament for Cockermouth from the earliest period to 
 tlie present time: — 
 
 Edwap.d I. 
 
 1295. William Bailey, Peter del Hall. 
 
 * • • 
 
 Chaeles I. 
 10-10. Sir John Ilirpesle.v, Francis Allen. 
 
 Cmiuonwealth. 
 
 1059. John Staplcton, AVilfriJ Lawson. 
 
 CnAKLES II. 
 
 1060. Richard Tolson, Wilfrid Lawson. 
 1661. Richard Tolson, AVilfrid Lawson. 
 167U. Sir Richard Graham, Orlando Gee. 
 1680. Sir Richard Graham, Orlando Gee. 
 lOyi. Sir Richard Graham, Orlando Gee. 
 
 James II. 
 IG85. Sir Daniel Fleming, Orlando Gee. 
 
 Wir.I.IAlI AND M.UtY. 
 
 1089. Sir Henry Capcl, William Fletcher. 
 1C90. Sir Will'iid Lawson, Sir Orlando Gee. 
 
 William III. 
 
 1095. Sir Charles Gerard, Hon. Goodwin Wharton. 
 J fills. William Seymour, George Fletcher. 
 1701. Thomas Lamplugh, William Seymour. 
 
 Anne. 
 
 ITO'i. James Stanhope, Thomas Lamplugh. 
 1705. James Stanhope, Thomas Lamplugh. 
 170H. James Stanhope, Hon. Albermarle ISertie. 
 1710. Joseph Musgrave, Micholas Lechemefb. 
 
 George I. 
 1714. Sir Thomas Pcngelly, Nicholas Lechemere. 
 1721. Sir Thomas Pengelly, Sir Wilfrid Lawson. 
 
 George II. 
 
 1727. Sir Wilfrid Lawson, William Finch. 
 
 17;!3. lUdred Cunven, William Finch. 
 
 1710. John JJordaiiiit, William Finch. 
 
 1747. John .MoiJaunt, Sir Charles Wyndham. 
 
 1754. Sir John Mordaunt, Percy O'Brian Wyndham. 
 
 George III. 
 
 1700. Sir John Mordaunt, Charles Jenkinson. 
 1707. Sir George Mc.Cartmy, Charles Jenkinson. 
 
 Sir James Lowther, George Johnstone. 
 1774. Fletcher Norton, George Johnstone. 
 
 James Adair, lialph Gowland. 
 1771). John Ldwlher, J. 13. Garford. 
 I'S'i. John Lowther, J. C. Sattcrlhwaitc. 
 1780. J. IJ. Garforth, John Anstruther. 
 1700. J. 15. Garforth, Edward Burrows. 
 1802. Robert Ward, James Graham. 
 IHOO. Robert Ward, Viscount Garlics. 
 
 James Grahan;, John Lowlln r. 
 1NI2. Lord Lowther, John Lowther. 
 1810. Hon. J. II. Lowther, Right Hon. J. Beckett 
 
 GeobgS I\'. 
 1820. John H. Lowther, Right Hon. J. Beckett. 
 1B2G. Viscount Garlics, Lawrence PeeL 
 
 William IV. 
 
 1830. Viscount Garlics. 
 
 1831. John H. Lowther, Sir James Scarlett. 
 
 1832. H. A. AgUonby, F. L. B. Dykes. 
 
 1835. H. A. Aglionhy, F. L. B. Dykes,' E. Horsman. 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 1837. H. A. Aglionhy, E. Horsman. 
 
 1841. H. A. Aglionhy, E. Horsman. 
 
 1847. H. .■\. Aglionhy, E. Horsman. 
 
 1851. H. Wyndham, H. A. Aglionby,2 John Steel. 
 
 1857. Lord Naas, John Steel. 
 
 POOr.-LiW UNION. 
 
 The Cockermouth Union Workhouse, at the top of 
 Lollart-street, was erected in 1840, and with subsequent 
 additions and improvements has cost about £3,800. 
 The average number of paupers is about HO — in the 
 winter season about 290. The union is divided into 
 four sub-districts as follow: — Keswick, containing Be- 
 waldeth aud Snittlegarth, J:^mblctou, Wythop, Bassen- 
 thwaite, Keswick, St. John Castlerigg aud Wjthburn, 
 Under Skiddaw, Borrowdale, Xewlauds, Coledale or 
 Portinscale, Braithwaite, Thornthwaite, and Greta 
 Mills aud Briery Cottages ; Cockermouth, including 
 Lortou, Brackenthwaite, Lowcswater, Whinfell, But- 
 termere, Mosser, Brigham, Eaglesfield, Cockermouth, 
 Blindbothel, Setmurthy, Isell Old Park, Sunderland, 
 Bliudcrake Isell aud Kcdmainc, Bridekirk, Papcastle, 
 Little Broughton, and Great Broughton ; Workingtou, 
 including Seatou, Cammcrton, Bibton, Groysouthen, 
 Little Clifton, Great Clifton, Stainburn, Workington, 
 Winscales, Cloffocks, Dean, Ullock, and Branthwaite ; 
 Maryport, comprehending Dovenby, Tallantire, Gilcrux, 
 I'lumbland, iiolhel and Threaplaud, Oughtersidc and 
 AUerby, Cress Canouby, Crosby, Birkby, JIaryport, 
 Dearham, Elleuborough and Ewanrigg, and Flimby. 
 The union comprises an area of 150,025 acres. Its 
 population in 1851 was 38,510, of whom 18,0'J() were 
 males and 10,814 females. The number of inhabited 
 houses at the same period was 7,909, of uninhabited 
 378, and 01 were building. Wo subjoin the receipts 
 aud expenditure of the union for the year ending 
 Lady Day, 1858. The receipts were, from poor rates, 
 £11,595 8s.: in aid of poor rates, £371 lis.; total, 
 £11,890 193. The I'.xpcndituro was, for in -main- 
 tenance, £1,751 8s.; out-relief, £4,885 lis.; main- 
 tenance of lunatics in asylum, £5 19 19s.; workhouse 
 loan repaid, and interest thereon, £107 14s.; salaries 
 
 > Accepted the CliUteru Hundreds in February, 1?30. 
 < DM in August, 19A4.
 
 310 
 
 DERWEXT WAED. 
 
 and rations of officcri?, .07,^7 ] 5s. ; other expenses of or 
 immediately connected with relief, .£5;i3 Ms. ; costs of 
 proceedings in law or in eqnity, £-21 lis. ; county and 
 police rate, £'2,373 ; constables' expenses and costs of 
 proceedings before justices, £'07 19s. ; payments on 
 account of the registration act, £123 18s. ; vaccination 
 fees, £59 19s.; cost of parliamentary registration and 
 grand jury lists, £41 9=. ; survey and valuation expenses, 
 £48 2s. ; money expended for all other purposes, £777 
 7s.; total expenses, £12,159 6s. 
 
 Coekermouth has the honour of being the birthplace 
 of the poet Wordswortli, and John TV'alljer. 31. D., "the 
 great apostle and martyr in the cause of vaccination." 
 
 SETMur.Tnr. 
 
 In 1801 this township contained 104 inhabitants; 
 in 1811, 140; in 1831, 188; in 1831, 182; in 1841, 
 181; and in 1851, 167. Its area is 2,579 statute 
 acres, and its rateable value, £1,831 lis. 0*d. One 
 penny in the pound of Setmurthy property produces 
 £7 123. 8 id. Agriculture is the only employment of 
 the inhabitants, who live dispersedly in the township, 
 which contains two gentlemen's seats, called Iligham 
 and Dunthwaite Hall, and sixteen farm-houses, not 
 including the tenement at Wytbop. Coekermouth is 
 the market attended. 
 
 Setmurthy is parcel of the manor of the Five Towns, 
 and as such its manorial rights and privileges are vested 
 in General Wyndham. 
 
 The manor of Hewthwaite, or Huthwaite, in this 
 township, gave name to its early possessors, and, having 
 passed by marriage to the Swinburns, underwent the 
 same alienations as a moiety of the manor of Brigham.' 
 After the death of Mr. Singleton, in 1707, the manor 
 ■was allotted to Judith, the wife of Thomas Bolton, and 
 ■was by her and her husband conveyed to the father of 
 John Sanderson Fisher, Esq., of Woodhall. It subse- 
 quently became the property of the late H. T. Thomp- 
 son, Esq., of Bridekirk, who exchanged lauds in Lorton 
 for it. with the late George L. Bragg, Esq., of Lorton 
 Hall, but is now held by Major A. Green Thompson. 
 
 The commons of the township were enclosed in 1891, 
 by an act passed iu 1813. The principal landowners 
 are Thomas Alison Hoskins, Esq.; Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 
 Bart. ; Sir H. R. Vane, Bart.; and Mr. Daniel Harrison. 
 
 THE chatel. 
 The chapel, situated four and a half miles north-east 
 from the church at Coekermouth, was rebuilt iu 1794, 
 at a cost of upwards of £107, subscribed by the iuhabi- 
 
 1 See Brigliam township, puge 295. 
 
 tauts of the township. It is a small building, with a 
 turret containing one bell, and will seat about 105 
 persons. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the gift 
 of the inhabitants of the township, valued, at present, 
 at £45 8s. 4d., vi:-:., £-.iO from Queen Anne's Bounty, 
 the remainder from land. Tlie glebe belonging to Set- 
 murthy is as follows : two fields at Skeltou, near 
 Penrith ; two fields at Broughton Moor ; one at Botch- 
 crgate, Carlisle, — the whole amounting to about thirty 
 acres. The governors of Queen Anne's Bounty have 
 appropriated to Setmurthy £13 2s. Od. ; the interest 
 of which, 8s. 4d., is paid half-yearly in April and 
 October ; the rents are payable at Candlemas and 
 Lammas.' The register of the chapelry commences in 
 1759, for baptisms; for burials in 1830; and for 
 marriages in 1838. 
 
 Inxumdents. — William Cookson, 175S; Henry Brown, 1700; 
 Thomas Blaml, 1700; William Sewell, 1709; Joseph Simpson, 
 IMl; Charles C. Soutbey, lSi.2 : AVilliam Earee, 1:J51. 
 
 CHARITY. 
 
 The Scliooh — There is a free school in this township. 
 On the enclosure of the commons, there were ratlicr 
 more than 50 acres of pasture land set out by the 
 common consent of the proprietors of this township, 
 under the award of the Euclosuro Commissioners, as a 
 source of stipend to the schoolmaster for the free educa- 
 tion of all children in Setmurthy. The land at present 
 (1858) lets for £43 15s. In addition to this income, 
 there is a rent charge, or school stock, of £1 ISs.,- 
 arising from an annual charge upon all the estates in 
 the township, which makes a total income of £45 13s. 
 Of this sum, the ma.ster receives £40, the remaiuder is 
 devoted to the improvement of the land. The master 
 is bound to instruct all children of this township free, 
 but has the privilege of receiving pupils from other 
 places, for whom he may make his own charge. He is 
 elected by the inhabitants, and may be dismissed on 
 receiving two mouths' notice. The chapel warden for 
 the time being is trustee. 
 
 There is a girl's school at Higham Lodge, partly 
 supported by the Hoskins' family. 
 
 1*' Before the aiigmentatiou of the living,^' says Hutchinson, " the 
 reader of Divine Service had a precarious income; but an actual 
 custom subsisted for several years, of allowing the poor minister a 
 ivhitlle gate. He was privileged to go from house to house in the 
 chapelry, and stay a certain number of days at Qtu-h place, where he 
 was permitted to enter his whittle, or knife, with the rest of the 
 people of the honsehold, and to share the provisions prepared for the 
 use of tlie family. This custom has been aboUshed in such modern 
 times, that it is in the memoiy of many now [1794] living." 
 
 2 Thisschool stock arisesfrom the surplus remaining after defraying 
 the cost of the rebuilding of the chapel, which the subscribers agreed 
 to invest in the land for the purpose above stated.
 
 COCKERMOUTH PAEOCIIIAL CHAPELRY. 
 
 311 
 
 ^osliiits of ^igljam. 
 
 This familj is ilosccnded from 
 
 Alexander Hoskins, Esq., who wns liorn tit Moor Park, 
 HertforJsbire, Aug., 172i,'ilescen(leJ from tlie family of Hoskins 
 of Burrow Green, Oxte-.l, Surrey, was preat f;ram'i3on of Sir 
 William Hoskins, Knight-banneret of You^thal. who escaped 
 from the Irish massacra in 1041. Alexander Hoskins, Esq., 
 sottleil at Great Brougliton, Cumberland, in 1748, and was for 
 many years chainnan of the Quarter Sessions. He died in l&OO. 
 His youngest son, Geokck Hoskins, E.-^q., raanied Marj- 
 Alison, of Liverpool, and left issue the present Thomas Ai.ison 
 Hoskins, Esq., of Highnm ; George Alexander, of Gloucester 
 Square, London, who married, in 184-3, Jlary Thornton ; and 
 r^Iary Anne Hoskins. Sir. Hoskins was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Thomas Ai.ison Hoskins, Esq., of Highara, J.P. and D.L., 
 liigh sheriff in 1k.")4, born 29(11 March, ISOO, married Kith Oct., 
 IH'27, Sarah, daughter of Thomas Irwin, Esq., of Justicetown, 
 and sister of Thomas Irwin, Esq., of Calder Abbey, and has 
 issue, 
 
 I. George Eichaud, bom 2Sth Sept., 1828. 
 
 ir. Thomas .\lison, born lilth Dec, 1829. 
 
 III. William Senhotne, born l-Jth Dec, 1833, died 1850. 
 
 IV. Loui^ Irwin, bora Nov., ISS.'j. 
 V. Il.'ginald, born 20di Oct., 1>S37. 
 
 I. Mary. ii. Ellon. ni. Sarah, deceased. 
 
 Arms. — Per pale, gu. and az., a chev., engr., or., between tliree 
 lions rampant, iirg. 
 
 CiTxt. — A cock's head, erascil, or., pellettce, combed and wallled, 
 gu., between two wings, expanded, of the lirst. 
 
 .Ifiillo. — "VirUUe iion verbis." 
 
 •Seat. — lligbum, near Cockermouth. 
 
 BDTTERJIERE. 
 
 This township is situated in a deep valley which sur- 
 rounds the lake of that name, about ten miles south- 
 south-east of Cockermouth. Its area is 4,398 acres, 
 and its rateable value £7(J3 9s. Gd. Its population in 
 1801 was 7-1; in 1811, 109; in 1821, lllO ; in 1831, 
 Sll; in 1841, 81; and in l«jl, 78. Sheep farm- 
 ing is the chief employment of tho iuhabitauts, but 
 sliito quarrying is also carried on at Houister Crag, 
 which forms the south bank of the narrow vale of 
 GatescarthJale. Cockermouth is the market attended. 
 
 This township, with tiie lake, which is customary, is 
 held of General Wyndhain, as parcel of his manor of 
 ilraiihwaito and Coledale. Tlie principal Lindowners 
 are W. Marshall, Es']., General Wyndham, and llobert 
 Jopson. 
 
 Tho village of Buttcrmere stands on declining ground 
 near tho foot of the lake, eight miles south-west of 
 Keswick. It consists of a few scattered farm-houses, 
 and two good inns, which aro mncli resorted to by 
 visitors during tho summer montiis, and forms, by 
 reason of tho surroiuiding hills, the very picture of 
 seclusion. "Tho margin of the lake," says Do Quincey, 
 "whiih is overhung by some of tho loftiest and steepest 
 ol tho Cumbrian mountains, exhibits on eitiier side few 
 traces of human neighbourhood ; the level area, where 
 
 the hills recede enough to allow of any, is of a wild 
 pastoral character, or almost savage. The waters of 
 the lake are deep and sullen, and the barrier mountains, 
 by e.xcluding the sun for much of his daily course, 
 strengthen the gloomy impressions. At the foot of this 
 lake lie a few unornamented fields, through which rolls 
 a little brook, connecting it with the larger lake of 
 Crummock, and at the edge of the miniature domain, 
 upon the road side, stands a cluster of cottages, so small 
 and so fcvv that in the riclicr tracts of the island they 
 would scarcely be complimented with the name of 
 hamlet." 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Here is a chapel -of- ease to the church of Brigham, 
 erected by the road side, at the expense of the Rev. 
 Vaughan Thomas, on the site of a .smaller one, which 
 was perhaps the most diminutive of all in England, as 
 it would only hold about half a dozen families. The 
 curacy was "certified at £1 , paid by contributions of the 
 inhabitants;" and it was also certified — "this chapel 
 and Wythop were served by readers, except that the 
 curate of Lorton olficiateJ there three or four times in 
 tho year." The living is now worth about £oS per 
 annum, and is in the patronage of the Earl of Lonsdale, 
 and incumbency of the Rev. J. M. Woodmason, who is 
 also incumbent of Wythop, which is worth about i:50 a 
 year. The tithes of Butterracre have been commuted 
 for a yearly rent charge of £30. 
 
 Tho story of Mary, the beauty of Buttermerc, is now, 
 from its repeated publication, very generally known — 
 briefly stated it is as follows: — She was possessed of 
 eonsidenible personal charms, and being the daughter 
 of the innkeeper, her usual employment was to wait 
 upon those guests who at that time made their way so 
 far into the hearts of tlie hills. Her beauty in this way 
 became tho theme of what may be called extensive 
 praise. A man who designated himself the Hon. 
 Colonel Hope, brother of Lord Hopetown, but whoso 
 real name was Hatfield, fleeing from the arm of tho law 
 to those sequestered parts, was struck with Mary's 
 attractions, and paid his addresses to hor. Xo gre.at 
 length (nfcimo elapsed after the marriage before he was 
 apprehended on a charge of forgery. He w.is tried at 
 Carlisle, and, being found guilty, suffered the extreme 
 penahy of the law. Mary married f.>r her second hus- 
 band a respectable farmer of Caldbcck, nud died a few 
 years ago. 
 
 rMIlI.ETON. 
 
 Embleton towTiship is situated in a fertile vale, about 
 three miles eait-soutli-east of Cockermouth. Its area 
 is 3,870 acres, and rattable value i'3,l(i7 l.Js. The
 
 312 
 
 DEUWENT WaUD. 
 
 population in mn was 292; in 1811, ^38; in 1821, 
 391; in 1831, 142; in 1841, 408; and in 1851, 421. 
 Agriculture is the principal employment. There is n 
 tile works in the township. Cockermouth markets arc 
 attended. 
 
 The manor of Embleton w.is given by Alice, one of 
 the co-heiresses of William Fitz-Duncan, and her hus- 
 band, Ilobcrt Courteney, to Orme Ircby, whose family 
 held it for several generations, subsequently coming to 
 the Kirkbys, one of whom, Sir John, held it in fee, in 
 the 39tli Edward III. (1305). In 22nd Richard II. 
 (1398), it was held by GeotTrey Tilliol, in right of Alice, 
 his third wife. We hear no more of Embleton till 19th 
 Henry VI. (144i)-l), when an assize, of novel disseizen, 
 was brought by Eleanor, the daughter of Robert Ross, 
 Kut., and others, against James Kellome, and Cathe- 
 rine, his wife, for Embleton. And in 1453-4 the said 
 James Kellome, and Catherine his wife, recovered half 
 the lands against the said Eleanor Ross. In 1472 
 John Powlett held the same of the Earl of Northum- 
 berland. It came afterwards into the possession of the 
 Braitliwaites. from whom it passed by purchase to Philip 
 Lord Wharton, who, according to Denton's MSS. pos- 
 sessed it in 168>!. This township, which is now deemed 
 to be within the manor of DeriTeut Fells, belongs to 
 General Wyndham. The landowners are Messrs. Wm. 
 Alexander, Isaac Tiiompson, Thomas Fearon, Robert 
 Benson, Carter and ilartin, William Wilkinson, Thomas 
 — Glassou, E. B. Steele ; the trustees of the late 
 W'illiam Dickson : Rev. JI. P. Knublcy, Rev. T. Tom- 
 linson : Major Andrew Green Thompson ; Miss Rooke, 
 aud several yeomen. The enclosure of the commons 
 of this township, amounting to 2,000 acres, took place in 
 1891, according to the provisions of an act of parliament 
 passed in 1813. 
 
 THE rnAPEL. 
 
 The chapel -of- ease to the parish church is a plain, 
 but neat and substantial edilice, with a bell turret and 
 two bells, erected in 1813, and will accommodate about 
 250 persons. It is dedicated to St. Cuthbert, and 
 stands in a cemetery, near to Bcckhouse hamlet, three 
 miles east-south-east of Cockemouth. The living is a 
 perpetual curacy, in the patronage of tlie Earl of Lons- 
 dale. Hutchinson says it is " endowed with lands of 
 the yearly value of i'2 4 s., a stipend of .L'5 paid by the 
 impropriator, and £1 Is. yearly produce of a money 
 stock." It was certified to the Ecclesiastical Commis- 
 sioners as of the annual value of £i)i. The tithes, 
 which belong to the Earl of Lonsdale, were commuted 
 in 1841 for i'190. 
 
 iKcuMiiESTS. — Thomas Fislior, first cnrate, 1754; — Atty, 
 year not Iniown ; Joseph Lowthcr, 1823 ; Henry Kitchin, 181^ ; 
 Andrew B. Claike, 1858. 
 
 There is a school in this township for the children of 
 Embleton and Wythop chapelrics. It is supported by 
 the quarter-pence, and has an average attendance of forty 
 pupils. A Sunday-school is held in Embleton chapel. 
 
 This township pays Cs. 8d. per annum from the poor 
 rates to the grammar school at Cockermouth, in con- 
 sideration of which sum any person belonging to Emble- 
 ton may send their child to that school to learn Latin. 
 
 Beckhouse is a hamlet in this township, three miles 
 east-south-east of Cockermouth ; High Side is another 
 hamlet, consisting of a few farm-houses and cottages, 
 three and a half miles south-east of the same place : 
 the hamlet of Shatton is two miles south-south-east, 
 and Stanger two miles south-by-east of the same town. 
 .\t the latter hamlet is a strong mineral spring called 
 Stanger Spa, said to be very efllcacious in skin diseases. 
 Stanley Hall is another hamlet about three miles east 
 of Cockermouth. 
 
 LORTON PAROCHIAL CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry is bounded on the north by%ie township of Embleton ; on the west by the river Cocker, which 
 separates it from the townships of AVhinfeU aud Loweswater; on the south by Buttermci'e ; and on the east by 
 Thornthwaite and Bassenthwaite. It comprises the townships of Lorton and Brackentljwaite, aud the chapelry of 
 Wythop. The inhabitants are principally engaged in agriculture, aud attend the markets at Cockermouth. 
 
 LOETON. 
 
 The area of the township of Lorton is 5,204 acres, 
 and its rateable value £2,045. Its population in 1801 
 was 298 ; in l>tll, 394 ; in 1821, 353 ; in 1831, 388 ; 
 in 1841, 391: and in 1851, 449. The township was 
 enclosed in pursuance of an act passed in 1820. 
 
 The manor of Lorton was early broken into several- 
 ties. In the 35th Henry VIII. held one 
 
 third part of the vill of Lorton, of the king as of his 
 honour of Cockermouth, by homage and fealty 3s. 4d., 
 free rent, witnessman in Derwent Fells, and suit of 
 court. William Sandes held another third part, and
 
 LORTON PAROCHIAL CFIAPELRY. 
 
 313 
 
 William IluJiUeston the remaining third part, probaUy 
 by marriage of, or descent froK, co- heiresses. The 
 survey talien in 1578 informs us that "the dean and 
 chapter of Carlisle hold certain lands and tenements 
 there by homage, fealtio, and suit of court. Robert 
 Sandes, gentleman, holdeth the third part of the town 
 of Lorton, by like service and witnessman, rendering 
 per annum 3s. 'Id. Johu Winder, gentleman, liuldeth 
 the third part of the town of Nether Lorton by like 
 services, rendering per annum 3s. 4d. The heirs of 
 Thomas Hoaies hold certain tenements and lands there 
 by like service, rendering Is. 8d. Christopher Hall 
 holdeth certain lands and tenements there, late William 
 Huddlestone's, by like service. Alexander Ilighraoor 
 holdeth certain lands and tenements there called High- 
 side, late the lands of Henry Mitshal, rendering 10s. 
 Nicholas Bell holdeth a tenement, with the appurte- 
 nances, called Cassplai:e-of-tlie-IIo\v, by like sorvic3s. 
 .lohn Winder holdeth one tenement called Gilbank, by 
 fealty and suit of court. The heirs of Richard Barwis 
 holdeth one messuage and twenty acres of land and 
 meadow by like service. Relicta — de Williamson de 
 Nether Lorton holdeth certain lands and tenements 
 there by like service. Sum total of tlio free rent in 
 Lorton aforesaid, ISs. 4d." The whole of Lorton now 
 belongs to the honour of Cockerniouth, as parcel of the 
 manor of Derwent Fells, except a small customary 
 manor which is held by the dean and chapter of Car- 
 lisle, to whose court here their tenants in this neigh- 
 bourhood are amenable. The customary tenants of the 
 dean and chapter pay a fourpenny fine upon change of 
 tenant by death, but the lord never dies, and the tenants 
 are entitled to all wood upon tiieir respective customary 
 estates. The manor of Dirwenl Fells belongs to Gene- 
 ral Wyndham as lord paramount of the honour of Cock- 
 ermouth ; and there are many enfranchised freehold 
 and customary tenements within Lorton held of him as 
 lord of the manor of Derwent Fells. The landowners 
 ore Mrs. Bridge ; Richard Hardliord, Esq. ; Messrs. 
 John Jennings, J. Wilson, — Knublcy, John Pearson, 
 and others. 
 
 TUB cnuncii. 
 Till' church, or parochial chapel, dedicated to St. 
 Cnthb( rt, bishop of Lindisfarne, i.s situated between 
 High and Low Lorton, and is a plain substantial build- 
 ing with a small square tower or belfry. It includes 
 within its jurisdiction the townships of Lorton, Brack- 
 cnthwaite, and Wythop, the inhabitants of which, to- 
 gether with those of the chapelry of Bnttcrmcre, nnirry 
 at Lortou chapel and also bury their dead there, 
 and consequently contribute towards its repairs, under 
 the direction of four chapel wardens, appointed by the 
 3i 
 
 different quarters of this parochial chapelry. The living. 
 a perpetual curacy, ceitilied to the Ecclesiastical Com- 
 missioners as of the average annual value of i'84, is in 
 the patronage of the Earl of Lonsdale. The tithes have 
 been commuted for the yearly rent-charge of £25. The 
 registers of the chapelry commence in 1D38. 
 
 Incumbents. — Thomas TKlicr, 17tl; John Sihson, 1800; 
 Fletcher ileming, 1H-J3 ; Williaui jVrmitsteud, IHtiG. 
 
 There is in this township an ancient school-stock of 
 £100, the origin of which is unknown, but it is secured 
 on the tolls of the Cumberland roads. Besides this sum, 
 the school possesses £100, left in 1844, by Arthur Bowe, 
 Esq., the interest of which is paid to the schoolmaster 
 of Lorton; and i'lOO, left in 1847, by the late G. L. 
 Bragg, Esq., for the education of poor children of the 
 township of Lorton. Both these sums are invested in 
 government security, and yield £3 per cent ; the minis- 
 ter, chapelwardens, and overseers are the trustees. The 
 nomination of the master is vested in five feoffees. 
 
 High and Low Lorton are two villages in this town- 
 ship, distant about half a mile from each other, and 
 four miles south-by-east of Cockermouth. At High 
 Lorton is a flax-spinning and thread manufactory, be- 
 longing to Mr. John Jennings, and a brewery carried 
 on by John Jennings and Co. The Wesleyans have a 
 small chapel here, erected in 1840. 
 
 Lorton Hall, the seat and property of Jlrs. Bridge, 
 occupies a fine situation on the banks of the Cocker. 
 
 The sylvan vale of Lorton will be found described at 
 page 48. It is watered by the river Cocker, which, 
 issuing from Crummnck Lake, joins the Derwent at 
 Cockermouth. The famous old Lorton Yew is best 
 described in the beautiful lines of Wordsworth — 
 
 " There is a yew-tree, priile of I.rrlon Vale, 
 Which to tliis (lay staniU single in tlic miilst 
 Of its own diiikiiess, as it stood of yore. 
 Not loth to furnish weapons for the handii 
 Of Unifraville or Percy, ere they mareh'd 
 To Scotland's heaths; or those that crossed iho sea, 
 And drew their sounding bows at .\gincourt. 
 Perhaps nt earlier Cressy or Poicticrs. 
 Of vast circumference and gloom profound, 
 This solitary tree! — a living thing 
 Produced loo slowly ever to decay ; 
 Of form and aspect too maguiliocQt 
 To he destroyed. " 
 
 BRACKKNXnWAITE. 
 
 This township comprises an area of 2,478 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £737 Is. lOd. The number of 
 inhabitants in 1801 was 130; in 1811, 141; in 1821, 
 IIU; in 1-S3I, 130; in 1811. 110: and in 1851, 140.
 
 31^ 
 
 BKRWENT WARD. 
 
 The population, who are all enjta^ed in nnricultural pur- 
 suits, are vcrv scattered, there being no village or hamlet 
 in the township; but at Scale Hill, seven and a half 
 miles south-by-east of Cocksrmouth, and near the lakes 
 of Loweswatcr, Crunimock, and Buttermere, there is a 
 commodious and delightfully-situated hotel and posting- 
 house, where boats are kept for the convenience of 
 tourists visiting the majestic scenery of the neighbour- 
 hood. The township is said to derive its name of 
 Brackcnthwaile from the brackens or ferns that formerly 
 abounded here. 
 
 The manor of Brackenthwaite was held in ancient 
 times by the Moresby family, from whom it was pur- 
 chased by Thomas JIulton, who assumed the name of 
 Lucy, and by whose descendants it cou'inued to be 
 held till given by the heiress of that family to the 
 Percys, by whom it was given to Henry VIII. It was 
 subsequently granted by the crown to Lord Grey, of 
 Wilton, and John Bannister, Esq., who, by license 
 in the ."rd Edward VI. alienated to Richard Robin- 
 son, clerk, "all the several possessions late in the 
 tenure of Peter Mirehouse, Thomas Wilkinson, Chris- 
 topher Stanger, John Robinson, John Newton, and 
 John Stubb, and all those lands called Dolehowes 
 and Thwaite, in Brackenthwaite, late parcel of the 
 possessions of Henry, late earl of Northumberland ; 
 and all lands, tenements, rents, reversions, services, 
 and hereditaments whatsover in Brackenthwaite afore- 
 said, and in the ofQco or collection of the steward of 
 Brackenthwaite aforesaid." There is a similar license 
 in the 4th and 5th of Philip and !Mary to John Robin- 
 son, to alienate the same to Thomas Stanley, Ksq. In 
 ]578 Edward Herbert, Knt., held "Brackenthwaite, 
 parcel of the possessions of the honour of CockermouUi, 
 purchased of the said late King Henry VIII. ; in the 
 same time when the said honour or lordship was in the 
 said kin" his hands, being then of the yearly value of 
 lOs. 'id., whereat there is now reserved unto the 
 earl, which is now payable per annum, 16s. 8d." 
 Subsequently the manor passed to the Fishers and 
 others, coming ultimately to General Wyndham, the 
 present proprietor. It is now, and has long been, 
 considered to form part of the manor of Perwent 
 Fells, within and parcel of the honour of Cocker- 
 mouth. The principal landowners are General 
 Wyndham : William ilarshall, Esq. ; John Fisher, 
 Esq. ; Sliss Jane AVood ; and several resident yeo- 
 men. The tenure is principally enfranchised free- 
 hold. 
 
 In this township is the lofty eminence of Grassmoor, 
 rising in solemn and majestic grandeur 2,706 feet above 
 the sea level. 
 
 WYTHOP. 
 
 In 1801 this township contained a population of 
 137; in 1811, 130; in 1821, 100; in 18.31, 121; in 
 1811, 125 ; and in 1851, 110. Its area is 3,013 acres, 
 and its rateable value £070 lis. Od. Wythop is said 
 to derive its name from the " wyths " or willows formerly 
 growing here in great abundance. It extends from 
 four to si.\ miles south-east-by-east of Cockermouth. 
 
 The manor of Wythop belonged at an early period 
 to the Lucy family, one of whom, Alice Lucy, second 
 daughter and co-heir of Richard Lucy, and wife of 
 Alan Jlulton, second son of Thomas Multon, who mar- 
 ried the widow of Richard Lucy, gave AVythop and 
 Whiufoll, near Lorton, the eighth part of Lorton, and 
 certain corn out of the mill at Aspatria, with three 
 messuages and thirty acres of land in Caldbeck, unto 
 John Lucy, her second son, whom she bore to the said 
 Alan Multon, upon the condition of his disusing the 
 name of Multon and assuming that of Lucy, with its 
 armorial bearings. Her reason for doing this is said 
 to have been in consequence of her elder sister, 
 Amabil, having married Lambert Multon, continued 
 the name and arms of Thomas Multon, their father, in 
 the family of Egremont. AVhen making the above 
 grant of Wyihop, she reserved to herself a penny rent 
 service, or a pair of gloves ; and after it was inhabited 
 it was valued at £10 a year, and the residue, about 
 £8 lis. 2d., out of which she also reserved a rent 
 service of 4d. a year. This John Lucy lived in the 
 time of Henry III. and Edward I., and died in the 8th 
 Edward II. (1314-15), or some time before: for Hugh 
 Lowther, son of Hugh Lowther, after the demise of 
 the said John Lucy, enjoyed Wythop, and in the year 
 just mentioned was impleaded by Christian, John 
 Lucy's widow, for her dower there. The Lowthers 
 continued to possess this manor for a considerable 
 period. By nn inquisition of knights' fees taken in the 
 35th Henry VIII. (1543-4) it is found that J. Lowther, 
 Knt., then held the manor of Wythop of the king by 
 the third part of a knight's fee, as of the honour of 
 Cockermouth, by homage, fealty, and suit of court, from 
 three weeks to three weeks, and the fjoe rent of one 
 penny or one red rose. In 1000 Sir Richard Lowther 
 sold the manor to Richard Fletcher, of Cockermouth, 
 -who, as is described at page 302, had the honour of 
 entertaining Mary Queen of Scots during her residence 
 in that town. Mr. Fletcher received the honour of 
 knighthood from James I. Sir Henry Fletcher, Bart., 
 one of his descendants, became a convert to the Catholic 
 faith, and died in a monastery in Flanders, in the early 
 part of the last century, having settled the estate upon 
 Thomas Fletcher, with remainder to Henry Vane, son
 
 CAMERTON PAHISH. 
 
 315: 
 
 to Mr. Vane, of L:ng Newton, Durliam, so Ibat it now 
 belongs to Sir H. R. Vane, Bart. 
 
 HIE CIIAPEI,. 
 
 Wythop chapel is a small edifice standing near the 
 farm called Kelsick, over the steep woody bank that 
 rises from the west side of Bassonthwaite laUe. The 
 living, a curacy in the patronage of the inhabitants, 
 was certified to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners as of 
 the average annual value of £ol. The Rev. James M. 
 Woodraason is incumbent. The tithes were commuted 
 in IS 1 1 for £18 9s. .'5d. 
 
 Old Scales and Houghton Beck are two small hamlets 
 in this township, four and a half miles south-east-b\'- 
 east from Cockermouth. 
 
 MOSSEU. 
 
 The area of Mosser township is 1,018 acres, its rate- 
 able value £0:29. Its population in 1801 was 101 ; 
 in 1811, 111; in 18-21, lO'i ; in 1831, 91; in 1811, 
 107; and in 18.") 1, 70. Agriculture is the principal 
 employment of the inhabi'tants, who attend the Cocker- 
 mouth market. 
 
 The to.vuship of ^Mosser, Mosergh, or Mosier, be- 
 longed to the S.ilkelds, one of whom, Thomas Salkeld, 
 of Corby, in 15 13, held it of the king as of his castle 
 of Egremont, by homage and fealty, suit of court, 
 
 133. 4d. cornage, and puture of the sergeants. It was 
 afterwards enfranchised. William Fletcher, Esq. ; 
 John Faweott, Esq.: John Harris, Esq.; Mr. Henry 
 Dodgson, Mr. William Peile; Mrs. M. Whiteside, and 
 Ann Blackburn and Co., are the principal landowners. 
 There are two villages in this township, High Mosser 
 and Low Mosser, the former about four and the latter 
 about three and a half miles souih-by-west of Cocker- 
 mouth. 
 
 lUE CUAPCL. 
 
 The chapel-of-ease is a small plain edifice, dedicated 
 to St. Philip. The living is a perpetual curacy in the 
 patronage of the Earl of Lonsdale, and incumbency of 
 the Rev S. Sherwen, rector of Dean. It was returned 
 to the Parliamentary Commissioners as of the average 
 annual value of £44. The tithes were commuted iu 1 844, 
 for a yearly rent charge of £10. Previous to the dis- 
 solution of the monastic institutions of England iu the 
 reign of Henry VIII., tliere was a richly endowed 
 chantry here, the possessions of which were granted by 
 Edward VI. to Thomas Brende, scrivener, of London. 
 
 Cn,VIUTY. 
 
 Mrs. Mary Porter left, in 1792, £100, which is 
 invested in the Three per Cent Consols, for the educa- 
 tion of the poor of Mosser chapelry, legally settled, and 
 not receiving parish relief. 
 
 CAMERTON PARISH. 
 
 TnK parish of Camcrton, which is about three and a half miles in Kngth by two in breadth, is bounded ou the 
 north by Flitnby, on the west by the Irish Sea, on the soutli by the river Derwent, and on the east by the township 
 of Great Broughton. It comprises the townships of Camerton and Seaton. The population of the parish is 
 principally located at Camerton and High and Low Seaton, and attend the markets at Workington. The soil in 
 the nciglibourhood of llie Derwent is loamy, and very fertile, yielding excellent crops of wheat, oats, and grass ; near 
 the coast it is light and sandy: and iu other parts of the parish a deep clayey soil prevails. Agriculture and coal 
 mining, but particularly the latter, are the principal employments pursued by the inhabitaTts, who are described 
 as "a hard working race of men, but very illiterate, and prone to drink, and formerly much inclined to cockfighting 
 and smuggling." The Cockermoutli railway intersects the parish all the way from Holden Wood Bock to Workington 
 Harbour, and crosses the Derwent live times in about three miles; and the Maryport railway runs along the shore 
 the nholo length of the parish. 
 
 CAMEr.TON. 
 
 Camerton township, comprising 788 acres, contained 
 in 1801. 7 1 inhabitants, in 1811, 85: in 1821, 80; 
 in 1831, 101 ; in 1811, 154; and in 1>S">1, 191. The 
 rateable value is £1,.')17; total rent charge for tithe, 
 £3U Is. 'I'liis township abounds with coal. Camerton 
 Pit, the properly of lUl|)h Cooke, Esq., is worked by 
 Mr. William Cooke, and consists of one shaft, the per- 
 pendicular depth of which is forty-two fathoms, with 
 
 about fifty acres of workings. The seams of coal con- 
 nected with the shaft are the "Ten Quarters Seam," 
 live feet thick ; tlie " Wliiio Metal Seam," three feet 
 six inches thick, and a small scam two feet eight inches 
 thick. The "Main Seam," nine feet thick, has been 
 wrouglit to the we>t of the existing shaft. There are 
 about K<0 persons employed, aud the annual produce 
 is about :J0,0;'0 tons. 
 The manor of Camerton, with tlut of Seaton, was
 
 yiG 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 given by Waltheof, first lord of Allerdale, to Orrae, 
 son of Ketel, in marriage with his sister Guuhilda, 
 " \v!io," according to Nicliolson and Burn, " dwelt 
 at Seaton, and made it a manor, to which Camerton is 
 appendant." The posterit}' of Orme assumed the name 
 of Camerton, and afterwards that of Culwrn or Curwen,' 
 from whom the Curwen family, of Workington Hall, 
 derive their descent. In ] .578 Anthony Curwen, Esq., 
 held Camerton " by homage, fealty, and suit of court, 
 and paid yearly for cornage, 4s. Cd.; for seawake, 8d.; 
 in toto, per annum, 5s. 2d." The manor of Camerton, 
 ■with the exception of a small portion claimed by the 
 dean and chapter of Carlisle, is now the property of 
 Ralph Cooke, Esq., of Camerton Hall. The township 
 was enclosed in 1830, in pursuance of the provisions 
 of an act of parliament passed in 1824. 
 
 The village of Camerton is seated on the Derwent, 
 three mUes east-by-north of Workington. 
 
 THE CHUncH. 
 
 The church, which is beautifully situated on the 
 banks of the Derwent, was first erected in the year 
 1000. It was rebuilt in 1604, and in 1796. In 1835 
 a tower and spire was erected by voluntary subscription, 
 at a cost of £117; a new bell was also added at an 
 additional cost of £'Q.3. Towards these expenses the 
 Earl of Lonsdale subscribed £20 ; Ralph Cooke, Esq., 
 £■20 ; Thomas Jackson, Esq., £33 ; C. and M. Holli- 
 day, £27 ; the dean and chapter of Carlisle, .£5 ; Mrs. 
 Lowdys, Green Gill, £1 ; Mr. James Ramsey, Camer- 
 ton, £5 ; Mrs. Dodgsons, Ribton Hall, £1 ; Mrs. Cape, 
 St. Helens, 10s.; Rev. Daniel Wilson, £3 12s. 7d., 
 interest of money while in bank, lis. 4d.; total, 
 £110 3s. lid. The church is si.\ty-six feet in length 
 by thirty in breadth, and will accommodate about 300 
 persons. In the chancel window is some fine painted 
 glass, representing our Redeemer carrying the cross to 
 Mount Calvary. It was presented to the church by 
 Miss Holliday, of Seaton. There is a marble monu- 
 ment to the memory of the Rev. Joseph Pearson, for 
 forty-four years incumbent of this parisli ; and an ancient 
 effigy, in armour, of a renowned warrior, called " Black 
 Tom," who is said to have resided at Seaton Castle, 
 and to have been buried at Shap, in Westmoreland. 
 Gospatric, son of Orme, gave the church of Camerton 
 to the priory of Carlisle. The prior and convent took 
 the tithes and employed a curate. The living is now a 
 perpetual curacy, in the patronage of the dean and 
 
 1 From the nccoutfl given of the place by Nicolson and Bum 
 we learn that these mnnors were sometime held separately by (he 
 posterity of two brothers, one of whom took the name of Cftiuerton, 
 or de Camerton, the other that of Culwen ; they were afterwards 
 united. 
 
 chapter of Carlisle. The Earl of Lonsdale is impro- 
 priator, and rents the whole of the tithes, amounting to 
 £327 Is. Od., from the dean and chapter. The tithes 
 were commuted in 1841. The curacy, certified to the 
 governors of Queen Ann's Bounty at £15 10s., and to 
 the Ecclesiastical Commissioners at £95, is now worth 
 about £94 14s., arising from motiey in the funds, and 
 twenty-four acres of land at Little Chfton. The parish 
 registers extend through a period of 200 years. 
 
 Incumbents. Barnes, ; Joseph Pearson, 179C; — 
 
 Topping, 1811; Robert L. Joyce, 1«4U ; Daniel Wilson, 1852. 
 
 The parsonage, erected by subscription in 1850, is a 
 neat modern Gothic structure. 
 
 The parish school, situated at Seaton, and attended 
 by about forty children, was licensed by the late 
 Bishop Percy, of Carlisle, and a full service is per- 
 formed there every Sunday evening. The present 
 incumbent has obtained £5 per annum for the school 
 from Betton's Charity, in London. Tbe Earl of Lons- 
 dale gives £2 a year to the Sunday-school. There are 
 also two dame schools in the parish, in which about 
 fifty children are taught. 
 
 Camerton Hall, the seat of Ralph Cooke, Esq., is a 
 substantial stone structure, rebuilt in 1833. 
 
 SEATON. 
 
 The township of Seaton comprises an area of 2,939 
 acres, and its rateable value is £4,028 ; total rent 
 charge for tithe, £295 Os. 6d. Its population in 1601 
 was 562; in 1811, 726; in 1821, 020; in 1831, 745; 
 in 1841, 787; and in 1851, 835. A Roman road 
 formerly passed through this township on the high 
 grounds along the shore. About four years ago some 
 remains of antiquity were brought to light at or near 
 Barrow Walls, the ancient manorial seat of the Curwen 
 family. Patrick de Culwen is said to have pulled down 
 the mansion at Seaton, and to have removed to Work- 
 ington about the latter end of the twelfth century. It 
 is certain, nevertheless, that Thomas de Culwen, in 
 1279, procured a charter for a market at Seaton on 
 Thursday, and a fair for three days at the festival of St. 
 Peter ad Vincula (August lst.1.' There are still traces 
 of the old man.sion. In 1578, Henr^' Curwen, Knt., 
 held the manor of Seaton " by homage, fealty, and suit 
 of court, with other services, and paid yearly for cornage, 
 10s.; for seawake, Is. 3d.; and for sergeants' food, 
 turn-silver, and free rent, 3s. lOd.; in toto, 15s. Id." 
 The manor passed by bequest from the Curwens to 
 Charles Pelliam, Esq., from whom it was purchased by 
 the late Earl of Lonsdale, whose son and successor is 
 the present owner of the manorial rights and privileges. 
 
 1 Cart. Rot. Stb Edward I., 41.
 
 cnOSS CANONDY PARISH. 
 
 317 
 
 Nearly the wliole of the lands are held under the lord 
 by customary tenure, and courts are held at Seaton 
 annually. The Earl of Lonsdale is the largest land- 
 owner. The commons were enclosed in l^'SO, and 
 allotted to the respective proprietors. 
 
 Within a mile north-east of Workington, in this 
 township, are the works of the Dcrwcnt Iron Tin-plate 
 Company, which afford employment to about ~0() per- 
 sons, and are in connection with tlio Cjuay Iron Works, 
 at Workinqton, whero the iron is prepared for the 
 manufacture of the tiu-plate. There are e.\tensive 
 
 brick and tile works at Jfurray Guards, on Seaton 
 Moor. There is also a corn-mill (Seaton Mill; on the 
 Derwent. 
 
 Salmon Hall, in this township, the property of the 
 Earl of Lonsdale, was erected about a century ago. It 
 derives its name from the occupier or owner holding 
 the fisheries. 
 
 Between Seaton and the sea is a place called St. 
 Helen's, formerly fortiGed ; it is traditionally said to 
 be the site of a chapel. 
 
 CROSS CANONBY PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Cross Canonliy is hounded on the north and west by the sea, on the south by the river Ellen, and on 
 the east by Aspatria parish. It possesses in general a light loamy or gravelly soil, whicli produces early and excellent 
 crops of wheat, barley, oats, &c. Coal and limestone are the principal minerals, large quantities of the former being 
 shipped at Maryport, from the mines in the neighbourhood. Tlie parish comprises the townships of Cross Canonby, 
 Crosby, Birkby, aud the chapelry of Maryport. The inhabitants attend the Maryport markets. 
 
 In the 20th Elizabeth (1577-8) Anthony Ilighmore 
 
 CAKOXBY. 
 
 The area of this township is 1,00.T acres, and its 
 rateable value £742 83. 5d. The population in 1801 
 was 127; in 18)1, 138; in 1821, CO; in 1831, .'iO; in 
 1841, 59; and in 18.51, 70, who are chiefly resident 
 in the small village of Canonby. Agriculture is the 
 principal employment. The Maryport and Carlisle 
 railway runs tln'ough the township. 
 
 The manor of Crosby, or Cross Canonby, was demesne 
 of Alierdale, and continued to bo held by the lords of 
 AUerdalo till Henry, the sixth Earl of Northumberland, 
 gave it to Henry VIII., who, on February 4th, 1546, 
 granted to " llicliard ISridgcs, Esq., and John Knight, 
 gentleman, inter alia, the manor of Crosbie, with the 
 appurtenances, late parcel of the possessions of Henry, 
 late Earl of Northumberland, and all messuages, 
 granges, mills, profits, emoluments, and hereditaments 
 whatsoever in Cross Canonby, which late belonged to 
 the said Earl of Northumberland, of the yearly value of 
 £1 Os. lOJd. And, on the -JOth of January in the 
 same year, there is a license to them for the fine of 28s. 
 paid into the Exchequer to alienate the manor of 
 Crosby, in the parish of Cross Canonby, and ten 
 messuages, four cottages, two acres of arable land, sixty 
 acres of meadow, lOH acres of pasture, 110 acres of 
 moor, and 1 2d. rent, with the appurtenances in Crosbie, 
 alias Cross Canonby. lato parcel of the possessions of 
 Henry, lato Earl of Northumberland, to Gabriel High- 
 more, gentleman ; and, in tho lltb Elizabeth (15{58-9) 
 Gabriel lligbraoro conveyed it to Anthony Ilighmore." 
 
 held certain lands in Crosby " by homage, fealty, and 
 suit of court, and paid yearly for cornage, Os. 8d. ; 
 seawake. Is. 2d. ; turnsilver, 3s. lOd. ; Serjeant's food, 
 and free farm, and rendered in toto, lis. Od." Soon 
 after this Crosby was purchased by the Porters of 
 Weary Hall, in which family it continued for some 
 generations, until one of them enfranchised the manor 
 and sold it to the tenants, who are now all freeholders. 
 The principal landowners are Joseph Hall, Esq. ; Mrs. 
 M. B. Dykes ; Messrs. John Currey, John llicbmond, 
 and John Norman. 
 
 Tho village of Canonby is situated three miles north- 
 east of Maryport. 
 
 THE CIIURCn. 
 
 Cross Canonby church is an ancient structure, dedi- 
 cated to St. John. It consists of nave, chancel, and a bell 
 turret with one bell : and possesses a sculptured font of 
 great antii]uity. Tho church, with a carucate of land, 
 was given by Alan, second lord of .Mlcrdalc, to the priory 
 of Carlisle, which grant was confirmed by tho kings 
 Henry IE and Edward III. The benefice is now a 
 perpetual curacy, in the patronage of tho dean and 
 chapter of Carlisle, and worth about £150 per annum. 
 T'lie tithes were commuted in 1814, for £308 Is. Od. : 
 vi/.. : — Cmonby, i'70 lis. 9d.; Birkby. £83 12s.: 
 Crosby, £103 18s. They belonged to tho dean and 
 clinptcr of Carlisle, but are now held by tho Ecclesias- 
 tical Commissioners. The church contains several
 
 318 
 
 DKRWENT WAUD. 
 
 monuments to the memory of different members of the 
 Senhouso family. 
 
 Incumbents. — NVilllam Lnncnster, died 17CC ; Mr. Tajlor; 
 John Donald ; Richard Dugdalc, 18&3. 
 
 DinUBY. 
 
 Tile area of tbe townsliip of Birkby is 871 acres, and 
 its rateable value .£l,()5-3 17s. Od. The population was 
 returned with th;it of Canonby township in ItSOl and 
 1811; in 18-21 it was 90; inl83I, IJO; in 1841,89; 
 and in l^^ul, 117. The inhabitants are chiefly located 
 in the village of Birkby, and in a few good farms scat- 
 tered over the township. Agriculture is the chief em- 
 ployment. At Ellengrove are a small manufactory for 
 pencils and a tannery. The Maryport and Carlisle 
 railway is ou the south of the township. 
 
 Birkby manor is parcel of the barony of Allcrdale, be- 
 longing to General Wyndham. In the 20th Elizabeth 
 (1577-8), we find it recorded that "Philip Lord Wharton 
 holdeth Birkby of the ancient possessions of the earls 
 of Northumberland, of the yearly value of Cs., granted, 
 amongst other things, by Henry, late Earl of Northum- 
 berland, grandfather to the earl that now is, to one 
 Thomas Wharton, then controlcr of his household, to 
 bimand his heirs males, and rendering 6s." The dean 
 and chapter of Carlisle have a manor here, given to the 
 priory with the church, by Alan, second lord of Allcr- 
 dale ; this is annexed to, or is now deemed part of, their 
 manor of Lorton. William Ostle, Esq. ; Capt. .Joseph 
 Cuthbertson ; Messrs. Isaac Sibson, Thomas Bceby, 
 and John Richmond, are the piiucipal landowners. 
 
 The commons, containing upwards of si.xty-four acres, 
 wore enclosed in 1853. This township was formerly 
 subject to a tithe rent charge of CS3 12s., the greater 
 portion of which was enfranchised, in 185 U, by the 
 present owners of the soil. 
 
 The village of Birkby is pleasantly situated on the 
 Aspatria turnpike road, two miles east bj' north of 
 Maryport, and contains some good houses. 
 
 Ellen Bank, the property and seat of Robert Ritson, 
 Esq., is a fine structure, in the Elizabethan style, 
 erected in 1850. It is very pleasantly situated, about 
 a mile cast by north of Maryport. 
 
 Birkby Lodge is another good residence in this town- 
 ship, two and a half miles east by north of the same 
 place. 
 
 CBOSBY. 
 
 This township comprises 1,041 statute acres; its rate- 
 able value is £2,108 7s. CH. In 1801 the number of 
 iuhabitmts was 103; in 1811, 207; in 1821, 200; in 
 1S31, 197 ; in 1841, 272 ; and in 1851, 973, who arc 
 ehiefly collected in the village of Crosby, tho only 
 
 village or hamlet in the township. Agriculture and 
 coal mining is the occupation of the inhabitants, a 
 colliery having been opened here in 1856, by Messrs. 
 Cooke, Nicholson, and Co. The minn has one shaft 
 seventy fathoms in perpendicular depth. The seam 
 working at present is the " Ten Quarters Seam," which 
 is seven and a half foot thick: tho number of hands 
 employed is upwards of 100. The Maryport and Car- 
 lisle railway runs through the south of tho township, 
 within half a mile of the villnge. Cockermouth and 
 ilaryport are the markets attended. In the reign of 
 Henry VIII. the manorial rights belonged to the earls 
 of Northumberland, and afterwards were in the bands 
 of the Porters of 'Weary Hall, by whom they were sold 
 to the different owners of tho land, amongst whom were 
 the family of Osraothcrley. William Osmothcrley was 
 twice high sheriff, and also M.P. for the county, in the 
 reign of the unforlunate Richard 11. This old family 
 has long since been extinct. One of the daughters 
 married into tlie family of the Jacksons, of Crosby, 
 which also ended in daughters, the last having married 
 into the Reay family, of the Gill, the present John 
 Reay, Esq., being now owner of the estate. This 
 family also intermarried with the Laws, the ancestors 
 of the earls of Elleuborough, the first of whom took his 
 title from Ellcnborough, which adjoins the parish. 
 A survey, taken in 1578, informs us that "Thomas 
 Porter holds in the town of Alta Crosby two messuages 
 and four oxgangs of land, late Thomas Lowther's, by 
 homage, fealty, and suit of court ; and jiaicth yearly 
 for cornage, Od. ; for seawake, l^d.; with Serjeant's 
 food, &c. ; in toto, per annum, lOid. John Jackson 
 holdeth in the same town of Alta Crosby one mes- 
 suage with the appurtenances, late William Dikes', 
 by like service, and paietii yearly for free rent Id." 
 The landowners are Henry Richmond, Esq. ; John 
 Ileay, Esq.; John Richmond, Esq.; Edward B. Steel, 
 Esq.; and William Swinburn, Esq. Each proprietor 
 claims the manorial rights of his own land ; the tenure 
 here is freehold. The enclosure of the commons took 
 place in 1853, when there were two acres, which are 
 subject to a rent charge of 20s., allotted to the guardians 
 of the poor of the township. The tithes fur Crosby 
 township amount to £153 18s. 
 
 The village of Crosby occupies a pleasant situation 
 thiee miles wcstnorih-wost of Maryport. Here is a 
 small parochial school, capable of accommodating about 
 sixty children. 
 
 rnAr.iTY. 
 The late Mr. J. Nicholson, in 1818, left X" -115 13s. 9d. 
 Three per Cent. Consols, the interest of which, amount- 
 ing to £12 Os. 4d. per annum, is divided in the following
 
 CROSS CAXONBY PAEISH. 
 
 319 
 
 manner, viz.: — Two-thirds to the schoolmaster of 
 Crosby (if approved of by the trustees) for the ediica- 1 
 tion of twenty children of tlie townships of Crosl)y. I 
 Canonby, and Liriiliy ; and the remaining one-thinl 
 to the poor widows of Maryport. The trustees are , 
 J. P. Senhoase, Esq.; Rev. Mr. Bewsher, and the Ilev. 
 Richard Dugdale. | 
 
 t 
 Solway Villa, the scat of John Curry, Esq., situated 
 
 close to the village, is a neat modern building, erected 
 
 in 18.53. 
 
 Crosby corn mill is on the river Ellen, which runs 
 
 through this township, and divides Cross Cauonby and 
 
 Dearham parishes at this point. 
 
 THE TOWN OF MARYPORT. 
 
 This seaport and market town is situated on the sea- | 
 coast at the mouth of the river Ellen, in 51' i;/ north 
 latitude, and ^^ iO' west longitude. It is distant 2'J 
 miles south-west from Carlisle, 311 north-west from 1 
 London by road, and 328 via Carlisle. The population 
 of the town of Maryport in 1851 was 5,00^^, of whom 
 9,066 were males, and 3,033 females, inhabiting 1,243 
 houses ; .55 houses being uninhabited, and 13 iu course 
 of erection. 
 
 The history of ilaryport belongs entirely to modern 
 times. The town is, as it were, a creation of yesterday, 
 and cannot full back upon its old traditions or historical 
 reminiscences like some of the other towns of the 
 county; yet its youth shadows foith great things, and 
 the time will surely come when it will take its place in 
 the annals of industry and peaceful commerce — annals 
 more great and glorious than those of war and rapine, 
 speaking as tliey do of science, and skill, and fortitude, 
 and daring, and the triumph of mind over matter in a 
 thousand dilTerent ways, each of which has been for the 
 benclit and welfare of the whole human race. Maryport is 
 the growth of a single century. Like many modern towns 
 in the north of lingland, it has been called into e.\istunce 
 by tlie universal demand for coal, a demand that it has 
 fortunately been able, in some measure, to supply. 
 Little moro than a hundred years ago, in 1718, on the 
 present site of -Maryport, there stood but one house, 
 which is described in the act, 27ih (ieorge II., c. 6.. 
 " as only one farm house, with the outhouses and 
 offices thereto belonging, standing, and built near the 
 harbour of Ellenfoot." Tbis farmstead is now the 
 *' Golden Lion." Two years afterwards, the second 
 house was built, and in 1756 iho town received its 
 present name by act of parliament; and it seems verv 
 probable that Pennant is correct in staling that Hum- 
 phrey Senhouse, Esq., the lord of the manor, suggested 
 
 the norae, though some of the inhabitants will have 
 it that Mary Queen of Scots gave it its appellation as 
 she passed through it on her vi>it to England. In 
 1771 the town had increased to lOO houses and 1,300 
 inhabitants. This was owing to the opening up and 
 extension of the coal trade. Shipping had also com- 
 menced in the harbour, and a series of wooden pens 
 had been erected on either side of the river, for the 
 convenience of loading the vessels, about seventy of 
 which belonged to the port. There was also a consider- 
 able trade and commerce in iron, potters* ware, glass, 
 cordage, and fish, and other wares and merchandise. 
 Hutchinson, in his History of Cumberland, published 
 in 1791, observes, " The lacd at ilaryport has become- 
 of such value that in a building lease, it lets from Od. 
 to 2s. 6d. a yard in front and forty backwards. There 
 are about ninety vessels belonging t) the port, some of 
 them are 230 tons burden, and upon an average 120 
 tons each, and seven men and a boy to each vessel. 
 Their chief trade is the export of coals to Ireland ; but 
 they al*o ship iron and gla-s to distant parts. Before 
 the unhappy divisions between the mother country and 
 the colonies, they sent out several ships to America. 
 They import timber, flax, and iron from the Baltic. 
 The place is happily situated for sea-bathing, and is 
 greatly resorted to in the proper season." Maryport 
 has not, perhaps, justified the concluding eulogiura of 
 Hutchinson, by becoming a fashionable watering place, 
 but the incipient energy of its traders, who had sent 
 their little vessels to Boston, before the tea riots there 
 had estiblished the great modern republic, and who had 
 brought timber and flax from the Baltic, has manifested 
 itself in the constant progress of the port to our own 
 times. As it is to the coal trade that Maryport is 
 indebted for its present position, we will first cast a 
 glance at that branch of industry. There are in the 
 vicinity, and properly speaking belonging to JIaryport, 
 some nine or ten pits, many of which have only recently 
 been opened, though others have been worked for a 
 great number of years, and with the many improve- 
 ments that have been etTectcd iu the winning of coal 
 the produce of these pits has been greatly increased. 
 so much so, that the quantity of coal exported has been 
 about trebled within the last twenty years. In 1630, 
 there were shipped Irom Maryport of coal alone, about 
 110,000 tons. In 1841, it had increased to 150,000 
 tons, or about 3,000 tons per week. In the following 
 year, however, in consequence of the ruinous rate at 
 which coal was selling in Ireland, whither, we ought 
 to have observed, almost all the coal is shipped, 
 the trade considerably decreased, and the exportation 
 sank much lower. By diut of cuergy and perseverance
 
 320 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 a rally was raade, and in the last five years the returns 
 of this the staple trade of Maryport, stand thus : — 
 
 Year. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Coals. 
 
 Culm. 
 
 Coke. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 tons. 
 
 tons. 
 
 tons. 
 
 1854 
 
 U,800 
 
 300,504 
 
 1,108 
 
 2,404 
 
 ]805 
 
 ■■i,r< U 
 
 •J8l,'.?!)i 
 
 180 
 
 2,121) 
 
 1850 
 
 a.Hio 
 
 201,0(18 
 
 1.521 
 
 2,M77 
 
 1867 
 
 a.ora 
 
 3:l.i,877 
 
 1,102 
 
 2,350 
 
 1858 
 
 2,S10 
 
 3-,>8,03i 
 
 
 1,425 
 
 It appears, therefore, that this trade is rapidly on the 
 road to very great and important results, and now, with 
 the fiicilities for loiiding in tho New Dock, it will 
 receive au additional impetus. 
 
 Having thus glanced at the staple trade of the town, 
 we -will proceed with the ne.\t in importance — ship- 
 building, for the operations connected with which there 
 are three establishments, or yards. Two of those belong 
 to the largest firm, Messrs. R. riitson & Co., while 
 the other is the property of Jlessrs. J. Wood and Co. 
 The former company employ nearly 2(10 hands in the 
 various departments of their business, and have built 
 since their commencement in 1S30, about fiftj' vessels 
 of various sizes and burdens. The establishment of 
 Messrs. Wood and Co. is also well and favourably 
 known. A large number of workmen are employed, 
 and several fine ships have been from time to time 
 erected here. There formerly existed another yard, 
 but it has now for some time been unoccupied. In 
 concluding this account of Maryport shipbuilding we 
 may state that most of the vessels constructed here 
 are engaged in the India and China trades. 
 
 The rest of the Maryport trade is unimportant, if it 
 can be said to have any other, excepting the ordinary 
 occupations of a rising seaport town. During the lish- 
 ing season employment is given to a number of hands, 
 in the herring and cod fisheries, the produce of which 
 afterwards find their way to Carlisle, and the other 
 towns in the county. Until lately rope and cordage 
 were manufactured in large quantities, hut this branch 
 of industry has been discontinued. Sailcloth and sails 
 are made here, but chiefly for local use. 
 
 The imports are not of sutBcient importance to form 
 a special subject of interest in connection with the 
 town. Timber, a small quantity of which arrives from 
 America every year, and from the shores of the Baltic 
 at different times, is the only import worthy of the 
 name ; that from America is principally forwarded by 
 the r.iilways to the various parts of this and the adjoin- 
 ing county. It is very probale that as the exports of 
 the town increase, so also will its imports rise iu 
 
 importance and value, and such a consummation is 
 much to be desi;-cd. 
 
 Tlie shipping and shipping stock of the port during 
 this progress in its trade and manufactures must of 
 course have proportionately increased. As stated above, 
 in 1750 there were about seventy vessels iu connection 
 with the port, and from the registers we learn that this 
 number had increased in 1810 to 101 vessels, with a 
 burden of 13,580 tons. The following table, made up 
 from the Custom-house returns since 1830, exhibits 
 the annual number of vessels, foreign and coastwise, 
 which have cleared from Maryport, the number and 
 registered t )iinage of vessels belonging to the port, and 
 the iiniount of customs' duties received, thus giving a 
 resume of the trade uf Maryport: — 
 
 
 CAnaoES (ODTW'D.) 
 
 VESSELS BEOISTEBED. 
 
 
 Ve„. 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Coasting. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 DutiosRec'd 
 
 1830 
 
 
 013 
 
 
 
 
 ls.)7 
 
 21 
 
 1,181 
 
 
 
 i778 
 
 ),s:i.S 
 
 44 
 
 1,188 
 
 13 
 
 1,010 
 
 083 
 
 ls:ll) 
 
 43 
 
 1,184 
 
 28 
 
 3,301 
 
 1.304 
 
 1S4I) 
 
 24 
 
 l,44fi 
 
 48 
 
 0,220 
 
 1,301 
 
 1841 
 
 43 
 
 1,530 
 
 00 
 
 7,0.34 
 
 1,S!I0 
 
 1842 
 
 84 
 
 1,028 
 
 80 
 
 10,108 
 
 1,208 
 
 1.S43 
 
 50 
 
 1,011 
 
 8D 
 
 10,338 
 
 3,2fi(i 
 
 ].S44 
 
 37 
 
 2,2.t0 
 
 i)4 
 
 11,108 
 
 4.404 
 
 1K4.5 
 
 1 
 
 2,3Hl 
 
 07 
 
 11,713 
 
 5,S17 
 
 ISK! 
 
 • ) 
 
 2,.")(;m 
 
 108 
 
 13,007 
 
 7,0<)8 
 
 1M17 
 
 fi 
 
 2, .-111!) 
 
 123 
 
 1.^1.431 
 
 7,021 
 
 1S4K 
 
 i; 
 
 2,:i00 
 
 123 
 
 10,431 
 
 7,!)2l 
 
 ls4n 
 
 
 
 2 242 
 
 134 
 
 18,405 
 
 7,0J0 
 
 1S5I) 
 
 II 
 
 2.:ISH 
 
 133 
 
 18,512 
 
 0,(i71 
 
 1851 
 
 7 
 
 2.238 
 
 131 
 
 18,471 
 
 0,717 
 
 1852 
 
 13 
 
 2,212 
 
 124 
 
 ls,3fi4 
 
 (i,H03 
 
 IS 53 
 
 24 
 
 2,300 
 
 117 
 
 17,490 
 
 (;,:i03 
 
 IS 54 
 
 15 
 
 2,N(l(i 
 
 100 
 
 lo.iml 
 
 7,203 
 
 1805 
 
 10 
 
 2,045 
 
 107 
 
 10,427 
 
 7,0(iO 
 
 1>^5U 
 
 15 
 
 2,8]U 
 
 110 
 
 10,230 
 
 7,201 
 
 1857 
 
 15 
 
 3,054 
 
 108 
 
 lli,074 
 
 C,033 
 
 1858 
 
 14 
 
 2,840 
 
 117 
 
 17,858 
 
 0,474 
 
 Up to 1838 no ships were registered at Maryport, and 
 it was not till 1842 that the port, for Custom-house 
 purposes, was entirely separated from Whitehaven, so 
 that in this table, previous to that time, the number of 
 vessels belonging to the port is incorrectly given. The 
 great decrease in the number of "foreign" vessels 
 noticeable in 1845, is to be attributed to the Isle of 
 Man having in that year being placed under coasting 
 regulations. The above table shows the gradual in- 
 crease of shipping stock and burden belonging to the 
 harbour, which will, of course, increase more rapidly 
 as facilities for accommodation open up. Tugs are 
 now employed for facilitating harbour and coast move- 
 ments among the vessels. All steamers for passengers 
 were discontinued last year (1858). 
 
 The town and population also have kept pace with
 
 CROSS CANONBY PAEISH. 
 
 321 
 
 the increase of trade and shipping. la 1841 tho 
 population numbered about 5,300 p^ons, while ia 
 1851, as before-mentioned, there were only 5,000, so 
 that it has increased its number by almost one half 
 since that period, being now about 8,000. In 183-t a 
 company was formed for the purpose of lighting the 
 town with gis, and works were erected at a cost of 
 nearly £4,000. The whole town is now lighted inside 
 and out, iiurbour and quay, and the general arrange- 
 ments give great satisfaction, as well as reflect credit 
 upon all parties concerned. 
 
 In addition to the trades mentioned above, there are 
 two well-known foundries for iron and brass founding, 
 the Valentia and the Solway, both of which employ a 
 large number of hands, and have existed for some time 
 as sources of profitable labour in the town. The chief 
 nature of the work is of course of a naval character, 
 consisting of the requisites in tho respective materials 
 of vessels being built in the yards. There is also a 
 steam flour-mill, built originally for a cotton manufac- 
 tory, on the shore, a little way out of the town ; and a 
 pencil mill, which, since 1811, has sent out some ten 
 millions of pencils. The markets are held on Friday, 
 in Fleming S(iuare, which possesses a covered building 
 for the ■' butler women " in the centre. It is well sup- 
 plied with fruit, vegetables, fish, potatoes, &c. The 
 corn market was commenced in 1832-3, and is now of 
 .some importance. Petty sessions arc held in a room 
 of tho Qourthouse in the square every Friday. 
 
 In 174'J trustees were appointed by act of parliament 
 to levy dues and other moneys for tho maintenance and 
 extension of the harbour. Until 1833 these trustees 
 continued to be nominated by the lord of the manor, 
 but by a new act passed in that year, the lord of the 
 manor was declared a trustee in perpetuity, with power 
 to place four others on the board, while eight addi- 
 tional members were to be elected by the townspeople. 
 The duties of the new body include the management 
 of tho town as well as the harbour, and they are 
 authorised to levy rates upon the town and also upon 
 the harbour, under certain restrictions, for the proper 
 development of their resources. Tho trustees are 
 elected every five years. The qualification of a 
 trustee must be personal property worth £1,000 — 
 freehold, customary, or copyhold property, worth £50 
 a year, either by himself or his \\i(e — the occupation of 
 a house of tho clear annual value of Sl'iO — or ownership 
 of a certain number of shares in shipping belonging to 
 the port. Tho qualification to vote for trustees is the 
 payment of annual rates of not less than £0, or a certain 
 value of shares in ships. The constituency decide the 
 method of election, which, hitherto, has been by ballot. 
 
 30 
 
 The township and harbour are both under the same 
 government, although their accounts are kept separate ; 
 and from these we extract the revenues for each year 
 (the accounts are made up at the beginning of October) 
 for the eight years ending with 1857. There are two 
 years in which we have not obtained the revenue of the 
 township : — 
 
 Year. 
 
 Harbour. 
 
 Township. 
 
 
 £ 8. d. 
 
 £ 8. d. 
 
 1850 
 
 .'},H'^5 9 8 
 
 602 
 
 1H51 
 
 3,8JH 8 5 
 
 055 2 C 
 
 1852 
 
 i,mi 5 10 
 
 549 16 3 
 
 1«3 
 
 &,'j:i7 17 a 
 
 .. 
 
 1854 
 
 c,--is8 11 a 
 
 
 1855 
 
 CfiM 12 11 
 
 875 7 
 
 185(i 
 
 5,7(iO 7 
 
 e94 12 10 
 
 1857 
 
 6,03fi 8 4 
 
 809 8 9 
 
 At the 8th October, 1837, the liabilities of the harbour 
 amounted to £03,895, on mortgage, and £8,437 14s. Id. 
 due to the treasurer, having been increased by £17,750 
 borrowed in 1855, and by £2,400 borrowed in 1853. 
 In 1857 the interest on mortgages amounted to £2,729, 
 but even with this heavy charge, there was, on the 
 ordinary receipts and expenditure, a surplus revenue 
 of £1,5'.I5 ICs. 7d., which was of course swallowed up,, 
 along with some £10,000 more, by the expenditure 
 upon the New Dock, the total cost of which will amount 
 to upwards of £40,000. The debt of the township 
 amounted last year to £1,350 ; but there was a balance 
 of £535 9s. 7d. in the hands of the treasurer. 
 
 Let us now take a glance at the harbour of JIaryport. 
 with its progress and improvements. One hundred 
 years ago, around the mouth of the Ellen, a few wooden 
 posts supported a platform which constituted the pier 
 and quay. However, as trade increased, and capital accu- 
 mulated by the levying of dues and other charges, and 
 the investment of money by the lord of the manor, the 
 harbour works were reconstructed, and something more 
 suitable and substantial erected. On reference to tlic 
 harbour accounts for years gone by, there wiU frequently 
 bo found large sums of money spent on improvements 
 in the harbour and its approaches. In 1840 the pre- 
 sent cast-iron lighthouse was erected at a considerable 
 expense. Bridges have also been buUt, embankments 
 made, tramways laid down, piers constructed, and all 
 the re(iuisite harbour littings collected as moans per- 
 mitted. A great flood and storm in 1853 w^ashcd away 
 the timbers of the pier, which resulted in an erection 
 of an increased size and strength. The harbour 
 revenues increased us trade and commerce opened up 
 and the harbour extended. In lbi51, in consequence 
 of the large increase in the trade since the port was
 
 323 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 made independent in 1842, the harbour was declared of 
 the sixth class, and soon rose considerably in impor- 
 tance. At length, in 1853-4, an agitation comnienced 
 for a flotiting dock, a want which hiid long been felt. 
 The harbour, though easy of access, was inadequate to 
 the increasing necessities of the times. Contracts were 
 accordingly entered into, and a floating dock com- 
 menced to be built, fair acres in extent, and capable 
 of accommodating some 150 vessels. At the same 
 time the deepening of the harbour and channel was 
 vigorously carried out. In little more than three years 
 the dock was completed, and a truly noble piece of 
 work it is — with its solid masses of stone, its heavy 
 gates, its broad clear platforms, and its wharfs and 
 sheds. The dock is situated at the west end of the 
 old harbour. Its length is 600 feet, and width 240 
 feet ; consequently it covers an area of a little over 
 three acres. The entrance is fifty feet in width, and 
 the depth of water over the sill is twenty-one feet at 
 spring tides, and about ten feet at neaps. The stone 
 used in the construction of the walls and entrance of 
 the dock is red sandstone — chielly obtained from quar- 
 ries in the neighbourhood ; the sill is formed of Lazonby 
 stone, and the hollow quoins of granite from the Xith. 
 .Great care has been taken and no expense spared in 
 the construction of the gates. The harbour is provided 
 with seven coal drops, and a timber slip has been formed 
 at the south end. With these improvements, the har- 
 bour is one of the most complete on the coast. As an 
 additional improvement to the port, and indeed an im- 
 provement to the Solway, the trustees have placed at the 
 end of the stone pier a catadroptric soa light, similar 
 to those in use at Sunderland, Hartlepool, and other 
 ports on the east coast, and much approved of in these 
 places. This light will take the place of the present 
 inner light. It will have a range of twelve miles in 
 average weather, and will be the next light in impor- 
 tance to that at St. Bees Head. The outer light wiU 
 also be altered to a red light, and placed so as to give 
 vessels the lead into the harbour. The lineal quayage 
 at the dock is 1,0-30 feet, and the additional quay space 
 is lij,000 superficial yards, — of which upwards of 2,000 
 yards are available for the landage and storeage of 
 timber. Nor were the railway company backward in 
 performing their part in this great undertaking. They 
 evinced a most commendable spirit, and went to great 
 expense in remodelling and increasing the facilities for 
 shipping. The whole of their system of lines in con- 
 nection with the dock were re-aiTanged ; two new 
 bridges were erected, by which a considerable saving 
 of distance was efiected ; and a number of minor im- 
 provements were made, including the erection of the 
 
 Hurries. A new station is projected at a point nearer 
 the town, and i^ anticipation of this great improvement 
 a new street has been laid out by the trustees, which 
 runs ilirectly through the town to the site of the pro- 
 posed new station. The plans for the dock were fur- 
 nished by Mr. Dees, and they were carried out under 
 the superintendence of Mr. Stanley. Mr. Nelson, of 
 Carlisle, was the contractor, under whom the whole of 
 the dock works were carried out. The cost of the works 
 e.xceeded £'40,000. 
 
 The formation atid rapid success of the Maryport and 
 Carlisle railway is intimately connected with the pro- 
 gress of Maryport and its harbour. The year 1845 
 saw the opening of tlio raihvay, and the through traffic 
 of the line then commenced. From the subjoined 
 statistics the reader will see how much and how fast 
 the traffic has increased : — 
 
 STATEMENT OP KEVENCE BECEITTS. 
 
 Half year ending a I St Dec, ISifi.. .. X15,151 9 10 
 
 Half veur ending 30th June, 
 
 1847 i;ifi,0H3 11 !l YEABLY. 
 
 Do. 01st Dec, 1847.. 1C,77U 4 1 
 
 i32,fcl42 IS 10 
 
 Do. 3nili June, 1848.. X13,ii41 4 
 3 montlis, 3Utli Sept., 1848 . 8,17;J 11 7 
 
 Line from 30th Sept., 1848, to 1st January, 
 1H5U, under Mr. Hudson. 
 
 Half vear ending 30th June, 
 
 1850 X14,(U3 2 10 
 
 Do. 31sl Dec, 1850.. 17,UU0 1 1 
 
 21,813 10 1 
 
 32,003 3 11 
 
 Do. 30th June, 1851.. 15,082 111 
 Do. yist Dec, 1801.. 18,417 17 10 
 
 34,309 19 9 
 
 Do. 30th June, 1852.. 10,205 U 5 
 Do. 31st Dec, 1802.. ]8,C)U(i 17 11 
 
 Do. 30th June, 1853.. 17,205 2 5 
 Do. 31st Dec, 1853.. 21,052 1 
 
 Do. 30th June, 1854.. 22,280 3 
 Do. 31st Dec, 1804.. 24,!J95 10 4 
 
 Do. 30th June, 1855.. 22,851 15 3 
 Do. 31st Dec, la.iS.. 20,05110 
 
 Do. 30th June, 1850.. 23,027 9 2 
 
 Do. 31st Dec, 1800.. 27,5r,0 15 8 
 
 Do. 30th June, 1S57.. 20,049 10 4 
 Do. 31st Dec, 1857.. 27,937 10 2 
 
 Do. 30lh June, 1858.. 23,708 5 11 
 
 Do. 31st Dec, 1858.. 27,270 2 
 
 34,902 4 
 
 38,857 8 
 
 47,282 2 7 
 
 40,503 11 3 
 
 51,428 4 10 
 
 03,987 
 
 .51,038 7 U 
 
 CHURCHES AKD CHAPELS. 
 
 Maryport chapel, a chapel -of- ease, under Cross 
 Canonby, and dedicated to St. Mary, is a handsome 
 edifice in the Early English style. It was erected in 
 1760, and consecrated on 4th of August, 1763. The 
 cost of erection amounted to j£265, Mr. Senhouse giving 
 stones to the amount of £100. It was considerably
 
 CROSS CANONBY PARISU. 
 
 323 
 
 enlarged in 1837 by the erection of a chancel and 
 transepts, and in 1817 a tower was added, so that the 
 structure at present consists of uave, chancel, transepts, 
 and tower. The church contains a mural monument 
 to the memory of Humphrey Senhouse, Esq., the 
 founder of Maryport, and a tJiblet to the memory of 
 Mary, wife of Kelsick Wood, of Workington, and 
 daughter of Philip Nelson, of Birkby. A tablet, bear- 
 ing the following inscription, is inserted in the north 
 wall of the north transept : — " This chapel was enlarged 
 in the year 1837 by voluntary subscription, raised 
 amongst the inhabitants of the town of Maryport, aided 
 by donations from other places, and particularly by 
 means of a munificent donation of four hundred and 
 fifty pounds from the personal representatives of the 
 late William Jenkins, Esq., of Shepton Mallet, a pious 
 and liberal Presbyterian, who, whilst he differed from 
 the form, preserved the doctrine and spirit of the 
 Established Church, and earnestly desired its welfare." 
 The living is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of 
 Mrs. Pocklington Senhouse, whose family have pre- 
 sented since the chapel was erected. Mr. Senhouse, 
 the great-grandfather of Mrs. Senhouse, by vihom the 
 chapel was built, gave j£2ilO to obtain Quci^n Anne's 
 Bounty. The rights of baptism and marriage are per- 
 formed in the chapel. The living is worth between 
 .£150 and £1(50 per annum, and is derived from Queen 
 Anne's Bounty, land, pews, and surplice fees. The 
 registers of the chapelry extend from 1 7R1 to the present 
 time. At the top of the first page occurs the following 
 memorandum : — " That Maryport chapel was built by 
 Ilumphery Senhouse, Esq., a. dom. 1700, and paid for 
 by about 70 principal inhabitants, who purchased pews 
 after it was built, .loscph Gilbanks, clerk, nominated 
 mini.sf U> the said chapel by the s<i. Humphrey Sen- 
 house, March •iiilh, 1701. Galleries erected in the 
 said chapel 1 70'2. And the said chapel consecrated by 
 Charles Littleton, lord bishop of Carlisle, August 4th, 
 1763." 
 
 Ikcumdents. — Joseph Gilbanks 1701 ; .\nthony Dixon, 1794; 
 Robert Nicholson FenlhurstoD, 1H45; William Uewsher, ISOO. 
 
 There is a parsonage house, purchased and appro- 
 priated to the living twelve or thirteen years ago. It 
 in an ordinary dwelling, of moilcrii erection, in no par- 
 ticular style, pleasantly situated on the elevated ground 
 overlooking the harbour. 
 
 The Catholic church, dedicated to St. Patrick, is 
 situated in Crosby-street. It is jwirlly in the Early 
 Knglish style of architecture, and was erected in 18U-5, 
 at a cost of about 1 1,500, inclusive of the purcha.se of 
 the site, and of the organ. The altar is constructed on 
 tho meditcval model, and the chancel and aisle arc 
 
 paved with ornamental tiles. The window over the 
 altar is filled with richly-stained glass, bearing a figure 
 of our Saviour,and emblematical representions of the four 
 Evangelists. The west window contains a small figure 
 of the patron saint of the church. For several years 
 previous to the erection of this church, the Catholics of 
 Maryport assembled for worship in an old house on the 
 quay, and were dependent upon the ministr itions of the 
 priest at Carlisle, who visited them and administered 
 the sacraineiits at stated periods. The Kev. Francis 
 Bernard Williams, O.S.B., the first resident priest in 
 Maryport, was succeeded by tho Rev. James Poole, in 
 ISoO. There is a presbytery, or dwelling-house for the 
 priest, attached to the church. 
 
 The Baptist Chapel, High-street, was erected in 
 183 1, at a cost of about £800. It is a good plain stone 
 building, capable of accommodating 500 persons, and 
 contains an organ, which was placed in tho chapel in 
 185-1, at a cost of about £30. The Baptist congre- 
 gation of Maryport was formed in 1809, when they 
 met for religious worship in a sail -loft in Senhouse- 
 street, the services being conducted by the Rev. Charles 
 Kitchin until the opening of the chapel in 1831, at 
 which date the Rev. Hugh Anderson was appointed 
 minister. This gentleman continued to officiate till 
 1849, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Daniel Kirk- 
 bride, the present minister. 
 
 The Friends Meeting House is a plain neat building, 
 situated at the east end of King-street. It was con- 
 siderably enlarged and improved about si.xty years ago, 
 and is capable of seatiiig about 300 people. There is a 
 graveyai'd attached, but it was closed to interments in 
 1855. 
 
 The Presbyterian (English) Chapel, situated in John- 
 street, and enlarged in 1811, will accommodate about 
 500 persons. The congregation was formed in 1770, 
 and was soon afterwards placed under the care of tho 
 Rev. Mr. Dunn, who was succeeded by tho liev. Mr. 
 Wallace, and he, in his turn, by the Rev. Mr. Court. 
 The ne.xt minister was the Rev. Mr. Blackwood : after 
 whom comes the Rev. Moses Harvey, in 1811, who 
 was succeeded in 185'3 by his brother, the Rev. William 
 Harvey, the present incumbent. 
 
 The Presbyterian (United) Chapel, in Crosby-street, 
 was erected in 1831, ut a cost of £1.000, and will seat 
 000 persons. There are about fifty frt>e sittings. The 
 Rev. Wdliam Brookless appears to have been the first 
 minister of this chapel. Ho was appointed in 1831, 
 and, after being pastor for twenty ye:irs. was succeeded 
 in 1851 by the present minister, the Rev. John Scott 
 Craig. Previous to the erection of this place of worship 
 the cougregalion assembled in a factory in the town.
 
 324 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 Besides these chapels there are a Primitive Methodist 
 chapel iu EaglesQeld-street, erected in 1830; and a 
 Wesleyan Methodist chapel in Well Laue, built in 1 800. 
 
 SCHOOLS, ETC. 
 
 The British School, situated in High-street, was 
 
 erected in 18-15, and was enlarged by the addition of a 
 class-room in 1852, at a total cost of £150, which was 
 raised by subscription, and a grant from the Committee 
 of Privy Council on Education. It will accommodate 
 180 pupils, and has an average attendance of 165. It 
 is a mi-xed school, conducted by a master and three 
 pupil teachers, and is under government inspection. 
 
 The National School is an excellent stone building, 
 in Eaglesfield-street, erected in 1847. It compnses 
 schools for boys and girls, and will accommodate 300 
 children, the average number in attendance being, 
 boys, seventy ; girls, sixty. It is under government 
 inspection, and is conducted by a master and one pupil 
 teacher. There are also several private schools in the 
 town. 
 
 The Mechanics' Institution, held in the Atbcn;cum, 
 was established in 1844. It consists of a reading and 
 newsroom well supplied with newspapers and periodicals; 
 a library containing 850 volumes, principally of new and 
 popular works ; and a class-room, in which classes for 
 general instruction are held. Lectures are occasionally 
 delivered, to which members are admitted at a nominal 
 charge. The institution is supported entirely by the 
 contributions of its members, numbering about 160, 
 who pay an annual subscription of 6s. The exertions 
 of the committee in holding annual pic-nics, soirees, &c., 
 have also been a source of profit to the institution. 
 Polytechnic exhibitions upon an extensive scale were 
 held in 1840 and 1840, and attracted great numbers of 
 the public, but proving unremunerative, they have not 
 since been attempted. A general half-yearly meeting 
 is held in April and October, when the members elect 
 by ballot the officers, to whom the government of the 
 institution is confided. 
 
 The Maryport Athenajum, erected in 1856, at a cost 
 of £'2,300, is the property of a body of shareholders 
 designated in the deed of settlement as the Maryport 
 Public Building Company. It is held in shares of £i 
 each, vested in trustees, and is managed by a board of 
 directors who are annually appointed by the share- 
 holders. It is one of the largest halls in the county, 
 is no less handsome than commodious, and will contain 
 on the floor, and in the galleries, nearly 1,000 persons. 
 It is decDrated with much good taste, and lighted like 
 the House of Commons, from the glass covered roof, an 
 aiTangcment alike useful and pleasant. 
 
 While speaking of the schools, mechanics' institu- 
 tion, Ac, of Maryport, we may as well say a few words 
 respecting the local press. Four monthlies have been 
 commenced in the town at different periods, by some 
 one or other of the printers. Of these periodicals three 
 are now extinct, viz., the Eoyal Sailor, the Locomotive, 
 and the Gazette; the existing one, the Advertiser, was 
 commcno'd in 1853. Besides these, several publica- 
 tions have been issued here, chiefly volumes of poems, 
 by residents and others. 
 
 IT.OVIDENT INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Among the provident institutions of the town there 
 is one, the success of which deserves special notice — 
 the Savings Bank, established in November, 1842, and 
 which carries on its operations in Senhouse- street. 
 It has been cordially cherished by the inhabitants as a 
 safe and not unprofitable investment for their small 
 yet regular savings, as the following figures will clearly 
 show: — In November, 1840, four years after its com- 
 mencement, the deposits amounted to £6,509 4s., belong- 
 ing to 351 depositors, of which number fourteen were 
 charitable and friendly societies. In the same month, 
 1858, there were 080 depositors, with a tot;il deposit of 
 £15,370 8s. Id. Most of the leading inhabitants are 
 managers of the bank, to which, no doubt, is owing 
 the confidence of so many of their fellow-townsmen in 
 its results. The respective orders of Free Masons, 
 Oddfellows, and. Foresters have lodges in the town, and 
 have proved of the greatest assistance to the great bulk 
 of the population by the timely relief alTorded to their 
 sick and distressed members. k 
 
 CEMETEUY. 
 
 Maryport Cemetery is situated a little way oift of 
 the town, upon a gentle ridge rising from the shore. It 
 was opened in 1850, at a cost of about .'J3,000. It is 
 a pleasant little spot, already sacred as the last resting 
 place of many who a short time ago took their part in 
 the toil and bustle of the town, " but whose place 
 is now known no more," a)id with the little chapels 
 that stand within its enclosure, forms an interesting 
 object from the view of EUcnborough Fort. 
 
 The Roman station at Ellenborough is situated on a 
 hill above Maryport, on the north side of the mouth of 
 the river Ellen. Its position gives it a commanding 
 view of the Solway Frith and Irish Channel. Tho 
 camp is a very large one, and the lines of its ramparts 
 are very boldly developed. The eastern side, which is 
 the only one that is not defended by a natural defile, 
 or valley, was protected by a double ditch. There are 
 some traces of masonry also near the gateway on this
 
 CROSS CANONBY PARISH. 
 
 325 
 
 side, which render it probable that this entrance was 
 guarded by additional outworks. Some portions of this 
 gateway remain ; the sill of it strongly marked with 
 chariot wheels. The ruts are about five inches deep, 
 and five feet ten inches apart. Within the station is a 
 well, encased with circular masonry. The interior of 
 the station was excavated in 17011. An account of the 
 appearances which were then observed, will be found at 
 pages 6 and 7. In the grounds of Nether Hall is a small 
 entrenchment containing an area of about an acre and 
 a half; it is in a low and sheltered position, and has 
 probably been a retreat for invalids. Ancient roads 
 have diverged from this station, leading to Bowness, 
 Wigton, and Papcastle. On draining, some time ago, 
 the fields on the line of road leading owards old Car- 
 lisle, its pavement was met with, and to a great extent 
 removed. The body of the road was composed of large 
 granite boulders, some of them quarter of a ton in 
 weight ; the interstices being filled up with smaller 
 stones. On the south side of this way several slabs of 
 stono were found lying flat on the ground. They 
 probably covered the ashes of the dead ; fragments of 
 pottery and glass were found beneath them. Very 
 numerous and important are the remains of antiquity 
 which the station has yielded. With the exception 
 of two altars, they are all carefully preserved in the 
 house and grounds at Nether Ilall. Many of the 
 scnlptured stones which have been found here are more 
 highly can'eJ and more tastefully designed than is 
 usual in this part of England. An altar to the genius 
 of tho place, which has been removed to Whitehaven 
 Castle, is remarkable for its elaborate ornamentation, 
 and bears the following inscription : — 
 
 OENIO LOCI 
 
 FORTVNJLE REUVCI 
 
 BOMAK AETERNAi: 
 
 ET FATO BONO 
 
 O CORNELIANVS 
 
 PKUEGRIXVS 
 
 TRIB COIIOR 
 
 EX PROVINCIA 
 
 IIAVR CAESA 
 
 UOMO SE 
 
 To the Genius of the place, 
 
 to eternal Fortune, 
 
 to eternal Rome, 
 
 and to propitious I'ale, 
 
 Gains Coruelius 
 
 Poregrinus, 
 
 Trihune of the Cohort 
 
 from tlio Province of 
 
 Mauritania Ca.'saricu!>is, 
 
 native of Se . . 
 
 The last lino of the inscription, probably containing 
 tho usual formula vsllm (rotum iolvens libentUsimo 
 meriio), has been entirely erased, and we have only two 
 letters left of the name of the town from which Poregri- 
 nus came ; perhaps it wos on the river Scrbes. Another 
 altar of peculiarly graceful form, which has been found 
 here, is of importance, as proving tho residence here of 
 tho " Prima Cohors Hispanorum." In consequence, 
 probably, of some service done to Hadrian this cohort 
 
 seems, subsequently to the dedication of this altar, to 
 have obtained the rank of MiUiaria equitata, and the 
 title of ^Elia. The inscription may be read — 
 
 irovi] o[ptimo]m[aximo] 
 
 coh[ors]i his[paxoevji] 
 
 cvi prae[est] 
 
 ma[rcts]iiaeni- 
 
 vs aorip[pa] 
 
 tribv[nvs] 
 
 pos[vit] 
 
 To Jupiter the Best and Greatest, 
 
 This first cohort of the Spaniards, 
 
 Commanded by 
 
 Marcus Mieni- 
 
 us .^grippa 
 
 The Tribune 
 
 Erected this 
 
 A plain, square, but now partially fractured, pillar, 
 inscribed, Romae aetersae et fortvnae redvci ; a 
 boar, the symbol of the twentieth legion ; and a slab 
 which bears testimony to the labours which the second 
 and twentieth legion underwent in constructing the 
 works of this station have also been found here. There 
 is preserved in the piazza at Nether Hall, a carving in 
 relief of a warrior on horseback tram[iliug on a fallen 
 enemy. Besides these, there arc several large and 
 instructive altars and funeral slabs, as well as a tablet 
 having a Greek inscription to this effect : — " Aulus 
 Egnatius Pastor set up this to yEsculapius." The 
 minor antiquities consist of fragments of tiles, one of 
 which bears the stamp of the first cohort of the 
 Spaniards, a bronze pot bearing a marked resemblance 
 to some which are still in use, several earthenware 
 vessels of large size and quite perfect, implements of 
 iron, and weapons of war. Amongst the coins which 
 have been found in the station, are a great many forged 
 denarii of Trajan and Hadrian. They are chielly formed 
 of lead, and are badly made ; in some instances the metal 
 has not reached the centre of the mould, and in scarcely 
 any have the edges of the castings been properly 
 dressed. Genuine coin must have been e.\ceedingly 
 scarce amongst the soldiery of the camp, and their 
 credulity very great to allow of the circulation of such 
 base imitations. A large artificial mound or barrow is 
 to the left of the station. The inhabitants had an old 
 tradition respecting it; they conceived it to be the 
 sepulchre of a king. It was opened in 1703, near the 
 centre the pole and shank bones of au o.t were found, 
 but neither urns, burnt bones, nor coins were dis- 
 covered. There is great uncertainty about the anient 
 \ name of this fort. Camden pronounced it to be Oleua- 
 I cum, chiefly iulluenced by the resemblance in sound 
 between it and the name of tho neighbouring village 
 I of EUenborough (Maryport is but of recent origin). 
 I This supposition gathers force from the fact that iu 
 I ancient documents tho river KUen, which gives name 
 to the place, is written '• .\lne" and " Olue." ilodem 
 antiquaries appear, however, to be incUned to make it 
 ' the site of Glanovuuta, which is tho name given to it
 
 326 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 in the ^lap Britannia Romana, published in the Monu- 
 mentti Historica Uritanuiea.' A Roman altar, found at 
 this station, is now in the grounds of Lorn House, 
 Isle of Man, the residence of the Lieut.-Governor. It 
 bears an inscription, the following reading of which 
 has been suggested by the Rev. J. G. Gumming, of 
 Queen's College, Birmingham : — 
 
 lOVI AVO 
 IICENSORIVS 
 
 MFLIVOLTINIA 
 CORNEIJANVSI.EG 
 TaF.TENSISrRAB 
 FECTVSCOHTnN 
 SISEX PROVISCIA 
 NARBONDOMO 
 NEMAVSVMSLM - 
 
 Nether Hall, a short distance from the town, on the 
 banks of the Ellen, is the residence of Joseph Pockling- 
 ton Seuhouse, Esq., and is said to have been formerly 
 called " Alneborough " or " Elleiiborough Hall," being 
 within the manor of Ellenborough, which includes the 
 chapelry of JIarypart and the township of Ellenborough, 
 in Dearham parish. 
 
 SEiibousc of ^ttljir ^all. 
 
 Joseph PocKLtNGtoN Senhouse, Esq., of Nether Hall ami 
 Barrow House, J.P., and D.L., high sheriff, ISlfi, boru aist 
 November, 1S04; married I3tli October, 1S3.5, Ehzabeth, eldest 
 daughter and co-heir of the late Humphrey Senhouse, Esq., of 
 Nether Hull, and has issue, 
 
 I. Humphrey, born 13ih August, 18i3. 
 1. Ellen. 
 II. Blanche, married 3rd Jidy, IS.ji;, to Alfred Lord Scarsdale. 
 III. llary. iv. Fanny. 
 
 3Ir. Pocklington Senhouse assumed his second surname by 
 royal license on the i7tli of September, 1842. 
 
 The very ancient family of Pocklington is supposed 
 to have derived, at an early period, its appellation from 
 the town of that name in the East Riding of Yorkshire. 
 
 Thomas Pocki.inoton (son of William Pockhngton, living 
 temp. Henry VIII.) had the chauntry lands in Coddington, 
 Notts, belonging to the Priory of St. Catherine, near Lincoln, 
 settled on him, 44th Elizabeth ; his son, Jous Pockliscto.n-, of 
 Cottingham, was father, by Letitia, his wife, of Wu.liam Pock- 
 LIKGTON, of Cottingham, who was one of the grand jury who sub- 
 scribed and sent iustruutions to the Knights of the Shire of Not- 
 tingham, during the violent debates of the year 1042, in favour of 
 the king. By Mildred, his wife, he left, i/iter alios, a son, Roger 
 PooKi-iKOTON, of Newark, father of Roger Pockli.vgton", of 
 Kelham, Notts, who died 31st October, 1720, leaving, by Mary, 
 liis wife, daughter of Thomas Saiton, Esq., several children, of 
 whom was 
 
 Rogee Pocklinoton, Esq., of Bassingham, co. Lincoln, bom 
 
 1 See also pages 2, 5, and 6. 
 "lovi Augusto Marcus Censorius Marei filius Voltinia (e tribu) 
 Comelianua leginnis Tretensis praelectus Cohortis Tungrensis ex 
 proviucia Narbonensi domo Nemaus votum solvit libens merito. 
 
 in IfiCO, who married Ann, daughter of Thomas Haslam, Esq., 
 of Newark, and djing in 1751, left a son, 
 
 William Pocklington, of Newark, co. Notts, bom lfin4, who 
 married 1734, Elizabeth, daughter of Samuel Uastall, Esq., of 
 the Friary, Newark, and died July, 1704, having had issue, 
 
 I. Roger. 
 
 II. Joseph, of Miiskham House, Notts, and Barrow House, co. 
 Cuinlierlaud, born 2jlh April, I73(i, died unmarried 3l9t 
 
 III. Mary, died unmarried, 8th March, 1800. 
 
 The eldest son, 
 
 Roger Pjcklinotos, of Winthorp Hall, co. Notts, born 25th 
 October, 1734, married Jnd .March, 1774, Mary, eldest daughter 
 and co-heiress of William Hoe, Esq., of Sudbrook Hall, near 
 Ancaster, co. Liucolu, and died on 12th October, 1810, leaving 
 issue, 
 
 Roger. 
 
 Elizabeth, married lath September, 1804, the Rev. Godfrey 
 
 (iillicrt Ciiiipcr, rector of KwUurst, co. Sussex; died 19tU 
 
 February, 1S41. 
 
 The son, 
 
 Roger Pocklington, Esq., of Carlton House, oo. Notts, bom 
 10th August, 1775, married 2nd February, 1802, Jane, daughter 
 of Sir James Campbell, Knt., of Inverneil, co. Argyll, and died 
 25th April, 1847, having had issue, 
 
 I. Roger, in holy orders, M.A., ricar of Wnlesby, co. Notts, bom 
 l-'ith November, ]xn-i; married 17tli November. 18.31, Mary, 
 second daugliier of (ieorge Hullou, Esq., of Carltouupon- 
 Trei.t, and has issue, 
 
 1. Roger, born 2"2iid September. 1832. 
 
 2. Bertram Millnrd, born ilili October, 1830. 
 
 3. Evelyn, born I3ili .March. 1H37. 
 
 4. Duncan, l<uru lUlli June, 1811. 
 
 1. Mary Jane. 
 
 2. Frances Elizabeth. 
 
 II. Joseph, the present Joseph Pocklington Senhouse, Esq., of 
 
 Nether Hall. 
 III. Evelyn Henry Frederiik, lieut.-col., born ISlh January, 1811 ; 
 
 married I'th August, 1H47, Barbara Campbell, only child of 
 
 A Scon Broomfield, Esq., of Hollywood, co. Wicklow, and 
 
 has issue, 
 
 1. Evelvn, bom 13th June, 1843. 
 
 2. Frederi k fhail.-f, born l^tli June, 181!). 
 
 3. Aichihnld James, bom 9th June, 18.j1. 
 
 1. .Alice .Jane. 
 
 2. Edith Harriet. 
 
 I. Mary Elizabeth Agnes. 
 
 II. Jane Augusta, married 20lh March, 1332, James Archibald 
 Campbell, Esq., of Jnverawe, co. Argyll, and died 11th 
 June", 1842. 
 
 FAMILY OF SENHODSE. 
 
 The family De Sewynhou.se, De Sevenhouse, or De 
 Senhouse, derives its name from Hall Sevenhouse, or 
 Senhouse, a district of Cumberland. The first of its 
 members upon record, 
 
 W.AT.TER DE Sewynhouse had a grant of the fifth part of the 
 township cf Bolton, in the parish of Gosforth, from Alan do 
 Copeland, and likewise a grant of other lands in the same parish 
 from William de Wayberthwaite. These grants are both without 
 date, but both are wimessed by Sir Adam de Laniplugh, Knt., 
 who hved in the times of Richard I. and King John. From 
 Walter descended 
 
 John Senhouse, who married in 1528, Elizabeth, elder sister 
 and co-heir of Richard Eglesfield, sou of Gawen Kglesfield, of 
 iVlneburgh Hall, High Sheriff of the co. Cumberland, in 9th 
 Henry VIII. (which Gawen was the descendant in a right Una
 
 CROSS CANONBY PARISH. 
 
 327 
 
 from Jolin do EglesfielJ, the elder brotlier of Robert de Egles- 
 field, llie founder of Queen's College, Oxford). This Jobo Sen- 
 house died Uttiii, leaving four sons, viz.: — 
 
 I. Thomas, ancpsior of the family of SExnonsE, of SeDScale 
 
 Hull. CiKiib^-rlaiid, iinw extinct in the uiule hue. 
 
 II. Peter, of k^llenboruiigh Hull, died uumarried. 
 
 III. John, of whom presently. 
 
 IV. Richard, uicunibent of C'lnu^'hlon, Lnnonshire. 
 
 The third son, 
 
 JoUN Se.niiousf,, of EUenborouRh, is the person whom Cam- 
 den mentions in his Britannia, as having collected with great 
 industry numerous Roman stones, altars, lavers, and statues, 
 with inscriptions, which he had placed with much taste in his 
 houses and building^; and as having entertained in iSOU the 
 celebrated antiquary himself, and Sir Robert Cotton, of Coning- 
 ton, with great civility. Ho maiTied Anne, daugliter of John 
 Ponsonby, Esq., of Hole Hall, and had, with other issue, 
 
 1. Peteb, his successor. 
 
 n. Simon, who was murdered near Dovenby, by Skelton, of 
 
 Ariuuthwuite. 
 m. Richard, in holy orders, D.D., fellow of St. John's, Cambridge, 
 altiTwards dean of Gloucester, and subsequently bishop of 
 Curlisle.i 
 I. Eleanor, married to Henry Fletcher, Esq., of Moresby Hall, 
 n. June, married to Blennerhasset of Fliinby. 
 111. Elizabeth, married to WUliam Briscoe, Esq. of Croftou. 
 
 Mr. Senhoase died 1601, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 Peter Senhouse, Esq., of Alneburgh, or EUenborough 
 Hall, otherwise Nether Hall, who was constituted by letters 
 patent ('.iOth James I.) escheator of the counties of Cumberland 
 and Westmoreland, and served the office of sherill' for the former 
 shire, 3rd Charles I. He mairied Frances, daughter of Lance- 
 lot Skelton, Esq., of .Vrmathwaile Castle, in Cumberland, and 
 had, with other children, John, his successor, and Thomas, of 
 Long Newton, in Cumberland. Peter Scnhouse died 1051, and 
 was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 JoDN Seshouse, Esq., of Alneburgh Hall, who married 
 Elizabeth, third daughter of Humphrey Wharton, Esq., of 
 Gillingwood, co. York, and had, with other issue, 
 
 I. Humphrey, who died before his father, without issue. 
 
 II. John, successor to his father. 
 
 III. Itichurd. 
 
 IV. Patricins, who married in-'p."!, Elizabeth, daughter and heir of 
 
 Thiinias Dronilitld. Ksij., i>f lluineH I lull, Cuuibirluud, and 
 relict of Henry Hulion, Esci-, of Brigham. This gentle- 
 man's greal-grandsou, 
 
 IIdmi'HBEY Seniiou9E, Esq., of Bridgefoot, co. Cumber- 
 land, .1.1'., iniijnr of the Cunilicrhuul .Militiu, married 
 lsiibullu,duugliter of William I'oiisiinby, Ks(|., of White- 
 liuvcn ( by Cuilieriiic, his wile, duugbter uiid c.ilieiress of 
 John Seiiboiisc, Em\ , of the same place), and left issue 
 at his decease, ui ib'M, 
 
 Humphrey, a captain in the Cumberland Militia, 
 
 murried, and bus issue. 
 William, of Lincoln's Inn, barrisler.at-Iaw, who 
 
 died IKiU. 
 Catherine, married to Ralph Cook,Esq.,of Cumcrlon 
 
 Hall. 
 Slary. 
 
 I. Margaret, niarriixl lo Henry Kgleslicld, Esq., of Cross 
 
 Cnnonby, and died lilOl. 
 II. Elizabeth, murried to WilUum Nicholson, Esq. 
 
 ' See page 1 Iti of the present work. 
 
 Mr. Senhouse died l(i07, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 John Senhocse, Esq., of Nether Hall, captain in King Charles 
 I.'s array. He married first, Elizabeth, daughter of Jerome 
 Tolhurst, Esq., lieut.-govemor and M.P. of Carlisle, hut had no 
 issue. He married secondly, .Mary, daughter of Andrew Uud- 
 dleston, Esq., of Hutton John, Cumberland, and had issue, 
 
 I. John, his heir, 
 n. Andrew, killed at sen, fighting against the French. 
 
 III. Dudley, drowned in the river Lime. 
 
 IV. Peter, married Catheriue.daughterof Skelton of Branthwaite, 
 
 and had issue, 
 
 1. John, who had a son, Peter, who died unmarried. 
 
 2. Richard, M.D., left a sou, Peter, wbo died uninurried 
 
 in 17.')ii 
 1. Cutlierine, married to William Ponsonby, Esq., of 
 Whitehaven. 
 
 V. Hd.mphrev, of whom presently. 
 
 I. Dorothy, married to I'atricius Senhouse, of Hames Hall. 
 II. Mary, married to Richard Richmond, Esq., of Crosby. 
 
 Captain Senhouse died 1(107, and was succeeded by his eldest 
 son, 
 
 John Senhouse, Esq., of Nether Hall, who married Jane, 
 daughter of Richard Lamphigh, Esq., of Dovenby Hall, Cum- 
 berland, by whom (who married secondly, Charles Orfeur, Esq., 
 of Plumbland) he had surviving issue at his decease in 1001, 
 
 I. Mary, first married to Francis Skelton, Esq., of Brnnthwaite, 
 and secondly, to Richard Butler, Esq., of Rockliffe, Lanca- 
 shire. 
 
 II. June, married to John Stephenson, Esq., of Baladool, Isle 
 
 of Man. 
 
 III. Frances, died unmarried. 
 
 IV. Grace, married to Kiehard Viscount Shannon. 
 
 T. Isabel, miu-ried to John Fletcher, Esq., of Clea Hall, Cum 
 
 berland. 
 VI. Elizabeth, died unmarried. 
 
 These ladies who inherited as co-heirs to their father, dis- 
 posed ot the demesne of Nether Hall and manor of Alneburgh, 
 or EUenborough, to their unele, 
 
 HuMPHKEV Senhouse, who thus became possessed of Nether 
 Hall, or EUenborough. He married Eleanor, daughter of 
 William Kirby, Esq., of Aslack, co. Lancaster, and had issue, 
 
 I. Joseph Richard, who died unmarried in IT 16. 
 II. Humphrey, his successor. 
 III. William John, who died unmarried in 17*27. 
 I. Bridget, married to John Christian, Esq., of I'nerigg Hall. 
 und bad, with other issue, a daughter, Alai-y, wbo married 
 Edimnid Law, bishop of Carlisle. 
 II. Johanna, married to Gustavus Thompson, of Arcleby. 
 
 Mr. Senhouse, who served the ollice of SheritT of Camberitnd 
 1st George I. died 173S, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 HuMPHiiEv Senhoise, of Nrtther Hall, who married Maiy, 
 daughter and ultimately co-heir of Sir Georgo Fleming, Bait., 
 of Bydal, bishop of Curhsle, and had issue, 
 
 I. HrMpiinET, his sncccsfior. 
 
 II. William, boni in 17H, a lieut. R.N., and snbseqnently sur- 
 veyor geiicml of Burbadoti* and the Loewunl Islandn. He 
 married Klizubt'ib, duiigliier cf .Samson \V<«,il, l-]^.^ of 
 Uarboilocs, speaker nf tliu Huiiyoof .\s3einbly, and, tlying 
 in ISUti, lefl, uniuiigsl other issue, 
 
 1. William Wood, commander &. N., died befofe his 
 
 father, in |HO(l. 
 
 2. Sarosou, of I'onaonhy, Ciimberloni). married, ISOl, 
 
 Miiry, diiugliter anil c,i heir ol NielniJan le .Mesuricr, 
 K»<|.. of the Islund of (.Jneni«ey, Inn had no is.vnc. 
 
 3. Iluniplmy I'lcming (Sir), pomi'upbiui K.N., K.C.H., 
 
 married, ItilO, Klizabelli, daughter and evculually
 
 328 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 coheiress of Vice-mlmirnl John Manloy, of Plyniniiih, 
 
 am) left two daughters, Klizabetli Maijey anJ Mary 
 
 le Flemiiif;. 
 ■1. George Septimus, lieut. R.N., died unmarried, 1M08. 
 !). Edward Hooper, commander ii. N., married, 1H15, 
 
 Elizabetli Bisliop, daughter of John Spooner, Esq., 
 
 of Biu'badoes, and lias issue. 
 C. James Lowtlier, in holy orders, perpetual curate of 
 
 Sawlev. Derbyshire, and rector of Gosforlh, married, 
 
 l^'ii, Miss Kiizubetli Brooks. 
 1. Mary Ward, married to John Barrow, Esi]., of Borba- 
 
 does. 
 
 3. Johanna. 3. Sarah. 
 
 HI. Joseph (Sir), horn 17i;i, in the E. I. Co.'s Naval Service, 
 kiiighted 17H3, married Mary, daughter and co-heiress of 
 Johri Ashley, Ks(|., <tf .\shley St. Lepers, co. Northampton, 
 and, dynig in 18'Jll, left surviving issue, 
 
 1. Joseph Ashley, H.E.I.C.S. 
 
 '2. Miebael le l-'lemmg, died 1830. 
 
 :t. Humphrey Iiykes Ballanlyne. 
 
 4. William, an otlieer in the army. 
 
 1. Miu-ia, mai'iied to .loseph Gaitskell, M.D., of Bath. 
 
 2. Catlierine. 3. Sarah. 
 
 I. Mary, married to Robert Gale, Esq., of London. 
 
 Mr. Senhouse was high sheriff of co. Cumberland in the 10th 
 George II. He died in 1770, and was succeeded by his eldest 
 son, 
 
 Humphrey Senhouse, Esq., of Nether Hall, lieut.-col. of the 
 Cumberland Militia, M.P. for Cockermouth in 178G, and for 
 
 Cumberland in 1700. Ho married, 1708, Catherine, daughter 
 of Thomas Wood, Esq., of Beadnell, in Northumberland, auJ 
 died in 1814, leaving an only surviving child, 
 
 Humphrey Senhouse, Esq., of Alneburgh, or EUenhorough , 
 otherwise Nether Hall, co. Cumberland; born 'J7th November, 
 1773; high sheriff, IH-JU ; married, yOth Sept., 1803, Ehzabeth 
 Frances, daughter and co-heiress of Robert Charles Greaves, 
 Esq. (who afterwards assumed the surname of Ley), of Inglehy 
 Hall, in Derbyshire, and had issue, 
 
 I. HUMPHBEY, bom lOlh April, 180!), deceased. 
 
 I. KLizAnErn, mairied, ls:!.'j, to Joseph Poeklington, Esq., the 
 
 present .loscph I'ocklingtou Senhouse, Esq., of Nether 
 
 Hall. 
 
 II. Callieiine. 
 
 III. Ellen, married, ISlh April, 1837, Cant. Goldie Taubman, of 
 
 the Nunnery, Isle of Man, and died on '.iSlh January, 1838, 
 leaving a sou. 
 
 Anns. — Quarterly: 1st and 4th, or, a parrot, ppr., a canton, sa., for 
 Senhouse ; '.ind and 3rd, enn., three bends, az., on a chief, or, three 
 martlets, sa., for Pocklington. 
 
 Cresls. — 1st, a parrot, as in the arms, with a label in its beak 
 inscribed "Deo Gr.\tia3," for Senhouse; 2nd, a denii- leopard, 
 rampant, ppr., holduig in the dexler paw an ostrich feather, arg., for 
 
 POCKLINOTO.N. 
 
 Motto. — Vae victis. 
 -Sea/.— Nether Hall. 
 
 CROSTHWAITE PARISH. 
 
 Crosthwaite pari.sh, one of the largest and most interesting in tbe Lake District, is upwards of ten miles in lengtli, 
 and eight in breadth, stretching westward from Helvellyn and Great Dodd to (jlreat Gavel, Grassnioor, Grisedale 
 Pikes, and other mountains ; and northward from the boundary of Westmoreland to Skiddaw and Saddleback. It 
 contains the beautiful Lakes of Derwentwater and Thirlmere, and has that of Bassenthwaite at its northern ex- 
 tremity. The parish is very extensive, containing scenery not to be surpassed, whether we regard the varied 
 beauties of Derwentwater, the stem majesty of Thirlmere, the lovely rural meads of Newlands, the sublime gorge of 
 Borrowdale, or the lone grandeur of AVatondlatli. At Borrowdale is found the celebrated plumbago, or black lead, 
 and in other places lead and copper ore are found. This extensive parish includes the townships of Keswick, St. 
 John Castlerigg and Wythburn, Underskiddaw, Borrowdale, Coledale, or Portingscale, Braithwaite, Tbornthwaite, 
 and the chapelry of Newlands, whose united area is 58,330 statute acres. Greta Mills and Briery Cottages, 
 included in this area, are deemed extra -parochial. Previous to the formation of Derwent Ward, Borrowdale, 
 Braithwaite, Newlands, and Tbornthwaite, were in Allerdale-above-Derwent Ward, and the remainder in AUerdale- 
 below-Dcrwcnt Ward, but the whole parish is now in Derwent Ward. 
 
 UNDERSKIDD.^W. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 338 ; 
 in 1811, 380; in 1831, 487; in 1831, 477; in 1841, 
 540 ; and in 1851, 508. Its rateable value is £'3,500. 
 Although the parish church. Grammar School, &c., 
 are in this township, yet it has no village of its 
 own name, but comprises the hamlets of Great Cros- 
 thwaite, Applethwaite, High Hall, and Millbeck, with 
 several neat mansions. There are two coarse woollen 
 factories in the township, one situated at Applethwaite 
 and the other at MiUbeck. 
 
 The manor of Brundholme, which includes the entire 
 township, was part of the possessions given by Henry 
 Earl of Northumberland to Henry VIII., who granted 
 it to the Dalston family, one of whom, John Dalston, 
 Esq., held it in 1578, under a reserved rent of !2'2s., due 
 to the Earl of Northumberland. It subsequently came 
 into possession of the Tolsons, who sold it to the Ilelphs, 
 from whom it appears to have passed to the Hassels of 
 Dalemain, who sold it to the Bishop of Llandaflf. The 
 celebrated mountain, Skiddaw, extends into several 
 parishes and townships — that part which is in the parish
 
 CROSTHWAITE PARISH. 
 
 329 
 
 of Crosthwaitc is within the manor of Brundholmo and 
 tlie township of UudcrskiJdaw. This was enclosed 
 liy an act of parliament, passed in 1808, for enclosing 
 tlie manor of Brundholmc, and divided cliieHy between 
 the Bishop of Llandaff, Sir John Bonn Walsh, Bart., 
 and John Spedding, Esq., of Mirehouse — the summit 
 belongs to Sir II. 11. Vane, Bart. The tenants of the 
 manor are enfranchised. The principal landowners are 
 Sir .lohn AValsh ; Abraham Fisher, Esq. ; and T. S. 
 Spedding, Esq. 
 
 THE curncti. 
 Tlie church of Crosthwaite, dedicated to St. Kenti- 
 geni, stands on a slight green knoll, near the centre of 
 the beautiful vale of Keswick, about midwa}- between 
 the lakes of Derwentwater and Bassenthwaite, half a 
 mile from the town of Keswick and somewhat farther 
 from. Skiddaw. It is a spacious structure, consisting 
 exteriorly of nave, aisle, clerestory, western tower, and 
 south porch, but without a distinctly marked chancel. 
 The walls, which are coated with rough-cast and white- 
 wash (the parapets, battlements, and dressings of the 
 doorways and windows excepted), are thick, and 
 strengthened with buttresses. The prevailing style is 
 Debased Perpendicular, but many remnants of the 
 preceding styles may be discovered in various parts of 
 the building. It formerly possessed a chantry dedi- 
 cated to St. ^lary Magdalene of Keswick, but by whom 
 founded, or at wliat period, we arc entirely ignorant. 
 I'rom the circumstance of the eastern end of the south 
 aisle, which had been appropriated for the purposes of 
 the chantry, being also used as a place of interment by 
 the early members of the Derwentwater family, and 
 adorned witli their monuments, it is very probable that 
 it was established by them. For the last century the 
 exterior of the church seems to have undergone little 
 or no change. A drawing in pencil of its apjjearance 
 in 1745 is preserved in Crosthwaitc's Museum. In 
 the year 1818 the old leaden roof, which had become 
 full of holes, was stripped olf, and one of slate substi- 
 tuted. About the same date much of the ancient glass 
 with which the windows of the church had been decorated 
 was found to have been removed by the glazier to whom 
 the repair of the windows had been intrusted. Not 
 being looked after, ho was in the habit of taking out 
 bits of Iho coloured gla.ss, so tliat in process of time 
 hi' carried away all except the j)iitured elllgy of St. 
 Antiiuny, the head of St. ilary ]\Iagdalene, and the 
 KalclilT arms, making of the abstracted pieces small 
 boxes for sale or disposal among his friends. Tlic 
 church underwent a partial rejiair in \S'iQ. In 1811 
 it WHS found to bo in a greatly dilapidated state, tl)e 
 roof of 1812 had become decoyed, and on the point of 
 
 37 
 
 falling in; and the exterior walls were in a veiT 
 unsatisfactory condition. Such was the state of the 
 venerable edifice when James Stanger, Esq., of Lairth- 
 waito, proposed to restore and embellish it principally 
 at his own e.xpeuse. The opportunity that thus pre- 
 sented itself was not to be neglected, the parishioners 
 at once agreed, the necessary ecclesiastical consent was 
 soon obtained, and the work of restoration was imme- 
 diately commenced under the directions of G. G. Scott, 
 Esq., from whose plans and under whose judicious 
 superintendence the church has been brought to its 
 present state of beauty and perfection. The entire 
 cost, with the exception of £"400 subscribed by the 
 parishioners for the expenses of the roof of the nave, 
 being bonie by Mr. Stanger. 
 
 The church at present consists of a nave and chancel, 
 with north and south aisles, a vestry taken otT the west 
 end of the south aisle, a south porch, a chancel door, 
 and a western tower, containing si.x fine-toned bells, 
 hung in 1707, previous to which time the peal consisted 
 of four bells only. Viewed on the exterior the church 
 presents an embattled square tower about sixty feet in 
 height, with stair turret at the south-western corner. 
 In the western front of the tower, about midwav from 
 its base, is a large perpendicular window of four lights, 
 and on each side of the story above is a small stone 
 mullioned round-headed belfry window of three lights. 
 A handsome south porch, erected in ISJG, occupies the 
 site of the old one — its coped gable terminating in a 
 floriated cross. There is also a doorway of Earlv 
 English character near the cast end of the south aisle 
 of the chancel, on the right hand of which is a small 
 niche with a mutilated stoup, formerly used to contain 
 holy water. The doors are of oak, studded with nail- 
 heads, and have large scroll hinges of ornamental 
 character and ancient design. The windows on the 
 south side of the church are six in number, and are all 
 of three stone mullioned semi-circular headed lights 
 each, under square-headed frames. At the west end 
 of the south aisle of the nave is an ogee arched stone 
 mullioned two-light trefoiled window. On the north 
 side of the church there are eight stone mullioned win- 
 dows set within square fronies. Three of them are of 
 two lights each, with trefoiled heads underogeo arches; 
 two of two ligliLs, with cin<piefuil heads under lancet 
 arches: one three-light trefoil window under an ogee 
 arch ; and two round-headed of two and three lights 
 respectively. In the centre of tlio east end is the large 
 pointed east window, designed after the old one. It is 
 divided by simple chamfered stone niuUions, with three 
 lights, the head bciug filled by very neat foliated inter- 
 secting tracery. The window at the end of the north
 
 330 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 aisle has heavy stone muUions, and consists of two 
 trefoil ligh:s under ogee arches. The window at tlie 
 end of the south aisle consists of three round-headed 
 lights, with square stone muliions. The roofs arc 
 covered with slate ; and those of tho nave and chancel, 
 on the south and east, have an emhrasured parapet, 
 the battlements of which harmonise with those on the 
 tower. The roof of tho south aisle is less imposing. 
 On the north, placed at nearly equal intervals, are six 
 clerestory stone niullioued windows of throe serai-circu- 
 lar headed lights each ; and on the south arc seven, all 
 of very late Perpendicular. The interior comprises a 
 tower, open to the nave by a lofty pointed arch, and a 
 nave and chancel, which arc separated from the aisles on 
 each side by six plain octagonal pillars and two engaged 
 ones. The bases of the piers are plain, and all have 
 capitals to match. The two western arches are fdlcd 
 with panelling, which partly encloses the vestry taken 
 off the south, and the corresponding portion of the 
 north aisle. The font stands a little to the north of 
 the west end of the nave, and immediately below the 
 gaUery; it is of stone, and has a pyramidal cover of 
 deal, stained or painted to imitate oak. The base of 
 the font is square, and is surmounted by a sloping 
 surface, with mutilated sculptures, from which rises an 
 octagontd pedestal, bearing on seven of its sides carving, 
 in high relief, of windows with three lights, of the 
 Decorated Period, and on the eighth side is represented 
 a window of the same number of lights, but in the 
 Early Perpendicular st\-le. The upper portion of the 
 jjedestal is quadrangular in shape, and bears four sculp- 
 tures, which are, however, so mutilated that they 
 cannot be defined. This is surmounted by the bowl 
 of the font itself, which is octangular in form, and has 
 carved on its lower part, in old characters, a Latin 
 inscription, now for every useful purpose illegible. On 
 the sides of the font are some ancient sculptures rudely 
 executed. On the fii-st side is a representation of the 
 Tree of Life ; the second, on a triangular shield, dis- 
 plays the emblems of Passion ; the third face typifies 
 the word proceeding out of the mouth of the Almighty 
 to all parts of the earth ; the fourth symbolises the 
 Trinity ; the fifth is difficult to make out, but some 
 appearances like vine leaves may be traced ; the sixth, 
 within a triangular shield, has Aaron "s rod, and in the 
 lorners smaller escutcheons of the same form — that on 
 the dexter base of the larger, as nearly as the almost 
 obliterated state of the sculpture will permit examina- 
 tion, is charged with the armorial bearings of the Der- 
 wentwater family, or of the ilultons of Cockermouth ; 
 and the one on the sinister base is likewise much 
 defaced, though something like unto frette, or chequy, 
 
 on tho lower part of the shield is discernible ; the 
 seventh faco depicts tho Tree of Knowledge, with the 
 tempter of mankind in the form of a dragon, pussing 
 through the trunk ; on the eighth face, within another 
 cscutchcou of triangular shape, is the royal arms of 
 England, as borne by Edward III. This face likewise 
 has two lesser seuliform figures, that next the dexter 
 base of the royal arms is charged with a crescent, and 
 the one near the sinister base carries three luces 
 hauriant, the bearings of the Lucies, lords of Egremont, 
 Allerdale, and Cockermouth. Tho organ and singers' 
 gallery occupy the west end of the nave. The pulpit 
 and reading desk arc features of the interior which add 
 much to its general effect. The former, which is 
 hexagonal, stands against the south pier at the joining 
 of the nave and chancel, and on a line with the reading 
 desk. It terminates in a single pedestal, resting upon 
 a plinth of the same design. The sides are panelled 
 and filled with recessed pointed cinquefoil arches, rising 
 from several circular pillars, above which an eagle 
 with expanded wings supports the bookboard. The 
 reading desk is slightly elevated, and stands on tho 
 north side of the nave, opposite to the pulpit. It is an 
 irrpgukr pentagon of handsome design. Light pillars, 
 which rise from an appropriate base, support cinque- 
 foil arches, and form small pierced panels. Above 
 them the bookboard rests ; and beneath it are half- 
 length figures of the four Evangelists, with their cus- 
 tomary emblems. The chancel is raised two steps 
 above the floor of the nave, from which it is separated 
 by the pulpit and reading desk, and the high backs of 
 such of the stalls as from their transverse position are 
 turned towards the east, and mark the distinction 
 between the two principal divisions of the church. 
 AVaiuscots of oak open on the upper part, and are 
 adorned,with plain shields in the expanded heads of 
 the balusters or rails, which sustain heavy embattled 
 architraves, from the backs of the remainder of the 
 stalls. They extend between the first arches from 
 the nave, and, pai'tially flanldng the chancel on the 
 north and south, further indicate the separation of 
 that portion of the church from its aisles. The stalls 
 in the chancel, eight of which face the east, are twenty 
 in number, and with the numerous oaken benches, 
 which were rendered necessary by the claims to sittings 
 of the impropriators, are of oak. These benches are 
 worked in carved panels in front, and further distin- 
 guished by high raised standards, terminated by carved 
 finials, and with the benches in its aisles, which have 
 only plain slightly raised ends, face either north or 
 south. The altar table, chairs, and rails, are of oak. 
 In the angle formed by the east and south walls is a
 
 CROSTHWAITE PARISH. 
 
 331 
 
 plain aud perfect piscina, with a segmental head. The 
 roredos extends across the entire width of iho chaucel. 
 It is divided into nine narrow upright square-headed 
 panels, filled with cinquefoil arches. The middle panel 
 is of purple diapered ground enclosed by a border of 
 oak and vine leaves following the course of the arch. 
 It contains a cross floree, emblazoned in gold and 
 i;olours, within whose radiated centre is the sacred 
 monogram, surrounded by a gold circle, bearing in red 
 and black letters the sentence : " Behold the Lamb of 
 < lod, which tikcth away the sin of the world." The 
 two next panels on each side contain the Lord's Prayer, 
 the Creed, and the Ten Commandments. The east end 
 of the south aisle, generally known as the Derwcnt- 
 water, or Lord's Chapel, as well as the Magdalene 
 chantry, is divided from the chancel by an arch whose 
 span is considerably wider than that of the correspond- 
 ing arch on the north side. Here for many generations 
 rested the remains of the Derwentwater family, until 
 their removal to the burial ground, previous to the 
 restoration of the church. This was also the depository 
 of two of thoso interesting relics of bj'gone days, their 
 sculptured efBgies, which arc now located near tl)e 
 south end of the altar rails, upon a*bed of red sand- 
 stone, enclosed by an open screen of the same material, 
 on the top of which rests a heavy slab of marble inlaid 
 with the brass noticed below. The recumbent effigies 
 are those of a, knight and his lady, aud are conjectured 
 to commemorate one of the Derweutwaters and his wife, 
 but wo havo no account given of the particular indivi- 
 duals ; the general supposition, however, is that they 
 represent the last Sir John Derwentwater and his wife, 
 who nourished in the reign of Henry VI., aud the 
 preceding sovereigns of England. The figures are 
 habited in the costume prevalent at that period. Be- 
 sides these effigies there is a sepulchral brass in perfect 
 preservation. It is laid down on the slab of grey marble 
 mentioned above, and is known as the " lladclyfTo 
 brass." Like the sculptured effigies, it also contains 
 figures of a knight and his lady. The figure of the knight 
 is sheathed in complete armour of plate, martial and 
 serviceable in all its appointments. The lady is repre- 
 sented in the dress worn by females of rank during the 
 latter part of the reign of Henry VH. At the feet of 
 the figures is the following inscription in black letter: — 
 "Of your charity pray for the soulc of Sir John Ratclif, 
 Knyglit, and for the stato of Dame .Alice, his wyfe ; 
 which Sir John dyed y° Snd day of February, a.d. 1597, 
 »n wlioso soulc Jesus havo mercy." From this inscrip- 
 tion it is apparent that Lady Ratclilf was alive at tho 
 period of her husband's death ; aud it is probable that 
 not only was this brass under her directions placed 
 
 upon his tomb, but also that other mark of hereditary 
 distinction, his armorial escutcheon in stained glass in 
 the window, was likewise set up in her lifetime. Above 
 the head of the knight is a shield charged with, argent, 
 a bend engrained sable, the bearing of the Eatcliffs ; 
 and at his feet another, or, two lioncels passant azure, 
 the device of the family from which Lady Ratcliff was 
 descended. The shield above Dame Alice also carries 
 her paternal cognizance, and upon that below are her 
 husband's arms repeated, with the additional charge of 
 a ciuquefoil, or rose in the sinister chief, for a due dif- 
 ference of the younger house from which he sprung. 
 The walls in the interior of the church are in places 
 incrusted with handsome marble tablets, commemorative 
 of the Wrens and Scotts of Castlerigg ; the Brownriggs 
 of Ormathwaite ; the Calverts of Greta Bank ; Peachcv 
 of the Island; Bristow of Portinscale ; Jacksons of 
 Armboth ; tlie Deutons and Edmondsons, Fishers, 
 Whites, and Hodgsons, of Keswick ; Leathes of Dale- 
 head, and others ; but such do not call for more than 
 this concise mention. 
 
 The windows filled with stained glass are but .six in 
 number. They are all the production of Waiies of 
 Newcastle, aud are not the least beautiful specimens of 
 his triumphs in glass work. They are designed, with 
 the exception of the large east window, which is after 
 the fourteenth centiu-y, in conformity with the style of 
 window decoration which prevailed in tiie succeeding 
 age. The eastern window, as also the windows at the 
 ends of the south aisle, are the gifts of the geutleman 
 at whoso expense chiefly the church has been restored. 
 The large window is very fine, and contains repre- 
 sentations of the following incidents in the life of tho 
 Piedeemer: — Christ Washing the feet of tho Apostles, 
 tho Last Supper, the Agony in the Garden, Christ 
 bearing his Cross, t'ae Crucifixion, and tho Resurrec- 
 tion. The upper portion of tlie window is filled with 
 tracery, containing the Ascension, with figures of angels 
 holding labels aud harps ; and, above all, the Lamb of 
 God ; the whole being interspersed with devices, which, 
 by the disposition aud tone of the predominating 
 colours, produce a briUiaut example of art, full of 
 fine effects and devotional tendencies. Tho last window 
 of tho south aisle is remarkable for its appropriate 
 design, and the beautiful transparency of its colouring. 
 It contains pictures of ^Mary MagJalono anointing tho 
 Saviour's feet, tho Three Marios at tho sepulchre, and 
 Clirist aud Magdalene. Above tho second of theso 
 subjects, replaced in its old position, appears in ancient 
 stained glass, the head of Magdalene, aud below it tho 
 araiorial escutcheon of the family, for whom the voice 
 of intercession rose within the consecrated walls, being.
 
 332 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 quarterly, first, Ratcliffe ; second and third, Someri de 
 Dudley' ; fourth, Argent, two bars gules, on a canton of 
 the second a cinqucfoil of the first, Derwentwatcr. In 
 the vestry window are representations of St. Kentigern 
 and St. Cuthbert. The east window of the north aisle, 
 known as the " Hulton Window," from its having been 
 erected by a gentleman of that name in the neighbour- 
 liood, displays in the richest colours the Adoration and 
 Transfiguration, with some beautiful tracery and the 
 armorial bearings of the donor. The adjoining window, 
 on the north side of the same aisle, the " Spedding 
 Window,"' consists of three lights, in the first of which 
 there is a beautiful figure of the Blessed Virgin, with 
 the text " Ecce ex hoc beatam me vocant omnes gene- 
 rationes," " Behold, from henceforth all generations 
 shall call me blessed," at her feet. The second light 
 has the Saviour of the world bearing a sceptre and 
 "lobe, surmounted by a cross, with this sentence 
 beneath, " Ego sum resurrectio et vita," " I am the 
 resurrection and life." In the third light is St. John, 
 with the Eagle ; and below, the words " Ecce filius 
 tuus" — Behold thy Sou. Underneath the Saviour is a 
 circle bearing an inscription setting forth by whose 
 liberahty the window was erected in 1816. The second 
 window from the east end of the south aisle is known 
 as the Memorial Window. It was erected at the expense 
 of the parishioners, to commemorate the restoration and 
 embellishment of the church by Mr. Stanger. It is of 
 three lights, each filled with two subjects taken from 
 the 25 th chapter of the Gospel of St. Matthew, and 
 representing what are generally six of the corporal 
 works of mercy. Those in the first light illustrate 
 the words " I was an hungred, and ye gave me meat ;" 
 " I was thirsty, and ye gave me drink." Those in 
 the second light, " I was a stranger, and ye took 
 nie in ; naked, and ye clothed me." Those in the 
 third, " I was sick, aud ye visited me ;" " I was 
 in prison, and ye came unto me. " Underneath 
 these pictures is the text from the same chapter, 
 '' Verily I say unto you; inasmuch as ye have done it 
 unto one of the least of these, my brethren, ye have 
 done it unto me." On the sill beneath is aflixed a 
 brass tablet, with the following inscription : — " A 
 memorial window by the parishioners gratefully to com- 
 memorate the munificent restoration aud embellishment 
 of this church by James Stanger, Esquire, a. d. 1815. 
 The Rev. James Lynn, vicar; Henry Wood, George 
 Williamson, churchwardens." In the second window 
 from the east end of the north aisle is the half-length 
 figure of a priest, with bell, book, and crutch, or staff, 
 generally supposed to represent St. Anthony. The 
 principal object of interest in this church is, however, 
 
 the monument raised to the memory of the poet, 
 Southey, aud one more chaste in design and execution 
 as well as appropriate to the position it occupies, it 
 would be dilficult to conceive. It is situated in the 
 south aisle of the chancel, opposite the door, and 
 close to the oaken wainscot, which separates that 
 division of the church from the aisle. It consists of 
 a full-length recumbent figure, in white marble, resting 
 on an altar-tomb of Caen stone, the sides of which are 
 divided into five square compartments or panels, the 
 centre one displaying au empty shield. The figure of 
 the poet, clad in academic robes, reclines upon a couch, 
 the head and shoulders elevated on cushions. The 
 left hand rests upon the bosom ; and the face turned 
 towards the spectator, is cast in meditation, as if musin« 
 on the contents of an open volume, which in the 
 intensity of mental abstraction has, together with the 
 hand that held it, dropped listlessly by the side. The 
 likeness is said to be perfect, and the whole monument 
 reflects the highest credit upon Lough, by whom it was 
 executed. The west end of the tomb bears the follow-' 
 ing inscription : — 
 
 SACKED TO THE MEMORY 
 
 ♦ OF 
 
 K B E r. T SOUTHEY, 
 
 WU03E .MORTAL REMAIN'S ARE INTERRED 
 
 IN THE AUJOININCi CanRCHYARD. 
 
 HE WAS BORN AT BRISTOL, ALGLST XH., MDCCLXXIV., 
 
 AND DIED, 
 
 AFTER A REFIDEXCE OF NEARLY XL YEARS, 
 
 AT uRETA HALL, IN THIS PARISH, 
 
 MARCH XXI., MDCCCXmi. 
 
 THIS MEMORIAL WAS ERECTED BY THE FIUXNDS OF 
 
 ROBERT SOLTHEY. 
 
 Xt the east end are the following lines of Wordsworth. 
 his early friend, and successor in the laureateship. 
 
 Ye vales and hills whose beanty hither drew 
 The poet's steps, and fixed them here — on you 
 His eyes have closed ! And ye loved books, no more 
 Shall Southey feed upon your precious lore, 
 To worUs tliat ne'er shall forfeit their renown 
 Adding immortal labours of his own — 
 Wlielher he traced historic truth, witli zeal 
 For the .State's guidance, or the Church's weal ; 
 Or fancy disciplined with studious art 
 Informed his pen, or wisdom of the heart. 
 Or judgment sanctioned in the patriot's mind, 
 ]!y reverence for the rights of all mankind. 
 Wide were his aims, yet in no human breast 
 Could private feelings find a holier rest, — 
 His joys, his griefs, have vani.shed like a cloud 
 From Skiddaw's top ; but he to Heaven was vowed 
 Through a hfe long and pure ; and Christian faith 
 Calmed in his soul the fear of change and death. 
 
 Leading round the tower of the church, a well-trodden 
 path leads to Southey's grave. A plain monumental
 
 CROSTHWAITE PARISH. 
 
 333 
 
 tablet records his death and that of his wife. The 
 grave is surrounded by others of his household. 
 
 Southey tells us that " Alice de Romili, heiress of 
 Egreraont and Skipton, who, in the reign of Stephen, 
 or his successor, married the lord of Allerdale, is sup- 
 posed to have been the person who founded and endowed 
 this church, and subsequently gave it to Fountains 
 Abb'y. It was soon afterwards appropriated to that 
 monastery, the collation being reserved to the Hishop 
 of Carlisle. William Fitz-Duncan, the husband of this 
 Alice, was sou to the Earl of Murray, and brother to 
 David King of Scotland, and this may perhaps e.'>:plain 
 why the church was dedicated to the Scotch Saint 
 ivontigern, Bishop of Glasgow, and patron of that 
 cathedral." This is the only ivriter who states dis- 
 tinctly that the Lady Alice dc Romley was the founder 
 of Crosthwaite church, the local and other writers who 
 have noticed it, merely stating that it was anciently 
 rectorial, and was given to Fountains Abbey by this 
 lady, and soon after made appropriate, the presentation 
 of the vicar being reserved to the Bishop of Carlisle. 
 Such being all the knowledge wo possess relating to 
 the first establishment of a church at Crosthwaite, we 
 mav reasonably conjecture that its antiquity dates to a 
 more remote pijriod than that in which Alice de Romley 
 lived, and that it owes its origin to the Scots, by 
 whom it was erected and dedicated to one of their 
 tutelar saints. But be that as it may, we know that it is 
 very ancient, and was at an early period given to Foun- 
 tains Abbey, in Yorkshire. In the " Valor of Pope 
 
 Nicholas," taken in the church of Crosthwaite 
 
 is valued at £'iO l.'is. Id., and the vicarage at £iO. 
 In the reign of Edward II., in llJlS, it is returned at 
 the reduced valuation of £10 for the church, and £\ 
 for the vicarage. Its value in the King's Book is 
 L',")!) 8s. lid. In 18-3'2 it was certilied to the Parlia- 
 mentary Commissioners as of the average annual value 
 of £31'2, and in 1815 the tithes were commuted for a 
 yearly rent in the following proportions : — Keswick, 
 vicarial, £18 13s. -Id., and £7 Ta. Od. to the impro- 
 priators, who are also the landowners. Under Skiddaw, 
 vicarial, £T'.t Is. (id., and £18 18s. Id. as above; and 
 to Sir Jolm Walsh and Abraham Fisher, Esq., 
 £100 73., and to Juno Spedding, 10s. Borrowdale, 
 vicarial, £81 Os. dd. St. John's Castlcrigg and Wytli- 
 burn, vicarial, £118 18s. lid. Over Derwent, 
 CIO I 7s. 3J., vicarial ; and to the impropriators, 
 L'103 33. (id.: and £-2 8s. to Sir John Walsh and 
 Vbralmm Fisher, Esq. Total, £13'2 13s. '3d. vica- 
 lials ; to the impropriators, who are also tho landowners, 
 £'^83 58. Id.; and to Sir John Walsh and Abraham 
 Fisher, Esii., £10'2 15s. There was formerly a chantry 
 
 here, dedicated to St. JIary Maadalene, as we have 
 seen above, and endowed with lands ai-d tenements, 
 which, after the dissolution of the religious houses, 
 was granted to one Thomas Brcndc, scrivener, of Lou- 
 don. From tho survey of Henry VIII. wc learn tho 
 following particulars relating to this chantry : — "John 
 Steyle, chantry priest of the chantry of St. ]\[ary of 
 Keswick, within the parish of Crosthwaite, which is 
 worth, one year with another, on oath made, £4 19s. 7d." 
 From the certificates of surveys of chantries within the 
 county of Cumberland, made pursuant to a commission 
 of 37th Henry VIII., and preserved among the records 
 of the late Court of Augmentation, it appears that the 
 lands assigned for the support of the chaplain of this 
 chantry were in possession of eight individuals, whose 
 names, with the respective rents payable by each, are 
 there set forth. A certificate under another survey 
 made pursuant to a commission of i<ind Edward VI., 
 certifies under tho various heads of inquiry that the 
 parish of Crosthwaite contained " 2>V M' howselinge 
 people," or persons of sufficient age, accustomed to 
 receive tho holy communion ; and that the chantry in 
 the church was used •• to celebrate masse." That 
 (lawen Brathwayte, aged thirty-five years, who was ihc 
 incumbent, had the clear yearly revenue of the same 
 for his salary, and that he had nothing else for his 
 support. The parish registers commence in 1562, and 
 for the most part appear to have been carefully kept, 
 except during from 1058 to 1(10',), in which period only 
 about a dozen baptisms are entered, and no marriages 
 nor funerals. 
 
 Vicars. — Jeffrey WetbainsteaJ, 1'394 ; Richard de Graystoke, 
 1311 ; Thomas Lime, occurs in 13 jl ; John Henry de Brougli- 
 ton, 13511; Jolm de Welton, 13C0; I'eter de Morhiml, appointed 
 curate, tlio vicarage being vacant, l.'Sfll ; John Ueryuge, 153u; 
 
 Jolin ItntcUfl', ; John Maybraye, 15()7 ; William Uennett, 
 
 15(i8; Peter Mayson, 10H5; Kobert Beck, 15»'2 ; I'eter Beck, 
 151)7; Giles Robinson, KJO'i ; Isaac Singleton, 1G23; John 
 Winter, lOl.); William .Meoles, died l(i5'!; rercivall Radclitl'e, 
 l(i51; Henry -Mai-sball, Kiel; Richard Lowiie, 1607; Thomas 
 Tnllie, 1710; lliomas Nicholson, 17J7; Thomas Christian 
 17-.2H ; James S. Lushington, 1770; Henry Denton, 17H0 ; Isaac 
 Denton, 17S0; James Lynn, IS'JO; lloury Gipps, 1S55. 
 
 The vicarage is situate on an eminence between tlio 
 church and tho town of Kessvick, and commands beau- 
 tiful views of Dorwentwater and tho surrounding luouu- 
 tain scenery. 
 
 In the year 1300, Isabel, tho second wife of William 
 de Fortibus, third earl of Albermarle, lord of Skiptou, 
 and who, in right of her desoont from .Mice do Romley, 
 inherited not only that great lief, but also a moiety of 
 tho barony of AllerdaJo and of tho honour of Cocker- 
 mouth, being summoned to prove by what right she
 
 331 
 
 DEmVEXT WARD. 
 
 held a market at Crosthwaite, denied she held any 
 market there, but that the men of the neighbourhood 
 met at the churcli ou festival days and there sold flesh 
 and fish ; and that slie, as lady of the manor of Derwent 
 Fells, took no toll. It would seem that this practice 
 obtained, for in 1300, the inhabitants of Cockerraouth 
 petitioned parliament on the subject, representing that 
 there was a great concourse of people every Sunday at 
 Crosthwaite church, where corn, flour, beans, peas, 
 liuen. cloth, meat, fish, and other merchandise were 
 bought and sold, which was s3 very injurious to the 
 market at Cockermouth, that the persons at the place 
 who farmed the tolls of the king were unable to pay 
 then- rent. Upon this a proclamation was issued 
 against the practice, which appears to have been dis- 
 continued. 
 
 The population of this parish, as well as that of most 
 others in the north of England, continued attached 
 to the Catholic religion long after the inhabitants of 
 the southern counties had embraced Protestantism, and 
 so late as the 13th Elizabeth (luVl) we find that the 
 services of the ancient church were celebrated here, 
 and attended by the people. In that year an ordinance 
 was issued by the Bishop of Carlisle, directed to Henry 
 Lord Scrope, of Bolton, lord warden of the Western 
 Marches of England : Simon Musgrave, Knt.; Richard 
 Dudley, Esq., of Yanwath Hall : and other commis- 
 siouers for causes ecclesiastical within the province of 
 York : the vicar of Crosthwaite, the eighteen sworn men 
 (sidesmen), the churchwardens ; the representatives of 
 the house of Derwcntwater ; the sealer and receiver of 
 the Queen's majesty's portion at the mines ; the bailiffs 
 of Keswick, V.'ythburn, Borrowdale, Thornthwaite, 
 Brundholme, and the forester of Derwent Fells, who 
 are commanded to assemble at Crosthwaite church 
 upon the afternoon of Ascension Day, and then and 
 there to elect, choose, and nominate the eighteen men 
 for the ensuing year, and also the churchwardens, who 
 should, on the Sunday following, between morning 
 prayer and the saying of the Litany, before the vicar, 
 or the curate, take their oath of office as follows : 
 " You, and every one of you, now chosen to be for this 
 year next coming, the eighteen men for this parish 
 of Crosthwaite, shall swear by God and the holy con- 
 tents of the blessed evangelists here by you bodily 
 touched that you and every one of you, shall well and 
 faithfully exercise and execute the office whcreunto you 
 be now chosen, to the most commodity and behoof of 
 the said parish. The stock and money accruing thereof, 
 you shall maintain, better and not impair, and, finally, 
 you shall faithfully fulfil and accomplish all that unto 
 that office of right or lawful custom shall appertain. 
 
 And at the end of the year you shall render and give 
 up, together with the office, a full, perfect, and true 
 account of all, and singular, the sums by you received 
 and employed, or bestowed in the said office ; wherein 
 you sh.all do nothing without the consent of the fellows, 
 or of a greater, or more part of them. And upon the 
 account determined j-ou shall make present pay of the 
 remainder of all such sums of money as shall rest in 
 your hands, and therewithal deliver over to the suc- 
 cessor all such other implements and goods, belonging 
 to this parish, as in your hands and custody shall 
 remain by inventory. So God you help by Jesus Christ." 
 
 A nearly similar oith is then alministered to the 
 churchwardens, and in order to root out every remnant of 
 the old religion, the churchwardens and sidesmen were 
 commanded by this decree, " to sell before the first day 
 of December of the aforesaid year, all the Popish relics 
 and monuments of superstition and idolatry, as pre- 
 sently remain in the said parish, of the church or parish 
 goods, converting the prices thereof received to the 
 parish use wholly, viz., two pipes of silver, one silver 
 pa.KC, one cross of cloth of gold, which was on a vesti- 
 ment; one copper cross, two chalices of silver, two 
 corporasc rases, three hand-bells, the iron whereon the 
 paschal stood, one pair of sensures, one ship, one bead of 
 a pair of sensures, twenty-nine brazen or Latyne can- 
 dlesticks, of si.\- quarters long: one holy water tankard of 
 brass, the canopies which hanged, and that which was 
 carried over the blessed sacrament ; two brazen or 
 Latyne chrismatories, the vail cloth, the sepulchre 
 cloths, and p.ainted cloths, with pictures of Peter and 
 Paul, and of the Trinity." 
 
 It was also ordered that " the four vcstiments, tunicles, 
 five chestablcs, and all other vestimeuts belonging to the 
 said parish church, and to the chapels within the said 
 parish, be defaced, cut in pieces, and of them a covering 
 for the pulpit and cushions for the church made and 
 provided ; and that the albes and amyses should like- 
 wise be sold ; and fine linen cloths for the communion 
 table, and a covering of buckram, fringed, for the 
 same, be bought and provided before Christmas next ; 
 and that there should be provided before that period, 
 for the chapels in the parish, decent common cups of 
 silver or of tin." It was also enjoined, " that before 
 Christmas next they should make and set up a decent 
 perclost of wood, wherein the morning and evening 
 prayer should be read, to be placed without the choir 
 door; and that they should also see the said church 
 furnished with all books convenient for the same before 
 Christmas then next ; that was to say, with a Bible of 
 the largest volume, one or two Communion Books, four 
 Psalter Books, the two tomes of the Homilies, the
 
 CKOSTHWAITE PARISH. 
 
 ooo 
 
 Injunctions, the Defence of the Apology', the Para- 
 phrases iu English, or instead thereof, Marlorate upon 
 the Evangelists, and Beacon's Postills, and al=o four 
 Psalter Books in metre." It was liliewiso ordered that 
 " all the parishoners of Crosthwaite being of years of 
 discretion, and sufficiently instructed iu the grounds 
 and principles of the Christian faith, should openly 
 communicate at least three times iu their parish church 
 yearly, whereof Easter was the one time ; and at all such 
 general communions the deacons and ministers of the 
 chapels in the parish should help and assist the vicar 
 and curate at the ministation of the same." It was 
 also commanded that '• from henceforth there should bo 
 no divine service publicly said iu the church on any 
 abrogate holiday, or any concourse of idle people to 
 church on such forbidden days ; that is to wit, on the 
 feasts or days of All Souls, or the evening or night 
 before; on St. Catherine, St. Nicholas, Thomas ii 
 Beckett, St. George; the Wednesdays iu Easter or 
 Whitsun weeks ; the Conception, Assumption, or 
 Nativity of our Lady ; St. Lawrence, Mary Magdalene, 
 St. Ann, or such like ; which are forbidden to bo kept 
 holidays by the laws of this realme." It was " straitly 
 commanded that none should horeiifter pray upon any 
 beads, knots, portisse>, papistical and superstitious 
 Latyue primers, or otherwi.se forbidden or ungodly 
 books, either publicly or openly, and that there should 
 be no communion said, celebrated, or ministered at the 
 burial of the dead, nor for any dead ; nor for any months' 
 minds, anniversaries, or such superstitions used." 
 
 The churchwardens and sidesmen are still elected 
 according to ancient custom, take the oath as above, 
 and exercise the powers vested ia their predecessors 
 connected with the church and Free Grammar School. 
 
 CnAJlITIES. 
 
 The Siliool. — The origin of this school is (juite 
 nnkuown, though its antiquity is undoubted. It is 
 stated to have been founded and endowed by the parish- 
 ioners, and was in existence previous to the Reformation. 
 It is first mentioned iu the decree of the 31st October, 
 1571, above quoted, which is still preserved in the 
 school chest. This decree provides for the yearly elec- 
 tion of the eighteen sidesmen, as wo have seen, by 
 whom tho parish of Crosthwaite was then and is still 
 governed, and directs the oath above givrn to bo token 
 on election, prescribing tho penalties incurred by any 
 person refusing to tnko that office; one of which is, 
 that ho shall forfeit lOs. "to tho uses of tho parish 
 and increase of the stock of the sciiool." Tho decree 
 then proceeds as follows : " And we having had consid- 
 eration for tho bolter maintaining the common and free 
 school at Crosthwaite, which we find to be supported of 
 
 the commodities accruing of and upon certain stock, 
 put forth to use in tho said parish, which sums were 
 not great, nor fully sufficient to maintain and support 
 a learned and industrious schoolmaster there, have for 
 the enlarging and increasing of the said schoolmaster's 
 stipend and salary, decreed, constituted, and ordained, 
 that whereas every lire-house within the said parish of 
 Crosthwaite, hath, time out ot mind, and yet doth 
 yield, and by the inhabitants therein, yearly, twopence 
 is paid for the clerk's wages, over and besides certain 
 ordinary fees for night watch, burials, weddings, and 
 over and besides certain annual benevolences of Iamb 
 wool, eggs, and such like, which seemeth to grow up to 
 a greater sum yearly than is competent for a parish 
 clerks wages and stipend, the eighteen men of the 
 said parish shall this year, and so forth yearly for ever 
 hereafter, receive, collect, gtither, and take up the said 
 yearly contributions of twopence for every fire-house, to 
 the use of the said free school, and to the augmenting 
 of the schoolmaster's stipend and salary, paying yearly 
 on the Sunday next after the Feast of Ascension, unto 
 the parish clerk, Ga'.vin HadclitTe, and his successors, 
 forty-six shillings and eightpence, lawful English 
 money, for his wages out of the said contribution of 
 twopence for every house, and employing the remainder 
 to the schoolmaster's use : whereof we will that 
 they yield a full account yearly, at their general 
 accompts. And we futheimore decree and ordain, and 
 by these presents firmly charge and command, that the 
 said eighteen men do from henceforth occupy the said 
 stock of money, to the utmost and greatest commodity 
 it by any way may thereby, or thereof, accrue or grow 
 to the use of the school; thinking that if the said 
 sums were levied aud paid over to purchase of a yeaidy 
 annuity or rent charge of some free and good manors 
 or lordships, upon good and strong assurance, there 
 might be had about sixteen pounds yearly annuity for 
 the same, aud faithfully assured. Nevertheless the 
 consideration hereof, and the husbanding the said stock 
 and sums, for the behoof of the said free school, which 
 wholly and utterly leave aud refer to the eighteen men, 
 from time to time, as to their discretion shall seem 
 most behoveable to the said school." -V dispute having 
 arisen between Henry, lord bishop of Carlisle, and the 
 eighteen sworn men, respecting the riglit of collation, 
 placing and 'displacing of the schoolmaster, and tho 
 bishop of the diocese having committed thirteen of the 
 sworn mou to prison, an inquisition was taken at 
 Keswick, in the year K'llO, before Sir "William Iluttou 
 Knight, and othew, and a jury of •'thirteen good aud 
 lawful men of the county." The jury presented, upon 
 oath, *• that there hath been a grammar school, within the
 
 sac 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 parish of Crosthwaito, in tlio said eoumy, time whereof 
 the memory of man liuoweth not the contrary ; and 
 that for like time there hath always been by an ancient 
 custom, eighteen mm yearly elected by tlie preceding 
 eighteen men ; that the said eighteen sworu men have 
 always by prescription and ancient custom, yea even 
 times without memory, used and accustomed to choose, 
 place, and displace the schoolmaster of the said 
 school . . . that long time since, as the said 
 jurors do plainly perceive, by the testimony of living 
 w-ituesses of the age of ninety years or thereabouts, 
 and by the general consent and reputation of the 
 parishioners and other good evidence, that divers of 
 the parishoners and inhabitants within the said parish, 
 and no other to their knowledge, voluntarily and 
 freely, out of their charitable dispositions, for a more 
 certainty and increase of maintenance of the said 
 school, gave every of them several sums of money, 
 and collected the same together, all amounting, with 
 the sum which was th '■ ancient school stock, unto 
 one hundred and forty-eight pounds two shillings 
 and threepence half- penny, which was given and 
 bestowed by them, and delivered over unto the con- 
 scionable cure and trust of tlie said eighteen sworn 
 men, by them, and those which should succeed them, 
 perpetually so to be employed, that out of the increase 
 thereof and such other profits as they then had the 
 disposition of, or thereafter might have, to the use of 
 the said school, a competent yearly stipend might be 
 raised, and paid by tliem, unto such schoolmaster, 
 whom they should choose, and continue from time to 
 time, to teach in the school for the education of the 
 youth of the snid pavisli." It was therefore decreed, 
 under the hands and seals of the commissioners and 
 jurors, that the "eighteen sworn men of the said 
 parish, now, and from time to time, to be elected here- 
 after, shall be, as of right they are, and ought to be for 
 ever hereafter, the sole and only governors of the said 
 school and school stock . . . and they shall have 
 the sole and only power and authority of election, col- 
 lection, placing, and displacing of the said schoolmaster, 
 in the said school, according to their most ancient and 
 laudable custom.'' About twenty-one years subsequent 
 to the above inquisition, 2Jst Charles I. (1045-0), an 
 obligatory decree, under the great seal of England, 
 appears to have been issued, whereby the parties are 
 willed and commanded, firmly, without distinction, that 
 all and singular whatsoever, in the decree aforesaid con- 
 tained and specified (so far as to them or any of them 
 it belongeth and appertaineth) should fuIQl and execute : 
 and that every of them should fulfil and execute with 
 effect, according to the tenor and the true intention of 
 
 the decree aforesaid, under the penalty of £'500. The 
 collections or cesses for the support of this school have 
 long since ceased ; it has now for a lengthened period 
 been solely supportid by the funds arising from the 
 property belonging to the school, which consists of an 
 entire estate situate at Great Crosthwaite, and another 
 estate at St. John's, called Wanthwaite. Part of the 
 first property was purchased in the year lOit'i, for the 
 sum of J685, and the other part in \~i):l, for the sum of 
 £12:5; and the latter estate in 1731), for the sum of 
 i;i:iO, out of the school stock, which had by degrees 
 amounted to more than the sums laid out in the pur- 
 chase of those estates. These premises were conveyed 
 to the sidesmen of the parish, their heirs and assigns, 
 in trust for the school, and now bring in about .t'll!! 
 a year. The school, whicli is entirely free to the parish, 
 is in the parish churchyard. It is under government 
 inspection, conducted by a master, aided by an assis- 
 tant teacher and two pupil teachers, and has an average 
 attendance of 1 50 children. 
 
 Sir John Banks' Charitij. — Sir John Banks, a native 
 of Keswick, by wiU dated '2:h-d September, l(i 12, devised 
 to trustees, "two tenements, with the close, orchard, 
 and ground adjoining, situate in Keswick, and directed 
 that the said tenements should be pulled down, and 
 that a workhouse should be built there, to be kept 
 and maintain d for ever for the setting of poor people 
 on work; and he devised to the same persons .£200 to 
 be employed for the building thereof, and directed that 
 what remained should be kept in their hands as part of 
 a stock. He also gave to the same persons £30 per 
 annum, to be employed for the first three years for the 
 increase of the said stock, and he directed, that after 
 the three years had expired, the said stock of money, 
 as also the £30 per annum, should be employed for the 
 raising and maintaining a sulhoient stock of wool, flax, 
 hemp, thread, yarn, iron, and other necessary wares and 
 stuff, to set the poor people on work, who should be born 
 within the parisli of Crosthwaite: and he dn-ected that 
 his trustees should set to work the children of all such 
 whose parents should not be able to maintain them, 
 and the children of the fatherless, and poor aged men 
 and aged women and widows, who should be able to 
 work in any reasonable manner; and also for the setting 
 on work all other persons born within the said parish, 
 having no means to maintain them; and he directed, 
 that the profits arising by the said stock and the said 
 £30 should be employed towards the necessary relief of 
 the same impotent old men and women and blind, and 
 such others of the parish being poor and not able to 
 work, and also for the putting out the children of poor 
 people to be apprentices. And he further directed.
 
 CROSTHWAITE PABISH. 
 
 337 
 
 that five marks out of the said profits and rent should 
 bo yearly laid up to maintain the workhouse in repair, 
 and for other extraordinary occasions, and ho allowed 
 20s. yearly to such persou as should take care of this 
 business; and stating, that he conceived that the 
 weekly wages to the workers would be moderate ; and 
 that there would remain the more to perform the chari- 
 table uses, he directed, that cloth of linen arising by 
 the said manufacture might be given to poor people, 
 and the rest sold for the uses aforesaid ; and he directed 
 tliat the said rent of £30 should issue out of all his 
 freehold lands and tenements in the parish of Crosth- 
 waite, except his dwelling-hoase and the appurtenances 
 in Keswick, with a power of distress. By a decree 
 of commissioners of charitable uses, dated 4th July 
 1072, reciting an inquisition held at Kesrick of the 
 same date, whereby it was found that Sir John Banks 
 made his will as above stated, and whereby it was 
 further found that the trustees had not been diligent 
 in their trust, by reason whereof the charitable uses 
 had not been performed ; it was ordered and decreed, 
 that the surviving trustees should convey the several 
 premises devised by the testator, and the stock and 
 property belonging thereto to the use of them- 
 selves and other trustees therein named, of whom 
 the vicar of Crosthwaite, for the time bsing, was to be 
 one for the trusts of the said will ; and it was furtlicr 
 ordered, that when the feoffees should be reduced to 
 three, that the survivors should convey the said premises 
 to the use of themselves and their heirs, and to the 
 vicar of Crosthwaite for the time being, and to the 
 heirs of Sir William Dalston, Sir Ralph Banks, Richard 
 Tolson, Christopher Blencowe, and Thomas Tickell, and 
 to so many mora parishioners of Crosthwaite, and their 
 heirs, as should make up the number of six parish- 
 ioners of Crosthwaite; and the eighteen sworn men of 
 Crosthwaite, with the churchwardens and overseers, to 
 be aiding and assisting the trustees and the church- 
 wardens and overseers to act as they should be directed 
 by the trustees ; and that a chest should be obtained and 
 books procured for keeping the accounts in the manner 
 tlicroin mentioned; and that tb.o trustees should take 
 order for the setting up and promoting of a trado when 
 they should have an opportunity, and for the binding 
 and preferring of poor children to bo apprentices, 
 repairing of the house, distribution to the poor or lame 
 persons, or other things mentioned in the said will; 
 and that until they should have such an opportunity 
 to set up a munufactory, some of the rooms sliould be 
 disposed of to poor widows, and that some competency 
 should be allowed them ; and that the rest of the income 
 (after paying a colloctor of the rents, and five marks to 
 
 be laid up in the chest for repairs being first deducted) 
 should be yearly bestowed upon woollen and linen cloth 
 and made fit for wearing, and some stockings and shoes, 
 and distributed yearly at the said workhouse at the 
 feast of All Saints. And further reciting, that although 
 the said yearly rent-charge of £30 was extinct, it 
 was ordered and decreed, that the said rent-charge 
 should revive, and that who did or should possess 
 the said lands charged with the payment of the 
 same, should yearly pay the same according to the said 
 will and this decree, with power for the said trustees 
 to enter and distrain for the same. And it was further 
 ordered, that certain sums of money, amounting in the 
 whole to £255 19s. should be paid by certain persons 
 therein named to the trustees in the said decree men- 
 tioned." At the time of the publication of the Charity 
 Commissioners' Report, from which we have taken the 
 above estract, the property in the possession of the 
 trustees consisted of land and money: an estate at 
 Howard Coldale, containing 124 acres and 35 perches; 
 a field near the church at Crosthwaite, containing about 
 four acres ; and two cattle gates in White Moss, and an 
 acre of land in a field called the Cow Pasture; au 
 estate, called Birkett Wood, in Crosthwaite Parish, 
 containing about 29 acres; between three and four 
 acres of woodland in Birkett Wood ; the sum of £500, 
 which was out at interest at -ij percent; and the work- 
 house premises mentioned in Su- John Banks' will. This 
 charity has been augmented by 20 acres and 15 perches 
 of laud, known as the High, in Newlands, purchased in 
 1857, at acostof£0 10, of which sum £500 was bequeathed 
 on 2tith March, 1852, by Miss Ogle, and appropriated, 
 by Sir Charles Ogle and H. Denton, Esq., her e.xecu- 
 tors to this charity. It was long ago found imprac- 
 ticable to use as a workhouse the premises devised by 
 the testator. The use of machinery has rendered it 
 impossible to work up woollen with effect by hand. 
 The charity is at present devoted to the comfortable 
 support of eighteen aged and poor persons of the parish 
 of Crosthwaite, who reside in the Sir John Banks' 
 Charity House, at a short distance north of the Town 
 Hall, in the towu of Keswick. 
 
 Grave's Charity. — Thomas Grave, by will, dated 
 29th November, lOOG, gave to trustees, eight cows, 
 grasses and pasture for eight kine, in an enclosed 
 ground called White Moss, of which he was then 
 mortgagee, and if they were redeemed, the money was 
 to bo devoted as thereinafter mentioned ; and he also 
 bequeathed all such sum and sums of money as were 
 owing unto him upon will or bond, to be by them let 
 out at five per cent, until they could conveniently pur- 
 chase free lauds with the same ; and he desired that the 
 
 88
 
 338 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 rent of the said cows' grasses, and the interest of the 
 said money, and the rent of the land when purchased, 
 should be yearly upon Good Friday, Easter Eve, or 
 thereabouts, distributed by the churchwardens of Cros- 
 thwaite, with the advice of his trustees above-mentioned, 
 and such as should be by the surviving two of them suc- 
 cessively elected and appointed to such of the parish of 
 Crosthwaite as were poor, blind, lame, sick, widows, 
 fatherless and motherless children not being able to 
 work, nor to go from door to door to seek their living, 
 not in the least abating such allowance as should be 
 granted them by law authority, or from the parish not 
 easing the abler sort of their cess. It is not known 
 what was the amount of the money received under his 
 will. The mortgage of the eight cow grasses appears 
 to have been redeemed, and the money was probably 
 applied in the purchase of other property of the same 
 nature, as we find two deeds, dated respectively in 1088 
 and in 1076, whereby fourteen cow grasses in Whitcy 
 Moss were conveyed to the trustees of this charity 
 in consideration of £71. In 1672, the sum of £58 
 7s. 3d. was laid out in the purchase of fee-farm rents 
 from the crown, of the annual value of £3 7s. 8d., 
 arising out of the rectory of Crosthwaite. By three 
 other deeds, two dated in 1680, and the other in 1682, 
 certain persons therein named, in consideration of three 
 several sums, amounting in the whole to £'55 IGs., 
 conveyed certain premises at Applcthwaite to the trus- 
 tees of this charity. The whole of the property at 
 present belonging to this charity is as follows: — The 
 house and land at Applcthwaite, consisting of about 
 seven acres ; the fourteen cow grasses ; the fee-farm rents, 
 the rent of about an acre of land ; and the interest 
 of £39. The proceeds of this charity are given away 
 every Good Friday in small sums, varying from 2s. to 
 8s. 6d. to poor persons of the parish at large. All 
 their names are entered in a book, which commences 
 with the year 1707, and bears the following title, " The 
 Distribution of the Charities of Mr. Thomas Grave, 
 and the Rev. James Clark," which circumstance is 
 explained by the next charity. 
 
 Clark's Charity. — The Rev. James Clark was vicar 
 of Crosthwaite, and in liis lifetime gave £2, the interest 
 thereof to be applied in the same manner as Mr. 
 Grave's charity, and by the same trustees. This is 
 supposed to form part of the general fund, and to be 
 distributed with the above charity without any distinc- 
 tion. 
 
 Tickell's Charities. — By indenture, dated February 
 27th, 1685, Hugh Tickell conveyed to trustees three 
 closes at Mill Beck, in Under Skiddaw, two closes called 
 Parrocks, and one close called Muddell's ; one acre of 
 
 meadow, half an acre of arable land, a dale below the 
 way of Galaborrow; one dale called Greystones, situate 
 at Applcthwaite, in Under Skiddaw, with the appur- 
 tenances, upon trust that the yearly rents should be 
 distributed by the said trustees amongst such poor 
 people inhabiting and dwelling within the parish of 
 Crosthwaite, as in their discretion they should think 
 meet. By another indenture of the same date he con- 
 veyed to other trustees his messuages, lands, and 
 tenements at Mill Beck, in Under Skiddaw, being of 
 the ancient yearly free rent of 3s. 4d. ; three closes of 
 land, known by the name of Common Closes ; one close 
 of meadow, called Loug-with-Ing, of the rent of Id. ; a 
 parcel of meadow, called Sfcinley Stubbings, of the free 
 rent of Is. 2d.; a parcel of ground, called the School- 
 house Orchard, and a house, situated in the same, of 
 the free-rent of Id., all which premises were situated 
 in the parish of Crosthwaite; upon trust, that after 
 the death of himself and his wife, the rents of the 
 said premises should be distributed by the said trustees 
 amongst such poor people as should be inhabiting and 
 dwelling within the said county of Cumberland as 
 they should think meet and convenient. And the said 
 Hugh TickeU, by will bearing date the same 27th 
 February, devised to his trustees a close, commonly 
 called Four Acres, at Udder Skiddaw; a close of meadow 
 called Long Stubbings; and three roods of land, called 
 Cow Pasture, in Crosthwaite aforesaid, in trust that 
 they should divide the yearly profits thereof into three 
 equal parts, two parts thereof to be distributed amongst 
 the poor people inhabiting and dwelling within the said 
 county of Cumberland, according to the discretion of 
 his said trustees for Cumberland ; and the other third 
 part thereof amongst such poor people as should he 
 inhabiting and dwelling within the parish of Crosthwaite, 
 according to the discretion of the Crosthwaite trustees. 
 The property now in the possession of the trustees for 
 the poor of the parish of Crosthwaite consists of about 
 fifteen acres of land in Under Skiddaw, producing about 
 £50 a year, which is given away yearly, on Whitsun 
 Eve, to the poor of the parish at large, in sums varying 
 from two to ten shillings. The proceeds of the property 
 held for the poor of the county of Cumberland is, and 
 always has been, distributed among poor persons of the 
 Society of Friends in the county of Cumberland, to 
 which body the donor belonged. 
 
 Wren's Charity. — Grace Wren, by will, dated 23rd 
 January, 1721, left £40 on trust, for the use of poor 
 children bom in the parish of Crosthwaite ; that is to 
 say, to lend out the same, or purchase freehold land 
 therewith ; and to lay out the profits thereof yearly in 
 buying school-books or Bibles, to he distributed about
 
 CROSTHWAITE PARISH. 
 
 339 
 
 Easter, amongst poor children born in Crosthwaite. 
 This money was laid out in land in Borrowdale, called 
 Scale Closes, a copse and a small enclosure, altogether 
 about four or five acres of laud. The enclosure is let 
 for about £5 per annum. The copse is detained in 
 hand. Tt is cut about every 17 years, and the money 
 produced plactnl out at interest. There is also belong- 
 ing to this charity Ts. 6d., received annually, called the 
 meal tithe, paid by the curate of St. John's Chapel out 
 of a field called liirkland Bikes, belonging to his curacy. 
 The income from these various sources, amounting to 
 upwards of £10 a year, is disposed of in bibles, tes- 
 taments, prayer books, spelliug books, and religious 
 books, to the poor people of the parish. The books are 
 given away on Good Friday, when the children from 
 the distant parts of the parish attend to receive them. 
 
 Denton's Charity. — The late Henry Denton, Esq., 
 who died in 1857, bequeathed £500 to the Free 
 Grammar School of Crosthwaite, to be paid ot the 
 death of his brother, William Deuton, Esq., of Greta 
 Farm, near Keswick. 
 
 Close to Keswick, but in this township, is a Sunday 
 school, erected in 1833, by James Stauger, Esq., at a 
 cost of £1,100. It is now used, on weekdays, as a 
 national school for girls. It is under government 
 inspection, and is conducted by a mistress and one 
 pupil teacher. There is another Sunday school on the 
 road between Applcthwaite and Mill Beck, erected about 
 the year 1828, by the late Daniel Dover, Esq. 
 
 The hamlets in this township arc Applethwaitc, 
 situated at the end of a deep and wide cha.sm, one and a 
 half miles north of Keswick ; Great Crostliwaite, which 
 gives its name to the parish, stands a short distance 
 east of the parish church ; High Hill, not far from 
 Keswick ; Ormnthwaite, about a mile east-north-east of 
 the same place ; and Mill Beck, two miles north. 
 
 keswuk. 
 
 Tho population of the township of Keswick in 1801 
 was 1,350; in 1811, 1,683; in 1821, 1,901; in 1831, 
 'i,lS«; in IRIl, i,Ui: and in 1^51, '2,(UH; who are 
 located all over tho township, but principidly in tho 
 town of Keswick. Tho rateable value is £0,092 Os. Od. 
 
 This township is included in the manor of Castle- 
 rigg and Keswick, ulias Derwcntwater, which previous 
 to tho reign of Edward I. was held by the ancient family 
 of Derwcntwatcr, or Do Dorwentwatcr. The heiress 
 of Sir .lohn Dorwentwatcr, in tho reign of Henry VI. 
 married Sir Nicholas lliUclilTe, Knt., of Dilston, in 
 tho county of Northumberland, whoso descendant. Sir 
 Francis IlatclilTe, Knt., was, by James II., created 
 
 Earl of Derwentwater. James, the second earl, taking a 
 prominent part in the '• rising" of 1715, was beheaded 
 on Tower Hill, and the above manor, with other 
 estates, becoming forfeited to the crown, was settled 
 upon Greenwich Hospital by act of parliament. In 
 1832 it was purchased by the late John Slarshall, 
 Esq., whose son, Reginald Dykes Marshall, Esq., is 
 the present lord of the manor. The tenure is princi- 
 cipally leasehold, subject to a yearly lord's rent, and a 
 fourpenny fine at the death or change of cither lord or 
 tenant. There arc a few estates subject to an arbitrary 
 fine. The Town Hall, in Keswick, and the tolls be- 
 long to the present lord, who holds there his courts baron 
 and customary courts yearly in May. The enclosure 
 of commons, in the manor of Castlerigg and Derwent- 
 water, which manor comprises the townships or divi- 
 sions of Keswick, St. John's, and Castlerigg, the whole 
 containing 200 acres or thereabouts, took place by act 
 of parliament in 1842, when a field, containing two 
 and a half acres, situated at Brlgham, within one mile 
 of Keswick, was allotted for the recreation of the inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 ^eriucnltoater ^amllg. 
 
 This ancient family is said to have taken their name 
 from having their seat on the banks of the lake of that 
 name. 
 
 Sir John df. Derwentw.vteb seems to have resided here in 
 the reign of Edward I., as we Icaru from an inciuisition concern- 
 ing the furniture of a chantry in the chapel of liohou, in West- 
 moreland. Sir John de Debwestw.vter occurs in the JOth 
 Edward II. (132C-7). Another JouN de Dekweniwatek after 
 appears shoriiT of Cumberland in the -ISth Kdward III., and 
 again two years later, as also in the 1st and 4th of Richard II. 
 lie represented the county in parliament in the 2nd and 10th 
 years of tho same king's reign. This Sir John had issue a 
 daughter Margaret (called Elizabeth Whilaker and Suitccs), 
 married to Sir Nicholas Radchffe, Knt., a younger son of Rat- 
 clifTe of Wymersley, who was a younger son of Katcliff of Uatcliff 
 Tower, an ancient Lancashire family. Sir Nicholas had issue 
 by his wife JIargaret, a son and heir, 
 
 Sir Thomas Eatclufe, who married Margaret, daughter of 
 Sir William Purr, Knt., of Kendal Castle, who bore him six sons, 
 Richard, Kdward, John, Nicholas, Christopher, and Rowland, 
 the two last of whom embraced the religious life. Some dilUcul- 
 lies may arise in tho tracing of this pedigree, and authorities 
 difl'er very much on tho subject. We shall however sUte tho 
 facta as they stand, and leave tho reader to draw his own 
 conclusion ; and in doing this, we must express our obligations 
 to an article in tho Gentleman's Magazine for May, 1840, 
 headed "Who was the Sir John RatclilTo buried at Crostliwaite?" 
 The writer, after giving tho pedigree of the family as above dovra 
 to Sir Thomas RatclilTe, says, " Sir Thomas Ratcliffe, son of 
 Sir Niolioliis, and tho lioircss of Perweutwater, had several 
 sons, amongst whom were Sir Kdward, John, and Sir Richard. 
 Sir Kdwanl had on elder son. Sir Cuthbort, and a younger son, 
 John. John, the brother of Sir Kdward, had a sou, John, 
 oooordiug to somo aulhorilius ; but according to others he died
 
 340 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 witliont issue. Sir John Ratcliffe, who married Dame Alice, and 
 died in 1527, has been identified by some with John, the younger 
 son of Sir Edward ; by others with John, the son of John, 
 and nephew of Edward ; and, whilst some have represented him 
 as dying without issue, others have made him the father of a 
 Sir John, and grandfather of a Dorothy Ratcliffe, who married 
 into the Dacre family. According to Hutchinson, John, the 
 brother of Sir Edward, died mthout issue. According to Nicol- 
 son and Burn's History of Cumberland and Westmoreland, vol. 
 ii., p. 78, Sir John Ratcliffe was the son of Sir Edward ; and 
 7obn the son of John, and nephew of Sir Edward, died without 
 issue. According to Surtees, History of Durham, vol. i., p. 3'2, 
 John, the brother of Sir Edward, married Anne Fenwick, and 
 had issue the Sir John RatcUffe in question, and a daughter 
 Anne. The daughter became her brother's heir by his di'ath 
 without issue, and man-ied John Ratcliffe, the son of Sir Edward, 
 by whom she had John Ratcliffe, the father of Dorothy. Ac- 
 cording to Harlean MS., lliS, Sir John was the son of John, 
 and died without issue, as did also John the son of Sir Edward. 
 According to Harlean MSS., 1171, LO^SCjand 15.51, Sir John was 
 the son of John Ratcliffe, and had issue John, father of Dorothy. 
 According to the latter MS. John, the son of Sir Edward, died 
 without issue. Of the above MSS., 1448, is a copy of the Visi 
 tation of Northumberland, taken in 1G15 by Richard St. George 
 Norroy, and in it the pedigree of this family, as far as it goes, 
 seems tolerably correct. 153(i is Mr. IMiindy's copy of the 
 Visitation of Cumberland in the same year ; 1554 the Visitation 
 of Northumberland; in 1575 and 1015, and 1171 is described 
 as ' Certain pedigrees of Northumbrian families as registered 
 by William Flower Norroy, at his visitation of that county A. D. 
 1575.' The inaccuracies in the Ratcliffe pedigrees in the three 
 last MSS. are wonderful. After all, was not Sir John Ratcliffe, 
 who died in 1527, and was buried at Crosthwaite church, a 
 younger sou of Sir Richard Ratcliffe? Surtees makes men- 
 tion of a deed of settlement made by Sir Thomas Ratcliffe in 
 21st Edward IV. (1481-2) whereby (subject of course to his 
 own life interest he settled the Derwentwater estates on Sir 
 Eichard, his third son in tail male, with remainder over to Sir 
 Edward in tail male, with remainder over to others of his sons 
 successively in like manner.) Sir Eichard was killed at Bos- 
 worth in his father's lifetime, and attainted by act of parliament 
 passed in the first year of Henry VII. Richard Ratcliffe, son 
 and heir of Sir Richard, obtained another act which reversed his 
 father's attainder, and on his grandfather. Sir Thomas's death, 
 should have become possessor of the Derwentwater estates. He 
 died without issue male, on which event the property would have 
 devolved, under the settlement, to his brother, if he had one. 
 Now, I venture to suggest as a probability, that Ricliard had 
 a brother, and that Sir John Ratchffe was that brother, but he, 
 dying without issue in 15'27, the estate passed (still under the 
 settlement) to his cousin. Sir Cathbert, the heir male of Sir 
 Edward Ratcliffe, then deceased. The MSS. to which I have 
 had access do not, I confess, bear out my supposition, but then 
 they give but very little information as to Sir Richard Ratcliffe, 
 although he was unquestionably the most noted man of his 
 family in the age in which he lived.'' From these facts and 
 suggestions we may continue the pedigree as follows : — On the 
 demise of Sir Richard as a'jove, he was succeeded by 
 
 Sir John Ratcliffe, Knt., who married Alice, daughter of 
 Sir Edmund Sutton de Dudley, lord of Dudley, in Warwick- 
 shire, by Maud, his second wife, daughter to Thomas Lord 
 Clifford, of Westmoreland. This Sir John appears to have been 
 a great man in his day, being repeatedly selected to fill the 
 important and then martial post of sheriff of Cumberland, which 
 office he held at the time of his decease, February 2nd, 1527. 
 
 Sir John had no children. Dame Alice, his wife, sun'ived, and 
 died in 1554, being interred in the cathedral church of Salisbury. 
 On Sir John's decease, the estates of the family passed to hia 
 cousin. 
 
 Sir CoTHBEBT KATCLiyFE, Knt, who married Margaret, 
 d.iughter of Henry Lord Clifford, and by her had issue Georoe, 
 Thomas, and Anthony. In an iuquisition taken in 35th Henry 
 VIII. it is found that Sir Cathbert Ratcliff, Knt., held the manor 
 of Tallantire, and divers messuages, lands, and tenements in 
 Castlerigg and in the island of Derwentwater, of the king as of 
 his manor of I'apcastle, by the serrice of two knights' fees, 
 2:!s. ;Jd. cornage, lOd. seawake, puturc of the sergeants, and suit 
 of court at Papcastle ; late in the tenure of Lady Anno Ratcliff. 
 On the demise of Sir Cuthbert, he was succeeded by his eldest son. 
 
 Sir Geoboe Ratclii r, Knt., who married Catherine, daughter 
 of Sur John Mallony, Knt., and had issue one son, 
 
 Francis Ratci.imf,, Esq., of Derwentwater and DUston, who 
 married Isabel, daugliter of Sir llalph Grey, Knt., of Chilling- 
 ham, by whom he had issue Edward, Thomas, Francis, John, 
 Cutlibert, Mary, Margaret, Catherine, Elizabeth, Dorothy, Anoe, 
 and Jane. His successor was 
 
 EcwARD, his eldest son and heir, who married Ehzabeth, 
 daughter of Thomas Barton, Esq,, of Whenley, by whom he had 
 issue a sou and heir. This gentleman was made a baronet, 
 and on his decease was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Sir Francis Ratci.iife, Bart.,who was advanced to the peerage 
 by James I. in 1689, by the titles of Earl of Derwentwater, 
 Baron Tynedale, and Viscount Ratcliffe and Langley. He died 
 in lC!/7, and was succeeded by his son 
 
 Edward, the second earl, who had married in 1080 tlie Lady 
 Mary Tudor, the youngest natural daughter of Charles II. It 
 was on occasion of this marriage that the Derwentwaters were 
 ennobled. His lordsliip had three sons and one daughter, viz., 
 James, Francis, Charles, and Mary Tudor, and dying in 1705, 
 the titles and estates devolved upon 
 
 James, the third earl, born in 11189. This nobleman married 
 Slary Anne, daughter of Sir John Webb, Bart., co. Dorset. 
 This nobleman having taken part in the rising of 1715, was 
 captm'ed at Preston, and at once taken to London, wliere he 
 arrived on the 0th of December, and was committed to the 
 Tower. On the 19th of the following January, he was brought 
 before his peers at Westminster where he confessed his guilt, 
 and threw himself on the mercy of the king. His subsequent 
 history is thus told in the words of a modern historian : — " The 
 united interests and earnest supplication of the Duchesses of 
 Cleveland and Bolton — of the young Countess of Derwentwater, 
 pleading with tears for the husband she tenderly loved — and 
 many other ladies of rank, failed in moving the rough and 
 sturdy king, who admitted them to an audience, but adhered to 
 his purpose, which was the purpose of a majorily of his ministers. 
 Bribes, which liad succeeded before in like circumstances, were 
 offered now without effect. Sixty thousand pounds were ten- 
 dered for the single pardon of Lord Derwentwater, who, up to 
 the time of the mad rising in the north, had been liring happily 
 and hospitably in his fine old castle, reflected in the clear waters 
 of one of the most beautiful of the English lakes ; and for whose 
 present hard fate tears were shed and lamentations raised in 
 every valley and on every hill-side in Cumberland. At an early 
 hour on the morning of the 24th February, he and Lord Ken- 
 mure were brought to the scaffold on Tower Hill. The English 
 lord was the first that suffered. He was deadly pale, but his 
 voice was firm, and on the whole he behaved like a man of 
 courage and conscience. He declared that he died a Roman 
 Catholic ; that he deeply repented his plea of guilty at his trial; 
 and that he knew and acknowledged no king but James III., his
 
 CROSTHWAITE PARISH. 
 
 341 
 
 rightful and lawful sovereign, ' whom he haJ an inclination to 
 servo from liis infancy.' He further insisted tliat he had intended 
 wrong to no man, that he harboured malice against no man, 
 not even against those of the present ministry who were instru- 
 mental in his death, that ho had intended to serve his country 
 as well as his legitimate king, and to contribute to the restora- 
 tion of the ancient and fundamental constitution of these Uing- 
 donis. At one blow the executioner severed the neck of .Tames 
 liatcliire, third and last earl of Derwentwater, a gallant, courteous 
 young mtm, perhaps the most intoresling victim of this attempted 
 revolution." The fate of this young and generous -hearted 
 nobleman excited very general commisseration. " The apparent 
 cnielty of his execution led to his being esteemed in the light of 
 a martyr; handkerchiefs steeped in his blood were preserved as 
 sacred relics ; and when the mansion house at Dilston was 
 demolished, amid ihe regrets of the neighbourhood, there was 
 great difliculty in obtaining hands to assist in the work of 
 destruction, which was considered almost sacrilegious. The 
 aurorea borealis was observed to flash with unwonted brilliancy 
 on the fatal night of his e-xecution — an omen it was said, of 
 lieaven's wi-ath ; and to this day many of the country people 
 know th.it meteor only by the name of Lord Derwentwater's 
 lights." His memory is still cherished and revered in Northum- 
 berland, where numerous instances of his affability and kind- 
 ness arc related with feelings of sympathy and regret. His lord- 
 ship had two children, a son and a daughter, the latter of whom 
 was born in 171(i, after her father's untimely death. The son 
 died in France at the age of nineteen, from injuries received 
 while riding on horseback ; the daughter was married to Lord 
 Petre in 173i. The widowed countess died in France, aged 
 about thirty years, and was buried in the church of the English 
 llegular Canonesses of St. .A.ustin at Louvain. Charles llatcliiTe, 
 brother of the unfortunata earl, who was condemned to death 
 at tlie same time, escaped after conviction, and got safe to 
 Trance. Here, after living in a state of indigence for several 
 years, he attached himself to the fortunes of the Stuarts, and 
 subsisted on a pension allowed him by the prince. In 1724 
 ho married the Lady Charlotte Livingstone, countess of New- 
 burgh, in her own right. He twice visited England secretly, 
 but sought in vuin to obtain his pardon. In 1740 he engaged 
 ardently in the cause of I'rince Charles Edward, and was taken 
 prisoner in the Esperance privateer, on his way to Scotland. 
 After lying a year in prison, ho was brought before the bar of 
 the King's Bench, his former sentence was read to him, and 
 after raising a oui-ious question of identity, which for a time 
 perplexed the crown lawyers, he was beheaded on Tower Hill, 
 8th Hecember, 1740, in the fifty fourth year of his age. On the 
 attainder of the earl in 1711!, the large possessions of the family 
 were confiscated to the crown, by whom they were held, under 
 trustees, till 17.'1.'5, when they were bestowed by act of parlia- 
 ment upon Greenwich Hospital. The Earl of Newburgh, the 
 representative of the family, petitioned parliament for the 
 reversal of the attainder ; but as the forfeited estates had been 
 appropriated to the support of the hospital, the petition couhl 
 not be granted; and an annuity of X".!,.'5'» was all that he could 
 obtain. These possessions, which are now said to bo of Ihe 
 annual value of more than i'00,<Hi(l, are situated in the counties 
 of Cumberland, Northinuberland, and Durham. The last of tlie 
 Katclilfes died in IhU. 
 The arms of RatclilTo were org., n bend, ingrailcd, an. 
 
 Pats^all J'amilg. 
 This family, who now hold a portion of tho Cumber- 
 kud estates of tho Derwentwaters, is derived from John 
 
 ]\rarshall, Esq., of lleailingley, near Leeds, IM.P. for 
 Yorkshire, bora 27th July, 1705, the second son of 
 John Marshall, of Yeadon Low Hall, co. York, acquired 
 great wealth by his successful introduction of mechani- 
 cal improvements into a branch of the linen manu- 
 facture, the spinning of flax, for which he founded 
 extensive establishments at Leeds and Shrewsbury. 
 He married 5th August, 1795, Jane, 5th daughter of 
 William Pollard, Esq., of Halifax. His second son, 
 
 John Marshai.i., Esq., late M.P. for Leeds, born 28th of 
 December, 1797, married 18th November, 1828, Mary, eldest 
 daughter of the late Joseph Dykes Ballantyne Dykes, Esq., of 
 Dovenby Hall, Cumberland, and had by her 
 
 I. Reginald Dykes, his successor, who married, January, 
 1808, Louisa, second daughter of Bir John Hersehell, llie 
 astronomer, of CoUiugwood Park. 
 II. Herbert John. 
 III. Julian. 
 I. Janet Mary. 
 II. Catherine .\Uce. 
 
 This gentleman purchased the forfeited estates of the Earls 
 of Derwentwater from the Commissioners of Greenwich Hos- 
 pital. He died 31st October, 1830, and was succeeded, in 1807, 
 by his son, 
 
 Reginald Dykes MAnsHALi., Esq., the present lord of the 
 manor of Castlerigg and Derwentwater. 
 
 Anns. — Arg., three bars, sa., a canton, erm. 
 Crest. — A man in armour proper. 
 
 THE TOWS OF KESWICK. 
 
 The market town of Keswick is situated in 54" SB' 
 north latitude, d" 7' west longitude, and is distant thirty 
 miles south- by-west from Carlisle, and 291 miles nortb- 
 west-by-north from London, by road. It occupies a fine 
 situation in one of the largest and most beautiful of the 
 vales of Cumberland, at the northern extremity of the 
 Lake District, on the high road, and nearly midway 
 between Ambleside, Cockermouth, and renrith. It 
 forms one of the polling-places for the western division 
 of the county, and is included in the third circuit of 
 County Court towns. The population of Keswick in 
 179;i appears to have been 1,093: in 1801, it was 
 1,350; in 1811, 1,683; in ISiJl. 1.901; in 1831. 
 2,159; in 1841 ; 2,375 ; and in 1851. 2.018, of whom 
 1,250 were males and 1,308 females, inhabiting 552 
 houses — twelve being uninhabited, and six building. 
 
 Keswick consists chielly of one long street, in which 
 arc some good stone houses. Its principal manufactures 
 aro woollens, ginghams, Ac. During tho last century 
 tho first-mentioned manufacture formed the chief pro- 
 duction of the town. Tho several processes of carding, 
 spinning, dyeing, and weaving, were then principally 
 performed by luind labour, forming part of the daily 
 labours of tho respective members of most households 
 in the surrounding runtl di^tricts ; and even down to i>
 
 342 
 
 DEBWENT WARD. 
 
 comparatively recent period, long subsequent to that 
 which witnessed the gradual development and appli- 
 cation of scientific invention to manufactures in other 
 parts of the kingdom, the hand-cards and spinning-wheel 
 formed part of the requisite furniture of the farmstead. 
 The town was at that time the emporium of the woollen 
 trade for the county, and was much resorted to at its 
 annual fairs and markets ; its yarns and cloths forming 
 a considerable item of exportation to the neighbouring 
 towns of this and the adjoining county of Westmore- 
 land. The woollen trade has considerably declined 
 here during the present century, nor is there much hope 
 that it will be revived, at least for some time, the 
 re-arrangement of the lines of traffic by the construc- 
 tion of railways having placed Keswick in a somewhat 
 isolated position, and nothing less than its connection 
 with the great " iron roads " by means of a railway 
 will have much effect upon the trade of the town and 
 neighbourhood. Witliiu the last thirty, but principally 
 within the last twenty years, the manufacture of black 
 lead, and other description of pencils, has made rapid 
 progress in Keswick, and may be said to constitute at 
 present its principal article of manufacture. Up to 
 the period just named the few pencils in use were 
 made by hand labour, and were sold at from one 
 shilling to eighteen pence each. They consisted solely 
 of those used by artists, still manufactured here, and 
 known in the trade as pure Borrowdale lead. The 
 number of hands now employed in the manufacture in 
 Keswick is about one hundred and thirty. At a 
 moderate computation, the quantity produced by these 
 workmen annually, and sent out to all parts of the 
 world, cannot be less than ten millions of pencils, 
 which are now sold, we believe, at from one shilling 
 and sixpence a gross, and upwards. 
 
 Of Keswick in ancient times we possess but little 
 information. Its early history finds no place in the 
 chronicles and records of the past. Surrounded by its 
 " everlasting hills," which secluded it from the more 
 accessible and fertile parts of the island, the region 
 now known as the Lake District, furnished few topics 
 of interest to our early historians, though we learn 
 from them that it formed the retreat and refuge of those 
 Britons who would not become the slaves of imperial 
 Rome, and who preferred a life of freedom, though 
 accompanied with toil and exposure to the rough 
 winds of heaven, to the privileges and honours of 
 Roman subjects, when these brought in their train 
 servitude and oppression. The Lake District continued 
 to afford a shelter to the Britons during the time that 
 the supremacy of the island was in the hands of the 
 Anglo-Saxons ; and when the latter had in turn to 
 
 submit to the Norman conquerors of England, it served 
 as an asylum for such of them as chose to fly to its 
 fastnesses rather than submit to the invadei-s, becoming 
 in this manner a resting-place for the bravest spirits 
 of the many races formerly dominant in the country, 
 whose various and different languages give names 
 borne at the present day by the mountains, and hills, 
 and valleys, and rivers, and streams, and towers, and 
 villages, and hamlets spread far and wide over the 
 fair face of the district. How long the parish church 
 of Crosthwaite was built before the twelfth century is 
 uncertain, and there is now no means of ascertaining. 
 A list of rectors is preserved, dating from about tho 
 close of the thirteenth. From the Close Rolls of the 
 reign of flenry III., wo find that the mines in tho 
 neighbourhood of Keswick were known at that time. 
 The privilege of a market was procured for the town 
 from Edward I. by Sir John de Derwentwater, lord of 
 the place. Edward IV. granted a charter for working 
 the mines. In the 2nd Elizabeth (1559-00), the mine 
 of Goldscope, in Newlands, was made tho subject of a 
 memorable trial between the crown and Thomas Percy, 
 earl of Northumberland, lord of the manor of Der- 
 went Fells. The gold and silver in this vciu being 
 proved to be of more value than the copper and lead, 
 by virtue of the royal prerogative the mine was adjudged 
 to be a royal mine, and the property of the crown, by 
 whom it was carried on under commissioners. These 
 commissioners would appear to have exercised a consid- 
 erable share of influence in the direction and manage- 
 ment of local affairs, during this, and the two succeed- 
 ing reigns. Leland describes Keswick as "a poor little 
 market town called Keswike, a mile from St. Herberte's 
 Isle, that Bede speaketh of." Camden found it inha- 
 bited by miners. 
 
 We possess no authentic information relating to 
 Keswick from this period till the middle of the eigh- 
 teenth century. An occasional traveller, tempted by 
 a desire to explore regions hitherto almost unknown, 
 or perhaps, feeling an interest in their mineral produc- 
 tions, passed through the place, struck with scenes of 
 romantic beauty in the midst of so much seeming wild 
 seclusion, and with the simple manners of the people, 
 an exaggerated description of all connected with tho 
 lakes and mountains of Cumberland would seem to 
 have followed but as a natural consequence. In early 
 numbers of the Gentleman's Magazine several such 
 descriptions may be found. In one of those for the 
 year 17.51, a writer, whose account of the scenery in 
 the vale of Keswick is as marvellously overwrought 
 as his character of the people is unpardonable, says, 
 " the poorer inhabitants of Keswick subsist chiefly by 
 
 A
 
 CROSTHW.UTE PARISH. 
 
 343 
 
 stealing, or clandestinely buying of those that steal, 
 the hlauk lead, which thfey sell to Jews or other hawkers." 
 Dr. Brown, a native of Cumberland, an author of no 
 inconsiderable repute, published a letter to a friend, 
 in the year 1707, in which simple justice was done to 
 the valo, without any of the inflated descriptions of his 
 predecessors. Two yeai-s afterwards, Gray made his 
 celebrated tour to the lakes. The result was a series 
 of letters to his friend Dr. Wharton, who had been 
 prevented by illness from accompauying him. The 
 publication of these letters led the way to the lakes, 
 and was the beginning of a new order of things. 
 Mail roads took the place of horse tracks and the few 
 old military roads. Tourists flocked to them from all 
 parts of England ; wealthy strangers soon began to 
 settle in the district and the face of the country 
 gradually to assume a more cultivated appearance. 
 The Lake District has become better known year after 
 year, and is now annually visited by thousands, who, 
 jaded and worn out with years of foreign travel, find 
 that Kngkud itself contains nooks and corners well 
 worth visiting. 
 
 CHCBCHES AND CHAPELS. 
 
 Until 1856 Keswick was comprised in the parish of 
 Crosthwaitc, but since the passing of Lord Blandford's 
 act, in that year, that portion of the town situated south 
 and east of the Town Hall, together with an assigned 
 district, has for all ecclesiastical purposes become a 
 separate and distinct parish. 
 
 The church, dedicated to St. John the Evange- 
 list, is an elegant structure, in the Early English 
 style, erected in 1838-9, from designs by Salvin, at the 
 solo expense of the late John Marshall, Esq., and 
 family, at a cost of £4,100. It is constructed in ashlar 
 work, of light pink freestone, from the iiuarries of 
 Lamoiiby, near Grcystoke, and consists of nave, 
 tower, and beautiful spire, which is a conspicuous 
 object from all the neighbouring country. It will 
 accommodate about IfiO persons. In the interior 
 repose the remains of ilr. ^larshall, the founder, who 
 died before the completion of the building ; and in the 
 churchyard are laid those of the first incumbent, the 
 Rev. !■'. !Myers. There are mural monuments to the 
 memory of each of these gentlemen in the church. 
 The living is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of 
 Mr. Marshall's heirs, subject to a power of veto from a 
 trustee appointed by the congregation, and is worth 
 about £180. The whole value of the living is about 
 £-iao. The registers commence in 183!). A seniice 
 is held on Sunday afternoons in one of the school 
 rooms in the parish. 
 
 Incumbents. — Frederic Myers, 1339; T. D. H. Battersby, 
 1851. 
 
 The parsonage, a neat building in the Elizabethan 
 style, erected in 184^, occupies a dcUghtful situation 
 a short distance from the church. 
 
 The Independent chapel, a small building, erected 
 in 1803, is situated in that part of the town where the 
 road branches off to the lake, but it wiU be soon super- 
 seded by a new and more commodious structure, the 
 erection of which was commenced in June, 1858. We 
 may here state that Protestant dissenters have existed 
 in Keswick as a distinct body for upwards of two 
 hundred years, the present Independent chapel occu- 
 pying the site of a building that had served as a place 
 of worship from the time of the Commonwealth. 
 Mention is made in an old church book at Cockermouth 
 of the Keswick minister attending a meeting at the 
 former place in 1057. The present minister is the 
 Eev. W. Colville. 
 
 High-street chapel is a neat building, in the Gothic 
 style, erected in 1851, at the sole expense of E. W. 
 Wakefield, Esq., of Birkland, Kendal, and will seat 
 about 300 persons. The congregation which assembles 
 here for worship bears the designation of " Cliristian 
 Brethren." They meet upon the open communion 
 Baptist principles. In connection with this chapel 
 there is a Sunday school and library, which is at- 
 tended by upwards- of 100 children. This place of 
 worship is conducted on the purely voluntary principle, 
 by Mr. Joseph Dallow. who has ofliciated as minister 
 for upwards of fourteen years. 
 
 The Wesleyans have also a small place of worship 
 in a yard off the principal street, erected in 1814. It 
 is of stone, and will accommodate about 200 persons. 
 Previous to the erection of this chapel, this body 
 worshipped in a dwelling-house in the same yard. 
 
 SCHOOLS, MECHANICS' INSTITUTION, &C. 
 
 Situated near the church, and in connection with it, 
 is a school for girls and infants. It is in the Ehzabethan 
 style, and comprises one large school-room, with class- 
 room, and a residence for the teacher and apprentices. 
 There is a play-ground attached. The original btiild- 
 ing was erected l)y the ^larsluiU fdmily, and possesses 
 a small endowment of £8, but is chiefly supported by 
 volnntaiy contributions and the payments of the chil- 
 dren, about ninety-eight of whom are in regular attend- 
 ance. The mistress is a.ssisted by three pupil teachers. 
 The schools are under government inspection. 
 
 There is a second school for boys and girls, erected 
 by the late incumbent, the Rev. V. Myers, in 1850, at 
 a cost of £500. It is also under government inspection,
 
 344 
 
 DERWEKT WABD. 
 
 and is conducted by a master, assisted by three pupil 
 teachers. It is supported by the children's pence and 
 voluntary contributions. This school is also in the 
 Elizabethan style, and has a play-ground and garden 
 attached. It contains the same number of rooms as 
 the school above-mentioned. 
 
 There is a charitable fund, left by the late John 
 Marshall, Esq., founder of the church, for the increase 
 of the stipends of poor clergymen, schoolmasters, and 
 libraries in the neighbourhood of Keswick. The in- 
 cumbent is the administrator. 
 
 The Keswick library, situated on the left of the road 
 leading to Ambleside, was established by the late Rev. 
 F. Myers iu ]&49, and contains about 2,000 volumes 
 in the various departments of literature. It is sup- 
 ported by the subscriptions of the members, proceeds of 
 lectures, <S:c. There is a lecture-room attached, which 
 was added in 1855, with class-rooms for instruction in 
 the winter. The reading-room is comfortable and 
 commodious. The number of members is about 
 eighty. In conne.xion with this institution (Keswick 
 Library) is a working men's association, established in 
 1838, the members of which have a reading-room in 
 the centre of the town, but have the privilege of bor- 
 rowing books from the Keswick Library, and free 
 admission to the lectures delivered monthly during 
 the winter. The number of members is about forty. 
 
 Keswick ilechanics' Institution was established in 
 its present form in 1849, but existed some )'ears previ- 
 ously under the name of the " Young Men's Improve- 
 ment Society." Its rooms are iu the Market Place, 
 and are divided into reading-room, class-room, and 
 library. The reading-room is supplied with the leading 
 metropolitan and local newspapers, periodicals, &c. 
 Classes for elementary instruction, conducted by paid 
 teachers, are held during the winter months, and are 
 pretty numerously attended. There are also occasional 
 classes for music and drawing. It is supported by the 
 subscriptions of the members, of whom there ai-e about 
 100, who pay — patrons, £1 ; tradesmen, 10s.; mechanics, 
 6s. each per annum. The library is small, more atten- 
 tion being given to the news-room and classes, as the 
 Keswick library contains an ample supply of books for 
 the town. 
 
 Keswick Savings Bank was established iu 1818, 
 and has proved of great utility to the town and neigh- 
 bourhood. The number of depositors in the present 
 year (1838) is 819, with one charitable and three 
 friendly societies. The balance due to the depositors, 
 and in the hands of the commissioners for the reduc- 
 tion of the national debt, is ^917,478 14s. Cid.; the 
 amount of surplus fund, £478. 
 
 PUBUC BUILDINGS, &C. 
 
 The Town Hall, or Moot Hall, the property of the 
 lord of the manor, erected in 1813 upon the site of the 
 old Court House, stands iu the centre of the town, near 
 the top of the main street. The clock bell, which was 
 taken from a building that formerly stood on Lord's 
 Island, iu Derweut Lake, said to have been the manor 
 house of the Earls of Derwentwater, has the letters 
 and figures " H. D. K. O., 1001," upon it — a decisive 
 proof of its high antiquity. It is said to have been 
 originally the curfew bell for the district. The ground 
 floor of this building is used as a market-house on 
 Saturdays for butter, eggs, poultry, bread stuff, &c. 
 A spacious room overhead serves as a court-house, in 
 which the weekly petty sessions of the district are held. 
 The manor courts are also held here annually, in May, 
 for the purpose of receiving fines, adjusting tenements 
 held under the manor, or any other business within 
 the competency of the court, which may be brought 
 before it. In this room is exhibited during the summer 
 months the well-known model of the Lake District, by 
 Flintoft. 
 
 The Oddfellows' Hall is situated near the Town 
 Hall, but a little removed from the front street, and 
 consists of a large room of a somewhat ornamental 
 style of architecture, with the requisite offices for the 
 transaction of the business of the order. It was erected 
 in the summer of 1850, by the members of the St. 
 Herbert's Lodge of Oddfellows, of the Manchester 
 Unity, which comprises a considerable number of the 
 respectable inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood. 
 
 The Post Office is located in part of the conspicuous 
 building known as Crosthwaite's Museum, a short dis- 
 tance north of the Town Hall. Iu the same building 
 is the Keswick branch of the Cumberland Union Bank. 
 
 Crosthwaite's Museum of Katural and Historical 
 Curiosities and Antiquities was founded about eighty 
 years ago by Mr. Peter Crosthwaite, a native of Kes- 
 wick, and has long had the reputation of being unri- 
 valled among the private collections in the north of 
 England. Our space precludes from giving more than 
 a brief notice of the many varied objects which may be 
 inspected in this collection, but we may state, that 
 neither labour nor expense is spared to make it as com- 
 plete as possible in every respect. It is rich in British, 
 Roman, Saxon, and Norman antiquities, illustrating 
 the early history of the district, and contams a fine 
 collection of Roman and early English coins. Among 
 the ancient books we may mention a Book of Psalms, 
 in Latin, of the year 1488 ; Latimer's Sermons, 1562; 
 Titi Livii, 1548; Statins Aldus Venet, 1302; Augus- 
 tine's de Trinitate, 1489 ; an Ancient folio Church 
 
 4
 
 ST. JOHN'S -IN -THE -VALE CHAPELRY. 
 
 845 
 
 Biblo, black letter, 101 H; an Ancient Manuscript, 
 written in a very small hand, explanatory of the 
 Church Catechism, by C. B., 1022. The geology and 
 mineralogy of the Lake District are well represented, 
 as is also its natural history. Wo may ad J that this 
 museum is patronised by numerous visitors from every 
 part of the United Kingdom, from the continent, and 
 also from America, and the visitors' book shows the 
 autographs of the most emineut and distinguished 
 persons of the age. 
 
 Flintoft's Model of the Lake District is exhibited 
 (luring the summer months in the Town HaU. It is 
 the labour of many years, and is considered the finest 
 specimen of geographical modelling that has been 
 constructed in this country ; its accuracy is such as to 
 have secured the approbation of Dr. Buckland, Pro- 
 fessor Sedgwick, and the other leading geologists. For 
 the tourist it possesses peculiar interest, exhibiting, as 
 it does, an exact representation of the country through 
 which he is travelling, with every object minutely laid 
 down, and the whole coloured after nature. The model 
 is on the scale of three inches to a mile, and its dimen- 
 sions are 12 feet 9 inches by 9 feet 3 inches. 
 
 Keswick Gas Works, situated in Back Lane, were 
 established in 1840, at a cost of £2,000, raised by a 
 company in shares at £5 each. They comprise one gas 
 holder, measuring about 5,000 cubic feet, and six 
 retorts. There are thirty-six public lamps. Gas is 
 supplied to the public at Cs. 8d. per 1 000 cubic feet. 
 
 The Water Works were established in 1856, by a 
 private company, and cost 1:3,000. The value of the 
 .iharcs was £5 each. The water is supplied from Skid- 
 daw, where a reservoir has been formed about 130 
 yards above the level of the town, capable of containing 
 100,000 gallons. The prices charged by the company 
 for the supply of water for domestic purposes varies 
 from ts. Id. a year for houses of the annual rent of £!>, 
 to SOs. a year for houses tho rent of whicli is i'40. 
 
 Water-closets are charged lOs. per annum extra. 
 Baths, inns, manufactories, workshops, and stables are 
 supplied by special agreement. The supply of water 
 is constant, and no tanks or cisterns are required. 
 
 Keswick has the honour of being the birth-place of 
 Sir .John Banks, Lord Chief Justice of Common Pleas; 
 Peter Crosthwaite, the founder of the museum which 
 bears his name ; and Jonathan Otley, the author of the 
 first Guide to the Lakes. Of the numerous celebrated 
 men who have resided here, their names are now 
 " Household Words." 
 
 j^otbtrn of ^iitlctborpt anb dJrtta ^aU. 
 
 The present owner of Littlethorpe and Greta Hall is 
 descended on the mother's side through the Simpsons 
 and Claytons of Knaresboro', from the ancient York- 
 shire family of Staveley. His father, the late 
 
 John Rotiierv, merchant, of Leeds (son of J. Eotheiy, who 
 died November Ist, 1804, by his wife, Elizabeth Moss, of 
 Guiseley), married Mary Clayton, daughter of William Simpson, 
 Esq., of Knaresboro' and Gilthorn, by Mary, his wife, daughter 
 and heir of William Clayton, Esq., of Knaresboro', son of John 
 Clayton, Esq., of Masham ( descended from the Claytons of West 
 Clayton, parish of High Hoyland), by Grace, his wife, third 
 daughter of Miles Staveley, l''.sq., of North Stainley. By Mary, 
 his wife (who married 'indly George Gibbon, Esq., and died in 
 January, ItilO), Mr. Rothery left issue, 
 
 I. Charles William, of Littlethorpe. 
 II. John y. 
 I. Cbiirlottc Augusta, married to Frederick Ifeiiry Wood, Esq., 
 
 of Ilolliu llidl, CO. York. 
 II. I'boebc .Allliea, married to George Frederick Leigh, son of 
 the Hon. Mrs. Leigh, sister of Lord Byron, the poet. 
 
 Mr. Rothery was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Chaiiles Wii.i.iAst Rothery, Esq., of Littlethorpe, eo. York, 
 now resident at Greta Hall, near Keswick, long the residence of 
 the poets Coleridge and Southey, born March Slst, 1823. 
 
 Arms. — Per bend, or, and gu, two bends, indented, counter- 
 charged. 
 
 Crest. — A tower, arg., charged with two bendlets, indented, and 
 issuant frc^m ibo battlements thereof a denii lion, gu., holding with 
 liis dexter paw three arrows, one in pale, and two in saitire, ppr. 
 
 Motto. — Fcstina leute. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S-IN-THE-VALE CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapolry is bounded on tho north by Penrith high road and Bloncathra, or Saddleback ; on the west by 
 Castlerigg Fells and Shoulthwailo Moss ; on the south by Dale Head Hall ; and on tho east by Wanthwaito and 
 tho Ilelvollyn range of hills. Tho chnpelry comprises but one township, whicli is, however, divided into the fivo 
 divisions of Legberthwaite, Naddio, Bums, Wanthwaite, and Foruside. Tho inhabitants, who arc a shrewd, 
 sensible, and primitive set of people, remarkably peaceable, lioncst, and upright in their dealings, are engaged in 
 agricultural pursuits; thoy attend tho Keswick markets. In this chapolry are two vales, separated by Naddio 
 Fell, called tho Vale of Wanthwaite and tho Vale of St. John ; the former, which is most admired for its scenery, 
 lias often been taken for the latter. 
 
 39
 
 346 
 
 DEKWENT WABD. 
 
 ST. JOHN S CASTLEKIGO AND WTTHBDBN. 
 
 The area of this township is returned with the parish : 
 its rateable value is i'3,0 18 17s. Cd. The population 
 in 1801 was 469: in 1811, 006; in J821, 5G6 ; in 
 1831, 567; in 18-11, 49'J ; and in 1851, 558. 
 
 The manor of St. John and Castlerigg, or Naddle, 
 was part of the Dorwentwater estate, and as such is 
 now held by R. D. Marshall, Esq. The principal land- 
 owners are R. D. Marshall, Esq. ; the trustees of the 
 late William Jackson, Esq. : Abraham Fisher, Esq. ; 
 Frederick Cooper, Esq. ; T. L. S. Loathes, Esq. ; 
 Joseph Hall, Esq. ; T. S. Spedding, Esq. ; Mr. Dover ; 
 and Mrs. Scott. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 The chapel is dedicated to St. John, and is most 
 romantically situated on the gass between the Vale of 
 Naddle and the beautifid Vale of St. John. It was 
 rebuilt in the year 1842, at a cost of j£290, raised by 
 subscription and a chapel-rate, and is a very neat 
 structure, most comfortable and commodious. The roof 
 is of stained pine, and the whole of the interior tastefully 
 painted. It has a small belfry and porch, and will 
 seat about 230 persons. The inhabitants have been 
 accustomed to pay chapel gifts to the minister, which 
 formed originally his only stipend, and is levied upon 
 certain lands within the township. These gifts, how- 
 ever, now form but an inconsiderable portion of the 
 income. The rites of Christian burial, and of the 
 sacraments, together with the usual services upon 
 Sundays, fasts, and festivals, are performed here. The 
 living, worth about £08 a year, is a perpetual airacy 
 in the patronage of the Earl of Lonsdale, and those 
 inhabitants or landowners who pay chapel gifts. In 
 1719 the living was augmented with £5()0, of which 
 £200 was obtained from Queen Aime's Bounty, i:200 
 ^ven by Dr. Gatskaith, and the remainder by the 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Incumbents. — Thomas Robinson, ; Edward Wilson, who 
 
 held the living for a period of forty-nine years, and died in 
 1853 ; A. C. Perring,who was removed 1855, and was succeeded 
 b; John Taylor, M.A., the present incumbent. 
 
 The parsonage house has been recently erected, and 
 is most beautifully situated upon the Ambleside road, 
 about two miles from Keswick. It has been built 
 through the active e.xertions of the present incumbent, 
 ■who has been most liberally assisted by the principal 
 gentry and landowners of the neighbourhood. 
 
 The school is chiefly supported by private subscrip- 
 tions and the children's quarter-pence, aud a small 
 endowment of £5 a year. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Williamson's Charily. — Thomas Williamson, by will 
 dated 14th December, 1574, gave £20 to trustees, to 
 be laid out in land, and the rent to be bestowed upon 
 poor people born within St. John's chapelry or Castle- 
 rigg, in mutton or veal, at Martinmas yearly. This 
 charity was afterwards increased to £40, and was dis- 
 tributed in meat till thu year 1810; since which date 
 the distribution has been in money, two or three 
 shillings being given to each of ten or twelve poor 
 persons of St. John and Castlerigg. 
 
 Poor Stock. — An entry in an old parish book, under 
 the date of 1748, contains an account of ten legacies 
 and gifts (some as old as 1685) amounting in the whole 
 to £22 IDs. And by another entry in the same book 
 in 1772, it appears that the above sum was laid out in 
 the purchase of a turnpike ticket for securing £25 on 
 mortgage of the tolls of roads iu Cumberland. The 
 interest received is £1 2s. (id., which is given away by 
 the chapel warden on the 22nd November yearly, in 
 sums varying from Is. to Od. amongst poor persons 
 belonging to the division of St. John's only, whether 
 they receive relief or not. This and the two following 
 charities do not e.'ctend to Castlerigg, which is part of 
 the chapelry of St. John's. 
 
 Howes Charity. — Thomas Howe, who died in 1797, 
 gave, by his will, £20 to the chapelwarden of St. John's, 
 to be placed out at interest by them, and the produce 
 to be applied yearly for ever, for the relief of the indi- 
 gent aud necessitous poor iu the chapelry of St. John's, 
 who had no regular maintenance or relief from the said 
 chapelry. 
 
 Stanley's Charities. — Mark Stanley, by will dated 
 0th June, 1808, gave £5 towards the expense of erfect- 
 ing a stone wall on the east side of Gate Moss, for the 
 prevention of cattle being drowned therein ; but in case 
 the wall should not be erected within twelve months 
 after his decease, then the legacy to lapse. He also 
 left a guinea towards the expense of draining Stubb 
 Moss, on similar conditions. Also one guinea to the 
 poor of St. John's, to bo distributed at the discretion of 
 his executor; and another guinea to the poor of Threl- 
 keld, to be divided at the discretion of the overseers. 
 He also gave the sum of £40, in trust, to the chapel- 
 wardens of St. John's, that they should make an offer 
 of the same, in equal proportions, to the divisions of 
 Wythburn, Newlands, Thornthvvaite, and Grisedale, to 
 be paid to the resjyective chapelwardcns, provided that 
 they should each give security for the regular payment 
 of l]d. per pound interest, so long as they chose to keep 
 the said £10 ; but if this offer should uot be accepted, 
 and security given within twelve months, then the
 
 ST. JOHN'S-IN-THE-VALE CHAPELRY. 
 
 347 
 
 testator further willed that the whole legacy of £40, or 
 the part thereof so refused, should he put out to interest, 
 and that half of the interest so arising should be regu- 
 larly, on Old Martinmas Day, divided among such poor 
 persons as the trustees should think most proper; and 
 they should divide the other half amongst poor parents 
 and others in their division, in aiding them to pay the 
 quarter pence for tlieir children at school. lie also gave 
 the sum of £'M to the said chapelwardens, in trust, to 
 place out the same, and to give the interest annually to 
 poor householders in St. John's towards assisting them 
 iu paying their house rents, namely, to such of them 
 as had no support from the parish. He also gave the 
 further sum of £'20 to the same trustees, to put out the 
 same, and to lay out one-half the interest iu the purchase 
 of books of Common Prayer, to be given to poor children 
 of St. John's; auJ the other half amongst the poorest 
 sort of widows in St. John's. Also the further sum of 
 L20 to the said chapelwardens, upon trust, to put out 
 the same, and to lay out the interest in purchasing the 
 best sort of sixpenny whoaten loaves, to be distributed 
 at their discretion at the altar table iu St. John's 
 Chapel, on Whit Sunday, iu the afternoon, to such 
 poor persons of St. John's as should appear there to 
 receive them. Also the further sum of £'20 to the said 
 chapelwardens, iu trust, to lay out the same iu erecting 
 the seats of their chapel into pews. Also the sum of 
 £5 in addition, for the erection of two new porches over 
 the chapel doors. The testator died in ISO'J, and when 
 the Cliarity Commissioners' published their report they 
 stated that no part of the legacies mentioned in this will 
 were paid, except one guinea to the poor. The commis- 
 sioners add that, " With respect to the last mentioned 
 legacies of .£'20 and £5, a vestry meeting was held for the 
 purpose of taking into consideration the propriety of 
 accepting the legacy on tho terms proposed. \'ery few 
 persons attended. Tho majority of those present were 
 of opinion that tlio bequest should be accepted, provided 
 the Lindowners of the parish would agree in giving the 
 security re(|aireil ; but afterwards, u[)ou further inquirj', 
 it turned out that tho great miyority of the principal 
 iuhabitants and landholders wore against giving such 
 security or accepting the bequest upon those terms, and 
 uo further steps were taken iu tlie business. This 
 vostry meeting took place within the year after the 
 testator's death. Tlio chapel bus since been [x;wud at 
 the expense of the inhabitants, in conse(iuonce of an 
 iiyuuction from tho chancellor of the diocese. These 
 legacies therefore became forfeited, and sunk into tho 
 residue of tho testator's estate." 
 
 Stanley's and Howe's charities yield now about £6 
 per annum, which is usually given to the poor counccted 
 with the township. 
 
 The lake Thiilmere, through which issues St. John's 
 stream, which flows through the beautiful vale of St. 
 John, and joins the Greta at Threlkeld Bridge; and 
 the Castle Rock, which Sir Walter Scott has immor- 
 talised iu his Bridal of Triermain, are situated in this 
 vale ; as are also Lyburthwaite mill and an old house 
 which, some years ago, was nearly destroyed by a water- 
 spout ; and Wauthwaitc mUl, the property of R. D. 
 Marshall, Esq. 
 
 <^fnton ot Castlctigg. 
 This family appears to have been very anciently 
 settled in the neighbourhood of Leeds. Thorsby, the 
 historian of that town, notes that the first marriage of 
 the aucieut f.imily of J.egh of Middletou (a village 
 adjacent to Huuslet, where they long resided, and of 
 which they are lords of the manor), after its transplant- 
 ing into Yorkshii-e, was with Clarier, daughter of Mr. 
 Thomas Fenton, 8th Edward III., a. d. 1332. Of tho 
 same family it appears was Sir Geofii-ey Fenton, Knt., 
 secretary of state, who married Alice, daughter of 
 Richard Weston, lord chancellor of Ireland, by whom 
 he had one son, William, and a daughter Catherine, 
 married to Richard Boyle, Esq., first earl of Cork, 
 from which marriage several noble families derive their 
 descent. He died in 1C08. In the two years imme- 
 diately preceding the restoration, ^^'iUiam Fenton served 
 the office of mayor of Leeds. 
 
 THOM.V.S Fenton-, who died in 1689, aged 73, left by Anne 
 'I'atliam, his wife, five daughters aud one sod, 
 
 Thomas I'enton, Esci., who married twice, by his fu-st wife, 
 Elizabeth, had a son Auraham, of whom uo male issue remains; 
 and by his second, Mary, sister of James Ibbetson, Esq., father 
 of the first baronet of tliut name, he liad issue, Thomas, his 
 heir ; Naomi died I'OC, aged 6:j ; Tabitha, married to John Hare, 
 M.U.; Hannah; Mary, man-ied to Josiah Oatcs, Esq.; Anne, 
 married to the Kev. William Pendlebury; llary, married to 
 Josiah Ryder, died in 1700; and Rachel, married to D. Leach, 
 Esq., of Riddlesden Hall. Thomas Fenton died 1705, aged 08, 
 and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Thomas Fenton, Esq., who married Elizabeth, daujjhier of 
 Sir Charles Houshtun, IJarl., of Houghton Tower, Lancashire, 
 by Mary, daughter of Viscount John Masseroene, and died 1734, 
 aged 40, leaving, with other issue, two sons, Samckl, of whom 
 presently; and Jaiues, who married Dorothy Circamo, and died 
 1N04, leaving issue, James of Hampstead. The elder of these 
 two brothers, 
 
 Samuel Fentok, Esq., married Ellen Leach, and died 1794, 
 leaving issue, three daughters and five sons, 
 
 I. Thomas, bnrristtT at law, died 1704, aged 37. 
 II. Sauukl, of wliDiii presently. 
 III. .Iiinies, i>r Leeds. 
 
 IV. Williiiiii, intirried Mis5 Pearson, and had issue. 
 
 V. Ibbolsou, died IHIl, aged 44. 
 
 The second son, 
 
 Samuei, Fenton, Esq., married Ilarriet Greamc, and by lior 
 (who married secondly, Bei^omin Sadler, Esq., of Leeds, 
 merchant) by Iter had issue.
 
 348 
 
 DERWEST WARD. 
 
 I. Samuel Obeame, now of Cftstlerigg. 
 II. George, lieul. in the army, died unmarried at Aracao, in India. 
 
 I. Anne, married to Michael Thomas Sadler, Esq. 
 
 II. Harriet. 
 
 On Mr. Fenton's decease he was sncceeded by his eldest son, 
 Samiel Greame Fenton, Esq., bom 30th May, 17!).5, mar- 
 ried first, 3rd January, 1820, Eliza Catherine, daughter of the 
 Rev. William Metcalfe, rector of Briiupsfield, Gloucestershire; 
 secondly, Susan Agnes, daughter of Thomas Chorley, Esq., of 
 Leeds ; and thirdly, Anne Maria, daughter of William Larileet, 
 Esq., of Beddich, Worcestershire. By his first wife he has issue, 
 
 1. Sambel Greame, bom 2ith December, 1821. 
 II. George Metcalfe, bom 24lh September, 1820. 
 I. Georgiana Anne. 
 
 Arms. — Arg. a cross between four fleur-de-lis, sn. 
 Cresl. — .\ flour de lis eufiled with a ducat coron»t, or. 
 5<a(.— Ciisllerigg, near Keswick. 
 
 Wythburn chapelry and joint township with St. 
 John's, extends from five to ten miles south-by-east of 
 Keswick, to the confines of Westmoreland, wliere Dun- 
 maile Raise marks the boundaries of the two counties. 
 The manor of Wythburn belonged to the Braithwaites 
 ofWarcop. Sir Thomas Braithwaite, who died in 1640, 
 was seised of the manors or hamlets of Wythburn, 
 Armboth, Smarthwaite, and Paddle, held of the Earl of 
 Northumberland. This estate was sold by Richard 
 Braithwaite, Esq., to George Fletcher, of Hutton Hall, 
 ancestor of Sir Henry Vane, Bart., the present lord of 
 the manor. 
 
 In Wythburn is Dalehead, the seat of T. L. Stanger 
 Loathes, Esq., which is beautifully situated upon the 
 banks of Thirlmere or Leathes' Water. Mr. Leathes is 
 the lord of the manor here called Legberthwaite, and 
 the owner of Thirlmere or Leathes' Water. 
 
 " The City'' is a small hamlet in Wythburn, situated 
 near the head of Thirlmere, eight miles south-south-east 
 of Keswick. 
 
 THE CHAPEL.' 
 
 Wj'thburn chapel is situated near " the City," and is 
 a very ancient structure of stone : the date of its erec- 
 tion is not known. The living, a perpetual curacy, in 
 the patronage of the vicar of Crosthwaite, is now wortli 
 about iiSO per annum, arising from glebe, purchased 
 with augmentations amounting to £800, £60 of which 
 was received from Queen Anne's bounty, and the 
 remaining £200 from the Dowager Countess Gower. 
 The glebe lands are situated in Crosthwaite, Great 
 Salkeld, and Grasmere. The registers commence in 
 1777. 
 
 Incumbbnts. — The Rev. — Simpson held this living for about 
 fifty years ; Rev. Edward Wilson, for about two or three ; Rev. 
 Isaac Denton, for about forty, who was succeeded by the Rev. 
 Basil R. Lawson, the present incumbent, in 1851. 
 
 I " Whytebum's modest house of prayer, 
 As lowly as the lowliest dwelling." 
 
 At page 51, there will be found a full description of 
 Thirlmere. 
 
 BORRO^'DALE CHAPELRY. 
 
 The number of inhabitants in Borrowdale township, 
 in 1801, was 342; in 1811, 319; in 1821, 346; in 
 1831, 356; in 1841, 369; and in 1851, 425. The 
 rateable value is £1,632 19s. lOd. The population 
 is located in a few scattered houses, and in the villages 
 or hamlets of Grange, llosthwaite, Stonethwaitc, Sea- 
 toller, and Scathwaite. Sheep farming is the principal 
 occupation. Situated near Grange is an e.\cellent slate 
 quarry. Near Derwentwater lake, on the glebe land, is 
 a lead mine, carried on by Messrs. A. Fletcher and 
 Co. It is worked by one shaft of fifteen fathoms, and 
 though in the third year of its operation, a workable 
 vein has not yet been met with. The world-famous 
 blacklead mine of Borrowdale is situated in this town- 
 ship, near the hamlet of Seatoller. Its produce is 
 unequalled, no other species of native or foreign 
 plumbago being comparable to it, and it is invaluable 
 for artistic purposes. So far back as the reign of 
 George II., an act was passed to prevent the lead of 
 this mine from being stolen, by rendering parties guilty 
 of this offence liable to the same punishment as for 
 felony. In those days the valuable quality of this 
 mineral for pencil manufacture ,'was unknown, for the 
 act in question recites that " it hath been found by 
 experience to be necessary, in the casting of bomb- 
 shells, round shot, and cannon balls." From 1850, 
 the mine was closed till October of the year 1858, 
 when it was again opened, — a company having been 
 formed for its efficient working. The mine has been 
 leased from the trustees of Mr. Banks, of Carfe Castle, 
 by a London company, the directors of which are well 
 known and respected in the financial circles of the 
 metropolis, and the capital invested is £20,000. Captain 
 Di.xon, the former manager of the mine, has resumed 
 his old position, and an efficient staff of officials and 
 operatives is in the course of formation ; and it is only 
 fair to say, that the undertaking starts under auspices 
 which, whether they command or not, deserve success. 
 Keswick is the market usually attended by the inhabi- 
 tants. There is a sheep fair, with the customary rural 
 sports, held on the first Wednesday in September, at 
 Rosthwaite. For a full description of the romantic 
 and picturesque scenery of Borrowdale, from the pen 
 of Mrs. Harriet Martineau,'see pages 46 and 47. The 
 famous Bowder Stone is a massive body of rock, standing 
 on an elevated terrace of ground, a short distance from 
 the road that runs through the valley. It is si.vty-two 
 feet in length, thirty-six feet high, and measures in 
 circumference eighty-nine feet — its weight has been
 
 ST. JOHNS -IN- THE -VALK CHAPELRY. 
 
 349 
 
 computed at upwards of nineteen hundred tous. The 
 most curious feature about it, however, is its peculiar 
 position. 
 
 " Upon a scmicirqne of turf-clad ground 
 A mass of rock, resembling as it lay 
 Right at the foot of that moist precipice, 
 A stranded ship, with keel upturned, that rests 
 Careless of winds and waves." — Wordswokth. 
 
 'H'rom the summit of the rock, there is a fine view of 
 the IJorrowdale valley and mountains. 
 
 The manor of Borrowdalc was parcel of the ancient 
 manor of Castlerigg, wliich belonged to the Derwent- 
 water estate. The Lawson family had also a manor in 
 Borrowdale. A survey of the manor of Derwent Fells, 
 taken in 1578, informs us that " the abbot and convent 
 of Furness, late held of the honour of Cockermouth, 
 in pure and perpetual alms, Borrodale, which, by the 
 dissolution of the said monasterie, came to the hands 
 of King Henry VIII., and as yet rcmaincth in the 
 hands of our Sovereign Lady the Queen's Majesty that 
 now is. The abbot and convent of Fountains, late 
 held the other Borrowdalc, of the said honour, in pure 
 and perpetual alms, which came to the said King, by 
 the dissolution of the abbey, and by the said King 
 Henry, granted to Richard Grame, and his heirs." 
 The manor of Borrowdalc is now held by Sir Wilfred 
 Lawson, Bart., of Brayton, who holds a court baron 
 once a year at the inn at Rosthwaite. There are 
 several resident yeoman, but Abraham Fisher, S. Z. 
 Laiigton, and Thomas Simpson, Esqrs., are the principal 
 landowners. 
 
 Rosthwaite hamlet is beautifully situated near the 
 centre of the dale, and at the confluence of the two 
 mountain brooks which form the Derweut, si.x and a 
 half miles south of Keswick. 
 
 THE CHAPEI.. 
 
 A short distance from Rosthwaite is a chapel-of-easc 
 to the parish church of Croslhwaite. It is a small plain 
 stone structure, rebuilt in 1825-0, at a cost of about 
 i300. The living, in the patronage of the vicar of 
 the parish, is now worth about X'mO : up to 1811 it was 
 only worth about CUO, but in that year the Ecclesiastical 
 Commissioners made a grant of CI '2 per annum towards 
 its niigmentation. Tithes are paid to the mother church 
 of C'rosthwaite. The register commences iu 1777. 
 
 IxctiMDENTS. — John ITarrisoD, who held the living about filty- 
 thrco jroars, he was succeeded by William Tarsablc, about 1H04 ; 
 and in 18.'!8, George Newby, tho present minister, was inducted. 
 
 The parsonage bouse, a substantial stone building, 
 situated noiir tho clmpel, was erected in ls.12, at n cost, 
 including tho purchase of site, of jEOOO. The late 
 
 Joseph Fisher, Esq., left £800 for the purpose of 
 erecting a residence for the incumbent, to which sum 
 JE200 was added by the governors of Queen Anne's 
 Bounty. The i'lOO remaining, after defraying all 
 expenses, is invested at three -and -a- half per cent, 
 interest, which is paid to the clergyman. 
 
 There is a small school in connection with the chapel. 
 It was rebuilt in 1825, and is supported by the pence 
 of the children, about twenty-five of whom constitute 
 tho average attendance. 
 
 Grange is another hamlet in this township, situated 
 at the entrance of the dale, about four miles south-by- 
 west of Keswick. When the abbots of Furness owned 
 Borrowdale, a few monks were placed at its entrance, 
 to receive and guard the crops ; and this place was 
 their granary. It is now a picturesque hamlet, well 
 known for its beauty. Just behind it, the noble wooded 
 rock, which leaves room only for the road and tho river, 
 is Castle Crag, the view from the summit of which is 
 splendid. In the hamlet of (irango is a small chapel, 
 erected by Miss Heathoote, which is used also as a 
 school. It is private property, and is not as yet com- 
 pleted and endowed. 
 
 The other hamlets in the township are Stonethwaite, 
 seven miles, Seatoller (the seat of Abraham Fisher, 
 Esq.,) seven and a half, and Seathwaite, eight and a 
 half miles south of Keswick. 
 
 In Park Field, near Grange, there is a saline spring. 
 
 The Rev. George Newby, tho present incumbent, is 
 the author of some poetical works. 
 
 KEWL.iNDS CIlAl'ELRY. 
 
 The area of Newlands is returned with the paiish; the 
 rateable value, inclusive of Thornthwaite, Braithwaite, 
 and Portinscale, is ,£3,014 10s. The population of 
 Newlands, including Coledalc, or Portinscale, was, in 
 1801,282; in 181], of Newlands alone, 118; in 1891, 
 115; in 18;U, 113; in 1811, 133; and in 1851,190. 
 
 This township is parcel of the manor of Derwent Fells, 
 belonging to General Whyndham. There is an annual 
 shoep fair held at Newlaiuls on the first Friday in 
 September. The inhabitants attend the markets at 
 Keswick. There are many resident yeomen in Braith- 
 waite, Thornthwaite, Portinscale, and Newlands, but 
 tho principal landowners are Sir John Woodford ; K. 
 E. W. P. Standish, Esq.; Sir John B Walsh; Jobu 
 Sanderson, Esq.; R. D. Marshall, Esq. ; H. II. Fawcett, 
 Esq.; Mr. Joseph Thompson, and Miss Fisher. 
 
 Here are load mines, one of which, Goldscope Mine, 
 has been worked for a great number of years. It is 
 supposed that al)o«t 200 years ago large quantities of 
 copper were obtained. On the vein now worked by
 
 350 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 the Goldscope Mine about 190 fathoms were driven in 
 a westerly direction, at which part a crop, or load-ore 
 vein was met with, where it was upwards of twelve 
 feet wide. Over this level largo quantities of lead-ore 
 were secured, and the vein greatly increased in width, 
 in some places over twenty feet wide, and its average 
 produce from three to four tons per fathom. This 
 vein was discovered about six years ago, since which 
 time upwards of 2,000 tons of lead -ore have been 
 obtained. The lead contains but little silver. A shaft 
 has been sunk in sole of the adit level forty fathoms — the 
 vein is at this point about four feet wide, yielding, at 
 places, two and a half tons of ore per fathom. The 
 length of the ore ground is about twenty-four fathoms — 
 the strata bored through a blue clay-slate. Mr. A. R. 
 Clarke is the proprietor of the mine, which affords 
 employment to about filty hands, and yields about 
 500 tons per aanum of lead-ore. 
 
 THE CnAPEL. 
 
 Newlauds chapel is a plain but neat structure, 
 rebuilt in 1843, at a cost of about £180, of which sum 
 £70 was raised by subscription, £33 collected amongst 
 the inhabitants of the chapelry, £10 given by the late 
 Queen Dowager, and the remainder by the incumbent. 
 The windows of the chapel have semi-circular heads ; 
 there is a small porch, and a bell turret, with two bells. 
 In 1845 the eastern window was filled with stained 
 glass, as a testimony of respect to the incumbent, and 
 to commemorate the rebuilding of the chapel. The 
 living is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of the 
 vicar of Crosthwaite. It was certified to the commis- 
 sioners as of the annual value of £51, but is now worth 
 about £80, ai'ising from lands purchased in 1757, with 
 £600 received from Queen Anne's Bounty. The 
 register of baptisms commences in 1749. 
 
 Incumeents. — Joseph Fisher, 1731 ; John Kirby, 1779 ; 
 Benjamin Jackson, 1789; Christopher Howe, 179i ; William 
 Craokell, 1793; William Parsable, 1794; James Currie, 182C; 
 John Monkhouse, 1810. 
 
 The parsonage house is at present occupied by the 
 schoolmaster, the incumbent residing ui Undersldddaw 
 township. 
 
 The school is a neat building near the church, and 
 is supported by the children's quarter pence, the incum- 
 bent supplying the necessary amount to make the 
 income £40 a year, which he guarantees to the teacher. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 UdalVs C^anJy.— Peter Udall, in 1653,left£4 10s. 4d. 
 to the poor of Thornthwaite, Great Braithwaite, Little 
 Braithwaite, Ullock, and Portinscale, arising out of land, 
 called Bishop's HaU, in Essex ; but in consequence of 
 the charity not being paid for twenty-two years, the 
 
 trustees were enabk'd to purchase a field in Portinscalo 
 Constablewick, called Lowfield, which now lots for 
 £12 lus. a year, which, added to the original sum, 
 makes a total of £17 53. 4d. per annum. This amount 
 is annually divided on the 2nd of February amongst 
 the poor of the above-named places, when there is 8s. 
 paid to the minister of Thornthwaite, for a goodly 
 admonition to the poor, and a like sum for a dinner to 
 the six trustees. John Sanderson, Thomas Bowe, 
 Thomas Harriman, George JIuckle, John Walker, and 
 another, are the trustees at present. 
 
 Fisker's Charity. — Mr. Joseph Fisher, a native of 
 Newlands, but at present a resident of Portinscale, 
 gave, in 1856, to the perpetual curate and chapehvardcus 
 of Newlands for the time being, £100, the interest to 
 be expended in books published by the Society for 
 Promoting Christian Kjiovvledge. On the 1st of June, 
 1858, he further gave £1.")0 to the same trustees, the 
 interest of wiiich he ordered to be divided by them on 
 Whitsun Thursday amongst the poor of Newlands, — 
 ten shillings to be given to the incumbent for preaching 
 a sermon on that day. Both these bequests are invested 
 in the Three-per-cent. Consols. 
 
 Little Town is a hamlet in this chapelry, about four 
 miles south-west of Keswick. 
 
 COLEDALE, OH PORTINSCALE. 
 
 The population of this township was returned with 
 that of Newlands in 1801; in 1811, it was 225; in 
 1821, 204 ; in 1831, 253 ; in 1841, 202 ; and in 1851, 
 293. Portinscale, or Coledale, forms parcel of the 
 manor of Derwent Fells, and its freeholders, &c., in 
 1578, will be found in our account of Braithwaite, at 
 page 351. 
 
 At the south-west corner of Derwentwater, in this 
 township, are the Brandley lead mines, which have been 
 worked for several years, and since 1848 by the Keswick 
 Mining Company. There are two shafts, one, by steam, 
 of twenty-six horse-power, which is fifty fathoms deep ; 
 the other, by water, twelve-horse, of thirty fathoms, 
 below the level of the lake. About 200 fathoms have 
 been worked since 1848 — the liberty of workings is about 
 six square miles. The strata bored through are princi- 
 pally clay-slate. The vein varies from one to six feet. 
 The number of men employed is about eighty, and the 
 mine produces about 300 tons of lead-ore per annum. 
 There are also veins of copper, but they are not workable 
 at present. A salt spring rises up at the bottom of the 
 fifty -fathom shaft. This company have had lead-ore 
 mines in Thornthwaite, which are now laid in in con- 
 sequence of not being productive. There is a woollen 
 manufactory here called Stair Factory. 
 
 J
 
 ST. JOHN'S -IN -THE- TALE CHAPELRY. 
 
 351 
 
 The prettj' village of Portinscale is situated at the 
 foot of Derwentwater, ouo mile and a quarter north- 
 west of Keswick, and in its vicinity are several pleasant 
 villa residences, and a capital hotel, from which fane 
 views of Derwcnt lake and the surrounding scenery 
 can be obtained. 
 
 UUock is a small hamlet in this township, two and 
 a half miles north-west of Keswick. 
 
 BRAITffWAITE. 
 
 Its population of this township in 1801 was 282; 
 in 1811, 20.5 ; in 1821, 211; in 1831, 21.'j ; in 1841, 
 318; and in 1851, 351. 
 
 The manor of Braithwaite and Coledale form parcel 
 of the manor of Derwent Fells, of which General 
 Wyndliam is lord, and his tenants here pay arbitrary 
 fines. In a survey taken in 1578, the following particu- 
 lars arc given under the head " Brathwate and Coledale." 
 " Anthony Barwis, Esq., holdeth the manor or town of 
 Thornthwaite, by homage, fealtie, and suit of court, and 
 witnessman in Derwcnt Fells and foreign service, 
 
 rendering per annum . The abbot and convent 
 
 of Furnesse, late held of the honour aforesaid, in pure 
 and perpetual alms, Borrodale, which, by the disso- 
 lution of the said monasterie, came to the hands of 
 King Henry VIII., and as yet remaineth in the hands 
 of our sovereign lady the Queen's majesty that now is. 
 The abbot and convent of Fountaine, late held the other 
 Borrodale of the said honour in pure and perpetual 
 alms, which came to the said king by the dissolution of 
 the Abbey, and by the King Henry granted to Richard 
 Grame, and his heirs. George Porter, gentleman, 
 holdeth certain lands and tenements called Frankshow, 
 late Richard Orphewer, by homage, foreign service, 
 witnessmon, and other services, and renders two 
 shillings. William Bow, Robert Mason, William 
 Studdart, Thomas Mason, John Bow, and John Mason, 
 John Bow do Swinesido, and Richard Tickol, hold 
 certain lands and tenements called Husacre, and Last- 
 acre, — some time the land of Robert Stanley, by 
 homage, suit of court, from three weeks to three weeks, 
 and witnessman in Skiddaw, and between Cocker and 
 Darwont, and render per annum for Lastacre is., 
 for the moiety of Husacre, Cs. 8d., and for one other 
 close there Is. 4d., in toto, 1 23. The heirs of Myles 
 Hodgson, hold there the moiety of one tenement in 
 Portinscales, late the lands of John lie, by homage, 
 witnessman, foreign service, and suit of court, and 
 renders per annum Is. The heirs of John Piced hold 
 there certain lands and tenements by like service, and 
 render Is. Anthony Barwis, Esq., holilcth certain 
 lands and tenements in Braithwaite and Porlinscule, 
 
 late the lauds of Thomas Wilkinson, by like service, 
 and renders ('(d. Thomas Wood holdeth certain, lands 
 and tenements in Braithwaite by like service, and 
 renders Od. Robert Bands, gentleman, holdeth one 
 tenement with th' appurtenances in Gillbank, by like 
 services, and renders per annum 4d. Sum total of the 
 free rents in Braithwaite and Coledale aforesaid, 
 17s. 4d." The mill at Braithwaite was held at the 
 same period by John Robinson, who paid ten shillings 
 a year ; and the sum total of the rents of the tenants at 
 will in Braithwaite and Coledale amounted to £38 12s. 
 
 The village of Braithwaite is situated at the lower 
 end of Winlalter, two and a half miles west-by -north of 
 Keswick. Here is a large woollen manufactory, and at 
 Force Cragg is a lead mine, worked by Walton, Cooper, 
 and Co., which employs about fourteen hands. In the 
 village is a Wesleyan chapel, and also a neat national 
 school, with teacher's residence, erected in 1841, at a 
 cost of above t'550, of which i'200 was given by John 
 Crosthwaite, Esq., nf Liverpool, a native of Braithwaite, 
 and the remainder by James Stanger, Esq., of Larth- 
 ■waite. The school, which is attended by about forty 
 pupils, is under government inspection, and is supported 
 by the children's quarter pence, aided by a grant from 
 the Committee of Council on Education. In connection 
 with the school is a lending Ubrary of 400 volumes, and 
 a penny bank : the latter was established in 1854, and 
 is managed gratuitously by the schoolmaster. Besides 
 tlie woollen manufactory just mentioned there are two 
 corn-mills, one in the village, the other situated near the 
 Stair Factory, called Stair Mill, and a blacklead pencil 
 manufactory. 
 
 Little Braithwaite and Powter How, are two hamlets 
 in this township, the latter being about four and a haU" 
 miles north-west of Keswick. 
 
 TlIOKNTirWAITE. 
 
 The number of inhabitants in this township in 1801, 
 was — ; m 1811, 120; in 1821, 1G4; in 183], J74; 
 in 1811, 187; and in 1851, 275. Thornthwaite 
 manor belongs to the executors of the late John 
 Marshall, Esq. In this township there are a bobbin- 
 mill, a woollen manufactory, and a sand-mill. 
 
 The village of Thornthwaite is situated on the Cock- 
 ermouth New Road, three and a half miles west-north- 
 west of JCeswick. 
 
 TH£ cmntcH. 
 
 Thornthwaite church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, 
 is a small plaui building, near the head of Ba.sseuthwaitc 
 Lake. The living, a perpetual curacy in the patronage 
 of the vicar of Crosthwaite and the incumbent of St. 
 John's, Keswick, is worth about X'lOO per annum.
 
 352 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 having been augmented with the sum of £2,000 by 
 James Stjingcr, Esq., and i'1,000 by Captain Henrj-. 
 The late Bishop of Carlisle obtained a grant of j£800 
 from two societies towards providing a parsonage, which 
 was purchased in 1845, and the residue of the money 
 placed in the Three-and-a-ipartcr per Cent Stock. The 
 Rev. Mr. Short is the present incumbent. 
 
 The beautiful lake of Derwentwater, with its islands 
 and surrounding scenery, will be found described at 
 
 page 47, we need only add here that, on Derwent 
 Isle, a neat mansion or summer-house was erected by 
 the late — Pocklington, Esq., which has been con- 
 siderably enlarged by the present proprietor, H. C. 
 ^Marshall, Esq. On Lord's Island may be seen the 
 remains of the house erected by the Derwentwaters. 
 Rampsholme Island is the property of R. D. Marshall, 
 Esq.; St. Herbert's Island was purchased from Sir 
 Wilfred Lawsou, by U. C. ilarehall, Esq. 
 
 GRETA MILLS AND BRIERY COTTAGES, EXTRA-PAROCHIAL. 
 
 The population of these extra-parochial places were prior to 1841 probably included in the return for Crosthwaite 
 parish, by which they are surrounded. In 1841 it was 100, and in 18.51, 91. The small hamlet of Greta Mills 
 contains a woollen factory and a bobbin mill, the latter of which employs about thirty hands. It is expected that 
 these extra-parochial places will be soon annexed to the chapehy of St. John-in-the-Vale. 
 
 DEAN PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Dean is bounded on the north by Brigham. on the west by Distington and Workington, on the south 
 by Lamplugh and Arlecdon, and on the cast by Loweswater. It is about three miles in length by the same in 
 breadth, and comprises the townships of Dean, Branthwaite, and UUock Pardshaw and Deanscales, whose united 
 area is 6,;i60 acres. The inhabitants usuallv attend the Cuckermouth and Workington markets. 
 
 DEAN. 
 
 This township contained, in 1801, 178 inhabitants; 
 in 1811, 192; in 1821, 108; iu 1831, 193; in 1841, 
 S26 ; and in 1831, 205. 
 
 Dean is one of the five towns given by William de 
 Meschines to Waltlieof; having passed by descent 
 to the families of Lucy and Percy, it was given by 
 Henry Earl of Northumberland to Henry VIII. In 
 1578 Philip Lord Wharton held the town of Dean and 
 Whinfell, sometime parcel of the possessions of the 
 honour of Cockermouth, granted by Henry Earl of 
 Northumberland to Thomas Wharton, the controller 
 of his house'nold, and to his heirs male, paying for 
 Dean £13 8s. Id., and for the lands and tenements at 
 Whinfell £7 Is. 7d. per annum. At the same date 
 the tenants of Lord Wharton in Dean paid yearly for 
 certain lands, &c., 7s. 6d. ; and the tenants of George 
 Porter, 2s. 4d. John Allason also held lands in Dean 
 at this period. It was afterwards granted to the 
 Whartons, purchased by the Duke of Somerset, and 
 firom him has descended to General Wyndham, the 
 present owner, who holds his courts annually in Octo- 
 
 ber for Dean and Whinfell, at the Royal Inn. The 
 commons were enclosed in 1809, by an act of Parlia- 
 ment passed the same year. The land here is all free- 
 hold, except a few small plots, for which a 20d. fine is 
 paid. 
 
 The village of Dean is situated on the east side of 
 the Marrou, five miles south-west of Cockermouth.' 
 
 THE CHntCH. 
 
 The church, dedicated to St. Oswald, is an ancient 
 structure, consisting of nave, chancel, aisle, porch, and 
 bell turret, with two beUs. It is situated near the 
 village. It is said to have been erected in 1447 upon 
 the site of a previous church, and to have been conse- 
 crated by the Bishop of Dromore. The benefice is a 
 rectory, valued in the King's Book at £19 13s. Id., 
 
 * John Dalton, M.D, the son of the Rev. John Dalton, rector of 
 Dean, wlio was bom here in 1709, was an admired poet, and author 
 of verses descriptive of the vale of Keswick and its neighbourhood. 
 In 1750 he adapted to the stage Milton's Comus, and during its 
 run he sought out a grand-daughter of Miltou in distressed circmn- 
 etances, and procured a benefit for her, which is said to have pro- 
 duced upwards of £1'2U. Dr. Johnson wrote a prologue for the 
 occasion, which was spoken by Garrick.
 
 ST. JOHN'S -IN- THE -VALE CHAPELRY. 
 
 353 
 
 but now worth about £'300 a year. At the enclosure 
 of the commons there was a portion allotted in lieu of 
 the tithes of the parish, with the exception of fifty-two 
 acres, which were commuted in J a 19 for £3 per annum. 
 In 1426 Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland, pre- 
 sented to this living. The advowson passed to the 
 Whartous in the seventeenth century, and w.as granted 
 by Philip Duke of Wharton to M. Smailes, Esq., from 
 whom, after several transfers, it came to the Rev. Miles 
 Tarn, rector of Dean, and is now possessed by tlie present 
 rector. The parish register commences in 1050. 
 
 Uectobs. — Thomas rickarj, HifiJ.; Daniel Pinner, 1C79 ; 
 Anthony Proctor, KIHS; John Dalton, 1705; William Ponsonby, 
 17P2; Miles Tarn, 1750; John Tarn, 17S3; Henry Lill, 1803 ; 
 Samuel Sherwen, 1827. 
 
 The rectory is a good stone building, situated near 
 the church. It was rebuilt some years ago, and re- 
 modelled in 1833, by the present rector. 
 
 CHAniTIES. 
 
 The parochial school, situated close to the church- 
 yard, was endowed on the 14th March, 1590, by John 
 Fox, of the Goldsmiths' Company, a native of Branth- 
 waite, with the sum of £150, which was then invested 
 in lauded property in tlio vicinity of Loudon, out of 
 which the master of this school receives £10 per 
 annum for the free elucation of poor men's children 
 belonging to this parish, payable half-yearly at Lady 
 Day and Michaelmas. The commissioners of the Gold- 
 smiths' Company are the trustees. On the 18th of 
 October, 1850, the late Mrs. S. Fidler left the interest 
 of £100, placed in the Savings £ank, Cockermouth, 
 for whieli the schoolmaster is to teach such children 
 as the trustees think eligible. There is the interest of 
 another £l(i!l left by Mrs. Dinah Robinson, in 1822, 
 for the education of poor children of this parish ; pre- 
 ference, however, being given to the children of Pard- 
 shaw ] tail, as expressed in the will of the donor. 
 
 Mrs. Sarah Fidler, as above, also bequeathed £100, 
 the interest of which is to be given to the poor of the 
 parish not receiving relief. 
 
 An entry in the churchwardens' book states that 
 .loiin Lancaster, by will dated 23rd October, 1775, 
 gave £20 to the poor stock of the parish of Dean and 
 for the same uses. 
 
 T'ho parish of Dean is entitled to a certain number 
 of Bibles under Lord Wharton's Charity. Twenty 
 Bibles with the Common Prayer are sent annually to 
 the clergyman of Dean, wiio distributes them amongst 
 the children of Dean, Broughton, in liridekirk parish; 
 Whinfoll, in Brigham parish ; and Birkby, in the 
 parish of Cross Cauonby, according to the directions 
 sent witli the books. 
 
 40 
 
 BUANXnWAITE. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 271 ; in 
 1811, 321; in 1821, 355; in 1831, 317; in 1841, 
 300; and in 1851, 332. They are principally em- 
 ployed in agriculture. There is a paper-mill situated 
 within half a mile of the village, and a saw-mill and 
 two corn-mills in the village. 
 
 The manor of Branthwaite was granted, together with 
 Dean, by William de Meschines to Waltheof, whose son 
 Alan gave it in marriage with one of his kinswomen to 
 a person who took the name of De Branthwaite. The 
 heiress of the Do Branthwaites brought the manor in 
 marriage to the Skeltons, which family continued in 
 possession for several generations. In the 35th Henry 
 VIII. it was found by inquisition that John Skelton 
 held the manor of Branthwaite of the king by knight's 
 service, as of his manor of Dean, rendering for the 
 same 24s. cornage, suit of court at Dean, homage and 
 fealty, and witnessman within the five towns. The 
 Skeltons held Branthwaite till after 1578, for in that 
 year we find that Thomas Skelton held " the manor of 
 Branthwaite as of the said earl (Northumberland), as of 
 his honour of Cockermouth, by homage, fealtie, and suit 
 of court at Cockermouth, from three weeks to three 
 weeks, with witnessman and other services, rendering 
 per annum 23s. 4d." General Skelton afterwards devised 
 the manor to Captain Jones, whose son, Arnoldus Jones, 
 took the name of Skelton, and died in 1793. It was 
 afterwards held by the Curwens of Workington, but is 
 now the property of General Wyndham. The cus- 
 tomary tenants were enfranchised by Henry Skelton, on 
 payment of eighty years' purchase. The principal land- 
 owners are Henry Curwen, Esq., and John F. Harri- 
 son, Esq. 
 
 The village of Branthwaite is situated on the banks 
 of the Marron, four and a half miles south-east of 
 AVorkington. 
 
 Branthwaite Hall is supposed, from a date which it 
 bears, to have been erected in 1004. It is a strong, 
 old building, nearly covered with ivy, and is the 
 property of Henry Curwen, Esq. It now serves as a 
 farm-house. 
 
 Calva, or Calvah Hall, is another old building in this 
 township, also the property of Henry Curwen, Esq., 
 and now occupied by a farmer. 
 
 LLl.OCK. 
 
 Ullock township contained in 1801 229 inhabitants; 
 in 1811,220; in 1821, 309; in 1831, 350; in 1841, 
 350 ; and in 1851, 321. The population is principally 
 
 I See Skcllons, of rapcasUc, pigc 393. 
 • Lyson's Magna Brltanuia, vol. ii. p. 86.
 
 354 
 
 DEEWENT WAKD. 
 
 collected in the villages or hamlets of Ullock, Pard- 
 shaw, ParJsliaw Hall, and Deansealcs : agriculture is 
 the chief employment. At Dean Moor is a colliery, 
 worked by Mr. Percival, consisting of one shaft, whose 
 perpendicular depth is si. \ teen fathoms. The seam now 
 working is two feet ten inches thick, — the other seams, 
 varying from two feet two inches to three feet, are 
 worked out. There arc also some tile works on the 
 Moor. 
 
 A moiety of the vill of Ullock was hold in ^.jth 
 Henry VIII., by John Skelton, as of the manor of 
 Dean, by knight's service, 8^d. comage, Ss. 8d. free 
 rent, service of witnessman within the five towns, with 
 homage and fealty. John Thompson held the other 
 moiety by like services. From a survey taken in 1578 
 we learn the following particulars relating to Woodhall 
 and Ullock : — " George Porter holdeth a capital 
 messuage, with certain lands thereto belonging or 
 adjoining, called Woodhall, late the lands of Thomas 
 Woodhall, by homage, fealtie, suit of court at Cocker- 
 mouth, from three weeks to three weeks, and other 
 services, rendering per annum lOJd. The same holdeth 
 certain lands and tenements at Woodhall, (sive Ullock) 
 late the lands of Thomas Woodhall, by the same services, 
 rendering per annum Is. 9d. There is yearly paid by 
 the tenants of Ullock 6s. 8d. free rent, as followeth :— 
 The heirs of John Thompson holdeth the fourth part 
 of Ullock, nigh Dean, by homage, fealtie, and suit of 
 court, as is aforesaid, and payeth yearly for comage, -Id., 
 and for free rent, Is. 8d., with other services. Lancelot 
 Fletcher holdeth the moiety of the fourth part of Ullock, 
 by like serwces, and witnessman, and renders for 
 comage, 2d., for free rent, Is. Qd., in toto. Is. 4d. 
 William Skeltou de Armathwaite ar' holdeth the other 
 moiety of the fourth part of Ullock, by like services as 
 aforesaid, and renders 2d. The heirs of Oswald Crake- 
 place, holdeth the fourth part of Ullock aforesaid, late 
 Robert Nicholson's, by like services as aforesaid, and 
 payeth for comage, 4id. ; for free rent. Is. 2d. • in toto, 
 Is. 6Ad. Cuthbert Roger, Thomas Lathes, Henry 
 
 Bowman, and William Skelton, holdeth certain lands 
 and tenements in Ullock aforesaid, by like services, 
 and render Is. 7Jd. All the tenants of Ullock afore- 
 said, pay yearly 4d. at the feast of St. Michael the 
 Archangel." 
 
 Tlie village of Ullock is situated on the Marron, at 
 the southern extremity of the parish, five and a half 
 miles south-west-by-south of Cockermouth. 
 
 Pardshaw is a hamlet in this parish, four and a half 
 miles south- south -west of Cockermouth. By the 
 inquisition mentioned above of knights' fees in Cum- 
 berland, in the 35th Henry VIIL, it is found that 
 " Thomas Salkcld, of Corkby, then held Pardishow of 
 the king, as of his manor of Dean, by the service of 
 the moiety of one knight's fee, 2s. 8d. comage, puture 
 of the Serjeants, 8d. free rent, homage and fealty." In 
 1578 George Salkeld, in right of his wife, Barbara, 
 daughter and heir of Richard Salkeld, Esq., held certain 
 lands at Pardshaw, by homage, fealty, and suit of court, 
 paying yearly for cornage, 2s. 8J., for free rent, 
 10s. 8d. : in toto, los. 4\d. George Porter, James 
 Pieed, John Fearm, also occur as fi-eeholders. Pardshaw 
 Hall is about four miles south-by-west of Cockermouth, 
 where there is a meeting-house of the Society of 
 Friends and a Methodist chapel. Pardshaw School 
 is endowed with £'3 12s. a year, the interest of £100 
 left in ls22 by Sarah Fletcher. In the seventeenth 
 century the Quakers were very numerous in this parish. 
 George Fox, their founder, in his journal, speaks of 
 two general meetings held at Pardshaw Crag, in 1057 
 and 1603. 
 
 Deanscales, or shields for the cattle of Dean, is 
 another hamlet in this parish, three and a half miles 
 south-west-by-south of Cockermouth. It is situated on 
 what was formerly a common, being a place for shelter- 
 ing the cattle. The common has been since enclosed 
 and granted into tenancies. The following occur as 
 freeholders at Deanscales in 1578: — John Fearon. 
 Thomas Porter, 
 
 DEARHAM PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by the river Ellen, on the west by the Irish Sea, on the south by the township 
 of Dovenby and the parish of Fhmby, and on the east by Gibrux parish. It comprises the townships of Dearham 
 and EUenborough with Unerigg. The :\laryport and Carlisle railway runs through the parish, the inhabitants of 
 which usually attend the markets at Cockermouth and Maryport.
 
 DEARHAM PAEISH. 
 
 355 
 
 DEARUAII. 
 
 The area of tliis towuship is 2,153 acres. The 
 population in 1801 was 403; in 1811, 443; in 1821, 
 515; in 1831,736; in 1841, 1,037; and in 1851,1,209. 
 principally resident in the village of Dearham. Coal 
 mining is the chief employment of the people in this 
 neighbourhood. There are two coal pits situated near 
 the Tillage, and worked by the firm of -lohn and Thomas 
 Walker. Those mines possess two shafts, called respec- 
 tively the " Lonsdale" and the " Lowther," the former 
 of which is about si.iity fathoms deep, to the " Ten 
 Quarters Seam," of about seven and a half feet in 
 thickness ; the latter si.xty-one fathoms deep, to the 
 •' Metal Band." The two collieries employ about 300 
 liauds. There is also the " Orchard" pit, which is 
 worked by John Steel, Esq., and possesses a shaft of 
 forty-si.'c feet perpendicular depth. The seam worked 
 in this pit is the " Little Main Seam," one foot ten 
 inches thick, which extends about 800 yards north and 
 south of the shaft. Another small seam, the " Ligbank," 
 two feet ten inches thick, but now worked out, lay eight 
 fathoms below the "Little Main." The "Orchard" 
 pit gives employment to about eighty persons, and when 
 in constant work produces about 11,000 tons per 
 annum. Besides these, there is the " John" pit, which 
 lies a little south of the " Orchard" pit, but is now 
 worked out. Its shaft, thirty-six fathoms deep, is at 
 present used for pumping water from the " Orchard" pit. 
 
 A moiety of the manor of Dearham was given by 
 .Man, second lord of jUlerdde, to Simon Sheftling, and 
 tho remaining moiety to I>olphin, son of Gospatric. 
 Sheftling's posterity assumed the name of Dearham, or 
 Deerham, and continued to possess their moiety till 
 their heiress brought it in marriage to the Barwis family, 
 the last male descendant of whom, Richard Barwis, Esq., 
 of Islokirk, had a sister and heir, who married a 
 Lamplugh, and had a son, Richard Lamplugh, Esq., 
 who, in 172'2, sold this estate to Sir James Lowther, 
 IJart., ancestor of the Earl of Lonsdale, the present 
 proprietor. The other moiety carao to tho Multons, 
 and was given by Thomas de ^lulton, in the reign of 
 Henry III., to Calder Abbey, to which it continued 
 attached till the suppression of the religious houses, 
 when (Jucen Elizabeth, under letters patent, bearing 
 date Juno 23rd, 1564, granted "to Thomas Lyfford 
 and John LyiTord (inter aliul twenty-one tenements and 
 two cottiges in Dearliam, in tho tenure of so many 
 different persons, and also the water-mill there, late 
 parcel of the possession of the priory of Caldcr ; and 
 also all woods, lamls, rents, reversions, services, court 
 loet, view of frank pledge, fines, amerciaments, free 
 warren, and all other jurisdictions, liberties, privileges. 
 
 profits, and hereditaments whatsoever, in Dearham 
 aforesaid ; and tliis moiety soon after seems to have 
 been conveyed to the tenants in sevralty." Besides the 
 Earl of Lonsdale, Calder Abbey, and the freeholders, 
 the Dean and Chapter of CarUsle claim a share of the 
 manorial rights and privileges. The commons, amount- 
 ing to 408 acres, were enclosed in 1820. 
 
 The village of Dearham is situated in a beautiful glen, 
 about two and a half miles east of Maryport. 
 
 TirE CHCnCH. 
 
 Dearham church is an ancient structure, in the 
 Norman style, consisting of nave and chancel, and large 
 square tower ; but was much modernised in 1814. It 
 contains a very ancient square font, ^the sides of which 
 are ornamented with sculptured imagery. ' Over one of 
 the windows, on the south side of the nave, is a grave 
 stone, with a cross tlort^e and sword, having the words 
 " Kesttula Radulph . . ." (Cestula Radulphi, the 
 coffin of Radulphus) cut upon it in antique characters.' 
 In the church tlicre is a gravestone, without any 
 inscription, ornamented with a very rich cross floree, 
 from the staff of which proceed branches of oak ; on 
 one side is a book, and on the other a pair of shears.* 
 .Another gravestone, with the cross and sword, but 
 without inscription, is found in the porch. A stone, 
 three feet si.x inches in length, which appears to have 
 been part of an ancient cross, is now used as the 
 transom stone of a window in the north aisle. It is 
 covered with rude sculpture in bas-relief. In the church 
 yard is a cross, five feet four inches in height, ornamented 
 with guilloches, and not unlike some of the crosses 
 found so plentifully in the Isle of Man. The church 
 contains a monument for the family of Christian of 
 Unerigg, and that of William and Ann Bowman, 
 who lived si.\ty-four years together as man and wife, 
 and died in 1800 ; he aged eighty-seven, she ninety- 
 one. The church of Dearham was given by Alice do 
 lloraeley, daughter of William Fitz Duncan, " to God 
 and the church of St. Mary, at Cisburne, and the canons 
 serving God there, for the health of her soul, and tho 
 
 I This font is engraved iu Lysons' Mttgua Uriuniiia, vol. iv. 
 
 p. CXCIT. 
 
 » " This inscription," sny the Messrs. I.T3ons, was commiinioated 
 liy tJic Viciir of Deiirlmni to Mr. G. Siuilh, os beiiiK in Ihe u-indow 
 of Ills diuroli, itixl WHS iiiserleil in the (iiutli'miin'a .M»){a7.inc for 
 1".')I, p. Il'i. The Intc ^f^. Peffpe, under his nauiil si|<iiature of 
 I'buI OemseRe, aflerirnnls eonimuniciited his i-onjectures iip.)n it to 
 the .same niiiga/ine, (p. AJi). Siip|iosing it to have been on the 
 jjlass, ami to have relai^il to some repairs of tho church nindovs, 
 with nil small decree of inifenuily he ronji'dured lliat it slimilil be 
 read, " llarfcncrtnu Ualfridus Gudng liepiuaTit Ann? Domino 
 .M.L'.I..'— i/ii(/. Brit. p. cxoiv. 
 
 * Engrareti in Ly«oin' Cumberland.
 
 356 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 souls of her father and mother, and all her ancestors 
 and successors, and her husbands Gilbert de Pipard and 
 Eobert de Courtenay, which grant was confirmed by 
 Ilugli, bishop of Carlisle," to which tho great tithes 
 were appropriated ; they are now vested in the Earl of 
 Lonsdale, and amount to (com.) £148 15s. Id. ; they 
 were commuted in 1830. In IS^O, at tho enclosure of 
 the common, 31 acres were allotted to the vicar, in heu 
 of small tithes. After tho dissolution of the monastic 
 estabhshments the advowsou of Dearham was granted bv 
 Queen JMary to the Bishop of Carlisle ; but the right of 
 presentation was claimed and exercised by two York- 
 shire gentlemen, to whom it had been granted by the 
 prior and convent of Gisbourne, previous to their sup- 
 pression. The patronage came, subsequently, to the 
 bishop of the diocese, by whom it was exercised till 
 1747 ; it is now possessed by the Christian family of 
 Unerigg Hall. The living, a vicarage, is worth about 
 £120 a j-ear.' The parish register commences about 
 1500. 
 
 ViCABS. — John de Gilcrouce, ; John de Derham, 1S,54 ; 
 
 ■William do Hayton, 1305; Robert Udall, ; Thomas Wat- 
 son,- 15C3; Henry Simpson, 1573; William Troughcre, 1577; 
 Edward Dykes, 1578; Henry Adcock, 1593; Edward Dykes 
 again; Jolm Bowman, ICOO; Michael Hurd, ; William Har- 
 rison, 16-J3 ; Jlusgrave Sleddall, ; Richard Murthwaite, 
 
 1080; Peter Murthwaite, 1701 ; Joseph Ritson, I73G; Anthony 
 Sharp, 1757; Mr. Dalzell, 1794; John Whitelock, 1815; John 
 Swinbum, 1834 ; Henry Overend, 1836 ; James Currie, 1839. 
 
 The vicarage, situated close to the church, is a plain 
 stone building, erected about the year 181.5. 
 
 The Wesleyans have a place of worship in the village, 
 erected in 1839 ; a schoolroom was added in 1844 ; the 
 cost of the whole amounted to 1'300. The chapel will 
 seat about 300 persons. The Primitive Methodists 
 built a chapel here in 1850, which contains sittings 
 for about 300, at an expense of £210. 
 
 The parochial school, situated in the village, has an 
 average attendance of 00 pupils. It receives £3 a year 
 from Beton's charity. During the summer months an 
 evening school, which is well attended, is carried on in 
 the same building. 
 
 CHAKITY. 
 
 Ewan Christian's Charity. — Ewan Christian, by will 
 dated Xov. 22nd, 1718, devised a rent-charge of 20s. 
 yearly on the close called Rough White Croft, for and 
 towards the buying of books, viz., the Whole Duty of 
 Man, Bishop Boveridge's (or some other) E.xposition of 
 the Catechism, and Common Prayer Books, to be dis- 
 tributed to such persons within the parish of Dearham 
 and township of Flimby as his representatives should 
 
 ' See Flimby Parish. 
 ' Deprived in 1-573, for not subscribing the Thirty-nine Articles, 
 
 think fit ; the said books to be so given yearly, at the 
 schoolhouse, every 11th day of March, the anniversary 
 of the testator's baptism. This charity is carried out 
 according to the directions of the donor. 
 
 The Dearham General Improvement Society, which 
 was established in 1855, consists of 53 members, and 
 possesses a good library, of about 300 volumes. The 
 receipts for the past year amounted to £35 IDs. lOd., 
 and the expenditure to £34 Os. 5d. 
 
 There are two corn-mills in this township, one situate 
 in the village, the other, called Dearham Mill, on the . 
 river Ellen, near the railway station. 
 
 ELLENBOROUGII AND USERIGO. 
 
 The area of this township is 1,224 acres, and its rate- 
 able value £3,975 5s. Id. The number of inhabitants 
 in 1801 was 471 ; in 1811, 038 ; in 1821, 021 ; iu 1831, 
 713 ; in 1841, 766 ; and in 1851, 969, who are princi- 
 pally collected in the village of EUcnborough. ilining 
 is the chief employment. The manor of Ellenborougb, 
 formerly called Alneburgh, comprising the township 
 of Ellenborough, in Dearham parish, and Nether- 
 hall, in Cross Canonby parish, was at a very early 
 period possessed by Simon de Sheftling, in whose family 
 it continued till the reign of Edward I., when it was 
 purchased by the Eaglesfields. In the reigij of Ilenry 
 VIII., a co-heiress of the Eaglesfields brought it to John 
 Senhouse, Esq., of Scascales, at which place the ances- 
 tors of this ancient family had boon settled for several 
 generations. A younger sou of this John settled at 
 Netherhall, now the property and residence of J. P. 
 Senhouse, Esq., the present lord of the manor. 
 
 The manor of Unerigg, or Ewanrigg, appears to have 
 been anciently possessed by a family bearing the local 
 name, as Robert do Ewanrigg appears as witness to several 
 deeds. In 1 308 the Lady Margaret de Multon appears to 
 have been iu possession of this place, for in that year a 
 license was granted by the bishop to Jolm de Thwaytes 
 to bo domestic chaplain to her, in any convenient build- 
 ing within the manor. It afterwards became the pro- 
 perty of the Thwaytes family ; and, iu 1 038, was con- 
 veyed by Richard Barwise, Esq., to Ewan Christian, 
 Esq., of Milntown, in the Isle of Man, deemster of that 
 island, from whom it has descended to the present lord, 
 H. T. Christian, Esq. 
 
 The township was enclosed in 1849, when two acres 
 were allotted as a pleasure ground, and a like quantity 
 for cottage gardens, for the use of the inhabitants of 
 Ellenborough. 
 
 The village of Ellenborough is situated one and a half 
 mile east-south-east of Maryport. Lord Chief Justice 
 Law derived his title from this place.
 
 DEARHAM PARISH. 
 
 357 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 School. — Ewau Christian, by will dated 22nd Nov., 
 1718, devised to his heirs a building at Unerigg, to be 
 used as a schoolhouse for ever, and for the support of a 
 schoolmaster therein, and necessary repairs of the said 
 school, and gave and devised a yearly rent-charge of 
 £6 Os. Ud. John Christian, by will dated Feb. 23rd, 
 1742, " reciting, amongst other things, that his brother 
 William Christian had bequeathed to him £10, upou 
 trust, to dispose of the same in the purchase of freehold 
 lands or tithes, one moiety of the rents or profits thereof 
 for the augmentation of the yearly maintenance of the 
 master of Unerigg school, and the other moiety for the 
 use of the poor of the townships of Unerigg and Ellen- 
 borough, to be distributed on the 3rd of February every 
 year, by the said John Christian or his heirs ; and fur- 
 ther reciting that his aunt, Mrs. Margaret Christian, 
 had by her will bequeathed £50 upon trust, to be set- 
 tled by the said John Christian in the purchase of free- 
 hold lands or tithes for the augmentation of the yearly 
 maintenance of the master of Unerigg school, and until 
 such purchase was made, that he should pay the yearly 
 sum of 50s." In performance of the several trusts 
 reposed in him, and for the assuring of the said several 
 payments, pursuant to the charitable intentions of his 
 brother and aunt, he devised the close called White Rough 
 Croft, charged with the payment of lOs. and 5its. yearly, 
 to be paid to the master of the said school, amongst the 
 poor, according to the wills of his aunt and brother, 
 provided that if hU son or heirs should thereafter lay 
 out £90 in the purchase of freehold lands or tithes, then 
 tho said payments should cease. Though the school 
 has been discontinued for about twenty years the trus- 
 tees have received the yearly rent-charge, for which it 
 is now supposed they intend establishing a girls' school 
 iu the village. 
 
 An additional endowment was given to this school by 
 Mrs. Anno Bowman, who, by will dated 5th July, 1800, 
 left to trustees tlie sum of £001 Ss. 2d., to be invested 
 in tbo public funds, upon trust that they should pay 
 the dividends thereof to the master of this school, or of 
 such other school as tho said trustees should think 
 proper, for the instruction of poor children of Ellen- 
 borough. This legacy was laid out in the purchase of 
 stock, and produces a dividend of nearly £2ii, which is 
 paid to the master of Ellenborough and Unerigg school, 
 who also receives the weekly payments of the scholars, 
 whoso average number is sixty. Tho trustees for Mrs. 
 liowman's bequest are Mcssi-s. Thomas Bowman, Wil- 
 liam Bowman, and Joseph Robinson. 
 
 John Christian's Charity. — It is stated in tho above 
 report of tho school that tho sum of 203. yearly was 
 
 left for the poor of the township by William Christian, 
 Esq., and was charged by his brother John upon the 
 close called tho Rough White Croft. This rent-charge 
 is distributed as directed. 
 
 Unerigg Hall, a large mansion, pleasantly situated, 
 is the property of II. T. Christian, Esq. 
 
 Cljristiaii of ^Intrigg ^all. 
 
 The first ancestor of the family on record was a 
 member of the House of Keys, in the Isle of Man, 
 at tho Tynwald Court held in that island in 1422. 
 The manorial records previous to that year were all 
 destroyed, and, in consequence, the pedigree cannot be 
 traced farther back. It is registered in the College of 
 Arms, Book VII., D. II, p. 170. The first who settled 
 at Unerigg was 
 
 EwAN Christian, Esq., of Milntown.barrister-at-Iaw, eldest son 
 of Edward Christian, Esq., of Milntown, a deemster of the Isle 
 of Jlao, by Dorotliy, his wife, sister of Edward Wilson, Esq., of 
 Dalkm Tower, and grandson, by Margaret, his wife, daughter of 
 John Parker, Esii., of Bradkirlc, co. Lancaster, of John Christian, 
 Esq., of Afilntown, living in lUl:!, who was son of Ewan Christian, 
 Esq., of Milntown, made deemster of tho Isle of Man in 1C05, 
 and grandson of William Mc.Christian, of Milntown, a member 
 of the House of Keys in 11J2. Ewan Christian (the first 
 settler of Unerigg,) married in IC7T, Mary, eldest daughter of 
 John Cainc, Esq., and dying in 1719, was succeeded by bis 
 eldest suniving son. 
 
 JoHM Christian, Esq., of Unerigg and Milntown, bom in 
 1088, who married 14th May, 1717, Bridget, eldest daughter of 
 Humphrey Senhouse, Esq., of Nether Hall, and by her, who 
 died in 17i9, bad seven sons and four daughters ; of the latter, 
 Mary married Edward Law, bishop of Carhsle, and was mother 
 of Edward Law, Baron Ellenborough. Mr. Christian died 20th 
 September, 1745, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 JoH-S CuRiSTiAX, Esq., of Milntown and Unerigg Hall, bom 
 5th October, 17U), high slioiilVof Cumberland in 17liO ; married 
 Jane, eldest daughter of Eldrcd Curwen, Esq., of Workington 
 Hall, CO. Cumberland, and by her, who died in 1702, had two 
 SODS and six daughters, viz. : 
 
 I. Join), his heir. 
 
 II. llenrj', bom in 17GI. 
 Bridget. 
 
 Julia, married in 1709, to Edward Stonley, Esq., of Work- 
 ington. 
 
 Jane, married to William Blamire, Ksq. 
 
 l-'niuces, miurried lo Edward Christian, Esq., of Braocaslcr, 
 
 Norfolk. 
 Dorothy, married in 1771, to John Toubmaii, Esq., of 
 Nunnery, Isle of Man. 
 VI. Mary. 
 
 He died in l'')', and was succecdoil by his eldest son, 
 
 John Chiustun, Esq., of Milntown and Unerigg Hall, who 
 married, first, 10th September, 177,'), Margaret, daughter of 
 John 'r.tubman, Esq., of the Islo of Man, and by her, who died 
 in 1778, liad one son, Joux, now of Unerigg. He married, 
 secondly, >'ilh October, 17S'.>, Isabella, doughter and solo heir of 
 Henry Curwen, Esq., M.l'., of Workington Hall, and hud by her 
 four sons and Ihreo dougbtcrs. (Sec Curwen, of Workington.) 
 Mr. Christian, who was for many years M.P. for Cumberland, 
 
 I. 
 II. 
 
 V.
 
 a&8 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 assumed the surname of Curiren. Ha died 1 jth December, 1829, 
 when he was succeeded by his sou by his first marriage, the 
 present John Christian, Esq., of Unerigg Hall and] Milntown. 
 Cbeistia!», Jons, Esq., M..4., of Unerigg Hall, and Miln- 
 town, Isle of Mjn, barrister-at-law, and chief judge of the Isle 
 of Man, born lath July, 177(1, married i'Jrd April, 1807, 
 Susanna, daughter of Lewis Robert Allen, Esq., of Bath, ami 
 has issue, 
 
 I. John Allen, bom 28th February, 1809, died, immarried, 
 ;)rd June, 182S. 
 
 II. Hesby Taubmax, bom 20 th January, 1810 
 
 III. Robert, born 30th August, ISli, died 1813. 
 
 IV. William Bell, in holy orders, born 17th August, If!.'), mirried 
 Charlotte Klizubelh, daughter of Thntiuia Urine, E.<q , 
 of the Isle of Man, and has issue, Annie Loui«*, and 
 Charlotte Elizabeth. 
 
 V. Charles Craik, bom C!f<lh llarch, 1S21, died in 1M8. 
 
 I. Susan Curwen, married to Augustus William Hillary, only 
 son of Sir William ilillarr, Bart. 
 
 n. Margaret, married to Thomas 0nderwood, Esq., M.D. 
 
 III. Isabella Anne. 
 
 I V. Louisa Dorothy, married to the Rev. John William Molyneux. 
 
 Armi. — Az., a demi mascle, between three oovered cops, or. 
 Crest. — An unicorn's head, erased, org., armed, and gorged 
 with a collar, invecked, or. 
 Slotto. — Salus per Christum. 
 
 FLIMBY PARISH. 
 
 Flimbt parish is bounded on the north-east and north by the parishes of Dearham and Cross Canonbv, on the west 
 by the Irish Sea. and on the south and south-east by Camerton parish. It comprises no dependent townships. 
 Fhmby has sometimes been esteemed extra-parochial, sometimes as a separate parish, and sometimes as a chapelry, 
 under Camerton. It is called a parish in the population returns. 
 
 Flimby contains 1 ,843 acres, and its rateable value 
 is £3,184 Is. Id. Its population in 1801 was 273 ; 
 inlSll, '371; in 1821, 376; iu 1831, 404; in 1841, 
 546; and in IS.jl, 555. The inhabitants, who are 
 chielly engaged in mining, dwell for the most part in 
 the village, and attend the Cockermouth and ilaryport 
 markets. The Whitehaven and ilaryport railway in- 
 tersects the township. Coal is abundant here. 
 
 The manor of Flimby was part of the possessions 
 of Orme, son of Ketel, whose son, Gospatric, gave 
 it to the abbey of Holme Cultram, as we learn from 
 the grant in the register of that abbey, from which 
 it appears that Gospatiic, the son of Orme, with the 
 consent of Thomas, his son and heir, and Alan, his son, 
 granted to God and St. ilary of Holme Cultram, and 
 the monks serving God there, Fhmby, with its appur- 
 tenances, within the boundaries then specified, engaging 
 at the same time to do himself the foreign service due 
 for the same to the king, and also the services due to 
 the lord of AUerdale, such as seawake, castleward, 
 pleas, aids, and other services. This gift was confirmed 
 by Thomas, san of Gospatric, who also granted to the 
 abbot and convent of Holme Cultram, with the consent 
 of Grace, his wife, eight acres of land in Seton, con- 
 tiguous to their own estate there. Adam, another son 
 of Gospatric, who was also patron of the church at 
 Camerton, granted to the same community the chapel 
 of Fhmby, and all the land and tithes thereof, which be- 
 longed to the mother church of Camerton. Gospatric 's 
 grant was confirmed by King John, Henry III., and 
 Richard I. The abbot and convent of Holme Cultram 
 also received from Alice de Romley, daughter of William 
 
 Fitz Duncan, a grant of common of pasture on Brechton 
 Moor, for the cattle of the grange of Flimby; and 
 Edward I. granted them free warren in their demesne 
 of Flimby. In 1279 Robert do Havcrington, son of 
 Michael de Havcrington, before tlie justices itinerant in 
 Cumberland, quitted claim to Gervase, abbot of Holme 
 Cultram, of the whole of the manor of Flimby, with 
 the exception of 380 acres, and the abbot and convent 
 enrolled him amongst the benefactors of the community, 
 and as such he had a place in their daily prayers. 
 After the suppression of the rehgious houses, Henry 
 VIII., on 1 2th July, 1545, granted to Thomas Dalston, 
 Esq., and Eleanor, his wife (amongst other particulars), 
 nine messuages and tenements in Flimby, and all other 
 the lands then called Lambert Garths, Thwaite Croft, 
 and Rey Garths, a fishery in Flimby, and the wood and 
 lands called Flimby Park, late the property of the abbey 
 of Holme Cultram ; and on the 11th of June, in the 
 following year, a license was granted to Thomas Dalston, 
 Esq., of Carlisle, and Eleanor, his wife, to alienate their 
 property in Flimby, to John Blennerhasset, Esq., and his 
 heirs, for the sum of 14s. Id., paid into the exchequer, 
 and from that time, till 1772, Flimby Hall was tlie 
 chief residence of the Blennerhasset family.* In the year 
 just mentioned Flimby was sold by Wm. Blennerhasset, 
 Esq., to Sir James Lowther, Bart. The royalties are 
 
 > This family seems lo have sprang from Blennerhasset, in this 
 county; hut for many generations they seem to have lived in or 
 near Carlisle. One of the name was mayor of that city iu 1.382; 
 another in U30; and a third in lOU and ICJii. One of them 
 represented the same city in parliament. William Blennerhasset 
 was sheriff of the county in 1077 and 1078. Their arms are — 
 Gu a chevron, between three dophins naiaut, embowed proper.
 
 GILCEUX PARISH. 
 
 359 
 
 now vested in the freeholders : the demesne and hall 
 are the property of the Earl of Lonsdale, besides whom 
 Henry Curwen, Esq., and Thomas Walker, Esq., are 
 the principal landowners. The common was enclosed 
 and divided among the landowners in 1820. 
 
 The village of Flimby occupies a pleasant situation, 
 two and a half miles south-east of Maryport. 
 
 THE cHcr.cn. 
 nimby church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, is a neat 
 but plain edifice, rebuilt in ITtlt, on the site of the 
 previous church ; it will accommodate about 200 persons. 
 On the suppression of the monastic establishments 
 the living of Elimby appears to have been made a 
 vicarage, but it is now a perpetual curacy, in the patron- 
 age of such landowners as pay moduses. The parish is 
 tithe free, but there is a small modus, amounting to 
 .£2 10s., which is paid out of the land, ond si.'cteen 
 cottages, at 8d. each. In 1B28, by an order of Hugh 
 IJishop of Carlisle, there were two parcels of land 
 awarded as glebe to the incumbent of this pai'ish ; one, 
 containing three acres, is situated at Flimby Outgang, 
 and now lets for i'O a year ; the other, situated at the 
 bottom of Flimby village, contains half an acre, on 
 which, in 1811, the parsonage house was erected. In 
 17CC the governors of (>ucen Anne's bounty purchased 
 lands iu the Abbot Park, in the parish of Coulton, and 
 county of Lancaster, amounting to 145 acres, of which 
 71 acres were allotted to I'limby, !50 to Borrowdale, and 
 38 to Dearham. This land produces i'OO a year, one 
 
 half of which is payable to the incumbent of Flimby, 
 the other half being equally divided between Dearham 
 and Bon-owdalc. There is also the interest of £200, 
 received in 1820, and likewise a further augmentation 
 out of the parliamentary grants, to the amount of 
 £1,200, in 1817, all in the hands of the governors of 
 (>ueon Anne's Bounty, at three per cent. Out of this 
 parliamentary augmentation there was raised, in 1841, 
 £275, for the erection of the parsonage house, wMch 
 leaves the present value of the living at £70. The 
 parish register commences in 1690, 
 
 Incumbents. — Henry Maltlnson, 1774; William Mawson, 
 1798 ; WilUam I). Grice ; 1839 ; A. F. Sheppard, 1805. 
 
 The parsonage house, which is now let, is a good 
 substantial stone building, situated at the end of the 
 village ; it was erected, as we have seen above, in 1 841, 
 at a cost of £275. 
 
 The Wesleyans have a neat chapel in the village, 
 which was erected in 1858, and opened in the following 
 year. 
 
 The parochial school, situated iu the village, is a 
 small structure, possessing accommodation for about 
 80 children. It is supported by the quarter pence of 
 the pupils, and £3 a year from Beton's Charity. The 
 average number in attendance is 40. 
 
 There is also a boarding-school, conducted by Miss 
 Wilson, at Flimby Lodge, which is beautifully situated 
 near the sea. 
 
 For Ewaii Christian's Charity, see Dearham Parish. 
 
 GILCRUX TAEISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by the river Ellen, which divides it from Crosby, AUerby, and Oughterside 
 townships ; on the west by Uow Oill and part of Outlield Beck, separating it from Dearham parish ; on the south- 
 west and south by Grange Grassings farm-house, Threeping Beck, and pait of the road leading from Tallantire; 
 and on tho east by Gill Beck, which divides it from I'lumblaud. It possesses no dependent townships. 
 
 Gilcrus township comprises an area of 1,004 acres, 
 and its rateable value is £2,;105 10s. In 1801, the 
 population was 219: in 1811, 270; in 1821, 377; in 
 1831, 382; in 1841, 401; and iu 1851, 501, who aro 
 principally collected in the village, and chiefly engaged 
 in coal mining. Tlie inhabitants are steady and indus- 
 trious, and consequently iiro much respected ; they 
 attend the markets at Maryport and Cocl<ermoutli. 
 Tho Maryport and Carlisle railway intersects tho 
 township. 
 
 Tho first recorded pos-;essor of Gilcrux is Waltheof, 
 first lord of Allerdalc, who gave it to Adam, eon of 
 
 Lyulph, whose daughter and heiress brought it in 
 marriage to one of tho Bonnckill family, who granted 
 tho same to a younger brother, Robert ]$onnekill, whose 
 sons, Thomas and Walter, gave it to tho Abbey of 
 Calder; a grant confirmed by Sir Kanulph Bonnckill, 
 Knt., but, upon the appropriation, tho patronage was 
 reserved to the bishop. After the dissolution of tho 
 monastic establishments King Philip and Queen Mary, 
 in 1557-8, granted to Alexander Armstrong "all those 
 twenty-four messuages and tenements and water-mill, 
 with the appurtenances, lying and being in the town of 
 Gilcrux, in tho county of Cumberland, in the sercrai
 
 360 
 
 DERWENT WAED. 
 
 tenure of divers tenants there, at the will of the lord, 
 late parcel of the possessions of the late monastery or 
 priory of Colder, with a free rent then of SiJd., and other 
 rents and profits of the yearly value of £11 15s. lOd., 
 to hold to the said Alexander and his heirs male, on 
 condition of finding and maintaining five horsemen 
 ready and well furnished whensoever the king and 
 queen, and the successors of the said queen, shall 
 summon them within the said county." In 1565 
 Alexander and Herbert Armstrong, conveyed by fine, to 
 William Armstrong, son of the said Herbert and 
 Katharine Dalston, and the heirs of the said William, the 
 manor of Gilcrux, with all its appurtenances iu the town 
 and fields of Gilcrux, holden of the king iti capite. The 
 manor appears to have been afterwards resumed by the 
 crown, for, iu the 17th Elizabeth (1575), under date 
 22nd of June, there is a grant by that queen to John 
 Soukey and Percival Gunson of the grange and vill of 
 Gilcrux, and "all the messuages, lands, tenements, 
 water-mill, rent, reversions, and services, with the 
 appurtenances, in Gilcrux aforesaid, late in the tenure 
 of William Armstrong, parcel of the possessions of the 
 late monastery or priory of Calder, to hold as of the manor 
 of East Greenwich, by fealty only, iu free and common 
 socage, and not in capite, nor by knight's service.'" 
 Gilcrux came subsequently into the possession of the 
 Dykes family, who are still its owners; Mrs. Dykes 
 being lady of the manor, and also the largest landowner ; 
 the others arc Messrs. Matthew and Joseph Smith, 
 James Moffet, the executors of the late Mrs. Hutchinson, 
 the e.xecutors of the late Mrs. Smith, and Tho'mas Hall. 
 A court for the manor, the first since 18U, was recently 
 held at Mrs. HalliJay's inn. 
 
 The village of Gilcrux is about five and a half miles 
 east-by-north of Maryport, and five north of Cocker- 
 mouth. It is remarkable for the number of its springs, 
 which rise at almost every door, and when united form 
 a considerable stream. In a field a little to the east of 
 the village are two springs, about forty or fifty yards 
 asunder, one being of fresh, and the other of salt water, 
 the latter having medicinal properties, and being known 
 as " Funny Tack." The formation of these numerous 
 springs is ascribed to the great dyke which, crossing by 
 the low side of the village, prevents the passage of the 
 water, and causes it to rise to the surface. There are 
 
 ' In the margin of Coke's First Institutes, pp. ."JO, 60, it is noted, 
 that a cause was depending in ;lsth Elizabeth (15!)5-G), touching the 
 customs of this manor. The lord claimed an arbitrary fine at the 
 lord's will npon every change of lord, tliough tlic change grew by his 
 own net, and that daily. A case was made, and opinion given by nil 
 the judges with Lord Chief .Justice Popham, "That the custom to 
 take fines upon every alienation of the lord was unreasonable and 
 oiilani'ul.'' 
 
 five excellent fresh water springs, which never fail in 
 summer, besides numerous smaller ones. 
 
 THE CnUBCH. 
 
 Gilcrux church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a very 
 ancient structure, pleasantly situated on an eminence 
 cast of the village, and possesses a turret with one bell. 
 The benefice was formerly rectorial, but being appro- 
 priated to Calder Abbey, it became a vicarage, which it 
 has since continued. In 1368 Bishop Strickland set 
 out and appointed an endowment for the vicar, consist- 
 ing of " the mansion house opposite to the church, 
 with the lands arable, meadow, and pasture, in the fields 
 of Gilcru.x, half of the tithe of hay, and all the tithes of 
 wool, Iamb, mills, fishings, and oblations, with the whole 
 altarage and other profits, except only the corn tithes ; 
 and that the abbey and convent of Calder shall pay 
 moreover to the vicar four marks yearly. The vicar to 
 bear all charges ordinary and extraordinary, except the 
 repair of the chancel." The living, valued in the King's 
 Book at £5 14s. 2d., was certified to the governors of 
 Queen Anne's Bounty at £22 16s. 4d., and to the 
 Ecclesiastical Commissioners as of the annual value of 
 £71 ; it is now worth about £120. Mrs. Mary Dykes, 
 lady of the manor, is the impropriator, and the Bishop 
 of Carhsle patron. The tithes were commuted in 1844 
 for £33 16s. 9d. ; of which £10 10s. is payable to the 
 vicar; £16 10s. to Mrs. Dykes, and £5 10s. 9d. to 
 other landowners. The greater part of this parish is 
 free of tithes, several landowners having purchased them 
 from the late Mr. Dykes. 
 
 Vicars.— John Lestoson, 13.31; William de Kirkby, ; 
 
 Richard de Irland, 11371; Adam Fonward, ; Robert de 
 
 Pomfret, 1385; William Milner, ; Thomas Trowghere, 
 
 KiOS; Thomas Dover, iriRI); Nicholas Banks, ; Edward 
 
 Cooke, 1011; Ricliard Wilkinson, ICIS; Peter Murthwaite, 
 10C4; Richard Mnrthwaite, 1C75; Peter Murthwaite, 1704; 
 
 Thomas Hobson, 173B ; William Walker, ; Anthony Sharp, 
 
 17ii2; Henry Fletcher Sharp, ; John Cowen, ; Jona- 
 than Irving, ; William Passable, ; Joseph Hutchinson 
 
 Whitelock, 1837. 
 
 The parsonage, which is an old building, is now let 
 with the glebe farm, containing about seventy-five acres. 
 
 The parish school is situated in the village near the 
 church, and is attended by from fifty to sixty children. 
 
 iCnAEITV. 
 
 School. — By indenture dated 4th December, 1799, 
 Joseph TordifF assigned and assured £800 in the Three- 
 per-Cent Consols to several parties upon trust, the 
 dividends to be applied half-yearly towards the support 
 of the schoolmaster of the parish of Gilcrux, for 
 educating and instructing in the principles of the 
 Church of England as by law established, and the
 
 GILCRUX PARISH. 
 
 361 
 
 church catechism, and in reading English, and writing, 
 and other proper and useful learning as free scholars, 
 such and so many of the children of the inhabitants of 
 Gilcrux, whether boys or girls, or the majority of the 
 governors of Gilcrux school should direct and appoint ; 
 such children being of the inhabitants of Gilcrux, owners 
 of real and personal property under .C90 a year, or 
 occupiers under £00 a year, or children of owners 
 under £10 a year, who should at the same time be 
 occupiers under £30. And he directed that the said 
 schoolmaster should not receive any presents from the 
 children educated by this charity, but that he should 
 be at liberty to receive other scholars, children of the 
 inhabitants. The interest of the stock above-mentioned 
 being £2l, is paid regularly to the schoolmaster of 
 Gilcrux, for which he instructs twenty-four children 
 qualified in the manner mentioned in the endowment. 
 The children are appointed by the governors of the 
 parish school, who have limited the number to twenty- 
 four. Messrs. William Swinburn and Jonathan Fell 
 arc the present trustees. 
 
 Ellen Hall, an old ruined building near the river 
 Ellen, anciently the seat of the Dykes family, is now a 
 farm-house. Besides Ellen Hall, the single houses 
 having particular names are High Flatt, Grange, 
 Grange Grassings, and Greengill. 
 
 Joseph Jackson, an eminent philosopher and mine- 
 ralogist, was a native of Gilcrux, and died at Bordeaux 
 in 1789, on his return from Spain, whither ho had 
 gone to open a colliery in Andalusia. 
 
 In the midst of a field on the Grange Hill, in the 
 occupancy of 5Ir. Davidson, is a naturid cave in the 
 limestone rock, into which runs a stream of fresh water. 
 It is said to have served at one time as a place for illicit 
 distillation. 
 
 Gilcrux Colliery is leased by John Steel, Esq., 'M.V., 
 of Derwent Bank, near Cockermouth, and consists of 
 two pits, the Jane and tho Eliza, the depth of the 
 former being seventy-six and a half fathoms, and of 
 tho latter twenty-seven fathoms. Jane pit was first 
 sunk in the year 1815, and has since been sunk deeper 
 at three dilferent periods. On the first occa.sion it was 
 sunk forty-seven fathoms to the Ten Quarters Scam, 
 and when all the coal on that level was worked out 
 the pit was sunk nine fathoms deeper. In consequence 
 of a downcast dyke on the south side, a drift was made 
 to the south to raise the coal through the dyke, and 
 one to the north to raise a greater hold of the coal to 
 the dip. On this level there was worked about sixty 
 
 acres of Ten Quarters coal, great part of which was 
 worked out of the dip with steam and horse power. 
 It was then sunk again twenty and a half fathoms 
 deeper to the Yard coal, on account of a gi'eat downcast 
 to the east side of tho pit. Fortunately the Ten Quar- 
 ters coal was on a level with the Yard coal through the 
 dyke, also by a drift through the Nine Fathoms Dyke 
 on the south side of the pit the Jletal Band coal was 
 won. There are now three different bands or seams of 
 coal on one level, and at present worked. There have 
 been about 100 acres of tho Ten Quarters coal worked 
 in this pit, about fifteen acres of Yard coal, and about 
 six of Metal Band. The following arc the particulars 
 of tho seams: — First, Ten (Quarters, twenty fathoms 
 below Thirty-inch and Metal Band Seam, and tea 
 fathoms below the Metal Band is the Yard coal. 
 These seams are all that arc worth working. There is 
 a number of other small scams, but they are not of 
 sufficient importance to claim attention. The Yard 
 Seam is the deepest seam known here, and though 
 the strata below it have been bored to a great depth, 
 nothing has been found workable. These mines are 
 very expensive to work on account of the number of 
 faults, dykes, hitches, &c., which interrupt the general 
 working of the mines by running in every direction, 
 and having to be crossed with drifts. The great 
 faults or dykes generally keep a direct course. The 
 coal field is cut up by a great upcast to the south, 
 which runs cast and west, and brings up the limestone 
 on its south side. The course of the dyke on the 
 surface is by Occupation Road from Outfields, by the 
 low side of the village of Gilcrux, and through by Near- 
 stidc Guards. There is rough brown freestone, as well 
 as limestone, on the south side of this great dyke. 
 Eliza Pit was sunk in 1854. It is also in tho Ten 
 Quarters Scam, and is situated about one mile east of 
 Jane Pit. The quantity of coal raised per day at these 
 pits is 250 tons, which is carried by tho Maryport and 
 Carlisle railway to Maryport for shipment to Ireland. 
 The pits are close to the railway. The number of 
 people employed is about 150, and with steam power 
 amounting to 1 50 horses. The Ten t^uarters coal is 
 generally sold for household purposes, on account of 
 the ashes being heavy, and making little dust, and 
 it possesses great durability and heat, which cause it 
 to bo superior to any coal in the neighbourhood. The 
 Yard coal is tho best hero for making coke. Tho 
 mines are tho property of Mrs. Dykes, but are leased 
 as above.
 
 362 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 ISELL PARISH. 
 
 Tnis parish is bounded on tbe east and nortb by Torpcnhow, on tbe west by Bridckirk, and on tbe soutb by the river 
 Denvent. It comprises tbe townships of Blindcrake, Isell. and Redmaiu, Isell Old Park, and Sunderland, whose united 
 area is 0,700 acres. There are surveys for the enclosure of the commons of Isell Old Park, Sunderland, and 
 Moota, in Blindcrake township, made in 1810. There is a survey of Redmain township, made by the tithe commis- 
 sioners about the year 1840. The population is spread over the several townships of tbe parish in small villages and 
 hamlets, and in a few separate farm houses. The people are all employed in agriculture, or in small mechanical 
 trades more or less connected with agriculture. The geological character of the rocks forbid an old prevailing notion 
 that there can be underlying beds of coal. There are no old workings of copper, as Hutchinson imagines, but merely 
 fissures here and there in the rocks, produced at the very remote period of the upheaving of the range of hills extend- 
 ing from Buiscy, in the parish of Torpenhow, in a line westward of the Derwent through the parish. The inhabitants 
 are in general truthful, industrious, and comfortable. This may in part arise from the smallness of the population, 
 and in part from the endeavours made by their superiors to improve them. The people here invariably attend the 
 markets at Cockerraouth, held on Monday. There does not appear to be any remains of the early inhabitants of 
 Britain in the parish, but there is a line of fields lying between the villages of Blindcrake and Piedmain, along the 
 brow of the rising ground called the " Grey Barrow," and it has been assumed that these might in former times be 
 the stone sepulchres of the people of the neighbourhood. This notion is not improbable. 
 
 BLnfDCEAKE, ISELL, AND EEDM.UN". 
 
 The population of this townsliip in 1801 was 188 ; 
 in 1811, 233; in 1821, 311; in 1831, 823; in 
 1841, 347; and in 1851, 370. Its rateable value is 
 .£2,770 13s. 4d. The land in Blindcrake is, on the 
 north, high and poor ; in the middle, excellent for pas- 
 ture; on the south, good, but requires draining. In 
 Isell the land being almost entirely in grass, is, on the 
 north, high but good ; and on the south, near the Der- 
 went, excellent. The land in Piedmain is, on the north, 
 high and poor; in the west, called the Trinities, in 
 grass, and very good ; in the south, good, and fruitful in 
 com. 
 
 The parish of Isell now constitutes but one manor, 
 originally granted, with the exception of Eedmain, by 
 Alan, lord of Allerdale, to Pianulph de Engayne. His 
 granddaughter, Ada, conveyed it in marriage to Simon 
 de Morvillc, whose grandson, Hugh de Morville, is said 
 to have been implicated in the murder of Thomas 
 a Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, in the reign of 
 Henry II. The daughter of this last conveyed the 
 manor by marriage, in the time of Henry III., to 
 Thomas de Multon, whose great-granddaughter, Mar- 
 garet, in the reign of Edwarc^II., brought it in marriage 
 to Thomas Leigh. Their descendant, Thomas Leigh, 
 married Maud Eedmain, lady of the manor of Redmain, 
 in the time of Elizabeth. She having the manor of 
 Isell, bequeathed to her by her husband, conveyed in 
 the reign of James I., by marriage to William Lawson, 
 of Fawkesgrave, in the county of York. The present 
 lord of the united manors of Isell and Eedmain is Sir 
 Wilfrid Lawson, Bart., of Brayton, in the parish of 
 Aspatria. During the last hundred years the lords of 
 the manor of Brayton have been the lords of IseU and 
 
 Redmain, and have generally resided at Brayton. 
 Cornage money is annually paid to the superior barony 
 of Egremont. About one-third of the whole parish is 
 demesne. The other landowners are J. C. Fisher, Esq., 
 Wood Hall, Bridekirk ; Major Green Thompson, Bride- 
 kirk ; General Steel, of the East India Service ; and 
 the Eev. Joseph Simpson, of Home Cultram. The lands 
 of the parish are in general free. The lands in the town- 
 ship of Redmain were enfranchised in 1003, those in 
 Blindcrake and Sunderland in 1804. Since that time the 
 courts of the manor have generally ceased to be held. 
 The lands in the townships of Isell and Isell Old Park 
 belong to the lord of the manor, Sir Wilfred Lawson, 
 Bart. There is no unenclosed land within the parish — 
 the act of Parliament for enclosure would be about 
 1 808. The lord of the manor has the ancient seat of 
 IseU Hall, in the townsliip of Isell, on the north bank 
 of the Derwent, in one of the most eligible situations 
 that can be imagined, on a slight elevation looking 
 westward do^vn the valley of the Derwent towards 
 Cockermouth, and having a splendid opening of the 
 vaUey eastward to the range of Skiddaw, haiing on the 
 south the view of a gently elevated range of hUls 
 covered with wood, and on the north the park belonging 
 to the mansion, beautified with a natural succession of 
 terraces of wood, which are finally surmounted by the 
 rocky and picturesque heights of what are called the 
 Glints. The hall consists of a strong and high embat- 
 tled tower of the period of Henry VI., and of a long 
 edifice of the period of Queen Ehzabeth. Within the 
 present century the hall had much the appearance, in 
 its external walls and guard-house, of a regularly fortfied 
 place. The ancient armour and paintings have generally 
 been carried to Brayton.
 
 ISELL PAEISH, 
 
 363 
 
 Tbc village of Isell is pleasantly situated on the north 
 bank of the Derwent, three-and a-quarter miles east- 
 north-east of Cockermouth. 
 
 THE CHUECU. 
 
 Isell church, dedicated to St. Jlichael, stands in a 
 most sequestered spot, ou the bank of the Denvent, 
 and a short distance east from the hall. It is a very 
 ancient building, and consists of a nave and chancel, 
 with porch and bell-turret, containing two bells. The 
 entrance doorway is Norman, as is also the arch leading 
 into the chancel. There is a beautiful ancient monogram 
 of our Saviour in the wall ou the north side of the 
 entrance into the chancel. There are two ancient 
 monuments, one on each side of the chancel window, 
 to members of the Lawson family. The impropriator 
 is Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart., the lord of the mauor. 
 The churcli aud tithes, at the dissolution, belonged to 
 the prior and convent of He.xham, in Northumberland. 
 These continued in the crown until the year 1559, when 
 they were granted by Queen Elizabeth to Thomas 
 Leigh, the lord of the manor, since which period the 
 advowson has continued to be held with the manor. 
 Sir Wilfred Lawson, the third lord of that name, granted 
 the tithes of Blindcrake, Sunderland, and Isell Old 
 Park, to the church. The living, valued in the King's 
 Book at £8 13s. 9d., is now worth £157. At the time 
 ofthe enclosure of the commons the tithes of Blindcrake, 
 Sunderland, and Isell Old Park, were, by mutual consent, 
 commuted for portions of land on the respective commons 
 of these townships. The tithes of Pieduiain, after 
 remaining for some time in the crown, came at last into 
 the possession of Thomas Lamplugh, of Dovenby Hall, 
 who, in the beginning of the last century, conveyed 
 them towards tho support of an alms house, and the 
 endowment of a school at Dovenby, in Bridekirk parish. 
 
 ViCAns. — William nurton, 1341 ; Jnlin Wanton, — ; John 
 Baynard, IUli'.i; John Mason, l:!>^5; WilUam .\Jcock, deprived, 
 1575; Thomas Harrison, 1575 ; William Adcock, restored, 1577 ; 
 Leonard Cape, 15hI ; Anthony Whnrton, 1504 ; I'crcival Head, 
 1638 ; Richard Fletcher, lOCl ; George Stark, 1H6!) ; Peter 
 Farish, 170:); William Pool, 1711 ; Thoma.s Leather, 171!) ; John 
 Kendal, 17'.!(l; John Waito, 1782; Peter How, 1815; Christopher 
 Hilton Wyhergh, 182(1. 
 
 There is a good parsonage-house, built by the Ticar, 
 John Waite, about the year 1785, and enlarged and 
 improved by the Bev. Peter How, on his appointment 
 to tho vicarage. 
 
 The parish school occupies a central situation near 
 Isell Hall. It is a plain but neat building, somewhat 
 in tiio Elizabethan style, erected in 183(1, on tho site 
 of an ancient one, for tho purpose of educating the 
 children of the parish. It has a small income of X'O per 
 
 annum, arising from the bequest of a Mr. Cannell, of 
 London, who, about the year 1823, left the interest of 
 €500, three-per-cents, to the poor and school of this 
 parish, viz., the interest of £300 to the former, and 
 that of £200 to the latter. The vicar and church- 
 wardens are the trustees of this charity. The average 
 number of children in attendance is about forty-five. 
 
 There is a good lending library, which has been ia 
 existence about twenty years, and has for its object the 
 conveyance to the people of rehgious and useful know- 
 ledge. It is supported by donations and subscriptions, 
 and is free to the people of the parish. 
 
 Isell Grange, a mansion near the hall, is the resi- 
 dence of Captain Peter Wybergh. 
 
 Blindcrake is a village in this township, four miles 
 north-east of Cockermouth, and has descended with 
 Isell to Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart. 
 
 The manor of lledmain was given by Alan Lord of 
 Allerdale to the priory of Gisborne, in Yorkshire, to 
 which it continued annexed until the period of tho 
 dissolution, when it was granted to the Curwen family, 
 who appear to have been its possessors in 1688. The 
 Curwens enfranchised the tenants for eighty years' pur- 
 chase, mortgaged the demesne called the Trinities to 
 Sir John Lowther, and afterwards sold it to Sir Wilfrid 
 Lawson. Picdmaiii is a small but neat village three 
 miles north-east of Cockermouth. There are some few 
 remains of an ancient oratory in a field called Chapel 
 Guards, or Chapel Yard, adjoining a large extent of 
 good land, called the Trinities, upon which it is pro- 
 bable there might have been a chapel, or hospital, 
 dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The site of the ancient 
 hall of the lledmaines, a Yorkshire family, who became 
 lords of Redmain after the dissolution of monasteries, 
 is still distinguished near the village of Redmain. 
 
 Sir Wilfrid Lawson, of Isell Hall and Brayton, 
 member for Cockermouth in the reign of William and 
 Mary (1090), was among the most prominent public men 
 of the period. In playful reference to his crest, which 
 was tho sun supported by tho arms of a warrior, he 
 was long fondly and gratefully remembered under the 
 name of the " Bright Star of tho North." 
 
 At Redmain was born of a family long established, 
 and once having considerable possessions there, in the 
 year 1710, tho Rev. Joseph Simpson, D.D. He was 
 educated at (Jueen's College, iu the I'niversity of 
 O.xford. He was nn eminent Greek scholar, and pub- 
 lislicd an edition of several of the Greek philosophers. 
 This work has passed through several impressions, and 
 has not, for more than u century, been superseded by 
 any superior edition. 
 
 At Redmain also was bom, in 1719, tho Rev. Bolton
 
 364 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 Simpson, D.D., brother to the above, who was also 
 educated at Queen's College, Oxford. He was a very 
 eminent tutor in the university, and published an 
 edition of Zenophon, which retains, even to the present 
 day, its reputation as a work of much learning. 
 
 Dr. John Redraayne, master of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, and one of the compilers of the Litany of 
 1548, is understood to have been a member of the 
 Yorkshire stem of the branch family of Redmain Hall. 
 
 ISELL OLD PARK. 
 
 The number of inhabitants in this township in 1 801 
 was 88; in 1811, 81 ; iu 1821, 90; iu 1831, 108; in 
 1841, 107; and in 1851, 87. The land here is gene- 
 rally poor, and would be much improved by draining. 
 This township comprises six scattered farm-houses, 
 bearing the respective names of Isellgate, Longclose, 
 Harrisongate, Old Park, Irton House, and Coalbeck, 
 which are situated about four and a half miles east- 
 north-east of Cockermouth. 
 
 SUNDKRLAND. 
 
 The population of Sunderland township in 1801 is 
 not returned separately ; in 1811 it was 61 ; in 1821, 
 48; in 1831, 77; in 1841, 81; andiu 1851, 99. The 
 land here is generally poor, and might be much improved 
 by draining. Its area, exclusive of woodlands, is G98 
 acres, and its rateable value £495 15s. 6d. 
 
 The village of Sunderland, which consists of six good 
 farm-houses and several cottages, is pleasantly situated 
 six miles north-east-by-east of Cockermouth. 
 
 The parish of Isell is situated between the clay slate 
 ranee of the mountains, and the red sandstone and coal 
 deposits of Aspatria, Gilcrux, &c. There is a limestone 
 range extending from east to west, metomorphic, or 
 amorphous on its highest point of the Glints, ovcrlook- 
 inc the hall, where the stones arc reposing in large 
 horizontal masses, with deep ravines between them. 
 This ranee, in its westward course, seems to consist 
 almost entirely of encrinites — and at the extremity of 
 the range, a little to the west of Redmain, is a high and 
 striking hill, thrown up by internal convulsion, and 
 presenting everywhere, along with the most ancient rock, 
 specimens of lava and pumice stoue. On an offshot of 
 this range, or the Moota range, there is on the highest 
 point of elevation, and surrounded by limestone, a 
 considerable deposit of white sandstone. There is a 
 bridge near the church over the Derwent, and one over 
 a small stream near the hall, on which stream there is, 
 in the township of Isell, a corn-mill. 
 
 In former times it is said the people were much 
 given to the game of archery, and there is near the 
 hamlet of Redmain a knoll on the broad summit of the 
 volcanic hill above-mentioned, which, by its name, 
 indicates that they were there accustomed to erect their 
 target for the indulgence of the said games. In later 
 times, and until the enclosure of the common lands, 
 the people seem to have been fond of the athletic game 
 of football. At present, the sole indulgence with 
 many is to bo found in drinking at the ale-house. In 
 former times the people were very superstitious. Their 
 situation favoured this tendency. In a locality thinly 
 peopled, looking down from their villages on an old hall, 
 connected with which wore many black stories of the 
 olden time, — inhabiting an upland country, covered in 
 part with deep woods, and living from childhood to old 
 age within sight of the deep and rapid waters of the 
 Derwent, rolling many hundred feet beneath them, and 
 continually sending up to them the voice of its waves. 
 Education, or rather the spirit of the times, has dis- 
 sipated most of these airy fancies. The parish is 
 considered to be very healthy. 
 
 Many of the yeomen, in former times, who had 
 received the benefits of education, were fond of poetry. 
 Spencer, and Shakespeare, and Milton, were not 
 unknown in the families of the yeomen, or small pro- 
 prietors. These are now nearly an extinct race, and the 
 farmers and cottagers have become a more matter-of- 
 fact people. 
 
 The name of this parish, Isell, seems to have been 
 more properly, in former times, written, " Ishall," or 
 the hall which is nearly surrounded as an isle, by the 
 waters of the Derwent, and by a brook which flows into 
 the river, on the west of the edifice. The word Blen- 
 crake, or Blindcrake, as it is sometimes written, is 
 uncommon in its form. It might be compounded of 
 Bla, an old Icelandic word, signifying a village, and the 
 Teutonic word crake, a crow, — the neighbouring woods 
 have always been remarkable for the immense number 
 of rooks that frequent and build in them. 
 
 A fishpond, communicating with the Derwent, and 
 adjoining the vicarage, existed until the commencement 
 of this century. It is understood to have been for the 
 use of the vicar during Lent and at other times, previous 
 to the reign of Edward VI. The woods of Isell, in 
 consequence of the retreat afforded in the crevices of 
 the rocks, have always been remarkable for fo.xes and 
 otters. Game is also most abundant.
 
 PLUMBLAND PARISH. 
 
 365 
 
 PLUMBLAND PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Plumbland is bounded on tlic north by the river Ellen, which separates it from Aspatria ; on the 
 west by a streamlet, known by the name of Warthole Beck, which separates it from Gilcrux ; on the south, partly 
 by the Cockermouth and Wigton highway ; and on the east by Popplebeck, which divides it the whole length from 
 the township of Threapland, in the parish of Torpcnhow. It possesses no dependant township. Plumbland has 
 been surveyed for the purpose of tithe commutation, and a copy of the survey is kept iu the parish, as well as in the 
 proper office. 
 
 Plumbland comprises an area of 2,970 statute acres, 
 and its rateable value is X'4,015. The number of 
 inhabitants in 1801 wis 330 ; in 1811, 237 ; in 1821, 
 890; in 1831, 52t ; in 1841, 729; and in 1851, 800. 
 The parish is divided into four villages or hamlets, vi/., 
 Plumbland, where the houses are closely connected ; 
 Parsonby, where they are a little more scattered ; 
 Arkleby, still more dispersed; and Warthole, where the 
 farm-houses, all detached, surround the church on all 
 sides, from which no house is more than a mile distant. 
 There arc about twenty-five farmers in the parish, 
 occupying farms varying in size from forty to 200 
 acres, one containing 375 acres, four of which are held 
 by the proprietors themselves ; these give employment 
 to many of the inhabitants. Coal and lime have long 
 beeu worked in the parish; the former is at present 
 (1838) dormant, but a considerable number of miners 
 reside in the parish, who are engaged iu the collieries in 
 the neighbourhood. Two lime works are at present in 
 active operation. About one half of the population is 
 employed in the coal mines and lime works. Tlie coal 
 seams here consist of several bands, one of which, the 
 " Metal Band," about five feet iu thickness, is of 
 excellent quality ; this and the " Thirty Inch Band," 
 arc the two that have been worked to the most advantage. 
 Tho working classes in the parish are very industrious, 
 and, as they have good wages, live very comfortably ; in 
 fact, present comfort is with them everything, little or 
 no provision being made for old age, or for any other 
 purpose. The quality of the soil throughout Plumbland 
 is good, generally loam or clay, producing excellent 
 wheat.' The ^laryport and Carlisle railway crosses a 
 portion of the parish, but has no station in it. The 
 
 I Till- mo<lcm system of a(?ricultnriil ilraining is fast ilcslroying 
 many of il:c rarer indiKeiioiis plants, uikI bringing nearly overy place 
 to the same level in that respect Tlic composite genus is llio most 
 prevalent here. There are no very rare plants, but the following 
 may be ennnuraleil ; — Ituntincutus auricumus, t'nllhu I'lJualru, 
 Berbery, Canlmninr amara, iJrnlia iiicniut, Ilmfslci Napul, 
 Drosera, Ilyperinm, I.iiium Ciitliarlicnm, Gerdiiiiim, Stiliim acre, 
 Adunia, i'lirimMirt, Chry.toiileinum, Genista tinrlnria. Anihyllia 
 ouliieraritt, (Vrdiiis pad, .li/rii/ioiiiii F.upuloria, AlclumUta riitjarii, 
 Shenirdia Anvusis, I'dlerMna, D'mrin, Vitlennua, Officinalis, 
 Eupnti>ruim i'annahisciim, Auchusa, Lilhrosperniiim, Polemeniiim 
 CirniUiim, PUiilaijc Majnr, Kryllinra cenlaiiriiim, Qentiana Amo, 
 rella, I.naimachia nem, Alularia, UelUiorui vividil. 
 
 inhabitants usually attend tho Cockermouth and Mary- 
 port markets. The northern half of the parish belongs 
 to the coal measures of the Whitehaven coal fields, 
 and dips considerably to the north-west ; the southern 
 portion is included in the carboniferous or mountain 
 limestone which surrounds the Lake District. Previous 
 to the influx of the mining population the parish was 
 remarkable for the longevity of its inhabitants ; even 
 now there are several individuals above eighty years of 
 age. 
 
 A little to the south-west of Ewe Close, on Ward 
 Hill, are the remains of what is called a lloman camp, 
 and though it bears the impress of lloman costramenta- 
 tion, it is very probable that it afterwards served as the 
 site of a beacon. It is now nearly obliterated. The 
 enclosure of the common, including rather more than 
 139 acres, took place in 1823, in pursuance of an act of 
 Parliament passed in 1818. The land was allotted to 
 tho owners of the soil, and a small portion, containing 
 limestone, was left out for the use of the inhabitants of 
 I'lumbland village. There are no ancient crosses at 
 present here, but there is no doubt there were some iu 
 former times, as there is a farm-house called Little 
 Cross, and on the same road, about a mile to the west 
 is Gilcrux, and the same distance cast is Cross Gill, 
 which names arc tho same, gill meaning ravine. 
 
 This parish includes four manors, those of Plumbland, 
 Arkleby, Parsonby, and Warthole. 
 
 The mauor of Plumbland was formerly possessed by 
 the family of Orfew, who were its possessors as early as 
 the reign of Edward IL It continued to be held by 
 this family till the commencement of the eighteenth 
 century, when it was sold by Charles Orfew, Esq., who 
 died in \1-i5, to Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart., in whose 
 family it has since remained. It has since been 
 enfranchised ; but the demesne land called High Close, 
 where is the site of tho ancient manor house, continued 
 in the Lawson family, and having [xisscd under the will 
 of Sir Wilfrid Lawson, tho tenth baronet, to tho nephew 
 of his wife, Thom.is Wybcrgh, Esq., who assumed tlio 
 surname and arms of Lawson, is now vested in his 
 brother Sir Wilfrid Lawson, tho present baronet 
 .\bout thirty years ago coniago rent was claimed by 
 tho lord of this manor, but the tenants resisted on the
 
 366 
 
 DERWENT WARD. 
 
 grounds of its having been for a long period uncollected, 
 and so the matter dropped. 
 
 The manor of Ai'ldeb}' was held in ancient times by a 
 family bearing the local name, as appears from many 
 old deeds in which several of the Arldebys occur as 
 witnesses. From this family it passed to the Martin- 
 dales, in whose possession it continued till the reign of 
 Elizabeth, when it was forfeited to the crown, in conse- 
 quence of the head of the house taking part in the 
 insurrection of the Northern earls. It was afterwards 
 granted by Queen Elizabeth to Sir .John Penruddock, 
 whose grandson. Sir John, was beheaded at Salisburj', 
 by Cromwell, in 1052. According to Dexton, it was 
 subsequently hold by the Orfeurs, of High Close, 
 whose heiress brought it to Henry Peirsou, Esq., from 
 whom it was purchased by Gustavus Thompson, rector 
 of Plumbland, in 1 702. His son, Gustavus Thompson, 
 Esq., erected Arkleby Hall, now used as a farm-house. 
 Arkelby came afterwards into the possession of the 
 Satterthwaites, by v^'hom it was sold to Sir Wilfrid 
 Lawson, and is now the property of his representative. 
 
 Parsonby manor is held] of the rector for the time 
 being. The manor of Warthole belonged formerly to 
 the abbey of Caldcr. Since the suppression of the 
 monastic establishments it has been for several genera- 
 tions in the family of Dykes, and is now held by Mrs. 
 Dykes, of Dovenby. AVarthole Hall is now in ruins. 
 Near it is an old decayed mulberry tree, in which it is 
 said one of the family of Dykes took refuge after the 
 battle of ]Marston ^loor, and whose ample foliage 
 effectually concealed him from some of Cromwell's 
 ironsides who were sent to apprehend him. Tradition 
 says that a lady of the Warthole famUy was addicted to 
 gaming at high stakes, according to the custom of the 
 times, and that having " set her all upon a cast," wheu 
 lifting the last card she exclaimed — 
 
 " Up ft deuce, or else a tray, 
 Or Warthole's gone for ever and aye." 
 
 Fortune however smiled upon the lady, and Warthole 
 was saved. 
 
 THE cHuncn. 
 
 The church, though called Plumbland church, 
 stands at Parsonby, hence the distich — 
 
 '' The greatest wonder ever was seen 
 Is Plumbland church on Parsonby Green.", 
 
 It is dedicated to St. Cuthbert. The living is a rectory, 
 having a glebe farm of more than 130 acres, rented off 
 for more than £200. The tithes were commuted about 
 seven years ago for £128, but the High Close Estate, 
 Arkleby Hall, and Warthole estates, only paid a small 
 
 modus, which they continue to do under the above 
 commutation. Henry Curwen, Esq., is patron. 
 
 Rectors. — Walter de Acnconrt, : Peter do Aencomt, 
 
 1310; Adam de Bassenthwaite, 1358; William Potter, ; 
 
 Lancelot Wallace, 1503; William Richardley, 1508; Lancelot 
 
 Fletcher, 1028 ; Joseph Nicholson, ; Michael Robinson, 
 
 16S8; Gustavus Thompson, 170i; Peter parish, 1711 ; Thomas 
 Lealhes, 1728 ; Adam Askew, 1700 ; John Bird, 1788 ; Edward 
 Stanley, 1802; John Curwen, 1834; John Wordsworth, 1812. 
 
 The rectory was erected at the expense of the Rev. 
 John Bird, who laid the foundation stone May 1st, 
 1788. He took down the old rectory, which stood on 
 a very wet part of the glebe called the " Guards," a 
 short distance south of the church. 
 
 The Grammar School was founded in pursuance of 
 the will of Captain John Sibson, dated the 29th June, 
 1759, but not to have effect till after the death of his 
 wife. This latter event took place in 1797 ; the next 
 year the foundation was effected, and in 1799 the 
 school was built. It contains two rooms, in one of 
 which the classics are taught, and in the other English, 
 &c. Captain Sibson's legacy was invested in the funds, 
 and now produces £87 13s. a year. All the childrea 
 of the parish, with some exceptions specified in the 
 will, and all children of the name of Sibson, wherever 
 they come from, have the liberty of attending the 
 school, and " be instructed in Latin and English, in 
 writing and accounts, without any charge or expenses 
 whatsover." There are two masters. The average 
 attendance is rather more than a hundred children of 
 both se.KCS. The school was opened in 1800, and was, 
 before the influx of the mining population, an academy 
 of some note for gentlemen's sons, but from the increase 
 of respectable schools, and the number of poor children 
 that attend it, it has fallen off in that respect. 
 
 CHAIUTY. 
 
 Sibson's CJiarity. — Besides his legacy to the school. 
 Captain Sibson bequeathed £1 per annum to the poor 
 widows of the parish, and a guinea to bo paid to the 
 clergyman for preaching a sermon on Good Friday. 
 The present trustees for Captain Sibson's charities are 
 J. Curwen, Esq., Workington Hall ; G. Moore, Esq , 
 Bow Churchyard, Loudon ; and James Dobinson, Esq., 
 Pbilpot Lane, Loudon. 
 
 The vUlage of Plumbland is about seven miles east- 
 by-north of Maryport. It contains a small Independent 
 chapel, erected in 1847. Parsonby is contiguous to 
 Plumbland. Arkleby is a little distance to the north ; 
 and Warthole to the west. Low Leathes, that is. Low 
 Bams, deriving its name from being the barn attached 
 to Warthole Hall ; and Little Cross, near the church, 
 are two farms in this parish.
 
 LOWESWATER PAROCHIAL CHAPELKY. 
 
 367 
 
 The small streamlet, Popple, which bounds the parish 
 on the east, has a course of about five miles. For 
 about a mile in the middle of its course it goes through a 
 subterranean passage, winding its way in the intricacies 
 of limestone rocks, from which it emerges into clay a 
 much larger stream. This outburst, says tradition, ran 
 blood on the day that Charles I. was beheaded. There 
 is an eminence of considerable elevation, called at 
 present Parsonby Hill, but there is little doubt that 
 in former times it was called Ward Hill, and thus gave 
 name to that division of the parish. On this hill 
 
 beacons were formerly lighted to give notice of any 
 disturbance on the Solway, of which it commands an 
 extensive view. Few countries afford greater facilities 
 for communication by beacons than this part of Cum- 
 berland. Tallantire Hill, Ward Hill, Wharles (Ward 
 Hills) at Bothel, and Catlands in Bolton, are still pecu- 
 liarly adapted for telegraphing according to the system 
 practised in the rude times of border warfare. 
 
 There are two mills on the river EUen in this parish, 
 called respcctivly Plumbland and Arldeby Mills. 
 
 LOWESWATEE, PAROCHIAL CHAPELRY. 
 
 The parochial chapelry of Loweswater extends about seven miles from north to south, and about three miles from 
 east to west. It is bounded by the mountains of Grassmoor, Whiteside, Mellbreak, Blake Fell and Low Fell, and 
 by the parishes of Lamplugh, Dean, and Brigham. Loweswater was formerly included in the pai-ish of St. Bees', 
 to which it still pays an annual ti'ibutc of ;3s. td. if taken to the mother church, from which it is distant upwards of 
 seven miles ; or Cs. 8d. if the curate of St. Bees' has to apply for it. It is divided from Lorton by the river 
 Cocker, which, together with several smaller streams, waters the chapehy. The soil in the enclosed land here is 
 generally light and gravelly, producing excellent oats and potatoes, with some wheat and barley. The inhabitants 
 are engaged in agricultural pursuits, and attend the markets at Cockermouth. 
 
 Loweswater comprises an area of 0,473 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £1,785. The population in 1801 
 was 294; in 1811, 330 ; in 1821,110; in 1531,451; 
 ia 1811, 430 ; and in 1851, 301. 
 
 The manor of Loweswater was the estate of Pian- 
 Jolphus or Ranulphus de Lindsay, and in the reign of 
 Kichard I. William Jjindsay sued out a writ of right 
 against Henry Clarke, of Appleby, the Countess of 
 Albcrmarle, and Nicholas Estoteville for Loweswater 
 and other lands. It was anciently the demesne of 
 Egrcmont, and by partition bctwecu the daughters 
 and co-heirs of riichard Lucy it fell to the share of 
 Aluu Multau and ^Vlico his wife, as the twentieth part 
 of the barony of Egremont. Thomas !Multon assuming 
 his mother's name, Lucy, seated himself here. Ho 
 purchased Brackenthwaite of the Moresbys in exchange 
 for a moiety of Distington, and also Thackthwaite of 
 Agnes Druraburgh, wife of Roger Lindsay, which he 
 gave to his sister Agnes, wife of Thomas Stanley; but 
 the same, after some time, reverted to the Lucy family, 
 and the whole devolved upon Maud Lucy, who gave 
 the same, together with the rest of her patrimony to 
 her second husband, Henry Percy, the first earl of 
 Northumberland of that name, in whose family it con- 
 tinued till Henry, the sixth earl, gave the same to 
 Henry VIH., by whom it wa.s sold to I'.ichard Itebinson, 
 clerk ; and John Rubiuson, goldsmith, of London, Eold 
 
 the same to Thomas Stanley, Esq., whose daughter and 
 heir married Sir Edward Herbert, and in conjunction 
 with her and her husband sold the property to Anthony 
 Patrickson, Esq., from whom it was purch;iscd by 
 Gill'rid Lawson, Esq. It was subsequently bought by 
 Joshua Lucock Bragg, Esq., whose trustees sold it to 
 John JIarshall, Esq., and it is now held by WiUiam 
 Marehall, Esq., M.P., of Patterdalc Hall. 
 
 Mockerkin and Sosgill, or Soskill, is another manor 
 in this township, and is held by General Wyndham, as 
 lord paramount of the manor of Derwent Fells, parcel 
 of the honour of Cockermouth. From a survey taken 
 in 1578, we extract the following particulars relating to 
 this manor :— " The tenants of Slockerkin and Sosgill pay 
 yearly for a miln moulturo for every whole tenement Us., 
 which of ancient beiug only Ss. did amount to lOs., besides 
 8s. which the said tenements do pay yearly to tbo grave 
 of Loweswater, viz., out of every tenement Is." A 
 memorandum accompanies this statement, which says, 
 " The said town of Mockcrin hath been in ancient 
 surveys of eight tenements, but now divided as 
 appcarcth. Tho said town is situate in the uttermost 
 bounds of the liberties of Cockermouth, in that part 
 which joius tho townsliip or hamlet of Lamplugh, 
 being of tho inheritanco of John Lamplugh, Esq., who 
 presently makcth claim and hath interest (in disturb- 
 ance of tho teuauts of ilockerin) upon parcels of their
 
 368 
 
 DEUWENT WARD. 
 
 commons or waste grounds to the value of sixty acres, 
 or thereabouts, which for the relief of the said tenants 
 is to be regarded and considered upon, for that the 
 tenants (as they affirm) have always used the said 
 ground (so challenged by the said Jo. Laraplugh) as 
 their common soil, and that the said Jo. Lamplugh 
 nor his ancestors, whose estate he now hath, had ever 
 anything to do with the said ground — save only 
 escapes with the cliattels as the said tenants of Mocke- 
 rin hath in like manner in their commons. That the 
 said tenants and inhabitants of Mockcrin have common 
 pasture with the graveship of Loweswater as well in 
 the forrest aa without, without any interruption." The 
 principal landowners at present in the township are 
 W. Marshall, Esq.; Captain Robertson Walker, W. 
 Fletcher, Esq., Miss Hudson, and the Misses Skclton. 
 The hamlet of Loweswater is situated near the foot 
 of the lake, seven miles south of Cockermouth. A 
 sheep fair was formerly held here on the second Friday 
 in September, but since 1854, it has been held alter- 
 nately at Churchstyle in this township, and Scale Hill 
 in Brackenthwaito. The distance between the two 
 places being about a mile. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 Loweswater church or chapel was erected by the 
 inhabitants in 1827, upon the site of an older chapel- 
 of-ease. It is a neat edifice, with a bell turret, sur- 
 mounted by four ancient crosses. It is very probable 
 that Loweswater chapel was founded by the Randulphus 
 de Lindsay mentioned at page 202, for we find that he, 
 early in the twelfth century, gave to the prior and 
 convent of St. Bees the church or chapel of Loweswater, 
 find two bovates of land.' After the suppression of the 
 religious houses, certain of the possessions of the priory 
 of St. Bees, in Loweswater, were granted to Lord 
 Graj-e, of Wilton, and John Bannister, Esq. : and in 
 8rd Edward VI. (1.519-50, J there is a license to them 
 to alienate unto Richard Robinson, clerk, a cottage 
 called Kirkstall, and two small closes called Kirkcroft 
 and Milnehow, in Loweswater, and pasture for 300 
 sheep on Loweswater Moor, late parcel of the possessions 
 of the priory of St. Bees, belonging to the abbey of St. 
 Mary, at York. In like manner, in the 3rd and 4th 
 Philip and Mary, John Robinson conveyed the same by 
 fine to Thomas Stanley, Esq. The chapel was certified 
 
 1 See page 202. Some typographical errors having inadvertently 
 occurred in the printing of the Latin quotations on that page, we give 
 the quotations here correctly. " Capellam, cum dnabus bovatis 
 terrje eidem cappelte pertinentibus," by the gift of Kandulphus de 
 Lindsay, ''jam quiuquaginta aunis transactis." "Ex dono Raudulti 
 de Liudesia totam terrain quam babuit prtedictus Kandulfus in 
 Arthureth, et totam terram suam de Loretuute, cum moleadino et 
 cum omnibus pertineoUis ejusdem terrs." 
 
 at £4 lis., part of it being interest of money given by 
 will of several persons, and the rest made up by the 
 inhabitants ; which stock was lodged in the hands of 
 twelve inhabitants, who paid the curate by turns. In 
 1723 it was augmented with £200, and again in 1745 
 with £400, of which £200 was obUxined from Queen 
 Anne's Bounty, £100 given by Dr. Stratford, and £100 
 by the inhabitants. The present value of the living is 
 about £05. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the 
 patronage of the Earl of Lonsdale, but the inhabitants 
 had formerly the advowson, and from time immemorial 
 presented through the medium of twelve sidesmen. 
 Sir II. R. Vane is the impropriator of the tithes, which 
 were commuted, in 1841, for a rent charge of £03 per 
 annum. The registers commence in 1007. 
 
 The churchyard was enlarged in 1859 by public sub- 
 scription. Miss Skelton of Foulsyke having given the 
 land. 
 
 In 1858 the inhabitants placed a tablet in the church 
 
 to the memory of the late Mr. Atkinson, who was 
 
 twenty-nine years their pastor. 
 
 Incumbent. — Jeremiah Atkinson, Ififi* ; Henry Forest, 1CS9 ; 
 Andrew Naingley, 1739 ; T. Cowper, 1713 j Jeremiah AlkinsoD, 
 ElOred Green, 1858. 
 
 The parsonage house was erected in 1832, at a cost 
 of £070, inclusive of the purchase of the site. The 
 parishioners subscribed £200 towards the e.tpense, the 
 governors of Queen Aime's Bounty a similar sum ; the 
 remainder being defrayed by the Royal Bounty Fund. 
 
 Loweswater School was erected in 1839 by the late 
 John lilarshall, Esq., on ground given by John Hudson, 
 Esq. It is a neat structure, capable of accommodating 
 about eighty children, but the average number in attend- 
 ance is only forty. The master receives £4, and the 
 mistress £9, from an endowment raised by subscription, 
 the Marshall family being the chief contributors. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 School. — Tliere is another school situated on the 
 common called Howe, near Mockerkin, which was 
 founded and endowed with nearly £200, in 1781, hy 
 Mary Mirehouse. The money is invested in govern- 
 ment securities, and produces £8 a year, which is paid 
 to the master. There are five trustees. The average 
 number of children in attendance is only twelve. 
 
 Wooddlle's Gift — Tiffins Gift — Knit's Gift.— 
 William Woodville, in 1087, left £50 to the poor of 
 Loweswater not receiving parish relief. John Tiffin, 
 in 1722, left £20; and John Nutt, in 1784, gave £5 
 for the same purpose. The money is invested, and 
 produces £2 12s. Cd. a year interest, which is distri- 
 buted on St. Thomas's Day, by the twelve sidesmen 
 amongst the poor of the township not receiving relief.
 
 LOWESWATER PAROCHIAL CHAPELRY. 
 
 369 
 
 Mockerkin is a small village in this township, situated 
 on a lofty eminence five miles south-south-west of the 
 8ame town, and forms, with two farms called Sosgill, 
 a separate constablewick. 
 
 Thackthwaite is a hamlet five and a half miles south 
 of Cockermouth. 
 
 The lake of Loweswater gives name to this pic- 
 turesque district, which also includes part of Crummock 
 Water. It is scarcely a mile long, and the scenery at 
 its head is tome ; but that around its foot, when the 
 
 Crummock mountains are added to the views, is of a 
 magnificent description. Crummock Water is three 
 miles long, by about three quarters of a mile broad; 
 its sounded depth is twenty-two fathoms. There are 
 three small and prettily wooded islands at the head, 
 but they arc too near the shore to add much to the 
 other beauties of the scenery. These lakes, with the 
 scenery by which they are surrounded, will be found 
 more fully noticed at page 49.
 
 ^Ikkle-I^kfe- 
 
 Mm^. 
 
 The Ward of AUerdale-above-Derwent is bounded on the north by Derwent Ward, on the west by the Irish Sea, on 
 the south by the estuary of the Duddon. and on the east by Lancashire and Derwent Ward. It is of an irregular 
 oblong form, about thirty-five miles in length from north to south, and in breadth at its widest part about fifteen 
 miles. The Whitehaven and Fumess railway runs along the whole of its western side, and connects it with the 
 south, while the Whitehaven Junction connects with Jlaryport and the north. The northern part of the ward, in 
 the neighbourhood of the coast, is a fertile district, abounding in coal, iron-ore, and other minerals. Here are 
 situated the flourishing ports of 'S^liitehaven, Workington, and Harrington. The Derwent, Duddon, Calder, Bleng, 
 Ehen, Irt, and Mite, are the principal rivers. At the quarter sessions held at Carlisle, October 20th, 1857, this 
 ward was deprived of the parishes of Bootle, Corney, Muncaster, Waberthwaitc, Whicham, and Whitbcck ; and the 
 townships of Birker and Austhwaite, Millom, and Ulpha, in the parish of Millom, and the townships of Eskdale 
 and Wasdale, in the parish of St. Bees. This new arrangement, which came into operation on the 1st of January, 
 1858, does not extend to police purposes. Allerdale-above-Derwent Ward at present includes the parishes of 
 Arlecdon, Cleator, Distington, Drigg, Egremont, Gosforth, Hale, Harrington, Irton, Lamplugh, MUlom (part of), 
 Moresby, Pousonby, St. Bees (except as above stated), St. Bridget's Beckermet, St. John's Beckormet, and 
 Workington, besides the extra- parochial places of Cloflfocks, and Salter and Eskatt. 
 
 ARLECDON PARISH. 
 
 This parish is about four miles in length from north to south, and about two and a half miles from east to west. It 
 is bounded by the parishes of Lamplugh, Dean, Distington, Moresby, and Cleator, and the townships of Weddicar 
 and Kenniside in the parish of St. Bees. It comprises the townships of Arlecdon, Frisington High and Low, and 
 Whillimoor, whose united area is 5,700 acres. The population in 1801 was 354; in 1811, 438; in 1831, 478; in 
 1831,475; in 1841, 558; and in 1851, 643. 
 
 ARLECDON. 
 
 The principal part of the parish is held by customary 
 tenure under the Earl of Lonsdale and Lady le Fleming, 
 of Eydal Hall, Westmoreland ; and the whole is tithe 
 free, land having been awarded in lieu thereof many 
 years ago. The inhabitants attend the Whitehaven 
 markets. Coal, iron, and limestone are found in the 
 parish. The principal landowners are the Earl of Lons- 
 dale, the Baroness de Sternberg, Thomas Dixon, Esq., 
 John Lindow, Esq., Thomas Brokellbank, Esq., John 
 Steel, Esq., Messrs. Douglas, John Dickinson, Isaac 
 Fletcher, John Lamplugh Eaper, Esq., Mrs. Hartley, 
 
 and Messrs. John Watson, C. Mossop, James Key, A. 
 Spittall, H. Wood, W. S. Wilson, H. Jackson, and J. 
 Yeates. The Roman road leading from Egremont to 
 Cockermouth passed through this parish. 
 
 The township of Arlecdon contains 1,400 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £1,131 17s. 6d. There are several 
 scattered houses in the township, as well as the village 
 of Arlecdon, and the hamlet of New Asby. The soil 
 here is much varied, but yet fertile. The manor of 
 Arlecdon is a fee of Beckermet, as that place is of 
 Egremont, and was given, together with Frisington, 
 Rotington, Weddicar, and other places, by WiUiam
 
 AELECDON PARISH. 
 
 371 
 
 Mescliines to Michael le Fleming, Knt., ancestor of 
 Lady le Fleming, of RyJal Hall, the present proprietor. 
 The Earl of Lonsdale is lord of the common, which is 
 freehold, as is also a great part of the ancient lands, 
 whose separate owners claim the manorial rights of their 
 own property. 
 
 The village of .\rlocdon is situated about six miles 
 eastby-north of Whitehaven. Cattle fairs are held here 
 on April 2Uh, the first Friday in June, and September 
 17th. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 Arlecdon church, dedicated to St. Michael, is a small 
 but very neat ediGce, consisting of nave, chancel, and 
 porch, with turret containing two bells. It was erected 
 in 1829, upon the site of the old church, at a cost of 
 £798 Cs. 4d., raised, with the exception of £100 given 
 by the Bishop of Chester, by a rate on the parishioners. 
 The benefice of .\rlccdon was a rectory till the thir- 
 teenth century. In 20 Henry III. (1241) it was given 
 by John le Fleming, grandson of the first Michael, to 
 the abbey of Calder; and in 12C2, in consideration of 
 the total appropriation of the church of Beckermet to 
 the said abbey, whereby the Archdeacon of Richmond 
 would lose the benefit of institution thereunto, and 
 other casual profits, the church of Arlecdon was, by the 
 Archbishop of York, Godfred Ludham, appropriated 
 to the archdeaconry of Richmond. The living is now 
 a perpetual curacy, of which the bishops of Chester 
 were appropriators and patrons till 1850, when, on the 
 demise of Bishop Percy, the authority of the Bishop of 
 Chester ceased in Cumberland, and his rights and 
 privileges in that county were transferred to the Bishop 
 of Carlisle, who is now patron. The living does not 
 occur in the King's Book. It was certified to the 
 governors of Queen Anne's Bounty as of the clear 
 annual value of £10; and, in or about the year 1764, 
 was augmented with £000 by the Countess Dowager 
 Gower; and, in 1810, by a parliamentary grant of 
 £200 ; it is now worth £110 per annum. At the time of 
 the enclosure of the commons of Arlecdon and Whilli- 
 moor, in 1820, 100 acres of land of the former, and 200 
 acres of the latter were given in lieu of all tithes of 
 these townships. The tillies of Frisington were com- 
 muted in 1811), for £81, the whole of which is payable 
 to the Bishop of Carlisle. The parish register for 
 marriages commences in 17.'10; for burials, 17!!5; for 
 b»ptisms in 1752. 
 
 iNCfMnF.sTa. — TIiomtt.s Ilaxlor, 17W; John Baxter,' 1787; 
 Joacpli I'lillorton, 1708; George Wilkinson, 182U; Francis 
 Jolin .Mlnutt, 1817. 
 
 The parsonage house is a good substantial building 
 in the Elizabethan stylo, situated about three-quarters 
 
 of a mile from the church. It was erected in 1842, at 
 a cost of £000, taken out of the fund arising out of 
 Queen Anne's Bounty. A Sunday school is held at the 
 parsonage, and is attended by about sixty scholars. 
 
 There is a small Wcsleyan place of worship in this 
 township, situated on the Laraplugh road, about a mile 
 east of Arlecdon. It is a small stone building erected 
 in 1829. 
 
 Arlecdon School is supported by the quarter pence 
 of the children, and £5 each from Beaton's charity and 
 the Baroness de Sternberg, and has an average atten- 
 dance of thirty-five children. 
 
 New Ashy is a hamlet in this township. 
 
 William Dickinson, Esq., of North Mosses, a few 
 years ago, wrote two works on agriculture, for which he 
 received premiums from the Agricultural Society. 
 
 FRISINGTON, HIGH AND LOW. 
 
 The area of this township is 1,030 acres, and its 
 rateable value £1,770 10s. The soil here varies 
 much, but is fertile, and abounds in freestone, iron, and 
 coal. The population of the township) is included in 
 the parish returns, not having as yet been returned 
 separately. 
 
 The manor of Frisington is a fee of Beckermet, and 
 was anciently held by a family bearing the local name, 
 whose last heir, male, dying in the reign of Henry IV., 
 left three daughtere, coheiresses — Johanna, married 
 to Richard Sackfield ; Agnes, married to John Lawson ; 
 and ]\Iargaret, wife of John Atkinson ; by whom the 
 manor was sold to John Leigh, in whose family it 
 remained till purchased of a descendant by Anthony 
 Patrickson. It subsequently passed to the Williamsons, 
 who sold it, excepting the parks, to Sir James Lowther, 
 Bart., ancestor of the Fiarl of Lonsdale, the present 
 lord. A grandson of the Anthony Patrickson above- 
 named sold the parks, part of the demesne of this 
 manor, to the Fletchers of Hutton, from whom it was 
 purchased by the Lampluglis. Tlio lauds here were 
 enclosed under an act of Parliament passed in 1805. 
 The Whitehaven, Cleator, and Egremout railway have 
 a branch line to the iron mines in this township. 
 
 The Parkside Jlining Company possesses two shafts 
 in the royalty of Moses Peter, Esq., of Egrcmont, 
 one twenty fathoms, the other thirty fathoms — the 
 depth of ore is about thirty-five feet. The same com- 
 pany also possesses a shaft in the royalty of tho late 
 Mr. James Fit/simons, the depth of which is thirty 
 fathoms, with ."iO feet of ore ; and another shaft in the 
 royalty of the I'.arl of Lonsdale, fifiy-four fatlioms in 
 depth, exclusive of tho depth of ore, which is about 
 fifty feet. The quantity raised from two pits during
 
 372 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DEBWENT WARD. 
 
 the past year was SO.OOO tons. The other two pits are 
 not long opened, and may be expected to produce about 
 60,000 tons per annum. This is tbo largest iron-ore 
 deposit in the district, and the ore is of superior quality. 
 The number of men at present engaged is about 250. 
 These mines are connected by a horse-tramway with the 
 Whitehaven, Cleator, and Egremont railway at Frising- 
 ton. rroprietors : Joseph Fletcher, James Dees, Peter 
 Fisher, and John JMusgrave. 
 
 There are two iron-ore mines here, called the Yeat- 
 house and Winder mines, worked by four shafts, two in 
 each mine. The Yeathou.se mine, which produces a rich 
 hematite iron-ore, has been in the hands of the present 
 proprietors, Messrs. Fletcher, Miller, and Co., since 
 1858, previous to which it was worked by Messrs. Tulk 
 and Ley, who became its proprietors in 1839. The 
 Winder mine is worked by the same proprietors, having 
 been opened by Messrs. Tu'.k and Ley in 1850. The 
 ore in tliis mine lies stratified, having a flat roof lying 
 above it similar to what is usually found in coal mines. 
 One of the pits was sunk through the magnesian red 
 conglomerate, and grit series witli beds of slate, before 
 the ore was arrived at. The bed upon which the ore 
 rests is most irregular, beiug in some places thirty feet 
 distant from the roof lying above the ore, and at other 
 places it approximates to the roof till it nearly touches 
 it, and thereby diminishes the thickness of the ore. 
 These mines afford employment to about 250 persons. 
 
 Messrs. Smith & Co. have an iron -ore mine here 
 called the High House Mine. It was opened in 1853, 
 jHider a lease from I. Fletcher, Esq., and employs about 
 
 fifty hands, producing about COO tons of ore per week. 
 
 The village of Frisington is about five miles east of 
 Whitehaven. Here is a school, which is attended by 
 about forty children, and is under government inspec- 
 tion. 
 
 At a place called Crosslacon, and near the residence of 
 Thomas Di.ton, Esq., is an ancient cross of rude work- 
 manship, about three and a half feet high. It is con- 
 nected with the ceremonies of the Catholic church by 
 a tradition which says, that in olden times, when a 
 corpse was being brought to St. Bees for interment, it 
 was set down here for a short time while a portion of 
 tlie burial service was read by one of the monks, the 
 indentation on the top of the cross having been made 
 for the purpose of supporting the book used on these 
 occasions. 
 
 On the Cringlehall estate there is a chalybeate spring, 
 said to possess medicinal properties. 
 
 Kheda, the seat and property of Thomas Dixon, Esq., 
 is in this township, four miles firom Whitehaven. 
 
 WHILLIMOOB. 
 
 Whillimoor township contains 1,983 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £830. The population has not as yet 
 been given separately, but is included in the parish 
 returns. The land here, being formerly an open com- 
 mon, is generally sterile, and still covered in many 
 places with black heath. The Earl of Lonsdale, John 
 Douglas, and J. L. L. Raper, Esqrs., are the chief land- 
 owners — the former possessing what manorial rights 
 and privileges appertain to the township. 
 
 CLEATOR PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Cleator is about three miles in length, from north to south, and one and a half in breadth, from east 
 to west It is bounded on tlie north by Frisington ; on the west by Kenniside ; on the south by Egremont ; 
 and on the east by St. Bees. The soil in this parish is principally clay, and is naturally wet; but there 
 are a few small parcels of light hmestone land. It is however with its mineral productions that the property 
 of Cleator and the neighbourhood is connected. The increase of population in this parish has been very rapid of 
 late vears. About two centuries ago there were only a few scattered dwellings ; the two principal lines of houses 
 being Cleator Maines and Cleator Row. In 1688 the population was 330. In 1801 it was 302 ; in 1811, 571; 
 in 18^1, 818 ; in 1831 (in cousequence of the stoppage of work at a flax manufactory) it decrea.sed to 487 ; in 1841 
 it was 703; since which time it has greatly increased in population, owing to the extension of iron and coal works, 
 and the establishment of manufactories, attaining in 1851, 177'J inhabitants, and at present (1858) the number is 
 probably more than 3,000. This parish possesses no dependant townships. It is connected with the coast hj the 
 Whitehaven, Cleator, and Egremont railway. 
 
 The parish of Cleator was anciently called KekeHten, 
 from the rivulet Kecklo, which bounds it on the west. 
 Probably the district derived its name from Ketel, third 
 buon of Kendal, who may have had the manor granted 
 
 to him, as Kelton, in the neighbouring parish of 
 Lamplugh, was ; and the derivation of the name Kelton, 
 as given in an old MS., is " Ketel's Town." We may 
 also infer that Ketel, or his successors, among their
 
 CLEATOR PAEISH. 
 
 373 
 
 other grants to the priory of St. Bees, included Cleator. 
 The manor is mentioned in an ancient chronicle as 
 belonging, in 1316, to the monastery of St. Bees ; at 
 which time, during the invasion of llobert le Brus, the 
 manor houses of Cleator and Stainbum were burnt, and 
 the monastery itself pillaged by a party of Scots, under 
 the command of James Douglas.' The manor is said to 
 have been enfranchised before the reign of Henry VIII., 
 for in the 35th year of the reign of that monarch 
 (IT) 1.3-1), an inquisition of knights' fees in Cumberland 
 was taken, and from it we learn that at that period the 
 free tenants of Cleator held jointly the manor of Cleator 
 of the king in capile as of his castle of Egreraout, by the 
 ninth part of one knight's fee, rendering homage and 
 suit of court and 12d. seawake. But at the same 
 inquisition, it is said that Richard Irton, Esq., of Irton, 
 possessed Cleator;- and also that Fdchard Kirkby held 
 lands in Cleator by the same tenure as his manor of 
 BoItOD, and paying a fee Ikrm rent of 2s. for the said 
 lands.' The parish was enclosed by act of Parliament, 
 passed in ISIO. The manorial rights of the common 
 are vested in (General Wyndliam. The landowners in 
 Cleator are Samuel and John Lindow, Thomas Ains- 
 worth, George Dixon, Thomas E. Brocklebauk, James 
 Robertson, John Morison, Thomas liitlle, Charles 
 Dean, S. R. G. Braddyll, William Jenkiuson, and Capt. 
 J. R. Walker, Esqrs. ; the executors of the late Mr. 
 Smith, Mrs. Waters, the Hematite Iron Company, and 
 the Carron iron Company. 
 
 The Whitehaven Iron Works, established here in 
 18-12, comprises three blast furnaces capable of pro- 
 ducing 100 tons of pig-iron each per week. At these 
 works the pure red Hematite ore alone is used, no 
 admixture of other iron-stone or ore being allowed, and 
 it is the only place where the pig-iron is smelted from 
 this ore alone. To produce blast for the furnaces here 
 there is a steam-engine of 100 horse power, and another 
 of larger dimensions. A machine is in use for washing 
 all impurities out of the coal previous to its being put 
 into the coke ovens. The proprietors of the iron works 
 are also lessees of an extensive coal-field in the same 
 district from which the coal for consumption at the 
 blast furnaces is raised. The total number of men and 
 boys employed at the iron works, coke ovens, collieries, 
 ice., amounts to about oOO. The pig-iron made here is 
 of a superior quality, and althuugh made with hot blast, 
 is eonsideri'd equal to tlie Welbh cold blast iron ; and 
 as a mixture with Scotch hot blast iron for casting, 
 
 1 Jefferson's " History and Antiquities of Allcrdalc Ward aboTe 
 Derwent," pp. 52 »ud 138. 
 3 Ibid, p. .^2. 
 • Ibid, p. 107. 
 
 where strength is an object, is of great benefit, producing 
 castings of great strength. The pig-iron made here is 
 conveyed to Whitehaven by the AVhitchaven, Cleator, 
 and Egremont railway, and thence shipped to various 
 parts of the kingdom. The iron company have a very 
 valuable limestone quarry on their own property. 
 Messrs. Samuel and John Lindow carry on the Cleator 
 forge, as also several iron-ore mines in the parish and 
 neighbourhood. Mr. John Stiriing also works au iron- 
 ore mine here, which was commenced in 185-3. The 
 vein varies in thickness from a few feet to fifty-five feet. 
 Cleator flax-mill was commenced in the year 1800, by 
 Messrs. Birley and Son ; but in 1 834 it became the 
 property of Messrs. Ainsworth and Stirling. In the 
 aggregate it employs about 3(10 hands, earning in wages 
 about £120 a week, or £0,240 a year. In Eebruary, 
 1859, a new flax spinning-mill was opened by the same 
 proprietors, and is capable of receiving 30,000 spindles. 
 THE cnmcH. 
 Cleator parish church, dedicated to St. Leonard, was, 
 with the exception of the chancel, rebuilt in 1841, in 
 consequence of the damp and dilapidated state of the 
 old building. It now consists of nave, chancel, porch, 
 and bell turret, with vestry beneath. Including the 
 chancel, it is ninety-four feet in length and thirty-nine 
 in width, and contains upwards of 400 sittings. The 
 windows of the nave are lancet-shaped : the roof is open 
 to the timber work ; but the chancel roof is concealed. 
 In the chancel, on the south side, is a small window, 
 which has not been altered probably since the buildin" 
 of the first church ; it is square-headed, and of two 
 lights. The font, which formerly belonged to St Bees' 
 church, is hexagonal at the upper part containing the 
 basin, but is supported on a round pedestal. Cleator 
 church, during Catholic times, was wholly appropriated 
 to the abbey of St. Mary, at Calder. In the Valor of 
 Pope Nicholas its revenues are entered under that 
 abbey, and the tithes and Easter otferinga are valued in 
 it at £4 4s. 5d. per annum. At the dissolution of the 
 monastic institutions, the original endowment appears 
 to have been seven marks per annum, or i'l 13s. 4d., 
 which has come down to the present time. There is 
 also a pension of £U from the crown arising from the 
 property of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. By 
 grants from (.hiecn Anne's Bounty, parliamentary grants, 
 and a donation from Lady Gower, and also a small 
 allotment of land on the enclosure of the common, the 
 stipend has been increased to £10. In llOU John 
 Robertson, Esq., of Cleator Maines, had the impro- 
 priation and patronage. It 6ubsc()uently passed to 
 Wilson Gale, Esq., of Cleator Hall, who succeeded to 
 the estates of the Braddylls of Conishcad Priory. Tliat
 
 374 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVEDERWENT WAUD. 
 
 family recently sold the patronage of the living to the 
 Earl of Lonsdale, aud the tithes to Thomas Ainsworth, 
 Esq., of the Flosh ; but an estate, called the Nook, is 
 charged with the payment of the original endowment, 
 and with the other liabilities of the impropriation. 
 Some of the landowners have redeemed the tithe of 
 their farms. The living is a perpetual curacy. The 
 following is the most perfect list of the incumbents that 
 can be at present obtained from the parish register : — 
 
 Incumdents.— William Barne, 160—, died 1643 ;i William 
 Barne, 161 — ;- John Stamper, 1728 ; Peter Richardson, 1730 ; 
 Joseph Dixon, 1731 ; T. Brocklehank, 1755 ; —Jennings, 1761 ; 
 John Lowther, 1762; William Stockdale, 1763 ; H.Nicholson, 
 1764; — Aarcy, 1765; Joseph Harrison, 1769; Ralph Tuns- 
 dale, 1761) ; John Fisher, 1770 ; Henry Mossop, 1772 ; John 
 Bmnt, 1822 ; W'illiam Malone Jukes, 1815 ; William Hadfield, 
 1847 ; John Taylor, 1852; Frederic Addison, 1856. 
 
 The Catholic church of St. Bega is situated about a 
 quarter of a mile from the village of Cleator, in a field, 
 called Priest Croft, which is said to have been the site 
 of a church or chapel previous to the Reformation. It 
 is a handsome stone structure, in the Decorated st3'le, 
 with a square tower, and, when completed, will cost 
 about £1,300, inclusive of the site, priest's house, and 
 schools. The altarpiece is a fine painting, representing 
 the Crucifixion ; there is a very good organ. The 
 church will accommodate about COO persons. The cost 
 of erection was defrayed by subscriptions, collected 
 through the unwearied exertions of the late Rev. W. G. 
 Holden, who was himself a large contributor. The 
 church is served by priests of the order of St. Benedict. 
 We have been favoured with the following remarks 
 respecting the late incumbent of this church, by one 
 who knew him well: — " Few men have done more or 
 worked longer for the good of souls than the Rev. Mr. 
 Holden, of Cleator. ITis services in the cause of 
 religion were so well known to the late Earl of Lous- 
 
 • His name first occurs in the registers in 1000, aa "Clerical 
 curatus de dealer." To him the parish is indebted for the presena. 
 tion of the earlier registersof the church. He had caused the fonner 
 paper documents from 1072 to l.Olli) to be copied on parchment in a 
 beautiful hand, and at every second or fourUi page is the following 
 attestation, which may be, even in these days, an example of care and 
 accuracy in preserving parochial documents; — "Concordat cum 
 veteri libro chartaco, testes sunt hi quorum nomina subscribuntur 
 videlicit Willielmus Barne, curatus ecclesiae parochialis de Cleater, 
 Willielmus Bebie, Nicholaus Sharpp, Anthonius Lister, et Willm 
 Bychmond, Gardiani ibidem." 
 
 > Son of the preceding. He is last mentioned as "curatus" in 
 1676. There are four generations of this name in lineal descent in 
 the church registers. 
 
 dale |that that nobleman, purely from respect for Mr. 
 Holden, gave a large plot of ground, near the coach- 
 road at Whitehaven, for the building of a new Catholic 
 church and presbytery, both of which Mr. Holden 
 completed, .^fter thirty-six years spent in the active 
 performance of every pastoral duty at Whitehaven, Mr. 
 Holden established the now flourishing mission of 
 Cleator, where he continued to labour till his decease, 
 in 1858." His successor at Cleator is the Rev. Francis 
 B. Williams. 
 
 At Crossfield, in this parish, the Society of Friends 
 had a meeting-house, prior to the erection of their 
 present place of worship at Whitehaven. Nothing, 
 however, now remains except the burial-ground. 
 
 The parochial school, situated in the village, was 
 erected by subscription in 1834, at a cost of j£300, 
 and is a neat stone building, capable of accommodating 
 about 150 children; the average number in attendance 
 is eighty. The Baroness de Sternberg gives £5 a year 
 towards the support of the school. 
 
 There is a parochial library of 100 volumes, the 
 books of which circulate at present in all parts of the 
 parish, and are lent by the incumbent on the payment 
 of a small monthly subscription, to defray expenses. 
 
 On account of the increase of population in Cleator 
 Moor, a private school-room was licensed in 1858, by 
 the Bishop of Carlisle, for the celebration of divine 
 service and for baptisms. There is also a Church 
 Sunday school in connexion with it. 
 
 In 1857 the Hematite Iron Company erected a 
 commodious school for children of both sexes, close to 
 their works at Cleator Moor, for the education of the 
 children of their workmen. The average attendance 
 is 120. 
 
 The Roman road from Cockermouth passes through 
 the parish. It enters at the boundary stone on the 
 road to Frisington, and pursues a south-westerly direc- 
 tion past the Catholic church, and then is probably 
 merged into the high road through Cleator village. 
 The larger stones composing it have nearly all dis- 
 appeared, but traces of it are very distinct. 
 
 Dent Hill, which is the last of the mountains of the 
 slate formation, bounds the parish on the east. Veins 
 of copper ore have been found in it, but not of sufBcient 
 richness to be wrought. 
 
 Wath and Crossfield are hamlets in this parish, the 
 former is about four miles south-east of Whitehaven.
 
 DISTINGTON PARISH. 
 
 375 
 
 DISTINGTON PARISH. 
 
 This is a small parish, containing about three square miles, and is without dependant townships. It is bounded by 
 Moresby, Harrington, Arlccdon, Lamplugh, and Dean. The inhabitants are principally collected in the village of 
 Distington, but there are several scattered houses, and the smull hamlet of Gilgarran. Coal and limestone are 
 abundant here, but are not worked at present. Freestone is obtained in considerable quantities from the Bamgill 
 and Robin Hood quarries. Whitehaven and Workington are the markets usually attended. The parish is remark- 
 able for its salubrity, and is known throughout the district for the longevity of its inhabitants. 
 
 Distington contains 2,910 statute acres, and its rate- 
 able value is £'3,558 10s. 9d. Its population in 1801 
 was 724; in 1811, 910; iu 1821, 988; in 1831, 900; 
 in 1841, 1,108 ; and in 1851, 1,106. The Whitehaven 
 and Marj-port railway runs near the westerly side of the 
 parish. 
 
 The first recorded possessor of the manor of Disting- 
 ton is Gilbert de Dundraw, who held it in the reigns of 
 Richard I. and John. This Gilbert was the son of Sir 
 Gilbert de Dundraw, son of Odard de I..ogis, lord 
 paramount of Wigton. lie was lord of Distington, 
 Crofton, and Dundraw, and gave lands in the two first- 
 (lamed places to the abbey of Holme Cultram, and the 
 priory of St. Mary Curlislo. He appears to have had 
 no male issue, but we meet with the names of two 
 daughters, one of whom, Isolda, became the wife of 
 .\dam de Tynemouth, and with her husband, in the 42nd 
 Henry HI. (1257-8) gave the fourth part of Distington 
 and the advowson of the rcctoiy to Thomas, son of 
 Lambert de Multon. The other daughter was espoused 
 by Stephen de Crofton, who, with his wife, gave, in the 
 6th Edward I. (1277-8) their part of Distington to 
 Thomas do Moresby and Margaret, his wife. This 
 Margaret exchanged it with her brother, Thomas Ijucy, 
 for Thackthwaite, and he, in his turn, gave it to the 
 Moresby family, receiving, in return, Brackenthwaite 
 in Loweswater. Distington came afterwards into the 
 possession of tho family of Dykes, as wo learn from 
 the escheats in the reign of Richard III.; and in tho 
 2nd year of that monarch (1484-5), WiUiam Dykes 
 occurs as presenting to tho rectory. In the 35th 
 Henry VIII., Thomas Dykes hold tho manor of the 
 king, as of his castle of Egremont, by homage, fealty, 
 and suit of court, paying for cornago 10s., seawako llil., 
 and puturc of the scrjiants; and in tho Ith Philip and 
 Mary (1557-8) Leonard Dykes presented to the living 
 of Distington. From a suivey taken in 1578 we learn 
 that "Leonard Dykes ami William Fletcher holdcth 
 the hamlet of Distington, by homage, fciJtio, and suit 
 of court, and knights service, and by tho rent of 
 123. lid., undo acccdit domini do propartia Fitzwater 
 Is. lOd., do propartia domini I,ucy lis. Id., in toto 
 123. 1 Id." At the same period, William Fletcher held 
 tho moiety of Gilgarran by like services. Tho whole 
 
 manor seems to have been brought eventually by mar- 
 riage to the Fletchers, and after the death of the last 
 of that family it was sold, under a decree in Chancery, 
 in 1720; the purchaser being John Brougham, Esq., 
 of Scales, who, in 1737, conveyed it to Sir James Low- 
 ther, Bart , from whom it has descended to its present 
 owner, the Earl of Lonsdale ; but it is stated that he 
 possesses the manorial rights of the common only, each 
 proprietor of the ancient land claiming the manorial 
 rights of his own property, the tenure being freehold. 
 The Earl of Lonsdale, Capt. James E. Walker, ll.N., 
 Henry Curwen, Esq., and Dr. Thomas Peile, are the 
 principal landowners. The commons were enclosed by 
 act of Parliament in 1708, when a portion was allotted 
 in lieu of tithes, so that the parish is now titlie-free. 
 
 Hay, or Hayes Castle, of which some remains are 
 still in existence, is supposed to have been the manor- 
 house of the ancient lords of Distington, and the seat 
 of the Moresby family. It was formerly possessed by 
 the Dickinsons, from whom it was purchased by Mr. 
 John Hartley, ancestor of Thomas Hartley, Esq., of 
 Gillfoot, near Egremont, and is still held by his de- 
 scendants. Tho ruins of this ancient stronghold adjoin 
 a flour-mill, called Castlo Mill, which is situated to the 
 south of the village, on the left of tho road leading from 
 Whitehaven. Near this mill, on elevated ground, can 
 be traced the foundations of a square building, and a 
 portion of the northern wall, of immense thickness, and 
 still of considerable height. The moat, on two sides, is 
 in a very perfect condition. From the appearance of 
 what remains, the castle seems to have_beeu a single 
 tower of great strength. 
 
 Tho village of Distington is about four and a half 
 miles north-north-east of Whiteliavin, and four miles 
 south of Workington. It is large, and consists chiefly 
 of one long street of well-built houses. There is here 
 a manufactory of edge tools. 
 
 Tin CRuncB. 
 Distington church, situated on an eminence west of 
 the village, is an ancient structure, consisting of a navo 
 and chancel, south porch, and bell turret, with two bells. 
 Tho porch is seated, and has a pointed arch. The 
 windows of the church are of various styles, some round-
 
 376 
 
 ALLEKDALE-ABOVE-DERWKNT WARD. 
 
 headed, and some modern. The font, which is of stone, 
 and square in form, bears the date of 1002. The 
 church contains a few mural monuments. The living 
 is a rectory, valued in the King's Book at £7 Is. 0}d., 
 and was certified to the governors of Queen Anne's 
 Bounty at £07 19s. 2d., but is now worth upwards of 
 £300 a year. The glebe consists of 530 acres. The 
 patronage of the living has descended with the manor, 
 and is now vested in the Earl of Lonsdale. The parish 
 register commences in 1053. 
 
 Kkctoes. — William Curwen occurs 1535; — Fletcher occurs 
 about 1043 ; Richard Armstead, 1069; Richard Tickell, 1685; 
 Lancelot Teasdale, 1092; JohnDalton, 171J; W. Briscoe, 1720; 
 Thomas Sewell, 1745; Thomas Spedding,i 1747; W. Loirther, 
 1753; Thomas \V. Morley, 1785; Heury Lowther, 1813. 
 
 There are two small dissenting places of worship in 
 the village ; one belonging to the Wesleyans, erected 
 in 1830; and the other to the Primitive Methodists, 
 built in 1838 — they will each accommodate about liJO 
 persons. 
 
 There is a school in this parish, which was built on 
 the waste in 1754, by the voluntary contributions of 
 the inhabitants; and, about 1770, upon the enclosure 
 of the commons, an allotment was made, with the con- 
 sent of the parishioners, containing about three acres, 
 for the use of the schoolmaster. He has the entire 
 management of the laud, which now lets for £4 5s. 
 a year. The school is supported by the children's 
 pence, and is attended by about thirty scholars. 
 
 The Sunday school, situated near the church, was 
 erected by the parishioners in 183(5, at a cost of about 
 £200. 
 
 Gilgarran is a hamlet two miles east of Distington, 
 where the stately mansion of Captain James Robertson 
 Walker, R.N., is situated. 
 
 J^obtrlsBn-Mallitr of (Silgarran. 
 
 This is a branch of the ancient baronial house of 
 
 Lude. 
 
 John Robertson, of Arnbill, younger son of Robertson, of 
 Gay, a cadet of Lude, married Janet, daughter of Steward, of 
 Bongkied, co. Perth, and vas father of 
 
 • Daring Mr.Spedding's incnmbency, " the tithes were commnted 
 for oommou land ; imd iuJependeut of ninety acres of ancient glebe, 
 there are nearly 60ii acres of the above land which are under a lease 
 for three lives." — Jefferson. 
 
 The Rev. James RonunxsoN, minister of Loch Broom, co. 
 Ross, bora about 17i)l; hn married I7.'il, Anne, second daughter 
 of Murdock Mackenzie, of Lettercwu, and by her (who died in 
 1791) left at his decease, in March, 1770, six sons and two 
 daughters, viz.; — 
 
 I. .lohn, who died unmarried in 1776. 
 
 u. Alexander, who ser%'ed as a captain in the army, and died iu 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 III. James, of whom we treat. 
 
 IV. Charles, of T.onclon, deceased. 
 V. Hector, died nnmnrried. 
 
 VI. Murdoch, a distinguisliod officer in th^ British naval Bervic^ 
 married Miss Jlac Rae, and left issue. 
 
 I. Janet, married to Alexander Mackenzie, of Badachrae. 
 M. Mnrgaret, married to John Fisher, Esq., of RoUiesay, Bute. 
 The third son, 
 
 James Rouertsos, Esq., J.P. and D.L., and many years 
 collector of customs at the port of Storsaway, married, 1781, 
 his cousin-german Annabella, daughter of John Mackenzie, Esq., 
 of Letterewe, and died 31st of .\ngust, 1840, having had issue, 
 
 I, James, of Gilgarran. 
 
 II. Murdoch, married Anne, eldest daughter of John HiggiD, 
 
 Esq., of Lancaster, and left a son James. 
 ni. John, married Barbara, eldest daughter of Francis Shand, 
 Esq , of Liverpool, and had two sons and a daughter. 
 I. Johanna. 
 
 II. Kalberine, married to Lewis Mc.Iver, Esq., of Cress. 
 
 III. Anne. IV. Margaret V. Annabella. 
 
 VL llectorina, married to the Rev. William Scott Monareiffe, 
 minister of I'eunicuick, N.B. 
 
 Mr. Robertson, on his decease, was succcedud by his son, 
 Jasies Robektson- Walker, Esq., of Gilgarran, co. Cumber- 
 land, J.P., high sheriff in 1841, commander R.N., bom 22nd 
 June, 1783 ; married first 24th June, 1824, .\nn, daughter of the 
 late William Walker, Esq., of Gilgarran, and heiress of her brother 
 William Walker, Esq.; and secondly, 21st October, 185C, the 
 daughter of John Mackenzie, Esq. Captain Robertson- Walker 
 was mate of the Victory (Lord Nelson's ship) at Trafalgar, 
 died in 1858. 
 
 .4rms.— Gu., three wolves' heails, erased, arg., armed and langued, 
 az : Lying under the arms a wild man, chained, for a comportment. 
 Seat. — Gilgarran, co. Cumberland. 
 
 Prospect House, the seat of Captain Spencer, is near 
 Distington, as is also Belle Vue, the residence of John 
 Stanley, M.D. 
 
 There are two corn-mills in the village, Hayes Castle 
 Mill and Distington Mill. 
 
 Distington possesses an e.xcellent Museum, founded 
 some years ago by Mr. Joseph R. Wallace, one of the 
 editors of the "Mans Liberal." It contains many 
 curiosities in the shape of antiquities, among which 
 we may mention a fragment of a Ruiuc Cross of the 
 same character as those found in the Isle of Man.
 
 DRIGG PARISH. 
 
 877 
 
 DRIGG PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Drigg is bounded on tlie north by that of Gosforth, on the west by the Irish Sea, on the south by 
 the river ilito, wliieh divides it from JIuncaster, and on the east by the parish of Irtou, and the chapclry of Wasdale. 
 It extends along the coast for about four miles, its greatest breadth being about two miles and a half ; and though 
 divided by the Irt into two parts, Drigg and Carletou, yet it forms only one township. The Whitehaven and Furness 
 railway runs through the parish. 
 
 The area of Drigg is 6,347 acres, and its rateable 
 value £2,135 Ss. 6d. The number of its inhabitants 
 in 1801 was 367; in 1811, 373; in 1831, 433; in 
 1831, 432; in 1811, 429; and in 1851, 430, residing 
 principally in the village of Drigg. Agriculture is the 
 principal employment of the population ; but some are 
 engaged in the manufacture of bricks and tiles, which is 
 carried on near the railway station, established in 1853. 
 The Whitehaven and Furness Junction railway runs 
 through the parish. Whitehaven is the market usually 
 attended. The Irt, which llows south-west-by-west from 
 Wastwater, to the west end of Drigg village, is fre- 
 quented by salmon and abounds with trout, &c. ; and 
 Camden speaks of the shell-fish in this river producing 
 pearls. The soil on the east side of the Irt is chiefly a 
 deep clay and fertile loam, but on the west and north it 
 is mostly of a saady nature. It is remarkable for yielding 
 large quantities of fine potatoes. Near the sea shore 
 is a strong chalybeate spring, highly esteemed for its 
 medicinal properties, and was once much resorted to by 
 invalids and others. There is also, on the sea coast, in 
 this parish, a large boulder stone, twelve feet in length, 
 nine in breadth, and five and a half in height, which 
 bears the name of Carl Crag. It consists of a very fine 
 grained sienite, divided into transverse parallel sections 
 of about two feet each by a vein of shale of half an 
 inch in breadth between two narrow strips of quartz. 
 Some years ago, three hollow tubes of a vitrified sub- 
 stance were observed projecting from the surface of a 
 sandliill on tho sea coast, one of which was traced 
 downwards to a depth of about thirty feet. It is 
 supposed tliey were produced by the action of lightning 
 on tho drifted sand. 
 
 The first recorded possessors of tho manor of Drigg 
 are the family of Stutoville, or Estotevillo, who held it 
 in tho reign of Henry II., and whose heiress brought it 
 in marriage to Baldwin, Lord Wake, baron of Liddol. 
 In tho liiih Edward I. (1281-2), William, tho son of 
 Thomas do Graystoke, and the Lady Adingham, in 
 Furness, held a knight's fee between them, in Drigg, 
 of the Baldwin just mentioned; and in tho 29th year 
 of the reign of the same monarch (1300), the Abbot of 
 Calder, Patrick Culwen, and the Lady Margaret Mul- 
 ton, held Drigg of John do Graystoke, and of John, the 
 sou of Robert llarringtou; and they of Lord Wake. 
 
 Subsequent to this the portion of Drigg held by the 
 Harrington family passed with an heiress to the Cur- 
 wens of Workington Hall, who continued its possessors 
 till the reign of James I., when Sir Nicholas Curwea 
 sold it to Sir William Pennington, of Muncaster, whose 
 successors have continued to enjoy the manorial rights 
 and privileges. General Wyndham is, however, lord 
 paramount of the whole parish, and the tenants owe 
 suit and service at the courts of the barony of Egre- 
 mont. The lord of the manor claims jiotsam — wreck 
 floating on the water, and jetsam — goods cast from any 
 vessel, or thrown on the shore, and lagan— ^oo^s that are 
 sunk.' From a survey of the barony of Egremont taken 
 in 1587, we learn that, in that year, "Jos. Penning- 
 ton holdeth certain lands and tenements in Dregg, late 
 Richard Eaglesfield's, and before that Thomas Wake's, 
 by homage, fealtie, and suit of court, from three weeks 
 to three weelvs, and by the rent for cornage Cs. 8d. ; for 
 seawake, Is.; for Serjeant's food, 43. ; wholly belonging 
 to the lord de propartia, Dni. do Lucy." The landowners 
 at present are Edward A. Burrow, John Taylor, John 
 Thompson, William Hodgkin, John Hodgkin, William 
 Sherweu, John Singleton, Isaac Clements, John Pearson, 
 and William Leavens. The manor is nearly all freehold 
 and tithe free. Lord iluneaster, the lord of the manor 
 and lay rector, having in the last century taken 1,100 
 acres of common land in lieu of all tithes, and enfran- 
 chised his customary tenants. 
 
 The vilLage of Drigg is a street of well-built detached 
 houses, bearing various names, and extending from tho 
 vicinity of the sea to Holm Rook, on the Whitehaveu 
 road, two and a half miles north of Ravenglass. With 
 respect to Drigg there is a well-known Cumberland 
 saying, " Let us gang together like lads of Drigg and 
 lasses of Beckermet," which has reference to the man- 
 ner in which Barnscar, or Bardscar, a ruined Danish 
 city, or town, near the foot of Devoko Water, is said to 
 have been peopled. This was accomplished by taking 
 the men of Drigg and marrying them to the women of 
 Beckermet, whose original iielpmates had been slain in 
 battle — what had become of the women of Drigg is a 
 point upon which tho legend is silent. Drigg, formerly 
 Dregg, may possibly take its name from the circum- 
 
 1 Jeflenoo's "AUerdalo Ward Above Denreot,' p. 103. 
 
 48
 
 878 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOA'E-DEKWENT WARD. 
 
 Stance just alluded to — old Norso divg, from tlie verb 
 tlraija, to draw or lead away.' We must, however, state 
 that some writers "have derived the name from deriyh, 
 or dergh, a Celtic term for the oak. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 Drigg church, dedicated to St. Peter, is a small 
 structure in the Perpendicular style, erected on the 
 site of the old church, in 1850, and will accommodate 
 about 250 persons — forty sittings are free and unappro- 
 priated. This church appears to have been appropriated 
 to Conishead Priory, in Lancashire, but the abbots of 
 Calder seem to have had part of the manor. Bishop 
 Gastrell informs us that Anselm, son of Michael de 
 Furness, gave the chapel of Drog to the priory of 
 Conishead, and supposes that Drog has been a clerical 
 error for Dreg or Drigg. In the King's Book, the 
 church of Drigg is mentioned among the possessions of 
 Conishead Priory, and is valued at £7 7s. 4d. It 
 subsequently became so closely appropriated that it 
 became a perpetual curacy, and is returned to the 
 governors of Queen Anne's Bounty, as of the annual 
 value of £o Cs. 8d. It is now worth about ,i;90 a year. 
 On the dissolution of the monasteries in England, Drigg 
 church was granted to the Curwen family, and was sold 
 with the manor, by Sir Nicholas Cui'wen, to the 
 Penningtons, of Muncaster. The late Lord Muncaster 
 sold the advowson to Samuel Irton, Esq., the present 
 patron. The parish registers commence in 1631.° 
 
 Incumbents. — John Benson, 1G7C ; Joseph Benn, 1081; 
 Edward Burrough, 17LIU; Jolin Steble, 1775; Clement Walts, 
 
 1 "The Northmen in CumberianJ and Westmoreland,'' by 
 Kobert Ferguson, p. 21. 
 
 - Tliere is a series of entries of marriages extending over a period 
 of two years, 16-"i0-7, which were solemnised before the justices of 
 the peace. Two of the entries are given in Jefferson's "Allerdale 
 Ward above Derwent," p. 1 12. 
 
 1780; John Grice, 171)7; Henry W. Hodgson, ; Robert G. 
 
 Calthrop, 1H.")«. 
 
 Tlie parish possesses two endowed schools, one in 
 Carleton, and the other in the village of Drigg. The 
 former school was founded in 1723, and in 1727 wax 
 endowed with £20lt, by Joseph Walker, for the educa- 
 tion of the children of tiiose who had previously con- 
 tributed to the erection of a school-house, subject, 
 however, to a small annual gratuity to the master at 
 Shrovetide, locally denominated "cock penny." Through 
 bad management and other causes the endowment of 
 this school has dwindled into insignificance, the income 
 now being barely sitfficient to keep the building in 
 repair. The school at Drigg was erected in 1828 by 
 the Rev. William Thompson, M.A., a native of the 
 parish, curate of Earn worth, near Prescot, Lancashire, 
 and its government was invested in seven trustees. 
 The master is to teach eight poor children, natives of 
 the parish, for the payment of Is. entrance, and Is. 
 per quarter each, but is allowed to take other~pupils, 
 who pay a regular quarterage. The school-house is in 
 the neighbourhood of the church, on a site granted by 
 the late Lord Muncaster. The endowment is ^12 per 
 annum, arising from money invested in the Three-per- 
 Cent Consols. i'40 of the proceeds go directly to the 
 master in half-yearly payments, and the remaining 40s. 
 are at the disposal of the trustees for the repair of. the 
 school and school-house. The teachers' house adjoins 
 the school. 
 
 Carleton, a constablewick in tliis parish, lying be- 
 tween the rivers Irt and Mite, contains a few dispersed 
 houses, and the hamlet of Hall Carleton with Carleton 
 Hall, the seat of Edward A. Burrow, Esq., about one 
 mile north of Fiavenglass. It contains about twelve 
 farms, formerly held of the Penningtons of Muncaster, 
 as of their manor of Drigg, but the tenants have been 
 enfranchised. Carleton Hall commands fine ^iews of 
 Scawfell, the Pikes, Great Gable, and other mountains. 
 
 EGREMONT PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Egremont is bounded by those of St. Bees, Cleator, Hale, St. John Beckermet, and the chapelrj- of 
 Ennerdale. It extends about three miles from north to south, and two and a half from east to west, possessing no 
 dependent townships. The soil here is principally a thin light mould, incumbent in gravel. The inhabitants are 
 principally engaged in the flax, <fcc.j manufacture, and in the iron mines of the neighbom'hood. 
 
 Egremont comprises an area of 2,708 acres, and its 
 
 rateable value is £5,509 17s. Id. The population in 
 1801 was 1,515; in 1811, 1,550; in 1821, 1,741; in 
 1831, 1,741; in 1841, 1,750; and in 1851,2,049. 
 The Whitehaven, Cleator, and Egremont railway. 
 
 opened for passengers in 1857, runs through the parish, 
 and has one of its termini in the town. 
 
 In the year 1072 William the Conqueror gave to 
 Piaufe, or Ranaulph de Briquesard, surnamed Le Mes- 
 chin, or the younger, Viscount de Bessin, (one of that
 
 EGBEMONT PARISH. 
 
 979 
 
 numerous band of Norman warriors, who, on the inva- 
 sion, had flocked to share in the spoil of the rich and 
 fruitful soil of England,) the whole of Cumberland, 
 together with thiit part of WestmoreLind which, iu the 
 Confessor's time, was known as Appelbischyre, the 
 grantor enjoining his old companion-in-arms to holJ 
 that large district of him and his successors in capite, 
 lis supreme lord of the fee, by homage, fealty, and the 
 service of a certain number of knight's fees, or, in other 
 words, to perform military service to the crown when- 
 over called on by his sovereign. Having obtaim-d 
 inTesture of that vast feudal chieftainrie, together with 
 his elevation to t;ie earldom of Cumberland, and lord- 
 ship of Carlisle, the powerful noble, after appropriating 
 the C8ntr.ll portion to his especial use, in order to 
 establish his authority more firmly over his new 
 acquisitions, parcelled Cumberland into eleven great 
 territorial divisions, or baronies, on which he placed an 
 equal number of his kinsmen, or chief military adhe- 
 rents, whom ho bound to hold their respective gifts of 
 him and his heirs by knight service, and the rendering 
 of various feudal obligations, proportioned to the extent 
 aud circumstances of their several grants. Among the 
 superior fees thus created, was the barony of Coupland 
 or Copeland, which, with its wild rugged wastes, Cam- 
 den affirms was so designated " because it runs in 
 pointed mountains, which by the Britons, were called 
 Kopa." In length it was about thirty-live miles, by 
 twenty in mean breadth, and was bounded by the sea 
 and the rivers Duddon and Derwent. That e.Ucnsive 
 tract, which comprised within itself numerous manors 
 and seigniories, the lord of Cumberland bestowed 
 upon his youngest son, William, to hold by the like 
 sorvicea aa required from the grantees of the other 
 baronies. Several years after that distribution among 
 his chief va.ssals. Earl Rtiuilph died, and Ranulph, or 
 llandal, his eldest son, on the occasion of the loss at 
 sea, in a.d. lll'-t, of his cousiu Richard, earl of 
 <;hester, in that calainittus wreck of the White Ship, 
 in which the king's son, William Duke of Norman<iy, 
 and many other persons of high rank perished, became 
 heir to the possessions of the earldom of Chester. 
 Having, in consequence of the power and influence 
 derived from his augmented estates, e.xcited the fears 
 or cupidity of Henry I., he, on being enfeoffed with his 
 relative's inheritance, in ordew to remove all cause of 
 uneawness, surrendered to his sovereign the great 
 domains he held in the north, and, retiring to Chester, 
 (contented himself with the enjoyment of that princely 
 palatinate. Previous, however, to the cession of his 
 northern estates, he stipulated that all those who there 
 held lands of himself, should be coutinucd in possession 
 
 under the king in capite; in pursuance of which agree- 
 ment Henry 11., upon coming to the throne, re-granted 
 to their feudatories the baronies bestowed upon them 
 by the first Earl Ranulph, with the difference in tenure 
 merely of requiring them to hold the same immediately 
 of the crown, and subject to the fulfilment of tlie seve- 
 ral conditions they wore primarily enjoined to observe. 
 Among the rest, the barony of Copeland was confirmed 
 to William de Meschines and his heirs. Quieted in 
 the enjoyment of his large and picturesque fief, that 
 martial noble changed its ancient name to Egremond, 
 or Allerdale-above-Derwent; and, for the purpose of 
 more eft'ectually securing his title, he raised his baronial 
 castle on the banks of the Egre or Ehen, near the centre 
 of his possessions, which he made as strong as the skill 
 and appliances of tlie times would admit. Still further 
 to strengthen his authority, by that chain of many links 
 which extended the principle and the rule of feudal policy 
 from the throne to the cottage, William de Meschines 
 divided his barony into numerous smaller tracts, or 
 dependent manors, which he meted out, as rewards to 
 his immediate retainers, for their services and attach- 
 ment, and all his fees which he and his heirs granted to 
 any subordinate vassal within the barony were bound 
 to be holden as of the castle of Egremont, upon con- 
 dition of rendering for the same certain stipulated 
 imposts incident to the feudal sj-stem in the north, 
 of England. So much of the barony as lay between 
 the Cocker and the Derwent William de Meschines 
 re-granted to Waltheof, or ^Valdieve, lord of Allerdale, 
 son of Gospatric Earl of Dunbar, with the honour of 
 Cockermouth, and the lordship of "the five towns above 
 Cocker," Brigham, Dean, Eaglesficld, Braithwaite, and 
 Greysouthen. William de Meschines made Egremont 
 the seat of his barony, erecting his castle there; and all 
 lands which he or his successors, lords of Copeland, 
 granted within the barony, were to be held of the castle 
 of Egremont. This William de Jloschines gave Work- 
 ington, Salter, Kelton, and Stockhow, to Kotel, son of 
 Eldred, son of Ivo de Tailbois, baron of Kendal : the 
 manors of Beckermot, Frisiugton, Rotington, Weddicar, 
 aud Arlecdon, to — Fleming; Kirkby Begog (Sl Bees), 
 to the abbey of St. Mary, at York ; Mulcaster, to an 
 ancestor of the Pennington family; Drigg and Carleton, 
 to one of the Stutevilles, or Estotevilles ; Millom, t» 
 (5odard Boyvill; and Santon, Bolton, (iosforth, and 
 Hale, to Thomas Multon, of Gilslaud. William do 
 Meschines had an only dauglitcr and heiress, who 
 married Robert do Romelcy, lord of Skipton, whose 
 daughter and heiress, Alice, married William Fiiz 
 Duncan, earl of Murray, son of Duncan, brother of 
 David, King of Scotland, by Octhrcda, sister and
 
 380 
 
 ALLEEDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 heiress of Walthcof, son of Alan, son of Waltheof, first 
 lord of AllorJale, son of Gospatric before mentioned. 
 By this marriage, William Fitz Duncan became lord 
 both of Skipton and Egremont. Cicely, one of the 
 three co-heiresses of Fitz Duncan and Alice de llome- 
 lev, married William de Gros, earl of Albermarle, and 
 inherited the barony of Skipton ; Alice was twice mar- 
 ried, but had no issue ; Amabel married Reginald de 
 Lucy, and had two daughters, co-heiresses, married to 
 two brothers of the Multon family. In the year 1300 
 the barony of Egremont was in moieties between 
 Thomas do !Multon and Thomas de Lucy, the latter 
 having taken the name of Lucy from his maternal 
 grandfather. The Multons subsequently became pos- 
 sessors of the whole barony, which they held till it be- 
 came divided among the sisters and co-heiresses of John 
 de Multon, the last heir male of that family, who died 
 in 1335 ; one of these married Thomas, Lord Lucy, 
 grandson of Thomas Multon, who took the name of 
 Lucy, as above mentioned. Henry Percy, the first 
 earl of Northumberland, having married Maud, the 
 only sister and heir of Anthony, the last lord Lucy, 
 who died in 1300, the earls of Northumberland, by gift 
 or purchase, eventually became possessed of the whole 
 barony. During the time that the Percys held Egre- 
 mont, in 1578, a survey was made of the barony, from 
 which we extract the following particulars : — 
 
 " The seignory or lordship of Egremond aforesaid, by 
 descent of inheritance, came from John de Multon to 
 his three sisters, who were then his heirs, viz., Johan, 
 married to Robert Fitzwater ; Elizabeth, married to 
 Walter Birringham ; and ^Margaret, married to Thomas 
 Lucy ; amongst whom the said seignory and lordship 
 was divided by ordinary partition indre tripartite, by 
 virtue of writs to the exiles directed for that purpose, in 
 which partition the royalties and liberties remain in 
 common, and certain lands and other things, as appeareth 
 in the said partition, and the castle, parkes, demesne 
 lands and customary lands and tenants at will, and also 
 the services and tenures of freeholders, together with 
 the forests, chases, wastes, and advowsons of benefices, 
 were equally divided into three parts, two parts whereof 
 are now of the inheritance of the said Earl (Northum- 
 berland) viz., the part of Thomas Lucy and Margaret, 
 his wife, by ancient descent of inheritance : the other 
 part of Robert Fitzwaters and Johan, his wife, being 
 the eldest sister, by exchange for other lands, from 
 Edmund Viscount Fitzwaters, made with Henry, late 
 earl of Northumberland, uncle to the said call that now 
 is, in the — year of King Henry the Eighth, which two 
 parts particularly appear in the survey following. 
 
 " The towns and hamlets within the precincts of the 
 
 boundary of the barony are as foUoweth. Egremond 
 Bigrigg, Corkocle and Coulderton, Scalcrofte, Beetle, 
 Birkby, Mulcaster, Dregg and Ravenglass, Irton and 
 Sancton, Bolton, Gosforth, Newton and Ponsonby, Cal- 
 dcr and Bcckermct, Kirkby, alias St. Bcgc, Wilton and 
 Braistones, Haile, Workington and Winscales, Har- 
 rington, Disington, Gilaron and Castlerigg, Moreton, 
 Moresby, Mosergh, Rotington, Wedacre and Harase, 
 Lamplnph, Frisiiigton and Arghladown, Kelton, Cletor. 
 And within the same circuito and limits are contained 
 the forests and chases of Wasdalehead, Eskdaleward, 
 Netherwasdale, I\Iiddleward, Keunyside, and Ehcnder- 
 dalc, withiu which there be divers dales and hamlets, 
 as in the survey hereafter appeareth. 
 
 "Withiu the precincts and limits aforesaid, the lords 
 of the said seignory and lordship have and always have 
 used, as have been allowed by judgement in quo war- 
 ranto, itc, courts baron, three weeks courts, courts leet 
 with view of frank pledge, with the assize of bread and 
 ale, and to hold plees, and to have the return of all 
 writs of our sovereign lady the queen, and to hold pleas 
 of the crown of our said sovereign lady, and also of 
 attachments and appeals of fellons, and to prosecute 
 the prosecutions of these appealers to such as be 
 appealed with in the court of Egremond, unto the 
 outlarie or exigent, viz. : by twenty-four weeks at every 
 court which there are holJen from three weeks to three 
 weeks, and aforesaid to witness the said accusations in 
 the county, and afterwards in the county the said party 
 (so appealed) shall be outlawed if they do not appear, 
 etc., and to have the custody of the prisoners taken 
 within Coupland, and of ancient custom to do and 
 exercise all these things which do appertain to the 
 office of coroner and sheriff, by their baylilT, through all 
 the land of Coupland (except the lordship of the five 
 towns), and also to have all the chattels of fellons, con- 
 victed persons, and persons beheaded, except the moiety 
 of fellons' goods between Esk and Dudhen, through all 
 the land of Coupland aforesaid ; and also free chase 
 through all the land of Coupland (except Whitehaven 
 and Kirbey, alias Kirkbee), seawake, waif, stray, 
 iufanktheif, outfankthief, toule, through toUe, oxen of 
 the diseisor by disesen made, the first being of any 
 goods saleable comeing as well by waters as land, and 
 also to have keil toll, viz., toll of ships and all mer- 
 chandize sold in the havens of Coupland ; and the 
 amendment of the assize of netts broken in the waters 
 of Esk between Ehen and Caldre, the masts whereof 
 are of lesser breth than four inches ; and also to have a 
 market at Egremond every week, upon Saturday, and a 
 fair at Ravenglass every year, in the even, the feast- 
 day, and the morrow after, of St. James the Apostle ;
 
 EGREMONT PARISH. 
 
 381 
 
 gibbit and pilliorie at Egremond aforesaid, of ancient 
 custom; and one market at )iis manor of Egremond, by 
 the charter of Henry III., lung of England, in the 
 fifty-first year of his reign (1SU7), every week, upon 
 Wednesday; with one fair every year, by tliree days, 
 enduring the even, the day, and the morrow after, of 
 the nativity of St. Mary the Virgin, and to bo quite 
 from suit of the county courts and hundred courts, and 
 from all fines and amerciaments tliere ; and the toll 
 aforesaid, within the said seignory of Coupland, of 
 ancient custom, is used as foUoweth, viz. : for one 
 horse shodd, of the seller 9d., and of tlie buyer 2d. ; 
 for one horse unshod, of the seller Id., and of the buyer 
 Jd. ; for one ox, of the seller Id., and of the buyer Id.; 
 for ten sheep, of the seller Id , and of the buyer Id. ; 
 for ten swiue, of the seller Id., and of the buyer Id.; 
 for one pack of cloth, Id. ; for one piece of cloth, of the 
 seller \il., and of the buyer id.; fur one barrel of salt- 
 herring, of the seller 4d., and of the buver 4d. ; and 
 one daker of leather, of the seller 3d., and of the buyer 
 3d.; one bond of iron, of the seller rjd., and of the 
 buyer Ad. ; for evevy stall in the market, upon the 
 market-day in Egremond, ^d. Keil toll in all havens: 
 for one ship having a flotc boat, 8d.; for every vessel 
 without a llote boat, 4d. Toll by the king's charter, 
 viz. : for every stall of the market, upon the market- 
 day, ^d.; for every stall upon the fair-day, the even 
 and the morrow of St. Mary the Virgin, 4d. ; for every 
 horse that is shod 2d., for every horse unshod Id., and 
 for every o.v Id., within the hberties aforesaid. Con- 
 cerning the execution of offices there, there are between 
 Darwent and Ehen one Serjeant of amies, called the 
 bayliir, between Ehen and Darweut by the lord deputed 
 and assigned ; and another Serjeant, called the baylilT, 
 between Ehen and Dudlien, by the lord deputed and 
 assigned; which, being sworn, make attachments, sum- 
 mons, and all other things to the said offices belonging. 
 " The bounder particularly taken between the lord 
 lands belonging to the lordship of Egremond and the 
 town of Kirkby, alias St. Beges,' beginning at the sea, 
 and so over the scars or rocks to a ditch called the 
 Mereditch, between Kirkby and Coulderton toward the 
 east, unto Ellergill Beck, and so ascending tho said 
 beck to a close called Brackenlhwaite, being of the 
 lordship of Egremond, to a stone, being a mere stone, 
 and from thence to another stone near to the turn of a 
 close called tho Boardland of piillasliit, then turning 
 cast by way and the said close edge, unto a close called 
 Jordan Close, and so continuing towards tho east to a 
 
 ' To lliis tliero ia n nolo in tlio margin ns follows; — "St. Hogna 
 cluiiii furiliir tnwurd ilio sniiili in the sen then Ibe liuiJ mccrs answer 
 wUicli is llionglit to bo wrong." 
 
 place of an old hedge where it cometh to the ground of 
 Walton, and tlience north by a hedge and a valley to 
 another hedge between Bigrigg and the lands belong- 
 ing to the tenants of J. Xicholson, in Egremond ; and 
 thence as the meers go between Bigrigg and Walton, 
 and between Hensiugham and Korkecle on the one 
 side and the lordship of St. Bees on the other side till 
 it come to the ground called the Flatt, and so com- 
 passing that ground, parcel of St. Bees, as the meers 
 goeth unto the sea." Egremont barony continued to 
 be possessed by the earls of Northumberland till 
 Elizabeth, daughter and sole heir of Joscelinc, the last 
 earl, brought it, in the year lCb.3, to Charles Duke of 
 Somerset, whose son Algernon, the succeeding duke, 
 was in 1749 created Baron Cockermouth and Earl 
 of Egremont, with remainder to Sir Charles Wyndham, 
 son of his sister Catherine, by Sir WUham Wyndham, 
 Bart. Algernon Earl of Egremont, died 7th February, 
 1750, when his neyhew, Sir Charles Wyndham, suc- 
 ceeded as Eai'l of Egremont, and from him the barony 
 of Egremont and honour of Cockermouth have descended 
 to the General Wyndham the present lord. The princi- 
 pal landowners are the trustees 'of tho late Thomas 
 Hartley, Esq. ; Anthony Di.xon, Esq. ; Thomas Nelson, 
 Esq.; the trustees of the late William Bragg, Esq.; 
 Henry Jefierson, Esq.; John Birley, Esq.; — Gaits- 
 kell, Esq.; and B. Caddy, Esq. We subjoin the 
 following account of the lords of Egremont from 
 JctTerson's AUerdale Ward- above -Derwent, page 08, 
 et seq. : — 
 
 Jlc glescbines. 
 
 "William de Meschines received this barony by grant 
 from his brother Ranulph. He left at his death an 
 only daughter, Alice, married to Robert de Romeley, 
 lord of the honour of Skipton in Craven. 
 
 ^t JKonuItn. 
 
 " Robert de Romeley just mentioned acquired the 
 barony of Egremont on his marriage as above, in right 
 of his wife. He had issue a daugliter, Ahce, married to 
 
 i'^H Jluiuaii. 
 " William Fitz-Duncan, earl of ilurray, nephew oj 
 David lung of Scots, being the sou of his brother 
 Duncan by Ochthreda, liis wife, sister and heiress of 
 Waltheof, or N\'ulilieve, first lord of AUerdale, who was 
 the son of Gospatric Earl of Dunbar. William Fitz- 
 Duncan had issue by Alice, his wife, just named, 
 William, who died an infant, and three daughters 
 co-heiresses — First, Cicely, who was married to William 
 le Gros, earl ol Albcrmarle, and had issue a daughter
 
 ;382 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 named Ilawise, who was niarrieJ to tliree husbands 
 successively ; first to William de Mandcville, earl of 
 Esses, to whom she bore no issue ; secondly, to 
 William de Fortibiis ; and thirdly, to Baldwin I>eton, 
 carl of the Isle of Wight. To her second husband, 
 William de Fortibus, who in her right assumed the 
 title of Earl of Albermarle, she had a son, William de 
 Fortibus, who had issue the third William de Fortibus ; 
 whose daughter and heir, Avcline (wife to Edmund 
 Crouchback, brother of Edward I.), dying without issue, 
 the third part of William Fitz-Duncan's lands (which 
 was Skiptou in Craven) came to the king's hands, and 
 by Edward II. was granted to Robert de Clifford, in 
 exchange for the Clifford lands in the county of 
 Monmnutb, in whose posterity it still remains. 2ud, 
 Amabil, the second daughter of William Fitz-Duncan, 
 had for her part of the inheritance this barony of 
 Egremont; and was married to Reginald Lucy, of 
 whom hereafter as lord of Egremont. 3rd, Alice, third 
 daughter, and co-heiress of William Fitz-Duncan, was 
 married to Gilbert Pippard, who was justice itinerant 
 in Wiltshire in the 23rd Henry II. (1176-7), and after- 
 wards was married to Robert Courtney, but had no 
 issue; and, in consequence, her share of her father's 
 inheritance (which was the liberty of Cockermouth, 
 Aspatria, and the barony of Allerdale-below-Derwent) 
 was divided between the Earl of Albermarle, her eldest 
 sister's husband, and Richard de Lucy, her other sister's 
 son. And so it continued diN-ided until the eldest sister's 
 issue was extinguished by the death of Aveline above- 
 mentioned, daughter of the last William de Fortibus ; 
 after whose demise, all the land of the Romeleys, both 
 above and below Derwcnt, came entirely to the heirs 
 of Reginald Lucy and Amabil llomeley, his wife, second 
 daughter of William Fitz-Duncan. 
 
 " Reginald Lucy, whose parentage Dugdale declares 
 his inability to discover, married, as we have seen, 
 Amabil Fitz-Duncan. He occurs as governor of Not- 
 tingham during the rebellion of the Earl of Leicester 
 in the reign of Henry II., and was present at the coro- 
 nation of Richard I. By his wife Amabil he had issue 
 his successor, 
 
 " Richard Lucy, who granted a charter to the bur- 
 gesses of Egremont. In the 1st of King John (1109- 
 1200) he paid a flne to the crown of three hundred 
 marks for livery of his lands and license to marry with 
 whom he should think proper. Four years afterwards 
 he gave five marks and one palfrey to the king, that he 
 might have jurors to inquire what customs and services 
 his tenants had used to perform, and to do, him and 
 
 his ancestors for their lands in Coupland. And the 
 same year (1203-4) he obtained a grant from the king 
 to himself and Ada, his wife, daughter and co-heir of 
 Hugh de Morville, of the forestership of Cumberland. 
 The ne.xt year he paid nine hundred marks and five 
 palfreys to have livery of the property of the said Ada, 
 and to enjoy the forestership of Cumberland as amply 
 as Hugh de Slorville had it, without any partition 
 whatsoever. He died in or before the 15th of King 
 John (1213-14), for then Ada, his widow, gave a fine 
 of five hundred marks for livery of her inheritance ; 
 as also for her dowry of his lands, and that she might 
 not be compelled to marry again, she espoused, without 
 compulsion however, and without the king's license, 
 Thomas de Multou, in consequence of which the castle 
 of Egremont, and her other lands, were seized by the 
 crown. But upon paying a compensation they were 
 restored, and she had livery of tliem again. Her first 
 husband, Richard de Lucy, left two daughters, his co- 
 heirs, who became wards to her second husband on his 
 payment of 1,000 marks to the crown, and were married 
 to his sons. Amabil espoused the eldest, Lambert, and 
 conveyed to him the lordship of Egremont; Alice was 
 married to the younger, Alan, and their son, Thomas 
 de Multon, assumed the surname of his maternal family, 
 and was ancestor of the Barons Lucy of Cockermouth. 
 
 glulton. 
 
 " Thomas de Multon, lord of Multon, co. Lincoln, 
 before his man-iage with Ada, widow of the above 
 Richard Lucy, in the 17th King John, being in arms 
 with the rebellious barons, was taken prisoner and con- 
 fined in Corfe Castle; but on the accession of Henry 
 III. he obtained his liberty and restitution of his lands. 
 Three years after his marriage, he paid £100 fine to 
 the Iting, and one palfrey, for the oifice of forester of 
 Cumberland, it being the inheritance of Ada, his wife. 
 In the 17th Henry III., he was sheriff of Cumberland, 
 and remained in office for several succeeding years. 
 Moreover, he was one of the justices of the King's 
 Court of the Common Pleas, from the 8th Henry III., 
 and a justice itinerant for divers years, from the ninth 
 of the same reign. Matthew Paris sa)-s of him, ' la 
 his youth he was a stout soldier, afterwards very wealthy, 
 and learned in the laws; but overmuch coveting to 
 enlarge his possessions, which lay contiguous to those 
 of the monks of Crowland; he did them great wrong in 
 many respects.' By his wife ... he had issue 
 as above stated ; and the issue of his second marriage 
 were — 
 
 " Thomas, ancestor of the Maltons of Gilsland ; and 
 " Juiian, married to Robert le Vavasoor.
 
 EGREMONT PARISH. 
 
 388 
 
 He died in 1240, and was succeeded by his eldest bod, 
 
 " Lambert do Miilton, who, as before stated, married 
 Amabil, eldest daugliter and co-heiress of Richard 
 Lucy. In the year ]2<L6, he obtained an extraordinary 
 privilege from the Pope, that uo one should have power 
 to excommunicate him, but by a speciiil mandate from 
 his holiness. But he, who had this liherty, says Mat- 
 thew Paris, to sin without punishment, and to do injury 
 to others, riding with rich trappings very proudly, from 
 a trial at law, no sooner alighted from his horse, but 
 (meriting God's judgment) was suddenly smitten with 
 a grievous disease, of which falling to the ground, he 
 died before his spurs could be taken off, being then at 
 his house at Multon, in Lincolnshire. By his first 
 wife he had a son, Thomas, his successor. He espoused 
 secondly, Ida, widow of Geoffrey de Oilli, but had no 
 issue. His death occurred in 1247, when he was suc- 
 ceeded by his son, 
 
 " Thomas de Multon, designated ' of Egremont,' who, 
 in 40lh Henry III., was in arms against his sovereign. 
 In the 42nd Edward III., he had a grant of free 
 warren in all his demesne lands at Egremont. He 
 man-led . . . and dying in 1204, was succeeded 
 by his son, Thomas. 
 
 " Thomas de Multon, son and heir, was summoned to 
 Parliament from the 27th Edward I., 1299, to the 14th 
 Edward II., 1320; after the 1st Edward II. with the 
 addition of ' do Egremuiid.' He was previously sum- 
 moned in the 25th Edward I. ; but, sajrs Nicolas, it is 
 doubtful if that writ was a regular summons to Par- 
 liament. He was much engaged in the Scottish wars. 
 Lord Multon died in 13:12 ; and was succeeded by 
 
 " John de Multon, son and heir, second baron, who 
 was summoned to Parliament from Uth Edward III., 
 1332, to bth Edward III., 133 1, as ' Johanui de Mul- 
 ton.' He married Annabel, daughter and heiress of 
 Lawrence de l£oll>eche; but dying without issue, in 
 1331, his estates, including the manors of Thurstanes- 
 ton, in Suffolk, and Egremont and Cockcrmouth, in 
 Cumberland, were divided amongst bis three sisters, 
 thus, viz. : — 
 
 " Joane, wife of Robert, Baron Fit/. Waltrr, jiad for her share 
 tho cftsUe of E(,Ti-moDt, with llic lliinl piirt of tbat nianor, 
 aud the thin) pari of oilier manors. 
 
 " ICliznliulli, niarriuJ to Robert, cUiest son of Sir John de Har- 
 rington, of Harrington, kniRlit (iliod before bis father), bad 
 certain lands at Closfortli, |iuriel of the niaoor of Egruniont, 
 and a proportion of other inunont. 
 
 " Margaret, married Thomas, Lord Lucy, bod certain lands in 
 Cumberland and parcel of the manor of Kgramont, besides 
 a proportion of other estates. 
 
 "Among their descendants and representatives, tho 
 barony of Multon, of Egremont, is now in abeyance. 
 
 'Thus,' says Mr. John Denton, 'this barony was broken 
 into parts, which from the conquest had continued en- 
 tire, e.^icept Loweswater and the lands between Cocker 
 and Derwent, and the five towns granted to Waltheof, as 
 aforesaid; but now of late it is re-united by the earls of 
 Northumberland, who are lords thereof by gift and pur- 
 chase, but not by descent from any of the co-heirs.' 
 
 " Thomas Lord Lucy, second baron, who married 
 one of the sisters and co-heiresses of the last male heir 
 of the Multons of Egremont, as stated above, had issue 
 by her — 
 
 " Anthony, who succeeded as third baron. 
 " Maud, or Matilda, who was twice married — firstly, to Gilbert 
 de Urafraville, earl of Angus, who died without children ; 
 and secondly, to Honrj- Percy, first earl of Nortliumberland. 
 Upon the marriage of this hidy, then sole heiress of the 
 barons Lucy, with the Karl of Nortliumberland, it was stipu- 
 lated that the castlo and honour of Cockermouth, part of 
 her inheritance, should be settled upon the earl and her- 
 self, and the heirs male of their two bodies ; failing which, 
 upon the heirs of her body ; and in case she should die 
 without issue, tlien upon Henry Lord Percy, the earl's son 
 and heir by his Erst wife, and the heirs male of his body, 
 upon condition that the said Henry and liis heirs male 
 should hear the arms of Percy quarterly with the arms of 
 Lucy, viz., ' gules, three lucies, ar.,' in all shields, banners, 
 &c. The said ilaud died without issue. 
 
 "Thomas Lord Lucy died in 1 305, and was succeeded 
 by his son Anthony. 
 
 "Anthony Lord Lucy, third and last baron, was never 
 summoned to Parliament. He was joined w ith Roger de 
 Clifford in the guardianship of ' the marches towards 
 Cumberland and Westmoreland.' He died 13CB, leav- 
 ing by Joane his wife, widow of AVilliam Lord Grey- 
 stoke, an infant daughter, who died in the following 
 year, when the above !Maud, countess of Angus, suc- 
 ceeded to the barony of Lucy and the honour of Cocker- 
 mouth, with the other estates. 
 
 fcrqj. 
 
 "The illustrious family of Percy, says Burke, is 
 descended from one of the Xormnn chieftains (William 
 de Percy) who accompanied William the Conqueror 
 into England in lOOO ; and it derives its name from 
 the village of Percy, near \'illediere. The family of 
 Percy, of Normandy, deduce^l its pedigree from 
 GeolFrey (son of Mainfred, a Danisli chieftain), whp 
 assisted RoUo in 012 in subjugating that principality, 
 and acquiring considerable possessions there. 
 
 " Henry Percy, fourth Lord Percy of .-Vluwick, earl 
 marshull, was advanced to the c.vldom of Norlhiunber- 
 land on the day of the coronation of lUcharJ II. in 
 1377 ; lUid was made K. G. in tho 7th Richard II. 
 He was appointed lord high constable for life in 1399.
 
 384 
 
 ALLERDALEABOVE-DERWKNT WARD. 
 
 Bj bis first wife, Margaret, daughter of Ralph Lord 
 Mevitl of Raby, he had issue, 
 
 "Sir Henry, K.G., the giiUant and renowned Hotspur, who 
 
 married Phihppa, dmighter of Edmund Mortimer, earl of 
 
 March. He fell at the hattle of Shrewsbury, in 1103, 
 
 during the lifetime of his father, leaving issue, 
 
 " Hear)', who succeeded as second earl. 
 
 "Elizabeth, married firstly, to John Lord Clifford ; and 
 
 secondly to liiilph Nevill, second earl of Westmoreland. 
 
 " Sir Thomas, who married a daughter and coheiress of the 
 
 Enrl of Athol. 
 " Sir Ralph, who married the other daughter and co-heiress. 
 " Alan. 
 " Margaret. 
 
 " The earl married secondly, Maud, sister and co- 
 heiress of Anthony Lord Lucy, as stated above. Some 
 years afterwards, however, being proclaimed a traitor, 
 and bis lands declared forfeited by King Richard, his 
 lordship, iu conjunction with his son, Sir Henry Percy, 
 surnaraed Hotspur, and Henry Duke of Lancaster, 
 accomplished the dethronement of that monarch, and 
 placed the crown upon the head of Henry L>uke of 
 Lancaster, under the title of Henry IV. 
 
 " The Earl of Northumberland fell (in 1407-8) in 
 arms against that king, in assisting to place whom on 
 the throne he had beeu so eminently conspicuous ; 
 when bis honours became forfeited under an attainder, 
 but were restored in 1-11-1, to his grandson, only son 
 of the valiant Hotspur. 
 
 " Henry Percy, second carl of Northumberland, 
 married the lady Eleanor Nevill, widow of Richard 
 Lord Spencer, and daughter of Ralph Nevill, first earl 
 of Westmoreland, K G. His lordship was made lord 
 high constable by Henry VI.; he was present at the 
 battle of Agincourt, and fell at St. Albans, 93rd May, 
 1455, fighting under the banner of that monarch. Of 
 the issue of this earl the following curious account is 
 given in a MS. iu the British Museum, stated to be 
 extracted ' Ex Registro Monastery de Whitbye ' : — 
 ' Of this Alianor, his wife, he begat IX sonnes and III 
 daughters, whose names be Johanne, that is buried at 
 Whitbye ; Thomas (created) Lord Egremont ; Ratheyue 
 Gray of Ruthyn (wife of Edmund Lord Gray, after- 
 wards Earl of Kent); Sir Raffe Percy; Wilham Percy, 
 a byshopp ; Richard Percy ; John, that dyed without 
 issue ; another John called by Vincent, in bis MS. 
 baronage in the Herald's Ofiice, John Percy, senior, of 
 Warkworth); George Percy, clerk; Henry, that dyed 
 without issue ; besides the eldest sonne and successor, 
 Henry, third earl of Northumberland.' 
 
 " He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, 
 
 " Henry Percy, third earl, who had married Eleanor, 
 daughter and sole heiress of Richard Poynings, who 
 died in the lifetime of his father, Lord Poynings ; by 
 
 which marriage the baronies of Poyning, Fitzpayue, 
 and Bryan, came into the family of Percy ; and Sir 
 Henry Percy was summoned to Parliament, while bis 
 father, the Earl of Northumberland, yet lived (29th 
 Henry VI.), as Baron Poynings. His lordship fell, 
 leading the van of the Lancastrians, sword iu hand, at 
 the battle of Towton, on the '29th March, 1401, and 
 his honours became subsequently forfeited by an act of 
 attainder, but were restored to his only son, 
 
 " Henry Percy, fourth earl, K.G., who was confined 
 in the Tower from the death of his father until 1409, 
 when he was restored to his freedom and dignity. He 
 married Maud, daughter of the Lord Herbert, and had 
 issue four sons and three daughters. He was slain in 
 a riot at his bouse, at Coxlodge, co. York, ^Sth April, 
 1189, having rendered himself unpopular by the dis- 
 charge of his duties as lord-lioutenaut of the county, in 
 levying a tax for the king's service. His lordship was 
 buried at Beverley; and was succeeded by his eldest 
 son, 
 
 " Henry-Algernon Percy, fifth earl, K.G., who mar- 
 ried Catherine, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Robert 
 Spencer, Knt, of Spencer-Combe, Devon, by Eleanor, 
 his wife, daughter, and at length co-heir, of Edmund 
 Beaufort, duke of Somerset, by whom he had issue — 
 
 " Henry, his successor. 
 
 " Thomas (Sir), executed for Ask's conspiracy, 29th Henry 
 VIII., leaving two sons, 
 tt Thomas ) A 
 
 "Henrv ' fSocoessively earls of Nortliumberland. 
 
 " Ingelram (Sir). 
 
 " Miurgaret, married to Henry Clifford, first earl of Cumber- 
 land. ; 
 " Maud, married to Lord Coniers. 
 
 " His lordship died in 1527, and was succeeded by 
 his eldest sou, 
 
 " Henry-Algemou Percy, sixth earl, K.G. This 
 nobleman married Maiy, daughter of George Talbot, 
 earl of Shrewsbury; but dying without issue, in 1537, 
 and his brother. Sir Thomas Percy, having been previ- 
 ously attainted and executed, all the honours of the 
 family became forfeited, and the dukedom of Nor- 
 thumberland was confened by King Edward VI. upon 
 John Dudley, earl of Warwick ; but that nobleman 
 having forfeited his life and honours by treason against 
 Queen Mary, 1553, her majesty was pleased to advance, 
 by letters patent, 
 
 Thomas Percy, seventh earl, K.G., son of the attainted 
 Sir Thomas Percy (second son of the fifth earl). lie was 
 created, by letters patent bearing date 3(ith April, 15.57, 
 Baron Percy, of Cockermouth and Pctworth ; Baron 
 Poynings, Lucy, Bryan, and Fitz-Payne ; and, on the 
 following day. Earl of Northumberland. His lordship
 
 EGREMONT PARISH. 
 
 385 
 
 married Anne, daughter of Henry Somerset, second earl 
 of Worcester, by wliom he had issue. He was made 
 lord warden of the marches; but being concerned in 
 the rebellion with tho Karl of Westmoreland, he was 
 attainted in 1571, and beheaded at York in the follow- 
 ing year. 
 
 " Henry Percy, eighth earl, brother and heir, suc- 
 ceeded, notwithstanding tlio attainder of his brother, in 
 consequence of the special entail to him in the patent. 
 He married Katherine, eldest daughter and co-heiress 
 of John Nevill, baron Latimer, by whom he had a 
 numerous family. He remained loj-al during the 
 defection of his brother, but, falling under suspicion of 
 favouring the cause of Mary Queen of Scots, he was 
 confined in the Tower, where he was found dead in his 
 bed, having been shot through the heart, "21 st June, 
 1585. 
 
 " Henry Percy, ninth earl, K.G., son and heir, mar- 
 ried Dorothy, sister of the Earl of Essex, and widow of 
 Sir Thomas Perrot, Knight, by whom he had issue. 
 Although he was a Protestant, yet having a kinsman, 
 Henry Percy, concerned in the gunpowder plot, ho fell 
 under suspicion of treason, and, like his predecessor, 
 was confined in the Tower, and sentenced to pay a fine 
 of £30,000. By a singular coincidence, his death 
 occurred on the anniversary of the day which had cost 
 him so much trouble — 5th November, 1032. 
 
 "Algernon Percy, tenth earl, K.G., son and [heir, 
 succeeded his father. He was twice married — firstly, 
 to Anne, daughter of William Cecil, earl of Salisbury ; 
 and secondly, to Elizabeth, daughter of Theophilus 
 Howard, carl of Suffolk, the mother of his heir, and 
 through whom he became possessed of Northumberland 
 House, Charing Cross, built by Henry Howard, earl of 
 Northampton. His lordship died 13th October, 1008, 
 and was succeeded by his only son, 
 
 " Josceline Percy, eleventh earl, who married Eliza- 
 beth, daughter of Thomas Wriothesley, earl of South- 
 ampton, by whom he had an only daughter, Elizabeth. 
 The earl died 21st May, lO'o, aged twenty-six. 
 
 " The Lady Elizabeth Percy, his solo daughter and 
 heiress, married, 1082, Charles Seymour, sixth duke of 
 Somerset, of whom hereafter. 
 
 Scnmour. 
 " Charles Seymour, sixth duke of Somerset, K.G., 
 married tho sole heiress of the last carl of Northumber- 
 land, by whom he had issue — 
 
 " AlBomon, who was summoned, on tlio death of his mother, 
 at liaron Percy, and afterwards succcodcd as Duko of 
 Somerset. 
 
 " rpfov 1 
 
 " Charles, P''^*''"""''"''"^- 
 44 
 
 "Elizabeth, married to Henry O'Brien, earl of Thomond, who 
 died without children. 
 
 " Katherine, married to Sir William Wyndham, Bart., and had 
 
 issue— 
 
 " Charles, second earl of Element, of whom hereafter. 
 " Percy O'Brien, created Earl of Thomond, who died un- 
 married. 
 " Frances, died unmarried. 
 
 "Anne, married Peregrine Osbom, marquis of Carmarthen, 
 and afterwards Duke of Leeds. 
 
 "The duke married, secondly, Charlotte, daughter of 
 Daniel Finch, earl of Winchelsea, and had two daugh- 
 ters — 
 
 " Frances, married to .John Manners, the celebrated Jlarqnis 
 of Graiiby, and was mother of Charles, fourth duke of 
 Rutland. 
 
 " Chariotte, married Heneage Finch, earl of Ajlesford. 
 
 " His grace, who was known as ' the proud duke,' 
 died in 1748, and was succeeded by liis eldest son, 
 
 "Algernon Seymour, seventh duke, who married 
 Frances Thynne, granddaughter of Thomas, first Vis- 
 count Weymouth, by whom he had issue — 
 
 " Elizabeth, married to Sir Hugh Smithson, Bart., afterwards 
 created Duke of Northumberland, K.G., grandfather of the 
 present duke. 
 
 " George, who died during the lifetime of his father, unmarried. 
 
 " On the 2nd October, 1749, he was created Baron 
 Warkworth and Earl of Northumberland, with remain- 
 der to his son-in-law, Sir Hugh Smithson, Bart., afore- 
 said ; and the next day he was created Baron Cocker- 
 mouth and Earl of Egrcmont, with remainder to the 
 sous (Charles and Percy, aforesaid) of his sister, the 
 Lady Katherine Wyndham. He died 7th February, 
 1750, when the dukedom of Somerset descended to the 
 heir male, Edward, and the earldoms of Egremont and 
 Northumberland according to their respective limita- 
 tions. 
 
 2Jl!)nbb;iiit. 
 
 " The family of Wyndham, which is traced back to 
 the time of tho Coni)uest, is of Saxon origin. Aihvardus 
 de Wymondham, being possessed of lands at Wyniond- 
 hara, now Wjnidham, co. Norfolk, soon after that period 
 assumed that surname from his possessions. 
 
 " On tho death of Algernon, seventh duke of Somer- 
 set, who was created Earl of Egremont and Baron 
 Cockormouth, which occurred 7th February, I'SO, 
 those titles devolved on 
 
 " Charles Wyndham, second earl, son of Sir William 
 Wyndham, third baronet, M.P., 'master of tho buck 
 hounds to Queen Anne, and chancellor of tho exche- 
 quer, 1713) by his wife, I'uitherine, daughter of 
 Charles, sixth duke of Somerset. Sir William died 
 17th July, 1740. His lordship was born in 1710; was 
 secretary of state, 1701 : and lord-lieutenant of 
 Cumberland and Sussex. He married, 12th March,
 
 386 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 1751, Almeria, sister of George Carpenter, first carl of 
 Tyrconiiel, and by her (who remarrioJ in 1707, Count 
 Bruhl, of Saxony, and died 1791,) had issue, 
 
 " George O'Brien, his successor. 
 
 " Elii'-abcth Alicia Maria, morrieii Henry Herbert, first earl of 
 
 Carnarvon. 
 " Frances, married Charles Marsham, first evrl of Romncy. 
 " Percy Charles. 
 
 "Charles William, married, firstl.v, Anne Barbara Frances, 
 daughter of George Bussey Villiers, fourth earl of Jersey; 
 and widow of William Henry Lambton, Esq. 
 *' William Frederick-, married, firstly, Frances Hartford, 
 daughter of Frederick Calvert, lord Baltimore; and, 
 secondly, Julia de Sraorsewski, countess de Spyterki ; by 
 the first marriage he had issue, 
 " George Francis, captain R.N., married Jane, daughter 
 of the Rev. Williaiu Roberts, vice-provost of Eton 
 College. 
 " Frances, married William Miller, Esq. 
 " Laura, married tho Kev. Cliarles Boullbee. 
 
 " This earl, while a commoner, represented the 
 borough of Cockermouth in one Parliament, chosen 
 21st George 11. On the 30th April, 1751, his lordship 
 took the oaths before the king, at St. James's, as Irird- 
 lieutenant and custos-rotulorum of the county of Cum- 
 berland. His lordship died 01st August, 17G3, and 
 was succeeded in his titles by his son, 
 
 " George O'Brien Wyndham, third earl, F.R.S., and 
 F.S.A., ■who -was born 18th December, 1751, and 
 educated at Eton. His Majesty George TI. was 
 sponsor at his baptism. 
 
 " On the death of Charles, duke of Richmond, his 
 lordship was appointed lord-lieutenant of Sussex, Cth 
 November, 1819. Ho executed that important office 
 until, in 1833, his increasing infirmities compelled him 
 to resign it. During the two following years his health 
 rapidly declined until his death, which occurred at the 
 advanced age of cight3Mive, 11th November, 1837, at 
 Petworth. His lordship's remains were deposited on 
 the 91st, in a vault built by himself at Petworth. 
 
 " The Earl of Egreraont was distinguished no less 
 for the princely style of magnificence in which his 
 correct taste patronised tho fine arts than for the 
 countless acts of charity and liberality which brought 
 down upon him the blessings of the needy living in the 
 neighbourhood of his palace — the ' princely Petworth." 
 described as ' the temple of the noblest productions of 
 genius, of whatever the scholar, the sculptor, and the 
 painter could produce.' Had he not been possessed of a 
 spendid fortune, with a rental, of late years, of £81,000 
 per annum, his liberal spirit could not have derived 
 enjoyment from dispensing, during the last sixty years 
 of his life, the immense sum of JE1,200,000 in acts of 
 charity and liberality. 
 
 • By a lady, now deceased, who bore the name of 
 !Mrs. Wyndham (daughter of tho Rev. — Ilifl', of West- 
 minster school), the earl had issue, 
 
 " George, a colonel in the army. 
 
 " Henry, a major-gcnend in the army, of whom hereafter as 
 
 lord of Egremont. 
 " Charles, a colonel in the army. 
 " Frances, roamed to Sir Charles Merrick Burrell, Bart., and 
 
 has issue. 
 " Mury, married to George Earl of Munster, eldest son of his 
 
 late Itajesty William I\'„ and ha-s issue. 
 " Cbai-lottc, married to John King, Esq. 
 
 " The earl left by will, Petworth, and the adjoining 
 estates, to Colonel George Wyndham, his lordship's 
 eldest son ; the Cumberland estates to JIajor-General 
 Wyndham, the second son ; to Colonel Charles Wynd- 
 ham, the youngest son, the whole of his funded pro- 
 perty, amounting to about £220,000. To each of his 
 daughters he left £ir),OO0. 
 
 " An excellent portrait of the noble earl is engraved 
 in mezzotinto, by Reynolds, from a painting by T. 
 Phillips, Esq., R.xA. ; a smaller copy of the same is in 
 Fisher's National Portrait Gallery. 
 
 " The present earl, George Francis, his lordships 
 nephew, being the son of the Hon. Frederick William 
 AVyndham (born 30th August, 1785), succeeded to the 
 old family estate of Orchard- Wyndham, co. Somerset, 
 and others in Cornwall and Devonshire. 
 
 " Slajor-General Henry W^yndham, second son of 
 George, third earl of Egremont, succeeded, on the 
 death of his father, in 1837, to the lordship of tho 
 barony of Egremont, and the honour of Cockermouth, 
 with other his estates in Cumberland. General Wynd- 
 ham is one of that annually-decreasing number of field 
 officers who were present at the brilliant achievements 
 which have immortalised the field of Wateiioo. His 
 Cumberland residence is Cockermouth Castle — a 
 baronial fortress supposed to have been built soon 
 after the Conquest, — the seat of the lords of AUerdale, 
 and whose history is closely connected with that of 
 Egremont, having been possessed by William de 
 Meschines, Fitz-Duncan, the Lucys, the Multons, the 
 Percys, the Seymours, and the Wyndhams. 
 
 The castle of Egremont, the ancient baronial seat of 
 the lords of Egremont, occupies the summit of an emi- 
 nence a short distance to the south-west of the town 
 and was formerly a place^of great strength and impor- 
 tance. It was built by William de Meschines, soon 
 after the Norman conquest, and is supposed to stand 
 upon the site of a Roman camp or station, but this is 
 only cotijecture. The approach and grand entrance, 
 from the south, was by a drawbridge over a deep moat ; 
 and the entrance to the castle was by a semicircular
 
 EGREMONT PARISH. 
 
 387 
 
 archway, wilh a groined roof, guarded by a strong square 
 tower, whicU is the principal part of the fortress uow 
 standing. The outer wall enclosed a large square area, 
 •but has sutfered so much from tlic destroying hand of 
 time that we are completely ignorant of the manner in 
 which it was fortified. On the side next the town are 
 the reraiiiiis of a postern ; and on the west are three 
 narrow gateways, which have communicated with the 
 outworks, and are of a more modern style of architecture 
 tlian the other portions of the ruins. ISejond these 
 gates is an artilicial mount, on which there formerly 
 stood a circular tower, seventy-eight feet in perpen- 
 dicular height above the ditch. Though but little now 
 remains of this once strong structure, enough is still 
 visible to give a very fair idea of wliat it was when in 
 the days of its pride and glory. It was at the gate of 
 this castle that the horn was hung in crusading days 
 which was twice blown by Sir Juistace do Lucy. As 
 tradition tolls us, Sir Eustace and liis brother Hubert 
 rode forth together to the holy wars ; and Sir Eustace 
 blew the horn, saying to his brother, " If I full in 
 Palestine, do thou return and blow the horn, and take 
 possession, that Egremont may not be without a Lucy 
 for its lord." In Palestine, ambition of the wide domain 
 of this lordship so took possession of Hubert, that he 
 hired ruffians to drown his brother in the Jordan, and 
 the ruHians assured him that the deed was done. He 
 returned home, and stole into the castle by night — not 
 daring to sound the horn. But he soon plucked up 
 spirit, and drowned his remorse in revels. In the midst 
 of a banquet, one day, the horn wa.s heard — sounding 
 such a blast that the echoes came back from the fells, 
 after startling the red deer from its covert and the wild 
 boar from his drinking at the taru. Hubert knew that 
 none but Eustace could or would sound the horn ; and 
 he fled by a postern, while his brother I'.ustace entered 
 by the gate. Long after, the wretched Hubert came to 
 ask forgiveness from his brother, and, having obtained 
 it, retired to a convent, where ho practised penance 
 until he died. 
 
 TlIK TOWN OV KOr.EMONT. 
 
 The ancient market town of Egremont, which con- 
 sists principally of one wide street, is pleasantly situated 
 on the west bank of the river Ebon, over whicli there 
 is a bridge of two arches, six miles south-east of Whitc- 
 luvon, and about three miles from the western coast. 
 Despite its Roman name — the Mount of Sorrow — it has 
 a very cheerful appearance. It is stated to liavo been 
 a borough at the period when parliamentary representa- 
 tives were remunerated for their services; and that, to 
 avoid the expense of a member, the burgesses petitioned 
 
 to have the town disfranchised, which was accordingly 
 done. About the reign of King John, Richard Lucy, 
 lord of Egremont, granted to the burgesses of the town 
 a charter of privileges, by the provisions of which Egre- 
 mont was for a long time governed. This charter 
 appears to have granted burgage tenure in the town 
 upon condition of the burgesses finding armed men for 
 the defence of the castle forty days at their own charge. 
 The lord was entitled to forty days' credit for goods and 
 no more ; and the burgesses might refuse to supply him 
 till the debt which had exceeded that date was paid. 
 They were bound to aids for the redemption of the lord 
 and his heir from captivity, for the knighthood of one 
 of the lord's sons, and for the marriage of one of liis 
 daughters. They were to find him twelve men fc^r his 
 miUtary array, and were to hold watch and ward. They 
 were prohibited from entering the forest with bow and 
 arrow. They were restrained from cutting off their 
 dogs' feet within the borough, as being a necessary and 
 customary defence ; this restriction points out that 
 within the limits of forests, the inhabitants keeping 
 dogs for defence were to lop off one foot or more, to 
 prevent their chasing the game; which did not spoil 
 them for the defence of a dvveUiug. A singular privi- 
 lege appears in the case of a burgess committing forni- 
 cation with the daughter of a lustic, one who was not a 
 burgess, that lie should not be liable to the fine imposed 
 in other cises for that offence, unless he had seduced 
 by promise of marriage. The fiue for seducing a woman 
 belonging to the borough was three shillings to the lord. 
 ]5y the rule for inspecting tho dyers, weavers, and 
 fullers, it seems those were the only trades at that time 
 within the borough under tho character of craftsmen. 
 The burgesses who Imd ploughs were to till the lord's 
 demesne one day in the year, and every burgess to find 
 a reaper — their labour was from morning to the 
 hour of noon, or in other works from six in the 
 morning till three in the afternoon. The inquisition 
 wade in l.lTiS, and mentioned in our account of the 
 barony at page 380, tells us that, " There is an ancient 
 borough and burgesses at Egremond, and they have 
 there (as tiicy allege) an ancient corporation, bv name 
 of bailiif and burgesses, and have by tho said oflicers 
 the use of the market and direction of tho order of the 
 fair at Ravcnglass which they now occupie and exercise, 
 and have at liavenglass in the meadows there (in the 
 time of the fair) certain dailes or swarths of gross for 
 their horses with other duties, and they have also cer- 
 Uiin liberties in tho borough, in tlie demesnes, &c., at 
 ICgremond. with divers ordinances and laws confirmed to 
 them by charters." The market, which was held in 
 ancient times on Wednesday, is now held on Saturdav,
 
 388 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 and is well supplied with corn, butchers' meat, and 
 other provisions. Annual fairs for horses, cattlo &e., 
 are held on tlie ITth of February, and the third Friday 
 in May. On the three days following the 18th of 
 September, a sort of feast is kept, when the burgesses 
 are allowed to sell ale without a license. A hiring for 
 servants is held on one of tlio markt't days at Whitsun- 
 tide and Martinmas. A court baron for the recovery of 
 debts under iOs. is held here by adjournment every 
 sixth Friday, under Generid Wyudhaui, the lord of the 
 barony of Egremont. A court Icet and a customary 
 court for the purpose of appointing inspectors of 
 nuisances, &c., are held annually in the spring, at the 
 King's Arms Inn. Formerly the tenants paid Id, each 
 to the lord yearly, for the burgage tenements. Two 
 baiUffs together with constable, hedge and corn viewers, 
 and assessors of damages, are choseu annually at the 
 court leet. The office of borough sergeant, though still 
 preserved, is not now an annual appointment. Here 
 are the flax and tow spinning-mills of Messrs. Eobert 
 Brisco and Co., and Messrs. Thomas W. C. Chapman 
 and Co.; the former employ about 200 hands, and the 
 latter about eighty. There are also three tanneries, a 
 skin yard, and a brewery in the town, as also a corn- 
 mill. The Woodend iron-ore mine, worked by Messrs. 
 James H. Atwood and Son, contains two shafts, of the 
 respective depths of ten and fourteen fathoms. The 
 vein of ore varies iu thickness from two to fourteen feet. 
 About seventy persons are employed here. Egremont 
 is lighted with gas, the works being established in 1853, 
 by a company of shareholders, in 1'20 shares at £10 
 each. There are thirty town lamps ; and the quantity 
 of gas consumed is about 1,300,000 cubic feet per 
 annum. 
 
 IIIE CHUBCH. 
 
 Egremont church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a neat 
 edifice, consisting of a nave, chancel, and square tower, 
 containing two bells, one of which is ancient and bears 
 a Latin inscription. The interior is well pewed. and 
 has a handsome appearance. Gas fittings were intro- 
 duced in 1854. There are several mural monuments 
 to members of the Hartley, Poole, Birley, and Benson 
 families. At an early period the church of Egremont 
 was given by WiUiam de Meschines to the priory of 
 St. Bees, a cell of the abbey of St. Mary, at York, 
 .yter the dissolution, Edward VI., in the second year 
 of his reign (1548-9) granted to Wilham Ward and 
 Eichard Venables, one messuage, one garden, and two 
 acres of land in Brisco, in the county of Cumberland, 
 which had previously belonged to a chantry priest in 
 the church of Egremont, and had been assigned to him 
 
 for his support. The same king, in the following 
 year, granted to Henry Tanner and Thomas Becker, 
 messuages and tenements in the parish of Egremont, 
 iu the possession of different persons, late belonging to 
 a stipendiary in St. Mary's Cliurch, at Egremont. In 
 1420 the abbot of St. Mary's presented to this church. 
 The presentation subsequently came to the earls of 
 Northumberland, and from them passed to the crown, 
 and in 1509 Queen Elizabeth presented. In 1C73 
 the Earl of Essex and William Pierpont occur as 
 presenting; and in 1085 the Duke and Duchess of 
 Somerset. The advowson has since remained in the 
 lords of the barony, and is now held by General Wynd- 
 ham. The benefice is a rectory, valued in the King's 
 book at £d lis. It was certified to the governors of 
 (Jueen Anne's Bounty at £45 15s. lOd., and is now 
 worth about £-il'.) a year. The tithes have been com- 
 muted for a yearly rent charge of X'200 4s. 3d. The 
 parish register commences in 1030. 
 
 liEcTOKs. — Edmund Metcalfe, occurs 1.535; — Antrobns' 
 
 occurs about 10-12; — Ilalsell,' ; Richard Tickell, 1673; 
 
 Richard Tickell, 1085; Henry Ogle, 1002; Thomas Robinson, 
 1700; Joseph Eitson, 1737; Thomas Jameson, 1758; Nicholas 
 
 Turner, 17B7; Eobert C. Herbert, 1781); Alexander Scott, ; 
 
 ■\Villiam Henry Leech, 1835. 
 
 The rectory is a commodious building situated near 
 the church. 
 
 The Primitive Methodists and Wesleyan Association 
 have places of worship here. 
 
 The parish school was rebuilt in 1844. There is 
 also an infant school, which was estabhshed in 1855, 
 in the old poorhouse. 
 
 CEAMTIES. 
 
 Speaking of Egremont, the Charity Commissioners 
 observe: "In our inquiries into the charities belonging 
 to this parish we met with considerable difficulties, 
 owing to the loss of nearly all the documents relating 
 thereto. The following account, which is the best we 
 have been enabled to collect, is in many respects de- 
 fective." We subjoin their account. 
 
 " Donor unknown. — There arc two pieces of land, 
 situate in the parish of St. John's, in Cumberland, 
 called Dovedale and Low Close, consisting of about 
 tlirec acres, which are supposed to have been bought 
 for £3i 10s., by the churchwardens and overseers of 
 this parish, in the beginning of the last century. It is 
 understood that the purchase money was part of a fund 
 called the parish stock, the whole amount of which is 
 unknown, as well as its origin. This property was let 
 from year to year, from 1779 to the time of our inquiry, 
 
 I Ejected, in 1602, for nonconformity.
 
 GOSFOKTH PARISH. 
 
 389 
 
 at £2 10s. per annum; the rent having previously been 
 £2 5s. Since our inquiry, it has been let in public for 
 £5 10s. per annum. For tlie whole period through 
 which we could trace the application of this rent, it 
 appears to have been, and is now, distributed every 
 year, on Easter Sunday, amongst poor persons of 
 Egrcmont who have not regularly received parochial 
 relief. 
 
 " Thomas Benn's Cliarity. — By au inscription in the 
 church it appears that the Rev. Thomas Benn, vicar of 
 Millom, who died in 1743, left S,-2U, the interest thereof 
 to be given in bread, on Sundays, to such poor people 
 as should come to church. 
 
 "John Nicholson's Charity. — The date as well as the 
 particulars of this bequest are unknown. It is supposed 
 that one John Xicholson left by will £100, to be applied 
 in putting out apprentices, by lending .ClU to the mas- 
 ter of any boy, for seven years, without interest. The 
 loan of £10 is so trifling au object to any person taking 
 an apprentice, that it has been found impossible to com- 
 ply with the supposed directions of the testator ; and, 
 in consequence thereof, the sum of £J00 has been put 
 out to interest for many years, and the produce thereof 
 applied in the education of poor children. The interest 
 is applied, togetlicr with other sums raised annually by 
 voluntary subscription, in the support of a school; and, 
 from tliesc sources, .£10 per annum is paid to a school- 
 master, who teaches all the poor children of the piurish 
 without any additional charge. 
 
 " Mtiri/ant r,ichardson's Charily. — Jlrs. Margaret 
 Richardson, by will, dated I'Jth August, 1784, be- 
 queathed to the poor householders of Egremont the 
 sum of ten guineas. There is no entry in the parish - 
 book of this date, relating to the receipt of this legacy. 
 It appears, however, in the trust account delivered by 
 the executor of the testatri.x to her residuary legatee, 
 that the executor took credit to himself for the sum in 
 question as having been pi)id by him ; and it is sup- 
 posed that the money was distributed at the time 
 amongst the objects of the testatrix's charity. 
 
 " The Naliouul School. — This school, which is chiefly 
 
 supported by voluntary subscriptions, affords education 
 to about sLxty-five children. It has an endowment of 
 about £0 per annum, for which six poor boys are taught 
 free. 
 
 " Mrs. Jane Birlcy's Charity. — Mrs. Jane Birley, of 
 Carleton Lodge, who died in 1833, left by will the 
 interest of £50, to be distributed annually, on Good 
 Friday, to the poor of the parish who are not receiving 
 parochial rehef." 
 
 There is a mechanics' institution, which was founded 
 in 1840. It now numbers about sLxty members, and 
 has a library of about 450 volumes. The members 
 are of two sorts — ordinary, paying seven shillings a 
 year ; and honorary, paying ten shillings. 
 
 Gillfoot, situated near the town, is the property of 
 the trustees of the late Thomas Hartley, Esq., and is 
 at present occupied by his widow and family. 
 
 ^arlkg of (Sillfoot. 
 Tbe late Thomas Haetlev, Esq., of Gillfoot, was bom Sep- 
 tember aotli, 1802, and married April 10th, 1830, Georgianna, 
 youngest daughter of George Kimmington, Esq., of Tyne Field 
 House. He was a magistrate for the county, and served the 
 office of high sherill'of Cumberland in 1830. Mr. Hartley was 
 the son of Thomas Hartley, l^sq., by Anne, his wife, eldest 
 daughter of Thomas Hartley, Esq., of Gillfoot, and grandson of 
 Jolin Hartley, Esq., of Whitehaven, and Klizabeth Jlilham, his 
 wife. 3Ir. Hartley had two brothers — Wilfrid, M..V., in holy 
 orders; and Grayson, died in Xow South Wales, October, 1838; 
 and three sisters, viz., Elizabeth, married in November, 1836? 
 to the Rev. J. Carter; Catherine, manied in July, 1S31, to the 
 late Very Rev. R. rarUinson, D.D. ; and Anne Eliza, married ia 
 May, I'-al, to D'jVrcy Boulton, Esq. Mr. Hartley died in 1855. 
 
 Arms. — Arg. on a cross, gu., pierced, of the lield, four ciuqucfoils, 
 or, in the 1st and 4th qunrters, a martlet, sa. 
 
 Crest. — A martlet, sa., holding in the beak a cross-crosslel, 
 litcliee, or. 
 
 Springfield, four miles south-south-east of White- 
 haven, is the seat and property of Henry Jefferson, Esq. 
 
 Park House, about the same distance from White- 
 haven as Springlield, is the seat of John Stirling, Esq. 
 
 Catgill Hall, now a farm-house, is the property and 
 residence of Mr. Thomas Nelson. 
 
 GOSFORTII PARISH. 
 
 Tnr. parish of Gosforth is bounded on the north by Ponsonby, on the west by the Irish Sea, on the south by 
 Drigg, and on the east by Irton and Nethrr Wasdale. It possesses no dependant townships, but comprises the 
 four constablewicks of Gosforth, Boonwond, High Bolton, and Low Bolton, whose united area is 8,Ci>0 acres. The 
 inhabitants are much scattered over tbe parish, and aro engaged in agricultural pursuits— they attend the markets at 
 Whitehaven. The Whitehaven and Furness Junction railway ruu3 through the parish, and has a station at 
 Scoscalce.
 
 300 
 
 ALLEKDALE-ABOVE-DEnWENT WAED. 
 
 The population of Gosforth in 1801 was 652; in 
 1811, CS5; in 1821, P'^S; in 18:?I, 935; in 1841, 
 1,113; and in 1851, 1,110. The rateable value is 
 £4,589 10s. 8(1. This parish, though not mountainous, 
 has rather a high situation. The soil is chiollj of a 
 light red sand, and is watered by several rivulets, which 
 follow an easterly direction, and fall with the iJleng 
 into the Irt. Large quantities of freestone are found 
 here, but neither coal nor limestone. 
 
 Tiie manor of Gosforth was held in ancient times by 
 a family bearing the local name, the last of whom, 
 Robert Gosforth, left his lands to be divided among 
 his five co-heirs, viz., Mariot, the wife of Allan Caddy, 
 his eldest daughter; Isabel, wife of Henry Hustock, 
 his second daughter; Johan, wife of Adam Garth, the 
 third daughter; Eleanor, wife of William Kirkby, the 
 fourth daughter; and John Multou, son of Agnes East- 
 holme, the fifth co-heir. In the 2nd year of Edward 
 III. (1328), Sarah, the widow of Robert Leybura, held 
 Caddy's part ; John Pennington held Kirkby 's part ; 
 and the said John Multon the residue. An inquisition 
 taken in 1578 informs us that at that date, "The 
 tenants of the lands in Gosforth hold the said lands by 
 like service and by the rent of 19$. 8d. for free rent, 
 comage, seawake, and Serjeants' food, de propartia Dni. 
 Fitzwater." In Mr. John Denton's time the manor was 
 held by Pennington, Kirby, and Senhouse of Seascale. 
 A Mr. Robert Copley, who was for many years steward 
 to Sir William Pennington, of Muncaster, and who held 
 the office of chief bailiff of Copolaud Forest under the 
 Earl of Xorthumberland, purchased that portion of the 
 manor of Gosforth which had belonged to the Kirkbys, 
 and is said to have erected a large handsome house and 
 wardens, but these had become ruinous in 177G. The 
 manorial rights are now possessed by the freeholders, 
 but General Wyndham is lord paramount, and the 
 landowners attend his court, but pay no fines. Gos- 
 forth Hall adjoins the church, and is now used as a 
 farmhouse. From its appearance it seems to have been 
 erected in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and most pro- 
 bably by the Copleys. Over an old chimney-piece are 
 the initials, R. C. J. 'Richard and Jane Copley), and 
 the date 1673. 
 
 Bolton is another manor in this parish, and appears 
 to have been possessed at an early period by the Way- 
 bergthwaite family, one of whom, Williim de Way- 
 bergthwaite in the 23rd year of the reign of Edward I. 
 (1294-5), held £10 lands there of Thomas de Multon, 
 of Gilsland, and his land in Waybergthwaite of the lord 
 of Millom. In the 35th Henry VIII. il543-4), William 
 Kirkby held the manor of Bolton of the king, as of his 
 castle of Egremont, by knight's service, paying yearly 
 
 10s. comage, and seawake, homage, and suit of court, 
 and witnessman. At the same time he held lands in 
 Gosforth and Clcator, by the like homage, fealty, and 
 suit of court, and paying to the king a fee farm rent 
 of 8s. for the lands in Gosforth, and 2s. for the lands in 
 Cloator ; and 2s. seawake, and also puture of two Ser- 
 jeants. It subsequently became the property of Lancelot 
 Senhouse, whose father was third brother to the bouse 
 of Seascales, and he had it by grant from the lord 
 thereof, his brother. The manor came afterwards to 
 the Lutwidge family, one of whom, Charles Lutwidge, 
 Esq., held it in 1777, from whom it passed successively 
 to his younger brothers. Henry and Admiral Skeffington, 
 coming ultimately to the nephew of the latter, Major 
 Skeffington Lutwidge. 
 
 The manor of Seascales and Newton was anciently 
 the seat of the family of Senhouse, by whom it was 
 held for many generations. In 1578 " Thomas Senhouse 
 held the manor of Newton by homage, fealty, and suit of 
 court, and by knights' service, paying yearly for comage, 
 5s.; seawake, 3s.; Serjeants food, and free rent, which 
 wholly belongs to the lord pro partia Dni. de Lucy." In 
 1688 Seascales was the seat of John Senhouse, Esq. 
 It was subsequently purchased by Mr. Blaylock, a 
 merchant of Whitehaven, whose daughter and heiress 
 married Augustus Earl, Esq., from whom it passed to 
 his two sisters, co-heiresses, and eventually to the 
 liUtwidge family. After the death of Charles Lutwidge, 
 Esq., the manor of Seascales and Newton came, by pur- 
 chase, to Sampson Senhouse, Esq., of London. It is 
 now the property of Anthony Benn Steward. Esq., of 
 Chapel House, who, in 1853, purchased the manor, 
 with the estates, from Lady Senhouse. Seascales Hall 
 is now a farmhouse. On the wall is an escutcheon, 
 cut in stone, bearing the arms of Senhouse and Pon- 
 sonby quarterly, and the initials T. S. and M. S., and 
 the date 1600. This old building has lately undergone 
 considerable repair, at a cost of about £1,000, by the 
 present owner, A. B. Stewai'd, Esq. 
 
 General Wyndham is lord of the common land, and 
 lord paramount of the whole parish, with the exception 
 of the manor of Seascales and Newton. The land- 
 owners are Anthony Benn Steward, Esq.; Thomas 
 Brocklebank, Esq. ; the trustees of the late Dr. Robin- 
 son ; Captain Charles Parker; Samuel Irton, Esq.; 
 Captain Scott; Messrs. Joseph Younghusband, J. and 
 J. Gaitskell; Rev. John Fo.x ; John Singleton; the 
 trustees of the late Isaac Hartley ; John Hartley, Wm. 
 Poole, Joseph Jackson, John Tyson, Martin Ashburn, 
 Isaac Leech, John Colebank, John Sherwen, John 
 Walker, Isaac Leech, Edward Robinson, and Matthew 
 Sherwen. The commons were enclosed in 1811.
 
 GOSFOETH PARISH. 
 
 391 
 
 The village of Gosforth is situated on the soutliern 
 declivity of a gentle eminence near the Whitehaven 
 and Ulverstone road, ahout six miles south-south-east 
 of Egremont, and live miles north of llavenglass. It 
 is largo, and contains several good houses, and two 
 corn-mills. The plague seems to have been very 
 violent here iu l.'i'jO, for wo learn from the parish 
 register, that in that year, no fewer than 1 00 persons, 
 out of a population of 000, fell victims to the pestilence. 
 
 iiii: cnuEcu. 
 Gosforth church, dedicated to St. JIary, is a neat 
 structure, consisting of a nave and chancel, and a bell 
 turret, containing three bells. It underwent con- 
 siderable alterations in 1780, when nearly all the 
 external marks of antiquity were destroyed. In the 
 interior we have, however, the ancient chancel arch, 
 the piers of which are Norman, though the arch itself 
 is pointed. There are three galleries, the one at the 
 west end containing the organ. There are a few mural 
 monuments. In an old chest kept in the church is a 
 black letter copy of the Book of Homilies, folio, 10:!:!. 
 In the chui-chyard, on the south side of the church, 
 is a cross, supposed to be of Danish origin." It is 
 about fourteen feet iu height and about fourteen inches 
 in mean diameter ; the lower part, which is fixed in a 
 pedestal of three steps, is rounded, but the upper part, 
 being rather more than lialf the length, is nearly square. 
 The four sides are enriched with various guilloches 
 and other ornaments, besides several iigures of men 
 and animals in bas relief. It is remarkable that the 
 liguro of a man on horseback is represented upside down, 
 and another is represented in the same manner on the 
 west side. Formerly another column stood at the 
 distance of about seven feet from the existing cross, 
 and between the two was a stone placed horizontally, 
 on which was rudely sculptured the figure of a lari'e 
 and antique sword. Tho rector has in his possession 
 fragments of one or two other crosses, supposed to have 
 been found in different parts of the churchyard ; as also 
 some other remains of bygone days which have been 
 found in tho neighbourhood. The parish registers 
 commence in liJTJ. Tho benefice is a lectory, valued 
 in the King's Book at X)7 14s. 7d., and was certi- 
 fied to tho governors of Queen Annos Bounty at 
 tljo yearly value of i;;!.") ; and to the Ecclesiastical 
 Commissioners, at is.") per annum, in I.'Ul-l William 
 
 'Engraved in Lysoa's Magna Britannia, and in Uic Uculleman's 
 Magazine, for 17»9. 
 
 Pennington, Esq., of Muncaster, died siesed of the 
 advowsou of this church. The patronage seems 
 afterwards to have become vested in the crown ; and 
 in 15.5U Edward VI., by his letters patent, granted the 
 advowson and right of patronage to Fergus Greyrae, 
 gentleman, his heirs and assigns. In March, 1564, 
 a license was granted to Fergus Greyme empowering 
 him to alienate the same to Thomas Senhouse, gentle- 
 man, for the fine of 10s. lOd. paid into the hanaper. 
 In this manner tho advowson became tho property of 
 the Senhouse family, the representatives of the late 
 Sir H. F. Senhouse being patrons. 
 
 Hectors. — Edward Kellall occurs 153.') ; John Benn, 1662 ; 
 Thomas JlorlanJ, KiTU ; Christopher Denton, 17-41 ; I'eter 
 Murthwaite, 17:33 ; Charles Cobb Churchhill, ll'' ; HeDTy 
 Bragg, ISlig; Charles Lowther Senhouse, 18'J7; i"rancis Ford 
 Pinder, 1835. 
 
 The rectory is a pleasant residence, adjoining the 
 churchyard. 
 
 rHAitiTi'. 
 
 Previously to the year 1797, there was a sum of £01, 
 the interest of which was given away to poor house- 
 holders of Gosforth not receiving parish relief. It is 
 not known from what source this fund was derived. In 
 1797 Henry Lutwidge, in whose hands the money had 
 been placed, died insolvent, and £'33 lis. was the whole 
 that the parish could recover. The expenses of prose- 
 cuting this claim was paid out of the poor rates. The 
 sum of £33 ] Is. is now out at interest, and produces 
 £1 7s. per annum, which is distributed by the parish 
 officers and tho minister, on the Sunday after Easter, 
 amongst four or live poor householders not receiving 
 parish relief. 
 
 High Bolton and Low Bolton are two constablewicks 
 in this parish, respectively one mile south-east and one 
 mile south of Gosforlli. Boonwood is another consta- 
 blewick, one mile north. At this latter place fairs are 
 held twice a year, viz., on the 3.">th of .\pril for cattle, 
 and on the 18th October for cattle and horses. When 
 the commons were enclosed, iu 1811, sii acres were 
 allotted for these fairs. 
 
 At a short distance from the village of Gosforth is a 
 neat modern mansion called Seascalc, the rosideoco of 
 I^ady Senhouse ; and within about a mile south-east is 
 Park Nook, the resilience of Captain C'lmrles Parker. 
 Near the railway station at Seascalcs is tho Scawfell 
 Hotel, the property of Jlr. John Tyson, which ufTords 
 excellent accommodation to tho numerous visitors who 
 now frequent this place.
 
 392 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 HALE PARISH. 
 
 This parish, which e.xtends about four miles from east to west, and one mile and a half from north to south, is 
 bounded by the parishes of Egremont, St. John's, St. Bridget's, and St. Bees. It contains the joint townships of 
 Hale and Wilton, and is watered by several small streams. The soil is in general of a light gravelly nature, well 
 adapted for barley, wheat, and turnips. Freestone and Limestone are found here. A few of the houses in the 
 village of Beckermet are in this parish. 
 
 The area of Hale, or Haile, is 3,220 acres, and its 
 rateable value £1,727. The number of inhabitants in 
 1801 was 220; in 1811, 947; in 1821, 249; in 1831, 
 272 ; in 1841, 303 ; and in 1851, 330. 
 
 Shortly after the Conquest, the manor of Hale, with 
 Gosforth, Bolton, and Santon, was granted, by the 
 first lords of Egremont, to Thomas Multon of Gilsland. 
 It subsequently came into the possession of a family 
 who assumed the name of Hale, and in the reign of 
 Henry III. we find it held by Alexander de Hale; and 
 in the 23rd of Edward I. (1204-5), Agnes and Con- 
 stance, his daughters, held it of Thomas de Multon. 
 In an inquisition post mortem of John de Multon, in 
 the reign of Edward II., the name of Christian occurs 
 as proprietor. Agnes, one of the co-heiresses of the 
 above named Alexander de Hale, brought her share to 
 the Ponsonby family, who eventually became sole pro- 
 prietors. In " 1578 Simon Ponsonby held the hamlet of 
 Hale, for which he paid 2s., de propartia Dni. Fitz- 
 water." At the same time he also held "the moiety of 
 Wilton, late the lauds of Ale.^andcr Hale, rendering for 
 them per aunum, dc propartia Dni. Fitzwater, Is. 6d." 
 Richard Hale held at Wilton one tenement, for which 
 he paid 8d. a year ; and Roger Kirkby and others held 
 there a tenement, for which tlioy rendered 4d. Miles 
 Ponsonby, Esq., is the present lord of the manor ; 
 besides whom, William Walker, Esq., Messrs. William 
 Russell, Thomas Walker, John Johnson, John Smith, 
 Richard Jackson, John Wood, William l^ragg, Frede- 
 rick G. Brydle, John Birkctt, William Bonn, Henry 
 Mossop, Anthony Lewthwaite, Peter Sherwen, Mrs. 
 Eleanor Thompson, and the Lowthcr charity, are the 
 principal landowners. The parish was enclosed in 
 1811, when lands were allotted to the Earl of Lons- 
 dale, as impropriator of the tithes. 
 
 The village of Hale is about two and a half miles 
 south-east by south of Egi-emont, where there is a 
 small school. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 Hale parish church is a plain building, standing in a 
 beautiful and secluded situation, a short distance from 
 the village, with a turret, containing two bells. As 
 early as the year 1345, the church of Hale was appro- 
 priated, by the Archdeacon of Richmond, to the priory 
 
 of Conishead, in Lancashire, reserving to himself a 
 yearly pension of £0 8s. The benefice is not men- 
 tioned in the King's Book. It was certified to the 
 governors of (jueen Anne's Bounty at £7, but is now 
 worth about £82 a year. The living is a perpetual 
 curacy, in the patronage of the Earl of Lonsdale, who 
 is also impropriator, and incumbency of Rev. John 
 Fox, M.A. The parish registers commence in 1545. 
 
 CIIAUITT. 
 
 Poor iloneij. — In a parish book containing accounts 
 of the distribution of the poor money, commencing in 
 1715, is the following entry, dated December 21st, 
 1718 : — " Then disbursed of 30s., being the interest of 
 £30, left to be disposed of, every St. Thomas's Day, to 
 the poor of the parish of Haile, and to other pious and 
 charitable uses, at the discretion of the lord of the said 
 manor of Haile, curate, and churchwardens." 
 
 Hale Hall, the seat and property of Miles Ponsonby, 
 l>sq., is a neat mansion, occupying a pleasant situation, 
 uud has for many ages been the residence of the Pon- 
 sonby family. 
 
 Ponsonbg of ^oitsonbn anb ^alc. 
 
 The Ponsonbys are descended from an ancient and 
 noble family of Picardy, in France, and were established 
 in England by one of the companions in arras of 
 William the Conqueror. At an early period they 
 settled at Hale, where they assumed the name of 
 Ponsonby, from the lordship of Ponsonby, which they 
 possessed, and had the office of barber to the King of 
 England conferred upon them. Owing to a change of 
 the name from Ponsonby to De Hale, it is not easy to 
 give the descent of this family regularly. 
 
 There was one Ponson, in the reign of King Stephen and 
 Ilcnry I. His son John Fitz-Ponsos, lived in the reign of 
 Henry II. This is probably he who gave the church of Pon- 
 sonby to the priory of Conishead. 
 
 Alkxandeb, son of Kichard Ponsonby, lived about the time 
 of Edward II., William in the reign of Edwaid III., and 
 PtonERT in that of Richard II. 
 
 During the reign of Henry III. Hale was the property of 
 Alexandeb he Hale. His daughters, Agnes and Constance, 
 held it of Thomas de Multon of Gilsland, in the reign of Edward 
 I., at which time the Ponsonbys got Agnes's part ; and in the 
 lime of Richard U. they became possessed of the whole.
 
 HARRINGTON PARISH. 
 
 393 
 
 John Ponsonby, Esq., of Ilnle, was father of Simeon Pox- 
 SONBY, Esq., of Ilttlo, who married Anne K^lesfield, of Alne- 
 liurgh Hall, CumbLiland, and had a son, IlivSny Ponsondy, 
 Esq., who married Dorotliy Sandys, of Uotlington, in Cumber- 
 land, by whom lie lind two sons, both of whom were officers of 
 rank in Cromwell's anny, and accompanied him to Ireland in 
 1640, \h., John (Sir), of whom we ti-eat, and Henry, ancestor of 
 the Crotto family. The elder. 
 
 Sir John Ponsoniiy, Knt., born in IfiOS, colonel of horse in 
 Cromwell's array, went with his regiment, which ho raised for 
 the service of tlie Commonwenlth, to Ireland, in 1040, and 
 became sheriff of the counties of 'WiclJow and Kildare in 1054. 
 He represented the co. Kilkenny in the lirst Pailiamcnt in ICCl. 
 Sir John married, firstly, Dorothy, daughter of John Brisco, 
 Esa., of Crofton, co. Cumberland, and by her had a son John, 
 of whose line we treat. He married, secondly, Klizabetb, 
 daughter of John Folliott, and widow of Richard, son and heir 
 of Sir Edward Wingfield, and by this lady was ancestor of the 
 earls of Bcssborough. Sir John died in 1078. His son by his 
 first wife, 
 
 John Ponsonby, Esq., of Hale, married Anne Copley, of Cos 
 forth, and had, with other issue, a son and heir, 
 
 John Ponsonby, Esq., of Hale, who married Isabella, daugh- 
 ter of Thomas Patrickson, Esq., of Scalegill Hall, co. Cumber- 
 land, and was father, with other children, of 
 
 John Ponsondy, Esq., of Hale, who married Dorothy, daugh- 
 ter of Miles Wilson, Esq., of Ashness, co. Cumberland, and had 
 (with three daughters, Mary, Isabella, and Dorothy, maniod to 
 — Steel, Esq., of Cockermoutli) four sons, John, died a minor; 
 Miles, of whom presently; Anthony, and WiUiam. The second 
 aon, 
 
 Miles Ponsonby, Esq., of Hale Hall, J.P. and D.E., married 
 
 Catherine, daughter of Wilfred Clementson, Esq., of Cocker- 
 mouth, and had issue five sons, who all died without issue, 
 and five daughters. The third daughter, 
 
 Dorothy Ponsonuy, of Hale, married, 1800, John I'isher, 
 Esq., of Whitehaven, .T.P. and D.L., who, in her right, and 
 under the will of his father-in-law, assumed the surname of 
 Ponsonby. They had issue, 
 I. Thomas, died a minor. 
 :i. Miles, heir to his father. 
 III. ,)uhn. 
 I. Mary. 
 II. Catherine. 
 III. Dorothy. 
 
 Jlr. Ponsonby died lOth November, 184.3. Mrs. Ponsonby 
 died 30th January, If&t!. 
 
 Miles Ponsonby, Esq., of Hale Hall, J.P., born 6th December, 
 1808; married 30th May, ls;)7, Barbara, daughter of the late 
 Christopher Wilson, Esq., of liigniaden Park, co. Westmoreland, 
 and has issue, 
 
 1. Miles de Hale, born 1 lib May, 1S41. 
 II. Henry, bom 23rd Mnrcli, 1851. 
 I. Catherine Cumpstoue I'iorence. 
 II. Dorothy .Tune. 
 lU. Barbara Ellen. 
 
 Arms. — Gu., a chev., between tliree combs, arg. 
 Crest. — On a ducal coronet, or, three arrows, one impale, and two 
 ill soliier, the poititJi downwai-ils, entwined by a serpent, ppr. 
 Mutto. — Pro rege, lege, grige. 
 
 Wilton is a haralot in tbis parish, about two miles 
 east of Egremout. Here is a small school, erected iu 
 1854. 
 
 HARRINGTON PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Harrington is bounded on the north by Workington, on the west by the Irish Sea, on the south by 
 Moresby, ami on the east by Workington and Distington. It extends about two miles and a half along the 
 eea coast, and is about one mile in breadth: containing the small port of Harrington, at the mouth of a small rivulet 
 called the Wyre. It possesses no dependent townships. The commons, which formed the greater part of this 
 parish, were enclosed about the year 1770, and it still retains a bare appearance from its want of trees. 
 
 The area of Harrington is 2,790 acres, and its rate- 
 able value £5,580. The population in 1801 was 1,357; 
 in 1811, l.O-Jl : in IBvJl, 1,815; in 1831, 1,755 ; in 
 1841, l.Ot'.l; and in 1851, 2,100. In this parish, 
 near Parton, are situated the I-owca Engine Works, 
 established in 1790, by Messrs. Adam, and Crosby, 
 Ileslop, and Co. They were carried on by Jlessrs. 
 Tiilk and Ley till the year 1«57, when they became 
 the property of Jlessrs. Fletcher, Jennings, and Co., 
 the present occupiers, who employ about 150 persons. 
 The works consist of an extensive foundry, for iron and 
 brass. Marine, stationary, and locoinotivo engines are 
 manufactured on the premises. In 1^13 there was an 
 iron vessel built on the adjoining shore by Messrs. 
 Tulk and Ley, the proprietors at that period. Great 
 
 a 
 
 facilities are afforded for carrying on the works, by the 
 fact of the Whitehaven and Slaryport railway passing 
 through them. Messrs. Williamson and Son have a 
 shipbuilding yard, situated near the harbour, com- 
 menced by them in 1838, and affording employment to 
 150 hands. Ships of from 500 to 700 tons burden are 
 built here. There is also a blast furnace, a tannery, 
 and a corn-mill. Largo quantities of coal are raised in 
 the parish. The Harrington Colliery consists of two 
 pits — the "John," and "Ilodson;" the former is 95 
 fathoms deep, in the middle seam stono drift, and the 
 coal is four feet thick. This seam is the lowest of any 
 in the neighbourhood, being only thirty fathoms above 
 the great limestone deposit, which in 1824 was p.ir- 
 tially wrought five fathoms lower, and is now exten-
 
 394 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOA"E.DERWENT WAED. 
 
 sively worked at Distington, Dcnn, and Brigham. 
 " Hodgson " pit is CO fathoms deep, and the coal 
 four feet thick. The '• yard-haud," 30 inches thick, 
 is 38 fathoms above this seam, and 30 fathoms belovr 
 the four-feet working in the middle seam of the "John" 
 pit. 
 
 Shortly after the Norman conquest, the manor of 
 Harrington, together with Workington, was granted to 
 the Talebois family, barons of Kendal, in Westmore- 
 land, and was held as a fee of Workington. At an 
 early period it passed to the fiimily of Harrington, of 
 ■which house there were several branches, resident at 
 Beaumont in Cumberland, Withcrslack in Westmore- 
 land, Aldingham in Lancashire, and at two other 
 places in Rutlandshire and Lincolnshire. The first 
 of this family who held Harriiigton married the heiress 
 of — Seaton, in the parish of Camertou. She died in 
 the lifetime of her grandfather, Thomas, son of Gos- 
 patric. The next of the family upon record is llobert 
 de Harrington, who, in the reign of Edward I., married 
 the heiress of Cancefield, Agnes, sister and heiress of 
 William, son of Richard de Cancefield, who married 
 Alice, sister and heir of Sir Michael le Fleming, son of 
 William, son of the first Sir Michael le Fleming, of 
 Beckermet, Knt. Ho had a son and heir, John de 
 Harrington, Knt., first baron by writ, who was sum- 
 moned to Parliament from 30th December, 1321 to 
 13th November, 1345. In the early writs he is styled 
 " John of Haverington." His eldest son, Robert, mar- 
 ried Elizabeth, one of the three sisters and co-heiresses 
 of John de Multon of Egremont, and died in the life- 
 time of his father, leaving John, eon and heir, his suc- 
 cessor. This John dc Planington was summoned to 
 Parliament in 1318 and the foUowhig years, and died 
 in 13C3, leaving issue a sou and heir, Sir Robert de 
 Harrington, Knt., who receiver] the honour of knight- 
 hood at the coronation of Richard II., and was sum- 
 moned to Parliament from 1377 until his death in 
 1405. He married Isabel, daughter and co-heiress of 
 Sir Nigel Loring, Knt, by whom he had issue Sir 
 John de Harrington, Knt., who died without children 
 in 1418. Sir William de Harrington, his brother, who 
 succeeded him, was summoned to Parliament from 
 1421 to 1430. He married Margaret, daughter of Sir 
 Robert Neville, Knt., of Hornby, by whom he had issue 
 a daughter, Elizabeth, who married William Lord Bon- 
 ville, and in this manner brought to that family the 
 estates of the Harringtons, Flemings, and Cancefields, 
 a third part of the great estate of Multon, and a moiety 
 of that of Loring. Sir William died in 1457, without 
 male issue, leaving his grandson his next heir, who 
 became Baron Harrington in right of his mother. 
 
 William Lord Bonville, Baron Harrington, married 
 Catherine, daughter of Richard Neville, earl of Salis- 
 bury, and left, an only daughter, Ciceley, who married 
 Thomas Grey, first marquis of Dorset, by whom she 
 bad issue Thomas Grey, second marquis of Dorset, 
 K.G., father of Henry Grey, third marquis, who was 
 rvcatcd Duke of Suffolk in 15,")1. This nobleman mar- 
 ried Frances, daughter and co-heir of Charles Brandon, 
 duke of Suffolk, by Mary, Queen Dowager of P'rance, 
 and sister of Henry VIII., by whom he had three 
 daughters, Jane, Kathcrine, and Mary. The Lady 
 Jane Grey, his eldest daughter, was proclaimed queen 
 of England, on the demise of Edward VI., and was 
 soon afterwards behc.ided. Her father also suffered 
 death as a traitor ; and his estates, including the 
 manor of Harrington, were forfeited to the crown. 
 Philip and Mary, by letters patent, bearing date in the 
 third and fourth years of their reign, granted to Henry 
 Curwen, Esq., the manor of Harrington, with its ap- 
 purtenances, being at that time of the yearly value of 
 1M8 14s. 8d., with the exception of the advowson of the 
 living, to be held in capite, by the fortieth-part of a 
 knight's fee, for all rents, services, and demands. It 
 has since continued to be held by the Curwens of 
 Workington ; Henry Curwen, Esq., being the present 
 lord of the manor. The demesne is williin the enclo- 
 sure of Workington Park, which bounds this parish on 
 tlie north. Henry Curwen, Esq., is the principal 
 landowner. 
 
 The small and flourishing port of Harrington, about 
 three miles south from Workington, is a creation of 
 modern times, being the growth of a single century, for 
 in 1760 there was not one house here, nor a single 
 vessel belonging to the port. In 171)1 the number of 
 vessels belonging to Harrington was about sixty, ave- 
 raging 100 tons burthen; in 182-J the number was 
 thirty-eight, of an aggregate burden of 4,970 tons ; in 
 1828 the number had increased to forty-three, and 
 their burden was equal to 5,479 tons; in 1840 there 
 were forty-four vessels belonging to the port, and theii- 
 burden was 0,052 tons ; in 1850 the number of vessels 
 was thirty-five, and the aggregate burden was 0^000 
 tons; and in 1858 wc find there were thirty vessels, 
 with a burden of 5,780 tons. The harbour is well 
 constructed, and the houses mostly modern and well 
 built. Coal and lime are exported. In the coal trade. 
 which is carried on chiefly with Irish ports, upwards of 
 forty vessels are employed ; and in the lime trade, 
 which is carried on with the opposite coast of Scot- 
 land, there ai'e a largo number of sloops. The ship- 
 building yard and other works wc have spoken of above. 
 The port is under Whitehaven.
 
 IRTOX TARISH. 
 
 395 
 
 THE cauBcu. 
 
 Harrington church is a neat edifice, consisting of 
 nave ami chancel, with square western tower, and occu- 
 pies a picturesque situation on an eminence overlooking 
 the port. The nave is low and narrow, hut the chancel 
 is lofty, and of greater breadth, with an eastern window 
 of three lights. There arc a few mural monuments. 
 The living of Uarrington was given, with that of 
 Workington, to the abbey of St. Mary, at York, by 
 Ketel, sou of Eldrcd, son of Ivo de Talebois. On the 
 dissolution of the monastic institutions, Henry VIII., 
 by lettere patent, bearing date August 20th, 1514, 
 granted to Robert Drookelsbyc and John Dyer the 
 advowson and right of jialronage of the churches of 
 Harrington and Workington, to be held in free socage 
 by fealty. only. On the 27th of January, 1545, the two 
 rectories were conveyed to Thomas Dalston, Esq., of 
 Carlisle. On the 12th October, 1.501, John Dalston, 
 Esq., received a hcense by which he was empowered to 
 convey the advowson and right of patronage of the 
 churches of Harrington and Workington to Henry 
 Ourwen, Esq., in whose posterity they have since been 
 vested. In 1731 the University of Cambiidge pre- 
 sented in consequence of the lord of the manor being a 
 Catholic. The living is a rectory, valued in the King's 
 
 Book at £7 7s. 3id., and certified to the governors of 
 Queen Anne's Bounty at .£37 ; viz., glebe, £8 ; all 
 tithes belonging to the rectory, i'25 ; prescription for 
 Mr. Curwen's demesne, £2 ; Easter dues and surplice 
 fees, £2. Its present value is about £250. The parish 
 register commences in 105 3. 
 
 Rectors. — Nicholas Cowerson occurs 1553 ; — Hndson occnrs 
 about 1012; R. Clir. MatlinsoD, 1601; Jeremiah Topping, 1062; 
 John Proctor, 103(1; Thomas Orfeur, 1C95 ; Charles Richard- 
 son, I7J1; Chai'les Richardson, 1724; Charles Noble, ITSi; 
 Darcy Otley, 175;i; John Bird, 1780; Joseph Adderton, 1785; 
 Peter IIow, nU-j; 'Wilham Curwen, 1817; John Curwen, 1823; 
 Peter Voa Essen, 1810; B. S. Kennedy, 1857. 
 
 Tlio Wesleyan chapel, erected in 1 828, at a cost of 
 about £000, is a good building of stone, capable of 
 accommodating about 500 persons. The first floor is 
 partitioned off for a private day school, and serves also 
 as a Sunday school. About fifty years ago this body 
 met for worship in an old clay mill prepared for the 
 purpose by the late Mr. Joseph Button. 
 
 The Primitive Methodist chapel was erected in the 
 same year as the above, at a cost of £228. It will seat 
 about 200 persons ; half of the seats arc free. 
 
 The parochial school, situated in the village, is chiefly 
 supported by the payments of the children. 
 
 IRTON PARISH. 
 
 Tuis parish is bounded on the north by Gosforth ; on the west by Hri'^g; on the south by the Mite, wliich divides it 
 from the parish uf Muucaster; on the east by the manor uf Mitcrdido and the chapclry of \\'asdale, in the parish of 
 St. Bees. The parish was enclosed pursuant to an act of Parliament passed in 1809. The surface of the parish is 
 hilly, and in the northern parts rather mountainous ; the soil varying in quality from gravel and clay to a mossy 
 earth. Granite is plentiful at Irton Hall, but neither coul, limestone, nor freestone is found here. The Irt, from 
 wliich the name of the parish is derived, flows through it in a south-westerly direction, and abounds with trout and 
 salmon. Irton parish comprises the townships of Irton and Santonwith-Melthwaile, whose united area is 5,270 
 acres. The population in ISOl was 400 ; in 1811, 490 ; in 1821, 500 ; in 1831, 531 ; in 1841, 509 ; and in 1851, 
 572. The rateable value of the parish is £2,059 lOs. The principal landowners are Samuel Irtou, Esq. ; Thomas 
 Brocklcbank, Esq. ; Capt. II. Lutwidgo ; Anthony B. Steward, Esq. ; Messrs. Gaitskell, Joseph Watson, Joseph 
 Burrough, — Shcrsveu, and Saul Rogers. 
 
 Irton township contains several scattered houses lying 
 between the Irt and Mite, from two to four miles north- 
 east of Ravenglass. 
 
 The manor of Irton has been held by a family 
 '••( the same name since tho time of the Conquest. 
 In the 3Jth Henry VIII. it was found by inquisition 
 that Richard Irton, Esq., held the manor and town 
 of Irton of tho king as of his castle of Egreraont, 
 by homage and fealty, Id. rent, and suit at tho 
 court of Egremont. He also possessed Cleator and 
 
 a moiety of the manor of Basscnthwmtc. In 1578 
 liichard Irton held the manor of Irton by homage, 
 fealty, and suit of court, and by tho rent of 7d. for 
 cornage. The demesne is large ; three estates pay 
 customary rents, arbitraiy lines, and heriots, with 
 other boons and services. 
 
 Irton Hall, tho ancient seat of the Irton family, is 
 pleasantly seated amid noble ti'ecs, on the summit of aa 
 eminence rising from the Irt, about a quarter of a mile 
 east from the. parish church. The most striking archi-
 
 396 
 
 ALLERDALE ABOVE-DEUWENT WARD. 
 
 tectural feature of Irton Hall is a quadrangular tower 
 built in the castellated style, with embrasures, which, 
 from its great antiquity, and from the fact that the 
 other parts of the mansion being of various and more 
 modern dates, is generally supposed to have constituted 
 the principal part of the manorial hall. In front of the 
 hall is the trunk of an old gigantic oak, whose girth 
 three men can scarcely encompass with their arms 
 extended. The following account of the Irton family 
 ■will clearly shew the descent of the manor : — 
 
 ^lioit of ^rton. 
 The Irtons have been seated at Irton from a period 
 antecedent to the Conquest, and have since that period 
 been, in a direct line, successive lords thereof. The 
 first of this family mentioned by Mr. Wharton, Somer- 
 set herald, is 
 
 Baktram D'Yrton, who lived in the beginning of the reign of 
 Henry I.; and Richard is mentioned soon after the Conquest, as 
 appears by a deed of gift in the exchequer of lands given to the 
 abbey at York by Andrew de Blorwick, to which Bartram was an 
 evidence. He was succeeded by 
 
 Adam D'Yuton of Yrton, who was one of the knights of St. 
 John of Jerusalem; and, attending Godfrey of Boulogne and the 
 other Christian princes to the Holy Land, was at the siege of 
 Jerusalem. During the war be slew a Saracen general, and is 
 said to have severed at one blow the infidel's head from his body. 
 He married Joan Stutville, and was father of 
 
 HcGU D'Yrton, who married Gertrude Tilliol, of an ancient 
 and eminent family, which possessed Scaleby Castle and a large 
 estate on the borders, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Edmund D'Yeton, who joined the crusade, under Richard I., 
 and participated in all that monarch's wars. He lost bis life in 
 the journey to Jerusalem ; and left, by his wife, the daughter of 
 Edmund Dudley of Yanwath, in 'Westmoreland, a son and suc- 
 cessor, 
 
 SrEPHES D'Y'rton, who married Jane Dacre, and had two 
 sons, namely, Roger, his heir, and Randolpli, or Ralph, consti- 
 tuted in 1230 Bishop of Carlisle. The elder son, 
 
 Roger D'Yrton, married, and had a son and successor, 
 
 ■Wu.T.iAM D'Yeton, who married Grace Hanmerof Shropshire, 
 a near relatire of the Hanmers of Hanmer, in FUntshu-e, and 
 was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Roger D'Yrton, living in 1293, who married Susan, daughter 
 of Sir Alexander Basinthwaite. By this lady Roger D'Yrton 
 acquired the manors of Basinthwaite, Loweswater, Unthanl;, 
 and divers other lands of considerable value ; and had a son and 
 heir, 
 
 Adam D'Yrton, who manied Elizabeth, sole heiress of Sir 
 John Copeland, and obtained with her the manors of Birker, 
 Birkby, and Santon. He left two sons, of whom the younger, 
 Alexander, married a lady of the family of Odingsuls, and settled 
 at Wolverly, in Warwickshire. The elder, 
 
 RiCHAED D'Yrton, married Margaret, daughter of John 
 Broughton of Broughton, in StafTordshire, and was father of 
 
 CHRisTorHEK Irton of Irton, who married Margaret, daugh- 
 ter of Richard Redman of Herwood Castle, and was succeeded 
 by his son, 
 
 Nicholas Irton of Irton, who married a daughter of William 
 Dykes of Wardell, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 John Irton, Escj., of Irton, living temp. Edward IV., who 
 married Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas l.aniplugh, Knt., by 
 Eleanor his wife, daughter of Sir Henry Fenwick of Fenwick, 
 and had (with another son, Josepli, who left two daughters — 
 Klizaletli, married to William Armorer, Esq.; and Mary, mar- 
 ried to John Skelton, Esq., of Armatliwaite Castle), a son, 
 
 William Ikton, Esq , of Irton, who was appointed, in 1-193, 
 general to the Duke of Cloucester, and (as appears by an old 
 grant in the family) his deputy-lieutenant. He married a 
 daughter of the ancient house of Fleming of Rydal, and was 
 succeeded by his son, 
 
 Thomas Irton of Irton, who received the honour of knight- 
 liood from tlie Earl of Surrey, at Flodden Field, and was slain 
 in a skirmish at Kelso, with the Scotch. He died without 
 children, and was succeeded, in 1D03, by his brother, 
 
 RiciiARD Irton of Irton, who served as sherifl' for Cumber- 
 land, a'2nd Henry VIII. He married Anne, daughter of Sir 
 William Middleton, Knt., of Stokeld Park, and left a son and 
 heir, 
 
 CuRiSTOniEE Irton, Esq., of Irton, who married, in 154.3, 
 Ehzabelh, daughter of Sir William Millory, Knt., of Studley 
 Park, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 John Irton, Esq., of Irton, who married, in 1577, Annei 
 daughter of Richard Kirby, Esq., of Kirby, by Mary his wife, 
 daughter of Sir Roger Bellingham, and was father of 
 
 John Ikton, Esq., of Irton, who married, in 1038, Anne, 
 sister of Sir Harrj- Ponsonby, ancestor to the earls of Bess- 
 borough, and left a son and successor, 
 
 John Irton, Esq., of Irton, who mairied, in 1C58, Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Musgrave of Mealrig, youngest brother of Sir Wil- 
 liam Musgrave, Knt, of Crookdake, and was succeeded by his 
 son, 
 
 George Irton, Esq., of Irton, who married Eliza, daughter 
 of Thomas Lamplugh, Esq., of Lamplugh, and was succeeded 
 by his son, 
 
 George Irton, Esq., of Irton, high sheriff of Cumberland in 
 1753, who married, in ICnS, Elizabeth, daughter of David Poole, 
 Esq., of Knottingley, and Syke House, co. York, and had two 
 sons and five daughters. He was succeeded by the eldest, 
 
 Samuel Irton, Esq., of Irton, who mamed Frances, only 
 daughter and heiress of Robert Tubman, Esq., of Cockermouth, 
 and had three sons and as many daughters. The eldest surviv- 
 ing son, 
 
 Edmi'sd LAMPLVGn IiiTON, Esq., of Irton, married, firstly. 
 Miss Hodgson of Hawkshead, and by her had u daughter, Anne 
 Frances, married to Joseph Gunson, Esq., of Ingwell. He mar- 
 ried, secondly, 2nd Aug., 1787, Haniet, daughter of John Hayne, 
 Esq., of Ashbourne Green, co. Derby. By the latter (who died 
 8th November, 18-10) he had issue, Samuel, liis heir; Richard, 
 lieutenant-colonel in the litle brigade, married Selina, daughter 
 nf Joseph Sabine, Esq., and is deceased; and Fiances, married, 
 cth October, 1812, to Sir E. S. Prideaux, Bart. Mr. Irton died 
 2nd November, 1820, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Samuel Ieton, Esq., of Irton Hall, J. P. and IJ.L., M.P. for 
 the western division of the county from 1833 till 1857, when 
 lie retired. Bom 29lh September, 1700. Married, 25th July, 
 1825, Eleanor, second daughter of Joseph TilTen Senhouse, 
 Esq., of Calder Abbey. 
 Arms, — Arg., a fesse, sa., in chief, three mullets, gn. 
 Cresl. — A Saracen's head. 
 Motto. — Semper constans et fidelis. 
 
 the chobch. 
 Irton church, dedicated to St. Paul, is a handsome 
 modern structure, consisting of nave, chancel, and square
 
 IRTON PAEISH. 
 
 397 
 
 tower, rcliuilt in 170.'). It contains several niuuunients 
 to the memory of different members of the Irton, Lut- 
 widgc, Winder, and Mossop families. As we learu 
 from Tanner, the church of Irton, \Yhich he tells us 
 was dedicated to St. Michael, was appropriated in the 
 year ]2'27, to the nunnery of Seaton or Leakly. On 
 the suppression of the monastic institutions it was 
 granted to the Penningtous of Muucaster, ancestors 
 of the present Lord Muncaster. The tithes and the 
 right of advowson remained in that family until they 
 were purchased hy Samuel Irton, Esq., the present 
 patron. There is no mention made of Irton in the 
 King's Book; but it was certified to the governors of 
 Queen Anne's Bounty at the annual value of £4 13s. 4d. 
 When the parish was enclosed, in ] 809, an allotment 
 of land was given in lieu of tithes. The living was 
 formerly rectorial, but is now only a perpetual curacy, 
 valued at X'90 a year. The parish registers commence 
 in 1G97. In the churchyard is an ancient cross, nearly 
 ten feet in height, and ornamented with some rich 
 carving, representing elegant scroll work, knots, and 
 frets, very much in the style of some of the Kunic 
 crosses found in the Isle of Man. 
 
 IscrMDENTS. — John Benson, 1076; Joseph Benn, 1681; 
 Edward Burrough, 17l!0; John Steble, H"'!; ClementWatts, 
 
 1780; John Grice, 1707; Henry W. Hodgson, ; Robert G. 
 
 Calthrop, 1S50. 
 
 CniltlTlES. 
 
 Poor Money. — The interest of £17 is given away 
 annually at Easter, amongst poor householders of the 
 parish of Irton, not receiving parochial relief. 
 
 Bread and Cheese Money. — The sum of 3s. 4d. is 
 paid aimually, under the description of bread and 
 cheese money, out of the iluncaster estate. The origin 
 of the payment is unknown. 
 
 School. — Ilcnry Caddy, by deed, dated Ith Decem- 
 ber, 1710, gave £150 towards the maintcuanco of a 
 master, to teach a free English and grammar school 
 for the benefit and advantage only of so many of the 
 parishioners of Irton and Santon, who should propor- 
 tionably contribute to the building of a school-room, to 
 be erected upon Irton Moor; and he appointed fJeorgo 
 [rton of Irton, his heirs and successors, and Wiiliain 
 Caddy, his heirs and successors, owners of Gaskclh, 
 perpetual trustees, with three other persons to bo nomi- 
 nated from time to time; and he directed tliat any 
 parishioner, who had not contributed to the building of 
 the school, if he wished to be free thereof, should not 
 pay less than 303. for liis freedom ; the interest whereof 
 was to bo paid to the schoolmaster. And he furtlior 
 directed that all poor persons' children, within Irton 
 
 and Santon, should be free of the school, the said 
 trustees to judge who should go under that denomina- 
 tion. Articles of agreement were entered into ou the 
 same day by the subscribers to the building of the 
 school to the same effect. The sum of £150, by 
 accumulation of interest and additional bequests, has 
 increased to £181. In addition to the interest of the 
 money above-mentioned, amounting to £9 Is., the 
 schoolmaster receives £3 as the rent of an allotment of 
 land containing about one and a half acre. This allotment 
 was given in respect of the school upon the enclosure 
 of an adjoining common ; it is let for £3 a year. No 
 children, though they are considered as entitled to their 
 freedom, are taught entirely free, a small quarterage is 
 paid for them ; for others, the master charges a higher 
 quarterage. The average number of scholars is about 
 fifty; they are instructed in reading, writing, and 
 accounts ; and, if it is required, classics and mathe- 
 matics are taught ; but for the latter, the master makes 
 his own terms. The Eev. Stanley Burrough, formerly 
 master of Piugby, left to this school £10 per annum, 
 payable out of land. This was paid for a short time, 
 but it is now refused, as having been a void bequest 
 under the statute of mortmain. 
 
 Admiral Lutuidge's Charity. — Admii-al Lutwidge, by 
 will, left three guineas per annum, charged upon land, 
 to be distributed annually at Christmas amongst six 
 poor widows of this parish. This is regularly paid, and 
 applied according to the directions of his will. 
 
 SANTON AND MELTHWAITE. 
 
 The acreage, population, and rateable value of Santon 
 and Melthwaite are returned with the parish. The 
 township contains the village of Holm Rook and several 
 scattered houses on the north side of the Irt, about 
 three miles uorth-by-cast of Raveuglass. 
 
 The manor of Santon appears to have been held in 
 the time of Ilenry III. by Alan do Copcland, who 
 resided in Bootle parish, and " held of Tiiomas de 
 Multon of Gilsland, who held over of the lord of Egre- 
 mout." He was succeeded by bis sons *Vlan and 
 Richard, and they by John and Richard. In the aiJnd 
 Itichard II. (1398-'.!) .\ian, son of Richard Copcland, 
 held lands here. From a survey taken in 1378 we 
 loam that Roger Kirkby, E>q, held Santon, certain 
 lands in Gosforth, Halo, and other places, by homage, 
 fealty, and suit of court, and by the payment of 6s, t<d. 
 for fee farm, coninge, seawake, Serjeant's food, &c., all 
 of the purjiarty of tlio Lord Fitzwater. In the year 
 1777 Santon was held by tho families of Irton and 
 Winder ; the moiety held by tho latter having been 
 purchased of -• Lotus, Esq., who bought it of the
 
 398 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DBBWENT WARD. 
 
 Lancaster family. It is now the property of Captain 
 H. Lutwidge. 
 
 Tho village of Holtnrook is pleasantly situated on 
 the banks of the Irt, and the high road from Ravenglass 
 to Egreraont. 
 
 Holmrook Hall, tho scat of C:iptain H. Lutwidge, 
 is situated on the northern bank of the Irt, three miles 
 north-east from Piavenglass. 
 
 ^uiteibgc of |)olmrooli. 
 Thomas LnTwrooE, Esq., J.P., of Wliitebaven, bom ia 1070, 
 on extensive merchant an J sliip-owner ; Iiigh-sheriif of the co. 
 Cumberland, 12th George I. He manied Istly Hannah Rumbold, 
 and had by her a son, Palmer, born 10th Jannary, 1700 or 1703, 
 and died 10th April, 1701. He married 2ndly, fith February, 
 ifai, Lucy, youngest daughter of Sir Charles HoghtoD, 15art., 
 of Hoghton Tower, co. Lancaster, (by Mary, his wife, oldest 
 daughter of J. Skeffinjilon, viscount Jtassereene,) and by her 
 (who died 17lh September, 17t<U) he had issue, 
 
 I. Charles, bom 20ih January, 1722, J.P. and D.L. of the co. 
 Cumberland, receiver and surveyor general, i:e., of llie Isle 
 of JIan, and surveyor ntul ctimptroller general of the coasts 
 of Cumberland and Wcstinorehuid, and the part of Lancas- 
 ter, &c. ; he possessed considerable landed property near 
 Whitehaven, and elsewhere in the co. of Cumberland, and 
 nurehased, 17.jy. as a summer residence, Holmrook, near 
 Ravenglass, with the manor of ii.dton, which estate still 
 remains in tlie family. He died, unmarried, in October, 
 1781. 
 II. Heurv, formerlv of Cooper's Hill, Waltnn-Ie-Dale, near Pres- 
 ton, burn nih .Inne, 1721; married, 8th September, 1707, 
 Jane, second dauglitcr and co-heiress of Itigby Jlolinenx, 
 of Preston, captain of infantrv, (eldest son of Thomas, third 
 son of Sir J. .Molinenx, third' baronet of Teversal, Notts., 
 by Mary, daughter of Oliver Marton, Esq., of Lnncasler,for 
 many years Jl.P. for that town,) born in 1715, died in 1791. 
 He died 1st August, 1711s, having had issue, 
 
 1. Charles, born loth June, HC, major in the 1st regiment 
 of Koyal Lancashire Militia, and afterwards collector 
 of customsat the port of Kingston upon-IluU. Hesuc- 
 cceded to Holmrook, and ultimately sold the estate to 
 his uncle. Admiral Lutwidg.'. Air. Charles Lutwidge 
 married, l.'ith January, 17Us, Elb.abeth Anne, daughter 
 of the Rt. licv. Charles Dodgson, lord bishop of Elphin, 
 and died 7ili September, lb48, having had issue, 
 
 Charles Henry, (Rcr.') vicar of East Farleigh, co. 
 Kent, born'2lst March, ISDrt, ilied at Hastings, 
 15th Januarv, Wi:^. He married, 3rd November, 
 1831, Ann Louisa, oidy daughter of Robert Raikes, 
 Esq., of Welton House, Yorksl:ue, and had issue, 
 
 Uu.VRLEs RoHERT Flktcuer, present repre- 
 sentative of the family. 
 Caroline Louisa. 
 
 Robert Wilfred Skcffington Lutwidge, barrister-at- 
 law, born 17th January, 1S02. 
 
 Elizabeth Frances, married, 17th February-. 192.3, 
 Thomas, eldest son of Robert Raikes, Esq., of 
 Welton House, Yorkshire, and has issue, 
 
 Ch.arles, born 17tli November, 1823, oflicer of 
 
 artillerv, E.l.Co's. service. 
 Frederick, bom 1:3th August, 18.10 ; died 27th 
 
 March, IS:U. 
 Elizabeth Lucy. 
 
 Frances Jane, married, 5th .April, 1S27, her cousin, 
 the Veil, .\rcljdeacon Dodgson, rector of Croft, 
 Yorkshire (eldest son of Cl'arles Dodgson. captain 
 of Dragoons, eldest son of Charles, Bisbop of 
 Elphin), by l.ucy. daughter of James Hume, Esq., 
 chairman of theB'.ard of Customs, and died 26th 
 January, 1801, leaving issue, 
 
 Lucy. Charlotte Afenella. 
 
 Margaret .\nne. Henrietta Miu-y. 
 
 2. Skcffington, D.L., bom 2-lrd May, I77!l, of Holmrook, 
 
 late major 11th Native Infimtryj E.l.Co's. Service, and 
 deputy judge advocate general of the Miujras army, 
 married, llltli Marrli, IsU, Mary .Margaret, dauglitcr of 
 Gen. Loekliart, of co. Lanark, and died without issue 
 "rd Feliruiuy, IS.'jl. 
 
 3. Homy Thomas, born Ulh October, 1780; captain R.N.; 
 
 was present at Lord Bridporl's action in June, 1700, 
 and at .'\dmiral Sir J. Jervis's action olf Cape St. 
 Vincent, 14th February, 1797; shipwrecked on the 
 French coast, in the " Hussar" frigate, in February, 
 1804, taken ])risoner, and detained in France till the 
 end of the war; married, 22nd June, 1N24, Mary, 
 youngest datighterof John Taylor, Esq., of Townhead, 
 CO. Lancaster, by Dorothy, daughter of Sir Thomas 
 Rumbold, Bart., governor of ^ladras. 
 
 1. Charlotte Jane, died 5th January, 18.51; married, Istly, 
 2()th .May, 17SS, William Henn, Esq., of Hensiugham, 
 near Whitehaven (who died in 171)1)); and 2ndly, 
 Thomas Cope, Esq., of Osbastou Hall, co. Leicester, 
 who died luih May, 18:17. 
 
 a. Lucy, died 10th April, 18:11 ; married, in 1812, the EcT. 
 William Grice, vicai of Irton, co. Cumberlaud, and left 
 a daughter. 
 
 3. Margaret, married to J. E. Carter, Esq., of Leicester, and 
 
 died without issue .'jth Jime, 1809. 
 
 4. Cordelia, died in 1777. 
 
 i. Henrietta Octavia, died 18th September, ISIS; married, 
 6th January, 1801, Charles Poole, Esq., of The Grove, 
 Sianmore, Middlesex (who died 17ih May, 1838), and 
 had issue. 
 
 HI. Thomas, born 5th October, 172.3; died, unmarried, March, 
 17411. 
 
 IV. John, born 23rd July, 172S; died, unmarried, 1st July, 1740. 
 V. Samuel, bora l-'jth November, 17:10 ; lii'utenant, R.N., served 
 under Admiral Watson in the East Indies, one of the 
 volunteers from the stjuadron who jiiined Lord (then 
 Colonel) Clive in his utmck upon Calcutta, in which he was 
 severely wounded. He died of his wounds, and uumarried, 
 10th March, 1757. 
 
 VI. Walter, bora 17 th December, 1733; died yoimg and unmar- 
 ried. 
 
 VII. Skcffington, bora 13th March, 1737; admiral of the red, com- 
 manded the Carcass bomb-ship, in Commtmder Phipps's 
 voyage of discovery to the North Pole, in 1773. Tliia 
 gallant seaman, the friend of Nelson, commanded the 
 Terrible, 74, in Lord Hood's fleet, and was eventually 
 appointed coinmander-iu-chief of the Downs. He married 
 Catherine, sister of the late Sir Robert Bateson Harvey, 
 B.art., of Langley Park, Bucks., and died, without issue, at 
 Holmrook, lOlh .\ugust, 1814. 
 I. .Margaret, born in 1726 ; died, unmarried, at WTiitehaven, iu 
 1801. 
 
 It. Cordelia, born 5th March, 1732; died 2nd December, 1732. 
 
 III. Lucy, born 30th April, 1735 ; died 12th August, 1730. 
 
 Mr. Lutwidge died and was succeeded by his son, 
 Charles Robebt Fletchee, Esq., born 2nd August, 133.5. 
 
 Arms. — .\z., three chapeanx, or caps of maintenance or turned up 
 
 erm. 
 
 Crest. — .\ lion, rampant, gn. 
 Motto. — Deo, pairia, amicis. 
 
 Opposite to Irton Hall, but in this township, are the 
 extensive nursery grounds of the Messrs. Gaitskell, 
 which are laid out in a very neat and elegant manner. 
 The conservatory of rare and valuable exotics is very 
 attractive. Lower down is the beautiful villa of Green- 
 lands, the property of Thomas Brocklebauk, Esq. 
 
 Santon Bridge, where there are a few dispersed houses, 
 and a small Methodist chapel, erected in 1828, is four 
 miles from Ravetiglass. There is a com-miU here, and 
 another at Holmrook.
 
 LAMPLUGH PARISH. 
 
 399 
 
 LAMPLUGH PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Lamplugh is bounded on the north by Dean, on the west by Arlecdon, on the south by Ennerdale, 
 and on the cast by Lowcswater. It is divided into the four townships of Lamplugh, JIurton, Kelton, and Winder, 
 which are united for the reHef of the poor, but are separate for highway purposes. The parish contains 0,354 acres, 
 inchuHng upwards of 1,500 acres of unenclosed land, belonging in common to the townships of Lamplugh and 
 Murton. The mineral royalty of the unenclosed laud (containing the mountains called Blake Fell and Knock 
 Murton) belongs to J. L. L. Raper, Esq. The common Innd of Kelton is enclosed and apportioned ; the mineral 
 ro3'alty belongs to the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 
 The rateable value of the parish is j£8,625 17s. Od. ; 
 the gross estimated rental is £o,0'22 3s. The population 
 in 1801 was 535; in 181], 532; in 1821, 001 ; in 
 1831, 024; in 1841, 015; and in 1851, 010. The 
 soil is principally gravel and loam, incumbent on lime- 
 stone. It is interspersed, in some places, with pieces 
 of peat earth. In 1855, as some workmen were exca- 
 vating for mining purposes, at Smaithwaitc, they found 
 embedded in peat earth, at the distance of twelve feet 
 from the surface, a quantity of hazel nuts, which it is 
 supposed were relics of an ancient forest. There are 
 iron ore workings in operation at Knock Murton, be- 
 longing to ]\!r. Thomas Carmichacl. There is not a 
 sunk pit, but the ore is drifted in from the breast of 
 the mountain, and run out by men. The number of 
 workmen employed is aliout twenty. The greater part 
 of the ore is carted to Workington, but some of it has 
 also been carried to the furnace on Cleator Moor. 
 Agnes Pit, belonging to Messrs. Fletchers, Miller, and 
 Co., is in the south-western extremity of this parish, 
 but it is very near the Yatehousc mines, in Frisington, 
 belonging to the same firm. 
 
 Mr. John Denton supposes that " the place was 
 originally named Glan-Flough, or Glan-Fillough, of the 
 Irish inhabitants before the conquest, which word sig- 
 nifies the Wet Dale — vallis humida ; and thereof is 
 formed the present word, Lamplugh, or Lanflogb.' 
 Tho same writer also says : "Lamplugh in the fells is 
 that manor-house and seignory in the barony of Egre- 
 mont which gave name to the ancient family of Lanip- 
 lughs ; a race of valorous gentlemen, successively for 
 their worthyness knyghted in the field, all or mo.st of 
 them." On an eminence in tho Stockhow Hull estate, 
 in this parish, aro tho remains of a Druidical circle, 
 called Standing Stones. Only the uorthern portion i.s 
 now visible, the remainder liaving been blasted and 
 removed several years ago, to make fences with. Tlio 
 part remaining consists of six large stones, of tho kind 
 provincially called tho smooth blue cobble, placed at 
 irregular distances, varying from eighteen paces to one, 
 and tiio circle, when perfect, nuiy have been a hundred 
 paces in diameter. Tho stones aro mostly of an oblong 
 figure, placed endwise in the circumfcrenco of tho cir- 
 
 cle ; four of the largest are nearly four feet in height 
 above ground, and are supported in an upright position 
 by other large stones around their bases underground. 
 The neighbouring rock is of limestone. AVe can ascer- 
 tain no tradition relating to the stones beyond the 
 name, which is common to similar erections in other 
 parts of the kingdom. There is a tradition of an oak 
 tree having grown in the forest, on the steep southern 
 side of Blake Fell, where now is nothing but the naked 
 and moving debris of the slate rock, and from which a 
 table was made of a single plank, nearly four feet in 
 width and several yards in length, to grace the hall of 
 the manorial residence of the Lamplughs. On the 
 demolition of the ancient residence, for materials 
 wherewith to erect the modern house and farm build- 
 ings, the table was cut into two leugths, and the half 
 of it now stretches entirely across the roomy farm 
 kitchen — a noble though much diminished specimen of 
 tho growth of the oak in the day when tho squirrel was 
 chased from Lamplugh Fells to Jloresby without its 
 alighting on the ground : so closely was the country 
 covered with noble forest trees for many miles where 
 now are only stunted hedgerows. The Roman road 
 from Egremont to Cockerraouth passed through this 
 parish. Its remains are visible on tho south side of 
 Ilowrah, and from thence to tlie Scallow, whence they 
 run to the west of JIurton and Whinnah, and to the 
 east of Gatra and Woodend, in direction of Streetgate. 
 A great part of this parish is very elevated, and com- 
 mands an extensive prospect in Scotland, and on the 
 Irish Sea, including the Isle of Man. Near Lamplugh 
 Hall is a mineral spring, of a powerful astringent 
 qiittlity. An ancient cross, which until lately remained 
 in the parish, has shared tiie same fato as the old hoU, 
 and has been wantonly destroyed. 
 
 i.AMri.ruH. 
 The population, acreage, and rato.iblc value of Lamp- 
 lugh township is included in tho parish returns. Tho 
 cavlicNt recorded possessor of Lamplugh manor is 
 Wiiliam do Lancaster, baron of Kendal, who appears to 
 have given it, with Workington, in cxchnngo for Mid- 
 dlcton ill LousJalo, to Gospatric, sou of Orme, lord of
 
 400 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE DERWENT WARD. 
 
 Seaton, in Derwcnt Ward. William de Lancaster 
 Bcems to have tfiken a conspicuous part in the times in 
 which he lived, and it is on record tliat he was "a great 
 commander under Henry II. in the wars against David 
 of Scotland, and Earl Henry, his son, and helped to 
 recover the counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland 
 from the Scots, which King Stephen had given them." 
 Gospatric died in possession of Lamplugh, and his son, 
 Thomas, gave it to Robert Lamplugh and his heirs, on 
 condition of their " paying yearly a pair of gilt spurs to 
 the lord of Workington." In 1578 John Gatefold held 
 certain lands and tenements in Lamplugh, by homage, 
 fealty, and suit of court, paying for the same Is. Id. a 
 year. J. L. L. Raper, Esq., is lord of the manor of 
 Lamplugh and Murton, but the customary rents of the 
 old enclosed lands, together with the right of working 
 the minerals contained therein, were purchased free of 
 Thomas Lamplugh, by the respective owners of the soil, 
 about the year 1718. J. L. L. Raper, Esq., and John 
 Dickinson, Esq., are the principal landowners, but 
 A. B. Steward, Esq., and Messrs. W. F. Dickinson, 
 John Bowman, John Nicholson, Peter Dodgson, Joseph 
 Robinson, and Mrs. Ann Roger, have each an estate 
 here. 
 
 ^ampluglj of JTmnphiglj- 
 The pedigree of tliis family, certified by John Lamp- 
 lugh, Esq., at Sir William Dugdale's visitation, in 1005, 
 is as follows : — 
 
 Sir Robert de LAjirr.uon, Knt., lord of Lamplugh and of 
 Hailcnrde, co. Lancaster, temp. Henry II. and Richard I., who 
 was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Sir Ad.am nn LAMPr.rc.n, Knt., wlio lived in the reigns of 
 Richard I. and King Jolin. He Iiad a confirmation nf Lamp- 
 lugh to him and his heir.-;, with many privileges, from Richard 
 de Lucy, lord of Copelnnd. 
 
 Sir Rop.KRT r>E Lamplugh, Knt., occurs 4.".rd Henry III. He 
 married Meliora . . . "an inheritrix; for on her marriage 
 her husband paid a relief to Henry III.'' 
 
 Ralph de Lamplugh, 7th Edward I. Margaret, his widow, 
 was impleaded by the lord of Workington for the wardship of 
 Robert, her son, whereby she lost the tuition of him. 
 
 Sir RopERT DE Lasipligh, Knt., married Constance . . . 
 and had issue, John, Raphe, William, and a daughter, Christian. 
 
 Sir John de Lamplugh, Knt., nth Edward I. 
 
 Raphe de Lamplugh, 13th Edward III., married Elizabeth, 
 daughter of . . . Preston. 
 
 John de Lamplugh. 
 
 Sir Thomas de Lamplugh, Knt., had issue, Joh.n-, Robert, 
 Nicholas, Thomas, William, and Raphe. 
 
 John de Lamplugh, QOth Richard II. 
 
 Hugh de Lamplugh, 12th Henry IV., married Margaret, 
 daughter of Thomas Pickering. 
 
 Sir John de Lamplogh, Knt., married Margaret, daughter of 
 John Edgsfiold. 
 
 Thomas de Lamplugh, 7th Edward IV.; married Eleanor, 
 daughter of Henry Fenwick. 
 
 John de Lamplugh, 19th Edward IV. 
 
 John de Lamplugh, 1st Henry VII.; married Isabel, 
 daughter of Sir John Pennington, Knt., and had issue, 
 
 \. John, his heir. 
 II. Tluinifts of Skelamorc, whose son, 
 
 1. Adam, marrying Agnes, daiiehtcr of Robert Ben, had, with 
 two daughters, .huie and Mary, n .son, Thomas, of Little 
 Ritson, in co. York, anno. 1084, who married .lane, 
 duuKhier of Robert Fairfn;t, Esq., of I'ockthorpo, and had 
 issue, 
 
 Christopher of Ritson, in Ifiia, who mnnicd Anne, 
 
 (laughter lunl colieir of 'I'honins Knpcr, of ( )ctnn. 
 Thomas, who pnrcliascd tliemaiiorof Kihinu, anil died 
 in ItiVi), aged iJS, leaving by .\gnps, liis wife, (with 
 another son, Richard, wlioninrricd Frimces, daughter 
 of Sir Christoplicr I.nwthfr, liiirt . c>f Wliirthaven.) 
 Thomas, I).D., .^rchbisliop of York, who married 
 CiUhcrinc, diiughlcrof Edward Davenam, bishop 
 of Salisbury, and had a son and successor. 
 Thomas Lamplugh, 1) I) , archdeacon of 
 Riciunond, bnrn in lliul, who married a 
 lady named Margaret, niiil by her hail, with 
 other issue, a son au'l Iieir, 
 
 Thomas if.ampUigli.rcclorof Bolton Percy, 
 and canon residentiary of York, of 
 whom hereafter, as inheritor of Lamp- 
 high, upon tlie demise and un<ler the 
 devise of Thomas Lamplugh, Esq. 
 
 John de Lamplugh was succeeded by his son. 
 
 Sir John de Lamplugh, Knt., of Lamplugh, sheriff of Cum- 
 berland 20th Henry VIII., who married, fir.stly, Isabclln, daugh- 
 ter of Sir Christopher Curwen of Workington, and had by her ix 
 son, John, his heir. He married, secondly, Catherine, daughter 
 and co-heir of UnyForsterof Howsam, and l.ad three daughters, 
 viz., Mary, married to Thom.is Skelton ; Mable ; and Frances, 
 married to David Fleming, third son of Hugh Fleming. Sir 
 John was succeeded by his son, 
 
 John Lamplugh, Esq., of Lamplugh, who was twice married. 
 By his first wife, Jane Blennerhasset, he had one son, Elward, 
 who died without issue ; and by the second, Is.abel, daughter of 
 Christopher Stapleton of Wighill, another son, his successor, 
 
 Richard Lamplugh, Esq., of Lamplugh, father, by Alice 
 Maude, his wife, of 
 
 John Lamplugh, Esq., of Lamplugh, who married Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Sir Edward Musgrave, Knt., and dying in Mi'iCt, was 
 succeeded by his son, 
 
 John Lamplugh, Esq., of Lamplugh, born in IfilO. This 
 gentleman, devoted to tlie royal cause during the civil war, was 
 colonel of a regiment of foot under Prince Rupert, and fought 
 at Marston Moor, in 101-1, when he received several wounds, 
 and was taken prisoner. He married Istly, Jane, daughter of 
 Roger Kirby, Esq., of Lancashire ; 2ndly, Frances Lady Low- 
 ther, daughter of Christopher Lancaster, Esq., of Sockbridge, 
 in Westmoreland; and ."irdly, Frances, daiigliter of Thomas 
 Lamplugh, Esq., of Ribton. By the last only he had issue, viz., 
 
 I. Tho.mas, his heir. 
 IL Edward, died unmarried. 
 111. John, died without issue. 
 
 I. Elizabeth, second wife of Henry Brougham, Esq., of Scales. 
 Upon ibe demisH of Elizabeth, dnugbter of Thomas L;\m- 
 phigli, in 17":!, the male line failing. Ibis F.Iiziibeth liecume 
 heir general of die senior brancii of the bouse uf Lamplugh 
 of Laniplngli, which is now represented by the eldest male 
 descendant, Henry Lord Brougliam and Vaux. 
 n. Phoebe, appears to have died unmarried. 
 Colonel Lamplugh was succeeded at his decease by his eldest 
 son, 
 
 Thomas Lamplugh, Esq., born in lfi57, who served the oflice 
 of sheriff of Cumberland, 13th William III. His son and 
 successor,
 
 LAMPLUGH PARISH. 
 
 401 
 
 Thomas Lampi.it.h, Esq., of Lainplugh, by Frances, his wife, 
 liad an only daugliter and heiress, 
 
 Elizabetfi, mnrried tn George Irton, Esq., of Irton, but died 
 s.p. devisinfj by "'iU, dated fiili Nov. 177M, her eatnte at 
 Dnveiiby, to t)ie Kev Thomas Lftmphigh, of Ccqigrove, Co. 
 York, fi)r life, with reinuinder, in default of mule issue, to 
 Peter Hronglmio, deseeoded front Khzabdh LiiniphiRh, of 
 Lampliigli. lie sucreeded in 17>^.*J, iind died in 17!)1, s.p.^ 
 when Doveiiby passed to his niece and heiress, Mury Dykes. 
 
 Mr. Lainplugh died in 17.37, and bequeathed by will, dated 
 J7.'U, "the capital messuage of Lamplugh Hall, and the 
 demesne lands of I.aniplnsh, 'tc, to his, the testator's cousin," 
 The Rev. Thomas Lampi.uoh, rector of Bolton Percy, and 
 canon residentiary of York. This gentleman married 17th April, 
 J7ai, Honor, daughter of William Chaloncr, Esq., of Gainsbro', 
 CO. York, and had issue, 
 
 I. Tuo.MAS, his heir. 
 
 I. Honor, died unmarried, 2nd .January, 1795. 
 II. Miiry, died unmarried before I78IJ. 
 
 111. Kntherine, co heir with her brother Thomas, married the 
 Kev. Goilfred Wolley, rector of Thumscoe, and of Warms- 
 worth, and, dying in 180i, left issue, 
 
 1. Edward Wolley, of Fulford Grange, and Nether Hall, 
 
 Co. York, who, in ISIO, a.ssumed the name and arms 
 of Copley. He died in IH! 3. 
 
 2. Thomas Wolley, vice-admiral of the white, married, 
 
 and has issue. 
 
 3. Godfrev Wollev, in holv orders, rector of Hultou 
 
 liusliel, died in IR2J. 
 
 4. Isaac Wolley, captain H.N., married, and had issue. 
 
 1. Honor Wolley, married to the Kev. A. F. Eyre. 
 
 2. Cordelia Wollev, married to George Bower, Esq. 
 
 .1. Kfttheriiie Wulley, married to .J(thn Kaper, Esq., of 
 Lotherton, and mother of tlte prcsent.Iohn Laniplugli 
 Lamplugh Itaper, Esq., of Lamplugb. 
 
 i. Mary Wolley. 
 
 .\XNE, coheir with her brother Thomas, who married 8th 
 October. ITfiO. .lohn Kaper, Esq., of Aberford, co. York, 
 and dying in -Inly, 178:(, left a son, 
 
 John Kaper, of Aberford and Lotherton, who succeeded 
 his uncle, Thomas Laioplugh, at Laniptugh. 
 Jane, married to Samuel Pawsuu, of York, merchant. 
 Sarah, died young. 
 
 The Rev. Thomas Lnmplngh was succeeded by his only son, 
 
 The Rev. Thomas Lamituoii of Laniplugh, rector of Cop- 
 grove and Gonldsbro', and prebendary of Wiston, who married 
 Mary, daughter of James Collins, of Knaresbro' and I'oloyfole, 
 but dying without issue in 178:1, was succeeded by (the son of 
 his sister Anne) his nephew, 
 
 .ToiiN Ratku, of Aberford and Lotherton; who then became of 
 T.amidngh. Ho married 10th October, 178!), Kalherinc, thinl 
 daughter of the Rev. Godfrey Wolley, by Kathcrine, his wife, 
 daughter of the Rev. Thomas Laniplugh of Lamplugh, and had 
 two sons and one daughter, viz.; — 
 
 I. John LAMci.taii Raper, his heir. 
 
 II. Henry Raper, of Li::eoln's Inn, barrislerat law, bom 12th 
 February, 17!1.'>, married Itith December, 18'2t, Georgiaim, 
 third daughter of .lobn Moore, Esq., captain in the .'ith 
 Iteginu'iit of Dragoon Guards. 
 I. Ann Kaper, mnrried to James Brooksbank, merchant, of 
 London, second S(m of BenjanJn Brookabank, of Healaugh 
 Hall, in the West Riding of York. 
 
 Mr. Raper died July, 1821, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 John LamPhich LAMrr.ri.ii lUri:n, Esq., of Ijtmplugh and 
 Lotherton, born lllth Jtdy, ITflO; married 2.1111 October, 181;), 
 .lane, second daughter of Benjamin Brooksbank, Esq, of 
 Healaugh Hall, West Riding of York. This gentleman, whose 
 patronymic is Raper, assumed by sign manual, loth March, 
 1823, the additional aurname and arms of Lamplugh. 
 
 Arms. — Or, a cross fleury sa. 
 
 Crest.— A goats's bead, arg., attired and bearded, or. 
 40 
 
 THE CHTTBCH, 
 
 Lamplugh church, dedicated to St. Michael, is an 
 ancient edifice, standing near the hall. It consists of 
 a nave and chancel, the latter of which is the most 
 ancient, and is said to have heen the family chapel of 
 the Lamplughs when the parish church stood at Kirk- 
 land, three miles distant. The Lamplugh vault, which 
 is at the south-east corner of the chancel, is surmounted 
 by two elaborately-carved marble monuments, one of 
 which is to the memory of Mrs. Margaret Brisco, 
 daughter of Thomas and Frances Lamplugh, and wife 
 of Sir Richard Brisco ; the other is to the memory of 
 Thomas and Francos Lamplugh. The living is a 
 rectory, and the patronage has always been annexed 
 to the manor. In the King's Book it is valued at 
 £10 4s. 7d., but was returned in 183.5 at £"250. The 
 tithes were commuted in 1839 for a rent charge of 
 £300 a year. The parish registers commence in 1581. 
 
 Rectors. — Robert Layburn occurs 1535; — Braithwaite 
 occurs about 1042; Galfrid Wibergh, 1700; David King, 1701; 
 Thomas Jefferson, 1730; Richard Dickenson, 1768; Joseph 
 Gilbanks, 1817; Walter Brooksbank, 1854. 
 
 The rectory was erected in 1822, at a cost of about 
 £70(1, by J. L. L. Raper, Esq., the patron of the livin", 
 who took in e.Kchange for the erection and four acres 
 of land, the old parsonage house, adjoining the church- 
 yard, and the croft opposite. 
 
 cnAMTIF.S. 
 
 Uicluird Brisco's Charity. — Richard Brisco, Esq., of 
 Lamplugh Hall, by deed, dated 23rd Februarj', 1747, 
 granted to trustees a rent charge of .l'I'2, issuing out of 
 Skelsraoor demesne lands in Lamplugh, to bo applied 
 as follows : — £6 8s. to the school, £3 12s. to poor 
 widows not receiving parochial relief, and £2 for books 
 to the school. 
 
 There is a friendly society, which was instituted in 
 1788, held at Lamplugh Cross. lis members pay 10s. 
 entrance and Is. 3d. per month afterwards (excepting 
 the first cighteon montlis, when it is double). It allows 
 8s. per week during sickness, and to its superannuated 
 members n pension of 2s. weekly during life ; also £8 
 for funeral expenses. It numbers about a hundred 
 members, and possesses a fund of about £700. 
 
 KELTON. 
 
 Tiio area, population, .vc, of this township are in- 
 cluded in the parish returns. 
 
 Keton, or Ketel's Town, was in ancient times parcel 
 of the manor of Lamplugh, from which it was severed 
 by Kclel, grandson of Ivo do Tiilebois, baron of Kendal, 
 and it was held as a fee of Bcckcrmet, as that was of
 
 403 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOATl-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 Egremont. Kclton being in the Harrington division 
 of the Multon estate, came from them by an heiress to 
 the Bonvillo family, and from tliem to tlie Greys, mar- 
 quises of Dorset ; and by the attainder of Henry, the 
 third marquis, it was forfeited to the crown, as is seen 
 in the account of Harrington manor, at page 394. 
 Philip and Wary granted Kelton to Christopher Morys 
 (or Moorhousel and Ehzabeth his wife, and their heirs. 
 In the 20th of Elizabeth (1578) John Moorhouse held 
 Kelton by homage, fealty, and suit of court, and by the 
 rent of two shillings for coniage and seawake and Ser- 
 jeant's food, belonging wholly to the Lord Fitzwater. 
 It was subsequently held by the families of Leigh, 
 Salkeld, and Patrickson, from the latter of whom it 
 was purchased by Sir John Lowther, from whom it has 
 descended to the Earl of Lonsdale, the present lord of 
 the manor ; besides whom, J. L. L. Eaper, Esq., Mr. 
 •Joseph Bowman, and eight others, arc landowners. 
 Most of the ancient enclosed land here is freehold : 
 the minerals therein belonging chiefly to the owners 
 of the soil. 
 
 This township comprises a number of dispersed 
 houses and the hamlet of Kirkland, which is about 
 six miles north-east of Whitehaven. 
 
 For population, acreage, rateable value, &c., see 
 returns for "the parish. 
 
 Murton, or IMoortown, is parcel of the manor of 
 Lamplugh, and is held of the barony of Egremont. 
 It was long held by a femily bearing the local name, 
 from whom it passed in the reign of Edward II. to the 
 Lamplughs, who have since continued its possessors. 
 In 1578 John Lamplugh held Murton, with its appur- 
 
 tenances, by homage, fealty, and suit of court, by the 
 rent of Os. for coraage, and other services. The land- 
 owners in the township are Messrs. Daniel Rogers, 
 John ^^'ood, Stanley Dodgson, John Southward, and 
 eleven others. The customarj' rents of the old enclosed 
 lands here, together with the right of working the 
 minerals contained therein, were purchased of Thomas 
 Lamplugh, by the respective owners of the soil, about 
 the year 1718. 
 
 JSIurton township comprises the small hamlets of 
 Smaithwaite, Lund, Winnah, and several scattered 
 dweUings, distant about eight miles east-by-north of 
 AVhitehaveu. There is a forge at Lane Foot for the 
 manufacture of spades, shovels, and edge tools, carried 
 on by Messrs. Hatton and Cookson, of Liverpool. In 
 the township is iron ore. 
 
 Here is a school, which is supported by the quar- 
 terage of the scholars, by subscription, and a permanent 
 endowment of £7 4s. 8d. The average attendance is 
 upwards of forty children. It is proposed to build a 
 new school at a short distance from the old one. 
 
 WINDEK. 
 
 For the acreage, etc., of Winder township, sec the 
 parish returns. The Earl of Lonsdale is lord of the 
 manor, but most of the ancient enclosed land is also 
 freehold, the minerals therein belonging chiefly to the 
 owners of the soil. The landowners are Messrs. 
 Skelton, Lewthwaite, Armistead, Turner, and six 
 others. The township is about six and a half miles 
 east-hy-north of AVhitehaven, containing the small 
 hamlet of Fiowrah, and nine farms, each of which bears 
 a separate name. 
 
 mLLOM PARISH. 
 
 MiLLOM parish is bounded on the north by the river Esk, on the west by Wabcrthwaite, Corney, Bootle, Whitbeck, 
 and Whicham ; and on the south and east by the mouth of the Duddon. It occupies the extreme southern point 
 of the county, and comprises the four townships of Birker and Austhwaite, Chapel Suckcn, MUIom Below, MiUom 
 Above, and the two chapelries of Thwaitcs and I'lpha. The southern part of the parish is in general fertile, but a large 
 portion of the north consists of wastes and pasture grounds. Extensive pastures are found in Thwaites Chapelry, as 
 also in that of Ulpha, which in addition contains extensive woodlands. Limestone is abundant, and is extensively 
 quarried. Iron ore has been obtained at Hotbarrow and !Millom Park. Copper has also been found. By the 
 regulation adopted at the quarter sessions held at Carlisle October 20th, 1857, the townships of Birker and 
 Austhwaite, Millom, and Ulpha, in this paiisli, were assigned to the newly-formed Bootle Ward. The Whitehaven 
 and Furnoss railway runs through this parish, and has stations at Holborn Hill, Under Hill, and Green Bead. 
 
 The lordship of Millom, the largest within tlie barony is of a triangular form, about eighteen miles in length, 
 
 of Egi-emont, contains the parishes of Millom, Bootle, ^ and its greatest breadth is about eight miles. It is 
 Whicham, Whitbeck, Corney, and Waberthwaite. It bounded on the east by the Duddon, on the south
 
 MILLOM PARISH. 
 
 40S 
 
 by the Isle of Walney and the Pile of Fouldra, on 
 the west by the Irish Sea, and on the nortli by the 
 Esk, and the mountains UarJknott and Wrynose. 
 It contains several manors, which are holdeu immedi- 
 ately of tlie lordship of Millom, as Millom is of Egre- 
 mont, with some difference of service. This lordship 
 anciently enjoyed great privileges : it was a special 
 jurisdiction into which the sheriff of the county could 
 not enter ; its lords had the power of life or death, and 
 enjoyed jura ref/alia in the six parishes forming their 
 lordships. Mr. Denton, writing in 1688, says that 
 the gallows stood on a hill near the castle, on which 
 criminals had been executed within the memory of 
 persons then Lving. To commemorate the power 
 anciently possessed by the lords of this lordship, a 
 stone has been recently erected, with this inscription — 
 " Here the lords of Millom exercised jura reiialia." 
 Mr. John Denton gives the following account of this 
 lordship: — "Tliis great manor, in the time of King 
 Henry I. was given by William Meschines, lord of 
 
 Egrcmont, to de Boyvill, father to Godard de 
 
 Boyvill (named in ancient evidences Godardus Dapifer), 
 who being lord of Milium, did give unto the abbot and 
 monks of Fumess a carucate of land there, with the 
 appurtenances, called yet to this day Monk I'orce, 
 which Arthur, the son of Godard, confirmed unto the 
 abbey, and after him, in like sort, his son and heir, 
 Henry, the son of Arthur, reserving only the harts 
 and hinds, wild boars and their kinds, and all aeries of 
 hawks. But whatsoever the lord of Egremout, William 
 Meschines, reserved upon the first grant of the Boyvills, 
 whether demesne or forest hberties, Dame Cicely 
 Romcley (one of the co-heirs of William Fitz-Duncan) 
 countess of iUbcrmarle, to whose posterity tliis Milium 
 was allotted by partition, gave and fully confirmed the 
 same to the said Arthur Fitz-Godard, aud to Henry, his 
 son, and their heirs, by her charter yet extant, under seal, 
 bounding the same thus : — " Dodi et concessi Henrico 
 filio Arthuri et Ilxri'dibus suis jus lliereditariuni, 
 yiz. totam terram et totum feodum inter Esk et Dod- 
 don cum p'tinentiis," &c. And Dame Hawise her sole 
 daughter aud heir, then the wife of William de Mande- 
 ville, advised her husband to confirm it. And for a 
 recognition of the said grant made to the Boyvills, 
 Artliur, and Henry, his son, by Dame Cicely, the 
 countess, they paid to King Henry 11. for a post line, 
 one hundred pounds, and five couples of houmls, the 
 records terming them decgm fugatores. And an old 
 tradition makes theso Boyvills to have been very near 
 of kin to the lords of Egrcmont, and gives us an account 
 of the occasion upou which Milium was transferred to 
 the said Boyvils, which is said to be tlius : The baron 
 
 of Egrcmont being taken prisoner beyond the seas by 
 the infidels, could not be redeemed without a great 
 ransom, and being far from England, entered his 
 brother or kinsman for liis surety, promising, with all 
 possible speed, to send him money to set him free; 
 but upon his return home to Egremont he changed 
 his mind, aud most unnaturally aud uuthaukfuUy 
 suffered his brother to lie in prison, iu great distress 
 and extremity, until his hair was grown to au unusual 
 length, like to a woman's hair. The Pagans being out 
 of hopes of the ransom, in great rage most cruelly 
 hanged up their pledge, binding the long hair of his 
 head to a beam iu the prison, and tied his hands so 
 behind him, that he could not reach to the top where 
 the knot was fastened to loose himself. During his im- 
 prisonment, the Paynim's daughter became enamoured 
 of him, and sought all good means for liis deliverance, 
 but could not enlarge him ; she understanding of this 
 last cruelty, by means made to his keeper, entered the 
 prison, aud taking her knife to cut the hair, being 
 hastened she cut the skin of his head, so as with the 
 weight of his body he rent away the rest, and fell 
 down to the earth half dead ; but she presently took 
 him up, causing surgeons to attend him secretly till he 
 recovered his former health, beauty, and strength, and 
 so entreated her father for him that he set him at 
 liberty. Then desirous to revenge his brother's ingra- 
 titude he got leave to depart to his own country, and 
 took home with him the hatterell of his hair, rent off 
 as aforesaid, and a bugle-horn, which he commonly 
 used to carry about him, when he was iu England, 
 where he shortly ai'rivod, and coming towards Egi'emont 
 Castle about noontide of the day, where his brother 
 was at dinner, he blew his bugle-horn, which (says the 
 tradition) his brother, the bai'on, presently acknow- 
 ledged, aud thereby conjectured his brotlier's return; 
 and then sending his friends and servants to leani his 
 brother's mind to him, and how ho had escaped, they 
 brought back report of all the miserable torment which 
 lie had endured for his unfaithful brother the baron, 
 which so astonished the baron (lialf dead before with 
 the shameful remembrance of his own disloyalty and 
 breach of promise) that ho abandoned all company, and 
 would not look on his brother, till his just wrath was 
 pacified by diligent entreaty of his friends. And to bo 
 sure of his brother's future kindness, he gave the lord- 
 ship of Milium to him and his heirs for ever. Where- 
 upon the first lords of Milium gave for their arms the 
 horn and the hatterell. But whatever the occasion of the 
 grant was, the Boyvills were from the place called Do 
 Milium, and have anciently held the same with great 
 hberties, and had jura rtgcdia there. John Hudleston
 
 404 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 did prescribe thereto in the 20th year of King Edward 
 I., and was allowed before Hugh de Cressingham in 
 the pleas of quo warranto, holden for the king." The 
 Boyvilles or Boisvilles took their surname from the place, 
 and were styled De Millom ; they held the same in 
 their issue male from the reign of Henrj' I. to the 
 reign of Henry III., a space of one hundred years, 
 when the name and family ended in a daughter. 
 
 ^aubjiit, f orbs of gtillom. 
 The first of this family upon record is, 
 
 GoDAED DE BoYviLLE, to whom William de Meschines 
 granted lUe lordsbip of Millom. He gave the manor of Kirk- 
 santon to his second son, William, in whose posterity it remained 
 until the reign of Edward II. 
 
 GoDAHD DE BoYTiLLE, second lord of Millom, gave Monk 
 Force to the abbey of St. Mary, in Furness, as aforesaid, with 
 the churches of Bootle and Whicham ; " all the parishes between 
 the Esk and Milium, to the abbey of St. Mary's, York ; " to which 
 abbey Matilda, his wife, gave also Anderset or Agnes Seat. He 
 is called in ancient evidences Godardus Dapifer. 
 
 Arthur Boytii.le, or de Millom, son of Godard, confirmed 
 his father's grants to the abbeys of Furness and York. To the 
 former abbey he granted the services of Kirksanton in Millom, 
 which Robert de Boyville, his cousin-german, then held of liim, 
 and soon after he mortgaged the same to the abbot of Furness, 
 until his return from the Holy Land. 
 
 Henry de Millom, son of the above, confirmed the grants of 
 his ancestors, and enfeoffed Ilanulph Corbett and his heirs of the 
 manor of Brattaby, in Millom, with the appurtenances. "He 
 also gave Kaisthwaite, in Dunnersdale, to one Orme, the son of 
 Dolphin; and Leakley to Henry Fitz-William in frank marriage 
 with his daughter, Goynhild Boyville, with shields for her cattle, 
 and common of pasture in ' Croch-beege and the forest,' which 
 Goynhild afterwards (being a widow) gave to the abbey of Holme 
 Cultram, and William de Milium (the son of Henry de Jlillum, 
 the son of Arthur de Milium) brother of the said Goynhild, did 
 after confirm tlio same. And afterwards John Huddleston, and 
 Joan, his wife, sole daughter of Adam de Milium, son and heir 
 of the said Henry, confirmed Leakley, and the Uberties aforesaid 
 (so granted by Goynhild) unto the abbot and convent of Holme 
 Cultram and his successors. The said Henry Fitz-.\rthur gave 
 the other lands in Leakley, now called Seaton, unto the nuns of 
 Leakley, or Seaton, which of late were granted unto Sir Hugh 
 Askew, Knight. The deed of feofment, made by the said Henry 
 Fitz-Arthur to Goynhild, his daughter, approves the same, for 
 therein is excepted as follows : — ' Excepta terra in Leakley quam 
 dedi Sanctis moniaUbus servientibus Deo et Sancta; Marioe in 
 Leekleya."' 
 
 Wn.T.TAM DE Millom, son of the above. 
 
 Adam de Millom, brother and heir of William. 
 
 JoAS DE Millom, daughter and heiress of the above, married 
 Sir John Hudleston, Knight, and thus ti-ausferred the lordship 
 into that family, with whom it continued for a period of about 
 500 years. 
 
 Mr. John Denton says " all the residue of the fees of 
 Milium were thus granted by the Boyvills, lords of 
 Milium, to their kinsmen or friends, or with their 
 daughters or sisters in marriage; and accordingly by 
 
 tiic Hudlestons and their heirs, some as manors, and 
 some as lesser freeholds, as namely,|Ulfhay, Thwaites, 
 Dale-garth, and Waybergthwaite, and some in mortmain, 
 as Leakley and Kirksanton, all which places gave siroamo 
 to the posterity of the feoffees, as Thwaite of Thwaites, 
 Waybergthwaite of Waybergthwaite, and the rest whereof 
 some do yet remain, and some names are worn out; 
 but ancient records report and remember them." In 
 Mr. Sandford's M.S. we have the following account: — 
 "Eastward from Seaton you goe into MiJlome lordship, 
 twenty miles to the head of the foresaid Dudden great 
 river: all the land and freeholds of the lord of Millome 
 Castle, great-great-grandchild of the said Sir John Hud- 
 leston, of grand estate : but he gave much away with 
 his daughters ; and married Dalavise of Southam besides 
 Teuxbcrry, £5U0 per annum, in Gloucestershire. And 
 yet it is a lordhke living, £:3,000 per annum, and £500 
 per annum, at Hasley, some £10 miles beyond Oxford. 
 And Ffardinando now lord thereof, and all the estate of 
 Millome Castle at it, and sonne of S' AVilUam Huddle- 
 ston, and a daughter of Montcastre, and colonel of a 
 regiment of horse and foote; and seven brothers, 
 captains under him, in the royal armies. And his 
 grandfather, a great swash buckler in Queen Elizabeth's 
 time, and a great gamester, lived at a rate beyond his 
 income. A great countes, his friend, asldng him how 
 he lived so gallantry: quoth he, of my meat, and my 
 drink!' (^uoth she, ' I even looked for such an answer." 
 
 gnblrsfOT, ^Dibs cf ^illom. 
 
 The pedigree of this very ancient family' is traced 
 back to five generations before the Conquest. The 
 first, however, of the name who was lord of Mdlom was, 
 
 Sir John HirDLESxox, Knight, who was the son of Adam, 
 son of John, son of Richard, son of Reginald, son of Nigel, son 
 of Richard, son of another Richard, son of John, son of Adam, 
 son of Adam de Hodleston, in co. York. The five last named 
 (according to the Y'ork M.S.) were before the Conquest. 
 
 Sir John de Hoddleston, Knight, in the year 1270, was 
 witness to a deed in the abbey of St. Mary, in Furness. By his 
 marriage with the Lady Joan, Sir Jolm became lord of Anneys, 
 in Millom. In the 20th Edward 1. (1202) he proved before 
 Hugh Cressingham, justice itinerant, that he possessed jura 
 regalia within the lordship of Millom. In the 25th (1297) he 
 was appointed by the king warden or governor of Galloway, in 
 Scotland. In the 27th (1299) he was summoned as baron of 
 the realm to do military service. In the next year (1300) he 
 was present at the siege of Carlaverock. In the 29th (l:iOI), 
 though we have no proof that he was summoned, he attended 
 the parUament at Lincoln, and subscribed as a baron the 
 
 I The Hudlestons of Hutton-John were descended from a 
 younger branch of the family at Millom; as were the Hudle- 
 stons of Swaston, co. Cambridge, who settled there (temp. 
 Henry ^^II.) in consequence of a marriage with one of ihe co- 
 heiresses of the Marquis Montague.
 
 MILLOM PARISH. 
 
 405 
 
 celebrated letter to the pope, by the title of lord of Anneys. He 
 was Btill alive in the -ttli of Edward IV. (Kill). Sir John had 
 three sons. John, who died early, and Richard and Adam. 
 
 RlCHAiiD Hi'Dij;sTON, son and heir, succeeded his father. 
 Both he and his brother Adam are noticed in the later writs of 
 PMward I. They were both of the faction of the Earl of Lan- 
 caster, and obtained in the Tth Edward II. (1313) a pardon for 
 their participation with him in the death of the kin!,''s favourite, 
 Gaveston. Adam was taken prisoner with the earl in the battle 
 of Boronghbridge, in 1.j2U, when he bore for arms — giilcs, fretted 
 with silver, with a label of azure. Richard was not at that battle, 
 and in the lOth of the king (13'JC), when Edward II. summoned 
 the knights of ever)- county to the I'luliament at Westminster, 
 was returned the first among tlie knights of Cumberland. He 
 married Alice, daughter of Richard Trousjhtou, in the 13th 
 Edward II. (1310-20), and had issue, 
 
 John HfDr.Esxos, son of the above-named Richard, who suc- 
 ceeded his father in 1337, and married a daughter of Henry 
 Tenwick, lord of Fenwick, co. Xorthumberland. 
 
 EiCHAKD Hldleston, SOU of John. 
 
 Sir Richard Huuleston, Knight, served as a banneret at the 
 battle of Agincourt, in 1415. He married Anne, sister of Sir 
 ■\Villiam Harrington, K.G., and served in the wars in France, in 
 the retinue of that knight. 
 
 Sir John IIuI'I.eston, Knight, son of Richard, was appointed 
 to treat with the Scottish commissioners on border matters, in 
 the 4th Edward IV. (1404); was knight of the shire in the 7 th 
 (14(i7); appointed sne of the conservators of the peace on the 
 borders in the 20th (14N0); and again in the And of Richard 
 (1481),'; and died on the Cth of November, in the !)th of 
 Henry VII. (141)4). He married Joan, one of the co-heirs of 
 Sir Miles Stnpleton, of Ingham, in Yorkshire. He was made 
 bailiff and keeper of the king's woods and chases in Bamoldwick, 
 in the county of York, sherilT of the county of Cumberland by 
 the Duke of Gloucester for his life, steward of Penrith, and 
 warden of the west marches. He had three sons, 
 
 I. Sir BicnARD, K.B., who died in the lifetime of his father, 1st 
 Itichard III. He married Margaret, uatural daughter of 
 iticlmrd Nevill, ciul of Wiu-wick, und had one sou and two 
 duugliters, viz., 
 
 Richard, married Elizabeth, daughter of Lady Mabel 
 Darre, ami died without issue, when the estates, being 
 entailed, passed to (be heir male, the descendant of his 
 uncle John. 
 Johan, married txi Hugh Fleming, Esq., of Rydal, 
 Margiu-ct, married to Limcelot Salkeld, Esn., of White- 
 hall. 
 
 II. Sir John. 
 
 III. Sir William. 
 
 Sir John Hvdlf.ston, second son of Sir John and loan his 
 wife, married Joan, daughter of Lord Filz Hugh, and, dying the 
 5th Henry VIII. (1513-14), was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Sir JoUN Hldi.estos, K.B., espoused, firstly, the Lady Jane 
 Clifford, youngest daughter of Henry Earl of Cumberland, by 
 whom he had no issue. Ho married, secondly, Joan, sister of 
 Sir John Seymour, Knt., and aunt of Jane Seymour, queen con- 
 sort of Henry A'lTI., and by her he had issue, 
 
 Anthony, his heir. 
 
 Andrew, who inurriid Mary, sister and co. heiress of Thomas 
 
 lluiion, Ksi)., of llutton-John, from whom descended the 
 
 brimrli at lliiil niiuision. 
 A dnugbiir, «)io married Sir Hugh Askew, Knt, Teoman of 
 
 the cellar to Ileury VIII; and Ann, married to Balph Latus, 
 
 Esq., of the Heck. 
 
 Sir John died 3»th Heiirj- VIII. (1540-7). 
 Anthonk lIuuLEsioN, Esq., son and heir, married Mary, 
 
 daughter of Sir William Barrington, Knight, and was sncoeeded 
 
 by his son, 
 
 William Hudi.kston, Esq., knight of the shire, in the 43rd 
 Elizabeth, who married Mary, daughter of — Bridges, Esq., of 
 Gloucestershire. 
 
 Fep-dinando Hudleston, son and heir, was also knight of the 
 shire, in the 2Ist James I. He married Jane, daughter of Sir 
 Ralph Grey, Knight, of ChiUingham, and had issue nine sons, 
 WiLiJAM, John, Ferdinaudo, Richard, Ralph, Ingleby, Edward, 
 Robert, and Joseph, all of whom were ofiBcers in the service of 
 Charles I. He was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Sir WiLLUJi HuniESToN, a zealous and devoted royalist, who 
 raised a regiment of horse for the service of his sovereign, as 
 also a regiment of foot; the latter he maintained at his own 
 expense during the whole of the war. For his good sen-ices 
 and his great personal bravery at the battle of Ildgehill, where 
 he retook the royal standard, he was made a knight banneret by 
 Charles I., on the field. He married Bridget, daughter of Joseph 
 Pennington, Esq., of Muncaster. He had issue (besides his 
 successor) a daughter, Isabel, viho married Richard Kirkby, 
 Esq., of Fumess, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Ferdinand Hudleston, Esq., who married Dorothy, daughter 
 of Peter Hunley, merchant, of London, and left a sole daughter 
 and heiress, Mary, who married Charles West, Lord Delawar, 
 and died without issue. At his decease the representation of the 
 family reverted to, 
 
 Richard Hudleston, Esq., son of Colonel John Hudleston, 
 Esq., (second son of I'erdinando Hudleston and Jane Grey, his 
 wife). This gentleman married Isabel, daughter of Thomas 
 Hudleston, Esq., of Bainton, co. York, and was succeeded by his 
 son, 
 
 Ferdinando Hudleston, Esq., who married Elizabetb, 
 daughter of Lyon Falconer, Esq., co. Rutland, by whom he had 
 issue, 
 
 William Hudleston, Esq. This gentleman married Ger- 
 trude, daughter of Su: William Meredith, Bart., by whom he had 
 issue two daughters, Elizabeth and Isabella. Elizabeth, the 
 elder, married Sir Hedworth Wilhamson, Bart., who, in 1774, 
 sold the estate for little more than i'-20,000 to Sir James Low- 
 ther, Bart., by whom it was devised to his successor, the Earl of 
 Lonsdale. 
 
 ]MiIlom Castle, considerable romains of wliieli are 
 still in e.Kisteuce, is pleasantly situated in the township 
 of Millom Below, near the mouth of the Duddon. It 
 was fortified and embattled in 13H5, by Sir Jolm Hud- 
 leston, who obtained a license from the king for that 
 purpose. In ancient times it was surrounded by a iiue 
 park. Here, for many centuries, the lords of Millom 
 held their feudal pomp and state, undisturbed "by 
 war's tempestuous breath," from which the more 
 northerly parts of tho county sutVered so severely 
 aud so often ; and we do not hear that the castle 
 was ever attacked previous to the wars of the Parlia- 
 ment, when it appears to have been invested, though 
 no particulars respecting tho occurrcuco have been 
 recorded. It is at this period that the old vicarage 
 house, which was in the neighbourhood of the castle, 
 was pulled down, "lest the rebels should take refuge 
 therein." 'Mr. Thomas Denton tells us that in 1088 
 the castle was much in want of repair. Uc also
 
 406 
 
 ALLEBDALE-ABOVE-DER\VENT WAED. 
 
 informs us that the gallows, where the lords of Millom 
 eiercised their power of punishing criminals with 
 death, stood on a bill near the castle, and that felons 
 had suffered there shortly before the time at which he 
 was writing. He describes the park as having within 
 twenty years abounded with oak, which to the value of 
 £4,000 had been cut down to serve as fuel at the iron 
 forges. When John Dentou wrote the castle appears 
 to liave been in a partly ruinous state, although the 
 lords still continued to reside there occasionally. In 
 1739 the old fortress appears to have been in much 
 the same condition as it is in our own times. In 1774, 
 when Nicolsoa and Burn published their history, the 
 park was well stocked with deer, and this state of 
 things continued till the year 1802, when it was 
 disparked by the Earl of Lonsdale. The old feudal 
 stronghold of the Boyvilles and Hudlestons now 
 serves as a farmhouse : the principal part remaining 
 is a large square tower, formerly embattled, but at 
 present terminated by a plain parapet. The chief 
 entrance appears to have been in the east front, by 
 a lofty flight of steps. In a wall of the garden are 
 the arras of Hudleston, as also in the wall of an 
 outhouse. On the south and west sides traces of the 
 moat are still visible. The lordship of Millom still 
 retains its own coroner. 
 
 MlLiOM BELOW. 
 
 The area of this township is included in the parish 
 returns. The rateable value is £3,340. The number 
 of inhabitants in 1801 was, inclusive of Millom Above 
 township, 589; in 1811, 884; in 1821, of Millom 
 Below alone, 320; in 1831, 400; in 1841, 411; and 
 in 1851, 410. This township, which contains the 
 village of Holboni Hill, the parisli church, and several 
 detached houses, occupies the most southern portion of 
 the county of Cumberland, which is here about four 
 miles in breadth only. In 1250 Millom bad a charter 
 for holding a market here weekly on Wednesday, and a 
 fair for three days at the festival of the Holy Trinity. 
 The market has long been obsolete. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 Millom church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, is 
 situated close to the castle, in the township of Millom 
 Below. It is a venerable structure, consisting of a 
 nave and chancel, a south aisle, and a modern porch, 
 with a bell turret containing two bells. This church 
 has suffered much from the tasteless alterations which 
 it has undergone from time to time — the circular 
 headed north door has been walled up, and most of the 
 old windows has been replaced by modern substitutions. 
 
 Near the eastern window is the ancient piscina, and at 
 the west end of the church is an octagon stone font, 
 ornamented with quatrofoils, and a shield charged 
 with the arms of Hudleston and ii label. The church 
 contains an ancient mural tablet, to the memory of 
 several members of the Hudleston family, and near to 
 it is an altar tomb ornamented with ( iothic tracery, &c., 
 on which rechne the effigies of a knight and his lady, 
 but in a very mutilated condition. In the churchyard 
 are the remains of a cross, the shaft of which is charged 
 with four shields. The church of Millom was rectorial 
 liU the year 1228, when it was given to the abbey of 
 SL Mary, in Furness. One moiety was appropriated 
 by Walter de Grey, archbishop of York, to that 
 monastery to have the right of presentation ; the other 
 (which the archbishop reserved for his own disposal) 
 he assigned, in 1230, for the maintenance of three 
 chaplains, with clerks and other charges, for the sup- 
 port of his chantry of St. Nicholas in the metropolitan 
 church ef York. The living, a vicarage, was valued 
 in the King's Book at £8 5s. 8d., and was certified to 
 the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty as of the annual 
 value of £26 Is. 8d. About the year 1721 it was aug- 
 mented with £250 left by the Rev. John Posdethwaite, 
 master of St. Paul's School, London ; and, about the 
 same time, with £200 from the governors of Queen 
 Anne's Bounty ; both of which sums were expended in 
 the purchase of an estate called Fawcett Bank, near 
 Sedbergh, in Yorkshire, the yearly rent of which is 
 paid to the vicar. The total income of the living is 
 now about £170 a year. The tithes have been com- 
 muted for £128 per aunum. The Queen, as Duchess 
 of Lancaster, e.xercises the right of patronage. The 
 parish register commences in 1598. 
 
 YicABS. — Edmund Staneforth occurs 1535 ; Roger Askew, 
 16G1; William Wells, 1670; Joseph Taylor, 1690; Thomas 
 Benn, 1713; Matthew Postlethwaite, 1743; Edward Nicholson, 
 1778; John Smith, 1781; John Bolton, 1707; John Smith, 
 18-21; Henry Dixon, 1822; Henry Pickthall, 1836; Edmund 
 Edward Allen, B.A., 1855. 
 
 The vicarage is a cottage of very rough construction 
 and inadequate size, which, with the glebe attached to 
 it, was purchased about the year 1781, for the sum of 
 £240 ; £200 of which was obtained from Queen Anne's 
 Bounty, and the remainder was paid by the then vicar. 
 There are four day-schools in the parish, attended by 
 about 140 children collectively. 
 
 CHiOUTIES. 
 
 The School at Millom Below. — Joseph Hudleston, 
 Esq., of Millom Castle, who died in 1700, endowed this 
 school with £100; but that endowment has been irre- 
 coverably lost, by the insolvency of a person in whose 
 
 I
 
 MILLOM PARISH. 
 
 407 
 
 hands it was deposited. It now enjoys, in common 
 with the two schools at JMillom Above and Thwaites, a 
 share of a bequest of £800, bequeathed in 1811, by the 
 late Mr. William Atkinson of Bog House, who ordered 
 it to be invested in government stock, and the interest, 
 ■with the exception of £2 12s., to be applied half-yearly 
 for the education of poor boys aud girls in these three 
 townships, at the discretion of the trustees, provided 
 "that not more than 4s. be given for teaching any poor 
 scholar for a quarter of a year, nor even that if the 
 scholars can bo well and diligently taught for less." 
 Fifty shillings of the interest is to be given annually 
 to the customers at Upper Beckstones mill ; no family 
 to have more than three shillings nor less than cue 
 shilling. 
 
 The Grammar School of Whicham and Millom. — For 
 an account of this charity, see our account of Whicham 
 parish, at a subsequent page. 
 
 Poor Stock. — In 172v! it was certified that there was 
 a poor stock of £30 2s. belonging to this parish, the 
 donors of which were unknown. 
 
 School at lialhj Green. — On December 4th, 1809, 
 this school was opened, being solely instituted and sup- 
 ported by the Ecv — Myers, of Shipley Hall, ior the 
 instruction of twenty girls in all the necessary and use- 
 ful branches of female education, the children of sober 
 and industrious labourers belonging to this parish. 
 
 Mrs. Tluddlestons Bequest. — Jlrs. Bridget Huddle- 
 ston, about the year 1714, left £100 for the support of 
 a school at llillom. This sum was lent on bond, and 
 the whole was lost. 
 
 Holbom Hill is a large village, on an eminence, 
 eight miles south south-east of Bootle, and is said to 
 derive its name from liolborn Hill in London. Here 
 is a station on the Whitehaven aud Furness railway. 
 
 Burrow Crnil, or Barwick Bails, is a natural harbour 
 or creek iu this township, eight miles south-south-east 
 of Bootle, where slate, corn, ifeo., have been shipped, 
 and coals imported, in vessels of small tonnage. A 
 coast-waiter is stationed at Holboru Hill, which is 
 nearly a mile north-north-west ; and a httle above the 
 harbour is the farmhouse called Burrow Crails. 
 
 From au eminence near New Hall are extensive 
 views of the Duddou Sands, the I.ancashiro coast, the 
 Isle of Alan, and the Welsh mountains, in IS'.'l an 
 ancient Britisli battle a.\c, thirteen aud a half inches 
 long, was dug u]i at Lowscales, and scvcnd other relics 
 have been found in the same neighbourhood. 
 
 MILI.OM ADOVE. 
 
 ]''or the ai-ea of this township sec the parish returns. 
 The rateable value is £2,073. The population in 1801, 
 
 inclusive of Millom Below, was 589; in 1811, 884; in 
 1821, of this township alone, 400; in 1831, 515; in 
 1841, 511; and in 1851, 564. This township contains 
 two small \'illages, called The Hill and The Green, be- 
 sides a number of scattered houses, about four miles 
 south-south-west of Broughton, in Lancashire. The 
 Hill is about eight miles south-cast-by-south of Bootle. 
 Near Underbill is a sulphur ore mine, which was 
 opened in 1851. The ore lies at a depth of from 
 ten to forty yards, and the vein is from six to twenty- 
 two feet thick, producing a large quantity annually, 
 which is sent to Newcastle to undergo the chemical 
 process of extracting the sulphur. It employs about 
 thirty hands. There are several springs in this town- 
 ship, below Marshside, impregnated with salt, and of 
 an aperient quality. There is also a similar one at 
 Hotbarrow. They are called holy wells by the people 
 of the neighbourhood. 
 
 BIRKER AND AUSTin\-AITE. 
 
 This township lies between the river Esk and Ulpha 
 chapelry ; the first-named forming its boundary on the 
 north and west, and the latter on the east. The area 
 is included in the parish returns. The rateable value 
 is £540. In 1801 its population was 98; in 1811, 
 109; in ;82I, 101; iu 1831, 102; in 1841, 105; and 
 in 1851, 118. The inhabitants have the privilege of 
 marrying, burying, Ac, at the neighbouring chapel of 
 r^skdale {part of the parish of St. Bees), in consequence 
 of their distance from Millom parish church or its sub- 
 orditiate chapels. The small lake of Devoko Water 
 and the falls of Stanley Gill and Birker Force, are iu 
 this township. Devoke Water is a lonely tarn, with a 
 rocky island in the centre. Stanley Gill fall has much 
 the character of Ara Force, and its immediate neigh- 
 bourhood may perhaps be rivalled by other waterfalls 
 in the Lake District ; but the glen itself is indisputably 
 the finest iu the region. Birker Force is a line cascade. 
 
 In 1102 the manor of Austhwaite was granted by 
 one of the BoyviUcs, lords of Millom, to a family who 
 assumed the local name, styling themselves De Aus- 
 thwait'', and continued iu possession till about the year 
 1315, when, male issue failing, the heiress of the Aus- 
 thwaites brought it in marriage to Nicholas Stanley, 
 Es<i., from whom it has descended to Edward Stanley, 
 Esq., the present lord of the manor ; besides whom, 
 Messrs. John Sharpc, Tliomas Lyson, Edward Sbarpc, 
 the trustees of the late William Batcman, the heir of 
 the lato Edward J^yson, .lohn Vicars, and others, are 
 the landowners. Dalegarth Hall, the ancient seat of 
 the .\usthwaitos and Stanleys, has been converted into 
 a farmstead. For an account of the Stanley family, see 
 Ponsonby parish.
 
 408 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 There is a corn-mill situated at the west end of the 
 township. 
 
 This township is about seven miles east-by-north of 
 Ravenglass ; and, according to the arrangement made 
 at the quarter sessions held at Carlisle, October 20th, 
 1857, is included in the newlj-formed Bootle Ward. 
 
 CHARITY. 
 
 Foor Money. — The inhabitants of the township of 
 Birker and Austhwaite, though parishioners of Millom, 
 attend chapel in the townsliip of Eskdale, in the parish 
 of St. Bees. Several legacies have been left for the 
 poor of these townsliips, the particulars of which will 
 be found in our account of Eskdale. The sum of ;£'2 is 
 received yearly by the chapelwardens for Birker and 
 Austhwaite, as a moiety of the interest of those lega- 
 cies, and is distributed on the first Sunday after 
 Easter, amongst poor householders not receiving paro- 
 chial relief. 
 
 CHAPEL SUCKEK. 
 
 The area of Chapel Sucken or Sunken is 2,051 
 acres, and its rateable value £1,521. The popu- 
 lation was not returned separately till 18'21, in which 
 year it was 251 ; in 1831, 291 ; in 1841, 21 1 ; and 
 in 1851, 275. This township is long and narrow, 
 stretching between a small rivulet and the sea, six 
 miles south by east of Bootle, and comprises the ham- 
 lets of Kirk Santon and Havcrigg, at the former of 
 which places there is a small tumulus, on the summit 
 of which are two stones standing perpendicularly, about 
 eight feet in height, and a distance from each other of 
 about fifteen feet. Hutchinson tells us that several 
 other large stones formerly stood here. A church or 
 chapel is supposed to have stood at Kirk Santon in 
 ancient times, but beyond tradition, and the name itself, 
 we have nothing which would lead to that conclusion. 
 
 THWAITES CHAPELRY. 
 
 Tuw.viTEs Chapelry extends along the Duddon, south of Ulpha, from Duddon Grove to Millom Green, and contains 
 the small hamlets of Duddon Bridge, Hall Thwaites, and Lady Hall, with several dispersed houses. The area of the 
 chapelry is returned with that of Millom farish: its rateable value is £2,000. The number of inhabitants in 
 1801 was 52.3: in 1811, 334: in 1821, 310; in 1831, 324; in 1841, 350; and in 1851, 304. At Duddon Bridge 
 is an iron funiace. A little above Duddon Grove is Hans Bridge, which spans the river with two arches, springing 
 from perpendicular rocks. 
 
 The manor of Thwaites was held under the lords of 
 Millom by a family bearing the local name, who occur 
 here as early as the reign of Edward I. In the 35th 
 Henry IH. (1250-1 ), Eleanor, wife of John Boyville and 
 Michael de Cornee, passed this manor by a fine; and 
 in the 10th Edward I. (12S7-8) John Hudleston im- 
 pleaded WUliam, sou of John Thwaites, for 200 acres 
 of pasture here. The manor was conveyed by the 
 Hudlestons, in the seventeenth century, to Sir John 
 Lowther, Bart., from whom it has descended to the 
 present possessor, the Earl of Lonsdale. The principal 
 landowners are Rev. George MUlers, John Lewtliwaite, 
 Robert Postlethwaite, and Thomas Dixon, Esqrs. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Thwaites chapel, dedicated to St. Anne, is situated 
 near Hall Thwaites, about three miles distant from the 
 parish church. It was erected in 1853-4, and is 
 a handsome stone building in the early English style, 
 with porch, and bell turret carrying two bells. The 
 interior consists of nave, chancel, and one aisle ; 
 the nave is separated from the chancel by a lofty 
 perpendicular arch ; and the aisle is divided from 
 the nave by four perpendicular stone arches. The 
 
 east window, which is lancet-shaped and of three 
 lights, is filled with stained glass ; the centre compart- 
 ment contains a representation of the Crucifi.Kion ; the 
 remainder being various passages from the life of our 
 Saviour. In the nave is also a stained glass window, 
 with the following inscription : — " To the glory of God, 
 and in memory of Agnes Postlethwaite, Sep. 13, 1853." 
 The seats are open and of wood, which, with the read- 
 iug-desk and roof, are stained to represent oak ; the 
 pulpit and font are of Caen stone, both handsomely 
 carved; the latter is sufficiently large for immersion, 
 and is supported by four columns of Purbeck marble. 
 The chancel is laid with encaustic tiles and filled up 
 with open benches, having carved ends, for the 
 choristers. The roof, which is of great height, is 
 lighted with clerestory windows, of quartrefoU-shape ; 
 the aisle contains four handsome windows with trefoil 
 headings; the windows of the nave are lancet-shaped, 
 of two lights each and trefoU heads ; over the principal 
 entrance are three windows, considerably elevated, of 
 the same design; above them is a handsome circular 
 window filled with stained glass. The altar-cloth is of 
 rich crimson velvet, with gold-coloured fringe, on the 
 centre of the autipendium is the monogram, with the
 
 MILLOM PAEISH. 
 
 409 
 
 letters I.H.S. beautifully wrought in gold. The chancel 
 contains a handsome marble mural tablet, in the memory 
 of W. Lewthwaite, Esq., and his wife, Eleanor of Broad- 
 gate. In 1715 the chapel was certified as having no 
 endowment. Subsequently it was endowed with the 
 sum of £200; it has also received £800 from Queen 
 Anne's Bounty; and, in J825, a parhamentary grant 
 of £1,000. In 1835 it was returned as of the annual 
 value of £99. The patronage is vested in the proprie- 
 tors of the estates of Beck-Bank, Broadgate, Oaks, and 
 Greystone House, and the Earl of Lonsdale, who, as 
 lord of tho manor and lay-rector, has a casting vote. 
 The registers commence in 1724. 
 
 Incumdekts. — Daniel Steele, 17 — ; Daniel Stephenson, about 
 1755; John Parke, 1778; Henry Borrowdale, 1815; John 
 Ormondj, 18i2 ; — Sanders, 1847 ; Jonathan Stackhouse, 1849. 
 
 The parsonage house, situated at Bridge End, in 
 Millom Above township, was erected in 1847. 
 
 CHAEITIES. 
 
 Ann Smithson's Charities. — Ann Smithson, in 1778, 
 bequeathed £20 to the most needy poor of Thwaites, 
 the interest thereof to be distributed in bread on the 
 first Sunday after tho 13th day of February; and the 
 further sum of £20, the interest thereof to be paid to 
 the schoolmaster there. These legacies formed part of 
 £400 which was laid out, in 1788, in purchase of lands 
 in Millom, for the augmentation of this curacy. 
 
 Wennington and Benson's Charities. — John Wen- 
 nington gave £30 for the use of the poor of this chapelry ; 
 and Bernard Benson gave £5 for the like purpose. 
 Tiiese sums arc secured upon two tenements in the 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 A small library was founded here about a century ago 
 by the associates of Dr. Bray, but the boolts are now 
 entirely lost, with tho exception of a few volumes. 
 
 Buckraan Brow School is a neat building in the 
 Elizabethan style, erected in 1845, by Miss Frances E. 
 Millers, who also left £2,000 for tho instruction of 
 girls between the ages of five and sktecn years in 
 reading, writing, arithmetic, sewing, and the Church 
 Catechism. Tiiirty pounds a year and a residence 
 ■were to be allowed to a governess. Tho number and 
 mode of admission of the children are regulated by tho 
 trustees, who are tho ministers of tho respective 
 chapclrics of Broughton in Furness, and Thwaites, and 
 the owners of tho estates of Duddon Hall, Ulpha, and 
 Broadgate. 
 
 Hall Thwaites hamlet is about four miles south-west, 
 
 and Lady Hall hamlet three miles south-by-west of 
 Broughton. 
 
 Duddon Hall, the residence of J. J. Kawlinson, Esq., 
 J. P., is delightfully situated on tho banks of the river 
 from which it derives its name, about two miles from 
 Broughton, and six from Millom church and castle, and 
 is surrounded by conserratories, beautiful grounds, and 
 the most picturesque scenery. 
 
 At Swineside, in this chapelry, are the remains 
 of a Druidical circle, or temple. It consists of 
 fifty large stones, with several small ones lying 
 among thera, and forms a circle of about eighty-four 
 feet in diameter, the entrance to which is about five 
 feet wide. The largest stone is conical in form, and 
 nearly nine feet high. There is a great similarity 
 between this circle and that in the neighbourhood of 
 Keswick, with the exception of the rectangular recess 
 which is possessed by the latter, and which is, we 
 believe, peculiar to it. 
 
 fffctblnailf of froabgatt. 
 
 This family appears, from ancient documents, to 
 have held lands in various parts of Cumberland from 
 an early period. 
 
 Thomas Lewthwaite of Whicham, married a daughter of — 
 Newby of Haverigg, and had a son, 
 
 Thomas Lewthwaite, born Stli December, 1588, married a 
 daughter of — Askew of Greymains. This Thomas purchased 
 Broadgate, and settled there. He died in 1007, having had 
 three children, 
 
 I. John, a captain in a regiment of foot raised by Sir William 
 Huillestcn of Millom Castle, for the senice of King 
 Charles I., iu which loyal cause he was slain at Edgehill, 
 in 161"-i, without issue. 
 
 n. James, who succeeded his father. 
 
 I. Margaret, married William lieuson of Waberthwaite. 
 
 James Lewthwaite of Broadgate, mamed Agnes, daughter 
 of William Dickson, Esq., of Beckbank, and had issue, 
 
 I. John, who succeeded his fatlier. 
 II. lialpli, who died in London, without issue. 
 
 III. William, born 7th Ilecember, lCli7; married Catherine, 
 
 daughter of Sir Gilfrid Lansou, Bart., of Brayton, and 
 had issue, 
 
 1. Alfred, who dieil an infant. 
 
 '■i. John, a mcrclinnt at Wliilolmven ; married Grace, 
 daughter of Uobirt Jack.son, Ksq., of Bransty 
 llouso, and had a sou UilfriJ, drowned at \Vhit«- 
 haven. 
 
 IV. James, of Lady Hall, miuricd a daughter of Mylos Winning- 
 
 ton, Esq., of Greystone House, and bad two suns: James, 
 settled in Cbi'Ster, andbml issue; and .Ir)lin. married Eliza- 
 betli, daughter of James Lancaster, and btul issue two sons: 
 John, settled in Lomlun; and George, of Ulverstoue. 
 V. Anthony, died at Lancaster, witliout issue. 
 
 I. Elizabetli, 
 
 .\11 died without issae. 
 
 Agnes, 
 
 Margaret, 
 
 Ellen, innrricd William Robinson of Wabertliwaite, and bad 
 a daughter, Elizabetli, niarrictl John llalied, and bad issue 
 one sou, who died iu Dublin, iu ITtM, without issue.
 
 410 
 
 ALLEKDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 John LEwrinvArrE of Broatigiitc, married Eleanor, daughter 
 of John Wingfield, Esq., of Woodland, in tlio parish of Kirby 
 Irleth, CO. Lancuster, and had issue, 
 
 I. James, died young. 
 II. William, succeeded his father. 
 
 I. Eleanor, niarried John Lewis, of St. Jomes'-street, London, 
 
 and had issue, Charles Lee Lewis, a celebrated comedian, 
 married and had issue; and Elizabeth Lewis, married — 
 Dawkiue, and died without issue. 
 II. EUzabeth, inarried lohn Addison, geudeman, of Karenpilass, 
 and had issue, Ilenry .Addisou, died in London, without 
 issue ; John Addison, died in London, without issue ; 
 Elizabeth Addison, married George Fenwick, Esq., of 
 Lainbton, co. Durham, and had issue, William Fen^vick, 
 George, John, .-Yddison, Eidph, and Bobert; Elizabeth. 
 
 ■WiLUAM Lewthwatte, of Broadgate, married Elizabeth, 
 daughter of John Towers, Esq,, of Hockler Hall, co. Lancaster, 
 and had issue, 
 
 I. John, who succeeded his father, 
 
 II, W1LLIA.M, of whom hereafter. 
 
 lU. George, a merchant in Antigua, and died there, witliout issne, 
 I. Eleanor, married William Postlethwaite, of Ellenfoot, gentle- 
 man, and had issue, Thomas Postlethwaite, died in Lon- 
 don, unmarried; William, died in London, unmarried; 
 Elizabeth, died immarried; .^gnes, married John Wilde, 
 Esq., of Broughton, and died without issue. 
 
 II. Elizabeth, married William Hunter, Esq,, of Cross House, 
 in Millom, and died without issue. 
 
 HI. Agnes, married Thomas Bailey, of Broughton, in Fumess, 
 and died without issue. 
 
 IV. Margaret, married — 
 died without issue. 
 
 Taylor, a solicitor, in Liverpool, and 
 
 Joh:; Lewthwaitk, a merchant, in Lancaster, died on his 
 plantation, at Chcckhall, in the island of Dominica, in June, 
 1781. Having married Mrs. Griee, of the island of Antigua, 
 and leaving no issue, he was succeeded by his brother, 
 
 WrLixvM LEWTiiWAriE, of Broadgate and Whitehaven, J.P,, 
 married Mary, daughter and co-heir of Joseph Nicholson, Esq,, 
 of Milholm, in Bootle, and had issue, 
 
 I, William, who succeeded his father at Broadgate. 
 11. Johu, miuried Margaret, eldest daughter of Koger Taylor, 
 
 Esq., of Stott Park, Lancashire, and had issue, Wilham, 
 
 Gilfrid, Marianne, and Frances Jane. 
 
 III. George, rector of Adcl, ro. York, .I,P,, married Martha, 
 
 daughter of Thomas Rirley, Esq., of Kirkbain, Lancashire, 
 and had issue, William Henry, George, and Morgareu 
 
 IV. Joseph, a merchant, in the West Indies, cUed in ISIO, un- 
 
 married. 
 
 I. Agnes, married to Uie Rev. R. Armistcad, rector of Moresby. 
 
 II. Alary, married to Milham Hartley, Esq., of Rose Hill. 
 
 III. Ann, married to Peter Dixon, Esq., of Newington, Surrey, 
 
 and died in l80;i, without issue. 
 rv. Margaret, married to Peter Taylor, Est]., of Belfield, West- 
 
 murelaiul, major in the Royal Westmoreland Militia, and 
 
 died in ISil.'j, \rithout issue. 
 
 V. Frances, died young. 
 Ti. Betsey of Hazel Moimt, 
 
 The eldest son, 
 
 WiLr.iAJi liEWTXiwAlTE, Esq., of Broadgate, J.P., married 
 Eleanor, daughter of Thomas Cragg, Esq., of Lowscales, and by 
 her (who died 1830) had issue, 
 
 1. John, of Broadgate. 
 
 I, Man,-, married to William Postlethwaite, merebont, of Uhrer- 
 
 stune. 
 u. Agues, married to Robert Postlethwaite, Esq., of Brougbton. 
 ni. Eleanor, died unmarried, 
 IT. Elizabeth, died immarried. 
 
 Mr. Lewthwaite died IPL"), and was succeeded by his son, 
 John Lewtiiw.ute, Esq., of Broadgate, J.P. and D.L,, bom 
 
 1 792 ; married 1S2(), Anne, daughter of William Kirkbank, Esq,, 
 
 D,L,, of Becksidc, and has issue, 
 
 I. WrLLiAM,marriedMaTy,daughteraf William Clialoner, Esq. 
 II. Joseph. 
 
 III. George. 
 
 I. Mary, married to Walter Buchanan, Esq., of Liverpool. 
 II. Elizabeth, 
 ni. Eleauor, monied to Bobert Francis Calrow, Esq. 
 
 IV. Ann. 
 
 V. Agnes. 
 
 Arms. — Erm., a cross-flory, az., fretty, or. 
 Crest. — A garb, bound by a serpent, nowed, ppr., 
 moutli, a cross-crosslet, fitchee, gu. 
 Motto. — Tendens ad sethera virtus. 
 Scat. — Broadgate. 
 
 holding in the 
 
 ULPHA CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry is bounded on the north by Eskdale, on the west by Birket and Austhwaite, on the south by Thwaites 
 chapelry, and on the east by the Duddon, which divides it from Lancashire. It is about eleven miles in length by 
 three in breadth, and comprises about one-tliird of the parish. The lower part is very woody and good laud, the 
 upper part more rocky and barren, being terminated by the mountains of Hardknott and Wrynose, to the west and 
 south-west of which ore Birker Fell, Barter Fell, and several smaller eminences. The area is returned with 
 Millom parish. The rateable value is £1,295, The population in 1801 was 202: in 1811, 298; in 1821, 
 208 ; in 1831, 40f) ; in 1841, 375 ; and in 1851, 370. By the arrangements of wards made at the October quarter 
 sessions, ]837, Ulpba was transfen-ed from the ward of AIlerdale-above-Derweut to the newly-formed Bootle Ward. 
 Here is a bobbin-mill, worked by Mr. William Eussell ; and there are also a com and saw-mUls. Copper has been 
 extensively worked in this chapelry, but at present the working is discontinued. Ulpha, like many other places in 
 Cumberland, is remarliablc for the longevity of its inhabitants. 
 
 Mr. J, Denton informs us that " Ulphay was granted 
 to one Ulf, the son of Evard, whose posterity enjoyed 
 it till the time of King Henry III, Ulf had issue 
 Ailsward and Ketell, Ailsward paid to King Henry 
 
 HI., in the 17th year of his reign (1232-3), twentj- 
 marks for a fine assessed upon him for an attaint. 
 Ketell had divers sons, Bennett, William, and Michael : 
 Bennett lived in King John's time, and had a son
 
 MUXOM PAEISH. 
 
 411 
 
 named Allan. But now the land is reduced to demesne 
 again, and Mr. lludlostonc, the present lord of Milium, 
 and divers of his ancestors, have made there a park, 
 inclosed for deer, which yet to this day is called Ulphay 
 Park." Having reverted to the lords of Millom, Ulpha 
 was again constituted part of that manor, and remained 
 connected with it till sold by Sir Hedworth AVUliamson 
 and his wife (heiress of the Hudlestons) to Mr. Single- 
 ton of Drigg. It was subsequently pm-chased fi'om 
 Miss Singleton by Lord Muncaster, who, in his turn 
 disposed of it to Joseph Burrow, Esq., of Carlton Hall, 
 who sold it to George Harrison, Esq., of Linethwaito, 
 near "\Miitohaveu, who afterwards sold it to Lord 
 Lonsdale, the present lord of the manor. The 
 old hall, now a farm-house, bears marks of great 
 antiquity, and was probably the seat of the lords of 
 Ulpha in days now long departed. Near to it is a 
 well, bearing the name of the Lady's Dub, where 
 tradition says a lady was killed by ono of the numerous 
 wolves that formerly infested this region. The principal 
 landowners are Lord Muncaster, W. Rawhuson, Esq., 
 Mr. W. Dawson, and Mr. Gunson. 
 
 The small hamlet of Ulpha Kirk, is situated about 
 seven miles from Broughton. The river Duddon is 
 here spanned by a bridge, which discloses a beautiful 
 view up and down. " Ulpha lurk," says Haniet 
 Martiueau, " is ono of the primitive places where the 
 old manners of the district may be traced more clearly 
 than in most road-sido settlements. The people still 
 think it no sin to do their farm work on Sundays, when 
 tho weather — so precarious hero — is favourable; and 
 the familiar style of ' tho priest' in tlieso parts makes 
 tlie transition from work to worship very natural. 
 Some time since there was a blind ' priest' settled there. 
 Ono Sunday morning, tln' bell rang before the people 
 were all ready ; and especially the stoutest fanner in 
 the neighbourhood, who, detained by somo oow, pig, or 
 sheep, entered tho church last of all, ' thuunoriu' down 
 tho aisle.' ' VVha's comin' now'.'' asked tho blind 
 priest; and being informed by the clerk that it was 
 
 John T , ho inquired further, ' afoot or a-horso 
 
 back?' Odd sprinklings of liarning are found in these 
 by-places, aa in Scotland. Somo students staying at 
 tlio littlo inn here, and wanting to settle their account, 
 wroto a note in Latin to tho landlord, asking for tlio 
 bill, and scut it by tho girl who waited, ilr. Gunson, 
 tho landlord, immediately sent in the bill in Greek. It 
 was too much for the students, who wore obli^^od to ask 
 to httvo it in English. There was a ' heigh-larnod' 
 woman, not far from hence, who married a farmer on 
 tlio moor. When ovorj-body was lamontiug the hard 
 times, she declared that, for her pact, aho would be 
 
 contented if she conld only obtain food and raiment, 
 whereupon her husband rebuked her presumption. 
 'Thoo fule,' said he, 'thoo dusu't think thoo's to hev 
 mare than other folk. I'se content wi' meat and claes.' " 
 
 THE CH.VPEI.. 
 
 Ulpha chapel, dedicated to St. John, is distant seven 
 miles north of the mother church of Millom. Words- 
 worth, in one of his beautiful sonnets, tells us that — 
 
 The kirk of Ulpha to the pilgrim's eye 
 
 Is welcome as a star, tlmt doth present 
 
 Its shining forehead through the pencefal rent 
 
 Of a black cloud diffused o'er half the sky ; 
 
 Or as a fruitful palm tree, towering high 
 
 O'er the parched waste beside an Arab's tent ; 
 
 Or the Indian tree, whoso branches downward bent 
 
 Take root again, a boundless canopy. 
 
 How sweet were leisure ! could it yield no more 
 
 Thau mid that wave-washed churcliyard to recline, 
 
 From pastoral graves extracting thoughts divine ; 
 
 Or there to pace, and mai-k the summits lioar 
 
 Of distant moonUt mountains faintly shine, 
 
 Sooth'd by the uusecn river's gentle roai'. 
 
 The chapel of Ulpha was certifled to the governors 
 of Queen Anne's ]}ouuty as of the annual value of £5 ; 
 .63 Gs. 8d. of which was the ancient chapel salary. It 
 has been since augmented from Queen Anne's Bounty, 
 and in 1835 was returned as worth £49 j>er annum. 
 The benefice is a perpetual curacy, in the gift of the 
 vicar of Millom. The Rev. Jeremiali Walker b the 
 present incumbent. The registers commence in 1703. 
 At the time the chapel was consecrated it was endowed 
 with the small tithes of the district, or rather a modus 
 in lieu of them, as it is a C.^ced annual payment from 
 every landowner and tenement in the chapelry. 
 
 The AVesleyans have a place of worship here. 
 
 There was a Baptist school erected in this chapelry, 
 in 1853, by Mrs. Wilson. 
 
 CHARITT. 
 
 William Danson's Bequest. — William Danson, of the 
 parish of St. Clement Danes, Westminster, by will, 
 dated November 17th, 1793, left i'3 per annum, charge- 
 able upon tho Folds estate, to be distributed amongst 
 the most needy of the poor of Ulpha, his native place. 
 
 A library was established here in 1701, by tho asso- 
 ciates of Dr. Bray, but tho books haw long been lost. 
 
 On tho summit of the first ascent of Hardknott, a 
 mountain near the northern extremity of the parish, 
 nro tho remains of a Britisii or Roman fort, known as 
 Hardknott Castle.' Bishop Gibson supposes these 
 
 > Uordknotl Oftstle is on an cauto bduugiug to Edward Stanley, 
 Kaq^ of Ponsonby, calUd BrotJicrv KolJ, a slioip-fiinn onniainiug 
 nbotii I4,0<X) ncres, whicli was pivseuteU to tile Slauley family ou tlw 
 dJMolutlou of FumeM Abboy.
 
 412 
 
 ALLEr.DALE-ABO\'E-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 remains to have belonged to some church or chapel which 
 formerly stood here ; and Gough, in his Additions to 
 Camden, supposes the ruins may be those of a chapel 
 or cross erected upon this mountain, as was the case 
 upon Cross Fell. Be this as it may, Ilardknotl Castle 
 commands a magnificent view of Scawfell and the 
 Pike — the loftiest mountains in the Lalic District — as 
 also of the Irish Sea. Formerly the pack-horses which 
 went from Kendal to Whitehaven crossed Wrynose and 
 Hardkuott, a road now only seldom visited except by 
 the shepherd and the adventurous tourist. 
 
 From the road over Stoneside a very fine view of 
 Ulpha and the valleys of Lewthwaite and Dounerdale is 
 obtained. After climbing the rugged ascents over 
 ■which the road leads, these delightful valleys, which 
 are near the river Duddon, burst on the sight, em- 
 bosomed amid barren mountahis, and forming pictures 
 of surpassing beauty, on which the eye loves to dwell, 
 and the recollection of which fully illustrates the truth 
 of the saying that "a thing of beauty is a joy for ever." 
 Donnerdale, verdant and well cultivated, looks like a 
 rich garden ; while, beyond, the mountains stretch 
 away far to the north. The river Duddon, which 
 forms the eastern boundary of this chapelry, as well as 
 of the parish of Millom, is well known, wherever the 
 Enghsh language is spoken or read, by the sonnets of 
 Wordsworth, according to whom it may be compared to 
 any river of equal length of course in any country. 
 Speaking of his sonnets, he says : " The reader who 
 may have been interested in the foregoing sonnets, will 
 not be displeased to find in this place a prose account 
 of the Duddon, extracted from Green's Comprehensive 
 Guide to the Lakes, lately published. ' The road lead- 
 ing from Coniston to Broughton is over high ground, 
 and commands a view of the river Duddon ; which at 
 high water is a grand sight, having the beautiful and 
 fertile lands of Lancashire and Cumberland stretching 
 each way from its margin. In this extensive view the 
 face of nature is displayed in a wonderful variety of hill 
 and dale, wooded grounds and buildings ; amongst the 
 latter, Broughton Tower, seated on the crown of a hill, 
 rising elegantly from the valley, is an object of extraor- 
 dinary interest. Fertility on each side is gradually 
 diminished and lost in the superior heights of Black- 
 comb in Cumberland and the high lands between 
 Kirkby and Ulverstone. The road from Broughton to 
 Seathwaite is on the banks of the Duddon, and on its 
 Lancashire side it is of various elevations. The river 
 is an amusing companion — one while brawling and 
 tumbling over rocky precipices, untU the agitated water 
 becomes again calm by arriving at a smoother and less 
 precipitous bed; but its course is soon again ruffled, 
 
 and the current thrown into every variety of foam 
 which the rocky channel of a river can give to water.' 
 
 " After all, the traveller would be most gratified who 
 should approach this beautiful stream, neither at its 
 source, as is done in the sonnets, nor from its termi- 
 nation, but from Coniston over Walna Scar ; first 
 descending into a little circular valley, a collateral 
 compartment of the long winding vale through which 
 flows the Duddon. This recess, towards the close of 
 September, when the after-grass of the meadows is 
 still of a fresh green, with the leaves of many of the 
 trees faded, but perhaps none fallen, is truly enchanting. 
 At a point elevated enough to show the various objects 
 in the valley, and not so high as to diminish their 
 importance, the stranger will instinctively halt. On 
 the foreground, a little below tho most favourable 
 station, a rude foot-bridge is thrown over the bed of 
 the noisy brook foaming by the way-side. Russet and 
 craggy hills, of bold and varied outline, surround the 
 level valley, which is besprinkled with grey rocks 
 plumed with birch trees. A few homesteads are 
 interspersed, in some places peeping out from among 
 the rocks like hermitages, whose site has been chosen 
 for the benefit of sunshine as well as shelter ; in other 
 instances the dwelling-house, barn, and byre compose 
 together a cruciform structure, which with its embow- 
 ering trees, and the ivy clothing part of the walls and 
 roof Uke a fleece, call to mind the remains of an ancient 
 abbey. Time, in most cases, and nature everywhere, 
 have given a sanctity to the humble works of man that 
 are scattered over this peaceful retirement. Hence a 
 harmony of tone and colour, a perfection and consum- 
 mation of beauty, which would have been marred had 
 aim or purpose interfered with the course of conveni- 
 ence, utility, or necessity. This unvitiated region 
 stands in no need of the veil of twilight to soften or 
 disguise its features. As it ghstens in the morning 
 sunshine it would fill the spectator's heart with glad- 
 someness. Looking from our chosen station he would 
 feel an impatience to rove among its pathways, to be 
 greeted by the milkmaid, to wander from house to 
 house, exchanging ' good morrows,' as he passes the 
 open doors ; but at evening, when the sun is set, and a 
 pearly light gleams from the western quarter of the 
 sky, with an answering light from the smooth surface of 
 the meadows — when the trees are dusky, but each kind 
 still distinguishable — when the cool air has condensed 
 the blue smoke rising from the cottage chimneys — 
 when the dark mossy stones seem to sleep in the bed 
 of the foaming brook ; then he would be unwUhng to 
 move forward, not less from a reluctance to relinquish 
 what he beholds than from an apprehension of 
 
 i
 
 MORESBY PAEISH. 
 
 413 
 
 disturbing by his approach the quietness beneath him. 
 Issuing from the plain of this valley the brook descends 
 in a rapid torrent, passing by the churchyard of 
 Seathwaite. The traveller is thus conducted at once 
 into the midst of a wild and beautiful sceneiy which 
 gave occasion to the sonnets from the 11th to the 20th 
 inclusive. From the point whore the Seathwaite brook 
 joins the Duddon is a view upwards into the pass 
 through which the river makes its way into the plain 
 of Donnerdale. The perpendicular rock on the right 
 bears the ancient British name of The Pen ; the one 
 opposite is called Wallabarrow Cragg, a name that 
 occurs in several places to designate rocks of the same 
 character. The chaotic aspect of the scene is well 
 marked by the expression of a stranger, who strolled 
 out while dinner was preparing, and at his return, 
 
 being asked by his host ' AVhat way he had been 
 wandering ? ' replied, ' as far as it is finished ! ' 
 
 " The bed of the Duddon is here strewn with large 
 fragments of rocks fallen from aloft, which, as Mr. 
 Green truly says, ' are happily adapted to the many- 
 shaped waterfalls (or rather waterbreaks, for none of 
 them are high, displayed in the short space of half a 
 mUe.' That there is some hazard in frequenting 
 these desolate places I myself have had proof, for one 
 night an immense mass of rock fell upon the very spot 
 where, with a friend, I had lingered the day before. 
 ' The concussion,' says Mr. Green, speaking of the 
 event (for he also, in the practice of his art, on that day 
 sat exposed for a still longer time to the same peril), 
 ' was heard, not without alarm, by the neighbouring 
 shepherds.' " 
 
 MORESBY PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Moresby is bounded on the north by the parishes of Harrington and Distington, on the west by the 
 sea, on the south by the township of Whitehaven, and on the east by Arlecdon. It contains about three square 
 miles, being about a mile and a half in length and breadth. The land towards the sea is rich and fertile, being 
 partly loam and gravel ; but on the cast side of the parish it is cold and sterile. The commons were enclosed about 
 tl:e year 1774, since which time the land here has been much improved by careful cultivation. Coal is abundant, 
 and there is a quarry of excellent freestone. There are two coal pits, the "Countess" and "Moresby" pits, 
 worked by the Earl of Lonsdale. The former was opened in 1835 and the latter in 18-19, and afford employment 
 to about 101) persons. The "Countess" is now nearly worked out, but the "Moresby" produces from 30,000 to 
 40,000 tons of coal per annum. This parish comprises the townships of Moresby and Parton, whose united area is 
 2,187 acres. 
 
 MORESBY. 
 
 The area of the township is 2,157 acres ; its rate- 
 able value i3,0ai 15s. The population in 1801 
 was 371; in 1811, lO'J ; in 1821, 43s ; in 1831, 
 424; ia 1841, 5J2; and in 1851, 533. Moresby 
 township contains several handsome villas. 
 
 The first possessor of the manor of Moresby upon 
 record is one Morris, who is stated to have been seated 
 at ^Moresby in the time of William Rufus, and from 
 him the family of Moresby, Morisceby, Moriccbi, or 
 Mauriceby, derived their origin. His successor boro 
 the name of Urknian, and probably was his son or 
 grandson. The opinion that ho was lord of the fee is 
 strengthened by his name being preserved in the 
 chartulary of tho abbey of Holme Cultram, among 
 those of its earliest patrons, as enriching the monastery 
 with a grant of land in Ilarrays, now written Harris, 
 in Moresby, and of common in tho same manor. He 
 is followed by Ilugono do Moriccbi, who occurs as 
 witness to a charter, dated a.d. 1192, from William de 
 
 Fortibus, earl of Albcrmarle (in right of his wife> 
 Hawise, baron of Egremont), confirming to the priory 
 at St. Bees the grants theretofore made by that lady's 
 ancestors, De Meschines and Do Piomelcy. The lord 
 of Moresby, whom ancient records next disclose, is one 
 whose name is appended to a deed without a date (but 
 which, in the annals of the old house of Lc Fleming 
 of Piydal and Coniston, is assigned to the reign of King 
 John), made by Sir John le Fleming of Bct-kermet, 
 respecting certain lauds iu Cumberland. To that 
 document a Sir Hugh de Moriceby appears as witness, 
 together with Robert Prior of St. Bees, Sir Peter de 
 Wyrkyngton, Sir Adam de Jlillom, and Sir Richard do 
 Coupland. Whether to his father's name and estates 
 another Hugh must now be considered to have suc- 
 ceeded, or whether it was tho person last-named, who 
 testified to the following deed, no evidence has been 
 met with to certify tho fact. But about 1240 the 
 name of Ilugono do Morisceby is found among other 
 witnesses, set to a deed, whereby John do Hodleston,
 
 414 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DEKWENT WARD. 
 
 first lord of Jlillom, of that name, in right of his wife 
 Joan, heiress of the old family De Boisville, or De 
 Millom, confirmed to God and the monks of Holme 
 Cultram all tho lands of Lekoley, or Seaton, in Cum- 
 berland, which had been given to them by GuuUJa, or 
 Goynhilde, daughter to Harry de Millom. Another 
 lord arises in the person of Nicholas de ^Moresby, who, 
 about A.D. 1'2'jO, witnessed a deed by which the charter 
 of Gunilda above-mentioned was confirmed by Joan, 
 then widow of John de Hodleston of Millom — and 
 whose attestation, along with those of Johanne de 
 Lamplugh, Benediote de Kotington, and others, like- 
 wise found to a charter of Gilbert da Hothwayt and 
 Christiana his wife, confirming certain lands to the 
 religious institutions of the Blessed ilarie, at York, 
 and to St. Bega, in Couplaud. The next inheritor is 
 named Hugh, who, it is very likely was son to the 
 foregoing. At least the lands at Moresby acknow- 
 ledged his rightful possession ; for, continuing the 
 bounty of his family to Holme Cultram Abbey, he, in 
 1257, bestowed lands in Crombcc and Waver, and 
 subsequently gave six acres of arable and four acres of 
 meadow land in Distington to that monastery, in whose 
 chartulary those offerings are registered. A deed, 
 relating to part of the estates of the monastery of St. 
 Mary, in Furness, attests that he likewise owned 
 certain rights to minerals in that district; as by an 
 instrument done in the said abbey, the 14th October, 
 1270, Robert de Lcybournc quitted claim to St. Mary's 
 Abbot, all right of getting iron and copper within tliat 
 dignitary's jurisdiction, except a limited quantity which 
 he had by grant from Hugh de Morecebi, with consent 
 of the abbot and convent during the life of the said 
 Hugh. The witnesses to the said deed being John de 
 Hodleston, Allan de Coupland, and Robert de Har- 
 rington, all men of kniglitly degree. Besides the lands 
 to whic'n they have given their name, the Moresbys 
 also held, as one of their earliest possessions, the 
 adjoining manor, or moiety of the manor of Distington 
 which centred in them, either by grant or purchase, 
 in Henry III.'s reign, and there they resided in the 
 formidable stronghold, whose fragmentary remains, 
 pleasingly cresting a slight knoll in the centre of the 
 expanded head of the vale which roaches from Moresby 
 to Distington, still remain. The inheritance of Moresby 
 seems afterwards to have descended upon Adam de 
 iloresby. He was likewise possessed of the adjoining 
 manor, or moiety of the manor, of Hensiugham, though 
 by what title has not been discovered, as in 1272 
 Robert de Branthwaite, lord of the neighbouring 
 seigniory of that name, is recorded to have held the 
 half of Hensingham as a vassal of the said Adam, who. 
 
 with this brief mention, retires out of sight. From 
 the succeeding notice respecting the family, which, iu 
 chronological order, has fallen under review, it is 
 
 ;^'athorcd that Thomas do ^Moresby, who had married 
 Margai-et, daughter of Thomas de Lucy, lord of Cock- 
 crmouth, by Margaret, one of the daughters and 
 co-heirs of John de Multon, last baron of Egremont 
 of that name, came next to tho estate, and about 
 1278 acquired the adjacent lordship of Distington, 
 if reliance is to be placed upon the statement by Den- 
 ton, quoted in the local history, that "Adade Morville, 
 wife of Richard de Lucy, Dundraw, and he had issue 
 Ada de Dundraw, ^vife of Stephen de Crofton, who 
 gave their part of Distbgton to Thomas do Moresby 
 and Margaret de Lucy, his wife, anno th Edward L, 
 ilargaret did exchange it with her brother, Thomas 
 Lucy, for lands in Thackthwaite, and Thomas the same 
 in Moresby for Brackenthwaite in Loweswater:" or, in 
 other words, Thomas Lucy again exchanged Distington 
 with the Moresbys for Brackenthwaite. It is, however, 
 difficult to reconcile Denton's account with the informa- 
 tion derived from the chartuluiy of Holme Cultram, 
 which manifests that, several years previously, Hugh 
 de Moresby had given lauds in Distington to that insti- 
 tution — a donative it is improbable he would have be- 
 stowed had he not possessed the fee. John de Moresby 
 is the next of the family upon record. His wife was 
 Helena, daughter to William D'Aubeny, a man sprung 
 from a house not inferior to that with which his own 
 had blended. After De Moriceby's decease, his widow 
 married Nicholas Veteriponte, lord of Alston, who died 
 in 1315, leaving a son, Robert, twelve years old at his 
 father's death. The pedigree of the Alston Veteri- 
 pontes is silent respecting the family of which that lady 
 was a descendant, though it certifies that she had an 
 interest in lands at Kescliffe and Dufton, in West- 
 moreland, as well as in Ivirkthwaite, Lyvethwaite, and 
 Johnby, in Cumberland, and that she did not die till 
 1307. We have no further information respecting this 
 John de Moresby. He upon wiiom, in the course of 
 hereditary succession, the estates next devolved, bore 
 the name of Hugh. He married Margaret, daughter 
 of Sir Robert Asby of Asby, in Westmoreland, receiving 
 with her the estates of the Asbys ; but, dying without 
 children, his wife, as we learn from an old deed, exer- 
 cised, in her own right, seigneurial jurisdiction over 
 the manor so far back as the year 1201. In a.d. 1323 
 De Moresby was one of the three knights selected by 
 his kinsman of Cockermouth (the others being Hugh 
 dc Lowther and Richard de Denton) to assist in the 
 surprise of the castle of Carlisle, and the arrest of 
 Andrew de Hercla, its governor. Culgaitb, near
 
 MOEESBY PAEISH. 
 
 415 
 
 Penrith, was in 1 32 1 granted to Sir Hugh of Moresby, for 
 his "bravery, good services, and loyalty" on the occa- 
 sion referred to. In the fifteenth and nineteenth years 
 of the following reign the command of the castle of 
 Carlisle was confided to him by the martial sovereign 
 who then ruled the destinies of England. In 1339 and 
 1337 he was knight of the shire of Westmoreland. In 
 1335 he was elected to the same honourable post for 
 Cumberland ; for which county, in the 7th and ISth 
 Edward III., he likewise served what, at that time, was 
 the warlike and onerous office of sherilf; and in the 
 last-mentioned year he was also one of the escheators 
 appointed by the crown, on the death of Lord Clifford, 
 to inquire into and survey his estates. In 1343 Sir 
 Hugh was deceased, though the inquisition post 
 mortem, under which it was found that he had been 
 seised of Jloresby and the other lands therein men- 
 tioned, was not taken until 1349 ; as in the former 
 year a fine was levied of the manor of Great Asby, 
 between his son Christopher and Isabel his wife of the 
 one part, and Margaret, widow of Sir Hugh, of the 
 other part, to hold to the said Christopher and Isabel, 
 and the heirs of their bodies, remainder to the heirs of 
 the said Margaret (who is said to have survived until 
 1375), in fee. On the demise of Sir Hugh, the pos- 
 session of his augmented estates rested upon his son 
 Christopher, who in his father's lifetime was affianced 
 to Isabel, daughter to John do Derwentwatcr, lord of 
 the manors of Castlerigg and Tallantire, in Cumber- 
 land, and of Bolton, in Westmoreland. On the con- 
 tract of marriage, a deed in Norman French, extant 
 among the muniments of John Ilill, Ksq., the present 
 lord of Asby, was made and interchangeably sealed at 
 l?olton, on the Monday next before the feast ol Saint 
 ^Michael, in the fifteenth year of the reign of King 
 I'ldward III., between Mons. Hugh de Morisceby of 
 the one part, and Mons. John de Derwentwater of 
 the other part, by which the former covenanted that 
 (Jhristophcr, his son and heir, should marry Isabel, 
 daughter to the latter, who agreed to give with her a 
 portion of 180 marks — a large sum in an ago when the 
 mark was valued at thirty shillings of the money of 
 that day. During the next quarter of a century their 
 ancestral vault seems to have closed over the seigneurs 
 do Moresby in rapid succession ; otherwise it is not 
 easy to accnunt for the frequent cliange of name in 
 those who, but for a brief space each, appear to have 
 ratained the estates, there being no less than throe 
 disclosed within a few j-ears : thougli in such unfixed 
 outline that, but for the escheats issued after their 
 respective deaths, the hold which they have upon 
 attention is little more than nominal. Probably 
 
 Christopher, the inheritor who is next recorded, was 
 son to the afore-named Christopher and Isabel : as 
 among the returns to the inquisitions of the year 1353 
 is one which finds that Thomas de Lucy was seised, 
 " pro Cliristophero de Moricebi," of the manor of 
 Moresby, and others. In the 34th, 35th, 30th, and 
 37th Edward III., he served the office of sheriff for 
 Cumberland, and in the two first of those years was 
 also knight of the shire for Westmoreland. Little 
 more concerning him is known than that he was 
 deceased in the 43rd Edward III., a.s in that year 
 he was found, by escheat, to have held the lordships 
 and lands already mentioned; and that, in 1374, 
 Stephen de Mebum is recorded to have been instituted 
 to the living of Asby, on the king's presentation, in 
 right of the heir of Christopher de Moresby, then in 
 wardship to tlie crown. On attaining his majority 
 Hugh came into possession of his patrimony ; there 
 being, in a return to an inquisition taken 49th Edward 
 III., after the decease of Joan, widow of John de Coup- 
 land, to whom the king had granted that portion of the 
 barony of Kendnl afterwards known as the Piichmond 
 fee, a finding that Hugh de Moresby held of the said 
 Joan the manor of Hutton Roofe, by homage and fealty, 
 and the service of i^s. a year, as of her manor of Kirby 
 in Kendal. After Hugh, of whom the above is all that 
 is recorded, attention is drawn to another Christopher, 
 who sat in Parliament for Westmoreland in a.-d. 1391, 
 and likewise tilled the sheriflffllty of Cumberland the 
 same year. His wife's name, if any he had, has eluded 
 research, as well as the time of his death, or where he 
 was interred. Upon his decease the estates seem to 
 have vested in another Christopher, who was one of a 
 numerous armed band of gentlemen of name, from the 
 counties of AN^estmoreland and York, against whom, in 
 A.D. 1414, the abbot of Saint Mary, at Fountains, 
 petitioned Parliament, for having, \nth his confederates, 
 violently broken into and plundered tliat fumed reli- 
 gious house of all its plate, jewcU. and oUior valuables, 
 and ill-treated the conventual inmates. All the redress, 
 however, which the abbot obtained, was answer referring 
 him for remedy to the common law of the land. Chris- 
 topher, with his brother Pobert, in Jnly of the follow- 
 ing year, attended by a small band of military retainers, 
 rode into Southampton, and joined the armament there 
 assembling, under Henry V., for tlie invasion of I'ranco. 
 On the 1 1 th August the king and his army sailed from 
 tliat port. On the 14th tliey landed near Uartlour, in 
 Normandy, from which place their subsequent progi-ess 
 forms one of the most glorious pages in our island's 
 history, lu the same remarkable year Sir Christopher 
 is likewise enumerated, bv the eminent northern
 
 416 
 
 ALLERDALE ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 historian, Surtees, as having been present, with certain 
 of the gentry of Northumberland, Durham, and AVest- 
 morcland, to assist Sir Ralph Elbrie and two others 
 " in taking saysonno and possession, for the bishop's 
 use," of the third part of Tyne Bridge, with the tower 
 on the south end, which Cardinal Thomas Langley, 
 bishop of Durham, had recovered, by suit in the king's 
 court, against the mayor and commonalty of Newcastle. 
 In the 3rd, 7th, and 17th Henry VI., he served the 
 office of sheriff for Cumberland ; and in 1438 he, in 
 conjunction with his neighbour. Sir Christopher Cur- 
 wen, and others of the first men on the English borders, 
 was one of the conservators of the truce entered into 
 with the Scots. A previous notice of him likewise 
 occurs in the return to an inquisition taken after the 
 death of John Lord Clifl'ord, 10th Henry V., wherein, 
 among other matters, the juror found that, belonging 
 to the castle of Brougham there was a certain rent of 
 twenty quarters of oats and 30s. to be received yearly 
 out of the vills of Clyburne, Wynanderwath, and 
 Brougham, which rent, as well of oats as money, 
 together with the custody of the office of head forester 
 of Winfell, were granted to Christopher de Moresby for 
 life ; the reversion to Thomas, son and heir to the said 
 John de Clifford, and his heirs. What was the after 
 career of Christopher Moresby, whom he married, or 
 when his towers mourned for their lord, we have 
 no records to show. A son named Christopher, 
 or James (for the information supplied by the pro- 
 vincial antiquaries is imperfect and conflicting), con- 
 tracted the splendid matrimonial alliance with the 
 heiress of the TyUiols, which is peculiarly noticeable 
 in the annals of the Moresbys, as it contributed so 
 much to enlarge the possessions and importance they 
 already enjoyed. Tliis lady, Sfargaret Tylliol, died 
 !ith August, 1400, as certified under an inquisition 
 taken after her decease, and preserved among the 
 palatinate records in the library of the dean and 
 chapter at Durham. To the large domains of his 
 house, his union with their wealthy heiress enabled 
 Moresby to add a moiety of the lordship of Layton, 
 Witton Gilbert, Hetton-le-Hole, Ebchester, the East 
 Hall and the West Hall of Great Lumley, with 
 other lands in Durham, while the Cumbrian manors 
 of Upmanby, Eicardby, Solport, and Torpenhow, 
 with the castle and demesne of Scaleby, one of the 
 most interesting of the ancient edifices in Cumberland. 
 Little more has been ascertained respecting the owner 
 of those accumulated estates than that, on the floor of 
 the nave in Greystoke church, near the pulpit, is the 
 following legend, on a plate of brass: — "Of your 
 charite pray for the souls of James Moresby and Mar- 
 
 garet, his wife, on whose souls Jesu have mercy. 
 Amen." But whether that monumental chronicle 
 relates to James Moresby and Margaret Tylliol, or to 
 Margaret Colvyle, who espoused the Moresby of a later 
 day we have no means of ascertaining. Christopher, 
 the eldest son of the alliance alluded to, now appears. 
 He attained liis ninjority in llOO, and seems scarcely 
 to have done so when, in 1461, he died; as, on an 
 inquest to prove his age, taken 10th March, 1402, 
 and enrolled among the archives at Durham, one 
 Nicholas Crozier, aged fifty, deposed that he was 
 present in Cockermouth church, with the rector, when 
 Christopher Moresby was baptised, on the feast of St. 
 Thomas a Beckett, 1439. Who was his wife has not 
 been discovered, though it appears he was married, as, 
 after his decease, Christopher, his son, was found under 
 age. But of that Moresby further mention must be 
 postponed until his son also has been passed in review. 
 That son likewise bore the name of Christopher. The 
 tomb claimed him for its own in the lifetime of his 
 father, but not until after his own espousal to Elizabeth, 
 one of the daughters and coheiresses of Sir Henry 
 Fenwick, Knt., of Fenwick, in Northumberland. By 
 that lady, who survived him (and subsequently married 
 John Warton, Esq., of Kirbythorne, in Westmoreland, 
 to whom she had a family, and in whose pedigree she 
 is styled relict of Sir Christopher Moresby, Knt.), he 
 had not any children. Her name, however, appears 
 thus united with his on their monument in Penrith 
 church: — "Orate pro anima Christophori Moresby, 
 miUtis, et Elizabetha uxoris, quorum Auimabus pro- 
 pitietur Deus. Amen." Attention must now be 
 thrown back to Sir Christopher Moresby, father to the 
 last-named individual, who along with the Hudelstons 
 of Millom, Broughtons of Broughtou, the Whartons of 
 Warthon, Parr baron of Kendal, the Harringtons of 
 Wraysholme, Yewbarrow, and Amside Towers, the 
 Dacres of Dacre, Greystoke of Greystoke, Musgrave of 
 ilusgrave and Eden Hall, Strickland of Sizergh, and 
 his relatives, the Eatclifl'es of Dem-entwater, took part 
 with the House of York in the wars of the Roses. 
 By Edward IV. and Richard IIL he was distiuguished 
 by several manifestations of their special favour and 
 regard, and had several offices of trust and emolument 
 conferred upon hira. In 1483, he, with the flower of 
 the northern English chivalry, followed to the field the 
 last-named sovereign, and was in the list of those firm 
 and faithful supporters who, on the eve of the fight at 
 Bosworth, " swore that Richard should wear the crown." 
 Having survived the contest between the rival factions, 
 he ultimately weathered all the storms of the times. 
 He was also a tried and valiant soldier in the wars with 
 
 i
 
 MOKESBY PAEISH. 
 
 417 
 
 Scotland, and was, moreover, held in so great considera- 
 tion by the various sovereigns that he was frequently 
 entrusted with the execution of many momentous 
 public employments, especially in 1181, 1487, and 
 1497, when, with several of the first men in the realm, 
 be was appointed to treat of peace with the Scots. In 
 the 0th Edward IV. ho represented Westmoreland in 
 Parliament, and in the 11th of the same reign, as 
 well as in the Ist, 3rd, and 11th of Henry VII., he 
 discharged the office of sheriff for Cumberland. His 
 wife was Margaret, uterine sister to the " Shepherd 
 Lord Clifford," and daughter to Sir Lancelot Threlkeld 
 of Threlkeld, by Margaret Dowager Lady Clifford, who 
 descended from tho old Lords Vesci, of Alnwick, was 
 in her own right Baroness de Vesci, in Yorkshire. By 
 that lady Sir Christopher had two children — a son, 
 who, as before stated, died before his father, and one 
 daughter. Thus left the sole male heir of his race, he 
 expired in the last year of the 15 th century, and the 
 blazoned marble, with its " Hie jacet Christophorus 
 Moresby miles, qui obiit 20' die mensis Julii, a.d. 
 1499, Jesu Maria," which shadows his grave, is, with 
 the brief evidences collected in these pages, and some 
 fugitive traditions, tinged with memories of its great- 
 ness, the sole remembrance that time has spared to 
 tell the tale of the house of Moresby. With the 
 decease of Sir Christopher the lineal male line of his 
 flourishing family became extinct, and the vast heritage 
 of her ancestors was, by his only daughter and heiress, 
 Anne Moresby, bestowed, together with her hand, on 
 Sir Christopher Pykerynge, the representative of a 
 knightly Westmoreland house. Distinguished in local 
 genealogy from a very early period, the family of 
 Pykerynge, whose escutcheon — gerent, ermine, a lion 
 rampant azure, crowned, or — was now loaded with the 
 rich quarterings of tho Moresbys and their alliances, 
 had their chief place of residence at Killington, in the 
 parish of Kirby Lonsdale, where the remnants of their 
 ancestral hall lies embedded in its narrow vale, amid 
 tho bleak hills, over which wends the road from Sed- 
 bergh to Kendal. Tho site of this sequestered edifice, 
 whoso ivy-shrouded walls adil tlio charm of romantic 
 association to landscape of exceeding loveliness, is on 
 tho verge of a rocky, tree -fringed dell, which, at a 
 short distance from the hall, opens into the splendid 
 valley of Lunodale. No part of the original fabric of 
 tho Pykcrynges is now remaining, save one roofless 
 tower, which, retaining some of its early features, pro- 
 claims its date to tho time of tho third Edward. 
 Wearing the changeful hue and marks of bygono days, 
 this affecting memorial of ancient grandeur stands 
 annexed to buildings constructed by the Ritsons, into 
 i6 
 
 whose hands it and the manor, vested, by purchase 
 from intermediate owners, in Charles I.'s reign, and the 
 initial letters of their name, with the date 1640, are 
 on one of the gables in front of tlie later structure. 
 On this small seigniory the family had been settled 
 since a.d. 1200, when Peter de Brus, baron of Kendal, 
 granted to William do Pykerynge, to hold in fee, on 
 condition of rendering for the same a pair of gilt 
 spurs yearly, and doing mUitary service for the twentieth 
 part of one knight's fee. From that ancestor, after 
 many descents, the manor and other extensive domains 
 fell, in the course of succession, upon Sir Christopher, 
 or, as Dr. Burn calls him, Sir James Pykerynge, who 
 married the heiress of Jloresby, by whom he had six 
 children, who all allied themselves with the first families 
 in Westmoreland. For two generations the descendants 
 of Sir Christopher and Anne enjoyed their large estates, 
 and occasionally made the hall at Moresby their abode, 
 where, during their periodical visits, the tradition of 
 the neighbourhood avers they lived in a style so pro- 
 fusely magnificent, and made the old mansion the 
 scene of such festive revellings, as most probably laid 
 the foundation of the necessity under which their 
 posterity seem to have been obliged to alienate their 
 lands. Be, however, tho cause of such ultimate dis- 
 persal what it might, the memory of their great 
 doings still hves as a proverb among the inhabitants of 
 that part of Cumberland adjoining tho house, where 
 splendour of living in man or woman is generally 
 expressed by the significant term that " they are as 
 great as Moresby Ha' folk," a saying which, to this 
 day, attests at least the popular faith in the story; 
 and even a hand at whist, when containing many of 
 the court cards, is joyfully spoken of as being full of 
 the same "folk." Sir Christopher, who married the 
 wealthy heiress of tho Moresbys, died in 1512, and 
 was buried in Penrith church, where tho solemn 
 memorial above his grave is still extant, with tho 
 legend — " Orate pro anima Christophori Pykyryng 
 militis qui obiit VII. die mensis Sept. Anno Dom. 
 railles" D" XII." To him succeeded his eldest son, 
 likewise named Christopher, whoso wife was Eleanor, 
 daughter and sole heiress of Roger Lewknor, Knt., one 
 of the co-heirs of the barony of Camoys. He died in 
 tho reign of Henry VIII., but the place of his sepulture 
 is unknown ; and although the chapel at Killington 
 was then in existence, there arc not in it any monu- 
 ments that revive its memory. On his decease, tho 
 lineal male lino of tho house of Pykoryng of Killington 
 also terminated, when tho inheritance descended upon 
 Anne, or, as she has been by some writers erroneously 
 named, Eleauor, his only child and heiress, respecting
 
 418 
 
 ALLERD.VLE ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 some of the circumstances of whose life there is but 
 Ihtlc uncertainty. Endowed with an ample inheritance, 
 her hand was early sought in marriage, and, as if the 
 number of her mother's espousals, who had been three 
 times married, was to be her daughter's rule, the 
 wealthy heiress of the house of Killington formed no 
 exception to tlie maternal example, for she likewise 
 was thrice married. Her first husband was Sir Francis 
 Weston, Knt., of Sutton Place, in Surrey, the head of 
 a family which had been seated for many generations 
 in that county. Her second husband was Sir Henry 
 Knyvett, Knt., of East Horsley, in Surrey, second son 
 to Sir Thomas Knyvett, of Buckenham Castle, in the 
 county of Norfolk, who was master of the horse to 
 Henry VIII., by his wife Muriel, daughter of Thomas 
 Howard, duke of Norfolk, and widow of Grey, viscount 
 Lisle. To her second husband Lady Anne bore two 
 sons and two daughters — Sir Henry, the eldest, and 
 Sir Thomas, who by James I. was, in 1007, created 
 Baron Knyvett of Escrick, in the county of York ; 
 Margaret, wife of Henry Vavasour, of Copenthorpe, in 
 Yorkshire, and Katharine, united first to Henry Lord 
 Paget, and secondly to Sir Ednaid Carey, Knt., master 
 of the Jewel House. Sir Henry Knyvett espoused 
 Elizabeth, the only child and heiress of Sir James 
 Stumpe, of Charleton, in the county of Wilts. Besides 
 three children, who died in infancy. Sir Henry Knyvett 
 •was the father also of three daughters, named Katha- 
 rine, Elizabeth, and Frances, who all attained to the 
 honours of the peerage ; and on the brows of Lady 
 Anne's descendants yet rest the coronets which of 
 yore encu'cled the heads of her three granddaughters 
 of the house of Knyvett — respectively countesses of 
 Suffolk, Lincoln, and Rutland. Thirteen years after 
 the death of his first wife, Sir Henry, as the herald's 
 certificate, yet extant, tells us, died at his manor of 
 Charlton, the 1-tth day of June, 159f^. Lady Anne's 
 third husband was John Vaughan, Esq., of Porthamell, 
 in the county of Brecknock, and of Sutton- upon-Darweu. 
 in the county of York — a scion of one of the oldest 
 Welsh families ; on the issue of which imion the 
 Westmoreland estates appear to have been settled. 
 By Vaughan, who also died in her lifetime, she had 
 two children : a son, called Francis, who chose for his 
 wife, Anne, daughter to Sir Thomas Baynton, of the 
 county of York, and who was subsequently slain in 
 the Irish wars, in Queen Elizabeth's reign, leaving, 
 witli other children, a son, three years old, in 1385, and 
 a daughter, Frances, the wife of Thomas Lord Burgh, 
 deputy of L'eland. She died in 1382. The Cumber- 
 land estates had been previously aliened. They had been 
 put into settlement on her first marriage, and in her life- 
 
 time, her son. Sir Henry Weston, with her concurrence, 
 disposed of all in that shire, and among them sold 
 the ball, manor, and advowson of Moresby to Wilham 
 Fletcher, Esq., iu 157C, from whom the Fletchers of 
 Moresby descended. His son, named Henry or John, 
 it is not clear which, as the pedigrees are somewhat 
 obscure and at variance on the subject, came next to 
 the succession, and is considered to have been the 
 rcbuilder of the front of the hall. William, his eldest 
 son, died unmarried, when the inheritance devolved 
 upon his second son, Henry, who, like his more noted 
 kinsman of the house of Ilutton, ranged himself under 
 the royal banner, and fought gallantly for Iviug Charles, 
 in the civil wars of the seventeenth century. Excepting, 
 however, the enumeration of his name in a list of those 
 who sent in provisions to the gai'rison at Carlisle in 
 164-3 and the following year, there does not occur any 
 further notice of him in those stormy times. On the 
 death of the stout royidist, Moresby became the pro- 
 perty of his son William, who, about the end of the 
 seventeenth century espoused his kinswoman Anne or 
 Frances, daughter to Sir Henry Fletcher of Hutton. 
 And on liis decease in 1703, a monumental tablet of 
 brass was affixed to the north wall of the chancel of the 
 old parish church of Moresby. He was succeeded by 
 his son Thomas, also designated Fletcher of Hutton, 
 who took to wife the youngest daughter of George 
 Middleton Oldfield, Esq., of Cheshire, and of Beetham 
 Hall, iu Westmoreland. With him the family ended, 
 and dying a childless man, about the year 1720, the 
 Fletchers of Moresby, like their predecessors iu the 
 manor, also became extinct. We must now revert to 
 Thomas, the sixth and youngest son to Henry Fletcher, 
 the host of the Queen of Scotland. That gentleman, 
 who, with his father, was also a merchant and manufac- 
 turer in Cockermouth, was the immediate root from 
 which sprang the Fletchers of Clea Hall, who descend 
 from the male line, and the Fletcher Vanes of Hutton 
 and Armathwaite Halls, who derive through a female 
 branch. Sir Richard Fletcher, Knt., his eldest son, 
 lived in the reign of James I., and removed to Hutton, 
 which estate (anciently held of the crown by the service 
 of maintaining the paling or fences of the royal forest 
 of Plumpton, and holding the king's stirrup when he 
 mounted his horse in his castle of Carlisle, a feudal 
 service since commuted into a small chief rent, pay- 
 able to the lord paramount) he purchased in 1005. 
 On his decease his eldest son, Henry, inherited the 
 Hutton estate. He pulled down the old mansion in 
 Cockermouth, to which the brief residence of Mary of 
 Scotland had imparted a degree of interesting celebrity, 
 and rebuilt it. After a time the new structui-e likewise
 
 MOEESBY PAEISH. 
 
 419 
 
 obtained the name of the Old Hall. Having lain in a 
 neglected state for a long period, it was sold in lots 
 some years ago by the late Sir Frederick Fletcher 
 Vane, aud having since being divided into tenements, 
 scarce a vestige is now to be descried of its former 
 respectability. Sir Henry, who filled the office of 
 sheritf of Cumberland in 1017, was one of the numer- 
 ous baud of gentry upon whom, in 10-10, King Charles 
 I. conferred the honour of baronetcy. Having, along 
 viith the majority of the ancient landed aristocracy of 
 the country, perilled his blood and fortune for the cause 
 of his monarch, in the disastrous wars that followed, he 
 fell in 1015, at llowton Heath, leaving, besides other 
 children, a daughter Frances, subsequently united in 
 marriage to William Fletcher of Moresby. George, 
 his eldest son and heir followed, and died in 1700, 
 leaving a son Heury, on whom, as third and last 
 baronet, the title and estates devolved. Three 
 daughters also survived him, of whom Catherine, the 
 youngest, became the wife of Lionel Vane, Esq., of 
 Long Newton, in the county of Durham, and from 
 that union the present Sir Ralph Harry Fletcher Vane, 
 Bart., is descended. Sir Henry, who was the last 
 lineal male survivor of his branch of the family, never 
 married. " Ho was," says the pedigree of his house, 
 " reputed to be a person of whom great hopes and 
 expectations were foi-med." Fur several years it was 
 his custom to leave London for a season and visit his 
 estates in the north, but having become wearied with 
 the world, he tired of rural diversions, and his personal 
 convictions in favour of its creed having become deep 
 and engrossing, he, without the knowledge of any of 
 his friends, embraced the Roman Catholic faith; and, 
 when his inclinations were suspected, he refused to 
 admit any argument to the contraiy. Shortly after 
 his father's death he retired to Douay, where his 
 thoughtful and devout spirit sought a home in the 
 solemn cloister, and having taken the vows, he died 
 :i monk in the English monastery in that place, where 
 ha lies buried under a sumptuous tomb in a chapel 
 he built for the institution at his own expense. 
 Before he made his monastic profession, he settled 
 his estates at Hutton and elsewhere upon his rela- 
 tive, Thomas Fletcher of lloresby, the head of tho 
 eldest house of his name and blood, reserving only a 
 small annuity, and on bis (U'ath the honours and male 
 lino of the Fletchers of Hutlon ended. On tho demise 
 of Sir Heury, tho mouk, Henry Vane, second son 
 of Lionel and Catherine Vane, assumed the name of 
 Fletcher, and contested at law the disposition of his 
 ancle's property. The suit was, however, temiinated 
 by an arrangemout that Fletcher of Moresby should 
 
 retain Hutton and the other estates ; and if he should 
 die without male issue, they should then revert to the 
 adverse claimant. j\lr. Fletcher thereupon continued 
 in the undisturbed use and enjoyment of those lands 
 as long as he lived, and on his decease without children, 
 the right of possession fell to Henry Fletcher Vane, in 
 accordance with the agreement. 
 
 The antique hall, whose early owners history has 
 thus faithfully limncJ, is situated to the north of the 
 road leading from Whitehaven to Workington, where 
 it is the chief and most interesting 'architectural orna- 
 ment of the district, and, as old Dugdale would say, 
 " for beauty and state much cxccedeth any in these 
 parts." It rests upon the eastern slope of what once 
 was the Roman Castrum of Morbium. The front of 
 the mansion is said to have been erected from the 
 designs of Inigo Jones, who was in the north of 
 England in the train of Anne, consort of James L, 
 on her visit at Brougham Castle in 1617. This 
 extensive front was probably, therefore, built in the 
 reign of James I. by the second Fletcher, who in- 
 herited the manor, on the site of the principal portion 
 of the more ancient hall of the Moresbys ; while other 
 parts, which iu the thickness of their walls, naiTow circu- 
 lar stone stairs, and low wide stone mullioned windows, 
 unveil indications of greater age, are remnants of the 
 anterior structure. Among these may be noticed, 
 tapering in stages from the ground, an immense but- 
 tressed chimney. An old gate of the seventeenth 
 century, whose heavy rustic piers are surmounted by 
 large stone globes which rest on projecting cornices, 
 atfords means of approach into the court before the 
 house. On the western side of this open space, placed 
 after the fasliiou of similar buildings of the same age, 
 e.vtend3 a range of ancient stables, now converted 
 into the useful adjuncts of a modem farmery, but 
 whose few decorative traces, as well as utile unsight- 
 lincss, arc in a great measure hidden by folds of mant- 
 ling ivy. Within the present centurj- this was quite 
 a wilderness, in which all spoke of dilapidation and 
 neglect. Its green sward was partially overgrown with 
 brambles, or strewn with rubbish and other deformities, 
 while the air of desolation around'gave an uncomfortabla 
 idea of the habitiition to those who passed by. It is 
 now transformed into a smiling plcasnuneo or tlower 
 garden, whose fair and scented ornaments blending 
 their sweetest charms of form and fragrance attest the 
 horticultural taste displayed iu their careful nurture, 
 whilst cognate dispositions have been made on other 
 sides that relieve the time-worn editice from the extreme 
 look of forsaken ruin it had at tliat period recalled.
 
 430 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DER^TENT WARD. 
 
 Turning through the gateway, a hundred paces brings 
 the visitor to the door, whose rich though mutilated 
 appearance causes a vain regret that the heraldic 
 adornments, as well as much of the more fragile and 
 elaborate parts of the sculpture, have been destroyed. 
 The grand front, which in sober dignity faces the 
 south, exhibits an elevation of three stories. Though 
 marred by the plain-looking farm offices that adjoin, it 
 presents a tasteful example of architecture in what is 
 called the Anglo-Ttalian manner of the seventeenth 
 century, an era especially to be noticed, Tvhen great 
 incongruity of style was often produced iu connecting 
 buOdings that retained much of what is denominated 
 the Gothic manner of au earlier age, with changes 
 newly introduced from more classic lauds, and of which 
 corrupt heterogeneous union this mansion endures with 
 but one inferior exception, so unique a specimen in 
 this part of England. Fabricated with what has 
 once been handsome light -coloured sandstone, now 
 tinted by exposure with every imaginable variety of 
 hue, and on which a sharp cutting of the mason's 
 chisel has been abraded by the hand of time, this 
 sumptuous facade is stamped by a certain vigour 
 and breadth, for which character it is indebted, as 
 ■well to the width of the piers between the windows, 
 which gives it dignity and repose, as to a horizontally 
 rusticated cornice of the Attic order, that accords it 
 much unity of expression, while a boldness, as well 
 as finish of surface is also produced by the smooth 
 intersecting rustic work, with which the whole front 
 beneath the cornice is covered. The windows and 
 doorway, which in the Italian are equivalent to what 
 the orders arc in the Temple architecture of antiquity, 
 are predominaut features in the composition. There 
 are three windows on each side of the entrance, sur- 
 rounded by architraves and hntcls ornamented with 
 Doric tryglyphs. Seven windows are on the second 
 floor, and an equal number of sm.aller ones on the upper 
 story. They are all filled with lozenges of plain glass, 
 and are divided into two lights each by upright stone 
 mullions, those on the first and second floors being like- 
 wise crossed by transomes at two-thirds of their height. 
 The windows on the second floor are more highly 
 decorated and of loftier proportions than the others. 
 They have enriched elbow architraves set on moulded 
 sUls or side dressings, and are alternately capped by 
 triangular and segmented pediments. The pedented 
 head over the centre window is broken at the crown, so 
 as to admit the top of the scutcheon, and being supported 
 on consoles, is, with its heraldic achievements, a more 
 conspicuous feature than the rest. The armorial cogni- 
 zance of the Fletchers, graven on an ornamented shield, 
 
 once formed a suitable and highly characteristic finish 
 over the door ; but that perishing evidence of tlie glory 
 of other times, on whose sculptured blazonry their sons 
 looked as upon lofty and ennobliug influences, having 
 become partially defaced by the wasting agencies of 
 atmospheric action, was removed when the last alter- 
 ations were effected in the house, though a repetition of 
 the same elegant enrichment, smaller and less elegantly 
 adorned, still forms a prominent and interesting fenestral 
 embellishment over the stately centre window on the 
 principal floor. A soft and living air is also lent to the 
 chaste outline of this Palladian edifice by luxuriant 
 clusters of sober looking passion flowere, mingled with 
 the waving tendrils of ivy, which, clambering in gi-aceful 
 festoons along the walls, and bowering over the ornate 
 architecture of the door and antique casements, contend, 
 with broad effect of contrasting hues, in briUiaut rivalry 
 with red and blue convolvuli, roses, honeysuckle, jas- 
 mine, and that ruin-loving plant, whose constancy and 
 
 " simple faith is dear 
 
 To roofless tower, and to prostrate sbrine," 
 
 the fragrant wallflower, to enliven with a riant charm 
 the aspect of the whole building. The demesne around 
 the hall, which formerly abouuded in all the qualities 
 of the ancient chase ; shadowy woods, aveuues of stately 
 trees and bright sunlit glades through which the deer 
 browsed and bounded in every direction, and which in 
 1774 was described by the local antiquaries as " large 
 and woody," has since been enclosed and divided into 
 fields; and the old timber having also fallen, that 
 adjunct to its sylvan magnificence has been but spar- 
 ingly supplied by a spring of new wood along the river, 
 and in some other sheltered situations. On entering 
 the house admission is obtained into a spacious stone- 
 floored hall, hghted by two windows in front. This 
 apartment at one time contained an ample fire-place, 
 adorned with a mantelpiece of heavy stonework, carved 
 with the arms of the Fletchers. That, likewise, was 
 removed ; and, in the progress of such destructive 
 alterations, several skeletons, embedded in the floor, 
 were dug up, which, having lain for some time exposed 
 to view, were subsequently re-interred iu the adjacent 
 cemetery. Of the history of those to whom such moul- 
 dering fragments of humanity belonged no trace has 
 been fallen upon, as neither relic nor legend was found 
 associated with them that threw any light upon their 
 story. From the mode of sepulture, however — each 
 being enclosed between four stones or slates — it is a 
 probable supposition they were those of some of the 
 primitive British inhabitants, whose earthly existence 
 had terminated ages before even the oldest haU was
 
 MOEESBY PARISH. 
 
 421 
 
 erected over tlieir unnoticed graves. On each side is a 
 large parlour, in one of which only are traces dis- 
 cernible of its former style of ornamentation. Crossing 
 the hall, an inner one is reached, from whence ascends 
 the spacious staircase leading to the rooms above. 
 On one side of this hall is an approach to the 
 kitchens and domestic offices, and on tho opposite a 
 door permits egress into a small irregularly-constructed 
 interior court, which has likewise undergone curtail- 
 ment of its pristine form and extent, and along two of 
 whose sides are disposed portions of the older build- 
 ings. Throughout the seventeenth century the hall 
 continued to bo the seat of the chief family of Fletchers, 
 by whom it was kept up with all the dignified respect- 
 ability of their times. In the commencement of the 
 following age, that branch of the family having died out, 
 it, along with tho manor, was sold under a decree of 
 chancery, to John Brougham, Esq., of Scales Hall. 
 The property, nevertheless, was soon destined to fall 
 into the ownership of another, as, about 1737, Mr. 
 Brougham, wlio shortly before had purchased the 
 estate at Brougham, on which his grand-nephew, the 
 present noble and eminent Lord Brougham and Vaux, 
 has recently erected the mansion which adds another 
 classic as well as architectural charra to the beauties 
 of Westmoreland, disposed of Moresby to Sir James 
 Lowther, Baronet, of Whitehaven. Since that period, 
 the hall, demesne lands, and manorial rights have been 
 held as part of the vast possessions of the house of 
 Lowther, whose patrician head has, with appropriate- 
 ness, been styled " the provincial monarch of un- 
 measured lands." 
 
 The village of Moresby is pleasantly situated about 
 two and a half miles northby-east of Whitehaven, on 
 the road to Workington. About seventy years ago it 
 consisted of a few indilToreut cottages, but now pos- 
 sesses some very good dwellings, principally occupied 
 by gentry. Moresby House is a modern mansion in 
 tho village, tho residence of I\Irs. Hartley. Hose Hill 
 is another delightfully-situated residence in this town- 
 ship, and the robideuce of G. \V. Hartley, Esq. 
 
 TU£ cuuncu. 
 
 Tho church of Moresby, dedicated to St. Bridget, 
 occupies an open cheerful situation on tlio western 
 side of tho hall, and on tho south-east angle of tho 
 area once occupied by tho lloman fort. It is a plain- 
 looking building, erected in 1822. Tho old church 
 for which this edifice was substituted, presented in its 
 plan tho same simple details as many others in the 
 county. It consisted of a nave, with a south porch tliat 
 was seated, and had an arch at tho entrance. A 
 
 chancel, connected with the nave by a pointed arch of 
 a simple chamfered order, springing from half-circular 
 or engaged piers, and a bell turret at the west end 
 carrying two bells, underwhich a west porch, approached 
 up a flight of steps, gave admittance into the gallery. 
 It was rebuOt, or more probably repaired, in the seven- 
 teenth century, as was inferred from the date 1650 
 being carved upon a stone built into the upper part 
 of the belfrey, but having become decayed, and too 
 small for the increasing population, was removed ; 
 and all that remains of it is the solitaiy chancel arch, 
 which was left standing to indicate the site of the older 
 church. In the progress of the work of demolition, a 
 sculptured gravestone, or cover of a stone coffin, now 
 in the garden at Rose Hill, was discovered and taken 
 out of the wall. It is of early date, and cut in high 
 relief carries the device of a cross and a pair of shears. 
 The small dimensions of the slab would show that it 
 had covered the grave of a child, as it measures only 
 three feet in length by ten inches broad at the head, 
 from whence it narrows to the bottom. From a com- 
 parison with other similar memorials, the age of this 
 gravestone may be nearly assumed, for it could not 
 have been placed in the church or its cemetery before 
 the first quarter of the eleventh century, the time 
 when such sepulchral slabs are said to have first come 
 into use in England, nor later than the thirteenth, 
 when shields with armorial bearings being introduced 
 upon the sides of tombs, they were gradually disused. 
 There can be httle doubt that this stone had been 
 placed over a grave in the churchyard, which may have 
 been disturbed when the church was rebuilt, and may 
 have been used in the reconstruction of tliat edifice, 
 not so much for the sake of material as from a wish to 
 preserve whatever might have been connected with 
 religious uses, just as we know that relics of other 
 Idnds have been often secreted by being built up in 
 the walls of churches. In what age or by what pious 
 founder tho first Christian church was erected ou this 
 deserted stronghold of Paganism, or whether that 
 which was taken down in IS'ii was tho earliest 
 religious structure, or was only built after tho cus- 
 tom of antiquity on tho site of a still older fane, 
 there are not any authentic records that atFord 
 information, tho ecclesiastial archives of the dioceso 
 being without any iiiforniatiou on the subject. As, 
 however, tho advowson has always been appendant to 
 tho manor, it is beyond tho uncertainty of conjecture 
 that tho edifice was first founded and endowed by tho 
 iloresbys in the early ages of Christianity in tho north; 
 it being the almost universal practice, in tho centuries 
 immediately following the introduction of the Christian
 
 422 
 
 ALLEKDALE-ABOYE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 religion into England, for the possessor of a manor to 
 erect upon it a church, and charge the lands for ever 
 with the maintenance of a priest. The earliest authentic 
 notice relating to the church at Moresby is afforded 
 by the Taxatio Ecclcsia of Pope Nicholas IV., about 
 1291, in which it is returned as of the annual value of 
 £4 13s. Id., subject to a pension of 10s. payable to the 
 prior of Huntingdon. In the Nova Taxatio of the 
 northern benefices, undertaken in 1318, chiefly on ac- 
 count of the sutferings of the clergy from the unremit- 
 ting ravages of the Scots, by which they were rendered 
 unable to repay the former tax, it is set down as worth 
 " nichil ; " and in the Valor Ecclesiasticus, taken in 
 the reigu of Henry VIII., the living is returned as a 
 rectory, of tlie annual value of £6 2s. 3id., of which 
 Charles MartinJale is named rector, and the church 
 stated to be dedicated to St. Bridget. It was subse- 
 quently certified to the governors of Queen Anne's 
 Bounty as of the clear yearly value of j£23, and is now 
 worth i'120 a year. The parochial registers commenced 
 in 1717 only. The Earl of Lonsdale is patron. The 
 tithes have been commuted for a yearly rent charge of 
 £69 5s. There are not any monuments within its walls 
 deserving of especial notice, though there was a tablet 
 of brass, encrusted by damp and dirt, affixed to the 
 north wall of the chancel of the old church, immedi- 
 ately over the burial place of the Fletchers, charged 
 with a long inscription, commemorative of William 
 Fletcher, Esq., who died in 1703, and of his ancestors. 
 When that edifice was taken down the brass was re- 
 moved into the new building, where, after lying for 
 some years, thrown by and uncared for, it was, so late 
 as ] 8 10, taken away by some person unknown, and all 
 clue to it is now lost. 
 
 Kbctobs. — Charles MartiDilale occurs 15:J5 ; Ea. Calvert, 1068 ; 
 Francis Yates, 1711 ; Peter Farrish, 1720; Fr.incis Yates, 17'-IS; 
 Peter Eicbardson, 1735 ; W. Watts, 1704; Henr)- Nicholson, 1780 ; 
 
 Richard Armistead, died 1831; — Thompson, ; Andrew 
 
 Huddleston, ; Fletcher Woodhouse, 1"'37. 
 
 The Koman camp at Moresby occupies an elevated 
 position commanding extensive prospects. Its western 
 and southern ramparts are still good. The parish 
 church and churchyard border upon its eastern wall. 
 A sculptured stone, evidently chiselled by Roman 
 hands, lies upon the spot, under the ruined chancel 
 arch of the old church. This important slab, bearing 
 the name of the Emperor in the genitive case, was 
 
 found in digging for the foundations of the present 
 church. A military way ran along the coast from this 
 station by way of Maryport to the extremity of the 
 Roman wall at Bowness. By this means the defence 
 of the coast could be more perfectly secured. As the 
 distance between Maryport and Bowness is consider- 
 able, a small camp was planted at Malbray, which is 
 about midway between the places. The site of it is 
 now a ploughed field. The station or camp at Jloresby 
 is identified by inscriptions found on the site with the 
 Morbium of the Notitia, a place occupied by the 
 cavalry called Eqtiites Cataphractarii. 
 
 PABTON. 
 
 The rateable value of Tarton is £569 4s. 5d., its 
 
 area (tliirty acres) is returned with that of the parish. 
 The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 360 ; in 1811, 
 172 ; in 1821, 496 ; in 1831, 559 ; in 1841, 663 ; and 
 in 1851, 778. 
 
 The village of Parton is situated on the sea shore, 
 one mile and a half north-by-cast of "WTiitehaven, and 
 is more ancient than the latter place. Previous to 
 1795 several vessels were employed in the coal trade 
 here ; but in that year the pier was washed away by 
 an unusually high tide, and the harbour has been since 
 deserted, the neighbouring ports engrossing the coal 
 trade. The WTiitehaven and Maryport railway skirts 
 tlie village. 
 
 There is a free school in the village, erected in 1818, 
 by Joseph Williamson, Esq., who endowed it with a 
 freehold estate, in Arlecdon parish, which now produces 
 about £15 a year. The founder's nephew, Cliilwell 
 Williamson, Esq., of Luton, in Bedfordshire, has since 
 bequeathed a house in Parton for the residence of the 
 master, who, by the deed of settlement, is to teach sixty 
 free scholars, under the superintendence of three resi- 
 dent trustees and five other respectable gentlemen. 
 The benefit of this charity is restricted to the children 
 of Parton. The trustees, &c., hold an anniversary 
 meeting on the first Tuesday in June. There are 
 sixty free scholars. The village also possesses an 
 iufant school and a girls' school of industry, erected 
 in 1837. This useful institution was established by 
 Jliss Mary Robinson, and is supported by voluntary 
 subscription, with a small weekly payment by the 
 children. The average attendance at the infant school 
 is about seventy, and at the school of industry thirty.
 
 I'ONSONBY PARISH. 
 
 423 
 
 PONSONBY PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north and west by the river Calder, on the south and east by Gosforth. The 
 prevailing soil is a rich mould, except near the sea, where a strong clay prevails, which produces wheat and other 
 grain equal to any in the county. Freestone is abundant, but there is neither coal nor Umcstone, though the 
 neighbouring parishes produce large quantities of both. The air is pleasant and salubrious. Since the latter end 
 of last century the parish has been extensively planted with trees, being previously but indifferently wooded. 
 The parish possesses no dependent townships, but is divided into two quarters or constablewicks, Pousonby and 
 Calder. 
 
 The parish comprises an area of 2,265 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £1102 5s. The population in 1801 
 was 78; in 1811, U7 ; in 1821, 150; in 1831, 180; 
 in 18H, 187; and in 1851, 190. The inhabitants, 
 who are chiefly engaged in agriculture, attend the 
 markets at Whitehaven. On Iiifell, in this parish, 
 are the remains of what tradition says was a Roman 
 encampment, but no inscriptions or other evidences 
 have been brought to light to warrant the supposition. 
 
 The manor of Ponsouby belonged, at a very early 
 period, to the family of Ponson, who gave their name 
 to the place, which thus became Ponsonby. From a 
 deed bearing date 1388, we leani that Nicholas Stan- 
 leigh, lord of Austhwaite, bought the manor and 
 demesne of Ponsonby of Adam do Eskdale, and the 
 property has since belonged to his family. An inquisi- 
 tion taken in 1578, informs us that at that date 
 Thomas Stanley, gentleman, held the manor of Pon- 
 sonby by homage, fealty, and suit of court, and by the 
 sixth part of a knight's fee, sergeants' food, and wit- 
 nessraen. The manor of Ponsonby is now held by 
 Edward Stanley, Esq. The tenements were mostly 
 either purchased or enfranchised by George Edward 
 Stanley, Esq. Two or three tenements in the parish 
 of Gosforth belong to the manor of Ponsonby. Besides 
 the lord of the manor, Jlcssrs. Thomas Robinson, John 
 Gunson, J. Nicholson, .John Dixon, Jonathan Watson, 
 Thomas Watson, and Henry Batenian are landowners. 
 
 Ponsonby Ilall, the seat of Edward Stanley, Esq., 
 is situated in a beautiful park about half a mile from 
 Calder Bridge. It was erected in tbe year 1780 by 
 the father of the present proprietor, and commands 
 extensive and varied prospects of sea and land, 
 including the beautiful ruins of Calder Abbey, the 
 mountains of Wales, and the Isle of Man. The park 
 is entered through a gateway, tho pillars of which are 
 surmounted liy the crest of the family. The entabla- 
 ture of tho portico of the hall is supported by four 
 columns thirteen and a half feet in height, cut out 
 of one solid block of stone. In tho hall is preserved 
 a very curious carved oak bedstead, which has Vhjcu 
 brought from Dalegarth Hall — the pillars are massive, 
 and the carvings uuusually rich. Tlie cornice is 
 
 decorated with shields bearing the arms of tlio Stanleys 
 quartered with Austhwaite. It bears the date 1345 
 rudely carved on the back. The apartments contain 
 many valuable paintings, including six on copper by 
 Ilolbein, — Henry VUL, Anne Boleyn, his queen; 
 Chaucer, Ben Jonson, Latimer, and Cranmer; John 
 Stanley, Esq., the royalist; Sir George Fleming, Bart. ; 
 Bishop of Carhsle, by Vanderbank; the late George 
 Edward Stanley, Esq., by Opie ; and his lady, by 
 Eomuey ; Edward Stanley, Esq., by Lonsdale ; and 
 Mrs. Stanley, by Mrs. Carpenter ; Henry Lord Viscouut 
 Lonsdale ; i\Irs. Dacre ; and Mr. Stanley. The gardens 
 are laid out with great taste, and are especially rich in 
 choice flowers. The walks embrace both sides of the 
 Calder, which is here crossed by a rustic bridge. 
 
 ^tauUg of .SaltgarllT :inb ^mtsmtbg. 
 The Stanleys rank amongst the most ancient and 
 influential famihes in the kingdom. They were of 
 consequence, says Camden, half a century before tho 
 Conquest ; and they have invariably held an eminent 
 place in history. The branch of which we are more 
 immediately about to treat has been located in the 
 north for several centuries ; and the most ancient of 
 their estates in Cumberland have descended through 
 an unbroken succession of father and son, over a period 
 of not less than five hundred years, to the present pro- 
 prietor. 
 
 JonN Stanleigh, second son of John Stanleigli, lonl of 
 Stanley and Stourton, nnj younger Irother of Sir William 
 Stanley, ancestor of tlie nobli> house of Derby, jnirchased lauds 
 at Cireysoullien, in Cumberlaiul, and represented the city of 
 Cntlisle in I'arliamcnt, 20lh ]-Mward III. His prandson, 
 
 N1CH01.AS Stanij:igh of Ureysouthen, marrying ConstaDcc, 
 daughter and heiress of Thomas do Austliwaite, lord of .\as- 
 tliwaite, acquired lliat manor (now denominated Daleganh), as 
 appears by deed dated a.d. I'.MS, In mss Nicholas Stanleigh 
 obtained by purchase Uie manor and demesne of Ponsonby. He 
 WHS succeeded by his son, 
 
 Thomas SiA>a.F.ioB, Esq., lord of Austhiraitc, temp, llenry VI., 
 and M.l'. for Carlislo. 
 
 Nicuuijis Stan'leigii, Esq., lord of Austhwaite, his son and 
 heir, was father of 
 
 Thomas Stani.ev, Esq., of Dalrgulli, who, marrying Ann, 
 daughter of Sir lUchanl Uadleslon, Knt., was siuceeded by his 
 son, 
 
 WiLUAM SiAxuiv, Esq., of Austhwoitc and Dalegarth, 17th
 
 iU 
 
 ALLERDALEABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 Henry VII., who married Alice, daughter of Sir Richard Ducket, 
 Knt., nnd had a son, 
 
 Thomas Stanley, Esq., of Dalegarth, who married Jlargaret, 
 daughter of Jolm Fleming, Esq., and liad issue, John, his suc- 
 cessor, and Thomas of Greysouthcn, appointed master of the 
 mint in l.''i70; his only daughter and heiress, Morj', married Sir 
 Edward Herbert, afterwards created Earl of Powis. The eldest 
 
 SOD, 
 
 John STAKLEY,Esq., of Dalegarth, married Margaret, daughter 
 of Thomas Senhouse, Esq., and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Thomas Stanley, Esq , of Dalegarth, who married Isabel, 
 daughter of John Leake, Esq., of Edmonton, and was succeeded 
 by his son, 
 
 Edward Stanley, Esq., of Dalegarth, who married Ann, 
 daughter and coheiress of Thomas Briggs, Esq., of Cawmire, 
 in Westmoreland, and had a son, 
 
 John Stanley, Esq., of Dalegarth, an active and zealous 
 royalist, who married, Istly.Mary, daughter of Thomas Stanley, 
 Esq., of Lee, in Sussex ; nnd 2ndly, Dorothy, daughter of Henry 
 Fetherstonehaugh, of Fetherstonehaugh, in Northumberland. 
 He was succeeded, at his decease, by his son, 
 
 Edward Stanley, Esq., of Dalegarth, who was high sheriff 
 for CO. Cumberland at the Revolution, and proclaimed William 
 III. He married Isabel, eldest daughter of Thomas Curwen, 
 Esq., of Sella Park, aud had a son and successor, 
 
 John Stanley, Esq., of Dalegarth and Ponsonby. He mar- 
 ried Dorothy, co-heiress of Edward Holt, Esq., of Wigan, co. 
 Lancaster, and had three sons, 
 
 I. Edward, his successor. 
 
 11. John, ill holy orders, rector nf Workington, who married 
 Clara, daughter of Jolm Philipson, Esq., of Calgartli, co. 
 Westraorelnnd, and Imd a son Edward, who married .lulia, 
 daughter of John Christian, Esq., of Unerigg, and had 
 several children. 
 in. Holt, a lieut. in BrigncUcr-gen. Wenthwnrth's Regiment of 
 Foot, died, unmarried, in the expedition against Porlobello. 
 
 The eldest son, 
 
 Edw.ard Stanley, of Dalegarth, married Mildred, youngest 
 daughter of Sir George Fleming, Bart., bishop of Carlisle, and 
 dying 1751, left a daughter, Dorothy, wife of Lieut. Joseph 
 Dacre, and a son, 
 
 George Edward Stanley, Esq., of Ponsonby and Dalegarth, 
 born March, 1748, high sheriff 1^74, who married, Istly, 1774, 
 Dorothy, youngest daughter of Sir WiUiam Fleming, Bart., of 
 Kydal, by whom (who died in 17ftG) he had two daughters, 
 Mildred and Elizabeth. He married '2ndly, 1789, Ehzabeth, 
 daughter of Morris Evans, Esq., of Middlesex, and had further 
 issue. 
 
 I. Edwabd, his successor. 
 iL George, bom 1791. 
 
 Jane. 
 
 Edward Stanley, of Dalegarth and Ponsonby, J.P. and D.L.. 
 late M.P. for the county, and high sheriff 1823, horn 1790; 
 married Dec. 1821, Mary, daughter of William Douglas, one of 
 the judges in the East Indies, and has had, with three daughters, 
 three sons, riz.: — 
 
 I. Edward, bom in September, 1822; died 182.5. 
 II. William, bom September 15, 1829. 
 iiL George Edward, born November 21, 1831. 
 
 Arms. — Arg., on a bend, az., cotised, vert, three bucks' heads 
 cabossed, or, qnarteriug the Austhwaite arms, viz., gu., two bars, 
 arg., in chief diree mullets of six points, pierced, or. 
 
 Crest. — A stag's head, arg., attired, or, collared, Tert. 
 
 Motto. — Sans changer. 
 
 THE CHuncH. 
 Ponsonby church, the dedication of which nppcars to 
 bo unknown, is situated in the park, about the centre 
 of the parish, and a short distance from the hall. It 
 is an ancient structure, but has undergone several 
 repairs and alterations, which give it a comparatively 
 modern appearance. It consists of nave, chancel, and 
 western tower and spire, the latter of which were 
 erected in 1840 at the expense of Mr. Stanley. The 
 arch separating the nave and chancel is pointed. The 
 east window contains some stained glass, emblazoned 
 with the arms of the Stanley, Brigg, and Hutton 
 families. On the north wall of the nave is a monu- 
 mental brass, with an inscription commemorating 
 Frances Patryckson, daughter of Su: Thomas Wyet, 
 Knt., privy councillor to King Ilonry VIII. There 
 are also mural monuments to tho memory of various 
 members of the Stanley family, and one to Thomas 
 Curwen, Esq., one of the Curwens of Workington. 
 The church of Ponsonby was given by John Fitz- 
 Ponson to the priory of Conishead in Fumess. We 
 are not informed to whom it was granted at the disso- 
 lution ; but in the year 1689 a presentation from the 
 crown was procured to this church as a vicarage, but 
 it was afterwards revoked. The living was certified to 
 the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty at £9 12s., 
 viz., £,& paid by the impropriator, £'3 given by William 
 Cleator, M.D., for monthly sermons, and 2s. surplice 
 fees. In 1717 it was certified that the William Cleator 
 just mentioned, gave by his will £'100 to the minister 
 for preaching twelve sermons a year till the impropria- 
 tion should be restored to the church, when it was to 
 bo transferred to the use of a school in the parish ; 
 but a part of this money was lost, together with another 
 sum given by the Stanleys. In 1789 the income 
 appears to have amounted to £'22, besides the surplice 
 fees, viz., £6 by the impropriator. It has since been 
 augmented with £1,000 from Queen Anne's Bounty, 
 given in sums of £200 each, in tho years 17-14, 1780, 
 1790, J 791, and 1792, besides two benefactions of 
 £200 each, given in 1790 and 1792, making a total of 
 £ 1,400, with which the Nun House estate, in the parish 
 of Dent, Yorkshire, and the Green Moor Side estate, 
 in St. Bridget Beckermet, were purchased ; £200 being 
 given for the fonner in 1774, aud £1,200 for the latter 
 in 1793. The present value of the living is about £'113. 
 Nearly 200 acres of the parish are tithe free, and the 
 tithes of the remainder were commuted, in 1846, for a 
 yearly rent charge £19 Os. Id. The benefice is a per- 
 petual curacy in the impropriation and patronage of 
 Edward Stanley, Esq. The parish registers com- 
 mence in 1723.
 
 ST. BEES PARISH. 
 
 425 
 
 Incumbents. — George Cannell occurs ITi.'i ; Matthew Hall, 
 1780; John Gaitskell, 18—; John rleming, Ib'^iO; A. Middle- 
 tOD, 1857. 
 
 Calder is a small hamlot ia this parish, four and a 
 half miles south -south -cast of Egremout, and one 
 
 mile south of Calder Bridge, which connects this parish 
 with that of St. Bridget, Bcckermet. 
 
 There is a corn-mill iu this parish, known as New 
 
 Mm. 
 
 ST. BEES PARISH. 
 
 St. Bees parish, the largest in the county of Cumberland, is very irregular in form, and extends ten miles along the 
 coast, from Braystoncs, near Beckermet, to Whitehaven, from which place it stretches inland in a south-easterly 
 direction to Eskdale, a distance of about eighteen miles. Its western portion lies between the river Eheu and the 
 sei; and the eastern part, which consists chiefly of a long range of mountains and valleys, contains the lakes of 
 Ennerdale, Wast Water, and Barn Tarn. The land in nearly every part of the parish is generally high, and 
 without much wood, but the soil towards the sea is fertile. Coal, freestone, and limestone are abundant ; iron ore is 
 obtained at Eskdale, and lead ore is raised at Kinniside. Besides the large and opulent town of Whitehaven, the 
 parisli contains the five chapelries of Ennerdale, Eskdale, Heusingham, Nether Wasdale, and Wasdale Head ; and 
 is divided into the following thirteen townships, viz., St. Bees, Ennerdale, Eskdale, Hensingham, Kinniside, 
 Lowside Quarter, Nether Wasdale, Preston Quarter, Rottington, Sandwith, AVasdale Head, Weddicar, and the town 
 of Whitehaven. Eskdale and Wasdale townships have been transferred to Boolle Ward by the new arrangement of 
 Wards made at the Quarter Sessions held at Carlisle, October, 185". 
 
 sisters with her, driven in by stormy weather at White- 
 
 ST. BEES. 
 
 St. Bees township comprises 1,495 acres of land, 
 and its rateable value is .t'^C27 9s. 9d. Its popula- 
 tion in 1801 was 409 ; in 1811, 4'iu ; iu 18:2], 055; 
 in 1831, 517 ; in 1841, 557 ; and in 1851, 971. The 
 manorial rights are vested in the governors of St. Bees 
 Grammar School. The Earl of Lonsdale, Major Spedding, 
 Mrs. Harrison, and William Fo.\, are the principal 
 landowners. 
 
 St. Bees, like many other places in England, owes 
 its origin to a religious community, one of which was 
 founded here long anterior to the compilation of Domes- 
 day Book, or the lauding of the Normans. The parish 
 takes its name from Bega," an Irish saint, who founded 
 a small nunnery hero about the year 050. She seems 
 to have led a life of piety and virtue, and after her 
 decease a church was dedicated to God under her invo- 
 cation. There are many accounts given of the founda- 
 tion of the original convent of St. Bees. Some of them 
 are very contradictory. The common version is that 
 given in Sandford's JISS.,° and which is as follows: — 
 "This Abbie, by tradition, built upon this occasion (for 
 the time I refer you to the chronicles',: — That there 
 was a pious and religious lady-abbess, and some of her 
 
 'From llie calendar of sninls'dnys it appears that Si. Bcga, or SL 
 Dees, 13 eommemnratcil nii ihe Ulh of Scplcnibcr; anil Su Begs, 
 virgin, on the a'2n<l of Novnnibcr. — " Life of llie Sninl." lugulphus 
 meuliona a litUe bell at CroylaiiJ, nliicb is called Hega. 
 
 'Dean and Chapter Library, Carliali'. 
 
 haven, and [the] ship cast away i'lh' harbour, and so 
 destitute. And so she went to the lady of Egrcmont 
 Castle for rcliefe. That lady, a godly woman, pitied 
 her distress, and desired her lord to give her some place 
 to dwell in, which he did, at the now St. Bees. And 
 .she and her sisters sewed and spinned, and wrought 
 carpets and otlier work, and lived very godly lives, as 
 gott them much love. She desired Lady Egrcmont to 
 desire her lord to build them a house, and thoy would 
 lead a religious life together, and many woldc joine with 
 them if they had but a house and land to live upon. 
 Wherewith the Lady Egremont was very well pleased, 
 and spoke to her lord ho had land enough, and should] 
 give them some to lye up treasure in heaven. .\nd the 
 Lord laughed at the Ladye, and said he would give them 
 as much land as snow fell upon the next morning, and 
 iu Midsummer Day. And on the morrow looked out 
 at the castle window to the sea-side, two miles from 
 Egremont, all was white with snow for threo miles 
 together. And thereupon buildcd tliis St. Bees Abbie, 
 and gavo all those lands was snowcn unto it, and the 
 town and haven of Whitehaven : and, sometimes after, 
 all the tithes thereabout, and up the mountains and 
 Iiierdale Forest, eastward, was appropriated to this 
 abbey of St. Bees; which was got by oue Mr. Dacres, 
 of kindred to the Lords Dacres : gott a long lease of it 
 at fall of Abbies, and married one Mrs. Latos of the 
 Beck Hall, Millom ; who afterwards married Squire
 
 426 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 Wybridge [Wybergh] of Clifton, in Westmorland, wlw 
 purchased tlie inheritance of this Abbie of the crowns, 
 and sold it to old Sir John Lowther, who gave it to his 
 younger son, Sir Christopher Lowther, Kt.-bart., soon 
 after." 
 
 Mr. Jefferson, in his AUerdale Ward-above-Derwent, 
 makes the following remarks on the account given by 
 Sandford of the foumlation of St. Bees : — " That snow- 
 is occasionally seen even now," he says, " on Midsum- 
 mer Day, on the Cumberland mountains, is certain. .\ 
 correspondent of the Carlisle Journal states that on 
 Midsummer Day, 1838, the snow was lying two feet 
 thick upon Glencowendale Fell. Whether, however, 
 the parish is indebted to the legend for its singular 
 form, or whether the legend has been invented from the 
 shape of the parish, cannot be decided. One thing is 
 certain, that the name of St. Bega is inseparably con- 
 nected with the miracle of snow : all accounts agree in 
 this. The life of St. Bega places the snow miracle 
 many hundred years after the death of the mild saint, 
 in the tim^j of Randolph Meschines. The monkish 
 historian relates that certain persons had instilled into 
 the ears of that nobleman that the monks had unduly 
 extended their possessions. A dispute arose on this 
 subject, for the settlement of which, by the prayers of 
 the religious, the whole land became white with snow, 
 except the territories of the church, which stood forth 
 dry." 
 
 History is entirely silent respecting the convent of 
 St. Bees during the time of the Anglo-Saxon domina- 
 tion in England. There is little doubt that it suffered 
 during the numerous invasions of the Northmen. Its 
 nearness to the sea would invite their attacks. The 
 nun, and the monk, and the priest were the persons 
 towards whom they exercised the greatest cruelty. Of 
 this fact the history of England furnishes us with 
 numerous examples. On their conversion to Chris- 
 tianity the fierce sons of the north gave a name to 
 this place in their own language, and Kirkby Beges, 
 Kirkby Begock, or Ku-kebybetok, the churchtown 
 of Bees, the name by which it is known in the 
 ancient records, proves that round the church and 
 altar which their forefathers so ruthlessly destroyed, the 
 Christian Danes formed themselves into a community, 
 or town, in which they dwelt, mixed up, no doubt, with 
 a goodly number of Angles, till the time when the 
 Norman brought England into subjection, and par- 
 celled out its fair fields among his followers. 
 
 We have nothing beyond the name of the place to 
 guide us in tracing out the history of St. Bees, till the 
 reign of Henry I., when the conventual church and 
 monastery were restored by William de Meschines, who 
 
 made it a cell of the celebrated Benedictine abbey of 
 St. Mary at York.' At this time the community of St. 
 Bees consisted of a prior and six monks. In the charter 
 of foundation William do Meschines " grauted to God, 
 St. j\Iary of York, and St. Bega, and the monks serving 
 God there, all the wood within their boundaries, and 
 everything within the same, except hart and hind, boar 
 and hawk : and all liberties within their bounds which 
 he himself had in Copeland, as well on land as on the 
 water, both salt and fresh." Besides this, William de 
 Meschines grauted to the priory of the church of St. 
 Bees seven carucates of land there, the chapel of Egre- 
 mont and the tithes of his demesne in Copeland, and 
 the manor of Anenderdale. Waltheof granted the 
 church [chapel] of Stainbum ; Ketel tlie church of 
 Preston ; Reiner two bovatos of land and one villein 
 in Rottington : Godard the churches of Whittington 
 and Botele ; and William de Lancaster, son of Gilbert, 
 gave them Swarthoft. All these gifts were confirmed by 
 Ranulph, son of the William de Meschines mentioned 
 above, anil he also gave them "all the woods within 
 their boundaries, from Cuningshaw to the sike between 
 Preston and Hensingham, which runs down to White- 
 haven and there falls into the sea ; and whatever they 
 could take in those woods, except hart, hind, boar, and 
 hawk."^ About the year 1193 William de Fortibus, earl 
 of Albermarle, by charter confirmed to the community 
 of St. Bees the grants made by his ancestors, — "four- 
 teen salmons which they bad by the gift of Alan son of 
 Waltheof; and, by the same gift, half a carueate of land 
 in Aspatria ; and six acres of land in the same vill, by 
 the gift of the said Alan ; and six salmons, which they 
 had by the gift of the Lady Alice de Romeley ; and 
 half a mark of silver, by the same donation, out of the 
 fulling mill at Cockermouth, and one messuage in the 
 same vill. He also granted to them one mark of silver 
 out of the said fulling mill yearly." This charter is 
 witnessed by the Lord Galfrid de Chandever; the Lord 
 Thomas Keret ; the Lord William de Ireby ; William 
 de Driffeld, seneschal of Cockermouth ; Alan, parson of 
 Caldbcck; Hugone de Moriceby; Ada de Havcrington 
 [Harrington] ; Galfrid de Tallantire ; John de Brigham : 
 and many others.'' 
 
 About the year 1200 a dispute appears to have arisen 
 
 ' The priory of Neddrum, in Ulster, was a cell to the priory of St. 
 Bees, having beeu granted by Sir John de Coiucy, a descendant of 
 Willinm Meschines. Eespecting t)ii3 Irish dependency of St. Bees, 
 a small parclimeut roll, consiilernbly mutUiited, remnius m the Cot- 
 toriau CuUection. It consists of nine documents very closely written, 
 concluding with a bull of Pope Honorius III., dated 121(j, confirm- 
 ing the endowment. 
 
 2Dngdale'8 " Jlonasticon, " p. 393. 
 'Dngdale's "Monasticon," p. 396.
 
 ST. BEES PAniSH. 
 
 42r 
 
 respecting the right of burial at Hawcshead, which was 
 tiventy miles distant from the motlicr church of Dalton. 
 A commissiou was appointed by Pope llonorius to settle 
 the dispute, and wo learn from the coucher book of 
 Fumess Abbey that the prior of St. Boes was one of 
 the commissioners. DurinR the wars between England 
 and Scotland this part of Cumberland seems to have 
 suffered severely, lu 1315, the time of the invasion of 
 Bruce, the priory of St. lices and the manor houses of 
 Cleator and Stainbuni were visited by a party of Scots 
 commanded by James Douglas, and we are told that 
 the priory was pillaged and the manor houses destroyed. 
 An inspeximus was dated at St. Bees, September 10th, 
 147;), by Henry Percy, fourth earl of Northumberland, 
 and lord of the honour of Cockermouth, of the charter 
 of William do Fortibus, earl of Albermarle. In the 
 reign of Henry IV. a Ilichard Ilunte was appointed to 
 St. Bees, as a free chapclry in the gift of the crown, 
 but the abbot of St. Mary's, at York, remonstrated 
 with the king, and the grant was revoked. Bishop 
 Turner informs us that, under St. Bees, there was a 
 email nuuuery situate at llottington, about a mile from 
 the mother church. This is couOrmed by the ancient 
 names of places still retained there, but few other vestiges 
 are now to be found. Whilst speaking of the priors of St. 
 Bees, we must not overlook the fact that they held the 
 rank of barons in the Isle of Man, and as such were 
 obliged to give their attendance upon the kings and 
 lords of Man whensoever they required it, or, at least, 
 upon every new succession in the government. The 
 neglect of tliis important privilege would probably 
 involve tho loss of tho tithes and lands in that island, 
 which the devotion of the kings had conferred upon the 
 priory of St. Bees. An abbot from Ireland and another 
 from Scotland were also constrained, by the same reli- 
 gious liberality, to appear in Man as barons when 
 called upon. 
 
 About the year ir)23 the monks of St. Ikes apjiear 
 to have been alarmcil by a meditated invasion of this 
 " angle of Cowplandc." Tho following letter' was 
 written by tho prior, Alanby, to tho Lord William 
 Dacre, lord -warden of tho west marches, prayiug fur 
 help : — 
 
 "To tliH Lord I)acre«. 
 
 " My riglit honorable and nijNt Kpcciull good Lord, in mj 
 tDO»i lanley maiur I rerniiicndc me unlo \our good Lordnhip, 
 ever more ln'Hcking our Lordc God lo ronard jour good Lord- 
 sliip for iiic nl nil tjmrs. And now n» c^porinll)' n» I cnn tliink, 
 I bosiclie .>niir ^ood Loidsliip fur your gnud tiMitj nuance. For 
 my good Lord, it is llius ol' siiriie, llml gronl numbru n( Sliippia 
 are souc upon this CoHt butU upun liidayo and Salurdayo last 
 
 > From a scarce book, "Duo renuu Anglioarum wrlptorcs veKrei." 
 Oxon, I73i. 
 
 past. And we have wamyng that they are of the Dulce of 
 Albany's company, and woU land upon us licre in Cowplande 
 and destroye us utterly. WLerefore my speeiiiU good Lorde, I 
 bcsichc your good Lordship, to regard this pour cost and coun- 
 trey, whiche belongeth nnto your raercliies and undre yonr pro- 
 tection, and is not accustomed with siche wcres, but only such 
 certcin gentilmen and their company, as your said Lordbhip 
 have called upon heretofore at your time of nede, that ye wol 
 be good Lorde nowe, so as to assigne and command Mr. Christo- 
 pher Curwcu of Wirliin^ton, and Mr. John Lamplew Icutenaunt 
 of Cockermouth, nnd Mr. Ilichard Slielton of liranthwate, to 
 gyve attendaunce with the help and aide with the hole company 
 of this little Angle of Cowplande, to resist and defende the coun- 
 trey with the grace of God and pra>er of his holy sainctes, to 
 whonie your Lordship now may hynde us ever more to pray for 
 your good preservation and good spede. And els I cannot see, 
 btU this countrey slial be utterly destroyed fur ever, which God 
 forbide, whom 1 hartily besichc to preserve and prosper yotu" 
 good Lordship, with all goodnes, after your dcasire. Amen. 
 Scriblyd in hast at Suinct Bees upon Sainct Luke day the 
 evangelist. 
 
 by your awne dayely bedeman, 
 
 DoM Hubert Albant, prior of Sainct 
 Bees aforesaid.'* 
 
 From this time till tho beginning of the sixteenth 
 century we have nothing recorded relating to St. Bees. 
 In the King's Book the priory of St. Bees was 
 valued at £143 10s. 2d. At the time of the Dis- 
 solution its revenues, according to Dugdale, amounted 
 to £143 17s. 2d.; or, according to Speed's valuation, 
 £149 19s. Cd. From these statements it appears 
 that there were only two religious houses in the county 
 more amply endowed than the priory of St. Bees ; these 
 were the abbey of Holme Cultram and the priory of St. 
 Mary, Carlisle. 
 
 In the year 1553 Edward VI. granted to Sir Thomas 
 Cbalouer, Knt., "tho manor, rectory, and cell of St. 
 Bees, with all its rights, members, and appurtenances, 
 and all tho possessions belonging to the same in St. 
 Boes and Enncrdule, and elsewhere in the county of 
 Cumberland (not granted away by tho Crown before), to 
 hold to the said Thomas Chaloncr, his lieirs and assigns, 
 in fee farm for ever, of tho king, his heirs, and suoces- 
 Bors, as of his manor of Sherill llutton, in Yorkshire, 
 in free and common socage, by fealty only, and not t» 
 capilf : paying to tho crown yearly the fee farm rent of 
 £143 lOs. 2id." On tho demise of Edward VI. his 
 successor, Mary, in 1057, granted to Cuthbert Scott, 
 bishop of Chester, and bis successors in tbo sec, the 
 yearly rent just mentioned, subject to the payment of 
 £43 ?s. 4d. per annum to tho crown. From tho 
 Chaloners tho estates passed to tho Wybcrgh fami^, 
 who mortgaged it to the Lowlhers, and on a suit insti- 
 tuted by Sir John Lowther, of Whitehaven, the equity 
 
 * This I«a4!r, tcoonUng to Ucarni, wu wriltm kjt. IM3, ISth 
 IlMtfy VIII. 
 
 A
 
 428 
 
 ALLERDALE ABOVEDERWENT WARD. 
 
 of redemption was fcreclosed, and the estate decreed to 
 him and his heirs, in the year 1CC3, since which period 
 it has continued in the possession of his family, and now 
 forms part of the possessions of the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 The village of St. Bees lies in a narrow valley near 
 the shore, four miles to the south of Whitehaven, and 
 near the rocky promontory of St. Bees Head. From 
 very early times it has heen distinguished for its 
 religious and scholastic foundations. A bridge over 
 the rivulet Tow, or Poc, in the village, bears the date 
 1585, and the arms of Archbishop Grindal. This 
 small stream, known locally as the Pow Beck, divides 
 the church, school, and college of St. Bees from the 
 village. It is remarkable that it flows towards the sea 
 by two separate channels. Rising near the middle of 
 the vale, it is fed in its course by Myre's Beck and 
 Lowhall Gill Beck, and, having received these small 
 streams, it forms, or rather is absorbed in, a large pool, 
 called Scalegill Pit, which serves to supply the steam- 
 engines employed in the collieries with water. From 
 this pool, as from a centre, the river issues in two 
 streams, one of which, passing by the church, &c., falls 
 into the ocean at St. Bees ; the other flows towards 
 Whitehaven, where, for about a mile from the town, 
 it is arched over, passing under the Market Place, and 
 then mingles with the ocean in the harbour. 
 
 TOE CIlURCn. 
 
 The priory church of St. Bees, now the parish 
 church, is situated in Preston Quarter, near the village. 
 It is a cruciform building, of considerable size and 
 beauty — a rude but noble work of that interesting 
 period in which the Norman style of architecture 
 passes gradually away into the Early English. The 
 several parts of it are given below, with the estimated 
 dates of their erection : — 1 . Nave and Aisles : West 
 door, south wall and buttresses, tower piers (internal 
 masoniy and bases now hidden). Late Norman, circa 
 1150; west end, circa 1900; six arches on each side, 
 with five pillars of various designs. Early English, 
 circa 1250. Clerestory windows, and the north wall of 
 north aisle, Debased, probably 1011. 2. Tower: The 
 casing of piers, arches, and lower part of staircase 
 turret, circa 1200. The upper part is of later date, 
 but the Debased windows of 1611 have been built up, 
 and the tower has been carried up to the height of 
 more than a hundred feet, 1858. Its eastern arch is 
 filled up with a rubble wall, in which are a round- 
 headed door (now hidden) and two windows of Debased 
 work. The pier capitals are of very unusual design, 
 but genuine and curious. 3. North Transept : Circa 
 1200 ; genuine and interesting both outside and in. 
 
 Some remains of colouring have been discovered, and 
 some relics. A plain and mutilated aumbry has left a 
 trace in the north wall. 4. South Transept : West 
 wall, circa 1200; east wall. Debased, 10) 1; south wall, 
 new. In the old walling has been found nearly all the 
 upper part of a fine Transition door, brought as rubble 
 from tlie old priory buildings. 5. The chancel, or Lady 
 chapel, has a south aisle, now ruined, of the fourteenth 
 centurj'. The original chancel is a very noble edifice 
 of circa 1200, and ranks high among contemporary 
 buildings — not, indeed, for size, or delicacy of work- 
 manship, but for beauty of design. The interior (and 
 especially the east end) is very striking. In the north 
 wall is one window of Transitional character (circa 
 1200), and formerly of two hghts, which possibly gave 
 light to the altar of the choir; and certainly, by the 
 difference of design, suggests the idea of some corre- 
 sponding internal arrangements. When the priory was 
 dissolved the whole church was unroofed, and became 
 an utter ruin. The tower fell, crushing the east wall 
 of the south transept, and the clerestory and the north 
 wall of the nave disappeared. About 1011 the need of 
 a parish church seems to have been felt. The chancel 
 was left in ruins ; through it the parishioners went, 
 entering the church through the east tower arch. A 
 wall was run up one bay from the west end, and the 
 holy table was there placed. The necessary re-building 
 was done in a rude but substantial way ; the old domes- 
 tic buildings serving for a quarry. The church, thus 
 reversed, remained in use tUl about forty years ago, 
 when the altar was removed to the eastern end of the 
 nave, and a diminutive chancel formed for it by an 
 alcove. The upper part of the western wall of 1611 
 was broken down, to make room for a gallery, the font 
 set in its right place, and other alterations made; 
 which, though not worthy of this fine church, show 
 perhaps as much taste and knowledge as were possible 
 at that time. In 1849 a handsomely-cai'ved oak reading- 
 desk was presented by the late Rev. Dr. Parkinson; 
 and in the following year a pulpit 'to match it was 
 erected, the gift of persons connected with the place, 
 including the late Rev. Dr. Fox, provost of Queen's 
 College, Oxford. In 1855 the transepts were repaired, 
 re-roofed, and added to the parish church. In 1858 a 
 fine peal of eight bells was purchased by subscription, 
 aud the tower raised to receive them. These restora- 
 tions have been carried out after the design of Mr. 
 Butterfield. A handsome font has been presented 
 by Mr. Howes, contractor for the restorations ; the 
 font-cover is the gift of the late Captain Fitchet. 
 The communion plate appears to have been presented 
 by the benevolent archbishop whose memory is so
 
 ST. BEES PARISH. 
 
 429 
 
 intimately connected with the place as the founder of the 
 Free Grammar School. It bears the date 1571, and 
 the arms of the archiepiscopal see of York, impaled 
 with those of Grindul. Some fragment? of the ecclesi- 
 astical buildings anterior to the Norman priory still 
 e.\ist. A Saxon impost, with a bas-relief of Beowulf (?) 
 and the dragon, is built into the south aisle wall of the 
 nave, outside ; and two fragments of crosses, found in 
 the foundations of the west end, are placed close to the 
 west door, inside, with some sepulchral stones of very 
 early date. The lower part of a churchyard cross, of 
 the seventh or eighth century, stands in its ancient 
 place, to the north of the church. Its unusual situation 
 probably shows a change in the position of the church. 
 A bust of the late Kev. William Aingcr, D.D., by 
 Lough, is placed in the church, over a monumental 
 slab bearing the following inscription : — 
 
 TO THE JIEMORY OF 
 WILLIAM AINGEIl, D.D., 
 
 Late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, Canon of Chester, 
 
 And for ~i years Incumbent of the Parish, 
 
 And Principal of the Clerical Inslitulion of St. Bees, 
 
 Who died Oct. 20, 1840. Aged 55 years. 
 
 E.xemplary in all the relations of social life. 
 
 Gifted with a kind temper, of sound learning, and high principles, 
 
 lie gained the love and respect of all who hud the privilege 
 
 of liis friendship. 
 
 As a Parish Priest he was faithful in preaching the doctrines 
 
 And steadfast in upholding the discipline of the Apostolical 
 
 Church ; 
 
 And he continued during the best years of his life 
 
 To BUbtain the cause of religious Truth 
 
 Hy his writings and public teaching ; above all 
 
 By his unwearied devotcdness to the Good of the Clerical 
 
 Institution, 
 
 ■Which was begun under his superintending care. 
 
 And where ho trained fur the Ministry of the Church, 
 
 Both in England and its Colonies, several hundred Labourers, 
 
 Who entered on their sacred duties 
 
 Strengthened by his lessons of wisdom. 
 
 Animated by his zeal, and guided by his example. 
 
 To commemorato such important services, and labours so highly 
 
 blessed, 
 
 This monnment was erected by a subscription 
 
 Of bia sorrowing friends and pupils. 
 
 Mfaff I die the death of the riohttoiu, and may my last end be like Au. 
 
 In 102'i Bishop Hridginan, who then held tho sec of 
 Chester, ordered tho inhabitants of the five chapclries 
 of Eskdalc, EoQcrdole, Wasdale Head, Netlier VVasdale, 
 and Lowcswater, to contribute to tho repairs of this the 
 mother church. In 1705 St. Bees was certified by tho 
 impropriator as worth JU12 a year. Tho bciiericc is a 
 perpetual curacy in tho impropriation and patronage of 
 tho Karl of Lonsdale, and is now worth about £103 per 
 annum. The parish registers commence in 1533, and 
 arc perhaps the most perfect in tho county. 
 
 Incumbents.— Pilchard Jackson, from 1704 to 17:i7 ; William 
 
 Scott, to 1770 1 Robert Scott, ; Daniel Rirkett, ; William 
 
 Harrison, 17S5; Peter Danson, IHOfi; James Page, 18U7; Peter 
 Danson, 1810; William Wilson, 181 1 ; William Ainger, D.D., 1816 ; 
 Robert P. Buddicom, M.A., F.S.A., 1840; Richard Parkinson, 
 D.D., E.S.A., 1840 ; George H. Ainger, M.A., 1858. 
 
 ST. BEES COIXEOE. 
 
 This college was founded by Bishop Law, in the 
 year 1816, endowed by the Earl of Lonsdale with 
 the incumbency of the parish of St. Bees, and recognized 
 by act of Parliament (3rd and 4th Vic. cap. 77). Its 
 object is to supply a good and economical education 
 for candidates for holy orders. The time necessary to 
 be spent in the college is in all cases, not less than two 
 years. This period is divided into four terms ; during 
 which residence is indispensable. The first term com- 
 mences about the 25th of January, and ends towards 
 the 5th of May; the second begins about the 25th of 
 August, and closes about the 5 th of December. The 
 tliird and fourth are Lke the first and second. Students 
 are required to be in residence sometime before the 
 commencement of lectures, which begin punctually 
 (Sundays excepted) on the 1st of February, and the 
 1st of September. Students are admitted at the com- 
 mencement of either term. There being no colle- 
 giate buildings, each student furnishes himself with a 
 house or lodgings in the village, under tho direction 
 and control of the principal. The expense of board 
 and lodgings, with moderate economy, may be from 
 eighteen shillings to twenty-four shillings a week, for 
 each student. The fee for tuition is £10 a term, paid 
 each term in advance : three guineas are paid by each 
 student when ho comes into residence, in aid of a fund 
 for keeping tho college in repair, and increasing tho 
 library; the cap and gown cost about £1 10s.; this, 
 with tho additional cost of some prescribed books, 
 includes all the necessary expenses. The librarian, 
 who is generally a distinguished student of the college, 
 is exempted from tho payment of tho college fee. 
 Before any application for admission can be entertained, 
 the principal must be furnished with testimonials from 
 two clergymen of the Church of England ; one of these 
 must certify (after a long and intimate aciiuaintince) 
 that tho person in whoso behalf it is given is a man of 
 unblemished morality and consistent piety ; that ho is 
 cordially attached to the Church of England ; and 
 lilted, by his general habits, character, and attainments, 
 for tho ollico of the ministry. It raust also specify his 
 ago and condition, as well as his pursuits from tho 
 time w hen lie left school to that in which the certificate 
 is grunted. The other testimonial is to certify, after 
 a sincere and bonaJlJe examination, that the individual
 
 430 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DEKWENT WARD. 
 
 desiring admission is able to construe the Greek gospels 
 and Grotius " De Veritate " readily and giammatically ; 
 and that be has a con*ect knowledge of tl>e rudiments of 
 Latin composition. Nu student can continue a member 
 of the college whose conduct is not in all respects satis- 
 factory to the authorities. The limits of age are twenty- 
 one and thirty-five. It is desirable that the testimonials 
 should be sent in as early as possible before the com- 
 mencement of that term in which the student proposes 
 to begin his residence. The course of study durin" 
 the four terms embraces scriptural and ecclesiastical 
 histoiT". the evidences of religion, external and internal; 
 an expository knowledge of the New Testament; lectures 
 on the creeds, and the articles of religion ; theology, 
 doctrinal and pastoral; and Latin and English com- 
 position, especially that of sermons. The lectures 
 of the college are delivered in what was formerly 
 the chancel of the priory church, which was fitted 
 up for the purpose in 1810, when the college was 
 founded. One of the lecture rooms ser^'es as the 
 library, and contains some valuable books. Words- 
 worth, in the preface to his poem of St. Bees, tells us 
 that " the old conventual church is well worthy of being 
 visited by any strangers who might be led to the neigh- 
 bourhood of this celebrated spot." In that poem the 
 history of the ecclesiastical buildings of St. Bees is 
 thus summarized : — 
 
 When Beza sought of yore the Cumbrian coast. 
 
 Tempestuous winds her holy passage cross'J : 
 
 She knelt in prayer — the waves their wrath appease ; 
 
 And from lier vow, well weigh'd in heaven's decrees, 
 
 Rose, where she toueh'd the strand, tlie chantry of St. Bees. 
 
 When her sweet voice, that instrument of love. 
 
 Was glorified, and took its place above 
 
 The silent stars, among the angelic quire, 
 
 Her chantry blazed with sacrilegious fire, 
 
 And perished utterly ; but her good deeds 
 
 Had sown the spot that witnessed them with seeds, 
 
 Which lay in earth expectant, till a breeze, 
 
 With quickening impulse, answei'd their mute pleas, 
 
 And lo ! a statelier pile, the Abbey of St. Bees. 
 
 ■Who with the ploughshare clove the barren moors, 
 And to green meadows changed the swampy shores? 
 Thinn'd the rank woods ; and for the cheerful grange 
 Made room where wolf and boar were used to range? 
 Who taught and showed by deeds, that gentler chains 
 Should bind the vassal to the lord's domains ? 
 The thoughtful monks intent their God to please. 
 For Christ's dear sake, by human sympathies 
 Poured from the bosom of thy Church of St Bees. 
 
 But all availed not; by a mandate giveu 
 Through lawless will, tlie brotherhood was driven 
 Forth from th?ircell ; their ancient house laid low 
 In reformaUon's sweeping overthrow. 
 
 But now once more the local Heart rerives, 
 
 The inextinguishable spirit strives. 
 Oh, may that I'ower who hush'd the stormy seas. 
 And clear'd a way for the first Votaries, 
 Prosper the new-born College of St, Bees. 
 
 The following have filled the office of principal of 
 St. Bees' College : — 
 
 PRiscirALs. — William Ainger, 1810 ; Eobert P. Buddicom, 
 1910; R. Parkinson, lyiO; G. H. Ainger, 1S08. 
 
 TUE GRAMMAS SCHOOL. 
 
 The Grammar School of St. Bees was founded by 
 Archbishop Grindal in 1587, under a charter from 
 Queen Elizabeth, which provided that there should be 
 seven governors, the provost of Queen's College, Oxford, 
 and the rector of Egremont for the lime being, always 
 to bo two. By the provisions of the same charter it 
 was provided that after the founder's demise the nomi- 
 nation of the master should be vested in the provost of 
 Queen's College, Oxford, if " a person of learning " and 
 a native of one of the four counties of Cumberland, 
 Westmoreland, York, or Lancaster ; and if he should 
 neglect for two months, then the master of Pembroke 
 Hall is to nominate. The statutes and ordinances 
 drawn up by the archbishop for the government of the 
 school bear date July 3rd, 1583 ; and the founder 
 appointed certain lands, &c., to be purchased, of the 
 yearly value of £50, for the maintenance of his school, 
 to be employed as follows: — "For the finding of one 
 fellow and two scholars in Pembroke llall, £20 ; to the 
 schoolmaster, £20; to the usher, £3 Cs. 8d. ; to the 
 receiver, for his fee, £1 ; for the dinner at the annual 
 meeting of the governors, 13s. 4d. ; total, £45. The 
 residue, with all the penalties and fines paid, to be 
 appropriated in repairs and other necessary charges." 
 Archbishop Grindal died July 0th, 1583, before the 
 foundation was fully completed, leaving £500 in the 
 hands of his executors, for the purchase of lands of the 
 annual value of £30, for the further maintenance of 
 the school. In 15S6 a second patent was granted by 
 (Jueen Elizabeth. James I., by letters patent dated 
 June 25th, 1004, in augmentation of the endowment, 
 granted to the school skteen messuages or tenements 
 in Sandwith, previously belonging to the priory of St. 
 Bees, with pasture for 300 sheep on Sandwith Marsh ; 
 forty-eight messuages in the manor of St. Bees, with 
 divers quit rents, A'c; and ICs. 8d., called "Walk Mill 
 Silver," payable yearly by the tenants of the manor ; a 
 rent of 24s. out of the manor of Hensingham ; with 
 four messuages at Hensingham and Wray. These 
 premises were parcel of the lands and possessions of 
 Sir Thomas Chalouer, Knt., then deceased, and of the 
 yearly value of £28 8s. 0}d., and were to ba held as of
 
 ST. BEES PAKISH. 
 
 431 
 
 the manor of SheriEf HuUod, co. York, in free socage. 
 These grants were shortly al'terwai'ds coufirnicd by act 
 of Parliament. Sir John Lowther, who died in 1705, 
 gaTe a valuable library to this school, and it has since 
 been augmented by other donors. The site of the 
 school and master's house was given by T. Chaloner, 
 Esq., and the Lite Earl of Lonsdale is said to havo 
 expended a considerable sum in repairing and enlarging 
 the school, which forms the north wing of the present 
 building. It is now very comfortable and complete, and 
 will accommodate about forty boarders. There are two 
 exhibitions, of .t'25 per annum each, at Queen's College, 
 Oxford, founded by Dr. Thomas lUshop, of Piochester, 
 for the sons of clergymen of the diocese, and educated 
 at the grammar schools of St. Bees and Carlisle. A 
 St. Bees scholar has also the privilege of becoming a 
 candidate for one of the five valuable e.xhibilious founded 
 by Lady Elizabeth Hastings, in 1739. The late Rev. 
 J. Dixon, Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, left by 
 will, in 1858, the sum of .1' 1,000, to found a scholarship 
 at Queen's College, Oxford, for a native of Whitehaven 
 who had been educated at Si. Bees school ; and also 
 £1,000 to found another scholarship at the same college 
 in Oxford, for a native of Whitehaven, educated at St. 
 Bees or any other school. At rembroke College, Cam- 
 bridge, there arc three e.xhibitions, worth £'iS a year, 
 and tenable for three years ; and when the present 
 Grindal fellowship becomes vacant, the college, in lieu 
 of it, is bound to give to the school f200 a year, 
 to be divided by the governors of the school among 
 boys going up from the school to Cambridge, in 
 such a way as the governors may think fit. The 
 late provost. Dr. Fox, a few years before his death, 
 founded a scholarship for the benefit of this school ; the 
 value of it is the perpetual interest of i'1,000. In 1815 
 the revenue of the school was £\\'2 10s., exclusive of a 
 bouse and about five acres of hind, arising chiefly from 
 coal pits, and partly from lonl's rents. Its accounts in 
 1858 were as follow : — .Vmount of rents, dividends from 
 funds, and returns of property ta.x, .£139 Os. 2d ; balance 
 in receiver's hands, £1,21 1 fis. 3d. ; amount of stock in 
 the Throe-per-cont Consols, to the account of the school, 
 £22,382 6s. 2d. ; and amount to the sinking fund 
 account, £2, 091 VU. Id. There were during the same 
 year i;850 received from the foundation scholars, and 
 £289 3s. 2d. as balance due from accounts of last year. 
 The number of boys in the school at Christmas, 1858, 
 was 150, of which forty-two were on the foundation. 
 We subjoin the rules for regulating the admission and 
 continuance of scholars on the foundation; — "1. No 
 boy will bo admitted on the foundation under the age 
 of niue years, nor aboro the age of fourteen jeors 
 
 (except under particular circumstances); and all boys 
 so admitted are considered in a probationary position 
 for the first six mouths, after which time, if their con- 
 duct and diligence be satisfactory, their nomination is 
 confirmed. 2. Candidates for admission are required 
 to produce certificates of their baptism an 1 birth within 
 either of the counties of Cumberland or Westmoreland, 
 together with testimonials of good conduct from the 
 minister of their piirish, or their schoolmaster, accom- 
 panied by the written application of a parent or 
 guardian. 3. The charge for board and lodging is 
 fi.Ked for the present at the sum of £20 per annum, 
 which must be paid half yearly in advance. This sum 
 includes all expenses of maintenance, attendance, wash- 
 ing, and education, except for books and stationery, and 
 the sum of 2s. Od. payable to the head master on each 
 scholar's admission. 4. Vacancies are filled up at the 
 two half yearly meetings of the governors, in the months 
 of June and December ; and all applications for admis- 
 sion, together with the certificates, testimonials, and 
 application mentioned in rule 2, must be forwarded 
 (postage free) to the head master, or to the cleik, before 
 the end of the first week in those months. 5. Boys 
 must bring with them a sufficient supply of clothing, in 
 good serviceable condition, to be renewed and kept in 
 repair at the expense of their parents. — It is requested 
 that before the removal of a foundation scholar the 
 parents do give a month's previous notice to the clerk, 
 in order that the vacancy may be filled up." Boys from 
 any county are received into the school as boarders with 
 the head master. The school house is a plain substan- 
 tial building near the church. The door is surmounted 
 with the founder's initials and the following inscrip- 
 tion : — 
 
 E 1587 a. 
 
 ISOItEDBnB CT FnOIi'lCIAS. 
 
 Uead Masters.— Nicholas Copeland, 15S6; Willijun Briseo 
 1503; William Lickbarrow, 1012; Francis Ra<iolill'e, 1B30; 
 BurnanJ Gilpin, lUTl); .lonntlian Banks, 1081; lliclinrJ Jackson, 
 
 1(1H(J; Alau risher, 17:IS; .lolm .lames, ; Uobert Scott, 
 
 17;:l; .lolm Ilutchinson, 177S ; .Tolm Barnes, 1791; AVilliam 
 Wilson, It'll ; Thomas Brnilley, 1(417; John Fox, ISaO; Miles 
 AUiinson, 1843; U. H. Heslop, 1H56. 
 
 The existence of the Grammar School precludes the 
 necessity of a boy's national school in the township, 
 except for infants, as tlie village boys, above seven 
 years of age, who are ible to read fairly, are at onco 
 received into the English department, on the founda- 
 tion. ISoys resident in tlio village ami not natives of 
 the counties, pay a quarterage. 
 
 There is a girls' aud infant school in St. Bees 
 vilkge, in connection with the national society. Tho 
 mistress is appelated by the iacuinbcnt of St Bees.
 
 432 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 This school has lately been endowed with the perpetual 
 interest of £500, by Mrs. Thompson, of St. Bees. 
 
 There is a missionary association for collecting sub- 
 scriptions from the college and parish, under the control 
 of the principal of the college, of which the bishop of 
 the diocese is the president, and the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury the patron. The public meetings held in 
 connection with this association are two at St. Bees, 
 two at Sandwith, and one at Ncthertown annually. 
 It transmits about £100 a year to the parent missionary 
 societies. 
 
 There is also a clothing club for the benefit of those 
 parents who have children in any of the three national 
 schools ; it has been working well for some time. 
 
 Edwin Sandys, or Sands, archbishop of York, was a 
 native of St. Bees, and probably educated at the Gram- 
 mar School here. He was the founder of Hawkeshead 
 School, and died in 1588. 
 
 I.OWSIDE QUARTER. 
 
 The area of this township is 2,666 acres, and its 
 rateable value £'2,145 13s. In 1801 it contained 
 226 inhabitants; in 1811, 311; in 1821, 353; in 
 1831, 229; in 1841, 299; and in 1851, 362. This 
 township extends from Egremont to Braystones, and 
 contains the ruins of Egremont Castle. It is inter- 
 sected by the Whitehaven and Furness junction rail- 
 way. General Wyndham is lord of the manor. The 
 landowners are Robert Brisco, Esq. ; — Brocklebauk, 
 Esq. ; and H. Jefferson, Esq. Here is a flax spinning 
 mill, carried on by Messrs. Robert Brisco and Co. 
 
 The hamlets in the township, with their distance 
 and bearing from Egremont, are as follow: — ^MidJle- 
 town, one mile and a half south-west ; Nethertown, two 
 miles south-west ; Coulderton, two and a quarter miles 
 south-west-by-west ; with part of the hamlet of Lowmill, 
 one mile south. 
 
 Rothersyke, the residence and property of Henry 
 Jefferson, Esq., is about seven mQes south of White- 
 haven. 
 
 Here is a school, used as a day-school, for children of 
 both se.\es. It is conducted by a master, and serves 
 also as a Sunday-school on Sunday afternoons, when 
 service is performed by one of the clergy from St. Bees, 
 as in the case of Sandwith. 
 
 PRESTON QUARTER. 
 
 The area of this township is 2,699 acres, and its 
 rateable value £5,076. It contained in 1801, 1,886 
 inhabitants; in 1811,3,261; in 1821,4,256; in 1831, 
 4,323; in 1841, 4,547; and in 1851, 5,102. This 
 township extends northward from St. Bees to White- 
 haven, to which town it forms a populous suburb. The 
 
 Earl of Lonsdale possesses extensive collieries in the 
 township, and is also the principal landowner, but W. 
 Lamb, Esq., and Mrs. Burton have also estates here. 
 The manorial rights and privileges are possessed by the 
 Earl of Lonsdale. 
 
 The Whitehaven Union Workhouse is situated in this 
 township, on the St. Bees road, one mile south of 
 Whitehaven. It is a good substantial stone structure, 
 erected in 1855-6, and possesses accommodation for 400 
 persons. The cost of erection amounted to £8,140, 
 inclusive of the site. It is considered the finest build- 
 ing of the kind in the north. There are two fever 
 wards, one for males and the other for females. 
 
 Preston Quarter township also includes the White- 
 haven Cemetery, which is about a mile from the town. 
 It covers an area of eleven acres, and is very tastefully 
 laid out, commanding good views of the surrounding 
 country. There are two very neat Gothic chapels for 
 the Church of England and the Dissenters, and a neat 
 lodge. The cost of the whole, inclusive of the purchase 
 of the land, was £6,100. The cemetery was consecrated 
 on the 18th November, 1855. 
 
 Banks Hall, or Green Banks, is the seat and property 
 of Wilham Lumb, Esq. 
 
 ROTTISGTON. 
 
 The area of Rottington is 735 acres, and its rateable 
 value £540. The population in 1801 was 48 ; in 1811, 
 52 ; in 1821, 50 ; in J 831, 45 ; in 1841, 52 ; and in 
 1851, 49. 
 
 The manor of Rottington belonged, in ancient times, 
 to a family bearing the local name. From the Rotting- 
 tons it passed in marriage to the Sands, originally of 
 Burgh-upon-Sands. In 1578 Robert Sands, gentle- 
 man, held tlie hamlet of Rottington, late the property 
 of Jolin Fleming, by homage, fealty, and suit of court. 
 The Sands sold it to the Curwens for the sum of £700. 
 Henry Curwen, Esq., devised it to Henry Pclham, 
 Esq., from whom it was purchased, in 1762, by Sir 
 James Lowthcr, Bart., afterwards Earl of Lonsdale, 
 from whom it has descended to the present carl, who 
 is also the principal landowner. The tithes of the 
 township have been commuted for £24, payable to the 
 lord of the manor. 
 
 Rottington Hall, supposed to have been, in olden 
 time, a residence of the Mossop family, has been super- 
 seded by a modern farmhouse, the residence of Mr. 
 Henry Mossop, who derives his descent from a branch 
 of the Mossop family. 
 
 SANDWITH. 
 
 The area of Sandwith township is 1,406 acres, and 
 its rateable value £2,417. The population in 1801 was
 
 ENNEEDALE CIIAPELKY. 
 
 433 
 
 180; in 1811, 283; in 1831. 358; in 1831, 328; in 
 1841, 310; and in 1851, 374. This township lies 
 north of that of Rottington, and extends to St. Bees 
 Head. It is iiiekuled in that portion of the manor of 
 St. Bees which belongs to the governors of St. Bees 
 Grammar School. Mrs. Hartley, A. Thompson, Esq., 
 and the Rev. 11. Lowther, are the principal hiud- 
 onners. 
 
 There were formerly three coal pits in this township, 
 the Fo.x Pit. the Wilson Tit, and the Croft Pit ; the 
 two former have been laid in for many years. The 
 Croft Pit is still working. It has one shaft, of the per- 
 pendicular depth of 150 fathoms. It employs about 
 200 hands, and produces about 300 tons of coal per 
 day. 
 
 Here is a school for girls and infants, the mistress of 
 which is appointed by the incumbent of St. Bees. It is 
 used as a Siimlayschool on Sunday afternoons, and in the 
 evening full church service is performed here by one of 
 the clergy from St. Bees. This afternoon school and 
 evening service are supplemental to the service at the 
 parish church, and to the Sunday-school in the morning. 
 
 On St. Bees Head, in this township, in latitude 
 54° 31' north, longitude 3° 30 west, is a lighthouse, the 
 light of which is stationary and 333 foot above water 
 mark ; it is seen twenty-three miles, with a range from 
 
 north -north -east seaward to south -south -east. This 
 lighthouse was erected in 18;i2, in place of a former 
 one, which had been burnt down. The cliffs abound 
 with sea-fowl. 
 
 WEDDICAR. 
 
 Weddicar comprises an area of 92i3 acres, and its 
 rateable value is .l'r/2(j. Its population in 1801 was 
 34; in 1811, 41); in 1821, 52; in 1831, 55; in 1841, 
 59; and in 1851, 40. 
 
 The numor of Weddicar formerly belonged to the 
 Ponsonby family. By an inquisition post mortem of 
 Thomas de Multon of Egremont, taken in the 15th 
 Edward 11. (1321-2), it appears that John, son of 
 Rayiier le Fleming, held of the said Thomas the 
 hamlets of Rottington, Weddicar, Beckerraet, Frising- 
 ton, and Arlecdon, by homage, fealty, and suit of court 
 at Egremont. In 1578 John Patrickson held the 
 hamlet of Weddicar by homage, fealty, and suit of 
 court. The manor is now held by the Earl of Lons- 
 dale, who, with the Baroness de Sternberg, is the prin- 
 cipal proprietor. 
 
 The township contains only eight scattered houses, a 
 cottage, and a mill belonging to Messrs. Randelsou and 
 Forster, in which dyewood, colours, &c., are ground. 
 
 ENNERDALE CIIAPELRY. 
 
 Tnis chapelry is bounded on tho north by Eskdale, Salter, and Eskatt (extra parochial), and Winder and Kolton, 
 in the parish of Ldinplugh ; on the north-cast by Lo.veswatcr and Buttcrmerc chapelry ; on the east by Borrowdale; 
 on the south by Kinniside, the extra parochial district of Copeland Forest, Nether Wasdale, and Eskdale and 
 Wasdale. It comprises the townships of Ennerdalc and Kinniside, and has been considered by some to form a 
 separate parish, or parochial chapelry; but that it is dependent on St. Bees is proved by a verdict given at Carlisle 
 in 1090, and in the population returns it is always given as a chapelry of the ancient parish of St. Bees. The 
 principal landowners of the chapelry are liOrd Lonsdale : John Dickinson, Esq.; Heury Attwood, Esq.; Thomas 
 Ainsworth, Esq.; Messrs. William Towerson, Hichard Shepherd, and Henry Steel. 
 
 known to tourists until within tho last few years. A 
 
 ENNEIIDALE. 
 
 The area of the township is 17,782 acres, and the 
 rateable value, inclusive of Kinniside township, is 
 £1,021 18s. (id. The population in 1801 was 190; 
 in 1811, 189; in 1821, 209; in 1831, 192; in 1841, 
 183; and in 1851, 193. 
 
 Ennerdulo appears to have been forest land in old 
 times, and in the Sandford MSS. wo find several 
 references to the bow bearer of Enncrdalo Forest, and 
 also to tlio fact that the forest and mountains of Enner- 
 dalc were "stocked with deer, harts, and stags." Enner- 
 dalc lake, two miles distaut from tho church, was little 
 BO 
 
 comfortable and commodious inn was erected about 
 1855, on its borders, and is much resorted to. The 
 lake covers 1,400 acres of land. Tho water is con- 
 sidered the purest in the north, and from it the town of 
 Whitehaven receives its supply. It is of no great 
 depth, but abounds with fine trout and other fish. 
 Tho river Elicn takes its rise here, and the Liza forms 
 a tributary stream to the lake. The pa.ssagc winding 
 round the base of tho mountains afTords a variety of 
 narrow pastoral scenes overlooked by scowling rocks 
 and precipices, of which those called the Pillar, Stye
 
 434 
 
 ALLEEDALEABOTE-DEBWEKT WARD. 
 
 Head, Honister Crag, Wasdale, Red Pike, and Steeple, 
 are tlic great landmarks of this tract, and the most 
 remarkable. 
 
 The manor of Ennerdale, or ratlicr a portion of it, 
 was given by Eanulpb, son of William de Meschines, 
 to the priory of St. Bees ; the other portion passing in 
 the division of the barony of Egremout to the Har- 
 ringtons of Harrington, from them came by successive 
 heiresses to the Boyvilles and Greys, and was ultimately 
 forfeited to the crown, in 1551, by the attainder of 
 Henry Duke of Suffolk. The whole of the manor is 
 BOW held by the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 
 Castle How, another manor in the township, was 
 long the scat and property of the Patrickson family, by 
 whom it was sold to Joseph TifEn, Esq. It was sub- 
 sequently purchased by Joseph Senhouso, Esq., of 
 Calder Abbey, who rebuilt the capit.al messuage of 
 Castle How, or How Hall, and saved many of the 
 antiquities of the place. 
 
 The village of Ennerdale is situated on the banks of 
 the river Ehen, one mOe west of the lake from which it 
 derives its name, and eight miles south-south-east of 
 Whitehaven. An annual sheep fair is held here on the 
 second Tuesday in September. 
 
 THE CHAPEl. 
 
 Ennerdale chapel, distant about six miles from the 
 mother church of St. Bees, is a neat Norman structure, 
 erected in 1858, upon the site of the old chapel, and 
 was consecrated by the Bishop of Carlisle, in July of 
 the same year. The seats are open, sufficiently nume- 
 rous to accommodate about 300 persons, and arc 
 uniform in construction. The exterior includes a turret 
 in which the original bell of the old chapel has been 
 placed. On removing the bell to its new position, it 
 was found to bear an inscription round the rim to the 
 following effect : — " Sancta Bega, era pro nobis " — St. 
 Bega, pray for us. Interiorly the chapel consists of 
 a nave and apse, in the latter of which stands the 
 communion table. Mr. C. Eaglesfield, of Maryport, 
 was the architect, and Mr. J. Cape, of Cockermouth, 
 the contractor. The funds for the reconstruction 
 
 of the edifice were raised by subscriptioc among the 
 residents of the neighbourhood, assisted by a grant 
 of i'OO from the Church Building Society. Ennerdale 
 chapel was certified to the governors of Queen Anne's 
 Bounty at £i 13s. 4d., which was paid by the im- 
 propriator ; and was returned to tlie Ecclesiastical 
 Commissioners as of the annual value of £84. In 
 1810 the tithes were commuted for a yearly rent 
 charge of £143, viz., .£08 for Ennerdale, and £75 for 
 Kinniside. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the 
 patronage of Henry Curwen, Esq. The registers of 
 the chapelry commence in 1548. The Eev. William 
 Malonc Jukes is the present incumbent. 
 
 The parsonage house, of no particular style of azcbi- 
 tecture, was erected in 1843. 
 
 The parish school, supported by the quarter pence of 
 the children, is attended by about thirty scholars. 
 
 CHABITY. 
 
 Ennerdale and Kinniside (donor unknown). — There 
 is in this township, the sum of £27, the interest of 
 which, £1 Is. 9d., is given away yearly on Ea,ster 
 Tuesday, to the poor who do not receive parochial relief. 
 
 KINNlSrCE. 
 
 The area of Kinniside is 1 1,950 acres. The number 
 of inhabitants in 1801 was 179; in 1811, 209; in 1821, 
 225; in 1831, 297; in 1841, 223; and in 1851, 939. 
 This township is about five and a half miles east-south- 
 cast of Whitehaven. Here is a lead mine leased by the 
 London Lead Company, of General Wyndham, who is 
 lord of the manor. The soil belongs mostly to resident 
 yeomen. 
 
 In an inquisition taken in 1578, Kinniside is 
 returned as within the forest of Copeland, and it is 
 stated that the tenants there paid yearly to the lord 
 " for the freelege of their tolls through all the markets 
 and fairs in Copeland a certain custom called Doortoll, 
 viz., for every tenements' door 2d," which then amounted 
 to Cs. lOd. The sum total of the rents, Ac, in luuni- 
 side amounted to £6 ISs, 5d. 
 
 ESKDALE CHAPELRY. 
 
 KsKDALE chapelry is bounded on the north by Ennerdale and Crosthwaite ; on the west by Nether Wasdale, Irton, 
 and Muncaster; and on the south and cast by Birker and Austhwaite, in the parish of Millom. Eskdale and 
 Wasdale Head form a joint township, which contains the hamlets of Boot, Gatehouse Green, and Miterdale, with a 
 few scattered dwellings in the romantic vale of the Esk. Under the new arrangement of wards which was effected 
 m 1857, Eskdale and Wasdale Head were included in Bootle AVard. Copper is worked iu the vale of the Esk by 
 the Birker Copper Mining Company. The lake of Wastwater is partly in Nether Wasdale, and partly in Eskdale 
 and Wasdale. Scawfell is in Eskdale and Wasdale.
 
 KSKDALE CHAPELRY. 
 
 435 
 
 The area of Eskdale is 13,000 acres, and its rateable 
 value jEl,89-i 133. Tlie number of inhabitants ia 
 1801 was, inclusive of Wnsdale Head, 333; ia 1811, 
 238; in 1821,396; in is? I, 354; iu 1841. of Eskdale 
 alone, 340; and in 1851, 374. General Wyudhaiu is 
 lord of the manors of Eskdale and Miterdale, as parcel 
 of his barony of Egremont, but the farms have beeu 
 enfrancbLsed, and are now discharged of fines, heriots, 
 and customary services, except the payment of doortoll 
 and greenhew, doing suit and service at the courts leet 
 and baron, &c., at Ravenglass. Au inquisition taken 
 in 1578 records that at that period the tenants of 
 Eskdale paid yearly for every tenement or householder 
 doortoll, for which they were free in all the fairs and 
 markets within the lordship of Copeland, and \Yhich 
 doortoll amounted to 5s. 2d. per annum. The sum 
 total of the rents in Eskdale at the time mentioned 
 was 67 15s. 4 Jd. The same inquisition further informs 
 us that the tenants of Miterdale enjoyed the same 
 privileges of freedom from toll, &c., by paying a door- 
 toll amounting to Is. 4d. a year; the sum total of the 
 rents of Miterdale being £3 4s. 5d. The landowners 
 in the township are General Wyndham, Rev. Joseph 
 Kitchen, Messrs. Stephen Nicholson, John Towers, 
 Joseph Sharpe, John Sharpe, John Russell, Joseph 
 Rodgers, Jonathan Benson, John Porter, and several 
 small proprietora. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Eskdale chapel, dedicated to St. Catherine, is 
 situated in the centre of the dale, about fourteen 
 miles from the mother church of St. Bees. It is a 
 very ancient structure, with bell turret carrying two 
 bells, and possesses accommodation for about ^00 
 persons. There arc thirty free sittings. Some of the 
 windows contain stained glass, on which is depicted 
 the figure of the patron saint of the chapel, with the 
 wheel, her distinguishing symbol. In the neighbour- 
 hood of the chapel is St. Catherine's Well. The 
 cbapel was certified in 1717 at £9 per annum, of 
 which sum £5 arose from the interest of .ClOO given 
 by Edward Stanley, Esq., in the reign of William III. 
 It possesses a small glebe, and the benefice has been 
 augmented by Queen Anne's Bounty. The living is 
 a perpetual curacy, the presentJition to which was 
 anciently in the purisbionei-s ; but tho patronage, 
 which has beeu some time in the Stanley family, is 
 now vested in Edward Stanley, Esq., of Pousonby. 
 In 1792 the benelico was worth about £30 a year; it 
 is now worth about £70. The great tithes belong to 
 Edwurd Stanley, Esq. Tho registers of tho chapelry 
 commence in 1020. 
 
 Incuiibents. — Thomas Parker, died 1769;' Aaron Marshall, 
 1770; Robert I'owley, IMl. 
 
 In 1849 a small Wesleyan chapel was erected at the 
 west end of the township ; and there are two schools. 
 
 CHAIUTrES. 
 
 For Hut Poor. — A table of benefaction in Eskdale 
 chapel contains the following charities for the use of 
 tho poor. Edward Stanley, Esq., in 1715, left to the 
 poor of Eskdale and Birker £40, the yearly interest to 
 be distributed in bread on Easter even; John Uartley, 
 of Church-house, in 1733, to the poor of Eskdale £10; 
 — Tidy, prior to 1715, left to the poor of Birker 
 £7 10s.; Edward Hartley, of Spout House, in 1752, 
 left to the poor of Eskdale and Birker £20 ; some 
 person or persons unknown left to the poor of Eskdale 
 and Birker £20; in ITJo the trustees deducted from 
 the interest to increase the principal £2 10s. ; total, 
 £100. Bilker, the place mentioned above, is in the 
 chapelry of Eskdale, but is no part of that township, as 
 it forms, with Austhwaite, a hamlet in the parish of 
 Millom. Half of tho interest is given away the first 
 Sunday after Easter, by the minister and chapel wardens 
 of Eskdale and Birker, amougst poor householders of 
 Eskdale, and the other half amongst poor householders 
 of Birker and .A.usthwaite. The money is not given te 
 any person who has received parochial relief in the 
 course of the year. The name of every person who has 
 received tliis charity, with the sum given, has been 
 entered regulai'ly in the chapel book, at least from tha 
 year 1751. 
 
 School. — It is inscribed on tho tablet of benefactions 
 above-mentioned that Edmund Wilson of Gillbank, prior 
 to 1723, left by will to Eakdale School £M0. Edward 
 Hartley of Spout House, in 1762, left to the said school 
 £30, the yearly interest thereof " for the use of the 
 schoolmaster in Eskdale, who should teach poor children 
 in Eskdale free." The sums of £7 and £1, arising 
 from savings during a vacancy in the school, have been 
 added to the principal. The interest of tills money is 
 regularly paid to the teacher of the school. 
 
 WASDALE HEAD. 
 
 Wasdale Head is a joint township with Eskdale, and 
 contains an area of 7,000 acres. The population till 
 l!?4l was returned with Eskdale: iu that yeai' it was 
 35, and iu 1851, 47, inhabiting seven houses. Iron ore 
 has been found here, but has not beeu worked since 
 1855. The township possesses a bobbin manulkctoij, 
 a woollen mauufactury, and a corn-milL 
 
 ' Tliii i^nlleman was blinii for twrntj years heton his dtemte, 
 yet (liiriii^ tliat tiiiif Itc pn-echrd niiil perfnrmrd every luinistorial 
 >liuy, villi ilie exccpiiua of ruuliug Uie psaluia aud Icssuus, nUich 
 «ei« read by bis son.
 
 436 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 Wnsdalo Head form'! part of the manor of Eskdale, 
 belonging to General Wyudham. Mr. John Denton 
 informs us that Wasdalo was a place full of red deer ; 
 " the inheritance of the Earls of Xorthumbcrkind ; and 
 before the Lucys' lands being parcel of their third part 
 of the barony of Egremout, which Thomas Lucy got 
 with his wife Margaret, one of the daughters and co- 
 heirs of John Moulton, last of that name, baron of 
 Egremont." In 1378 an inquisition was taken, from 
 which we subjoin the following particulars relating to 
 Wasdale Head:—" The tenants of Wasdale Head hold 
 a great parcel of the lord's waste called forest male, 
 being (as they alledge) a common only proper to them- 
 selves, and render per annum 17s." The same docu- 
 ment also gives the " sum total of the rents in Wasdale 
 Head " at £7 7s. ; and it further informs us that "then 
 hath been (and also is at this day) paid unto the said 
 earl heriots at the several deaths of every tenant in 
 Nether Wasdale, Mitenlale, and Wasdale Head, which 
 custom continueth. There is yearly paid unto the 
 Queen's [Elizabeth] majesty, out of one common in 
 Wasdale Head, called forest male, Ss. 4d.'' The 
 chapelries of Wasdale Head, Nether Wasdale, and 
 Eskdale, adjoin each other, and form a mountainous 
 region of about forty square miles. Green tell us that 
 the vale of Wasdale Head is fruitful, and if divested of 
 its stone walls and better planted would truly be a 
 pastoral paradise ; all its inhabitants are shepherds, 
 and live at the feet of the most stupendous mountains. 
 Hutchinson tells us that in his time one of the land- 
 owners, whose name was Fletcher, derived " the family 
 possessions here from a course of not less than 700 
 years." 
 
 The small hamlet of Wasdale Head is situated at the 
 head of Wastwater, twelve miles north-east of Raven- 
 glass, and fourteen miles cast-by-soulh of Egremont, 
 and consists of the cliapel, a few scattered homesteads, 
 and a school. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 AVasdale Head Chapel is a small unpretending struc- 
 ture, containing only eight pews, and unprovided with 
 a burial-ground, the dead being interred at the chapel 
 of Nether Wasdale. It was certified to the governors 
 of Queen Anne's Bounty as of the annual value of £3, 
 and to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners at £19 ; the 
 Clergy List gives its present value at £80 a year. The 
 tithes belong to Edward Stanley, Esq., of Ponsonby. 
 The benefice is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of 
 the Earl of Lonsdale. The registers commence in 1721. 
 The Rev. Joseph Kitchen is the present incumbent, 
 being appointed in 1819. 
 
 Boot is a hamlet in this township, seven miles east- 
 
 north-east of Ravenglass ; a fair is held here on the 
 2nd of September. Gatehouse Green is another ham- 
 let five miles north-east of the same placo. ^litcrdale 
 is a beautiful glen, lying between the screes and the 
 hills on the north side of Eskdale. It contains a few 
 farmhouses, seven miles north-east of Ravenglass. 
 
 On a stone near Buck Crag are the impressions of 
 the foot of a man, a boy, and a dog, whicli appear to 
 be the work of nature. Doe Crag and Earn Crag are 
 two remarkable precipices, the former being 480 feet 
 in perpendicular height, and the latter 31J0 feet. 
 Bummoor Tarn is in this township. 
 The aggregation of mountains, called collectively 
 Scawfell, which stand at the head of Wasdale, in this 
 township, form four several summits bearing separate 
 names. The most southerly of the four is Scawfell, 
 3,100 feet high ; the next is Scawfell Pike, 3,100 feet; 
 Lingmell, of considerably lower elevation, is more to 
 the west, forming a sort of buttress for the support of 
 the loftier heights; and Great End is the advanced 
 guard on the north, having its aspect towards Borrow- 
 dale. The whole mass is composed of hard dark slate. 
 The Pike is the highest summit in England, and is 
 marked as such by a staff set up on a pile of stones by 
 the ordnance surveyors. The summit is bare of every- 
 thing that grows, except moss. Not a blade of grass is 
 to be seen; and, such being the case, it follows that 
 the herdsman and shepherd have never to come here 
 after their charge. Blocks and inclined planes of slate 
 rock compose the peak. With regard to the view from 
 it, we cannot do better than transciibe portions of that 
 Letter to a Friend which Wordsworth published many 
 years ago, and which is the best account we have of the 
 greatest mountain e.xcursion in England. The weather 
 was, however, unusual. The guide said, when on the 
 summit, " I do not know that in my whole life I was 
 ever, at any season of the year, so high upon the moun- 
 tains on so calm a day." It was the 7tli of October. 
 " On the summit of the Pike," says the letter, " which 
 we gained after much toil, though without difficulty, 
 there was not a breath of air to stir even the papers 
 containing our refreshment, as they lay spread out 
 upon a rock. The stillness seemed to be not of this 
 world. We paused and kept silence, to listen, and no 
 sound could be beard. The Scawfell cataracts were 
 voiceless to us, and there was not an insect to hum in 
 the air. The vales which we had seen from Esk Hause 
 lay yet in view; and, side by side with Eskdale, we 
 now saw the sister vale of Donnerdalc, terminated by 
 the Duddon Sands. But the majesty of the mountains 
 below, and close to us, is not to be conceived. We now 
 beheld the whole mass of Great Gable from its base, the
 
 HENSINGHAM CHAPELRY. 
 
 437 
 
 Den of Wasdalc at our feet — a gulf immeasurable; Gras- 
 mire, and the other mouutains of Crummock; Enner- 
 dale and its mountains ; and the sea bc^'oud ! . . . 
 While wc were gazing around, 'Look,' I exclaimed, 'at 
 yon ship upon the glittering sea!' 'Is it a ship?' re- 
 plied our shepherd guide. 'It can be nothing else,' 
 interposed my companio«; 'I cannot be mistaken, I 
 am 80 accustomed to the appearance of ships at sea.' 
 The guide dropped the argument; but, before a miuute 
 was gone, he quietly said, 'Now look at your ship— it 
 is changed into a horse!' So it was — a horse with a 
 gallant neck and head. We laughed heartily; and I 
 hope, when again inclined to be positive, I may remem- 
 ber the ship and the horse upon the glittering sea, and 
 the calm confidence, yet submissiveness, of our wise 
 man of the mountains, who certiiiily had more know- 
 ledge of the clouds than we, whatever might be our 
 knowledge of ships. I know not how long we might 
 have remained on the summit of the l^iko, without a 
 thought of moving, had not our guide warned us that 
 we must not linger, for a storm was coming. We 
 
 looked in vain to espy the signs of it. Jlountains, 
 vales, and sea, were touched with the clear hght of the 
 sun. ' It is there! ' said he, pointing to the sea beyond 
 Whitehaven; and there we perceived a light vapour, 
 unnociceable but by a shepherd accustomed to watch 
 all mountain bodings. We gazed around again, and 
 yet again, unwilling to lose the remembrance of what 
 lay before us in that mountain solitude, and then pre- 
 pared to depart. Meanwhile the air changed to cold, 
 and we saw that tiny vapour swelled into mighty masses 
 of cloud, which came boiling over the mountains. 
 Great Gable, Helvellyn, and Skiddaw were wrapped in 
 storm, yet Langdale and the mountains in that quarter 
 remained all bright in sunshine. Soon the storm 
 reached us. We sheltered under a crag; and, almost 
 as rapidly as it had come, it passed away, and left us 
 free to observe the struggles of gloom and sunshine in 
 other quarters. Langdale had now its share ; and the 
 Pikes of Langdale were decorated by two splendid rain- 
 bows. Before we again reached Esk Hause, every 
 cloud had vanished from every summit." 
 
 HENSINGHAM 
 
 This chapelry is bounded on the north by Weddicar and 
 detached portion of Sandwith township ; on the south by 
 Egremont, and township of St. Bees ; and on the east by 
 Hensinghara only. There are numerous gentlemen's seats. 
 
 The area of Ilensingham township is 956 acres, and 
 its rateable value £4,290. The number of inhabitants 
 in 1801 was 590; in 1811, 8-20; in 18-21. 800; in 
 1831, 936; in 1811, 1,019; and in 1851, 1,330. 
 
 The earliest recorded possessor of the manor of Hen- 
 singham is one Gillesbeuth, whose sons, Roger and 
 William, granted to the abbey of St. JIary at York two 
 bovates of land here. The tenants appear to have been 
 included in this grant. Other authorities inform us 
 that Alan, son of Ketcl, at the instance of Chrislian, 
 his wife, gave millstones to the abbot and monks of 
 Holme Cultram out of his lands at Ilensingham. The 
 Moresby family appear to have hold land here. In the 
 reign of Edward I. we find a moiety of the ninnor held 
 of Adam de Moresby by the Branthwaitcs. l''rom the 
 last-named family this moiety descended to the Whitrigs, 
 lords of Little Bampton, from whom it passed by mar- 
 riage to the Skeltons of Brauthwaite, who in the reign 
 
 CHArELRY. 
 
 Moresby ; on the west by Preston Quarter and a small 
 
 the extra-parochial district of Low Keekle, ' parish of 
 
 Frisingtou and Cleator. It comprises the township of 
 
 of Henry VI. held it of the abbey of St. Mark at York, 
 by the fourth part of a knight's fee. It was purchased 
 of the Skeltons by the Salkelds of Brayton, whose co- 
 heiresses, about the year 1088, sold it to Sir Wilfrid 
 Lawson, in whoso family it continued till the year 
 1748, when it was purchased by Anthony Benn, Esq. 
 Subsequent to this a dispute arose concerning the manor 
 between the Benns and the Lowthcr family, which was 
 terminated by the purchase of the share held by the 
 former, and the manor has since been held by the suc- 
 cessive Earls of Lonsdale. The principal landowners 
 are the Eail of Lonsdale ; F. L. B. Dykes, Esq. ; MHJor 
 Spedding; Anthony B. Steward, Esq. ; A. Thompson, 
 Esq. ; George Harrison, Esq. ; Daniel Bell, Esq. ; 
 Charles Dean, Esq.; General Scott; Mrs. Isabella 
 Milward ; and Captain Walker. 
 
 The village of Ilensingham is about a mile south- 
 cast of Whitehaven. It stands ou elevated ground. 
 
 ' I^w Keekle is an extra paroctiial pineo contnininj nbonl lliirlj-ninc arres, the properly of Charles Dean, Eiq. Il u boandcd on iLc north 
 ly Ilensiiiighniu, on the souiU aud west by Egreuiout, and ou ibo east by Cleator.
 
 438 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 commanJiiig a gool vinw of the town and harbour of 
 Whitehaven, aud contains many good houses and 
 detached mausiuns. 
 
 THB CHAl'EL. 
 
 Hensingham chapel, dedicated to St. John, is a neat 
 stone structure, iu the Early English style. It contains 
 about 1,000 sittings, 100 of which are free and unappro- 
 priated. It possesses au endowment valued at £100 per 
 annum, arising from an estate given by the Earl of 
 Lonsdale, aud is worth about CI "2(1 a year. The bene- 
 fice is a perpetual curacy in the patronage of the lord 
 of the manor. The registers commence in 1811. 
 
 Incumbents. — Charles Church, 1811; George Whitehead, 
 IS17; Robert Whitehead, 1832; J. M. Lowther, 1851. 
 
 There is a Wesleyan chapel, a neat stone building, 
 erected in 1856, situated in Marina Terrace. 
 
 The parochial school was erected by subscription and 
 a grant of £55 from the National Society, in 1851, on 
 the site of the old one, at a cost of £470. It is a good 
 building, containing rooms for boys and girls, capable 
 of accommodating 200 children. There is a teacher's 
 house attached. The school is supported by the chil- 
 dren's payments, aided by subscriptions. 
 
 Hensingham Hall, situated in the village, is a large 
 building belonging to the Earl of Lonsdale, now divided 
 into two dwelling-houses. 
 
 Hensingham has the honour of being the birth-place 
 of Archbishop Griudal, who was born here in 1510. 
 He filled the sees of York, London, and Canterbury, 
 and founded the Grammar School of St. Bees. He 
 died in 1583. 
 
 The seats in this township are — Ingwell, F. L. B. 
 Dykes, Esq., situated three miles south-south-east of 
 Wbitehaven ; ' Linethwaite, George Harrison, Esq.; 
 Chapel House, Anthony B. Steward, Esq. ; Summer- 
 grove, Major Spedding; HoUins, Mrs. Bell; The 
 Cross, Anthony Thompson, Esq. ; Kichmond Hill, 
 Mrs. Isabella Milward. All these residences, with 
 the cjtception of the two first named, are from one aud 
 a half to two miles of Whitehaven. 
 
 Sjrcbbing of Sunmurgrobc. 
 
 This family, which came originally from Ireland, was 
 afterwards resident for some generations in Scodand. 
 The first who settled in Cumberland, about the year 
 1685, was 
 
 Edward Speddino, who married Sarah Carlisle, a co-heiress, 
 and had issue, 
 
 I. JOHN.bigh-sheriff of Cumberland in the year 1758,from whom 
 ' See DoTCnby for an account of the Dykes family. 
 
 Iiave de.sceuded the Spsddings of ArmiUhwaite Hall aud 
 
 Mirehousc. 
 
 II. George. in. Lancelot. iv. Cablislk. 
 
 And two daughters. 
 
 The fourth son, 
 
 Carlisle Speddixg, mamed Sarah, daughter of Edward and 
 Jane Towerson, aud had issue, 
 
 I. John, who died young, i 
 
 II. .Ia.mes. 
 
 111. Thomas, in holy orders. 
 
 And two duuglitets. • 
 
 The eldest surviving son, 
 
 James Speddino, married, Istly, Mary, daughter of Henry 
 Todd, of St. Bues, by whom he bad a duughter, Elizabeth, 
 married to Peter John Heywood, of the Numicry, Isle of Man, 
 one of his majesty's deemsters for that island ; and, 2ndly, 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas aud Lucy Harrington, of Carlisle, 
 a descendant of the ancient family of ilairiugton' of Ilarring- 
 ton, by whom he bad issue, 
 
 I. James Spkddino, present representative of the family. 
 u. Carlisle, lieiKcnunt colonel in the army, who ser\'<'d as captain 
 iu the till KiKiuieut of Uragimns, under ibe Duiie of Wel- 
 lington, in 8piiin and Purtuga], during n(*aily the whole of 
 tiltj Peninsular war, was ])resent at most of the actions and 
 sieves, anil was iiUten pnsoiar at the baiile of Albuera, iu 
 IHll. He married Sarah, daugbler of Hugh Parkin, Esq., 
 of SkirsgiU House, Cumbeiland, and has issue, 
 
 Carlisle Harrington, an officer in ILM.'s fiOth Regiment. 
 Sarah EUzabetli. 
 
 I Sariib, married to Baldwin Wake, M.D., son of Drnry Wake, 
 
 Ksc]., formerly of the ITdi Dragoons, and nephew to Sir 
 
 Wiilrain Wake, Bart., of Courleen Ilall, Nortbaniptnusbire. 
 
 IL Anne, married to Charles Wake, M.D., brotlier of the above 
 
 Dr. Wake, ami died iu 18it. 
 
 III. Elizabeth, married to John Cowham Parker, Esq^., of Hull. 
 
 On Mr. Spodding's decease, he, was succeeded by his son, 
 
 James Speddino, Esq., of Summergrove, co. Cumberland, 
 J.P. and D.L., late captain iu the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards, 
 and major of the Royal Westmoreland Militia, born 13lh Octo- 
 ber, 1779. He served in the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards, on 
 the continent, under General Sir Ralph Abercrombie and his 
 Royal Iligliness the Duke of Yorlc, and in the MediteiTanean, 
 under General Sir John Moore, and was severely wounded in 
 the engagement on the 2nd of October, 1799, near Egmout-op- 
 Zee, in North Holland. He married, 15th November, 1808, 
 Mary Dykes, daughter of Lawson Dykes Ballantyne, E.sq., of 
 Oockermouth, aud Crookdale Hall, in the same shire, and has 
 issue, 
 
 I. James, caiUain Royal Westmoreland Militia, bom 2.'ith Octo- 
 ber, IslO, married Emily, youngest daughter (hy his second 
 wife, JuhaCoimre^^s Spytecka) of ilie Hon. William Frederick 
 Wyiidham, fourth sou of Charles Eiu"! of Egremout, aud died 
 in B'raucp, October ti, 18.J1, leaving issue. 
 
 ' The branch of the Harrington family by which the above Eliza- 
 beth Hairiugton is descended, settled at an early period iu Cartmell, 
 in Furness. co. Lancaster, where, after residing some generations, 
 Thomas Harrington became atliuuted in the rebellion of Martin 
 Swartz, and Henry VII., aud lost his lands in Caitmell by forfeiture, 
 dying without issue. His nephew, Thomas Harrington, dwelt at 
 Wollay, or Wooloak, in Cumberland, and died in 1.542, leaving a son, 
 James Harrington, who married Grace, daughter of Lancelot Lan- 
 caster, of Sockliridge, from the issue of which marriage the above 
 Elizabeth Harrington is desceudeil; and tliis branch may be con- 
 sidered extinct, by the death, iu 18136, of her first cotlsiu, Sobert 
 Harrington, U.D., of CarUsIe.
 
 NETHER WASDALE CHAPELKY. 
 
 439 
 
 1. James Wyndham Harrington Percjy, bom 18Ui April, 
 
 lN.li». 
 
 2. Carlisle James Scott, bom 23r(l June, 1852. 
 
 1. Marr Jrnie Hamilton, married to Mirk Ilildeslcy Qnayle, Esq., 
 <>r CnsdetowD, in the Isle of Man, clerk of tlie toUa of ikat 
 island. 
 
 n. Sarah Anne. 
 
 III. Klizabeth. 
 
 IT. Lacy Isabella Harrington. 
 
 T. Emily Frances Rallantine, married to Cnptnin Anhnr Wynd 
 hum, U.E.I.U.B., son oi the ubiivc Uou. VVUliaui Frederick 
 
 Wyndliam, son of Charles Earl of Egremont and his secocd 
 wife, tlie Countess ypjtecka. 
 
 Arms. — Gules, on a fesso, ergr., between three icoins, slipped, or, 
 a mural crown, between two rosea, of the field. 
 
 Crest. — Ont of a mural crown, or, a dexter arm, embowed, in 
 annour, the right baud grasping a scimitar, and the arm cliarged 
 wiih three acorns, one and two, and entwined by a branch of oak, 
 all ppr. 
 
 llolto. — Utile dolci. 
 
 NETHER WASDALE CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chtipelry is bounded on the north by the extra-pnrocliial district of Copeland Forest and Ennerdale; on the 
 east by Kskdale and Wasdalo ; on tlie west by Gosforth ; and on the south by Irtou. There is also a small detached 
 portion of this township, nearly half a mile distant southwards, surrounded by Irton, Eskdale, and Wasdale. It 
 comprises the township of Nether Wasdale, which includes the romantic lake of Wastwater. 
 
 The area of Xother Wasdale is 10,0(10 acres, and its 
 rateahle value £000 lOs. The number of inhabitants in 
 1801 was 137; in 1811, 159; in 1851,211; in 1831, 
 185; in 1841, 203; and in 1851, '200. An inquisition 
 taken in 1578 informs us that the tenants of Nether 
 Wasdale pay yearly, for the freedom of tolls in all the 
 markets and fairs in Copeland, a certain custom called 
 door-toll, viz., for every'teneraent or householder's door 
 2d., which at that period amounted to 7s. At the same 
 date the sum total of the rents of the tenantsat-will in 
 Nether Wasdale amounted to £5 9s. 6d. TLe manorial 
 rights arc vested in General AVyndham. The land- 
 owners are Stansfield Rawson, Esq., Messrs. Robert 
 Fletcher, Isaac Coal bank, Joseph Porter, William 
 Nicholson, the trustees of the late William Tyson, 
 John Coalbank, John Jackson, Isaac Taylor, John 
 Millar, Tlenry Mossop, the trustees of the late Dr. 
 Whiltaker, Joseph Jackson, John and Henry Nichol- 
 son, and Miss Ann Wasdale. 
 
 Wasdale Hall, the beautiful scat of the late Stansfield 
 Rawson, Esq., is now the property of his trustees. 
 
 For a full description of Wastwater, which is in 
 this township, see page .Vt. 
 
 Nether Wasdale is at the foot of Wastwater, about 
 nine miles north-cast-by-north of Egremont. A sheep 
 fair is held here on the first Monday in September. 
 
 The chapel of Nether Wasdale is about ten miles 
 distant fioiu the mother church of St. liees. It is 
 an ancient edifice, in a ml\ed style of architecture, 
 with n bell gable containing two bells. Internally it 
 consists of a uavc, chaucel, and one aisle, tlie latter 
 
 being added a few years ago, at the expense of the 
 late Stansfield Rawson, Esq. The chancel contains 
 two handsome marble tablets to the memory of mem- 
 bers of the Rawson family. The font, which is of 
 stone, and handsomely carved, was erected in 1855, 
 at the expense of Mrs. Rawson. The chapel was 
 certified to the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty at 
 £5 per annum, and in 1835 was returned as of the 
 annual value of £00. The living is a perpetual curacy 
 ill the patronage of the incumbent of St. Bees, and in 
 the impropriation of Edward Stanley, Esq., of Ponsonby, 
 whose ancestor purchase 1 the tithes from Sir Thomas 
 Challoner, to whom they had been granted on the disso- 
 lution of the priory of St. Bees. The registers com- 
 mence in 1711. The Rev. Frederick Lipscomb, M.A., 
 is the present incumbent. 
 
 The parish school is a very neat building, erected by 
 the late S. Rawson, Esq. It is supported by the 
 children's quarter pence. There is also a Sunday- 
 school held in the building. 
 
 IH.MUTV. 
 
 Donnr Uiihiotrn. — There was in this township th« 
 sum of £20, the interest of which was given away to 
 poor householders. It is not known from what source 
 this money wa.« derived. In the year 177;l al>out four 
 acres of land in Hallow Bank t^iuarter, in Kentmcre, in 
 Westmoreland, were purchased for £47 10s., of which 
 £27 was the sum above-mentioned, and £20 10s. was 
 money belonging to the ehapelry of Nether Wa-sdale : 
 and it was subsequently ogreed that .L'l Os. (Id. should 
 be paid out of the rents to the curate of Nether Wasdale, 
 and the residue for the use of the poor.
 
 440 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DEUWENT WARD. 
 
 WHITEHAVEN. 
 
 The township of Wliitehaven comprises an area of 
 267 acres, ami its rateable value is £27,487 6s. Id. 
 The population in 1801 was 8,749; in 1811, 10,100; 
 in 1821, 12,438; in 1831, 11,393;' in 1841, 11,854; 
 and in 1^*01, 14,1 00. 
 
 The manor of Whitehaven formerly belonged to the 
 priory of St. Bees. On the dissolution of the religious 
 houses the manor was taken possession of by the crown. 
 It was subsequently purchased, in his father's lifetime, 
 by Sir Christopher Lowther, second son of Sir John 
 Lowther, 'of Lowther in Westmoreland, who erected a 
 mansion near the town for his own residence. lie was 
 created a baronet in 1042, and died in 1044. Sir 
 John, his son, removed his residence to the site of 
 "the Castle," which is now the seat of the Earl of 
 Lonsdale. Sir James, second son of Sir John, being 
 the fourth and last baronet of this branch, died without 
 issue, in 1755,= and was succeeded in his estates at 
 Whitehaven by Sir James Lowther, Bart., who in 
 1784 was created Earl of Lonsdale. By a subsequent 
 patent in 1797 he was created Viscount Lowther of 
 Whitehaven, with remainder to the heirs male of the 
 Rev. Sir William Lowther, Bart., of Swillington. The 
 earl dying without issue in 1802, was succeeded in the 
 title of Viscount Lowther by Sir William Lowther, 
 Bart, eldest son of Sir William above mentioned, to 
 whom he bequeathed almost the whole of bis princely 
 fortune. Whitehaven passed under the will of Sir 
 James Lowther, who died in 1735. William Viscount 
 Lowther was in 1S07 created Earl of Lonsdale; and, 
 dying March 10th, 1844, was succeeded by his son, the 
 present Earl of Lonsdale, who is lord of the manor of 
 Whitehaven.' 
 
 Whitehaven Castle,' the Earl of Lonsdale's seat at 
 Whitehaven, and where he occasionally resides, is a 
 large quadrangular building, pleasantly situated near 
 the south-eastern entrance of the town. The principal 
 portion was erected by James, first earl of Lonsdale. 
 The castle is surrounded by a fine lawn, with pleasure- 
 grounds and ornamental gardens. The front, which is 
 towards the town, has a handsome appearance. In the 
 
 ' This decrease of population is attributed to the absence of 800 
 seamen in vessels. 
 
 2 He was interred at Trinity Church, Whitehaven, where there is 
 a nioiiuinent to his memory. 
 
 ' A full account of the Lowther family will be found in the history 
 of Lowther, at a subsequent page. 
 
 * This mansion, desciibed by Mr. T. Denton, in ICSM, as "a stately 
 new pile of building called the Flatt," was then made the manor- 
 house. The former manor house had been at the west end of the 
 town, at the foot of the rock. — Denton's MS. 
 
 entrance hall is a Roman altar and a ccnturial stone, 
 the former of which was found at Ellenborough, and is 
 said to be the largest discovered in Britain, being no 
 loss than five feet in height. It is described at page 
 323, and the inscription given. The conturial stone 
 was found at Moresby, by the llev. George B. Wilkin- 
 son, who presented it to the Earl of Lonsdale. It has 
 this inscription : — 
 
 IMP CAK3 Of the emperor Ciesar 
 
 Tii.iis HADRi Trajanus Hadri- 
 
 ANi AUG r.p. amis Augustus, father of his country 
 
 LEO. .\x vv. The tweutieth legion, the valiant and victorious. 
 
 The staircase and apartments of the castle contain 
 several fine paintings by eminent masters, among 
 which wo may mention the Marriage at Cana, by 
 Tintoretto; Uero and Lcander, by Guide; and fine 
 large groups of animals, by Snyders. Among the 
 family portraits are those of William, late earl of 
 Lonsdale, in his robes, by Hoppncr; Sir Christopher 
 Lowther, first baronet ; Sir William Lowther, fourth 
 baronet ; James, first earl of Lonsdale ; Mrs. Hannah 
 Lowther, of Marskc, who died in 1757, aged 103 years; 
 and some others. 
 
 THE nOROUGU OP WHITEHAVEN. 
 
 This market town, sea port, and parliamentary bo- 
 rough is situated on a level inlet between rocky and 
 precipitous cliffs, in 54° 33' north latitude, and 3° 35' 
 west longitude. It is distant thirty-eight miles south- 
 west from Carlisle, 294 miles north north-west from 
 London by road, and 340 miles by the North-Western 
 and connected railways, via Carlisle. Its population 
 in 1831 was 18,910, of whom 8,898 were males and 
 10,018 females, inhabiting 3,027 houses; 152 houses 
 being uninhabited and nineteen in course of erection. 
 
 The town of Whitehaven, like that of Maryport, is 
 of comparative modern dale. Its buildings are without 
 antiquity. Its histo y extends over little more than 
 two centuries. In the time of Elizabeth it was a small 
 fishing village, consisting of about si.K or seven houses, 
 and was of so little consequence that Camden does not 
 notice it. It contributed a vessel of ten tons to the 
 fleet raised to meet the Spanish Armada. It is close 
 upon two hundred years since the first step was taken 
 which led to Whitehaven attaining its present impor- 
 tance. In 1060 Sir John Lowther procured a grant 
 of such lands as had belonged to the monastery of St. 
 Bees, and still continued in the crown, for he had con- 
 ceived a project of extending the collieries in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Whitehaven. In 1G78 a further grant of
 
 THE BOROUGH OF WHITEHAVEN. 
 
 441 
 
 land (about 150 acres) was obtained, consisting of all 
 the derelict land lying between high and low water-mark 
 for some distance in the vicinity of the harbour. These 
 things being accomplished, Sir John commenced his 
 great work, and lived to see the small, obscure village 
 of a few thatched cottages, grow up into a thriving 
 and populous town, which in 109.3 contained 2,9'23 in- 
 habitants. The founder of the prosperity of Whitehaven 
 died in 170.'), his second son succeeding to the estates, 
 and about 17'25 to the title, on the decease of Sir Chris- 
 topher, the eldest son, who had been disinherited. By 
 prosecuting with zeal his father's plans, extending the 
 operations of the collieries, and improving the harbour, 
 he caused such an influx of trade and such an increase 
 of population, that at his death, in 17.55, the town is 
 said to have contained about 11,000 inhabitants; the 
 shipping of the port having increased, between that 
 period and 1085, from forty-six vessels carrying 1.871 
 tons burden, to SCO sail of nearly 30,000 tons. We 
 are told that in 1785 Whitehaven contained nearly 
 17,000 inhabitants. Acts of Parliament for improving 
 the town and harbour of Whitehaven were passed in 
 1708 and 1711; another act, for making the former 
 more efToctual and repairing the roads leading to the 
 town, passed in 1710. The increasing importance of 
 the town seems to have been well known at tiiis period. 
 A few years afterwards, in 1778, it was visited by the 
 American privateer, Paul Jones, who with about thirty 
 men from his ship, the Ratvjcr, set fire to three of the 
 ships in the harbour, with the intention of destroying 
 the whole number. He was, however, betrayed by one 
 of his crew, who fled into the town and alarmed 
 tho inhabitants. This becoming known to Jones and 
 his companions, they retreated to their ship, having first 
 spiked all the guns in one of the batteries. Tliis descent 
 of the American privateer caused the inhabitants to put 
 the harbour in a proper state of defence, at a cost of 
 JE857, which they subscribed for the purpose. Siuco 
 the visit of Paul Jones much has been done for the 
 improvemont of Whitehaven, whiLh will be found fully 
 noticed in our account of tho harboilr, kc. We can 
 only say here that tho town is well built ; most >f the 
 streets are broad and straight, intersecting each other 
 at right angles, and since tiie iron oro of the surround- 
 ing district has been brought for shipment by railway, 
 are kept in a tolembly good condition. The houses are 
 chiefly built of stone, and roofed with blue slate, and 
 some of tlie public buildings are iiandsome and spacious 
 Structures. Tho principal npproacii to the town is on 
 the north side, by a fine spacious road of gradual descent, 
 between two eminences, the banks on one .sido being 
 liiid out as gardcua and the other overshadowed with 
 
 trees. The entrance to the town is by a fine arch, 
 of freestone, with a rich entablature, oruaraeuted with 
 the arms of the Lowther family. This arch was erected 
 as a viaduct from the colliery to the harbour, but since 
 the construction of the railways its use is entirely orna- 
 mental. 
 
 Whitehaven owes its present proud position amongst 
 the towns of Cumberland to the coal trade, and such 
 being the case we will first take a short review of that 
 branch of industry. On tlio first attempt to work coal 
 near Whitehaven, a level or water course was driven 
 from the bottom of the valley, near the Pow Beck, tiU 
 it intersected a seam of coal, known as the "Bannock 
 Band," and drained a considerable field of coal, which 
 was drawn out of pits from tsventy to sixty yards deep. 
 After this, another level was driven westward, from near 
 the farm-house called Thicket, across the seam called 
 the Main Band. This level also effectually drained a 
 large bed of coal, which was raised from the pits by 
 means of windlasses, and tlieu cirried to the ships oa 
 the backs of galloways, in packs of fourteen stones each. 
 A later attempt to get coals here was made at the Ginns, 
 where both the coil and water were drawn from the pits 
 by means of horses and vertical machines, called ginns, 
 a name that has since been bjrne by the populous suburb 
 which has arisen upon the spot. The employment of 
 horses in pumping water from the mines was super- 
 seded by the steam-engine, which was introduced into 
 Whitehaven by Sir James Lowther, and tho town is 
 said to have possessed the second machine of the kind 
 erected in England. Another powerful engine wjis 
 subsequently erected near the Ginns, and by this means 
 the drainage of a considerable extent of coal was etTectcd. 
 The Parker pit was afterwards opened, and a tramway, 
 or railway, for the more easy passage of coal waggons 
 was extended from it to the harbour staith. Another 
 pit, abjut I '20 feet deep, was sunk at Silton about tho 
 year 1711, and this was followed by the Ilowgill and 
 Whingill collieries, the former situated to the south- 
 west of tho town, and the latter to the north-east. 
 Tliey have both been very successful. There are in 
 the neighbourhood of Whitehaven four collieries, which, 
 so to say, belong to tho port. Three of these are the 
 property of the Earl of Lonsdale ; but two, those known 
 as the " Whitehaven C.dlieries," will alone dem.ind out 
 attention in this place. Tiieso collieries consist of tho 
 " William" and the " WcIlington"pit3. The former is 103 
 fathoms in depth. There are three seams of coal worked ; 
 tho " Bannock Band," about live and a half .<"eet thick; 
 the " Main Band," from nine to ten feet thick: and the 
 " Six Quarters," or " Low Bottom,"' averages about 
 five feet in thickness. There are two engines to this
 
 442 
 
 ALLERD^tLE-ABOVE DERWENT WARD. 
 
 pit, one of seventy horse po-wer 'for raising the coal, the 
 other of 120 horse power for pumping water. The 
 number of hands emplojrd amounts to JIO, and there 
 are twenty-eight horses. The WeUington pit has two 
 shafts of 149 fathoms each. The seams are similar to 
 tliose worked in the William pit, and bear the same 
 names. Besides the seams mentioned there is another 
 called the "Yard Band," which has not been worked for 
 some time. The Wellington pit also possesses two engines 
 of si.xty and forty-eight horse power re>!poctivcly. It is 
 worked by 034 hands and forty-eight horses. When 
 these pits are in full work, they together produce nearly 
 1,000 tons of coal per day. The workings extend in a 
 north-westerly direction about a mile under the bed of 
 the sea. The Salton pit is now used only for pumping 
 from the Wellington, and the James pit serves as a 
 furnace shaft. In connexion with these pits there are 
 sixteen coke ovens. The buildings in connection with 
 the Whitehaven collieries are, we believe, unique. Near 
 to the noble West Pier, the attention of every stranger 
 is attracted by the appearance of a scries of towers and 
 castellated erections, of a style of architecture, magnifi- 
 cence of design and execution, rarely to be seen, present- 
 ing the appearance, seaward, of extensive fortifications. 
 In relation to the shipment of the coal, a great im- 
 provement has been effected, by the removal of the old 
 unsightly hurries which formerly stood on the south side 
 of the harbour, and the substitution in their stead of a 
 substantial iron roadway, supported by pillars, with close 
 iron hurries, for delivering coals into the vessels; thus 
 opening a good access to the baths, and to the un- 
 equalled promenade on the West Pier, and its spacious 
 parapet, where a walk of nearly a quarter of a mile 
 direct out to sea from the old quay is afforded. The 
 first iron hurry was erected here in 1837. On the 
 north wall the coals arc lowered to the ship's hatch- 
 ways by an hydraulic arrangement, invented by the late 
 Mr. Matthewson, some time engineer to Messrs. Tulk 
 and Ley. The coals are dropped from a waggon into 
 a box supported by an unseen rod, which, on turning 
 a tap, is permitted to descend, by forcing water from 
 a cylinder below into an ornamental tank placed on 
 columns over the waggon ; wheu the coals are allowed to 
 fall into the hold, the wat:r, again descending, raises 
 the empty box. On the south of the harbour various 
 mechanical devices are in operation for returning the 
 empty waggons by the descent of the laden ones ; and 
 an air cylinder is applied as an effectual break on the 
 steep inclined plane. In the history of the coal trade 
 we find a few incidents worth notice. One is the seiid- 
 ing of firedamp, as is called, enclosed in bladders to the 
 Eoyal Society, in 1733, for examination by the learned 
 
 chemists who then held their meetings in Crano Conrt 
 And about the middle of last century 'Mr. Spedding. 
 colliery agent, lighted his office with gas led from the 
 pits by pipes, and he offtjred to lay on a supply for the 
 whole town ; but his offer, as we can easily believe, 
 was not accepted. The average quantity of coal ex- 
 ported from Whitehaven from 1781 to 179d, was 80,000 
 chaldrons. For the five years ending December, 1B14, 
 100,000 waggon loads; in I8'a6, upwards of 135,000 
 chaldrons; in 1827, 114.(!il3 chaldrons of forty-eight 
 cwt. each ; in 1810, the quantity entered at the custom- 
 house for Whitehaven, Harrington, and AVorkington, 
 was 321,835 tons of coal, and 4,832 tons of culm. We 
 subjoin the statistics of the coal trade of Whitehaven 
 from 1850 to the present time: — 
 
 1 
 
 Yt»r. 
 
 Coals, 
 tous. 
 
 Calm, 
 tons. 
 
 1850 
 
 2:V,',nn-3 
 
 4,150 
 
 1801 
 
 217,201! 
 
 8,848 
 
 1852 
 
 215,.MS 
 
 C,0U4 
 
 1853 
 
 220,094 
 
 2,593 
 
 1H54 
 
 212,354 
 
 2,700 
 
 1S55 
 
 aoj,?.^ 
 
 1, (■<■■••> 
 
 185(i 
 
 2II7,«46 
 
 775 
 
 1857 
 
 197,4wO 
 
 1,400 
 
 1858 
 
 1 
 
 170,507 
 
 778 
 
 Having thus given a rapid resume of the principal 
 trade of the town, we will call attention to the hematite 
 iron ore, for which the Whitehaven district is famous. 
 A full account of this mineral will be found at page 70, 
 with the statistics of the iron trade of the county. 
 The total quantity of iron ore shipped from W^hite- 
 haven in 1852, was 84,900 tons; in 1853, 115,731 
 tons; in 1854, 145,520 tons were shipped; and 
 40,785 tons, 12 cwt, passed over the Whitehaven 
 Junction railway, for use in the iron furnaces of 
 Northumberland and Durham ; in 1855, the quantity 
 shipped amounted to 129,409 tons; in 1850, 152,875 
 tons were shipped, 05,075 sent away by rail, and 
 89,017 tons were used at the iron-works in the dis- 
 trict ; in 1857, the total quantity shipped amounted 
 to 193,850 tons, 60,651 were sent by railway out of 
 the district, 56,511 were used at iron-works, Cleator 
 Moor, Harrington, and Seaton, and 0,800 tons vrere 
 carted from mines, making a total of .'523,812 tons; 
 in 1858, 197,905 were shipped at Whitehaven. 
 
 Shipbuilding is the next important branch of industry, 
 and is prosecuted to a considerable extent. There are 
 three shipbuilding yards, carried on by Messrs. Thomas 
 and John Brocklebank, Messrs. Lumley, Kennedy, and 
 Co., and Jfr. Hugh Williamson, employing in the
 
 THE BOEQUGH OF WHITEHAVEN. 
 
 44S 
 
 aggreg^ 30U liands. The Earl of Lonsdale has 
 crecte^*a patent slip here, which will admit four 
 Tassels of 150 tons burden, and by which vessels of 
 amy burden may be drawn out of the water into the 
 yard to be repaired. The other branches of White- 
 haven trade include manufactures of sail-cloth, checks, 
 ropes, cabinet goods, earthenware, colours, snuff and 
 tobacco, soap, candles, anchors, cables, nails, Sec. 
 
 During the progress of the trade and manufactures 
 of Whitehaven, the shipping and shipping slock of the 
 port must have proportionably increased. As early as 
 the tenth century " Wythopliaven" is named as being 
 resorted to by ships. In the twelfth century the 
 Nevilles of Riby sailed from this place to Ireland, 
 when called upon to attend the king, Heury II., in 
 his expedition to that country. In the reigu of 
 Elizabeth, when the maritime towns of England were 
 summoned to furnish vessels for the fleet then being 
 collected to defend the country against the Spanish 
 Armada, mention is made of one vessel being found at 
 Whitehaven, but whether that was the only vessel 
 belonging to the port, or the only vessel in the port, 
 wa are not informed. In the year 1772 Whitehaven 
 possessed 107 vessels; in 1790, )ilij vessels; in 1810, 
 188 vessels, with a burden of 29,312 tons; in 1822, 
 181 vessels, tonnage 20,220; in 1821, 19.5 vessels, 
 tonnage :>0,',IGU ; in I'^IO, 217 vessels, tonnage 3U,800 ; 
 in. 1846, there were 207 vessels registered at White- 
 haven, with a tonnage of about 42,000. The following 
 talile, made up from the custom-house leturns since 
 1846, exhibits the annual number of vessels, foreign 
 and coastwise, which have entered and cleared from 
 Whitehaven, the number and registei-ed tonnage of 
 vessels belonging to the port, and the amount of 
 customs duties received : 
 
 
 CAKQt'U 
 
 CAltUOCH 
 
 VKH'KUi 
 
 
 
 
 (iNWABDa ) 
 
 (OUTWAKU) 
 
 BraiATRKKD. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 '1 
 
 til 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 £ 
 
 
 it 
 
 t'()0,5I7 
 
 
 184C 
 
 ;m 
 
 HTi 
 
 10 
 
 ■21)48 
 
 :iu 
 
 :>i,r,x> 
 
 
 latT 
 
 :l( 
 
 MIS 
 
 lU 
 
 liMII-2 
 
 :)3:| 
 
 M,7hl 
 
 70,(ll« 
 
 
 1846 
 
 •u 
 
 IHU> 
 
 a 
 
 27 U 
 
 •,w 
 
 M.iiii 
 
 •i7,:l4| 
 
 
 IH4II 
 
 •ill 
 
 lU'.l 
 
 in 
 
 :JI6ll 
 
 3-.'!» 
 
 0&,70( 
 
 '•om-i 
 
 
 iNr.o 
 
 ■j;i 
 
 k:iu 
 
 1'^ 
 
 :iOni) 
 
 ■2J(I 
 
 •■I.').|-il> 
 
 ilO,:)!!) 
 
 
 1K51 
 
 40 
 
 nri-2 
 
 14 
 
 :i;t').'i 
 
 •>in 
 
 .l.t.SOH 
 
 (II, -'Jl 
 
 
 \HVi 
 
 ■ii 
 
 H74 
 
 1.' 
 
 H.\ri 
 
 •urn 
 
 :iH,570 
 
 (!■,', JON 
 
 
 lHfi8 
 
 :\2 
 
 7n5 
 
 11 
 
 .■nil') 
 
 •JHII 
 
 :K.nn 
 
 <i4,t»J1 
 
 
 IBM 
 
 :U 
 
 8ti4 
 
 IH 
 
 :toi.'> 
 
 nil 
 
 .'iU,7Ml 
 
 lilLfOO 
 
 
 . INAi 
 
 :l.% 
 
 UJH 
 
 :;i 
 
 :15H7 
 
 17-2 
 
 ■27,774 
 
 70,)«A1 
 
 
 ItlAK 
 
 •>•:» 
 
 t)l.'l 
 
 17 
 
 .-l.tui 
 
 I7;t 
 
 •.'7,U7:l 
 
 7fi.U0n 
 
 
 IH.')7 
 
 :w 
 
 iniin 
 
 P! 
 
 :t7w-,> 
 
 17.'. 
 
 •-'7,r.>7 
 
 7r,,7n7 
 
 
 IH.'.K 
 
 •JM 
 
 inu 
 
 -.!:( 
 
 :|M'J9 
 
 IHl 
 
 28,300 
 
 7;l,J6;i 
 
 
 'lt<»U 
 
 17 
 
 onn 
 
 11 
 
 MUl 
 
 
 
 IHJ.INI 
 
 
 Maryport was constituted an independent port on the 
 'Srd of February, 1842 ; and Workington with Har- 
 rington attached, on the Cih of April, 1850. The 
 decrease in the al)ove returns arises from Maryport, 
 Workington, and Harrington having been constituted 
 independent of this port, and the vessels belonging 
 to those ports struck off the list each year, as they 
 have been req^uired to bo registered de novo at their 
 own ports. 
 
 The principal imports direct are brandy, wine, hemp, 
 timber, &c. Sugar, coffee, tea, currants, raisins, 
 tobacco, wine, and spirits, &c., received coastwise under 
 bond, and also general gooJs of colonial and foreign 
 produce received coastwise duly paid, and also general 
 British goods. 
 
 The first account we have of the harbour of White- 
 haven is furnished by Mr. Denton, who tells us that a 
 pier was erected here before lUd7, which rendered the 
 harbour sufficiently commodious to contain a fleet of 
 100 sail. Two acts of Parliament, passed in the seventh 
 and eleventh years of the reign of Queeu Anne, esta- 
 blished a tonuago duty for the improvement of the 
 harbour, and in consequence many additioual works 
 were erected. In J 707 the New Quay was lengihened, 
 and in 1784 the north wall was iiuished. In 1792 
 the Old Quay was made longer. Li 1809 many other 
 improvements were carried out. Thfl new West Pier 
 was commenced in 1824, and after a labour of fifteen 
 years was completed in 1839. It is a noble work of 
 great strength, extending about 300 yards northward 
 from the West Pier, and terminates in a round head, 
 the erection of which is stated to have cost .t'30,000. 
 On this head is a lighthouse with a revolving light. 
 There is another half-tide ligluhonse on one of the inner 
 piers, and another on St. Beos Head. The new Xortli 
 Pier is also a splendid structure, finished in 1841, 
 and has a lighthouse or harbour guide. Indeed, no 
 town, perhaps, in England can boast of two such 
 splendid piers as Whitehaven ; and, taken alto- 
 gether, the harbour here is one of the largest 
 and most convenient pier harbours in the kingdom. 
 On the west and north the piers just noticed afford 
 sultieicnt protection, while six olhci-s iutersoct the 
 enclosed, and greatly facilitate the loadingand unloading 
 of vessels, and the transaction of the other business of 
 the port. The port of Whitehaven, as regulated by a 
 treasury order of March 30tli, 180O, and board's order 
 .\pril 20th of the same year, extends from tlie mid- 
 stream of the river Duddon, and three miles seaward 
 tai\ stream called Lowcu Beck, wbidi separates tho tnro 
 parishes of Moresby aud Harrington. 
 
 The guvcrumeut of the town oud horfoonr of
 
 444 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVEDEI^WENT WARD. 
 
 Whitelittven was provided for by the acts 7 Annc.c. 5, and 
 10 Atiiie, c. 3, the provisions of which were subsequently 
 amended and extended by other acts; and continued in 
 force till the present year, when a new act was passed 
 for the government of the town and harbour. As this 
 is of great importance we subjoin the act in full : 
 
 ANNO VICESIMO SECUNDO VICTOBI^K BEOIN.E. 
 
 Chap. xrv. — An Act for transferring the Government of the neic 
 Limiti of the Ilarhourof JVIiitrhaven in the cnunli/ of Cumber- 
 land to the Harbour Trusttcs; for making better Provision for 
 the F.Uctinn of Trustees; and for the Alteration of certain 
 Hales and Duties payable in respect of the sidd Harbour and 
 in the Toien of Whiultaven. [19tft April, 1859.] 
 
 Whereas by an act of Parliaitient passed in the thirty second 
 year of the reign of his majesty King George tlie Third, inti- 
 tuled "An Act for Enlarging and Improving the Harbour of 
 Whitehaven in the County of Cumberland," after reciting or 
 referring to divers acts of Parliament relative to the said harbour 
 (including an act passed in the second year of his said majesty), 
 by which acts it had, amongst other things, been enacted to the 
 effect that from and after the time therein mentioned, and long 
 since past, on every first Friday in the month of August in every 
 third year successively, fourteen persons to be chosen and ap- 
 pointed by ballot by the majority of the inhabitants of the town 
 of Whitehaven in the said county, of such description as 
 therein mentioned, together with James Earl of Lonsdale, his 
 heirs and assigns, lord of the manor of Saint Bees in the 
 county of Cumberland aforesaid, for the time being, or any 
 person deputed by him or them, and six other persons to be 
 nominated and appointed by the said James Earl of Lonsdale, 
 his heirs and assigns as aforesaid, by writing or writings under 
 his or their hand and seal, and from time to time to be changed 
 or altered as he or they should think proper, should be trus- 
 tees for carrying the said acts into execution, it was by the said 
 act now in reciul, amongst other things, enacted that tlie new 
 limits and the new extent of the said harbour, should thence- 
 forth for ever thereafter extend und be as follows : (that is to 
 say,) from Redness Point, on the outside of a wall, then in- 
 tended to bo erected until it reached within one hundred and 
 twenty ynrds of the then outward works of the pier or quay of 
 the then harbour, and from thence in a line until it came within 
 forty yards of the then outward quay or pier, and from thence 
 to the north side of the Sugar House bulwark, and from thence 
 along the Sugar House bulwark, and along the seashore, until 
 it met the aforesaid Redness Point; and that the same should 
 be from thenceforth appropriated to the lying, anchoring, and 
 mooring of all such ships, vessels, and boats as might have 
 occasion, at any time or times thereafter, to make use of the 
 said harbour ; and it was by the said act now in recital iurther 
 enacted, that the new limits and new extent thereby made part 
 of the said harbour, and all moles, wharfs, and quays which 
 might be erected by nrtue of the said act, with all things apper- 
 taining thereto, should be under the direction and government 
 of the owner or owners of the soil for the time being, and that 
 the said owners should be invested with the same powers and 
 authority over all such new limits and extent, and all such 
 moles, wharfs, and quays, and things as aforesaid, as the said 
 trustees were, by virtue of the said thereinbefore recited acts, 
 invested with, over other parts of the said harbour of White- 
 haven, and the moles, wharfs, quays, and other places and 
 things therein mentioned ; and by the same act it was further 
 enacted, that thn owner or owners of such soil as aforesaid 
 might erect, build, or alter, from time to time, as occasion might 
 
 )rfltfy 
 
 think necessary for the improvement or benefit (flpch new 
 limits or extent as aforesaid : And whereas by a certain award, 
 bearing date the twenty-second day of October one thousand 
 seven liundred and nintUy-two, and made under the respective 
 liands and seals of Sir Joseph Scuhouse, (knight) and George 
 ■Vickers,(gentleniaiil,who had been duly appointed arbitrators for 
 the purpose, under the provisions of the said recited act, the 
 exact boundaries of such new limits and extent as aforesaid 
 were fully and finally set forth and determined as in such award 
 is particularly mentioned : And whereas another act of Parlia- 
 ment relative to the said town and harbour was passed in the 
 fifty sixth year of his said mtyesty, by which it was, amongst 
 other things, enacted that from and after the twenty-ninth day 
 of September one thousand eight hundred and sixteen, there 
 should be payalile to the said trustees for and upon all goods, 
 wares, merchandise, and commodities whatsoever imported from 
 parts beyond the seas, or brought coastwise into the said port of 
 Whitehaven, or exported to parts beyond the seas from such 
 port, the several rates and duties respectively mentioned in the 
 two several schedules thereto annexed, and respectively dis- 
 tinguished by the letters A. and 13. ; and it was by the said act 
 now in recital further enacted that so much of the said respec- 
 tive acts of the second year and the forty-sixth year of the reign 
 of bis said majesty as authorised the said trustees to assess and 
 levy rates upon and from the inhabitants of the said town of 
 Whitehaven, for the purpose of watching, paving, lighting, and 
 securing the same against fire, should be repealed, and thai for 
 paying such expenses and supplying the said town with water, 
 it should be lawful for such of the said trustees as therein 
 mentioned, to cause money to be raised by such a rate or 
 assessment as therein also mentioned, on the owners, inhabi- 
 tants, or occupiers of tenements within the limits of the powers 
 and jurisdictions of the said trustees : And whereas in schedule 
 (A.) to this act annexed are mentioned the several acts relating 
 to the port, harbour, and town of Whitehaven, and it is expe- 
 dient that the said acts, so far as certain things therein authori- 
 sed require the consent of the lord of the manor of St. Bees, 
 should be repealed : And whereas it is also expedient that the 
 mode of election of trustees under the said acts and the right 
 of voting in the election of trustees should be altered in man- 
 ner hereinafter provided : And whereas it is expedient that the 
 government of the whole of the said harbour of Whitehaven, 
 including such new Umits and new extent as aforesaid, should 
 be vested in one body ; and it is also expedient that the rates 
 on goods, wares, merchandises, and commodities, and on tene- 
 ments, so respectively imposed or authorized to be imposed by 
 the 'said recited act of the fifty-sixth year of the reign of his 
 said majesty as herein-before is mentioned or referred to, should 
 be respectively altered or authorised to be altered in the man- 
 ner hereinafter mentioned or referred to respectively : And 
 whereas it is also expedient that so much of the said acts of the 
 second, forty-sixth, and fifty-sixth years of King George the 
 Third as relates to the rates and assessments on the inhabitants 
 of the said town of Whitehaven should be repealed, and other 
 rates and duties paid in lieu thereof ; but these purposes cannot 
 be effected without the authority of Parliament : May it there- 
 fore please your JIajesty that it may be enacted ; and be it en- 
 acted by the Queen's most excellent Majesty, by and with the 
 advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and 
 Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the 
 authority of the same, as follows ; that is to say, 
 
 I. The said several acts in schedule (A.) mentioned (except 
 so far as they are hereby altered or repealed), shall continue in 
 full force and effect.
 
 THE BOROUGH OF WHITEHAVEN. 
 
 445 
 
 II. The trustees for carrying into execution and effect tho 
 said several aots, and tlieroby elected and appointfd, shall be 
 and they are liereby declared to be trustees for carrying into 
 effect the powers, authorities, provisions, rpgulations, and pur- 
 poses of the said acts and of this act, and shall continue in 
 ofSce as such trustees until the first Tuesday in November one 
 thousand eight hundred and tiftynine. 
 
 III. The day of election of trustees shall be the first Tuesday 
 in November in each year, and the first election sliall take place 
 on that day in the year one th.msaMd eight hundred and fifty- 
 nine, and the number of trustees to be elected in manner 
 hereinafter provided shall be fifteen, of whom three shall be 
 elected for each ward. 
 
 IV. .\nd whereas by the pcts mentioned in the schedule (A.) 
 (hercin-afler called tho said acts) the consent of the lord of 
 the manor of St. Bees, either singly or in conjunction with a 
 certain number of trustees, is essential to the carrying into 
 effect of several of the provisions of the said acts, therefore 
 the said acts, so far as such consent is requisite and necessary, 
 shall be and the same are hereby repealed. 
 
 V. All acts of the trustees to be done in virtue of the said 
 acts or of this act, and uU the powers and authorities by the 
 said acts and this act vested in tlie said trustees, may be done 
 and exercised by Ihcni, or a major part of them, at any meeting 
 whereat eleven or more of them shall be present. 
 
 VI. Tlie lord of the manor of Saint Bees for the time being 
 shall on and after the first Tuesday in November one thousand 
 eight hurnlrod and fifty-nine nominate, appoint, and change 
 from time to time, as in the said acts mentioned, five persons 
 to be trustees, instead of six, as in the said acts provided. 
 
 VII. Every person who if resident would be entitled to vote 
 in the election of trustees shall be qualified to be elected a trus- 
 tee under this act, provided he resides within seven miles from 
 the parUamenlary boundary of the borough of Whitehaven, and 
 may be elected a trustee for any ward whatsoever, whether he 
 be resident or registered within such ward or not, but this quali- 
 fication shall not extend to the case of any trustee appointed or 
 to be appointed by the lord, for the time being, of the manor 
 of Saint Bees. 
 
 Vm. Tho town of Whitehaven shall, for tho election of 
 trustees under lliis and the said acts, bo divided into five wards, 
 to be called as follows ; (that is to say,) — St. James' ward, St. 
 Nicholas' ward, Trinity ward, Newtown ward, and Harbour 
 ward, which wards are delineated on a plan of the town, signed 
 by the Right Honourable the Speaker of the House of Com- 
 mons, in duplicate, one of which plans shall bo deposited by 
 the trustees in the private bill ofiici', and tho other at the 
 harbour office of tho said trustees, and the limits of tho said 
 wards arc described in schedule (B.) to this act annexed ; and 
 tho names of the said wards respectively are mentioned on the 
 said plan. 
 
 IX. The persons entitled to vote in the election of trustees 
 shall be as follows (that is to say) ; — 
 
 The master of every vessel belonging to and registered at the 
 port of Whitehaven, who shall have resided within the limits 
 of tho parliamentary borough for six months immediately 
 preceding the first day nf September next Icforo Uio day 
 appointed for the said election. 
 
 Every person owning not less than four sixty-fourth shares of 
 any such vessel, who shall have been a registered owner of 
 such shares, and who shall havo resided within such limits 
 
 as aforesaid, for six months immediately preceding the said 
 first day of September. 
 Every person residing within the limits of any of the said wards 
 who shall occupy any house, shop, office, counting house, 
 warehouse, or other building within any of the said wards, 
 and shall in respect of such occupation be rated at a net 
 annual rateable value of not less than six pounds per annum 
 in the rale in force fur tho relief of the poor made and pub- 
 lished immediately preceding the said first day of September, 
 and sliall have been rated for such period as hereinafter 
 mentioned. 
 
 X. Ou the first day of September, one thousand eight hundred 
 and fifty-niue, and so in every year thereafter, the overseers of 
 the poor of the parishes and townships within which the limits 
 of the said wards are comprised, shall make out an alphabetical 
 list, from the rate-book then in force for their several parishes 
 and townships, of every person who shall occupy any house, 
 shop, oflice, counting-house, warehouse, or other building within 
 the limits of any of the said wards, and who shall in respect of 
 such occupation be rated at a net annual rateable value of not 
 less than six pounds per annum, and shall deliver such fist to 
 the clerk of the trustees, on or before the tenth day of Septem. 
 ber, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, and so in every 
 year thereafter ; provided that no person shall be entitled to 
 have his name placed on such list unless he shall have been 
 rated for six months, within the Umits of some ward, next im- 
 mediately preceding the said first day of September. 
 
 XI. Upon tho receipt of the said lists the said clerk shall 
 forthwith divide and arrange tho names therein according to the 
 different wards in which such persons shall respectively occupy, 
 and shall also make out a separate list in respect of such wards, 
 and shall omit from such list the name of any person who shall 
 not then reside within the limits of any of the said wards, and 
 shall add to each of such lists the name of every person being a 
 master or owner of any vessel qualified to vote as aforesaid, and 
 who shall reside in such ward respectively; and if any such 
 master or owner shall not reside within any of the said wards, 
 the said clerk shall include his name in the list of the ward to 
 the limits of which his residence shall in his judgment be the 
 nearest ; and the said clerk shall, on or before the twenty-fourth 
 day of September in each year, publish tho said fists, and such 
 lists are hereinafter called the register, and the persons whose 
 names are included therein arc hereinafter called the voters ; 
 and the register shall be printed by the trustees, and copies 
 thereof shall be furnished to parties requiring the same, at a 
 rate not exceeding one shilling for the register applicable to 
 each ward. 
 
 XII. Tho rate collectors, or persons appointed by them, shall 
 attend at the elections under this act, and, in the event of any 
 dispute, assist in ascertaining that the persons presenting them- 
 selves to vote, as occupiers rated as herein-before mentioned to 
 the relief of the poor in each such ward, are persons duly quali- 
 fied to vote at such election. 
 
 XUI. On the day of election of trustees the voters for each 
 ward who are desirous of voting shall meet at the place appointed 
 for such election, and shall llieii and there nomiiiaie two voters 
 of such ward, who shall bo then present, as fit and proper per 
 sons to bo inspectors of votes ; and tho person appointed to pre- 
 side at such election shall, immediately after such nomination 
 as aforesaid by llio said voters, nominate two otlier such voters 
 to be such inspectors. 
 
 XIV. Any person whose name shall not appear upon the said
 
 446 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DEEWENT WARD. 
 
 regisMr, and vho shsll claim to vote at Ibe election in any ward, 
 bhall, immediately after such nomination, bo entitled to prove 
 hjl right to vote before the jiresiding officer, and t)ie inspectors 
 of voles shall bear and decide upon sncb claim, and such deci- 
 MOD shall be final ; and if the presiding officer and the said in- 
 spectors, or the nifljor part of tliem, shall decide the claim to 
 vote to be valid, the presiding officer shall add such name to the 
 register accordingly. 
 
 X\ . Any person whose name shall appear upon the register 
 of any ward may object to the name of any voter which is in- 
 cluded therein, by giving a written notice of such bis intention 
 to the said clerk by leaving the same at the liarbour-ofBce, and 
 to the said voter by leaving the same, or sending such notice by 
 post to the address specified in Iho said list; and the proof of 
 posting such notice shall beprimn/aci'c evidence of the sending 
 of such notice; and such person so objected to shall attend be- 
 fore the said returning otlicor and the inspectors of votes for the 
 ward in which such voter so objected to shttll be registered, and 
 the person so objecting, or some one on bis behalf, shall prove 
 the service of such nrtice, and shall also support his objection ; 
 and the voter objected to, or anyone on his behalf, may support 
 his right to vote before such presiding officer and inspectors of 
 votes, who shall thereupon hear and decide upon such oblection, 
 and such decision shall be final; and if the presiding officer and 
 the said inspectors, or the major part of them, shall decide in 
 tavoar of such objection, the presiding officer shall expunge 
 such name from the register accordingly, but if not, such name 
 shall be retained thereon. 
 
 XVI. The presiding officer is hereby empowered to examine 
 upon oath any person claiming a right to vote or making an 
 objection to a right to vote, and also any witness temlcred on 
 behalf of or against any such claim or objection, and every per- 
 son authorised by law to make an affirmation instead of taking 
 an oath shall make an affirmation in lieu thereof; and if any 
 person taking any such oath or making any such affirmation 
 shall wilfully swear or affirm falsely, such person shall be deemed 
 guilty of perjury, and sbali be punished accordingly. 
 
 XVII. The register when amended shall be conclusive evi- 
 dence of the right to vote. 
 
 XVIII. After such nominations and claims as aforesaid (if 
 a»y), the voters shall elect such iliUy qualified persons as they 
 shall think proper, and who are there proposed for the office of 
 trustees, the presiding officer shall declare the persons who shall 
 haj'e Iwen elected trustees by the majority of votes at such meet- 
 ing to be trustees under this and the said recited acts. 
 
 XIX. Provided always, that any five voters may then and there, 
 in writing or otherwise, demand a poll, which shall be taken by 
 ballot on the day next following the day of such election, and 
 shall commence at eight of the clock in the forenoon and close 
 at four o'clock in the afternoon, each voter depositing, as herein- 
 after provided, a folded paper containing the names of the per- 
 sons for whom such voter shall vote as fit and proper persons to 
 be such trustees ; and each voter shall have one vote in respect 
 of each trustee to be elected at such meeting, but so nevertheless 
 as not to give more than one vote in favour of each tnistee. 
 
 RX. Every person entitled to vote in the election of trustee as 
 a rated occupier, shall vote for trustees for that ward wherein be 
 shall reside; ami every master and owner qualified to vote as 
 aforesaid shall vote in the ward in which he shall be registered; 
 and if ar-y person shall be registered in more than one ward he 
 may vote for trustees f.ir any one of such wards, but having so 
 voted he shall not afterwards, at the same eleetion, vote for a 
 
 trustee for any other ward, and any vote so afterwards given by 
 him shidl be void. 
 
 XXI. TIh' persons voting shall deposit such folded papers in 
 a ballot glass or bni, which shall bo closed at the times hercin- 
 bsfore fixed for the closing of the poll; and the inspectors of 
 vote.s for each ward shall forthwith meet together and proceed 
 to examine the snid votes, and if necessary shall continue tho 
 examination by adjournments from day to day, not exceeding 
 two days, until they shall have decided upon the persons who 
 may have beeu chosen to fill the office of trustees. 
 
 XXII. In case an equality of votes appear to the inspectors 
 to be given for any two or more persons to fill the office of 
 trustee, the inspectors shall decide by lot upon the person to be 
 chosen. 
 
 XXIII. If any person knowingly personateand falsely aMome 
 to vote in the name of any voter entitled to or claiming to vote 
 in any election under this act, or forge or in any way falsify any 
 names or writings in any papers purpurling to contain the vote 
 or votes of any voters voting in any such election, or ly any con- 
 trivance attempt to obstruct or prevent the proceedings at any 
 such elections, the person so offending shall, upon conviction 
 before any two or more justices of the pence having jnrisdiction 
 in the said ward or any part thereof, be liable to any penalty of 
 not less than ten pounds and not more than fifty pounds, ard in 
 default of payment thereof shall be imprisoned for a term not 
 exceeding six nor less than three months. 
 
 XXIV. The inspectors in each vi'ard shall, immediately after 
 they have decided upon whom the aforesaid elections have fallen, 
 deliver to the clerk of the said trustees a list of the persons 
 chosen by the voters to act as such trustees in each ward re- 
 spectively, and the said list shall be preserved by the said clerk, 
 and a copy thereof shall be published, as heroin provided ; and 
 if auy trustees be elected for any ward without ballot, the clerk 
 shall in like manner publish lire names of such trustees. 
 
 XXV. If any inspector wilfully make or cause to be made an 
 incorrect return of the said votes, even' such offender shall, upon 
 information laid by any person before two or more justices of the 
 peace having jurisdiction in the ward in which such election is 
 held, and upon conviction for such ofTenco, be liable to a penalty 
 of not less than twenty-five pounds and not exceeding fifty 
 pounds, and in default of payment shall be imprisoned for a 
 term not exceeding six months nor Iciss than three months. 
 
 XiVI. The trustees shall provide in each ward fit and proper 
 places for the holding of the elections under this act, and hold- 
 ing of the poll thereat; and the expenses of providing such places, 
 of publishing notices, of taking the poll, and of making the re- 
 turns at elections of the said trustees, shall be paid out of tho 
 respective rates levied under the said recited acts and this act, 
 in such proportions as the trustees shall determine. 
 
 XXVII. The trustees shall take an account of the reasonable 
 expenses incurred by the said clerk and by the overseers in car- 
 rying into efiect the several provisions of this act, and shall order 
 the same to be paid out of the moneys coming into their hands 
 by virtue of the said acts and this act, in such proportions as the 
 trnstees shall think fit. 
 
 XXVIII. If any churchwarden, overseer, rate collector, or 
 other parish officer, or the said clerk shall refuse or neglect to 
 call any meeting, or prepare any list, or give any notice, or do 
 any other act required of him, under the provisions of this act, 
 be shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. 
 
 XXIX. The following provisions of the " Commissioners 
 Clauses Act, 1817," save so far as the saise are expressly
 
 Trre BOROUGH OF WHITKnAVEN. 
 
 447 
 
 eicepted or varied by this act, or ara inconsistent with or repng- 
 nant to the provisions of tliis act, are hereby incorporated with 
 this Act ; <tliat is to say,) 
 With respect to the election and rotation of the commis- 
 sioners, where llic commissioners are to be elected by tlie 
 ratepayers or other like class of electors, except sections 
 twenty-one, twenty-tliree, twenty-four, twenty-iive, twenty- 
 six, thirty, anil thirty-one. 
 With respect to access to the special act: 
 Provided, that the day on which the elected trustees shall go out 
 of office shall le the first Tuesday in November in each year. 
 
 XXX. The. following words and expressions in the provisions 
 incorporated with this act of " The Commissioners Clauses Act, 
 1S47,'' shall have for the purpose of this act the following mean- 
 ings, unless there be something in the subject or context repug- 
 nant to such construction; (that is. to say,) 
 
 " The Special Act" shall mean and include the said acts and 
 this act; 
 
 "The Commissioners" shall mean the trustees from time to 
 time cli'cted, appointed, ami nominated under this act for 
 executing the said acts and this act respectively. 
 
 XXXI. At the first or other meeting of the trustees after the 
 passing of this act they shall, by the raajurity of the voles of the 
 tmstees present, elect one of the entire body of ti-ustees to be 
 their chairman until the next election of the trustees, and so 
 after each such election the said trustees shall, in like manner, 
 elect a chairman until t)ie period of the then next election, and 
 in case the chairman die, or resign, or cease to be a trustee, or 
 otherwise become di>qu,ilified to act as such chairman, the 
 trustees present at the n.eeling next after the occurrence of such 
 vacancy sliall choose some other of their body to fill such vacancy, 
 and tlte chairman so elected shall continue in ofhce so long only 
 as the person in whose place he was elected would have been 
 entitled to continue chairman ; and if at any meeting of tlie 
 trustees the chairman be not present, one of the trustees present 
 shall be elected chairman of such meeting by the majority of the 
 TOtcs of the trustees present at such meeting. 
 
 XX.<11. The chairman so to b<i appointed shall bo tlic return- 
 ing officer at the first election after this act, and shall have for 
 the purposes of such election all the powers of '-the chairman 
 of commissioners onder the Commissioners Clauses Act, 1S17." 
 
 XXXHI. The present trustees shall be eUgible for ru-eleution 
 as trustees under this act. 
 
 XXX IV. In consideration of tho harries, coal spouts, and 
 other wnrks to bo made and maintained by the trustees, as 
 hereinafter providoil, for tho accommodation of the collieries be- 
 longing to the owner for the time being of tho soil of tho new 
 limits and extent njentiomd or refened to in the said recited 
 act of llio thirty-second year of the reign of his said majesty, 
 and of tho minerals, merchandise, and goods, shipped or 
 unshipped, by or on behalf of such owier, bis lessees, tenants, 
 or agents, such owner sludl, nssoou as may be after tho passing 
 of this act, transfer and make over to such trusle&s tlie whole 
 government and direction of such new limits and extent, so and 
 to the intent and ellect that the government and direction of 
 snch no.v limits may thenceforth Le abaolutely vested in aneh 
 trustees, in the same manner, to nil intents and purposes, and 
 with the like powers and authorities, as tho government ami 
 direction of the remainder of the said h.irbour (exclusively of 
 such new limiia and extent), but subjeci and always witbint 
 prejudice to any other ri>(hl8 or inlerustfl of inch owner or 
 oiruers, irre>poeiiTc of lueh government and direction : provided 
 
 always, that it is hereby enacted, that the validity and effect of 
 any such transfer as aforesaid shall be in no way affected or 
 prejudiced by the fact of the transferer or transferors, or any of 
 them, being a trustee or trustees, or holding or exercising any 
 other jurisiliction under the said acts, or any of them. 
 
 XXXV. The trustees, after the government and direction of 
 such new limits and rxtent shall have been transferred to them 
 as aforesaid, and before they shall open to the public any dock 
 to be constructed by them upon or within such new limits and 
 extent, shall if required so to do by William Earl of Lonsdale, 
 his heirs and assigns, make and maintain, in connexion with 
 such new dock, and within such new limits, for the loading and 
 unloading, shipping and unshipping into and from vessels using 
 the said dock, the coals, ininerids, goods, and merchandises of 
 and belonging to William Earl of Lonsdale, bis heirs and 
 assigns, and their lessees, tenants, and occujiiers, in such part 
 or parts of the wet dock :is may be a::reed upon by the said 
 trustees and the said William Earl of Lonsdale, his heirs and 
 assigns, the works following ; (that is to say). 
 
 Two suUicieut and properly constructed hurries or spouLs with 
 all necessary and convenient loading berths, waggon-ways, 
 and approaches thereto. 
 
 XXXVI. The trustees shall likewise, if required so to do as 
 aforesaid, make and maintain, for the launching into sucli new 
 dock all snch ships or vessels as shall be built in or upon the 
 shipbuilding yards situated on the east side of the site of the 
 proposed new dock, and now in tho several occupations of Messrs. 
 T. and J. Brocklebank, Messrs. Lumley, Kennedy and Co., and 
 John Johnston Peile, in such part or parts of the said new dock, as 
 may be agreed upon by the saiil trustees, and the said William 
 Karl of Lonsdale, his heiis and assigns, the works followiog; 
 (that is to say). 
 
 Six proper and sufTicient launching slips or launching places, 
 with all necessary and proper accommodation for launching 
 vessels from the said yards into tho said new dock. 
 
 XXXVII. Provided always, that the said William Earl of 
 Lonsdale, his heirs and assigns, shall not be entitled to require 
 the making of such new hurries or spouts, and other works con- 
 nected therewith, or such proper and sufficient launching places 
 as aforesaid, in addition to the hurries and staiths, and approaches 
 thereto, and works connected therewith, which the said William 
 Earl of Lonsdale now uses ami enjoys upon and adjoining to tlie 
 eastern side of the limits of the present hurbour, upon a part in 
 the said plan hereinafter mentioned, called the North I'ier. 
 
 XX.XVllI. This act, c.icept so far as it relates to the election 
 and nomination of trustees, shall como into effect and operation 
 on thu first day of August one thousand eight hundred and Gfty- 
 nine, and not earlier, and after that day there shall be payable 
 and paid to the said trustees for the time being, or to their col- 
 lectors i>r deputies, fur and upon all goods, wares, merchandises 
 and commodities whatsoever imported from parts beyond the 
 seas or broaght coastwise into the port of Whitehaven aforesaid, 
 or exported to parts beyond the seas from the said port by the 
 owner or owners, consignee or consignees, of sudi goods, wares, 
 mercjiandises, or other commodities, in lieu of the rates and 
 diuies authorised or imposed under or by rirluo of the said 
 recited act of the liftysixili year of the reign of his wtid Majesty, 
 the several rales and duties partictihirly specified and set forth 
 in the two schedules hereunto aiuicxed, and respeelively distin- 
 guished by the letters C and 1), su far as such goods, wares, 
 merchandises, tod comrou lilies so to be imported or exported 
 as aforesaul are particularieed in tlie said schedules, or either «f
 
 448 
 
 ALLERDALE-ArOVE-DEBWENT WARD. 
 
 them; and all suoli of tlic saiil goods, ware-!, merchandises, and 
 commoilitien, so to be imported or exported as afiresaid, as are 
 not particularised ami set forth in the said schedules, or •■illicr 
 of ihom, shall be charged with and pay a rate or duty on their 
 being so imported or exported into or out of the said port eijual 
 to the rate or duty rated or atfixed on goods, wares, merchan- 
 dises, and commodities of a similar nature, package, and quality, 
 in and by the said schedules, or one of them. 
 
 XXXIX. Such parts and so much of "The Harbours, Docks, 
 and Piers Clauses .■\ct, 1847," as is or are hereinafter particu- 
 larly mentioned or referred to, shall be incorporated with ami 
 form part of this act; that is to say, the clauses numbered 
 twenty-seven, twenty-eight, twenty-nine, and tliiriy, with respect 
 to the rates to be taken; and the clauses numbi-red thiity-four, 
 thirty five, thirty-six, thirty-seven, thirty-eight, thirty-nine, forty, 
 forty-one, forty-three, forty-four, forty-five, forty-six, forty-seven, 
 and forty-eight, with respect to the collection and recovery of 
 rates. 
 
 XL. Such parts and so much of the said recited act of the 
 fifty-sixth year of the reign of his said Majesty as authorises the 
 trustees therein mentioned to assess, levy, or raise rates upon or 
 in respect of any lands, houses, shops, wharves, warehouses, 
 buildings, and erections within the said town of Whitehaven, 
 and the limits of the jurisdiction of such trustees, shall be, and 
 the same are and is, hereby repealed; and for paying and defray- 
 ing the expenses for t!ie several purposes of lij^hting, paving, 
 and cleansing the said town and the streets, lanes, and places 
 within the said town of Whitehaven, and within the limits of 
 the powers, authorities, and jurisdictions of the said trustees, as 
 given by the said recited act of the fifty-sixth year of the reign 
 of his said llnjesty, and providing security against fire in the 
 said town and harbour, and within the limits aforesaid, it shall 
 and may be lawful for the said trustees, and they are hereby 
 authorised and required twice or oftener in every year, as they 
 shall see occasion, to cause such sum and sums of money to be 
 raised by a rate or assessment on all and every the person or 
 persons who do or shall inhabit, hold, occupy, or enjoy any land, 
 bouse, shop, wharf, warehouse, or other tenement within the 
 said town of Whitehaven, and within the limits aforesaid, not 
 exceeding in the whole in any one year (such year to be com- 
 puted from the eleventh day of November), the sum of two 
 shillings and sixpence in the pound on the annual value of such 
 lands, houses, shops, wharves, warehouses, buildings, and erec- 
 tions: provided always, that the owners of all rateable property, 
 of which the full net annual value does not exceed the sum of 
 six pounds, or which shall be let to weekly or monthly tenants 
 or in separate apartments, shall be rated to and be liable to pay 
 the rales by this act directed to be made,instead of the occupiers 
 thereof, but so, nevertheless, that three fourth parts of the said 
 rate only shall be collected from and be payable by such owners. 
 
 XLI. And whereas the wards described in the schedule (B.) 
 to this act annexed comprise the limits within which the trus- 
 tees at present exercise the power of rating : .\nd whereas, 
 under the provisions of the act of the fifty sixth George the 
 Third, chapter forty-four, the said trustees have power to extend 
 such limits for the purposes of rating from time to lime, and it 
 is desirable that all persons so liable to be rated, upon being 
 brought within the limits of the said acts, should vote in the 
 election of trustees, therefore, when and so often as any new 
 limits shall be constituted by the said trustees : The said trus- 
 tees shall be and they are hereby empowered to declare by 
 writing, under tlie hand of their chairman for the time being, 
 
 that such new limits shall be included within such of the 
 ailjoiuing wards for all the purposes of this act as the said 
 trustees shall at any meeting resolve and determine, and imme- 
 diately thereupon all persons within such new limits shall have 
 all the same and the like privileges as to voting, residence, and 
 otherwise, as any person has by this act, if occupying or resi- 
 dent within the limits of any of the said wards. 
 
 XLII. Such parts and so much of " the Towns Improvement 
 Clauses Act, 1817," as are or is hereinafter particularly men- 
 tioned or referred to, shall be incorporated with and form part 
 of this act (that is to sa\), the clauses numbered one hundred 
 and sixty-seven, one hundred and sixty-eight, one hundred and 
 sixty-nine, one hundred and seventy, one hmulred and seventy- 
 one, one hundred and seventy-two, one hundred and seventy- 
 • three, one hundred and seventy-four, one hundred and seventy- 
 five, one hundred and seventy-six, one hundred and seventy- 
 seven, one hundreil and seventy-eight, one hundred and eighty, 
 one hundred and eighty-two, one hundred and eighty three, and 
 one hundred and eighty-four, with respect to the manner of 
 making rates ; the clauses numbered one hundred and eighty- 
 five, one hundred and eighty six, one hundred and eighty-seven, 
 one hundred and ci>;hty eight, one hundred and eighty-nine, 
 and one hundred and ninety, with respect to the appeal to be 
 made against any rate ; and the clauses numbered one hundred 
 and ninety-one, one hundred and ninety-two, one hundred and 
 ninety-three, one hundred and ninety-four, one hundred and 
 ninety-five, one hundred and ninety-six, one hundred and 
 ninety -seven, and one hundred and ninety-eight, with respect to 
 the recovery of rates. 
 
 XLI II. The said rates or assessments not exceeding two 
 shillings and sixpence in the pound, upon the persons inhabiting 
 and dwelling in the said town, and within the limits aforesaid, 
 shall be applied by the said trustees, and be disposed of for the 
 several purposes of defraying the costs, charges, and expenses 
 of paving, lighting, and cleansing the said town, and the several 
 streets, lanes, passages, and places within the limits aforesaid, 
 and for pro id.ng the means of security against fire, and of de- 
 fraying other costs, charges, and expenses, incin-red by effecting 
 and executing such several purposes, and all such rates and 
 assessments shall be paid to the respective collectors, appointed 
 by the said trustees, by virtue of the acts relating to the said 
 town and harbour, and such moneys shall be by every such col- 
 lector paid over to the said trustees of the said port, harbour, 
 and town of Whitehaven, or to such other persons at such time 
 and in such manner as any five or more of the said trustees 
 shall from time to time appoint and direct : Provided always, 
 that the trustees may, if they think proper, light the lamps 
 authorised by them to be proWded within the said town and 
 harbour and the liberties and precincts thereof, from sun-setting 
 to sun-rising, during the whole or any part of the year. 
 
 XLIV. Nothing herein contained shall at any time hereafter 
 prejudice oraSect the right of the said trustees to recover any 
 rates or duties which may become due, or be payable, or recover- 
 able, under the said recited act of the fifty-sixth year of the 
 reign of his said majesty or any other or others of the said acts 
 before or up to ttie said first day of August one thousand eight 
 hundred and fifty nine. 
 
 XLV. Nothing herein contained shall be deemed to exempt 
 the said harbour and docks from the provisions of any general 
 act relating to harbours, or dues on shipping, or on goods carried 
 in ships now in force, or which shall be passed in the present 
 or any future session of Parliauient, or from any future revision
 
 THE BOROUGH OF T/hITEHAVEN. 
 
 449 
 
 and alteration under the authority of Parliament of the rates 
 and duties authorized by this act. 
 
 XLVI. Except as is by this act expressly provided, this act, 
 or anything tliercin, shall not take away, lessen, prejudice, or 
 affect any of the estates, rights, franchises, powers, and privi- 
 leges of the lord of the manor of Saint Ueos, for the time being, 
 or any right he may now have of using any of the present 
 hurries or stniths and approaches thereto. 
 
 XLVII. Nothing herein contained shall prejudice the rights 
 or interests of any mortgagee or other person having any lien 
 or claim on any of such rates or duties which may be altered or 
 otherwise affected by the passing of this act and every such 
 mortgagee or other person shall have the same or like lien 
 or claim, on any substituted ratus or duties to be imposed or 
 levied under the authority of tliis act, which he previously had 
 on any rates or duties imposed under any former act or acts for 
 which other rates or duties shall be substituted under this act. 
 
 XLVI 11. In citing this act for any purpose whatsoever, it 
 shall bo sufEcient to use the expression "The Whitehaven 
 Town and Harbour Act, 1859." 
 
 XLIX. The expenses of applying for and obtaining this act, 
 and incidental thereto, shall bo defrayed by the trustees for tho 
 time being out of the funds of the trustees. 
 
 The Schedules to which the foregoing Act Tefer$. 
 
 Schedule A.— Acts relating to the port, harbour, and town 
 of Whitehaven, in the county of Cumberland. 
 
 7 Anne, e. S. 
 10 Anne, c. ;!. 
 13 Geo. II., c. 14. 
 
 1 Geo. III., c. 44. 
 
 a Geo. III., c. 87. 
 28 Geo. lU., c. 61. 
 
 •ii Geo. III., c. 75. 
 4fi Geo. III., c. 115. 
 50 Geo. III., c. 44. 
 fiS Geo. III., c. 15. 
 12 Vict. c. 17. 
 21 Vict. c. 2. 
 
 Schedule Ti.—Detcriplion. of Wnrds.—l. St. James Ward 
 comprises those parts of the town which are bounded as follows 
 (that is to say):— By a line commencing ut the southeast end of 
 Duke-street, proceeiling in a northerly direction along the walls 
 of White I'ark and Harris Park, unto and round the north-east 
 comer of Hilton Terrace; thence in a westerly direction along 
 Hilton Terrace to the boundary of Whiteliaven township, near 
 Wheelbarrow Brow ; thence along such boundary in a northerly 
 direction to the wall of the turnpike road leading from White- 
 haven to Moresby ; thence along the south wall of the said 
 turnpike road in a westerly direction to a point opposite tho 
 Railway Hotel at Brausty; thence across the turnpike road, 
 and proceeding northerly to a point between tho liransly ropery 
 and Whitehaven gasworks; thence in a westerly direction to tho 
 Whitehaven junction railway, and along the boundary thereof to 
 the arch near William Tit; thence westerly to high-water mark 
 of tlio sea shore, and along tho said high watir murk and shore, 
 in a south-western direction, to tho North I'icr; thonoo along 
 the strand, between tho hiirbour and tho shipbuilding-yards 
 occupied by Messrs. Lumley, Kennedy, and Company, to the 
 north-west corner of Duke-street, and thonoo along tlio centre of 
 Duko-Htreel to tho point first beforenamed. 
 
 2. St Nicholas word comprises tliose parts of the town which 
 are bounded a.s follows (that is to say) :— By a lino commencing 
 at tho south-oast corner of Roper-streot; thence proceeding 
 along the centre of Scotch street to tho centre of Duko-strect; 
 thence along tho centre of Duke-street, in u northerly direcUon] 
 to tho south-west end of Duke sUcet, near Iho bulwark; thonoe 
 S3 
 
 in a westerly direction, between the town and the harbour, as 
 far as East Strand; thence along East Strand, across the Market 
 Place, and along the cenU-e of Koper-street, to the point first 
 named. 
 
 •■). Trinity ward comprises those parts of the town which are 
 bounded as follows (that is to say):— By a line commencing at 
 the south east end of Ptoper-street; thence proceeding along the 
 centre of Scotch-street to the centre of Duke-street; thence along 
 the centre of Duke-street, in a southerly direction, to the land of 
 the Earl of Lonsdale, adjoining to Somerset House; thence in a 
 southerly direction, along tho boundary of the township of 'White- 
 haven, to tho turnpike road near Corkickle ; thence across such 
 road, and proceeding in a southerly direction along the south- 
 west side thereof, to the Retreat, round the Retreat to Fox 
 Houses and Meadow House, and along the western boundary 
 fence of the garden at Meadow House, and from thence in a 
 northerly direcUon to the coach road, across the said coach road 
 to the south boundary wall of ironworks and land in the occupa- 
 tion of Mr. John Johnston Peile ; thence along such boundary 
 wall in a western direction, across the Whitehaven and Fumess 
 junction railway, to Poe Beck; thence in a northerly direction, 
 along Poe Beck and across the railway station, to the north- 
 western corner at: the cricket ground ; tlience in an easterly 
 direction by the boundary walls of Mill-street and tho militia 
 barracks, and thence in a northerly direction to the north-west 
 corner of tho Castle Meadow ; thence in an easterly direction, 
 along the boundary walls of houses in Ii-ish-street, to the point 
 near Trinity Church first named. 
 
 4. Newtown ward comprises those parts of the iowa which are 
 bounded as follows (that is to say) :— By a Une commencing at 
 tho southeast end of Roper-street, and proceeding along the 
 western boundary wall of Trinity Churchyard to the Castle 
 Meadow; thence in a westerly direction, along the boundary 
 walls of properties in Irish-street, to tho north-west corner of 
 the Castle Jleadow ; thence in a southerly direction, along the 
 eastern wall of tlie militia barracks, to the cricket ground ; thence 
 along the north-western sides of the cricket ground to tho rail- 
 way station ; thence in a southerly direction, across the railway 
 and along the centre of Poe Beck, to the south-east comer of 
 Sir. John Wilkinson's pottery, at the Ginns ; thence in a westerly 
 direction to the highway leading from Whitehaven to St. Bees ; 
 thence across such road to tho south-west corner of tho new 
 houses, and thence along the west side of tho back row of tho 
 new houses in Preston Quarter, and in a stiuight line to a point 
 in the land of tho Earl of Lonsdale in tlie lino of the centre of 
 Albion stieet ; thence in an easterly direction, across tho said 
 land and along the cenUo of Albion street, to the centre of 
 Jaines-strcet; thence in a southerly direction to Irish-street; 
 tlience along the centre of Irish-street, in an easterly direction 
 to the point first named. 
 
 5. Harbour ward comprises those parts of tlio town which arc 
 boundoil as follows (that is to say) :— By a lino commencing at 
 tho south-oast end of Ropcr-strcet ; thenco proceeding in a 
 north-westerly direcUon along Roper-stroct, across tho .Market 
 Place, to the patent slip yard situated in tho Ka.st Strand; thenco 
 along the customhouse quay and the West Strand to and 
 round the wash and bath houses on tho ca.st side tliercof, and 
 80 round the houses near the south end of tho West Pier- 
 thenco in a south-westerly direction, along highwaler mark of 
 tho seashore, to the boundary of tho township of Whitohavcn 
 near Wellington Pit ; thenco in a ^outlicra direction along such 
 boundary, through tho coal yard and coal stailhs of the Earl of
 
 450 
 
 ALLEBDALE-ABOVE-BERWENT •WARD. 
 
 lionadale, to Monnt Pleasant, and along the west side of Monnt 
 rieasant to Kosemary-lane, across the said lane, in a southerly 
 direction, to a point in the land of the Earl of Lonsdale opposite 
 to the centre of Albion-street ; thence in an easterly direction, 
 across the said land and along the centre of Albion-street, to the 
 centre of Jaraes-strect; thence in a southerly direction to Irish- 
 street; thence along tlio centre of Irish-street, in an easterly 
 direction, to the first named point at Iho south-east end of 
 Roper-street. 
 
 CaURCHES AND rH.U>ELS. 
 
 St. Nicholas's Church is a large plain structure, with 
 a spacious burial-ground ornamented with trees, situ- 
 ated in the neighbourhood of Church-street, Lowther- 
 street, and Queen-street. It was erected in 1087-93, 
 at an expense of £1,006 16s. 2id., which was defrayed 
 by Sir John Lowther and the inhabitants. In the 
 same year a petition was presented to Parliament, 
 praying that Whitehaven might be constituted a sepa- 
 rate and distinct parish, but the prayer was refused. 
 The church has, externally, no pretensions to archi- 
 tectural elegance; the interior is, however, handsomely 
 fitted up. The organ is a fino-toned instrument, built 
 by Snetzler, and was placed here in 1750. There are 
 several mural monuments to members of the Pdchard- 
 son. Hartley, Gale, Griffin, Hudleston, Littledalc, Lut- 
 widge, and Benn families. St. Nicholas's was certified 
 to the governore of Queen Anne's Bounty at about 
 £60 per annum, £40 of which arose from seats, and 
 £20 from contributions. It has since received a Par- 
 liamentary grant of £800, and is now worth about £188 
 a year. The benefice is a perpetual curacy in the pa- 
 tronage of the Earl of Lonsdale. The registers com- 
 mence in lOO-i. The three churches in Whitehaven 
 became separate and distinct parishes for all ecclesias- 
 tical purposes on the 10th of June, 1835, by an act 
 passed some time previously, which enabled the Queen 
 in council to form new parishes. Under this new ar- 
 rangement St. Nicholas's Church had an ecclesiastical 
 district attached to it, which is bounded on the north 
 by Duke-street, on the west by the sea, and on the south 
 by the ecclesiastical district attached to the Trinity 
 Church. The population of the pai-ish of St. Nicholas, 
 in 185 1, was 4,482. The number of males was 1,925, 
 of females, 2,557; there were at the same period 860 
 inhabited houses, seventy-nine uninhabited, and fotir 
 in course of erection. 
 
 Incumbents. — Yates, 1C93 ; Francis Yates, ; Ciirwen 
 
 Hudleston, 1738; Wilfrid Huilleston, 1771; Andrew Hudleston, 
 1811; Prederick W. Wicks, 1851. 
 
 Holy Trinity Church, situated at the junction of 
 Scotch-street, Irish-street, and Koper-street, was erected 
 in 1715, and is in style very similar to St. Nicholas's. 
 The communion table occupies an apse, or semicircular 
 
 recess, and is surmounted by a painting of the Ascension, 
 by Reed. The organ is by Wrenn of JIanchester. The 
 church contains several mural monuments ; one of 
 which, near the tower, is to the memory of Sir James 
 Lowther, the fourth and last baronet of this branch of 
 the family, who died without issue in 1755. The fami- 
 lies commemorated on the monuments and tablets are 
 HaiTison, Benn, Church, Jloore, Littledide, Spedding, 
 Bateman, and Pennyfeather. Holy Trinity Church 
 was certified to the governors of (Jueen Anne's 
 Bounty at about £60, of which £10 arose from 
 sittings, and the remainder from contributions. la 
 1831 the living was returned as of the annual 
 value of £250, having been augmented by William 
 Earl of Lonsdale, and with £100 received from Queen 
 Anne's Bounty. The presentation to the living is vested 
 iu the Earl of Lonsdale and the seat-holders, who pre- 
 sent alternately. By an order in council, bearing date 
 June 10, 18.J5, an ecclesiastical district was attached 
 to this church, and it was constituted a separate and 
 distinct parish for all ecclesiastical purposes. The dis- 
 trict is bounded by the higher part of Lowther-street, 
 and part of Scotch-street, Carter Lane, part of Queen- 
 street, part of Iloper-street, down through the market- 
 place to the sea ; and on the south by the limits of the 
 borough. In 1851 Holy Trinity parish comprised a 
 population of 4,300 persons, of whom 2,003 were males, 
 and 2,243 females. The number of inhabited houses 
 at the same period was 818, of uninhabited, forty-five, 
 and two were in course of erection. 
 
 Incumbests. — John Dalton, ITl."} ; William lirisco, 1729 ; 
 Thomas Sewell, 1745; Charles Cobbe Church, 1781; Thomas 
 Harrison, 1808; Thomas Balton, 1840. 
 
 St. James's Church was erected in 1752, and occu- 
 pies an elevated situation at the top of Queen -street. 
 In style it is somewhat similar to the two churches 
 just described ; and it contains monuments to the 
 memory of the Piev. Thomas Spedding, the Rev. 
 Richard Armitstead, and various members of the Dixon, 
 Wood, Grundy, Brown, Harrison, Forster, Sarjeant, 
 and Richardson families. This church, like that of St. 
 Nicholas, received a grant of £800, and an augmenta- 
 tion from William Earl of Lonsdale. The living is a 
 perpetual curacy, returned to the Ecclesiastical Com- 
 missioners as of the annual value of £200. The Earl 
 of Lonsdale is patron. Attached to this church there 
 is an ecclesiastical district, which, by an order in coun- 
 cil dated June 10th, 1835, was created a separate and 
 independent paiish for all ecclesiastical purposes. This 
 new parish is bounded on the north by Moresby parish, 
 on the north-west by the sea, on the south by Duke- 
 street, and on the south-east by the turnpike-road to
 
 THE BOROUGH OF WHITEHAVEN. 
 
 451 
 
 Hensingbam, including part of that village. In 1851 
 the parish comprised 0,020 inhabitants, 2,757 of whom 
 were males, and 3, 203 females, inhabiting 1,211 houses, 
 17 being uninhabited, and 9 building. 
 
 Ikcumbe.nts. — Thomas Spe.dding, HOi ; Richard Armitstcad, 
 1783; William Jackson, 1821; John Jenkins, 1833; John 
 KobinsoD, 1833 ; Charles Augustus Perring, 1855. 
 
 Christ Church, situate in Preston-street, is a neat 
 structure in the Norman style, erected in 1847, at a 
 cost of about i'2,200, all raised by subscription, with 
 the exception of £700 obtained from the Diocesan and 
 Incorporated Societies. It wUl seat nearly 1,000 per- 
 sons. The living is a perpetual curacy, endowed by 
 the Ecclesiastical Commissioners of England with 
 £200 a year, and was in the alternate patronage 
 of the queen and the bishop of the diocese, until the 
 Earl of Lonsdale purchased the patronage in IS.jS. 
 Attached to this church is an ecclesiastical district, 
 formed by order in council, dated August 5th, 1845, 
 and which, on the consecration of the church, in 1847, 
 became a separate and independent parish for all eccle- 
 siastical purposes. It is bounded on the north by 
 Whitehaven township, on the west by the sea, on the 
 south by the township of Sandwith and part of Preston 
 Quarter, and on the east by the turnpike-road from 
 Whitehaven to Hensingbam. In 1851 this parish con- 
 tained 3,909 inhabitants, of whom 1,933 were males, 
 and 2,030 females, inhabiting 739 houses : ten being 
 uninliabited, and four building. The llcv. John Rim- 
 mer is the first, and present incumbent. 
 
 St. Mary's (Catholic) is in Duke-street, and is a very 
 poor building. It was erected about the year 1780, and 
 enlarged in 1824. 
 
 St. Gregory's (Catholic) is situated at the south- 
 eastern extremity of the town, on the road leading 
 from Ginns to Corkicle. It was built in 1834, on land 
 given by the Earl of Lonsdale, who also contributed 
 £100 towards the erection. It is a plain building, 
 capable of accommodating about 0.")() pereons. The en- 
 closure contains a small burial ground, with presbytery 
 or priests' residence. The Revs. T. M. Shepherd and 
 .1. B. Jolley are the present priests. 
 
 Tho Baptist (English) Chapel is situated in Charles- 
 street. It was erected in 175 I, but was rebuilt and 
 enlarged in 1842, at a cost of i'30(), which was defrayed 
 by subscription. It is a plain stone structure, with 
 accommodation for 300 persons. Tiiis congregation 
 was formed in 1751. There is a Sunday-school in 
 connection with the chapel. 
 
 The Scotch Baptists have a chapel in Gore's Build- 
 ings. 
 
 The Independent Chapel, Duke-strocl, was built in 
 
 1793, and enlarged in 1838, at a cost of about £650. 
 It will accommodate about 800 persons. This chapel 
 originally belonged to Lady Huntingdon's Connexion. 
 It has a good Sunday-school attached, wliich is nume- 
 rously attended. 
 
 James '-street Presbyterian Church. About the latter 
 end of the seventeenth century four or five families of 
 Presbyterians from tho north of Ireland settled in 
 Whitehaven, and shortly afterwards received a grant of 
 land from Sir John Lowther, lord of the manor, upon 
 which they erected a church, in 1095. About si.\ty 
 years afterwards, in consequence of the increased num- 
 bers of the congregation, the church was considerably 
 enlarged, and a manse erected for the residence of the 
 minister ; tho cost of this alteration being defrayed by 
 a bequest from one of the congregation, named Hicks. 
 In 1857 the church was again enlarged, beautified, and 
 otherwise improved by the erection of a front in the 
 Gothic style, at a cost of upwards of £800. The wood 
 work in the interior is all stained, and there are several 
 stained gla.ss windows. The church will scat about 
 800 persons. The Rev. James Burns is the present 
 minister. 
 
 The United Presbyterian Church is in High-street. 
 It is a plain stone building, erected about the year 1700, 
 and possesses accommodation for about 700 persons. 
 The Rev. W. Drummond is the minister. 
 
 Tho Primitive Methodist Chapel, situated in Mill- 
 street, was erected in 1859, at a cost of about £500, 
 and will accommodate about COO persons. 
 
 The Society of Friends have a meeting-house in Sand- 
 hill Lane. It was erected in 1727, and has a small 
 burial ground attached, which ceased to be a place of 
 sepulture under the Health of Towns Act, in 1855. 
 Tho society havo now a plot of ground spcciiilly set 
 apart in the new cemetery. Prior to the erection of 
 the present place of worship, the members of this 
 reUgious body were principally engaged in agriculture, 
 and tlieir place of worship was at Crossfield, near 
 Keekle Grove, about two miles distant from the town, 
 where the site of the burial ground may stiU be 
 observed. 
 
 The Wesleyan Association Chapel is situate in 
 Catharine-street. It was built in 1836, the year after 
 the secession, at a cost of £1,700, and is a neat 
 structure, possessing accommodation for 1,000 persons. 
 Iichind tho chapel there is a spacious building which 
 serves as a Suuday-school. In 1358 the congregation 
 of this chapel united themselves with the Methodist 
 Reformers, who now bear tho title of the United 
 Methodist I'rec Church. 
 
 The Wosleyau Methodist Chapel, in Michaei-etrect,
 
 452 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE DERWENT WARD. 
 
 was rebuilt in 1818. It is gallcried all round, and has 
 sittings for 1,000 persons. The Sunday-school attached 
 to this chapel was the first established in Whitehaven. 
 The Birdites, so called from their attachment to the 
 doctrines and views put forward by the late Rev. George 
 Bird, have a place of worship at the Guinea Ware- 
 house. 
 
 PUnUC SCHOOLS. 
 
 Foremost among the schools of Wliitehaven, in point 
 of age, stands the Marine School. It was founded 
 in 1817, by Jlatthew Piper, Esq., of Whitehaven, a 
 member of the Society of Friends, who munificently 
 endowed it with £2,000 navy five-per-cent. annuities, 
 vested in the hands of fifteen trustees, " for the education 
 of sixty poor boys resident in the town of Whitehaven, 
 or the neighbourhood, in reading, writing, arithmetic, 
 guagiug, navigation, and book-keeping." In 1859 an 
 additional bequest was made by the late Mrs. Benson 
 of Sandwith, of £100, the interest to go towards the 
 education of three additional scholars. The school, 
 which is situated in High-street, was erected by the 
 Earl of Lonsdale, and opened in 1 822. Prior to being 
 admitted, every boy must be able to read the New 
 Testament, and be above eight years of age — none are 
 allowed to remain more than five years. " Although the 
 school is intended to convey such material instruction 
 as shall qualify its pupils to act as mates and masters 
 of vessels, they arc not placed under any obligation to 
 go to sea, as the name of the institution may be sup- 
 posed to imply." 
 
 The National School occupies a large building at the 
 top of Wellington Row, erected in 1824, and is a good 
 stone building, of two stories high, and eighty-four feet 
 long; the girls' school is held on the second floor. 
 It was cemented and palisaded in front in 1835, by the 
 late Mr. John Pennyfeather, at a cost of £150. In 
 1852 the late Rev. Andrew Huddlcstone, D.D., incum- 
 bent of St. Nicholas, left £1,000 invested in the harbour 
 bonds at four per cent, towards the support of this 
 school. It will accommodate 500 children. The number 
 in attendance is 120 boys and 100 girls. St. James's 
 Sunday-school is also held here. 
 
 St. Nicholas's Infant and Sunday-school, in Scotch- 
 street, which was erected in 184C, at a cost of £930, 
 is a neat building, possessing accommodation for 300 
 children. The average number in attendance is 240. 
 It is under government inspection, and is conducted 
 by one master, aided by four pupU-teachers. 
 
 The Refuge School, for children of both sexes, is 
 situate in James'-street. It was erected in 1852, and 
 enlarged in 1859, upon a site granted by the Earl of 
 Lonsdale, on a lease for ninety-nine years, at a cost of 
 
 £1,200, defrayed by subscription, and will accommodate 
 400 children ; the average number in attendance being 
 80 on weekdays, and 250 on Sundays. The school 
 is in conne.'cion with the Church of England. 
 
 The Dissenters have a Refuge Sunday-school, held 
 for some time in the Temperance Hall, but now held 
 in an adjoining room. 
 
 The Whitehaven Colliers' School for the education of 
 the children of the workpeople employed in the coal miaes 
 of the Earl of Lonsdale, was commenced by his lordship 
 in 1853, the old glasshouse in the Ginns being altered 
 and made suitable for that purpose. There are rooms 
 for boys and girls, capable of accommodating 500 
 pupils. The children pay a small charge wecld}'. The 
 schools are conducted by a master and mistress, with 
 assistants. The average attendance is about 300. 
 
 Holy Trinity National School, situated in Howgill 
 street, was erected in 1852, the cost being defrayed 
 by the money received from the railway company for 
 the old schools, and a grant from the Committee of 
 Council on education. The amount incurred in the 
 erection, inclusive of teachers' residences, was £1,500. 
 The schools are under government inspection, and are 
 conducted by a master and mistress, with nine pupil 
 teachers, five males and four femalcsj. The average 
 attendance is, boys 214, girls 150. 
 
 St. Nicholas's Schools, in Scotch-street, were built in 
 1847, at a cost of £1,000, and form a substantial stone 
 building, capable of accommodating 300 children ; the 
 average number in attendance is about 100. 
 
 The Catholic School, held in the chapel. Duke-street, 
 is supported by subscription, and is attended by about 
 100 children. Efforts are being made to erect a new 
 school. 
 
 CHAKITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The Whitehaven and Westmoreland Infirmary occu- 
 pies a large building in Howgill-street, and has a 
 dispensary, and house of recovery, or fever hospital 
 attached. A dispensary has existed in the town since 
 1783, and a house of recovery since 1819, but the 
 Infirmary was only estabhshed in 1830, and the gi'eat 
 benefit of such an invaluable institution has become 
 more apparent every year. The building was enlarged 
 in 1 85 7, by the addition of new wards, erected by the late 
 Baroness de Steinberg, at a cost of upwards of £6,000. 
 The same benevolent lady paid £50 a year to a chap- 
 lain, and previous to her decease endowed the chap- 
 laincy for ever. During the first thirteen years of its 
 existence, the number of patients averaged between forty 
 and fifty annually. In 1844 the number of patients 
 admitted was 104. From the report for the year 1858 
 we learn that the number of out-patients who attended
 
 THE BOROUGH OF WHITEHAVEN. 
 
 453 
 
 at the surgery was more numerous than that of the 
 preceding year, whilst the patients attended at their 
 own liomcs, though fewer than in the previous year, 
 were above the average. The spring and summer 
 months were unusually fatal to consumptive patients, 
 although the town was at that time comparatively 
 healthy. The diseases commonly so prevalent in 
 autumn were less severe than usual. During the last 
 two months of the year there was a great amount of 
 sickness among children, especially infants. This may 
 partly'^be attributed to the epidemics of scarlatina and 
 measles which began to bo prevalent about the end of 
 September; and although the mortality from these 
 diseases was slight, they left much weakness behind 
 them, which predisposed children to numerous other 
 complaints. A large proportion of infantile diseases 
 occurred in the vicinity of the Market Place ; in one 
 street nearly every house had one or two inmates in- 
 valided, and the deaths were nearly one third of the 
 number attended. This contrasts with what occurred 
 in the higher part of the town, wliich suffered so much 
 from the epidemic of small pox in 1857. The number 
 of patients admitted into the wards was smaller than 
 the year previous, owing to there having been few cases 
 of fever. An ambulance was obtained in 1858, which 
 will add much to the comfort of jmtients who have 
 to be conveyed to the infirmary from a distance. The 
 following arc the number of in-patients admitted within 
 the 3'ear 1858 : — remaining on tlie books, December 
 31st, 1857, 11; since admitted, 86; total, 97. They 
 are classified as follow : — accidents and operations, 20; 
 other cases, 71; of whom 72 were cured, 1 relieved, 
 •1 unrelieved, 9 died, and 11 remained on the books 
 at the close of the year. The statistics of the out- 
 patients are as follow: — remaining on the books, 
 December .'?lst, 1857, 13, since admitted, 1,011; 
 total, 1,054. The accidents and operations number 
 74; skin diseases, 01; measles, 00; scarlatina, 29; 
 consumption, 92; other cases, 1,410; of whom 1,424 
 were cured, 18, relieved, 09 re-admitted, 05 dead, and 
 78 remain on the books. Of tho above number, 000 
 were attended at their own homes. The dental report 
 gives tho number of teeth and stumps e.\tracted at 
 604. The receipts for the year ending December 31st, 
 1858, amounted to £027 93. Id.; tho expenditure for 
 tho same period, X'549 133. 9d. ; balance in favour 
 of the institution, £77 15s. 4d. 
 
 In 1815 tho Earl of Lonsdale established an 
 hospital in tho Back Row for tho benefit of those 
 who met with accidents in his lordship's employment. 
 
 Besides tho Infirmary, Whitehaven possesses tho 
 Ladies' Charily, which affords relief and assistauco 
 
 to married women in cliildbed, in their own houses, 
 and to widows whose husbands have died during their 
 pregnancy, resident in the town and suburbs. It was 
 instituted in 1805. There are also a Ladies' Bene- 
 volent Society, for visiting and relieving the sick poor, 
 formed in 1818 ; and a Blanket and Clothing Society, 
 which not only supplies the poor with cheap clothing, 
 but also enables them to deposit small sums, and to 
 pay for articles of clothing by such instalments as they 
 can conveniently spare. There is also a Soup Kitchen, 
 in Queen-street, which furnishes the poor with nutri- 
 tious soup in winter, pursuant to a bequest of the 
 benevolent Matthew Piper, Esq., who left the interest 
 of £1,000 for that purpose. 
 
 r.ELiaioDS AND rnAniTAHLE societies, &c. 
 The CopelanJ District Committee for the promotion 
 of Christian Knowledge, was established in 1824, and 
 is supported by the clergy and others of the Established 
 Church in this deanery. The annual subscription is 
 not less than one guinea, and the number of books 
 distributed during the year 1858 was 230 Bibles, 
 140 Testaments, 350 Prayer-books, 6,000 miscella- 
 neous books and tracts. The receipts for the same 
 j-ear amounted to £110. The depository is in Low- 
 ther-street. 
 
 The Independents have a branch of the London 
 Missionary Tract Society, and there are missionary 
 and other societies belonging to the Wesleyaus, Bap- 
 tists, etc. 
 
 rOBI.IC BUILDINGS. 
 
 Tho Town Hall is a fine building, in Duke-street, 
 now in the hands of trustees, and in its rear, in Scotch- 
 street, is the police station. The petty sessions are 
 now held in a new ollice, erected in 1859, behind the 
 police station. 
 
 The County Court, situate in Sandhill Lane and 
 Scotch-street, is a good substantial stone building, 
 erected in 1857, at a co.ot of £2,000. It contains the 
 public otliccs, registrars' oilices, and court-room. 
 
 The Temperance Hall, rebuilt in 1857, is a neat 
 building, with sitting accommodation for 500 persons. 
 
 The LiMisdale Hotel, one of tho largest and finest 
 buildings of the kind in the north of England, was 
 erected in 1840-7. It is in the Lombardian stylo of 
 architecture, and was built by tho Earl of Lonsdale, 
 at a great expense, from a design by, and under tho 
 superintendence of, ilr. Bonies, of London ; Mr. 
 Hugh Todhunter, of Whitehaven, being tlic builder. 
 It covers an area of 0,000 superficial feet ; is 100 feet 
 in length, and si.xty in width. There are about eighty 
 rooms, including a spacious ball-room, a large public
 
 4S4 
 
 ALLERDAUE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 coflfee-room, Ac. It is situate at Branstj-, contiguous 
 to the Wbitehavcu Junction Railway Station, and is 
 a great ornament to the town and harbour. This fine 
 building is now (1859) closed, and it is rumoured that 
 it is intended to convert it into a part of the intended 
 new railway station, \Yheu it will serve as offices, &c. 
 
 NF.WSPArEnS. 
 
 Tlie press of ^^'hitehaven comprises four news- 
 papers, all weeklies. The Cvmberland Pacquet, 
 published every Tuesday, by Mr. Robert Foster, King- 
 street, is the oldest newspaper in the county, having 
 been established in 1774. by Mr. "Ware, and is con- 
 servative in politics ; its circulation is very extensive. 
 The Whitehaven Herald, established in 1830, is 
 published every Saturday, by Mr. William Smith, 
 Lowther-street — it favours the whig or liberal policy. 
 There are also two penny papers, published on Thurs- 
 day, the Whitehaven Times, and the Whitehaven News. 
 Two other weekly newspapers have been published here, 
 viz., the Chronicle, which only lived for a short period, 
 and the Gazette, which continued from 1810 to 1826, 
 -ffhen it was purchased by the proprietor of the Pacquet. 
 
 MECHANICS' IKSTlTurtON, itc. 
 
 The Whitehaven Mechanics' Institution, situated in 
 Lower Queen-street, was established in March, 1845. 
 Its objects are " the dififusiou of useful knowledge in 
 general literature, the sciences, and the arts, by means 
 of a library, a reading-room, and news-room, a museum, 
 the delivery of lectures, discussions, and the reading 
 of essays, &c., by the formation of classes for the 
 study of any art and science, and such other means 
 as the committee for the time being may deem expe- 
 dient." The members ai'e divided into honorary, 
 ■who pay a subscription of 10s. each per annum ; 
 ordinary, paying Cs. per annum ; females, paying 4s. 
 per annum; juvenile, who, being under sixteen years 
 of age, or apprentices, pay 4s., and subscribers to 
 the news-room, who pay 4s. per annum. The 
 institution is supported by the subscriptions of its 
 members, the number of whom is now about 300. 
 The library contains about 8,000 volumes, and is 
 rapidly increasing. There are several elementary 
 classes held during the winter season. The reading- 
 room is well supplied with quarterly, monthly, and 
 weekly periodicals, and the news-room with the various 
 metropolitan and local papers. The institution is in 
 connection with the Society of Arts, London. 
 
 The Whitehaven Christian Improvement Society 
 was founded in 1858, and holds its meetings in the 
 room above the Guinea Warehouse. It is instituted 
 to promote the mental and religious improvement 
 
 of young men, by means of readings in Scripture, 
 discussions, conversations, essays, and lectures. The 
 affairs of the society are managed by a president, 
 vice-president, treasurer, and secretary, with a com- 
 mittee of ten members, the whole of the officers 
 being elected by ballot. The number of members 
 at present (1859) is sixty ; the subscription, one shil- 
 ling a year. 
 
 The Subscription Library was founded in 1797, 
 and now occupies a handsome building, in Catharine- 
 street, erected by the late Earl of Lonsdale. It com- 
 prises about 10,000 volumes, and has at present 132 
 members, subscribing one guinea each per annum. 
 The entrance fee is one guinea. 
 
 The News Room, in the upper part of the public 
 office, Lowther-street, is very elegantly fitted up and 
 ornamented with paintings of William IV., her present 
 Majesty, and the late Earl of Lonsdale. It is attended 
 by subscribers of one guinea each per annum, and 
 is well furnished with the various London and pro- 
 vincial papers, &c. 
 
 COUniS OP LAW, &c. 
 
 The sessions for the county were removed to Car- 
 lisle in 1858. Petty sessions are held here every 
 Monday and Thursday. A Court Baron for the recovery 
 of debts under 40s. is held monthly, under the lord 
 of the manor. The County Court for the recovery of 
 debts under iSO is also held here monthly. The police 
 establishment consists of a superintendent, inspector, 
 two sergeants, and twelve men, for the borough. 
 
 BANKS, MAKKETS, FAIRS, &C. 
 
 There arc throe banks in the town, viz., the Bank of 
 Whitehaven, the Whitehaven Joint Stock Bank, and 
 a branch of the Carlisle Old Bank (J. M. Head & Co.) 
 established in 1819. The iirst bank established in 
 UTiitehaven was opened in 1780, by Messrs. T. 
 Hartley, M. Hartley, and S. Potter. Another was 
 established in 1793, by Messrs. Moore, Hamilton, 
 Harrison, Sergeant and Co. ; another under the firm 
 of Johnston, Adamson, and Co., suspended payment 
 during the panic of 1825, and the commercial insti- 
 tutions now in the town are concentrated in the banks 
 above-mentioned. There is also a Savings' Bank, 
 which was established here in 1818, its deposits now 
 amount to £79,537, belonging to 2,402 depositors, 
 including charitable and friendly societies. 
 
 The markets are held on Tuesday, Thursday, and 
 Saturday, and are well supplied with all kinds of pro- 
 visions, especially on Thursday, which is the principal 
 market day. The Market Place, which is surrounded 
 with well-stocked retail shops, is tolerably spacious.
 
 THE BOROUGH OF WHITEHAVEN. 
 
 455 
 
 having been enlarged and rendered more commodious 
 about a century ago, by throwing an arch over the 
 Pow Beck, which runs under this part of the town. 
 It now extends from King-street to Irish-street, and con- 
 tains a neat market house, designed by Smirke, which is 
 devoted to poultry, butter, eggs, &c. The Com iSIarket is 
 held in Duke-street. Chapel-street divides the shambles 
 into two parts, viz., the Low Market, extending to King- 
 street, and George's Market, which leads to Church-street. 
 The two butcher markets are private property : they 
 have slaughter-houses attached. Formerly the h.arbour 
 occupied that part of the town on which the buildings 
 between Strand-street and Chapel-street now stand. 
 The gut which separated them was filled up early 
 in the last century. The stone bridge which crossed 
 the Pow Beck, opposite the Golden Lion, was removed, 
 and the stream covered over as at present. Fairs are 
 held annually on the 121 h of August. 
 
 The Whitehaven and "West-Cumberland Benefit 
 Land and Building Society was established in 18.54, 
 and it now numbers about 200 shares at J£30 each. 
 
 RAILWAYS, r,AS, WATEnWOEKS, X'C. 
 
 Whitehaven is the centre of a railway system which 
 connects it with the north ami south of the county, 
 and the other parts of England. These lines, which 
 will bo found fully described at page 66, are the 
 Whitehaven and Fumess, the Whitehaven Junction, 
 and the Whitcliaven, Cleator, and Fgremont. The 
 railway station, which is totally unworthy the wealth 
 and importance of the town, is situate at Bransty, 
 and it is hoped will, before long, give place to a better 
 and more convenient structure. The Fumess line 
 had a station in Preston-street till 18!i6, when it 
 was annexed to Bransty, by means of a tunnel from 
 that station to Corkide, the tunnel also serving as 
 a means of communication between Bransty and the 
 Whitehaven, Cleator, and I'Igrcmont line. 
 
 llntil 1831 ^^'h^tohaven was lighted with oil lamps, 
 but in the year just named gas works were erected at 
 a cost of £8,000, raised by a company in £20 shares. 
 These works are situated at Bransty, and comprise 
 twenty-six retorts, which supply two gasometers, capable 
 of containing 2,500 cubic feet of gas. A new gas- 
 works was established in 185!^, in the Preston Quarter, 
 and the competition between the two companies has 
 been of tho greatest value to the public, who are 
 supplied with gas at two shillings and two shillings 
 sixpence per l,(i00 feet. 
 
 The Whitehaven Water Works, situated in the Pres- 
 ton Quarter, between Hcnsingham and Whitehaven, 
 and ouo mile from tho latter place, were commenced 
 
 in 1819, and finished in 1850, at a cost of £25,000. 
 They are under the superintendence of the town trus- 
 tees. The water is conveyed from Enncrdalc Lake, a 
 distance of eight miles, and has a fall of tliirty feet 
 per mile.* There are filtering beds at Wath, from 
 which place pipes, ten inches in diameter, convey it 
 to the town, llensingliam is also supplied with water 
 from the same source, by steam power attached to the 
 works. The daily supply averages one million gallons. 
 
 While speaking of the water works we may advert 
 to the baths and washhouses, in Newtown, erected by 
 the Earl of Lonsdale, in 1858, for the use of his work- 
 people: and though last not least in our estimation, 
 the public di-inking fountains, seven of which have 
 been erected and opened in ^^'hitehaven. The first 
 of these iu point of time is that in the Green Market, 
 which was erected by tho Loyal Lebanon Tent of the 
 Order of Kechabites in Whitehaven, at a cost of about 
 £10. It is a handsome upright of cast iron, painted 
 dark green, the upper part being ornamented with a 
 variety of grilliu-like faces, from the open mouth of one 
 of which flows a sparkling jet of mountain water fresh 
 from Ennerdale. A white metal ladle of shell pattern 
 hangs by a chain from each side. The fountain was 
 opened May 12th, 1859, by Mrs. Bateman Wilson, in 
 the presence of a numerous concoui-se of spectators. 
 
 On the West Strand is a convenient suite of cold, 
 warm, and shower salt water baths, erected by the 
 town and harbour trustees in 181 1. 
 
 Whitehaven Cemetery is situated in Preston Quarter, 
 and will be found noticed at page 432. 
 
 PAIUJASreSTAKY EEPBESENTATION. 
 
 Previous to 1832 ^Miitehavcn was without a repre- 
 sentative in the Imperial Parliament, but by tho 
 Reform Bill, passed in that jear, it was invested with 
 the privilege. The parliamentary borough of White- 
 haven consists of the township of Whitehaven, and 
 part of the township of Preston (Quarter, containing 
 4,720 inhabitants. The population is 18,916: th© 
 number of electors being 535. We subjoin a list of 
 the members of Parliament from 18.S2 to the present 
 time:— J832-35, M. Attwood, Esq.: 1835-37, M. 
 Attwood; 1837-41, M. Attwood; 1841-47, R. C. Hild- 
 yard; 1852-56, R. C. Hildyard: 1856-7, R. C. Hild- 
 yard; 1857, G. Lyall : 1850, G. LyaU. 
 
 roon-uiw uniou. 
 
 Tho Whitehaven Poor-law Union embraces four 
 
 sub-districts, viz., Harrington, including Harrington, 
 
 Pistington, Arlccdon, Ijamplugh, Salter and Eskat, 
 
 Enncrdalc, Kinniside, Wcddicar, Jforcsby, and Parton ;
 
 456 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 Whitehaven, which includes the township of White- 
 haven ; St. Bees, comprising Hensinghara, Preston 
 Quarter, Sandwith, Rottington, Lowside Quarter, and 
 St. Bees ; and Egremont, containing Cleator, Egremont, 
 Hale, St. John Beckermet, St. Bridget Beckermet, 
 Ponsonby, Gosforth, and Nether Wasdale. The area 
 of the union is 99,'-203 statute acres. Its population 
 in 1851 was .3.j,G14, of whom 17,108 wore males, 
 and 18,500 females. The number of inhabited houses 
 at the same period was 6,743, of uninhabited 260, 
 and there were 47 in course of erection. The total 
 receipts of the union iu the year 1858 amounted to 
 JE7,941 9s. 8s.; and the expenditure to Je7,900 10s. 9d. 
 Until 1855-0 there was no new workhouse erected iu 
 this union from the time of its formation, the old work- 
 houses being considered suflSciently capacious. The new 
 workhouse, situated in Preston Quarter, was erected in 
 the years just named. It is a good substantial stone 
 structure, possessing accommodation for 400 persons, 
 and cost £8,140 inclusive of the site. It is considered 
 the finest building of the kind in the north. The 
 number of inmates at present (1859) is 200. There are 
 two fever wards, one for males and the other for females. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Mrs. Gale's Charity.— Urs. Elizabeth Gale, by will 
 dated 30th February, 1735, left £200 to trustees on 
 trust to place out the same, and pay the interest at 
 Christmas yearly for the augmentation of the salary 
 of the minister of the old chapel in Whitehaven, and 
 his successors, provided that he and his successors 
 should continually cause twelve poor children at least 
 to be instructed to read English, and should yearly on 
 Christmas Eve, within the said chapel, distribute 40s. 
 to and amongst so many of the poor inhabitants of 
 Whitehaven, as he and they should think meet ; and 
 the testatrix expressed her desire that the said £200 
 should be laid out iu obtaining Queen Anne's bounty for 
 the said chapel, the minister still being subject to the 
 provision before-mentioned. At a vestry-meeting held 
 iu 1752, it was agreed that this bequest should be laid 
 out in building on a vacant spot of ground near twelve 
 yards square, behind the minister's house, and belong- 
 ing to the said chapel, fronting Church-street, and that 
 the income should be applied for the augmentation of 
 the minister's salary, subject to the provisos in the 
 wUl. It appears that an application had been made to 
 obtain Queen Ann's bounty, but without effect. Some 
 buildings were erected on the spot, which are now 
 chiefly divided into small rooms, and if all were 
 properly let, they might be worth seven guineas a 
 year ; but the present minister does not receive so 
 much as two-thirds of that sum. The premises being 
 
 occupied by poor persons, it is difficult to obtain any 
 rent at all. It is not quite clear what buildings were 
 erected with this bequest, and what were previously 
 existing there. The minister distributes annually on 
 the Epiphany 40s. to forty poor widows, and the same 
 distribution appears to have been made regularly ; but 
 we do not find that any children have ever been in- 
 structed according to Mrs. Gale's will. This latter con- 
 dition was not known to the minister till the enquiry of 
 the Charity Commissioners took place ; and it is clear 
 that the bequest would be far from an augmentation to 
 his salary if he were obhged to provide for the educa- 
 tion of twelve chUden, which would not cost less than 
 £12 a year. The bequest would be an injury to the 
 minister on such terms ; and if on failing to comply 
 with the condition, he were called upon to give up the 
 advantage of this donation, we do not see how the rent 
 of buildings could bo separated from the land belonging 
 to the chapelry on which they are buUt. The mode in 
 which this bequest was laid out, appears not to have been 
 well considered, as these buildings may, very probably, 
 be aa injury rather thau an advantage to the incum- 
 bent. 
 
 Mrs. Grace Towerson's Charity. — Mrs. Grace Tower- 
 son, by will dated 12th April, 1770, gave to the Rev. 
 Wilfred Iludleston, and Henry Littledale, £100 iu 
 trust, that they and the survivor of them should place 
 out the same on good security, and apply the interest 
 yearly towards putting to school and educating such 
 and so many poor children belonging to the town of 
 Whitehaven as they should think proper ; and the 
 further sum of £100 upon trust, to pay the interest 
 thereof yearly unto such and so many poor widows of 
 the town of Whitehaven, as they should judge the 
 most deserving. The amount of these bequesis was 
 paid to Mr. Iludleston, who then resided at White- 
 haven. Mr. Littledale died many years ago, and the 
 whole management rested with Mr. Iludleston, in 
 whose hands the money remained. The sum of £4 
 has been distributed regulai-ly on the 4th of .June, as 
 interest of £100, amongst poor widows of Whitehaven, 
 in sums varying from 2s. Od. to 10s. No money was 
 for many years apphed for putting boys to school, and 
 £100 was added as arrears of interest for twenty years, 
 to the principal sum of £100 in the trustees' hands 
 for the purpose of putting boys to school. The sum 
 of £200, together with the £100 before- mentioned, 
 was subsequently laid out in the purchase of £358 
 4s. 2d. four -per -cent, stock, (£119 8s. for the poor 
 widows, and £238 Kis. 2d. for putting boys to school) 
 and the charity is now carried out as directed by the 
 testator.
 
 THE BOROUGH OF WHITEHAVEN. 
 
 457 
 
 Joseph Olaister's Ckarity. — Joseph Glaister, by will 
 dated 22nd January, 1773, gave £'> yearly for ever, to 
 be distributed every Christmas Eve to poor housekeepers 
 in the town of Whitehaven, at the discretion of the 
 minister and chapelwardens of Trinity Chapel for the 
 time being; and ho directed his trustees to vest in 
 some of the public funds, or place out at interest in the 
 harbour or turnpike of Whitehaven, in the name of 
 the minister and chapelwprdens of Trinity Chapel, as 
 much as would be sufficient from the yearly interest or 
 dividends to pay the said sum yearly to poor house- 
 keepers in Whitehaven. By a codicil to his will, the 
 testator directed that a ticket or instrument for £200, 
 entitling the possessor to receive £4 10s. per cent 
 from the trustees appointed by act of Parliament, for 
 enlarging and preserving the Maryport harbour, should 
 be appropriated as a fund to secure the payment of 50s. 
 annually to poor housekeepers of Cockermouth, as 
 mentioned in his will, and for the above charity of £5 
 a year for poor housekeepers of Whitehaven ; and he 
 directed that no less a sum than os. should be given to 
 each poor housekeeper, and whatever yearly interest 
 should accrue from the said ticket. 
 
 Mrs. Seivell's ChariUj. — Mrs. Susannah Sewell, by 
 will dated 1 7th December, 1 782, bequeathed to the Rev. 
 James Sedgwick, then lately elected minister of Trinity 
 Chapel, £200, upon trust to place the same out on good 
 public or private security, and distribute the interest 
 on St. Thomas's Day unto and amongst twenty poor 
 families or single persons who should keep house, in 
 such proportions as he should think suitable to their 
 circumstances; and in case the said James Sedgwick 
 should resign or be removed from the said chapel, the 
 testatrix gave the same to the next succeeding minister 
 and chapelwardens of the said chapel, and their suc- 
 cessors, upon the same trusts. The sum received 
 under this bequest was invested in 1780 in the 
 purchase of £rjO stock in the five-per-cents, iu the 
 names of the minister and chapelwardens. In 1810 it 
 became necessary to have the stock transferred into 
 the names of new trustees, by which an expense was 
 incurred of £8 18s. 5d. The dividends arising from 
 Mrs. Sewell's bequest, and the annual payment left by 
 Mr. Glaister, are distributed together on St Thomas's 
 Day, by the minister and chapclvardens of Trinity 
 Chapel. The money is divided amongst twenty poor 
 persons. As Mrs. Sewell's donation is limited to twenty 
 persons and Mr. Olaister's is directed to be given away 
 in sums not less than 5s. to each person, it is thought 
 advisable to adopt this mode of distribution. The 
 trustees generally select widows for the objects of this 
 charity, and it is their wish to give to those who do 
 A3 
 
 not receive parochial relief; but this is not strictly 
 attended to. 
 
 AUL'SEMEXTS, CUSTOUS, &C. 
 
 The Theatre is a neat structure, in Eoper-street, 
 erected in 1709. 
 
 The Cricket-ground and Bowling-green, at the end 
 of Howgill-street, covers an area of about six acres, 
 and has been given for the purpose by the Earl of 
 Lonsdale. It affords healthy recreation to the young 
 gentry of ihe town, and is well supported by 100 mem- 
 bers, who pay a yeariy subscription of ten shillings 
 each. 
 
 At Christmas the old custom of " mumming " is 
 still kept up — the mummers going about among the 
 country houses, and exhibiting their dramatic powers 
 iu the halls of kitchens. The very curious and simple 
 kind of drama which they perform is of very ancient 
 date, somewhat rcsombliug the old Jliracle Plays. 
 On Christmas Eves the whole town seems alive and 
 waking till near dawn — music of aU kinds, merry- 
 making and psalm-SHiging, and a constant crowd 
 parading the streets, make the sleep of the soberer 
 inhabitants a thing almost impossible. There is a 
 superstition among the inhabitants of Whitehaven, 
 concerning a very remarkable and unearthly noise, 
 which until the last few years was often heard at 
 night by them. It is called the " Newtown Bogle," 
 (Bogle being a common word for some uneasy spirit) 
 and is supposed to be some wicked and restless ghost : 
 though the traditions of its origin are various and 
 uncertain. The noise, however, is by no means a 
 fiction, as, though it has not been heard for eight or 
 ten years, it is distinctly vouched for by many persons 
 as a wild and fearful scream, beginning in a low wail, 
 and gradually rising to a higher pitch. The only 
 practical solution of the mystery is, that it may 
 have been caused by the escape of air from the 
 numerous coal-workings with which the foundations 
 of tho town are honeycombed. Some such general 
 source it would seem there must be for so widely - 
 extended a result, though in this case, it is not 
 known why it should now have ceased. 
 
 EMINENT BEN. 
 
 Among the eminent men connected with White- 
 haven, we may mention tho following : — 
 
 Bacon, .Anthony, Esq., who was born in this town, 
 and raised himself, after his thirtieth year, by his 
 talents, from the position of a master mariner to the 
 rank of one of tho first merchants in Loudon, and to 
 a seat in the House of Commons during three suc- 
 cessive parliaments.
 
 458 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 Bacon, Thomas, author, who published in a lat^o 
 folio volume, "A Digest of the Laws of Maryland," a 
 volume of sermons, and the " S^'stem of the Revenue 
 in Ireland." 
 
 Brownrigg William, M.D., F.R.S., physician, who, 
 ■while in practice in this town, fully investigated the 
 nature of the exhalations which produced such extra- 
 ordinary effects in the coal mines. He also applied 
 himself to the Study of mineral waters, and is said 
 to have been the first to discover the nature of chaly- 
 beate springs. He died in 1800, aged eighty years. 
 
 Nutter, Henry, a celebrated portrait painter. 
 
 Dixon, J., Esq., M.D., physician, author of a " Life 
 of Dr. Brownrigg, '" and a treatise on ah, fevers, &c. 
 
 Spedding, James, Esq., well known for his philo- 
 sophical attainments. He died in 1789. 
 
 Williamson, Eev. David, pastor of the United 
 Secession Church in this town, author of " Lectures on 
 Civil and Kcligious Liberty," political debates, and 
 correspondence with the Eev. John Newton, of London. 
 
 Chambers, William, schoolmaster, author of several 
 works on algebra, navigation, and kindred subjects. 
 
 The celebrated Dean Swift is said to have received 
 the rudiments of his education in Whitehaven. 
 
 ST. BRIDGET BECKERMET PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by Hale and St. John Beckermet, on the west by the Trisb Sea, on the south- 
 east by the river Calder, which separates it from Ponsonby, and on the east by the mountains of Copcland Forest. 
 The soil on its western side is light and fertile, but towards the east it is cold and sterile. Freestone is found here; 
 towards the eastern extremity of the parish are Cald Fell and Wasdalo FeUs, which afford pasturage to large flocks 
 of sheep. The parish possesses no dependent townships. 
 
 The area of St. Bridget Beckermet is 5,025 acres, 
 and its rateable value £3,490. The number of 
 inhabitants in 1801 was 400; in 1811, 469; in 1821, 
 545; in 1831, 574; in 1841, 030; and in 1851, 004; 
 •who are chiefly congregated in the villages of Becker- 
 met and Calder Bridge, and the hamlets of Sella Park, 
 or Sella Field, Prior Scales, Yotton Fews, and Scalder- 
 skew. Agriculture is the principal employment, and 
 Whitehaven the market usually attended. 
 
 The manor of Great Beckermet, so called to 
 distinguish it from that of Little Beckermet, in the 
 adjoining parish of St. John, has never been severed 
 from the demesne of the barony of Egremont, and in 
 consequence is now held by General Wyndham. One 
 estate, known as the Calder Lordship, belongs to the 
 Earl of Lonsdale. The landowners iu the parish are 
 Captain Irwin, John Sharp, Esq., Edward Stanley, 
 Esq., Thomas Brocklebank, Esq., Miles Ponsonby, 
 Esq., Messrs. Isaac Bateman, Thompson and Snooks, 
 Henry Gunson, George Jackson, Robert Sherwen, the 
 executors of the late Jacob Benson, Isaac Powe, 
 Charles Mossop, William Nicholson, Joseph Watson, 
 Clement Mossop, Thomas Douglas, John Dalzell, John 
 Dixon, Isaac Atkinson, Robert Bone, John Chester, 
 Joseph Hartley, John Poole, Russell Atkinson, Mrs. 
 Mary Shepherd, Mrs. Iredale, and Miss Hannah 
 Brocklebank. 
 
 The village of Beckermet is partly in this parish 
 
 and partly in that of St. John, 2^ miles south of 
 Egi'emont. 
 
 Calder Bridge is a pleasant village four miles south- 
 south-east of Egremont, on the high road, where the 
 river Calder is crossed by a good bridge, and hence 
 its name. For the convenience of tourists and others 
 there are two good inns, one of which is on the south 
 side of the Calder in Ponsonby Palish. 
 
 THE cnrnicH. 
 
 The parish church, dedicated to St. Bridget, is situ- 
 ated in the village of Calder Bridge. It was erected 
 in 1842, at the sole expense of Thomas Irwin, Esq., of 
 Calder Abbey, and is a very neat cruciform structure, 
 with a square tower, surmounted with pinnacles. The 
 exterior of the church has a chaste and elegant appear- 
 ance, as has also the interior ; the communion table is 
 of oak, beautifully carved, and there is an excellent 
 organ. The church contains two monuments, one to 
 the late Rev. Sharp Mossop, first minister of the 
 new church, recently erected by the pai-ishioners and 
 his friends ; the other to .the memory of Joseph Tiffin 
 Senhouse, Esq., and his eldest daughter, erected by 
 Mrs. Irwm. The old church, which is now iised only 
 for interments, is situated about half-a-mde south-west 
 of the Ydlago of Beckermet. On the south side of the 
 churchyard is an interesting monument, consisting of 
 the remains of an ancient cross of the Anglo-Saxon
 
 ST. BEIBGET BECKKEMET PABISH. 
 
 459 
 
 times. It is in its present state a cylindrical column, 
 bevelled to a square near the top, and on one of the 
 bevels may be traced an inscription in Runic characters, 
 like all these early inscriptions in verse, and comraeuio- 
 rating, as it has been read and translated by the llev. 
 Daniel H. Haigh, of Erdington,' Tuda, bishop of the 
 Northumbrians, who perished in the terrible pestilence 
 which ravaged the whole island in the year 06-4. 
 The inscription mentions the pestilence, and is doubly 
 valuable as identifying Beckermet as the site, hitherto 
 unknown, of the early monastery of Piugnala'ch, where 
 Bedc says that Bishop Tuda was buried " honourably.'' 
 There is nothing on record relative to the first founda- 
 tion of the church of St. Bridget Beckerraet, but, as 
 we have seen, the ruined cross in its churchyard con- 
 nects it with Anglo-Saxon times. It appears to have 
 been appropriated to the abbey of Calder previous to 
 1202, and continued so till the time of the Dissolution, 
 during the whole of which period this parish, and those 
 of St. John and Arlecdon, were under the spiritual 
 supervision of the community of the abbey. On the 
 suppression of the monastic institutions, the parish fell 
 into a state of great poverty, as the revenues of the 
 church were not restored after being granted to the 
 Flemings of Pivdal. In the time of Bishop Bridgman, 
 who held the see of Chester from 1619 to 1057, the 
 parishes of St. Bridget and St. John paid synodals and 
 procurations jointly, but, since that period, they have 
 been exempt, " by reason of their poverty." From 
 the time of the Dissolution till ) 842 these two parishes 
 wore supplied by one curate, who officiated at each 
 church alternately. John Fleming, Ksrj., gave the 
 church of St. Bridget to Sir Jordan Crossland, Knt., 
 on his marriage with his daughter, whose coheiresses 
 sold it to Richard Patrickson, Esq. It subsequently 
 became the property of the families of Todd and Gait- 
 skell, and in 1 840 was purchased by Thomas Irwin, 
 Esq., of Calder Abbey, the present patron. The living 
 is not mentioned in the King's Book, excepting as 
 being appropriated to the Abbey of Calder. It was 
 returned to the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty as 
 of the annual value of i'7. Henry Gaitskell is the 
 impropriator of the tithes, except those belonging to 
 the Calder Abbey estate. The Rev. John Hutchinson 
 is the present incumbent. 
 
 •' About a mile from Calder Bridge stand the ruins of 
 Calder Abbey, the way to which is through the church- 
 yard, and along tho banks of the Calder, where again 
 the most beautiful tricks of light are seen, with brown 
 
 Una paper on "The Snxon Cross at Bcwcastlo," published 
 in the transactions oC the Society of Antiquaries of Newoastle- 
 npon-Tyno. 
 
 water and its white foam, red precipitous banks, and 
 the greenest vegetation, with a wood crowning all. 
 The scene is thoroughly monastic. There is no sound 
 at noon-day besides the gushing water, but the wood- 
 man's axe, and the shock of a falling tree, or the whirr 
 of the magpie, or the pipe of the tlirush: but at night 
 the rooks on their return to roost fill the air with their 
 din. The ruins are presently seen, springing sheer 
 from the greenest turf. Relics from the abbey are now 
 placed beside the way; and the modem house appears 
 at hand. The ruins should be approached from the 
 front, so that the lofty pointed arches may best disclose 
 the long perspective behind of grassy lawn and sombre 
 woods. The abbey is built of the rod sandstone of the 
 neighbourhood, now sobered dovra by time into the 
 richest and softest tint that the eye could desire. . . 
 The church was small, as the scanty remains show; 
 and the monastery, which now looks like a continuation 
 of the same building, could not have contained a 
 numerous company. From the fragments of effigies 
 preserved, it appears that some eminent persons were 
 buried here ; but who these knights and nobles were, 
 there is no record that can tell, — carefully as these mem- 
 orials were wrought to secure the immortality of this 
 world. The eye is first fixed by the remains of the 
 tower, from whose roofless summit dangles the ivy, and 
 whose base is embossed by the small lilac blossoms of 
 the antirrhinum ; but at last the great charm is found 
 in the aisle of clustered pillars. Almost the whole 
 aisle is standing, still connected by the cornice and 
 wall which supported the roof. The honeysuckle and 
 ivy climb till they fall over on the other side. There 
 is a sombre cornei' where the great ash grows over 
 towards the tower, making a sort of tent in the recess. 
 There are niches and damp cells in the conventual 
 range. It is a small ruin, but thoroughly beautiful : 
 and when the stranger looks and Ustens, as he stands 
 in tho green level between woods, ho will feel how well 
 the old monks knew how to choose their dwelling places, 
 and what it must have been to the earnest and pious 
 amongst these Cistercians to face their river bank, and 
 to attune their thoughts to the unceasing music of tho 
 Calder flowing by. In the broad noon it is a fine thing 
 to see the shadows flung, short and sharj), on the sward, 
 and to catch the burnish of the ivy, and woo tho shade 
 of tho avenue: and in tho evening, it is charming to 
 sea how the last glow iu the west brings ont the pro- 
 jections and recesse.s of the ruins, and how the golden 
 moon hangs over the eastern mass of tree tops, ready 
 to take her turn in disclosing tho beauties of the mon- 
 astic retreat." Such is tlio descriptiou given of Calder 
 Abbey by the gifted Harriot Marlincau, and we may
 
 460 
 
 ALLERDALE-AUOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 now add such an account of its rise and fall as we 
 have been able to glean from the records of the past 
 and from the works of those who have preceded iis. 
 Calder Abbey was founded about the year 1134, by the 
 second Eanulph de Meschines, for monks of the Cister- 
 cian order, but it is said not to have been fiuished till 
 the time of Thomas de Multon, one of its benefactors. 
 Its church, like all other Cistercian churches in ancient 
 and modern times, was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. 
 It was a filiation from the abbey of Furness. West, 
 in his history of that abbey, gives the following account 
 of the setthug of the new commuuity at Calder. He 
 tells us that '' Ceroid, abbot of Calder, having beeu 
 detached from the abbey of Furness, anno 35th Henry 
 I. (1134-5), with twelve monks, to found the abbey of 
 Caldre in Couplaud, in the county of Cumberland, which, 
 as has been observed, they had by the gift of William, 
 nephew to David King of Scots, and where they remained 
 four years, when David, making an inroad into those 
 parts, Gerold, with his brethren, returned to the mother 
 monastery in Furness. This happened about the 3rd 
 of King Stephen. The abbot of Furness refused to 
 receive Gerold aud his companions, reproaching them 
 with cowardice for abandoning the monastery, aud 
 alleging that it was rather the love of that case and 
 plenty which they e.xpected in Furness than the devas- 
 tation of the Scottish army, that forced them from 
 Caldre. Some writers say that the abbot of Furness 
 insisted that Gerold should divest himself of his 
 autliority, and absolved the monks from their obedi- 
 ence to him as a condition of their receiving any 
 relief, or being again admitted into their old monastery, 
 This Gerold aud his companions refused to do, and 
 turning their faces from Furness, they, with the remains 
 of their broken fortune, which consisted of little more 
 than some clothes and a few books, with one cart and 
 eight oxen, taking Providence for their guide, went in 
 search of better hospitality. The result of their next 
 day's resolution was to address themselves to Thurstan, 
 archbishop of York, and beg his advice and relief. The 
 reception they met with from him answered their 
 wishes ; the archbishop graciously received them, and 
 charitably entertained them some time, then recom- 
 mended them to Gundrede de Aubigny, who sent them 
 to Robert de Alueto, her brother, a hermit, at Hode, 
 v;here she supplied them with necessaries for some 
 time. Gerold afterwards went to Salo, abbot of Savigni, 
 who received his dependance on that house, anno 1142; 
 but dying at York on his return, Roger, one of bis 
 companions in Caldre, succeeded him in his abbacy. 
 The abbot of Furness, understanding that Gerold had 
 obtained a settlement at Hode, in the East Riding of 
 
 Yorkshire, sent another colony, with Hardred, a Fur- 
 ness monk, for their abbot, to settle at Caldre. After 
 Roger had quitted Hode, and obtained a seat at Byland, 
 Hardred, abbot of Caldre, challenged a jurisdiction over 
 his house at Byland, in right of filiation, as belonging 
 to the abbey of Caldre, from whence they had departed; 
 but after some altercation, Hardred renounced all right 
 to Roger. The abbott of Furness still claiming a 
 subjection from Roger and his monks, the question 
 was at last submitted to a reference, of which Aldred, 
 abbot of Reival, was umpire ; when, in presence of 
 several abbots and monks of different monasteries, 
 judgment was given against the abbot of Furness." 
 From a charter of confirmation granted to the abbey 
 by Ilcniy II., we learn that it possessed the following 
 previous to that confirmation : " By the gift of Ranulph 
 de Meschines, the ground on which the abbey stood, 
 and Bemerton and Holgate with the appurtenances, 
 one house in Egremont, two salt works of Whithane, 
 a fishing in Dement, another in Egre, pasture for the 
 cattle in the forest of the said Ranulph as much as required, 
 necessaries for their salt works and fisheries and build- 
 ing of their houses, and liberty for their hogs without 
 pannage. By the gift of John, son of Ada and i\Iatthew 
 his brother, all the land of Stavenage with the appur- 
 tenances. By the gift of Robert Bonekill, one carucate 
 of land in Lesser Gilcrux, and twelve acres one perch 
 more in the same ; and one acre of meadow between 
 the Greater and Lesser Gilcrux, and pasture for twenty 
 oxen, twelve cows, and six mares, with their young of 
 one year. By the gift of Roger, son of William, lands in 
 IkeUnton and Brackamptou, and part of the mill of 
 Brackampton. By the gift of Richard de Lucy, one 
 moiety of the mill of IkeUnton, with all things thcrunto 
 appertaining. By the gift of Beatrix de Molle, five 
 bovates of land in Lesser Gilcrux, and a fourth part 
 of the mill of Greater CUlcrux. By the gift of Thomas, 
 sou of Gospatrick, a toft in Workington, and twenty 
 salmon yearly at the feast of St. John the Baptist, and 
 one net in Derwent between the bridge and the sea. 
 By the gift of Thomas de Multon, a moiety of the vill 
 of Dereham, with the advovvson of the church there." 
 In 1242 Sir John le Fleming, Knt., of Beckermet, 
 gave lands in Great Beckermet to this abbey, aud in 
 the year 1202 the churches of St. John Baptist, Beck- 
 ermet, and St. Michael, Arlecdon, were appropriated to 
 the same institution. Besides the benefactors to the 
 abbey mentioned above we have the following : — William 
 do Esseby and Ilectrat his wife gave Beckermet and its 
 appurtenances ; Richard de Boisville gave nine acres 
 in his part of Caldretun, with common of pasture and 
 other appurtenances ; John de Hudleston gave pasture
 
 ST. BRIDGET BECKERMET TARISH, 
 
 461 
 
 for four horses and six cows, and their calves of one 
 year old, and for forty sheep and their lambs until one 
 year old, in the common pasture of Millom, on con- 
 dition of the community not keeping a greater quantity 
 of cows, horses, or sheep as appendages to their salt 
 pans there, saving to the monks there the other privileges 
 granted to them in the charters of his ancestors, and 
 further granting to them that their place for carrying 
 ou their salt works at Sandslof should coutiiin two 
 acres, and that they might turn the Kattanpul in such 
 manner that it should do no injury to their said works. 
 In 1291 John, son of John do Hudleston, assigned to 
 the abbot and monks of Calder, William, sou of Richard 
 of Loftscalcs, with all his retiuue and chattels, " so 
 that from this time they may be free, and exempt from 
 all state sorvitudc and reproach of villeinage" from the 
 grantor or his heirs. From this period till the time of 
 Henry VIII. we have nothing recorded of Calder 
 Abbey. In the King's Book, compiled by order of 
 that monarch, we find the possessions of the abbey 
 described as worth £.50 9s. 3d. It is very probable 
 that Calder Abbey .was dissolved in 1530, vrhen Henry 
 VIII. suppressed about 380 of the lesser monastic 
 institutions. The revenues of the abbey were valued 
 by Dugdalo at ,£30 9s. 3d., and by Speed at £64 3s. 9d. 
 By letters patent bearing date July 2Gth, 1538, the 
 king granted to " Thomas Leigh, L.LD., and his heirs, 
 the demesne and site of the late abbey or manor of 
 Calder, and the cliurch, steeple, and churchyard thereof, 
 and all messuages, lands, tenements, houses, buildings, 
 barns, dovecotes, gardens, orchards, waters, ponds, 
 mills, ground and soil, as well withiu as nigh unto the 
 site and precinct of the said monastery ; as also all 
 lands, tenements, granges, meadows, pastures, woods, 
 common of pasture, with divers enclosures by name, 
 containing in the whole 217 acres, at Calder aforesaid 
 (with divers granges elsewhere) of the clear yearly value 
 of £13 ]0s. Id., to hold of the Iting in capite by the 
 tenth part of one knight's fee and the rent of .£27 Os. Id. 
 in the name of tenths, to bo paid into the court of 
 augmentations." Sir Ferdinand Leigh, grandson of 
 the Dr. Leigh, to whom the grant of Calder wa.s 
 made by Ilenr)" VIII. sold the property to Sir Richard 
 Fletcher, Knt., of Ilutton, who gave it iu marriage with 
 his eldest daughter, Bridget, to John, second son of 
 Tiioraas I'atrickson, Esq., of Castlchow. His son sold 
 
 it to Mr. Tiffin of Cockermouth, by whom it was given 
 to liis grandson, John Senhouse, Esq. On the mar- 
 riage of ^lary, eldest daughter of Joseph Tiffin Senhouse, 
 Esq., with Thomas Irwin, Esq., she brought the estate 
 to that gentleman, who is now the proprietor of Calder 
 Abbey, where he resides, a modern mansion having 
 been erected on the south side of the ruins. 
 
 Irhjiit of lusluslotou anil Calbtr ^bbrg. 
 
 Thomas Irwin, Esq., of Justustown, and in right of his wife, 
 of Calder Abbey, J.P., high sheriff, 1830, bom 19th Nov., 17B9 , 
 married ICth April, IHi'.i, JIary, only daughter and heiress of 
 the late Joseph Senhouse, Esq., of Colder Abbey, who died 15th 
 March, 1803. Mr. Irwin is a captain on half pay of the Ennis- 
 killen Dragoons. He is son of the late Thomas Irwin, Esq., of 
 Justustown (who married in 1788, Jane, second daughter of 
 John Senhouse, Esq., of Calder Abbey, and died 3rd January, 
 18."'i), and grandson of Thomas Irwin, Esq., of Mosside and 
 Justustown. Captain Thomas Irwin has had two brothers and 
 three sisters, viz., John, lieutenant E. I. Co.'s service, died 21st 
 September, 18'.i4 : Joseph, lieutenant K. N., married Emily 
 Dillon (of an Irish family) ; Jane ; Mary, wife of \\. N. Hodgson, 
 Esq., of Carlisle ; and Sarah, wife of T. A. Hoskins, Esq., of 
 Higham, near Cockermouth. 
 
 ^nHs.— Arg., three holly leaves, ppr. 
 
 Cresl. — A dove holding an olive branch in its beak. 
 
 Motto. — Ilaud uUis labautia ventis. 
 
 Sella Park, an ancient retired mansion, situated 
 one mile and a half from the mouth of the Calder, 
 was formerly the property of the community of Calder 
 Abbey, who had a deer park here. On the suppression 
 of the monastic institutions. Sella Park was granted to 
 Sir Ilcnry Curweu, Knt., of Workington, whose grand- 
 son, Darcy Curwen, built the present mansion, which 
 has however fallen from its high estate, and now serves 
 as a farm-house. Having been purchased from the 
 Curwens by the Stanleys of Pousonby, it is now the 
 property of Edward Stanley, Esq. 
 
 Sella Field Hamlet is near the sea. Sella Field 
 Tarn is a small sheet of water between the Eheu and 
 Calder. Prior Scales are two farms and a few houses, 
 about a milo above the abbey, opposite the mountain 
 called Cald Fell, near to which rise the " Haycocks" 
 and Great Gowder Crag. 
 
 Situated near Beckermet village, iu this parish, is 
 a forge for the manufacture of spades : there is also a 
 saw-mill close to the forgo ; both aie driven by water 
 power.
 
 462 
 
 ALLERDALE .^OTE-DERWENT W.UID. 
 
 ST. JOHN BECKERMET. 
 
 St. Johk's parish is bounded by the parishes of St. Bridget, St Bees, Hale, and Egremont. Tlie inhabitants are 
 principally engaged in agriculture, and bacou curing is extonsively carried on in the village of Bcckermet. This 
 parish contains the south-eastern suburbs of the town of Egremont aud a part of the village of Beckermet, as divided 
 by the Eark Beck. 
 
 The area of the parish is 9,752 acres, aud its rateable 
 value £'9,350. The population iu ISOl was 3i28 ; in 
 1811, 391; in 1821, 549; in 1831, 397; in 1841, 
 4G8; and in 1S51, 541. 
 
 The manor of Little Beckermet has for many ages 
 been in the possession of the Flemings of Eydal, iu 
 Westmoreland, who, as mesne lords between the bai'ons 
 of Egremont aud the possessors aud land tenants of 
 Rotington, Frisington, Arlecdon, and Weddicar, did 
 hold them as fees of Beckermet, and itself as demesne 
 of the baron of Egremont barony. An inquisition taken 
 in 1578 informs us that AVilliam Fleming at that time 
 held the hamlet of Little Beckermet by homage, fealty, 
 and suit of court from throe weeks to three weeks, and 
 by the ninth part of a knight's fee, aud paid yearly for 
 cornage lid., and for seawake aud Serjeant's food 2s. Bd., 
 in all 3s. 4d. The manorial rights and privileges are 
 now held by Lady Le Fleming. The landowners are 
 W. Hartley, Esq., Henry Gaitskell, Esq., and some 
 smaller owners. 
 
 The village of Beckermet is situated at the junction 
 of the Black Beck and Kirk Beck, two aud a half miles 
 south of Egremont. The name of this village, formerly 
 Beckermot, is a pure Scandinavian name, signifying 
 "the meeting of the becks," aud is derived from its 
 situation. An old Cumbrian saying in connection with 
 tliis place, " Let us gang together hke lads of Drigg 
 and lasses of Beckermet," is explained by a tradition 
 referring to the manner in which the Danish city of 
 Barnscar, near the foot of Devoke Water, was peopled. 
 Thi.s was accompUshed by taking the men of Drigg and 
 marrying them to the women of Beckermet, whose 
 original husbands had bsen slain in battle. 
 
 TUE caimcn. 
 The parish church, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, 
 
 is an ivy-covered edifice, occupying a delightful situation 
 on the side of a hill, near the Kirk Beck, and near the 
 junction of the parishes of Hale, St. John, and St. 
 Bridget. It consists of nave, chancel, and west porch, 
 over which is a beU turret containing two bells. The 
 entrance to the porch is by a pointed arch, preserved 
 from the old church, enriched by a triangular canopy, 
 ornamented with crockets. The cross which ornaments 
 the east end of the chancel is also a rehc of the old 
 
 church. The present structure was erected in 1810. 
 It contains mural monuments to members of the Rich- 
 ardson, Todd, and Biiley famiUes. A gravestone, with 
 a cross and sword in good preservation, but with no 
 inscription, is built into the north wall of tlie porch. 
 The church of St. John was given by the Flemings to 
 the abbey of St. ilary, at Calder, and iu the year 12Gi5 
 it was totally appropriated to that house, aud the com- 
 munity performed all the duties appertaining to the 
 cure of souls in the parish till the period of the Dissolu- 
 tion, when St. John's parish suffered the fate of so 
 many others in England, and was left iu a state of 
 poverty and without anyone to minister to the spiritual 
 wants of the inhabitants.^ In the year 1702 a curate 
 was nominated to the two parishes of St. John and St. 
 Bridget, by Richard Patrickson, Esq. In 1707 Henry 
 Todd, Esq., was the impropriator; and iu 1828 the 
 curacy was in the impropriation and patronage of the 
 llev. Henry Jolm Todd, rector of Settrington, York- 
 shire. It was shortly afterwards sold to Heury Graits- 
 kell, Esq., the present impropriator and patron. The 
 living was certified to the governors of (jueen jVnne's 
 Bounty at £7 per annum; it is now worth i;57. The 
 Rev. John Hutchinsou is the present incumbent. 
 
 The parochial school is situated near the village of 
 Beckermet, but in the parish of St. Bridget. It was 
 rebuilt in 1858 at a cost of about £120, raised by 
 subscription, the material required for the erection of 
 the building being carted free of charge by the farmers 
 of the parish. It is a neat stone building, capable of 
 accommodating 100 children, and has an average atten- 
 dance of thirty. 
 
 CBASITIES. 
 
 John Richardson's Charitij. — John Richardson, by a 
 codicil to his will dated 4th October, 1808, directed his 
 wife, whom he appointed his executrix, out of his per- 
 sonal estate to lay out £100 at interest, either in the 
 public funds or in good real or personal sccurit3% the 
 interest thereof to be applied annually ou Easter Sun- 
 day amongst such poor persons, inhabitants of the 
 parish of St. John's, as should not receive any relief 
 from the poor rates of the said parish, in such propor- 
 tions as his wife should think fit dming her life, and 
 
 ■ See St. Bridget Beckermet, as the same remarks are applicable 
 to both parishes.
 
 WORKINGTON PiiRISH. 
 
 463 
 
 after her death to be dividtKl by her executors or ad- 
 ministrators together with the minister of the parish of 
 St. Johu's, as they should think fit, amongst such poor 
 persons. 
 
 Mrs. Bliiey's Charity. — Mrs. Jane Birley, who had 
 been left a widow by the above Mr. Richardson, left by 
 will, in 1833, the interest of £50 to be distributed 
 annually on Easter day, to the poor of the parish who 
 do not receive parochial rchcf. 
 
 Wotobank, or Wodowbaak, near the village of Becker- 
 met, and about a mile south of Egremont, is the seat 
 and property of William Hartley, Esq. It bears the 
 name of Wotobank from the hill upon which it stands. 
 The derivation of the name is assigned by tradition to 
 the following incident. A lord of Beckermet, with his 
 lady and servants, wore one day hunting wolves. 
 During the chase the lady was discovered to be missing. 
 
 After a long {and painful search her body was found 
 on this hill or bank, slain by a wolf, which was dis-. 
 covered in the very act of tearing it to pieces. In the 
 first transports of his grief, the husband exclaimed, 
 " Wo to this bank ! " 
 
 "Wo to thee bank ! th' attendants echoed ronnd, 
 And pitying shepherds caught the grief-fraught soond : 
 Thus, to this hour, through ev'ry changing age. 
 Through ev'ry year's still ever-varying stage. 
 The name remains ; and Wotobank is seen 
 From ev'ry mountain blealf, and valley green — 
 Dim Skiddaw views it from its monsUous height, 
 And eagles mark it in their dizzy flight." ' 
 
 Yeorton Hall, three miles south of Egremont, is the 
 seat and property of Henry Gaitskell, Esq. 
 
 Situated near Egremont, in this parish, is Brisco Corn 
 
 Mill. 
 
 ' Mrs. Cowley's "Edwma," in Hutchinson's Cumberland, vol. ii., 
 p. 10. 
 
 SALTER AND ESKATT EXTRA-PAROCHIAL PLACE. 
 
 Salter and Eskatt is an extra-parochial place, situated 
 
 The demesne of Salter was given by Gospatric, son 
 of Orme, son of Ketel, to the abbey of St. Mary, at 
 York, and was subsequently consigned to the priory of 
 St. Bees. After the suppression of the monastic insti- 
 tntions it was purchased by Dr. Leigh, and sold by his 
 grandson to the Salkelds of Wliito Hall, from whom it 
 passed to the families of Patrickson, Robertson, and 
 Fryer, and is now the property of Mrs. Margaret 
 Dickinson. The area is 4U0 statute acres. The popu- 
 
 about eight miles east-by-south of Whitehaven. 
 
 lation m 18-21 was 37; in 1831, 42 ; in 1811, 40 ; and 
 in 1851, 35. 
 
 Salter Hall is one of the oldest houses in this part of 
 the county, having been buUt by Thomas Salkeld in 
 1583, as appears from an inscription over the kitchen 
 door. There is here a very ancient staircase of carved 
 oak. Uuhke most old houses, Salter Hall is both com- 
 modious and comfortable. 
 
 WORKINGTON PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Workington is bounded on tho north by the river Derwcnt, which separates it from Camcrton, on the 
 west by the Irish Sea, on the soutli by Harrington, and on tho east by tlie river Marron, which divides it from tho 
 parishes of Dean and Brigham. A tract of light sandy soil extends along tho coast, but towards the eastern part of 
 the parish tho soil in some places consists of a fertile loam, and in otlicrs is inclined to moss. The 'UTiitehaven, 
 !Maryport, and Carli-slo railway, and the Cockermouth and Workington railway, run through the parish. The 
 inhabitants attend the markets at Workington, Cockermouth, Whitehaven, and Maryport. Workington parish com- 
 prises the townships of Workington, Great Clifton, Little Clifton, Stainburn, and Winscalos, whose united area is 
 S,31() statute acres. 
 
 WORKINGTON. 1821, G,12 1 ; in 1831, 0,415 ; in 1841, 0,045 ; and in 
 
 Workington township comprises an area of 2,810 1851, 0.280; — who are principally congregated in the 
 
 acres, and its rateable value is £15,112 ISs. Its town of Worlungton. The township has been enclosed, 
 
 population in 1801 was 5,710; hi 1811, 5,807; in in accordance with the provisions of an act of Parliament
 
 464 
 
 ALLERDALEABOVE-DERWE NT WARD. 
 
 passed in 1809, when allotraeats were made to the 
 rector and the lord of the manor. 
 
 A Roman road, connecting the station at Moresby, 
 near Whitehaven, with that at Ellenborough, near 
 Maryport, is supposed to have gone through this town- 
 ship. Its course here would he along the Old Ford^ 
 over the Cloffocks, by Borough Walls Hill, where 
 traces of a Roman camp or station still exist ; thence 
 along by Siddick, or Sea Dyke, past Flimby, to Mary- 
 port. On the north side of Workington is a Roman 
 camp or station, called Borough or Burrow Walls, 
 which appears to have been overlooked by all histo- 
 rians. That it has been a station of some importance, 
 is proved by the foundations met with recently, and 
 which have been traced over an area of at least twenty 
 acres of ground. It would seem that no remains were 
 found previous to 1852. In that yeai- the workpeople 
 employed by Mr. Jackson, of Seatou Mill, near Work- 
 ington, whilst engaged in digging about the foundations 
 of the present waUs, for the purpose of draining the 
 land around, met with several Roman altars, in a very 
 dilapidated state. One of the most perfect of them 
 Mr. Jackson has kept, and it may be seen in his garden 
 at Seaton Mill. It has upon one side what appears to 
 be a priest in bis vestments, with a rod or staff of office 
 in his right hand, whilst in his left hand he holds what 
 appears to be a small vessel for burning incense. On 
 the reverse side is a female figure, also holding a staff 
 in her right hand; she has something in her left hand, 
 but what it is cannot bo m.ade out. Probably she is 
 meant to represent Victory. This altar was discovered 
 close to the foundation of what appears to have been 
 the main entrance to the station. Besides the Roman 
 altars found, there were several pieces of earthenware, 
 or Roman pottery, discovered ; as also quantities of 
 hand mUlstones, for grinding com, and some tablets, 
 one of which (in the possession of Mr. Jackson, of 
 Seaton MUl), has the following letters inscribed on it, 
 S L A N. Some human skeletons were also dug up, 
 which, on being exposed to the air, crumbled to dust. 
 The skeletons were found on the breast of the hill, 
 close to the foundation of the west wall, where there 
 was also found a quantity of very large rams' horns, 
 broken, and teeth and bones of various animals, as if 
 they had been thrown in a heap and buried. 
 
 In a niche in an old building erected in 1703, at 
 Cross Hill, Workington, is a small equilateral cross, 
 said to have been taken out of a chapel erected there 
 in the reign of King Richard I., by some one who went 
 out with the king. Parties formerly, when bringing 
 their dead to bury from the country, used to rest the 
 bier, &c., at this spot, and a homily was read over the 
 
 corpse before proceeding into the town. The market 
 was also held here about 130 years ago. 
 
 In the fields between Workington and Harrington, 
 about a mile from the former town, is an ancient roofless 
 building, generally known as the Old Chapel, and called 
 by mariners How Michael. Pennant mentions having 
 noticed on an eminence near the sea a small tower 
 called the Holme Chapel, said to have been built as a 
 watch tower, to mark the motions of the Scots in 
 their naval inroads; "but it is much more probable 
 that it has been, as its name imports, the chantry 
 chapel which was granted (with some land) by Queen 
 Elizabeth, in the 17th year of her reign, to Percival 
 Gunson and John Sowkey, and described as " three acres 
 of land called Chapel Flatt, in Workington ; and also 
 one chapel, together with one acre of land there." 
 There is a tradition that the sea formerly flowed round 
 this building. The masonry is rude ; the ground 
 floor is arched ; and a norrow winding staircase, 
 sufficient only for the passage of one person, leads to 
 the upper floor. The windows are narrow loopholes, 
 excepting two on the land side, which are of larger 
 dimensions, but destitute of all ornament. The build- 
 ing is useful to mariners as a land mark; and is kept 
 regularly whitewashed. The hill top upon which it 
 stands is ninety feet above the level of the sea. 
 
 Within a mile of the town, and in the township of 
 Workington, is the Schoose, a very ancient farm-house 
 where the proprietor, Henry Curwen, Esq., about forty 
 or iifty years ago held an annual agricultural show. 
 The fai-m now comprises about 1,000 acres; but was 
 at that time considerably larger. 
 
 The only hill in this parish worth noticing is Chapel 
 Rank Hill. Roniar, or Roman Bog Well, on Clifton 
 Moor, is a mineral spring strongly impregnated with 
 iron. The Friars', or Friar's Well, is a spring of remark- 
 ably pure water issuing out of the Workington Hall 
 grounds, underneath the Hall Brow. 
 
 The bridge over the Derwent, which was nearly 
 opposite Workington Hall, was, according to Mr. T. 
 Denton, rebuilt by the county in 1050. This bridge 
 was replaced in 1763 by one of three arches, but so 
 exceedingly narrow and dangerous, that, after having 
 been the source of numerous accidents, was at length 
 superseded by the new one adjoining the soapery, 
 Workington, built by Mr. Thomas Nelson of Carlisle, 
 in 1841, and considered one of the ilnest pieces of 
 masonry in this part of the county. In the centre of 
 the bridge is a stone with the following inscription : 
 " Workington Bridge, built a.d. 1811 ; Thomas Milton, 
 civil engineer; Thomas Nelson, builder."
 
 WOHONGTON PAEISH. 
 
 465 
 
 There are two corn-mills, Workington Hall Mill and 
 Seaton Mill, and a marble works mill. 
 
 The manors of Workington and Lamplugh were 
 given by William de Lancaster, in exchange for 
 Middleton, in Westmoreland, to Gospatric, son of 
 Orme, brotherin-law of AValtheof, lord of AUerdale. 
 Thomas, son of Waltheof, having a grant of the great 
 lordship of Culwen, in Galloway, his posterity assumed 
 the name of De Culwen, subsequently changed to Cur- 
 wen, and continued to hold the manor of Workington 
 until almost our own times. By an inquisition taken 
 in the 34th Henry VIII. (1542-3), it was found that, 
 at that date, Sir Thomas Curwen, Knt., held the manor 
 of Workington of the king by knight's service, as of his 
 castle of Egremont by the service of one knight's fee, 
 458. 2d. comage, seawake, and puture of two Serjeants. 
 In 1578 another inquisition was taken, and we are told 
 that Sir Henry Curwen, Knt., held the manor by 
 homage, fealty, and suit of court, and by knight's 
 service, and by the rent of 45s. 3d. comage, 4s. 
 seawake, and Is. 8d. for Serjeant's food and fee farm. 
 Up to the year 1006 the manor had been entailed by 
 various owners. In that year, Thomas Curwen and 
 Eldred, his half-brother, joined in a fine and a re- 
 covery, and by deed enrolled declared the uses to 
 Thomas for life, his issue in tail male ; to Eldred 
 for life ; to Patricius, Eldred's son, for life, and his 
 issue in tail male ; to Henry, Eldred's second son, 
 for life, and his issue in tail male ; to the other sons of 
 Eldred in tail male ; to the use of Darcy Curwen, 
 of Sella Park, for life, and his issue in tail male; 
 remainder to two brothers of Daroy; and an ultimate 
 remainder to tlie right heirs of Thomas for ever. This 
 settlement remained in force until 1725. Thomas died 
 without children in 1G72. Eldred, his half-brother, 
 succeeded to tho estate, and died in 1073. Patricias, 
 Eldred's first son, died in 1009; and Henry, the 
 second son, succeeded to the manor and estates, which 
 he enjoyed for upward.s of fifty years, till his death, on 
 the 25th of May, 1725, unmarried, and without issue. 
 This Henry Curwen is remembered as " Henry the 
 Horse Courser,'' or "Galloping Harry," having been in 
 his time a renowned patron of the turf. By virtue of the 
 settlement in 1060, tho manor on the death of Henry 
 the Horse Courser, reverted to another branch of the 
 family, viz., tho children of Darcy Curwen of Sella 
 Park, who was himself then dead, and Henry Curwen 
 was his eldest surviving son. He entered upon the 
 manor, and in Hilary Term, 1725, sutTered a recovery 
 declaring the uses to himself in fee. Ho died in 
 l49ndon on the 12th July, 1727, and was buried at the 
 parish church of St. Swithin there on the 19th of tho 
 
 64 
 
 same month, and dying without issue was succeeded by 
 bis only brother and heir-at-law Eldred Curwen. Eldred 
 Curwen, Esq., died in 1745, and was succeeded by his 
 only son Henry, who died in 1778, leaving an only 
 daughter, Isabella, to whom he devised the manor in 
 strict settlement. Miss Isabella Curwen, in 1782, 
 married her cousin, John Christian, Esq., of Unerigg 
 Hall, in Cumberland, and Henry Curwen, Esq., of 
 Workington Hall is the eldest son of the marriage, and 
 lord of the manor, which is extensive, with the town- 
 ships of Workington and Winscales, and also comprises 
 certain lands at Clifton, known by the designation of 
 Clifton in Priestgate. These lands have all been 
 enfranchised by the Curwen family, reserving the 
 royalties, except one estate, called Crossbarrrow, the 
 property of the Earl of Lonsdale, which is still a cus- 
 tomary estate of inheritance parcel of the manor. All 
 the lords of the manor in succession have been interred 
 at Workington, except Henry Curwen, Esq., who died 
 in 1727. 
 
 The customs of the manor of Workington, regula- 
 ting the tenure of lands therein, are for tho most part 
 similar to other customary tenures in the county of 
 Cumberland as distinguished from copyhold, which is a 
 tenure of a very dififerent character. The manor 
 contains two divisions, Uppergate and Priestgate. la 
 Uppergate the tenants pay a fine of 20 years' rent on 
 death of lord and tenant, and 30 years' rent oa 
 alienation. In Priestgate the lord is said never to 
 die, fines being payable only on death of tenant and 
 alienation. A tenant in Priestgate dying intestate, 
 his widow is entitled during her widowhood to a moiety 
 of the estate. If a tenant of the manor mortgages 
 his estate the lord is entitled to a licence fee of one 
 shilling in the pound on the amount of the mortgage 
 money and the alienation fine in such cases is usually 
 respited. The course of descent of customary lauds 
 in the manor of Workington is regulated by the 
 common law except in the case of females, for it is said 
 they take in a succession similar to the crown of 
 England, the eldest being preferred first, so if a tenant 
 die leaving daughters, sisters, or nieces only, the eldest 
 daughter, sister, or niece is his customary heir. The 
 lord is entitled to work all mines and minerals under 
 the customary lands, and tho trees, woods, and under- 
 woods belong to him, except what may be lawfully 
 required for repairing the tenements. The lord by his 
 steward holds a general court baron once in five years, 
 but a special court can be held before the steward at 
 any time to suit tho convenience of tenants requiring 
 to transfer their property. The court rolls extend no 
 furtlier buck thau 1725, the period of the death of
 
 466 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 Henry the Horse Courser, and the accession of the 
 Sella Park branch of the family. Henry the Horse 
 Courser was on bad terms with his successor, and having 
 alienated the manors of Seaton and Stainburn from the 
 family possessions, it is believed the earliest court rolls 
 of the manor of Workington went into the hands of 
 Charles Pelham, Esq., of Bracklesby in the county of 
 Lincoln to whom the manors of Seaton and Stainburn 
 were devised. 
 
 We subjoin tho boundaries of the lordship of Working- 
 ton, kindly contributed by C. Litt, Esq., of Stainburn 
 House: — "Whoso will ryde or goe the boundary that 
 divides Coupland and AUerdale and the towns and 
 Couplaud. shall have knowledge in the buke as the meres 
 were sett and bounded in old tyme in the king's bukes. 
 First, for dividing of Coupland and AUerdale ye shall 
 begin at Kyblan Stone, the foot of Derwent, nere the 
 grand eb, and so from the said stone to a dub called 
 the Patturde in the same water, and so by the mid 
 stream under the lurk of Workington by the south side 
 of Fyt Cloffhow to Hearll Dub under Stainburn, and 
 then over the water to the end of the mere dyke at the 
 Alyne Fytt, and so by the said dyke to tlie ege of 
 Pimdar Banks, and so lineally to the mere stone on 
 Sunny Banks, and then descending to the great mere 
 stone to the foot of Soalesgill Beck at the henynge brige, 
 and at that place begins the boundary of the six towns 
 and Coupland, and so you sail goe up the said Scale- 
 beck to the head of Scale Gill at the foot of Crakbeck, 
 and then ascending upwards up the mere dike bv the 
 north side of Water of Skewes called the Ox Close, and 
 so lineally up the mere dyke by the uorth side of Layne- 
 barrow Mere or to Gilderscow Bock, and then ascending 
 up the mere dyke of Gilderscow to Custes Stone, and 
 so descending lineally by Bigrigge Dyke on to Pystbeck 
 Stone, and then turning northwards by the mere stane 
 lying on the west side of Cranberry iloss, and so then 
 eastward by the said moss to the mere stane on Calyl 
 Bank ; the whilk mere stane has en'' bene called a pall 
 mere betwixt Coupland and the six towncs, and so fro 
 the said stone going south-east to the great mere stone, 
 ligging iu the corner of Stargill Close, and so fro the 
 said mere stone turning south and be este lineally to the 
 blak mere stone at the east side of the ajanke wa by 
 the stanges, and then up the east side of Cozenhow 
 Bek to the old mere stane sett to the south side of 
 Lucy Close, and so up the beck to the foot of the marras 
 of Withmire at the north side, and then going on the 
 south-east side of the said Withmire, all way by the marras 
 of the hard land deptys and merys sett them on iu to 
 Gilgarron Bek, and then up the bek for the six towns, 
 and down Gilgarron Beck for dividing of lordships of 
 
 Workington and Distington and Harrington, and then 
 descending by the mid-stream from the south end of 
 the said morass to the south side of the old dike above 
 the mill of Distington, and so then ascending and 
 descending by the said dike up to the head of Har- 
 rington Baughsyke at the foot of Hornhow Gyll, and 
 then descending westward the said syke to the gate 
 side of Harrington cge, and so ascending lineally up 
 Harrington ego to hayuynge rayse, and then descend- 
 ing by the said rayse by the dike of Dykesthow Gill 
 by the mere dyke called Chwane Dyke on to Ellerbeck, 
 and so descending by the said mid-streame of Ellerbeck 
 to the north side of the psen close of Harrington, and 
 so from the corner of the said close descending to the 
 great mere stone at the east end of dowff Scarth at 
 the whilk stane, the Kirkland denydys fro Weddry'ofs 
 and lavay flats to the old mere stanes en sett, and so 
 under tho said dowff Scarth to the arabel land of ymp 
 garthcs, and so then turning south-eastward unto the 
 old water rase towards the mill-dam's head and then 
 going north-west to Horrow." 
 
 Tho boundary betwixt Workington and Stainburn 
 " begins at Hearl, and so on by the high side of 
 llillfltt to Huming Beck, thence up the beck to the 
 Scows, and thence up the hedge betwixt the Scows and 
 Stainburn Fields, and so by the hedge betwixt the lord's 
 ground and Stainburn to the foot of Gilderskugh, thence 
 up by the hedge to cut stone in the Flatts Dyke, thence 
 to the head of Bunnbank Gill, and from thence to the 
 heap or ruckol of stones on Brackenbarrow — 1705." 
 
 The boundary of Stainburn " begins at the north 
 end of the town to the stakes of Cammerton Mill, 
 from thenco ascending in a direct line towards the 
 south through the middle of the Storthe Eayne by 
 the ancient ditch called the Byorlathe, and from 
 thence by the north part of the ditch of Stainburn 
 hills, and so from thence in a straight line by the old 
 ditch to the west end of Hest Gill, and so ascending 
 to a stone upon Brown Bank, from thence towards the 
 south to a great stone upon Brackenbarrow, and from 
 Brackenbarrow to Armat Gill, otherwise Swinstny Gill, 
 and so rising by the bottom of Lostrigg to Trindells of 
 Rothmer, and so by Trindells of Piothmer to a great 
 stone called ]\loredimplc, on the south side of Stargill, 
 and so rising up to ilonkwath, and so from Monkwath 
 descending to Haithkeld, and from Haithkeld to a stone 
 on the south side of Cavel Gill, and so straight thro 
 the middle of AVinscales Tarn to a certain lapidum 
 (stane) at the ditch of Hungill, and so from Hungill 
 coming down the ditch between Winscales and Hungill 
 to a certain silctii, and so by (siletum) westwards to 
 the west end of Gdderscow, and from the head of
 
 WORKINGTON PAEISH. 
 
 467 
 
 Gilderscow in a line towards the north to a stone iu 
 Esthus, and so in a line northwards beyond Ellerbeck to 
 the north part of Wangappe, and so rising by Ellerbeck 
 to the norlh end of West Leeys, and so going down by 
 the old ditch or hedge to the corner of Neyldringe, and 
 so descending by Scalegill to two stones at Henning 
 Gate and from thence ascending Sunny Bank by the 
 old ditch to the river Derwcnt towards the north. 
 
 This is a true copy of the boundary of Staiuburn, 
 the original of which is somewhat defaced, being dated 
 in the year 1550. In witness whereof I have hereto 
 subscribed my hand, the 13th June, 1G87. 
 (Signed) Wm. Helme, 
 
 Steward of the Curweus." 
 
 Cnriunts of ©lorkmgtfln. 
 
 The ancient and time-honoured family of Curwen 
 derive their descent from Gospatric, earl of North- 
 umberland ; and took their surname, by agreement, 
 from Culweii, a famil}' of Galloway, whose heir they 
 married. The first on record is 
 
 Ito de Tailbois, or Talbovs, first baron of Kendal, trotlier 
 of Fulk, earl of Anjou and king of Jerusalem, who espoused 
 Elgiva, JaugUter of our Saxon monarch Ethehed, and was 
 father of 
 
 Eldred, or Ethelred, second baron of Kendnl, who married 
 Adgitha, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Ketel, third boron of Kendal. Kctcl married Christiana, as 
 appears hy his grant of Morland to the abbey of St. Mary at 
 York, to which she was witness. By her he had issue Orme, his 
 successor; William; and Gilbert, who succeeded to tlie barony 
 of Kendal, whoso sou William, according to Dugdale, from 
 being governor of the castle of Lanca-ster, assumed the surname 
 of Lancaster, and from hiui descended John de Lancaster, sum- 
 moned to ParUument as a baron in lid'.K He received from 
 William de Meschines a graat of Workington, Salter, KeltoD, 
 (ind Stockhouso ; and gave the parish church uf Workington, 
 with two camcatcs of land and a mill there, to tlie abbey of St. 
 Mary at York. 
 
 Oriii'., the aeconJ son, married Gunilda, sister of Weltheof, 
 first lord of Allerdale, son of Qospatric, earl of Dunbur; and 
 acquiring, by grant from the said Wallhoof, the manor of Seaton 
 took up his abode there. Hy the same conveyance he had also 
 the towns of Camerton, Greysouthen, and Flimby. Mr. John 
 Denton says the walls and niius of tlie mansion house at Seaton 
 were visible in bis time. 
 
 OosPATRir, son and heir of Orme, received from Alan, second 
 lord of Allerdale (his cousin-gennan). High Ireby, which re- 
 mained in a younger branch of the Curwen.s until it terminated 
 in heiresses. Gospatric received the manors of Workington and 
 Lamplugh from his cousin-gennan, William do Ijincastre, in 
 exchange ior Middleton, co. Westmoreland, in which exchange 
 the said WiUinTn reserved to liimself ami his heirs a yearly rent 
 of Od. at Carlisle fair, or a pair of gilt spurs, and bound Gospa- 
 trio and his heirs to do homage, and to discharge his foreign 
 service for the same, to the barony and costlo of K.gromonL 
 'H« gave two parts of the fishery iu Uerwent to the abbey of 
 ilolmo Cultram, with the appurtenances, except Waytcroft, 
 which he gave to tlie prior of Carlisle. John, then prior of Car- 
 
 lisle, re-granted Waytcroft to Thomas, son of Gospatric, and his 
 heirs ; to be holden of the priory freely, paying yearly 7s. rent 
 at Pentecost and Martinmas. He had issue Thomas, his heir; 
 Alan; Adam, parson of the church of Camerton; Gilbert; 
 Orme ; and Alexander. 
 
 Thomas, son and heir, succeeded his father in the inheritance. 
 He received a grant of the great lordship of Culwen, in Gallo- 
 way, and granted Lamplugh to Robert de Lamplugh and his 
 heirs, to be holden by the yearly presentation of a pair of gilt 
 spurs. He gave to the convent of Holme Cultram, and tlie 
 monks serving God there, the fishery of the Denvent at Seaton- 
 He died December 7th, 115^, and was inten-ed in the abbey of 
 Sliap, CO. Westmoreland, to which during his life he had been a 
 great benefactor. By liis wife, Grecia, he had issue Thomas, 
 who married Joan, daughter of Robert de Veteripont, but died 
 without issue iu the lifetime of his father; Patricils, his suc- 
 cessor; Hugo; and John. To his second son, Patricius, he had 
 given, during the lifetime of his eldest son, the lordship of Cul- 
 wen ; and Patricius, assuming his name therefrom, became 
 
 Patricics de Culwen ; and his elder brother djing subse- 
 quently without issue male, Patricius succeeded to the whole 
 estates, and was thenceforth known as Patricius de Culwen of 
 Workington. The name of his wife is unknown; but he appears 
 to have had three sons, Thomas, his heir ; Gilbert, who suc- 
 ceeded his brother; and Robert; and a daughter, .\licia, who 
 became the wife of Thomas de Coupman. He was succeeded by 
 his eldest son, 
 
 Thomas oe Cclwen, who died without issue, and was sne- 
 ceeded by his brother, 
 
 Gilbert de Culwes, known also as Gilbert de Culwen de 
 Workington, who had three sons, Gilbert, his heir; Thomas, 
 who died without issue ; and John. Ho was succeeded by his 
 eldest son, 
 
 Gllbebt de Cdlwen, lord of Workington, who married Eda, 
 or Editha, and by her had issue Gilbert, his heir; Robert; 
 Roger; John; Thomas; and WiUiam, subsequently rector of 
 Newbiggin, Westmoreland, and afterwarils of Bromtield, Cum- 
 berland. .Vn incpiisition post mortem held in the iird Edward 
 IIL (l'229-3l)) informs us that he was at that time deceased, 
 that his wife Eda was living, and that Gilbert, his son and heir, 
 was then thirty-three years of age. His successor. 
 
 Sir Gilbert de Ctlwen, Knt., who married, firstly, Avicia, 
 by whom ho had a son and heir, William, or Gildert;! 
 secondly, Margiuet. In the 14th Edward 111. (IJUO-ll), be 
 gave a messuage and ten acres of land in Thavelberd to Iho 
 abbey of Slinp, tliat masses might be olfered and prayers said 
 for the repose of the souls of his wives, Avicia and Margaret 
 He was knight of tlio shire in the 47th, 4Wtli, and &Oth of 
 Edward III. On his decease he was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Sir Gilbert, or Sir Wiij.mm de Cl-i.«en, Knt., who was 
 knight of the shire in the 5lli Richard 11. He died about two 
 years afterwards, and was succeeded by his son. 
 
 Sir Christoi'hkr de Culwen, Knt,, who represented tho 
 county in Parliament in the 'Jnd Henry V., and iu the -iixA, ;lrd, 
 (Uli, and IHh Henry VI. Ho was shoritl' of Cumberland iu the 
 2ud, and (Uh, and again in the litli, Henry VI., by tlie name of 
 Culwen, and iu the Otli of the said king by the name of Curwen, 
 to which last name the family has ever since adhered. Sir 
 Chiistopher (with Sir Thomas Uacre of Giltloud and Sir 
 William Fitzhugh, Knt.) was commissioned by lleury \L, A.D. 
 1442, to take the oatha of the wardens of the west marches for 
 
 1 The Dodsworth MSS, Bibl. Bodl., Vol. XLV., 1 27, say Gilbert ; 
 but ibo MSS. Cotton. Jul. F. VI., p. 'iiV, and ouc of the records in 
 the Tower, say William.
 
 468 
 
 ALLEIlDALE.ABO\'E-DERWENT WAED. 
 
 the obserrance of the truce conclnded willi the king of Scots. 
 By bis wife, Klizabetb, be bail 
 
 Sir TuoMAS CuRWEN, son and heir, who represented the 
 county in the ISth, SOtb, a7th, and 38tli Henry VI., and died in 
 the 3rd Edward IV. He manied Anna, daughter of Sir John 
 lludleston, Knt., and by ber bad a son and heir, Chiustofheb, 
 and WilUam. Ho was succeeded by 
 
 Sir CiiMSTopHER CimwEN, bis eldest son, who married Mar- 
 garet, daughter of Sir Roger Bellingham, Knt., and by licr had 
 issue Thomas, son and heir ; Edmond, John, and Robert ; and 
 two daughters — Alice, married to Thomas Lamplugh, Esq., of 
 Dovenby ; and Ellen, married to John Preston, Esq.' He died 
 in the 7tb Henry VII. 
 
 Sir TuoMAs CuRWEN, son and heir, died in tbc 34tb Henry 
 Till. ; in which year, on an inquisition of knight's fees in Cum- 
 berland, it is found that Sir Thomas Curwen, Knt., held the 
 manor of Workington of the king by knight's service, as of bis 
 castle of Egremont, viz., by the service of knight's fee, 45s. 3d. 
 comage, 4s. seawake, and puture of two seqeants. He held at 
 the same time the manor of Thomthwaite, and one-third of the 
 manor of Bothills, and the manors of Seaton and Camerton, and 
 divers tenements in Gilcru.\, Great Brougbton, and Dearbam. 
 He appears in the list of the gentry of the county who were 
 called out by Sir Thomas Wharton, in 1543, " on tlie service of 
 the Border," when he was to furnish " horse at bis pleasure." 
 By his wife, Agnes, daughter of Walter Strickland, he had issue 
 Henry, his heir; Lucy, married to Sir John Lowtlier; and Joan. 
 He was succeeded by his son. 
 
 Sir Henry Cukwen, knight of the shire fith Edward VI. and 
 1st Elizabeth. He was twice married : firstly, to Mary, daughter 
 of Sir Nicholas Fairfax, by whom be had issue Nicholas, his 
 successor; and secondly, to Jane Crosby, by wliom he bad 
 George, who died without issue; Thomas, who left (with two 
 younger sons) Darcy, who bad (with four other sons, who died 
 without issue) Henry, and Eldred, who also succeeded to the 
 estate. Sir Henry had the honour of receiving at his mansion- 
 house Mary Queen of Scots, May 16, 1568, when she landed at 
 Workington, on ber way to Carlisle. He died in the 30tb 
 Elizabeth, and was succeeded by bis eldest son, 
 
 Sir Nicholas Curwen, M.P. for Cumberland, who married, 
 firstly, Anne, daughter of Sir Simon Musgrave of Edenhall, 
 Bart, (by whom ho had no issue) ; and secondly, EHzabelh, 
 daughter of Judge Carus. Hu died in the :ind James I., and 
 was succeeded by bis son and heir, 
 
 Sir Henry Curwen, knight of the shire in the 18th James I., 
 who died in the 21st of that reign. He married Catherine, 
 daughter and co-heiress of Sir John Dalston, by whom he had 
 issue I'ATRicius, bis heir; Tuomas, who succeeded his elder 
 brother. Sir Henry married, secondly, Margaret, daughter of 
 — Wharton, by whom he had issue ELnBBD, who succeeded 
 Thomas Curwen, Esq. 
 
 Sir Patuicii's Curwen, Baronet, eldest son and heir of Sir 
 Henry, represented the county in several Parliaments in the 
 reigns of Charles I. and Charles II. He was created a baronet 
 in 102G. He married . . . . ; but dying without issue, in 
 1664, the title became extinct, while the estates devolved upon 
 bis brother, 
 
 Thomas Cubwen, Esq., who also died without issue, in the 
 25th Charles II., when the estates passed to bis half-brother, 
 
 Eldred Curwen, Esq., who died in the 26tb Charles II. 
 
 Henry CimwEN, Esq., son and heir, djing without issue, 12lh 
 George I., the estate and representation reverted to bis cousin, 
 
 Henry Curwen, Esq., eldest surviving son of Darcy, son of 
 Thomas, son of Sir Henry Curwen, by bis second wife, Jane 
 
 I Harl. MS., No. 1,499, p. 49. 
 
 Crosby. He died without issue in the I3th George I., and was 
 succeeded by bis brother, 
 
 Eldred Curwin, Esq., M.P. for Cockermoutb, in tho 7th 
 George II., who dying in the 18tb of the same reign, was suc- 
 ceeded by his sou, 
 
 Henby Curwen, Esq., M.P. for the city of Carbsle in 1762 ; 
 and for the county of Cumberland in 17CH. He married Isabella, 
 daughter of William Gale, Esq., of Whitehaven, by whom he 
 had an only daughter, Isabella (born 1765), who married John 
 Christian, Esq., of Unerigg Hall, and conveyed to bim the family 
 estates ; be assumed, in 1790, their surname and arms, and thus 
 became 
 
 John Christun Cubwen, Esq. He bad previously been 
 married to Jliss Taubman, of the Isle of Man, by whom he had 
 issue, 
 
 I. John Christian, Esq., of Unerigg Hall, one of the deemsters 
 
 of that island. 
 By the heiress of the Curwens (bis second wife) he had issue, 
 
 II. Henry, of whom hereafter. 
 
 III. William, in holy orders, rector of Harrington, now deceased. 
 
 IV. Edward, of Belle Grunge, co. Lancaster. 
 
 T. John, in holy orders, rector of Haniugton 1823 to 1840, in 
 
 which year he died. 
 I. Bridget, married to Charles Walker, Esq., of Ashford Court, 
 
 Salop. 
 11. Christiana Frances, of Uppington, Salop. 
 
 Mr. Curwen served the office of high sberilT for Cumbeiland in 
 1784. In 17H0 be was returned to Parliament for Carlisle ; 
 and continued to represent that city in several Parliaments. 
 He was subsequently JI.P. for the county, and so remained 
 until bis decease. " -Mr. Curwen acquired distinction by liis 
 rural pursuits ; and as a practical fanner, introduced numerous 
 valuable improvements under his own immediate superintend- 
 ence, which gave a novel direction to the business of the agricul- 
 turist." Mr. Curwen was tlie author of Observations on the 
 State of Ireland, &c., 2 vols. 8vo, 1818. He died on the !)th 
 December, 1828, and was succeeded in his own estates by bis 
 eldest son, John Christian, Esq., in those of the Curwens by bis 
 second son, 
 
 Henry Curwen, Esq., who was born 5th December, 1783, 
 and on tlie 1 1th October, 1804, married Jane, daughter of Edward 
 Stanley, Esq., of Whitehaven, by whom he had issue, 
 
 L John. 
 
 II. Edward Stanley, formerly of the 14tb Dragoons, married 22nd 
 
 Jauuary, 183:i, Fnmces, daughter of Edward Jesse, Esq., of 
 Hampton Court, Middlesex, and has issue. 
 
 III. Henry, in iioly orders, rector of Workington, married to Dora, 
 
 daughter of Major-General Goldie, and has issue. 
 
 IV. Charles. 
 
 V. William-Blamire. 
 
 I. Isabella, married to the Rev. John Wordsworth, M.A., rector 
 
 of I'lumbland and vicar of Brigbani. 
 II. Julia. III. Jane. 
 
 Mr. Curwen succeeded to the estates on the decease of bis father, 
 Otb December, 1828. He is in the commission of the peace for 
 Cumberland, and filled tlie office of higb-sherilT of the coimty in 
 1834. 
 
 ^rms.— Arg., fretty, gu., a chief, az. 
 
 Crest. — A unicorn's bead, erased, arg., armed, or. 
 
 Motto. — Si je n'estry. 
 
 THE TOWN OF WORKINGTON. 
 
 This market town and seaport, in the parish of the same 
 name, is situated on the left bank of the Derwent, about
 
 WOEKINGTON TARISH. 
 
 4G9 
 
 a mile from its junction with the sea, in 54° 39' north 
 latitude, aud 3° 33' west longitude. It is distant 32 
 miles south-wt'St from Carlisle, 300 miles north-north- 
 west from London by road, and 330 miles by the 
 London and North -Western and connected railways, 
 via Carlisle. Its population in 1851 was 5,837, of 
 whom 2,588 were males and 3,249 females, inhabiting 
 1360 houses, 119 being uninhabited, and five building. 
 The town e.vtends above a mile along the south bank 
 of the Denvent, and though straggling and irregularly 
 built, contains several good shops, spacious streets, and 
 handsome dwellings. 
 
 The first of the old writers who mentions the town 
 of Workington is Loland, who tells us that its name is 
 derived from the Wyre, a rivulet which flows info the 
 sea at Harrington, but there seems litde probability in 
 this statement, although the orthogi'aphy of the name 
 of the town as formerly written, Wyrekinton, Wyrken- 
 ton, and Wyrkington, may lend some sanction to it, 
 as the stream is upwards of two miles from the 
 modern to\vu. The writer just mentioned, who 
 lived in the time of Henry VIII. informs us that 
 Workington, is a place "where as shyppos cum to, 
 wher ys a prety fysher toun, cawlid Wyrkenton, and 
 ther is the chif house of Sir Thomas Curwyn." 
 From the time of Leland's visit we hear no more of 
 Workington till the time of Queen Elizabeth. In 
 1508 the unfortunate Mary Queen of Scots determined 
 to seek refuge in England from the treasons and 
 rebellions which surrounded her in her native land. 
 Miss Strickland informs us that she embarked at " the 
 Abbey Bumfoot, the picturesque and secluded little 
 bay where the beautiful rivulet that flows past Dun- 
 drennan Abbey, after winding its way over a rocky bed 
 for nearly two miles, through a long grove of ash aud 
 elder trees, rushed into tlio Solway Frith, at the point 
 of Dunfiu. When the boat had laboured through 
 the surf, which is always very heavy at the Abbey 
 Creek, and pushed out into the broad expanse of 
 waters, and (Juecu Mary looked back upon the land she 
 was leaving, it presented a frowning prospect of broken 
 rocks and rugged clilfs, rising hke a hostile barrier 
 against her, as if to forbid her return." The same 
 gifted ^writer continues — " Mary's mind misgave her 
 when she was fairly out to sea, and under sail for 
 England, and she said she would go to France. The 
 boatmen made an ineffectual attempt to change their 
 course, but the wind and tide were contrary, and carried 
 the little vessel rapidly across the Frith of Solway, 
 and drove her into the harbour of Workington,' a 
 small seafaring town on the coast of Cumberland. 
 
 I Camdeu. HUtoricol Tradilious of Woikiiigtou and Kirkcudbright. 
 
 The voyage is said to have been performed in four 
 hours. The boat was navigated by four mariners; 
 and there were sLvteen persons who accompanied the 
 Queen. As it was Sunday evening, the general hoUday 
 of high and low, an unusual number of people assembled 
 to see the Scotch boat come in: no gaily -appointed 
 galley or gilded barge, with the crown aud royal lion of 
 Scotland emblazoned on her poop and silken pennons, 
 but one of the rough crafts used by the half civilized 
 Galwegiaus in their fishing expeditions, and trans- 
 porting coals and hme. '^ Rude as this vessel was, 
 she excited lively curiosity, for it was instantly per- 
 ceived that her passengers were neither fisher folk, 
 colliers, nor Kirkcudbright traders. There are some 
 persons on whom nature has impressed traits of 
 individual dignity that nothing can disguise, espe- 
 cially when accompanied with a lofty stature and 
 an elegant line of features. This was the case with 
 Mary Stuart. We have seen the ill success of her 
 attempt to shroud her graceful form iu a laundress's 
 hood and muffler at Lochleven. It needed not regal 
 ornaments, or robes of purple, to proclaim her rank, 
 exhausted with grief and fatigue though she had 
 been for the last three days and nights, and wearing 
 the travel-soiled garments of white silk in which she 
 had fled from the lost battle of Langside. The moment 
 she stepped on shore she was recognized as the fugitive 
 CJueen of Scotland, from her majestic stature, far above 
 the common height of women, and her resemblance to 
 her pictures and her coins. The coarse libels of the 
 traitors who had robbed her of her throne had not then 
 been published to counteract the sympathy and lively 
 interest which her calamities, her high and heroic 
 courage, united with feminine softness and beauty, 
 excited in generous hearts ; and she was welcomed with 
 enthusiastic demonstrations of aff'ection and respect. 
 
 " St. George's Pier is said to be the place where Mary 
 Stuart first set foot on Euglish ground. Sir Henry 
 Curwen, the manorial noble of the district, received 
 her with great respect, and conducted her and her 
 faithful little train to his own home, Workington Hall, 
 a spacious castellated mansion pleasjintly seated in a 
 well-wooded park, on a gentle eminence, scarcely two 
 
 'Such indeed, even in our own days of liixorions travelling, are 
 tlie only kind of boats, genrmlly speakinf;, Ui«t ply belween Uie now 
 populous aud nealthy towns of KirkcudlTiglii and WorkinRlon. At 
 least, R9 Inlely aa the year IK17, when, Willi anulhcr l»dy, the com- 
 panion of my historical pilgrimago on Queen Mary's track from 
 Luugsido to Hundrennnn Abliey, I dosired, at tlie termination of 
 our agreeable visit to the noble Ladies of St. Mary's Isle, to com- 
 plete tlie adventure by croaaing llie Kritii of Solway to \S'orkiiigton, 
 but were dissiiiuled from milking the attempt by tlie assunuice that 
 no lady would enterprise tlie voyage in one of tlicsc incoinmwlious 
 vessels, unless, ai in tile cose of Mary Stuart, the oecessity of tlic 
 case amouuted to a queation of extreme urgeacy.
 
 470 
 
 ALLKRDALE.AB0VE-DER1;\-ENT WARD. 
 
 furlongs from tho haven. This fine olj house, which 
 derives no slight historic interest for having beoa 
 Mary's first resting-place in England, and, alas ! almost 
 the only one where it was her lot to repose a night in 
 freedom, and to taste that hospitality and kindness which 
 she had fondly anticipated, is still iu existence. The 
 embattled gateway, with its flanking turrets, is the 
 same which overshadowed the royal guest whom Sir 
 Henry Curwen brought home to share his Sabbath 
 evening supper on the 10th of May, 1508. Wary was 
 received and welcomed by Lady Curwen, the wife of 
 her kind host, and the Dowager Lady Curwen, his 
 mother,' who is said to have supplied her and her ladies 
 with a change of linen, and such articles of dress as 
 could be rendered available for their use. One rehc 
 of Mary's visit to Workington Hall, a small Scotch 
 agate cup, or quaigh, called "The luck of Workington" 
 is carefully preserved there as a precious heirloom, 
 being her parting gift to Sir Henry Curwen, when, 
 as tradition affirms, she enhanced the value of the 
 trifling token of the hearty old English fashion, with 
 
 'Though his mother, Agnes Strickliuid,lhe daughter of Sir Thomas 
 Strickland of Sizergh, and Edith NeTelle of Thornton Briggs, Sir 
 Henry Curwen wus llie cousin of Queen Catherine Parr, the last 
 wife of Henry VIII. Queen Murj's aunt by marriage. By the said 
 maternal descent. Sir Henry could also claim affinity in blood to 
 Mary herself, and lo Queen Elizabeth. Ralph Nevill Earl of West- 
 moreland, the grandfather of Cicely Duchess of York, having been 
 their common ancestor; a family connection whicli, though ixnnoticed 
 by any of tlie historians who record Mary's brief sojourn at Work- 
 ington Hall, was not likely to have been forgotten by her host, who 
 recognised iu his illustrious guest, and kinswoman in the fifth 
 degree of cousinship, the heiress presumptive of the realm, and, iu 
 spite of her present reverse of fortune, anticipated (he probability of 
 her wearing the threefold garland of the Britannic empire. It is 
 worthy of notice that Camden, the great topographical historian of 
 Britain, and the author of the "Annals of Queen Elizabetli," was 
 the nephew of Sir Henry Curwen. He was about seventeen years 
 of age at the time Queen Mary was his uncle's guest at Workmgton 
 Hall. It is therefore possible that he enjoyed the opportunity, not 
 only of hearing her tell her own slory, but also of obtaining its 
 verification from the lips of the noble Scotch exiles who had for- 
 saken all to follow her fallen fortunes iu a laud of strangers. Of 
 all contemporary historians, Camden bears the most important 
 testimony in Mai-y's favour in his plain unvarnished statement of 
 facts. *' Writing" as he says, "with Ceeirs secret correspondence 
 before him," he possessed the key to many a political mystery which 
 few besides could fathom. Burnet has endeavoured to impugn his 
 veracity, by pretending tliat he wrote thus of Mary to flatter her son 
 James I. but Camden was the most truthful and single-minded his- 
 torian of his age — the oidy one who grounded liis statements on 
 documentary evidence. His illustrious contemporary Spencer, who 
 as private secretary to the Earl of Essex and personally acquainted 
 with all Uie prominent characters and events of the period, wa.s a 
 competent witness, passes the following well-deserved ettloguim on 
 him: — 
 
 "Camden, the nourice of antiquity. 
 And lanthom unto late succeeding age 
 To see the lisht of simple verity. 
 Camden ! though Time all monuments obscure, 
 Yet thy just labours ever shall endure." 
 
 Speneer, Bmneaiof Time. 
 
 the friendly sentiment, "Luck to'Workhigton !" This 
 quaigh was evidently brought by Lord Hurries, or one 
 of the gentlemen, from Dundrennan Abbey, in the 
 hastily-packed basket of refreshments provided for the 
 voyage. It would be a violation of tho propriety 
 of historical biography to suggest the probability of 
 the stout Galwcgian lord having endeavoured to cheer 
 the drooping spirits of his royal mistress and her ladies 
 by proll'ering an occasional sip of the national cordial of 
 Old Scotia from this fairy goblet, in the course of her 
 passage from the Abbey Burnfoot to the port of Working- 
 ton. In the picture gallery of Workington Hall is the 
 curious contemporary portrait of Mary Stuart, presented 
 by herself to Sir Henry and Lady Curwen. It is in 
 profile, and represents her at five and twenty, when the 
 domestic sorrows and successive tragedies of two years 
 and a half of unprecedented sufTering had given her 
 bitter experience of the pains and penalties of royalty, 
 and tempered the brilliancy of her beauty with a per- 
 vading shade of sadness, genuine characteristic of a 
 true Stuart. The costume in which she is delineated 
 in the Workington portrait is a loose gown of crimson 
 brocade, slashed with satin in longitudinal stripes, edged 
 with gold escallops. She has no rufl', but a straight 
 collar, embroidered and edged with gold, open in front 
 to show a pearl necklace, white point tucker, and muslin 
 kerchief. Her chesuut hair is rolled from the face 
 precisely in the style which has been adopted by the 
 Empress Eugenie, so as to display the contour of her 
 noble forehead, delicately-formed ear, and long slender 
 throat. A small round cap is placed at the back of 
 her head, over which is thrown a large transparent veil, 
 edged and diagonally striped with gold, which forms a 
 graceful drapery, falling like a mantle on her shoulders. 
 During her brief sojourn at Workington Hall, Mary 
 wrote to Queen Elizabeth, explaining the injurious 
 treatment she had received from the successful con- 
 spirators, who had reduced her to the dire necessity of 
 throwing herself on her royal kinswoman's protection, 
 confiding in her oft -reiterated professions of friendship 
 and promises of assistance in her troubles. This letter, 
 which is too long for insertion, concludes with the 
 foUowing touching appeal to the compassion of her 
 royal kinswoman : — 
 
 I intreat you to send £br me as soon as possible, for I am in a 
 pitiable condition, not only for a queen but even for a gentle- 
 woman, having nothing in the world but the clothes in which I 
 escaped, riding sixty miles tlie first day, and not dating to travel 
 afterwards except by night, as I hope to be able to show you, if 
 it please you to have compassion on my great misfortunes, and 
 permit me to come and hewaU them to you. Not to weary you, 
 I will now pray God to give you health and a long and happy 
 life, and to myseU patience, and that consolation that I await
 
 ■WORKINGTON PARISH. 
 
 471 
 
 firom yon, to whom I present my humble commendations. From 
 Workington, tliis 17th of Jlay. 
 
 Tour very faithful and affectionate good sister and cousin and 
 escaped prisoner, Mabie R.' 
 
 The (late manifests the falsehood of the charge subse- 
 quently brought by Elizabeth against Mary through 
 Walsingham, to the King and Queen mother of France, 
 ' That the Queen of Scots landed privily in her 
 dominions, and remained there concealed for several 
 days, till her disguise was penetrated.''' Now, it is 
 certain that Mary landed on the evening of the 1 6th of 
 May at Worlungton, three days after the defeat of her 
 army at Langside, and wrote to Elizabeth early the 
 ne.xt morning, and that she was carried on to Cocker- 
 mouth the same day."' 
 
 From the time of Mary's visit we Lave nothing of 
 importance recorded relating to the town. Pennant 
 describes the town as extending " from the castle to 
 the sea ; it consists of two clusters — one, the more 
 ancient, near the castle, the other near the church and 
 pier, and both contuin about four or five thousand 
 inhabitants ; they subsist by the coal trade, which is 
 hero considerable. The Derwent washes the skirts of 
 the town, and discharges itself into the sea about a 
 mile west. On each bank near the mouth are piers, 
 where the ships lie ; and the coals arc convoyed into 
 them from frames occasionally dropping into them 
 from the railroads. Ninety-seven vessels of different 
 burdens, some even of two hundred and fifty tons, 
 belong to this port." Hutchinson, in his " History 
 of Cumberland," published in 1791, tells us that " tho 
 increase of this place has been very rapid of late years, 
 and many of the new buildings aro handsome ; in 
 the old parts of the town the streets are narrow 
 and the houses ill built. Tho town contains between 
 eleven and twelve hundred houses. Tho ground rents 
 for building are lower here than in any part of the 
 county, being no more than one shilling per yard front 
 and twenty backwards. Tho river is navigable for 
 ships of four hundred tons burden. There are now 
 an hundred and sixty vessels belonging to this port, on 
 an avcrngo about an hundred and thirty tons each ; 
 and every ship of an hundred tons costs j£I,500, and so 
 in proportion. Tho chief trade in export is in coals for 
 Ireland, but some arc taken up here for tho east country 
 service. The imports are timber and shipbuilding 
 materials. During tho summer sca-son the situation of 
 the town is delightful ; but it cannot bo.ast of many 
 
 ' Tlio orij?inRl document, written in French, nmy be seen, iu Murj's 
 o\ni iiniiil, aiuong ilio Cottoniaii .MSS., BriliBh Musiiim. 
 » MS. Miniitea iif Pvivy Council— hislnielions to Wulsingham. 
 3 "Lives of the (iucens of Scotland," vol. vi., p. lol, ct scq. 
 
 elegant buildings, or the streets of being well paved. 
 The number of inhabitants is computed to exceed six 
 thousand." The ancient part of the town is narrow 
 and irregular, but the modem is well laid out, and 
 contains several good public buildings. The lower part 
 of the town is situated on a marsh, hence the name of 
 the Marsh Side, and the Marsh End Quay, now cor- 
 rupted into the Merchant's Quay. 
 
 The coal trade of Workington is of great importance. 
 The coal is met with at a depth of eighty-three fathoms 
 from the surface, the seam, the Metal Band, being 
 three feet thick; the next seam, the Moorbauk Seam, 
 three feet six inches thick, is found at 110 fathoms ; 
 at IS! fathoms tho Little Main Band, three feet two 
 inches thick; and at 150 fathoms the Main Bitnd, ten 
 feet thick. About the year 1722 the coal pits were 
 described as from forty to fifty fathoms in depth, 
 having generally two or three workable bands, — the 
 first three feet, the second four feet, and the third firom 
 ten to eleven feet. About the same time eight or nine 
 of Bolton and Watt's steam engines were erected iu the 
 neighbourhood of the to\TO, for the purpose of raising 
 the coal and pumping the water from the mines. 
 The number of persons employed was about 600. 
 There are now three pits in the Workington Colliery, 
 viz., Buddie Pit, Jane Pit, and Jackson Pit. The 
 Buddie Pit is forty-three fathoms deep, the Jane 
 seventy, and the Jackson twenty-three. The Jane 
 Pit is the only one now working. The chimneys of 
 the engine-house are built in the castellated style, and 
 have as pleasing an appearance as it is possible for 
 chimneys to have. Chapel Bank Colliery was lost in 
 1837, owing to an eruption of the sea. We subjoin tlie 
 following account of the catastrophe from a treatise on 
 the "Winning and Working of Collieries," by M. Dunne, 
 j^gq. : — " Another of these frightful events," ho teUa 
 us, " took place at this colliery on the 30th day of July, 
 1837. The two pits, Lady and Isabella, were worked 
 to the distance of 1 ,600 yards under the Irish sea, with 
 a ten -feet seam, which was ninety fathoms deep, botli 
 pits being situated close upon tho sea shore. In the 
 course of a long roUeyway, and in the iutcrscctions of 
 several dykes, a good deal of level had been lost before 
 aniving at tiie inmost working, wliich were also driven 
 considerably to the rise, at the rate of one in the three, 
 which at length brought them within fifteen fathoms of 
 the bottom of the seji. Tho ordinary mauner in which 
 the colliery was worked was — width of working five 
 yards, and the piUar seven to eight yards — which was 
 barely sufficient to inahitnin tiie roof unbroken. Piolph 
 Coxou, the manager of tho colliery, having no fear of 
 consequences, and being anxious to produce an excessive
 
 472 
 
 ALLERDALE ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 quantity of coals to supply the market, proceeded in 
 a most recldess and unguarded manner to attenuate 
 the pillars, already scarcely sufficient to afford support 
 to the superincumbent strata. His proceedings were 
 deprecated by every one conversant with the colliery ; 
 and it bad not been allowed to proceed for any length, 
 of time, till warning was given of approaching danger 
 by some heavy falls of the roof, accompanied by currents 
 of salt water. The danger of letting in the sea now 
 became the subject of common conversation ; but week 
 after week passed on, without creating any change of 
 system. In the meantime several of the men left the 
 colhery through dread of consequences ; and Mr. 
 Bowncss, one of the under agents, expressed his con- 
 victions and fears to me (as I formerly had the manage- 
 ment of the colliery) in a succession of letters. In 
 consequence of these letters the proprietor was apprised 
 as to the risk which he was incurring, and which 
 induced him to question Coxon ; but he silenced all 
 fears with asseverations of safety. Matters were there- 
 fore allowed to go on under implicit reliance on the 
 present management, notwithstanding the repeated 
 heavy falls and discharges of water, which were ren- 
 dered still more hazardous by the contiguity of some 
 material faults. The last communication I received 
 from Mr. Bowness ran as follows: — 'Unless some 
 interference can be made, a very few days or weeks 
 ■will most assuredly bring down the waters of the sea ; 
 and that opinion is now so generally expressed that 
 men are leaving the colliery every day' Thus matters 
 stood till the 30th of July, 1837, when the whole neigh- 
 bourhood was appalled by the breaking in of the sea ; 
 and so extensive was the commotion, that many persons 
 at the distance of hundreds of yards, observed the swirl 
 of the waters directly over where the fracture took 
 place. A few of the pitmen escaped by groping their 
 way to the day-hole in the rise workings underneath 
 some cottages at Chapel Bank ; and thirty-six men and 
 boys, and as many horses, with all the extensive stock 
 underground, were irrecoverably destroyed, the waters 
 having filled up the whole of the extensive workings in 
 this thick seam to the level of the sea in a few short 
 hours. The event was the more deplorable since the 
 deluge, before it occurred, was not only the subject of 
 common conversation, but also, as before related, after 
 repeated warnings had been given." 
 
 For five years previous to 1813 the average annual 
 exports from the Workington collieries was about 
 28,000 waggon loads. In 1826 about 200,000 tons 
 were shipped from the coal mines of Henry Curwen, 
 Esq., Messrs. John Fletcher, and Thomas Westray. 
 In 1837, 37,761 tons were shipped from the csllieries 
 
 of Henry Curwen, Esq., alone. The following figures 
 show the coal trade of Workington from 1850 to 1858 
 inclusive : — 1850, 113,650 tons; 1851, 95,703; 
 1852, 83,014; 1853, 120,289; 1854, 128,681; 
 1855, 111,1%; 1856, 129,275; 1857, 133,875; 
 1858, 133,211. Cuhn: — 1855, 20 tons; 1856, 2; 
 1858, 20. 
 
 Nest in importance to the coal trade is that of ship- 
 building, for the operations connected with which there 
 are two yards, one belonging to the Harrington and 
 Workington Shipbuilding Co., who employ l.*)© hands 
 in the various departments of their business, and have 
 built since their commencement in 1773 about 250 
 vessels, with an average tonnage of 350 tons. The 
 establishment of Charles Lamport, Esq., is well and 
 favourably known, and affords employment to about 
 120 hands on an average. It was commenced in 1849, 
 and has produced twenty vessels, varying from 150 to 
 1,000 tons burden. The establishment includes saw- 
 mills and steam ropery. 
 
 Besides the coal trade and ship building, Workington 
 possesses iron works. The Quarry Iron Works, which 
 employs 120 hands, is engaged in the getting up of 
 finished tin, for the manufacture of tin plates at their 
 works at Seaton. Situated near the town, but in the 
 township of Seaton, are the Workington Hemtite Iron 
 Works, erected in 1857. Working operations were 
 commenced in February, 1858, by a company bearing 
 the designation of the Hemtite Iron Company (Limited). 
 There are four blast furnaces, and the number of men 
 employed amounts to 100. 
 
 The remainder of the Workington trade does not 
 call for special notice, if it can be said to have any 
 other, beyond the ordinary occupations of a seaport 
 town. There are brick and tile works, roperies, and 
 manufactories in which sail cloth and sails are made, 
 but chiefly for local use. 
 
 It is almost unnecessary for us to remark that the 
 shipping and shipping stock of the port have under- 
 gone the same vicissitudes as the trade of the town, 
 decreasing with its decrease, and increasing with its 
 increase. About the year 1770 Workington possessed 
 ninety-seven vessels some of which were 250 tons 
 burden. Twenty years later the number had increased 
 to 160, with an averaged burden of 130 tons. In 1810 
 there were 134 ships, with an aggregate burden of 
 18,941 tons; in 1822, 117 ships, burden 18,094 tons; 
 1828, 129 ships, burden 19,930 tons; 1840, 217 ships, 
 burden 36,800 tons; 1846, 80 ships, burden 12,000 
 tons. The following table made up from the Custom- 
 house returns since 1850, exhibits the annual number of 
 vessels, foreign and coatwise, which have entered and
 
 ■WORKINGTON PAPJSH. 
 
 473 
 
 cleared from Workington, tlio number and registered ton- 
 nage of vessels belonging to the port, and the amount of 
 customs duties received, thus giving a rusumu of the 
 trade of Workington : — 
 
 Year. 
 
 OAROoes 
 
 UIWABD. 
 
 CAR00E8 
 OUTWARD. 
 
 VKSSELS 
 11IOI3T1UIED. 
 
 Duties 
 Kecciv'd 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Cuast- 
 ing. 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Coast- 
 ing. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 £ 
 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 1851. 
 
 1855 
 
 1850 
 
 1857 
 
 1858 
 
 • 
 
 9 
 13 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 7 
 U) 
 12 
 
 
 
 129 
 130 
 121 
 105 
 lU 
 109 
 
 93 
 111 
 
 97 
 
 10 
 7 
 C 
 7 
 8 
 5 
 8 
 
 12 
 8 
 
 1077 
 854 
 727 
 1100 
 1202 
 1000 
 1247 
 1158 
 1194 
 
 102 
 103 
 99 
 95 
 96 
 95 
 99 
 90 
 U9 
 
 18,510 
 19,510 
 18,187 
 18,012 
 18,572 
 18,540 
 19,924 
 20,131 
 20,777 
 
 3408 
 3503 
 3350 
 3045 
 2503 
 2319 
 1927 
 2398 
 2481 
 
 Workington possesses a safe and capacious harbour, 
 with a breakwater and extensive quaN's, whicli are, how- 
 ever, capable of much further improvement. The 
 Merchants' Quaj' and the South Quay are built on the 
 opposite banks of a wide branch of the Derwent, called 
 the South Out, which, with the mill-race, separates the 
 town from the large meadow or common called Cloffocks, 
 about 1,800 yards long and 200 broad. The depth of 
 water, at spring tides, is from fifteen to eighteen feet, 
 and at neap tides from [eight to ten feet. Vessels can 
 sail into the harbour with a southerly, westerly, or 
 north-nofth-east wind. When there are eight feet of 
 water in the harbour a red ball is hoisted upon a pole 
 on St. John's Pier, and at iii;,'lit a light is exhibited 
 upon the pierhead, which answers a like purpose, and 
 can bo seen in clear woather at about throe leagues 
 from any point seaward. On each of the inner piers 
 are two smaller lights to guido ships into the harbour. 
 Workington was created a separate and independent 
 port in 1850. The limits of the port of Workington 
 are from a stream called Lowca Beck on the south- 
 west to Canker Beck on the north-east of the town, 
 and extending three miles seaward from low water 
 mark. 
 
 CBuncnES and ciupels. 
 
 The parish church of Workington, dedicated to St. 
 Michael, is a jilain structure willmut any architectural 
 pretensions, rebuilt in 1780, and consists of a nave, 
 with a low square tower, which formed part of the old 
 church. It is lighted by two rows of semicircular- 
 headed windows. The communion table occupies a 
 recess at the cast end of the nave, and is surmounted 
 by a window of three lights, tho upper part of which 
 is filled with stained glass. On the north side of tho 
 window is a painting of the Descent from tho Cross, 
 and ia tho south another representing the Ascension. 
 M 
 
 There are two side galleries, and one at tho west end 
 containing the organ. Under the tower is an altar 
 tomb, on which recline the effigies of a knight and 
 his lady. He is in plate armour ; his head rests on a 
 cushion, placed against an animal, and there is another 
 at his feet. An inscription runs round the top edge of 
 the tomb, but it has been defaced and rendered illegi- 
 ble by successive coats of paint. Previous to its last 
 painting the date 1410 could be traced. On the front 
 side are five recesses, with cinquefoil heads, each of 
 which contains a shield, which are thus described by 
 Jefterson, — " 1. Fretty and a chief, Curwen; impaling 
 Lozengy .... 2. Curwen, impaling Fretty of 
 six . . . 3. Curwen, without impalement. -1. Cur- 
 wen, impaling six Annulets, three, two, and one . . . 
 5. Curwen, impaling five fusils in fess with a label of 
 five points." The head of the lady reclines on a 
 cushion supported by angels. Near the tomb is part 
 of an ancient octagonal stone font. Tho pew of the 
 Curwen family has some fine old carved work, and 
 the arms of the family occur twice, in one place 
 impaling on a fess two lions' heads, between them 
 St. Andrew's crosses. The tower contains six bells. 
 On the east wall, south of the communion table, 
 is a fine monument of white marble, by Dunbar, to the 
 memory of tho llev. Edward Stanlc}-, with two figures 
 representing Faith and Justice, and an inscription. 
 Near the south door is another monument, to the 
 memory of the Rev. Peter How and his wife. There 
 are also mural tablets to the memory of various mem- 
 bers of the Curwen, Sherwen, Ponsonby, Beck, Pks- 
 ket, Addison, Hodgson, Thompson, and Selkirk famihes. 
 The church of Workington was given by Ketel (son of 
 Eldrcd, son of Ivo,) third baron of Kendal, with two 
 carucates of land and a mill there, to the abbey of St. 
 ^lary, at York, to which it continued attaehod till the 
 suppression of the monasteries by Henry VIII., who, 
 by letters patent, bearing date August 20th, 1544, 
 granted to Robert Brocklesby and John Dyer the 
 advowson and right of patronage of the churches of 
 Workington and Harrington, to hold tho same of the 
 king in free socage by fealty only, and not in capite. 
 On tho 2Ttli of Jaimary in the following year they con- 
 veyed, by fine, these two rectories to Thomas Dalston, 
 Esq., of Carlisle; and in 1556 wo find John Dalston 
 exercising tho rights of presentation. Henry VIU. 
 mado a second gniut of the advowson of the church of 
 Workington to John Bird, tho first bishop of Chester, 
 in exchange for certain temporalities ; and it was 
 exchanged again by (Juecn Mary, for Childwall and 
 otherplaces; but it having been granted before to Brock- 
 lesby and Dyer, it was found that the bishop had no title.
 
 474 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOYE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 On the 12 th of October, 1564, a license was granted 
 empowering John Dalston, Esq., to convey the advowson 
 
 and rij?lit of patronage of the churclies of Workington 
 and Harrington to Henry Curweu, Esq., in \yho?r 
 posterity they have since remained. Tlie living is a 
 rectory, and is said to be tlie richest in the county. 
 It was valued in the King's Booli at UiS 5s., and con- 
 tinues to pay a pension of £2 15s. 4d. to St. Bees, 
 and 13s. 4d. to the sovereign for a chantry. It is now 
 worth about £1,000 a year. The parish registers 
 commence in 10G3. 
 
 From tlio true and perfect terrier of the glebe, glebe 
 houses, and out buUdings, belonging to the rectory of 
 Worliington, signed August 20th, ]S35, we learn that, 
 at that period, the possessions of the church of Worlc- 
 ingtou comprised " An ancient parsonage house, stable, 
 and cow house, situated in a large court and garden 
 ground, adjoining the church yard, Church Lane, and 
 Parson's Lane, and opposite tlie latter a garden and 
 poultry yard, an old house stead at tlie west end of 
 Porter's Brow (which fell to the parson by escheat), and 
 a tithe barn (now converted into a smithy) at Little 
 Clifton. Besides, the above-named buUding, premises, 
 and church yard, the ancient glebe lands belonging to 
 the rectory of Workington consisted of about one 
 hundred and seven acres in nine fields or closes; nine- 
 teen acres of which ancient glebe were exchanged in 
 the year 1809 for thirty-eight acres of other lands in 
 eight fields or closes, as they are fully set forth and 
 described in certain deeds of exchange, enrolled in thu 
 Episcopal Archives of the Diocese of Chester, on ledger 
 pages 5-13, ijli, 5-15, 540, 517, and 548. Besides the 
 one hundred and twenty-six acres contained in ancient 
 fields and inclosures with gardens and premises imme- 
 diately adjoining the parsonage house, seven hundred 
 and two acres of now glebe have been added to the 
 rectory of Workington in lieu of tithes, as particularly 
 set forth and described in three Inclosure Acts and in 
 the Commissioners' Awards, and also in two leases of 
 certain allotments of the said new glebe in the townships 
 of Workington, Winscales, and Stainburn, and of the 
 privilege of working the glebe coal for twenty-one years, 
 which said leases bear date the latli day of llarch, 
 1810, and have both been confirmed by the diocesan; 
 and in the latter lease there is a clause whereby it is 
 stipulated that the present rector shall give up the 
 whole of the principal of the reserved rent of one 
 hundred pounds per annum, for erecting sufiicient 
 farm buildings and other pui-poses of permanent benefit 
 to the rectory as by reference to the said lease may 
 more fully appear, and a now dwelhng house has been 
 built this present year ou the said new glebe. The 
 
 other tithes and possessions of the church which have 
 not been exchanged or affected by the late Inclosure 
 Acts are set forth in a terrier lodged in the Episcopal 
 Itogistry of Chester, and bearing date in the year 1098, 
 and in the court books, and other records, memoranda, 
 and papers, belonging to the rectory of Workington." 
 
 EECTons. — EJmund 'VVhalley occurs 153'); Lowther, 
 
 occurs about 1012 ; Clirisioplier Mattenson, ICOi ; John Bolton, 
 1C;0; Robert Loxam, }~U; John Stanley, 1700; William T. 
 Adaison, 1753: Edward Christian, ni)2; Peter How, 1803; 
 Edward Stanley, 1831 ; John Wordsworth, 1H34 ; Henry Curwen, 
 1837. 
 
 St. John's Church, in Washington-street, waS erected 
 in 1823 by the Commissioners for Building Churches, at 
 a cost of .£10,000, and will accommodate about 1,000 
 persons. It possesses a Doric portico, the entablature 
 of which is supported by four massive pillars ; in other 
 respects it is architecturally a faUuro. The seats in 
 the body of the church are free ; the rents of those in 
 the galleries being devoted to the support of the incum- 
 bent. In 1840 a tower was added at a cost of upwards 
 of X'],70il, Henry Curwen, Esq., giving the stone. 
 The churchyard was enlarged in 1849, during the 
 prevalence of the cholera. In 1835 the parish of 
 Workington, for ecclesiastical purposes, was divided, 
 and a district assigned to St. John's Church, whicli 
 thus became a district church ; and by the operation 
 of Lord Blandford's Act, passed in 1850, is now for all 
 church purposes a separate and distinct p^sh. The 
 new parish comprises the township of Winscales and 
 part of that of Stainburn, and in the year 1851 com- 
 prised a population of about 3,000. The living is a 
 perpetual curacy, in the gift of the rector of the parish. 
 
 Incumbents. — John Curwen, 1823; Joseph Simpson, 1828; 
 Pelor Vou Essen, 1831 ; William Jackson, 1840; John Irving, 
 185C. 
 
 The Catholic church, dedicated to St. ilichael, is 
 situated near the Guards. It is beautifully fitted up, 
 and will seat about 500 persons. The Catholic body 
 in Workington long formed a portion of the Whitehaven 
 mission. About the commencement of the j'resent 
 century many Irish Catholics sought employment in 
 the extensive coal mines of the neighbourhood, and 
 eventually settled in the town. These became so 
 numerous that it was found necessary to separate this 
 place from AVhitehaven, and, in 1810, a resident 
 Catholic priest, the Rev. Thomas B.ishton, a Monk of 
 the Order of St. Benedict, was appointed to the charge 
 of the Mission, which ever since has been served by 
 members of the same religious order. At first the 
 Catholics had no place of worship of their own, but 
 rented a room here and there as circumstances per-
 
 WORKINGTON PARISH. 
 
 475 
 
 mitted. Most, if iiot all, the Catholics being in tlie 
 employ of Johu Christian Curwen, Esq., lord of the 
 manor, he generously presented them with half an acre 
 of ground, in the rising land on the soutli-west of tlie 
 town. On this was eventually built, by subscription, 
 the church, and subsequently the presbyterj", or priest's 
 house. 'J'lie ground is charged with a rent of £5 a 
 year, which is regularly presented to the lord of the 
 manor, but always graciously returned as a donation. 
 We subjoin the succession of priests. 
 
 PniESTs. — Thomas BishtoD, 1810; Samnel Barber, 181-t, 
 removed tlie snmejear; John Rigley, ]8U, who kft in IBIC, 
 after which there was no resident priest till the return of Thos. 
 Rishton, in 1819; llichanl Ti^wers, 1820; Abraham Abrani, 
 ISJ'J; Kilward Glassbrook, 1831; Charles Kershaw, 1838; 
 Henry Sutton, 1811 ; Michael Sinnevan, 1813 ; Francis 
 Williams, 1814; Cuthbert W. Clifton, 181U. 
 
 The Independent chapel, situated in South AVil- 
 liam-strect, is a good stone building, with a front in 
 the (Jothic style, remodelled and enlarged in 1855. 
 there is a Sunday school attached. The Independents 
 of Worldngton were first formed into a congregation 
 about the year 178G, when Lady Glenorchy, ou her 
 way to Scotland, stopped at Workington, where she 
 purchased ground for the erection of this chapel, and 
 saw the work commenced before she left. During the 
 works consequent upon the alterations in 1S55, the 
 workmen pulled down an old cottage in order to enlarge 
 the burial j^'rouiul, amongst the ruins of which a small 
 glass tumbler was discovered, apparently of foreign 
 manufacture, bearing the date 1080. The glass was 
 of a pale blue colour. 
 
 The Presbyterian Church (English) is a neat struc- 
 ture, erected in 1858-9, upon the site of the manse 
 and old church, and is in fact an addition to the latter 
 building, though the architect, Mr. Charles Eaglesfield, 
 has so tastefully designed the additions that they fonn 
 one harmonious whole. The style of architecture 
 adopted is the Early English, with a pointed door 
 case, diamond-paned windows to harmonise, and but- 
 tresses between the windows. The body of the church 
 contains some forty free pews and suiltiblc accommo- 
 dation for the choir; there is also a gallry for Sunday- 
 school children, and anotlicr above the entrance for 
 general use. Altogether there is accommodation for 
 about 100 persons. Tlie roof is supported with exposed 
 timbers beautifully stained, and the temperature of the 
 building is regulated by means of hot water pipes and 
 apparatus. The total cost of the alterations, Ac., 
 amounted to .L'TOO. The I'rosbyterian congregation 
 of Workington was first formed about the year 1710. 
 The following have been the succcssioD of pastors: — 
 
 Rev. Messi-s. Thompson, Selkirk, Turner, Nicholson, 
 Turbit, William Gordon, Ale.xander Douglas, David 
 McLeod. 
 
 The Wesleyan Chapel, situated in South William- 
 street, is a good substantial stone building, erected in 
 1840, at a cost of £'2,000. The number of sittings is 
 860, of which 1 50 are free. The old chapel in Tiffin 
 Lane was erected in 1791 ; it is now used as a Sunday- 
 school. The first Wesleyau congregation in Workington 
 was formed by the Rev. Jonathan Brown in the year 
 1767, when they assembled for worship at the haU 
 stables, and afterwards at private houses till they were 
 able to build their first chapel. The present minister 
 is the Rev. J. R. Clementson. 
 
 The Primitive I\Iethodist Chapel, John-street, was 
 erected in 1827, at a cost of £930. It is a neat stone 
 building, containing 550 sittings, 260 of which are free. 
 
 Besides these chapels there is a room on the quay 
 attached to the Bethel Union for the benefit of seamen. 
 
 SCHOOLS, itc. 
 
 The Free Schools, intended for the instruction of 
 about 500 scholars, with residences for both master and 
 mistress, are now in course of erection, from the design 
 of Thomas Nicholson, Esq., Diocesan architect, Here- 
 ford, at an estimated cost, including the site, of .£2,500. 
 The land, part of the glebe, was presented by the Rev. 
 H. Curwen, and the funds, including a government 
 grant of £1,215, were obtained from public subscrip- 
 tions. The style of the buildings is Early English, 
 and the extended frontage is broken and relieved by 
 recessing the two wings, and by a handsome central 
 spire. The funds for carrying on this institution will 
 be provided, beyond the children's pence and tht; capi- 
 tation allowance of the Privy Council on Education, by 
 private subscription. The trust deed enacts that " no 
 religious Catechism shall be taught in the schools, but 
 that the Bible shall be read daily, and fully e.iplaiued, 
 and shall form the basis of the moral training of the 
 children therein." The master and mistress will be of 
 the Church of England, and the rector of Workington 
 ex -officio chairman of the school committee. The 
 schools are expected to be open early in 1860, and will 
 sui)ply an educational want long and pressingly felt in 
 the town. 
 
 The School of Industry, in Guard -street, is a good 
 and substantial stone building, two stories high, erected 
 in 1831. On the first floor is the infant school, per- 
 petually endowed by the founder, Mr. Thomas Wilson, 
 of Workington, with the interest of £500, which is 
 payable half-yearly to the teacher: and with the interest 
 of another £100 to be applied to the necessary repairs
 
 476 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DEEWENT WARD. 
 
 of the building. The average number in attendance is 
 about seventy. Tl>e school of industry' is limited to 
 twenty pupils, and is supported by the ladies of the 
 town, having for its object " the inculcation of habits 
 of industry iu young females, so as to make tliem 
 noteablo housekeepers and good Christians." 
 
 The Church of England Schools, open to all 
 denominations, the foundation -stone of which was laid 
 June 12th, 1850, are now in course of erection upon 
 a site consisting of an area, situated in John-street, 
 nearly opposite the Primitive Jlethodist Chapel, being 
 the east end of a field purchased by a few genilemeu 
 interested iu promoting the cause of education from 
 Miss Tickell. The heads of the trust-deed adopted by 
 the committee are as follow : — 1. The schools to be open 
 to children of all denominations. 2. The master and 
 mistress to be members of the Church of England. 
 3. The schools to be opened daily with prayer, t. The 
 Bible to be read daily, accompanied by such general 
 remarks from the master, by way of explanation, as he 
 may consider suitable. 5. All the children to attend 
 the Bible class. G. The Church of England Catechism, 
 and the Catechisms of the Wesleyau and Presbyterian 
 bodies respectively, to be taught iu the school. 7. The 
 parents or guardians of each child shall be required to 
 state which Catechism (if cither), they wish their child 
 to be taught. 8. Xo child to be required to learn their 
 Catechism, where the parents or guardians object. 9. 
 The ministers of the Wesleyan and Presbyterian con- 
 gregations in Workington, to be, ex officio, members of 
 the committee of management. 10. The instruction 
 to be given in the Catechism and the formularies of 
 the Church of England, and in the other Catechisms, 
 shall form part of the fixed routine of the school instruc- 
 tion, and shall be given on the afternoons of, at least, 
 two days in each week (say the afternoons of Wednesday 
 and Friday), and within the regular hours ; the former 
 under the superintendence of the clergy of the parish 
 church and St. John's, the latter under that of the 
 ministers of the above-named congregations. 11. No 
 one shall be eligible to be elected on the committee of 
 management who is not a resident iu the parish, and 
 a member of the Church of England, or of one of the 
 three dissenting bodies now existing in Workington, 
 namely, the Wesleyan, Presbyterian, and Independent. 
 
 Workington Mechanics' Institution, situated in Pow- 
 street, was established in 1849. Its objects are the 
 diffusion of useful knowledge in general literature, the 
 sciences, and the arts, by means of a library, reading- 
 room, news-room, and museum; by the delivery of 
 lectures, discussions, and the reading of essays, &c. ; 
 and by the formation of classes for the study of the arts 
 
 and sciences, and such other means as the committee 
 for the time being may deem expedient. The members 
 are divided into honorary (who pay a subscription of not 
 less than 10s. each per annum), and ordinary, including 
 females, paying us. per annum ; by paying .t'5 a person 
 is constituted a member for life. The institution is 
 supported by the subscriptions of its members, the 
 number of whom is now about 300. The library con- 
 tains about 1,700 volumes. 
 
 The News-room, situated in Portland -square, was 
 established in 1810. It is supported by the subscrip- 
 tions of its members, who pay 25s. a year. 
 
 GAS-WOUKS, WATER-WORKS, &C. 
 
 The original gas-works, situated to the north-west of 
 the town, were established by a private company in 
 1840-1, at a cost of £5,000; but in 1840, were 
 purchased by the trustees of the town for the above 
 sum. They contain one gas-holder, capable of holding 
 11,500 cubic feet; and 13 retorts. One purifier supplies 
 130 public lamps, and the annual consumption is now 
 about 4,120,000 feet, which sells for 5s. per 1,000 feet. 
 These will be superseded by entirely new and more 
 extensive works (which are now nearly completed) 
 erected at the lowest level of the town, adjoining the 
 harbour. The gas-holder has a capacity of 30,000 feet, 
 and the works generally will produce a supply of gas 
 for a population double that of the town at present. 
 The cost of the new works is £'2,050, including the 
 removals for the laying of the principal mains necessary 
 for the change of site. Being in the immediate locality 
 of the railway station, a considerable saving is expected 
 in avoiding cartage of coal ; and being also at a much 
 lower level, the pressure on the mains, and conse- 
 quently the leakage, will be less. The profits of these 
 works are carried to the credit of the improvement- 
 rates of the town. 
 
 The Workington Water-works were commenced in 
 1858, under the superintendence of Thomas Hawksley, 
 Esq., engineer, by a joint stock company (limited), 
 at an estimated cost of J£S,000, raised in £5 shares, 
 and are now completed. The water is raised from 
 the river Derwent into a reservoir on the crest of the 
 hill behind the Stainburn Old Hall, which is capable 
 of containing a sufficient quantity for two days' con- 
 sumption, and is constructed upon the most modem 
 and approved principle, divided into a number of 
 compartments, arched and covered with brick-work. 
 From the reservoir an inclined cart road, cut out 
 of the hill side, leads to the engine-house and 
 other works connected with the establishment, mana- 
 ger's residence, <S:c. These are situated at the foot of
 
 WORKINGTON PARISH. 
 
 477 
 
 the hill, nearly opposite Seaton mill. An abundant 
 supply of tlie finest water flows into the well, through 
 a natural filter of sanj and gravel, where two engines 
 pump the water to the higher level, after which 
 gravitation does its work, and in due course pours an 
 ample supply thi'ough every street and lane in the town 
 where it has been so long needed. It is impossible to 
 even estimate the importance of this work in a sanitary 
 point of view, and there can be little doubt of 
 Workington proving, with an unlimited supply of 
 Derwent water, followed by eOicient uiaiuaj^c and 
 cleanliness, one of the healthiest towns in the kingdom. 
 
 In 1859 Charles Lamport, Esq., presented the town 
 with a drinking -fountain. It consists of a neat mural 
 slab and basin of polished granite, and is situated in 
 Sanderson-street. 
 
 A new covered market is now in course of erection 
 by a company under the Limited Liability Act, the 
 number of shares being '^oO, at £o each. The market 
 is e.xpected to be completed in October, 18.V.). The 
 ])rincipal entrance is in Portland - street ; there is 
 another in Curwen-street. 
 
 The Savings Bank, which occupies a good building 
 in Pow-street, was established in 1828. The deposits 
 now (1850) amount to I'2'J,0o 1 Us. Od., belonging to 072 
 depositors, including charitable and friendly societies. 
 
 The Workington Benefit Building Society, which 
 was estabhshed in May, 1857, has now 125 members, 
 who at present hold 785 £24 shares. It is progressing 
 very favourably. 
 
 CBAIIITIES. 
 
 Sir Patricius Curwen, Bart., by will dated 13th of 
 December, ItJUl, bequeathed £10 towards erecting a 
 school-house in the parish of Workington, in such 
 convenient place as his wife and exccutri.v slmuld think 
 fit ; and he thereby further gave and bequeathed the 
 annual sum of X'O Os. 8d., towards the maintenance of 
 such schoolmaster or schoolmasters as should be 
 appointed and elected by the ministers of Workington 
 and Uarrington, for the time being, and their several 
 successors, when the said school should become vacant, 
 together witli the consent of any two of the church- 
 wardens of the said parish of Workington, and which 
 annual sum of £0 Os. 8d., for tlic maintenanco of a 
 schoolmaster so elected, he thereby directed should 
 arise and accrue out of his deraesno of Workington; and 
 he thereby charged the said sum as a rent-charge upon 
 Lis said demesne of Workington during the term of 
 090 years, to bo paid yearly by the respective heirs 
 and occupiers thereof to the said schoolmaster selected 
 and appointed as abovcsaid, with u power to the said 
 schoolmaster to distrain in case of nonpayment. .\nd 
 
 Thomas Curwen, by will dated 18th December, 1072, 
 granted and bequeathed towards the maintenance and 
 for the better encouragement of a schoolmaster in the 
 said school, then lately built at Workington, all those 
 three closes or inclosures, commonly known by the 
 name and names of Colker Close, Dobby Miller's Close, 
 and Moor Close, adjoining thereto, situate, lying, and 
 being within the fields of Workington, together with 
 all the appurtenances thereto belonging, to the proper 
 use and behoof of the schoolmaster of the said school 
 for the time being, and to all and every the successive 
 schoolmaster or schoolmasters of the said school, for 
 and during the term of 21 years after his the said 
 testator's decease ; and after the expiration of the said 
 21 years, the said closes with the appurtenances, to be 
 to the use of the said school for ever ; the respective 
 schoolmasters paving yearly, upon the 2ud of February, 
 Cs free rent to the respective heirs of Workington ; and 
 he thereby directed the several and respective heirs of 
 his estate would in no wise oppose or withstand or 
 endeavour to defeat the said charitable bequest and 
 intention ; and that his said bequest might attain the 
 end of which he desired it, he thereby appointed his 
 several and successive heirs of Workington, the parson 
 of Workington for the time being, and his successors, 
 together with the parson of Harrington for the time 
 being, and his successors, whenever the said school 
 should become vacant, to elect under their hands and 
 seals, or under the hands and seals of any two of them, 
 a schoolmaster or schoolmasters, as they should think 
 fit, for tlie said school to enter into the said closes, with 
 the appurtenances to their or his the said schoolmaster's 
 proper use and behoof, during his or their continuing 
 master of the said school. It appears that a school- 
 house was erected soon after the death of Sir Patricius 
 Curwen, by his executrix, upon part of the wastes 
 adjoining the town of Workington ; and there was 
 also a Grammar school kept there by a master, who 
 received his appointment from the heirs of the 
 Workington estate. Up to the year 1724, the closes 
 of land devised by Thomas Curwen, seem to have been 
 enjoyed by the schoolmaster for the time being, but 
 it does not appear that the rent-charge of £t) Cs. 8d., 
 left by Sir Patricius, was ever paid ; if it was, 
 the payment has been discontinued for many 
 years. In 1724, Ilenry Curwen, Esq. had obtained 
 the possession of the closes, and information 
 was filed against him by His Majesty's attorney- 
 general, at the relation of the miniater and church- 
 wardens of Workington, for the purpose of having 
 the two wills carried into e.\eculiou and the charity 
 established; the defendant, however, died before ho
 
 478 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DEllWENT WARD. 
 
 had put in an answer lo the information, and tlie suit 
 was never revived. It appears, liowever, that the 
 schoolmaster enjoyed the closes again up to the year 
 1798, when Joseph Winder was appointed master; and 
 he, by lease, date 23rd June, 1798, demised the same 
 for the term of fourteen yeare, in case he should so long 
 live and continue master of the school, to John Christian 
 Curwen, Esq., who was then owner of the Workington 
 estate, at the yearly rent of i'4v!. The rent was 
 regularly paid until the death of Joseph Winder, in 
 1803, Mr. Curwen having at that time discovered, by 
 reference to his title deeds, that Thomas Curwen, the 
 devisor, had no power to devise the closes above-men- 
 tioned, having been only tenant for life of that property, 
 determined to apply the rents and prolits thereof to 
 some other charitable purpose, which he thought more 
 advisable. He appointed, however, the Eev. Anthony 
 Dalzell to the ofUce of schoolmaster, then vacant, and 
 agreed to give him a salary of £10 10s. per annum. 
 The closes above-mentioned contain 70 acres of land, 
 and are worth £140 per annum. An information was 
 filed in 1810 against Mr. Curwen and other persons, by 
 his majesty's attorney-general, at the relation of the Earl 
 of Lonsdale, to compel the payment of the said rent-charge 
 of £■() Cs. 8d., and to recover the possession of the land 
 above-mentioned, devised by Thomas Curwen. An 
 answer was put in by Mr. Curwen, stating that the 
 said Sir Patricius Curwen was merely tenant-in-tail of 
 the said manor lauds and hereditaments, and that the 
 said Thomas Curwen was merely tenant for life of the 
 same, and that they, or cither of them, had no right to 
 grant any rent-charge out of the said land, or to devise 
 any part thereof; but that such devises were, and each 
 of them was, void and of no effect. Exceptions were 
 taken to his answer; and a further answer was put in 
 by him, with a schedule of the deeds in his custody ; 
 and upon the inspection of those deeds, a letter, of 
 which the following is a copy, was sent by the solicitor 
 for the Earl of Lonsdale, to the solicitor for the 
 defendant. 
 
 Deah Sir, — After a minute investigation of the title to the 
 AVorliington school lanJs, I beg leave to inform you, as Mr. 
 Curneii's solicitor, that under the circumstances of the case the 
 devise of Mr. Thomas Curwen cannot be established, and that 
 the lands cannot be recovered for Uie use of the school. 
 
 I am, ic.. 
 To Ben. Thompson, Esq. Peieh H. Younger. 
 
 Whitehaven, May 27th, 1813. 
 
 The information was soon after dismissed with costs, 
 which were paid accordingly. It appears, upon enquiry, 
 that by deed of settlement, dated ^9th September, 1012, 
 and a fine levied thereon. Sir Henry Curwen settled the 
 
 manor and estate of Workington upon himself for life, 
 with remainder to his first and other sons in tail under 
 this settlement. Sir Patricius Curwen, the eldest son 
 of Sir Henry, became tenant-in-tail, and died without 
 issue, leaving a brother, Thomas Corwen, who succeeded 
 him. Sir Patricius. therefore, had no power to change 
 the inheritance. By deed of settlement, dated 26th 
 February, ICflO, and a fine levied thereon, Thomas 
 Curwen and Eldred Curwen settled the said manor 
 and estates on the said Thomas Curwen for life, with 
 remainder to his first and other sons in tail; and, in 
 default of issue, on the said Eldred Curwen for life, 
 with remainder to his first and other sons in tail. 
 Thomas Curwen died without issue, and was succeeded 
 by Eldred Curwen, who died, leaving a son, so that 
 Thomas Curwen was only tenant for life, and had no 
 power of devising the closes above-mentioned. The 
 site of the school-house, which was built upon the 
 waste, appears never to have been conveyed to any 
 person in trust for the charity; the soil, therefore, 
 remained in the lord of the manor. In 1813 the 
 building was pulled down by Mr. Curwen, and a room 
 in the town was appropriated by him for the purposes 
 of a school. The waste has since been enclosed under 
 an act of Parliament; and the site of the school, with 
 the adjoining land, has been set out and allotted by the 
 commissioners. 
 
 Scott's Charitij. — Jane Scott, by will dated 21th of 
 January, 1810, bequeathed £800 stock, five-pcr-cents, 
 unto the Rev. Peter How, rector of Workington, and 
 three others upon trust, out of the dividends thereof to 
 pay sixteen persons therein named 40s. each for their 
 lives, to be paid on the 1st of January; and as they 
 should respectively die, or cease to inhabit the town- 
 ship of Workington, upon trust to pay 40s. in like 
 manner to each such persons, being wives, unmarried 
 women, or widows, and resident in the said township 
 of Workington (to be appointed as thereafter mentioned), 
 as should be considered by her trustees to bo in want, 
 aud proper objects of the charity. And upon further trust, 
 to retain and keep the remainder of the divilends, after 
 payment of all expenses, to their own use and benefit 
 as a compensation for their trouble. And the testatrix 
 directed, that when any of the said annuitants should die, 
 or no longer reside in the said township, or should not 
 be considered as a proper object, her trustees should 
 appoint another person to fill up the vacancy, so that 
 the number of women should always be kept up to 
 sixteen. And the testatrix directed, that in case the 
 said Peter How should be no longer resident rector, 
 that the other trustees might nominate another person, 
 of Workington, to be a trustee in his stead, it being
 
 WOEKINGTON PARISH. 
 
 479 
 
 her express will that the number of trustees sboulJ 
 always be kept to four ; and that one of the four should 
 at all times, for ever, be the resident rector or minister 
 of the parish church at Workington, provided that the 
 surviving trustees should think him a proper person. 
 
 Jacksoiis Charity. — ]\Ir. llobert Jackson, late of 
 Workington, who died 4th April, 1820, by his will 
 dated 0th December, 1820, beciucathed £800 for the 
 benefit of sixteen poor women resident in Workington, 
 to the vicar of Workington for the time being, and 
 three other trustees. In consequence of a Chancery 
 suit against the trustees and executors, the principal is 
 now reduced to the sum of £430 Us., which is placed 
 in the Thrce-per-cent Annuities. The dividends are 
 paid to the poor women on each \ew Year's Day. 
 
 Leathes' Chnrit;/. — Miss Elizabeth Leathes, late of 
 Workington, who died 7th July, 1858, by will dated 
 18th April, 1856, bequeathed £800 in the ordinary 
 capital stock of the CJro:it Western Railway Company, 
 the dividends to be applied to the payment of £1 each 
 to the four trustees, one of whom to be the rector of 
 Workington for the time being : out of the remainder 
 £2 each is to be paid to six poor women who are mem- 
 bers of the Church of England, natives of Workington 
 township, and not under sixty years of age. To be paid 
 on the 25 th of December each year. If any surplus 
 after payment of annuities in any year, it is to bo 
 deposited in the Cumberland Union Bank, or Savings 
 Bank, as a provision against any deficiency in the 
 annual income, or pay such surplus to such other poor 
 women, and in such proportions, as the trustees and 
 rector shall think lit. 
 
 AJIUSEMENTS. 
 
 Easter Tuesday is a great ilay amongst the colliers 
 and sailors, who meet on the Cloffocks' at four o'clock 
 in the afternoon of that day, for the purpose of playing 
 the game of football — an old custom peculiar to the 
 place, and which has existed fov time out of mind, and 
 which induces hundreds to come from a distance to 
 witness. The mode of procedure is as follows. The 
 centre of the Clotfocks being determined as near as can 
 be done, the sailors take the lower part, to the end of 
 the Mcrcliants' Quay; whilst the colliers take the 
 higher part of the said Cloffocks, to Workington Ilall 
 Park. The ball is then thrown off, when the sailors 
 endeavour to force it down, by kicking and bearing 
 and throwing it towards the Merchants' Quay ; whilst 
 
 I The extrapnrorliinl plncc culled Cloffocks, comprisinirnhont 100 
 ncrcn, seems to Imve liocii incluiled in tlie returns fur Workini^on 
 towii»1iiii in iNul, iNll, luxl ls:il. lu IK'JI the niiinlur of its 
 inlmbitiiiiis was l.'i; in I'^ll, 1. Tlic housi'S liuving been token 
 ilonu, Clofibcks nas nninlmbitcd in 1801. 
 
 the colliers strive to prevent them, and endeavour to 
 force it up bank towards Workington Hall. Every 
 exertion is made on both sides; they haul and pull one 
 another about like demented men, in many instances 
 tearing each others clothes to pieces : each party cheer- 
 ing as the ball goes up or down. The colliers' main 
 aim whilst engaged in the play is to force the ball into 
 the river Derwent, which having accomplished they 
 endeavour to carry it up the centre of the river ; whilst 
 the sailors, and others who are trying to get the ball 
 down, strive to prevent, and duck one another overhead 
 in the river, sometimes holding each other under the 
 water for a considerable time. After playing for two or 
 three hours the ball is haled by either one side or the 
 other. The successful party is then treated with a sum 
 of money, wliich is spent in drink, and eventually finish 
 up with a fight or two, as all disagreements during the 
 past year arc put off until this night to settle ; and the 
 town is almost considered in a state of siege, as the 
 lower class think whatever wrong they do on tliat day 
 the law cannot lay hold of them. 
 
 GREAT CLIFTON. 
 
 This township contains 893 acres, and its rateable 
 value is £1,010. The population in 1801 was 208; in 
 1811, 228; in 1821, 251; in J831, 280; in 1841, 
 378; and in 1851, 374. Since the last census the 
 population lias greatly increased, in consequence of the 
 extension of the collieries. 
 
 Great and Little Chfton form a manor, which was 
 given by William do Meschines to Waltheof, son of 
 Gospatric Earl of Dunbar, and by the heiress of that 
 family came to the Lucys, and from them to the 
 Eglesficlds, and subsequently to the Berdsoys, one of 
 whom, William de Berdscy, in the 35th Henry ^'1II. 
 was found by inquisition to hold his messuage and vill 
 of Clifton of the king as of the manor of Dean, by 
 knight's service, rendering for tho same 2s. lOd. 
 cornage and 17s. Id. for rent, and suit of court, 
 homage, and witnessman in the five towns. He held 
 Kirk Clifton, or Great Clifton, by tho service of 3s. 4d. 
 cornage, with suit of court, witnessman as aforesaid, 
 and Serjeant's food. By a daughter and co-heir of the 
 said William, Clifton manor came to the Solkolds of 
 Whitcliall. An inquisition taken in 1578 tells us that 
 at that period " Lancelot Salkeld, Esq., in riglit of his 
 wife, daughter and heiress of ^lichal Bardsey, Esq., 
 held certain lands and tenements in Clifton, late the 
 lands of Margaret Bardsey, by homage, fealty, and suit 
 of court, and paid yearly for coniage Os. 2d., and 
 for free rent 17s. 5d., in toto per annum 233. 7d." 
 The Salkeld family sold Clifton manor to Sir James
 
 480 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABO\TE-DER^VENT WARD. 
 
 Lowther, Dart., from whom it has descended to the 
 Earl of Lonsdale, tlio present lord. Tlie principal 
 landowners are the Earl of Lonsdale and R. Watts, 
 Esq. The townships of Great and Little Clifton 
 were enclosed by act of Parliament, jiassed in 1814. 
 
 The village of Great Clifton, or Kirk Clifton, is 
 situated on the south side of the Derwcnt, two and 
 a half miles cast of Workington, and five and a 
 half miles west of Cockcrmouth. Tradition tells us 
 that a market was formerly held here, and in cor- 
 roboration of the statement the remains of an ancient 
 cross are stiU pointed out. 
 
 THE CUAPEL. 
 
 Clifton Chapel is a very ancient edifice, said to have 
 
 been founded in the time of Henry L, but it has been 
 
 much modernised by frequent repairs. It occupies a 
 
 very picturesque situation in the township of Little 
 
 Clifton, on the summit of a cliff overlooking the village. 
 
 In the sixteenth and early part of the seventeenth 
 
 century marriages were solemnised in this chapel. The 
 
 burial ground was disused, and the walls were in a 
 
 state of decay, from 1730 to 1821, when Dr. Law, 
 
 bishop of Chester, consecrated an additional piece of 
 
 ground. The living is a perpetual cuiMcy, in the 
 
 patronage of the rector of Workington, and is worth 
 
 about £100 a year, arising from £800 obtained from 
 
 Queen Anne's Bounty, in 1733, ]75'3, 1773, and 1793, 
 
 with which twenty-two acres of land were purchased in 
 
 Kinniside, near Whitehaven, in the year 1700, and 
 
 subsequently fifteen acres two roods and sixteen perches 
 
 in the township of Great Clifton. In addition, there 
 
 was a Parliamentary grant of £1,000 obtained in 1810, 
 
 and £25 a year from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners 
 
 in 1843. On the enclosure of the commons, in 1817, 
 
 there were upwards of 329 acres allotted in lieu of 
 
 tithes, prescriptions, itc, to the living of the old church 
 
 of Workington; Little Clifton township giving 193 
 
 acres and 32 perches, and Great Clifton 134 acres and 
 
 20 perches. The chapel will accommodate about 220 
 
 people. 
 
 Incumbents. — Joseph WluJer, 1703; Anthony Dalzell, 1804; 
 Joseph Hetherington, 1850. 
 
 The Wesleyans have a small chapel in the village. 
 
 Clifton House, the seat of Richard Watts, Esq., is a 
 large mansion, occupying a delightful and elevated 
 situation, two miles cast of Whitehaven, overlooking 
 the picturesque vale of the Derwent, and commanding 
 beautiful and extensive prospects both by sea and land. 
 
 THE CLIFTON COAL FIELD. 
 
 This coal field, lying within the townships of Great 
 and Little Clifton, comprises two workable seams. 
 
 known by the local designations of the Ten Quarters 
 and the Main Rand, which are separated by about 
 twenty-five fathoms of sandstone and shales. The fol- 
 lowing sections of the two seams are taken in the 
 workings in the Lowther Pit, belonging to Messrs. 
 Flctclier: — 
 
 TES QUAnrrRs. ft. In. 
 
 Top Coal 'i 3 
 
 Laying in 1 10 
 
 Parting :) 
 
 Stone 4 
 
 Sparr 7 
 
 Total , 
 
 M.UN BAND. ft. 
 
 Crow Coal 1 
 
 Black Shal.' 3 
 
 Top Coal 
 
 Slate 
 
 Felling 1 
 
 Duff 
 
 Laying in 1 
 
 „ Duff 
 
 Bottom Coal 1 
 
 Canuel 
 
 Tom 
 
 Little Coal 
 
 Dirt 
 
 3 
 
 io. 
 4 
 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 1 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 p. . 
 
 |i 
 
 Total . 
 
 n 10 
 
 2 
 
 The Main Band coal is considered superior to almost 
 any other raised in Cumberland, and owing to its free- 
 dom from pyrites (sulphuret of iron) is well adapted for 
 puddling and blast furnaces, and for locomotive pur- 
 poses. It also enjoys a high reputation in the Irish 
 markets both as a steam and house coal. Collieries are 
 known to have existed at the rise, or southern extremity, 
 of this coal field upwards of a century ago. Traces 
 still remain, about half a mile higher up the river 
 Marron than Little Clifton, of several iron furnaces 
 which belonged to an ancestor of John Cookson, Esq., 
 of Newcastle, and which were supplied with fuel from 
 pits immediately adjacent. Some of these pits were 
 worked by Mr. Cookson himself, and others by the 
 Lowther family. They were drained either by adits 
 driven from the side of the Marron or by means of 
 water-wheels, for which that stream supplied the motive 
 power. Towards the close of last century Jlr. Cookson 
 relinquished his collieries, owing to the exhaustion of 
 some of his royalties and the suspension of his iron 
 works. About the same time also. Sir James Lowther 
 (afterwards Lord Lonsdale) threw in his pits here, in 
 consequence, as tradition tells us, of a curious mis- 
 understanding with his agent. It is said that the 
 agent secretly entered into partnership with the origina- 
 tors of the Seaton iron works, for which a lease was to
 
 WORKINGTON PAEISH. 
 
 481 
 
 be granted by Sir James, and that in tbis double 
 capacity he managed to introduce into the lease some 
 clauses much more favourable to the former than to the 
 latter. One stipulation was, that as long as tho Low- 
 thers worked any coal-mines within a certain distance of 
 the iron-works they were bound to supply the iron-works 
 with coal at a specified price. In course of time Sir 
 James happened to discover the state of the ease, and 
 having no power to break through this condition he at 
 once determined to evade his liability by closing the 
 whole of his pits within the prescribed circuit. Accord- 
 ingly tho Clifton, Seaton, and St. Helen's collieries 
 were all abandoned, almost without a day's notice. So 
 suddenly, indeed, was the step taken that the pumps 
 and two brass working barrels, in Keulfit I'it, near 
 Bridgefoot, were left in, where they remain to the 
 present time. No further attempt was made to open 
 out the Clifton coal field until 18d7, when Mr. Thomas 
 Westray accomplished the winning of tlie Ten Quarters 
 Seam, and afterwards of the Jlain Band (at a depth of 
 fifty-five fathoms), in a royalty belonging to the late 
 Mr. Cookson, not far from Great Clifton. In 1842, 
 Mr. Westray having worked out this royalty, tho Earl 
 of Lonsdale purchased the colliery, in order to afford 
 him access to his own coal adjoining, and it has since 
 been prosecuted to a considerable e,\tent, first by his 
 lordship and then by his lessees. In the year 1852, 
 Messrs. Isaac and William Fletcher, of Tarn Bank 
 (whose father and grandfather had been largely engaged 
 in the coal trade of West Cumberland), took a lease of 
 the royalties in Little Clifton belonging to Henry 
 Curwcn, Esq., of Workington Ilall, and immediately 
 sank a pit (forty fathoms to tho Main Band) near Cross- 
 barrow. Two years subsequently these gentlemen 
 obtained from John Cookson, Esq., a lease o( his 
 remaining coal in that township, and proceeded to 
 open out another winning in the same seam at Harry 
 Gill, about 100 yards from the river Derwent and con- 
 tiguous to tho Cockermouth and Workington railway. 
 The success of the speculation induced Lord Lonsdale 
 to sink a new pit half a mile to the westward, which 
 reached tho Main Band in the winter of 185.^-0, at a 
 depth of only thirty fatlioins. A little prior to this 
 time Messrs. Fletcher had taken of the owners of the 
 surface some other royalties of coal in Little Clifton, to 
 which tho Earl of Lonsdale preferred a claim as lord 
 of tho manor. A dispute arose, and seemed likely to 
 proceed to extremities, when it was set at rest by his 
 lordship purchasing the estates iu question, and in 
 conformity with a previous arrangement, renewing tho 
 leases of the coal to Messrs. Fletcher. Several laud- 
 owners in Great Clifton now raised a doubt whether 
 
 the lord of the manor was entitled as such to the coal 
 under their freehold property adjoining his lordship's 
 new pit. This dispute was finally settled in the same 
 way as that in Little Clifton, and the noble earl very 
 soon became the owner of nearly all the soil in both 
 townships. In March, 1856, Lord Lonsdale granted 
 a lease of the whole of his royalties, ancient and 
 acquired, in Great and Little Clifton, to Messrs. 
 Fletcher, who completed the working arrangements of 
 the new (or Lowther) pit in a style of durability and 
 efiiciency that will bear comparison with that of any 
 colliery in the kingdom. In working to the westward 
 of this pit the lessees encountered a downthrow " fault " 
 of twenty -five fathoms, beyond which they are now 
 working the Ten Quarters Seam. They have recently 
 sunk the pit thirty fathoms deeper to enable them to 
 win by a drift the Main Band coal on the west side of 
 the "fault." Messrs. Fletcher have at present three pits 
 in operation, employing upwards of GOO hands, and it is 
 understood they are in a position to raise from 600 to 
 800 tons daily. A portion of the coal is sent by rail- 
 way to Cockermouth, for local consumption there, and 
 a portion to the iron works at Workington and Seaton, 
 but the great bulk is exported to Dublin and Belfast, 
 and other Irish ports. The Workington harbour and 
 tho Cockermouth and Workington railway are both 
 chiefly dependent for their revenues upon the Clifton 
 colliery. The Earl of Lonsdale and Messrs. Fletcher 
 have lately erected upwards of sixty cottages in con- 
 nection with the colliery, in which a degree of provision 
 is made for the comfort and decency of the inmates 
 highly creditable to the owners. A national school' — a 
 very handsome Gothic building, capable of accommo- 
 dating 400 scholars — has just been established, midway 
 between Great and Little Clifton, for the benefit of the 
 increasing mining population. A colliers' reading-room 
 has also been set on foot at Great Clifton, where lec- 
 tures are occasionally delivered. Messsrs. Fletcher's 
 workmen all belong to a medical club, and many of 
 them to a general benefit club. 
 
 LITTI.E CLIITON. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 160; 
 in 1811, 193; iu 1821, '203; in 1831, 2-i I ; in 1841, 
 281 : and in 1851, 239. Its area is 1,038 acres, and 
 its rateable value £l,0t'i.'3. The landowners are the 
 Earl of Lonsdale, liiehard Watt.s, Esq., Isaac Tliomp- 
 son, Esq., and L. Bouch, Esij. Within tliis township 
 
 1 Tho school cosl upwards of £S."0; of whicli £3in was contributed 
 by Uie Ciiiimiilti-e of Pri\y Council on Education, £*i1ll (including 
 Ui» value of the site) by Messrs. I. »nd W. Kiel bcr, £100 bv Lord 
 Lousdule, oud £00 by liicliard \Vi>u«, Esq. 
 
 06
 
 482 
 
 ALLERDALE-ABOVE-DERWENT WARD. 
 
 are a corn-mill and an edge-tool and Bickle mannfactory. 
 The village of Little Clifton is situated on an 
 eminence near the junction of the Marron with thi- 
 small rivulet called the Lostrifjg, three miles east of 
 Workington, and four and a half west of Cockermouth. 
 
 STAISBURS. 
 
 The area of Stainbum is 1,143 acres, and its rateable 
 value £'1,604. In 1801 it contained 137 inhabitants : 
 in 1811, 140; in 1821, 138; in 1831, 174; in 1841, 
 179 ; and in 1851, 152. This township is said to 
 derive its name from stain, or stein, stone, and bimt, 
 a stream or rivulet, and means the stony stream. 
 "Waltheof, lord of AUerdale, son of Gospatric, earl of 
 Dunbar, gave Stainbum, which consisted of three 
 carucates of land, to the abbey of St. Mary, at York, 
 for the use of the cell of St. Bees. The prior of the 
 last-named house seems to have built here a chapel or 
 oratory, to which Henry TV. presented Eobert Hunt ; 
 but the right of presentation as exercised by the king 
 was questioned by the abbot of the mother house of 
 York, and the king, upon inquiry and trial, revoked the 
 grant. The manor-house of Stainbum was burnt by 
 the Scots in 1315. Lord Lonsdale, J. Harrison, Esq., 
 and Michael Falcon, Esq., are the principal landowners. 
 This township was enclosed in pursuance of an act 
 passed in 1812. At the enclosure of the common there 
 was a portion set aside as a public quarry, for the use 
 of the inhabitants of the township. 
 
 We subjoin the following customs of the manor of 
 Stainbum : — This manor seems anciently to have been 
 held under the church by some particular customs yet 
 remaining ; accordingly we find that it still pays a free 
 rent of 3s. 4d. yearly to the dissolved monastery of St. 
 Bees. The Earl of Lonsdale is impropriator. There 
 was formerly a chapel at Stainbum, situated probably 
 in a field about a quarter of a mile south-west of the 
 village, which still retains the name of Chapel Close ; 
 there is now no vestige remaining to point out the 
 place. It is held nearly by the same tenure as Priest- 
 gate, in the manor of Workington, which also pays a 
 small free rent to St. Bees, and whilst both manors 
 were held under the Curwens of Workington Hall, the 
 tenants were said to attend at both courts as jurymen 
 or suitors on special occasions. Stainbum is also 
 obliged to send a man twice in the year to attend the 
 head courts of Cockermouth, held in the spring and 
 autumn, to make presentments if anything is wrong 
 about hedges, roads, water-courses, pinfolds, &c., within 
 the manor, who is liable to serve on the jury and 
 answer the call for Stainbum. In Stainbum manor 
 the lord never dies : that is, there is no general fine 
 
 due or paid on his death in that respect, resembling 
 lands held of the king or of spiritual lords of church 
 lands. A tenant of Stainbum dying possessed of a 
 messuage or tenement, his or her heir-at-law pays a 
 twenty-penny fine certain, or twenty times the ancient 
 yearly customary lord's rent upon his or her admission 
 to the descended premises. A tenant of Stainbum 
 selling his customary estate, the purchaser pays a 
 thirty-penny fine certain, or thirty times the ancient 
 yearly customary fineable lord's rent on his or her 
 being admitted tenant to the alienated premises. A 
 man and his wife being joint purchasers were formerly 
 admitted as joint tenants on payment of a forty-five- 
 penny fine certain (being equal to an alienation twice- 
 and-a-half.) But this has been out of usage of late, 
 the stewards not choosing to have more than one 
 tenant for one parcel. How far this is right yet 
 remains to be tried. It is certainly not in accordance 
 with the custom of the manor. A tenant of an 
 estate at Stninbum dying unmarried or a bachelor 
 (without leaving a widow) the estate pays no heriot. A 
 tenant in Stainbum having occasion to mortgage his 
 customary estate, pays a license money of five per cent, 
 to the lord. The mortgagee is admitted tenant, and 
 the alienation fine is respited for seven years crn the 
 mortgagee giving his note for the money, payable at 
 the end of that time ; which the lord has seldom or 
 never been known to receive, though forfeited. There 
 is a fog mail rent paid yearly to the lord on Good 
 Friday of 8s. 4d., being 5d. each land for eight original 
 lands, for the right of putting each a cow into the lord's 
 ground in fog time ; this privilege seems at present lost 
 or fallen into disuse. The greave for Stainbum, col- 
 lecting the lord's rents, hens and eggs, and fog mail, 
 itc, pays no hens nor eggs for his estate the year he 
 does the oflBce of greave. There is a prescription in 
 lieu of tithe hay paid out of Stainbum yearly to the 
 rector of Workington, being 6s. 8d., equal to lOd. each 
 tenement for eight original lands. The customary lands 
 in Stainbum pay corn-tithes in kind to the rector of 
 Workington, being the tenth-part and other small dues. 
 The hall demesne is exempted on papng a prescription. 
 Stainbum township maintains its own poor. 
 
 The village of Stainburn is on the Cockermouth 
 road, one mile east of Workington. 
 
 Stainbum House is the property of John Hanison, 
 Esq. : Briery Dale the residence of ^Michael Falcon, 
 Esq. : and EUerdale the seat of Charles Litt, Esq. 
 
 ¥iarrison nf MtJtJtaUs anli Stainburn. 
 
 John Haerison, Esq., of Winscales and Stainburn, married, 
 in the year 1834, Anne, eldest daughter of Allison Cros- 
 thwaite, Esq., of Workington, and has issue two sons and one
 
 WORKINGTON PARISH. 
 
 483 
 
 daughter. This geatlemao 13 the eldest son of William Falcon, 
 Esq., by Jane, his wife, second daughter of Thomas Harrison, 
 Esq., of Wiuscales, and great grandson of Michael Falcon, Esq., 
 a shipbuilder of great eminence at Workington, who was the 
 descendant of a very ancient family in Cumberland. The sur- 
 name he now bears Mr. Harrison assumed by royal hcense, 
 dated 19th August, 1844, on succeeding to the estate of his 
 maternal ancestors, at the decease of his nncle, John Haaison,. 
 Esq. 
 
 .<<r7ni.— Quarterly: Ist and 4tli, arg., two bars gemeUes, aa., be- 
 tween three liares, courant, ppr. fur llarrisoii; 2iid and :Jrd, erm., 
 two chevronels, paly, az. and sa., between three falcons, ppr., belled, 
 or, and holding in the beak a lure, of the last, for Falcon. 
 
 Crest. — Upon a moimt, vert, a sing, courant, regardant, sa., semee 
 of quatrefoils, attired and unguled, or, holding in the mouth an arrow, 
 in bend, sinister, ppr. of Harrison; on a fret, so., a falcon, rising, 
 ppr., belled, or, aud holding iu the beak a lure, of tlie last, for Falcon. 
 
 Motto. — Vite, coarageux, iier. 
 
 WINSCALES. 4 
 
 Wiuscales comprises an area of 903 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £908. The number of inhabitants in 
 IfiOl was 153; in 1811, 105; iu 1821, 157; iu 1831, 
 100; iu 1841, 111; aud iu 1851, Hi. Wiuscales is 
 included iu the manor of Workingtou. It includes 
 the small hamlet of Midtown, two miles south-east of 
 Workiugton, and several scattered fann-bouses. The 
 principal landowners are Henry Curwen, Esq., and John 
 Harrison, Esq. This township was enclosed in pur- 
 suance of an act passed in 1809. 
 
 Wiuscales House, a neat mansion, commanding 
 extensive prospects, is the property of J. Harrison, Esq. 
 
 Joseph Thompson, a farmer at Wiuscales, an 
 eccentric character, used to attend Harrington church 
 
 during the time of ilr. Xoble's ministry, and sat beside 
 the clerk reading aloud with him the responses, which 
 used to annoy the clerk so much, that on one paiticular 
 Sunday, Mr. Thompson responding louder tliau usual, 
 so incensed the clerk that he gave Mr. Thompson a 
 slap across the mouth with his hand, exclaiming, "thee 
 clerk or me clerk," which, when service was ended, Mr. 
 Thompson complained of to Jlr. Noble. Mr. Noble 
 rather sided with the clerk, and gently reproved Mr. 
 Thompson, telling him " he ought not to read so loud 
 as to drown the clerk's voice." " Very well," Mr. 
 Thomson says, " if I am not allowed to please myself 
 I Kill come no more to your church." Which promise 
 he faithfully kept, never entering the doors again. 
 Mr. Thompson, when on his death bed, desired tliat 
 his body might be quietly biuied at midnight in the 
 middle of the moor (now enclosed land) at Scaw, near 
 Harrington, without any service being read over it, 
 which was accordingly done at his request ; aud there 
 is still to be seen at the top of a field called Headstone 
 Field, at Scaw, a massive headstone with the following 
 inscription engraved on the top : — 
 
 " Joseph Thompson may here bo found. 
 Who would not ly in consecrated ground. 
 Died May y« 31, 1745, 
 Aged 63 when he was alive." 
 
 Some farmer at Scaw having thoughtlessly pulled up 
 the headstone out of the middle of the field and placed 
 it underneath the hedge at the top of the rigg that Mr. 
 Thompson was buried upon.
 
 ®arb. 
 
 Tnis new division of the county has been formed in pursuance of an arrangement made Ly the magistrates of the 
 county at the quarter sessions held at Carlisle, October 20th, 1857. The new arrangement came into effect on the 
 Ibt Januaiy, 1858, but does not extend to police purposes. Bootle Ward embraces the parishes of Bootle, Comey, 
 Muucaster, Waberthwaite, Whicham, and Whiibeck; and the township of Birker and Austhwaite, Millom, and 
 Ulpha, in the parish of Millom, and the township of Eskdale and Wasdale, in the parish of St. Bees. The Esk and 
 the Dud Jon are the principal rivers in this part of the county. Bootle and Ravenglass are the principal towns. 
 
 BOOTLE PARISH. 
 
 Bootle parish is bounded on the north by "Waberthwaite, on the west by the Irish Sea, on the south by Whiibeck, 
 and on the east by Coruey and Thwaites. It comprises no dependent townships. Esk Meals, which extends 
 along the coast, is remarkable for its large rabbit warren. In this parish is a small bay, called Selker's Bay, 
 where, it is said, in calm weather the sunken remains of small vessels or galleys can be seen, which, tradition says, 
 are Roman, having been left here by the imperial legionaries in one of their invasions. 
 
 east to Black Dyke (being the confines of Fell Side 
 Pasture and Swinside), and from thence south-westerly 
 to a place called Seavy Syke, and from thence to Rawa- 
 treeford, from thence alongside the boundary of the 
 manor of Whicham and Silecroft through a place called 
 Hentoe, in a direct line south-westerly between Great 
 Godderside and Little Godderside, being the south-west 
 boundary of the manor of Whicham and Silecroft, and 
 from thence in a direct line westerly to a great stone 
 upon the common or fell above a place called Broughton 
 Tenement, near Moukfoss, and from the said great 
 stone south-westerly, or near west, to a place called 
 Gutterby Lane-end, at the sea-beach, and from thence 
 in a direct line down to low water-mark, and from 
 thence northwards along the coast to the foot of the 
 river Esk, where the same runs into the sea. The 
 Earl of Lonsdale is lord of the manor. 
 
 At Bootle there formerly stood an old mansion of the 
 Copelands, an ancient family who had an estate here, 
 which, in the reign of the unfortunate Richard 11. or 
 Henry IV., was divided between three daughters, co- 
 heiresses, married to members of the Hudleston, Pen- 
 nington, and Senhouse families. 
 
 Bootle parish comprises an area of 7,146 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £3,705. The population in 1801 
 was 547; in 1811, G02; in 1821, 650; in 1831, 7S7; 
 in 1841, 600; and in 185), 811, who are resident in 
 the town of Bootle and in dispersed dwellings all over 
 the parish. Agriculture is the principal employment, 
 but bacon-curing, and the manufacture of candles afford 
 employment to many of the inhabitants. The soil is 
 much varied, but on the whole fertile. The Whitehaven 
 and Furness railway passes tlirough the lower part of 
 the parish, and has stations at Bootle and Esk Meals. 
 The inhabitants attend the markets at Ulverstone and 
 AVhitehaven. 
 
 The manor of Bootle includes the parish of Bootle 
 and part of the parish of Whitbeck. The boundaries 
 of the manor are as follow : — Beginning at the north 
 end of a place called Prior Park Wall, at which place 
 the boundary of this manor unites with the boundary of 
 the manor of Ulpha, and from thence to a place called 
 Paddy Cragg, which said Paddy Cragg is the north 
 boundaiy of the manor of Thwaites, and from the said 
 Paddy Cragg south-westerly to Little Paddy Cragg, 
 from thence to Charity Chair, and from thence south-
 
 BOOTLE PARISH. 
 
 485 
 
 THE TOWN OF EOOTLE. 
 
 This ancient market town, said to be the smallest 
 market town in England, is situated in 54° 7' north 
 latitude and 3° 20' west longitude. It is si.xty miles 
 south-south-west from Carlisle, and 278 north-west 
 from London by road, and about two miles west from 
 the Irish Sea. It consists of a long street of tobrably 
 well-built houses. The market was granted to John de 
 Hudleston, in 1347, to be held on Wednesday; and a 
 fair for four days at the Feast of the Exaltation of 
 the Holy Cross, September 14th. The market has been 
 discontinued for many years; but fairs for cattle, 
 horses, and sheep, are held on the 26th of April 
 and 24th of September : and for the hiring of servants, 
 on the Friday before Whitsuntide and the Friday 
 before the 1 1 th of November. The market cross is 
 surrounded with steps, and has four shields at tho base 
 of the shaft, one of which is charged with the arms of 
 the Iludlestons, formerly lords of Millom. 
 
 THE CBCBCH. 
 
 Bootlc church, dedicated to St. Michael, is an ancient 
 structure, which in the course of ages has undergone 
 extensive alterations, retaining in our days but little of 
 its original appearance. It was repaired at the end of 
 the last century, and again in 1837, when north and 
 south transepts were added. The church was originally 
 Norman, but when the additions were made the whole 
 was altered to Early English, with the exception of the 
 chancel, which is still Norman. The erection of a 
 tower was begun in IStOG, but from the want of funds 
 is not yet completed. When digging the foundations 
 for this part of the church sL\ skeletons were found, of 
 tall stature, lying north and south. The interior of the 
 church is neatly pcwed, and all the improvements have 
 been effected in good taste. The font is a capacious red 
 sandstone basin, of an octagonal form, having in each 
 square two shields, with tho following inscription in 
 black letter: " In Nomine Patris & Filii & Spirit Sancti." 
 There are also the initials " r. it. ;" and on another shield 
 a bugle horn, and the initials "J. h." in black letter. A 
 uionuniental brass on the south wall of the chancel 
 bears tho elhgies of a knight in armour, with the fol- 
 lowing iuscription: "Here lieth Sir Hugh Askew, 
 Knyght, late of the seller to Kynge Edward the VI., 
 which Sir Hugh was made Knyght, at Mussclborough 
 felde, in tho year of ouro Lord 1047, and died the 
 second day of Marclio, in the ycre of our Lord Ood 
 1502." There are tablets and inscriptions to the 
 memory of members of the Benson, Uulton, Steele, 
 and Wcnnington families. The church was enlarged 
 in the year 1837, by which means 118 additional 
 
 sittings were obtained ; and in consequence of a grant 
 from the Incorporated Society for Promoting the En- 
 largement, Building, and Ilepairing of Churches and 
 Chapels, eighty-four of that number are hereby declared 
 to be free and unappropriated for ever, in addition to 3 1 5 
 sittings formerly provided, thirty of which are free. The 
 benefice, a rectory, was given to the abbey of St. Mary 
 at York, by Godard Dapifer, the second lord of Millom. 
 In the year 1537 the abbot and convent presented 
 a rector ; in lOiiO William Pennington presented; and 
 in 1604 a rector was instituted on the presentation 
 of the king. In 1717 R. Pennington, Esq., was cer- 
 tified as the patron. Lord Muncaster, his descendant, 
 sold it to E. W. Wakefield, Esq., of Kendal, from whom 
 the advowson was purchased by the Earl of Lonsdale, 
 the present proprietor. The hving was valued in the 
 King's Book at £19 17s. 3id., and was certified to 
 the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty at £!>) is. 2d.; 
 but it is now worth £525 a year. The tithes were 
 commuted in 1849 for £439. The parish registers 
 commence in 1655. 
 
 Ekctors. — Richard Brown occurs 15^5 ; Richard Hulton, 
 ineo; Richard Hulton, 10C4 ; Uenry Holmes, 1704; Daniel 
 Steele, 1729; Miles WeDuington, 1761; Henry Crookbaine, 
 1771; Thomas Smith, 1770; Thomas Smith, 17BIJ; James 
 Sulterthwaite, 1807; John Fleming, 1S13; Alexander Scott, 
 lt<35 ; .Vrthur Wilkin, 1848. 
 
 The rccloiy, pleasantly situated near the church, 
 is a handsome Elizabethan building, erected by the 
 late rector, at a cost of about £1,200. 
 
 There is one dissenting place of worship in the 
 town, which was erected in 1780, by the late Mr. 
 Joseph Whitridge, for the use of Lady Huntingdon's 
 Connexion, and he endowed it with £1,000, vested in 
 trustees, who have placed the chapul in the bauds 
 of the Presbyterians — or, rather, the minister, the 
 Rev. Thomas L. Lessel, is connected with that reli- 
 gious body. The chapel will accomniuJate about 250 
 persons. 
 
 Boolle pai'isb contains two schools. The old school, 
 situated at Hysemoor, was rebuilt by the railway com- 
 pany in 1817, the old school-house being required by 
 them. It consists of two separate schools for boys and 
 girls, and possesses an endowment, for which the master 
 educates gratuitously six children of this parish, and 
 also children from the three estates of Middleton Place, 
 Whitestone, and Kinraont in Corney parish, and from 
 tho estate of Annaside, in the parish of Whitbeck. 
 The other school, erected in 183i), is a good substantial 
 building, in the Gothic style. The cost of erection 
 was defrayed by tho lato Captain Shaw, who also 
 bequeathed the sura of £300 to the rector of Bootle
 
 486 
 
 BOOTLE WARD. 
 
 and Comej, and the perpetual curate of AA'hitbeck for 
 the time being, iu trust, to be invested by them in 
 government securities at three per cent ; and he directed 
 that the interest so arising should be auuuuJly apphed 
 by them, in the first iustance, towards the necessary 
 repairs of the scliool, and the residue iu payment of the 
 master's salary. 
 
 CHAItlTIES. 
 
 Henry Singlfton's Gift. — Henry Singleton, by deed 
 dated 29th January, 1713, gave to trustees the sum of 
 £200 for the use and towards the perpetual maintenance 
 of a master to teach a free school for the benefit and 
 education of children of the parish of Bootle and the 
 towns of Middleton Place, iu the parish of Corney, and 
 Annaside in the parish of Whitbeck (iu which places 
 he had lauds) ; the school to be kept in the school- 
 house then erected on Hysemoor Side, io Bootle ; and 
 ho directed that the said £'200 should be put out at 
 interest, laid out in lauds, or otherwise disposed of; 
 and that the product thereof should belong to the 
 master of the free school for the time being for ever. 
 The rector and seven other persons are trustees. 
 
 Ann Hodgson's Bequest. — Mrs. Ann Hodgson, by 
 will dated 9th May, 1779, left J£:")0 to the minister and 
 churchwardens of Bootle, to lay out the same to the 
 best advantage for the use of the free school, and to 
 pay the interest thereof to the schoolmaster for the 
 time being ; and she directed that the estates of Low 
 Kinmont and Whitestoues, in the parish of Corney, 
 should be free to the said school by virtue of her legacy. 
 
 Rev. Henry Holmes's Gift. — The Rev. Henry Holmes, 
 a former rector of Bootle, also gave £50 to this school. 
 
 Mrs. An7i Hvdgson's and Rev. Miles Wennitigtoii's 
 Charities for the Poor. — Mrs. Ann Hodgson left £10, 
 and the Rev. Miles Wennington, rector of the parish, 
 £•20, to the minister and churchwardens, in trust, that 
 they should lay out the same for the use of poor house- 
 keepers in Bootle, not being pensioners, the interest 
 thereof to be distributed by them amongst such persons 
 3'early on St. Thomas's Day. This sum of £30 was 
 carried to the parish account, and 3(Js. out of the poor 
 rates is annually distributed, on St. Thomas's Day, 
 amongst four or five poor housekeepers, who do not 
 receive regular parish reUef 
 
 POOB-UIW UNION. 
 
 The Bootle poor-law union is divided into two sub- 
 districts, viz. : Muncaster, comprising Eskdale and 
 'Wasdale, Birker and Austhwaite, Irtou, Drigg, and 
 Carleton, embracing Muucaster, Stainton Farm, and 
 Waberthwaite ; and Bootle, including Corney, Bootle, 
 Whitbeck, A\'hicham, Chapel Sucken, Millom Below, 
 
 Millom Above, Thwaites, and Ulpha. The area is 
 100,000 statute acres. The population iu 1851 was 
 0,008, of whom 3,154 were males, and 2,854 females. 
 The number of inhabited houses at the same period 
 was 1,050; of uninhabited, 58; and 12 were building. 
 The total receipts of the union in the year 1858 
 amounted to £1,889 17s. IJd., and the expenditure to 
 £1,846 16s. 3id. Situated between Bootle and the 
 lailway station is the new workhouse, which was erected 
 iu 1850-7, at a cost of £-2,2.')0. It is a substantial 
 stone building, capable of accommodating 100 persons. 
 The number of inmates at present (1859) is fifty. 
 
 At Seaton, in this parish, are the remains of Seaton 
 Priory, called also the Nunnery of Loakley, consisting 
 of a portioii of the priory chapel, including a line Early 
 English window. The date of the foundation of this 
 religious house does not appear to be known. It must 
 have been previous to the commencement of the thir- 
 teenth century, for we find that at that period Henry 
 Fitz Arthur gave lands at Seaton to the nuns of 
 Leakley, or Seaton, which lands were excepted in the 
 deed of feofi'ment made by him to his daughter Gun- 
 liilda. The priory was founded for nuns of the order of 
 St. Benedict, and was dedicated to St. Leonard. The 
 church of Lton appears to have been appropriated 
 to this nunnery in 1227. Shortly after its foundation, 
 Henry Duke of Lancaster, subsequently King Henry 
 IV., by charter, dated 1357, granted to the nuns of 
 Seaton the hospital of St. Leonard iu Lancaster, with 
 power to nominate the chaplain. This grant was made 
 ia consequence of the poverty of the community of 
 Seaton. In 1459 Thomas York, abbot of Holme 
 Cultram, leased to Elizabeth Creft, prioress of Seaton, 
 all the lands between the rivers Esk and Duddon, 
 for twelve years, at the yeaaly rent of twenty shillings. 
 Tliese lands appear to have been granted to Holme 
 Cultram Abbey by Gunhilda, daughter of Henry de 
 Boyville, fourth lord of Millom, and were confirmed 
 to the same abbey by John de Hudleston and Joan his 
 widow. In the King's Book the priory of Seaton is 
 valued at £12 12s. per annum. At the Dissolution 
 the possessions of this convent were valued at 
 £12 12s. 6d. according to Dugdale, or £13 17s. 4d. 
 according to Speed. In the year 1542 Henry VIII. 
 granted this priory to Sir Hugh Askew, Knt., to 
 hold of the Idng, in capite, by the service of the 
 twentieth-part of one knight's fee, and of the rent of 
 9s. 2d., to be paid yearly into the court of augmenta- 
 tions. Sir Hugh settled the property upon his wife (a 
 daughter of Sir John Hudleston); and she, after his 
 decease, marrying into the family of the Penniugtons
 
 CORNEY PAEISH. 
 
 487 
 
 'of Muncaster, gave the same to her younger son, 
 William Pennington. It was subsequently sold by 
 John Lord Muncaster, and is now tho property of 
 Edward Wakefield, I'lsq., of Kendal. 
 
 Seaton Hall, which adjoins the ruins of the ancient 
 priory, is the residence of J. E. Weston, Esq. 
 
 Esk Meals, the scat and property of Mrs. Falcon, is 
 situated at the northern e.\treraity of the parish, three 
 and a half miles north of Bootle. 
 
 Blackcombe, rightly so called from tlio gloomy 
 heather on its surface, is in this parish. The base 
 being at tho extremity of tho mountain chain, on the 
 
 sea shore, between Ravenglass and the estuary of the 
 Duddon, the prospect is one of the greatest variety. 
 The sublime ocean forms one-half of the circumference, 
 with Peel Castle and the Isle of Walncy on the south ; 
 in the west, the Isle of Man is a conspicuous object; 
 the fine indented coast, tho bulwark of Cumberland, 
 tends away to the north ; the towns of Egremont and 
 Ravenglass, Bootle and Broughton, give animation 
 to the scene ; the beauties of Duddon repose at the 
 feet; and, far in the east, a mighty assemblage of 
 mountams roar their gigantic heads. 
 
 CORNEY PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by Waberthwaito, ou the west and south by Bootle, and on the east by a range 
 of lofty foils extending to Bkckcombe. The soil on the west or low side of the parish consists of a deep clay or 
 lonm, exceedingly productive iu the growth of wheat aud other grain ; and on the high grounds it is for the most 
 part light and dry, yielding large quantities of green and other crops, and supplying pasturage for numerous flocks 
 of sheep. Iron-ore exists iu several parts of the parish. Corney possesses no dependent townships. 
 
 The area of Corney parish is 3,890 acres, and its 
 rateable value CI, 772 10s. The population iu 1801 
 was ii^ ; in 1811, 231 ; in 1821, 289 ; in 1 831, 292 ; 
 in 1841, 273: and in 1851, 278; who are dispersed 
 over the parish. Agriculture is the only employment ; 
 Whitehaven and TJlverstone are the markets attended. 
 Many of the farms here are occupied by their respective 
 owners, and the parish is remarkable for tho longevity 
 of its inhabitants. The lovers of picturesque scenery 
 will be amply repaid by visiting a deep ravine on the 
 Corney Hull estate, called Black Dub Gill, where the 
 spectator cannot fail to be agreeably surprised at the 
 majestic rocks which rise one above another, clothed 
 with wood of every hue, while tho deep sound of the 
 Annas,' which flows through this romantic gkn, adds 
 not a little to tho general interest, making it one of the 
 most delightful places in the neighbourhood. Corney 
 has long been noted for its superior breed of cattle. 
 
 The manor of Corney belonged at an early period 
 to " Michael Falconer," whoso posterity assumed the 
 local name, styling themselves De Cornoy, aud in the 
 roign of King John, or Henry HI. were enfeolVod of tlic 
 
 ' The Aiiims lakes its rise at Cornoy Fell, aud after flowin); throagh 
 the pnrisli, enteit that nf llmiilo, wliirli it iliTidcs from VVliilbeck, 
 finally emptyiug itself into tin' son at the liamlcl of AuunsiJe. On 
 tilt' '.li'ili of Jul}', 1h:I6, the inln\l>it>uits of tills iiitrisli ncrc suilileiily 
 alamidl by the bursting of a waler^pout on Corney Fell. The moun- 
 tain iircsi'ntPil one entire sheet of water, nhirh caino rolling ilonn 
 with awful inipeiuoiiity, in it-s eoarsc ilrinolisliing fences, tearing up 
 and rendering inipnssable the ronda, niiahing down several briilges, 
 and inundntiug the low grounds to an extent never before known. 
 
 manor. This family is supposed to have failed in issue 
 male, and so became extinct, in the reign of Henry 
 III., when the heiress of the De Corneys brought it in 
 marriage to the Penningtons, ancestors of liord Mun- 
 caster, the present lord of the manor. The manor 
 house, long since decayed, was at Middleton Place, the 
 ancient residence of the JTiddletoii family. Several of 
 the estates here have been enfranchised, yet there 
 are still many customary tenants. The Earl of 
 Lonsdale is lord of certain lands, messuages, .tc, 
 and a few of the landowners are lords of their own 
 lands. About sixty acres of land, called Whitwray, 
 pay poor and highway rates to Waberthwaite, and a 
 prescription, or modus, of two shillings a year to the 
 rector of Coniey. The landowners are Lord Muncaster, 
 Richard Hobson, Esq., John Bonn, Esq. ; Miss Tysou, 
 Mrs. Ann Jackson, Elizabeth Pritt, Miss Jane Grindale, 
 Mrs. Jane Falcon, !\Irs. Anne Falcon, Elizabeth Pick- 
 thall ; -Mcssi-s. Edward Hardy, Edward Suddurd. Joseph 
 Jackson, Thomas Smith, William Pritt , Daniel Pritt, John 
 Jackson, Henry Piilloin, J. B. Posilethwaite. William 
 Dickinson, Thomas C'arr, Captjiin John Willock, John 
 Borrowdalo, Edward Wakefield, John Poole, John and 
 Robert Pickthall, William Pickthall, Thomas Jackson, 
 and others. The parish was onclo-sed in 1818. 
 
 THE cnmcn. 
 Corney church, dedicated to St. John tho Baptist, is 
 a plain edifice, occupying an elevated site near the 
 centre of the parish, four miles south -south -east of
 
 488 
 
 FOOTLE WARD. 
 
 Ravenglass, and two miles north-by-east of Bootle. A 
 Testry was added in 1847. The benefice formerly 
 belonged to the abbey of St. Jfary, at York, the abbot 
 of which presented in 1536, but it is now a rectory in 
 the patronage of the Earl of Lonsdale, the advowson 
 being purchased of John, first baron of Muncaster, in 
 1803. The living is valued in the King's Book at 
 £9 17s. Id., and was certified to the governors of 
 Queen Anne's Bounty at £22 lis. lOd. ; it is now 
 worth £175 a year. The tithes were commuted in 1845 
 for a yearly rent charge of £147. The parish registers 
 commence in 1754. 
 
 Eectohs. — Robert Hutton occurs 1535; Francis Berkeley, 
 1601 ; Robert Crompton, 10(1(1 ; William IJenson, 1077 ; John 
 
 Fisher, 1738; Peter How, 1787 ; Allison Steble, ; Thomas 
 
 Harrison, ; William Benn, 1S40; Clement Fox, 1810; 
 
 Cliristopher Abbott, 1818. 
 
 There is an old parsonage -house near the church. 
 
 but it is uninhabitable. A gravestone, with a cross 
 fttid sword, but without any inscription, is placed as 
 a lintel over the door of an outhouse. 
 
 Tlie sum of £30 has been left to the poor of the 
 parish of Comey who do not receive parochial relief, 
 the interest of which is distributed annually on 
 Christmas Day. 
 
 Mr. Edward Troughton, an eminent mathematical 
 instrument maker, of Loudon, was born at Welcome 
 Nook, a farmhouse in this parish. 
 
 Middleton Place is a small hamlet, about a mile 
 north of the parish church. High Corney is another 
 small hamlet, three and a quarter miles uorth-north- 
 eost of Bootle. Parknook, where the manor courts are 
 held, is another hamlet, containing a good inn, one and 
 a quarter mile north-north-west of the parish church. 
 
 MUNCASTER PARISH. 
 
 TiiK parish of Muncaster is bounded on the north by Irton and Drigg, on the west by the L'ish Sea, on the south by 
 Waberthwaite, and on the east by the cbapelries of Ulpba and Eskdale. It comprises two townships, Muncaster 
 and Birkbj-, whose united area is 5,106 acres, and its rateable value £2,052 2s. 6d. ; the former including the lands 
 between the Mite and the Esk, and Birkby lying on the south side of the latter river. The soil towards the sea 
 is loamy, and tolerably fertile ; but farther eastward it is mossy, and near the mountains gravelly. A vein of iron 
 ore is supposed to exist at a place called Bninkeuwalls Gill; but neither coal, limestone, or freestone, is found in 
 this parish. The Esk, Mite, and Irt abound with trout ; and there was formerly so great an abundance of woodcocks 
 here that, " by a special custom, the tenants were obliged to sell them to the lord for one penny each." 
 
 MUNCASTER. 
 
 The population of the parish in ISO! was 448 ; in 
 1811, 591 ; in 1821, 555; in 1831, C57 ; in 1841, 
 602; and in 1851, 623. The landowners are Lord 
 Muncaster ; Anthony B. Steward, Esq. ; Kev. Samuel 
 Dapre ; Messrs. Caddy; Messrs. Beiijumin Bibby, W. 
 Thompson, John Brown, William Middleton, .lohu T. 
 Taylor, — Hodgson, Josepli Benn, Edward Bibby, John 
 Troughton, William Vickers, Abraham Vickers ; Mrs. 
 Fvunmer; Mrs. Nicholson ; and a few others. 
 
 In old records Muucaster appears as Meolcastre, 
 Mealcastre, and Mulcaster. Near Ilavenglass is an 
 old building bearing the name of Walls Castle, which 
 is said to have been the ancient residence of the 
 Pennington family, from whom the present Lord 
 Muncaster is descended, but some writers consider 
 it to be the work of one of the ancient Celtic tribes 
 ■who formerly peopled Cumberland. The walls are 
 cemented with run lime. Kemains, usually designated 
 
 Celtic by archaeologists, have been found in its neigh- 
 bourhood, as well as Roman and Anglo-Saxon coins. 
 Tiie Messrs. Lysons tell us that " a small brass kettle, 
 with two handles, standing on three legs, in form 
 6.\actly resembling the iron ones still in use, was found 
 at the Pioman station on Esk Meals, in this parish, 
 and is now in the possession of E. L. Irton, Esq." 
 " This vessel," continue the same writers, " does not 
 exhibit anything the least like Roman workmanship, 
 but it has the appearance of great antiquity — having 
 undergone frequent repairs, apparently long after it 
 was manufactured. Several small holes have been 
 stopped by bits of copper cut out and rivetted on ; and 
 one of the legs, which has been broken, is spliced in a 
 very clumsy manner by a piece of metal soldered on. 
 Another of the same form has been found at the same 
 place, and is also in the possession of IMr. Irton." 
 According to Jefferson a very singular custom is ob- 
 served here on New Year's Eve, " «hcu the children
 
 MUKCASTER PAEISH. 
 
 489 
 
 go from house to house singing a ditty, and begging 
 the bounty ' they were wont to have in old King Ed- 
 ward's days.'" He adds, "Nothing is known respecting 
 the origin of this custom. Has not the name been 
 altered from Henry to Edward ? And may it not have 
 an allusion to the time wlien the sixth Henry was 
 entertained here in his flight from his enemies'.' " 
 
 The manor of JIuneastcr is thus noticed by Mr. 
 John Denton : " The next fee unto Milium, holdeu 
 immediately of the barony of Egreraont, is Mulcaster, 
 seated on the north side of the seignory of Milium. 
 The manor is bounded between the river Esk and 
 a little rill or beck called Mite. It is in form a long 
 ridge or rising ground of hills from the foot of the 
 i'isk, extended along between those rivers unto the great 
 and vast mountains belonging to Egremont in Eskdale, 
 Wastdale, and Mitredale. There are not many under 
 foes belonging to the manor. The place is now corruptly 
 called Muncaster, howbeit the riglit name is ]Mulcastre, 
 or Meolcastre, of an old castle there towards the water 
 side, near under to Eskmeal, which was the ancient 
 dwelling-house of the Penningtons. and is yet visible in 
 the ruins, they call it the Old Walls; for their present 
 mansion-house is of later erection, made by some of 
 them much better, and more conveniently set for state, 
 and for avoidance of the air and sharp distempers of 
 the sea. It was called Meolcastre, or Mulcastre, from 
 the meal on which it anciently stood ; and it is accord- 
 ingly written Mulccastre, and Mealcastre, in all the 
 old evidences aud records. Eskmeal {whereon the 
 ancient castle stood) is a plain, low, dry ground, at the 
 foot of the Esk, between the mountains and the sea, 
 which sort of ground, lying under mountains and 
 promontories into, or at the sea, are commonly 
 called mules, or meils, as it were the entrance or 
 mouth from the sea into a river, or such like 
 place, as this I\Ieil of Esk, Kirksar.ton ]\Ieil, Cart- 
 moil, Jloalholrae, the Mull of Galloway, and Milium 
 itself, and many other such like. The estate is now 
 iu the possession of Joseph Pennington, Esq., whose 
 ancestors have enjoyed the same over since the Con- 
 quest, sometimes collaterally, but for the most part 
 lineally descending by their issue male to this time. 
 They were, for the most part, knights successively, and 
 men of great valour in tiic king's services, ou the borders 
 and marches, and in other expeditions where it pleased 
 tlie king to connnand them. They took their name 
 from Pennington iu Lancashire ; and tliough this 
 manor (of Mulcastre) was always theirs as aforesaid, 
 yet some have greatly mistaken the same to have been 
 first the Mulcaster's patrimony, and to have come from 
 them to the Penningtons by marriage or purchase. 
 
 07 
 
 All the Mulcasters are descended from one David do 
 Mulcaster, the son of Benedict Pennington, who lived 
 in King .John's time. He had two sons, John and 
 Adam, called both De Mulcaster, aud so their posterity 
 take their name of the place where their first ancestor, 
 David, died." In ITiTS Joseph Pennington, then under 
 age, the heir of William Pennington, Esq., held the 
 manor of JIulcaster by homage, fealty, and suit of 
 court from three weeks to three weeks, and the sixth 
 part of a knight's fee, and the rent of 8s. by the year, 
 and for seawake Is., with sergeant's food, &c. 
 
 Muncaster Castle occupies a delightful situation ou 
 the side of an eminence north of the Esk, rather more 
 than a mile east of Poivenglass. It is surrounded by 
 beautiful grounds, and commands extensive views of 
 the vale of the Esk, bounded by wild mountain scenery. 
 The castle is a modern structure, having been nearly 
 rebuilt by John, first baron Muncaster. The principal 
 tower of the ancient fortified mansion has been pre- 
 served, but has no longer its original external appear- 
 ance. The windows of the entrance hall contain some 
 very fine stained glass ; tlio chimney-piece is of carved 
 oak ; and that in the drawing room is a very costly 
 one of marble, exquisitely carved. King Henry's bed- 
 room contains a full length portrait of Henry 'VI. 
 kneeling before an altar, with the "Luck of Muncaster " 
 in his hand. The bedstead is of carved oak ; it has 
 the initials II. H., and bears a crawn. The chairs, 
 the doors, and the chimnoy-piece iu this room, are of 
 old carved oak. In the library are the arms of the 
 families with whom the Penningtons have been allied 
 by marriage. On the staircase is a curious portrait of 
 Thomas Skelton, "the fool of Muncaster," who is said 
 to have lived here at the time of the civil wars, and of 
 whose sayings there are many traditional stories. He 
 is dressed in a chock gown, blue, yellow, and white ; 
 under his arm is an earthen dish with ears ; in his 
 right hand a white wand ; in his left a white hat, 
 bound with pink ribbands and with blue bows ; in front 
 a paper, on wliich is written " Mrs. Dorothy Copeland." 
 The following lines are inscribed on the picture : — 
 
 " Tli3. Skelton late Fool ctf Miim-asler's lout trill nnd TVstamtnl." 
 " Be it kni)wn to yo, oli gnive nn<l wise men all, 
 That I Tliom Fool am SlierilV of ye Hall, 
 I mean tlie Hall of Haigli, whcro I command 
 What neither I nor you Jo unJcrsland. 
 My IhiJer Slierill' is Ilalph Wayto you know, 
 As wise a.<i I am aiiJ a.^ nitty too. 
 Of KKremoml I have BniTowSerjeant bcenc. 
 Of Wicgaii IlailifT too, a.s may be seen 
 I)t my while stall" of offwe in my hand, 
 BeinR carrieil stroight as the hadgc of my command : 
 A low high constable too wos once my calling, 
 Which I enjoyed under King Henry Itawling ;
 
 490 
 
 BOOTLE WARD. 
 
 And when the Fates a new Sheriff send, 
 
 I 'm UnJer-Sherifl' prickM World without end. 
 
 He who doth question my authority 
 
 May see the seal and patten here ly by. 
 
 The dish with luggs which I do caiTy here 
 
 Sliews all my living is in good strong beer. 
 
 If snurvy lads to me abuses do, 
 
 I '11 coll 'em scurvy rouges and rascals too. 
 
 Fair Dolly Copcland in my cap is placed ; 
 
 Monstrous fair is slio, and as good eis all the rest. 
 
 Honest Nich. I'ennington, honest Th». Turner, both 
 
 AVill bury mc when I this world go forth. 
 
 But let me not be carry'd o'er the brigg. 
 
 Lest falling I in Duggas River ligg ; 
 
 Nor let my body by old Cliarncck lye, 
 
 But by Will. Caddy, for he '11 lye ijuietly. 
 
 And whou I 'm bury'd then my friends may drink, 
 
 But each man pay for Inmself, that 's best I think. 
 
 This is my Will, and this I know will be 
 
 Perform'd by them as they have promised me. 
 
 Th3. Skeltoh, 
 " Sing'd, Sealed, Publish'd, and Declared X his mark, 
 
 in the presence of 
 
 Henry Eawling, 
 
 Henry Troughton, 
 
 Th". Turner." 
 
 " The Luck of Muucaster," which has been preserved 
 here for several centuries, is "an ancient glass vessel 
 of the basin kind, about seven inches in diameter, 
 ornamented with some white enamelled mouldings." 
 According to family tradition, Sir John Pennington, 
 who lived in the reign of Henry VI., entertained that 
 unhappy and thrice -deposed monarch at his mansion, 
 whither he had fled from his enemies ; and on his 
 leaving Muncaster (a.d. 14,01) he presented his host 
 with this vessel, which has since been preserved with 
 the most religious care. ' 
 
 The castle contains a large number of pictures and 
 family portraits ; among which we may mention the 
 following: — In the drawing-room: John, first lord of 
 Muncaster, a full length, with other portraits in the 
 same picture. In the dining-room : Sir William Pen- 
 nington, first baronet, died 1730 ; Sir Joseph Penning- 
 ton, fourth baronet, father of the first Lord Muncaster, 
 died 1773 ; Sir Joseph Pennigton, second baronet, died 
 1744 ; John, first Lord Muncaster ; The Hon. Margaret 
 Lady Pennington, sister of Henry Lord Viscount Lons- 
 dale. On the grand staircase : A large painting repre- 
 senting King Henry VI. giving to Sir Jolin Pennington, 
 on leaving his castle, 1461, " The Luck of Muncaster;" 
 another, Caxton presenting the first book printed in 
 England to Edward IV. In the library : Sir John 
 Pennington, Lord High Admiral; Sir William Pen- 
 nington, first baronet, died 1730 ; Sir James Lowther, 
 
 1 A similar relic is preserved at the seat of Sir George Mnsgrave, 
 Bart., well known as " The Luck of Edeuholl." 
 
 Bart., son of Sir John Lowther, ]5art., of .Whitehaven, 
 died 1755 ; John, first Lord Viscount Lonsdale, born 
 1(155 : Sir John liOwther, Bart., of Whitehaven; William 
 Pennington, Esq., died lCh)'i : Sir Joseph Pennington, 
 fourth baronet ; Richard Viscount Lonsdale, died 1713 ; 
 James I'larl of Balcarrcs ; Thomas Lord Coventry. In 
 another room : Henry VI. with " the Luck of Mun- 
 caster" in his hand, date Udl ; Dame Askew, wife 
 of Sir William Pennington, Knt., a.ti. 1571; Henry 
 .Lord Viscount Lonsdale, died 1751. 
 
 ^cnningtoit, ^orb P^uncastcr. 
 
 The ancient family took their name from Pennington, 
 in Furness, Lancashhe, where they resided until about 
 the year 1242, and where " there is still visible the 
 foundation of a square building, called the castle, near 
 the centre of the vill . . . Here the family of Pen- 
 nington resided before the Conquest."' The first ances- 
 tor of this family that occurs after the Conquest, is 
 
 Gamei, de Penotxgtok, a person of great note and property." 
 Froni him descended another Gamel, who liad two sons, Jleldred 
 and Gamel. In the reign of King John, Jocelin dc Penning- 
 ton, of this family, was abbot of Furness: he was eminent for 
 learning, and obtained from the pope some special privileges for 
 his abbey. The next that occurs is Benedict de Pennington,^ 
 he was father of another Gamel, and gave the church of Mol- 
 castre (Muncaster) and the chapel of .Vldeburfr to the hospital 
 of Conisbead. The same Benedict,* and Mcldred, his brother, 
 with conseut of their heirs, gave to the abbey of Furness, Skeldon 
 Moor. Alan, son of Alan de Pennington, gave to the hospital 
 of Conisbead, after it was erected into a priory, an acre of land 
 in Overton (Orton) in Westmoreland; and after that Gamel de 
 Pennington gave to the priory of Conisbead the church of Pen- 
 nington, with appurtenances ; and confirmed the grant of the 
 church of Muncaster from Benedict de Pennington ; and also 
 gave the church of Wbitbeck and Skeroverton (Orton) and 
 Pulton to the said priory. These benefactors flourished between 
 the beginning of the reign of ICing Henry HI. and the first of 
 King Edward III. The hospital of Conisbead was founded by 
 the third William de Lancaster, eighth baron of Kendal, in the 
 reign of King Hem'y III., and the foundation was confirmed by 
 King Edward II,, which sufficiently proves the time of their 
 occurrence. 
 
 AI.AN DE PEN>aNGT0N,5 Knt., is witness to the grant of five 
 hides of land from EUzabeth, late wife of Sir Richard Ic Fleming, 
 to the abbey of Furness, a.d. 1254. Alan de Pennington," Knt., 
 had a dispute with the monks of Furness, about land which 
 laid to the high road that leads from Pennington to Kirkby 
 Ireleth, in the reign of King Henry III., a.d. ITiS. Sir Alan 
 de Pennington' is mtness to a grant from Gilbert de Bardescy 
 to the monks. 33rd Henry IIL .ignes, daughter of John 
 de . . . late wife of T. de Pennington, came to an agree- 
 ment with the abbot of Furness concerning some land in dispute. 
 The same Agnes, a.d. 1254, released to the abbot of Furness the 
 marriage of her children, by T. Pennington, son and heir of 
 
 'West's Furness. 
 J Dodsworth's MS. 
 
 ^West's Furness. 
 ■■» I)o(lswortli's MS. 
 ' Dodswordj's MS. 
 
 ^ Monast. Ang. 
 !■' Dodsworth's MS.
 
 MUNCASTER PAEISH. 
 
 491 
 
 Alan de J'eanington. Hence it appears that T. de Penniagton 
 died bcfora bis I'atber; and the Alan, who occurs in the reign of 
 Kdwunl I. wm the son of Thomas, and succeeded his grand- 
 father, Sir AJon. 
 
 Wii.r.iivBi DE Penjojioton,' a.d. 1318, made an agreement 
 with tile abbot of Furness for the suit and service of his muior 
 of Penniuglon. 
 
 This pedigree as given bj West, differs from that in 
 Nicolson and Burn. They give it as follows : — 
 
 Gamel de Pennington, temp. Henry 11. gave the churches 
 of Jlulcastre, Pennington, Wbitbeck, and of Orton in West- 
 morelnnJ, to the priory of Conishead; which grant was con- 
 firmed by Kilward II. in the 12lli year of his reign. His son 
 Benedict had several children. Alan, son of Alan, son of Bene- 
 dict, granted lands at Orton aforesaid, to his uncle Simon, son 
 of the said Benedict; but according to their family pedigree 
 (after tlie death of an elder son Robert) he was succeeded by 
 his son David, fatlier of John, father of Alan, to whom Richard 
 Lucy, as is hereafter mentioned in the reign of Iving John, 
 granted the fee of Ravenglass. Thomas, son of Alan ; Alan, 
 son of Thomas ; John, son of Alan, of whom mention is made 
 in the 21st Edward I. WiUiam son of John. Thus far Nicolson 
 and Burn. 
 
 Of this family was Sir Jonx Pennixgi'on, Knt., son of Sir Alan, 
 who was steadily attached to the unfortunate monarch, Henry VI., 
 whom he had the honour of entertaining at Muncaster Castle 
 in his llight from the Yorkists.- In acknowledgment of the 
 protection he had received, the king presented his host with a 
 curious glass cup (which is still preserved at the castle. See 
 page 4911) with a prayer that the family should ever prosper, 
 and never want a male heir, so long that tliey preserved it 
 luibrokeu ; hence the cup was called " The Luck of Jluncxstcr." 
 Sir John is said to have been a db>tinguishcd militAry character, 
 and to liave commanded tht! left wiug of the EngUsh army in 
 an expedition against Scotland.^ 
 
 Jonx Pexnixotok, Esq., his son, married Mary, dangliter of 
 Sir John Iludleston ; on which marriage, in the 23rd Edward 
 IV. the estate was settled upon the issue male. And be having 
 only a daughter Isabel, married tu Thomas Dykes, Escj., of 
 Wartbole, the estate came to the second brother, 
 
 WiLLiAJi Pesnisotox, Esq., who was succeeded by 
 
 Joseph Penmnqton, Esq., son and heir. 
 
 I Dodsworlli's MS. 
 
 - This event is supposed to have taken place in 1401 ; and that 
 date is assigned to it in a picture at Muncaster Castle, as also on 
 ibe monument crertpil to ilie memory of Sir John Penniuglon, in 
 the chnnccl of tlic cbiireb at Muncaster. That monument, however, 
 has been recently erected. It is a well known fact ibiit after the 
 battle of Towtou, wbicli was fought on Palm Sunday, viOtb March, 
 MCI, ttrminnting in favour of the Yorkisln, Henr}- VI. look flight 
 into Scotland. We hove no evidence ihal be wa» iJien re<oivcd here, 
 neither un his journey northward, nor ou his return. It appears to 
 be opially prnltabi'' that Ilcnry wns here after the battle of llexliom, 
 14th May, MOM, when his troops sustained another defeat, and 
 " Henry fiwed bis safely to the swiftness of bis steed." Hume says, 
 " Rome of bis friends look him under their proteclion, and eonveyed 
 liini into Liuicashire; where he remained ronrealed during n twelve 
 nionUi." This nnforlnnate monarch was also concealed for some 
 lime n; lioltoo Hall, in Yorksliire. (See "Ucnlleman's Magazine," 
 May and June, ISll.) 
 
 ' His grandson. Sir John Pennington, was in the battle of Flodden 
 Field ; another desreiulant of die same name wns Oilmiral to King 
 Cliarles I., and much trusted bv timl muuarch in nnvml aflain. 
 
 Sir William Pekni.sgtox, Knt., son and heir, married Isabel, 
 daughterof John Farrington, Esq., of Warden, in Lancashire, with 
 whom he had the manor of Farrington. On an inquisition of 
 knights' fees in Cumberland, in the ;!5th Henry VIII., it is 
 found that Sir Wilham held the manor of Muncaster of the king 
 as his castle of Egremont, by the service of the sixth part of 
 one knigbt's fee, rendering to the king yearly for scawake lid., 
 and the puture of two sergeants ; and that he held the hamlet 
 of Ravenglass in like manner, by homage and fealty, and tlie 
 service of the 17th part of one knight's fee, and patnre of 
 sergeants as above. 
 
 Joseph Pexnixgton, Esq., married Margaret, daughter of 
 John Fleetwood, Esq., of Penworiham, co. Lancaster. He was 
 succeeded by his son and heir. 
 
 Sir WiLLiiJi Pexxixotox, first baronet, so created 21st June, 
 2Sth Charles II., KITC. He married Isabel, eldest daughter of 
 Jolin Slapleton, Esq., of Warter, co. York (son of Sir Phihp 
 Stapleton, Knt.) with whom the manor of Warter came to the 
 FenningtoDs. He had issue, 
 
 I. Joseph, his heir. 
 
 11. Philip, died 17.!1, without issue. 
 
 I. Elizabeth, married Istly to John Archer, Esq., of Oxhenholme, 
 and 2udly to Thomas Strickland, Esq., of Sizergh. 
 
 II. Miugnret. 
 
 Sir William dying in IVJiO, was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Sir JosEPa, M.P. for the co. of Cumberland, who married the 
 Hon. Margaret Lowther, daugbter of John Viscount Lonsdale ; 
 and had issue, 
 
 I. John, bis heir. 
 
 II. Joseph, successor to his brother. 
 
 I. Catherine, married in 1731, to Robert Lowdier, Esq., governor 
 of Biurbadoes. 
 
 Sir Joseph died in 1744, and was succeeded by his eldest son. 
 Sir John, M.P. for Cumberland, lorddieutenant and custos- 
 
 rotulorum of the co. Westmoreland, who died without issue, and 
 
 was succeeded by his brother. 
 
 Sir Joseph. This gentleman married Sarah, daughter and sole 
 
 heir of John Moore, Esq., of Somersetshire, by whom he left, 
 
 I. John Hexhy, his successor. 
 
 II. Joseph. 
 
 lU. LowruEB, second lord. 
 
 I. Jane. ii. Margaret. 
 
 III. Catlicruie, married to H. B. Osbaldeston, Esq., of Hunmanby. 
 
 lie died in 177^, and was succeeded by his elder son. 
 
 Sir JoHX, who was created a peer of Ireland 2 1st October, 
 1783, as Baron Muncaster, with remainder to his brother, 
 Lowther Pennington, Esq. His lordship married Penelope, 
 daughter and heir of James Compton, Esq., by whom he had, 
 
 Maria Frances Marijttret. who married in 1*11 Jomcs, present 
 Eiu-1 of Crawford ind Balcarres ; she died lOdi .Nov. 1S80. 
 
 He died in 18l:t, leaving no male issue, when tJio peerage 
 devolved, according to the limitation, upon his brother, 
 
 LowTHEii, fllh baronet, as 2nd baron, a general officer in the 
 army, and colonel of one of the royal veteran battalions. His 
 lordship married in 1H02 Esther, second daughter of Thomas 
 Barry, Esq., of Claplmm, co. Surrey, and widow of Janu-s Mor- 
 rison, Esq., by wlioni (who died in October, 1S2T) he loft at his 
 decease, in IHIH, an only son, 
 
 LowTUEu Augustus Jou.n, 3rd baron; bom 14th December, 
 1802; married ISlh Doembor, ls2S, Frances Catberinp, youngest 
 daughter of Sir John Uamsden, Bart., and by her (who died in 
 1853) had issue, 
 
 I. Gamel Acoi'sti'i, present peer. 
 
 II. JosstUu, an officer in the army ; boni 20th December, 1834.
 
 492 
 
 BOOTLE WAED. 
 
 III. Alnn Joseph, R.N., bora 1837. 
 
 I. Funny Ciiroline. ii. Kachel Matilda. 
 
 Hi. Luuisu Theodosia. 
 
 His lordship died in 1B33, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 Gamf.i, Augustus Pennington, Baron Jluncaster, in the 
 peerage of Ireland, and a baronet of Groat Britain, bom 3rd 
 December, 1831; succeeded his father, as 4th biiron and 8th 
 baronet, 30th April, If 38 ; married •ind August, 1805, Ijuly June 
 Grosvenor, daughter of the Jlarcjuis of Westminster. 
 
 Creations. — Baronet, 21st June, ICTiJ. Baron, 21st October, 1783. 
 
 Arms. — Or, tive fusils, in fesse, uz. 
 
 Crest. — A moiintuincot, passant, ppr. 
 
 Supporters. — Dexter, a lion, regardant, ppr.; charged on the breast 
 witli au oiik branch, vert ; siuster, a horse, ppr., bridled, or. 
 
 Motto. — Viucil aiuor patriae. 
 
 Sen/s.— Muucaster Castle, Cumberland; and Warier Hall, York- 
 ehiie. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 Muncaster church, deJicatcJ to St. Jlichael, is an 
 ancient edifice, standing in the park, near the centre of 
 the parish, and closely adjoining the castle. It is com- 
 pletely surrounded by trees ; and with its ivy-clad walls 
 and venerable appearance, produces that tranquillising 
 effect upon the mind so conducive to devotional feeling. 
 It consists of nave and chancel, with a western hell- 
 turret containing two bells. The masonry is good. A 
 south porch has been converted into the vestry : its 
 gable seems to have been surmounted with a cross. 
 The principal entrance is from the west, beneath a win- 
 dow of three lights with cinquefoil heads under a 
 semicircular arch. On the apex of the gable of the 
 eastern end of the nave where it joins the chancel, is 
 a small turret, supposed to have contiined in Catholic 
 times the " Sanctus Bell," — a bell rung at the conclu- 
 sion of what is called the Preface, a prayer preceding 
 the Canon of the Mass, and again at the Elevation. 
 The parapets of the nave and chancel are battlemented. 
 The nave is lighted by squarehoaded windows of two 
 lights. Its walls are hung with boards, upon which 
 texts of Scripture are inscribed. There is a gallery at 
 the west end. The pulpit and reading-desk are placed 
 under the chancel arch, on the south side, thus leaving 
 the whole interior exposed to view. The chancel is 
 lighted by an east window of three lights. It is in the 
 Perpendicular style. In the south side of the chancel 
 are three windows of two semicircular-headed lights 
 each. The walls of this part of the church are covered 
 with monuments to various members of the Pennington 
 family, whose pew occupies the north side of the chan- 
 cel. The earliest of these monuments bears the date 
 1390. Another has this inscription: — "Of youre 
 charitie praye for the sowl of Syr John de Penyngton, 
 Sonne of Syr Alan de Penyngton who hadde to wyfe 
 Elizabeth dowter of Syr Nichols de Radcliffe de Der- 
 wentwater, a woman of noble blode yis Syr John res- 
 seved hoHe Kyuge Harrye whyche was Henry ye Sixth 
 
 at Molcastre l-t61 Kyngc Harrye gave Sir John a 
 brauvc workyd glassc cuppe, witti his rod before yat 
 whyllys the famylie sliold keep hit unbrccken thei 
 shold gretelye thrif whyche cuppe is kalled the lucke of 
 Molcastre. He was a grete captain, and heded the left 
 wingo of the armie agayne the Scotties ; whylles Erie 
 of Northumberland heded the mayno bodie." On the 
 south side of the churchyard is an ancient cross, four 
 feet nine inches high, and ornamented with gnilloches. 
 Near it are two venerable yew trees. The church of 
 Jluncaster was appropriated to the priory of Conishead 
 by Gamel de Pennington, in the reign of Henry II. 
 The appropriation was confirmed by Edward II. On 
 the suppression of the religious houses the church was 
 restored to tho Pennington family, and they have since 
 continued possessors of the advowson. Tiie benefice 
 was formerly returned as worth £10 a year. In IT'2!? 
 it received from Queen Anne's Bounty an augmentation 
 of £'300, and was returned to the Commissioners for 
 Inquiring into tlie Ecclesiastical llevcnues at £97 per 
 annum. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the 
 patronage of Lord Jluncaster. The registers com- 
 mence in the year 1790. 
 
 Incumbents. — Thomas Nicholson, 
 
 1771; Joseph Stanley, 18J3 ; Thomas Kobinson, 1814. 
 
 CEAinTIES. 
 
 Joseph Pennington's Charity. — Joseph Pennington 
 by will, dated Gth March, 1640, left £32 10s., the 
 interest thereof to be bestowed in penny loaves of 
 bread, twelve loaves to be dealt weekly every Sunday 
 throughout the year to the poor of Muncaster, at the 
 parish church, by the churchwardens for the time being. 
 The lord of the manor of Muncaster for the time being 
 to see to the application. This charity is now distri- 
 buted in money at the same time with the other 
 charities of the parish, to the most necessitous poor, 
 those being preferred who do not receive parochial 
 reUef. Since the death of John Lord Muncaster, tho 
 money so laid out has been charged to the account of 
 the estate. 
 
 Bread and Cheese Money. — There is au entry in the 
 parish book, dated 1667, which states that " 20s. is 
 yearly given at Easter by the lords and owners of Mun- 
 caster, for heu and in consideration of bread and cheese 
 formerly given at Easter." This is the only account 
 we have of the origin of this charity. The sum of £1 
 is regularly paid at Easter, and charged to the account 
 of the Muncaster estate. It is distributed with the 
 interest of the poor money hereafter mentioned. 
 
 Poor Money. — Previously to the year 1817, there was 
 a sum of £35, the interest of which was distributed
 
 MUNCASTER PARISH. 
 
 493 
 
 amongst poor persons. Of that sum, twenty marks 
 appear to have beau left by Thomas Troughton, in 
 1610, to help and maintain the poorest sort at Mun- 
 caster to pay the tithes, and other good and charitable 
 purposes. Of this poor money, £1(1 was placed in the 
 hands of one Joseph Jacksou, a man of some property 
 in the parish. In 1817 he failed, and afterwards died 
 insolvent, and nothing has been recovered from his 
 effects. Of the remainder of the money, £~o is now 
 out at interest, which amounts to 10s. 8d. per annum, 
 and is distributed together with the twenty shillings, 
 called bread and cheese money, on the Sunday after 
 Easter, to poor persons not receiving parochial relief. 
 
 School. — llichard Brocklebauk, by will dated 2nd 
 June, 1696, left £160 for the use and benefit only of 
 so many of the parishioners within the parish of llun- 
 caster as should contribute proportiouably to the build- 
 ing of a school in Muncaster Town Lane, the interest 
 thereof to be disposed of for the maintaining a master 
 to teach the said free school in Muncaster, for the sole 
 benefit of so many of the parishioners of Muncaster as 
 should contribute proportionately to the building of the 
 school aforesaid ; no other person whatever to be free 
 to the said school. By articles of agreement entered 
 into by several of the parishioner, dated .Oth April, 
 1700, reciting that a school-house had been erected by 
 the parties thereto at their own expense, it was agreed, 
 and the said parlies obliged themselves in the penal 
 sum of £20 to repair the free school, and pay all cesses 
 to be laid thereon ; and that tho advantage of the said 
 free school should extend to the several estates which 
 belonged to the parties to that agreement ; and it was 
 also agreed that future purchasers of laud within the 
 parish, if they descended from certain persons therein 
 named, who had contributed to tho building of the 
 school should have the full benefit thereof; and that it 
 should also bo extended to such poor persons at Jlun- 
 caster as sliould receive alms. The sum of £160, left 
 by' llichard Brocklebank, together with £100, left to 
 the school by Sir William Pennington, £10 left by 
 Thomas Kirby, and i';i paid by two parishioners for 
 tho freedom of the school, amounting in the whole to 
 £273, form the endowment. Tho master takes no 
 children free, the trustees having found it necessary to 
 permit him to take Is. Od. a (juarter from those who 
 are called free. A higher quarterage is demanded from 
 those who are not entitled to their freedom. There 
 are upon an average forty or fifty children in the school. 
 They arc taught reading, writing, and accounts. 
 
 J^ord Muiicastei's Charity. — John Lord Muncaster, 
 by will dated 11th April, 1812, directed his executors to 
 pay to the respective clergyman and overseers of the poor 
 
 of the several parishes of Muncaster, Waberthwaite, 
 and Drigg, the sum of £50 each, to be distributed at 
 their discretion to the poor of these respective parishes 
 not receiving alms. 
 
 THE TOWN OF RAVESGLJISS. 
 
 The ancient market town and port of Ravenglass is 
 in the township of Muncaster. It is situated at the 
 coniluence of the rivers Esk, Irt, and 3Iite, about 
 sixteen miles south-south-east of Whitehaven, and six 
 miles north-by-west of Beetle. Tho estuary of the three 
 rivers just named forms a large sandy harbour, which 
 has twenty-two feet of water on the bar in spring tides, 
 and twelve feet at neap tides. Sandford tells us, that 
 formerly Ravenglass was a place of some importance as 
 a fishing town. Mr. John Denton gives us the follow- 
 ing account of the place: — "Ravenglass, now a village, 
 anciently a green of ferns (corruptly called of two Irish 
 words, rainigh fcrnsald, glass green) was anciently 
 another fee of Egremont. It stands at the foot of Esk, 
 where, by King John's grant, made to Richard Lucy, 
 then lord of Egremont (dated the tenth year of that 
 king's reign) was kept a market and fair yearly, in right 
 of the haven there, by the lords of Egremont, as lords 
 paramount: and the same liichard Lucy, in the same 
 year, confirmed by fine, levied to the mesne lords, and 
 terr-tenants, all the land and fee of Ravenglass, namely, 
 to Alan Pennington, William Fitz-IIugh, and Roger 
 Fitz-Edward, to hold the same of the said William and 
 his heirs, and gave them, moreover, estovers, to make 
 their fishgartiis in the river Esk, which is continued to 
 this day; the Penningtons have long enjoyed the 
 manor, and other lands there near adjoiuin"." The 
 yearly fair above alluded to was held on the eve, the 
 day, and the morrow after the Feast of St. James the 
 Apostle, and the weekly market every Saturday. With 
 respect to the manor, we have only to adtl that from an 
 inquisition taken in 1578, we learn that, at that date, 
 Joseph Pennington (at that time under age), the Iieir 
 of William Peimington, held Ravenglass by homage, 
 fealty, suit of court from three weeks to three weeks, 
 and tho twelfth part of a knight's fee, and a rent of four 
 shillings per annum. The same inquisition further 
 informs us that the lord's tenants in Ravenglass had 
 connnon of posture on Muncaster Fell, for which tiiey 
 yielded several boon days, and a small payment annually. 
 Until comparatively recent times the fair at Puivenglass 
 was attended by some customs which, in all probability, 
 had been observed from the period that the fair was 
 first established. These customs arc thus given by 
 Nicolson and Burn, whoso work was published in 1777. 
 " At present," they say, " the Earl of Egremont holds
 
 4.U 
 
 BOOTLE WAED. 
 
 the fair of Ravenglass on the eve, day, and morrow of 
 St. James. On the first of these da)'8, in the moriiiug, 
 the lord's officer at proclaiming the fair, is attended by 
 the Serjeants of the bow of Egremont, with the insignia 
 belonging thereto; and all the tenants of the forest of 
 Copelnud owe a customaiy service to meet the lord's 
 officer at Eavenglass to proclaim the fair, and abide 
 with him during the continuance thereof ; and for sus- 
 tentation of their horses they have two swaiths of 
 grass in the common field of Ravenglass in a place set 
 out for that purpose. On the third day, at noon, the 
 earl's officer discharges the fair by proclamation; imme- 
 diately whereupon the Peuningtons and their tenants 
 take possession of the town, and have races and other 
 divertisements during the remainder of the day." In 
 1796 John Lord Muncaster procured a charter for 
 two weekly markets at Ravenglass, on Wednesday and 
 Friday, and three fairs for one day each: 11 tk March, 
 14th April, and 12th October. These fairs have ali-eady 
 become obsolete. Two ancient fairs for horses and 
 homed cattle are still held; one on the 8th June and 
 the 5th August. The market has long since fallen into 
 disuse. Some of the steps of the market cross still 
 remain. Railway communication has entirely done 
 away with the shipping trade of the port, which now 
 only possesses one vessel. Guano is occasionally im- 
 ported for use in the neighbourhood. The salmon 
 fisheries belong to General Wyudham. 
 
 The Whitehaven and Fumess railway has a station 
 near to the town. 
 
 BIBKBT. 
 
 The acreage, population, and rateable value of Birkby 
 are included in the parish returns. The township is 
 small, containing a few scattered houses, three miles 
 south of Ravenglass, on the south side of the river Esk, 
 which is here crossed by a good bridge. At a place 
 called Chapelgarth, in this township, some ruins were 
 dug up in \8i2, supposed to have been those of a 
 chapel or church which formerly stood here. There is 
 a bobbin mill in this township. 
 
 The manor of Birkby has long been the property of 
 the Stanley family, and is now held by Edward Stanley, 
 Esq., of Ponsonby HaU. Jefferson gives us the follow- 
 ing extracts from the rolls of this manor : — " Item, we 
 do order and put in pain, that every the inhabitants, 
 
 within the manor of Birkby, who shall hereafter take, 
 or catch, kill, or come by any wild fowl whatsoever, 
 shall not sell them to any foreigner or stranger, but 
 shall bring them to the lord, or his bailiff for the time 
 being, at the prices and rates hereafter specified, viz., 
 for every mallard, 4d. ; duck, 3d. Every long mallard 
 or widgeon, 2d.; woodcock or patridge. Id.; feelfaws, 
 throsdee, ousels, each four for Id. Every curlew, 3d. ; * 
 for two seals. Id. ; plover, Id. : lapwings, one halfpenny; 
 under pain and forfeiture of 3d. ; -Id. for every fowl 
 otherwise sold, as formerly accustomed." 
 
 On Birkby Fell, near the foot of Devoke Water, are 
 the remains of a fort or encampment, called the ruins of 
 the city of Barnscar, or Bardscar, which is traditionally 
 stated to have belonged to the Danes. The name is 
 purely a Scandinavian one, " derived," says Mr. Fer- 
 guson, " from its probable founder, some Northman 
 called Barna or Bardi." 'J'he description of the place in 
 Hutchinson's " History of Cumberland" is as follows: 
 " This place is about 300 yards long from east to west, 
 and 100 yards from north to south ; now walled round, 
 save at the east end, near three feet in height ; there 
 appears to have been a long street, with several cross 
 ones; the remains of housesteads, within the walls, 
 are not very numerous, but on the outside of the walls 
 they are innumerable, especially on the south side and 
 west end ; the circumference of the city and suburbs 
 is near three computed miles ; the figure an oblong 
 square ; there is an ancient road through the city, 
 leading from Ulpha to Ravenglass." At present 
 (1859j there is little more to be seen than a number 
 of small piles of unwrought stones scattered along 
 the foot of the lake, and upon the hills bordering 
 the north side ; the stones comprising the founda- 
 tions appearing to have been gathered into heaps in 
 order to clear the ground. About the beginning of 
 the last century a considerable treasure of sUver coin 
 was found concealed in the foundation of one of the 
 houses, none of which, unfortunately, has been pre- 
 served. This Danish city is said to have been peopled 
 by taking the men of Drigg and marrying them to the 
 women of Beckemiet, whose original helpmates had 
 been slain in battle. This event is preserved in the 
 Cumberland saying, " Let us gang together like lads 
 of Drigg and lasses of Beckermet."
 
 WABERTHWAITE PARISH. 
 
 495 
 
 WABERimYAITE PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on tlio north by the river Esk, which separates it from Muncaster, on the west by Bootle, 
 and on the south and cast by Corney. The soil here is rich and loamy, except on the eastern side of the parish, 
 where it is hi)»h and rocky. It possesses no dependent townships, but includes a small village of its own name, 
 and the small hamlet of Newbiggiu. 
 
 The area of the parish is 1,901 acres, and its rateable 
 value £808 1.3s. The population in 1801 was 122; 
 in IRll, 114; in 1821, 138; in 1831, 139; iu 1841, 
 140; and in 1851, -212; who are principally engaged 
 in agricultural pursuits, and attend the Whitehaven 
 markets. 
 
 The manor of Waberthwaite was held in ancient times 
 by a family bearing the local name, one of whom mar- 
 ried a daughter or sister of Arthur Boyville, third lord 
 of Millom, son of Godard Dapifer, with whom the said 
 Arthur gave this manor in free marriage. The Waber- 
 thwaites subsequently removed to St. Bees, and then to 
 Clifton, in Westmoreland, settling ultimately at Isell. 
 This manor camo afterwards to the Penningtons of Mul- 
 caster, but whether by sale or marriage historians aro 
 not agreed, some stating that it passed in the former 
 manner, some in the latter. Lord Muncaster is the 
 present possessor of the manorial rights and privileges. 
 Formerly the customary tenants paid arbitrary fines, 
 rents, heriots, and boon service, but they have been 
 enfranchised, and many of the fanns are now occupied 
 by their respective owners. Messrs. James Pickthall, 
 Daniel Pritt, Edward Chorley, John Knight, Philip 
 Myers, Joseph Pearson, Benjamin Bibby, Joseph Bur- 
 rough, A. Borrow, John Caddy, Thomas Jackson, James 
 Pritt, John DoJgson, and Mrs. Falcon, are the principal 
 landowners. 
 
 The village of Waberthwaite is about two miles 
 80ulh-by-east of llavenglass. 
 
 THE CHUECH. 
 
 Waberthwaite church, dedicated to St. John, is an 
 ancient [ilain building, consisting of nave and chancel. 
 The living is a rectory, valued in the King's Book at 
 £3 lis. 8d., and returned to the governors of Queen 
 Anne's Bounty at £'18 16s. Gd. clear yearly value. 
 It has since been augmented by that bounty, and is 
 now worth about £130 a year. The great and small 
 tithes produced £30 in 1794, and in 1842 they were 
 commuted for a yearly rent charge of £10-5. In 1421 
 and 1425 Sir Richard de Kirkby presented to this 
 rectory. In 1580 Ilenry Kirkby presented. In 1608 
 the presentation appears to have been in the Penning- 
 tons, in whom it still continues. The parish registers 
 commence in 109.>. 
 
 Eectors. — William Walker occurs in 1535 ; WUliam Granger, 
 1077; Henry Holme.s 1698; Robert Mansion, 1704; John 
 Steele, 170S; John Steele, 1737; Thomas Nicholsou, 177C; 
 Joseph Stanley, ls2o ; T. Molineux, 1847. 
 
 CHAKmr. 
 
 Poor StocK-. — There is an ancient poor stock of £10(1 
 belonging to this ptirish, £80 of which were given by 
 the Rev. Mr. Park, rector of Barton, Norfolk, the 
 interest thereof to be distributed annually. This parish 
 also shares in a bequest of Lord Muncaster, the par- 
 ticulars of which will be found stated in our account of 
 Muncaster parish. 
 
 Newbiggin is a small hamlet in this parish. 
 
 'WHICHAM PARISH. 
 
 Whiciiam parish is bounded on the north by Whitbeck, on the west by the sea, and on the south and east by i^fillom. 
 It contains the village of Silecroft and several scattered dwellings, but has no assemblage of houses bearing its own 
 name. Tlic soil towards the sea is fertile, but eastward the parish stretches over liilly grounds, which afford 
 pasturage to large Hocks of sheep. There are no dependent townships. The Whitehaven and Furncss railway runs 
 through the parish, and has a station at Silecroft. 
 
 Whicham comprises an area of 7,502 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £2,057 15s. Tiie population in 1801 
 was 235; in 1811, 201; in 1821, 301; in 1831, 285; 
 ill 1H41, 299; and in 1S51, 329. Agriculture is the 
 jirincipal employment of tho inhabitjinla; they attend 
 the markets at Whitehaven and Ulverstono. 
 
 The manor of Whicham was formerly hold as a feo 
 of Millojn, and is said to have received its name from 
 Wyche, its possessor, in the reign of Henry I., but 
 analogy would load us to infer that tho name of tho 
 place dates its origin from -Vnglo-Sa-xon times, and that 
 it was the homo of some Anglian chieftain. Tho two
 
 496 
 
 BOOTLE WARD. 
 
 sons of tlie Wychc just mentioned appear as witnesses 
 to a deed of mortgage in the reign of Henry II., but the 
 issue general brought their lands into other families 
 about the time of Henry III,, for at that period wo find 
 that Kadulph de Bcthcrn licld land here, and in the Oth 
 Edward I. (1^77-8) he granted estovers' to John, parson 
 of Whicham, in his woods there. In the 9th Edward I. 
 (1280-81) Robert, son of Eadulph de Betheru, did 
 warrant lands in Silccroft and Sattcrton, in the lordship 
 of Millom. In the 9th Edward II. (1315-10) the 
 manors of Silccroft and Whicham appear to have been 
 held by another family, as appears by a fine thereof 
 levied between William Corbett and Alicia his wife, 
 complainants, and John de Corney. The manor was 
 subsequently divided into severalties, and passed through 
 many hands, but all account of these transfers appears 
 to have been lost. Whicham and Silecroft are now held 
 by the Earl of Lonsdale, the former estate having been 
 purcliased by Sir James Lowther, Bart., from Jlr. 
 Henry Fearon and others. Part of the parish is still 
 attached to the lordship of Millom. The landowners 
 are the Earl of Lonsdale, i\Irs. Kirkbank, Messrs. John 
 Kirkbank, William Brocklebank, Richard Cleminson, 
 William Case, John Porter, Philip Hartley, John 
 Hodgson, William Myers, Henry Myers, WilHam 
 Newby, John Walton, George Newton, Bernard Gilpin, 
 and John Case. 
 
 Whicham Hall, now occupied as a farm house, is the 
 property of the Earl of Lonsdale. Near this hall is a 
 Held, known as Scots' Croft, where, according to tradi- 
 tion, a battle was fought between the English and Scots 
 during the turbulent days of border warfare. 
 
 THE cnuncH. 
 Whicham church, dedicated to St. Jlarj-, is a plain 
 ancient structure. In 1858, it underwent several 
 repairs, new windows being put in and a north tran- 
 sept added. It was given by "Reynard the Fewer" 
 to the abbey of St. Mary, at York, to which it continued 
 attached till the period of the Dissolution, when the 
 patronage was granted to Hugh Askew, Esq., who 
 
 ' "Estovers" from the Norman French esloffa: In law, 
 necessaries, or supplies ; a reasonable allowance out of lands or 
 goods for the use of a tenant. 
 
 presented in 154-t. In the year 1717, one of the 
 Penningtons occurs as patron, and it continued to be 
 held by that family till Lord Muncaster sold it to the 
 Earl of Lonsdale, the present patron. The benefice is 
 a rectory, valued in the King's Book at £8 15s. lOd., 
 and was certified to the governors of Queen Anne's 
 Bounty as of the annual value of £49 13s. 3d. It 
 is now worth £100 a year, and there are seventy-five 
 acres of glebe. The parish registers commence in 
 1509. 
 
 Reciohs. — John Wodall, occurs, \M5; Robert Crompton, 
 1C30; — Tubman occurs about 1012; John Lawrey, 1720; 
 William Scott, 1745; Kcibert, Scott, 1701; James Satterthwaite, 
 IHOl; Allison Stebble, imi; Alexander Scott, 1832; George 
 Wilkinson, 1817. 
 
 The rectory is a very ancient building. 
 
 CnARITIES. 
 
 Whicham and Millom Grammar School. — By an 
 inquisition taken under a commission of charitable 
 uses, and bearing date 28th September, 1080, it is 
 found by the jurors, that some pereon unknown, had by 
 deed or by will, given to the parishes of Wiiicham and 
 Millom, an annual payment of £10, for the maintenance 
 of a free grammar school iu the parish of Whicham, for 
 the benclit of the parishes of Whicham and Millom. 
 The sum of £11), which forms the whole of the endow- 
 ment, is payable out of the crown revenues of the 
 county of Cumberland, in pursuance of a warrant from 
 the E.Kchequer to that effect. 
 
 Parish Money, and the Rev. Robert Cromptoiis 
 Bequest. — It appears, by the parish books, that there 
 was formerly iu the hands of different persons the sum 
 of £21 Os. 4d., the interest of which was distributed 
 amongst poor persons. The only bequest of which we 
 could find any trace, was the sum of £5, which, accord- 
 ing to an entry in the parish register, was left to the 
 poor by the Rev. Robert Crompton, who died rector of 
 this parish in 1720. Whether that £5 formed any part 
 of the £21 Os. 4d., or whether it was distributed at the 
 time, we could not learn. 
 
 Silecroft is a neat village near the sea, four miles 
 south-by-east of Bootle, and eight miles south-west of 
 Broughton, Lancashire, where there is a station on the 
 Whitehaven and Furuess railway.
 
 WHITBECK PARISH. 
 
 497 
 
 WHITBECK PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Whitbeck is bounded on the north by Bootle, on the west hj the Irish sea, on the south by WTiicham, 
 and on the cast by the mountain of Black Comb. The soil towards the sea is rather sandy, inclining to a clay, and 
 towards Black Comb gravelly. The surface of the parish is irregular and uneven. A vein of peat moss, containing 
 in some places nearly onc-fifth of the breadth of the parish, runs longitudinally through the middle of the [greatest 
 part of the land, dividing the soil into two kinds. The sea has made considerable encroachments in many parts of 
 the parish, old roads and hedges being visible some distance below low water mark. There are no dependent 
 townships. • 
 
 The parish contains 5,372 acres, and its rateable 
 value is £1,600. The population in 1801 was 180; 
 in 1811, 191; in 1801, 2'21 ; in 1831, 23-t ; in 
 1841, 208; and in 1851, 217. The parish is remarka- 
 ble for its great salubrity, and the longevity of its 
 inhabitant-s. One mile south of Bootle, on the Barfield 
 estate, there is a tarn about 000 yards in circumference, 
 which abounds with perch and trout : another tarn near 
 Gutterby, produces large quantities of leeches. Around 
 here, and in the neighbouring morasses, ignes fatui 
 are frequently seen in the evenings. It is stated in 
 a communication by the Rev. William Pearson, in 
 Hutchinson's " Cumberland," that " when the wind 
 blows from the east over Black Comb the inhabitants 
 of the houses which stand close under its base find it 
 most violent ; when the wind blows from the sea the 
 most temperate. In Whicham, behind the mountain, 
 it is quite the reverse ; so that whenever it is calm in 
 one parish, it is stormy in the other, when it blows 
 from the east or west." The same writer also tells us 
 that at that time (1791) the following customs and 
 superstitions were observed in the parish : — " Newly 
 married persons beg corn to sow their first crop with, 
 and are called conilaiters. People always keep wake 
 with the dead. . . . The labouring o.\ is said to 
 kneel at twelve o'clock at night, preceding the day of 
 the Nativity ; the bees are hoard to sing at the same 
 hour. On the morn of Christmas Day the people 
 breakfast early on hack pudding, a mess made of sheep's 
 heart chopped with suit and sweet fruits. To which- 
 ever quarter a bull faces in lying on All Hallow Eve, 
 from thence the wind will blow the greatest part of 
 tho winter. Tho Shrovetide sports, April day jostings 
 and frolics peculiar to other seasons, known in other 
 parts of the country, are also practised here." 
 
 .\t Hall Foss are the remains of a Druidical monu- 
 ment called Standing Stones, which formed a circle 
 twenty- five yards in diameter. In Hutchinson's 
 "Cumberland" they are described as consisting of 
 " eight ma-ssy rude columns," and it is added, " somo 
 have lately been broken and tjikcn away." A similar 
 monument of bygone days is found at Annasido, near 
 tho sea, and forms a circio si.tty feet in diameter, cou- 
 08 
 
 sistiug of twenty stones. On the north-west are the 
 ruins of a building through which an old road leads, 
 but nothing is known respecting it. On the Moorgreen 
 farm is another monument composed of thirty stones, 
 and called Kirkstones. They form parts of two circles, 
 an outer and inner one, somewhat similar in position 
 to those of Stonehenge. About two hundred yards to 
 the south of Kirkstones is a large cairn about fifteen 
 yards in diameter. Severid places in this parish are 
 called Foss, as Monk Foss, Hall Foss, <tc., but of its 
 origin we have no authentic account. 
 
 Tho first recorded possessor of the manor of "UTiit- 
 beck is Sir William Morthiug, who gave it by fine to 
 the prior and convent of Conishead, to which monastery 
 the church also was given by Gamel de Pennington. 
 The Morthings appear to have been settled in Millom 
 at a very early period. Their names appear in old 
 evidences in tho reigns of Henry III. and Edward II., 
 and they seem to have been held in considerable 
 estimation. The manor continued to be held by the 
 community of Conishead till tho Dissolution, when it 
 came to the crown. In 1087 the manor, the rectory, 
 and advowson were granted to Mr. Lawrence Parke, 
 whose descendants continued possessors till 1 807, in 
 which year Charles Parke, Esq., sold them to the Earl 
 of Lonsdale, the present lord of the manor. The 
 Parkes resided at an old mansion at Whitbeck, now 
 occupied as a farm-house. 
 
 Monk Force, a small manor in this parish, was given 
 by William de Mcschines to the abbey of St. ]\[ary, in 
 Furncss, and on the dissolution of that house was granted 
 to the Hudlestons of Millom, who sold it. In 1777 it 
 was tho property of Edward Gibson, Esq., of White- 
 haven, from whose family it passed to tho Lcwthwaites, 
 and it is now tho property of Miss Lcwthwaite. 
 
 Scoggerbar, another manor, was given by Sir William 
 lludloston to his second son Joseph, who, by the death 
 of his elder brother Ferdinand, became possessed of tlie 
 lordship of ilillom, when tho manor was reunited to the 
 lordship. 
 
 The landowners in tho parish are tho Earl of Lons- 
 dale, Miss Lewthwaite. Mr. James Grice, G. S. Petty. 
 Mrs. Petty, Mrs. Grindale, J. B. Wilaou, Jolm Hunter,
 
 498 
 
 BOOTLE WARD. 
 
 John Walker, Thomas Williamson, the trustees of the 
 lato G. Parke, Mrs. Kiug, David Xoblo, J. F. Whit- 
 ridge, John Brownrigg, Miss Grice, William Herbert, 
 and James Robinson. 
 
 THE CHCnOH. 
 
 The parish church of Whitbeck, dedicated to St. Mary, , 
 is situated in the hamlet of Newtown. It is an ancient 
 edifice, consisting of nave and chancel, with bell turret 
 at the western end, containing two bells. In the course 
 of ages it has been much curtailed of its fair proportions, 
 and many alterations have been etlected in the structure. 
 none of which have improved its appearance as an edi- 
 fice, but, on the contrary, have sadly interfered with 
 the simplicity and elegance of its original appearance. 
 The roof of the nave is of open timber work ; the font 
 is of stone, and stands near the door. There is a mural 
 tablet to the memory of several members of the Pearson 
 family: and a monumental effigy, said to represent 
 some one of the ancient lords of Whitbeck. This last 
 memento of departed greatness was formerly inside the 
 church, but, in consequence of the east wall having 
 been rebuilt some feet nearer the naye than it formerly 
 ■was, it is now outside, "exposed to the winds and dews 
 of heaven." The church of Whitbeck was given by 
 Gamel de Pennington to the priory of Conishead. In 
 1087, the advowson and tithes were sold to Mr. 
 Lawrence Parke, with whose descendants they con- 
 tinued tiU 1807, when they were purchased by the 
 Earl of Lonsdale, the present patron and lay-rector. 
 His lordship is proprietor of half the tithes. The 
 beneBce, which is a perpetual curacy, is not entered in 
 the King's Book. It was certified to the governors of 
 Queen Anne's Bounty as of the annual value of 
 £9 148. 8d., and, in 1747, was augmented from the 
 same bounty with .£200, and JE2.50 given by the patron 
 and impropriator, being the produce of the sale of a 
 portion of the tithes. A further sum was given by the 
 governors about the year 1700. Witli these benefac- 
 tions an estate was bought near Daltou, in Furness. 
 In 178.5, the benefice received a further augmentation 
 of £200, in addition to £200 from Queen Anne's 
 Bounty, with which were purchased a house and land 
 in Whitbeck, now the minister's residence. The parish 
 register commences in 1597. 
 
 Incl-itbents. — John Davies, 16'24; Bichard Huatson, 16 — ; 
 
 William Eobinson, 1(173 ; Lancelot Walker, 1679 ; John Sawrey, 
 1709; David Noble, 1725 ; John Jackson, 1731 ; John Bradley, 
 173C; Thomas Green, 1737; Thomas Smith, 1773; John 
 Atk-inson, 1775; John Brocklebank, 1791; Thomas Caddy, 
 1825 ; Charles Nicholson, 1848; Thomas Ormandy, 1850. 
 
 CBABrriES. 
 
 The Hospital. — Henry Parke, of Kendal, mercer, a 
 native of this parish, by will dated 28ih April, 1B31, 
 bequeathed the sum of £400, to be bestowed on lands, 
 or otherwise put out on good and sufficient security, the 
 yearly benefit thereof to be and remain to si.\. poor 
 people within the parish of Whitbeck for ever, being 
 such as have been of honest living, and are grown old, 
 poor, and impotent. And he directed that the vacancies 
 should be filled up at the discretion of the church- 
 wardens for the time being, with the assistance of four 
 of the most substantial men of the said parish ; and he 
 further directed that the parishioners of the said parish 
 should, upon their own charges, erect and build a fair 
 house, slated, and with fit and convenient rooms and 
 lodgings therein for the said si.\ poor men to dwell and 
 inhabit Ln, at a place called 3Ioor Green, in Whitbeck 
 aforesaid. There is now in Whitbeck a house consisting 
 of three apartments, called the Hospital, which is sup- 
 posed to have been built in pursuance of the directions 
 of the testator, Henrj- Parke. By indenture, dated 
 19th April. 1039, William and Bridget Hudlestone, iu 
 consideration of £400 granted to trustees for the use of 
 si.K poor men in the hospital at Whitbeck, gave, for the 
 same purpose, a rent-charge of £24, issuing out of au 
 estate called Scoggabar, iu the parishes of Bootle and 
 Whitbeck, and out of a messuage and tenement caUeS 
 Crosbythwaite and Ulpha. The sum of £24 has been 
 from time to time, and is now, regularly paid out of the 
 Scoggebar estate. Four of the principal inhabitants of 
 Whitbeck are the trustees of this hospital, and have the 
 entire management of it. Of late years tbcy have 
 generally nominated two or three persons to reside in 
 the hospital, and others of the same description residing 
 elsewhere to receive certain weekly allowances, which 
 are paid out of the rent-charge of £24. 
 
 Henry Parke's Charity for Apprentices. — Mr. Henry 
 Parke, by his will, left to the aldermen and brethren of 
 the burgh of Kirkby Kendal, and their successors, £.50, 
 upon trust, that they should put out apprentices ten 
 poor boys, whereof one should be sent from Whitbeck ; 
 £5 to be lent to the master with each apprentice, upon 
 good security, which was to be repaid at the end of 
 seven years, and the like number of apprentices to be 
 put out again in the same manner, and so continue for 
 ever. The loan of £5 is so tiilling an object that no 
 boys of the parish of Whitbeck have ever applied for 
 the advantage of it. 
 
 Hudleston Parke's Charity. — By an account entered 
 in the register of this parish, 1737-8, it appears that 
 Hudleston Parke gave the yearly interest of £0, to be 
 distributed to ten poor widows or people of the parish
 
 WHITBECK PARISH. 
 
 499 
 
 of Whitbeck, on St. Thomas's Day. Five shillings per 
 annum were formerly paid as the interest of £6, out of 
 the manor of Whitbeck, which had been the projftrty of 
 the donor. In 1810 the manor was sold, and £'0 was 
 then paid to the churchwardens. The interest is distri- 
 buted by tlio churchwardens amongst poor widows, or 
 poor people who do not receive parocliial relief. 
 
 Henry Siiu/letoii's Charity. — The inhjibitants of the 
 district of Annaside, in this parish, are entitled, under 
 the gift of Henry Singleton, to send their children to 
 the free school at Bootle. The particulars are stated in 
 our account of that school. 
 
 Besides these charities, we have the following; -In 
 1580 John Kitchin gave twenty marks, half the in- 
 terest thereof to be applied to the poor, and the other 
 half to the church. In 1617 Lawrence Parke gave 
 £10 for a like purpose. In 1C34 Arthur Myers gave 
 X'lO for the use of the schoolmaster; in 167-t Henry 
 Fiobinson gave £5 for the same purpose. In 1735 
 
 Agnes Walker gave £10 for the use of the poor. Henry 
 Parke and John Iluddleston gave a donation for the 
 poor on their entering into the hospital. 
 
 Newtown, or Town End, is a small hamlet on the 
 Broughton road, two and a half miles south of Bootle. 
 
 Annaside is a hamlet near the sea, a mile and a half 
 south-west of the same place. 
 
 At Gutterby there is a spa well, the water of which 
 has been analysed, with the following result : — " The 
 water contains a large quantity of chloride of sodium, 
 also sulphate of .soda, sulphate of lime, and carbonate of 
 magnesia, and is somewhat similar in composition to 
 the saline spring at Cheltenham. When taken in 
 quantity the medicinal effect would be shghtly purga- 
 tive, and may have a tendency to obviate the formation 
 of uriuary calculi." Many persons have been benefitted 
 by the use of this water.
 
 at\ Wm^, 
 
 Leath Ward is bounded ou the north by the county of Xorthuniberland, Eskdale Ward, and Cumberland Ward ; on 
 the west by AUerdale-below-Derwent Ward, and Derwent Ward; on the south by Westmoreland; and on the east by 
 the county of Durham. It comprehends the south-eastern part of the county of Cumberland; and is of an irregular 
 oblong form, about thirty-live miles in length by from twelve to fourteen in breadth. It is a highly interesting and 
 picturesque district, watered by the rivers Eden, Petteril, Eamont, Croglin, Xent, Tees, and Tyne, with several 
 smaller streams, and possesses, in many parts, a rich and fertile soil; but the mountains, fells, and moorlands, at 
 its eastern extremity, where heath and moss prevail, seem to bid defiance to the hand of tlie husbandman, yet they 
 teem with mineral treasures, yielding large quantities of lead and silver, with some copper and zinc. Freestone is 
 found in various places, as also coal and limestone. The ward comprises the deanery of Penrith, in the diocese of 
 Carlisle, and the parish of Alston, in the diocese of Durham. It includes the parishes of AdJinghara, Ainstable, 
 Alston, Castle Sowerbj-, Croglin, Dacre, Edenhall, Greystoke, Hesket-in-the-Forest, Hutton-iu-the-Forest, Kirkland, 
 Kirknswald, Langwathby, Lazouby, ilelmcrby, Newton Pieigny, Ousby, Penrith, Kenwick, Great Salkeld, and 
 Skelton. 
 
 ADDINGHAM PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by Kirkoswald and Pionwick, on the west by the river Eden, on the south by 
 Melmerby and Langwathby parishes, and on the east by Hartside Fell. The soil is generally fertile, and in a high 
 state of cultivation; and being well enclosed, with quicksets, presents a cheerful appearance. On Finch Fell, is a 
 bed of free stone, of a superior qualitj-. The parish comprises the townships of Gamblesby, Glassonby, Hunsonby 
 with AVinskiD, and Little Salkeld. It has no township or village of its own name. The parish church is situated 
 in the township and manor of Glassonby. Agriculture is the principal employment of the inhabitants, and Penrith 
 the market usuall) attended. 
 
 and his heirs, to be held of the crown, in capitc, by the 
 annual payment of two shillings cornage. HQdred's 
 line terminated in a female, who brought the manors of 
 Glassonby and Gamblesby, in marriage, to William de 
 Ireby, who had by her two daughters. Christian and 
 Eva. The latter had a rent-charge out of the land, 
 and was married to Robert de EstoteviUe, and, after- 
 wards, to Alan de Charters. She re-leased to her sister 
 Christian, wife of Thomas Lacelles, of Bolton, whose 
 daughter Arminia became the wife of Thomas Seaton. 
 The son of Thomas Seaton and Christian de Ireby 
 espoused the cause of Robert Bruce, and, in conse- 
 quence, his lands in England became forfeited to the 
 crown, and the lordship of Gamblesby and Unthank 
 
 GLASSONBY. 
 
 The area of Glassonby township is 1,643 acres, and 
 its rateable value £1,180 10s. Cd. The population in 
 1801, was 144; in 181], 114; in 1821, 153; in 1831, 
 167 ; in 1841, 165 ; and in 1851, 165, who are chiefly 
 resident in the village of Glassonby. 
 
 The manors of Glassonby and Gamblesby were for- 
 merly united in one lordship, "bounded on the north by 
 the rill or beck that falleth from the east mountains west- 
 ward, through Kirkoswald Parks, into Eden, which doth 
 bound it on the west, from which the lordship is extend- 
 ed of great breadth into the mountains, tiU bounded by 
 the waste belonging to Alston Moor on the east." Thus 
 united they were given by Henry I. unto one Hildred
 
 ADDINGHAM PARISH. 
 
 501 
 
 and other estates in this county were given by Edward I. 
 to William Latimer, from whoso family they passed by 
 an heiress to John Neville, father of Ralph Neville, earl 
 of Westmoreland. Glassonby was subsequently held by 
 the Dacrcs of KirkoswalJ, and passed from them to the 
 i'ienes aud Leunards, barons Dacre. Thomas Lennard, 
 baron Dacre, who was created earl of Sussex, dying in 
 1715, without male issue, his co-heiress sold this manor, 
 amongst others, to Sir Christopher Musgrave, Bart., of 
 Edenhall, and it is now held by his descendant, Sir 
 George Musgrave, Bart. The landowners are Joseph 
 Rowley, Esq.; Messrs. John Plolmes, William Pids- 
 dale, Joseph Dodd, Joseph Richardson, William Robin- 
 son, John Metcalfe, William Hall, William Graham, 
 and John Bird. The commons were enclosed about 
 the year 1833. 
 
 The village of Glassonby, which is in-egularly built, 
 is seated upon an eminence, about half a mile north of 
 the parish church, two miles south-east of Kirkoswald, 
 aud eight miles uorth-east-by-north of Penrith. 
 
 THE CHURCn. 
 
 Addingham church, dedicated to St. Michael, consists 
 of a nave, chancel, porch, vestry on the north of the 
 chancel, aud a western bell turret, containing two bells. 
 The nave has four windows in the south side, with 
 square heads of two lights each. On the south side of 
 the chancel is a door with a semicircular liead. There 
 is also a square-headed window of two lights. The east 
 wiudow, which is of three-lights, ogeed and trefoiled, is 
 also square-headed. The arch between the nave and 
 chancel is semicircular. On the chancel floor is a 
 brass plate, with an inscription to the memory of 
 Charles Smalwood. On the south side of the church is 
 a fine old cross, said to have been brought from the 
 chapel which was formerly at Little Salkeld. The 
 presentation to Addingham was formerly vested in the 
 lords of the manor, but was granted by Christian, widow 
 of Thomas do Lascelles, to the prior and convent of 
 Carlisle. This grant was confinned by Bishop Irton, 
 who ordained that sufllcient provision should be made 
 for the due solemnisation of worship, aud the adminis- 
 tration of the sacraments. A similar confirmation was 
 made by P>ishop lliilton, and another by Edward L, on 
 a complaint made by the prior and convent of their 
 sufferings from the depredations of the Scots. In 
 18 12 tliis vicarage, with that of Castle Sowerby, was 
 allowed to be kept vacant, tlio prior and convent taking 
 care to have the duties of tlio parish performed by 
 secular priests. In the "Valor" of Pope Nicholas, 
 Addingham is returnoil as worth £10; in tho valuation 
 made in the reign of Edward 11. it is set down at j£10 ; 
 
 and in the King's Book at £9. About the year 1678 
 a lease of the tithes of Little Salkeld was granted by 
 the dean aud chapter of Carlisle, in augmentation of 
 the living. The benefice, a vicarage, is now woilh 
 about £'3j'.i a year, and is in the patronage of the dean 
 and chapter, the legal representatives of the prior and 
 convent of Carlisle. 
 
 ViCABS. — Eobert de Scardeburg, 1292; William de Laton, 
 1390; William de Beverley, 13(10 ; Jeoffrey de Generton, 1316; 
 Adam de Wigton, died in 130i ; Walter de KeltoD, 1302 ; T. 
 Lowther, occurs 1477; J. Dameton, occurs 1035; John Austen, 
 died 1074 ; George Smbb, 1574 ; Edward Majplett, 1501 ; Lewis 
 West, 1030; William Sill, lb(i8; Henry AgUonby, died 1097; 
 Thomas Nevinson, 10!)7 ; William Nicolson, 1098; John Chris- 
 topherson, 1702; Edward Eirkett, 1758; John Temple, 1768; 
 William I'aley, 1792; Ralph Tatham, 1795; David Frederick 
 Marliliam, 1825 ; William Rice Markham, 1827 ; Henry Spencer 
 JIarkham, 1829; William Tomkyns Briggs, 1830; Henry St. 
 Andrew St. John, 1834 ; Wilham Shaipe, 1839 ; Edward Brown, 
 1805. 
 
 Maurjlianhy School. — According to Nicolson and 
 Burn, this school was founded in the year 1034, by the 
 Rev. Edward Mayplett, prebendary of Carlisle, and 
 vicar of this parish, who endowed it with a house, and 
 about seventy-si.K acres of laud, then of the annual value 
 of £'10, but now let for about £81. Half of the estate 
 is customary land, held under the manor of IMelmerby, 
 and subject to the customs of that manor. The deed of 
 trust having been lost, no trustees have been appointed 
 for a considerable period, and the bishop of the diocese 
 presents the master. By a bond, dated in 1076, the 
 master is required to attend the church regularly with 
 his scholars, and to instruct them in the principles of 
 religion, especially in the catechism of the Church of 
 England. The school is open to all the boys and girls 
 of the parish, free of expense, who are admitted as soon 
 as they have learned the alphabet. 
 
 Poor Land. — There was formerly a poor stock in 
 this parish, part of which is supposed to have originated 
 in a bequest to the poor not receiving parish relief. In 
 1710 some of this money had been lost, and the parish 
 laid out the remainder, then amounting to £51, in the 
 purchase of several paicels of uninclosed laud, lying in 
 Winskill Town Fields. By subsequent changes the 
 original parcels have been given up, much for the 
 benefit of the charity, for six acres of enclosed laud at 
 Winskill. Tho rent, amounting to about £l'i, is dis- 
 tributed to the poor of the parish, not receiving parochial 
 relief. 
 
 Loiison's Charity. — Thomas Low son, by will dated 
 Ctli February, 1735, bequeathed to tho poor of Adding- 
 ham 20s. a year, payable out of his freehold lauds iu
 
 502 
 
 LEAXn WARD. 
 
 Little Salkeld fields. Tbis money is divided into four 
 portions, and given away in tlie same U)aiiner, and at 
 the same time as tbe rent of the poor laud. 
 
 Maughanby is a hamlet in Glas.«onby township, 
 seven miles north-east from Peurith. (For school, see 
 above.) 
 
 About half a mile to the south of the parish church 
 of Addingham arc Long Meg and her Daughters, 
 the finest relics of bygone days in this vicinity. 
 They consist of a circle 350 yards in circumference, 
 formed of si.xty-seven unhewn stones, some of them ten 
 feet high. Seventeen paces from the southern side of 
 the circle stands Long Meg, a square unhewn column 
 of red freestone, eighteen feet high, and fifteen feet in 
 circumference. The poet Wordsworth has described 
 in a sonnet the feelings excited by coming unexpectedly 
 upon these remains, which, in his opinion, exceeded in 
 singularity and dignity of appearance any other relic 
 of primeval times he had seen, with the exception of 
 iStonehenge : — 
 
 " A weight of awe, not easy to be borne, 
 Fell snildenly upon my spirit — cast 
 From the dread bosom of the unknown past — 
 AVhen first I saw that family forlorn. 
 Speak Thou, whose massy strength and stature scorn 
 The power of years — pre-eminent, and placed 
 Apart to overlook the circle vast — 
 Speak, Giant-mother 1 tell it to the mom 
 While she dispels the cuiiihrous shades of night, — 
 Let the moon hear, emerging from a cloud, — 
 At whose behest uprose on British ground 
 That Sisterhood, in hieroglyphic round 
 Forthshadoning, some have deem'd, the intiiute, 
 The inviolable God that tames the proud." 
 
 In former days similar remains were in much greater 
 abundance. In 1725, when Dr. Stukeley made his 
 " Iter Boreale," there were many cairns, remnants of 
 circles, and lines of stones scattered about the country, 
 which have since disappeared. These the peasantry 
 imagined had been brought together by the famous 
 wizard, Michael Scott. They had a tradition that a 
 giant, named Tarquin, lived at Brougham Castle until 
 slain by Sir Lancelot du Lake, one of King Arthur's 
 knights. 
 
 " But now the whole Eound Table is dissolved 
 That was an image of the mighty world."' 
 
 It is extremely probable that this district was part of, 
 or closely adjoined, that enormous wood which in bygone 
 ages bore the name of the Caledonian Forest. 
 
 " Long Meg and her Daughters, the well-known 
 
 ' Tennyson. 
 
 Druidical monument so called, connects itself by name 
 with a curious, though not uncommon superstition. 
 Tradition is silent respecting the history of this lady ; 
 who she was,-and why petrified, arc equally unknown. 
 She is, however, in her present state, a very tall per- 
 sonage, made of much harder stone than her daughters, 
 about seventy of whom lie around her in a circle. Ano- 
 ther version of the story declares these small stones 
 to be her lovers. All that is farther known of her fate 
 is contained in these particulars : — If by any means a 
 piece were broken off Meg, the unfortunate lady wovdd 
 bleed ; and if any person could number the stones cor- 
 rectly, or twice reckon them the same, be would disen- 
 chant the Dulcinea of the moor and her daughters, or 
 her lovers, as it might prove to be. But, strange to 
 say, though many persons have come expressly to amuse 
 themselves with the hope of bringing relief to Meg and 
 her family, no one has as yet succeeded. . . . One 
 of the many etymological conjectures, generally so 
 worthless, supposing Meg to be the Latin Magus, 
 minus the flexion, is deserving of notice. Granting 
 this theory, the word Magus must have been obtained 
 from the Christian missionaries, the long stone being 
 the archdruid, petriQcd for his opposition to Chris- 
 tianity. This origin of the name, moreover, might be 
 very easily forgotten, when the present traditional 
 explanation would naturally follow. . . . The late 
 Colonel Lacy, it is said, conceived the idea of removing 
 Long Meg and her Daughters by blasting. Whilst the 
 work was being proceeded with, under his orders, the 
 slumbering powers of Druidism rose in arms against 
 this violation of their sanctuaiy ; and such a storm of 
 thunder and lightning, and such heavy rain and hail, 
 ensued, as the Fell Sides never before witnessed. The 
 labourers fled for their lives, vowing never more to 
 meddle with Long Meg. If there be truth in this 
 story, which already wears a traditional air, all lovers 
 of antiquity must be thankful for the providential 
 throwing of cold water on so wicked a design ; and 
 should it ever again be attempted, and that the heavens 
 rain hot water on the perpetrators, we could only hope 
 that they would be like the cat of the proverb, more 
 cautious for the future." ' 
 
 G.UIBLESBY. 
 
 The area of the township of Gamblesby is 4,783 
 acres, and its rateable value is £1,835 13s. 4d. The 
 number of inhabitants in 1801 was 222: in 1811, 
 215; in 1821, 279; in 1831, 301; in 1841, 2.59; and 
 in 1851, 244, principally located in the hamlets of 
 
 I "Cumberland and Westmoreland, Ancient and Modem," p. 127, 
 el $€cj.
 
 ADDINGHAM PARISH. 
 
 503 
 
 Gamblesby and Unthank. The soil is very fertile, and 
 in a high state of cultivation. 
 
 We have seen at page 501 how the manor of Gam- 
 blesby came to the Latimers. We have only to add 
 that Mr. Denton siiys, " the manor of Gamblesby, with 
 the hamlet of Unthank, continued in the crown in 
 1088." It was subsequently included in the grant to 
 the Earl of I'onlaijd, and is now the property of the 
 Duke of Devonshire. The landowners are Messrs. 
 Thomas Watson, John Morton, Sen., John Morton, Jun., 
 W. Harrison, John iluddart, John Armstrong, Benjamin 
 and Joseph Salkeid, John Sawer, Sarah Dufton, Mary 
 Benson, Thomas Westgarth, James Atkinson, Thomas 
 Parker, Wilham Smith and J. E. Horncastlc, Jonathan 
 Thompson, Isaac Jackson, John Faldcr, Thomas Ben- 
 son, John Sanders, Anthony Falder, Lancelot Smith, 
 and others, many of whom are small owners. Part of 
 tlie commons were enclosed in 1858. 
 
 The village of Gamblesby, which is neat and well 
 built, is pleasantly situated near to Hartside Fell, ten 
 miles northeast of Penritb. The Wesleyaus and Inde- 
 pendents have each a place of worship here. There is 
 also a school, erected in 1837, which is attended by 
 about thirty-five children. 
 
 Unthank is a hamlet in this township, ten and a half 
 miles north-east-bj--east of Penrith. Some short time 
 ago, Mr. Thomas Benson, of Unthank, while in search 
 of large stones on Gamblesby Low Fell, discovered 
 the bones or remains of a human body, entombed 
 within four mossy stones ; the two side ones measuring 
 each four feet and a half in length, by two feet in 
 depth, and four and a half feet in thickness ; the two 
 end stones were each two ami a half feet deep, two feet 
 broad, and four and a half feet thick. This kist-vaen, or 
 stone chest, is supposed to have enclosed the remains 
 of some person of distinction, who was interred here in 
 days of yore. It is very probuble that the stones were 
 brought from Fins or Finch Fell, about a mile from the 
 place where thoy were discovered, there being no stone 
 of the same kind nearer. The ijualiiy of the stone is 
 such, tliat when made very hot by fire, it will not easily 
 crack or break into pieces. 
 
 iiiAitirr. 
 
 Poor Stock. — There was formerly a poor stock of £1 
 belonging to this township, the origin of which is 
 unknown. The interest of it, amounting to ton shilhngs, 
 is divided between the schoolmaster and tho poor of 
 the township. 
 
 HUS80KBT .\ND WIN'SKIt.I.. 
 
 The area of this township, inclusive of tliat of 
 Little SalkelJ, is 3,094 acres; its rateable value is 
 
 £1,309 ITs. Oid. The population in 1801 was J 17; 
 in 1811, 113; in 18-21, 151; in 1531,141; in 1811, 
 191; and in 1851, 200, who reside chiefly in the 
 hamlets of Hunsouby and Winskill. In 1850 Mr. 
 Joseph Falder found a small round urn, while plough- 
 ing a part of his land, which contained human bones. 
 He has the urn in his possession, and in good preserva- 
 tion. Tho landowners are Mrs. Ann Atkinson, Messrs. 
 Joseph Falder, Piobert Davidson, John Westmoreland, 
 John Graham, John Spedding, James Shephard, Isaac 
 Topping, Thomas and John Tinkler, Thomas Henry 
 Parker, Kobert Benson, Isaac Nicholson, and John 
 Lancaster. 
 
 The village of Hunsonby is about six miles north-east 
 of Penrith. The ^\'eslcyans have a place of worship 
 here. 
 
 Winskill is a small village and joint township with 
 Hunsonby, si.x miles north-east-by-east of Penrith. 
 Fvobberby is another hamlet in this township, si.x. miles 
 north-east of Penrith. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 School. — Joseph Hutchinson, by vrill dated in 1726, 
 devised tho reversion of an estate at Gawtrce (on the 
 death of his mother) for the support of a school for the 
 benefit of the township of Hunsonby and Winskill. 
 On the demise of Mrs. Hutchinson the endowment 
 became appropriated to the school, and produced about 
 £20 a year; but it is now worth upwards of i'50 per 
 annum. The property is vested in the churchwarden 
 and overseer of the township of Hunsonby and Winskill, 
 for the time being, who appoint the master, let the lands, 
 and otherwise superintend the concerns of the school, 
 which is open to all the children of the township, free 
 of expense. 
 
 Wimhill Estate. — The same Joseph Hutchinson 
 devised all his estate, lying at Winsldll, the yearly 
 profits thereof to be divided amongst the poor of Hun- 
 sonby liiiarter, according to tlu-ir wants: and he 
 entrusted the management thereof to the churchwardens 
 and overseers, in the same manner as his lands at 
 Gawtree above-mentioned. The esUto consists of about 
 thirty .one acres of laud, and produces an annual rental 
 of about i'S.I. 
 
 Hutchinson's legacy. — Tlie same benefactor also be- 
 queathed (o the poor of Hunsonby (>uarter, ill); tho 
 interest thereof to be divided amongst them according 
 to their wants by the churchwardens and overseers. 
 
 Um£ SAUCELD. 
 
 The area of this township is rcturnetl with that 
 of Hunsouby aud Winskill ; iU rateable value is 
 i;l,0U7 4s. 8d. The number of inhabitants in 1801
 
 504 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 was 110; in 1811, 108; in 1821, 111; in 1S31, 105; 
 in 1811, 120; and in 1851, 119; chiefly resident in 
 the village of Little Salkeld. The soil is generally 
 fertile, and in a high state of cultivation. 
 
 The first possessor of the manor of Little Salkeld 
 subsequent to the Conquest, was one Walter, a Norman, 
 who gave it to the priory of St. Mary, Carlisle, as we 
 learu from a deed of confirmation of Edward L, in which 
 Walter's gift is recited. The manor continued to be 
 held by the prior and convent till the period of the 
 Reformation, when it passed to their successors, the 
 dean and chapter of Carlisle, and from them to the 
 Ecclesiastical Commissioners, the present possessors of 
 the manorial rights and privileges. The landowners 
 are Mr. T. Sowerby, Mrs. Hodgson, Mrs. Longrigg, 
 St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 
 The village of Little Salkeld is situated near the 
 Eden, one mile south of the parish church, and si.x 
 miles north-east of Penrith. There was anciently a 
 chapel at Little Salkeld, which, in the year 13G0, being 
 desecrated and polluted by the shedding of blood, and 
 the parish church being at a great distance, the vicar 
 was allowed to officiate in his own house until the chapel 
 could be reconsecrated. According to tradition the 
 chapel was situated in a village called Addingham, on 
 the east bank of the river, where human bones, crosses, 
 and other remains, have been found. The old cross 
 now in the churchyard of the parish church is said to 
 have been brought from this place. 
 
 The residences having particular names are Mariann 
 Lodge, Salkeld Hall, the Vicarage, and Long Meg 
 House. The riTer Eden runs through the township. 
 
 Salkeld Hall, the residence of Mrs. Hodgson, 
 is situated in the village of Little Salkeld, and was 
 originally the residence of a family bearing the local 
 name. Denton tells us that Mr. George Salkeld, during 
 the civil wars, was obliged to part with the seat of his 
 ancestors, for a very trilling consideration, to Colonel 
 Cholmley, who made large additions to it. This house, 
 before 1688, became the property of Mr. C. Smalwood, 
 from whose descendant, Timothy Smalwood, Esq., it 
 was purchased about the year 1790, by Lieutenant- 
 colonel Lacy, who erected a new front, and otherwise 
 improved and modernised the old mansion. Ho sold it 
 in 1830 to Piobert Hodgson, Esq., who has also added 
 considerably to the house. The old mansion, despite 
 its many alterations, still bears many marks of antiquity. 
 
 On the brink of the Eden, not far from Salkeld Hall, 
 are the I^acy Caves, so named from a resident in the 
 neighbourhood who undertook their excavation. There 
 are arched passages receding into darkness, and with 
 an outlook from sundry openings upon the stream, admi- 
 rable from their environment if not for themselves. The 
 river is broad and clear, m-ikes a bend round the hill, 
 and tumbles with rush and roar over a stony mill-dam ; 
 the bank is steep and wooded, and a rill runs across 
 with lively babble. 
 
 AINSTABLE PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Ainstable is bounded on the west by the river Eden, on the south-east by the river Croglin, and on the 
 north-east by a small stream. A plan of the parish is deposited in the parish chest in the church. The surface of 
 this parish is very uneven ; the soil is a light and fertile loam, with a substratum of clay-sand or gravel. There is 
 plenty of freestone in the parish. The inhabitants, who are engaged in agricultural pursuits, reside in the villages, 
 of which Ainstable is the principal. Penrith, Brampton, and Carlisle are the markets usually attended. The parish 
 has no dependent townships, but is divided into the High and Low Quarters. 
 
 The area of Ainstable is 4,178 acres. The number of 
 inhabitants in 1801 was 444; in 1811, 431; in 1821, 
 518; in 1831, 569; in 1841, 501; and in 1051, 624. 
 
 Ainstable manor adjoins the barony of Gilsland, from 
 which it is separated by the Northskeugh Beck, and 
 extends from the river Eden on the west, up eastward 
 to the mountains; bordering upon the lordship of 
 Staffol towards the south. It was given by Hubert de 
 Yaux, or de Vallibus, lord of Gilsland, to liis kinsman 
 Eustace de Vaux, in whose family it continued till an 
 heiress brought it to the Burdons, from whom it passed 
 in a simOar manner to William Lord Dacre. It sub- 
 
 sequently came to the Howard family by the marriage 
 of Lord WilUam Howard with Elizabeth, a co-heiress of 
 the last male heir of the Dacres, and descending with 
 the barony of Gilsland, is now possessed by the Earl of 
 Carlisle. There are many estates held under this 
 manor subject to the payment of yearly customary rents 
 and fines certain ; and others, by the payment of yearly 
 free or quit rents. 
 
 The manor of Armathwaite, another manor in this 
 parish, is held by Charles Aglioi^by, Esq., and has 
 " rents, services, ward, and fines, both certain and 
 arbitrary, with this further privilege, that not only the
 
 AINSTABLE PAEISH. 
 
 505 
 
 demesne itself, but all the customary estates held of it, 
 are toll free all over England. Free or quit rents are 
 also paid for other estates in the parish, to different 
 proprietors."' 
 
 Nunnery, the capital seat of Armathwaite manor, 
 occupies the sito of the ancient Benedictine convent, 
 which was founded by AVilliam Rufus, the second Nor- 
 man monarch of England, in the first year of his reign ; 
 and Dr. Todd tell us, that its origin is as ancient as 
 that of any religious house in England. He adds that, 
 " St. Cuthbert laid the first foundation of it at Carlisle, 
 and gave the veil to Ermenburga, queen dowager of 
 Northumberland, as the first abbess. William Eufus 
 removed it from the city to a village called Armathwaite 
 or Heremitethwaite, where it continued for some ages. 
 At last it was translated a mile or two more eastward, 
 to a place to which it gave the name of ' Nunnery.' 
 Eufus appears to have dedicated the convent to Our 
 Saviour and the Blessed Virgin Mary. He bestowed 
 on the community two acres of land, as a site for the 
 convent, and three carucates of land, and two acres of 
 meadow, in the neighbourhood of the nunnery, with 
 216 acres of land lying on the north side of Tarn "Wad- 
 ling, and in the forest of luglewood ; common of pasture 
 for themselves and their tenants throughout the forest, 
 and sufficient timber for their houses ; a yearly rent of 
 40s. out of his tenements in Carlisle to be paid by the 
 hands of the governor of the said city ; freedom from toll 
 throughout England for them and their tenants ; com- 
 mon of pasture for their cattle within the town and 
 common of Ainstablc ; and free warren in all their 
 lands ; to have and to hold all the said possessions as 
 freely as the 'heart may think or eye fliay see.'" 
 This convent appears to have been, for some time at 
 least, under the visitation of the bishops of Carlisle ; 
 and Dr. Todd informs us that when a vacancy occurred 
 in the ofTico of prioress, it was customary for the nuns 
 to elect their superioress, and then present her to the 
 bishop for institution and induction ; and that this 
 was the custom he shows by the election, in 1302, 
 of Catherine do Lancrcost to the vacant office, who 
 received her seat in the choir and a voico in the chapter 
 in obedience to a mandate sent from the bishop to the 
 archdeacon. Although possessed of the lands and 
 privileges abovenamcd, this convent does not appear 
 to have been in very allluent circumstances, if wo may 
 form an opinion from a grant of Edward III., who, in 
 consideration of their poverty, remitted to the prioress 
 and nuns ton pounds, " which they owed for victuals in 
 Karliol in Edward II. 's time, they not being able to pay 
 offso great a score." For this statement we have the 
 
 • Jefferson's " Lcath Ward," p. ill. 
 
 authority of Dr. Todd. The same king is also stated 
 to have remitted their yearly rent of £10, in considera- 
 tion of the losses they had sustained during the war 
 between England and Scotland. From its situation, 
 this convent often suffered from the Scots ; and in the 
 reign of Edward IV. we find that it was almost destroyed 
 by them : jewels, relics, books, evidences, and other 
 property being carried off. This disaster was followed 
 by a charter of confirmation from the king of England. 
 As will be seen hereafter, the church of Ainstable was 
 appropriated to the convent, whose chaplain ofliciated 
 in the parish church. Armathwaite convent continued 
 to flourish, and its community to pursue the even 
 "teuour of their way," till the 2Gth Henry VIII. 
 (1534), when its revenues were, according to the King's 
 Book, £19 23. 2d. It appears to have been surren- 
 dered to the commissioners of Henry VIII. about the 
 year 1530, at which time the community consisted of 
 a prioress and three nuns, their revenue being at that 
 time, according to Dugdale, i'18 18s. 8d. a year. This 
 convent seems to have continued in the possession of 
 the crown till the reign of Edward VI., who, on March. 
 9th, 1559, granted to "William Greyme, alias Carlisle, 
 gentleman, the house and site of the late priory of 
 Armethwaite, with one garden, three orchards, one 
 parcel of enclosed ground, called the Lyng Close, con- 
 taining two acres; one close of arable land, called the 
 Pete Bank, containing four acres ; one close, called the 
 Studholes, containing four acres of arable land, ten 
 acres of meadow, and four acres of waste ; three closes 
 of arable land, called Wheat Closes, containing twenty 
 acres ; one close, called Holmo Cammock, containing 
 one acre ; one close, called Kirk Holme, containing one 
 acre ; one close called High Field, containing five acres; 
 one close of land, wood, and waste, containing eighteen 
 acres ; and one other close, called Broad Meadow, con- 
 taining nine acres; and also those messuages, tenements, 
 and lands, containing 210 acres, in the tenure of 
 seventeen different tenants, in the Noune Close ; also 
 five messuages and tenements, in the tenure of so 
 many different persons, in Dale, in the county of 
 Cumberland ; six messuages and tenements in Row- 
 croft, in the said county; twelve in .^uastaplethe, in 
 the said county, with several quit rents there ; two 
 messuages and tenements in tho parish of Kirkoswald ; 
 two in Cumwhitton; one in Itjonkjim ; one in the 
 parish of Kirkland; one in Glassonby; and one in 
 Crofton." Tho Grahams continued to possess this 
 property till tho year lOSj, when George Graham, 
 Esq., sold it for £1,130, to Sir John Lowthcr, Bart., 
 who exchanged it with John Aglionby, Esq., for Drum- 
 burgh Castle, in 1094, and the latter determined to 
 
 es
 
 5oe 
 
 LEATH ■WARD. 
 
 reside here. His grandson, Henry Aglionby, Esq., 
 pulled down the old house, which formed part of the 
 priory, and erected the pleasant mansion now known as 
 Nunnery. Part of the wall of the monastic building is 
 yet standing on the west side of the house. The princi- 
 pal remains of the priory is an upright pillar, in a field 
 called Cross Close, to the north-east of the mansion. 
 On one side is a large oval stone with a cross in its 
 centre, round which is inscribed, " Sanctuarium 1088." 
 It is supposed that this inscription has some reference 
 to the ancient privilege of sanctuary, possessed by so 
 many of the religious houses in Catholic times. At a 
 short distance, to the east of the house, is the ancient 
 burial ground of the priory, a small square piece of land 
 surrounded by lofty trees. Several remains of antiquity 
 have been discovered here, one of which is still pre- 
 served and represents the cowled head of a monk. A 
 little beyond this place is a well, bearing the name of 
 Chapel Well. When the conventual buildings were 
 being removed, a small painting on copper, of a Bene- 
 dictine nun, witli a rosary, cross, and book in her hand, 
 was found in a niche of the wall — it is now at Nunnery; 
 as is also a stone, inserted in the north-west end of the 
 present mansion, with the following inscription : — 
 
 " Though veiled Benedictines are removed hence, 
 Thinlj of their poverty, chastity, faith, obedience." 
 
 Some ancient embroidery, said to be the work cf the 
 nuns, is also preserved. There are also two recum- 
 bent monuments in memoiy of John Aglionby and 
 Catherine Denton, his wife, formerly in the old church 
 of St. Cuthbcrt, Carhsle, but on the building of the 
 present churcli they were removed to Nunnery. The 
 scenery on the banks of the river, which has rendered 
 Nunnery so famous, is well described by the Rev. W. 
 Ford, who, in his " Guide to the Lakes," says, " The 
 road then descends more gradually, till it arrives at 
 Nunnery, where the Croglin, a mountain stream, joins 
 the Eden. ... It may, we think, be safely 
 asserted that the Croglin, in this last part of its course, 
 for the space of a mUe, during which it pours along a 
 deep ravine, has no equal. It first enters this savage 
 dell by a fall of forty feet, forcing its way into a deep 
 caldron scooped out of the rock, in which the water is 
 agitated and whirled around in boiling eddies till it 
 finds an escape by a narrow opening in one comer, 
 ■whence it rushes down several leaps, foaming over the 
 large masses that hinder its impetuous progress. The 
 rocks are piled on each other up to the height of one or 
 two hundred feet, projecting their bold fronts forward 
 over the river, ' here scored with lightning, there with 
 ivy green, or grey with aged licheus and mosses.' On 
 
 the soath side the path is caixied round the protruding 
 masses of rock on rudely-framed galleries, supported by 
 rough timbers, thus affording the best and most striking 
 views, because the rocks and woods on the northern 
 side, which are the grandest, are seen to the best 
 advantage. At one time you are on the margin of the 
 water, beneath overhanging crags, the brook before 
 you rushing furiously over moss-covered fragments and 
 stones, forming cascades of exceeding beauty ; whilst 
 tiic trees waving in the breeze, reveal the shaggy rock 
 that supplies their roots with scanty nourishment. At 
 another, you are on the brink of the precipice, looking 
 down into a dense mass of wood, out of which the twisted 
 branches of the rift oak, ' stripped of their bark, toss 
 their giant arms amid the skies,' contrasting with tlie 
 deep green behind, while the water is betrayed by its 
 sparkling sheen and softened roar." The site of the 
 ancient priory is now marked by a pillar of masonry on 
 the hill above the present house. 
 
 ^glionbg jof Unitmrg. 
 
 The family of Aglionby, anciently Aguilon, claims 
 great antiquity, deriving its origin from 
 
 ■Wii.TEr. AcriLON, one of the followers of WUiam the Con- 
 queror in his invasion of England, who came into Cumberland 
 with Ranulph de Meschines, and fixing his residence in Uie 
 parish of Warwick, gave to it his own name, which it retains to 
 this day, although there are now no remains of the mansion. 
 The family appears to have resided at Aglionby till the reign of 
 Henry YII., when John Aglionby, described as of Carlisle, mar- 
 ried a daughter of Richard Salkeld, of Corby Castle, a family 
 which became extinct in that reign. After this period we find 
 theiu at Drawdykes Castle, in Stanwix parish, now a decayed 
 mansion used as a farmhouse. From the above Walter Aguilon 
 lineally descended 
 
 William Aolionly, of AgUonby, who married, in 1391, Maria, 
 daughter of Alan Blennerhasset, of Cai'lisle, and was succeeded 
 by his son, 
 
 Thomas AonoSBV, of AgUonby, who lived in the time of 
 Henry V. His wife was Katherine, daughter of — Skelton, 
 Esq., of Armathwaite CasUe, and was grandfather, or great- 
 grandfather, of 
 
 Edwakd .\gij:onev, of Aglionby, who occurs as sheriQ' of 
 Carhsle in l5i4-5. His son and successor, 
 
 JoHx Agliokbv, of Carlisle, espoused a daughter of Eichard 
 Salkeld, Esq., of Corby, and left a son and heir, 
 
 Edwaed Aqlionbt, Esq., of Carlisle, who married Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Cuthbert Musgrave, Esq., of Crookdake, and had 
 issue, 
 
 I. Edward, his heir. 
 II. .lohn, D.D., in holy orders. 
 I. Dorothy, mai-ried to Alan Blemierhasset, Esq. 
 
 The elder son, 
 
 Edw-vrd Aglionby, Esq., married Jane, daughter of Henry 
 Erougham, Esq., and dying in 1048, left, with a daughter, Maiy, 
 married to John Stanford, Esq., of Askham, a son andjheir, 
 
 John Aguosby, Esq., of Carlisle, bum in ICIO. This gentle- 
 man took an active part in the defence of the city of Carhsle,
 
 AINSTABLE PARISH. 
 
 507 
 
 when besieged by the Parliamentarians, from October, 1G44, 
 until its surrender in June, 1615. In breach, however, of the 
 capitulation that tlio garrison should enjoy the honours of war, 
 and the citizens perfect safety, Mr. Aglionby and Sir Pliilip 
 Mnsgrave, Rart., were thrown into prison, tried, and condemned 
 to death. Tlioy, however, contrived to escape tlie night previous 
 to the day appointed for their execution, and thus were enabled 
 to save their lives. Mr. Aglionby married Margery, daughter of 
 Christoper Richmond, Esq., of Ilighhcad Castle, by Elizabeth, 
 danghter of Anthony Chaj-tor, Esq., of Croft, and had with three 
 daughters, Jane, Isabel, and Mary, 
 
 I. John, his successor. , 
 II. Hcnrv, M..\., in holy orders, rector of Bowness, who died 
 
 in 1701. 
 
 III. Christopher. 
 
 IV. llirbanl, for many years registrar of Carlisle, who had, with 
 
 two sons, wiio both died iu youth, a daughter, 
 
 Ursula, bom in lOflS, married in 1720, to Wm. Nugent, 
 Es<j , of Clomlost, in the county of Westmeath, and 
 had two duughlers, 
 
 £lizalit>th Nugent, married to — Nash, Esq. 
 
 Miiry Nugent, raarritd to tlie Right hnnoiirnble Baron 
 
 Yelverton, lord Avonmorp, and chief baron of the 
 
 Exchequer lu Irelaud. 
 
 The eldest son and heir, 
 
 John Aqlionhv, Esq., bom March SSth, lGi2, was brought 
 up for tlie bar, and for many years sensed the office of recorder 
 of Carlisle. In ICilO he exchanged Drumburgh Castle and 
 manor with Sir Jolin Lowther, Bart., for the estate of Nunnery 
 ond manor of Armalhwaite. He married Barbara, daughter of 
 John Palrickson, Esq., of Colder Abbey, and had issue, 
 
 John, his successor. 
 
 Bridget, married to George Watson, Esq., of Goswick Castle, 
 in tlie county of Durham. 
 
 He died in 1717, and was interred in the family vault, St. Cuth- 
 bert's church, Carlisle. His son and heir, 
 
 John .\or.iosnv, Esq., of Nunnery, born in lOOM, married 
 Dinah, co-heiress of the Ilev. Uichard Stoddart, and w^as suc- 
 ceeded by his son, 
 
 Henuy Agi.ioxbv, Esq., of Nunnery, bom in ICS4. This 
 gentleman represented the city of Carlisle in two parliaments, 
 tgmp. George I., and was high-sheritf for the county in 1734. 
 Ho was likewise an alderman of Carlisle, and repeatedly mayor 
 of that city, where he enjoyed considerable inlluence. In 1715 
 !ie pulled down the old priory and erected the present mansion, 
 whence he removed upon the marriage of his son to Crossfield, 
 and there built another residence, where he continued to dwell 
 till his decease. By his wife, Elizabeth, youngest sister of Sir 
 Gilixed LawsoD, Bart, of Brajtoa, he hod issue, 
 
 I. Hekrt, his successor. 
 
 II. John, AI.A., of Queen's College, Oxford, where be deceased. 
 
 I. Surah Grace, died young. 
 
 II. Sarah, married to RiohnnI Lowlhian, Esq., of DumfriM. 
 in. Elizabeth, who died young, iu 173ti. 
 
 Mr. Aglionby died in 1750, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 Henkv .VorjoNnv, Esq., of Nunnorv-, bom in 1715, married 
 Anne, fourth daughter of Sir Christopher >Iusgrave, Bart, of 
 K.donhall, by Julia, daughter of Sir John Cbardin, by whom 
 CwUo died iu 1780) he had issue, 
 
 I. Henry, who died young, in 1700, bis fatlicr still liTing. 
 
 II, John, died young. 
 
 III. C'linisTOPiiER, his heir. 
 
 I. Elizabeth, married to Uichard Bambcr, Es<i. 
 
 II. Julio, (Ued unmarried. 
 
 III. .\nne, married to the Rev. Samuel Bateman, of Newbeggin 
 
 Hall, rector of Earthiugstoue, and had a son, 
 
 Henkt Aglionuy Bate-mas, who relinquishing his 
 patronymic, assumed, in ccimpliance with the testamen- 
 Uiry injunction of one of bis aunts, the surname of 
 Aglionby instead, and is the present Ilenrj- AgUonby, 
 Esq. 
 
 IV. Mary, morried to John Orfeur Yates, Esq., of Skirnith Abbey, 
 
 iu Cumberland, who had issue, 
 
 1. Francis, of whom hereafter. 
 
 2. John, who had issue sons and daughters. 
 
 Mr. Aglionby, who served tlie office of sheriff of Cumberland in 
 17C3, and was for many years an alderman of Carlisle, died at 
 Nunnery in 1770, and was succeeded by his only surviving son, 
 
 CnniSTOPHEP. Aoi.ioNBY, Esq., of Nunnery, who was a minor 
 at the time of his father's demise. This gentleman served the 
 office of sheriff of Cumberland in 1780, and died unmarried in 
 1785, when the male line of the family expired. The estates 
 were subsequently divided by a decree of the Court of Chancery 
 between his four sisters. Mrs. Bamber, widow of the above 
 Richard Bamber, Esq., who succeeded to the Nunnery estates 
 in 1765, on the death of Christopher Aglionby, Esq., bequeathed 
 that property, by will, to her nephew, Francis Yates, eldest son 
 of John Orfeur Yates, Esq., and afterwards to go to Henry 
 Aglionby, Esq., or his heirs male. On succeeding to the estates 
 Mr. Y'ates assumed the name of Aglionby, and Uius became 
 
 FnANcts Aglionby, of Nunnery. On the breaking out of the 
 war which followed the peace of .\miens, Mr. Aglionby entered 
 the Cumberland militia, iu which he finally attained the rank of 
 major. He married JIary, daughter of John Matthews, Esq., 
 of Wigton Hall, by whom he had issue, 
 
 I. Henrj-, who died under age. 
 
 I. Elizabeth Aime, ucmatried. 
 u. Man', immarried. 
 III. Jane, unmarried. 
 
 In 1818 Major .\glionby succeeded Mr. Satterthwiute as chairman 
 of the quarter sessions of the county, which office he held till 
 the time of his death. He contested the western division of 
 the county twice, once with Edward Stanley, Esq., and at another 
 time with Samuel Irton, Esq., iu both cases unsu.:cessfully. 
 In the year 1837 he was rctiuned to Parliament with WilUam 
 James, Esq., of Barrock Lodge, for the eastern division of the 
 county. Miyor Aglionby died in 1810, and was succeeded in the 
 Nunnery estates by his cousin, 
 
 HcNBY Aguondy Agliosbv, Esq., of Nunnery, who was bom 
 on the 28th December, 1790. Mr. .\glionby was a member of 
 St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 
 1S13, and M.A. in I'^IO, in which year ho was also called to iho 
 bar. He subsequently practised as a special pleader, and went 
 the northern circuit. He became ineiubor of Parliament for 
 Cockermouth on the passing of the Reform Bill in 183->, and 
 continued to represent the same town till his decease on July 
 3Isl, 1851. He married, at Caterharo, Surrey, March 2nd, 
 1852, Mrs. Ladd, who survives hiju. His successor at Nunnery 
 is 
 
 CiiAULES AaijONDY, Esq. 
 
 Amu. — Argcnl, (wo bars, and in chief three martlets sable. 
 Crest. — .\ deini eagle, displayed, or. 
 
 The village of .ViiistaMe occupies a pleasant situation, 
 about balf a mile east of llie EJcii, aud twelve miles 
 Bouth-cast-by-south of Carlisle.
 
 508 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 THE CUL'RCH. 
 
 Ainstable church, dedicated to St. Michael and all 
 the JToIy Angels, was re-built in the earlj part of the 
 present century, and consists of nave and chancel, with 
 a small square tower at the west end, in which is the 
 entrance. It contains many marble monuments in 
 memory of vai-ious members of the Agliouby family. 
 In the church yard is a gravestone with a cross floree 
 and a sword, aud four coats of arms of the Dcntons of 
 Cardew, who held the manor in the reign of Edward II. 
 The arms in two of the shields are impaled. The lower 
 shield is placed diagonally under the helmet and crest, 
 a custom which prevailed in the latter part of the 
 fourteenth and the beginning of tlie fifteenth century. 
 Eound the edge of the stone is this inscription ; — " Hie 
 jacet Johannes de D ntown Dominus de . . nstapli." 
 As seen above, the church of Ainstable was appropriated 
 to the priory of Armathwaite, the chaplain of which 
 performed aU offices of religion here. On the dissolution 
 of the priory the rectory and the advowson became the 
 property of the crown, and continued so until the third 
 year of the reign of Edward VI., when letters patent 
 were issued, granting to Sir Thomas Peiyent, Knt., 
 and Thomas Eowe, gentleman, the rectory and church 
 of Ainstable, and the advowson &nd right of patronage 
 of the said church, late belonging to the priory of 
 Armathwaite, together with all houses, glebe lands, 
 tithes of com, hay, wool, lamb, and all other tithes to 
 the same belonging, to hold to them and their heirs as 
 of the manor of East Greenwich, by fealty only, in free 
 socage, and not in capite. In the Valor of Pope Nicholas 
 (129'2) the church of Ainstable is entered at £1 9s. 5d., 
 and the vicarage, atJEo <ls. 8d.; in the King's Book, the 
 vicarage is valued at £8 Ss. 2d.; and it was certified to 
 the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty at £'35. On 
 the enclosure of the commons in 1821 an allotment of 
 300 acres was awarded in lieu of vicarial tithes ; and 
 this land has since been much improved, so that the 
 net value of the living is now about £200 per annum. 
 In the year 1688 the advowson was in the co-hiers of 
 Mr. Leonard Barrow ; Mr. George Lowthian, of Staffield, 
 who had married one of the co-heiresses, became, by 
 purchase, the possessor of the whole of the tithes. His 
 representative, Richard Lowthian Ross, Esq., sold both 
 the advowson and tithes to Francis Aglionby, Esq., of 
 
 Nunnery. Charles Fetheretonehaugh, Esq., of Staffield 
 Hall is the present impropriator. 
 
 Vicuis.— Richard Cliyrden occurs 1&31; Thomas Kumney, 
 died 1505; Sir John rreestman, 1005; Robert Watson, 1597; 
 George Dacres, 1001; George Hodgson, 1080; John Verty, 
 1737; Cliarles Smalwood, 1740; Thomas liailton, 1771; 
 WilUam Armstrong, 1782; William Smith, 1787; John Bird, 
 1832 ; A. M. Wilson, lSb3. 
 
 The vicarage, a neat building in the Tudor style of 
 architecture, was erected in 1855. 
 
 CUAIUTIES. 
 
 The ScJiool. — By an indenture bearing date March 
 20, 1743, a parcel of land in this parish containing 
 four acres, was conveyed to trustees, in consideration 
 of £50, for the use of a free school at Ainstable. Part 
 of the money, £40, was left for that purpose by 'William 
 Elan, and the rest was collected in the pariah. The 
 rent, amounting to about £10, is paid over to the 
 master. All the children of parishioners are admitted 
 into the school and taught reading, writing, and arith- 
 metic ; but none arc taught free in respect of this endow- 
 ment. The average attendance is about forty scholars. 
 
 Dixon's Legacy. — Margaret Di.\on, by wUl, dated 
 November 30th, 1773, left £15 on trust, the interest to 
 be paid to the master of the school, towards educating 
 some of the poor children of the pai'ish gratis. 
 
 G. and B. Lowthian's Charitij. — Bridget Lowthian, 
 in 1745, left a legacy of £33 for the rehef of the poor 
 of this parish ; and George Lo\Ythian, in the same year, 
 left £20 for a similar purpose. 
 
 Eichard Lowthian's Charity. — A rent charge of £5 
 was left by Richard Lowthian, to the poor of this parish. 
 
 Parochial Library. — There is a parochial library, but 
 its origin is unknown. 
 
 Dale, Bascadyke, Longdales, and Ruckcroft are 
 hamlets in this parish. 
 
 There is a chalybeate spring well on one of the glebe 
 land farms. 
 
 Dr. Leake, an eminent physician of the last century, 
 author of several practical treatises on midwifery, &c., 
 and founder of the Westminster Lying-in Hospital, was 
 the son of the Rev. WilUam Leake, curate of Ainstable, 
 where he was born on the 8th of June, 1729; he died 
 in 1799.
 
 ALSTON PARISH. 
 
 509 
 
 ALSTON PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Alston, anciently written Aldeneston, and Aldstone, is a region of dreary wastes and narrow dales, 
 bounded on tbo west by Cross Fell, Hartside Fell, and Thackmoor Fell, and on the other sides by high lands in the 
 counties of Is'orthumberland, Durham, and Westmoreland. It is about nine miles in length from north to south, 
 and about cigjit miles iu breadth from west to east. It is intersected by the rivers South Tyne, Blackburn, Nent, 
 Gildcrsdale Burn, and several smaller streams, which rise and unite in the parish, and ilow through some deep dells, 
 ■where, iu some places, there is good pasturage for sheep and cattle, but only a few acres of land in tillage, the 
 high lands and wastes being generally covered with heath and bent. The soil is a mixture of clay, moss, and sand. 
 The parish is rich in mineral treasures. Small trout abound in the rivers, and grouse on the moors, where grow 
 clustered bramble-like cranberries, commonly called cloud-berries. This rich mining district was formerly very 
 difiicult of access, owing to the rough and broken state of its roads, but in 1823 an act of Parliament was obtained 
 for making new roads from the town of Alston, to Penrith, Brampton, and Hexham, all of which have been long 
 completed. Another road has since been made from Alston over Yadmoss to Greta Bridge in Yorkshire. And, last 
 of all, the great civiliser of modern times, the railway, has reached Alston, connecting it with the Newcastle and 
 Carlisle hue at Ilaltwhistle in Northumberland, and so with the main lines of railway iu the kingdom. 
 
 Alston parish comprises an area of 35,000 acres, 
 inclusive of Garrigill and Nenthead. The population 
 in 1801 was 3,G'-2C ; iu 1811, inclusive of Garrigill 
 and Nenthead, 5,079 ; in 1831, of Alstone alone, 4,111; 
 in 1831, 5,241; in 1841, 4,588; and in 1851, 3,409, 
 who are chiefly resident in the town of Alston. Mining 
 is the principal employment of the inhabitants. The 
 miners are, for the most part, sober and industrious ; 
 and show a simplicity of manners rarely found among 
 other labouring people. The Alston and Haltwhistle 
 railway runs through the parish. The rateablo value 
 of the whole parish is £10,108 3s. 4d. There is a 
 weekly market at Alston on Saturdays. 
 
 The Piomau road called the Maiden Way crosses 
 this parish, and its course may still bo traced iu several 
 places. There is a large cavern on Gildersdale Fell, 
 and upon Hall Hill, a little below Tyne Bridge, is the 
 foundation of a fortress, which appears to have been 
 surrounded with a moat. 
 
 The manor of Alston, comprehending about forty- 
 live square miles, was given to William do Vcteripont 
 by William the Lion King of Scotland, who confirmed 
 it by a grant, recited iu a record which appears to 
 belong to the year 1280. It was further confirmed by 
 a charter of King John, bearing date May 10, 1200. 
 In 1280 Fdward I. by his charter stating that having 
 recovered the manor from Bobert de Vetcriponte, ho 
 now, at the instance of .(Vloxandcr, son of Alexander 
 King of Scotland, restored it to his sou Nicholas, to be 
 held iu perpetuity of tbo said Alexander as of his 
 liberty of Tynedalc, with the exception of the mines, 
 miners, and liberties of tliu miners, within the manor. 
 From an inquisition taken in 1315, after the demise 
 of Nicholas do Vetcriponte, wo Icaru that " he died 
 possessed of the capital niessuago in Aldorstone, with 
 fourteen acres of arable land, and 100 acres of meadow. 
 
 had thirty-three tenants at Gerardsgill who held thirty- 
 three shieldings and paid yearly £5 18s. Od. yearly 
 rent, thirteen tenants at Amotes-halth who paid yearly 
 £3 8s. 4d., twenty-two tenants at Nent and Corbrigate 
 who held twentj--two shieldings, and paid £5 Ss. rent ; 
 also one water coru-miJn and one fulling miln, and 3,000 
 acres of pasture in Alderstone Moor; all which pre- 
 mises were held of the manor of Wark : and that Robert 
 de Veteriponte was his sou and heir." His Alston 
 estates descended to his son Piobert ; and from him, it 
 appears, to his sisters — Elizabeth, wife of Thomas 
 Blencowe, aud Joan, wife of William Whytlawe, where 
 a link or two of the family history is wanting to connect 
 it with Thomas Whytlawe, who, in 1443, granted the 
 manors of Alston, Ellerington, and Gerrardgill, to 
 William Stapleton of Edenhall, and Margaret his wife, 
 whose daughter INIary brought Alston iu marriage to 
 the lliltons of HUton Castle, in the county of Durham. 
 This last-named family, about the year 1018,' sold 
 Alston to Sir Francis Ratcliffe, Bart., of Dilston, and 
 it continued to be held by his family till the year 1716, 
 when, on the attainder of the last Earl of Derwent- 
 watcr, it was settled by act of Parhament on Green- 
 wich Hospital. Between the years IIjII and 1010 
 the lands were leased olY to tho tenants by Henry 
 Hilton, Esq., for rents amounting to £03 a year, and 
 a twenty-penny line at the end of every twenty yeare. 
 The lords continued to claim the timber on the tenant's 
 lands uutil a compromise between the two parties intro- 
 duced a clause into the act of I'arliament, passed in 
 1803, for enclosing the commons of the parish, by 
 which all right of timber was settled on tho tenant. 
 Tlio dignity of the manor is still preserved by holding 
 courts leet and baron at Lowbyer. Some of the court 
 
 1 Mr. Sopwiih says that it was in 16-JO that the manor was sold to 
 Sir Ldward Uadcliffe fur £2,fl00.
 
 510 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 books are signed by the first Lord Derwcutwatcr. The 
 goveruors of Geenwich Hospital let out the mines on 
 working leases to the London and other lead companies. 
 The principal landowners are the governors of Greeu- 
 wich Hospital, the London Lead Company, the trustees 
 of the late Robert Hodgson, Esq., the trustees of the 
 late George Elstob Joseph Dickinson, Esq. ; Jacob and 
 Jonathan Walton, Esqs.; Hugh Watson Friend, Esq.; 
 Eev. Octavius James ; the trustees of the late Jacob 
 Wilson, Esq. ; Tinuiswood and Juhn Jlilhcar ; the 
 Rodderup Fell ^Mining Company ; Messrs. Fydell and 
 Tufuell, William Bird, Thomas Shaw, and Thomas 
 Wilson, Esq. 
 
 The mines of Alston have been worked from a very 
 remote period. There is every probability that they 
 were known to the Romans, whose "^laideu Way" 
 runs through the parish. Wo have, however, nothing 
 concerning them that can be relied upon as authentic 
 previous to the reign of Henry I. The Cumberland 
 Pipe Rolls contain a series of entries of the "Rents and 
 profits of the mines of Northumberland and Cumberland, 
 during the reigns of Henry IL and Richard I., extend- 
 ing from the j-ear 1157 to 1189 inclusive, and which 
 make a total of ii4,o85. In the twelfth century, and at 
 later periods, there was a mint at Carlisle, which, there 
 is every probability, was supplied with silver from 
 Alston. Under the year 1326, the Northumberland 
 Pipe Roll contains an entry of a charge of £2,154 for 
 the " rent of the mine of Carlisle," which, by subsequent 
 records, is identified with that of Alston. The Alston 
 mines were protected by royal charters, which guaran- 
 teed to the workers in them peculiar privileges 
 and immunities, and prohibited any one from unjustly 
 distributing them, under a penalty of JCIO. We subjoin 
 the following extract from an old document, in the 
 possession of Mr. George Millicar, of Tyne Head, agent 
 of Messrs, Fydell and Tufnell, the lords of Tyne Head 
 manor, and obligingly copied for us by the Rev. George 
 Monkhouse, which goes far to prove the antiquity of 
 mining operations at Alston. " That part of Tyne 
 Head which belongs to Mr. Gill is freehold, and he 
 hath also the royalties, the rest of Tyne Head is held 
 by lease, as aforesaid. Lord Coke, in his second in- 
 stitute, page 578, reports a noble case that happened 
 in his mines of Aldunestone, in the ISth Edward I. 
 (1289-On). Henry de Whitby and Joan, his wife, 
 impleaded several of the miners for cutting down and 
 carrying away their trees. The miners answer that 
 they farm the mine of the king, and plead that for 
 working a vein of silver (as now they do) the miners 
 have a right to take away any wood whatsoever, that shall 
 be near to and convenient for the said work, and that 
 
 they havo also a right at their will and pleasure to use 
 and dispose of that wood for burning and smelting, and 
 for paying the workmen their wages, and also to give 
 what tliey think fit thereof to their poor workmen of 
 the miners ; and they state that they have exercised 
 their right from time immemorial. The said Henry 
 and Joan acknowledge the miners' right to take the 
 wood for burning and smelting for the use of the miners, 
 but charge that the miners had cut down, carried away, 
 and sold largo quantities of wood, from which the king 
 received no Idnd of benefit, and which never came to 
 the use of the mines at all. And upon this they pray 
 to have judgment. It doth not appear what was the 
 event of this cause, nor is it now very material to 
 inquire. For two reasons : first, for that by act of 
 Parliament no mine shall be deemed a royal mine, not- 
 withstanding any gold or silver that may be found in it — 
 only the king (if he pleases) may have the ore, paying 
 for the same a stated price. Secondly, there is now, as 
 may well be supposed, scarce a tree to be seen in the 
 whole country." By inquests held at Penrith, in the 
 year 1356 and 1415, it appears that the judicial affairs 
 of the mines of Alston were administered by a coroner 
 as judge, and a king's seijeant as sheriff or head baihff. 
 In the first-named year, the mines were held by lease, 
 under a certain rent of the freemen of that place, by one 
 Tilman, a native of Cologne, who, on petition to the 
 crown, obtained for himself and workmen letters patent, 
 directing the king's bailiffs to maintain and protect them 
 while at labour in the mines, and not to suffer them to 
 be injured or molested. It appears by letters patent, 
 granted to William Stapleton, Esq., dated November 
 13th, 1411, that he and his tenants at will in this 
 manor, and their predecessors, had annually paid into 
 the Royal Exchequer at Carlisle, ton marks for the mines 
 here, known by the name of the " mine of Carlisle." 
 The Originalia contain a grant, in 1117, of the mine of 
 Alston to William Stapleton, Esq., at the annual rent 
 of £10. By letters patent, dated December 20th, 140S, 
 Edward IV. granted to Richard Neville, earl of War- 
 wick, and John Neville, his brother, carl of Northum- 
 berland, and others, all his mines of gold and silver ; 
 and again on March 23rd, 1475, to his brother Richard, 
 duke of Gloucester, Henry Percy, earl of Northumber- 
 land, and others, the mine of Fletchers, near Garrigill, 
 in the parish of Alston. In the year 1718 there were 
 119 lead mines in the parish of Alston, 103 of which 
 were held on lease under Greenwich Hospital. The 
 average annual produce of that and the two preceding 
 yeai's is stated at rather more than 8,377 tons, the 
 value being about £70,000. At the latter end of the 
 last century the clear yearly produce was stated at
 
 ALSTON PAEISH. 
 
 511 
 
 £16,000 ; the number of persons employed in tlio 
 mines being upwards of 1,0(J0. In 18U the number 
 of mines held under the hospital was 102 ; the number 
 of tons produced, 4,598. About the year 1829, the 
 aiiuual quantity of ore was stated as not exceeding 
 8,800 tons, yielding about 5,500 fothcrs of lead, and 
 containing from eight to tea ounces of silver to each 
 fother. 
 
 Wc subjoin the statistics of the lead mines of the 
 Alston district for 1857: — 
 
 Alston Mook. 
 
 Minps leased to 
 
 Names of 311dcs. 
 
 ''iLong Clengb 
 
 'fUmpgill 
 
 Capel Clcu£li 
 
 Brownffill 
 
 Carnt aud IlaDgiug Shaw 
 Srali'liurn 
 
 theGovernoruid.) Middle Clc>Ui;h ... . 
 
 Company. 
 
 Total Ore, 
 
 :,771 Ions 1 cwt. 
 
 Total of Lead, 
 
 i2,(wa tons G cwt. 
 
 LefttedtoTftrious 
 
 partifs, but bc- 
 ]nni^n^ to Given- 
 wicU llofipital. 
 
 Lead-ore. 
 
 TnB.cwta. 
 475 6 
 433 8 
 
 187 « 
 IM 9 
 337 3 
 87 3 
 315 16 
 97 4 
 (US 4 
 2-2 14 
 27 6 
 18 19 
 14 
 2 S 
 65 
 10 11 
 37 12 
 
 Tho 
 
 followlni; Mines 
 l>clnng to (in!cn- 
 wlch llofipilal ; 
 but they ani 
 loasod to various 
 parties. 
 
 TVXK tlCJU) 
 Ml.SKS. 
 
 Beutyficld, S. Vein.W. E. 
 
 [Small Cleugh 
 
 T^ne Bottom 
 
 jGuddalDKill 
 
 Cowper Dyko Heads. . . . 
 
 Fleteberaa 
 
 Priorsddlo 
 
 ( lliityfld., E. End, Sun Vn. 
 
 Black Syko 
 
 Blagill 
 
 lirijial Bum 
 
 BroKDley Hill 
 
 Xow Bircbey Bank 
 
 {CaiT» TVeitt of Nent . . . 
 
 iciargill Bum 
 
 iClarpill Head 
 
 Cow Hill 
 
 Crap Green, Nortb Vein 
 
 Crosiijjill Head 
 
 l>uwpot Syke 
 
 I>oukc lluiiiorCaab Well 
 
 !Farnbery 
 
 iPoreshleld 
 
 IFlow Kd;;e 
 
 lOallygill Sykc 
 
 iGallyinll Benta 
 
 Grassfiild 
 
 GultcrKllI, East End.. 
 
 Ilulyfield 
 
 J lludpill Bum 
 
 L4M; House Well 
 
 Middle Syke 
 
 Nattrass, Middle Vvin 
 Nattms.s, North Vein. . 
 Neutsliury, North Vein 
 Nentsbury I'.istunj. . .. 
 
 Peat Slack Hill 
 
 I'ark Grove Sun Vein. , 
 
 Pasture G rove 
 
 lIo<ldcrup I'ell 1,201 
 
 iSlote I 
 
 Tborntfill Slit 
 
 lThoni|,Hll, KiBt End ... 
 ThoniKill, West Knd... 
 WellKllI, Cross Vein... 
 
 Windy Brow 
 
 Sundry HniuU Mines . . . 
 
 ', Allen's Clou^h 
 
 |Onlvert, Knntaud West. 
 
 IClarglll llea.1 
 
 'Ilosey and Tvno Boya . 
 South Ami West Civaafttll 
 
 Bast Cn'ssfcll 
 
 Green Banks 
 
 l.adv Vein. 
 
 Mldill" Tyue GnHiu 
 
 I'atter Syko 
 
 jSouth CrossfoU .. 
 
 Stow Craig 
 
 JToesSide 
 
 Smltterglll Ilead... 
 ~iuidries 
 
 ;, 1.1 
 
 Tns.nrt8. 
 
 366 6 
 
 325 1 
 
 140 lu 
 
 90 6 
 
 252 15 
 
 85 6 
 
 236 14 
 
 72 18 
 
 4»G 3 
 
 17 
 
 20 8 
 
 14 15 
 
 10 
 
 1 16 
 63 15 
 
 8 
 
 28 4 
 
 79 6 
 
 315 
 
 S 10 
 12 
 
 173 15 
 
 1 10 
 48 13 
 13 17 
 33 6 
 IB 15 
 C n 
 
 4 
 
 12c'> 
 
 I 4 
 C 13 
 
 S 12 
 
 4 13 
 
 1 10 
 
 4 
 
 IB IS 
 11 3 
 IS 5 
 
 12 
 « 14 
 
 Lead. Silver. 
 
 3 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 IH 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 in 19 1 
 
 K 
 
 G 
 
 70 10 1 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 8,3)13 
 
 ' 
 
 3 14 
 
 2 
 
 3 15 
 3 IS 
 
 132 
 
 1 2 
 3G lU 
 10 7 
 24 10 
 14 
 
 4 14 
 94 10 
 
 IG 
 4 IS 
 
 2 U 
 
 3 9 
 1 2 
 
 840 
 
 14 2 
 
 H 7 
 
 8 
 G 14 
 i 6 
 
 4 6 
 e 10 
 
 14 10 
 15 
 
 13 2 
 7 
 * 4 
 
 18 18 
 «6 U 
 AT 6 
 
 5 
 
 Oa. 
 
 ■12,480 
 
 892 
 
 ICO 
 
 168 
 
 1,10G 
 
 1,260 
 
 9C 
 
 648 
 
 720 
 
 75 
 
 1,S98 
 
 340 
 
 25 
 
 5,880 
 
 3,960 » 
 
 » 
 
 53 
 lOfl 
 84 
 6 
 116 
 G 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 16 
 
 MO 
 lU 
 
 M,OM I 
 
 lead ore weighed over in the manor of Alston Moor in 
 the year 1858 : — 
 
 Names of Mines. 
 
 Governor 
 
 and Company's 
 
 Mines. 
 
 /'I Rampglll 
 
 Scaleband 
 
 ( "arrs and Uanging.sliaw 
 
 Capel Cleugh 
 
 Long Cleugh 
 
 Middle Cleugh 
 
 Small Cleugh 
 
 Gnddamgill 
 
 Browngill Vein 
 
 Beiity l-ield .Sun Vein, West End . . . 
 
 Cowper's Ltyke Heads 
 
 Pletcheras Vein 
 
 Tyne Bottom and Wlndsbaw Bridge. 
 
 Blagill 
 
 Brownley HUl 
 
 llrigal r.iim 
 
 lier.ty Field, E. End 
 
 Bavle Hill 
 
 Black Syke 
 
 Carrs West of Nent 
 
 Crag Greens, N. Veili 
 
 CrossgiU Head 
 
 I Corn Uiggs 
 
 1 >onke Burn, W. End 
 
 I Fore.^hH;ld 
 
 I Fambery 
 
 Flow Edge 
 
 Guttergill. E. End 
 
 Gallygill Bents 
 
 Gally(,'lll .'5ykc 
 
 G rass Field 
 
 Guttergill. West Eud 
 
 Green CasUe 
 
 Holy-Field 
 
 Hud'gill Bum 
 
 Hodgson's Cross Vein 
 
 Lee House Well 
 
 Low Bircbey Bank 
 
 Nattrass N. Vein 
 
 Nontfibury Greens, N. Vein 
 
 Peal Stack Hill 
 
 Park tlrove. S. ^'cln 
 
 Itodderup CJeugh 
 
 Thonigill, E. End 
 
 Thorngill. W. Eud 
 
 Thonigill SUtt 
 
 White Lee. 
 
 WellyiU Cross Vein 
 
 Total 
 Quantities. 
 
 Total Bings (S cwt. each).... 13617 S 
 
 Bings. 
 
 692 
 
 222 
 
 9'2S 
 
 371 
 
 14'^2 
 
 37.5 
 
 17liG 
 
 142 
 
 401 
 
 271 
 
 24 
 
 G8 
 
 1» 
 
 144 
 
 1050 
 
 2G« 
 
 311 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 51 
 
 22 
 
 2S 
 
 6 
 
 821 
 
 99 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 44S 
 
 3 
 
 114 
 
 45 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 262 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 28 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 S8U 
 
 44 
 
 62 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 49 
 
 cwts. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 6 
 
 6 
 I 
 
 7 
 7 
 2 
 G 
 1 
 4 
 7 
 1 
 
 
 £ 
 4 
 6 
 1 
 4 
 
 7 
 6 
 6 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 I 
 
 
 7 
 6 
 4 
 G 
 7 
 3 
 5 
 6 
 C 
 6 
 
 6 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 7 
 
 The following statement shows the total quantity of 
 
 The total product of load ore for 1858 will exceed 
 that of 1857 by about 300 tons. 
 
 We subjoiu the following account of the mines and 
 minors of this district from Jlr. White's " Xorlhuiuber- 
 laud and the Border," London, 185'J : — " Wishing to see 
 eomething of the mines and miners, I turned away from 
 the Tyne, and was presently on the bill-top above tho 
 town, -n-alliing up the valley of tho Nent, but at a con- 
 siderable elevation above the stream ; high enough to 
 scan a great expanse of rolling suinmits, among which 
 not a few mark the border of Northumberland. Now 
 and then a heavy shower swept across, making Uio 
 intervening suiishiue appear the brighter, and freshen- 
 ing up tho verdure of the fields aud meads that lie in 
 the hollows, and pi-oduoing a variety of light and shade 
 upon Uio landscape wheruin tho little svkes or gullies 
 that furrow the hill sides appear the darker. Wo arc 
 here on the opox of tho island, among the topmost 
 upheavals of the limestone, sandstone, and slate strata, 
 which ere the joy of the miner, for therein he finds
 
 513 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 rich veins and pockets of metnl. Not without tremen- 
 dous throes were they upHfted to their present elevation ; 
 and here and there in a scar, or on the rugged flank of 
 a water-course, we may read somewhat of their history. 
 In some places the metallic veins lie optn to the day- 
 light ; and on one side of a valley the ends of rock-beds 
 are seen corresponding to similar beds on the other 
 side ; and with other remarkable phenomena the lime- 
 stone slopes away on the east and west till it meets the 
 coal strata, which in this latitude complete the slope 
 and rush down beneath the sea on both sides of the 
 island. We pass Xent Hall, which, embosomed in 
 trees, reminds us of an oasis, and, four miles from 
 Alston, come to the village of Nent Head, which makes 
 no secret of its vocation, for huge mounds of refuse, 
 tramways, wagons, heaps of ore, implements scattered 
 about, and a sturdy population proclaim that it lives 
 by the mines. It belongs to the London Lead Com- 
 pany, who rebuilt it some years ago ; hence it boasts a 
 market-house crowned by a clock tower, a Methodists 
 chapel, and a good school-house, yet somewhat primitive 
 withal. And it is not right that a village should 
 harmonise with its environments. There are however 
 no signs of poverty, but abundant signs of work ; men 
 and boys washing, sorting, and crushing ore, amid 
 the splashing of water, the thumping of machinery, 
 and clattering as of falling stones when the wagons 
 from the mines drop their burden. From the heaps of 
 ore at one end of the premises, to the slime-pits on the 
 other, resolute industry prevails. Higher up the hill 
 stands the smelt-mill, where the ore is roasted and 
 melted and cast into pigs of lead. The roasting is 
 what a metallurgist calls a beautiful process : the ore 
 is spread on the sole, or floor of a furnace, and is heated 
 to a temperature at which it parts with its sulphur and 
 takes up oxygen, but does not melt. In another fur- 
 nace it is melted, and you see the molten stream flowing 
 from the mouth into a pot. In another, the stubborn 
 slag, or the dross and refuse, is treated by a roaring 
 blast, becomes docile, yields every particle of lead, 
 while splendid blue and green flames leap and play 
 in the impetuous cun-ent. You see how even the 
 sweepings of the chimney arc converted into metal by 
 the action of tire ; how silver is separated from the 
 baser metal ; and not least astonishing among strange 
 sights is the huge water-wheel, exceeding in circum- 
 ference perhaps all that you have ever seen before, 
 which drives the condensing apparatus. The village 
 is built on a hill slope, and here and there you see the 
 galleries, or entrances to the mines, which penetrate 
 the hills for miles, ramifying and honeycombing to such 
 a depth that they reach the diggings from the other 
 
 side, and, as I was told, it is possible to go all through 
 seven miles underground, and come out in Weardale. 
 One of the entrances was pointed out to me as Rampgilt 
 vein, from which seventy-two tons of ore have been dug 
 every week for more than a hundred years. "With such 
 abundance as that to work up, 1,200 men and boys 
 may well be busy. What a clattering of clogs there 
 was when the school broke up, and the children swarmed 
 out upon the street. They are not remarkable for 
 beauty, but they are remarkable for cleanliness, and 
 appear to be robust alike in health and limb. Let us 
 take a walk through the works, and see by what process 
 lead is procured. The ore, as it comes from the mines, 
 is in rough stony lumps, of all sizes, from the bigness 
 of your head down to sand ; some lumps are slaty in 
 appearance, some like quartz ; many are good specimens 
 of the pale grey limestone from which they were torn, 
 and the more they all sparkle with crystals of lead the 
 better is their quality. Some look as if they were all 
 lead, only brighter, so cunningly is the earth masked, and 
 these which are singularly heavy, the miners lovingly 
 call ' lazy lumps.' The local term for ore is bouse ; 
 the wagons laden therewith run from the mines to the 
 works, where each drops its burden into the house- 
 teams ; that is into a range of open stalls, according to 
 quality. Here the ore is ready to hand ; the washing 
 floors are close by on the same level, and the next opera- 
 tion is to break it up, wash it, and separate metal from 
 stone. A barrowful of ore is thrown on an iron grating, 
 upon which a stream of water is let to flow ; the light 
 earthy and gritty particles are thereby washed off, and 
 carried into the ' trunk box,' placed in connection with 
 the grating. Meanwhile men and boys stand by with 
 hammers, and pick the washed lumps. That which is 
 only stone is at once thrown away ; the metallic lumps 
 are broken and sorted, and as much of the stone got rid 
 of as possible, in readiness for the succeeding operation 
 known on the spot as ' huddling' and ' botching,' which 
 may be described as a kind of sifting with sieves 
 suspended in water ; an arrangement which facilitates 
 the separation of the heavy from the light portions. 
 You have only to agitate sieves and bo.xes with sufficient 
 perseverance, and the ore will find its way to the bottom, 
 and lie there as a distinct stratum, by its own gravity, 
 and then separation from the refuse is easy. It is a 
 pretty sight to see a heap of pure ore lying bright and 
 glistening, ready for the smelt-mill ; such a mass of 
 what metallurgists call galena, you never saw before, 
 and you may well admire it. The sight is one to 
 admire, for its own intrinsic quality, and for the 
 successful results of mechanical operations. Who 
 would think that those great rough heaps of bouse
 
 ALSTON PARISH. 
 
 613 
 
 could ever be brought into so clean a condition. No- 
 thing is lost. Tho washings are not allowed to run 
 away to waste, but are intercepted and made to surrender 
 whatever they hold of metalliferous. The trunk bo.ves 
 are emptied from time to time, and the small lumps of 
 ore are picked out ; in fact, whatever cunning and skill 
 can do to save lead is done. All the water of the 
 washings, before its final exit from tho premises, is 
 niado to flow into ' slime pits,' where it remains almost 
 stagnant, until it has thrown down the light particles 
 held in suspension. These particles form thick beds of 
 ' slime,' iu which is contained a considerable quantity 
 of lead. But how to separate it? — that is the question. 
 Clever folk, these lead-seekers ! you will say, on seeing 
 tli^knswer. With two rollers, and an endless web of 
 canvas, they form an inclined plane ; the web is set in 
 motion, travelling, so to speak, up-hill, and while it 
 moves the slime drops upon it from a trough ; water 
 falls at the same time in a brisk shower, and the result 
 is, that as the web moves, the particles of lead, by reason 
 of their weight, fall into a trough, while the fine sand 
 and mud is washed away ; and then in a muddy stream 
 tho water is dismissed. Even tho lead-seekers have 
 done with it. 
 
 " Now comes another question. Aro they wise 
 as well as clever '.' There is a good school hero. The 
 appearance and arrangements of the place show that the 
 London Lead Company like order and economy, and not 
 huggermuggor. Look in the faces of the people, you see 
 no signs of want or privation. Look into the cottages, 
 and you will see the appliances of substantial comfort; and 
 to Ncnthead belongs part of the .£iiO,000 in the savings 
 bank at Alston. You will not hoar of action for divorce, 
 or of the criminal causes whence such actions proceed ; 
 but you will hear of one offence against good morals, 
 and that is, bastardy. If there were such an instrument 
 as a moralometer, you would find bastardy to be a pretty 
 steady high reading in the mining districts. We must 
 not, however, suffer ourselves to bo misled, though we 
 may bo surprised by such a state of things. It docs 
 not necessarily follow that there is more wickedness in 
 these villages than in towns, which, by comparison, show 
 a smaller return of illegitimate births ; and the samo 
 argument applies to tho rural districts in Scotland, 
 against which tho charge of immorality has been 
 brought. For here, in this leod-mining country, a girl 
 does not lose caste by having borne a child out of 
 wedlock ; though trouble may bo occasioned at first, sho 
 continues to live on in her father's house, sharing still 
 in tho privileges of home, and is not despised by her 
 mother and sisters. Neither is her chance of marriage 
 diminished, though not as a matter of course with her 
 60 
 
 first lover; and once married, she becomes a faithful 
 wife, and as the mother of a hard-working family is there 
 to participate in all the ameliorating influences which 
 time and circumstances may bring. But should she 
 play the wanton, and repeat the offence, then sho 
 forfeits her position and prospect of matrimony. Here, 
 in Nenthead, as I am told, the company require that 
 the father of the child shall marry tho woman whom 
 he has, so to speak, betrayed; or quit their service. 
 Looked at fairly, wo thus see that this hill country- 
 has, after all, a good notion of morality. We may not, 
 perhaps, bear of bastardy in the Haymarket ; but who 
 will contend that the Haymarket is more moral thao 
 Nenthead '.' Is there not among these miners' wives 
 and daughters a manifestation — ' inarticulate,' if you 
 will — of tho charity that hopeth all things ? It seems 
 to mo that women in other parts of the kingdom, even 
 in places that regard themselves as refined and highly 
 civilised, might learn a lesson from tho unrefined. 
 How many a virtuous woman has been made vicious by 
 the cold scorn and neglect of her chaste, and it may be, 
 untempted sisters ! 
 
 " Steep and stoncy is the ascent by which I left 
 Nenthead, up the flank of Kilhopo Law, a hill more 
 than 2,000 feet high. When viewed from above there 
 is something picturesque after all iu the aspect of the 
 village : a cluster of solid white-washed houses, with 
 pale blue slate roofs. But very lonely does it appear 
 amid the great brown fells. From the smelt-miU a 
 long range of masonry stretches away far up the hill- 
 side, with low towers at intervals, as if in imitation 
 of the Great Wall of China. You might guess it to 
 bo an aqueduct ; but it is the chimney of the mill, and 
 you see that it terminates above in an upright smoking 
 shaft. A chimney a mile long : what can that be for'.* 
 The answer is, that smelters being wise in their genera- 
 tion, conduct the fumes from all their furnaces into one 
 chimney, where, in their long course to the vent, tho 
 light particles have time to form a solid deposit on tho 
 walls, leaving only a small (juaTitity of light vapour to 
 escape. And this deposit, sometimes two feet thick, is 
 dug out and scraped off once a year, and converted in 
 the furnace into solid marketable lead." 
 
 THE TOWN OF ALSTON. 
 
 Tho ancient market town of Alston stands on a 
 declivity on tho right bank of tho South Tyne river, iu 
 54" 5S' nortli latitude, and 2' '25' west longitude, 
 twenty-five miles east-south-east from Carlisle, nine- 
 teen miles north-east of renrith, 27*2 miles north- 
 north-west from Loudon by road, and 2!>1 by the Great 
 Northern, and York, Newcastle, and Carlisle railways.
 
 614 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 The population of the town iu 1851 was 2,005, of whom 
 1,012 were males, anil !19;J females ; the number of 
 inhabited houses at the same period was 413, and of 
 nniuhabited four. The town is irregularly built; tho 
 houses arc chiefly of stone and roofed with slate ; a 
 tiaudsome new bridge crosses the South Tyne river. 
 In the ceutre of the town is a market cross, erected by 
 Sir William Stephenson, Bart., lord mayor of London 
 in 170-1. Alston is well supplied with water from an 
 e.vcelleut spring on the Broad Potliill, distant about 
 half a mile south of the town, and is well lighted with 
 gas. The market is held on Saturday, and is abun- 
 dantly furnished with all the necessaries of life. Fairs 
 for sheep and cattle are held on the third Saturday in 
 March, the last Thursday in May, the Saturday on or 
 before the 27th September, the Saturday before the 
 feast of St. Luke (October 18th), and the first Thursday 
 in November. There were formerly races and wrestling 
 matches, &c., held on Easter Monday, but these sports 
 have been some time discontinued. Petty sessions axe 
 held here once a month, and a county court. 
 
 THE CHUECH. 
 
 Alston church, dedicated to St. Augustine, is a plain 
 building, destitute of architectural ornament. It was 
 erected at the expense of the parishioners, about the 
 year 1709, and consists of nave, with a recess serving as 
 a chancel, and tower. There are a few mural tablets 
 to the memory of members of the Lancaster, Hodgson, 
 Bridgwood, and Morrison families. The church of 
 Alston is a vicarage, in the diocese of Durham and 
 deanery of Corbridge. In the reign of Henry II. it 
 was in the presentation of the king, but was subse- 
 quently appropriated to the monastery of Hexliam, on 
 which community it was bestowed by Ivo de Veteriponte, 
 but their claim was disallowed and the patronage stated 
 to be vested iu the crown. TMiile Edward I. was at 
 Lanercost Priory, in the winter of 1:506-7, he restored 
 to the monastery of Hexliam the advpwson of this 
 church. In 1335 the priory and convent of Hexham 
 petitioned the king to have the revenues appropriated 
 to their own use, but it was not until 1370 that any 
 greater portion than Gs. 8d. was legally settled upon them. 
 In 1549 the rectory and advowson of Alston were 
 granted to Sir John Pei-yent, Knt., and Thomas Reeve, 
 gentleman. It appears, however, that there was either 
 a subsequent grant to Arthur Lee and Thomas Archer, 
 who admitted Sir Thomas Hilton, Knt., to a third 
 portion ; or, that Sir John Peryent and Mr. Eeeve, as 
 grantees of the crown, conveyed it to Messrs. Lee and 
 Archer. The trustees of Greenwich Hospital are now 
 in possession of the whole of this impropriation. In 
 
 1291 the rectory of Alston was valued at JE8 a year; in 
 1535 the vicarage is returned as worth £7 13s. In 
 1C03 the parish church and the chapel of Garrigill 
 were both served by one clergyman, tho stipend being 
 only .t'12 6s. 8d., with "some small glebe." In 1777 
 the benefice was worth about HSO ; in 1835 its net 
 value was jL'130, and it is worth at present about i;i40. 
 By an act passed in the 33rd of George III. (1792-3) 
 the governors of Greenwich Hospital received 3,551 
 acres in lieu of great tithes ; and, by a voluntary rate 
 of fourpence in the pound, the parishioners purchased 
 a close of land, which the vicar now possesses in lieu of 
 tithes, together with a small yearly modus. In 1840 a 
 gold coin of the reign of Edward III. was found, in a 
 good state of preservation, in a grave in the church^fcd. 
 The parLsh registers commence in 1 749. 
 
 Eector. — Galfrid, in the reign of Henry II. 
 
 Vicars. — John Cokeden, ; William Lainbert, 1423 ; Sir 
 
 Eobert Hilton, 143:}; Robert Jackson, abont 1101; Robert 
 
 Stehyson, ; John Ellison, about lit) 5 ; Thomas Ciray, about 
 
 14!)9 ; Sir — Stephaneson, l.jlT ; John Hynmers, 1 J3(i ; Henry 
 Yaites, or Gates, 1558 ; Anthony Watson, 1577 ; William Teas- 
 dale, 1578; John Nelson, l<il8 ; Enlph Yonng, 1(124; Francis 
 
 Hill, 1025; John Lee, 10C5 ; John Fell, ; William Stebert, 
 
 K'pM'i; Nicholas Walton, 1(!9G; John Topping, 1728; Thomas 
 Lancaster, 17.'iG ; Benjamin Jackson, 17U0: Thomas Foster, 
 18.35 ; M. Eeebee, 1839 ; H. Salvia, 1811 ; W. N. Snowe, 1852. 
 
 The vicarage is a plain modem building, erected at 
 the expense of the impropriators, in consideration of the 
 Picv. B. Jackson, the then vicar, having ceded to them 
 his right of every third presentation to the benefice. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Grammar School. — Alston Grammar School, rc-erccted 
 by subscription in 1828, receives £37 a year out of the 
 Fairfaill estate, which lets for about i£l 00 per annum : the 
 surplus, after paying abont £10 to the master of the 
 school at Garrigill Gate, is given to the poor of Alston 
 and Garrigill, nearly in the ratio of three-fourths to 
 -Alston, and one-fourth to Garrigill, together with £10 
 per annum from the governors of Greenwich Hospital. 
 Tlie master does not receive any free scholars, but is 
 limited to a certain scale of charges for education. 
 
 Shields' Gift. — In 1617 John Shields, a citizen and 
 cook of London, left a rent-charge of forty shillings 
 per annum to the poor of the parish of Alston, — one- 
 third of which goes to Garrigill. 
 
 Stephenson'sCharity. — John Stephenson, by wiU dated 
 May 20, 1759, directed £i a year, to be divided yearly 
 and for ever amongst sixteen poor widows, who should 
 have legal settlements in Alston parish and Garrigill 
 chapelry. This £4 a year is derived from a charge upon 
 a house in Westgate-street, Xewcastle-upon-Tyne, and 
 £2 are given to eight poor widows having settlements
 
 GARKIGILL CHAPELRY. 
 
 515 
 
 in Alston, and the same sum to eight in GarrigiU 
 chapelrj', under the direction of the vicar of Alston. 
 
 Lnnghontc's Charity. — Charles Langhorne, Esq., by 
 his will, dated June 2ti, 1802, devised property, mort- 
 gages, &c., which were sold, and the money was invested 
 in the purchase of £777 -Js. Id. stock, in the Three- 
 per-cents reduced, in tho names of trustees. The 
 interest is divided annually on the iilth December to 
 the poor of the pariah resident at or above Nent HalL 
 
 CBAFECS. 
 
 The Friends Ifeeting House, erected in 173-2 and 
 repaired in 1859, will accommodate 200 persons. There 
 is a burial ground attached. 
 
 The Independent Oliupel was erected in 1804, and 
 rebuilt and considerably enlarged in 1843. 
 
 The Primitive Methodist Chapel was erected in 1825 
 and rebuilt in 1843. 
 
 Tho Wesleyan Chapel was erected in 1797, and 
 enlarged in 1825. 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 The National School (girls) was erected by subscrip- 
 tion in 1811, and the chUdreu are taught at a very 
 low quarterage; the governors of Greenwich Hospital 
 giving a donation of £10 a year towards the support of 
 the school. The average number in attendance is sixty. 
 
 The Alston Free tichool, supported by public sub- 
 scription, was built in 1811, and is at present attended 
 by 130 children. 
 
 The Infant School, in connection with tho National 
 School, was erected by the Rev. Hugh Salvin, late vicar 
 of the parish, in 1851, and the average number in atten- 
 dance is 110. It is supported by annual contributions. 
 
 LITEKAEY ISSTITCTIONS, (tc. 
 
 Alston Subscription Library was founded in July, 
 1821, and contains 318 volumes. The books are kept 
 at tlie Free School, and are lent out gratuitously to the 
 children. 
 
 The Mechanics' Institution was established in 1847, 
 and now numbers 111 members, who pay 4s. each per 
 annum. It comprises a Ubrary of 887 volumes, a reading 
 room, and a museum. 
 
 The Alston Savings Bank was instituted in June, 
 1S23. The present number of depositors is 711 ; the 
 amount deposited £23,590 19s. lOid. ; the whole of 
 which is invested in government securities. 
 
 The Town Hall, erected in 1857-8, at a cost of about 
 £2,000, is a very neat building in the Gothic style. 
 It comprises the Court-house, the Mechanics' Institu- 
 tion, and Gentlemen's Heading-room. There is also a 
 a fine room for public business, meetings, &c., capable 
 of accommodating 400 persons. 
 
 There is a woollen manufactory situated in the town. 
 
 TOE rOOR LAW rxiON. 
 
 Alston poor-law union comprises .iVlston, Garrigill, 
 and Nenthcad. Its area is 35,000 acres. Its popu- 
 lation in 1851 was 0,810, of whom 3,435 were males 
 and 3,381 females, inhabiting 1,267 houses ; twenty- 
 eight houses being uninhabited, and two in course of 
 erection. The workhouse, situated near the town, is an 
 old building which was enlarged in 1 837, and is capable 
 of accommodating eighty persons. Its present number 
 of inmates is twenty-five. The income for 1858 was 
 £1,502 18s., and the e.xpeuditure £1,048. 
 
 GARRIGILL CH.\PELRY. 
 
 GAnRroii.i. chapclry, sometimes written Garrowgill and GarragU, ancient name Gerrard's Gill, is bounded on the 
 south by the river Tees, on tho south-west by Cross Fell, on tho west by Cash Burn and Shield Waters, on tho 
 north-west by lilnck Burn, on the north by Xattrass Gill and Flowedgo, on the north-east by Middle Fell, cast by 
 Fhnty Fell, and soulli-cast by Crook Burn. The scenery in this chapulry is very picturesque — there is hero 
 everything which constitutes line scenery, viz., hill and dide, wood and water, rocks and waterfalls. 
 
 are exclusively engaged in mining operations. Tho 
 district is very mountainous, and the cUmato too cold 
 for agricultural purposes. 
 
 Tho inhabitants of this district ore romarkablo for 
 tlit'ir kind disposition, their hospitality, and their cour- 
 tesy and attention to strungera. They ore a remarkably 
 clean people, as both the interior and exterior of their 
 dwellings amply tesUlics. The reasons are obvious,as tho 
 people are favoured with a good and cheap education. 
 
 The area of Garrigill is rctunieJ with that of .Vlston 
 parish; its rateable valuo is £2,(iUi) Us. 8d. The 
 population in 1801 was 1,120 ; in 1811, it was returned 
 with Alston: in 1821, it was 1,288; in 183), 1,014; 
 in 1841, 1,474; and in 1851, 1,443, who, with tlie 
 exception of about 400, resident in tho village of Garri- 
 gill Gate, are scattered ovor tho chapclry — the houses 
 being spread over an extent of country nino miles in 
 length by two and a half in breadth. The inhabitants
 
 516 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 The soil here is chiertj what is termed in this neigh- 
 bourliood limestone laud, and is good for pasturage. 
 Abton is the market usually attended. 
 
 There are, at T3-ne Head, in a field called " The 
 Chesters," belonging to the Greenwich Hospital, dis- 
 tinct traces of a Roman camp, with the river Tync on 
 the west and a deep ditch on the east, uniting with 
 the river on the north and south. This camp is situated 
 about five miles south-east of the Roman road called the 
 Maiden Way. The field in which the camp is situated 
 has borne the name " Chesters" from remote antiquity. 
 There are, in the middle of tho Village Green, two 
 mounds, about 100 yards apart, named High Butt Hill 
 and Low Butt Hill, where the inhabitants in ancient 
 times, no doubt, practised archery. 
 
 Garrigill formed part of the manor of Alston, granted 
 to William de Yeteripont by William the Lion, and, in 
 1315, is described as being held by thirty-three tenants, 
 who paid a yearly rent of £.5 18s. It has undergone 
 the same change of owners as Alston Manor. 
 
 The village of GarrigiU is about four miles from the 
 town of Alston. It has fairs on the first Friday in 
 May, and the first Friday in September. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 GarrigiU chapel, said to be dedicated to St. John, is 
 a plain edifice, built about seventy years ago, in which 
 all the rites of the church are performed. The font is 
 placed at the east end of the church, within the com- 
 munion rails, anything but a significant place. The 
 bell is said to have been formerly the dinner bell at 
 Dilston Hall, in the time of the Earl of Derwentwater. 
 There was no resident clergyman here till 1851, when 
 the present incumbent, the Rev. G. Monkhouse, was 
 appointed. For a long time there was divine service 
 on every third Sunday morning only, but since the 
 curate has resided here, there have been two services 
 each Sunday. The Vicar of Alston is patron. The 
 registers of the cbaplery extend from 1730 to the pre- 
 sent time. There is every reason to beheve that some 
 of the early documents have been lost, for there are 
 two tombstones in the churchyard bearing the dates of 
 1692 and 1693, proving that the registers from that 
 time to 1730, at least, are lest. 
 
 There is a good and commodious parsonage house, 
 erected by subscription in 1851, at a cost of between 
 four and five hundred pounds, the chief contributors 
 being the Rev. H. Salvin, vicar ; Captain Salvin ; the 
 Commissioners of Greenwich Hospital; and the Lpn- 
 don Lead Company. 
 
 The Independents, Wesleyans, anj Primitive Metho- 
 dists, have chapels here. 
 
 The old parish school has an endowment of £3 per 
 annum from the Fairhill estate, which was purchased 
 in 1739 by the churchwardens and overseers of Alston, 
 with £217 loft by several benefactors to the poor schools 
 of Alston parish. About eighty children are educated 
 in this school, which is very inadequate for the pur- 
 poses to which it is devoted, being very low and dark. 
 
 The girls' school, erected in 1850, is a well-built 
 and well-ventilated school, sufilciently commodious for 
 1 00 children ; — the average attendance is about fifty. 
 
 There is a mixed, (dames' school) with an average 
 attendance of thirty children ; and another at Tyne 
 Head, with forty scholars. 
 
 CKABITIKS. 
 
 Stephenson's Charity. — In the j-ear 1759 John 
 Stephenson, alderman of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, left 
 £4 a year to be equally divided among sixteen poor 
 w^idows of Alston and Garrigill. 
 
 Wilkinson's Charity. — In 1085 Robert Wilkinson 
 left £100 for the purchase of lands of the clear yearly 
 value of £5. Of this sum £3 is paid to the Garrigill 
 Gate schoolmaster, for teaching si.x poor children till 
 they can read the Bible ; ten shillings to the minister 
 for preaching a sermon at Garrigill on the 1st of 
 February ; ten shillings to the poor of the same village ; 
 and the remaining twenty shillings to be divided among 
 the four trustees. 
 
 Tyne Head is a hamlet in this chapelry, about seven 
 and a half miles south-east of Alston, and about two 
 miles from the source of the South Tyne. 
 
 The South Tyne runs through the middle of the 
 chapelry, dividing it into two unequal parts. It has 
 several tributary streams, of which the chief are Clear- 
 gill Burn, on the south-east, uniting with the Tyne 
 about two miles and a half from its source ; Ashgill 
 Burn, on the east, joins the Tyne about three miles 
 from its source ; White Syke, on the east, unites with 
 the Tyne about four miles from its source ; CrossgUl 
 Burn, on the west, joins the Tyne about four miles 
 from its source ; Drybum, on the west, joins the 
 Tyne about five and a half miles from its source. 
 There is a stoue bridge over the Tyne about the 
 middle of the village ; a wooden bridge, for foot 
 passengers, over tlie Tyne at the Gate Foot ; a 
 second wooden bridge, for foot passengers, between 
 Drybum and Blackburn. An excellent spa is about to 
 be brought into notice at Beldy Mill, close to the village, 
 a Subscription having been set on foot for that pur- 
 pose in 1858, when a sum of between twenty and 
 thirty pounds was raised in the parish. The London 
 Lead Company, with their usual liberality, came nobly
 
 CASTLE S0WERI3T PARISH. 
 
 forward to make up any deficiency. The water is chiefly 
 of a sulphureous uature, a good deal like the famous 
 Gilsland Spa, and very little inferior in point of strength. 
 John Martin died hero in April, 1834, aged 103 
 years, and Mary Martin, in November, 1830, aged 105 
 years. When the Reform Dill passed, the above aged 
 couple were present at a public tea party held ou the 
 Village Green, — men, women, and children, to the num- 
 ber of 1,100 were cntortaiued on the occasion. Old 
 Martin and his wife, then in their 102nd year, occupied 
 the chief place at the table ; the old man said grace, 
 and the old dame had on her wedding dress. 
 
 Westgarth Forster lived and died here. He was the 
 author of a very clever treatise, entitled " A Treatise on 
 a Section of the Strata commencing near Nevrcastle- 
 upon-Tyne, and concluding on the west side of the 
 Mountain of Cross Fell, with Remarks on Mineral 
 Veins in General, and engraved figures of some of the 
 different species of those productions." 
 
 The population are very fond of music, and possess a 
 good brass band. They have quite a taste for mathe- 
 matics here, — many having made considerable progress 
 in the higher branches of that science. 
 
 NENTHEAD CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry is bounded ou the west and south by the chapelry of Garrigill, on the east by the county of Durham, 
 and on the north by Alston and a small portion of Northumberland. The Rev. Mr. Holme is the present incumbent. 
 The Weslcyans and Primitive Methodists have two chapels in this chapelry. (For further account of this chapelry 
 see Alston parish, page 509.) 
 
 CASTLE SOWERBY PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north-west by Dalston, on the south and south-west by Sebergham, and part of 
 Caldbeck, on the south by Grcystoke, and on the east by Skelton, Braithwait, and Middlesceugh. It is about six 
 miles in length, from north to south, and nearly two from east to west ; and is said to have been formerly included 
 in the parish of St. Mary, Carlisle. It is divided into five townships or bounds, viz : Bustabeck Bound, How 
 Bound, Row Bound, Southernby Bound, and Stockdalewath Bound, each of which maintains its own roads, but 
 they maintain the poor conjointly. The parish comprises an area of 7,9-10 acres, of which rather more than 3,77-2 
 acres are old enclosed copyhold land, and 4,1 7 '2 acres are common freehold. The rateable value is about X'4,040. 
 The inhabitants are principally engaged in agriculture, and attend Carlisle and I'einith markets. The population 
 live for the most part in farmhouses, dispersed over the parish, the only villages being Raughton Head, Stockdale- 
 wath, and Jlillhouse. 
 
 Tho manor of Sowerby lies wholly within the forest 
 of Inglewood ; its history is the same as that of Pen- 
 rith and Great Salkold, except that iu tho year l-2]4, 
 we find a grgnt of Sowerby to Robert de Ros. In I'JOO 
 Margaret, queen of Scollaiul, who had the manors of 
 Penrith, &c., for her marriage portion, had a license 
 from Henry HI. to inclose certain waste land in tiie 
 manor of Sowerby within the forest of Inglewood. 
 These facts arc stated in tho patent rolls of the reign 
 of King .John and Henry Jli. In the list of bulls, 
 charters, Ac, in the treasury of tho Scottish king at 
 Edinburgh, iu lv!S-2, given in Rymer's Fuudcra, there 
 are several entries relating to letters concerning Sow- 
 erby. " Tho tenants here hold innnediately of tho 
 Duke of Devonshire, and pay a copyhold yciuly rent. 
 They have the wood growing on their land. In this 
 
 manor the copyhold lands do not descend to the heir 
 male (as that term is commonly understood). The 
 custom here respecting descents being in accordance 
 with the common law of England, and in consequence 
 females inherit as coparceners, which is unusual in a 
 copyhold or customary manor — the general custom iu 
 this county being in the case of females, for the eldest 
 to take tho whole property. There is a God's penny 
 on every admittance, as well upon descent as upon 
 alienation ; and in tlio latter case a lino of some 
 account as tho annual lord's rent, which is usually 
 called ft single penny fnie, and so on a mortgage. But 
 upon descents nothing more than a God's penny, and 
 the like upon a surrender to the use of one's will. 
 This is supiiosed to bo U>c custom throughout the 
 whole forest of luglewood. The wife of a copyholder
 
 518 
 
 LEATH WABD. 
 
 cannot be divested of her contingent rights of dower 
 without her consent, — for it is the general law of copy- 
 hold that the widow is only dowable of such estates as 
 her husband died seised of, and was a perfect copy- 
 holder at the time of his death ; and therefore, if the 
 husband should either sell or mortgage the copyholds 
 in his lifetime, or even surrender them to the use of 
 his will, any of these acts will debar the wife of dower. 
 Tiiis, we presume, is not inconsistent with the custom 
 of the manor of Sowerby, notwithstanding the generally 
 received opinion in the neighbourhood to the contrary. 
 It is presumed a few instances of the wife's joining her 
 husband in the surrender of his estate, would not tend 
 to overturn the general rule or law of copyholds just 
 spoken of ; and whether that continuance alone, 
 although having been the general practice for half a 
 century past, would of itself establish a custom con- 
 trary to such general law, seems somewhat doubtful. 
 A widow marrying does not forfeit her right in this 
 manor.'" 
 
 Castle Sowerby lies high, and has an uneven surface, 
 pretty well studded with hedge-rows and plantations, 
 and abounds in picturesque views. The modern system 
 of draining has been spiritedly introduced and practised 
 with much benefit, even on the clay subsoil, which 
 generally abounds in this parish. As a consequence 
 turnip culture has been much extended, and instead of 
 bare fallows a crop of rape is now got off the common 
 land, the soil of which, a clayey loam, is more deficient 
 in quantity than quality. The land on the south-west 
 of the road leading from BusbgiU to Sebergham, in- 
 cluding How Hill, Hewer Hill, and the Banks, in many 
 places rests upon rock at no great depth from the sur- 
 face. In many places limestone protrudes, in others 
 freestone, and on this plot e.xist several holes, or fis- 
 sures, which in wet weather take in much water. In 
 a dry season the Caldew is almost entirely drained by 
 these hidden gullies between Haltchfl' and Hesket 
 Bridges, and after traversing its rocky course beneath 
 the banks at a gi'eat depth, is disgorged into the bed of 
 the river about three miles above Sebergham Bridge. 
 Freestone forms the superstructure of rock in the 
 north-eastern section of the parish ; and is in many 
 places washed by the Caldew, and the Row or Raw. 
 The landowners in the parish are very numerous, the 
 principal are the Duke of Devonshire ; the Dean and 
 Chapter of Carlisle ; W. Blamire, Esq. ; G. H. Head, 
 Esq. ; W. Parker, Esq. : and Mr. D. Jennings. The 
 extent of the farms are from thirty to two hundred 
 acres and upwards. Of late years the large &rms have 
 been increased in number by the aggregation of smaller 
 
 ' Jefferson's " Leath Vi'artl," p. 158, et scq. 
 
 ones, and this has tended to introduce a better state 
 of husbandry, but unfortunately not to an extension of 
 the uullinching spirit of political independence that 
 characterised the small freeholders of bygone days. 
 The common and several waste lands withiu this 
 manor and parish, were enclosed, divided, and enfran- 
 chised, pursuant to an act of parliament passed in 
 1700, by the provisions of which act, 557 acres were 
 allotted to the dean and chapter of Carlisle as appro- 
 priators, and 203 acres to the vicar, in lieu and per- 
 petual discharge of all tithes rectorial and vicarial, a 
 modus of twenty shillings out of Tliistlewood only 
 excepted. And so much of the said common was 
 ordered to be sold as would raise £700 for enclosing 
 and erecting proper houses upon the said two allot- 
 ments ; and an eighth part of the remainder, 470 
 acres, was assigned to the lord, with a reservation of 
 the royalties and seignoiy. 
 
 now BOUXD. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801, was 254; 
 iulSll, a.'jS; in 1821, 279; in 1831, 197; in 1841, 
 242; and in 1851, 240. The rateable value of this 
 township is £'784. The principal landowners are 
 Messrs. John E. Troutbeck, Henry Tiffin, ]\Irs. Rich- 
 ardson, Robert Monkhouse, George Robinson. 
 
 THE CHUnCH. 
 
 Castle Sowerby church, dedicated to St. Kentigern, 
 is situated in this township. It is an ancient structure, 
 consisting of nave, chancel, and southern porch. The 
 bell turret, at the western gable, contains two bells. The 
 living was originally a rectory, but is now a vicarage ; 
 the advowson was granted, in 1307, by Edward I. to 
 the prior and convent of St. Mary in Carlisle, to whom 
 the revenues were appropriated. This grant was con- 
 firmed by Bishop Halton in the same year, and a cer- 
 tain portion of the revenues assigned to the vicar, but 
 this endowment is now superseded by the act of ParUa- 
 uient before mentioned. Several disputes appear to 
 have occurred respecting the right of presentation to 
 this church, but the bishop of the diocese took part 
 with the prior and convent of Carlisle, who were thus 
 enabled to maintain their privileges intact. Bishop 
 Nicolson informs us that, in 1342, the vicarages of 
 Sowerby and Addingham were allowed to be kept vacant 
 for some time, that the proceeds of the livings might 
 be devoted to the necessaiy repau-s of the cathedral and 
 the respective parish churches, care to be taken, however, 
 for the celebration of divine semce and the due admi- 
 nistration of the sacraments by means of secular priests. 
 A short time after this, in 13.59, the Vicar of Sowerby 
 complained to the bishop that many of his parishioners
 
 CASTLE SOAVEBBY PAPJSn. 
 
 519 
 
 deserted their own parish church, and attended mass in 
 the chapel of Sebcrghatn, whereupon the bishop issued 
 an injunction, by which the offenders were required to 
 attejul their own church. On the suppression of the 
 religious houses the dean and chopter of Carlisle were 
 inrested with the putronago of Sowerby, as the succes- 
 sors of the prior and convent. The living is valued in 
 the King's Book at £17 ]0s. 5d., and is now worth 
 about t'lOO a year. The tithes were commuted in 17fi8, 
 at the time of the enclosure of the common, when '^03 
 acres were allotted in lieu of the vicarial tithes. The 
 parish register commences in 1629. The inhabitants 
 of Hutton Roof township, Greystoke parish, attend this 
 church. 
 
 Uectohs. — Ricfcard de Wytton, ; 'William de Londors, 
 
 I294;'JoIm de Langton, 1294;=' Sir Henry de Bye, 1-^95; 
 Henry de Eether, 1300. 
 
 Vicars.— Alan de Frisington, 1300; John do Scliilton, 1312 ; 
 
 Sir J.ilin de Carlisle, ; Sir Richard de Wjlford, 1331; 
 
 Patricius Culwen, 1338 ; John de Penrilh, 1300 ; Sir John de 
 
 Carlisle, 1380 ; Cliristopher Slee, ; Sir John Brisco, ; 
 
 Thomas Scott, 1.571 ; Leonard Scott, 1.584 ; AVilliam Fairfax, 
 162.1; Edward Waterhcuse, 1664; Christopher Whittingdale, 
 1705; James Clarke, 171H ; Joseph Sevithwaite, 1739; John 
 Twentyman, 1762; Joseph Dacre Carlisle, 1792; Sanmel 
 Hudson, l-^Ol ; Joseph Barnes, 1841 ; Hugh Elliott, 1843 ; 
 Joseph Taylor, 1844 ; Thomas Younger, 1851. 
 
 The vicarage, situated near the church, was erected 
 in 1851, at a cost of about tMO. 
 
 CHAKITIES. 
 
 Th« Rev. James Clarke's Charities. — The Rev. James 
 Clarke, ^I..\., vicar, who died in or about the year 1737, 
 gave to the parish i;-2>"), the interest thereof to bo dis- 
 tributed annually amongst the most industrious of the 
 poor parishioners. He also gave the further sum of 
 £H0, the interest of which was to be laid out yearly in 
 the purchase of Bibles and Testaments, to be given to 
 the poor. 
 
 Barker's Oift. — John Barker, by will, in 1657, left 
 £20, the interest of which was to be laid out in the pur- 
 chase of small religious books, to bo given to the poorest 
 sort of people ab nit Cnndlouias-diiy, being tlie birth-d;iy 
 of the testator. One-third of Clarke's Charity and half 
 of Barker's were paid into tho Savings Rank by Mr. 
 George Martindalo, in July, 1855. Another third of 
 Clarke's came into tho hands of G. G. ^founsey, Esq., 
 as executor to tho will of the lato Rev. S. Hudson, to 
 Xrhom it was paid by Jliss Abigail Clarke, and the 
 
 ' Presented by John Boliol, Innp of Scotland. 
 
 « J<Jm Langton w»ii Lonl HirIi Chanrcllor of Knglnnd, and died 
 Bishop iif (- hiclicatcr in l.'!;>7. lie was prcsculfd by .Vuihony llick, 
 Bishop or Piirhain and ratriorch of Jerusalem, in virtue of a grant 
 bom John Ualiol. 
 
 remaining portion of both have been lost through the 
 insolvency of the parties who held them. 
 
 The Bev. Joseph Serithuaite's Bequest. — The Rev. 
 Joseph Sevithwaite, vicar of this parish, who died about 
 the year 1762, left £20 to the school and £20 for buy- 
 ing books for poor housekeepers, to be paid after the 
 death of his wife. This charity has been lost. 
 
 School. — John Sowerby, of Sowerby Row, in this 
 parish, in the year 1750 endowed the school in the 
 township or division of Row Bound with £5 a year 
 payable out of a copyhold estate in Sowerby Row, for 
 the education of four poor children. The intentions of 
 the donor were honourably carried out till the year 1 83G, 
 when the holder of the land conceived the idea of free- 
 ing himself from the duty which the terms of owner- 
 ship attached to the property. As yet his resistance to 
 pay the annuity has been too successful, and this inci- 
 dent sti'ongly inculcates the necessity of guarding by 
 every legal means the sanctity of any charitable bequest 
 that may be made, so that it may be devoted to its 
 legitimate purposes. 
 
 School. — Mr. John Head, of Foxley Henning, in 
 1744, erected a school adjoining Raughton Head 
 Chapel. The Rev. Joseph Sevithwaite intended this 
 school to have the benefit of his charity, but it has never 
 enjoyed it. The school-house was rebuilt in ISOG, with 
 £50, the money left for its endowment. 
 
 R. Richanhon's Charity. — The late I\rr. R. Richard- 
 son, of Wham Head, left an annuity out of which three 
 shillings were to be expended in bread every Christmas 
 and Easter, and distributed to the poor people attend- 
 ing church. He also directed that out of his real estate 
 one shilling's worth was to be so distributed every 
 Sunday. 
 
 The interest of £330, or rather one-fifth of the same, 
 is applied by the trustees of Richardson's Charity, for 
 the purchase of religious books for the poor of this 
 parish. 
 
 In tins township, not far from the parish church, is 
 the lofty eminence called Castle Hill, from which the 
 prefix to the name of tlie parish is supposed to be 
 derived. Spacious roads, leading to the siimiuit of the 
 hill, have been cut in tho rock, and there is a large 
 circular cavity, eigliteen j-ards iu diameter, tmd having 
 a narrow entrance, where iron crooks show that it was 
 shut up in times of danger, very prolMibly t<> secure the 
 cattle during tho bordiT forays. Castle Hill is port of 
 one of Uie ten principal estates in tlie parish, anciently 
 called Ui'd Spears, from the fact of the tenants holding 
 them by the singular service of ridiug through renrith 
 on WiiitSunday, brandishing their spears as a challenge
 
 520 
 
 LEATH WAKD. 
 
 to the enemies of their country, or those who dare dis- 
 pute the title and privileges of the \(X<i of Inglewood 
 Forest. Those who held by this peculiar tenure are 
 mentioned in our law books as of the order of Red 
 Knights, who were bound to attend their lord on horse- 
 back. The spears used on the occasions just mentioned 
 vrere about nine feet in length, and some of them 
 remained till the last century in the houses of the 
 tenants, who appear to have been sureties to the sheriff 
 for the peaceable behaviour of the rest of the inliabit- 
 ants. The ancient owners of the estate now noticed, 
 annually served as .jurors at the forest court at Hesket, 
 on the feast of St. Barnabas, by which service they were 
 freed from all parish offices. Sowerby Common an- 
 ciently abounded in oak wood. On breaking up of the 
 land, a large number of pitsteads were found, where the 
 wood had been reduced to charcoal. Two stone crosses, 
 called Corpse Crosses, formerly stood on the common, 
 and it is stated that when a body was being carried to 
 the parish church for interment, it was usually set down 
 here while a prayer was said for the repose of the soul 
 of the deceased. 
 
 How Hill, which we may reasonably infer to have 
 given name to the township in which it is situated, 
 possesses a few remains of " days long since departed." 
 On its summit is a circular enclosure, mounded with 
 stone and earth, about twenty-one yards in diameter, 
 with an opening or entrance on the south side. Large 
 oaks have grown through the mound. The hamlet of 
 Millhouse, which contains two inns, a corn mill, a farm 
 house, and a few cottages, is situated in this bound, 
 within one mile and a half south of the parish church, 
 and the same distance from Hesket New Market. At 
 Hewerhill is a coal-pit, recommenced, in 18r>8, by Mr. 
 W. Kawes under the name of Hewerhill Pit ; it consists 
 of one shaft of eleven fathoms and a half working a seam 
 of eighteen inches thick : here are also lime-kilns carried 
 on by the same proprietor. 
 
 BUSTABECK BOUND. 
 
 In 1801 this township contained 423 inhabitants;^ 
 in 1811, 220; in 1821, 248; in 1831,237; in 1841, 
 249 ; and in 1851, 254. It consists principally of 
 scattered houses, about four and a half miles north-east 
 of Hesket Newmarket, and eight miles south of 
 Carlisle. The principal landowners are Mr. Joseph 
 Hayton, Eev. — Muncaster, John Crozier, Geo. Head 
 Head, and William Blamire, Esqrs. The rateable 
 value of this township is £1,039 7s. 6d. There is a 
 
 'In 1801 StockJolewath Bound was jointlv retamed with Bnsta- 
 beck Bound. 
 
 brick and tile works, and a corn-mill known as Sowerby 
 MUl. 
 
 KOW BOUND. 
 
 The population of Row Bound in 1801 was 101 ; in 
 1811.102; in 1821, 112; in 1831, 105 ; in 1841, 
 89; and in 1851, 101. This township comprises 
 several detached dwellings about two miles north of 
 the parish church, and is commonly called Sowerby 
 Row. Here is a school, the master of which is in 
 receipt of a yearly rent-charge of £u, conveyed to 
 trustees out of her real estate of Holme House by 
 the late Mrs. Cookson ; the vicar is one of the trustees. 
 It also possesses £'3 a year arising from Richardson's 
 charity, for which three poor children arc to be taught. 
 The principal landowners are Mr. Edmund Wallas, 
 William Parker, Esq., Rev. John Cartwell. The rate- 
 able value of this township is £500. 
 
 eOUTHERNBT BOUND. 
 
 The number of inhabitants comprised in this tovra- 
 ship in 1801, was 157; in 1811, 200; in 1821, 160; 
 in 1831, 102; in 1841, 130; and in 1851, 121. 
 Southernby Bound is about two miles east of Hesket 
 New Llarket. The mistress of a private school here is 
 paid for the teaching of three poor children, agree- 
 ably to the bequest of the late Mr. R. Richardson. 
 Southernby House, now a farm-house,'' stands upoa 
 what is called the Town Green, and commands beau- 
 tiful prospects. The principal landowners are William 
 Jennings, Esq., Messrs. Joseph Sanderson and Robert 
 Matthews. The rateable value of this township is £090. 
 
 STOCEDALEWATH BOUND. 
 
 This township, which comprises the village of Stock- 
 dalewath and part of Raughtou Head, had, in 1811, a 
 population of 191; in 1821, 213; in 1831, 260; ia 
 1841, 291; in 1851, 293. It comprises the small 
 manor of Thackwood, the property of William Blamire, 
 Esq., which is held under the Duke of Devonshire, and 
 was formerly held by the military service of finding a 
 number of spearmen ; very recently it had socage ser- 
 vice rendered by some of the neighbouring landowners. 
 Thackwood Nook is the seat and occasional residence of 
 WilUam Blamire, Esq. Within a short distance of the 
 village of Stockdalewath, upon an eminence command- 
 ing an extensive view to the westward, is a large Roman 
 entrenchment, known as Castlesteads. It is 188 yards 
 iu length by 100 in breadth, and has an inner and 
 outer vallum, within which stones and ashes have been, 
 found, but no inscriptions, bones, or urns. Within 
 about half a mile of this place are two other camps, 
 supposed also to be Roman ; one of them is called
 
 CROGLIN PARISH. 
 
 Whitestones, the other Stoneraise. These three camps 
 form as it were the angles of an equilateral triangle, 
 being at equal distances from each other. Large quan- 
 tities of stones are stated to have been taken from 
 Stoneraise, which is supposed to have been a place of 
 sepulture, but whether British or Roman we have no 
 evidence upon which we can decide. At the south- 
 west cud of Broadficld, within a mile of the camps just 
 mentioned, are evident traces of a Druidical temple, 
 where the earth has been raised up in a circular form, 
 with a sloping bank and an area of sixty-three feet in 
 diameter, within which tiiere formerly stood a stone 
 circle. Stone cofSns and human bones have been found 
 here. A short distance south of these remains there 
 was formerly a large rocking-stone, but no traces of it 
 can now be discovered. The principal landowners are 
 Thomas George Blamire, Esq., Mr. George Martindale, 
 William Blamire, Esq., Mr. Edward Martindale, and 
 George Head Head, Esq. The rateable value of this 
 township is £908. 
 
 The village of Stockdalewath is about eight miles 
 south of Carlisle. 
 
 riaughton Head is a small village of good houses, on 
 an eminence, within the bounds of Stockdalewath and 
 Bustabeck townships, seven miles south of Carlisle. 
 Hero is a chapel of ease, which, after lying in a 
 ruinous state for a long time, was rebuilt in 1678, 
 and consecrated by Bishop Rainbow. It was again 
 rebuilt in 1700, at an expense of above J£300. The 
 nomination of the curate is in the vicar of the parish. 
 The ancient salary was about .£3 a year ; but it was 
 augmented by £200 from Queen Anne's Bounty in 
 17:!7, and subsequently with a like sum from the same 
 source, and £v!00 from the Countess Dowager Gower — 
 so that the income is now about £100 a year. The 
 present incumbent, the Rev. John Kitching, was ap- 
 pointed in 1810. 
 
 The chapelry of Raughton Head and neighbourhood 
 
 possesses a commodious school, in the Elizabethan style, 
 well furnished, and provided with an able master by 
 G. H. Head, Esq. The old school, which stood in the 
 chapelyard, was taken down in 1857, and part of the 
 materials used in the erection of the present school, 
 which cost £300. 
 
 §hmir£ of SbiuKhioob anb Zhc Oaks. 
 The descent of this family is deduced from 
 
 WiLiJAM Elamike, Esq., of The Oaks, son and heir of John 
 Blamire, Esq., of The Oaks, by Jane, his wife, only child of 
 John Eitson, Esq. ; married, first, in 17yC, Isabella, only child 
 and heir of George Simpson, Esq., of Thackwood, by Sarah, his 
 vrile, daughter of Christopher Richmond, Esq., of Catterlen and 
 Highbead Castle, and had issue, 
 I. William, his heir. 
 II. Richmond, bom in 1712, married Frances, daughter of Richard 
 
 Baynes, Esq., of Cockermonth. 
 I. Sarah, married to Thomas Gneme, Esq., of Gartmore,co. Stir- 
 ling, colonel of tile l'.ind Highlanders. 
 II. Susannah, died unmarried. 
 
 He married, secondly, Bridget, widow of John Simpson, Esq., of 
 Sebergham Hall, Cumberland, and by her had one daughter, 
 Bridget, married to George Brown, Esq., of Newcastle-ou-Tyne. 
 The eldest son and heir, 
 
 WiLLiAii Blahiee, Esq., of The Oaks, married, in August, 
 1785, Jane, third daughter of John Christian, Esq., of Milntown, 
 Isle of Man, and of Unerigg Hall, by Jane, his wife, daughter 
 of Eldred Curwen, Esq., II.P., of Workington Hall, and had 
 issue, 
 
 I. William, present representative of the family. 
 
 I. Mary Simpson, married, in September, 1814, to the Hev. Thos. 
 
 Young, rector of Gilling, co. York. 
 II. Jane Christiim. 
 
 III. Sarah Susannah, married, in April, 1830, to the Rev. William 
 Young, rector of .Viler, co. Somerset. 
 
 Mr. Blamire was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Wii.uAM Blamirk, Esq., of Thackwood and The Oaks, J.P., 
 and high sheriff in JS2S, formerly JI.P. for Cumberland, and 
 now Chief Tithe Commissioner; bom April l:t, 1790; married 
 April :!rd, 1834, his cousin Dora, youngest daughter of John 
 Tuubman, Esq., of the Nunnery, Isle of Man, and relict of 
 Colonel Mark Wilks, of Kirby, in tliat island, governor of St. 
 Helena. 
 
 Arms. — Arg. a lion, rampant, within an orle, gn. 
 Cresl. — A wttlf, scjunt, ppr., chaiucJ, or. 
 Motto. — I'aire sous dire. 
 
 CROGLIN rARISH. 
 
 Tins parish is bounded on the east by Xorlluimbcrland and the parish of Alston, on the north by the parish of 
 Cumrcw and Geltsdalo Forest, on the west by the parish of Cumwhitton in Eskdale Ward, and on the south by tho 
 river Croglin, which divides it from tho parishes of Rcnwick and Kirkos\vald. It is about si.x miles in length from 
 cast to west, and two miles in breadth from north to south. Coal is found here in considerable quantities, but the 
 quality is not so good ; limestone, freestone, and a bastard marble, or a species of porphyry, some of which is very 
 black and some veined with white, are also found here. Grouse abound on Croglin Fell, a lofty cminouco in 
 the parish. The arable land hero has a heavy, cold, red, sandy soil; the principal crops are barley, oats, and 
 ttiriiips. Agriculture is the principal employment of tho inhabitants, who reside chietly iu the villages of Croglin 
 and Newbiggin, and attend tho Brampton and Penrith markets, and that of Carlisle occasionally. The parish 
 coniprises tiie manors or township of Croghn and Xewbiggin, whose united area is 0,180 acres. Tho population of 
 tiic parish, in 1801, was 109; in 1811, 234; in 1821, 348; in 183], 309; in 1841, 330; and iu 1851, 304. 
 61
 
 522 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 The first recorded possessors of the manor of Croglin 
 are the family of Hastings, one of whom serred with 
 Kichard I. in the Holy Land, and was present at the 
 siege of Jerusalem. As a rcivard for his bravery he 
 received a grant of lands here, which continued to be held 
 by his descendants till the reign of Edward I., when, 
 male issue failing, they were brought in marriage to the 
 Whartons of Wharton Hall, in Westmoreland, who, in 
 consequence, assumed the arms of Hastings, viz., sable, 
 a niaunch argent. The Whartons continued to hold 
 Croglin till the trustees of the Duke of Wharton sold it 
 to Charles Duke of Somerset, from whom it descended 
 to General Wyndham, the present lord, besides whom 
 George Dixon, Esq. ; John Jameson, Esq. ; William 
 Carrick, Esq. ; Messrs. William Leech, Thomas 'Mul- 
 caster, Joseph Pearson, Mrs. Hamilton, and the Eev. 
 E. Bowman, are the landowners. The tenure here is 
 chiefly customary, the tenants paying a customary rent 
 to the lord of the manor, and a tenpenny fine on the 
 death of the lord or tenant. The township is enclosed 
 in pursuance of an act passed in 1808. Its rateable 
 value is £5i6 9s. 7Jd. 
 
 The village of Croglin is situated in a deep vale on 
 the north side of the Croglin, five miles north-north-east 
 from KukoswaJd and twelve miles west by north of 
 Alston. A fair for cattle and sheep is held here annually 
 on the 18th of August. Near the village are the remains 
 of an old border stronghold called Scarromanwick. 
 
 THE CnUBCH. 
 
 Croglin church, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, 
 is a small structure consisting of a nave and chancel, 
 ■with a bell turret containing two bells. In the church- 
 yard is a stone cross raised on steps, on one side of 
 which is a braid, on the other a cross floree. There 
 is also a monument of a female, said to represent 
 some member of the Wharton family. The hving is a 
 rectory, valued in the King's Book at £8, and was 
 certified to the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty at 
 £47, but is now worth about £200 a year, arising from 
 600 acres of land, allotted in lieu of tithes at the 
 enclosure of the commons. The advowson of the living 
 was formerly attached to the manor, until it was sold 
 by the Duke of WTiarton to Matthew Smalls, Esq., 
 from whom it came to his grandson, the Rev. Henry 
 Claytor, vicar of Kirkby Stephen, and aftei-wards to 
 William Clarke, Esq., of Wallseud, Northumberland, 
 who sold it to the Eev. Joseph Ireland, after whose 
 death it was sold to the Rev. John Jackson, from whom 
 it was purchased by the present rector. The parish 
 registers commence in July, 1644. 
 
 Bectobs. — Adam occurs 1203; Symon de Layton, 1300; 
 ■William de Edenhall, 1:U7; John de Wetewant', 13:)&; Patrick 
 
 deEdenhum, ]3(W ; AViUiam de Willerdby, ; John Maysom, 
 
 1377; William de Hoton, 1380; Henry Staynesforth, 1452; 
 
 Anthony Wharton, 1337 ; Sir I'ercival Wnrthcopp, ; Sir 
 
 Philip Machell, 1 501 ; Sir John Hudson, 1508 ; Thomas Barnes, 
 157i; llarmaduke Cholraley, 1578; Koger Haslchead, 1582; 
 John Allan, 1011; Richard Shai-ples, 1639 ; John Rogers, 1600 ; 
 George Vates, 1003 ; George Sanderson, 1071 ; Thomas Hunter, 
 10S)1; Henry Noble, 1721; Thomas Myers, 17^0; Joseph 
 Ireland, 1>501; John Jackson, 1837; Edward Buwmau, 1848. 
 
 The rectory is a neat building ; the date of its erec- 
 tion is not known. 
 
 There is a Sunday-school, erected by Thomas H. 
 Graham, Esq., which is also used as a day-school. 
 I. 
 
 CH.VMTIES. 
 
 Hie School. — The school at Croglin was endowed 
 ■with the interest of £30, given in I7x!3, by the Rev. 
 Thomas Hunter, rector of the parish, and twenty acres 
 of land allotted by consent of the Earl of Egremont, 
 lord of the manor, and the tenants, at the time of the 
 enclosure of the commons in 1808. The school-house, 
 situate at ThrcldheaJ, is a stone building, erected by 
 subscription about the year 17"24. A sum of money 
 was also raised by subscription. The allotment of land 
 now belonging to the school consists of twenty acres ; 
 the rent, about £11 a year, is received by the master, 
 for which all the children of the parish are entitled to 
 instruction in reading, writing, and arithmetic, on the 
 payment of a small quarterage. The average attend- 
 ance of children is about twenty-five. 
 
 Lord TVIiarton's Bible Cliarittj. — Four Bibles are 
 annually sent to the rector of Croglin from the Bible 
 charity of Philip Lord TVTiartou, which arc distributed 
 to the poor of the parish. 
 
 TItrelkeld's Gift.— Thomas Threlkeld, who died in 
 1703, left £20 to his e.'cecutors, the interest of which 
 is to be paid to the poor of the parish, who are not in 
 the receipt of parochial relief. 
 
 NEWBIGGIN. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £01.j 17s. l;]d. 
 General Wyndham is lord paramount of the township, 
 but the Earl of Carlisle claims the manorial rights of 
 the small manor of Newbiggin. The landowners hero 
 are General Wyndham ; W. Hodgson, Esq. ; John 
 Jameson, Esq. ; Messrs. Thomas Hodgson, Joseph 
 DLxon, Jonah Di.xon, and William Gibson. The com- 
 mons were enclosed at the same time as those of Croglin. 
 
 The village of Newbiggin is on the north side of the 
 parish, one mile and a half north-by-west of CrogHn, 
 and eight miles south-by-east of Brampton. Here is a 
 Wesleyan Methodist chapel, erected in or about the 
 year 1846.
 
 DACRE PARISH. 
 
 523 
 
 DACRE PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Dacre is bounded on the north-west by Greystoke parish ; on tlie south by the river Eamont, which 
 divides it from the county of Westmoreland ; and on the east [by Penriih and Newton Reiguy parishes. It is about 
 four miles from north to south, and two and a half from east to west, comprisiug the townships of Dacre, Great 
 lilencow, Newbiggiu, Soulby, and Staiuton. The lands here are partly freehold and partly of customar)- tenure. 
 The soil is chieHy a red loam, producing good grain crops, especially near the banks of the Eamont. Limestone 
 is found in the parish ; and at Southwaite is a mineral spring much resorted to by the inhabitants. Agriculture 
 is the only employment of the population. Penrith is the market usually attended. The parish comprises an area 
 of 8,205 acres. The population in 1801 was V12 ; in 1811, 7G3 ; inl8'^l,901; in 1831,995; in 1811, 975; and 
 in 1851, 954. 
 
 DACRE. 
 
 The area of this township is returned with the 
 parish; its rateable value is £1,009, ITs. Od. The 
 population was not returned separately till 1 841, when 
 it was 204; and in 1851 it had decreased to 103 
 persons, who chielly reside in the village of Dacre. 
 
 Dacre gave name to the ancient baronial family of 
 Dacre, who had their seat at Dacre Castle, in this 
 township. Their posterity became by marriage lords also 
 of Gilsland and Greystoke. On the demise of Thomas 
 Lord Dacre without male issue, in 1452, his next 
 brother, Ralph, succeeded to the baronies of Gilsland 
 and Greystoke, and he and his successors were called 
 Lords Dacre of the North. Sir Pilchard Fienes having 
 married Joan, the only daughter of Thomas Lord Dacre, 
 was by royal patent, the samo year, declared to be a 
 barou of the re;iim, by the title of Lord Dacro of the 
 South. Jlargaret, the sister and heir of Gregory Lord 
 Dacre, married Samson Lennard, Esq., of Chcvening, 
 in Kent, whose posterity iuherited the title and the 
 Dacre estates. Thomas Lennard Lord Dacre, who was 
 created Earl of Sussex in 1075, left two daughters, 
 co-beircsses, who, with their mother, sold the manors 
 of Dacre and Soulby, iu 1715, to Sir Christopher 
 Musgrave ; the latter conveyed them the same year 
 to Edward Ilasell, Esq., of Dalcmain, from whom they 
 have descended to Edward llascU, Esq., the present 
 proprietor; besides whom, Pi. Wauchope, Esq., A. F. 
 lludlestone, Esq., and T. Fctherstonehaugli, Esq., 
 are the landowners. The township has been enclosed 
 iu pursuance of un act passed about the year 1810. 
 
 Dacre Castle is a plain quadrangular building, sur- 
 mounted with crenellated parapets and four square 
 turrets, two of which are built nt right angles to the 
 main building, while the others arc not There are 
 two entrances, one at the west tower, and another 
 between the towers on the east front. Near the latter 
 are the armorial bearings of the Earl of Sussex, who 
 restored the castle in the latter end of tlie seventeenth 
 century, quartering Lennai"d, Fienes, Dacre, and 
 Multon. The shield is surmouatcd by a coronet, the 
 
 supporters are, dexter, a wolf, chained ; sinister, a liiU, 
 chained ; and the motto, " Pour bien desirer." This 
 ancient mansion of the Dacres has for some time been 
 used as a farm-house. In the wall of the room now 
 occupied as the kitchen is a piscina with an orna- 
 mented trefoiled arch, aud it is very probable that this 
 was the chapel of the castle. The walls are about 
 seven feet in thickness. There are two arched vaults, 
 said to have served as dungeons, which communicate 
 by steps with the ground floor. Access to the roof of 
 the castle was obtained by means of staircases in the 
 towers ; and to the tops of the towers by stone steps 
 from the roof. ilr. Howard, in his " Memorials of the 
 Howard Family," alluding to a congress held at Dacre 
 (see page 520) says, "This fact is singularly corrobo- 
 rated by there being iu the casde a room, called to 
 this day, the ' Ptoom of the Three Iviugs,' while the 
 historical fact itself is entirely forgotten in the country. 
 This proves both the antiquity of the castle and its 
 having been a place of some consequence, otherwise it 
 would not have been appointed by Athelstan for a 
 ceremony of such importance. After the Conquest, 
 however, if not before, Dacre was a. mesne manor held 
 of the barony of Greystoke by military suit and ser\-ice. 
 .\s to the story of the owners having derived their name 
 from having particularly distiuguishej themselves at the 
 siege of Acre in the holy wars, this appears to be a 
 fiction arising out of the name, and I think it is enough 
 for human pride to show that the parish, the manor, 
 the rivulet, and the castle, were all blended with the 
 name of the owners. Their arms, the pilgrim's scallop, 
 may possibly have been talieu from their having l)e€n 
 engaged in Palestine, and that one of tlicm was in the 
 Crusade, the cross-legged knight iu Dacre church clearly 
 proves. That they were meu of high spirit and enter- 
 prise, and favourites of the Lulics, there exists con- 
 vincing evidence : Matilda, the gritit heiress of ( lilsland, 
 was by liandolph Dacre carried off from M'arwick Castle, 
 iu the night time, while she was Edward lll.s ward, 
 and under the custody and caro of Thomas de Beau- 
 champ, a stout earl of AVarvrick; and Thomas Lord
 
 524 
 
 LEATH WAKD. 
 
 Dacre dashingly followed the example of his ancestor, 
 170 years afterwards, by carrying off, also in the night 
 time, from Brougham Castle, Elizabeth of Greystoke, 
 the heiress of his superior lord, who was also the king's 
 ward, and in custody of Henry Clifford, earl of Northum- 
 berland, who probably intended to marry her. Their 
 vigour and ability displayed as wardens of the marches 
 must also add favourably to our estimate of them as 
 men." In 135 1 Margaret de Dacre had a license from 
 the bishop of the diocese, Gilbert Welton, to have a 
 chapel within the castle, and for Robert de Kirkby to 
 be her chaplain. This chapel now serves as the kitchen. 
 The subjoined account of the family of Dacre will give 
 more fully the particulars of the descent of this castle 
 and manor. The castle is the property of Edward 
 Hasell, Esq., the lord of the manor. 
 
 ^itmiln of ^ncxt- 
 
 Wn.T.TAW Dacee of Dacre, in the county of Cumberland, in 
 the 20th year of King Henry III., served the office of sheritf for 
 that shire, with John de Moore, and in the 32nd of the same reign 
 he was constituted sheriff of Yorkshire, and governor of the 
 castles of Scarborough and Pickering. He died in ten years 
 afterwards, when again sheriff of Cumberland and governor of 
 the castle of Carlisle, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 EiNULPn DE Dacre, who had been in the lifetime of his 
 father a staunch adherent of King Henry III., in the conflicts 
 between that monarch and the barons ; and upon succeeding to 
 his inheritance was appointed sheriff of Cumberland. In the 
 7th Edward I. he was constituted sheriff of Yorkshire, and con- 
 tinued in that trust until the end of the third quarter of the 
 eighth succeeding year. This Eanulph married Joan de Lnci ; 
 and dying in the lith Edward I. was succeeded by his son, 
 
 WrLLiAM DE Dacre, who, in the 32nd Edward I., was in the 
 expedition made that year into Scotland, and about the same 
 period obtained a charter for free warren in all his demesne 
 lands at Dacre, in the county of Cumberland, and at Halton in 
 Lancashire. In the first year of the next reign he had license 
 to castellate his mansion at Dunwalloght, in Cumberland, on 
 the marches of Scotland ; and in three years afterwards was 
 again engaged in the Scottish wars. His lordship married 
 Joane, daughter and heiress of Benedict Gemet, of Bluet ; and 
 having been summoned to Pailiament as a baron, from the 
 28th Edward I. to the I2th Edward II., departed this life in the 
 latter year, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 KANtTj>H DE Dacre, who had a summons to Parliament as 
 Baron Dacre, from 13th May, 1321, to 15th November, ViSS. 
 His lordship married Margaret, only daughter and heiress of 
 Thomas de Multon, Baron Multon, of Gilsland (by writ of 
 Edward II., dated 26th August, 1307), by whom he acquired con- 
 siderable estates, and left at his decease, in 1339, three sons, viz.; 
 ■\VilUara, who succeeded to the barony of Dacre through his 
 father, and to the barony of Multou through his mother ; but 
 died without children in 13C1. Ealph, successor to his brother 
 in the baronies, died also without children in 1375. And 
 
 Hugh de Dacre, who succeeded his brother Ealph as Lord 
 Dacre and Lord Multon, and had summons to Parliament from 
 1st December, 1376, to 20th August, 1383. His lordship mar- 
 ried Ela, daughter of Alexander Lord Maxwell ; and dying in 
 1383, was succeeded by his son, 
 
 William de Dacre, summoned to Parliament from 3rd 
 March, 1384, to 23rd November, 1403. His lordship married 
 Joane, daughter of James Earl of Douglas j and dying about 
 the year 1403, was succeeded by his son, 
 
 TnoMAS de Dacre, summoned to Parliament from 1st Decem- 
 ber, 1412, to the 26th May, 1155. This nobleman was consti- 
 tuted chief forester of Inglewood Forest, in the county of Cum- 
 berland, in the 8th Henry V., and was appointed in the 2nd 
 Henry VI. one of the commissioners to treat for peace with 
 James 1. of Scotland. His lordship married Philippa, daughter 
 of Ralph Nevill, earl of Westmoreland, and had issue, 
 
 L Thomas, who married Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Bowes, 
 Esq.; nnil dying in the lifetime of his father, left on only 
 daughter and heiress, 
 
 Joane, married to Sir Richard Fienes, Knt., who was 
 declared Baron Dacre by King Edward IV., and from 
 whom die barony has descended in regular succession 
 to the present Lord Dacre. 
 
 IL Ranulph, a stout adherent of the House of Lancaster, had 
 summons to Parliament ns a baron in the 38lh Heury VI., 
 but fell at Towton, and was sutisequeutly attainted, when 
 his title aud estates became forfeited. 
 ni. Humphrey, of whom presently. 
 I. Joan, married to Thomas, eighth Lord de Clifibrd. 
 
 Sir HtJMrirREV Dacre (the third son) having deported him- 
 self obsequiously to the then triumphant house of York, attended 
 King Edward IV. at tho sieges and surrender of the differenc 
 Lancastrian castles in the north ; for which good service, as 
 well as his fidelity to the king's sister Margaret, whom ha 
 escorted as chamberlain upon her joiUTiey into Flanders on the 
 occasion of her marriage with Charles Duke of Burgundy, he 
 was constituted master forester of Inglewood Forest for life ; and 
 continuing to enjoy the confidence of the king, he was sum- 
 moned to Parliament as a baron on the 15th November, 1482, 
 under the designation of " Humfrido Dacres of Gilsland, 
 chevalier." Sir Humphrey Dacre, who enjoyed Gilsland and 
 other capital manors, by rirtue of a fine levied by his father, had 
 previously disputed the original barony of Dacre with his niece, 
 Joane Lady Fienes, when the affair was referred to the arbitra- 
 tion of King Edward IV., who confirmed Sir Richard Fienes 
 and his lady in the barony, with the precedency enjoyed by 
 Lady Fienes's grandfather, and decreed to them divers castles 
 and manors ; but Gilsland, the ancient seat of the Vaux's, with 
 several considerable estates, was adjudged to Sir Humphrey, 
 who, at the same time, was created a baron, with place next 
 below Sir Richard Fienes, and for distinction was styled Lord 
 Dacre of Gilsland, or of the North (of whom hereafter). Sir 
 Richard being entitled Lord Dacre of the South. 
 
 DACKE OF THE SOUTH. 
 
 Richard Fienes, in the year 1459, was summoned in right 
 of his wife as seventh Baron Dacre. He became possessed of 
 the manors of Dacre, Irthington, Kirkoswald, Blackball, Farlam, 
 Brackenthwaite,Lazonby, Brampton, Burgh-upon-Sands, Aikton, 
 Rockhff, and Glassonby, with lands in this county, and divers 
 manors in Westmoreland, Lancashire, and Lincolnshire. In 
 the 13th Edward I\. he was constable of the Tower, and in the 
 15th Edward IV. one of the king's council. He was summoned 
 to Parliament from 38th Henry VX. until the 22nd Edward IV., 
 and died in 1484, Joan, his wife, surviving him. He was suc- 
 ceeded by his grandson, 
 
 Thojias Fienes, lord Dacre (son of Sir Thomas Fienes and 
 his wife, Alice, eldest daughter and coheir of Henry Lord Fitz- 
 Hugh). This nobleman was made a Knight of the Bath at the 
 creation of Henry (second son of Henry VII.) Duke of York.
 
 DACRE PARISH. 
 
 525 
 
 His lordship married Aone, daughter of Sir Humphrey Bonr- 
 chier, son of John Bourchier, lord Bemers, and, dying in J 834, 
 was succeeded by his grandson, 
 
 Thomas Fiknks, lord Dacre (son of Thomas Fienes by Jane, 
 daughter of Edward Sutton, lord Dudley). This nobleman was 
 high in favour at the court of Henry VIII., but going with other 
 young men one night, from Ilurstraonceu.x, to steal a deer out 
 of hia neighbour Sir Nicholas Pelham's park, a fray ensued 
 between some of his party and the parkkeepers, in which one of 
 the latter was killed ; and though Lord Dacre was not himself 
 upon the spot, but in another part of the park, he was neverthe- 
 less tried, convicted, and executed for the murder in 1541, when 
 his honours became forfeited. In 1562, however, those honours 
 ■were restored to his son and heir (by Mary, daughter of George 
 Neville, lord Abergavenny), 
 
 GnEGORY Fienes, lord Dacre, who was summoned to Parlia- 
 ment from nth January, 5th Elizabeth, 10U3, to lOth February, 
 35th Elizabeth, 1091). This nobleman died in 1594 without issue, 
 leaving 
 
 Maroabet Fienes, lady Dacre, wife of Sampson Lennard, 
 Esq., bis sister and heir. She claimed the barony, temp. Eliza- 
 beth, and was allowed it in 1004. Her ladyship died in 1611, 
 and was succeeded by her eldest son, 
 
 Henuy Lennaud, lord Dacre, who raanied Chrisogona, 
 daughter of Sir Itichard Baker, of Sissenhurst, in Kent, and, 
 dying in lOlC, was succeeded by his only son, 
 
 Richard Lennard, lord Dacre. 'J'his nobleman rebuilt his 
 seat at Chevening, after a plan by Inigo Jones. His lordship 
 married, firstly, Elizabeth, daughter and co-heir of Sir Artliur 
 Throckmorton, of Pauler's Perry, co. Northampton, by whom 
 be had (with other issue), 
 
 I. Francis, his successor. 
 
 He married, secondly, Dorothy, daughter of Dudley Lord North, 
 and by her had a son, 
 
 n. KiriiAnn, who hnd the manor of Horsford, in Norfolk, settled 
 upon bill! by his faibcr; inul be subsequently assnraed the 
 imiiid of IJurreli, in ci>nse(iueuce of the bequest of Sir 
 Edward Uarrett, lord Neivbiirgb, to him, of tin; manor of 
 Belllinuse, and other lands, in Essex. He murried Anne, 
 daughter and heiress of Sir llobert Loftus, Km., and grand- 
 daugbtt-r of Aditni Viscount Lofiiis, of Ely, lord chancellor 
 of liehuid, and was succeeded at his decease, in lOUU, by 
 his son, 
 
 1. Dacre-Barrett-Lennard, who married Lady Jane 
 Chichester, daughter of Arthur, second Earl of 
 Donegal, and bad a son, 
 
 Richard, of wluim hereafter, as husband of bis 
 cousin. Lady Anne Lennai'd, baroness Dacre. 
 
 Richard Lord Dacre died Itith August, 1030, and was succeeded 
 by his eldest son, 
 
 Francis Lennard, lord Dacre. This nobleman, during the 
 civil wars, took the side of tlio Parliament, but opposed the pro- 
 ceedings against the king personally. His lordship married 
 Elizabeth, daughter and eventually co-heir of Paul, first Viscount 
 llayning, by whom ho had three sons and three daughters. 
 Lord Dacre, on the decease of Uanulph Dacre, Inst heir molo of 
 the Lords Dacro of Iho North, without issue, in the reign of 
 I'harles L, laid claim to tlilsland .ind tlio rest of the ancient 
 estates in Cumbirland, and though ho at last consented to coni- 
 proniiso with the Howard family, llien in possession, yet ho 
 recovered Dacre and divers other manors in Cumberland and 
 Westmoreland. Ho died in \W\l (his widow, lOII/abeth, was 
 subsequently created Countess of Sheppy for life, and mar- 
 ried David Walter, lieut. -general of tlio onlnance and groom 
 of the bed chamber, ttmp. Charles II.), and was succeeded by 
 his eldest son, 
 
 Thomas Lennard, lord Dacre, who was created, 5th October, 
 1674, Earl of Sussex. This nobleman was obliged, through 
 extravagance, to dispose of his seat at Hurstinonceux, and bis 
 lands in Sussex. His lordship married Lady Anne Palmer, 
 daughter of Barbara Duchess of Cleveland, but died in 1715 
 without male issue, when the earldom ceased, while the barony 
 of Dacre fell into abeyance between the earl's two daughters and 
 co-heirs, Barbara and Anne ; the elder married Lieut.-general 
 Charles Skelton, but dying without issue in 1741, the younger, 
 
 Anne, became Baroness Dacre. Her ladyship married thrice: 
 firstly, Richard Barrett Lennard, Esq. (revert to Richard Lord 
 Dacre), by whom she had an only son, 
 
 I. Tno-MAs; 
 
 secondly, Henry, eighth Lord Teynham, by whom she had, with 
 other children, 
 
 II. Charles, who married Gertrude, sister and co heir of John 
 Trevor, Esq., of tilynd, in Sussex, and left at his decease, 
 in 1754, 
 
 Chables Trevor, of whom presently. 
 Gertrude Trevor, who succeeded her brother, as 
 Baroness Dacre. 
 
 her ladyship married, tliirdly, the Hon. Robert Jloorc, son of 
 Henry, third Earl of Drogheda, by whom she had one son, 
 
 III. Henry. 
 
 Lady Dacre, soon after the death of her first husband, in con- 
 junction with her sister, sold Chevening, the ancient seat of the 
 Leunards, to Earl Stanhope, and Dacre Castle, with the lands 
 in Cumberland, to Sir Christopher Musgrave. She died in 
 1755, and was succeeded by her eldest son, 
 
 Thomas Babret Lennakd, lord Dacre. This nobleman 
 married Anne Maria, daughter of Sir John Pratt, lord chief- 
 justice of the King's Bench, but died without issue on the 12th 
 January, 1780, when the title devolved upon his nephew (refer 
 to Anne Baroness Dacre), 
 
 Charles Trevor Roi'ER, lord Dacre, born 14th June, 1745; 
 married, 2nd March, 177>'!, Mary, only daughter and heir of Sir 
 Thomas Fludyer, Knt., but died without issue on 4th July, 179-t, 
 and was succeeded by his sister. 
 
 The Hon. Gertrude Roper, who married, 20th April, 1771, 
 Thomas Brand, Esq., of the Hoo, co. Herts, and by him (who 
 died 2lst February, 1794) bad issue, 
 
 I. Thomas. 
 II. Hexrv Otwav. 
 I. Gertrude. 
 
 Her ladyship died on 3rd October, 1819, and was succeeded by 
 her eldest son, 
 
 Thomas Brand, lord Dacre, bom 25th March, 1774; married, 
 4th December, 1819, Barberina, relict of Valentine Wilmot, Esq., 
 of Fnrnboriiugh, Hants, and daughter of the late .\dmiral Sir 
 Chaloner Ogle, Bart.; but died without issue on 21st March, 
 1851, when ho was succeeded by his brother, 
 
 Henry Otwav, lord Dacre, Ueut.gencral in the army, colonel 
 of the 31st Regiment, C. B.; distinguished in the Peninsular 
 War; bom 27th July, 1777; married, 24th July, WM\, Pyno, 
 eldest daughter of the late Hon. and Very l!cv. Dean Crosbie, 
 and sister of Lord Brandon. By this lady (who died in January, 
 1841) ho had issue, 
 
 I. Tiiouas Crosdii WiLLUii, present peor. 
 
 II. Henry Bonverio William, M.P. for Glyndo, Smwex ; Imrtl 
 
 2lih Dccemlicr, Isli; married, lUdi April, l83'<, Eliza, 
 ilnughtcr of Gi-iicriil Ellicc, aiitl lias i^suo. 
 I. Pyne .lesse, married lirsily to John H. Cottcrell, Esq., and 
 nccuudly to Granville llorcourt Vemou, Esq., M.P.
 
 526 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 II. .Iuli«, married to Sumnel C. W'liitbrend, Esq. 
 
 III. (iermiile, nittrriwl to Sir George H. Seymour, G.C.H. 
 
 IV. Krcilcrica Mnry Jane. 
 
 His lordsliip, who assumed by sign manual, in 1824, the sur- 
 name of Trevor, died Und of June, 185a, and was succeeded by 
 liis eldest SOD, 
 
 Thomas Croseie Wn.i.iAM Brand Trevou, the present Baron 
 Dacre, born in 1808; married, I'Jth .Timuary, 1837, Susan Sophia, 
 eldest daughter of the Hon. Charles Conipton Cavendish, M.P. 
 for Bncks. His lordship is co-heir to the barouy of Fitz-Hugh. 
 
 D.VCRE OF THE NORTH. 
 
 Sir HuMrniiET DAcnn (see page S24), married Maud, 
 daughter of Sir Thomas Parr, ICnight, and dying in 1000, was 
 succeeded by his son. 
 
 Sir Tiio.MAs Dachk, 'Jnd Lord Dacre of Gilsland, summoned 
 to Parliament from 17lh October, 1509, to 12th November, 1515. 
 This nobleman in the !)th Henry VIII , served under Thomas 
 Earl of Surrey, at the siege of Norham castle ; and his lord- 
 ship obtained great celebrity in the command of a body of horse 
 reserve at the famous battle of Floddcn, in the 4th Henry VIII., 
 under the same gallant leader. He was subsequently at ditferent 
 times engaged in Scotluud; and he filled the important office of 
 warden of the West JIarches, from the 1st year of King Henry 
 VIII. He married Elizabeth, grand-daughter and sole lieiress 
 of Ealph de Greystoke, Baron Greystoke, K. G., and had issue, 
 
 I. William, his successor. 
 II. Humphrey. 
 
 I. JIary, married to Francis, Earl of Shrewsbury. 
 
 II. Margaret, married to Henry, Lord Scrope of Bolton. 
 
 III. Jane. 
 
 His lordship died in 1525, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 Sir 'Wii.i.iam Dacre, as 3rd Lord Dacre of Gilsland, sum- 
 moned to Parliament from 3rd November, 1529, to 21st October, 
 1555, in the first writ as " Willielmo Dacre de Dacre and Grey- 
 stoke, Chl'r," afterwards as " de Gilsland," or "of Greystoke," 
 or "de North." In the 2Cth Henry VIII., this nobleman, 
 being accused of high treason by Sir Ealph Fenwyke, was 
 brought to trial before liis peers at Westminster, in the July of 
 that year, and acquitted, owing to tlie description of evidence by 
 which the charge was sustained ; namely, persons of mean de- 
 gi'ee from the Scottish border, who were either suborned, or 
 brought forward by a vindictive feeling towards Lord Dacre, 
 arising from the seveiity with which ho had executed the duty 
 of warden of the marches. In the reigns of Edward VI., Mary, 
 and Elizabeth, his lordship was captain of the castle, and 
 governor of Carlisle ; and in the second year of the last queen 
 he was joined in commission with the Earl of Northumberland 
 to negotiate a peace with Scotland. His lordship married 
 EUzabelli, 5th daughter of George Earl of Shrewsbury, and 
 had issue, 
 
 I. Thomas, his successor. 
 
 II. Leonard, who being dissatisBed with the distribntion of the 
 
 family estates among his nieces, at the decease of his 
 nejjhew, George Lord Dacre, joined in the conspiracy of 
 the Earls of Nortimmberlanti and Westmoreland, temp. 
 Elizabeth, for tlie rescue of Mary Queen of Scots, and 
 took possession of the Dacre castles of Greystoke and 
 Naworih, in the norlh, but was eventually obliged to fly 
 into Scotland, when he was attainted with the lords above- 
 mentioned ; he died without issue. 
 III. Edward, attainted with his brother Leonard for the same 
 
 treason, died widiout issue. 
 IV. Francis, attainted with bis brothers, and for the same treason. 
 He lived, however, several years after, dying about the Sth 
 Charles L He married Dorothy, daughter of John Eiul 
 of Uerweutwater, and left, 
 
 Itandal, (the last male heir of Hnmphrey Lord Dacre, of 
 
 tiilslaud, who died two years after bis father, williout 
 issue. 'I'he parish register of Greystoke, for Ht'U, 
 contains the following entry (buried); *■ Uandal Dacre, 
 Esq., Sonne and byre to I-'rancis Dacre, Esq., Hecenswd, 
 being the yomipesi son of the last Lord William Dacre; 
 deceased being the last byre male of that lyiie ; which 
 said Ranilyll dyed at London, anil was brought downe 
 at the charges of the Eight Hon. Thoma.s F.arlo of 
 Aruiideil and Surreye, and earle marsball of England." 
 
 I. ^fargaret, married to Anthony Browne, viscoimt Montacule. 
 
 II. Aime, married tt> Henry Clitford, earl ttf Cumberland. 
 
 III. Eleanor, married to Henry .lerninghatn, Esq., of Costessey 
 
 Hall, Norfolk, by whom she had, with other issue, 
 
 Henry Jemingham, who was created a baronet IHth Octo- 
 ber, li;21, a dignity iuheriied by Sir Henry's descend- 
 ant, Henry Videuiine (Stallbrd-Jcniingbain), present 
 Lord Stafford. 
 
 IV. Mary, married to Alexander Culpepper, Esq. 
 V. Dorothy, married to Sir Thomas Windsore, Knt., son and 
 heir of William Lord Wmdsore. 
 
 Lord Dacre died in 1003, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Thomas Dacrk, 4ih Baron Dacre of Gilsland, but never 
 summoned to Pai'liamcnt. 'J'his nobleman married Elizabeth, 
 (laughter of Sir James Leihurne, Ent., of Cuiiswick, in West- 
 moreland, and had issue, 
 
 I. Gf.oroe, his successor. 
 
 I. Anne, married to Philip Howard, carl of Anmdel. 
 IL Mary, married to Thomas Lord Howard, of Walden, and 
 
 died without children. 
 III. Elizabeth, married to Lord William Howard ; and her great 
 grandson, Charles Howard, Esq., was elevateil to the peer- 
 age on the 20th of April, llilil, by the title of liaron Dacre 
 of Gdsland, Visocunit Howard of Morpeth, and Earl of 
 Carlisle, of which nobleman the present Earl ot Carlisle is 
 the liueal descendant. 
 
 His lordship died in 1500, and was succeeded by his only son, 
 
 George Dacee, 5th Lord Dacre of Gilsland, who died in 
 minority, anno 1059, of a fall from a woodeit horse, upon 
 which he practised to leap. At the decease of his lordship, the 
 barony of Dacre of Gilsland fell into abeyance between his 
 sisters as co-heirs, and it so continues with their descendants. 
 Of his estates, Greystoke fell to the Earl of Arundel, and is 
 now in the possession of Henry Howard, Esq., wliile NawortU 
 Castle devolved upon Lord Wilham Howard, where he settled, 
 and it now belongs to the Earl of Carlisle. 
 
 The village of Dacre is situated on the north bank of 
 the river Eamont, five miles west-south-west of Penrith, 
 by the turnpike road, or four and a half by the Dale- 
 main private road. Dacre is mentioned in history at a 
 ver}' early period. The Sa-xou Chronicle tells us that 
 in the year 1)20, " fiery lights appeared in the north 
 part of the heavens. And Sihtric perished : and King 
 Athelstan obtained the kiugdoin of the Northumbrians. 
 And he ruled all the kings which were in this island : 
 first, Huwal, king of the West- Welsh ; and Constan- 
 tine, king of the Scots : and Uwen, king of the 
 Gueutian people ; and Ealdred, son of Ealdulf of 
 Bamborough ; And they confirmed the peace by pledge, 
 and by oaths, at the place which is called Eamot, on 
 the fourth of the Ides of July (July 12); and they 
 renounced all idolatry, and after that submitted to him 
 in peace.'' From a passage in WUliam of Malmesbuiy
 
 DACRE PARISH. 
 
 "this place which is called Eamot" appears to have 
 been Dacre, for Malmesbury says "Anlof, the son of 
 Sihtric, then fled into Ireland, and his brother Guth- 
 ferth into Scotland. Messengers from the king imme- 
 diately followed to Constantino, king of the Scots, and 
 Eugenius, king of the Cumbrians, claiming the fugitive 
 under a threat of war. The barlmrians had no idea of 
 resistance, but without delay coming to a place called 
 Dacor, they surrendered themselves and their kingdoms 
 to the sovereign of England." The subsequent history 
 of the place is to be sought for in the history of the 
 noble families with which it was so long connected. 
 Venerable Bede, in his History, speaks of a monastery 
 at Dacre, but as we are of opinion that it stood at 
 Stainton in this parish, we will reserve our remarks till 
 we come to speak of that township. 
 
 THE CnUECH. 
 
 Dacre parish church, dedicated to St. Andrew, is 
 situated within a short distance of the castle. It con- 
 sists of a nave, with north and south aisles, chancel, 
 tower, and vestry. There was formerly a porch on the 
 south side ; the coping stone of the roof yet remains, 
 but the door is walled up, and the principal entrance to 
 the church is under the tower at the west end. The 
 tower was rebuilt in 1810 and contains three bells. 
 The aisles arc divided from the nave by four pointed 
 arches, and a low circukr arch separates the nave and 
 chancel. On the floor, on the north side of the chancel, 
 are the effigies of a Knight Templar, or of one who had 
 made a crusade to the Holy Land, and it is supposed 
 to Commemorate some member of the Dacro family. 
 The figure is represented in mail armour, with gorget 
 and helmet ; the sword is sheathed by the side ; the 
 legs, which are broken olf a little below the knees, are 
 crossed, and the hands are raised in the attitude of 
 prayer. It seems to belong to the time of Henry III. 
 The church contains mural monuments to the memory 
 of members of the Hasell, Salmond, Maw, and Parkin 
 families. In the churchyard, are four rude figures of 
 animals, about live feet high, sitting on their haunches, 
 and clasping a pillar or ragged statY. It has been sup- 
 posed that they refer to some armorial device of the 
 Dacre family, as the ragged staff appears connected 
 with the escallop shell, in several of the ornaments of 
 N'awonh Castle ; though we do not find it anywhere 
 recorded among the arms or cognisances of that family. 
 The church of Dacre appears to have been appropriated 
 to the monastery which formerly existed in this parish. 
 In the Valor of Pope Nicholas the rectory and vicamgo 
 of Dacre are returned separately, the fonner as \vorth 
 X50, and the latter JC9 i3. 8d. lu the Valor of Edward 
 
 II. they arc estimated as being united at £13 Cs. 8d. 
 Soon after the former survey, the church appears to 
 have been rectorial, and so continued until late in the 
 reign of Henry VIII., when it is supposed to have been 
 given to the college of Kirkoswald, and appropriated 
 thereto ; but on the suppression of the religious houses, 
 the tithes, &c., were vested in the crown. According 
 to Dr. Todd, " Queen JIary gave (as was said] the 
 disposal of Dacre to Bishop Oglethorp, but her grant 
 was vacated in the next reign." In 1380 Andrew de 
 Laton, of Dalemaiu, by will, gave to this church all his 
 personal estate for the good of his soul. In 15^3 a 
 lease of the rectory and tithes was granted by the crown 
 to Thomas Hammond for twenty-one years ; he paying 
 to the vicar an annual stipend of £8. About the year 
 1609 the living was augmented by Mr. William Mawson, 
 of Tyraparon, who, by will, gave a lease of the tithes of 
 Sleagill and Thrimby in Westmoreland, to be divided 
 equally between the vicars of Dacre and Penrith. The 
 tithes were divided by the trustees, who awai'ded those 
 of Thrimby to Dacre. They were afterwards sold 
 fur £200, wliich was given in augmentation of the 
 vicarage. The governors of Queen Anne's Bounty gave 
 an additional £'200, with which land was purchased at 
 Black Burton. About the year lti8-3 the great tithes 
 were purchiised by Charles Dashwood, Esq. The right 
 of patronage was originally in the barons of Dacre, lords 
 of the manor. Subsequently the collegiate body of 
 Kirkoswald presented ; but since the dissolution of 
 that collegiate church the right of patronage has been 
 exercised by the Lord Chancellor. It appears that at 
 present the Earl of Lonsdale is the impropriator, for he 
 receives a fee-farm rent for the great tithes of the parish. 
 The small tithes belong to E. W. Hasell, Esq., of Dale- 
 main ; they were commuted at the time of the enclosure 
 of the common. The present value of the hving is 
 about £118. The parish registers commence in IStiO. 
 
 Rectohs. — Nicholas de Appleby, ; llcnry do Ilcrcia, 
 
 1280; Willinra de Burijli, VKt; William Bowolt, about 1359; 
 
 Walter do Lowtliorburgb, ; Peter de Slapleton, 1309; 
 
 William do Orchard, 1370; John Inglcby, . 
 
 VicAiiS. — Thomas Langripg, about 1530; Roland T>awson, 
 
 ; John Brockbank, 1571; Sir PJchnrd SultOD, 1574; Sir 
 
 William Martin, l.'iS'J ; Sir Thomna Wrao, 1591 ; William lUch- 
 ordson, 17 12 ; William Cowper, 1707 ; JoDuthnu Moorhouse, 
 1780 ; John Slepheusun, 180J ; Jolin Gilpio, lt<50 ; Richard 
 Williams, lK5-,>. 
 
 The vicarage is a ueat stone building in the Ehza- 
 bethan style, very pleasantly situated, a little south of 
 the village. It was erected in 1851-2, at an expense of 
 upwards of £800, defrayed by subscription, and a grant 
 of £'J00 from Queen Anne's Bounty.
 
 528 
 
 LEATH WARP. 
 
 Dacre school, situated iu the village, was erected in 
 1834, (iustead of an old one built iu 1749, which is now 
 let as a cottage at an annual rent of £3 5s.) at a cost 
 of nearlj' JB130, defrayed by subscription and a grant 
 of j£40 from the Committee of Council on Education, 
 and £5 from the National Society. The rent of the 
 old school is given towards the teacher's salary. The 
 school is under government inspection, is conducted by 
 a mistress, and has an average attendance of twenty- 
 five children. The trustees of this school, and of some 
 other charities in the parish, are the vicar of Dacre for 
 the time being, Edward William Ilasell, Esq., Andrew 
 Fleming Hudlestone, Esq., and Messrs. Joseph Gris- 
 dale, Joseph Brown Lander, and Francis Winder. At 
 the time of the enclosure of the commons of this 
 township, a small portion, about three roods, was allot- 
 ted to the school. This was subsequently e.\changed 
 with E. W. Hasell, Esq., for part of one-half the 
 interest due on £'20 borrowed from his predecessor at 
 the time of the exchange of Motherby estate for New- 
 biggin, — this portion, with a small plantation adjoining, 
 Mr. Hasell gave as a site for the vicarage. The estate 
 just alluded to is called Xewbiggin Town End, and 
 includes the closes called the Crofts, containing up- 
 wards of nine acres ; and also a field called Ings or 
 Newbiggiu Ings Croft, which contains four acres, 
 making a total of upwards of thirteen acres, now let 
 for £18 a year, — £7 14s. 4d. of this sum is given 
 to the school, for which four poor children of Dacre 
 are taught free. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Itev. Bobert Troidbeck's Dole. — The Rev. Robert 
 Troutbcck, by will proved June 0th, 1700, gave to the 
 poor of Dacre parish, the place of his nativity, £50, the 
 interest thereof to be distributed every year by the 
 Troutbecks of Blencow, if there should be any living, 
 othewise by the minister and churchwardens for the 
 time being. This money was laid out in 1749, with 
 other money, in the purchase of an estate at Motherby, 
 the rent of which is distributed annually on Easter 
 Sunday. 
 
 John Scott's Gift- — John Scott, by his will dated 
 May 10th, 1759, gave to the churchwardens and over- 
 seers of the parish of Dacre £50 to be placed upon 
 security, one moiety of the interest to be paid and 
 distributed amongst the poor and most needy of the 
 inhabitants of Stainton, and the other moiety amongst 
 the poor and most needy of the inhabitants of the rest 
 of the parish of Dacre, but no part of it to any one in 
 receipt of parochial relief. The money is invested at 
 four and a half per cent interest, which is distributed 
 as directed. 
 
 Hodgson's Bequest. — James Hodgson, by will dated 
 June 17th, 1778, gave £40 to the poor people in Dacre 
 and Soulby, the interest of which was to be distributed 
 in Dacre churchyard every Christmas Day for ever. 
 
 John Troulhcck's Gift. — John Troutbeck, by will dated 
 October '27th, 1787, gave to the poor of Dacre parish, 
 the place of his nativity, £200, the interest of which 
 was to be distributed every Easter Sunday, on the 
 family tombstone in Dacre churchyard, provided the 
 day should be line, by the hands and at the discretion 
 of a Troutbeck of Blencow, if there should be any 
 living, those next in descent having prior right of 
 distribution ; and if none should be living that would 
 distribute the same, then by a Troutbeck as long as 
 one could be found that would take the trouble of it, 
 otherwise by the minister and churchwardens of the 
 parish for the time being. 
 
 Mrs. Wilson's Charity. — Jane Wilson, who died 
 January 39th, 18!26, left £100 to the poor of this 
 parish, also £100, the interest thereof to be applied 
 tovvards the educating of four poor children belonging 
 to Stainton. 
 
 Motherby Estate, School, <fc — The Motherby estate 
 was purchased with several donations given by Matthew 
 Brown, the Rev. R. Troutbeck, Edward Hasell, Esq., 
 and an ancient Poor Stock. In 1799 the property was 
 exchanged for a messuage and tenement called New- 
 biggiu Town End, and Newbiggin lugs Croft, by 
 which the charity was materially benefitted. The rent 
 of these premises is applied to Dacre school and the 
 poor of the village and parish. 
 
 Dacre Lodge, the seat of Admiral Wauchope, is a 
 neat structure, erected in 1831-2, occupying a pleasant 
 situation on the banks of the river Dacre, within a 
 short distauce of the village. 
 
 GREAT BLENCOW. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is returned with 
 that of Newbiggin ; its area is returned with the parish. 
 The number of inhabitants in 1841, was 04 ; in 1851, 
 88 ; who chiefly reside iu the village of Blencow. 
 
 Great Blencow appears to have been held in ancient 
 times by a family bearing the local name, who were 
 settled here in the reign of Edward IIL They subse- 
 quently removed to Blencow Hall, iu Little Blencow, 
 palish of Greystoke. Henry Howard, Esq. is lord of 
 the manor, and IMrs. Elizabeth Troutbeck the only 
 landowner. The commons were enclosed in 1775, by 
 an act passed in the 1 2th George III. 
 
 The village of Great Blencow is five miles north- 
 west by west of Penrith. Near the village is Ennim 
 Bank, the seat and property of Mrs. E. Troutbeck.
 
 DACRE PARISH. 
 
 529 
 
 CHARITY. 
 
 The School. — Thomas Burbank, a native of Great 
 Bleneow, on December 7tli, 1577, endowed the school 
 here with lands and messuages in the county of North- 
 ampton, of the venri)' value of .£10 ; in addition to 
 wliicli he gave i;300 in money for the use of the school, 
 £50 of which was expended in building the school- 
 house, Jt'lOl) laid out in a rentcliarge of L'O a year, 
 payable out of Yanwath Hull ; the remainder, being 
 lent out on securities which became worthless, was 
 lost. The nomination of the head master is vested in 
 feoffees, of whom eight was the appointed number. 
 As the feoffees die, two of the survivors, or the heirs of 
 the survivors, have authority to make new feoffments to 
 others being inhabitants of (jreat or Litlle Bleneow. 
 The school is said to be free to all the kingilom, on 
 payment of entrance money ; nothing is taught but 
 the classics ou the foundation, other branches of edu- 
 cation have to be paid for. Among the eminent men 
 educated here we may mention, Edward first Baron 
 Ellenborough, lord chief justice of the King's Bench, 
 and George Whitehead, the well-known member of the 
 Society of Friends. The income of the school is about 
 £190 per annum. 
 
 NEWBIGGIS. 
 
 The population of Xewbiggin township in 1^41 was 
 341; in 18.') 1, 340. The rateable value, inclusive of 
 that of Great Bleneow, is £2,983 1 7s. ; the area is 
 returned with that of the parish. The inhabitants are 
 principally resident in the village of Xewbiggin, near to 
 which are limestone i|uarries culled Whinlierry quarries. 
 Situated on an elevated part of the common in this 
 township is '■ Fluska Pike," more commonly called 
 " Thompson's Folly," from the name of the man who 
 built it about forty years ago. It is a s(iuare building 
 about fourteen feet long, and twelve high, forming one 
 room, and was used by its owner, JMr. Thompson, 
 author of the " Sentimental Tour to London," Ac. Ac, 
 as a place to take tec or spend the night in. It is 
 now the property of Mr. Richard Harrison, of Xew- 
 biggin. Contiguous to this building is a field, known 
 as " Silver Field." from the circumstance that silver 
 rings and other ornaments have at diflerent times been 
 found hero. In the year 1785 a curious instrument of 
 silver was discovered, to wliicli no one ha.s been able 
 to assign either the name or the use. This singular 
 rolic of antiquity consists of on oval ring, or frame of 
 silver, about fourteen inches in circumferonco ; the 
 length of tho spear or tonguo attached to it being 
 twenty-two inches. Tho weight is twenty-five ounces. 
 The manor of Xewbiggin is the property of Henry 
 lloward, Ksq. Tho landowners are E. W. Hasell, 
 
 63 
 
 Esq., Mrs. E. Troutbeck, Henry Howard, Esq., Messrs. 
 Richard Harrison, William Wilkinson, Lancelot Allin- 
 son, William Bainbridge, Edmund ^Mounsey, Thomas 
 TodJ, Jliss Roxburgh, and Edmund Thompson. The 
 commons were enclosed in 1775, in pursuance of an 
 act passed in the 12th George III., when a field called 
 Bartv Gills, containing sixty-four acres, was given to 
 the Hasell family, in lieu of the small tithes of the 
 townships of Great and Little Stainton, Xewbiggin, and 
 Great Bleneow. 
 
 The village of Xewbiggin is three miles west by 
 north of Penrith. At the north end of the village is 
 Tymparon Hall, now a farm-house. 
 
 Xewbiggin school, which is situated in the village, 
 is a small stone building, erected in 1825, at a cost of 
 £71 10s. defrayed by subscription. It is endowed 
 with the interest of £100, left in 1820, by the late 
 Mr. Stephen Wraj, which is given to the teacher. 
 The trustees are Messrs. John Harrison, John Hogarth, 
 Richard Harrison, and William Harrison. The average 
 attendance is about twenty children, who are taught by 
 a mistress. 
 
 Diilcmain, the seat of E. W. Hasell, Esq., is situated 
 in the beautiful vale of Eamont, near the foot of 
 Ullswater, two and a half miles from Peniith. It 
 stands in the centre of an extensive park, studded 
 with stately oaks and overhanging woods and groves. 
 From this charming residence may be seen, in tho 
 distance to the south-west, the towering peaks of 
 Martiudale Fells, ou which roam a herd of red deer 
 in their pristine state, said to have been a gift from 
 Queen Elizabeth, and at present the property of E. 
 W. Hasell, Esq. On the west may bo seen Dacre 
 castle, and church. Following the vale wc come to 
 Huttou John, the seat of A. F. Huddlestone, lOsq , 
 one of whose ancestors is said to have preserved the 
 life of Charles II. in two ways, that is spiritually and 
 temporally : and further west we have the rugged 
 steeps of old Blencathra, or Saddleback, supposed to 
 have been at one period a volcano. 
 
 pastil of Jlalxmain. 
 Tho Hasells were first settled in Cambridgeshire, 
 where several burials of members of the family occur, 
 in the register of Bottisham church, in that county. 
 
 Sir I'.nw.vnn Haski.i, knislitoil li_v Willinm III., win tliu first of 
 tlio fimiily llial setlli'il in (Jumborliuul, Diilonmiii l>i-iiii; piircliusud 
 by liiiii from llie co-lii'ircsscs of tlio iiiicient faiiiilynf Do Loyton, 
 in lOli.'). Sir Kdwaril, wlio was liom 'JTlh Nov«mii1ht, 104'..', (the 
 son of Oio Rev. KJwiinl Kasoll, roctor of Midtllcton Cliuney, 
 CO. Northnnipton, by Mnrthn, liis wifo, dauyhlfr of Dr. Henry 
 Smilli, muster of St. Mary Magdalene, Cambridge, was elcclcJ 
 ill 17UI M.l*. for tlio county of Cumberland. Uo married,
 
 530 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 firstly, Jane, eldest daughter of Sii Timothy Fetherstonehaugh, 
 Knt., ( H lio died on the i^caffold for his loyalty to King Charles I.) 
 and widow of Bernard Kirkbride. Tliis lady dying in ICO'i, ho 
 married, sei-ondly, aith Xovember, IflDB, Dorothy, daughter of 
 ■\Villiam WilUams, Esq., of Johnby Hall, and by her left at his 
 decease, 12th September, 1707, a son and successor, 
 
 Edward Haseli., Esq., of Dalemuin, born in 170(i, who mar- 
 ried, Julia, second daughter of Sir Chrisloiiher Musgrave, Bart., 
 of Edenhall, and had i^ssue. The third son, 
 
 CuiusioniEU Hasei.i,, Esq., married, Jliss Goade, and had 
 (with two daughters, Julia, who died unmarried ; and Sliz;i, 
 married to her cousin, Richard Houghton, Esq.,) a son, 
 
 Edward Uasei.!., Esq., of Delamain, born in 17C.'5, who mar- 
 ried, lirstly, in 1792, Elizabeth, daughter of William Cams, Esq., 
 of Kirliby Lonsdale, and by her (who died in IblO) had issue, 
 
 I. Edwar]) Williams, now of Dalemnin. 
 11. Christopher, lioru in hSU, rapliiin in the Bengal army. 
 Hi. William I.owiher, captain in the Bengal aimy, died at Cairo, 
 June, l.sdi. 
 
 1. Jlarinnne, married to the Tev. Sir J. C. Musgrave, Burt., of 
 
 Edeiibull, who died iu 1835. 
 II. Julia. 
 
 III. Jane. 
 
 IV. Maria, marripd to George Graham, Esq., son of the late Sir 
 
 James Graham, Bart., and ditd JIarch, 1S05. 
 
 Mr. HascU married, secondly, in 1812, Jane daughter of the 
 Rev. R. Whitehead, of Ormside Lodge, which lady died in Nov. 
 181G. Mr. Hasell himself died at Dalemain, 21th December, 
 1825, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Edwaud Williams Hasell, Esq., of Dalemain, J. P., and. 
 D.L., chairman of Quarter Sessions for Cumberland and West- 
 moreland, lieuL-rolonel commandant of the Westmoreland and 
 Cumberland Yeomanry Cavaln-, and liigh-shcrilf for the latter 
 county in 18-JO ; born lOlh July, 17UC ; manied 12th July, 1320, 
 Dorothea youngest daughter of Edward King, Esq., of Huu- 
 gril, CO. York, and has issue surviving, 
 
 I. WiLLLVMS, born 4th Jfarch, 1S30. 
 IL John Edward, born 10th September, ISHO. 
 HI. George Edmund, born 26ih Seinember, 1817. 
 1. Dorthea, 
 IL Elizabeth Juha. 
 IIL Alice Jane. 
 
 IV. Mary, married to William Parker, Esq. 
 V. Henrietta .Vaiia. 
 VI. Frances Anne. 
 
 Arms. — Or, on a fesse, az., between three hazel nuts, ppr., as 
 many crescents, arg. 
 
 Crfsl. — A squirrel, arg., feeding on a hazel nut, ppr., eocirded 
 
 with hazel brauches. 
 
 SOULBY. 
 
 For area of Soulby township see parish returns. 
 The rateable vtilue is £057 13s. lOd. The population 
 in 1841 was 61, and in 1851 the same number, who 
 are principally resident in the small but scattered 
 village of Soulby. The manorial rights are vested in 
 E. W. Hasell, Esq., who with James Salmoud, Esq., 
 Thomas ilaik. Miss Mary ^Vilson, and !Mrs. Wilson, 
 are the landowners. The commons were enclosed 
 about the year 1810. 
 
 The village of Soulby contains a few scattered houses 
 at the foot of Ullswater, four and half miles south- 
 west of Pemith. 
 
 ■Waterfoot House, the seat of James Salmond, Esq., 
 occupies a pleasant situation, commanding a beautiful 
 view of the picturesque vale and lake of Ullswater. 
 
 SalmontJ of SiiRntcrfnot. 
 
 This family is of French origin, and left the parent 
 country during the Huguenot persecutions. The grand- 
 father of the present Mr. Salmond, 
 
 Willia:.! Salmond, Esq., of Seaforth, Antigua, son of Wil- 
 liam Salmond of the same place, married Jane Hasell, o'' 
 Dalemain, ca. Cumberland, and had issue, 
 
 I. Jauls. 
 IL William. 
 
 III. Erancis. 
 I. Julia. 
 
 II. Maria. 
 
 The eldest son, 
 
 James Salmond, Esq., of Waterfoot, married, firstly, 2nd 
 July, 1708, Louisa, daughter of David Scott, Esq., of Dunninald, 
 N. B., and sister of Sir David Scott, Bart. ; and secondly Mari- 
 anne, daughter of the Ven. Thomas Constable, archdeacon of 
 the East P.iding of Yorkshire ; and by the former w.as father of 
 
 J.vMES Saljiond, Esq-, of Waterfoot, J. P., bom 15lh June, 
 1800, married Kith August, 1S31, Emma Isabella, daughter of 
 D'Ewes Coke, Esq., ofBrookhill Hall, Derbyshire, and has issue, 
 I. Charles James, born in 1833. 
 II. Henry, born in 1S38. 
 
 111. William, born in l^JO. 
 
 jv. Daniel, born iu 1^13. 
 I. Marianne Emma. 
 
 II. Julia. 
 
 Arms. — Sa., throe salmons, or. 
 
 Crt'st, — .In armed arm, sa., holding a falchion, or. 
 
 Motto. — Optima sapientia probitas. 
 
 Wreay hamlet and estate, the property of Thomas 
 Todd and the Eev. Isaac Todd, with the exception of 
 a few fields, pay tithes and church-rates to Dacre, and 
 other rates to Watermilloclc chapelrj', iu Grcystoko 
 parish. 
 
 STAINTON. 
 
 The tateable value of this township isi;2,213 9s. 3d. ; 
 its area is returned with the parish. In 1841 it con- 
 tained 305 inhabitants, and in 1851, 200, who chiefly 
 reside in the village of Stainton. The township is 
 skirted on the east by the Lancaster and Carlisle rail- 
 way. In the neighbourhood of Stainton arc extensive 
 deposits of limestone, containing large quantities of 
 fossil remains. In some instances the formation of the 
 Hmestone is very remarkable, being deposited just 
 beneath the surface of the earth as it were in moulds, 
 that is, in beds of soil, and the stones when dug out 
 are of the most curious shapes, resembling, in some 
 cases, the trunks of animals, trees, &c. Mr. Thompson, 
 who has a large collection of these stones, fancies they 
 grow in the soil and morass in a wet season, the soil 
 being impregnated with lime.
 
 DACRE PARISH. 
 
 531 
 
 On the property of Mr. John Thompson, of Keld 
 Head, in this township, is a piece of rising ground 
 called Kirkgarth, commanding an extensive view of 
 the surrounding country. This spot is supposed to 
 have been the site of the church or monastery mentioned 
 hy Venerable Bede as existing in the year 098, " near 
 the river Dacre, over which, at that time, the religious 
 Suidberct presided as abbot." He also mentions another 
 superior named Thruidred, who governed the monastery 
 in his time. The conjecture that Kirkgarth is the 
 site of the monastery seems fully borao out by the 
 fact that the adjoining fields are still known by the 
 names of Kirksyke, Kirkrigg, Under Kirk, &c., and 
 also from the fact of human bones having been dug up. 
 About eighteen years ago the present proprietor discovered 
 an entire skeleton on the spot, supposed by a surgeon to 
 liavc belonged to a female. The extent of ground upon 
 whieh this monastery is supposed to have stood would 
 justify the inference that it was a place of some import- 
 ance. It is contiguous to the Penrith and Keswick 
 turnpike road, and is two and a half miles from Penrith. 
 In connection with this place there is a traditionary 
 story, which runs as follows : — " Shortly after the Piefor- 
 niation the lands fell into the hands of a certain baron, a 
 man of reckless violence, who lived somewhere in the 
 neighbourhood. He had a number of men employed in 
 the removal of the church, or what ruins remained 
 thereof, probably with the intention of making an addi- 
 tion to Dacre church, which would appear from the 
 stone corresponding ; and one day, in consequence of 
 some scruples of his workmen, or some hesitation in the 
 execution of his commands, he came himself to the 
 gi-ound. His orders were very positive; and having 
 delivered himself of these, he rode ofl" in the direction 
 of Penruddock, and had gained the summit of this 
 rising ground, looking backwards as he went, when his 
 horse fell under him and he broke his neck. The place 
 is still called the Baron's Hill, and the Baron's Cross." 
 
 Tiic manor of Staiiiton is the property of Henry 
 Howard, Es^. Tlio landowners are W. H. Whelpdale, 
 Esq. ; Thomas Scott, Esq. ; Messrs. John G. Dawson, 
 John Thompson, Thomas Thompson, Thomas AUinson, 
 William A\"alton, J. Watson, Thomas Harrison, T. B. 
 Allison ; and Mrs. Bell. The commons were enclosed 
 iu 1775. The tithes of Great and Little Stainton, 
 N'owbiggin, and Great Blencow township were com- 
 muted in 1850 for £32 Os. 4d. payable to the Earl of 
 liOnsdale. 
 
 The village of Stainton is about two and three 
 quarter miles west-south-west of Penrith. It is remark- 
 able for its salubrity and the longevity of its inhabitants. 
 The pleasing uniformity of its houses, which ore all of 
 
 stone, and most of them whitewashed, give it an airj- 
 and cheerful appearance. 
 
 CilAEITIES. 
 
 ScJwol. — Mark Scott, of Hallrigg, by will dated 
 December 28th, 1758, gave, for the use of the school at 
 Stainton, £'100: three parts of the interest to be paid 
 to the master of the school, and the fourth part for 
 teaching as many poor childi'en born in the town as it 
 conveniently could ; the poor children to be chosen at 
 the discretion of his trustees, and their descendants. 
 In 1820 the late Miss Jane Wilson left £100 to this 
 school. This was followed, in 1832, by another i'lOO, 
 bequeathed by the Picv. Isaac Wilson; and, iu 1850, 
 by £50 left by Lancelot Dent, Esq., of Skirsgill House, 
 on the demise of his sister, iliss Dent ; so that the total 
 endowment of the school at present amounts to £350. 
 The school-house was rebuilt iu 1S38, at a cost of i'150, 
 and is now a neat and commodious building, capable of 
 accommodating a'jout seventy pupils ; the average num- 
 ber iu attendance is fifty. Fourteen poor children of 
 Stainton township are taught free. 
 
 Jane Wilson's Charity. — Jane Wilson, at the same 
 time, left the interest of £100 to the poor of this parish. 
 
 There is also a girls' school iu the village, which is 
 mainly supported by ^Mrs. Hasell. 
 
 Skirsgill House is the property of W. Dent, Esq. 
 
 In the township of Stainton, about two miles on the 
 road leading from Penrith to Patterdale, ria Dalemain, 
 is an elevation called Studford or Studfort Brow, a 
 short distance to the south-west of which some histo- 
 rians say that a very fierce encounter took place 
 between the Britons and Romans, in which the com- 
 manders on both sides were slain. The Britons were 
 however obliged to give way, and lied to the mountains 
 a little to the west : the above seems fully borne out 
 by the fact that human bones have been discovered 
 here at various periods. 
 
 In the year 1787 there was living at Stninton one 
 John Bristo, a healthy mau of the great age of 9t. 
 Eight years before, his family stood as follows : — 
 master of the family, 80 years ; mistress, s5 ye<irs ; a 
 female servant, 79 years ; a horse, 33 years ; and a dog, 
 17 years ; — total 300. His wife lived to tlio age of 
 88, and his servant died in 1785, aged 80, having 
 served him 04 years. It is fiiriher remarkable, that 
 after the fii"st four years of her service, she gave him 
 notice that she intended to leave him, and continued 
 to do 60 regularly every half-year afterwards ; at length 
 she actually did quit his service, aud died within the 
 following two months. This remarkable villager was 
 very strongly built, and enjoyed such robust health
 
 632 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 that ho never paid anything to either surgeon or 
 physician. He was further remarkahle for his pacific 
 disposition, never having paid or caused any one to pay 
 anything for law. Tliough naturally silent and diili- 
 dent, he was an eminent promoter of mirth, and 
 would take a glass regularly among cheerful company 
 till a reasonable hour, when he always retired. He 
 never wore a coat or any other article of dress which 
 was not spun in his own family, and the cloth manu- 
 
 factured by a neighbour ; his clothes were made of the 
 wool of his own sheep, and were either dyed by a 
 neighbour or left uudyed, forming a cloth called here 
 " Skiddaw grass,' namely black and white wool mixed. 
 His wife was every way bis counterpart. 
 
 On the eastern boundary of this township is a place 
 traditionally called " Appleby Gate Head," said at some 
 period to have been the principal road to .\ppleby. 
 This road crosses the river Eamont at Yanwath Hall. 
 
 EDENHALL PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by the parish of Great Salkeld, on the west by Penrith, on the south by the 
 river Eamont, and on the east by the river Eden. The soil on the hills is generally of a light sandy nature, but on 
 the banks of the rivers a very rich loam prevails, and the principal crops are oats, barloy, and turnips. The 
 inhabitants, who are principally engaged in agricultural pursuits, reside chielly in the village of Edeuhall, and 
 attend the markets at Penrith. Edenhall possesses no dependant townsliips ; its area is 3,354 acres, and its 
 rateable value £3,693 6s. SJd. The population of Edenhall in 180] was 143; in 1811, 132; in 1821, 251 ; in 
 1831 , Si94 ; in 1841, 266 ; and in 1851, 865. 
 
 The manor of Edenhall was given by the Conqueror 
 to Henry FitzSwein, brother of Adam Fitz-Swein, but 
 how long it contiinied in his family we have no account. 
 In the reign of Henry III. Robert Turp occurs as 
 possessor of the manor, and on his demise it descended 
 successively to his son and grandson, the latter of whom, 
 dying without male issue, Edenhall came to his t\YO 
 daughters, eo-heii-s, one of whom, Julian, became the 
 wife of William Stapleton, in 1327. It continued to 
 be held by the Stapleton family for live descents, when 
 Joan, second daughter and co-heir of Sir William 
 Stapleton, Knt., brought it in marriage to Thomas 
 de Musgrave about the 38th Henry VI. (1159-00), 
 and it is still in the possession of his family and 
 name. 
 
 Edenhall is an elegant mansion in the Italian style 
 of architecture, pleasantly situated in a park whoso 
 attractions are enhanced by the meanderings of the 
 Eden. The beautifully laid out flower garden, at the 
 west front of the hall, was designed and arranged by 
 the present baronet. At a short distance from the 
 terrace, and commanding a fine view of the garden, 
 park, and church, with the bend of the Eden, and the 
 opposite hills, are two splendid specimens of the cedar 
 of Lebanon, of great age and beauty. The present 
 mansion was built about the year 1821, and contains 
 several handsome rooms, the walls of which are deco- 
 rated with family portraits and other paintings. Con- 
 nected with this house and the Musgrave family is the 
 famous "Luck of Edenhall," a tall tumbler, of old 
 
 fashioned glass, green and specky, expanding in easy 
 curve from the bottom upwards, and terminating in a 
 graceful lip, and enamelled with a geometrical design 
 in crimson, blue, and yellow. The " Luck" has been 
 in the possession of the Musgraves for many generations. 
 It has a threefold value: in the mysterious tradition 
 which associates it with the fairies, in the sacred use to 
 which in all probability it was once applied, and as a 
 specimen of ancient art. The "luck" is kept in a 
 leathern case, which is, with good reason, believed to 
 be the workmanship of the fifteenth century, and bears 
 the monogram " I. H. S." which identifies it with the 
 church, and we may believe the " luck" to have been 
 a chalice used for sacramental purposes, made^at Venice 
 perhaps in the tenth century. The projection of the 
 lip makes it somewhat inconvenient as a drinking glass, 
 yet Philip Duke of Wharton used to make merry with 
 it, as we learn from his ballad : — • 
 
 " God prosper long from being broke 
 
 Tbe Luck of Kdenhall ; 
 A doleful drinkin;,' bout I sing, 
 
 That lately did befall. 
 
 To chase the spleen with cup and can 
 
 Duke Philip took his way ; 
 Babes yet unborn shall never see 
 
 The hke of such a day. 
 
 The stout and ever-thirsty Duke 
 
 A vow to God did make 
 His pleasure within Cumberland 
 
 Three live-long nights to take.
 
 EDENHALL PARISH. 
 
 533 
 
 Sir Musgrave, too, of Jlarlindale, 
 
 A true and wnrthy knight, 
 Eftsoon wilh him n bargain made 
 
 In drinliiag to deUght. 
 
 Xowwhen these mctry tidings reach'd 
 
 Tlje Karl of Harold's ears, 
 'And am I,' qiioth he, wilh an oath, 
 
 'Thus slighted by my peers?' " 
 
 And SO tlio ditty goes on for nearly two score stanzas, 
 with the doings of the rivtils, and the final triumph. 
 The concluding stanza r-ans : — 
 
 " God bless the king, the duchess fat, 
 
 And keep the land in peace ; 
 And grant that drunkenness henceforth 
 
 '.Moug noblemen may cease." 
 
 It is said that the duke delighted to toss up the 
 "luck" after his hurnpcrs and catch it as it fell. 
 Ijuckily it never came to harm, and shows no sign 
 whatever of the shivering as pictured in Uhland's 
 hallad ; or of the cracks and injuries mentioned iu 
 Longfellow's translation. 
 
 " ]3ut that fairy legend," say ilr. White, "it comes 
 Hitting through the mind as butterllies across a hosky 
 alley, and imagination renews the scene. Rhymers and 
 story tellers have alike made the 'luck' their theme, 
 and while one adheres to the ancient boteler, another 
 brings a knight returning froui the wars to siezo the 
 cup at the very moment that the elves are disporting in 
 the moonlight." But there is another version, less 
 known, perhaps, with which we may entertain ourselves 
 hero for a few minutes : — 
 
 TwBS summer-tide, wbea days arc long. 
 
 And holm and baugh were green ; 
 .\nd the mavis sings in the good greenwood, 
 
 And chatters the jay between. 
 
 " O, whither dost run thou little foot-page. 
 
 As swift as hawk on wing ?' 
 " For life, for lilc, to I'cnrith town 
 
 I run, the leech to bring I 
 
 " And wherefore seekost thou the leech ? 
 Now up and tell to mo ;" 
 "0, hold me not, thou weird woman, 
 There '« glamour in thine eo ! ' 
 
 Oh, there was glamour in here cc ; 
 He could not choose but loll ; 
 " Xfy mistress lieth in deadly swoon, — 
 The ladye Isabel." 
 
 " Now run, now run, thou little foot-pnge, 
 Uun swift as hawk on wing, 
 But if the leech to succour fail, 
 Then seek the fairies' spring." 
 
 The little foot-page hath gone and come. 
 
 So nimble of foot was he ; 
 And his bonnio bright een were wet with tears, 
 
 I'or he loved his dear ladye. 
 
 The leech he rode to Edenball, 
 
 The while uprose the moon : 
 But his craft was vain, and his simples naught, 
 
 To loose the deadly swoon. 
 
 The little foot-page, he wept full sore, 
 And he fell on his knee and be prayed : 
 
 lie prayed a prayer to Mary Mother, 
 And Saint Cuthbert to aid. 
 
 His dear ladye hath nurlhred him 
 
 Since rose his infant wail. 
 That night his father's hut was burnt 
 
 By thieves from Liddelsdale. 
 
 Then thought be of the weird woman. 
 
 But, oh ! 'lis a fearsome thing. 
 To go at night, in the wan moonlight. 
 
 And walk by the fairies' spring. 
 
 Yet will he forth, whate'er betide, 
 
 Yet will he forth and see; 
 For who luveth be on earth beside, 
 
 If not his dear ladye. 
 
 So softly crept he down the stair. 
 
 And out by the secret docir ; 
 And be was aware of a strange music 
 
 He nevei had heard before. 
 
 And slowly paced he o'er the mead, 
 
 And beard the self-same sound. 
 And there he saw a companye 
 
 A dancing round and round. 
 
 He fell on his kneo behind a bush. 
 And his heart beat quick for fear, 
 
 Whenever he saw llie dainty folk 
 Come dancing him a-near. 
 
 So beautiful their faces shono. 
 
 So bright their silken sheen ; 
 He could but dread to look thereon, 
 
 And yet, he looked, I ween. 
 
 Oh, merrily did they laugh and dance. 
 
 Still tripping round and round ; 
 But not a blade of grass did bend. 
 
 No Uower sunk on tbo ground. 
 
 And ever the music rang full sweet. 
 
 Yet sat no pluycrs there ; 
 It was as if the trees did sing, 
 
 \Yhilo tinkled harps in air. 
 
 Anon thoy pause, and a crystal cap 
 
 Is dipped in the bubbling ipring, 
 And gliding govs, from lip to hp, 
 
 All round the fair; ring.
 
 534 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 Anil ever it (lips niid fills Bgain, 
 
 And while the revellers ilritik 
 The brimining wiiter falls like pearls 
 
 Down from the sparkling briulv. 
 
 Bat the fay that beat's that cup around 
 No mortal eye niny see. 
 ' Oh, could my lady drain that cup !' 
 Thought the little foot page on knee. 
 
 Scarce had he thought tlian to liim glides 
 The cup fron\ the bubbling spring; 
 
 Him paused before, yet who it bore 
 Did naught of shadow tling. 
 
 He trembled sore, but he took the cup, 
 
 For the sake of his dcir ladye ; 
 And fast the drops fell down like pearls 
 
 As he rose up from kuee. 
 
 And at his feet, upon the grass, 
 
 A written scroll was thrown ; 
 Then all at once the music ceased, 
 
 And the fairy folk were gone. 
 
 He took the scroll and ho took the cup, 
 
 Them to the hall he bore ; 
 The Lady Isabel did drink, 
 
 And her deadly swoon was o'er. 
 
 And the Uttle foot -page he brought the scroll, 
 
 And showed it to his lord ; 
 Sir Ralph he look thereon and read, 
 
 In olden style the word — 
 
 "If that onppe 
 
 Shall breake or falle, 
 Farewell the lucke 
 Of EdeuhiUle." 
 
 Sir Ralph de llusgrave made a feast, 
 
 For joy over his ladye ; 
 And the little foot-page he stood by her chair. 
 
 And blithest of all was he. 
 
 Sir Ralpli de Musgrave built a church, 
 In sv.eet Saint Cuthbert's prayse, 
 
 That men might know whence came the lucke, 
 And think thereon alwayes. 
 
 gTnsgrab: of glas^raii, ^arilij;, ani> Cknball. 
 
 This ancient family deduces its pedigree from one of 
 the compauious in arms of the Conqueror, who obtained 
 a grant of Scaleby Castle ia this county. Camden in 
 his " Britannia," speaking of the two villages called 
 Musgvave, in Westmoreland, describes them as the 
 places " which gave name to the warlike family of the 
 Musgraves." The first of the family on record is 
 
 Peter de JIi-sgrave, of Musgrave, who lived in the reign of 
 Stephen. His son and heir 
 
 RouERT nE SIusGRivE, of lIusgTave, occurs temp. Henry II. 
 The next we meet with is 
 
 Sir Adam de Musouave, Knt., who lived about the year l'J04. 
 Ho was a favourite of Robert de Vipont, baron of Appleby, of 
 whom he held Musgrave in cornage as part of tho barony. 
 Previous to the aSth Henry III. (1211) 1) there lived 
 
 TuosiAS DE Musgrave, of Musgrave, who had issue, 
 
 I. Thomas, his successor. 
 
 II. Nicholas, who timrriod and had a sou. Sir Richard de Mus- 
 grave, knt., living temp. Edward I. 
 
 TnoM.vs DE Musgrave, of Musgrave, was sheriff of Westmore- 
 Innd -llth Henry III. (1258-9), and one of the executoi-s of 
 Robert de Vipont. He gave some land in Overton, or Orton, to 
 the hospital of Conishead, Lancashu'o, and died in the 40th 
 Henry III. (I'-iCl-O). The ne.\t on record is 
 
 Sir Thomas de Musgrave, Knt., of Musgrave, who, in the Ctli 
 Kdward I. (1277-8) with Ranulph Dacre, obtained aroyal charter 
 for a market every week upon the Wednesday at Orton, co. West- 
 moreland; as also for a fair yearly on the eve, day, and morrow, 
 of tl«e fexsl of St. Simon and St. Jude. He served in the Scottish 
 wars in the 4th Edward II. (1310-11). The ue.\l head of tliis 
 family we find mentioned is 
 
 Sir Tiio-MAs DE Musgrave, Baron Jlusgrave, who was sum- 
 moned to Parhament from November l;!00, to October l:t70. 
 In 1274-D, being then under age, it was found thst he was seised 
 of the manors of Gieat Musgrave, Moreton, Soulby, half of 
 Rookby, and part of Sandford. In 12!)0-1 he married Isabella 
 de Berkeley, widow of John Lord Clifford. In 11)40, 1-111, 
 ]:!4'!, and 1344, he was returned to Parhament as knight of the 
 shire for Westmoreland. In 134U he was associated with the 
 Bishop of Cai'hsle in guarding the Western Marches, and during 
 the same year was one of the commanders in the van of tho 
 army which gave David Bruce battle near- Durham, and made 
 him prisoner. In 1353 Baron Musgrave was joined with Ralph 
 Lord Nevill, and Thomas Lord Luoy, in the wardenship of tho 
 Western Marches, and again in 1372 with the Bishop of CarUsle 
 and others. He was slierill' of Yorkshire in 1359. The d.ite of 
 his death is not known, but he is supposed to have been interred 
 in the church of Kirkby Stephen, where there is an altar tomb 
 under the chancel arch, on which reposes the effigy of a kni;^Iit in 
 armour — the arms on the monument are charged with annulets. 
 He was succeeded by his son. 
 
 Sir Thomas de Musgrave, who maiTied, firstly, Miu-garet, 
 daughter of Sir William Ross, of Yelton, co. York ; . and secondly, 
 Mary, daughter of John Vans, and widow of Thomas Holland, 
 earl of Kent. He died in the 8th Richard 11. (1384-5) and was 
 succeeded by his son, 
 
 Sir Thomas de Musgrave, Knt., who married Elizabeth, 
 daughter and co-heiress of Sir William Fitz- William, Knt., of 
 Spotsborough, co. York. He died in 1409, whe.i Hailley Castle 
 and Musgrave devolved upon his son and heir, 
 
 Sir Richard de Musgrave, Knt., who is supposed to have 
 married Elizabeth Wollaston, whose arms are quartered by the 
 Musgraves. He died February 12th, 1419. His successor was 
 
 Thomas Musgrave, Esq., who married Joan, daughter of 
 Lord Dacre. He deceased January 3rd, 1447, leaving issue 
 
 Richard, his successor, and Elizabeth, married to Henry 
 Wharton. 
 
 Sir Richard Musgrave, Knt., married Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Sir Tliomas Betham, Knt., of Betham, co. Westmoreland, by 
 whom ho had issue four sons and six daughters.
 
 EDENHALL PAEISH. 
 
 ybo 
 
 I. Thomas, his successor. 
 
 II. John, who tlied without issue. 
 
 iij. Kifhiml, wlio niarrieil JIury, ilniighter and co-heiress of 
 
 William StnpK-toii, Es<i., of Edenhalj, widow of Sir Willinm 
 
 Hilton, Kiit.,of liiltou, co. Durlmm, aiul sister to his eldest 
 
 liiotlier's wife. 
 IV. Willinin, to whom William Lord Daere, warden of the West 
 
 Marches, in 1 14li.7, [laid X'lO'Jfor repairs of Bewcaslle — 
 
 he had a son Itichard 
 1. Elizabeth, married to Thomas Agart 
 
 II. Isabel, married to Thomas -Middleton, Esq., of Middleion 
 
 Hall, CO. Westmoreland. 
 
 III. Margaret, married to Thomas Elderton, Esq. 
 
 IV, Eleanor, married to William Thornbnrgh, Esq. 
 V. Mary, married to Thomalin Warcop, Esq. 
 
 VI. .Agues, marrieil to Robert Warcop, Esq. 
 
 Sir Richard died Xoveniber !)lh, 1104, and w.is interred at 
 Kirkby Stephen, Westmoreland, Ho was succeeded by liis son, 
 
 Sir TnoMAS JIusorave, Knt., who married Joan, daughter 
 and CO heiress of Sir William de Stnpleton, Knt., of EJenhall 
 and Alston, by JIar,'?aret do Veteripont, his wife, daughter and 
 heiress of Nicholas de Veteripont, of Alston, in whose right lie 
 had among other lands the manor of Edenhall. Sir Thomas 
 died in 1109, leaving issue by Joan his wife, four sons and four 
 daughters. 
 
 I, Richard, his successor, 
 
 u. Sir .("hn, the ancestor of the Musgraves of Musgrave Hall, 
 or Fairbank. 
 
 III. Nicholas, ancestor of the Musgraves, of Hajton Castle. 
 
 IV. William, progenitor of the Alusgraves of Crookdake, co. 
 
 Cumberliind- 
 I. Margaret, married to .John Sandford. 
 II. Eleanor, married to Christopher Lancaster. 
 111. Mary, manied to Nicholas Ridley. 
 IV. Isabella, mnrried to John Crackcnthorpe, of Newbiggin, co. 
 Westuioreland. 
 
 Sir Thoma-s was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Sir RiciiAnD MusoR.m:, Knt., who married Joane, daughter 
 of Thomas Lord Clifford, by his wife, Johanna, daughter of 
 Thomas Lord Daere, of Gilsland, and had issue, 
 
 I. EiiwARD, his heir. 
 II. Tlmmas. 
 III. John, iu holy orders. I. .lone. 
 
 lie was succeeded by his eldest son. 
 
 Sir Edward MLSGitA\T;, who was twico married. His first 
 wife was Alice, daughter of Thomas Eadcliffe, Esq., by whom 
 he had issue two daughters : — 
 
 I. Mahv, married to John >rartindale, Esq. 
 
 II. Miircnrct, married to John Heron, Esq,, of Cbipchase, co. 
 Noribumbcrhu^d. 
 
 Ky his second wife, Joane, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Chris- 
 topher Waril, Kilt., of Gryndale, co. York, standard bearer to 
 King Henry VIII. at the siege of Boulogne, he had issue, 
 
 I. WiLiUM, his successor. 
 
 II. Edward, who died without issue. 
 111. Siuox, of whom hereafter. 
 
 I. Eliiabctb, mnrrieil to .lohn Neville, Lonl Ijilimer. 
 II. Miigdiilen, married to Thomas Ilh'iikiii<'op, Esq., of Helbcck, 
 CO. Westmoreland. III. Joaii<>. 
 
 (In the demise of Sir Edward, Iho family honours and estates 
 devolved upon his eldest son. 
 
 Sir Wiu.iAM MfsoOiWr, Knt., whoso name occurs amongst 
 those picsent at the batile of^Sulway Moss. He married Jane, 
 
 daughter of Sir Thomas Curwen, Knt., of Workington, by his 
 wife Agnes, daughter of Sir Walter Strickland, Knt., of Sizergh, 
 and had an only child. 
 
 Sir EicnAED Musgravi:, Knt., who attained his majority and 
 received possession of his lands in J 515. Sir Uichard died at 
 Edenhall, September 10th, 1055, and was interred there. Ho 
 married .Vnue, daughter of Thomas, first I>ord WhartOD, and 
 had issue, 
 
 1. Thomas, his heir, who died unmarried in l.'',C'). 
 I. Eleanor, marrieil to Sir Robert Bowes, Km., of Aske, co. 
 York, and died without issue. 
 
 Sir Kiehard was succeeded by his father's uncle, 
 
 Sir SiiioN JIusguave, Knt., who sen'ed the office of high 
 sheriff of Cumberland in 1568-9, and in the following year re- 
 ceived the honour of knighthood, at Carlisle, from the Earl of 
 Suffolk. He married Julian, daughter of William EUeker, Esq., 
 of EUeker, co. York, and had issue, 
 
 I. Chistopueb, who married Jane, daughter of Sir Henry 
 Curwen, Km , of Workington, and died in the hfetime of 
 his father, leaving issue, 
 
 1. Richard, successor to his grandfather. 
 
 1. Julian, raariied to John Skeltou,of -Irmathwaite Castle. 
 
 2. Mary, who died uimmrried. 
 
 3. Murgiiret, married to Fnuicis Whitfield, Esq. 
 
 n. Tliomas, captain of Bewcasile, who man'ied twice, and was 
 ancestor to the .Musgraves of Bewcastle. 
 
 III. Richard, of Norton Conyers, co. Y'ork, who married Jane, 
 
 daughter of Sir John Uaiston, Kut, of Dalston, who had 
 issue two sous, 
 
 1. Sir Thomas, who had a son, 
 
 .Simon, styled the last of his line. 
 
 2. Sir Richard, who died without issue. 
 
 IV. John, who married Isabel, daughterofThomasMusgravcEsq. 
 
 of Hayton, and hud issue two sous, William r.ud John. 
 1. .Vane, married to Sir Nicholas Curwen, Knt., of Workington. 
 
 Sir Simon was succeeded by his grandson. 
 
 Sir Richard Musgrave, who was made a Knight of the Bath 
 at the coronation of James I., and was advanced to the baronetcy 
 June aoth, ICII. He manied Frances, daughter of I'hilip Lord 
 Wharton, by whom he had issue, 
 
 Philip, his successor. 
 Marj-, who died unmarried. 
 
 Sir Eichard died at Naples in 1010, and was succeeded by his son. 
 Sir Pniup, second baronet. This gentleman, who acquired 
 great renown under the royal banner during the civil wars (at 
 Morston Jloor, as governor of Carlisle, at Worcester, ami under 
 the heroic Couutess of Derby, in tlie Isle of Man), had a war- 
 rant after the Kestoration, raising him to llio peerage, as liaron 
 Musgrave of Hartley Castle, but the patent was never token out. 
 He married Julian, daughter of Sir Uichard Huttou, Knt,, of 
 Gouldsborough, in Yorkshire, one of the judges of tlie Court uf 
 Common I'leas; by whom he had issue, 
 
 I. Bicbard, his successor, 
 11, riiilip, who died immarricd, 
 
 III. CnnisTOrilER, of whom hereafter. 
 
 IV. William, who died iu iufanry. 
 
 V. Simon, who died without issiR. 
 
 VI. TliouiM, in Imly nr.I.rs. Ii.li. fellow of (Jneen's rollcgi-, Ox- 
 
 ford, prt'bcndfiry "f liurhiiin, arrbdearon, and afl'-rwardn 
 dnin of CorliiJe. He inuried, firstly, .Mary, danpliier of 
 Sir Thomiu lliurisou, KuL, of AUcrihorpe, co. York, by 
 whom lie had issue, 
 
 1. I'hilip. Kho died ou infant. 
 'A Miu^Tcl.
 
 536 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 He luarrietl secomlly, Anue, daughter of Sir John Crad- 
 dock, KuL, of llichiiKnui, co. York. 
 
 I. Frances, ninrried to Edward Uutcbiuson, Esq., of Wickbam 
 Abbey, co. York. 
 
 Sir Philip died in 1678, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Sir Eica.vnD, third baronet, who married Margaret, daughter 
 of Sir Tliomas Harrison, Knt., of AUerthorp, co. York, and bad 
 issue, 
 
 I. A son, who died in infuncy. 
 I. Margaret, who also died an infant. 
 
 II. Mary, married to Jnbn Duvison, Esq., of Blakieston, CO. 
 Duthani, wlio died in 172S. 
 
 Sir Richard died December 27th, 1087, and was succeeded by 
 liis brother, 
 
 Sir CiiuiSTopnER, fourth baronet. This gentleman was edu- 
 cated at Queen's College, Oxford, from which he removed to 
 Gray's Inn. .\fter the Eestoration he represented Carlisle in 
 Parliament. Charles II. appointed him lieutenant-general of 
 the ordnance, and in the first year of the reign of Queen Anne, 
 he became one of the tellers of the Exchequer. He married, 
 first, Mary, daughter and heir of Sir -Andrew Cogan, Bart., by 
 whom he had, 
 
 I. Philip, clerk of the council to James IL, married, in \6!i!>, 
 Mary, ilaughter of George Lord Dartmouth, aud left at bis 
 decease, in 10S9, 
 
 1. Christopher, who inherited the title. 
 1. Barbara, married to Thomas Howard, Esq., of Corby 
 Castle. 
 
 II. Christopher, who succeeded bis brother as clerk of the 
 
 council, died unmarried. 
 
 I. Mary, who died young. 
 
 Sir Christopher married, secondly, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir 
 John Franklin, Knt., of Willesdou, and by her had issue, 
 
 T. John. 
 
 II. Richard. 
 
 III. Joseph, M.P. for Ciickcrmoutli in 1713. 
 
 IV. Simon, ilied in the East Indies. 
 V. Thomas. 
 
 Ti. Georfre, of Chatham, who married Sar.ib, youngest daughter 
 of Benjamin Kosell, by whom he had tliree sons. 
 
 1. Joseph, who married Jane, eldest daughter of Sir 
 
 PinlipMusgrave, Bart., of Edenhall. 
 
 2. Thomas. 
 
 3. George, died unmarried, 1823. 
 
 I. Elizabeih, married to John Wvneve, Esq., of Brettenham, 
 
 CO. Suflblk. 
 
 II. Dorothy, married to James Ilawley, Esq , of Brentford, co. 
 
 Middlesex, and had issue. 
 
 III. Mary. 
 
 IV. Frances. 
 
 T. Anne. 
 
 VI. Barbara. 
 
 Sir Christopher died in 1704, and was succeeded by his grandson. 
 Sir Chkistophek, the fifth baronet, who was educated at Eton, 
 and Christ Church, Oxford. He was M.P. for Carlisle and 
 Westmoreland, and succeeded his uncle as clerk of the council, 
 lie married Julia, daughter and heir of Sir John Chardin, Knt., of 
 Kempton Park, co. Middlesex, by whom he had eleven children, 
 
 1. Philip, bis heir. 
 
 u. Christopher, a fellow of All Snnis' Collegp. Oxford ; vicar of 
 Edenhall, D.D. ; and afterwards rectnr'of Barking, co. Essex, 
 He married, in 1757, Mrs. Perfect, of Hatton Garden. 
 
 III. Hans, lieut. -colonel in the army. 
 
 IV. Chardin, provost of Oriel College, Oxford. 
 
 1. Mary, married to Hugh Lumley, Esq. ; and 2ndly to John 
 
 Pigot, Esq. 
 II. Julia, married to Edward Hasell, Esq., of Dalemain. 
 
 III. Barbara, mnrriiil, Istly, to John Hogg, Esq., and 2ndly to 
 
 Chief liaron Idle. 
 
 IV. Anne, married to Henry Aglionby, Esq. 
 
 V. Elizabeth, married, firstly, to Edward Spragg, Esq.; and 
 
 secondly to John Johnstone, Esq. 
 
 VI. Charlotte, died unmarried. 
 
 vu. Dorothy, married to tlie Kcv. William Broughton. 
 
 Sir Christopher died in 173 j, and was succeeded by his eldest son. 
 Sir Phiup, tlie sixth baronet, born ^.'Ird April, 1712. lie 
 was chosen knight of the shire for Westmoreland in 1741 and 
 the following year. He married, in Vii'i, Jane, daughter of 
 John Turton, Esq., of Orgreave, co. Stafford, by whom he had, 
 
 I. John Cihrdin, bis successor. 
 
 II. Christopher, married Elizabeth Anne, daughter and coheir of 
 
 the bite Lord .Archer, and had issue two sous and two 
 daughters. 
 
 1. Christopher. 
 ]. Maria. 
 
 2. William. 
 2. Harriet. 
 
 I. Jane, married to Joseph Miisgrave, Esq., of Kepier. 
 
 II. Elizabeth, married to Heneagc Legge, Esq. 
 m. Charlotte, married to the Hev. Charles Mordaunt, of Mas 
 
 singham. 
 IV. Henrietta, married to Sir John Morris, Bart 
 
 V. Dorothy, who died unmarried. 
 
 The baronet's uncle, Sir John Chardin, presented him with 
 Kempton Park, Middlesex, in 174C. lie died July 5th, 1705, 
 aud wa.s succeeded by his eldest son. 
 
 Sir JoH.s Ciiiiiuix, the seventh baronet, born January 5th, 
 1757. This gentlen;an married, in 1701, Mary, daughter of the 
 late Rev. Sir Edmund Filmer, Bart., of East Sutton-place, Kent, 
 by whom (who died 1838) he had, 
 
 I. Philip Christopher, his successor. 
 
 II. Christopher Joh.n. hi. George. 
 IV. Thomas, born in lb02 ; died in 1822. 
 
 1. Julia, died in 1810. 
 
 Sir John died in ISQIi, and was succeeded by his eldest son. 
 
 Sir Philip, eighth baronet, horn July 12tb, 1704. He was 
 educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and represented 
 Carlisle in two Parliaments. He entirely rebuilt the family 
 mansion of Edenhall. This gentleman married, in October, 
 1824, Elizabeth, third daughter of George Fludyer, Esq., of 
 Ayston, by the Lady Mary Fludyer, his wife, daughter of John, 
 ninth Earl of Westmoreland, and left an only daughter, 
 
 Elizabeth Jiary, who died December .Ird, isil. 
 
 Sir Philip died in 1827, and was succeeded by his brother. 
 
 The Eev. Sir Christopher Jons, ninth baronet, bora 
 August 6th, 1707. He was educated at Oriel College, Oxford. 
 He built the lodge and repaired and beautified the parish 
 church of Edenliall, which was then in a decayed state. He 
 married in September, 1825, Mary .'inne, daughter of Edward 
 Hasell, Esq., of Dalemain, and had five daughters, 
 
 I. Georgiaua, married July 2!Uh, 1817, to the Hon. Frederick 
 
 Pet re. 
 n. Augusta, ninrried August 27th, 18.J0, to Lieut.-colonel H. F. 
 
 Bonhani, lOih Hussars. 
 
 III. Edith, died March 2:ird, 1849. 
 
 IV. Harriet, married April '2Sth, 1851, to Captain Bartelnt, of tlie 
 
 Royal Dragonns, eldest son of George Bartelot, Esq., uf 
 Stophara, Sussex. 
 V. Fanny, who died unmarried September 20th, 1853.
 
 EDENHALL PARISH. 
 
 537 
 
 Sir Christopher dyiog without male issue, May llth, 1834, was 
 succeeded by his brother, 
 
 Sir Geoboe, the tenth baronet, born June llth, 179!), and 
 educated at University College, Oxford. Sir George married, 
 June •■iO, 18'JS, Charlotte, daughter of the late Sir James Graham, 
 Bart., of Netherby, and has issue, 
 
 I. Philip, bom in 1833. 
 II. RicliiirJ Courteimy, bom in 1838. 
 I. Caroline. u. Agnes. iii. Sophia. 
 
 Crra/ion.— June 29th, 1011. 
 Arm.'. — Az. six aunulols, or, three, two, and one. 
 Cresl. — Two arms in armour, ppr., gauntlets, and grasping an 
 annulet, or. 
 ilotto. — Sans changer. 
 
 The village of Edcnliall is three aud a half miles 
 east northeast of Peurith. 
 
 IBE CHITRCH. 
 
 Edenhall church, dedicated to St. Cuthbert,''is a 
 ticat edifice, consisting of tower, nave, chancel, south 
 porch, aud vestry on the north side of the nave. The 
 tower is a beautiful and interesting structure of two 
 stories, crowned with a low stone spire ; it has a 
 machiolated battlement, with the parapet projecting 
 over the face of the tower, and the cornice pierced, as 
 in places of defence in troubled times, whence melted 
 lead and stones could be hurled through the openings 
 on the heads of the besieging party below. Before the 
 enclosure of Inglewood Forest aud the surrounding 
 country, the church tower was doubtless used as a beacon 
 to the neighbouring hamlets ; the remains of a fire- 
 place being visible in the vestry. Ou the western front, 
 over a square-headed window, is a row of four shields, 
 bearing the arms of JIusgrave, Veteripont or Vipont, 
 Stapleton and Hilton ; aud immediately above them is 
 a niche, which would formerly contain au image of 
 the patron saint of the church. The porch is seated, 
 and has two lancet windows. The nave is open 
 to the roof, and is framed in the Tudor style. The 
 pews are of oak, and the pulpit is beautifully carved. 
 The windows, some of which are square-headed, and 
 others pointed, are filled with stained glass. The west 
 gallery is of oak, and bears upon its front the nnns of 
 Musgrave, quartering those of Stapleton and Ward. 
 A Norman arch, with its characteristic ornamentation, 
 separates the nave and chancel. Beneath the arch 
 stands a marble font. The walls of the chancel are 
 wainscotted with oak. and the ceiling is panelled. 
 There is a fine Perpendicular cast window, filled with 
 stained glass, some of which has been brought from 
 Gerninny, and was inserted when the church was 
 lepaired and beautified in 1833. Among the com- 
 munion plate is a massive silver gilt chalice, presented 
 88 
 
 to the church by Sir Christopher Musgrave, the fifth 
 baronet. Within the rails of the communion table is 
 a monumental brass to the memory of Sir William 
 Stapleton and Margaret his wife, daughter and heiress 
 of Nicholas Veteripont of Alston, with the cfEgies of 
 the knight and his lady. The former is in plate armour, 
 with mail gorget. On his right shoulder is a shield 
 bearing the arms of Veteripont, and on his left are 
 charged the arms of Stapleton. Over the heads of the 
 figures is this inscription : — "Hie jacet Willms Staple- 
 ton armig' quodam dns do Edenhall qui obiit xxvi die 
 Augusti A" dni MCCCC Iviii. Et Margareta u.xor 
 ejus que erat filia et heres quodam Nicholai de Vet'ipont' 
 and dua de Aldeston mor Quor' aiabs ppiciet' Deus." 
 In the church are several marble monuments to dif- 
 ferent members of the Musgrave family. The church, 
 a vicarage, was given by Edward I., about the year 
 1208 to the priory of St. Mary Carlisle; and in 1368 
 the prior and canons obtained its appropriation. In 
 1291 John de Ludam, deacon, was presented to this 
 church by the prior aud convent of Carlisle, who 
 assigned to him for his support the whole altarage of 
 the church and a moiety of the land and meadow of 
 Edenhall and four pounds of silver yearly. In 1368, 
 the prior and convent having procured the profits of 
 the church of Edenhall and chapel of Langwathby to 
 be appropriated to themselves, referred the allowance 
 for the supply of both the said cures to be settled by 
 the bishop, aud empowered their superior to be their 
 proctor to consent to the same. On the suppression 
 of the religious houses the patronage was transferred 
 to the dean and chapter of Carlisle, the legal successors 
 of the community of St. Mary's. The vicarage is 
 united with that of Langwathby. In the Valor of 
 Pope Nicholas, the benefice is valued at £24 Is. 4d.; 
 in that of ]Odward II. at £6 13s. 4d.; in the King's 
 liook, with Langwathby, at £'17 12s.; and it was 
 certified to the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty 
 at £43 7s. 8d. The united livings are now worth 
 £178 per annum. The parish registers commence in 
 1S58. 
 
 Rectors — Adam de Kirkbride, 1293; John de Ludara, 1299; 
 Sir Adam . . . occurs, l:UI ; Sir John de Londham, died 
 136-2 ; Sir John de Maresball, 136'j ; Eudo de lUvenstaoedale, 
 
 VicAns. — John de Kirkby, 1368 ; Robert Goodylow ocenrs in 
 14(ir>; Christopher Blcncow occurs 1535 ; Hugh Scwell, 1500; 
 Alan Scott, 1580 ; Sir William Smith, 1578 ; Tliomai Mayplett, 
 
 l(i09 ; Thomas Tailor, ; Simon Green, died 1009 ; Gilbert 
 
 Burton, 1009; John Leigh, 1083 ; George Moon, 1690; Chris- 
 topher Musgrave, 1743 ; Joseph Rowland, 1703 ; Roger Baldwin, 
 1771 ; Thomas Watson, 180'j; Cbarles E. Dukinfield, 1833 ; 
 Beilby Portcus, 1840.
 
 538 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 Edenball School, a neat stone building, with master's 
 residence, was erected in 1815, by the late Sir Philip 
 .Musgrave, Bart. 
 
 CnAJlITIES. 
 
 Gifts of the Mimjrave Family. — Sir Philip Mus- 
 grave, Bart,, in 1677, gave £100, the annual interest 
 of which was to be divided amongst fix poor people ; 
 and succeeding members of the Musgrave familj' gave 
 other sums, amounting to £63 4s. lOd. for the same 
 use. This money appears to have been expended 
 about the year 1737 in the purchase of seventeen acres 
 of land at Lazonby. There is also the further sum of 
 d£75 secured by a mortgage on the tolls of the road 
 leading from Brough to Eamont Bridge, at four per 
 cent interest. This money arose from different sums 
 given by the Musgrave family ; and from £30 which 
 was given by the tenants of Edenball, being the consi- 
 deration money for a piece of waste ground purchased 
 of them by Sir Christopher Musgrave. At the time of 
 the enclosure of Inglewood Forest, in 1811, a plot of 
 ground consisting of twenty-five acres four roods and 
 twenty-four perches, was allotted to Sir Philip Mus- 
 grave, in trust, for the poor of Edenball, in respect of 
 the land at Lazonby. The valuation of this allotment 
 
 by the com nissioners, at the time of the enclosure, was 
 £3 4s. a year. 
 
 WilUanison's Gift. — An entry in the Edenball 
 Register states that Mr. John Williamson, who died at 
 Chelsea in 1771, gave £50, the interest to be divided 
 between the schoolmaster and the poor of Edenhall. 
 This money is out at £4 per cent interest, which is dis- 
 tributed by the minister and churchwardens, at Christ- 
 mas and Midsummer, in small sums, to poor persons of 
 Edenhall, £1 being reserved for the schoolmaster. 
 
 Sir John C. Musgiave's Gift. — Sir John C. Musgrave, 
 who died in 1806, left £50 to be added to the fund of 
 the poor of Edenhall. 
 
 Ludy Mwiijrare's Bequest. — Mary Dowager Lady 
 Musgrave, in 1838, left £100 for the benefit of the 
 school of Edenhall. 
 
 Some celts, or stone hatchets, have been dug up at 
 a place near the village of Edenhall, called O.xhouse 
 Oaks. About half a mile from Edenhall, near the 
 farm-house called Brameray, are two caves in the rocks 
 overhanging the river Eamont, supposed to have been 
 made first for a hermitage, or as a secure retreat in 
 times of danger. 
 
 GREYSTOICE PARISH. 
 
 Gbetstoke parish is bounded on the north by the parish of Castle Sowerby, on the west by the parishes of Caldbeck 
 and Crosthwaite, on the south by the county of Cumberland, and on the east by the parishes of Dacre and Skelton. 
 It is a fertile and picturesque district, about twelve miles in length from north to south, and ten in breadth from 
 east to west. Its soil is generally a light red loam, with strong red clay in some parts, and in other places a mbcture 
 of gravel and limestone. On the eastern side of the parisli there are large deposits of limestone and freestone ; the 
 southern and western sides are mountains of primitive rock. Grouse abound on the mountains and moors, and 
 black cock, pheasants, partridges, and hares in the lower grounds. The extensive parks of Greystoke and Gow- 
 barrow abound with fallow and red deer, and here is also a herd of wild cattle. Owing to the extensive planting 
 carried out by the fourteenth Duke of Norfolk, the parish has become well wooded, and now presents a succession of 
 beautiful scenes, where wood and water, hill and dale, unite their charms in the most pleasing combination. 
 Greystoke parish comprises the townships of Greystoke, Berrier and Murrah, Little Blencow, Bowscale, Hutton 
 John, Hutton Pioof, Hutton Soil, Johnby, Motherby and Gill, and the chapelries of Matterdale, Mungrisdale, 
 Threlkeld, and Watermillock. The inhabitants attend the Penrith and Keswick markets. 
 
 THE BAEONT OF cnETSTOKE. 
 
 The barony comprehends all that part of Cumberland 
 on the south side of the forest of Inglewood between 
 the seigniory of Penrith and the manor of Castlerigg, 
 near Keswick, and contains an area comprehending the 
 parishes of Greystoke, Dacre, and part of Crosthwaite, 
 and the manors of Greystoke, Greenthwaite, Johnby, 
 Thwaite, Blencow, Newbiggin and Stainton; Motherby, 
 Watermillock, Matterdale, Mungrisdale, Berrier and 
 Murrah, Hutton Soil, Dacre, Threlkeld, and part of 
 Castlerigg. It is held of the king in capite by the 
 
 service of one entire barony, rendering £4 yearly at the 
 fairs of Carlisle, by suit at the County Court monthly, 
 and serving the king in person against Scotland. 
 The customary tenants pay a 20d. fine on the death 
 of lord or tenant, and a 30d. fine on alienation. 
 In a record of the 44th Ehzabeth, the manors of 
 Motherby, Matterdale, Grisdale, WatermUlock, Berrier 
 and Murrah, are mentioned as appendages of the manor 
 of Greystoke. The barony of Greystoke has passed 
 through the families of Greystoke, Grimestborpe, and 
 Dacre, from whom it came to the Howards. The
 
 GREYSTOKE PAEISH. 
 
 53a 
 
 succession aiij family history of tliose lines will bo 
 found in the following account of the barons of 
 Greystokc : — 
 
 l^orbs of 1^£ ^aronn of (Srtgstolix. 
 
 FIEST HOUSE. 
 BABONS BI lEilUBE. 
 
 Ltui-ph, first baron of Greystoke, who acquired the lordship 
 by gift of I'aruilph de Meschines, earl of Cumberland ; his 
 posterity were surnamed de Ureystoke. Lyulph hod issue, 
 
 I. PnonsE, bis successor. 
 
 II. Odnrd. t(i wlidin Wiillheof, first baron of AUerdale below-Der- 
 wem. Krnnteil Talluntirf uud Cusilfrigg, &c., ancestor of the 
 family of Tallantire of Cumberland. 
 m. Adam, to nliom ihc siiid Waltheof planted the manors of 
 Uldale and Gilcrux, co. Ctunberlaud, which aftersvards 
 descended by a daughter aud heiress to the faudy of 
 Boueltdl. 
 
 Fbobne de Greystoke, second baron of Greystoke, unto 
 whom King Henry II. confirmed the grant of the barony. 
 
 Iyo db Gbevstoke, third baron of Greystoke, son and heir of 
 Phonie. 
 
 Walter de Gbeystok.";, fourth baron of Greystoke, son and 
 heir of Ivo ; he had issue, 
 
 I. RAsuLrn, his successor. 
 
 I. Alice de Greystoke, married to Henry Fitz-Hugh, lord of 
 Uavensworth, co. Durham. 
 
 IvA-inLPH DE Greystoke, fifth baron of Greystoke. He died 
 in the I'Jth King John, and was succeeded by liis son, 
 
 WnxiAM DE Greystoke, sixth baron of Greystoke, died 
 
 leaving issue Thtmas, his son and heir, then under age, tlie 
 wardship of whom was granted to Robert de Veteripont, by 
 Henry II. 
 
 TuoMAS de Greystoke, seventh baron ot Greystoke, son and 
 heir, who was of full oge, and had livery of his lauds 1st Henry 
 III. He obtained a charter from the sauie king for a weekly 
 market on Sunday, aocording to Dugdale (Nicolson and Burn 
 say Saturday), at his manor of Greystoke ; and also for a fair 
 liiree days yearly, to commence on the eve of the translation 
 of St Kdward. He married Christian, daughter of Robert de 
 Voteripont, baron of Westmoreland, aud had issue, 
 
 L lioBEHT, bis successor. 
 II. William, who succeeded his brollier Robert. 
 m. Thomas, who liad issue, 
 
 I. Elizabeth, wife of Thomas Pickering, living 1st Ed- 
 wanl III. 
 
 3. Alice, ulio hod a son, Peter Buckud, living 1st Ed- 
 ward III. 
 
 I. Joan (le Greystoke, married to William Fit/.. Ralph, lord of 
 Grimesdiorpe, co. Lincoln, by whom she had issue, 
 
 1. William Fitz-Iialph, who hail a son, 
 
 Ralph Fitz Willitim, who succeeded John, tenth 
 biiron. 111 the buruuy of Greystokc, by settle- 
 mem l!Ji)ii, 
 
 BoBBBT Ds OiiEYSToKE, eldest son and heir, succeeded his 
 father as eighth baron of Greystoke. He had liverj' of his lands 
 in the :ilst Henry HI., and dying about l'J.W, without issue, 
 was succeeded by his bnxlior, 
 
 Wii,r.iAH UE Greystoke, ninth baron of Greystoke, who 
 marriad Mary, eldest daughter and co-heiress of Roger do llcrly, 
 
 lord of the barony of Morpeth and other large possessions in 
 Xorlhumberland, a moiety of which, by this marriage, cama 
 into the Greystoke family. Ue died in the 17lh Edward I. 
 anno 12St), leaving issue, 
 
 I. Joiix, his successor, 
 u. William. 
 I. Margaret, married to Sir Robert Delavah 
 
 BABONS BY WRIT. 
 
 John de Geeystoke, baron of Greystoke and Morpeth, was 
 •i5 years of age at the death of his father. Lord Greystoke was 
 summoned to Parliament by writ from 1295 to 1^05. Ue died 
 in l.')08, without issue, bequeathing his estates to his cousin, 
 Ralph l''itz-Williani, son aud heir of Wilham Fitz-Ralph, Icrd 
 of Giimesthorpe, co. Lincoln, by his lady Joan de Greystoke. 
 He was buried in the chancel of the church of Greystoke. 
 
 SECOND HOUSE. 
 Ralph Fitz-William, succeeded by settlement to the lordship 
 of Greystoke, on the death of his cousin John, tenth baron. He 
 was present at tbe siege of Caralverock in the 28ih Edward L; 
 made governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed ; was joined with Lord 
 Mowbray and others in the wardenship of the marches; aud in the 
 ath Edward II. was appointed governor of Carlisle. He married 
 Margery, daughter and co-heir of Hugh de Bolebeck, and widow 
 of Nicholas do Corbet ; by whom he had issue two sons, 
 
 L William, who died without issue in his father's lifetime. 
 II. Robert, his successor. 
 
 This baron was regularly summoned to Parliament from the 
 -I'ird Edward I. to the Uth Edward II. He died "an aged man," 
 says Dugdale, about the feast of All Saints, 13 lU, aud was buried 
 in the abbey of Nesham, in co. Durham. 
 
 Robert Fitz-Ralph, son and heir. He married Elizabeth, 
 
 daughter of Neville, of Stainton, in Lincolnshire, by whom 
 
 he had issue, 
 
 Ralph, his successor, who assumed tbe surname of Greystoke. 
 
 This baron was never summoned to Parliament, his death occur- 
 ring tbe year following that of his father, viz., lOlh Edward II. 
 (Ij17), at his castle ot Hilderskelle, now Castle Howanl, in 
 Yorkshire. By an inquisition taken at tlie city of Carlisle on 
 Monday next before the feast of St. Barnabas, 1.317, tlie jurors 
 find that Robert, son of Ralph de Greystoke died seised of tlie 
 manor of Greystoke, with the appurtenances, holdeu of the king 
 in capiU by homage and the service of X'-4 per annum for corn- 
 age : that the said manor is worth by the year, in lUI issues, at 
 this time, £tJ'4 13s. Ud. aud no more, because it is destroyed by 
 the Scots; but before these times, in time of peace, it was usually 
 worth in all issues 200 marks. 
 
 Rai.pu Fitz- Robert, son and heir of Robert; be assumed the 
 surname of Greystoke. He mamed -Uice, daughter uf Hugh 
 Lord .'Vudley, and liad issne, 
 
 William, Ids successor. 
 
 Boron Greystoke was summoned to Parliament, from 15th 
 May, Ulh Edward II. (l-'V.'l) to 17th September, 10th Edward 
 II. (1322), by writ addressed " Ralph de Groyslok." He died 
 at Galeshead, co. I^urliam, 3rd July, 1323, and was interred iu 
 tlio abbey of Newminster. 
 
 William UE Gbevstokb, son and heir of Ralph, was abont 
 two years of ajje at the lime of his father's death, and, in 1312, 
 woa of full age, and had livery of all bis lands. In 1333 be bad
 
 540 
 
 LEATH WAED. 
 
 a licence to csstellate his manor bonse at Greystoke. He be- 
 qneatbeJ to the collegiate cburcb of Greystoke a messuage and 
 seren acres of land in the adjoining village of Newbiggin, besides 
 the advowson of the church of Greystoke. Lord Greystoke was 
 twice married, first to Lucy, daughter of Thomas Baron Lncy 
 of Cockermouth, from whom he was divorced. He married 
 secondly, Joane, daughter of Henry Fitz-Hugh, Lord of Bavens- 
 wortb, by whom he had issue, 
 
 I. Ralph, his successor. 
 
 n. William, who went as an hostage for his brother, Ralph Lord 
 
 Greystoke, lo the castle of Diiubar, died of a fever and wns 
 
 buried there ; two years afterwards his body was disinterred, 
 
 and buried in the abbey of Newminsleriu Northumberland. 
 
 m. Robert 
 
 I. Alice, married to Sir Robert de Harrington. 
 
 Lord Greystoke was summoned to Parliament from 1349 to 
 1307, latterly by writ addressed " Willielmo Baroni de Graystok." 
 He departed this life July 10, 13D9, at the Castle of Brancepetb, 
 the seat of Ralph Lord Neville, and was buried with great pomp 
 and solemnity in the choir of the collegiate church of Greystoke, 
 mass being said on the occasion by Gilbert de Welton, bishop of 
 Carlisle, and the funeral attended by Ralph Lord Neville, 
 Thomas de Lucy, baron of Cockermouth, Roger Lord Clifford 
 of Appleby Castle, Henry le Scrope, and Thomas Musgrave, 
 senior, knights ; John de Horncastle, prior of Carlisle, and the 
 abbots of Holme Cultram and Shap. 
 
 Ralph Baron Greystoke, eldest son and heir of William, 
 was 21 years old in 48th Edward IIL and had hvery of all his 
 lands. He was governor of the castle of Lochmaben, and in the 
 commission for guarding the West Marches. He married 
 Catharine, daughter of Roger Lord Clifford, and by her had issue, 
 
 I. JOHX, his successor. 
 
 L Maud, married to Eudo Baron Welles. 
 
 Lord Greystoke was summoned to Parliament from 28th Decem- 
 ber, 49th Edward III. (1370) to 5th October, 5th Henry V. 
 (1417), by writ addressed "Radulfo Baroni de Greystok," and 
 died on the Cth day of April, 1417, in the 64th year of his age. 
 By an inquisition after his death, it was found that, on the day 
 he died, he held, among other things, the manor of Grimsthorpe 
 and Hilderskelle, in capite of the crown, as of the honour of 
 Chester, by the service of carrying a sword before the Earl of 
 Chester, and by certain military services. 
 
 John Bauos Greystoke was 29 years of age nt the time of 
 his father's death. By his will, dated 10th July, 1430, he ordered 
 his body to be buried in the collegiate church of Greystoke, and 
 bequeathed to that church his best horse as a mortuary, and all 
 his habiliments of war, consisting of coat armour, pennon, gyron, 
 <tc. He married Ehzabeth, eldest daughter and coheiress of 
 Sir Robert Ferrers, Knt., only son and heir of Robert Baron 
 Ferrers of Wemme, in the county of Shropshire, by his lady 
 Elizabeth, daughter and sole heir of William Boteler, baron of 
 Oversley and Wemrae, and by her had issue, 
 
 I. Ralph, his successor, 
 n. Thomas, 
 m. Richard. 
 IV. William. 
 I. EUzflbeth, married to Roger Thornton, Esq., of Nether-Witton 
 Castle, CO. Northumberland, son and beir of Roger Thorn- 
 ton, the uiuui^cent mayor of Newcastle. She died ou tlie 
 eve of St. CalherinR the Virgin, 21th November, 1410. 
 n. Joane, married to John Baron Darcy. 
 Lord Greystoke was summoned to Parliament from 24th August, 
 7th Henry V. (1419) to 5th July, 13th Henry VL (1435), by writ 
 
 addressed " Johanni Baroni de Greystok, Cblr." He died at his 
 manor-house at Tbingdone, in Northamptonshire, August 8th, 
 143C. 
 
 RALni Baron Greystoke sncceeded, on the death of hi» 
 father in 1430, being then 22 years of age. He was employed 
 in frequent commissions on the affairs between England and 
 Scotland respecting the Borders. He married Elizabeth fourth 
 daughter of William Lord Fitz-Hugh of Ravensworth, by whom 
 be had issue, 
 
 Sir Robert Greystoke, Knt., only son, who married Elizabetli, 
 dauRbter of Kdniund Grey, fourtli Baron Grey de Kuihyn, 
 lord bigb treasurer of England and afterwards Earl of Kent. 
 Sir Koberi died June 17Ui, US3,in the lifetime of bis father, 
 leaving issue an only daughter, 
 
 Elizabeth Gretstoke, who succeeded her grandfather 
 in the Barony of Greystoke. 
 
 Lord Greystoke was summoned to Parliament from 15th Henry 
 VI. (143(i) to IHth Henry VI. (1439), and from 20th Henry VI. 
 (1441) to 1st Henry VIL (1485). He died June 1st, 1487. By 
 an inquisition held after his death, it was found that he died on 
 Friday next after the feast of Pentecost, in the 2nd year of King 
 Henry VII. He was succeeded by Elizabeth his grand-daugh- 
 ter and heiress. 
 
 Elizabeth Greystoke, Baroness Greystoke and Wemme, 
 was a minor at the time of her father's death. In 1500, as a 
 cousin and heir to Ralph Baron Greystoke, her grandfather, she 
 had special livery of all her lands. Baroness Greystoke married 
 Thomas Baron Dacre of GUsland, K.G. By this marriage 
 the Baron of Greystoke became united with that of Gilsland. 
 
 THIRD HOUSE : DACRE, BARONS OF GREYSTOKE. 
 
 Thomas Baron Dacre of Gilsland, K.G., and in right of 
 Lady Elizabeth Greystoke, his wife, Baron of Greystoke. By 
 Lady Elizabeth he had issue, 
 
 I. William, his successor. 
 II. Humphrey. 
 I. Mary, married to Francis Earl of Shrewsbury. 
 
 II. Margaret, married to Henry Lord Scrope of Bolton. 
 IIL Jane. 
 
 Lord Dacre was summoned to Parliament from the 1st to the 
 7th year of Henry VIII. He died 24th October, 1525. Lady 
 Elizabeth, his wife, died 13th .\ugust, 1510. 
 
 William Baron of Gilsland, Greystoke, and Wemme. King 
 Edward VI. in 1.549, appointed him governor of the castle of 
 Carlisle, and warden of the West Marches, in one or both of 
 which he was occasionally continued by Queens Mary and Eliza- 
 beth. He maiTied Elizabeth, fifth daughter of George Talbot, 
 fourth Earl of Shrewsbury, K.G., by whom he had issue, 
 
 I. Thomas, his successor, 
 u. Leonard. 
 
 HI. Edward. 
 
 IV. Francis Dacre of Croglin. He married' a daughter of 
 
 RadcliHe of co. IJumberland, and left issue, 
 
 Randal, who was buried in the church of Greystoke 
 in 1631. 
 
 1. Magdalen, married to Anthony Browne, viscount Montague. 
 
 II. Eleanor, married to Henry Jemegan, Esq. 
 
 III. Mary, married to Alexander Culpepper, Esq. 
 
 IV. Dorothy, married to Sir Thomas Windsor, Knt. 
 
 V. Anne, married at Kirkoswald Castle, Henry, second earl of 
 Cumberland. 
 
 Lord Dacre was summoned to Parliament from 21st Heniy VIII.
 
 GKEYSTOKE PARISH. 
 
 541 
 
 to 3rd Philip and Mary. He died 12lh November, and was 
 buried on the 14th December, 1504. 
 
 TuojiAs Baron of Greystoke and Gilsland, eldest son and 
 heir of William, succeeded to the title and inheritance on the 
 death of his father. He had issue, 
 
 Georoe, his successor, and three daughters, Anne, Mary, 
 and Elizabeth. 
 
 George Baron of Greystoke and Gilsland, son and heir of 
 Thomas. By his untimely death. May 17th, 150'J, his three 
 sisters became bis co-heiresses : — 
 
 1. Anne, eldest sister and co-heir of Greystoke and Gilsland, 
 
 married Philip Howard, carl of Arundel, of whom here- 
 after as Lord of Greystoke. 
 
 2. Mary, second sister and co-heir of Greystoke and Gilsland, 
 
 married Thomas Howard of Walden, first earl of Suf- 
 folk, eldest son of Thomas, fourth Duke of Norfolk, by 
 liis second wife, Margaret, daughter and sole heir of 
 Thomas Lord .\udley of Walden, in Essex, and chan- 
 cellor of England. This Mary died without issue. 
 
 3. Elizabeth Dacre, third sister and co-heir of Greystoke 
 
 and Gilsland, married Lord William Howard, second 
 son of Thomas, fourth Duke of Norfolk, by Margaret, 
 his second wife. He had tho Gilsland moiety of the 
 estate of his wife's ancestors, settled at Naworth Castle, 
 and was ancestor of the Howards, earls of Carlisle, and 
 of tho Howards of Corby Castle, co. Cumberland. 
 
 FOURTH HOUSE : UOWARD.S, BARON'S OF GREYSTOKE. 
 
 Pnn.ip Howard, Earl of -Vrundel, eldest son of Thomas, 
 fourth Duke of Norfolk, by his first duchess Mary, daughter and 
 heiress of Henry I'itzalan, Karl of Arundel. Ho married Anne, 
 sister and co-heiress of George Lord Dacre, by which marriage 
 lie acquired the barony of Greystoke. Being attainted in 1500, 
 he died a prisoner in the Tower in 1595, leaving a son and heir, 
 
 T110.UA8, Earl of Arundel, born July 7th, 1592, wlio, being 
 deprived by his father's attainder of the honours and the greatest 
 part of the estates of his family, had only the title of Lord 
 Maltravers, by courtesy, during Queen Elizabeth's reign ; but 
 was restored, by act of Parliament, in the 1st year of James I. 
 (lOO.'t) to all such titles of honour and precedence as Philip 
 Earl of Arundel lost by his attainder, as also to the honour, 
 estate, and dignity of Enrl of Surrey. His lordship married, in 
 1000, Lady Alethea Tallwt, daughter and eventually sole lieir 
 of Gilbert, seventh Earl of Shrewsbury, and had issue, 
 
 I. James Lord Mowbray and Maltravers, K.B., died unmarried 
 
 in 1G21. 
 
 II. Hlsbv FnEOF.BicK, his successor. 
 
 111. William, K.B., married to Mary, sister to Henry, I'iih Lord 
 Slttllcird. 
 
 The earl died October 4tb, 1040, and was succeeded by his 
 eldest son, 
 
 Henry Frederick, Earl of Anindel, Ac, born in 1008, who 
 had been summoned to Parliament previously as Baron Mow- 
 bray. His lordship married, in lO'JO, Klii^ibetli, eldest daughter 
 of Esmo Stuart, Earl of March, afterward Duke of Lennox, and 
 had issue, 
 
 I. Thomas, his successor. 
 
 II. Henry, who succeeded his brother. 
 
 III. Pbibji, a ciirdiiinl, bird nlmniu-r to rnlberine, queen consort 
 
 ol Charles IL, bum iu I6i\)i died ltlU4. 
 
 IV. Chnrles of Greystoke. 
 V. Talbot, died unmarried. 
 VI. Edward, died unmarried, 
 vii. Francis, died unmarried. 
 
 VIII. Bernard, who nittriied Katherine, second daughter and co-heir 
 ol (jt'<»rgi; Tutiersliull, Ksq., of Finchainpsieud, co. Berks, 
 and wiilitvv ot Sir Ricliiird Lichtord, and was succeeded in 
 1717 by his only son, Beruurd Howard, who married .\nne, 
 daughter i)f CbrisKiijhcr Koper, lord Teynham, and was 
 father of Henry Howard, Esq., of Glossop, who married, 
 October :!tUh, r7ijl,.lnli.ina, second daughter of Sir William 
 Molyneux, Burt., ot Weldoii, Nolls, and dying Noveiuber 
 lldi, 17B7, left thrci; sous, with two daughters, \u. :— 
 
 1. Bernard Edward, succeeded as twelfth Duke of 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 2. Henry Thomas, bom October 7th, 1700, who assumed, 
 
 iu lyl'-i, the adiiiiiomd surname of Molyneux, anil iu 
 1817, ibal of Howard, in addiiiou to Howard .Moly- 
 neux, in which year he was granted the rank and 
 precedence ol a duke's younger son. He married 
 September l-idi. IHUI, Elizabeth, daughter of Eilwiird 
 Long, Esq , chief-judge ot the Vice Admiralty Court, 
 Jamaiea, and dying June 17ih, 18'J4, left issue by 
 her (.who died .May ■.!4th, ISIU), 
 
 Hexry, now of Greystoke. 
 
 Henrietia Anne, married, in 1830, to Henry John 
 George, third Earl of Camarron, who died in 
 
 )H-19. 
 
 Isabella Catherine, married, in IS'29, to the Earl 
 
 of SuH'olk. 
 Chiirloiie .luliima Jane, married, in 18!1I, to James 
 
 Wentworth Boiler, Esq., M.P., of Downcs, co. 
 
 Devon, and died in iN^ri. 
 Juliana Baibara, married, iu 1S31, to Sir John 
 
 Ogilvy, BarL, and died 1833. 
 
 3. Edward Charles, born May 2«th, 1774, married Miss 
 
 Eli/Jibeth Maycock,by whom (.who died iu January, 
 
 iMll) lie lefi 'issue. 
 1. Maiy,married to the tenth Lord Pelie, and died in 1843. 
 M. Juliana Barbara, nmiried to KuLert Edward, uiuih 
 
 Lord Petre ; died in 1833. 
 
 His lordship died April 7th, 165'i, and was succeeded in his 
 Greystoke estates by his foiu-th son, 
 
 Charles Howari), Esq., who mamed Maiy, daughter and 
 co-heir of George Tattershall, Esq., of l''inchampstead,co. Berks; 
 and by her (who died in l(il)j) had (with a younger son, Henry, 
 who died in youthj his heir, 
 
 Charles Howaud, Esq., of Greystoke, who married Mary, 
 daU','htor and co-heir of John Aylward, Esq., co. Waterford, and 
 had, with three daughters, who all died unmarried, three sons,Yiz.: 
 
 1. Henry, who died unmarried. 
 
 11. Charles, who subsequently became tenth Duke of NorfoUL. 
 III. Thomas, who died unmarried. 
 
 Mr. Howard died June 10th, 1720, and was saccecded by his 
 second son, 
 
 Cuari.es Howard, Esq., of Greystoke, who, on the demise of 
 Edward, the ninth Duke ol Norfolk, in r/77, without issue, be- 
 came tenth Duke of Norfolk. Ho married in 173:1 Katherine, 
 daughter and co-heir of John Brockholes, Esq., of Claughtoo, 
 CO. Lancaster, and dying August Olst, 17uU, was succeeded by 
 bis only son, 
 
 Charles Howard, Esq., of Greystoke, who thus became 
 eleventh Duke of Norfolk. He was born March l.'ith, 1740, 
 and married lint iu August, 17(17, Marian, only danghler and 
 heir of John Coppinger, Esq , of Ballyvolanc, Co. Cork, which 
 lady died without issue iu 170S; and secondly in 17 ;l, Frances, 
 daughter and sole heir of Cli.irles Fiu- Uoy Scudamore, Esq., of 
 Holme Lacy, co. Hereford, but had no issue. His grace died
 
 5:42 
 
 LKATH WAED. 
 
 December ICtb, 1810, having bequeathed by will bis estates at 
 Greysioke to 
 
 Hexrv Howard, Esq., the only son of Lord Henry Molynoux 
 Howard, youngest brother of Bernard Edward, twelfth Duko of 
 Norfolk. Itr. Howard is a justice of the peace and deputy- 
 lioutenant. He served the office of high sheritf of Cumberland 
 in lfi:U, was JI.P. for Steyning in IH'-li, and for Shoreham from 
 181!(i to 1833. He was born July 25lh, 180'i, married December 
 Cth 1849, Charlotte Caroline Geoi-giana, eldest daughter of 
 Henry Lawes Long, Ksq., of Hampton Lodge, Surrey, by Lady 
 Catherine his wife, sister of Horatio, third Earl of Orford, and 
 has issue, 
 
 I. Henry Charles, born September ITtli, IWO. 
 II. Edward Siofford, bom November 'iSih, 1851. 
 III. Hubert .Mowbray, born May 2:M, 1804. 
 I. Elizabeth Catherine, ii. Maud Isabel. 
 
 Arms.— Gu^ on a bend, between six cross-crosslets, fitch^e, arg., 
 an escutcheon, or, charged wiih a demi lion, rampant, pierced through 
 the motuh with an arrow, within a dmilile tressure, llory, counter 
 flory, of the lirst, ipiiirtering, Buotheuton, NVauken, .Mowbkav, 
 Dacke, and Giieystuke. 
 
 Cresl. —Od a chapeaii, gu., turned up, erm., a lion, statanl guardaut. 
 the tail extended, or, gorged with a ducal coronet, org. 
 
 Motlo. — Sola virtus iuvicta. 
 
 Greystoko Castle, the seat of Henry Howard, Esq., for- 
 merly the property of the Dukes of Norfolk, who still 
 enjoy the dignity of baron of Greystoke, stands in a 
 park of 5,000 acres. The present mansion was erected 
 within the last 100 years, near the site of the ancient 
 castle, which, being garrisoned for the king in 1048, 
 was taken and destroyed by a detachment of the Par- 
 liamentarian army. It is built in an exaggerated style 
 of massiveness, but late improvements have caused it to 
 assume an appearance of considerable elegance. Views 
 of the distant lake mountains are commanded from the 
 ■windows, and the grounds adjacent to the mansion are 
 well laid out. In the iiuU there hangs some " armour 
 of the invincible knights of old," emblazoned shields, 
 and several pairs of horns. One pair is of enormous 
 magtiitude, and weighs forty-two pounds. There is also 
 in the ball a large painting, by Lonsdale, of Solomon 
 and the Queen of Sheba, in which several family por- 
 traits are introduced. A balustradiug on one side sepa- 
 rates the hall from the long gallery, in which are placed 
 many ancient family portraits. The library contains 
 a cbimncy-piece of richly carved oak. Two of the prin- 
 cipal designs are Sampson and Delilah, and Jepthali 
 and his Daughter, each having appropriate legends. 
 Amongst the paintings the following may be enume- 
 rated as of peculiar interest : — Erasmus and Archbishop 
 Warham, both by Holbein; John Duke of Norfolk, 
 who was killed on Bosworth Field, the subject of the 
 lines, — 
 
 " Jocky of Norfolk, be not so bold, 
 For Dickon thy master is bought and sold." 
 
 Thomas, third Duke of Norfolk, lord high treasurer 
 to Henry VIII.; Ann Dacre, countess of Arundel, who 
 l)rought Greystoke from the Dacres to the Howards ; 
 Elizabeth, daughter to the last Duke of Lennox, and 
 wife of Henry Frederick Earl of .Arundel ; Henry 
 Earl of Arundel and his Countess, the Lady Alathea 
 Talbot; Henry, sixth Duke of Norfolk, when a boy, by 
 Vandyke ; Lady Catherine Howard, daughter of Henry 
 Frederick Earl of Arundel, by Vandyke ; James I. ; 
 Charles I., by Mytens ; Charles IL and James II. ; 
 Prince Charles Edward, in a Highland costume ; Mary 
 Queen of Scots, two pictures, one in a crimson dress, 
 the other in mourning ; View of Venice, by Canaletti ; 
 two views of Rome, by AVilson ; a piece of Needlework, 
 by JIary Queen of Scots, representing the Crucifixion, 
 will be inspected with interest. 
 
 GREYSTOKE. 
 
 The area of Greystoke township is 4,538 acres, and 
 its rateable vidue £1,ISS5 1 3s. l^d. The population 
 in 1801 was 318; in 1811, 243; in 1821, 255; in 
 1831, 337 ; in 1841, 364, and in 1851, 3 15. 
 
 The village of Greystoke is pleasantly situated near 
 the source of the river Petterill, five miles west-by-north 
 of Penrith, and in the neighbourhood of Greystoke 
 Castle and Park. 
 
 TUE CDOIICH. 
 
 Greystoke church is a spacious structure, in the Per- 
 pendicular style, dedicated to St. Andrew, and consists 
 of chancel and nave, with north and south aisles. The 
 chancel was rebuilt in 1848 by Henry Howard, Esq. 
 and the Rev. Henry Askew ; the tower was rebuilt a few 
 years previously at the expense of the parishioners, 
 and in 1817 and 1818 the body of the church under- 
 went considerable repair. There are four very ancient 
 bells with iusciiptions round them. The eastern window 
 is filled with ancient painted glass, supposed to represent 
 passages from the life of St. Andrew. The tracery of tho 
 upper part of the window contains modern arms, viz. : — 
 The royal arms and those of the diocese at the top, and 
 then the arms of the families of Dacre, Howard, Grey- 
 stoke, Grimesthorp, Percy, and Askew. A window on the 
 south side of the chancel is also fiUed with ancient glass. 
 There are moreover two modern windows, containing 
 respectively the arms of different members of the 
 Howard family, and of ancient families of the parish. 
 The chancel stalls are all furnished with " misereres," 
 some of which are very curiously carved. The inscrip- 
 tion round the roof of the chancel, mentioned iu 
 " Hutchinson's Cumberland," was removed when the 
 chancel was restored. One of the old altar stones.
 
 GEKYSTOKE PARISH. 
 
 043 
 
 marked, us usual, with five crosses, is inserted in the 
 floor at the west end of the church. At the eastern end 
 of the south aisle is a brass, hearing the inscription, 
 " Of your charite pray for the soule of l{ychard New- 
 port that was buryorl under ihys stone and deptyd the 
 viith day of August in the year of our lorde God 
 mccccli, whose soule Jhu pdon." There are also the fol- 
 lowinj; inscriptions, "Of your charity pray for ye soule 
 of AVenefride Newport whose bones lyetli under this 
 stone which deptyd the ix day of Decembr Anno Dni 
 m.c.ccccxlvii whose soul Jhu perdon." " Under this 
 stone lyeih Willm Bewley and Esabell Whitlay his 
 doughter, which Esabell deptyd ye v daye of february 
 an" dni m" v'.xliij", on who" soule Jhu have mcy. Amen." 
 Under a seat near the reading desk, " Of your charite 
 pray for y soules of James Morisby and Margaret his 
 wyf, on whose soules Jhu have mcy. amen." In the 
 chancel, on a brass inserted in a blue slate slab, " Hie 
 jacent corpa mre Thome Eglisfelde x Walteri lledmau, 
 veritatis pfessor* quda liuis coUegii ppositor qi Walter 
 obiit iiii die Novebris A'dni mccccc''i.\° Quor aiabis 
 ppicietur Dous." On the pavement there are two in- 
 cised slabs within the communion rails; one at the north 
 end of the communion table, consists of a cross, the 
 head of which is broken : on the stem of the cross is hung 
 a shield charged with the arms of (_)ld Greystoke, and 
 on one side is a sword. The inscription runs thus : — 
 "lohes : Codam : Bare : Dc : Graystok." At the south 
 end of the communion table is a slab, on which is carved 
 a cross and a pair of shears. Inserted in the east wall 
 of the churchyard is a slab, carved with a florid cross 
 and pair of shears. On the floor of the south aisle is 
 a brass plate bearing this inscription : — " ililc Ilaltonvs 
 Iviii annatvs adsessor comitatvs Cvmbr eivsdemq vice- 
 comes X liberis beatvs cvris reip. famili avq pressvs 
 perpctvvm vtricj desiderandvs transitvs exemplvm prac- 
 bvit. XVII. Xal. Ap. CloIf)CLII." On the floor is 
 a large marble tombstone, with a brass plate, inscribed 
 as follows: — "Icy gist AVilliam lo bone Baron dc 
 Graystok plys veillieaut, noble et courtcyous chvialer do 
 sa pads en son temps Quy murult le x jour de Jully 
 I'an de grace Mill.CCCLIX. Alme de guy Dieu eyt 
 peto and mercy. Amen." On the lloor at tho 
 east end of the south aisle is a brass plate in a 
 tombstone, inscribed — "Orate pro aia Johannis Whelp- 
 dale Legum DoctorLf, CoUcgij de (i ray stock Magistri 
 et Rectoris de Caldbeck, qui obijt vii° July, a. d. 
 1526." The church of Greystoke is rectorial. In 
 the Valor of Pope Nicholas, the rectory was taxed at 
 £120; in the reign of Kdward IT. at i:'iO; and in the 
 Kings IJook it is valued at i'lO 7s. PJd. This church 
 seems to have been made collegiate at a very early 
 
 period. In the year 1358 WiUiam de Greystoke, " for 
 the health of his soul," gave to the church of Greystoke 
 one messuage and seven acres of land, at Newbi^gin, 
 and also the advowson of the parish church of Grey- 
 stoke. In the following year Bishop Weltou confirmed 
 this grant to the coUegiate body, which appears to have 
 consisted of one master and six chaplains. In the year 
 Vi~~, on the petition of Ralph Greystoke, setting forth 
 that the income of the rectory is very considerable, and 
 the cure improperly supplied, the bishop issued a com- 
 mission of inquiry. The commissioners returned that 
 the yearly revenue of the rectory was about i'lOO, that 
 after deductions had been made, there would be a clear 
 annual income of £80 ; and they also report that there 
 are chapels in the parish, one at Watermillock and one 
 at Threlkeld, each having a chaplain. Two years later, 
 in 1379, another commission of inquiry, to the same 
 purpose, was made, and it was recommended that more 
 clergymen should be attached to the parish church, to 
 attend to the spiritual necessities of so large a parish. 
 In 1382 the church seems to have been greatly in need 
 of repair, and it was proposed to etfect them at the 
 charge of the parishioners, but the inhabitants of 
 Threlkeld and Watermillock refused to contribute their 
 share of the expense until threatened with tho pc nalty 
 of excommunication by the bishop. In the same year, 
 at the instance of Ralph Lord Greystoke, another com- 
 mission of inquiry was instituted, and it was found 
 that the revenues of the church were sufficient to main- 
 tain " two chaplains, the parish priest, and five other 
 priests beside." The report of the commission was 
 followed by an application to the pope by Ralph Lord 
 Greystoke, for a licence to make the church of Grey- 
 stoke collegiate. His holiness complied with the baron's 
 request, and instructed his legate, Alexander Neville, 
 archbishop of York, to erect, at Greystoke, a college of 
 secular priests, to be presided over by a provost or 
 master. At the same time, six chantries were founded 
 in the church, and a priest appointed to each. The 
 chantries were respectively dedicated to St. Andrew, 
 St. Mary, St. John the Baptist, St Katherine, St. 
 Thomas a Becket, and St. Peter. The chaplains of 
 these chantries were all presented by Raljih Lord 
 Greystoke, and, at their installation, were obliged to 
 take the oath of canonical obedience to the Bishop of 
 Carlisle. Dugdale tells us that, in 1430, John do 
 Greystoke gave (by will) his best horse for a mortuary, 
 and his body to be buried in the collegiate church of 
 Greystoke. Thomo-s Lord Dacre, in n letter to Cardinal 
 Wolscy, dated Kirkoswald, ,\ugust 23rd, 1510, says, 
 "Theviij of this monetli. I sent into ScotlanJo the 
 M' of the college of Graistok with such oder persons as
 
 544 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 I nominated to your grace in the quenes commission 
 for reysing and leveiiig of her conjuncte feoffment, and 
 for rcccyving of her plate and Jewells according to the 
 said last recesse made by the ambassadors of Scotlande." 
 At the Reformation, Greystoke College underwent the 
 fate of the other collegiate churches, chantries, Ac. of 
 England, " at which time," says Nicolson and Burn, 
 " the revenues of the several chantries aforesaid in this 
 church were twenty nobles a year to each. Afterwards 
 it was disputed whether the church did continue recto- 
 rial, or the rectory and profits thereof became vested in 
 the crown by the said dissolution. For the incumbent 
 it was alleged that he was possessed by presentation, 
 admission, institution, and induction. That the church 
 was indeed made collegiate, but that it was by the pope's 
 authority only: that they had no common seal, and 
 therefore were not a legal corporation; and judgment 
 was given against the king, and the church continued 
 rectorial and parochial. Judge Dyer, who reports this 
 case, seems to lay stress upon the want of a common 
 seal. Lord Coke lays the stress upon its being made 
 collegiate by the pope's authority only, without the 
 king's assent ; cither of them sufficient arguments of 
 the invalidity of the establishment." Bishop Nicolson 
 tells us that, " Parson Dacre [the first rector subsequent 
 to the dissolution of the collegiate body] converted the 
 college into a dwelling-house." The parish registers 
 commence in the first year of the reign of (Jueeu Eliza- 
 beth, 1558-9. The advowson of the rectory was long 
 attached to the barony of Greystoke. It was sold by 
 Charles Howard, Esq., of Greystoke, to Adam Askew, 
 Esq., of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, from whom it has des- 
 cended to Henry Askew, Esq., of Conishead Priory, 
 the present patron. The benefice is worth nearly £700 
 .1 year. 
 
 EECTons.— Richard de Morpeth, 1302 ; Ralph de Erghome, 
 13U; Sir Richard do Hutton Roof. 
 
 Provosts and Rectors. — Sir Richard de Hutton Roof, ; 
 
 .Tohn de Ilerinthorp, 13(i5; Sir John de Claston occurs in 1379 ; 
 Gilbert Bowett, 13sa ; Adam de Aglionby occurs 14-JO ; Thomas 
 Eaglesfield occurs 144n ; Richard Wr.vght, ; Walter Red- 
 man occurs 1507; William Husband occurs 1518; Thomas 
 Bowerhank occurs 1520; John Whelpdale occurs 1525; John 
 Dacre, 15 — . 
 
 Rectors.— John Dacre, 15 — , previously provost, died 1507 ; 
 Sir Simon Mosse, 1507 ; Edwd. Hanshy, 1508 ; Hugh Thomly, 
 1885; Leonard Lowlher, 1597 ; Henry Robinson occurs 1816; 
 Jerome Waterhouse, ; William Pettie, 1033 ; William Nor- 
 land, 10391; — West, about 1650; Richard Gilpin, 105- ; Wui. 
 Morland, restored, 1600; Alan Smallwood, 1003; Richard Fowke, 
 1680; Thomas Gi*ion, 1092 ; Thomas Bolton, 1717 ; Edmund 
 Law, 1740; Hugh Moises, 1788; Henry Askew, 1793; Henry 
 Percy, 1852. 
 
 I Ejected by Sir Arthur Uazlerigg and othera. 
 
 The old rectory, or college, was partially pulled down 
 at the time the new one was built, and was finally razed 
 in the year 1858. The present rectory was built about 
 forty years ago. It is a largo, plain, substantial house, 
 without any architectural pretensions. 
 
 The male and female schools in the village of Grey- 
 stoke are chiefly supported by annual subscriptions, the 
 subscribers having the ])nvilege of placing a number of 
 children in the schools at half the usual charge. 
 
 CnARITIES. 
 
 Thompson's Charily. — Thomas Thompson, in the year 
 1740, left to the churchwardens and overseers of 
 Motherby, Gill, and Greystoke, the sum of £'20, the 
 interest to be paid yearly to the poor of those places ou 
 the 3(ith of January, at their discretion. 
 
 Townships of Greijstohc and Johnby. — Unthank 
 Estate. — Barbara Pielph, in 1727, leftl'50, the interest 
 thereof to be equally divided amongst the poor of Grey- 
 stoke and Johnby. This £50, together with £20 left 
 by Mable Halton to the poor of Greystoke only, was 
 laid out in the purchase of an estate at Unthank, in 
 the parish of Skelton, stated at that time to contain 
 seven and a half acres. Since the purchase of this 
 estate, a considerable addition appears to have been 
 made to it by an allotment upon an enclosure, as 
 it now contains upwards of twelve acres. The rent is 
 distributed amongst poor persons of Greystoke and of 
 Johnby, who are not in the receipt of parochial relief. 
 
 Dorothy Halton s Charity. — Dorothy Halton, by will, 
 dated April 13th, bequeathed to the overseers of the 
 township of Johnby £20, for the benefit of the poor 
 children of the said township, the yearly interest to be 
 paid to the schoolmaster of Greystoke, for teaching poor 
 children of Johnby ouly, whose parents should not be 
 able to pay for their learning. She also bequeathed 
 £20 to the overseers of Greystoke and Johnby, for the 
 poor of the said townships, the interest to be equally 
 divided and distributed on St. Thomas's Day annually. 
 
 Tounshii)S of Greystoke and Little Blcncou-e. — 
 Troutbcck's Charity. — Miss Ann Troutbeck. in 1815, 
 bequeathed the sum of £40, the interest thereof to be 
 divided among the poor of Little Blencowe and Grey- 
 stoke. 
 
 Township of Greystoke. — Norland's Charity. — The 
 Rev. William Morland, rector of Greystoke, in 1003, 
 left £20, the interest thereof to be divided amongst the 
 poor of Greystoke only yearly, on the 21st December, 
 at the discretion of the rector and churchwardens. 
 
 BERRIKn AKD MURHAH. 
 
 This township comprises an area of 2,004 acres, and 
 its rateable value was £907 53. In 1801 it contained
 
 GREYSTOKE PARISH. 
 
 545 
 
 136 inhabitants; in 1811, 120 ; in 1821, 128; in 1831, 
 113; in 1841, 127; and in 1851, 134, who are princi- 
 pally resident in the villages of Berrier and Murrali. 
 The manorial rights are vested in Henry Howard, Esq , 
 who is also the principal landowner, but iliss Sutton, 
 W. A. Bushby, Esq., and others, have estates here. 
 The commons were enclosed about the year 1800, and 
 allotted to the landowners and the lord of the manor. 
 The tithes have been commuted for £'29. 
 
 The village of Berrier is about eight miles west of 
 Penrith. 
 
 Murruh is a small hamlet of detached houses, niue 
 miles west-by-north of Penrith. 
 
 CHARITY. 
 
 Mary Jack's Bequest. — Mary Jack, by will, dated 
 November 30th. 1709, left .£200, the interest of which 
 she directed to be applied to the use of a mistress for 
 teaching the girls of Berrier, Whitbarrow, and Murrah 
 reading, writing, knitting, and sewing. Subsequently 
 an information was filed in the Court of Chancery 
 against Jane ILiyton, the executrix, and, in 1810, the 
 court decided that a schoolmistress should keep school 
 within the village of Berrier, and instruct the girls sent 
 to her in reading, writing, kuitting, and sewing, the 
 girls to be born within the villages of Berrier, Whit- 
 barrow, and Murrah, or of parents residing there. The 
 stock remaining after paying the costs of the suit, 
 amounting to £'103 18s. 3d. three-per-cents, was trans- 
 ferred to trustees, who pay the interest to the school- 
 mistress, with the exception of a small amount allowed 
 to the trustees for their expenses. The trustees at 
 present are John Barker, Esq., and John Robinson, 
 Esq. 
 
 MTTLE DLESCOW. 
 
 The area of Jjittlo Blcncovv township is 321 statute 
 acres, and its rateable value £'370 8s. 7^d. The num- 
 ber of inhabitants, in 1801 was 68; in 1811, 49; in 
 1821, C3; in 1831, 00; in 1^41, 09, and in iSul, 50, 
 who are chiefly resident in the village of Jjttle Blencow. 
 
 Little Blencow was long the property of a family 
 bearing the local name, who appear to iiavc first settled 
 at Great Blencow, in the parish of Dacro. We learn 
 from the patent rolls of the 32nd Edward III. tliat that 
 monarch, in J 358, granted to Adam de Bloiicowe all 
 the lands in Greystoke, Blencow, and Newbiggin, 
 which luid belonged to .lohn Riddall. The manor of 
 Blencow and Blencow Hall, tho old seat of the family, 
 were purchased of the immediate descendant of the 
 family, Henry Preseot Blencowe, Es(]., in 1802. by tho 
 Duko of Norfolk, and are now tho property of Henry 
 Howard, Esq., besides whom Mrs. Elizabeth Troutbeck 
 M 
 
 and James Parkin, Esq., are the principal landowners. 
 The tithes of the township have been commuted for 
 £14 Cs. Od., payable to the rector. 
 
 Blencow Hall, situated a little to the west of the 
 village, was long the residence of the Blencowe family. 
 It consists of two square embattled towers connected by 
 a range of domestic buildings. The southwest tower, 
 which is rent from top to bottom, has a smaller tower 
 attached to its western side. This tower has a pictu- 
 resque effect, from a plane tree, which has its root under 
 the wall, and grows through the centre of the structure. 
 Some plain gargoyles are still remaining on the south- 
 eastern tower. Over the principal door are tho initials 
 H. B. and three shields. One of these shields is plain, 
 the second bears a chevron, between three mullets, for 
 Crackenthorp; and the third, fretty and a chief. There 
 is also " Quorsura vivere mori, mori vita. Henricus 
 Blencowe." Behind the hall are the remains of an old 
 chapel, consisting of a south window, through which a 
 tree is growing. Near the hall is an ancient burial- 
 gi'ound, with a stone cross, upon which are tho arms of 
 the Blencowe family. Blencow Hall is now a farm- 
 house. 
 
 glcitrofec of ^Itntofo anb fbobg Driarjr. 
 
 Adam de Blekcowe distinguished himself in tlie Frencli 
 wars in the reign of Edward III., under the banner of William 
 Baron of Greystoke, who f-ninted arms to him and liis heirs by 
 tho following warrant: — " To all to whom these presents shall 
 come to be seen or heard ; William Baron of Greystoke, lord of 
 Jlorpeth, wisheth health in the Lord ; know ye that I hare given 
 and granted to .\dam de Blencowe an escutcheon sable, with a 
 Lend closetted (or barred) argent and azure, with three chaplets 
 gules ; and with a crest closetted, argent and azure, of my arms; 
 to have and to hold to the said Adam and his heirs for ever. 
 .\nd I, the said William, and my hoirs, will warrant to the said 
 -Adam, and his heirs, the arms aforesaid. In witness whereof I 
 liave to these letters patent set my seal. Written at the Castle 
 of Morpath, the '20th day of February, in the 30th year of the 
 reign of King I'dward III., after the ("omjuest." [a.d. 1357.] 
 
 Adam de Blencowe, 1327, married twice. By his first wife, 
 Emma, he had three sons, 
 
 I. William, who died in the lifetime of his father, amnarrie<l. 
 n. Thomas, his successor. 
 in. John, whose wife's name was .lohannn. 
 
 TnoMAS DB Blencowe succeeded his father, and married 
 F.lizabeth, daughter and heiress of Nicholas Vetoripont, or 
 Vipont (1333), baron of Westmoreland, and to wliom his 
 .\lston estates descended, in conjunction with her sister Joao, 
 wife of William Whytlaw. Tliey now belong to Greeowich 
 Hospital. Thoir son ond heir, 
 
 W11J.IAM de Blencowe, married remjj. Henry VI., Johanna, 
 daughter of Robert Uriscoo, of Croftou, Cumberland. 
 
 Richard de Blencowe, son and heir of William, living in 
 tho reign of Kdward IV., was father of 
 
 CnuisTOPiiER DB Blencowe, who married and bad issue,
 
 646 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 BicHiRD, hisbeir. 
 
 Isubflla, intirric'd James Tlultonf of an nucicnt family resideat 
 ai Urey^iuke, wbuse mouor house still reuiaius. 
 
 HiCHAiu] Blencowr, Esq., son and heir of Cbristoplier, mar. 
 Tied Eleanor Crackentljorpi', of Newbiggin, daughter of John 
 Crackentborpe, Esq., and bad issue, 
 
 I. Anthony, his heir, 
 u. Cliri»to|)lier, died ncmiirried. 
 111. CuthbtTt, died uuniamed. 
 
 I. EliziUir-ili, ninrried lUcbard IIotOD, Esq., of Iluttou Boof, a 
 
 bimilct of Greystoke. 
 n. Alarzeii, married Matthen Bee, Esq. 
 
 Anthony Blencowe:, Esq., the eldest son and heir of Richard, 
 married Winifred Dudley, granddaughter of the old Lord 
 Dudley of Vanwatb, co. Westmoreland, by whom he had issue, 
 
 I. BlCHAKD, bis heir, mentioned amongst the Reiitry of the 
 county snlg.Tt to the Border service, Ki4:j; married Ajipolin, 
 afternnrds the wife of W. Allouby, Esq., of Allouby, by 
 wlioiu be had issue, 
 
 1. IlEsnY, heir to his •n'nndfather. 
 
 2. Kichurd, died imiuurrieil. 
 
 n. Antliony, D.C.L , provost of Oriel College, Oxford, forty-five 
 years. He was chancellor or vicai--j,'cneral of the Catb'ednd 
 Cburrb of Ubidiester. He died in lUlH, and was buried 
 in St. Mary's Cbnrcli, Oxford. He was immarried, and 
 left i,'l,;tOn to the re-building of his college, with which tbe 
 west side of Oriel College, as it now stands, was accordingly 
 built. 
 
 HI. George, M.P. for Chichester in 1603. 
 
 Heney (afterwards Sir Henry) Blencowe succeeded his 
 grandfather. He was high sheriff of Cumberland in ICOS, and 
 ■was knighted by James I. on bis return from Scotland in 1617. 
 He was again high sheriff for Cumberland 1st Charles I., and 
 died aist November, 1C35. His first wife was Jane, daughter 
 of Sir William Mussrave, Bart, of Haytou (sister to Eleanor, 
 Tvife of Sir Christopher Lowlhcr, Knt., of Lowther, and great- 
 grandmother to the first Lord Lonsdale), by whom he had no 
 issue that lived to succeed him. His second wife was Grace, 
 daughter of Sir Richard Sandford, of Howgill, by whom he had 
 issue, 
 
 I. Chbistopiier, his successor. 
 
 u. Henry, died unmarried in his father's lifetime, 
 ni. Anthony, to whom the estate at Harbvbrow was fir?<t limited 
 by .Mr. Highmore. Anthony died' soon alter his father, 
 unmarried. 
 
 l». John, married and died in bis father's lifetime, leaving issue 
 by Anne, his wife, ' 
 
 1. Eliznbcln, married U. Thompson, Esq., of Hollin 
 
 Hall, Ripon, York, grandfather of Sir W. Thompson, 
 a baron of the Exchequer. 
 
 2. Ann, married George Barwick, Esq., of Carlisle. 
 
 Sir Christopheb Blencowe, Knt, son and heir of Sir 
 Henry, married Mary, daughter of Thomas Robinson, Esq., of 
 Rokeby, Yorkshire, great-grandfather of Sir Thomas Robinson, 
 Bart., of Rokeby, and bis brother, Lord Bishop of Armagh, 
 created Baron Rokeby ; and had issue, 
 
 J. Henry, died unmarried, before his father. 
 
 II. Chbistopher, bis successor. 
 HI. Thomas, died unmarried. 
 
 I. Mary. u. Frances, 
 
 m. Margaret iv. Katherine. 
 
 Christopher Blekcowe, Esq., son and heir of Sir Christo- 
 pher, Knt., married Ann, eldest daughter and co-heiress of 
 
 William Laton, Esq., of Daleraain, which this family had pos- 
 sessed before the time of Henry III., and had issue a son and 
 heir, 
 
 Henby Bi-encowe, Esq., high sheriff of Cumberland, temp. 
 George I. He married first, Dorothy, daughter and heiress of 
 George Sisson, Es^q., of Penrith; she died 2IHh October, 1707, 
 aged .'i'^, and was buried in the church of Penrith. By this lady 
 be had issue, 
 
 I. Christopher, who succeeded him. 
 
 II. Henry, died in the lifetime of bis fatlier. 
 
 III. George, died in the lifetiure of bis fuiber. 
 
 I. Dorothy, married the Rev. T. Croft, vicar of Kirkby Lonsdale. 
 
 II. Bridget, married I'trick Reay, Esq., of Newcastle. 
 
 III. Mary, died unmarried. 
 
 He married secondly, Elizabeth, daughter of William Todd, Esq., 
 of Wath, Yorkshire, and had issue, 
 
 I. Hf.xry, who succeeded his half-brother, Christopher. 
 11. William, married 17:11! Elizubeib, dunghter and co-heiress of 
 Ferdinando Latiia, Esq., of the Beck, in Miilon , ro. Cum- 
 berland, by Henrietta, his wife, daughter of Sir John Tem- 
 pest, Bart., of Toug, co. York, by whom he bad issue, 
 
 1. George, died in the West Indies, without issue. 
 
 2. Henry, died wiibout is.sue. 
 
 3. Jiihn, died without issue. 
 
 4. William Fekdisanoo, son and heir. 
 
 1. Elizabeih, married .1. Bbiin, Esq., M.D., of Carlisle, 
 interred at St Miuy's, Carlisle. 
 
 m. Peter, married Frances Benn, of Whitehaven, and had issue, 
 
 1. Henry. 1. Elizabeth. 
 
 Henry Blencowe, Esq., died in l<ai, and was sncoeeded by his 
 eldest son, 
 
 Christopher Blencowe, Esq., of Blencowe, who died unmar- 
 ried 1723, aged 2.'j,and was succeeded by his half-brother. Such 
 was the reputation of this gentleman as a lawyer that he was 
 called to the bar at the age of 21, and tliree years after he was 
 made one of the deputy-lieutenants of the Tower Hamlets, and 
 chief steward or judge of the Court of Records witliin the liber- 
 ties of the same ; he died wbUe upon the circuit. 
 
 Henry Blencowe, Esq., succeeded his half-brother, Christo- 
 pher, and married JIary, only surviving daughter and heiress 
 of Alexander Prescott, Esq., of Thoby Priory, Essex [at this 
 point the Blencowes of Blencowe become again closely con- 
 nected with the Blencowes of Marston] ; he had issue, 
 
 Henry Pbescott, born 1752, bis heir. 
 Mary, died unmarried at Billericay, Essex. 
 
 Henry Prescott Blencowe, Esq., succeeded his father, and 
 married Elizabeth,' eldest daughter of Riehaid Earbor, Esq., of 
 
 ' There was in the possession of this lady a curious jewel, of 
 which the account is as follows, copied from the will of Gabriel 
 Barbor : — " Mr. Bnrbor ( the father of my great-grandfather), for his 
 firm adherence to the Protestant religion was, in Queen Mary's reign, 
 brought into Smithfield to suffer at the stake, but whilst he was 
 taking leave of certain friends, news came the queen was deed, so 
 that the Popish party did not dare to put bim to deatli. In remem- 
 brance of so eminent a preservation, the said Mr. Barbor bad the 
 effigies of Queen Elizabeth cut out upon a stone, bequeathing the 
 jewel to bis eldest son, if he had a daughter and named her Elizabeth, 
 otherwise the jewel should descend to the second if the conditions 
 was fulfilled by him, but if not, then to the third son, and so on. 
 This is ye account as it has been handed down from father to son, 
 and hitherto there has been on Elizabeih in the family. August 
 24, 1724."
 
 GREYSTOKE PARISH. 
 
 547 
 
 Brentwood, co. Essex. By this lady, who died ia 1813 (the 
 last of the Barbor family) he had issue, 
 
 I. Henry Prescott, his snccessor. 
 
 u. John Prescoii, bora 1778, married Pleasance, youngest 
 
 diiuc;littT i)f Kdwurd Kveraril, Ks<i., of Lynn, Norfolk; he 
 
 died Dlh Novcuibir, 1810, leuviug issue, 
 
 1. John Prescott, bom 1800. 
 
 2. Kdwnrd Kvcrard, bom 17Ui April, 1806, rector of West 
 Walton, Norfolk. 
 
 ■*). I'idiuond.deieaeed. 
 
 4. WnltiT, burn liSth Aug. 1812. 
 
 1. I'lea^ance, deceased. 
 
 2. Klizabclb. 
 
 3. Mary. 
 
 4. Agnes, deceased. 
 Ci. Henrietta. 
 
 C. June, married Rev. S. Allen, D.D. 
 
 7. Agnes. 8. Margureu 9. Ellen. 
 
 I. Elizabeth, married James Everard, Esq., of Lowestoft, and 
 died leaving issue, 
 
 1. James, R.N., drowned. 
 
 1. Mary, married Uev. 1 sitae Gaskarth. 
 
 •i. Kleuiior, marneil Proudfoot ilouloyu, Esq. 
 
 :t. Funny. i. Caroline. 
 
 5. Louisa. U. Anna. 
 
 u. Margaret. 
 
 Mr. Blencowe died Otli rebruary, 1787, and was succeeded hy 
 his son, 
 
 HENBy Prescott Blencowe, Esq., of Blencow, married 
 llebecca, eldest daughter of Edward Everard, Esq., of Lynu, co. 
 Norfolk, andhy her (.who died 20ih October, 1851, aged 83), had 
 issue, 
 
 I. IlENiiY PuEscoTT, his successor. 
 IL John, deceased. 
 
 III. Edward, deceased. 
 IT. Everard. 
 I. liebecca. 
 
 II. Mary, married George Bannatyue, Esq., of Bathford House, 
 
 Somersetshire. 
 
 tiir. Blencowe, in the year 1802, sold Bloncow to the Duke of 
 Norfolk. He died in 1847, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 HENiir Prescott Blencowe, Esq., late of Blencowe Hall, 
 CO. Cumberland, and now of Thoby Priory, co. Essex, bom 
 17U9, succeeded his father in 1817. 
 
 Anns. — 1st. Blencowe, gti., a quarter, arg. ; 2nd. Greystoke, aug- 
 mentation witli a (hft'i-remc ; 3rd. Luton of ijaleniiiiii; 4th. Prescott. 
 
 Crest, — \ sword in pale, arg., hill in chief, or, enfiladed with a 
 human heart. g>i., all between two wings expanded, arg. FA legend 
 in die family r,fi'rs iliiq curious crest lu the circnnislance that in the 
 Border wars, a Illcnrowe, whose crest was a sword, having slain a 
 Douglas (no small h Hour in those days), was permuted to unite it 
 iu llie i.'resent torin widi the bleednig heart of the Douglas. 
 
 Motto. — Quorsiim vivcrc mori, mori viuc. 
 
 Sea/.— Thoby Priory, Essex. 
 
 The village of Little Blencow is four and three quar- 
 ter miles norili-west of Penrith ; the river Petteril 
 separates it from Great Blencow in Dacio parish. 
 Situated in the village is a girls' school, erected by 
 subscription in 18.'>C>, at a cost of about £'J00. It is 
 supported by coiitrili'.ilions and donations, aided by the 
 quarter pence of the children. 
 
 BOWSCALE. 
 
 The area of Bowscale township is 2,500 acres, 
 and its rateable value £85. The population was not 
 returned separately till the year 1811, when it was 31 ; 
 ill 1851, it was 33, who reside in the village of Bow- 
 scale. The manorial rights are vested in E. W. 
 Hascll, Esq. The landowners are Messrs. Joseph 
 Pearson, Daniel Grigg, and Joseph Robinson. The 
 commons of this township are still unenclosed. 
 
 The village of Bowscale occupies a romantic situation 
 at the foot of a lofty fell, eleven miles west-by-north of 
 Penrith, and si.x: west of Greystoke. It contains four 
 farm-houses and a few cottages. Upon the fell is 
 Bowscale Tarn, nearly a mile in length, and surrounded 
 with such a lofty ndgo of rocks, that during four months 
 in winter it is excluded from the benetit of the sun, 
 and is said sometimes to reflect the stars at noonday . 
 
 HCTTOS JOHN. 
 
 This township contains G65 acres, and the rateable 
 value is £405 13s. -id. The population in 1801 was 
 19; in 1811, 16; in 1821, 30; in 1831, 27; iu 1841, 
 ■.i,"); and in 1851, 44. 
 
 The manor of Button John was long held by a family 
 bearing the local name, supposed to be a younger branch 
 of the Huttons of Hutton. This family is traced back 
 to the 3yth Edward J II., when Wilham de Hutton 
 John held this manor of the barony of Greystoke. 
 Thomas Ilutton dying without issue iu the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth, was succeeded by his sisters, co- 
 heiresses, one of whom, Mary, was married to Andrew 
 Hudleston, Esq., of Farrington, co. Lancaster, second 
 son of Sir John Hudleston of Millom Castle, by which 
 marriage the manor passed to the Hudlestous. The 
 manor of Hutton John was purchased in 1787 by the 
 Duke of Norfolk of Mr. HuJleston. who retained the 
 demesne. It is now held by Henry Howard, Esq., who 
 also owns a small portion of the township. " Hutton 
 .lohn," says Jefferson, " is the last of a chain of border 
 towers (Dacre Castle and Yanwath II;dl being the two 
 next links) extending down the vales of Eamont and Eden. 
 The present mansion-house consists of the original 
 S(iuare castellated tower, to which at dilVercnt periods 
 two wings have been added — the more recent addition 
 bears date just after the Restoration (ICCO), when, 
 owing to the confiscation by Oliver Cromwell of the 
 other property belonging to this branch of the Hudle- 
 stons, for the atiachnient of that family to the royal 
 cause, lluttou John had become their only place of 
 residence. About a century afterwards, tlio house 
 uiiderweiil alteration iu conformity with the then pre- 
 vailing style of architecture, which lus much impaired
 
 548 
 
 LEATU WARD. 
 
 the original character of tbe building, tliough it still 
 retains a venerable appearance. The site of tbe house 
 is well chosen at the liead of tbe rich and beautiful 
 vale of Ducre. down wliicli it coinmauds an extensive 
 prospect ; and tbe wooded banks in its vicinity are 
 highly picturesque. On approaching Hutton John 
 from the Keswick and Penrith turnpike road, a 
 Btriking view presents itself of the mountains round 
 UUswater, and other wild scenery in the distance, 
 with great variety of rich woodland and cultivation in 
 the intermediate vale ; and from hence also is seen to 
 great advantRge Westmell Fell, a hill planted to the 
 extent of OOO acres, by one of the Dukes of Norfolk. 
 The 'piece of gilt plate' mentioned by Mr. Sandford, 
 and Nicolson and Burn, as having been given by the 
 Princess (afterwards (Jueenj Mary to her god-daughter 
 Miss Hutton, the lady by whom the Hudlestons ob- 
 tained Hutton John, is a square clock with a gilt face, 
 the case being ebony ; it is still in the house. There 
 is also an original portrait of Father Hudleston, 
 '.SItatis Suae, anno 78,' painted by Housman, 1685.' " 
 Hutton John is now the residence of Andrew Fleming 
 Hudleston, Esq. 
 
 ^nblfstoit of f}\ition |oI]it. 
 
 This is a younger branch of the Hudlestons of 
 Millom Castle, in the county of Cumberland, being 
 descended from 
 
 Sir John Hudlestok, K.B., lord of Millom, who, by his second 
 lady, Joan, daughter of Jolin Seymour, Esq., of Wolf Hall, (and 
 sister to Sir John Seymour, Knt., father of Lady Jane Seymour, 
 queen to Henry VIII.) had issue two sons, Anthony, who con- 
 tinued the line at ilillom ; Andreir, ancestors of the Hudlestons 
 of Hutton John. 
 
 Anorew Hudleston, Esq., who married Mary, sister and 
 co-heir of Thomas Hutton, Esq., of Hutton John. His estates 
 consisted of the manors of Ahbington, in Oxfordshire, I'reston 
 Eichard in Westmoreland, and Farrington Hall in Lancasliire, 
 ■with several other possessions in Westmoreland and Cumberland. 
 He was an ollicer in the body guard to King Henry YIII., 
 Edward ^^., Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth. By his wife, 
 Mary, ho had issue, 
 
 I. JOSEFH. 
 
 U. John, in holy orders in the Catholic church. He was instm- 
 menial in preserraig Chnrles II. after the battle of Wor- 
 cester, and was appointed private coufi'ssor. 
 in. Edmund. vi. Andrew. ii. Joyce. 
 
 rr. Byham. vii. liichord. m. Bridget. 
 
 v. William. i. Dorothy. 
 
 He was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Joseph Hddleston, Esq., of Hutton John, married Eleanor, 
 daughter of Cathbert Sisson, Esq., of Dacre, and had issue, 
 
 I. Andrew. 
 li. John. 
 
 in. Richard. 
 IV. Cuihlert. 
 
 V. William. 
 Ti. Ferdinando. 
 
 I. Mary, married John Senhouse, Esq., of Netherhall, and bad 
 issue seven children, 
 
 1. Dorothy. 
 
 2. Jaue. 
 
 3. Margaret. 
 
 4. Joyce. 
 7. Elizabeth. 
 
 0. Bridget, 
 0. Helen. 
 
 Ho was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 .\.SDiiKW Hldleston, Esq., of Hutton John, married Dorothy, 
 daughter of Daniel Fleming, Esq., of Skirwilh, co. Cumberland, 
 and by her had issue, 
 
 I. Andrew. 
 
 II. Joseph, a citizen of London, married Mary, daughter of John 
 Emerson, mayor of Newcastle; he died 11th Jiwie, lt>79, and 
 was buried in the church of St. Nicholas, NewcasUe. He 
 had issue, 
 
 1. Joseph, who died in bis infancy. 
 
 2. John. 3. Hichafj. 
 
 1. Dorothy, living in 1079. 
 
 2. Mary. 3. Jaue. 4. Dorothy. 
 0. Magdalen. C. Bridget. 
 
 He was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Andrew Hidleston, Esq., of Hutton John, son and heir of 
 Andrew. He was the first Protestant of this family. He was a 
 zealous promoter of the revolution of 1C88, and is represented 
 as a man of great learning and talents. In October, 1088, 
 having been informed of a ship entering Workington harbour 
 with anns and ammunition for the garrison of James II., at 
 Carlisle, he consulted with Sir John Lowther, how they might 
 best secure the ship for the I'rince of Orange, who was then 
 daily expected in the kingdom. Mr. Hudleston and Sir John 
 armed their servants and tenants, and during the darkness of 
 the night marched them to the coast, when the crew surrendered 
 the vessel at their demand. This is .said to have been one of 
 the first open acts of liostility against that monarch, who soon 
 after abdicated the throne. He married Catherine, daughter of 
 Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart., of Isell, co. Cumberland, and had 
 issue, 
 
 I. Andrew, who died in his father's lifetime, without issue. 
 n. Wilfrid. hi. WilUam. iv. Richard. 
 
 V. Lawson, in holy orders, archdeacon of Bath, canon of the 
 catbednU church of Wells, and rector of Kelstou, in Somer- 
 set. He mturried Helena, daughter of .lohn liarriugton, 
 &c , of Kelsloii, and died in 1743, aged UO, and was interred 
 in the parish chm-ch of Kelston. He had two sons, John 
 and William, wlio both died leaving issue, and their des- 
 cendants are still living, 
 
 1. John. 3. Catherine. fi. Anne. 
 
 1. Dorotliy. 4. Elizabeth. 7. Judith. 
 
 2. Jane. S. Mary. 8. Bridget. 
 
 He was succeeded by his second son, 
 
 ■\Vir.FRLD Hudleston, Esq. of Hutton John, married about 
 1703, Joyce, daughter and heiress of Thomas Curwen, Esq., of 
 ^Vorkington, co. Cumberland, by whom he had issue, 
 
 I. Andbew. 
 
 II. Curwen, in holy orders, incumbent of the church of St. 
 Nicholas, Whitclinvcn, and rector of Clifton, in Westmore- 
 land ; niarr:ccl firsily, F.liziibelh, sister of Richard Cooke, 
 Esq., of Wurkiiigtou, and bad a daughter, 
 
 1. Joyce, married to William Shammon, Esq., lieutenant 
 in the royal navy. 
 
 He married secondly, Eleanor, daughter and co-heiress of 
 John Dove, of Culercotts, co. Northumberland, and had 
 issue, 
 
 1. Wilfrid, who succeeded his father in both his livings. 
 
 2. John. 
 
 1. Isabella, married to Edmund Gibson, Esq., of Barfield, 
 CO. Cumberland, and had issue one sou and three 
 daughters.
 
 GREY3T0KE PARISH. 
 
 549 
 
 He was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Andhew Hodleston, Esu., of Hntton John, son and lieir, 
 in 17.>S. He was brought up to the study of the law, and was 
 called to the bar. He was deputy-lieutenant, justice of the 
 peace, and chairman of the quarter sessions for the county of 
 Cuinburland fur nearly forty years. He married Mary, daughter 
 and sole heir of ihe Kcv. Richmond Fenton, of I'lumpton Hall, 
 CO. Cumberland, and bad issue, 
 
 I. ASDRKW. 
 
 II. William. 
 
 I. Joyce. 
 
 II. Mary. 
 
 T. Catherine. 
 
 III. Julia. 
 
 IV. Isabella. 
 
 Ho was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Andrew Hudi.estox. Ksq., of Ilulton John, son and heir; 
 was brou^'ht up to the bar at Gray's Inn, and succeeded his 
 father in 1780. Ho married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Sir 
 William Fleming, Bart., of Rydal, co. Westmoreland. 
 
 A.NDBEW Flejiino Hudleston, Esq., of Hutton John, son 
 and heir, present possessor, born 17'j(i. He succeeded on the 
 death of his father in 1822, and was for some years in the civil 
 service of the East India Company on the Madras establishment. 
 
 Arms. — Gu. fretty, arg. 
 
 Crest. — Two arms holding up a bloody scalp. 
 
 HoUo. — Soli Deo honor et gloria. 
 
 The hamlet of Hutton John is five and a half miles 
 west-by-south of Peurith. Near Peuruddock, but iu 
 this township, is a corn-mill. 
 
 HHTTON ROOF. 
 
 Hutton Pvoof comprises au area of 2,505 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £1,007 48. 3d. The population in 
 1801 was 103; in 1811, 193; in 18^1, 'iU; in 1831, 
 189; in 1841, 197; in 1851, 209, who arc chielly 
 resident in the village of Hutton Roof. The inhabi- 
 tants of this township generally attend Castle Sowerby 
 church, which is iu the neighbourhood, Greystoke 
 parish church being from five to si.x miles distant. 
 The manorial rights of Hutton Roof belong to Henry 
 Howard, Esq., besides whom William Augustus Bushby, 
 Esq., the Misses Ulamire, Timothy Plaskct, Esq., ilr. 
 Thomas Richardson, and John Barker, Esq., arc the 
 landowners. Thwaite Hall, an old building now occu- 
 pied as a farm-house, is situated in this township. The 
 tithes have been commuted lor £17 10s., payable to 
 the rector of Grcystolie. 
 
 The village of Hutton Roof is pleasantly situated on 
 au eminence, ten miles west-north-west of Penrith, and 
 four miles south-south-east of Ileskct New Market. 
 Hero is a school erected by the late Richard Richard- 
 sou, who, iu 1838, endowed it with i'50 a year (which 
 hii directed to be paid to the master, or any other 
 sum, at the optiou of the trustees) arising out of 
 Whamhead estate, which contains Iv!3 acres, including 
 woodland, Ac., and now lets for £^5 a year. This 
 benefaction is iu the bauds of nine trustees. The 
 
 schoolmaster also receives £5 for instructing children 
 on the Sunday, which is part of the interest of £700 
 invested in government security at three per cent; the 
 entire interest amounts to £20 17s. a year, making a 
 total, inclusive of the Whamhead estate, of £10.'j 17s. 
 per annum. The average attendance at this school is 
 fifty children. Near to the school is the master's house, 
 erected in 1853, by Mrs. ilitchell, at a cost of £200, 
 and subsequently made over to the school trustees, who 
 receive a yearly rent from the master. 
 
 Scales is a hamlet in this township, nine and a half 
 miles north-west of Penrith. 
 
 HUTrON SOIL. 
 
 Hutton Soil comprises an area of 5,111 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £1,790 12s. 6d. In 1801 the 
 number of inhabitants was 233 ; in 1811, 228 ; in 1821, 
 280; iu 1831, 338; in 1841, 359; and in 1851, 355. 
 
 The landowners are Henry Howard, Esq. (who is 
 also lord of the manor), Messrs. John Robinson, 
 John Simpson, John Edmondson, Thomas Thompson, 
 W^illiam Wilson, William Bowerbank, Jonathan Fal- 
 lowfuIJ, ,Iohn Warsvick, John Porter, John Harrison, 
 Robert Bird, Frederick Brown, Thomas Bowman, Rev. 
 John Miller, James Parldn, Alfred Edmondson, John 
 Martin, Joseph Grisdale, Mrs. Moger, T. D. Blumire, 
 John Dixon, and George Lamb. The commons, con- 
 taining 3,500 acres, as also some open fields within the 
 township, comprising 240 acres, were enclosed in 1812, 
 and were allotted to the landowners. 
 
 Penruddock is a village in this township, six miles 
 west-by-south of Peurith. Here is a Presbyterian chapel, 
 rebuilt on the site of a former chapel in or about 1789. 
 The Rev. John Miller is minister. Within hah' a mile 
 west of the same village is a neat Wesleyan chapel, 
 with bell turret, containing one bell. The site upon 
 which the chupel is erected was given by Mr. John 
 Edmondson, of Beckces. Near Peuruddock there is a 
 good school, conducted by the Rev. John Miller. In this 
 township there is a brewery called Beckces, probably 
 from a small stream or beck which runs close by. 
 
 At the foot of Mell Fell is the Cloven Stone, fifty-one 
 feet in circumference, and eleven feet tb.ree inches in 
 height; the slit, supposed to have been caused by electri- 
 city, is eighteen inches wide, and divides the mass nearly 
 into two equal parts. The weight of this huge block is 
 considered to bo about 500 tons. On the south side of 
 the tunipikeroad from Penrith to Keswick are some 
 vestiges of an ancient road leading from Stone Carr, be- 
 tween the two hills, called Mell Fells, in this township, 
 to the head of (lowbarrow Park, where it is lost, though 
 it is supposed to have extended to Ambleside. In this
 
 m 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 tract lies a large cairn called Moundel, and there are 
 two others near Mell Fells. On this labt-iuimed hill is 
 a stone floor, supposed to have been a smelting hearth. 
 The river Petteril rises in this township, and at its 
 source is a large stoue, six feet high, called Lady 
 Stone. The boundnry stone between this township 
 and that of Watermillocli, is somewhat similar in size 
 to the Cloven Stoue. 
 
 JOIISBY. 
 
 The area of this township is 2,119 acres, and its rate- 
 able value i;795 lis. Cd. In 1801 the population was 
 81: in 1811, 01; in isai, 09; in 1831, 80-. in 18-11, 
 88; and 1851, 133, who chieilj reside in the village of 
 Johnby. 
 
 The manor of .Johnby belonged formerly to the 
 Musgravcs of Ilayton. An heiress of a younger branch 
 of this family brought it to the Wyvills, of Yorkshire, 
 by whom it was sold to William Williams, gentleman. 
 Mr. Williams left four daughters co-heiresses, the eldest 
 of whomtfcrought Johnby in marriage to Sir Edward 
 Ilasell, Knt., of whose descendant, William Ilasell, the 
 manor was purchased by the Duke of Norfolk in 1783 ; 
 it is now the property of Henry Howard, Esq., who is 
 the owner of nearly the whole of the township, but Mr. 
 John Scott, Mrs. Mary Carr, Thomas How, and Mrs. 
 Robinson, have estates hero. The tithes of the town- 
 ship have been commuted for i"Jl 10s. Od. 
 
 Johnby Hall is a substantial square building, and 
 appears to have been erected about tlie year 1583. The 
 following inscription is carved above the door : — 
 " William Musgrave, Isabel ^Martindalc 1583. Nicho- 
 las Musgrave maret Margaret Tellel, Heyre. Thomas 
 his sone maret Elizabet Dacre. Willm. his sone Here 
 now dvell, marret Iszabd. Hcyre to Martindale. To 
 God I pray be vith hus allvaie." In the centre of the in- 
 , scription is a shield encircled by a garter, inscribed — 
 " God, give me wisdome to know thee," surmounted 
 
 by the crest of Musgrave. The shield bears, 1. Mus- 
 grave, charged with a martlet; 2. a bend sinister (Mar- 
 tindale): 3. a lion rampant; 4. three swords joined at 
 the hilt (Stapleton). Over an opposite door, " W. ]\I., 
 G. M., 1037." Over an old garden door, " D. H., D.W., 
 1087." This old hall is now occupied as cottages. 
 
 The village of Johnby, which contains si.'c farm-houses 
 and a few cottages, is si.x and a half miles west of Pen- 
 rith, and one and a half of the parish eimrch. Here 
 are tile works, known as Johnby Wyse Tile Works. 
 
 MOTHEnBY AND GILL. 
 
 This township contains 440 acres, and its rateable 
 value is £440 ISs Id. The number of inhabitants in 
 1801 was 78; in 1811, 78; in 1821, 112; in 1831, 
 115 ; in 1841, 85 ; and in 1851, 95. Henry Howard, 
 Esq., is the possessor of the manorial rights and privi- 
 leges. The landowners are Henry Howard, Esq., 
 Messrs. George Stagg, Joseph Todd, John Edmondson, 
 Isaac Edmondson, John Robinson, John Kennedy, 
 Thomas Hunter, the Executors of the late \\'illiam 
 Dawson, John Todhunter, Joseph Mounsey, and Anne 
 Edmondson. Motherby townfield, or ancient land, was 
 enclosed in 1812-13. The tithes of this township have 
 been commuted for £28 18s. payable to the rector. 
 
 The village of Jlothcrby is six and a quarter miles 
 west of Penrith, and that of Gill live and three quarter 
 miles west-by-soutb of the same place. 
 
 Peacock's Charity. — Isaac Peacock, about the year 
 1707, bequeathed to the overseers of Motherby the sum 
 of £20, the interest to be divided amongst the poor of 
 that division not receiving parochial relief. This legacy 
 was laid out in the purchase of a cottage at Motherby, 
 which was afterwards sold for £22, the interest of which, 
 amounting to 18s. Od. yearly, is distributed as directed. 
 
 MATTERDALE CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry is bounded on tho north by Hutton Soil and Mungrisdale, on the west by Threlkeld and St. John's, 
 and on the south and east by WatermiUock. 
 
 Matterdale comprises an area of 7,313 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £1,207. The number of inha- 
 bitants in 1801 was 297; in 1811, 284; in 1821, 
 299; in 1831, 325 ; in 1841, 303; and in 1851, 442; 
 ■who are principally engaged in agricultural pursuits, 
 but many are employed in the Greenside mines. 
 Penrith is the market usually attended; but those 
 
 residing on the west side of the common attend Keswick. 
 The lands here are held under Greystoko barony, of 
 which Henry Howard, Esq., is lord. Mrs. Stanger, 
 Messrs. R. Sutton, Isaac Brownrigg, John Mun-ay, 
 and John Wilkinson are the principal landowners, but 
 there are several smaller proprietors occupying their 
 own estates. The commons here are very extensive ;
 
 MUNGRISDALE CHAPELBY. 
 
 551 
 
 a small portion was enclosed in 1890, the remainder 
 is as yet unenclosed. Tlie landowners pay annually 
 to the lord of Greystoke 8s. and to the curate 2s. 6d. 
 for each tenement or estate. The manor is encom- 
 passed by lofty mountains, the largest of which hears 
 the name of High Doild, the summit of which is nearly 
 on a level with Skiddaw. Tlic sides of these hills 
 afford excellent pasturage for sheep, and on some of 
 their summits is a )>rofusion of poat moss, which makes 
 excellent fuel. After a law-suit with A. Hudleston, Esq., 
 of Hutton-John, the inhabitants of Jlatterdale, in J 690, 
 obtained a decree in Chancery, confirming their right 
 of jiasture on Wi ster Jlell Fell, a beautiful conical hill. 
 ■which commands an extensive prospect, including the 
 Scottish mountains and part of Yorkshire. 
 
 THE CnAI'EL. 
 
 Matterdale chapel is a very [ilain building, erected 
 in 10S() ; a very small tower, containing one bell, was 
 added by subscription about thirteen years ago. A new 
 roof was erected at the same time. In ] .'580 Bishop 
 Meye made this chnpcl parochial. The living is a per- 
 petual curacy in the patronage of the rector of Grey- 
 stoko. It has been long endowed with land of the 
 annual value of £I3 10s., and was augmented by £000 
 from Queen Anne's Bounty, and X"200 from the Countess 
 Dowager Gower. In 1844 the Ecclesiastical Commis- 
 sioners granted £833; in 1854, Henry Howard, Esq., 
 of Greystoke, £500, and, two years later, in 1856, he 
 further augmented it with £370, making a totiil of £870, 
 which is invested in the new three per cent consols. 
 The present value of the living is gross £} 04, nett £94. 
 The registers commence in 1003. 
 
 IxcuMDENTs. — Willinm Wriglit, 17i:t ; Jonnlhan Hnrris, 17!)1 ; 
 John Kirby, 1B27; Josepli Thompson, 1H!)3; John W. Dunn, 
 184;) ; W. K. Duncan, 1S40 ; John BeH, 1R.')1. 
 
 The parsonage, situated near the chapel, was erected 
 in 1835, and enlarged in 18<50, chiefly at the expense 
 of Henry Howard, Esq. 
 
 Matterdale End is a small village, ton miles south- 
 by-west of Penrith. The Matterdale sports, including 
 races, &c., are held on Midsummer Day, iu a Held in 
 Watermillock township. 
 
 Dockwray is a hamlet in this chapelry, eleven miles 
 south-west-by-west of Penrith; Dowthwaite hamlet 
 is eight miles east-southeast of Keswick; and Wall- 
 thwaitc Head, another bamlet, si.x and a half miles 
 east-by-north of Keswick. Troutbeck is also a small 
 hamlet in this township, about ten miles from Penrith. 
 
 At Dockwray is a commodious inn, which is much 
 resorted to in the season by tourists, and is about one 
 and a quarter miles from UUswater. 
 
 CHAHITIES. 
 
 The School. — Robert Grisdale, in 1722, gave £900 
 for the foundation of a school upon ground given by 
 the Hon. H. C. Howard, lord of the manor of Matter- 
 dale iu 1716. Tlie founder's gift was subsequently 
 increased by a legacy left in 1819, by Thomas Clarke 
 of Askham. This money is now vested by the trus- 
 tees, with the other charities of the township, in landed 
 property, out of the proceeds of which is annually paid 
 to the boys' school £20, and to the girls' £8. In the 
 school is a library of about 200 volumes, left in 1723, 
 by Mrs. E. Grisdale, for the use of the inhabitants. 
 
 Poor Stoclc. — There is a poor stock amounting to 
 £73, belonging to this chapelry, the interest of which 
 is distributed to poor persons of the township, not 
 receiving parochial relief. 
 
 Bobert Grisdale's Charily. — Piobert Grisdale, by will, 
 dated July 1st, 1747, gave to trustees the sum of £60, 
 the yearly interest to be employed in the purchase 
 of oatmeal, to be distributed yearly on St. Thomas' 
 Day, for ever. 
 
 Miin-ai/'s Bequest. — Jonathan Murray, Esq., a native 
 of the chapeliy of Matterdale, by his last will, dated July 
 19th, 1832, gave and bequeathed to trustees £1,000 
 Three per Cent. Consolidated Bank Annuities, free from 
 legacy duty, in trust, to pay the yearly proceeds thereof 
 for the following purposes : — Two pounds to the minister 
 of the said chapelry for preaching an annual sermon to 
 aged people, and £2 for another sermon to young iiersons; 
 £10 to be distributed annually to the poor, in meat and 
 other necessaries ; and the residue to bo applied to the 
 use of the school of the said chapelry. 
 
 MUNGRISDALE CH.VPELRY. 
 
 Thf. chapelry of JIungrisdale is bounded on tho north by Bowscales township, on the west by Threlkeld and 
 Saddleback, on tho south by JIatterdale, and on the east by Berrier and Mariuli. 
 
 The area of Mungrisdale is 0,729 acres, and its rate- 
 able value £1,222 The population in 1801 wa.s 100 ; in 
 1811,202; iul821,230; in 1831, 220; iulsil,222; 
 
 and in 1851, 220, who reside in a number of singlo 
 houses dispersed over the chapelrv-, and in the small 
 village or hamlet of Mungrisdale. Agriculture is tho
 
 552 
 
 LEATII WARD. 
 
 principal omploymenf of the inhabitants, but a few are 
 employed in a grey slate and flag (juarry. The manorial 
 rights are vested in Henry Howard, I'Isq. The lands 
 here arc held by castomarj' tenure, subject to a sixtcen- 
 penny fine on the death of either lord or tenant. The 
 landowners are the Countess Ossalinslu, Uenry Howard, 
 Esq., Messrs. Mark Cockbain, Joseph Martindalc, John 
 Mandate, C. Watson, and Nicholas Davis. 
 
 The village of Slungrisdale is eleven miles west-by- 
 north of Penrith. Near the village the water runs in 
 opposite directions, so that a person may at his pleasure 
 send it either to Carlisle by the Caldew, or to Cocker- 
 mouth by the Glenderamakin. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Mungrisdale chapel (dedication unknown) is a small 
 plain building, re-erected in 1750. It is endowed with 
 a house and garden, and has received augmentations of 
 £•200 from Queen Anne's Bounty in 1773, £200 by lot 
 in 1745, £200 given by the inhabitants in 1701, and £900 
 given by the Countess Dowager Gower. AVith these sums 
 land has been purchased at Blackburton and Dillicar, 
 which produce about £54 a year. The rector of Grey- 
 
 stoke presents to this chapel. The registers were lost 
 some years ago. The Rev. Moses Hetherington, the 
 present incumbent, succeeded the Rev. Daniel Wilson, 
 in 1852. 
 
 There is a parsonage house, a good plain building, 
 situated near the chapel. 
 
 Situate in the village is an excellent school, erected 
 by subscription in 1835, Jonathan Scott, Esq., being 
 the principal contributor; he also endowed it with i35 
 a year, arising from an estate at MoseJalo. It is under 
 "ovemment inspection, and has an average attendance 
 of fortv pupils. The school affairs are managed by 
 eleven trustees. 
 
 Fiichardson's Charity. — This cliapelry possesses 
 £2 10s. a year, arising from the late Ivichard Richard- 
 son's charity, to be distributed in bread, every Sunday 
 after service, to six poor persons, who attend this chapel 
 regularly. There is also eighteen shillings worth to be 
 divided amongst the same number of poor persons on 
 Christmas Day. 
 
 THRELKELD CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry is bounded on the east by the townships of Mungrisdale and Matterdalc; on the west by Under 
 Skiddaw, Castlerigg, and parish of St. John; on the south bv St. John's parish and Castlerigg; and on the north 
 by Mungrisdale. It is said to be the oldest chapelry in the diocese of Carlisle, but the date of its formation is not 
 known with any degree of certainty. It enjoys parochial privileges. 
 
 l)een obtained for the lands at Threlkeld. This grant 
 of free warren was renewed in 1320 or 132), in the 
 
 THRELKELD. 
 
 The area of Threlkeld is 4,710 acres, and its rate- 
 able value is £1,931. The population in ISOl was 
 260; in 1811,283; in 1821,303; in 183), 320; in 
 1841, 332; and in 1851, 387. Agriculture is the 
 principal employment of the inhabitants, but a few are 
 engaged in mining at "Woodend" lead mine, which is 
 wrought on a small scale. The township is clean, and 
 the soil good. Penrith and Keswick are the markets 
 usually attended. The ancient Roman road commences 
 at Walltlnvaite, at the east end of the parish, and runs 
 on to the vale of St. John. 
 
 The manor of Threkeld originally belonged to a family 
 who assumed the local name, and who had also 
 possessions at Yanwath and Crosby Ravensworth in 
 Westmoreland. As early as the reign of Edward I. 
 Henry dc Threlkeld occurs as obtaining a grant of free 
 warren in his estates in Westmoreland, and it is not 
 unlikely that previous to his time a similar grant bad 
 
 reign of Edward II.; nevertheless, three years before 
 this renewal took place we find that John de Dorwent- 
 water held this vill of the Lord of Greystoke, by homage 
 and suit of court at Greystoke, but this seems to have 
 lieen only by way of trust or settlement. In the 30th 
 Edward III. (1350-7) William de Threlkeld held the 
 manor, and in the same year was sheriff of the county 
 (if Cumberland. In the fortieth year of the same reign 
 (1300-7), he paid a relief for a moiety of Yanwath, 
 which he held of the barony of Greystoke. In the 1 3th 
 Richard II. (1388-9) William de Threlkeld was member 
 of parliament for the county. This William appears to 
 have been succeeded by a collateral member of the family, 
 :ind bearing the same name, for in the 5th Henry IV. 
 ( 1403-4) William Threlkeld, then lord of Crosby Ravens- 
 worth, cousin and heir of William Threlkeld, Kut., 
 father of William Threlkeld of Ulvesby, son of John,
 
 THRELKELD CHAPELRY. 
 
 563 
 
 son of William, paid liis relief for two parts of the 
 moiety of the manor of Ulvesb}'. In the 10th Henry 
 VI. (1427-8| Sir Henry Threlkeld occurs as lord of the 
 manor of Threlkeld; and in the reign of Edward IV., 
 mention is made of a Lancelot Threlkeld, whose son. 
 Sir Lancelot Threlkeld, Knt., had three daughters, 
 co-heirs, one married to Thomas Dudley, with whom he 
 had Yanwath : another married to James Pickering, 
 with whom he had Crosby llavcnsworth ; and the third, 
 Winifred, married to William Pickering, brother of the 
 James just mentioned, with whom he lind Threlkeld. 
 Both these Pickerings were sons of Sir James Picker- 
 ing of Killington, in Westmoreland. Threlkeld seems 
 to have been held by the Pickerings for some time, 
 and a Christopher Pickering occurs in the 33rd Eliza- 
 beth (1.590-1), and the 4th and 6th James I. (1606-7, 
 160S-9). The hall and demesne appear to have passed 
 in marriage to the Irton family, from whom it came 
 subsequently to the Speddings, who sold it to the Duke 
 of Norfolk. The manor was sold, before 1C3'2, to the 
 Lowther family, who, in 103."), for the sum of i'l,3G0 
 released the tenants from their servile tenures. Nearly 
 a century ago the tenants received a release of the 
 services not then compounded for, excepting the mill 
 service. The Earl of Lonsdale is lord of the manor 
 of Threlkeld. Henry Howard, Esq., possesses the 
 manorial rights of Threlkeld Hall estate, to which 
 boons are still paid, and of which he is owner. About 
 4,0U0 acres, being the Threlkeld Hall estate, are in 
 demesne. The principal landowners are Henry Howard, 
 Esq.; John Crozier, Esq., of the Riddings, Threlkeld; 
 and John Iredalc, Esq., Workington. The land is cus- 
 tomary ; fourpcnce fine certain being paid on the death 
 of the Earl of Lonsdale, or death of tenant. The lord 
 claims the oak wood, but the tenants have a right to 
 wood for building and repairs on the old sites. About 
 5,000 acres of land here are unenclosed, and about 
 1,700 enclosed as arable and meadow. 
 
 The village of Threlkeld, which is situated about four 
 and a half miles east-by-norlh of Keswick, on the Pen- 
 rith road, is small and clean, with a population of about 
 I'iO persons. .V fair for sheep, cattle, and wool is held 
 here on the first Thursday in September. 
 
 THE cnuncn. 
 
 Threlkeld church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a plain, 
 neat, olilong building, in the centre of the village, 
 capable of accommodating about 300 persons. The 
 tower contains two bells, ono of which has the inscrip- 
 tion "Ave Maria gratia plena" — "Hail Mary full of 
 grace." Tho old church was taken down in consequence 
 of its dangerous condition, being a very ancient struc- 
 W 
 
 ture. Tho present church, built by subscription, was 
 finished in 1777. It contains a brass chandelier, pre- 
 sented by the late Rev. Christopher Howe, Threlkeld 
 being his native place. There is a marble monument 
 to the memory of the Rev. Thomas Edmondson, a former 
 incumbent ; a brass monument, between the commu- 
 nion table and Throlkfld Hall pew, bears the follow- 
 ing inscription : — " Infra hoc loco jacet corpus Domini 
 Wilfridi Irion sepultum 13 die Novembris Anno Domino 
 lOOO"""- Seiniliter que Corpus U.xoris ejus Domina; Ma- 
 tild;e Leigli qve Sepulta erat lO""- Die Mali Anno 
 Domine ItiOT""'- qure credimur esserverus Ei Legitima 
 Haeres de Issell.— Ita a nobis testatur, Dorathea Pearson, 
 Maria Pareons." The parishioners have just erected a 
 monument to the memorj- of the late Rev. Thomas 
 CoUinson. Under the eastern window is a plain monu- 
 ment to the memory of the Rev. Alexander Naughley, 
 a former incumbent. There was a chapel at Threlkeld 
 as early as the year 1341, for at that time a dispute 
 arose between Sir Henry Threlkeld, Knt., lord of the 
 manor, and his lay tenants, of the one part, and the 
 provost and canons of the collegiate church of Grey- 
 stoke, of the other part, respecting the nomination of a 
 curate. The registers commence in 1573, and from 
 them we learn that a singular custom once prevailed 
 here, viz., that formal contracts of marriage were for- 
 merly made, and sureties entered into for the payment 
 of five shillings to the poor, by the party who failed in 
 the contract ! The living, which is in the patronage of 
 the Earl of Lonsdale, was, in 1720, certified to the 
 governors of Queen Anne's Bounty at £8 10s. Cd., and 
 in 1747 received an augmentation of A'200, wherewith 
 lands were purchased near Kendal. Tithes are paid to 
 tho rector of Greystoke ; the prescriptive belongs to 
 the incumbent of Threlkeld. The value of the living 
 is £60. Tithes rated in the poor rate book at £50 are 
 commuted for. Walthwaite, High Gate, Close, and 
 Lobbs, in tho township of Matterdale, have seats in 
 this church. 
 
 IxcuMDKSTs. — Andrew Xauglilcy, 10118; Alexander Nangliley, 
 1705; Tliomas Edmondson, 1750; Tliomns CoUiason, 1798; 
 ^Villiam Wbitelegg, 1858. 
 
 The parsonage was erected in 1857, at a cost of 
 about £4110, exclusive of the site, which was given by 
 John Crozier, Esq. It is a plain square building; the 
 stones used in its construction are from the quarry, 
 which is freo to the parish. The farmers, with their 
 accustomed kindness, gave each three days' carting of 
 materials. 
 
 Tho Wcsleyans have a chapel at Scales, about two 
 miles from tho parbh church, with one Sunday service.
 
 554 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 It was erected in 18 12, nt a cost of about £100 ponnds. 
 and will accommodate eighty persons. 
 
 Tlie school is a substantial structure, erected in 
 1840, by the Eev. A. E. Hulton, a former curate, and 
 the parishioners generally. It has an endowment of 
 about £(■) a year, and is supported by the payments of 
 the children, about thirty of whom are in attendance. 
 It is under inspection. The school is governed by 
 trustees, of whom the incumbent is one, who has the 
 casting vote at meetings and the nomination of other 
 trustees. 
 
 CHABITIES. 
 
 In 1T44 land was purchased for .£105, the rents of 
 •which are divided among the poor not on the parish, 
 the school, and for church repairs, and for the minister. 
 The trustees are the incumbent and churchwardens, 
 with the tenant in trust. Besides this, there is some 
 land belonging to the school. 
 
 The Rev. Christopher Cochbain's Charily. — The Eev. 
 Christopher Cockbain, in 1844, left £10, the interest of 
 ■which was to be expended in the purchase of bibles and 
 prayer books. 
 
 Besides these charities there is a yearly sum for the 
 repair and ornamenting of the church. 
 
 There is a library, which is free to the inhabitants Of 
 the parish. 
 
 AVescoe and Scales are two hamlets in this township. 
 
 The single houses having particular names here are 
 the Biddings, and Guard House; the latter is supposed 
 to have been a watch tower belonging to Threlkeld Hall. 
 
 The mountain Blcncathra, commonly called Saddle- 
 back, is in this parish. There is also a tarn on the 
 north-east side of Saddleback, supposed to have been 
 an ancient volcanic formation. The Glenderamakin, 
 or Threlkeld river, which is well supplied with trout, 
 and the Glenderaterra, are the principal streams. 
 There are various bridges, the chief being the new 
 bridge on the road to Keswick. There is one com- 
 miU. 
 
 Among the remarkable persons born here we have 
 Lord Threlkeld, Lord Clifford, and the Rev. Alexander 
 Naughley, so noted for his classical learning and eccen- 
 tricity. 
 
 Threlkeld is said to be the cradle of the wrestling 
 game ; but lately the amusements have been fishing 
 and hunting. 
 
 The parish is very healthy ; the three last incum- 
 bents resided upwards of 151 years; and during the 
 year 1858 there was only one death in the palish. 
 
 WATERMILLOCK CHAPELEY. 
 
 This chapelry is bounded on the north by Hutton Soil, Hutton John, and Dacre parish; on the east by Dacre 
 parish ; on the south by Ullswater ; and on the west by ^Matterdale. 
 
 The area of Watermillock is 9,336 acres, and its 
 rateable value £2,914 16s. i2id. The population in 
 1801 was 338; in 1811, 345 ; in 1821, 410; in J831, 
 429 ; in 1841, 524 ; and in 1851, 598. The manorial 
 rights are possessed by Henrj' Howard, Esq., besides 
 whom William Marshall, Esq., Messrs. Thomas Castle- 
 how, Thomas Todd, "William Eumney, and James Hut- 
 chinson, are landowners. The commons of the chapelry, 
 containing 4,230 acres, were enclosed by act of Paiiia- 
 ment iu 1829, when a sixteenth share was given to the 
 lord of the manor for his seignory. 
 
 The village of Watermillock is beautifully situated 
 on the north side of Ullswater, seven miles south-west 
 of Penrith. 
 
 THE CIlirEI,. 
 
 Watermillock chapel, the dedication of which does 
 not appear to be known, is a plain structure. The 
 
 living is a perpetual curacy in the patronage of the 
 rector of Greystoke, now worth £150 a year. It was 
 augmented by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners in 1848, 
 with £40 a year, and has been still further increased by 
 Henry Howard, Esq., with £800 consols — £500 in 
 1853, and the remaining £300 in 1850. Beside these 
 the chapel possesses an endowment consisting of a house 
 and about twenty-three acres of land, with a prescrip- 
 tive payment of £G lis. 4d., out of which £2 is paid to 
 the rector of Greystoke. The registers commence in 
 Ijf^O. There appears to have been a chapel on the 
 margin of the kke here as early as the reign of Edward 
 III., but it did not become possessed of parochial privi- 
 leges until it was rebuilt by Bishop Oglethorp in 1538j 
 when it received the name of Xew Kirk. 
 
 iNccMBEKis. — ■William Eumney, 1750; Thomas Pavrson 
 1TC8 ; Joseph Thwaits, 1770 ; Thomas B. Lowry, 1826. '
 
 •WATERMILLOCK CHAPELRY. 
 
 CBAniTIES. 
 
 School. — There has been in this chapelry, time out 
 of mind, the sum of f 101 as an old school stock, the 
 interest of which has always been applied for the pur- 
 pose of educating children of the chapelry. This sum 
 not being sufficient for the purpose, a subscription was 
 entered into in 1800, which has been increased from 
 time to time. Out of this subscription added to the 
 old school stock, which was called in for that purpose, 
 and a legacy of j£ 1 left for the use of the school by 
 Thomo-s Clarke, there has been purchased £500 stock 
 in the Navy Five-per-Cents. In 185.5 Mr. Benjamin 
 GIossop, of Greystoke, and formerly of Lyulph's Tower, 
 gave i'aOO, which was invested in the purchase of 
 £2-27 18s. od. Three per Cent. Consols. The total 
 endowment of the school at present is £5'i5. The 
 average number of pupils in attendance is forty-five, six 
 of whom are taught free, in consideration of the interest 
 arising from Mr. GIossop's beq^uest. The school is 
 situated near the church, and is known as the Grammar 
 School. 
 
 There is also a girls' school situated near the church, 
 which, in 18-17, was endowed by the late Mrs. Jane 
 Marshall, of llallsteads, with XJOO, and, in 1858, with 
 i;300, left by Mrs. PoUard, of Old Church, both of 
 which sums are invested in consols. The average num- 
 ber of pupils in attendance is thirty-five. The endow- 
 ments of these schools are invested in the names of the 
 following trustees: — William Marshall, Esq.; F. B. 
 Atkinson, Esq.; Mr. William Mounsey ; and Mr. Jack- 
 son Brownrigg. There are ten other acting trustees. 
 
 The lake of Ullswater, which bounds this chapelry 
 on the south-east, has been compared with the Swiss 
 lake of Lucerne. It is nine miles in length, and is parti- 
 tioned by the mountains into three separate chambers, 
 or reaches, as tliey are locally named; its extreme width 
 is about three quarters of a mile. The first reach, 
 commencing at the foot, is terminated on the left by 
 Hallin Fell, which stretches forward to a promontory, 
 from the opposite side, called SkcUy Neb, upon which 
 stands Hallsteads ; the middle and longest reach is 
 closed in by Birk Fell on the left, and on tlie right 
 by Stybari-ow Crag, far away above which " the 
 dark brow of the mighty Hclvi'llyn" rises into thin 
 air; the little island, called House Holme, spots the 
 water exactly at the termination of this section of 
 the lake. The liighcst roach is the smalK'st and nar- 
 rowest, but the mingled grandeur and beauty whicll 
 surround it are beyond the power of the liveliest 
 imagination to dopict. Four or five islands dimple the 
 surface, and by their diminutive size impress moce 
 
 deeply upon the beholder the vastness of the hills which 
 tower above them; whilst Stybarrow Crag, and other 
 offshoots from Helvellyn on one side, Birk Fell, and 
 Place Fell on the other, springing from the lake's mar- 
 gin almost at one bound, shut in this paradise. From 
 Pooley Bridge to Waterraillock the lake lies amongst 
 somewhat tame scenery, but from the latter place 
 promise is given of its coming grandeur. Hallsteads is 
 seen on the Skelley Neb promontory to the left — the 
 grounds circling which are beautifully laid out. The 
 wood at the foot of llallin Fell, on the other shore, has 
 a pleasing effect. A mile from Hallsteads, Gowbarrow 
 Park is entered; this park, which contains upwards of 
 a thousand acres, must attract the attention of the most 
 careless observer, by its " grace of forest charms decayed," 
 and innumerable groups of great beauty still remain. 
 It belongs to Henry Howard, Esq., of Greystoke Castle, 
 to whom it was devised by the Duke of Norfolk, his uncle. 
 The duke's predecessor erected upon an eminence in 
 the park a hunting box, in the castellated style, called 
 Lyulph's Tower, commanding a splendid view of the 
 lake, but it stands upon the site of a real old tower, 
 named, it is said, after Lyulph, the first baron of Grey- 
 stoke. Close to the tower, a stream is crossed by a 
 small bridge, above which, in a rocky dell, is Aira 
 Force, a waterfall of considerable volume. Two wooden 
 bridges arc thrown from bank to bank, one above, the 
 other below, the fall. Huge rocks, in every variety of 
 form, hem in a stream, here in a state of foaming agita- 
 tion, there a dark pool, whilst over-arching trees and 
 shrubs exclude the glare of day, and cast a solemnity 
 of beauty over the scene, which, without exception, is 
 the finest of the kind in the lake district. This glen is 
 the scene of Wordsworth's "Somnambulist" — vei^ses in 
 which he narrates a melancholy incident to the follow- 
 ing effect : — In a castle, which occupied the site of 
 Lyulph's Tower, there dwelt in days long passed away, 
 a fair damoselle, the wooed of many suitors. Sir 
 Eglamore, the knight of her choice, was in duty bound 
 to prove his knightly worth by seeking and accom- 
 plishing deeds of high emprise in distant lands. He 
 sailed to other shores, and month after month disjippeared 
 without bringing tidings of cither liis welfare or return. 
 The neglected Emma fell into a bevvildercd state of mind, 
 lier sleep became infected witli his imngi-, and some- 
 times in dreams she threaded her way to tiio holly- 
 bower on Aim stream, where she had last partetl with 
 her errant lover. One evening, wlieu she h.id betaken 
 herself thitiier, her faculties wrapped in s!e"p. Sir 
 Eglamore unexpectedly appro.ichod the castle, and 
 perceived her to his great astonishment ; upon advanc- 
 ing, she awoke, and fell, with the suddenness of the
 
 566 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 shock, into the stream, from which she was rescued by 
 the knight, only in time to hear her dying expression 
 of belief in his constancy. Straightway he built himself 
 u cell in the glen, aud spent the remainder of his days in- 
 Bolitudd as an anchoret. We subjoin the first and last 
 stanzas of Wordsworth's beautiful poem : — 
 
 " List, ye wlio pass by Lvuljih's Tower 
 
 At eve ; bow softly then 
 Uolh Aira Force, tlmt torrent hoarse, 
 
 Speak from the woody glen I 
 Fit music for a solemn vale .' 
 
 And holier seems the ground, 
 To him who catches on the gale 
 The spirit of a mournful tale 
 
 Embodied in the sound. 
 
 Wild stream of Aira, hold Iby course, 
 
 Nor fear memorial lays, 
 Where clouds that spread in solemn shade 
 
 Are edged with golden rays '. 
 Dear art thou to the light of heaven, 
 
 Though minister of sorrow ; 
 Sweet is thy voice at pensive even ; 
 And thou iu lovers* heart forgiven 
 
 Shalt take thy place with Yarrow !" 
 
 Besides Hallsteads, mentioned above, this cbapelry 
 includes Old Church, Beauthorn, and Ramsbeck Lodge." 
 
 Wreay is a hamlet and estate in this township, which 
 pays tithes and church rates to Dacre. 
 
 HESKET- IN -THE -FOREST PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north and north-west by Cumberland ward, on the west by Middlesceugh and Braith- 
 waite, on the south by Hutton-in-the-Forest, on the south-east by Lazonby, and on the east by the river Eden. 
 The soil varies from a light loam and gravel to a strong clay, and is generally fertile. There is a quarry of free- 
 stone at Great Barrock, and one of grindstone at Ivegiil. Agriculture is the principal employment of the inhabi- 
 tants, who attend the markets at Carlisle and Penrith. 
 
 The entire parish is within the Duke of Devonshire's 
 manor of Inglewood Forest, which was purchased in 
 1T37, of the Duke of Portland, whose ancestor acquired 
 it by grant from the crowu. The Forest or Swainmote 
 courts for the lordship are held annually on the feast 
 of St. Barnabas (June 11), iu the open air, on the great 
 north road to Carlisle. The place where the courts arc 
 held is marked by a stone table placed before a thorn, 
 called Court Thorn, beneath whose branches unnum- 
 bered annual courts have been held. The tenants of 
 upwards of twenty mesne manors attend here, from 
 whom a jury is empannelled aud sworn. Dr. ToJd tells 
 us that, in old times, the chamberlain of Carlisle was 
 foreman of this jury. This statement is confirmed by 
 Mr. T. Denton, who, writing in 1088, says, that the 
 townships of the north and west parts of the forest met 
 in the morning, the chamberlain of Carlisle being fore- 
 man of their jury ; the townships of the south and east 
 parts in the afternoon, the bailiff of Penrith being the 
 foreman ; he describes the courts as being in the nature 
 of Swainmote courts used iu other forests. The great 
 north road traverses this parish, passing over Wragmire 
 Moss, with reference to which we have the following 
 remark in Bishop Nicolson's MSS. : — " In 1354 a grant 
 was made of forty days' indulgence to any that should 
 contribute to the repairs of the highway through Wrag- 
 mire, aud to the support of John de Corbrig, a poor 
 
 hermit, living in that part." On Wragmire Moss, until 
 the year IS'i'i, there was a well-known oak, long known 
 as the last tree of Inglewood Forest, which served as a 
 boundary maik between the manors of the Duke of 
 Devonshire and the Dean and Chapter of Carlisle, as 
 also between the parishes of Ilesket aud St. Cuthbert, 
 Carlisle, and was recorded as such for more than 600 
 years. It fell, from sheer old age, on the 13th June, 
 182;!. Tarn Wadliug, which was formerly a lake cover- 
 ing about loo acres, is now good grazing land, and well 
 stocked with cattle and sheep. 
 
 HESKET UlTER AND KETHER. 
 
 The area of this township is 2,552 acres, and its rate- 
 able value £3,288 19s. 8d. Its population in 1801 was 
 017; in 1811, 444; in 1821, 780; in 1831,954; in 
 1841, 883; and in 1851, 80G. The landowners are the 
 Earl of Lonsdale ; John R. Chorley, Esq. ; John Uns- 
 worth, Esq. ; Messrs. Robert Lambert, John Longrigg, 
 Robert Stockbridge, Isaac Watson, Frederick Cooper, 
 Caleb Di.xon, John Milburn, George Bell, Joseph 
 Dawson, William Siddall, — Slagg, and Mrs. 
 Stamper. 
 
 The village of High Hesket is situated on the great 
 road between Carlisle and Penrith, nine miles south- 
 south-east of the former, and the same distance north- 
 by-west of the latter.
 
 HESKET- IN -THE -FOREST PARISH. 
 
 557 
 
 THK CHCRCH. 
 
 Hesket church, dedicated to St. ^Xlary, consists of 
 nave and chancel, with a bell turret at the western 
 extremity, carrying two bells-. It contains a few mural 
 monuments, one of which bears the following inscrip- 
 tion : — "Mr. John Brown, of Mellguards, in the parish 
 of Hesket, by an almost constant residence in that 
 parish from the time of his birth, became not only a 
 true patron to it in his lifetime, but willing to extend 
 his regard to its welfare even after death, gave by his 
 will to the church of Hesket, £300 ; to the school of 
 Hesket, £-400 ; to the school of Wreay, £300 ; and to 
 the chapel of Armathwaite, £100. He died on the 
 ]5lh day of July, 17(K!, aged sixty -nine years, and had 
 this justice done to his memory by John Losh, Esq., 
 his nephew and heir." Another inscription commemo- 
 rates Bernard Kirkbride, Esq., of EUerton, in this 
 parish, the last of his name aud family, who served in 
 the army of Charles I. as lieutenant-colonel to Sir 
 Henry Fetberstonhaugh, Knt., of the College, Kirk- 
 oswald. Hesket is said to have beeu in ancient times a 
 chapelry belonging to the parish of St. Mary, Carlisle, 
 but appears fo have been recognised as a separate and 
 distinct parish about the timu of Edward III., and, 
 having become appropriated to the see of Carlisle, one 
 of the canons of the cathedral olliciated here. According 
 to a tradition given by Dr. Todd, a chapel was first 
 erected here about tho year 1530, when a plague, or 
 other epideuiic, raging in the country, the people brought 
 their dead to be interred within the city of Carlisle, but 
 the mayor and citizens shut their gates upon thcni, and 
 advised the burial at a place called Walling Stone, of 
 those who died of the visitation, promising, at the same 
 time, that if their advice was followed, they would use 
 every eiTort to induce the bishop of the diocese to have 
 a chapel built and consecrated there. This proposition 
 being complied with, as soon as tho plague ceased a 
 chapel was built, and Bishop Kite, attended by Sir 
 Christopher Ducre, Sir John Lowther, and a vast con- 
 course of the nobility and gentry of tho county, did 
 solemnly consecrate the chapel and chnpelyard, and by 
 ]iru(lanuition set out and lixcd the bounds of the same. 
 Without impugning the truthfulness of this tradition, 
 it seems more probable to us that it commemorates the 
 rebuilding of the church, rather than its first founda- 
 tion — very likely tho privilege of burial was then 
 accorded to it for the liret lime. The patronage of 
 tho living was hold by the prior and convent of Carlisle 
 till the Itissolulion, when it wa.s transferred to the dean 
 and chapter, iu which body the patronage is still vested. 
 .\s above stated, in 17('i:t, Mr. John Brown, of Mell- 
 guards, gave nOO to this church, with which an aug- 
 
 mentation of £200 was procured from Queen Anne's 
 Bounty, and invested in the purchase of copyhold 
 lands at Hesket and Millgate, which were afterwards 
 exchanged, with the consent of the governors, for free- 
 hold lands in the parishes of Lazonby and Ainstable. 
 In the year 1809 the living is said to have been worth 
 only £43 a year; but in 1811 it was augmented with 
 £200 given by the Rev. John Harrison, the incumbent; 
 when £300 additional was obtained from Queen Anne's 
 Bounty ; £200 given by Henry Oliphant, Esq., of 
 Broadfield House ; and £200 by Robert Parker, Esq., 
 of Heatou Xorris, near Manchester : on which a Parlia- 
 mentary grant of £000 was obtained; making altogether 
 £1,500, with which laud was purchased in ihat part of 
 Inglewood Forest then under an enclosure. In addition 
 to the £200 above-mentioned, the incumbent expended 
 upwards of £950 in sub-dividing the land, and erecting 
 upon it a good parsonage house. The parish registers 
 commence in 1074. The living, a perpetual curacy, is 
 now worth about £100 a year. 
 
 Incumbents. — .Andrew Bell, occurs in 1754; Wm. Kirkbride, 
 1704; John Harrison, 1708; William Hudson, 18-29. 
 
 High Hesket school is a neat stone building, erected 
 by subscription in 1853, at a cost of about £300. It 
 will accommodate about 100 scholars ; the average 
 attendance is 45. It is supported by an endowment 
 (See Charities), and the quarter pence of the children. 
 
 Armathwaite school, a stone building erected by sub- 
 scription in lts51, at a cost of £12 ), will accommodate 
 about seventy children. It is supported by the quarter 
 pence of the scholars and the interest of £70 left by the 
 late Mr. John Baxter. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 School. — John Brown, by will, dated March 27th, 
 1763, left to his e.Kecutors £600 in trust, to pay tho 
 interest of £200 part thereof, for and towards increasing 
 tho salary or stipend of the schoolmaster of Hesket 
 school yearly for ever. This legacy is now vested in 
 the New Three per Cent. Consols, under the manage- 
 ment of six trustees, inclusive of the incumbent for the 
 time being, and tho interest, amounting to £9 per 
 annum, is paid to the schoolmaster. There is also 
 a further sura of £50, the interest of which, at four 
 and a half per cent, is also paid to tho schoolmaster. 
 This appears to have boon an ancient school stock, 
 but wo could not discover when or in what manner it 
 originated. In addition to these funds Robert Parker, 
 Esq., of Ileaton Norris, near ^lanchcster, left £100 to 
 this school, which was paid by his executor, Mr. Robert 
 Parker. 
 
 Brown's Bequest for the Minister. — The above-named
 
 558 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 John Brown also left £900 for the purpose of obtaining 
 Queen Anne's bounty for the church of Ilcsket. 
 
 Brown's Bequest for the Curate of Armathu-aite 
 Chapelnj. — The same John Brown also left j£lOO for 
 the purpose of obtaining (^uccn Aunes bounty for the 
 chapel of Arniathwaito in this parish. This legacy was 
 liud out, with the further sum of i'iOO from Queen 
 Anne's bounty, in the purcliaso of land in the parish of 
 Ainstable, of which the incumbent of the chapelry has 
 the management and benefit. 
 
 ^Scott's Charity for the Poor. — John Scott, by will, 
 dated May 10, 17.19, bequeathed to the churchwardens 
 and overseers of tlie parish of Hesket £oO to be placed 
 oat iu good security, and one moiety of the interest to 
 bs distributed amongst the poorest of the inhabitants of 
 Plumpton-street, and the other moiety amongst the 
 most needy of the rest of the parish of Hesket, but no 
 pai-t of it to any that should have pay out of the parish. 
 Scott's Charity for Education. — Three children of 
 Plumpton-street, and one of Ilallrigg, in this parish, 
 are entitled to bo sent free to the school at Salkeld 
 Gates, on account of the bequest of the same John Scott. 
 
 Armathwaite is one of the principal mense manors 
 in this parish, and has several appendages, the tenants 
 of which places do suit and service to the court at 
 Armathwate. It is a mixed manor consisting of free- 
 holders and customary tenants at Armathwaite, Nether 
 Southsvaite, Coatliill, Cumwhinton, and Castle Carrock. 
 Armathwaite anciently belonged to the Skeltons, who 
 appear to havo been originally of Skelton, and frecjueutly 
 represented the county and city of Carlisle in Parlia- 
 ment. John Skelton, who had been several times 
 sherilT, and had represented the county in Parliament 
 in the reign of Henry VI. had a grant from the crown 
 in the first year of the reign of Edward IV. of 100 
 acres of the forest at the place called Armathwaite 
 Bank. It is not certain whether the Skeltons became 
 possessed of the castle estate before or after the grant. 
 The two estates are mentioned separately in an inqui- 
 sition taken in the reign of Henry VIII. John 
 Skelton, poet laureate to the monarcli, is said to have 
 been a younger brother of this family, and to have been 
 born at Amiathwaite. Tiie Skeltons enjoyed this estate 
 till the year 171a, when it was sold by Pilchard Skelton, 
 Esq., to William Sanderson, Esq., collateral ancestor 
 of Robert Sanderson ililboume, Esq., on whose demise, 
 in 18'2a, the manor was held by trustees until 184C, 
 when it was purchased by the Earl of Lonsdale, the 
 present proprietor. 
 
 The Castle of Armathwaite stands upon the site of 
 aa ancient fortress, upon a rock, washed by the river 
 
 Eden. It has a modern front of hewn stone, with a 
 new wing consisting of oQices. Its situatiou has been 
 much admired, commanding, as it does, for half a mile, 
 a view of the river, flanked ou each side with rocks and 
 well wooded banks. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Armathwaite chapel, which is situate on an eminence 
 near the castle, is a very rude edifice, erected previous 
 to 10S8 upon the site of a previous chapel, by llichard 
 Skelton, Esq., who endowed it with £100, besides which 
 it has received £100 from Mr. John Brown, of Mell- 
 guards; £200 from Queen Anne's Bounty; and £100 
 from the Countess Dowager Gower; with these sums 
 lands have been purchased in the parishes of Ainstable 
 and La/onby. The living, a donative, is iu the incum- 
 bency of the Pvcv. William Hudson. 
 
 Skllon of gLrmdIitoailt. 
 
 The family of Skelton, of Armathwaite Castle, was 
 one of great antiquity. The first of them on record is, 
 
 John de Skei.ton, who was kuight of the shire for Cum- 
 berland, in tlie Parliamem held at Lincoln, iu the 10th Edward II. 
 
 Adam de Skelton represented tlie same county in Parliament, 
 in the 12th Edward II. 
 
 JoHM DE Skelton was member for the county, in the Pailia- 
 inent held at London, in the ]t<th Edward II., and in that 
 held at York, and Edward IU. 
 
 RiciiAnD de Skelton was burgess for the city of Cai-lisle, iu 
 the Parliament held at Winchester, in the 4th Edward III. 
 
 Thomas de Skelton was knight of the shire in tlie llth 
 Edward III. 
 
 Clement de Skelton was knight of the shire in 2nd, Cth, 
 17th, and 20th Richard II. In the Ifith year of the same king 
 Sir Robert de JIuIcaster, lord of Hayton, granted to Sir Clement 
 de Skelton, Knight, and Thomas de Skelton, several lands in 
 Thrcapland, Alderscogh, and Blennerhassct. He married 
 Johanna, daughter of Sir Giles de Orton. 
 
 JouN DE Skelton was member of Parliament for !he county, 
 in the .'ird .ind Hdi of Henry IV., and in the 1st Henry VI. In 
 the 7th Henrj- VI. Sir William Clifford granted to Sir John Skel- 
 ton, Knight, several lands in Whitrigg and Torpenhow ; to which 
 grant Richard Skelton, then sheriff of Cumberland, was witness ; 
 this Richard then lived at Branthwaite. He was present with 
 King Henry V. in France at the famous battle of Agincourt, and 
 probably was a younger brother of the family. In the list of the 
 gentry of Cumberland returned by the commissioners in (1133) 
 the 12th Henry VI., the following names occur, John Skelton, 
 and John de Skelton. 
 
 John Skelton, Esq., was sheriff of the county in the 10th 
 I9th, 24th, and 29th Henry VI. and represented the said county 
 in Parliament, in the 23th Henry VI. He was retained by 
 Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, to serve him in the wars. For 
 by a deed in the 2nd year of Henrj- AT. the duke granted to him 
 an annuity of £20, on condition to serve him in the wars during 
 life. He had a grant from the crown in the 1st of Edward IV. 
 of ino acres of the forest of Inglewood, at a place called Armath- 
 iraite Bank.
 
 HESKET - IN - THE FOREST PAEISH. 
 
 559 
 
 Eobeut Skelton, Esq., was representative of the city of 
 Carlisle in Parliament, in the lath Edward 1\. 
 
 John Skelton, Esq., was sheriff of CumbcrlanJ, in the orJ 
 Henry ^^II. In the :!5th Henry VIII. it was found by inquisi- 
 tion, that John Skelton, of Armathwaite, held the capital 
 messuage of Armatliwiiite, in the forest of Inglewood, as a 
 purpresture, with tlie appurtenances, of the king in capite, by the 
 service of rendering to tlio king yearly by tlie bauds of the shcrilf 
 of Cumberland, a free rent of ;iUs. ; and Uiat he held one close, 
 called Soulhwaite, in the said forest, of the said lord the king, 
 by the scnire of paying 'iSs. 2hd. yearly, to the said lord tlio 
 king, by the ham's of tlie receiver of the forest; and 100 acres 
 in Armenayle Bank, of the said lord the king, in socage, paying 
 yearly to the said lord tlie king 5s. 4d., by the hand of the said 
 receiver of tlie forest ; also, that he held of the said lord the 
 king the manor of Threapland, as of the manor of Papcastle, 
 hy knight's service, rendering yearly to the said lord the king 
 4s. Gd. comage, 8d. seawake, and puture of the Serjeants. 
 
 John Skelton, of Branthwaite, was called out, and to furnish 
 " four horse,'' for the border service, in 154:i. 
 
 Wir.i.iAM Skelto.v, Esq., married Anne, daugliter of William 
 Leigh, Esq., of Isell Hall, in the county of Cumberland. He 
 died UiHh August, 27th Eli/abeth, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Lancelot Skeltox, Esq., who was upwards of twenty-eight 
 years of age at the time of his father's decease. He married 
 Catherine, daughter of Thomas Dalston, Esq., of Dalston Hall, 
 in tlie county of Cumberland, by Eleanor, his wife, daughter and 
 co-heiress of Thomas Carlisle, Esq., of Carhslo. Ho died on the 
 28th of December, iJOlh James I., in the sixty-third year of his 
 age, and was succeeded hy his son and heir, 
 
 John Skelton, Esq., who was in the commission of the 
 peace for Cumberland, in the 1st year of King Charles I. He 
 married, tirstly,Julian, daughter of Christopher Musgrave, Esq., 
 son and heir of Sir Simon Slusgrave, Knt., of Edcnludl, and by 
 her had issue, 
 
 I. KiciiiRD.son and heir. 
 
 He married, secondly, Barbara, daughter of — Fletcher, of 
 Cockcrmouth, and had issue, four sons and two daughters, 
 
 II. Lancelot. in. John. 
 
 IV. William. v. Mnrmadukc. 
 
 I. Frances, marrird tn Tlinmas Warwick, Ksq., of 'Warwick Hall, 
 
 in the county »f Cumbirland, and liad issue, 
 
 1. John, bantispd llUh October, lUM, buried ITlh 
 February, 1U40. 
 
 II. Sinn-, innrried to .lobn Sibson, Gent., of Grinsdale, in co 
 
 Ciiiiibcrlniid, and bud issue, 
 
 Magdalen, baptised 2Mi July, 1011. 
 Friuiccs, biiptiseil ITili September, 1812. 
 Mary Sibson, was buried a;ird January, IM". 
 
 Mr. Skelton died obout tlio year 105',', and was bnried the ISlh 
 of March. 
 
 lliciiARD Skklton, Esq., son and heir, married Lcltico, 
 daughter of — Burdelt, Esq., of liramcole, in the county of 
 ■Warwick, and sister of Sir Thomas Burdott, Bart., of llio same 
 place, and by her had issno, 
 
 I. John, his sticressor. 
 
 II. Philip, who died yoiing, and was butictl 30lli November, 
 1U4U. 
 I. Catherine, innrried to WiUiniu Harringlon, of 'Wooloaks, iji 
 the county of i'unilitrluiul. 
 
 II. Julian, iiiurricd :!rd May, lll.'i8, to Geoigc Follicrgill, Esq., of 
 
 'I'aniliouse, in Kavcnslondalc, co. Wcalmorclaiid, and had 
 issue, 
 
 1. Itirbard, Imptised '»th June, 16.09. 
 
 2. Elizabeth, baptized Olh March, 1060. 
 
 'J'his Pilchard was sixty-five years of age at the visitation of Sir 
 William Hugdale, in lOGO. He built a mansion-house on his 
 father's estate at Southwaile, in the year I CIO. He re-bnilt the 
 chapel at Armathwaite, and by his will, dated in 1088, endowed 
 it with £100. 
 
 John Skelton, Esq., son and heir of Richard, married 
 Elizabeth, daughter of (ierard Salvin, Esq., of Croxdale, in the 
 county Palatine of Durliam, and had issue, 
 
 I. RicHARn, his successor. 
 II. Gerald, baptised 2nd Febniory, 1653. 
 ni. John, baptised 2nd September, 16S8. 
 IV. Philij). 
 
 I. Maiy, bnpdsed lllh July, 1652. 
 II. Lettice, baptised Uith September, 1055. 
 III. Elizabeth, baptised 1st March, 1656, 
 
 Richard Skelton, Esq., son and heir of John, was baptised 
 ISth September, 1601, he married Mary, daughter of George 
 Meynell, Esq., of Dalton Royal, in the county of York, and had 
 issue ten sons and six daughters, 
 
 I. 
 
 John. 
 
 V 
 
 Richard. 
 
 vin. 
 
 Roger 
 
 11. 
 
 George. 
 
 VI 
 
 James. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Ralph 
 
 ill. 
 
 Francis. 
 
 Tll. 
 
 Nicholas. 
 
 x. 
 
 J oscpl 
 
 IV. 
 
 Gerard. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i. 
 
 Olive. 
 
 III. 
 
 Mary. 
 
 T. 
 
 Ann. 
 
 II. 
 
 Frances. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Ellen. 
 
 This Richard Skelton was the last of his ancient family who 
 possL'ssiil tlio Armaihwaite estates. In the year 1712 he sold 
 them to William Sanderson, Esq. 
 
 Arms. — Az, on a fess, org. between three fleurs de lis, or, a Cornish 
 chough ppr. 
 
 The village of Hesket Nether, forming part of the 
 township called Upper and Nether Hesket, is about 
 seven and a half miles south-south-east of Carlisle. A 
 few of the houses arc in the adjoining township of 
 Peterril Crooks. 
 
 Nundoso is a manor in this township which "William 
 Rufus, in the second year of his reign, grouted to the 
 Benedictine coranumity of Armaihwaite, in the adjoin- 
 ing parish of Aiiistablo. After the suppression of tho 
 monastic institutions. Nunclose was granted by Edward 
 VI., in l.jjj, to William Grame, in whoso family it 
 continued for several generations. Sir John Lowtber 
 having become possessed of it by purcliaso, c.\changed 
 it for other lands in 1095 with Chistopher Dalston, 
 Esq., of Acom Dauk, of whose descendant. Sir William 
 Dalston, it wa.s purchased in 17li'2 by William Mil- 
 bouruo, Esq.. of Armathwaite Castle. It is now tho 
 property of the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 
 Aikct Gate is another manor iu this township, which 
 having been held by the Milbournes, b now the pro- 
 perty of the Earl of Lonsdale. Tho hamlet of Aikct 
 Gate is about half a mile west of Low lleskett. In 
 ltd neighbourhood is Tarn Wadling, formerly a lake
 
 560 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 covering about 100 acres, but which now forms good 
 grazing hmd, well stocked with shcop and cattle. It 
 occurs in connection with the romance of King Arthur. 
 On a lofty eminence near this tarn there formerly stood 
 the remains of a fortress called Castio llewen, which is 
 thus described by Leland : — " In the forest of Ingle- 
 wood, about six miles from Carluel, appere ruines of a 
 castle call'd Castle Hewen." The neighbouring tenants 
 pay an annual rent to the lord of the manor as Castio 
 Hewen Rent. 
 
 Old Town is a hamlet in this township, a quarter of 
 a mile south of Hesket. 
 
 CALTHWAITE. 
 
 Calthwaite township comprises an area of 1,870 
 acres, and its rateable value is £2,P15 18s. 2d. The 
 number of its inhabitants was not returned separately 
 previous to 1821, in which year it was 168 ; in 1831 it 
 was 210: in 18-11. 206; and in 1851, 24-t. It is 
 intersected by the Lancaster and Carlisle railway. The 
 landowners are Sir Henry R. F. Vane, Bart. ; the trustees 
 of the late John Wormworld, Esq. ; the trustees of the 
 late R. Jameson, Esq.; Messrs. John Clayton, Thomas 
 Furness, John P.Wells, Fletcher Wells, Joseph Lazouby, 
 and James Parkins. 
 
 The village of Calthwaite is about seven miles north- 
 by-west of Penrith, on the west side of the Pettcril, 
 near a good bridge of one arch, which was built by 
 subscription in 179.3. Here is a school, a small stone 
 building, erected by subscription in 18.52; it is sup- 
 ported by the quarter pence of the children, and has an 
 average attendance of about thirty pupils. 
 
 Calthwaite Hall occupies a beautiful situation con- 
 tiguous to the village, commanding an extensive view 
 of the Fells and the surrounding country. It is of cut 
 stone in the Elizabethan style of architecture, and cost 
 f7,000. It is now the property of the Wormwold 
 family. 
 
 Calthwaite Field House and Sceugh Dyke are in this 
 township. 
 
 ITONFIELD. 
 
 The area of Itonfield is 2,940 acres, and its rateable 
 value £2,398 Is. 8d. Its population was returned with 
 that of Calthwaite and Plumpton Street till 1821, in 
 which year it was 210 ; in 1831, it was 234 ; in 1841, 
 222 ; and in 1851, 236. The landowners are William 
 Marshall, Esq.; Captain iMartin ; G. 11. Oliphant.Esq.; 
 Messrs. James Munday, John Pollock, John William- 
 eon, John Dufton, Robert Simpson, Robert Lumley, 
 George Rayson, and Miss Parker. This township 
 comprises the hamlets of Broadfield and Sceugh Head, 
 
 with a few dispersed dwellings, lying about three miles 
 west of High Hesket, and from five to seven miles 
 northeast of Hesket Newmarket. Broadfield House 
 is the seat of G. H. Oliphant, Esq. 
 
 rETTKIilL CROOKS. 
 
 This township contains 4,916 acres, and its rateable 
 value is £7,158 12s. 5d. The population in 1801 was 
 .349; in 1811, 423; in 1821. 513; in 1831, 544; in 
 1841, 517; and in 1851, 582. The Lancaster and 
 Carlisle railway runs through the township. Agricul- 
 ture is the chief employment of the inhabitants, but 
 there is a saw mill at Southwaite, near the railway 
 station, the property of William James, Esq. The 
 landowners here arc William .Lames, Esq.; J. P. Flet- 
 cher, Esq.; G. H. Oliphant, Esq.; the trustees of the 
 late James Losh, Esq. ; the trustees of the late George 
 Cowan, Esq. ; Messrs. Thomas Armstrong, Joseph 
 Topping, John Millburn, John F. Bowman, John 
 Carrick, Joseph Scott, Tliomas Kirkbride, Thomas 
 Topping, Robert Sealbj', John Robinson, and William 
 Robinson. 
 
 Pptteril Crooks lies on loth sides of the river Petteril, 
 and on the west side of High and Low Hesket, a por- 
 tion of the latter being comprised in this township. It 
 contains the hamlets of Birthwaite, Mellguards, Petteril 
 Bank, Sewell Houses, and Southwaite, besides the 
 handsome villa called Barroek Lodge, the seat of 
 William James, Esq. 
 
 The inhabitants here are fully impressed with the 
 idea that a blacksmith, at Southwaite, cures the tooth 
 ache, or, as they are wont to say, charms it away. The 
 charm is conveyed through the medium of a cork, in 
 which is placed the stump of a horse nail. The person 
 afflicted with the tooth ache must carry this cork about 
 his person, if not the teeth are sure to ache. 
 
 The single houses having particular names here are 
 Barroek Park, Lothian Gill, Wreay Hall, Wragmire, 
 Petteril Grange, High House, Intact, East View, and 
 Barroek Side. 
 
 Barroek, the seat of William James, Esq., late M.P. 
 for Cumberland, has successively passed through the 
 families of the Skeltons, the dukes of Portland, and the 
 Grahams, from which last it has come to its present 
 owner. The mansion was built at three several times. 
 The centre was a yeoman's, or what is called in Cum- 
 berland, a stateman's house, erected by one Skelton, 
 the north front was built by the late owner, James 
 Graham, Esq., and the south front by the gentleman 
 now possessing it. The whole forms a building in the 
 plain style of villa architecture ; rather pleasing to the 
 eye than striking. It stands in a park of 200 acres.
 
 HESKET-IN-THE-FOEEST PARISH. 
 
 561 
 
 and in a valley, either side of which is covered with 
 fine old oaks. From the Carlisle and London roads the 
 house is approached by an avenue of limes and beeches, 
 throe quarters of a mile in length; while through the 
 valley flows the little river Petteril, for about three 
 miles, or even more. The north side of the park is 
 intersected hy the Carlisle and Lancaster railway, pre- 
 senting a delightful prospect to the traveller, though we 
 can hardly help grieving upon these inroads upon 
 grounds so truly beautiful. 
 
 |nmcs of ^arrotk Bitb Slltsf ^ucldanl). 
 
 This family derives its descent from 
 
 John J.iirrs, of West Aucldnnd, born 16(14, died, age 83 
 1747, leaving (by .Tnno, his wife) tliroe dangliters, Anne, wife of 
 Joseph Appleby; Jane, wife of William Wilson; and Margaret, 
 who died unmarried; and two sons, William James, who mar- 
 ried anil had issue, and 
 
 JonN James, of West AucUlnnd and Killerly, who, by liis wife, 
 Jane, daughter of Thomas Todd, Esq., of Whorlton, co. York, by 
 Jane Hunter his wife, had issue 
 
 I. .loMN, of West Auoklanil and Killfrly, bom I7:W; married 
 
 Sarah, danglilcr of Tlionias Ward, iLsq., and had issue. 
 11. William, of Finch IToii'^*'. near Liverpool, an eminent West 
 India niPichant, born I7;U; married Kli/.i(lietli,'laui;luerand 
 heir of the Rev. Mr. ICvans, who died ITsil, and had issue, 
 
 1. Wii.i.TAM Ev.vxs. of whom presently. 
 
 '-i. JdliM James, of lIouKhmn LodKe.'co. Hants, married 
 Margaret, daushterol William Wilson, Esq., of Liver- 
 pool, anil had issue, 
 
 Elizabeth .\leihen, married to Rev. John I'enleazo, 
 reptor nf Blaek 'I'orrinf^ton. co. I>evon. 
 
 Mary Frances, married to Hon. G. Rolle Walpole 
 'I'refnsis, capU K.N., son of George, 10th Baron 
 Clinton. 
 
 1. AlethcB, married to Richard Walker, Esq., of Liverpool. 
 
 1. Jane, married James Allen, Esq., and had issue. 
 
 Wii.i.iAM Evans James, born 17n3 (son of William James, of 
 Finch House), died 17!).'), in his father's lifetime. He married 
 Elizabeth, dau^lller of Nicholas Ashton, Esq., of Woolton Hall, 
 Lancashire, by Mary, his wife, daughter and heiress of John 
 riiilpol, F,«q., of Chester, grandson and heir of the Rev. JIatthon- 
 Henry, author of a " Commentary on the Rible," and Mary War- 
 burton, his wife, solo heiress of the WARBtMiXONS of Hellerston 
 Grange, n younser branch of the great Chesliire House of 
 WARBunroN of Warbuilon and Arley. This lady remarried 
 Lieut.colonel George M. Williams. By her lirst hu.sband she 
 had issue, 
 
 I. William, now of Barrock. 
 II. John, of Ilurnvilli', co. Devon, J. P. and D L., bom IVIM; died 
 1H.')1; niarriril Isily, Anne, ilanghter of Thomas Herring, 
 Esq ; nnii ','iiilly, Patience, dauglitrr of O. Luxmore, Esq., 
 and niece of ihc Bishop of t;t. Asuph, and liiiil issue, 
 
 1. Evans Luxmore .lames, born lH.1(i. 
 
 'J. Alitbea. married Fergus eldest son of the ReT. Fergnu 
 
 Oniham, rector of Anlnirei, bri>ilicr of the Brat Sir 
 
 James Graham, BarL, of Nelbcrby. 
 
 Wir.i.iAM James, Esq., of liarrock, J.l'., and D.l..,high shcrifT 
 in 1H'.;7, M.P. for Carlisle and Fast Onmberland successively 
 from l'<00 to ]H47, married Febrtiary, IKlO, Fanny, daughter of 
 William Calton Rut^on, Esq., of AUerton, co. Lancaster, and 
 
 66 
 
 sister of William Rutson, Esq., of Newby Wiske and Nunnington 
 Hall, high sberifl'of Yorkshire in 1851, and has issue, 
 
 1. William EnwAno, born 7ih December, 1S16, late captain in 
 the :i4th Kegiineiii, married, .September, 1ml, Eliz;ibelh, 
 daiigliter of William Hill, Esq., of Kyhope, co. OiU'haiu, 
 and has issue, 
 
 1. William Edward Ashton, bom 1812. 
 
 2. Cecil Arthur ltiitso!i. 
 
 .3. Evans Henry Murehison. 
 4. Philip Herbert. 
 
 1. Luey Caroline. 
 
 2. Frances .\lelhea. 
 
 3. Edith Priscilla. 
 
 It. Francis Herbert, borti April, 1822 ; living in Jamaica. 
 
 III. John Henry.born IHlh September, 1826; fellow of Brazennose 
 
 College, Oxford; niarricdJuly, 1n&3, Jane Rumsden, daugh- 
 ter III the Rev. Thomas Ramsden Ashworth. of the family 
 of AsHWORTii of Ashworth, co. Lancaster, and has issue, 
 
 Janet .Marion, bom July, 1801. 
 
 IV. Alfred, bom 20th .\ugust, 1832. 
 I. Caroline. 
 
 II. Frances Adela. 
 
 Anns. — Quarterly : Ist and 4tb, az. a dolphin, embowed, ppr., for 
 James ; 2nil and 3rd. arg., three boars' heads, couped, sa., langued 
 and armed, go , for Evans. 
 
 Cresl. — A bull, passant, ppr. 
 
 Motto, — Vincit amorpatria. 
 
 PI.UMPTON STREET. 
 
 Plumpton Street township comprises an area of 2,677 
 acres, and its rateable value is £5,015 10s. It contained 
 in 1821, l-.is inhabitants; in 1831, 105; in 1841, 
 190; and in 1851, 183. The township is intersected 
 by the Lancaster and Carlisle railway. The landowners 
 here are the Flurl of Lonsdale; R. W. Saunders, Esq. ; 
 Sir Heury R. Yane, U.irt. ; 1'. L. B. Dykes, Esq.; 
 William N. Hodgson, Esq. ; W. Blamire, Esq.; Thos. 
 Scott, Esq.; George Piobinsoa, Esq. : .1. Fawcett, Esq.; 
 Messrs. Isaac Carr, W. Kirkbride, John Gray, Thomas 
 IIowsoc, and William Ilesket. There is no hamlet or 
 village in this township, the inhabitants reside in 
 dctiichcd houses, about three and a half miles south of 
 High Heskct. 
 
 ^l:irlicr of Jlfltcril (Srtfit. 
 
 The family of Parker has long been seated at Old 
 Town, in Cumberland. 
 
 The Rev. John PAnKnit, curate of Selside, in Westmoreland, 
 third son of Christopher Parker, Esq., of Old Town, by Agnes 
 Holme, his wife, born 27ili October, 1737 ; married 27lh Pecem- 
 ber, 1704, Mary, daughter of Thomas Nelson, Esq.of Orton, in 
 Westmoreland, and had issue, 
 
 I. ClIRisTorHER.bis heir, of Petteril Green. 
 1. Elizabeth, married lu Michael Braiuhnaile, Esq., of Carling- 
 InU. 
 
 II. Isabella, married lo the Rev. Geor^ Downoa, rector of 
 
 Itokeby. 
 III. Eleanor, married lo tlie Rer. Robert Dirkctl, vicar of Kcllor. 
 
 Mr. Parker died 30lh September, 1770, and was succeeded by 
 bis eldest sod,
 
 LKATII W.\r.l). 
 
 CimiSToprrEB PAnKF.n, Esq., of Pctloril Green, J.V., high- 
 shcrifl", 1H3II, born auh Aiijust, 1775; innrrii'd, firstly, -Jml 
 OclobiT, isnii, JIary, ilaiiglitcr of Mr. John CliaJwitl;, of llan- 
 ohester, ami by lier bad issue, 
 
 I. Robert IIoi.me, bom I7tli November, 1S12. 
 J. Miiry .lane, uiarrieil :!OUi Juuuiiry, IH'JO, to Thomas Dixoo, 
 Kcq. 
 
 II. Sarah. 
 
 lie married, secondly, 27th September, 1815, Margaret, daoghtir 
 of Robert Jefferson, Esq., of Stone Raise, and had issue, 
 
 1. Christopher, bom 1.3th December, ISIO. 
 n. ThomasJelTerson, born liilb April, 1818. 
 
 III. WiUiiuu, born 2;ih August, 1811). 
 
 IT. rmnols, bom 0th December, 1821. 
 V, Nelson, buru :.llst March, lt$27. 
 I. Margaret. 
 II. Alice Eliz.tl>elh. 
 
 He married, thirdly, aird April, IS-IO, Mary, relict of the lotc 
 Hubert Sanderson Milbounie, Esq., of .\rmath\vaite Castle, and 
 daughter of Isaac ParUer, Esq., of Moorhousc Uill. 
 
 Amu. — Az., two bars, gemclle, org., between three bucks' heads, 
 crnstd, or, all between two lluiiclies, of the last, a crescent fur 
 diflciciice. 
 
 Crest. — .\ cubit arm, vested, vert, cuff, arg., holding in the baud 
 the atiire of a slug, and a bow and arrjw, soltierwise, all ppr. 
 
 Hollo. — Virtulis aliraentum houos. 
 
 HUTTON-IN-THE-FOREST PARISH. 
 
 This p.nrish is boundcil on the east ami north \ty Heskct-in-tbeForest, on the west liy Skelton, and on the south 
 by Xewton Ueigny, It possesses a good soil incumbent on clay, and is naturally fertile in grass; the south end of 
 the parish is elevated and undulated, but the northern part is low and level. The commons were enclosed under 
 the act of 1803, for enclosing the forest of Inglcwood. The parisli comprises the townships of Ilutton and Thomas 
 Close. The inhabitants are entirely engaged in agricultural pursuits, aud attend the markets at romith. The 
 rateable value of the parish is £2,342, and its area 2,300 acres. 
 
 IIOTTOS-IX-THE-FOnEST. 
 
 The number of inhabitants in this township in 1801 
 ■was returned with tiiat of Tliomas Close, the united 
 population being 200; in 1811. that of Hutton-in-the- 
 Forest alone was 1.5'J; in 1821, 157; in 1831, 107; 
 in 1841, lOo ; and in 1851, 170, who chiefly reside at 
 Huttou End and Xcw Rent. 
 
 The manor of Hutton appears to have been held at 
 an early period by the family of Hoton, or Hutton, as 
 it was subsequently written, and who took their name 
 from the place. According to Denton thoy were bow- 
 bearers and rangers of the forest of Inglewood, atid it is 
 probable that in consequence of that olHce they assumed 
 for their arms a bugle horn. Dr. Todd tells us that, 
 "in the cscheate roll in the .5th TTein-y VII. (1 180-90) 
 it is found, that the manor of Hutton is holdcn of the 
 king in capite, by the service of keeping the forest in 
 the Hay of our lord the king in Plumpton ; and further, 
 by the service of holding the stirrup of the king's saddle, 
 whilst he mounts his horse in the castle of Carlisle, and 
 paving yearly into the king's exchequer of Carlisle 
 33s. 4d., by the hands of the sheriff." This place con- 
 tinued long in a family bearing the local name. In the 
 reign of Edward I. Thomas, son and heir of John de 
 Hutton-inthe-Forest, gave and confirmed to Henry de 
 Hutton, chaplain, one moiety of the capital messuage 
 of the manor of Hutton, with twenty acres of land, 
 called the " Flat," with a mill at Hutton, and suit to 
 
 the same belonging. Edward III., in 1342, in con- 
 sideration of the good service that Thomas de Hutton 
 had rendered him in the Scottish wars, restored to him 
 and his heirs the bailiwick and cilice of keeping the 
 kings land at Plumpton. And, in the reign of 
 Ilichard II., William de Ilutton cnjoyci this place, 
 under the style of " forester of the king's lands and 
 keeper of the Hay of Plumpton, which that king and 
 his successor, Henry IV., confirmed to him and his 
 heirs." In the 35th Henry VIII. (1543-4), amongst 
 the knight's fees in Cumberland, it appears that William 
 Ilutton held the manor of Hutton-in-the-Forest, of the 
 king in capite, by knight's service, and rendering to the 
 king yearly 40s., by the hands of the sheriff of Cum- 
 berland. In the reign of James I. Thomas Hutton, 
 Esq., sold this estate to Sir Kichard Fletcher, Knt., of 
 Cockermouth, from whom it has descended to the present 
 lord, Sir Henry Pialph Fletclier Vane, Cart., in addition 
 to whom, Messrs. Johu Unthauk and Joseph Howson 
 are landowners. 
 
 Hutton Hall, the seat of Sir H. Pv. Fletcher Vane, 
 is a handsome mansion, standing on a fine eminence, 
 surrounded by richly cultivated lands and woods. 
 
 ^Icttljtr of Coclitrmontfr Btti |)«fioit. 
 The first of this family ew meet with is 
 
 ^ViuiAM Fletcheb, merchant, of Cockeruionth. He had 
 issue,
 
 BUTTON -IN -THE FOREST PARISH. 
 
 563 
 
 Hexrv Fletcher, raerchant, of Coclicrmouth, who, in 1658, | 
 had the honour of ciilertaining Mary Queen of Scots, during i 
 lier stay in that town.' His issue were, besides tliree daughters, \ 
 
 I. William, who jiurnhased Moresby and Distington, and was 
 aniesiur to ihe Flelehers of Jlorcsliy, a briini'li of the family 
 winch bccuine exiiiint. by llif tlei'case of Thumus Fletcher, 
 Ksq., before the iiiiiliUc of the last century. 
 
 It. Lancelot, from whom desceudcd the Fletchers of Tallantirc. 
 
 III. James, died without issue. 
 IT. John, died without issue. 
 
 V. Hein-y, died without issue. 
 VI. TMoM.ts, his successor. 
 VII. Robert. 
 
 Mr. Fletcher died in the 10th Elizabeth (1073-1), and was suc- 
 ceeded by his sixth son, 
 
 Thosi.vs Fletcher, Esq., who married Jane, daughter and 
 heiress of — Bulleo, Esq., and by her liad issue, besides four 
 daughters, 
 
 I. Richard, his successor. 
 II. 'J'hoinas, a inorchant in London. 
 lU. Philip, gmndfalher of Richnrd, who mnrried a daughter and 
 
 heiress of — Mu-igrave, Esq., of Cloa ilall, and was auces- 
 
 tor of the Fletchers of Ulca. 
 
 IV. Lancelot. 
 V. Henry. 
 
 Mr. Fletcher was succeeded by his eldest son. 
 
 Sir RiciiAno Fi.ctcher, ICiit., who purchased Eutton, and 
 made it his resilience. Sir Ricliard married first, a daughter 
 of — Richmond, Esq., by whom ho had issue, Thomas, Frances, 
 and Mary, nil of whom died unmarried. By his second wife, 
 Barbara, daughter of Henry Crackenthorpe, Esq., of Ncwhiggin, 
 be bad issue, 
 
 1. Henry, his successor. 
 
 I. Bridgi t, innrriid John Patrickson, Esq., of Caldcr Abbey. 
 II. Isabel, married Richard Lowthcr, Esq., of Inglctiin, co. York. 
 HI. Mary, murriid Sir John Loniber, Ban , of Lowiher. 
 iv. Callieiiue, mnriieil Thomas Listtr, Esq., of Gisburue, co. York. 
 T. Winifred, married, Istly, George Dralbwiiitc, Esq , of Warcop, 
 Weslmorfliuid ; '^iidlv, ^ir Richard Ducre, Km.; and ordly, 
 Chiisiophcr Lister, Esq. 
 
 On the demise of Sir Richard, he was succeeded by his eldest son. 
 Sir Henhy Fletcher, Bart., of Uution, who was sheriff of ibo 
 county in I0'.2.^ and 101'.3. He was created a baronet by Charles 
 I. in 1040. Sir Henry married Catherine, eldest daughter of 
 Sir Georgo Dalston, Bart., of Ualston, who sunived him. He 
 raised a regiment for Charles I. chiclly at his own expense, and 
 was killed in 1IU,'>, at the battio of Ronton Heatb, near Chester. 
 Sir Henry had issue, 
 
 I. Richard, who died unmarried. 
 
 II, Geoiiok, his successor. 
 III. Hinry, who dii-d yuiing. 
 
 I. Durbiira, niiirricd to Sir Daniel Fleming Knt., of Rydol. 
 
 II, FninreK, married William Fletcher, Ksq., of Moresby. 
 111. Bridget, married Chrislupbcr DiUsloii, Enq., of Acorn Bonk. 
 
 Sir Henry was succeeded by his second son, 
 
 Sir George Fi.etciiek, I3art.,of lliitl'>n,whowasaminoratthii 
 limoof his father's decea.sc. Ho was educated at Queen's College, 
 Oxford. Sir Geor^jo was twice married ; llrst to Alice, daughter 
 of Hugh Earl of Coleraiue, by whom ho had issue, 
 
 ■ See Coekermouth, page ani. 
 
 I. Henrv, his heir. 
 
 I. Lucy, muriicd to Francis, son of Sir Thomas Bowes. 
 II. Catherine, married to Lionel Vune, Esq., son of Su: Lionel 
 
 Vane, of Limg Newton, co. Durfaaiu. 
 III. Alice, who died unmarried, in 1711. 
 
 Sir George, married secondly, the Lady Mary -Johnston, daughter 
 of the Earl of Annandale, and widow of Sir George Graham, 
 Bart., of Netherby. By her he had issue, 
 
 I. George, a colonel who served in the army abroad. 
 II. Thomas, a merchaut in London. 
 
 1. Stisaiiua. 
 II. Mary. 
 
 These four all died without issue. Sir George was knijbt of 
 the shire for Cumberland nearly forty years. He was succeeded 
 by his eldest son by his first wife. 
 
 Sir Hesry FliiTcher, Bart , of Hutton. This gentleman 
 embraced the Catholic religion, and becoming weary of public 
 life, he entered a monastery of English monks at Douay in 
 Flanders, where he died, and thus the title and male lino of the 
 elder branch of the family became extinct Previous to bis 
 going abnad, Sir Henry settled all his property on a distant 
 relative, Thomas Fletcher, Esq., of .Moresby, reserving only for 
 himself a small competency for life. After his decease, his 
 sisters, as heirs-at-law, commenced a suit in chancery for the 
 whole estate, which was at length compromised by an agreement 
 that Thomas Fletcher, Esq., should enjoy Hutton and some 
 other estates for life, and if he died without issue, then Henry 
 Fletcher Vane, Esq., nephew of the late Sir Henry Fletcher, 
 should succeed to the whole. 
 
 Arim. — .\rg., a cross engrailed sa., between four roundels of the 
 second, each cliargcil with a phcou of the field. 
 Crest.— k horse's head arg., charged with a trefoil gu. 
 
 yaiie of pulton 'fjall. 
 
 The Vnne family derives its origin from Howell ap 
 Vase, Esq., of Monmouthshire, from whom lineally 
 descended. 
 
 Sir Henry Vane, who received the honour of knighthood for 
 his distinguished bravery at the battle of Poicliers. Sir Henry 
 married Grace, daughter and heiress of Sir Stephen de la Lekc, 
 and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 John Vine, Etq. This gentleman married Is.ibcl, daughter of 
 ^Valle^ Belloft, Esq., and co-heiress of Martin St. Owen, ICsq. ; 
 from which marriage descended, 
 
 Henry Vase, Esq., who changed his sumamo to Fane, and 
 marrying Isabel, daughter and co-heiress of Henry Porsall, Esq., 
 loft three sons at his decease, towards tlio close of the fifteeolh 
 century. The youngest of whom, 
 
 John Fanr, Esq., oi" Hildon, co. Kent, married Dorothy, 
 daughter of John Uartnall, Esq., by whom hu had four sons and 
 three daughters. From the eldest son, 
 
 UiciiAitn Fane, Esij , of Badshill, Kent, the earls of West- 
 moreland descend; and the youngest, 
 
 JoUN Fank, Esq., of Tunbridge, having married Joan, daughter 
 nnd lieiroaa of Sir Edwanl Hawte, Knt., woi succoedoJ by his 
 oldest son, 
 
 Henry Fane, Esq., of Iladloe, co. Kent, who married Elixa- 
 bcth, daughter of Henry White, Esq., of Chrislchurch, co. 
 Southam|itnn, ami relict of Sir John Ooodsalvo, KnL, aoil was 
 succeeded by his ouly son,
 
 564 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 Hesry Faxe, Esq., of Hadloe, who married, firstly, Mary, 
 daughter and heiress of Sir '1 houias Fane, by whom he had no 
 issue; and, secondly, Margaret, daughter of Koger Twisden, 
 Ksq., of Eust reckham ; and dying in 15DC, wus succeeded by 
 bis eldest son, 
 
 Sir Henuy Fane, of Eaby Castle, co. Durham, cofferer to 
 King Charles I., who resumed the ancient surname of Vase. 
 This gentleman married Frances, daughter and co-heiress of 
 Thomas Uarey, Esq., of Tolleshunt Darcy, co. Esses, by whom 
 he hod fourteen children ; from the eldest of whom, Sir Henry 
 Vane, so celebrated during the Protectorate, descends the Duke 
 of Cleveland ; while the second son, 
 
 Sir George Vane, Knt., of Long N'ewton, co. Durham, mar- 
 rying Eliz.iheth, only daujliter and heiress of Sir Lionel 
 MadJison, Knt., and dying in IG79, left four sons, the third of 
 whom, 
 
 Lionel Vase, Esq., of Long Newton, co. Durham, married 
 Catherine, daughter of Sir George Fletcher, Bart., (a grand- 
 daughter, maternally, of Hugh Hare, 1st Viscount Coleraine, a 
 dignity which expired with the third lord, in 1749,) by whom he 
 had issue, 
 
 J. GEonoE, whose only son, the Rev. Henry Vane, was created 
 a baronet, in IT.vj, niul iiiniricd Francis, .Iniighter imd heir 
 of John Tempest, Esq., of Slierbuni, co. Durham, and had 
 an only son. Sir Hesky Vase, the stcoml baronet, wlio 
 assumed the sumiime of Te.mpest, and died August Isi, 
 181:t, when the baronetcT expired, he having left an only 
 child, Frances .\nne, married to Charles William, late 
 Marquis of LuuduniKrrv, fatlier, by her, of tile present Karl 
 Vane. 
 
 n. Henry, who inheiited the estates of his mother's family, and 
 in eonsi-cineuce assumed the surname of Fletcher. Ue'died, 
 unmarried, in 17U1. 
 
 m. Walter, of whom presently. 
 
 IV. Lionel, who married and had issue. 
 
 I. Mury. married to John Spearman, Esq., of SedgeCeld, CO. 
 Durham. 
 
 The third son, 
 
 Walter Vane, Esq., upon the demise of his elder brother, 
 succeeded U) the Ilutton estates, and assumed, in consequence, 
 the additional surname of Fletcher. This gentleman married, 
 firstly, Mercy, daughter of Samuel Wright, Esq., of Wanstead, 
 CO. Es.sex, by whom he had an only son, his successor; and, 
 secondly, .Mary Anne, only daughter and co-heiress of Godfrey 
 Woodward, Esq., of Putney, by whom he had issue, 
 
 L GooFRET Woodward, of Twyford, CO. Hants; who married, 
 in .April, i;ti.t, Sarah, daughter of James Bircli, Esq, of 
 Coventry, and had issue, with a daughter, Sarah, three sons, 
 
 1. William Walter. 2. George. 3. Godfrey. 
 
 n. Walter, of London, died imtnarried. 
 
 I. Catherine, married in September, 17G1, to .\rthur Molesworth, 
 E;q.,of Bath. 
 
 IL Frances, married in April, KG-j, to Charles Pdlmer, Esq., and 
 
 dud August -.ilst, 1777. 
 HI. Uory Anne, died unmarried. 
 
 He died in 1775, and was succeeded by his eldest sod, 
 
 Lionel Wright Fletcher Vane, Esq., of Ilutton Hall, bom 
 June 28th, 17-.>:f, who was created a baronet June 10th, 1786. 
 He married Rachel, daughter of David Griffith, Esq., of Lland- 
 kennen, co. Carmarthen, by whom he bad issue, 
 
 I. Frederick, second baronet. 
 II. Walter, who lUcd unmarried. 
 I. Catherine, died December 8d), 1813. 
 
 II. Rachel, married to William Walter Vane, Esq., of CanGeld 
 Hull, c'u. Essex; und died lunuary ^ih, lbl4. 
 
 Sir Lionel was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Sir Fredeiuck, second baronet, born February 27th, 1760; 
 who inarned March Dili, 1707, Hannah, daughter of John 
 Bowerbank, Esq., of Johnby, co. Cumberland, by whom he had 
 issue, 
 
 I. Walter, unmarried, who died of woimds received in the sortie 
 
 from Uayuune, m l^U. 
 II. Francis, third baroneu 
 
 lit. Frederick lleury,au utiicer in the army; bomMay I8tb,1807. 
 1. llaimuh. 
 
 II. Sophia Mary. 
 
 Sir Frederick died in March, 1832, and was succeeded by his 
 eldest surviving son, 
 
 Sir Francis, third baronet ; bom March 29th, 1797; married 
 April 10th, Itf-i'i, Diana Olivia, third daughter of Charles George 
 BeauclerkgEsq., of St. Leonard's Lodge, Uorshuni, and had issue, 
 
 I. Henry Ralpb, present baroneL 
 II. Frederick Fletcher, bom December 12lh, 1832. 
 I. Gertrude Elizabeth. 
 
 Sir Francis died February 15tli, 1»42, and was succeeded 'oy 
 his son. 
 
 Sir Henry Ralph Fletcher, fourth baronet, bom January 
 13th, 1830. 
 
 I Creo/ion.— June 10th, H.Se. 
 
 I Arms. — Kz., three sinister g&tinllets, two and one, or. 
 
 I CVf.s(. — .\ dexter gauntlet, erect, holding a sword, all ppr., pommel 
 
 ami hdt, or. 
 I Seats. — Ilutton Hall and .\nuathwaite. 
 
 The small mauor of I\Jorton in the northern part of 
 this parish is the property of the Duke of Devoushire. 
 
 THE church. 
 
 Hutton church, detiicated to St. James, is situated 
 near the hall. It was erected in 1714 upon the site 
 of a previous church, and consists of a nave and chancel, 
 with bell turret at the west end. There is a cross at 
 the east end of the nave, which probably belongs to 
 the previous church. In the chancel are several mural 
 roouuments to members of the Vane aud Fletcher 
 families. Under a flat arched recess, on the north 
 side, is a tomb with a cross-florc'C ; and in the church- 
 yard there is a gravestone, bearing a cross-flortie, on 
 oue side of which is a large horn, on the other a shield 
 charged with a crescent on a canton ; it is supposed to 
 mark the last resting place of one of the Hutton family. 
 According to Bishop Xicolson, this church was anciently 
 called the chapel of Hutton-in-ihe-Forest, but it has 
 been for several ages reputed a rectory. Eobert de 
 Vaux gave the church aud one carucate of land at 
 Hutton to the priory of St. Mary, Carliale, which grant 
 was confirmed by Henry II. and afterwards by Edward 
 n. In the ta.\atiou of Pope Nicholas, the church is
 
 BUTTON -IN- THE- FOBEST PARISH. 
 
 505 
 
 valued at .£1 2s. Id.: and iii the reign of Edward II. 
 at £'2 ; iu the King's Book it is returned at £18 lOs. Id. 
 It was certified to the governors of Queen Anne's 
 Bounty at £39 10s. 2 J., but is now worth ,£120 per 
 annum. Ou the suppression of the religious houses, 
 the patronage of the living passed from the prior and 
 convent of Carlisle to the dean and chapter, in whom 
 it is still vested. The parish registers commence in 
 1643. 
 
 Rectors. — John Je Boulton occurs 1203 ; Sir Ricliard, ; 
 
 Sir Robert Parving, 130!); Sir Robert de Lowtlier, 1309; Sir 
 Joliu de Welton, 1381; Sir Robert Thorp occurs UC5 ; John 
 Deyne occurs 153."); Sir Richard Tolson, died 1560; .\nthony 
 Walkwood, I.'iOa; Sir William Lawson, 1013; Thomas Todd 
 
 occurs ICJl; — Jackson, ; Nicholas Thonilinson, 1083; 
 
 Joshua Harrow, 1095 ; William Kilner, 1728; Siuulford Tathara, 
 1752; Browne Grisdale, 1777; Solomon Lcwthwaite, 1788; 
 Samuel Hudson, 1811; William Sharpe, 1811; William White- 
 lock, 1855. 
 
 There was formerly a chantry chapel at Bramra, in 
 this county, dedicated to St. Mary. It was erected by 
 Thomas de Capella, and appears to have fallen into 
 neglect at a very early period, for we learn from a peti- 
 tion of Thomas de llutton, iu 1 301, that the lands with 
 which it had been endowed had been wasted and 
 untillcd. In consequence of this, the Thomas do 
 Huttou just mentioned obtained permission from the 
 Bishop of Carlisle to erect a new chautry, dedicated to 
 the Blessed Virgin ilary, within the parish church of 
 St. James, at Hutton, and which he endowed with 
 forty-four acres of land, and si.v messuages, in addition 
 to tiie lands formerly possessed by the chantry of St. 
 llary, at Bramra. The right of presentation was 
 reserved to Thomas de llutton and his heirs for ever. 
 Dr. Todd informs us that, in 11 Hi, William do Bolton, 
 perpetual chaplain of the chapel, as he styled himself, 
 complained to the Council of Constance, the Holy See 
 being then vacant, that certain unkiiowu persons had 
 sacrilegiously robbed his ciianli'y of vestments, chalices, 
 and books, and that it hud been defrauded of lands and 
 tithes; whereupon the council send a mandate to the 
 Bishop of Ciirlisle, enjoining him to excommunicate all 
 who were concerned in the sacrilege. In the King's 
 Book, the chantry is set down as wortli i'O Ms. lOd. 
 After the dissolution of chantries, Edward VI., by 
 letters patent, bearing d:ito December l^lh, 1548, 
 granted to Thomas Brende, in free socage, this chantry, 
 with the lands, messuages, and tenements appertaining 
 (hereto. 
 
 CIUniTIES. 
 
 The School. — This school is endowed with a messuage 
 and lands in Marwhinns, left in 1715, by Thomas 
 Fletcher, Esq., and others, which baring been increased 
 on the enclosure of Inglewood Forest, the estate now 
 consists of about fifteen acres, let for £20 a year. Sir 
 H. K. Vane is sole trustee. The school is attended by 
 about forty children, who pay a small quarterage. 
 
 Dockray's Gift. — John Dockray, who was buried in 
 1737, left ten shillings a year, to be disUibutcd to the 
 poor at Christmas. 
 
 There were, until lately, at Upper Row, ou the 
 Common, the vestiges of Colliuson Castle, an ancient 
 fortification about 300 feet square, with a ditch thirty 
 feet wide, and a trench four feet deep. Several hand- 
 mill stones have been found ; but even tradition is 
 silent respecting the structure which formerly stood 
 here. On the 0th August, 1051, Charles I. passed 
 through this parish ou his journey to Scotland, by way 
 of Dalston and Penrith. Dr. Todd tells us he had 
 the honour to wait upon his majesty; and Lady Fletcher, 
 whose husband had been slain at the battle of liowtou 
 Heath, sent refreshments to the king and his suite. 
 Dr. Todd adds, " the king, who looked very pale and 
 pensive, was seated iu a coach with some of the Scotch 
 nobility, intent on a map of the country which was 
 spread before him. His majesty was guarded by a body 
 of higlilanders." Tradition says that Charles drank of 
 a well that is near the site of Collinson Castle. 
 
 Elfa Hills arc two singular ranges of gravel mounds, 
 twenty-five yards high and two furlongs in length. 
 They are surrounded by a low and swampy ground, 
 where many marks of trenches appear, and where 
 quantities of human bones have been found, aud are 
 supposed to have served as a place of interment for 
 soldiers. Two urns, filled with ashes, were found iu 
 1785, at Blencow Bank. 
 
 TUOMAS CLOSE. 
 
 The area is returned with the parish, as is also the 
 rateable value. The population was returueil with 
 lIuttou-in-the-Forest iu 1801; iu 181 1, it was 77 ; iu 
 1821, 05 ; in 1831, 100: in 1841, 99; and in 1831, 
 112; who reside iu houses dispersed over the township. 
 The manor is held under the Duke of Devonshire. 
 Messrs. Robert Barton, I'nincis Bell, \Yilliam Boll, 
 and Mrs. Stockbridgu are the priucipal landowners. 
 The township was enclosed in 1803. 
 
 Market Gate is a hamlet iu this township.
 
 5GG 
 
 LKATH WARD. 
 
 KIRKLAND PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north l)v Oiisby and Addinsham, on tlie west by the river Eden and Langwathby 
 parish, on the south by Crowilnndule Bock, which divides iho counlies of (lunberland and Westmoreland, and on 
 the east by Cross Fell and the manor of Tyno Head. The soil in Kirkland and Culgaith is deep and ferlile, at 
 Skiruith Jiglit and sandy, and at Blencarn a strong clay. Coal and lead are found in the parish. Cross Fell is 
 2,900 feet above the k-vcl of the sea, and is said to have been originally designated Fiend's Fell, from the common 
 belief that evil spirits had tbeir haunt upon it, until St. Pauliuus erected a cross and built an altar ou the summit, 
 where be celebrated mass, and thus drove away tlie demons. Since that time it has borne the name of Cross Fell, 
 and the people in the neighbourhood style a heap of stones lying there. The .\kar upon Cross Fell. The population, 
 who are entirely agricultural, reside chiefly in the villages of Blencarn and Kirkland, and are, generally speaking, 
 educated and cleanly. The parish comprises the townships of Kirkland and Blencarn, Skirwith, and the chapclry 
 of Culgaith. I'cnrith is the market usuall/ attended. The area of the parish is 0,!jG1 acres. 
 
 a bell turret, containing two bolls. The old church. 
 
 KIBKLA.ND AND Bl.EXCAllN. 
 
 The area of this township is included in the parish 
 returns; its rateable value is il, 033 10s. ll^^d. ; viz.: 
 £1,910 ISs. 8d. for Blencarn, and £413 I2s. 3id. for 
 Kirkland. In 1801 it comprised 188 inhabitants ; in 
 1811,173; iulSai,->17; in 1831,312; iu 1811,233; 
 and in 1801, 190. 
 
 The manor of ivirkknd is small, contiining only about 
 fourteen enfinncbised tenements, held under Lady Ic 
 Fleming, of Rydal, Westmoreland. 
 
 The manor of Blencarn formed, in ancient times, a 
 parcel of the barony of Adam Fitz-Siveyn, and as such 
 was held by the Neville family. A portion was subse- 
 quently held by the priory of Carlisle, iu free alms. 
 About the reign of King Juhn we find the Wlutbys 
 and Thursbys as possessors, each family holding a 
 moiety. In the year 1220 Evan de Vipont and Sibell 
 Thursby, his wife, gave si.-c borates of land, in Blencarn, 
 to Bernard Thursby ; and in 1278 he granted a portion 
 of the same to tho priory of Carlisle. The remuinder 
 descended to Edmund Boyville, his second son, who 
 sold it to John Ilercla, but it became forfeited to the 
 crown on the attainder of Audrew dc Hurcla, and was 
 afterwards granted to William Laugley, or English, 
 whose heiress brought it to the RestwolJs, from whom 
 it passed by sale to the Lough family. The tenants 
 were enfranchised by Lough Carlton, Esq., in 1792. 
 The manor vvas divided between his two nieces, and 
 co-heiresses, and is now held by Messw. Fydeli and 
 Tufuoll. The landowners of the township are Lady le 
 Fleming, Messrs. Fydeil and Tufuell, Joseph SalkelJ, 
 Esq.; John Atkinson, Thomas Atkinson, WilUam 
 Clark, John Cannon, and Sir Richard Tufton, Bart. 
 
 The village of Iviikland is about ten miles east-by- 
 north of Penrith. 
 
 TOE CBtmCH. 
 
 Kirkland church, dedicated to St. Lawrence, was 
 rebuilt in 1768, and consists of a nave and chancel, with 
 
 which was an edifice of considerable size, contained the 
 mutilated efRgy of a man in armour, which is built in 
 the wall on tho north side of the door, at the west end 
 of the present church. The ancient piscina still 
 remains in the chancel ; and there is a stone cross with 
 steps in the church yard. The church contains several 
 mural monuments to the memory of dilferent members 
 of the Fleming, Salkcld, and Yates families. The 
 benefice was anciently in the patronage of the bishops 
 of Carlisle, and was rectorial till the reign of Henry VI , 
 when it was granted, and soon afterwards appropriated, 
 to the prior and convent of Carlisle. It is now a vicar- 
 age, in the patronage of the d an and chapter, and is 
 worth about £220 a year — its value in the King's Book 
 is £8 lOs. The parish registers commence in 1043. 
 
 Eectods. — AJam de Newcastle, 1291; Sir Gilbert de Ualogh- 
 ton, 1303; William de Denton occurs 1336 ; John do LaDgholnic 
 occurs 1372 ; John de Penrclb, 1379. 
 
 Vicars. — Thomas Bjrkhcdc occurs 1535; Sir Thomas 
 Aglionby, died 1581; Anthony Gosling, 15.S1; John EoMiison, 
 resigned 1031 ; Edwnrd Slegg, 1031 ; John Ardrey, 1081 ; Hugh 
 Todd, ICtil; Daniel Mayer, 1G85; Nathaniel Spooner, 1CU4; 
 George Fleming, 1703; John Christopherson, 1717; Edward 
 nirket, 1720; Henry Richardson, 170S; Joseph GiUbanks, 1785; 
 Itichard Eice, 1820 ; James Webster Huntley, 183li. 
 
 CIIAr.ITIES. 
 
 Gate's Gift. — Thomas Gate, about 1708, bequeathed 
 £10 for the use of tho poor of tho township of Kirkland 
 and Blencarn. 
 
 SalMdS G//"^— Thomas Salkcld, by will dated July 
 11th, 1753, left £100 for the use of the poor of the 
 same township. 
 
 I'oor Stock. — There is also a poor stock of £12, 
 being money left in small legacies for the same purpose. 
 
 Carltton's Gift. — Lough Carleton, Esq., who died in 
 1 702, left £20 to the poor of the above-named township.
 
 KIRKLAND PAlUSn. 
 
 567 
 
 SKIUWITH. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £2,303 1 Ts. fi J. ; 
 its area is returned with the pnrisli. The popuhitioa 
 in 1801 was ISO; in 1811, 2(10; in 1831, 238; in 
 1831, 290; in 1841, 293; and in 1851, 288; who 
 chiefly reside in Skirwith village. 
 
 The fiiNt recorded possessor of Skirwith manor is 
 Jordan S[)iggurnel, who held lands here in tho reign 
 of King John. Tho manor subsequenily came to the 
 Fitz- Walter family, one of whom, Robert Fit/,- Walter, 
 held it in the reign of Edward I. and Henry III. In 
 1331 we find it held by John de Luneaster, from whom 
 it passed by inheritance to his cousin Richard, whose 
 heir gave it by fmc to William do Lancaster, whose 
 heir brought it in marriage to the Crackenthorpe family. 
 It continued in tho latter family for some genera- 
 tions till the throe daughter of John Crackenthorpe 
 brought it in marriage to the lluttons, Sandfords, 
 and Middlctons, in the latter of whom the possession 
 of the entire manor eventually settled ; for we find that 
 in the 35ih lieury VIII. (ir)13-4) Ambrose Middleton 
 and Anno his wife, in right of the said Anne, held the 
 capital messuage and town of Skirwith of the king in 
 capite, paying yearly for tho same 4s. 4d. cornagc. 
 From the Jliddletons it passed by a coheir to the Hut- 
 tons, from wliom it was purchased, in 1000, by Agnes, 
 widow of \V. Fleming, Esq., of Rydal, whose descendant, 
 Sir Michael le Fleming, enfranchised the tenants. It 
 is now held by La ly lo F'lemiug, of Rydal llall, West- 
 moreland. Skirwith Hall, the manor house, was taken 
 down in 17!lj, and a farm-house built on its site. 
 
 iJunk is another manor in this township, which has 
 long been Ik-id by the Crackenthorpe family, who 
 formerly resided at Bank Hall, tho manor house. 
 
 Tho [)riiicipal landowners are Lady le Fleming, Rev. 
 C. Parker, William Crackenthorpe, Esq.; Mrs. Blaraire, 
 Rev. B. Porteus, Jliss Hodgson, John Sanderson, John 
 Jaokson, Ilev. Thomas Jackson, Thomas Spedding, 
 Thomas Ui.\on, and John Wilkinson. 
 
 Skirwith Abbey, tho residence of tho Rev. C. Parker, 
 in a modern mansion, traditionally stated to bo erected 
 on tlio site of a religious house, probably belonging to 
 tho Knights Templars. It formerly belonged to the 
 Aglionbys of Nunnery, from whom it was purchased in 
 1822, by the lute William Parker, I'.-q. 
 
 Tho village of Skirwith is large and irregularly built, 
 on both sides of a small rivulet, three and a half miles 
 north of Toniplo Sowerby, and seven miles east-by-north 
 of Penrith. 
 
 THE cnunon. 
 
 Skirwith church, which has been tho thrmo of 
 univorsal admiration, was consecrated bj tho Lord 
 
 Bishop of Carlisle, on Thursday, the 25th of August, 
 1859. It is dedicated to St. John the Evangelist; 
 and was founded by the late William Parker, Esq , of 
 Skirwith Abbey, to supply the wants of the population 
 in the immediate vicinity of his residence, but at a 
 considerable distance from the parish church of Kirk- 
 land. It consi->ts of a nave, south aisle, chancel, tower 
 and spire at west end of south aisle, and vestry. The 
 stylo of the church is Decorated Gothic of the fourteenth 
 century ; it is built of Skirwith stone, obtained near 
 the site, laid in even courses, and axe-dressed ou the 
 face, with Lazonby stone for all the dressings, windows, 
 doors, internal columns and arches, and other details. 
 The spire also is carried up in this stone, and has been 
 purposely kept low, to avoid the too great action of the 
 winds, known in this neighbourhood as the Helm winds. 
 The belfrey is furnished with a peal of three well-toned 
 bells, manufactured by Jlsssrs. Mears, of London. The 
 interior has been considerably altered in its character 
 from what was originally intended by the late Sir. 
 Parker, a more ornate and decorated character having 
 been given to it by desire of his successor, the Rev. C. 
 Pai-ker, present patron, and first incumbent. The 
 church will accommodate upwards of 200 persons. The 
 seats in the nave are of deal, stained and varnished, 
 with plain bench ends. The remaining fittings, 
 including lectern, desk, and pulpit, are of wainscot; 
 the base of pulpit being of Caen stone, with marble 
 shafts and carved capitals. These fittings are enriched 
 with tracery and carving of an appropriate character. 
 The font is of Caen stone, with wainscot crocketted 
 cover. The roofs of the nave and aisle are of deal, 
 with framed principals. The chancel roof is also of 
 deal, consisting of a scries of framed rafters and collars, 
 with sudden purlins at the insertions : both roofs are 
 covered with batten, boarding, and felt, and the wholo 
 are stained and varnished. The chancel is fitted up 
 with stalls on cither side, with bench ends and carved 
 fiuial tops, and elaborately tracericd and carved fronts. 
 The communion table is also of wainscot similar in 
 character, and tho rercdos over the same, and on each 
 side of the east window is of wainscot w ith small bands, 
 shafts, and capitals, with arched and triangular heads, 
 crocketted with vino leaves, and enriched with maple, 
 passion flowers, and shields, with the instrument of tho 
 I'assion carved in relief. The panels below the arches 
 are diapered in wainscot, with medallions in tho centre 
 containing highly relieved repriscntations of the Evan- 
 gelists, and the sacred Monogram. Tho sides of tho 
 chancel are panelled in wainscot, and within tbo com- 
 munion rails, which are of polished brrjs, by Potter, of 
 Loudon, are two wainscot sedilia and a carroJ and
 
 508 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 enriclied chnir. Tlie flior of the chancel is laid with 
 Mintoii'j Eiioaustii; Tile Pavement, with Kilkenny 
 polished marble steps, and the walls above the panelling 
 are dinpored in colour by Castell, of London. The 
 whole of the windows are of stained glass by Wailos, of 
 Newcastle. That above the communion tabic, a beau- 
 tiful composition on the words, " Suffer little children 
 to come unto me," is a memorial window, and on a 
 brass near it is placed the following inscription : — 
 
 " I. H. S." 
 " This chnrch, dedicated in honour of the Holy Evangelist 
 St. John, was fininded and endowed by \Yilliani Parker, hite of 
 Skirwith Abbey, in the county of Cnniberland, Esquire, and 
 completed by the Reverend Christopher I'arker, M.A., the pre- 
 sent patron, in the year of onr Lord, 1859, who also caused the 
 east window lo be filled with stained glass, in grateful memorj- 
 of his relative, who died January 22nd, 1850." 
 " Lais Deo." 
 
 The side chancel windows are filled with small sub- 
 
 • 
 jects, illustrating passages in the life of the Saviour, in 
 
 medallions. The east window in the south aisle con- 
 tains full length figures of St. Poter and Paul undur 
 canopies, and the remaining windows are filled with 
 rich borders and medallions containing angels bearing 
 scrolls, with diapered quarries between. The Com- 
 mandmonts are placed on either side of the west 
 window, and the Creed and Lord's Prayer by lectern 
 and pulpit, the whole richly illuminated. Suitable 
 texts are written over the chancel arch, east window, 
 and other parts. The total cost of the church, glebe 
 house and olfices for future incumbent, repair fund and 
 endowment, will amount to abont £9,000. Alessrs. 
 Francis, of London, are the architects, and the whole 
 of the works, except those specified above, have been 
 executed under their saperintendence by Jlessrs. James 
 and Son, of Penrith. A handsome set of communion 
 plate, consisting of flagon, chalice, and paten, the gift 
 of "Sirs. Parker, bears the following inscription : — " An 
 offering to St. John's Church, Skirwith. S. P." 1859." 
 An harmonium has also been supplied to assist the 
 village choir in the musical part of the services. 
 
 The Wcsleyans have a chapel here. 
 
 The village school is a small but neat building, 
 erected by subscription in 1828. It is endowed with 
 £20 a year, given by Lady le Fleming. The average 
 number of pupils in attendance is thirty-five. 
 
 Mrs. BrammlVs Gift. — The poor of this township 
 are entitled to a rent charge of 20s. given by Mrs. 
 Sarah Bramwell, who was also a benefactor to the poor 
 of Penrith. 
 
 Puor Stock. — The poor of Skirwith are also benefitted 
 bv a poor stock amounting to ilUl. 
 
 CULGAITH. 
 
 Culgaith, formerly Culgaithc, or Culgarthe (probably 
 derived from cul, the back; guirt, of the garden, or 
 the end of the open country) is a township and chapelry, 
 containing an area of 2,890 acres: and its rateable 
 value is .£a,'114. The population in 1801 was 254; in 
 1811, 236; in 1821, 257; in 1831, 257; in 1841. 
 301; and in 1851, 355. A survey of the township 
 was made in the year 1851 for the commutation of the 
 lithe. The common and waste grounds, containing 
 1,580 acres, were enclosed in the year 1773. The 
 popiJation principally reside in the village of Culgaith — 
 there are four or five detached farm-houses. The popu- 
 lation is for the most part employed in agriculture, but 
 a few are employed in a small tilery. 
 
 The manor of Culgaith was part of the barony given, 
 or confirmed, by Henry I. to Adam Fitz-Sweyu, son of 
 Alaric, which barony was held of the king, by payment 
 of £5 12s. cornage. The two daughters of Adam Fitz- 
 Sweyn, Amabil and Jlatilda, were respectively married 
 to Alexander Crevaguer and Adam de Montbcgon. 
 Alexander de Crevaguer gave to the monks of Wetheral 
 his moiety of the mill of Culgaith, " with," say Nicolson 
 and Burn, " the miller and his family." After the 
 demise of Alexander de Crevaguer, Amabil married 
 William Neville, from whom her share passed to the 
 Burgo famil}', but it appears to have reverted to the 
 Nevilles, as we find that in the 10th Henry III. 
 (1231-32) Gilbert de Neville and Mabel, his wife, held 
 a moiety of Culgaith. In the reign of Edward I. a 
 place in Culgaith, called Kirklanders, or Kirkandrews, 
 with wood and land adjoining, was conveyed by Simon, 
 abbot of St. Marys at i'ork, to Sir Michael de Hercla, 
 Knt., as we learn from a record of the reign of 
 Edward II., in which it is stated, that Sir Jlichael 
 agreed to give a yearly rent of forty shillings for it to 
 the monks of Wetheral, though the estate was only 
 worth ten shillings per annum, because it was a desirable 
 situation for his own residence. This Sir Michael was 
 father of Sir Andrew de Hercla, earl of Carlisle, who was 
 attainted in 1323. The Kirkandrews estate is now 
 held by W. Crackenthorpe, Esq. The share held by the 
 Hercla family was granted by Edward II. to Sir 
 Christopher Moresby, Knt.; on whose death, in 1348, 
 an inquisition finds, that the said Christopher died 
 seised of the manor of Culgaith, boldeu of Robert 
 Neville, of Hornby, who held it in capite, by the service 
 of IGs. 8d. cornage. From Sir Christopher it descended 
 to the Lady Knevett, heir general of the Pickerings
 
 KIRKLAND PARISH. 
 
 569 
 
 and Moresbys, vlio sold the same to Henry Cracken- 
 thorpe, Esq., of Ncwbiggin, and the lands to four 
 fcoflfces, (one estate only excepted, which is held of the 
 late Earl of Thanet's manor of Milburne Grange,) 
 reserving a free rent of £'28 -Is. Id., which she after- 
 wards sold to the Dalstons of Acorn Bank. This rent 
 was purchased by Matthew Atkinson, Esq., of Temple 
 Sowerby, who sold it to William Parker, Esq., of Skir- 
 with Abbey ; it is now the property of the Rev. C. 
 Parker. The principal landowners are the Rev. C. 
 Parker, W. Crackenthorpe, Esq. ; Colonel Maclean, 
 the trustee of the late J. D. Boazraan ; J. H. Sewell, 
 John Richardson, Mrs. Westmoreland, G. Gibson, Esq.; 
 R. W. Saunders, Esq. ; Mrs. Williamson. 
 
 Culgaith is a long straggling village, beautifully 
 situated on the top of an eminence above the river 
 Eden, commanding an extensive prospect on every side. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Culgaith chapel, dedicated to All Saints, is said to 
 have been founded in ancient times by the lord of the 
 manor. The present building was erected in 1758, on 
 the site of the ancient chapel, which had fallen into 
 decay. It is a plain but neat cruciform structure ; over 
 the door is a window, with two lights, trefoiled, with 
 square head, which seems to have been part of the 
 ancient edifice, the only remnant which has been pre- 
 served. The western gable is surmounted by a turret, 
 with one bell. The west end of the chapel is covered 
 with ivy. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the 
 patronage of the Vicar of Kirkland. On the death of 
 the Rev. John Brown, in 1791, the right of presentation 
 was claimed by the inhabitants, but after some demur, 
 the vicar was allowed to present. The value of the 
 living was returned to Queen Anne's Bour.ty, in the 
 year 17:39, at i'O ; in 171'.!, at I'll. In 1777, by grants 
 from Queen Anne's Bounty, and legacies and gifts from 
 several individuals, it had increased in value to £bO. 
 In ISi;!, the sum of i'lO a year was granted by the 
 Ecclesiastical Commissioners in augmentation of the 
 living. It is now worth about £91 a year. Prior to 
 the incumbency of the Rev. John Brown, the chapel 
 seems to have been served by schoolmasters in orders ; 
 
 the poverty of the endowment, which then arose chiefly 
 from a small payment called chapel wages, rendering 
 this arrangement necessary. Chapel wages, amounting 
 to £1 18s. a year, are still paid by certain tenements in 
 the chapelry. The rectorial tithes of the township are 
 held by the landowners, under a lease from the dean 
 and chapter of Carlisle — of which twelve years are 
 yet (1859) unexpired. At the termination of the lease 
 the tithes will amount to i'215 Ss. 3d. a year, having 
 been commuted in the year 1851. The vicarial tithes, 
 recovered by the Vicar of Kirkland, after much litiga- 
 tion, amount to about £'31 a year. The registers 
 commence in 1758 — prior to that date they were 
 included in the registers of Kirkland. Marriages are 
 not at present solemnised in this chapel, though it 
 appears from the registers that they were from 1758 to 
 1803. 
 
 Incdmeents.— John Brown, 1740 ; John Clarko Gilbanks, 
 1791 ;i Robert Keen, 18:?7; George Wilkinson .\tkinson, 1852. 
 
 1 The following were curates under Hev. J. C. Gilbanks:— Robert 
 Pearson, 1820.20; W. P. King, 1S28; Henry Robinson, 1827; John 
 Brownrigg Harrison, 1820. 
 
 The Wesleyans have a place of worship in the village. 
 
 There is a free school, endowed with 100 acres of 
 land, at the enclosure of the commons in 1773, for the 
 benefit of the townships of Culgaith and Blencam. 
 Owing to the debt of money borrowed for the enclosure 
 of the allotment and erection of buildings not being 
 paid off, the master's salary arising from the estate is 
 only £28 a year. It is however augmented by a 
 voluntary subscription of £8 a vear. 
 
 Millrigg, formerly the residence of the Dalstons of 
 Acorn Bank, Westmoreland, is now occupied as a farm- 
 house. 
 
 CHARITV. 
 
 Dover's Charity. — Daniel Dover gave to the township 
 of Culgaith £00, with an order that the interest annually 
 arising from it should be laid out in the purchase of 
 bread, to be distributed weekly, for ever, among such 
 of the poor of the said township as should frequent 
 divine service, by the chapel warden. 
 
 Two other small bequests, left by James Unthank 
 and William Bowerbank, have been lost. 
 
 IT
 
 570 
 
 LEATH WAED. 
 
 KIRKOSWALD PARISH. 
 
 ■Rrn parish of Kirlcoswald, which is about six and a half miles in length by four in breadth, is bounded on the east 
 by the parish of Renwick and tho Cross Fell range of mountains ; on the west by the river Eden, \yliich separates 
 it from the parish of Lazonby; on the north by the stream of the Croglin, which divides it from the parishes of 
 Ainstahle and Croglin : and on the south by the rivulet called Dale Raughen, which separates it from the parish of 
 Addiiigham. It is remarkable for its rich and picturesque seener)', its ancient historical associations, its waterfalls, 
 and its old castle, church, and college. About three-fourths of the population are dispersed over the parish, in small 
 villages, detached farmhouses, and cottages. Agriculture is the principal employment, but some of the inhabitants, 
 are engaged in the paper mill, the carding mill, and the sawmill, and there are a few tradespeople. The soil in the 
 ■western part of the parish is exceedingly rich and productive ; iu other parts heavy, with a clayey subsoil; and in 
 others light, with a sandy subsoil; altogether it is mostly arable, and very productive iu all kinds of farm produce. 
 The people attend the markets of Penrith and .iVlston. The parish comprises the two townships of KiikoswalJ 
 and Staffield. whose united area is 10,472 acres, and rateable value £5,634. 
 
 KIKKOSW.^LD. 
 
 The number of acres in this township is 5,000. The 
 population in 1801 was 631; in ISll, 636; in 1821, 
 760; in 1831, 768; in 1841, 091; and in IS.'il, 681, 
 who principall}' reside in the town of Kirkoswald. 
 
 The manor of Kirkoswald, according to Denton, wag. 
 part of the great barony granted to Adam Fitz-Sweyn, 
 from whom it came with a daughter to Trivers, lord of 
 Burgh, and in a similar manner to the Engavn family, 
 from whom it passed in marriage to the Morvilles. 
 Dugdale, however, informs us that it came with 
 Lazonby, to Hugh Morville, with his wife, Helwise 
 de Stuteville. It is however certain tliat it was held 
 by the Morville family, from whom it descended to the 
 Multons, and from them to the Dacres, and by Joan, 
 daughter of Thomas Lord Dacre to Sir Richard Fynes, 
 Knt., and by the lieiress of that family to the Leonards, 
 from the co-heiresses of which family it was purchased 
 by Sir Christopher ^lusgrave, Bart., of Edenhdl, from 
 whom it has descended to the present proprietor, Sir 
 George Musgrave, Bart. The principal landowners 
 are Sir George Musgrave, Bart.; William Mai-sholl, 
 Esq., M.P. ; the trustees of the late Timothy l-V.ther- 
 stonhaugh, Esq. ; Captain Sunderland, R. N. ; Mr. 
 Christopher Hardy, William Bird, and the poor of 
 AVitherslack parish, Westmoreland. 
 
 The Xunnery of Armathwaite had a close called tlio 
 Holme, and some other small possessions in this parish, 
 which, after the dissolution, were granted to William 
 Greyme, of Carlisle. 
 
 The castle of Kirkoswald was originally erected about 
 the year 1200, by Randolph Engayn. It was subse- 
 quently enlarged, and was greatly improved by the addi- 
 tion of a park, which was enclosed by Sir Hugh de Mor- 
 ville. The great hall was ornamented with portraits of 
 the kings of England, from '■ Brute," downwards, and for 
 a considerable period had the reputation of being one of 
 the finest halls in the north of England. It received 
 
 considerable additions from Thomas de JTulton and 
 .Tolm de Castro; and, about the commencement of the 
 sixteenth century, its defences were further strengthened 
 by the construction of a ditch. It was subsequently 
 dismantled by tho orders of Lord Dacre of the South ; 
 and in 1088, we are informed that the castle was 
 "httle more than a bare shell or heap of stones ;" and 
 some fifty years later, great part of the walls appear to 
 have been pulled down. Dr. Todd mentions a tradition 
 that a subterranean passage connected the castle with 
 the parish church, and it is not improbable that such 
 was the case ; this opinion is partly corroborated by the 
 fact that the streum of water which runs under the 
 church appeared thick and muddy when the moat of the 
 castle was cleared out. Of tliis noble specimen of the 
 military architecture of the middle ages, but few 
 remains are now left. AVhat is still visible is situated 
 on an emiuence, about 200 yards south-east of the town, 
 at the head of the demesne, and consists of three 
 dilapidated towers, one of which, at the north end, is a 
 fair e,\ample of ancient architecture, which stiU raises 
 its bfty head as high as the tail tree, whose tops, as one 
 mighty phalanx, stand grand around it. Under each 
 of the other two towers are large vaults, whose hemi- 
 spherical domes support tho massive superstructure. 
 There still remains evident traces of a moat, as well as a 
 wall, at the north-west corner of which, near the entrance, 
 is the site (rectangular in form) of an outer tower, 
 where a drawbridge is said to have been, during the 
 days in which the castle maintained its pride of place, 
 and which commanded a beautiful view of tho rich 
 demesne down the river Eden, as well as of the town 
 and the detached steeple of the parish church. 
 
 TOWN OF KIRKOSWALD. 
 
 The town of Kirkoswald is pleasantly situated in a 
 beautiful vale, on the small river Raven, about half a 
 mile above its jimction with the Eden, fifteen miles
 
 KIUKOSWALD PARISH. 
 
 571 
 
 south-east from Carlisle. The town is amply supplied 
 with water. There are a paper mill, a saw and bobbin 
 mill, a mill for carding and spinning wool, corn-mills, a 
 brewLiT, and coal and lime works. The weekly market 
 is on Tuesday, and there are fairs on the Thursday 
 before Whitsuntide and August 5th. The charter by 
 which the market is held was granted to Hugh de 
 Morvillo by King John, who was at Kirkoswald on the 
 25th of February, li!i)l.^ The " Chronicle of Laner- 
 cost" informs us that this town was burned by the Scots 
 in 1314. In 1597 and the foUowing year Kiikoswald 
 suH'ered severely from a visitation of the plague, in the 
 former year forty-two persons fell victims in this parish, 
 but in the latter no less than 583. At a short distance 
 from the town the Eden is crossed by a bridge of two 
 large and two small arches, erected in 1T02. 
 
 THE cm;iicB. 
 
 The parish church of Kirkoswald stands at the south 
 end of the town. It is a neat structure, in the Norman 
 and Pointed styles, consisting of nave, chancel, and 
 aisles. The nave is separated from the aisles by three 
 massive pillars supporting Norman and pointed arches. 
 At the west end is a beautifully-staiued glass window, 
 with representations of St. Peter and St. Paul. A few 
 steps load from the nave to the cliancel, at the east 
 end of which is a neat window of five lights filled with 
 stained glass. In the centre light the Crucili.\ion is 
 depicted, and to the right and left are the four Evan- 
 gelists ; the light on tho extreme right contains a 
 representation of St. Oswald, and that on the extreme 
 loft one of St. Cuthbcrt. The windows on the north 
 and south of tho chancel are also filled with stained 
 glass, emblazoning tho arms of tho Musgraves, the 
 Dacres, the Howards, the Fetherstouhaughs, and others. 
 There are several monumi'nts to members of tho Fether- 
 stonhaugh and Smallwood families. The church appears 
 to have been formerly of much larger dimensions, 
 as is evidenced by tho broad and massive foundation 
 stones of old walls which still remain outside. It 
 has been recently repaired, and otherwise considerably 
 improved, the lloor being laid upon dwarf walls, and tho 
 whole repewed. Since 1855 the church has been fur- 
 nislu'd with an apparatus for warming it during the winter 
 months, and is now one of the neatest and most com- 
 fortable in the north of England. ]!cnealb the centre of 
 tho church Hows a beautiful stream of pure water, which 
 issues from a rock at tho cast end, said to luivo been at 
 one time held sacred, and to have served as a baptistry. 
 It may now be seen by descending a flight of slops at 
 the west end of tho church. A lino of lino old lime 
 
 ' See Itiuemiy of King Jolin. 
 
 trees on each side of a winding avenue which leads to 
 the church, and which completely overarch the walk, 
 is much admired by visitors. The bells of the church 
 are in a detached steeple which stands upon a conical hill, 
 separating the town from the church. The church is said 
 to have been founded previous to the Norman Conquest, 
 and, as its name implies, it is dedicated to St. Oswald, 
 king of Northumbria, who fell fighting in the defence 
 of his religion and country. Coming down to the times 
 subsequent to the Conquest, we find that in the year 
 1246 the rector of the church sued the lord of the 
 manor, Ranulph de Levington, and Ada, his wife, a 
 co-heiress of Sir Hugh de Morville, and recovered his 
 claim to certain privileges in the parks of I.azonby and 
 Kirkoswald. It is recounted that in 1305 Bishop 
 Halton held a great ordination in this church, when no 
 less than twenty-one priests, twenty-six deacons, and 
 twenty-five subdeacons, received holy orders ; and seven- 
 teen others received the minor order of Acolyte. Of 
 these, a great number appear to have been members 
 of the religious communities of Furness, Holme Cultram, 
 and other monasteries. In order to carry out more 
 effectually the cure of souls, and the due administration 
 of the sacraments, the church was coUegiated about tho 
 year 1523, the collegiate body being composed of twelve 
 secular priests, under the government of a master or 
 provost ; and it is to this period that the erection of the 
 present choir, at the expense of the first provost, Piowlan J 
 Threlkeld, is usually ascribed. But the pious inten- 
 tions of the founder of the college were soon frustrated, 
 for about the year 1545, the king, Henry VIU., seized 
 npou the property of the collegiate body, and also upon 
 the rectory, allowing only £S a year to a vicar for the 
 performance of the duties of the parish. The revenues 
 continued to bo held by the crown till 1587, when 
 Queen Elizabeth granted a lease of the rectory for 
 twenty-one years to Thomas Hammond, subject to the 
 condition that he paid the vicai's stipend of i'8 per 
 annum. In the following yew, Elizabeth granted a 
 lease of the rectory to Edward Downingc and Miles 
 Uoddiuge, which included all the glebe lands of the 
 i-ectory of Kirkoswald, and all other lands and tcue- 
 mcnts i)i the parish of Kirkoswidd, wliich had belonged 
 to tho college of Kirkoswald, and all the tithes of com 
 and grain belonging to the rectory, to hold to them and 
 their heirs, as of the manor of East llreonwich, in free 
 and common socage. The greater part of the glebo 
 londs and tithes are now held by the tru>tecs of Uio late 
 Timothv J'otherstonhaugh. Tho above-mentioned sum 
 of X'K is still jiaid by the i-rown to the vicar. It appen»-s to 
 liavo boon the solo endowment of the vicarage from tho 
 .time of the dissulutiou, till £dUU was raised by tbc
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 parishioDers, which, with ;£200 from the governors of 
 Qaeen Anne's Bounty, was invested iu hinds in 17v!."). 
 The vicarage was subsequently augmented with another 
 £200 from that source, iu coujunction with £2()0 from 
 the Couutess-dowager Gower. In the Valor of Popo 
 Nicholas, the church is valued at i'lS Is. 5d. ; and in 
 the King's Book, at i'8. It is now worth £100 a year. 
 The patronage is vested in the crown. The parish 
 registers commence in 1 578. 
 
 REorons. — Martin occurs in 1240 ; 'Walter de Langton, 
 resigned, I'i'jS; Nicholas Lovetoft, l-VJii; Kicliard de Mont, 
 1323; John do Appleby, l;)7a ; Sir William Beauchamp, 1371; 
 William Marshall occurs 14.'iC to HCO. 
 
 rRovosTs. — Kowland Threlkeld, 1023, died l.'iCS; John 
 Heryng occurs 152.) to 1535. 
 
 ■VicAKs. — Thomas Moyses occurs 1535; Sir John Scales, died 
 1501; Sir James Shepherd, 15G1. 
 
 Curates. — George Yates, 1C68 ; George Sanderson, ; 
 
 John Rumncy, ; James Wannop, . 
 
 TicAB. — James Wanoop, 1714. 
 
 Curates.— William Milncr, 1710; John Rumney, 1723. 
 
 TlCARS.^John Mandeville, 173'J ; Charles SmaUwood, 1701 ; 
 John James, 1771; John Fisher, 1774; George G. Lawson, 
 1820 ; John Best, 1855. 
 
 There is no parsonage house, properly so called. 
 There is a small glebe house, on the glebe land, at 
 Blunderfield, two miles from the church, which is 
 occupied by a farmer. The vicar resides at present 
 at the Nunnery, near to Staflicld. 
 
 The Wesleyan Methodists have a place of worship at 
 Kirkoswald; and at Park Head is an Independent 
 chapel, which is fast falling into decay. The latter, 
 which has a burying ground attached, was founded by 
 George Nicholson, a Nonconformist, in the reign of 
 James II., and was rebuilt iu 1711. 
 
 CHAMTIES. 
 
 School. — By indenture, dated May 16th, 1745, 
 between the churchwardens of Kirkoswald, on the one 
 part; Sir Philip Musgrave, Bart.: Timothy Felher- 
 stonhaugb, Ilichard Lowthian, and others, of the 
 other part; reciting, that John Lowthian, gentleman, 
 deceased, brother of the said Richard Lowthian, had 
 by a general assignment, in the nature of a will, given 
 the sum of jEIOO to the ministers and churchwardens of 
 the said parish, to be by them expended in the building 
 of a school, and towards the maintenance of a master at 
 Highbank Hill, in the said parish ; but before the 
 receipt of the said gift or legacy, the parishioners had, 
 at their own expense, erected a school house, and 
 directed that the interest of the above £] 00, and of £iO 
 poor stock, should be applied towards the maintenance 
 of a schoolmaster ; who was required to receive all the 
 poor children of the parish, boys and girls, and teach 
 
 them reading, at Is. Cd. per quarter. The present 
 school house is a neat stone building, situated at Kirk- 
 oswald, erected by subscription, iu 1858, at a cost of 
 £000, inclusive of the site, which cost £80. It pos- 
 sesses accommodation for eighty scholars. It is under 
 inspection, conducted by ccrtiticated teachers, supported 
 by the quarter pence of the children and the endowment 
 of the old school, and has an average attendance of sixty 
 pupils. The trustees to the school and its endowment 
 are Timothy Fetherstonhaugh, Esq. ; Sir George 
 Musgrave, Bart. ; John Aglionby, Esq. ; Charles Fether- 
 stonhaugh, Esq. ; and the vicar for the time being. 
 
 John Lowthian's Gift. — John Lowthian, by will, 
 dated March 11th, 1742, gave to the minister and 
 churchwardens of Kirkoswald, as trustees for the poor, 
 the sum of X'3 I^s. yearly, to be employed in purchasing 
 a shilling's worth of bread, weekly, to be distributed 
 each Sunday to the poor people of the parish attending 
 divine service at the church. This charity is distributed 
 as directed. 
 
 liichard Louthian's Gift. — Piichard Lowthian, by 
 will, dated October 24th, 1782, gave to the ministers 
 and churchwardens of the parish of Kirkoswald, the 
 yearly rent or sum of £5, iu trust, for the special use 
 of the poor within the said parish, to be paid out of 
 certain premises in Staffield. 
 
 Poor Stock. — There is a poor stock amounting to 
 £02 10s., secured upon mortgage for £100 upon the 
 tolls of the road leading from Eamont Bridge to Brougb, 
 at four per cent, interest. The mortgage is dated 
 October 25th, 1700, and is granted to Timothy Fether- 
 stonhaugh, and thereon is an endorsement, signed by 
 him, stating that the security is the sole property of the 
 parish of Kirkoswald, £62 10s. of the £100 being legacies 
 left to the poor, the interest of which is £2 10s., and 
 the remainder £37 10s. belonging to the school at High 
 Bank Hill. 
 
 Township of Slafiehl.—Threlkeld's Gift.— Thomas 
 Threlkeld, who died in 1793, left £40 to the poor of 
 Staflicld township. 
 
 A reading room and library, in connection with the 
 National School, were opened in 1858. 
 
 The College, the seat of Timothy Fetherstonhaugh, 
 Esq , occupies the site of the ancient residence of the 
 collegiate body attached to Kirkoswald church. Part of 
 the original buildings are still remaining, but much 
 modernised. On the wall of one of the buildings is a 
 well -executed shield iu stone, probably brought from 
 the castle. It bears the arms of Dacre, with those of 
 three other families, and is surrounded by the garter. 
 It has supporters, and ^the motto " Fort en loialte."
 
 KIRKOSWALD PARISH. 
 
 573 
 
 The badge of the Dacrc family, the escallop shell, is 
 jilaceJ over two doors in tlio college. Here is a 
 portrait of Charles I., which was presented to the 
 Fetherstonhaugh family by Charles II., in token of 
 his grateful remeinbrauco of the many services of Sir 
 Timothy Fetherstonhiiugh. Adjoining the mansion is 
 a beautiful park of about eighty acres, intersected by the 
 road leading to Penrith. 
 
 (^ctbcrsfonljaiiglj of Jlirliosfunlb. 
 The first of the Fetherstonhaughs who came to 
 Kirkoswald was, 
 
 Hf.n'uy FF.TUEnsTosHAUGU, second son of Albany Fether- 
 stonliniighof Fether..tonhau^h, co. Northumberland, by Lucy.bis 
 wife.dnugliierof E. Dudley, Ksq., of Yanwath,eo. Westmoreland. 
 This Henry married Dorothy, daughter of Tliomas Wyhergh, 
 Esq., of Chfton ; and died in KitiO, having had a daughter, 
 Dorothy, married to Thomas Stanley, Esq., of Dulcgarth, and a 
 son. 
 
 Sir TiJiornY Fetherstonhaugh, Knt., of Kirkoswald, a 
 devoted adherent to tlie Royalist cause, who was beheaded by 
 Cromwell's party in 1C51. His second son and heir, 
 
 Thomas Fethei'.stonhauou, Esq., of Kirkoswald, was thirty- 
 seven years of age at Dugdale's visitation in 1GG5. His great- 
 grandson, 
 
 TiMoTUi- Fetiierstoniiauoh, Esq., of Kirlioswald, died 
 without cliildren, and was succeeded by (the son ot his sister, 
 Joyce, the wife of the Kev. Charles Sniallwood, B.A.) his nephew, 
 
 CnAHi-Es Smallwood, who, in compliance with the will of his 
 maternal uncle, assumed, by royal licence, 1st September, 1797, 
 the additional surname and anns of Fetherstonhaugh. He 
 married (iih Jlarcli, ISIU, Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas 
 Hartley, Esq., of Gillfoot, Co. Cumberland, and left at his decease, 
 'ih Miireh, 1837, 
 
 I. TlMOrnv, his heir, of Kirkoswald. 
 II. Chiirloa (see I'etiikkstonhauoii of Stafflcid Hall). 
 
 I. Elizn, injirried Ujdi .April, ls;)7, to Thoma.s Tod, Esq., of 
 
 Drygrungo, co. Koxliurgh. 
 
 The son and lieir, 
 
 TiuoTHY Fetuerstoniiauoh, Esq., of the College, Kirk- 
 oswohl, J.I'., highsheriff, I84(i, born -lih March, 1811 ; married 
 15lh October, 1HU8, Eliza-W'eri", daughter of John-Were Clarke, 
 Esq , of Bridwell, co. Devon, by Frances, his wife, daughter of Sir 
 Thomas Caiew, Uart., of Haccombe, and had issue, 
 
 T. Timothy, present rnprcsentalive. 
 
 II. Charles, born lib Tcbrunry, InII. 
 in. Alliany, born lUth December, 1840. 
 
 I. Eli/.u. 
 11. Frances. 
 Jil. Mnudc. 
 
 Mr. Fetherstonhaugh died Sth April, IPSd, and was sncceeded 
 by his son, 
 
 Timothy Fetiiebstonihuoii, Esq., of the CoUogo, Kirk- 
 oswald, CO. Cumberland, born 6th December, 1840. 
 
 Arma.—Qa., a chev., between three ostrich feathers, arg. 
 Crest — An nnlelnpe's bend, erased, gu,; armed, or, 
 iloi(o.—\'aXem et Vuleus. 
 
 STAFiaEI.D. 
 
 The area of Staffield township is 5,4T2 acres. The 
 population in 1801 was 270; in 1811, 300; in 1821, 
 309; in 1831, 265; in 18-11, 2j7 ; and in 1851, 244, 
 who reside in Staffield (which is a scattered village), 
 Scarramanwick, and Scales hamlets, and in a number 
 of single houses dispersed over the township. The 
 principal employment of the inhabitants is agriculture, 
 and they attend Penrith market. 
 
 Staffield is a fee of Kirkoswald, and was held in 
 ancient times by a family who bore the local name, but 
 which became extinct in the reign of Henry V., when 
 the co-heircsses married into the Chambers, Mulcaster, 
 and Blennerhasset of Carlisle families. It subse- 
 quently became the property of the Fletchers of Hutton, 
 and the Lowthians, the last of whom, Richard Lowthian 
 lloss, Esq., sold it to the Aglionbys of Nunnery; it now 
 belongs to Sir Henry R. Vane, Bart. On the enclosure 
 of the common, the Mr. Ross just mentioned, purchased 
 the land aJjoitiing the Crogliu, and planted many 
 thousand trees on its eastern bank, by which the scenery 
 of Nunnery has been very much improved. The prin- 
 cipal landowners are Sir II. R. F. Vane, Bart. ; Charles 
 Futherstonhaugh, J. P. : and a number of small resident 
 yeoman ; also the trustees of the late Timothy Fether- 
 stonhaugh, Esq. 
 
 ^diicrstoniinngl] of Staffitlb «iall. 
 
 This family is derived from the Rev. Cuahles Smaixwood, 
 who married Joyce, daughter of Henage Fetherstonhaugh, 1700 ; 
 he died JIarch 4th, 1770, leaving a son, 
 
 CuARLF.s Smai.lwood, wlio assumcd the name of Fetheu. 
 STONnAi'Gii. lie married 1810, Elizabeth, daughter and coheir 
 of Thomas Hartley, Esq., of Gillfoot, who died June, 18-'H. 
 Jlr. Fetherstonhaugh died March 17th, 1839, having had issue, 
 
 I. Timothy, of the CoUcpe. Kirkoswald. 
 II. Ciiari.es, of Stftlfield Mall. 
 
 I. Eliza, married April •2.'>lb, 1837, Thomas Tod, Esq., of Dry- 
 grange, Itoxburgbsbire. 
 
 Cinm.Es FETiiEBSTONHArotr, Esq , of Staffield Hall, J.T., 
 was bom .May 31st, 1812. He married April Cth, l!<47, Jane, 
 daughter and co-heir of Francis Aglionby, Esq., of Nunnery, 
 Ml', for the Eastern Division of the county of Cumberland, by 
 Mary, his wife, daughter of John JIalthews, Eaq., of Wigton 
 Hall, and has issue one daughter, 
 
 Elizabelli Aglionby. 
 
 Haresceugh, or Haroscow, in this township, was given 
 by Ada do Engayn to tlio priory of Lancrcost, and this 
 gift was confirmed by llugii do Morvillo. After iho sup- 
 pression of the monastic institutions, it was sold by tho 
 crown to Henry, grandson of Tiiomos Dacre, Knt., of 
 Lancrcost. His son, or grandson, conveyed it to Dr. 
 Peter Barwick, physician iu ordinary to Charles II.,
 
 574 
 
 LEATH WAKD. 
 
 who gave it to tho chapel and poor of Witberslack, in 
 Westmoreland. Uere are tlio romaius of au old castle. 
 Little Crogliii is another fee of Ivirkoswald, and was 
 held bj the family of Croglin, one of whom gave a 
 fifth part of tho vill, CiilleJ Cringledyke, to the prioi-y 
 of AVctheral, which is now held by lease, under the 
 dean and chapter of Carlisle. Little Croglin came 
 afterwards to the Beauchamp family, who held it till 
 
 tho reign of Henry VII., when it was purchased by the 
 Diicres, who added it to thoir lordship. It was Bubse- 
 quently sold by the Howard family to George Towry, 
 Esq., who occurs as possessor in 1088. It then became 
 the residence of a younger branch of the Yorlishire 
 family of Towrys, and is now held by Lady Hurst. 
 
 Hcarramanwick and Scales are hamlets in this town- 
 ship. 
 
 LANGWATHBY PARISH. 
 
 Lanowathbt parish is bounded on the east by Kirkland, on the north-east and the north by Addinghara, on the 
 west by the river Eden, and on the south and the south-east by Kiikland. It is about two and a half miles in length 
 from north to south, and about one in breadth from cast to west. Agriculture is the chief employment of tlie 
 inhabitants, who reside j)rincipally in the village of Langwathby. The soil is in some parts loamy, and iu others 
 gravelly, but is in general fertile. Penrith is the market usually attended. This parish comprises no dependant 
 townships. In the census returns previous to 1S51, this parish was returned as a chapelry in tho parish of Eden- 
 hall ; but, in the year named, it was returned as a distinct parish annexed to the living of Edenhall. 
 
 The area of Langwathby is 1,987 acres, and its rate- 
 able value jC1,490 Is. 4d. The number of inhabitants 
 in 1801 was 220; in ISU, 200; in 1821. 250; iu 
 1831,250; m 18.11, 273; and in 1851, 292. 
 
 The manor of Langwathby is said to have been 
 bestowed by Henry I., along with that of Edenhall, on 
 Henry Fitz.Sweyn, in whose family it did not, however, 
 continue long, for wo are told that the king held it as 
 a royal demesne. The account given of the manor of 
 Penrith, at a subse(|uent page, will throw considerable 
 light on the history of this manor. It appears to have 
 been in possession of King .John ; and Henry III. gave 
 it to Alexander King of Scotlaud, in part of 200 librates 
 of land granted to the Scots in the year 1237, by com- 
 position for the release of Cumberland and Westmore- 
 land. Langwathby continued to be held by the Scottish 
 monarchs until the defection of John Baliol, when it 
 reverted to tho English crown, and was granted by 
 Richard II. to Pialph Neville, first earl of M'estmore- 
 land, to be held by him and his heirs male. On the 
 demise and attainder of P>icliard Neville, " the stout 
 Earl of Warwick," in 1 171, tho manor again came to 
 the crown, when Edward IV. gave it to his brother, 
 Richard Duke of Gloucester, and afterwards Richard 
 III. From tliis time it continued to be held by the 
 crown till 1090, when William HI. granted it to WiUiam 
 JBentiuck, first earl of Portland, whose famUy continued 
 its possessors until it was purchased by the Duke of 
 Devonshire in 1787, and it is now held by his successor, 
 the present duke. It appears that there was a manor 
 of Lambanhy in the raign of Edward II., which was 
 
 purchased by John de Penrith of AVilliam Latimer.' 
 The landowners are Sir George Musgrave, Bart. ; 
 Timothy Fetherstonhaugh, Esq. ; Messrs. John Watson, 
 John Hodgson, John Powby, Samuel Fydell, Jonathan 
 Harrison, Richard Williamson, William Bowstead, and 
 John Bird. The commons were enclosed under an act 
 passed in 1850. 
 
 The village of Langwathby is five mfles uorth-cast- 
 by-east of Penrith, iu the neighbourhood is a good 
 bridge of tliree arches over the Eden, erected iu 1080. 
 
 THE CHcr.cn. 
 Langwathby church, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, 
 is a remarkably neat edifice, erected in 1718, by the 
 parishioners, on the site of the old one. It comprises 
 nave, chancel, bell-gable, and a western porch erected in 
 1830. Dr. Todd tells us that the parishes of Edenhall 
 and Langwathby were united in 1380 by Bishop Appleby. 
 In the visitation rolls it is called a vicarage. The dean 
 and chapter of Carlisle arc appropriators, and possess 
 the right of patronage. No mention is made of Lang- 
 wathby in the Valor of Pope Nicholas, nor in that of 
 Edward II., but it is supposed to be alluded to in the 
 King's Book, as the " Chantry of Blessed Mary of 
 EdenhaU." The tithes have been commuted for 
 £107 Os.; viz., £143 lOs. rectorial, and £23 10s. 
 vicarial, besides which the vicar has twenty -two acres 
 of glebe. Divine service is performed here, and at 
 Edenhall, on Sunday mornings and afternoons alter- 
 nately. The parish registers commence in 1570, and 
 
 I Iu(|. ad ^uod damnum, 8tb Edward II. 93.
 
 LAZONBY PARISH. 
 
 575 
 
 Bdenhall registers iir 1558. 
 see Edcuhali parish. 
 
 For succession of vicars 
 
 Winskell's Gift, Joseph Carleton's Gift, and Poalcy's 
 (3(/«.— Christopher Winskell, by will, dated AprE 29th, 
 1702, left £'20, the interest thereof to be yearly disposed 
 to the use of the poor of the village of Laugwathby. 
 Joseph Carleton, by will, dated in June, 1700, left £2D; 
 
 and Mary Powley, who died in ] 779, gave £5 ; both 
 for the same purpose. 
 
 Loui/h Carleton's Gift. — Mr. Lough Carleton, who 
 died in 1 792, gave in his life-time £20 for the use of 
 the poor. 
 
 A lending library was established in 181 1. 
 Eden View, a handsome stone structure, in the Tudor 
 style, is the residence of — Williamsou, M.D. 
 Langwathby Hall is now a farm-house. 
 
 LAZONBY PARISH. 
 
 Tms- parish is bounded on the north and west by Hesket, on the south-west by Penrith and Hutton, on the south 
 by Great Salkeld, and on the east and north-east by the river EJen. It is about five miles in length from north to 
 south, and three in breadth from east to west. The soil in some parts is composed of a rich loam, and in other 
 parts is of a gravelly nature — the arable land lies in the vale of the Eden and Petteril, and near the great road from 
 Carlisle to Penrith. The west side of the p.arisli is washed by the Petteril, and in the centre is a range of moorlands 
 and fells, the northern part of which is covered by a largo wood, called Baron Wood. Freestone is abundant in the 
 parish. The inhabitants, who are chiefly divided between the villages and hamlets of Lazonby and Plumpton, and 
 a few detached houses, are engaged in agricultural pursuits, and in stone quarrying, large quantities of red sandstone, 
 &c., being sent from this parish. The population are iiuhistrious and are comfortably housed ; they attend the 
 markets at Penrith. Besides the great lloman road, running from north to south, another intersects the parish at 
 Salkeld Gate ; and at Plumpton Wall is the Roman station of Old Penrith. Lazonby parish comprises the two 
 townships of Lazonby and Plumpton Wall, or Old Penrith. 
 
 Kirkoswald. The principal landowners are Sir George 
 
 L.\ZONHY. 
 
 The area of this township is 8,154 acres, and its 
 rateable value £3,970 15s. 9d. The number of 
 inhabitants iu 1801 was 320; in 1811, 384; in 1821, 
 533; in 1831, 544; in 1841, 570; and in 1851, 595. 
 The commons of this and Plumpton Wall township 
 were enclosed in pursuance of tlie provisions of an act 
 of Parliament passed in 180.3. 
 
 The first possessors of the manor of Lazonby on 
 record are the Estotevilles or Stutevilles, from whom 
 it passed by successive heiresses to the Morvillos, 
 Multons, and Dacres. On the attainder of Leonard 
 Dacre, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, this manor 
 and other estates were seized by the crown, and it was 
 not till 1057, some time subsequent to the demise of 
 Ralph, son of William, brother of Leonard Dacro, that 
 these estates were recovered by Francis Lord Dacre of 
 the South. In 1710 the co-heiresses of Thomas 
 Lennard, earl of Sussex, sold the manor witli other 
 possessions to Sir Christopher !Musgrive, Hart., of 
 Edcnhall, and it has since continued in this family, 
 Sir George ^lusgrave, Bart., of Edenhall, being the 
 present lord. A small mesne manor within that of 
 Lazonby is held by the Felherstouhaughs of the College, 
 
 Musgrave, Bart., Colonel Maclean, the Earl of Lonsdale, 
 the trustees of the late John Di.xon, Esq. : Messrs. 
 George Dixon, Joseph Bell, John Bell, and John Hall. 
 The village of Lazonby is on the west side of the 
 vale of Eden, one mUo south-west of lurkoswald, and 
 seven miles north-ljy-east of Penrith. It is said to 
 derive its name from a family or person of the name of 
 Leysing. About 1110 or 1118 the firet register of the 
 bishopric of Glasgow contains a case of inquiry regard- 
 ing the possession of some lands in Cumberland, between 
 the bishopric and the Countess Matilda, wife of David 
 Prince of Cumberland. Four Cumberland judges are 
 named, and one of them boro the name of Leysing. 
 
 THE cnuBcn. 
 Lazonby church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, stands 
 on an elevation near the village. It is an ancient- 
 looking structure, consisting of nave and chiincel, with 
 a bell turret at the west und, and on the cast gable a 
 beautiful cross. On the south side of the chancel is 
 the ancient piscina, and near to it a square nnibery or 
 almcry. The whole building lias been much modernised 
 in its appearauce, and the walls plastered aud white-
 
 576 
 
 LEAXn WARD. 
 
 washed. In the churchyard are some venerable trees, 
 and a square chamfer-edged shaft with a cross. At the 
 east end of the yard is an old slab ornamented with 
 two crosses. The church of Lazonby was given by Sir 
 Hugh Morville to the priory of St. Mary, at Lanercost, 
 and in 1272 was appropriated to that house, an endow- 
 ment being made for the vicar, and the right of presen- 
 tation reserved to the bishop of the diocese. In 148-4 
 an award was made by Bishop Bell, between the priory 
 and convent of Lanercost and John Boon, the vicar, 
 touching the tithes of wool and lamb, and other small 
 dues, which award was in the vicar's favour, ■\^■hen 
 Lanercost Priory was dissolved, the living of Lazonby 
 was granted by Edward VI. to Sir Thomas Dacre, from 
 whose descendants it was purchased by Dr. John Bar- 
 wick, dean of St. Paul's, who gave it to the chapel and 
 poor of W'itherslack, in Westmoreland, paying thereout 
 yearly 4O3. to the vicar of Lazonby. In the Valor of 
 Pope Nicholas, the church of Lazonby is entered at 
 £6 13s. 4d., and the vicarage at £7 Os.; in the valuation 
 taken in the reign of Edward II., the church and 
 vicarage are each valued at £1 ; and in the King's Book, 
 the vicarage is entered at j£13 ."is. 2d. Bishop Js'icolson 
 informs us that when he visited this church, at the 
 commencement of the last century, he saw here many 
 Roman monuments (from the station at Old Penrith) 
 which had been converted into gravestones. He also 
 adds that there was then here " a black box containing 
 instruments relating to the court of Rome ;" and says 
 "the register book begins at 1538, which is the very 
 year these sort of books were first established in parishes, 
 to supply (in some measure) the loss of those which this 
 kingdom had upon the dissolution of monasteries." 
 
 Vicars. — Hugh de Malton, 1272; Sir William de HaloghtoD, 
 1300; Sir Adam do Otlley, I'ilC; William de Tlirelkeld, died 
 about l:i07; Ricliard de Whitton, 1307; John de Castro Bern- 
 ardi, 1:)G(S; Edward Uathion occurs 1477; John Boon occurs 
 1484 and ir,^r>; Roland Threlkeld occurs 1535; Edward Denton, 
 1588; Anthony Haydock, ICU; Jonathan Goodwin, 1037; 
 
 Simon Atkinson, ; Robert Simpson, 1001 ; Robert Hume, 
 
 ; George Parker, 1703; Erasmus Head, 1737; William 
 
 Wilkinson, 1739; John Brown, jun., 1752; John Brown, sen., 
 1757 ; James Evans, 1763 ; Joseph Blain, 1771 ; Thomas Myers, 
 1789; Walter Fletcher, 1820; John Heysham, 1840. 
 
 The Wesleyans and Primitive Methodists have each 
 a place of worship here, the former of which was 
 erected in 1850 and the latter in 1847. 
 
 A library and reading room was established in 1859. 
 
 Bobinson's Charity. — John Robinson, in 1737, be- 
 queathed the sum of £8, the interest to be divided 
 
 between the schoolmaster and tho poor of the township 
 of Pluinpton. Of this sum, which was placed out at 
 ' interest, £2 have been lost. 
 
 The single houses bearing particular names are Low 
 Plains, Cote Hill, Scale Hill, Bleesfell, Brakcn Bank, 
 West Brownrigg, East Brownrigg, &c., &c. 
 
 Lazonby Hall, the residence of Colonel Henry Dundas 
 Maclean, is situated opposite to Kirkoswald, and over- 
 looks tho valley of the Eden to tho south over West- 
 moreland as far as tho hills on the borders of Yorkshire, 
 and to the east the hills of the Cross Fell range. Colonel 
 Maclean is the younger son of Maclean of Ardgour, in 
 Argyllshire, in Scotland, and married Jliss Carlyle, 
 daughter of the Rev. J. D. Carlyle, chancellor of Carlisle 
 and claimant of the title of Lord Carlyle of Torlhorwald, 
 in Scotland, representative of the ancient and powerful 
 family of Carlyle, one of whom. Sir Hildred de Carliol, 
 at the time of the Conquest, possessed extensive lands 
 in Abbey Holme, Curavvhinton, Glassonby, and other 
 places in the county ; and afterwards in Dumfriesshire, 
 where their chief seat was the castle of Torthorwald. 
 Colonel Maclean was high-sheritf for Cumberland in 
 1848. 
 
 I'LUlirTON W.\LL. 
 
 Plumpton Wall township comprises an area of 3,021 
 acres, and its rateable value is £9,885 19s. 6d. The 
 population in 1801 was 206; in 1811, 194; in 1821, 
 968; in 1831, 997; in 1841, 391; and in 1851, 334. 
 The soil here is priucipally light and sandy, in some 
 parts loamy. 
 
 The Roman station at Plumpton or Old Penrith, 
 called in the locality by the common name of Castle- 
 stead, is a largo station about thirteen miles south of 
 Carlisle. Horsley conjectures it to be the ancient 
 Bremetenracum. The turnpike road goes close past 
 it, as did the ancient Roman road which led from 
 Luguballia to the south of Britain. The station 
 presents the usual characteristics of a Roman camp. 
 Though not much elevated, it is sufficiently raised to 
 enjoy a most extensive view of the surrounding country. 
 The western side is the strongest, being protected by 
 the deep but narrow valley in which the river Pefteril 
 flows. Its ramparts are boldly marked, and the interior 
 of the station is filled up to their level with a mass of 
 prostrate habitations. The largest heap of ruins is on 
 the north-east quarter ; it may be the remains of the 
 Pretorium. The fosse is well defined on the north, 
 south, and west sides. Enough of the eastern gate 
 remains to show that it has been a double portal. One 
 stone of the threshold still retains its position ; it is 
 worn by the feet of the ancient tenants of the city,
 
 LAZONBY PARISH, 
 
 577 
 
 and is circularly chafed by the aclion of the door in 
 opening and shutting. Several very large stones, which 
 have been used in the construction of the south gate- 
 way lie near their original site — some of them yet 
 exhibit the holes iu which the pivots of the door turned. 
 The line of the street, which went from the eastern to 
 the western gateway, is discernible. On the outside of 
 the south-cast corner of the station, an arched cliamber 
 or passage was discovered a few years ago, but it is now 
 filled up with rubbish. Extensive remains of ancient 
 foundations have been removed from the field on the 
 east of the station ; here, according to tradition. Old 
 Penrith stood. There are also indications of suburban 
 buildings to the west of the station. In the neighbour- 
 hood of the camp, and even at some distance from it, 
 we meet, in the houses and stone fences, with such a 
 number of the small neat stones which were usually 
 emploj'ed in the construction of Roman dwellings, as to 
 impress us with the idea that the suburban buildings 
 were very extensive in that direction. In lowering a 
 part of the turnpike road, some time ago, about a 
 quarter of a mile south of the station, a well, cased 
 with Roman masonry, was exposed. It is square, and 
 is set diagonally to the road ; it now copiously supplies 
 the neighbouring farm-houses, who formerly were, in 
 dry seasons, much inconvenienced by the scarcity of 
 water. Several sculptured and inscribed stones, as 
 well as coins, have been found here. 
 
 Plumpton Park was anciently demesne of the crown, 
 and is thus described by Bishop Gibson in his edition 
 of Camden : — " TTpon the bank of Petril lies Plumpton 
 Park (once called tlie Ilaja do Plumpton) very large, 
 and formerly set apart by the kings of England for the 
 keeping of deer, but by King Henry VIII. prudently 
 planted with men, being almost a frontier between 
 England and Scotland; not that Henry VII I. Ilrst of 
 all peopled it, ho only gave greater freedom and liberty 
 to the inhabitjints by disforesting it, and there were 
 as many parishes and townships in it before as are 
 since." Sandford informs us that in 1008 Plumpton 
 Park belonged to Sir John Lowther, of Lowther, and 
 many freeholders. lie also adds that after it was 
 disparkcd by Henry Vlll. it was given on lease for 100 
 years to " one Jack a JIusgravo, a raetled man, who 
 planted five of his sons at five seveml houses in it; 
 some i'-.!00, some X'50 per annum, and many tenants 
 besides." After the oxpinition of tiic lease to the 
 JIusgravos, James I., by letters patent, dated July 
 10th, H')'i'i, granted the same to James JIurray, after- 
 wards Earl of Annaudale, for forty years, on a payment 
 
 of .£121 Cs. 3d. On becoming possessed of this pro- 
 perty he sought to eject the tenants, on the ground 
 that they had held their lauds by border service, which 
 having ceased, their tenure ceased also. Put it was 
 agreed, by mutual consent, that on the tenants paying 
 iSUO to the said James Murray they should hold their 
 tenements as before. In 1025 Charles I. granted 
 Plumpton Park in fee to the above-named John ]\Iurray, 
 at that time Earl of Aunandale, and at that period it 
 contained, by estimation, 2,436 acres, with common of 
 pasture in the forest of Inglewood. It was to be held 
 by fealty, in free and common socage, and not in caiiite. 
 The Earl of Annandale sold the manor or lordship of 
 Plumpton, Plumpton Park, Plumpton Park Head, and 
 Plumpton Head iu 1053, for the sum of £'3,000, to 
 Dame Eleanor Lowther, vfidow, from whom it has 
 descended to the present lord, the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 The manor is partly in Lazonby and partly in Ilesket 
 parish. The Earl of Lonsdale purchased Plumpton 
 Hall and demesne of the Duke of Norfolk, in 1808. 
 The landowners ai'e John Simpson, Esq. ; William 
 Blamire, Esq. ; the trustees of the late R. H. Parker, 
 Esq.; the Earl of Lonsdale; George Di.xon, Esq.; 
 George Bell, Esq.; Sir George Musgrave, Bart.; 
 Messrs. George Robinson, Joseph Row, \Vm. Lazonby, 
 Richard Watson ; the representatives of the late John 
 de Whelpdale, the representatives of the late James 
 Little, and Elizabeth Hunter. 
 
 Salkeld Gate is a hamlet in this township, four and 
 a half mUes north-by-west of Penrith. 
 
 THE CnAI'EI,. 
 
 The chapel-ofease, dedicated to St. John the Evan- 
 gelist, was erected in 1707, at an expense of £'200, 
 defrayed by contributions in the neighbourhood. Sir. 
 John Brown, of Plumpton, gave £'200 towards the 
 endowment, with which, and a sum of money obtained 
 from (Juoon Anne's Bounty, an estate was purchased at 
 Castle Sowcrby, for the support of the minister. The 
 gross value of the living is about £'15 a year. William 
 Blamire, Esq., is patron. 
 
 Salkeld (iate School is endowed with £5 a year; 
 arising from £100 left in 17 •'>'.), by John Scott, of 
 Hallrigg. 
 
 Tiio single houses Iiaving particular names are 
 Roman Way, Plumpton Hall, and Petteril Green. 
 Tho river Petteril runs nearly north and south, and 
 divides tho township from Plumpton Street, in the 
 parish of Hesket. There nro two mills, viiS., Plumpton 
 Mill and Plumpton Foot Mill. 
 
 68
 
 578 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 MELMERBY PARISH. 
 
 Tnis parish, which is nbout two miles in length by one in broadtb, is bounded on the north and west by Adding- 
 ham. on tlio south by Ousby, and on the onst by Alston, llartsido Fell, which is situate in this parish, rises to a 
 height of l.aOO feet above the village of Mclmerby. and is ascended by a gentle incline of about one foot in twenty. 
 Its surface is generally smooth, and afifords good pasturage for sheep. A lead mine has been wrought here for many 
 years, but it is not very productive. In one part, above n spacious valley, rises abruptly the bold front of a lime- 
 stone rock, called Mclmerby Scar, which was at ono time so intermixed with load ore, that the rays of the setting 
 sun fulling upon it, rendered it visible at a great distance. Tiic Helm winds arc felt here in all tbeir violence.' 
 There are two mineral springs in the parish, but they arc not much resorted to. The soil in the lower and culti\'ated 
 parts of the parisli is of a dry sandy nature, resting on a red freestone rock, and produces good crops of oats, barley, 
 and potatoes. Mclmerby possesses no dependant townships. 
 
 Tiie area of Mclmerby is 4,496 acres, and its rateable 
 value il.'ilO. Tlie number of inhabitants in 1801 
 was2Q3; in 1811, 210; in 1821, 250; in 1831, 280; 
 in 1811, 329 ; and in 1851, 290; who are chiefly en- 
 gaged in agriculture, and reside principally in the 
 village of Mehnerby. Penrith is the market usually 
 attended. 
 
 The manor of Melmerby was comprised in the 
 barony of Adam Fitz-Swevn. In the reign of Henry 
 III. it was held by Odard de Wigton, and it continued 
 in his family for three generations, when it was given 
 by Margaret de Wigton to Sir Robert Parving, Knt., 
 the king's serjeant-at-law, whose sister's son, Adam 
 Peacock, succeeded and assumed the name of Parving. 
 This Adam died in the 4lh Richard II. (1380-1), when 
 Melmerby came to Henry de Throlkeld, in whose family 
 it continued for several generations, till Anne, daughter 
 and coheir of Lancelot Threlkeld married William 
 Threlkeld, of a collateral branch of the same family. 
 This gentleman purcliased the whole of Mclmerby, and 
 had issue a daughter and heir Elizabeth, married to 
 
 Thomas Pattenson, Esq., of Breok, in "Westmoreland, 
 who thus became possessed of Melmerby. The mano- 
 rial rights and privileges are at present held by the 
 Rev. John Hall, of Clifton, near Bristol, who is also 
 the owner of more than half the parish, the remainder 
 is apportioned and divided info small estates, and occu- 
 pied by a few resident yeomen. The land here is 
 principally freehold ; but a smaU portion is customary 
 land. At the death of the lord or change of tenant, the 
 occupier pays two and a half year's value. Melmerby 
 Hall, the ancient seat of the lords of the manor, the 
 property of the Rev. John Hall, is at present occupied 
 by James Ryder, Esq., of Liverpool. 
 
 There is another mauor in this parish, called Gale 
 Jfanor, which belonged to tlie Huttous of Hutton 
 Hall, Penrith. It has since been the property of the 
 family of Holme, and is now possessed by the Rev. 
 John Hall. Gale HaU, the manor house is now 
 occupied as a farmstead. A portion of the common of 
 the parish was enclosed by an act passed in 1855. 
 
 The village of Mclmerby is situated on the road from 
 
 > We suT'join the following remarks on the Tlelm wind, by Ihe Rev. John Watson, of Cumrew :— " Helm wind is a local name of 
 HDCertain derivation (\ml supposed to be so called from the cloud, which like a cap or helmet covers the top of ihe mountain) applied 
 to a very violent wind blowing from some eastern point of the compass, but moslly due east, at the foot of the ninunuiins known by the name of 
 the Cross Fell range, and confined both in length and breadth to the space contained between the Helm and Helm Bar, hereafter 
 described. For the belter nnderstamiing of tliis phenomenon it may be necessary first to point out the peculiar situation of the counlry 
 where it occurs. The counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland are bounded on the eastern side by a chain of raonnlains, separately 
 known by ililferent names along the rai:ge, but collecuvely called the ' Pennine Chain." from their Roman n:une Jlpes rcnini. The general 
 direction is from north-west by north to south-east by south, and the northern extremity is at Talkin and Tyndnle FcUs, not far from" which 
 tJte railroad from Carlisle to Newcastle crosses to the east, the highest point of which is rather more than 401) feet above' the level of tlie sea. 
 Tyndale Fell rises rapidly to a considerable height, Talkin Fell more gradually; and the hills rise by degrees in the above-named 
 direction towards the summit of Cross Fell, which is 2,001 feet above tlie level of the sea: southward of this the range continues till it 
 joins Stainnioor; in this direction there is no great depression as at the nortli. The ascent on the east is more gradual than on the west, 
 where it is sudden, with few or no spurs or outliers, except u few conical hills near Dufton in Westmoreland, called pikes. The mountains 
 consist chiefly of the carboniferous hmesione; at the norihem extremity the coal measures come in ; near Melmerby, slate and some of the 
 older formations are thrown up ; the new red sandstone extends all along the western base. .-Mong the summit of this chain of mountains, and 
 extending from three or four to sixteen or eighteen miles each way north and south from the highest point, there is often seen a large. Ion" 
 roll of clouds, the western front clearly defined and quite sep.arated from any other cloud on that side ; it is at times above the mountain', 
 sometimes resting on its top, but most frequently descends a cousideralile way down its side ; this is called the Helm. In opposition to this 
 and at a variable distance towards the west, is another cloud with its eastern edge as clearly defined as the Holm, and at the same elevation' 
 this is called the Bar, or Bur; the space between the Helm and the Bar is the limit of the wind. The distance between the Helm and Uie Bar 
 varies as the Bar advances or recedes from the Helm, this is sometimes not more than half a mUe, sometimes three or four miles, occasionally 
 the Bar seems to coincide with the western horizon, or it disperses and there is no Bar, and tlien there is a general east wind extending over all 
 the country westward. However violent the wind be between tlie Helm and the Bai-, the violence cuds there ; as on the west side of the Bar 
 there is either no wind, or it blows in the conUary direction, or from various points in strong and sudden gusts, but the general direction of the
 
 MELMERBY PARISH. 
 
 579 
 
 Alston to Penrith, nine miles north-east- by-east of the 
 latter place, and ten miles south-west-by-west of the 
 former town. It is said to derive its name from its 
 having been' the residence of ilelmor, a Dane, during the 
 time the Northmen were dominant in Etiglaiid. 
 
 "The old midsummer custom of the bon-tire is still 
 observed at JVIehuerby, perhaps the only place in Cum- 
 berland and Westmoreland at which this remnant of 
 tire -worship still lingers. At the alteration of the 
 Calendar in this country. Midsummer Eve, old style, 
 fell on the -Ith of July, and this is still the time of 
 observance at Melmerby. There is thus a singular 
 retrogression of a day, but the cause of the change 
 does not appear. The following day, until within two 
 or three years since, was kept as the annual village 
 festival. It was a holiday for a considerable e.Ktent of 
 the fell sides, and used to be attended by a great con- 
 course of people. Preparations on a most extensive 
 scale were made, partly fur the accommodation of the 
 general public, but still more for the private entertain- 
 ment of friends. For several days previous to the 
 feast, the village ovens were in continual daily and 
 nightly requisition. Sports were held out of doors, and 
 iu every house there was merry-making, which never 
 ended with the first day. To such a ruinou.s extent 
 was the hospitality of the season carried, that many 
 persons, it is said, felt its eflfects for the ensuing twelve 
 months. But this reunion of friends, which was, how- 
 
 ever, already declining, has been quite discontinued 
 since the establishment of certain cattle fairs in the 
 spring and autumn, and for tliese times the annual 
 visits aie now reserved." ' 
 
 THE CHUnCH. 
 
 Melmerby church, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, 
 is a small old structure, consisting of nave and chancel, 
 with a small bell tiirret, carrying two bells, and a porch 
 beneath. The east gable is surmounted by a cross. 
 Some few portions of the ancient stained glass, which 
 once adorned the windows of this church, may yet be 
 seen; and in the chancel is a gravestone, which is 
 supposed to cover the remains of some member of the 
 Thrclkeld fiimily, as it bears their arms, and a cross 
 floree, with a sword. The ancient piscina still remains in 
 the south side of the chancel. In the churchyard, on 
 the south side of the church, are the remains of an old 
 cross, which was broken up some years ago. Dr. Todd 
 tells us, that "in the year 131^ Sir liobert Parving, 
 Knt., having obtained a license from Edward III., and 
 also the consent of the bishop of the diocese (confirmed 
 by the prior and convent of St. Mary Carlisle), and of 
 the rector, founded and endowed a college of eight 
 chantry priests and chaplains, the chief of whom was 
 to be styled custos collcgii, within the church of ilel- 
 merby, to the honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary and all 
 
 1 « Cumberland and Westmoreland, Ancient and Modern," p. IIB. 
 
 wind is not changi'd; when tlic Bur advances so fur as to reach the Hehn the wind ceases. Xeitlier the Hehn nor the Bar are separate or 
 detached clouds, but may rallier be said to be the bold clearly defined front of a Inrj^c body of clouds extending eastward behind the Helii], and 
 westward from llie Bar. The open space between the Helm and the Bar vnries front eight or ten to tliirty or forty miles in length, and from 
 half a mile to four or six miles in breadth ; it is of an elliptical form, as the llilm and tlie Bar are united at the ends. A represenuttion of ihe 
 Helm, Bar, and space between, may be maiie by opening the fore-finger and lliumb of each hand and plaiing tlieir lips lo each otlier, the 
 thumbs will then represent the llilin on the top of the fell, ihe fore-lingers the Bar, and the open space between tlie variable limit of the wind. 
 The wind is very irngnlar, but mh.m frequent from tile end of Heptember to -May; it rarely ocoms in llie summer niontlis. The villages of 
 Milbum, Kirkhmd, Dusby, Melmerby, ond Gamblcsby, are most subjeot to it ; the more distant from the highest point ihe less ii is felt ; it 
 seldom occurs at Castle Carrork, aurl is known only by name at Talkiu. Sometimes when the atmosphere is quite settled, hardly a cloud lo be 
 seen, and not a breath of wind stirring, a small cloud appears on the summit, extends itself to the north and ai>ulh ; tlie Helm is then said to 
 be on, and in a few minules the wind is blowing so violently as to break down trees, overllirow stacks, occasionally blow a person from his 
 horse, or overtuni a horse and curt. When the wiud blows the Hi-Ini seems violently agitated, and on ascending the fell and enu-riug it, there 
 is not niui'li wind. Siunelimes a llelin forms and goes off widiout a wind, and there are easterly wimls without a Helm. The open space is 
 clear of clouds, with llic cxccplion «'f small pieces breaking off now and then from liie Helm, and either disappearing or being tlriven rapidly 
 over to the Bar ; but lhrr>ugh this open space is often seen a higher stratum of clouds quilo at rest ; within the space iles.-ribed. ihe wind blows 
 continuidly — it has been kuuwn to do so for nine days together, the Bar advancing or receding t*> different distances. When heard or felt for 
 the first time it docs not seciii so very exireordiuury, but when heard and felt for days tiigether, it gives a strong impression of sublimity. Its 
 sound is peculiar, and when once known is easily distinguished from that of ordinary winds. It cannot be heard more than three or four nitles; 
 but when In the wind or near it, it has been compared to die noise made by ilic sea in a violent storm lu lirsl efficl on llie spirits is exbUara- 
 ling, and it gives a kind of buoyancy to die body. The country subject to il is very healthy, but it docs great injury lo the vegelAlioD, 
 by beating Ihe groin, grass, ond leaves of trees, till quile black. t)u the easlcni side of the mountain liiey have no knowledge when die Helm 
 wind is blowing violently on the west; and people ou (he Icll, when a mist cornea on, do not know that there is a wiud tUl they descend the 
 western side. Il was long .wpposed tliat ibis wind was peculior to ibis ooiinlry ; but il now appears there arc similar phenomena in different 
 places. Hir J. Hei-sehel fonii'l one at the Cupe of CuihI lli.pe; l'rofess<>r Siavely noticed one of the same kind near Belfast; and Profeawr 
 Buche, of Philadelphia, when passing the Alps, obsened a like appearance ou Mount Ceuis.** 
 
 The following observaiiniis, on the Helm wind, are from the pen of Dr. Banics, of Carlisle, and are tlie best tliat have as yet appeared 
 relating to die subject before us : — " The air or wind fhiin the east ascends ilie gradual slope of the cast<!ru side of the I'cniiiue Cliain or Cross 
 Fell range of niuuntains, to the siiminitof Cross KeU, where it entA.Ts die Helm or Cap, and is cooled In a low leiiipemmre; il tlieii niahes forcibly 
 down the abrupt declivity of diewesteni side of ihe mountain inlo die valley beneath, in consequence of ihe valley bciiigof a woriucr leinperalure, 
 and tliis consliluies die Helm wind. The sudden and violent rushing of the wiiul ilowii die ravines and crrviccf of the inoiintains occasions the 
 loud noise that is heard. At a varymg distance from liie bane of the moiinlaiu the Helm wmd is nuilicd by the warmth of the low ground, and
 
 580 
 
 LEATH WABD. 
 
 the saints. To this new society the founder gave all the 
 tithes and advowson of this church, with the patronage 
 of tlie churcli of Skelton, and one messuage and a bovate 
 of laud in Melinerby. iJut this foundation," Dr. Todd 
 odds, " if it ever took place, did not continue long; for 
 within two or three years after, the bishop collated to 
 the rectory Koger de Cromwell."' The church is 
 rectorial, and is entered in the Valor of Pope Nicholas 
 at £13 13s. 'Id., and in the King's Book at £1'2 1 Is. -id. 
 It is now worth about ilTU per annum, besides thirty- 
 eight acres of glebe. The tithes have been commuted 
 for i'l 1 8 per year. The lord of the manor is patron of 
 1 Jeffei-sou'3 " Lcath Ward," p. 303. 
 
 the living. The parish register commences in 1701. 
 
 Kectobs. — Sir Thomas de Berneston, 1332 ; Thomas Blythe, 
 exchanged in VMi ; John de Manserge, 134'2; Roger de Crom- 
 well, 1313 ; KobertdeBromfield, 13iU; Sir Henry de Wakefield, 
 1-354; Sir William de Pulhow, 1359; Rowland Threlkeld occurs 
 1520 ; Sir Edward Stampc, 1505 ; Sir George Threlkeld, 1572; 
 George War.vick, ] GOn ; Richard Singleton, died 1081 ; William 
 Threlkeld, 1084 ; William Lindscy, l"Ol ; Lancelot Pattenson, 
 1739; John Jameson, 1700 ; John Slee, 1785 ; Joseph Bardgett, 
 1821 ; Robert Cave Pattenson, 1844 
 
 The rectory is a ueat stone building, erected in 1856, 
 by the present rector. 
 
 The Wesleyan Methodists have a place of worship 
 here. 
 
 NEWTON REIGNY PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by Hutton-in-the-Forest, on the west by Dacre and Skelton, on the south by 
 Dacre, and on the east by Penrith. It is about four and a half miles in length, by two in breadth. The soil is a 
 good heavy loam, except near Catterlen Hall, where it is rather light and gravelly. Previous to the enclosure of 
 Catterlen Fell, which took place in 1812, the parishioners had the privilege of grazing sheep on it during the sum- 
 mer months. The parish comprises the townships of Newton Pveigny and Catterlen, whose united area is 2,441 
 acres. The inhabitants are principally engaged in agricultural pursuits, and attend the markets at Penrith. 
 
 reside in the village of Newton. The rateable value is 
 
 NEWTON REIGSY. 
 
 The population of the township of Newton Eeigny in 
 1801 was 128; in 1811, 110; in 1821, 126; in 1831, 
 151; in 1841, 103; and in 1851, 174; who chiefly 
 
 £1,102 19s. Od. ; the extent, 1,971 acres. 
 
 Newton Reigny possesses very distinct traces of that 
 race commonly supposed to have been the aborigines of 
 
 meets wiili the wind from the west, which resists its further course. The higher temperature it has acquired in the valley, and the meeting 
 of tlie rotitrary eurrent, occasion it to rebound and ascend into the upper region of the atmosphere. When the air or wind has reached the 
 height of the Hehii. it is ognin cooled to the low temperature of this cold region, and is consequently unable to support the same quantity of 
 vapour it hod in llie valley; llie water or moisture contained in the air is therefore condensed by the cold, and forms the cloud called the 
 Helm Bar. The meeting of the opposing currents beneath— while there ure frequently strong gusts of wind from all quarters, and the sudden 
 condensation of the air and moisture in the Bar cloud, give rise to its agitation or connection, as if struggling with contrary blasts. The Bar is 
 therefore not the cause of the limit of the Helm wind, as is generally believed, but is the consequence of it. It is absurd to suppose that the 
 Bar, which is a light cloud, can impede or resist the Helm wind ; but if it even possessed a suSiciem resisting power it could liave no influence 
 on the wind which is blowing near the surface of the earth, and which might pass under the Bar. The variable distance of tlie Bar from the 
 Helm is owing to the changing situation of the opposing and conflicting currents, and the difference of temperature of different parts of the low 
 ground near the base of the mountain. When there is a break or opening in the Bar the wind is said to rush through with great violence, and 
 to extend over the country. Here again the effect is mistaken for the cause. In this case, the Helm wind, wbicli blows always from the east, 
 lias, in some place underneath the observed opening, overcome the resistance of tlie air, or of the wind from the west, and of course does not 
 rebound and ascend into the higher regions to form the Bar. The supply being cut off, a break or opening in that part of llie Bar necessarily 
 takes place. When the temperature of the lower region has fallen, and l)ecoine nearly uniform with that of the mountain range, the Helm wind 
 ceases: the Bar and the Helm approach and join each other, and rain not u.ifre(|uently fjllows. When the Helm wind has overcome all the 
 resistance of the lower atmosphere, or of the opposing current from the west, and tlie teniperature of the valley and the mountain is more nearly 
 equalised, there is no rebound or ascent of the wind, consequently the Bar ceases to be formed, the one already existing is dissipated, ond a 
 general cast wind prevails. There is little wind in the Helm cloud, because the air is colder in it than in the valley, and the moisture which the 
 air contains is more condensed, and is deposited in the cloud upon the summit of the mountain. There is rarely either a Hehii, Helm wind, or 
 Bar, during the summer, on account of llie higher temperature of the summit of the Cross Fell range and the upper regions of tlic atmosphere at 
 that season of the year. The different situations of the Helm, on tlie side, on the summit, and above the mountain, will depend on the 
 temperature of these ploces. When the summit of the mountain is not cold enougli to condense the vapour, the Helm is situited iiigher in a 
 colder region, and will descend the side of the mountains if the temperature be sufliiieiuly low to produce that efl'ect. The sky is clear between 
 the Helm and Bar, because the air below is warmer, and con support a greater quantity of vapour rising from the surface of the earth, and this 
 vttponr is driven forward by the Helm wind, and ascends in the rebound to the Bar. In short, the Helm is merely a cloud or cap upon the moun- 
 tain, the cold air descends from llie Helm to the valley, and constitutes the Helm wind ; and when warmed and rorified in the valley, ascends and 
 forms the Bai-. An objection has been taken to this theory, on the ground that there is no Helm wind in the valley of the Tyue; but the 
 cu-cumstances are very differenl, this valley is situated much higher than that of the Eden, and the summit of the mountain on the east is con- 
 siderably lower than the top of Cross Fell. The former valley has alsu a high ridge of mountains on the west, the latter a low and extensive 
 plain. The fad that the Helm wind never extends further than the Bar tends to prove the truth of the theory."
 
 NEWTON REIGNY PARISH. 
 
 581 
 
 tho country, the earliest of which we find mention in the 
 history of the island ; and who, whether known by the 
 name of Celts or Cimbri, were, if not of identical, certainly 
 of kindred blood. These traces consist of several 
 barrows, occurring on a lino of road south of the village, 
 from one of which urns Lave been obtained, characteristic 
 of the pre-Roman period. Their conquerors and sue" 
 cessor-s, at least in dominion, have also during their 
 military occupancy of the island, at any rate for a 
 brief period, dwelt within tliis parish, as is evidenced by 
 tho outline of a camp, situated to the east of the church, 
 and which appears to have been of considerable extent- 
 Following the chronological sequence we have com- 
 menced, a long hiatus e.\ists between the later marks 
 left on the soil and the earliest mention in written 
 documents. William de Reigny was impleaded in a 
 writ of right, 3:!rd Henry IT. (1180) by William de 
 Lascelles, for a knight's fee of land in Newton, but he 
 must have been unsuccessful, for John de Reigny was 
 lord of the manor in the 4th John (1203), as is evidenced 
 from the mention of him in the " Testa de Neville,'' 
 from which it appears that Turston de Reigny, father of 
 the aforesaid William, was the original grantee. The 
 male line of the Reignys became extinct on the death of 
 John, and his inheritance passed to co-heiresses, and 
 another blank at present remains between that period 
 and the reign of Edward I., early in which we find 
 Robert Burnell, bishop of Bath and Wells, held Newton 
 by the service of finding an esquire to serve in the 
 king's army against Scotland, with an haubergeon 
 and an iron helmet, at his own cost, for the period of 
 forty days. In tho IStli Edward I. (1200), Bishop 
 Burnell conveyed the manor to Hugh de Lowther, from 
 whom it has passed, without alienation, to his descendant, 
 the present Earl of Lonsdale. Tho old manor house 
 now serves as a farmstead. The principal landowners 
 in tho township are the Earl of Lonsdale, Rev. John 
 Nicholson, Thomas Moorliouse, Esq., William Jackson, 
 Esq., Messrs. John Brunskill, John Hodgson, William 
 Sowerby, John Shophard, John Boll, John Scott, and 
 John and Joseph Thompson. 
 
 Tho village of Xcwton licigny occupies an elevated 
 position, and is situated three miles north-west-by-west 
 of Penrith. 
 
 THE cnvncii. 
 Newton Reigny church, which is exleru.illy rude and 
 bald in its appearance, greatly owing to the repairs it 
 underwent about thirty years ago, is internally divided 
 into nave with aisles and chancel, the former is separated 
 from its aisles by three obtuse pointed arches, springing 
 on the northern side from octagonal, and on the southern 
 
 from circular pillars. A fine pointed arch divides the 
 nave from the chancel, at the eastern end of which is a 
 modern pointed window of three fights, constructed in 
 woodwork, having opposite to it, at the western end of 
 the nave, another also of three lights, differing in the 
 details of the heading. A piscina and credence table 
 are still in existence in the chancel ; and two other 
 piscinas, one in each aisle of the nave, evidence that 
 these have been used as chantries. The character of 
 the architecture indicates the date of the construction 
 of the church as being about the commencement of the 
 fourteenth century. There is a vault belonging to the 
 Vau.x family, of Catterlen ; and three sepulchral notices 
 of members of the Richmond family ; as also the fol- 
 lowing rude attempt at verse, which tells us that, — 
 
 Under lyetli James Pearson here, 
 Curate of this place forty year ; 
 Who buryeil was -Marcli the first. 
 I hope his soul in heaven doth rest. 
 Anno Domini 1C70. 
 
 This church has been appropriated for centuries to the 
 see of Cariisle, and is, in records of an eady date, 
 denominated a chapel. The altarage was granted in 
 the year 1338, by Bishop Kirby, to Nicholas de Claus, 
 for his life, reserving to the bishop and his successors 
 two marks of silver annually, and being mindful that 
 divine service should be regularly performed. Nineteen 
 years after. Sir Gilbert Baker, called keeper of the 
 chantry, resigned, and was succeeded by Sir John de 
 Bramra. In 1300 Bishop Wclton granted license to 
 the prior of the Augustiniaiis of Penrith to officiate at 
 Newton for the term of four years. In 1523 Bishop 
 Kite let the chapelry to farm to Sir Christopher Dacre 
 and others, at the annual rent of ten marks. In 1035 
 legal proceedings were taken against Bishop Potter and 
 Sir Thomas C^rleton, Knt., his lessee of the rectory 
 (so called), for not allowing a sufficient maintenance to 
 tho curate ; and thereupon it was agreed that the 
 curate for the time being should henceforth have all 
 the rectory, the tithe corn e.\cepted, and from that 
 should receive Sd 13s. Id., which being subsequently 
 advanced to j£10 13s. 4d., still continues to be paid. 
 In J 705 the church received a grant from Queen 
 Anne'iJ Bounty of £200, which, in conjunction with 
 a donation of a similar sum from Dr. Holme, was 
 invested in the purchase of an estate at Kirkstone 
 Fell foot. The living is now worth about i'SO a 
 year, exclusive of a house and garden. Tho tithes of 
 the parish were commuted, in 1839, for £108 7s. 9d., 
 viz., rectorial i'lll 7s. 3d., and vicarial £23 8s. 6d. 
 Tho parish registers commence iu 1572. The list of
 
 582 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 incumbents is very imperfect ; the following is as uear 
 an approximation as we are able to arrive at : — 
 
 Ikctmbejcts. — Edward Nicholson, died 1593 ; Robert Troot- 
 b«ck, died 1G30 ; James Pearson, died IU70 ; Hugh Newton, 
 
 ; Philip Robinson, died 17HG; John Pearson, died 1831; 
 
 Robert Pearson, vacated lb45; Joseph Castlehow, vacated 1&40, 
 when John B. Wightwick, present incumbent, succeeded. 
 
 The parsonage bouse is a plain building, erected about 
 thirty yeare ago, from funds obtaiued from Queen Anne's 
 Bounty and other sources. 
 
 CATTERLEN. 
 
 The area of this township is 1,470 acres, and its 
 rateable value j£9 14 48. '2d. The number of its inhabi- 
 tants in 1801 was 02 ; in 1811, 104 ; in 1821, 124 ; ! 
 ui 1831, 12 J ; in 1811, 147; and in 1801, 130; who 
 chiefly reside in Catterlen village. 
 
 The township of Catterlen presents no objects of 
 antiquarian interest, and culls for no notice previous to 
 the Norman Conquest, at which epoch we find it in the 
 possession of a Saxon proprietor, named Uhtredus, who, 
 as we gather from the charter of Henry II., quoted at 
 length under the pedigree of the ^'auxes of GUsland, was 
 the last Saxon owner; and under the following pedigree 
 will be found as full an account of the possessors of the 
 manor to the present time as we have been able to 
 compile from original sources, and from the labours of 
 our predecessors, especially from the account of the 
 family given by Jefferson in his " Leath Ward :" — 
 
 OauT of CalltrleiT. 
 
 Jons DE Taci, KcI., of Catterlen, is the first of whom we 
 find mention, and probably tlie original grantee for Catterlen or 
 Eaderleng, as it is tliere called, was confirmed to Hubert de 
 Vanr, in the charter of Henry II., which must have been made 
 between 1154 and U6~, and Sir John was of this manor, IGth 
 Henry II. (1170). He was succeeded by his son, 
 
 John de Vacx, Knt., of Catterlen, 33nd Henry IL (1186). 
 His successor was his son, 
 
 WnjLUu DE Taux, of whom no special mention is made, 
 
 WnxiAU DB Vaux, Uving here in the reign of Hetiry III., 
 and who had issue two sons, 
 
 I. William, his successor. 
 
 H. John, from wiiom descended the Vauxcs of Odihani, Hamp- 
 shire. 
 
 WiLLLAB DE Vaux married the daughter and heiress of a 
 collateral branch, the Vauses of Tryermaine, by whom he left, 
 
 L WiLLjAM, his successor, 
 u. Bonlaud, who had issue, 
 
 Solpb, who had, 
 
 Bobtrt. 
 
 m. James. 
 IV. John. 
 
 WiLLiAU DE Vaux, who was seated here 24th Edwanl III. 
 (1351). lie married a daughter of lUchaid de Salkcld, of 
 Korkeby, and left a son, 
 
 John de Vai-x, of whom mention is made 48th Edward III. 
 (1375). He had issue three sons, 
 
 1. John, who succeeded his father. 
 II. William, 
 m. Robert. 
 
 John de Val"x,i who was living at Catterlen, 20th Hichord II. 
 (1397). 
 
 John de Vacx, who is mentioned 4th Henry IV. (1403), he 
 left issue four sons, 
 
 I. WiLLLAsi, his successor, 
 n. John. 
 III. Thomas. 
 IV. Henry. 
 
 WiixiAM DE Xxux, who married a daughter of — Brougham, 
 and wa.s residing at Catterlen 8th Henry V. (1431.) 
 
 William de VArx,s Uving 20th Ed. IV. (J481), married a 
 daughter of — Delamere, by whom he had 
 
 John de Vaux, who married a daughter of — Crackenthorpe. 
 He was living during the reign of Richard III., and by her left 
 issue a son 
 
 WiLLLAH, Ms successor. 
 
 By a second marriage with Mary, daughter of — Skelton, he 
 had 
 
 John, from whom descended a numerous progeny. 
 
 William de Vacx, seated at Catterlen during tlie reigns of 
 Henry VII. and VIII. He is mentioned in the list of those 
 liable to Border service, given in Sir Thomas Wharton's letter, 
 dated 31th Henry VIII. (1545), from whence it appears that he 
 was liable to send four horse and six footmen ton-ards llie de- 
 fence of the Border. He married a daughter of — Leybourne, 
 and had issue four sons and two daughters, 
 
 I. BoBEBT, died without issue, 
 u. John. 
 
 III. Itiiland. 
 IT. Gilbert. 
 L Mary, married Thomas Salkeld, of Whitehall, Cumberland. 
 
 II. Dorothy, married — Senhouse of Seascale Hall, Cumberland. 
 
 John Vaox, who, it seems, held Catterlen 35th Henry VIII. 
 (1544), by the service of paying to the king 'iid. yearly. 
 
 Roland Vacx, particular notice of whom will be found under 
 the description of the hall, married Ann, daughter of — Salkeld, 
 and by her had a large family, 
 1. William, his successor, 
 IL Thomas, by his wife or wives, had a very numerous family. 
 
 ' Tills may be that John de Vaux, who iu the Brougham peili'Tee 
 is set down as having married a daughter of a John de Brnii^jham, 
 who is there stated lo have been sheriff of Cumberland in 138.3, but 
 the name of that family does not occur in the lists as either sheriff or 
 laiight of ibe shire until (ith Will, and Mary, when Henry Brougham 
 of Scales, filled the former office. 
 
 2 A certain Robert Vans was sheriff of Cumberland, 30ih Henry 
 yi. (14,')2) : again 2nd and 3rd Edward IV. (1463-4); and once 
 more in the 7ih of tlie sane reign (U6S), if he were of Catterlen he 
 preceded this William.— (?)
 
 NEWTON EEIGNY PARISH. 
 
 583 
 
 III. Hamphrey. 
 
 IV, liicliurd. 
 
 T. Jullll. 
 
 J. .Tnnc, married to Sir William Iliitton, l-y wliom she bad ft 
 family. 
 
 II. Isabel, inarried to John Simpsou, by whom she had chMrcn. 
 
 III. Phillas died young. 
 
 William Vaux, married Jane , and by her had a son, 
 
 his successor, and five daughters. 
 
 I. .loux. 
 I. Aon. 
 
 II. Jane. 
 
 III. Mary. 
 
 IV. Dorothy. 
 y. Barbara. 
 
 JouN Vacx married JIabel Jlusgravc, by whom lie had, 
 
 I. Madelaine died young. 
 
 II. Mnbi'l, wlio mavrifil Cliristoplier Richmond, of nighhead. 
 
 III. Mary, who inarried William Graham, of Nunnery. 
 
 Arms.— Or.a Tesse ehcquy, gold, and giiles, between three garbs of 
 the third, banded of the first in chief, a label of three points. 
 
 ^irhmmib of Catlcrttit ISjall. 
 
 1 CmiisTornr.r. RirmioND, inarried Mabel, daughter and co- 
 heiress of John Vaux, of Catterlen Hall, by \Yhom lie received 
 that inheritance, in addition to bis patrimony of High Head 
 Castle. They had the following chiKlren : — 
 
 I. CiiuisTopuKE, his successor. 
 
 II. John. 
 
 III. George. 
 
 IV. Thomas. 
 I. Isabel. 
 
 II. Magdalen. 
 
 1 This Christopher was descended from John Richmond, who pnr- 
 chased Hij?h Ilimi from John Restwold, to whom it had descended 
 trom the laniily of Knglish. The said John Richmond had a son 
 and heir, 
 
 .John Richmond, who, in the Ini Elizabeth, was impleadad for a 
 pnrpresturc of sixty acres. He married firstly. — Dacre, but had 
 no children; sccondlv, .Margaret Ualston, of Uldalc, by wiiom be 
 had. 
 
 I. CnauTornxB, liii niccaaaor. 
 II. John, dic<l youDg. 
 
 ni. PranctH, married a daughter of Lancelot Fletcher. 
 
 IV. Margaret, ronrriod Sir KicbarU Flotrhor. of ilutton. 
 
 V. Malji;!, married John Simp«on, of Sowerby, 
 
 CiiiiisTOPHKn RicnMOXD married firstly, Ann, daughter of Thomas 
 JIayplate, of Little Salkcld, by whom be had, 
 
 1. John, who died nnmarried. 
 
 Secondly, he married Klizabctli Chayter, by whom lie had, 
 
 I. FrnnciH, who died younff. 
 
 II. CiiniATopiiEu, his father's aiiccessnr. 
 
 I. MHrt:ery, iimrried John A^li'^nby, of t'nrllslo. 
 
 II. Kllr.aboUi, married KirlinnI llaxlir. of Selii^rKham 
 ni, Mary, married John Vaui, of LilUo Muaimre, 
 
 Thirdly, be married Eleanor Beauley, by whom he had, 
 
 I. William. 
 1. .Inno. 
 11. Mabel. 
 
 IIo diid in 1(112, leaving Christopher, his son, who muried 
 ilabcl Vau.\, his successor. 
 
 By his second wife, Magdalen Huddlestone, he had, 
 
 I. Dorothy. 
 II. Margery. 
 
 lu. iMubel. 
 
 CnniSTOPiraB Eichmosd married firstly JIary, daughter of 
 — Lawson, of Isell, who died in 1672, by her he had 
 
 I. Christopher, died young. 
 
 II. CiinisToruEB, his successor. 
 I. Jane. 
 
 II. Mary. 
 
 Secondly he married Isabella Reynolds, by whom he had 
 
 I. Erasmus, died young. 
 
 II. Henry, died unmarried 171G. 
 
 III. William, died young. 
 
 I. Isabel, married to Colonel Gledhill, by whom she bad a family. 
 
 II. Elizabeth, married to Peter Broughain, by whom she had 
 
 1. Henry Richmond, died unmarried. 
 
 2. John, died unmarried. 
 
 III. Sarah, married George Simpson, and sobsequently John 
 
 Barker. 
 
 IV. Ann. 
 
 V. Mabel, married Henry Brisco. 
 Yi. Susan. 
 
 VII. Margrett, married William Gale, of Whitehaven, by whom 
 she had 
 
 1. John, who married Sarah Wilson, and hence by a son 
 
 derive the Braddyls. 
 1. Isabella, married to Henry Curwen, of Workington 
 
 Hall. Tliey bad a daughter from whom the present 
 
 proprietor of that estate descends. 
 
 viil. Martha. 
 
 CnmsToriiEn Richmond, married 1C96, Elizabeth Watson, 
 by whom he had 
 
 I. Christopher, died an infant. 
 I. Elizalieth, died unmarried. 
 11. Isabella, maiTied John Hutchinson, by whom she had 
 
 1. John, who by a daughter, was the ancestor of the Martins 
 of ItonQeld. 
 
 Upon the death of Christopher without male issue, the estates 
 devolved upon liis brother of the half blood. 
 
 Henry Uichmonh, who dying unmarried 171(1, bequeathed 
 the estates absolutely to hi.< mother. 
 
 IsAnF.i.i.A Mii.i.rR, who after the decease of her first husband 
 married Matthias Miller, she by her will, dated May 1st, 1730, 
 bequeathed Highhoad for life, and Catterlen in fee to her 
 daughter by the said Christopher. 
 
 SusA.N RjcuuoND, wlio dying unmarried in 1775, by her will 
 left to lier niece, the daughter of Margrett Richmond and 
 William Gale, of Whitehaven, as aforesaid, 
 
 Isabella Citiiwks, the estate of Catterlen, which she sold 
 to llio Duke of Norfolk, from whom Iho present proprietor, 
 Henry Howard, Ivsq , of (Jreysloko Castle, inherits Iho same. 
 
 Arms. — Ciules, two bars gemclla, a chief, or. 
 
 The principnl landowners an Henry Ho^Tard, Esq., 
 Sir Hcnrv R. F. Vane, Hart.. William Thompson, John 
 .lohnston. Joseph Moiinsey, John Lamb. Catterlen 
 Hall is now a ftirmhousc.
 
 584 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 Tlic village of Cntterlen is tliree miles north-west-by- 
 north of Peurith. Here is a small school, erected in 
 1835, which is supported by the quarter pence of the 
 children, and has an average attendance of thirty pupils. 
 
 The single houses bearing particular names are 
 Catterlen Hall, Helling Syke, Honey House, High and 
 Low Dyke. 
 
 The mansion house of Catterlen Hall, situated on a 
 hill, at the base of which flows the Petteril, is a good 
 specimen of the Border Peel Tower, with later erections, 
 indicating the additional security which advancing 
 civilisation alTorded. Tlio old tower probably dates as 
 far back as the wars of the Roses, but we possess no 
 information as to the builder. The first enlargement was 
 made by that Piowland Vaux who died in 1580, as appears 
 from a airving in stone over the door, — having, 1st and 
 4th, the arms of Vaux ; 2nd and 3rd, a cross moline 
 within a roundel, with the inscription, " Let mercy and 
 faithfulness never go from thee ;" and underneath, " At 
 this time is Roland Vaux lord of this place, and buildcd 
 this house in the year of God 1577." The letters 
 " R. v., A. v.," his own and wife's initials being at the 
 four corners. The second addition to the hall was made 
 during the Richmond period, and consists of a court- 
 house and retiring room, reached by a lofty flight of 
 
 steps from the court-yard, with inferior rooms below. 
 Above the grand door, on ascending the steps, is per- 
 ceived the arms of Vaux, quartering those of Richmond, 
 (two bars gemells) with the motto, " Deo vivente 
 juvante." Over the chimney-piece of the hall, and in 
 the centre, with the date 1057, is a wreath enclosing a 
 heart and two roses. In a similar position in the retiring 
 room is the same date, with the letters cis< enclosed in 
 a wreath. Another chimney piece, in the middle age 
 part of the hall, is said to display the coat of Richmond 
 impaling, quarterly, 1st and 4th, per bend indented, 
 three roses or, 3nd and 3r.l a saltire. 
 
 CHARITY. 
 
 Mrs. Isabella Miller, widow of Christopher Richmond, 
 and subsequently widow of Mr. Matthias Miller, having 
 become possessed of the Catterlen estate, under the will 
 of her son Henry, by her will, dated May 1st, 1736, 
 bequeathed a messuage and field, measuring about an 
 acre, in the said manor, in trust for the benefit of a 
 schoolmaster, who should teach the children of the 
 tenants the principles of the Christian religion, reading 
 and writing ; but though tradition professes to point 
 out the land, the house has long been destroyed, and 
 the benefit which was intended to accrue to the inhabi- 
 tants has been lost. 
 
 OUSBY PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Ousby extends about six miles from east to west, and about a mile and a half from north to south, 
 being bounded on the north by ■Melmerby, on the west by Addingham, and on the south and east by Kirkland. 
 About one fourth of this parish is enclosed and cultivated, the remainder forming a large common. Green Fell, 
 which rises to the height of 2,500 feet above sea level, is situated here, lying between Hartside Fell and Cross Fell. 
 That portion of the parish which is under cultivation is tolerably fertile, having generally a red marly soil, and in 
 some places a light sand, — the principal crops are oats, barley, turnips, &c. The inhabitants, who are chiefly 
 engaged in agriculture and sheep fanning, attend the Penrith markets, and occasionaOy those of Alston and Appleby. 
 
 Ousby comprises 6,000 acres of land, and its rateable 
 value is £1,653 8s. 9d. In 1801 it contained 253 
 inhabitants; in 1811, 249; in 1821, 276; in 1831, 
 291 ; in 1841, 271 ; and in 1851, 295. In the western 
 extremity of the parish are vestiges of what appears to 
 have been an ancient British fort, consisting of two 
 ramparts, an outer and inner, with an intervening ditch, 
 enclosing a pentagonal area in which an urn and several 
 fragments of ruined walls have been found. 
 
 The first recorded possessors of the manor of Ousby 
 are two sisters, who held it in moieties ; and shortly 
 afterwards we find one of these moieties held by four 
 sisters. In the time of Henry III. Julian Falcard and 
 William Armstrong occur as holding a moiety each, 
 
 and shortly afterwards we find Henry le Serjeant 
 and Patrick de Ulneby holding each an eighth part. 
 By alienation the residue was broken into small parcels, 
 some of which were given to the priory of Lanercost, 
 others to the prior of St. John of Jerusalem, some in 
 frank marriage, many small parcels were sold, and 
 many distributed among the families of Crackenthorpe, 
 Salkeld, Croftou, Beauchamp, and Raughten. The 
 estate has long been in severalities, but .the manorial 
 rights appear to have centered by purchase, or otherwise, 
 in the family of Crackenthorpe of Newbiggin, Westmore- 
 land ; W. Crackenthoi-pe, Esq., being the present lord. 
 The landowners are W. Crackenthorpe, Esq., Messrs. 
 Hare, Joseph Barker, Rev. J. Hall, B.D., John P.
 
 OUSBY PARISH. 
 
 585 
 
 Spedding, Rev. J. Ion, James Shcphard, Joseph Braith- 
 waite, Henry Hodgson, Anthony Hodgson, John Work- 
 man, John Atkinson, John and Joseph Checsbrough, 
 Isaac Westmoreland, Tliomas Goulding, the trustees of 
 the late Walter Buclianan, Rev. J. F. Courtnay, Joseph 
 Varty, William Varty, John Varty, John and Thomas 
 Cartniell, Joseph Howe, Rev. Thomas Jackson ; Mrs. 
 Bleaymire, Mrs. ^Margaret Robinson, and Mrs. Byers. 
 
 The village of Ousby, Ulnesby, Ullcsby, or Ulfsby, is 
 about nine miles east-north-east of Penrith, and twelve 
 and a lialf miles south-west of .lUston, and is said to 
 derive its name from Ulf, or Olave, a Dane, wlio settled 
 here long anterior to the Norman conquest. Nicolson 
 and Burn state that this Ulf was one of the three sons 
 of Haldan — the other two, TorqucU and I\Ielmor, settled 
 themselves respectively at Torquelby near Keswick, 
 and at Melmerby. 
 
 THE CnOBCH. 
 
 Ousby church, dedicated to St. Luke, consists of a 
 nave and chancel, with a bell turret at tlie western end, 
 carrying two bells, under which is the principal entrance. 
 There is a narrow door on the south side of the chancel. 
 The church has lately been restored, mainly at the cost 
 of the present rector. A painted window, bearing the 
 figure of St. Luke, has been erected in the eastern end of 
 the chancel. In the chancel is the figure of a crusader, 
 carved in oak, but greatly damaged and dilapidated. 
 The armour appears to be that usually termed mail, 
 the feet rest on a dog, the legs are crossed, and the 
 hands raised in the attitude of prayer. Respecting the 
 person whom this statue is supposed to represent, 
 Bishop Nicolson gives the following tradition: — "He 
 was an outlaw who lived at Crewgarth iu this [larish, 
 and was killed while he was hunting, at ii certain place 
 on the neighbouring mountain, which from that accident 
 keeps the name of Baronside to this day. For all 
 great men were anciently called barons in this country." 
 This tradition seems to be like many others, wilhout 
 any foundation in fact, for it is very improbable that 
 had this " baron," or whoever ho may have been, de- 
 served the character here given of him, that he would 
 have been buried in the chancel of a church, and his 
 luonunicnt bo in the style common to those persons who 
 had been in the Holy Land. The ancient sedilia and 
 piscina are still preserved in this church. Li front of 
 
 the former is the monument mentioned above. The 
 living of Ousby is a rectory, entered in the Valor of 
 Pope Nicholas at £11 19s., and in the King's Book 
 at £13 13s., now worth about £310. The tithes arc 
 commuted for £290. The patronage is vested in the 
 Bishop of Carlisle. The parish register commences 
 in 10G3. 
 
 Rectors. — Roger reytenin, 1245; Gilbert do IlaloughtoD, 
 
 1304; Adam de Appleby, ; Sir Robert de Halghton, 1312; 
 
 Thomas de Caldbeck, 131B ; John Grayvill, ; Sir William 
 
 de Denton, ; John de Welton, 1359 ; Robert de Welton, 
 
 1360; Sir Richard de Ulvesby, 1301 ; Sir Thomas de Kirkland, 
 1301; Sir Nicholas de Stapleton, 13G3; William de Strickland, 
 1366 ; Sir John Watreward, 13C0 ; Symon de Wharton occurs 
 1370; Cuthbert Denton occurs 1535; Hugh Sewell, died 15H3; 
 Sir Hugh Rayson, 15H3 ; Nicholas Dean, 1011; Leonard Mil- 
 biirno occurs 1044 ; Thomas Robinson, 1072 ; George Fleming, 
 1719; Lancelot Pattenson, 1735; John Delap, 175C; William 
 Raincock, 1700; Edward Christian, 17S4; Humphrey John 
 Hare, 1802 ; Thomas Lo«Ty, 1H07 ; John I'enton, lb33 ; James 
 Bush, 1854. 
 
 The rectory is a plain substantial building, built by 
 the present rector iu 1850. 
 
 There is a Wesleyan chapel, built in the year 1838, 
 and possessing accommodation for about eighty persons. 
 
 The National School is a neat building, in the Early 
 English stj'lc, erected in 185G by the rector, at a cost 
 of £300. It is under government inspection, sup- 
 ported by voluntary contributions and quarter pence, 
 and is attended by about twenty children. 
 
 An annual feast is held in the village about the 
 latter end of the month of October, soon after tlie 
 festival of St. Luke, and is celebrated by the inhabitants 
 meeting together, and by the performance of the usual 
 rural sports of the country, such as wrestling, &c. 
 ■ Bradlej', Fell Side, and the Row, are hamlets in this 
 parish. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Poor 'Money. — Robert Hutchinson, the elder, in 1 C83, 
 and Robert Hutchinson, the 3-ounger, in 1091, each left 
 £5 for the poor stock of the parish, which, being lent out 
 at interest, half of it was lost, and tho remainder was 
 applied to the poor rates. A legacy of £1 00, left by an 
 old lady about eighty years ago, whose name is now 
 unknown in the parish, is supposed to have been 
 intended for tho use of the poor ; but this also was 
 applied to the same purpose.
 
 58e 
 
 LEATH WAHD. 
 
 PENRITH PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north hy Lazonby, on tho west by Grcystoke and Newton, on the south by the 
 river Kamout, which divides it from VVestmorehmd, and on tlie east by EJeuhali. It extends about four miles in 
 length from north to south, and three and a half in breadth from east to west. The soil is in general a light red 
 mould, and is in some parts very fertile, especially near the Eaniont, -where loam prevails. The extensive common, 
 consisting of about 8,000 acres, has been enclosed and uUottcd, together with the other waste lands in luglewood 
 Forest, pursuant to an Act of Parliament passed in 1S03. The parish comprises seven divisions, viz., Burrowgate, 
 Dockray, iliddlcgate and Sandgate, Xethercnd, and Townhead, whicli constitute the town ; and the hamlets of 
 Plumpton Head, Carleton, and Eamont Bridge. Its area is 7,GG4 acres, and its rateable value £2-2, 803 14s. 4d. 
 The population in li<Ql was 3,801 ; in 1811, 4,323; in 1821, 5,385; in 1831, G,089 ; in 1841, 6,429; and in 
 1851, 7,3^7. 
 
 Our earliest infor.natioa respecting the district in 
 ■wliich Penrith and its neighbourhood ai-e situate is 
 connected with Inglewood Forest, the wood of the 
 Angles, as it was called, from the settlements made 
 within its boundaries at Plumpton, Ilutton, Newton, 
 and other places, by these German invaders. This 
 forest comprised the south-eastern half of Cumberland 
 Ward, a large portion of Leath Ward, with a portion of 
 the ward of AlIerdale-below-Derwent, and formed part 
 of tho demesne of the English crown. It appears to 
 have been a forest before the Conquest, and was 
 divided into the High Ward, from Penrith to Hesket, 
 and the Low Ward, from Hesket to Carlisle. At the 
 period of the Norman invasion this part of England 
 was held by the Scots, from whom it was taken by the 
 Conqueror, and given, with the rest of the county, to 
 Kanulph de Meschincs. Ranulph made a survey of 
 the whole county, and gave to his followers all the 
 frontiers bordering on Scotland and Northumberland, 
 Tetaining to himself the central part between the east 
 and the west mountains, " a goodly great forest, full of 
 woods, red deer and fallow, wild swine, and all manner 
 of wild beasts." During the reign of Itufus, that 
 portion of the forest which was in the neighbourhood 
 of Cariisle, was brought into cultivation by some 
 labourers who had been sent from the south of England 
 for that purpose. The other portions of the forest at 
 this, and probably to a much later period, was full of red 
 deer ; Edward I. is said to have killed 200 bucks here 
 in a few days. That monarch gave the extra-parochial 
 tithes of the forest to the convent of St. Mary Carlisle. 
 In a perambulation of the boundaries of the forest, made 
 in 1301, by the commissioners of Edward I., they were 
 declared to be as follow : — " Beginning at the bridge of 
 Caldew, without the city of Carlisle, and so by the 
 highway unto Thursby towards the south ; and from 
 Thursby by the same way through the middle of the 
 town of Thursby to Waspatrickwath, ascending by the 
 water of Wampole to the place where Shawk falls into 
 A\ ampole. And from thence going up straight to the 
 
 head of Rowland Beck ; and from that place descending 
 to the water of Caldbeck : and so down by that water 
 to the place where Caldbeck fulls into Caldew; and 
 so up to Gyrgwath ; and so by tho highway of 
 Sourby unto Stanewath under the castle of Sourby; 
 and so by the highway up to Mabel cross ; and so by 
 the hill of Keuewathen, going down by the said highway 
 through the middle of the town of Alleynby ; and so to 
 the same way unto Peliat ; and so down by the same 
 way unto the bridge of Amote ; and so from that bridge 
 going down by the bank of Amote unto Eden ; and so 
 descending by the water of Eden unto the place where 
 Caldew falls into Eden ; and from that place to the 
 bridge of Caldew aforesaid, without the gate of the city 
 of Carlisle." Thus it appears that it comprehended all 
 that large and now fertile tract of country "extending 
 westward from Carlisle, by Timrsby to Westward, and 
 thence to Caldbeck, Castle Sowerby, Mabel Cross, 
 Blencow, and Penrith, from whence its boundary 
 extends along the Eamont to the Eden, which consti- 
 tutes its eastern limits all the way northward to Carlisle, 
 where it terminates in a point, as at Westward, and 
 the confluence of the Eamont and the Eden forming a 
 sort of triangle, each side of which is more than twenty 
 miles in length." 
 
 Cumberland continued to bo held as a fief of the 
 English crown till the reign of Stephen. The troubles 
 which quickly gathered round the throne of this monarch 
 encouraged the King of Scotland, David I., to make an 
 attempt to gain possession of the northern counties, 
 which he invaded in 11.J3, and, under pretence of acting 
 in the interests of Stephen's rival. Prince Henry, 
 who had been educated at his court, made himself 
 master of all the fortresses in Cumberland and North- 
 umberland, with the exception of Bamborough. From 
 this time the possession of the northern counties con- 
 tinued to be a subject for dispute between England and 
 Scotland, and many years passed before it was finally 
 adjusted. In the reign of King .John a treaty was 
 entered into for their final surrender to the Scots, upon
 
 PENRITH PAEISH. 
 
 587 
 
 cortaiu conditions, but like many other treaties, its 
 provisions were doomed to be inoperative. In the 
 reigii of Jolui's successor, Henry III., a conference was 
 lield at York, in tlie presence of tlie papal legate, by 
 whose iutluenco chiefly the Kin(5 of Scotland was 
 induced to give up his claim, in consideration of the 
 grant of lands in Cumberland or Northumberland of 
 the value of i''.200, which he was to hold of the King of 
 England, by the annual payment to the Constable of 
 the Castle of Carlisle of a falcon. In 1^ t'2 the manors 
 of Penrith, Laugwathby, (jreat Salkeld, Sowcrby, and 
 Carleton, were granted to the Scottish king in pur- 
 suance of this agreement. For a few years the northern 
 counties of England enjoyed a comparative 'degree of 
 tranquillity. i3ut the contests for the Scottish crown 
 did not allow their state of peace to continue for any 
 lengthened period. After the crown of Scotland had 
 been adjudged to John Baliol, and he had been accepted 
 as king liy the Scots, the King of England delivered 
 to him Penrith and the other manors just mentioned; 
 but a little later, when Baliol had offended the King of 
 I'^nglaud, Edward began hostilities by the seizure of 
 these manors, which were never restored. In revenge 
 for this the Scots subsequently ravaged the country. 
 In 13tlj Pilchard II. granted the manors of Penrith, &c., 
 to John Duke of ISritanny and Ivirl of Ilichmond, to 
 be held by him so long as the castle of Brest should 
 remain in the hands of the king. This tenure appears to 
 have been of short duration, for two years afterwards he 
 granted the same manors to Ilalph Neville, carl of West- 
 moreland, and his heirs male, by >Iuliana, his wife; to be 
 held in as ample a manner :u> they had been by Alexan- 
 der King of Scotland. It is very probable that Penrith 
 Castle dates its erection from this period. Ilichard 
 Neville, son of Ilalph Neville, carl of Westmoreland, 
 succeeded to the manor of Penrith. In 1H9 he 
 received from the king (Henry VI.) a grant of all fines 
 and forfeitures within Penrith and Sowerby, the exclu- 
 sive power of nominating justices, and of appointing 
 coroners. The ]''jarl of Salisbury was subsequently 
 taken prisoner at the battle of Wakefield, and beheaded 
 by the Yorkists at Pontefract ; after which Henri- VI. 
 gave Penrith to John Lord Clitlbrd, of Brougham 
 Castle. Lord Clifford fell at St. Albau's, on Palm 
 Sunday, JIarch 29, Mill, and the manor was granted 
 by Edward IV. to Warwick the " king maker," who 
 being killed at the battle of liarnot, in 1171, the manor 
 reverted to the crown, but Edward granted it to his 
 brother Piichard Duko of Gloucester, subsequently King 
 Richard 111. It has been said that the Duke of 
 Gloucester resided at Penrith for the purpose of taking 
 effectual measures foe the defence of Cumberland 
 
 against the Scots, aud there is every probability that 
 this statement is correct, for we find that the duke 
 was sheriff of the county for five successive years, and 
 he is described as of Peurith Castle. From this period 
 the manor of Penrith continued to be held by the crown 
 till the year 1010, when it was devised to Francis 
 Bacon and others in trust for Charles Prince of Wales. 
 In 107;^ the manor was vested in trustees as part of 
 the jointure of Catherine Queen Consort, who became 
 possessed of the same on the death of her husband, 
 Charles II. 
 
 On May Gist, 10.90, William III. granted the honour 
 of Penrith to William Bentinck, earl of Portland, his 
 heirs and assigns, under the following description : — 
 "All that the houour of Penrith, als Perith, in our county 
 of Cumbcrlaud, with all rights, members, and appur- 
 tenances whatsoever ; and all those demesne lands in 
 Peurith, als Perith aforesaid, with appurtenances; aud 
 all those rents called socage rents, bondage rents, 
 purpresture rents, and other rents there, all which are 
 of tlie yearly rent or value of £07 Os. IJd. And also 
 those rents of lands in Great Salkeld, Langwathbie, 
 Gamblesby, Scotby, and Castle Sowerby, being members 
 of the sail honour of Penrith, called the Queen's 
 Hames, amounting to £127 13s. Od. And also those 
 lands, tenements, rents, aud hereditaments, with the 
 appurtenances, in the ward of Penrith aforesaid, within 
 the forest of Inglewood, in the said county of Cumber- 
 land, of the yearly rent or value of £10 14s. Od.; and 
 also all those lands, tenements, and rents, in the ward 
 of Gatescall, within the said forest of Inglewood, with 
 the appurtenances, of the yearly rent or value, besides 
 £101 19s. 7d. per annum for the rent of the park at 
 Plumpton Head, £113 9s. OJd.; and also all those 
 rents of the free tenants within the said forest, late in 
 the charge of our sheriff of Cumberland, amounting to 
 £11 133. OAd. per annum, which said honour of Penrith, 
 aud other the premises, are of the yearly rent or value of 
 £319 17s. Ud., and of the clear yearly rent or value, 
 the reprizes deducted, of £310 3s. 7'ld., and were parcel 
 of the possessions of Richard late Duko of Gloucester. 
 And all and singular messuages, teuomonts, houses, 
 edifices, buildings, outhouses, mills, ways, passages, 
 waters, water- courses, fishings, woods, underwoods, 
 timber and trees, hedges, hedgerows, courts leet, oourta 
 baron, views of fiimkpledgo, or other courts, doth or 
 shall appertain ; fairs, markets, tolls, waifs, straics, 
 deodands, goods aud chattels of felons, fugitives and 
 felons of themselves, ond of pci-sons condemned ond 
 put in exigent; liberties, franchises, jurisdictions, ])rivi- 
 Icgcs, wastes, heaths, moors, farms, lands, meadows, 
 pastures, feedings, profits, commodities, hereditaments.
 
 588 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 and appurtenances whatsoever to tlie said honour 
 of Penrith ; and other the promises, or any part 
 thereof belonging or appertaining, arising, happening, 
 or growing within the same or therewith, commonly 
 held, used, or enjoyed as part, parcel, or member of 
 them, or any of thera . . . to be holden of 
 us, our heirs and successors, as of our manor of East 
 Greenwich, in our county of Kent, in free and common 
 socage, by fealty only, and not in cnpitc, nor by knights' 
 service; yielding and paying, therefore, to us, our heirs 
 and successors, the yearly rent or sum of 13s. 4d. of 
 lawfiJ money of England, by the year, at the receipt 
 of our Exchequer, or to the hands of our receiver- 
 general of the premises for the time being, to the use 
 of us, our heirs and successors, at the feast of the 
 Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary which shall 
 next happen, next after the decease of our royal aunt, 
 Katherino the Queen Dowager." This last named 
 event took place in the reign of King George I. In 
 1787 the Duke of Portland sold the manor to William 
 fifth Duke of Devonshire, whose son, the sixth duke, 
 died about a year ago. The Earl of Burlington suc- 
 ceeded as heir-at-law to the title and estate. 
 
 Mr. Walker, in his "History of Penrith," tells us 
 that " The court incident to a manor is the court baron, 
 and to a market and fair the court of pic-powdrc. 
 There has also been immcmoriably held at Penrith a 
 court lect and view of frankpledge, which is said to be 
 the most ancient of our courts, and is a court of record 
 for punishing offences against the crown. It is clear 
 that the court baron and court of piepowdre must have 
 been in existence in the reign of Henry III., since -we 
 find the manor, and the fair, and the market then sub- 
 sisting. The court leet is said to be incident only 
 to a hundred; but may be granted by charter. It is 
 probable that the court leet was granted by the crown, 
 along with Penrith, to Neville of Raby ; and the Moot 
 Hall,' which stood on the north of the market place, 
 
 t In ft survey made in pursaance of a commission granted by 
 Queen Elizalieih in 157i, the " Old Mote Hall" is mentioned as lield 
 by one John .\tkinson. In a deed, bearing d.nte the "til day of 
 February, KwS, made between Thomas Middleton and Jonathan 
 Middleton, his son, amongst other premises conveyed from fattier to 
 son, ore '*all that — freehold messuage, tenement, or purprcsture, 
 with the appurtenances, wherein tlie said Thomas Middleton did live, 
 and which he lately purchased of William Moorhouse, situate, lying, 
 and being in a street there, called Barrowgaie, between the messuage 
 of Cuthbert Mounsey, called the Old Jfoot Hall, on the west side, and 
 the king's high street on the cast side thereof; and also all that — his 
 stable, back side, &c., kc." The Wool Pack Inn, and its appurte- 
 nances, are tlie premises here referred to. The site of the Old Moot 
 Hall, formerly the property of Cuthbert Jfounsey, is now owned by 
 Mr. N. .\mison, recently rebuilt by him, and occupied as a draper's 
 shop. The old house, when pulled down, bore strong evidence of 
 having been a place of some consequence, — the walls being con- 
 stracted of strong ashler wood, inside and out. 
 
 and in which these courts were anciently held, erected 
 shortly afterwards. It is described in an ancient survey 
 as 'the Moote Hall, situate in Burrowgate, Penrith, 
 consisting of seven bayers of building, with five shopps, 
 utidcr-roomcs in the sayd hall, worth per annum, besides 
 a place of judicature, £0.' The court leet sat twice a 
 year, the steward presiding, shortly after Easter and 
 Michaelmas. It inquired of all offences short of treason, 
 and over all inhabitants and residents. Every one 
 dwelling withiu the leet, from the age of twelve to sixty 
 years (peers, clergymen, &c., excepted), was bound to 
 suit and service in court. The juries were sworn in at 
 one half yearly court, and continued to serve during the 
 next ensuing half year. In the interval they took 
 cognizance of such offences as occurred ; assembling at 
 the summons of the bailiff when necessity arose, and 
 making inquisition; their verdict of presentments was 
 returned to the steward in writing at the next court, 
 whose province it then became to enforce the penalties 
 incurred by the offenders. Thus it appears that the 
 ancient court leet, in its day, must have exercised much 
 of the jurisdiction now exercised by the magistrates in 
 petty and quarter sessions, and the local boards of 
 health. All small offenders, whether by infraction of 
 public or private rights, by neglect or violation of sani- 
 tary regulations, by encroachments, or by drunken or 
 riotous breach of the peace and good order of society, 
 came within its grasp. It dealt with unlawful games, 
 affrays and assaults where bloodshed ensued; neglect 
 of constables to keep watch and ward, or to execute 
 their office upon vagabonds and sturdy beggars, or any 
 other offence against the public good. One class of 
 offenders came more particularly under its lash, namely, 
 keepers of houses of ill-fame, common scolds, eaves 
 droppers, hedge breakers, bakers who did not observe 
 the assize of bread, butchers who exposed unwholesome 
 meat, unqualified persons who kept dogs or engines to 
 destroy game, persons who kept false weights and mea- 
 sures, and destroyers of ancient boundaries or land 
 marks. The authority of the court also included the 
 offences of millers and victuallers, as well as nuisances 
 and defects in the bridges, causeways, and highways. 
 Persons when convicted were punished by fines, and in 
 default of payment were placed in the pillory or stocks :' 
 the former being provided by the lord of the manor, 
 and the latter at the expense of the town. In the 
 
 ' In 1.J72 one Robert Borwicke held, under the queen, os of her 
 royal mauorof l*enritb, a place called the " pilloraye" shop : its name 
 being probably derived in consequence of its proximity to the site of 
 the pillory. The lord of the manor provided a common pound ; and 
 it was also usual for lords who hod leets to have a cucking stool, 
 " which was an engine invented for the punishment of scolds and 
 nnquiet women, by ducking them in water." — Jacob's Law Dtclionary,
 
 PENRITH PARISH. 
 
 589 
 
 court baron, which is the court of the freeholders of tho 
 manor, and in whicli they are judges, and two at the 
 least must always be present, pleas of debt under 10s. 
 were held. In this court tho steward sat as assessor to 
 tho free suitors, and anciently a very great number of 
 debts were recovered iu it. It was analagous to the 
 county court. The court of pie-powdre was a court of 
 emergency, held in the fair, on the spot, for prompt 
 justice. It is commonly reported to have had its name 
 from the circumstance that the suitors were clowns 
 with dusty feet. It could only be held in a fair or 
 market for trial of causes arising in that particular fair 
 or market, and not in any former one. Hence, some say, 
 it had its name fi'om its being a tribunal which decided 
 between disputants before they could shake the dust off 
 their feet. The ancient form of proclamation for holding 
 tho fair concludes as follows : — 'And if any ditlerence 
 should happen about any bargain, or any other matter 
 relating to merchandise, thereupon proper notice sliall 
 be given to the steward, and the court of pie-powdre 
 shall immediately be summoned to settle the dilVerence.' 
 Fiut wo have met witli no one that can recollect a 
 silting of this venerable tribunal." 
 
 Jlr. \Valker continues, — " There were several classes 
 of tenan ts within the precincts of Penrith, a brief rccapitu- 
 latiuu of which may not be uninteresting: 1. The ancient 
 freeholders, tenants in free socage. From these were 
 taken tho free suitors who sat in the court baron. Their 
 free or ([uit rents amounted to ,£0 r.;s. lOid. 2. The 
 copyholders, originally tenants at will. In process of 
 time they acquired an inheritable interest, on payment 
 of fines for admission ; and tlicy appear to have been 
 subject to Border service against tiie Scots. Their 
 rents were termed the oxgang, or bondage rents, ' and 
 amounted to ±23 IBs. IJd. 3. Tlie purpresture 
 tenants, — those who held ground taken up of the 
 lord's demesnes, or vmstes, without warrant or grant. 
 They were very numerous in the outskirts of the town, 
 being holdcn in small parcels for accommodation, pay- 
 ing mere acknowlodguicnt for the lord's sull'Lrance. 
 'I'he rents amounted to £6 15s. 4id. at the date of tho 
 survey from which this account is taken ; but they 
 were contiuually increasing as tho town increased and 
 additional parcels were taken up. These uru now all 
 considered as freeholders. 
 
 "The bakers and brewers of Penrith paid a rent to 
 the lord. Every householder tliat did sell ale or beer, 
 .'ul.; every baker, 5d. ; and every houseludder tliat did 
 both bake and brew, 1 Od. Tho average yearly amount 
 of this rent, about two centuries since, was £•> 13s. -Id., 
 
 ' An oxgaug is commonly Inkon for fifteen aires of laud, or as 
 
 niui'h as au ux cuuld plough in u }cur. 
 
 which gives a very large number of the fraternity. 
 Every householder that kept a fire-hearth, IJd., for the 
 privilege of turbary on the lord's wastes.' There were, 
 at the above-mcutioned period, SCO of such house- 
 holders ; and they also paid a rent of 20s. for the privi- 
 lege of depasturing their cows in the forest. The 
 curriers and shoemakers in Penrith paid a rent of 20s. 
 per annum ; the dyers and weavers, Os. 8d. ; the malt- 
 sters, 20s. All the manors comprised in the honour of 
 Penrith did suit and service at the lord's courts. 
 
 "The markets and fairs were a source of considerable 
 profit to the lord. The sliambles on the east and west 
 sides of the market-place, iu Burrowgate, are described 
 as having anciently been thirty yards in length on each 
 side, and containing twelve stables (siallb) worth £7. 
 The oflice of sheldraker, viz., ' a certaiue toll taken off 
 the market people for the making cleane of the streetes, 
 out of every sacke of come and salte a handful, called in 
 Latin raanipulum, worth per annum £22 10s.' The 
 office of ' nietlaw and weighlaw, viz., a dishful! of come 
 and salte due to the officer out of every sacke of come 
 and salte that cometh to be sold in the market of Pen- 
 rith, and of every wool sacke -Id., with several other 
 small tolls received for commodities weighed and sold 
 in the saved markett, worth per annum £73 Cs. 8d.' 
 The stallage and piccago rents, viz , for all merchants 
 or pedlars that pitch their tents or boothes in the 
 markett of Penrith, worth per annum .£3 13. 4d. - 
 
 "The Jlootllall, whicli till within the present century 
 stood in the square, was built and substituted in lieu of 
 one of more ancient date." It was adorned with the 
 arms of the Earl of Warwick — the bear and ragged 
 staff. The appearance of the building — part of which 
 previous to its removal was constructed of wood — 
 resembled that of a ' tuefall.'' It extended in a north- 
 west direction from williin a few yards of the front of tho 
 cluster of buildings now the property of Mr. N. llobinson, 
 to about an equal distance from the opposite side of the 
 square. Tliat part of tho building opposite the church 
 was a blank wall of considerable height, from the top of 
 which tho roof descended to the opposite side, which 
 
 I Tiirbnry, cleiiveil from Inrbn, nn olisolotf I.fttin wor>l for lurf, is 
 n rij;til to dig turf on n coninioii, or in anoUicr nion's ground. Turf 
 WHS unoicnlly tlie 9tii|ilL' fuel of llie town. 
 
 lill appears fniiu the above that the market tolls alone were 
 aucieiuly worth XHI' lOs. per annum. In May, 18,")tl, they were let 
 by llic Local Uour.l of llenllli for X7l) lOs, which is nearly i":tO per 
 annum nion; than had been paid for iheni previously. The Uoonl 
 of lUalth lu-c lessees of the t>>lls, under tho l)uke of Ucvousliire, uid 
 his successors, lonl of the manor of rciirilh. 
 
 9 See nola on preceding ptgt. 
 
 * "Tuefall," provincittlly prunouuced "tugb-ha," is a building with 
 a sloping roof on one side only.
 
 590 
 
 LEATH "WAKD. 
 
 was the front, and faced towards tlio gateway of the 
 Fleece Inn. Ou this side there were four or live small 
 shops, and on the north were the stairs leading to the 
 great room, or hall, which was a place of convenience 
 for the market people." 
 
 Besides the manor of Penrith the pnrish comprises 
 three inferior manors, Bishop's Row, Hutton Hall, and 
 Carleton. 
 
 The manor of Bishop's Row consists of about twelve 
 leasehold tenements within the town of Penrith, and 
 several leaseliold and customary tenements both in Cum- 
 berland and AVestmoreland. It formerly belonged to 
 the bishops of Carlisle, hence its name, but is now in 
 the hands of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. 
 
 The manor of Hutton Hall formerly belonged to the 
 Hutton family, who appear to have resided here from 
 the time of Edward I. till the year 173-1, when the hall 
 and manor were sold by Addison Hutton, Esq., the last 
 of Lis family, to John Gaskarth, Esq., whose son, in 
 1790, sold the same to James Earl of Lonsdale, from 
 whom they have descended to the present earl. 
 
 f niton of fjntfou fjall: 
 
 As^M EE HcTTON, wlio was living at PenritU in the reign of 
 Edward I., and had issue, 
 
 Alexaxdeb de Hcttos, son and heir, living in the reign of 
 Edward III. 
 
 Thomas de Hutton, son and heir, living 4th Richard II. and 
 1st Henry V., married Helen, daughter of . . . This 
 Thomas and his lady "l)e entomed under the higher south 
 windotr of St. Andrew's Quire, in Penrith." 
 
 Ji)iix DE HcnoN, son and heir, living in the reigns of Heniy 
 V. and VI. He married Isabel, daughter of Hugh Salkeld, 
 Esq., of Rosgill, in the county of Westmoreland, a younger 
 branch of the Salkelds of Corby Castle, in Cumberland, by whom 
 he had issue, ' 
 
 Wii.i.iAM DE Hcttos, son and heir, who was li\ing in the ith 
 year of Henry VII., and by Joan, his wife, had issue, 
 
 John de Hutton, son and heir, married Elizabeth, one of the 
 fonr daughters and coheirs of Thomas Beauchamp, Esq., of 
 Croglin, an ancient Cumberland family. 
 
 Anthoxv Hlttox, son and heir, married, in the reign of 
 Henry VIII., Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Jlusgrave, Esq., 
 of Cumcatch, in the county of Cumberland, by his wife Elizabeth, 
 illejjitimate daughter of Thomas Lord Uacre of Gilsland ; by 
 this lady he had issue, 
 
 I. WtLLiAU, his successor. 
 
 n. Sir Uiihard Iluttou, Knt., of Gnlilsborough, in the conntv of 
 York, one of the jmlfjes of tlic Court of Common Plea.s, 
 afienvnifls of the Court of Qiieciis Bench, died in 1838. 
 Sir lUebnrd married .Vjmes, daughter aud co-heiress of 
 Thomas Briggs, Esq., of Caumire, in the couuty of West- 
 moreland, aud bad issue, 
 
 1. Christopher, died in September, 1610, and was buried 
 
 in llie chunctl ol tlie cliurcli of St. Mary, at Dover. 
 
 2. Sir Richard, Knt.. of Goldsborough, heir to his father, 
 
 higb-bheritf of Yorkshire, was slain at the battle of 
 Slierbiirne, in the service of Clinrlts I , died without 
 issue ; mterred in the church of Goldsborough. 
 
 .". Tliomas. 
 
 ■I. ilenrv. ,\.M., afterwards D.D., rector of Marton, CO. 
 Wtsinioreliind, liilO; prebendary of ihi' fourth stall 
 in the cathedral chuicn of Carlisle, liilS; ejected 
 from ihe prcbcnilal sinll by Cromwell's commis- 
 sioners, und died widiout issue before the liestoration. 
 He married Elizabeth, daughter of John Cosim, 
 S.T.P.. lord bishop of Ilurluun. 
 
 1. Elizabeth, married toJohn Dawny.sonatid heir of Sir 
 
 'I'homtis Diinnv, Km. 
 
 2. Jniie, niurried to' Thomas Cooper. Esq. 
 
 y. Jlnry. married to Sir Thomas Jlideverer, Bart. 
 
 4. Kullierine, married Sir Ger\ase Newell, Knt. 
 
 0. Jnliaii, the vonugest daughter, married in IDJO to Sir 
 Philip Jliisgrave, Ban., of Edenhall, in co. Cumber- 
 land. 
 
 Sir \Vn,LiAM Hutton, Knt, son and heir of Anthony, high- 
 sherifif of Cumberland in the 2nd and 8th years of James I., 
 married, firstly, Jane, daughter of Rowland Vaux, Esq., of Cat- 
 terlen Hall, in co. Cumberland, by whom he had issue, 
 
 I. Thomas, married Winifred, third daughter of Henry Craeken- 
 tliorjie, Esq., of Newbiggin, co. Wistuiorelaud, aiiddiedin 
 the lifetime of his father, without issue maie. 
 11. William, who died unmarried. 
 
 Benson, of 
 
 Sir William married, secondly, daughter of 
 . . . and had issue, 
 
 I. Anthony, his successor. 
 II. Bernard, successor to his brother. 
 
 I. Susan, married to Simon Musgrave, Esq., of Musgrave Hall, 
 
 iu Penrith. 
 
 II. Anne, married to Sir Christopher Dalston, Knt, of Acorn 
 
 Bank, iu co. Westmoreland. 
 
 Anthony Hutton, Esq., third son of Sir William, upon whom 
 his father settled, on failure of the issue male of the eldest son, 
 Thomas ; he married Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Burdett, 
 Esq., of Bramcote, in the county of Warwick, by JIary, his wife, 
 daughter of the Right Hon. Thomas Wilson, L.L.D., dean of 
 Durham, principal secretary of state to (Jueen Elizabeth, and 
 one of her JIajesty's most hon. Privy Council. Mr. Hntton 
 died July 10th, IU37, and was interred in the chancel of the 
 church of Penrith, under an altar tomb of marble, on which 
 were the effigies of himself and his lady. 
 
 BEEN.4UD Hutton, Esq., succeeded to the inheritance on the 
 death of his elder brother, Anthony ; ho married Ann, daughter 
 of Hugh Stamper, of Suittlegarth, in the county of Cmuberland, 
 and had issue, 
 
 1. WiLLi.VM, son and heir. 
 
 II. Richard, died young. 
 
 III. John. 
 
 IV. Bernard. 
 V. Thomas. 
 I. Dorothy. 
 
 II. .4nne. 
 
 III. Grace. 
 
 IV. Catherine, who died unmarried. 
 
 William HtmoN, Esq., son and heir of Bernard, was bom 
 about the year 1620, being thirty-nine years of age, at the visita- 
 tion of Sir William Dugdale, in 106-5. He married Elizabeth, 
 daughter and co-heir of Christopher Lancaster, Esq., of Sock- 
 bridge Hall, in co. Westmoreland, and by her had issue, 
 
 I. Anthony, his successor. 
 II. Bernard. 
 
 III. John. 
 
 IV. Henry. 
 
 I. Dorothy. 
 u. Aune.
 
 PENEITH PARISH. 
 
 591 
 
 Anthony Hottos, Esq., sou and heir, was seventeen years of 
 age in 1005, married . . . was succeeded by his son, 
 
 RiciiARi) HuTTON, Esq., high-sheriff of Oiiniberland in the 
 8th of Quei'Q Anne; married . . . died in 1717, and was 
 interred in the chancel of the church of Penrith. 
 
 Addison Hutton, Esq., M.D., son and heir of llichard, died 
 about the year 1710, and was the last of the name and family at 
 HuUon Hall. 
 
 Arms. — Argent, on a. fcssc snhle, three bucks' heads caboshcd, or. 
 Creff, — Three broad arrows, two in saltier and one iu pale, sable, 
 entiled with a ducal coronet, or. 
 
 According to Jlr. T. Denton, the manor of Carleton 
 was acquired in marriage with a daughter of Pialpli 
 Neville, earl of Westtnoreland, by Kobert Lord 
 Clifford, and that it was tlien (lOSS) the property of 
 the Earl of liurlington, iu right of liis wife, who was 
 sole heiress of the last Lord CliiTord ; besides that, 
 Carleton ilall (the fee probably) was purchased by Sir 
 Thomas Carleton of George Cliflord, carl of Cumber- 
 laud. Carleton appears to have been the residence of 
 the family De Carleton shortly after the Conquest. 
 On the demise of Kobert Carleton, Esq., the last of 
 this ancient family, in 1707, the manor, which had 
 been purchased probably of Lord Burlington, or his 
 heirs, was sold to John Pattinson, Esq. On the death 
 of his son without issue, it became the property of his 
 eldest daughter, who married Thomas Simpson, Esq. 
 ilr. Simpson's son dying unmarried, Carleton devolved 
 to his only daughter, the wife of James Wallace, Esq., 
 whose son, the Kight lion. Thomas Wallace, baron 
 Knaresdale, sold it, in 18J28, to John Cowper, Esq., 
 ■whoso brother, Frederick Cowper, Esq., is the present 
 owner, as tenant for life, the estate being enUiiled by 
 the late Mr. Cowper to the present holder, and to F. 
 Cowper, Esq., Jan. 
 
 Carltton of f nrhtDit ^aU. 
 
 Baldwin de Cabi.eton of Carleton. 
 
 Jepfbf.t uv: Carleton, son and hair. 
 
 OoAliD DC Carleton, son and heir. 
 
 Henry de Carleton, son and heir. 
 
 GiLiiERT DE Carleton, son and heir. 
 
 William de Caiu.eton, son and heir of Gilbert, married 
 Helena, daughter of GooHVcy de Stoinlon. 
 
 Adam de Cahliiton of Carleton, son ond lieir of William, 
 married Sarah, daughter of Adam do Newton; occars in tbo 
 15th Kdward I., anno l'J80. 
 
 John he Oarli.ton, son and heir of .\dam, married Dorothy, 
 daughter of Houry Brougham ; occurs in tliu Hind Kdnord 1., 
 anno 130:). 
 
 TaouAs DB CAni.ETo!.-,scn andhcirof John, married Johanna, 
 daughter of lloger do Lancaster; occars in the lOth Kdward 
 II., anno I Si.'). 
 
 John de Cau-eton, son and heir of Thomas, married Mar 
 garet, daughter and heiress of John du Morton ; occurs in the 
 3UtJi Kdward Ul., anno 130C. 
 
 Thomas de Carleton, son and heir of John, married Alice, 
 daughter and heiress of George Dawbury, Esq.,co. York; occurs 
 in the 'Jiind Richard II.— 27th Henry VI. 
 
 TuoMAs DE Carleton, son and heir of Thomas, married 
 Isabel, daughter of Gilbert Brougham of Brougliam, co. West- 
 moreland ; died in the 11th Henry VIII. 
 
 Thomas de Carleton, son and heir, married ,\gnes, daughter 
 of Thomas Wybergh, Esq., of Clifton Hall, co. WesUuoreland ; 
 he died in the aSnd Henry VII L aged 00. 
 
 Thomas Carleton, son and heir, married Anne, daughter of 
 Thomas Layton, Esq., of Dalemain, co. of Cumberland ; he died 
 in tlie 1th Queen Mary, anno liSO, leaving issue, 
 
 I. Thomas, his suceessor. 
 
 u. Guy, governor of Northam Castle, co. Northumberland, who 
 hud issue, 
 
 George, lord bisliop of Chichester, died 16:>l. The 
 bishop, by his Ur.,t wife, Anne, daughter of SirHciU7 
 Killegrcw, hut., had issue a son, 
 
 Henry, of Furle, co. Essex, M.P. for Arundel, 1 610. 
 
 Thomas Cakleton, son and heir, married Mabel, daughter 
 
 of Carlisle, Esq., of Oarhsle ; and died in the 29th Queen 
 
 Elizabeth, anno IbHIJ, leaving issue, 
 
 I. Thomas, his successor. 
 
 11. Lancelot, of Brampton Font, in the barony of Gilslnnd, co. 
 Cumberland, born l.'i4il, married Eleanor, liaugliler of Uoger 
 Kirkby, K^q., of Kirkby, in Fuiness, co. Lancaster; from 
 this gentleman was tlesceuded, 
 
 Guy Carleton, D.I)., dean of Carlisle, I6G0; prebendary of 
 Durbani, ICliO; bishop of Bristol, 1671; translated to 
 Chichester, 1G78 ; died .July Otb, liiS'j, aged S9 ; and 
 Guy Carleton, created Baron Dorchester, 1780, 
 
 Thomas Carleton, son and heir of Thomas, bom 1571, mar- 
 ried Barbara, daughter of Sir Hugh Lowther, Knt., of Lowther, 
 in CO. Westmoreland. He (or his father) was one of the original 
 governors of the Free Grammar Scliool of Queen Elizabeth, at 
 Penrilh. He died in 1507, leaving issue, 
 
 I. TiTOMAs, his successor. 
 
 IL Gerard, who married Nicholn, daughter of Elliot,'of 
 
 licdhcugh, iu Scotland, and by her had issue, 
 
 WiLLiA.M, who succeeded to the iuheritanca on the death 
 
 ol his uncle, Sir Thomas. 
 
 I. Francis, married to Richard Tliirlwall, of Thirwoll Castle, in 
 CO. Korthuiuberloud. 
 
 Sir Thomas CAtiLBTOM, Knt., born 19th Jnne, 1568, married 
 Elizabeth, daughter of John Shelly, Es(|., of Woodborough, in 
 the county of Nottingham, widow of .Marmaduke Constable. 
 Sir Thomas died iu lOils, without issue, and was succeedod by 
 his nephew, William, son of Gerard. 
 
 Sir WiLLLXM Carleton, Knt., of Carleton, bom in 1007 ; mar- 
 ried, firstly, Dorothy, daughter of Sir Chri-itopher Dolst^n, KnL, 
 of Acorn Bank, iuco. Wesimoruland. by his wife. Anno, daughter 
 of Sir William Hutton, KnL, of Hutlou Hall, in I'eorilh, b; 
 whom ho hud issue, 
 
 t. Mary, aged IS years, in 1065. 
 
 Sir William married, secondly, Barbarn, daughter of Robert 
 Dolaval, Km|.. of Oow|icn, iu Iho county of Nottliumberlond, and 
 had issue, 
 
 ]. RouERT, his successor. 
 I. Alice.
 
 592 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 Sir William certified his pedigree at the visitation of Sir William 
 Dagdale, viSth March, 1005, being then in the fifty-eighth year 
 of bis age ; he was lieutenant-colonel of a regiment of foot at 
 the commencement of the civil wars. lie died . . . and 
 was succeeded by, 
 
 Robert CAnLETos,E3q.,ofCarleton, bom about the year 1657, 
 being in his eighth year at Sir William Dugdale's visitation. 
 He was high-sheriff of Cumberland ia the 12th William III. 
 Ho died iu 1707, without male issue, wlien this ancient family 
 became cxtincu 
 
 jlrjiu.— Quarterly. First, ermine, on a bend sable three pheons 
 argent; second, sable, three bars, in chief, tliree plates orgent ; third, 
 argent, a cross, between four lions rampant, gules ; fourth, or, a cross 
 floree gules. 
 
 Creal. — An arm embowed, proper, holdiug an arrow. ' 
 
 THE TOWN OK PEN'RITH. 
 
 Tlie ancient market town of Penrith is situated at 
 the foot of a hill, in a fertile vale, at the southern 
 extremity of Inglewood forest, in 5-1' 10' north latitude, 
 2" 45' west longitude, distant seventeen miles south-by- 
 east from Carlisle, 283 north-north-west from London 
 by road, and 289 by the London and north-western and 
 the Lancaster and Carlisle railways. Its population in 
 1851 was 0,038, of whom 3,114 were males and 3,5:20 
 females, inhabiting 1,307 houses, seventeen being uninha- 
 bited and twenty in course of erection. As stated in 
 the introduction to tlie history of the parish at page 
 580, the town contains five divisions, or constablewicks, 
 viz., Middlegate, Dockray, Netherend, Burrowgate, 
 and Townhead. It consists chiefly of one long street 
 occupying the bottom of the valley, from which many 
 smaller streets and lanes branch off in different direu- 
 tions. The houses are chiefly built of red freestone, a 
 plentiful supply of which is found iu the immediate 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 Nothing whatever appears to be known respecting the 
 first foundation of the town of Penrith. By some 
 writers its origin is ascribed to the Britons, by others to 
 the Anglo-Saxons. Those who hold the former opinion, 
 derive the name of the town from Pen, a hill; and 
 rkudd, red ; and tell us that Penrith means " the 
 town of the red hill ;" while the advocates of the latter 
 say that Penrith is only a corrupted form of Perith, the 
 Anglo-Saxon name of the Roman station Voreda, wliich 
 they look upon as the parent of the modern town of 
 Penrith. Theh opinion seems to be that a town did 
 not e.xist where Penrith now stands, till the times of the 
 Anglo-Sa.xons, who erected it with materials brought 
 from the ruined Pioman station, called iu their language, 
 Perith, " the fortification by the stream," and add, that 
 with the materials the Angles brought the name. 
 Probabihty, however, seems to be iu favour of those 
 
 • These pedigrees of the Hiitton and Carleton families are given 
 on the authority of Jefferson. 
 
 who claim a British origin for the town, and wo may 
 suppose that it continued to be held by the old Celtic 
 inhabitants through the whole period of the Roman 
 occupation. The Angles from Northumbria appear to 
 have settled in several places iu the neighbourhood, as 
 is evidenced by the local names ; but they never obtained 
 the entire possession of this part of England. But 
 what the Angles could not effect, the Danes were able to 
 accomplish. And they did much more. They settled in 
 large numbers in the district, and drove out the great 
 bulk of the Celtic population, who appear to have retired 
 into Wales and the Isle of Man. So considerable was 
 the influx of the Northmen at this period, that the 
 traces of the Celtic population in those parts, in the 
 times which follow, are few and faint, while the traces 
 of the Scandinavian settlers, as preserved in the names 
 of places and in other remains, are still everywhere 
 present. Some of the Northmen appear to have settled ia 
 Penrith and its neighbourhood. Dockray, in the town; 
 and the Scaws, Scumscaws, and Kempley, in the neigh- 
 bourhood, still recall their presence. At the period of 
 the Norman Conquest, Britons, Angles, and Danes, 
 seem to have been the constituent parts of the popula- 
 tion of Penrith, which, at that time, was of considerable 
 extent. As soon as the invaders reached this part of 
 England they took possession of the town, which under- 
 went the same vicissitudes as the manor, passing from 
 Norman to Scot, and from Scot again to Nonnan. In 
 the latter part of the reign of Henry L fll33) the see of 
 Carlisle was founded, and, at the same time, received a 
 grant of the advowson of the church of Penrith, a license 
 to appropriate the living being given to Athelwald, the 
 first bishop. In the following century a small house of 
 Augustiuian friars appears to have been founded here. 
 At this early period the inhabitants of the town would 
 be almost entirely engaged in agricultural pursuits, and 
 would, there is little doubt, suffer much from the dis- 
 ordered and unsettled state of society which then 
 e.\isted ; for the woods and fastnesses in the neigh- 
 bourhood afforded a secure shelter to many of those 
 who so long and so bravely strove against the Norman 
 invaders. Ballads have perpetuated the memory of 
 Adam Bell, of Clym of the Clough (Clement of the 
 Valley), and of William Cloudesley, as men who iu these 
 parts became heroes, in the popular estimation, by 
 becoming outlaws. These men were all natives of 
 Cumberland. They had offended against the Norman 
 game laws. By so doing they had forfeited the protec- 
 tion of all law. Sharing in common in this alleged 
 crime, and in its consequences, they bound themselves 
 to be one in all things. Thus solemnly pledged, they 
 betook them to the forest of Inglewood. They baffled
 
 PENRITH PARISH. 
 
 593 
 
 tlieir persecutors and made themselves formidable. In 
 the view of tlie people tliey were bold and generous men, 
 prepared to brave all things so they miglit be free, 
 leaving it to others to bruve nothing and be slaves. 
 Cloudcslcy had a wife and children in Carlisle. Bell 
 and Clym had no suoli tics. After long absence, the 
 married man spoke of longing for one more sight of 
 those dear to him. His companions warned him of 
 danger, but without effect. Cloudesley finds his way 
 into the city by night. An old woman, whom he had 
 befriended in former days, detects him, and gives 
 information against him. The outlaw, to the no small 
 joy of the authorities, is torn from the arms of his wife 
 and children, and a new gallows is forthwith reared in 
 the marlietplace for his execution. But a swineherd 
 boy, who had often seen the doomed man in Inglewood 
 Forest, and received kindness from him, learns what is 
 passing, and hastens to apprise Bell and Clym of what 
 is about to happen. The two resolve that Cloudesley 
 shall be saved, or the three will die together. They 
 despatch the porter at the town-gate, and by stratagem 
 and courage they so fall upon the authorities at the place 
 of execution, as to rescue their brother, killing the 
 judge, sheriff, and many more. The poet recounts 
 these doalh-blows in a spirit wliich shows that the 
 people were expected to shout applause as they listened 
 to the tale.' 
 
 To the Normans, churchmen as well as laymen, the 
 outlawed Sixons, who had taken shelter in the woods, 
 were a source of terror. Travelling was imminently 
 dangerous. Like Robin Hood, tfle northern outlaws 
 were no respecters of persons. Julm de Kirkby, bishop 
 of Carlisle, when passing through Penrith, in the spring 
 of 1337, was attacked by some of those outlaws, who 
 wounded several of his attendants. The bishop after- 
 wards pronounced sentence of excommunication against 
 his assailants. A few years lati'r, in 1355, Bishop 
 Welton, successor of Bishop Kirkby, sent out a man- 
 date to Sir Thomas, rector of Burgham, and John de 
 Dockwra, chaplain, commanding them " to denounce 
 the sentence of the greater excommunication against 
 certain unknown persons who had broken up a paved 
 way, and dune some other outrages, in the churchyard 
 at Penrith, reserving to liimself the sole power of 
 absolution." Tliis threat of the bishop was not with- 
 out its effect. Several of tlio paii^hioncrs of Pcnritii 
 went to the bishop at Rose Castle, and having acknow- 
 ledged their fault, and submitted to suitable pcuauce, 
 were restored to the communion of the church. 
 
 During the whole of this period the inhabitants oflcii 
 
 ' " Percy's Relics," iii. — " Jimicsou's Ancient Popular Songs." 
 70 
 
 suffered from the raids of the outlaws, who had taken 
 refuge in the neighbouring forest. We have ample 
 proof of this in the following document, copied from a 
 record in the Tower, and adJressed, " For the men and 
 tenants of the manors of Penrith, Salkeld, and Sowerby. 
 The king to all to whom these present shall come, 
 greeting. The men and tenants of the manors of 
 Penrith, Salkeld, and Sowerby. which are of the ancient 
 demesne of our crown, dwelling within our forest of 
 Inglewood, have besought, by their petition, before us 
 and our council in our present Parliament exhibited, 
 that, whereas they, forasmuch as their lands and tene- 
 ments, for which they are bound to pay us a great farm, 
 by our enemies of Scotland are frequently destroyed and 
 laid waste, as well as the corn there in these lands 
 growing, by our beasts of the forest aforesaid in like 
 manner, so that they will be unable to pay us their 
 aforesaid farm unless assistance be afforded to them, 
 we being willing to grant to them in aid of their said 
 farm, that they should be able to have to them and 
 their heirs for ever, common of pasture for all animals 
 in the aforesaid forest. We, considering the premises, 
 and forasmuch as it hath been testiCed before us in the 
 same Parliament that the same premises do contain 
 the truth, being willing to do special favour to the same 
 men and tenants, haviu'i granted to them, for us and 
 our heirs, that they and their heirs shall have and hold 
 common of p:isture for all their animals within the 
 forest aforesaid, for ever, as the prior of Carlisle, and 
 William English and other tenants within the forest 
 aforesaid, do have common of pasture there, of the 
 grant of us and our progenitors without hiudrance or 
 impediment of us or our heirs, our justices, foresters, 
 or other our bailiffs and ministers of the forest what- 
 soever. Witness, the King, at Westminster, the 20th 
 day of October, 13C3." 
 
 As we have seen at a preceding page, F.dward I. 
 seized upon the town and manor of Penrith. This 
 was the signal for the commencement of a scries of 
 attacks which did not end as long as the Scots were 
 able to continue them. A constant succession of 
 inroads and ravages followed, differing from each other 
 only in the degree of barkirity with which they were 
 conducted. On one occasion several of tlio inlmbilnnts 
 of Penrith were seized, and carried into Scotland, where 
 they were sold for slaves. It was not till the close of the 
 fourteenth century that really effective measures were 
 taken for the security of the town, by the erection of a 
 castle. It seems somewhat strange, and at variance with 
 the usual polity of iho Normans, that one Inid not been 
 built previously, exposed as the town was to tlie attacks 
 of the Scottish marauders. The completiou of this
 
 594 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 important midertaking formed an epoch in the historj 
 of Penrith. The castle stood upon a hill a little west of 
 the town, and seems to have answered well the purpose 
 for which it was built, as we do not hear of much injury 
 being done to Penrith afterwards, though a few years 
 before its erection the Scots had burnt a portion of the 
 tovm. The remains of the outer walls arc still standing. 
 In 13S0 we find the first notice of Penrith being visited 
 by the plague, but we have no account of the extent of 
 its ravages. Tlie same year the Scots made an inroad 
 at the time of the fair and pillaged the place ; but as a 
 just retribution for the ravages they committed, along 
 with the merchandise plundered from Penrith, they 
 carried the pestilence back with them into their own 
 country, and as it soon spread on every side, great 
 numbers of the invaders were carried off. There is 
 little doubt this visitation would not be without its 
 effect upon the Scots, who would pause previous to 
 paying Penrith another visit. 
 
 At the period to which we have now arrived, wise 
 and good men were not inattentive to the duty of 
 educating the rising generation, and right manfully did 
 they go about their work. In 1395 William Strickland, 
 ■whose care for the parish and town of Peurith merits 
 everlasting remembrance, founded a chantry, which he 
 endowed with £(j a year, arising from lands in the 
 parish, on condition that the chantry priest, in addition 
 to his other duties, should teach children music and 
 grammar. A school appears to have existed in the 
 town from the year 1340, when John de Eskeved, or 
 Eskheid, was master ; and iu 1301 we find that Robert 
 de Burghira was licensed by the bishop to teach the 
 psalter, Priscian's grammar, and singing ; to the exclu- 
 sion of any other teacher. For upwards of 150 years 
 after the foundation of the chantry, the priest attached 
 to it for the time being filled the office of schoolmaster. 
 While attending to the wants of the mind. Bishop 
 Strickland (for he became bishop of Carlisle in 1400) 
 did not neglect those of the body, and as one of the 
 greatest wants of Penrith was a copious supply of good 
 water, he caused it to be brought from the river Petteril 
 through the centre of Penrith, a distance of about two 
 miles, by means of a cut at his own expense. This 
 cut extended from the Petteril through the centre 
 of Penrith to the Eamont. It w.is formerly open 
 through Saudgate — indeed, the whole length of its 
 course; but it is now arched over, except at a few 
 places, which are of great utility for watering cattle. 
 In 1223 a charter was granted by Henry III., em- 
 powering the holding of a market and fair at Penrith 
 until the king should attain his majority. There is 
 little doubt the grant was confirmed when the king 
 
 came of age, as the market and fair have been continued 
 ever since. 
 
 We have seen at page 587, how the manor of Penrith 
 came to Pilchard Duke of Gloucester, subsequently 
 King Richard III. It has been siid that the duke 
 resided at Penrith, for the purpose of taking measures 
 for the defence of Cumberland against the Scots, and 
 there is every probability that this statement is correct, 
 for we find that he was sheritT of the county for five 
 successive years, and is described as of Penrith Castle. 
 In the south Avindosvs of the parish church are some 
 remains of ancient stained glass, which were formerly 
 in the wiudows of the old church, and upon which are 
 depicted portraits of Richard's parents, Richard Plan- 
 t,igenet, duke of York, and Cicely Neville; round the 
 head of the latter is the inscription " Mater Dei miserere 
 mei" (Mother of God have mercy on me). While 
 residing at Penrith, the Duke of Gloucester repaired, 
 enlarged, and strengthened the fortifications of the 
 castle. The character by which Richard III. is popu- 
 larly known was drawn iu the first instance by two or 
 three obscure writers who lived in the time of his 
 victorious opponent, Henry VII. Their glaringly 
 prejudiced statements have been adopted, and so 
 embellished and recommended by the talents of Sir 
 Thomas More, Lord Bacon, and Shakspere, that they 
 have taken a place in history, and have caused him to 
 be generally regarded rather as a monster than a man. 
 The public statutes and records of his reign exhibit 
 him in a very different light, and their unimpeachable 
 testimony ought to decide the question. It may too be 
 remarked, that the crimes laid to his charge are not 
 supported by anything like conclusive evidence, while 
 it is certain his succession to the throne was agreeable 
 to the main body of the nation. His enemies aro 
 obliged to confess that he swayed the sceptre with 
 vigour and ability, and that wise and equitable laws 
 were enacted by his Parliament ; they also allowed 
 him military skill and courage ; and it is now well 
 understood that his fault was the consequence, not of 
 hatred caused by his crimes among the ancient friends 
 of his house, but of his and their hereditary foes ren- 
 dered triumphant by treachery. We are led to make 
 these remarks on the character of Richard from the 
 fact that while in the north he gained great popularity ; 
 and to show his attachment to the inhabitants of this 
 part of England, he selected 5,000 of them as his guard 
 when he repaired to London. When Richard Duke of 
 Gloucester ascended the English throne the manor of 
 Penrith became vested in the crown, and it remained 
 a royal manor for upwards of 200 years. 
 
 From this time history is sUeut respecting Penrith
 
 PENRITH PARISH. 
 
 59! 
 
 till the reign of Henry VIII., wlieu the vicarage of Pen- 
 rith was returned as worth £11 8s. 5(1. a year. This 
 w.as in 1540. Shortly after the roligious houses, 
 chantries, &a., of England were suppressed, and the 
 chautry of St. Andrew, in the church of Penrith, worth 
 i'O a year, experienced the same fate. In consequence 
 of this the children of the parish were left without 
 education of any kind whatever, and so continued till 
 ItiSl, on the l^lh of July, iu which year Queen 
 Eli/!abe>.h, by letters patent, founded a free grammar 
 school iu the town, and empowered the alienation of 
 lands and tenements to the amount of £30 a year for 
 the use of the school. 
 
 On the 25th of June, 1572, the same queen issued a 
 comniission appointing Henry Lord Scroop, warden of 
 the West Jlarches ; Edward Braddall, receiver of the 
 queen's posses.sion.s in the county of Cumberland; and 
 othoi's, to survey the manor of Penrith, or Peareth as it 
 is written, with the members of the same, the forest of 
 Inglewood> <S:c. , &c. " The report of the survey, so far 
 as applies to Penrith, is interesting. In connectioa 
 with the ciistle were two towers, one called the red tower 
 and the other the white, or bishop's tower.' There was 
 a bakehouse, a brewhouse, and one great chamber joining 
 the last-mentioned tower, in good repair, except sonic 
 fault in the leads, which might be amended with very 
 little cost. In this tower there was a ' view or shewe' of a 
 castle, or place of refuge for all the tenants of the lord- 
 ship to go into for defence of their goods and chattels, 
 if need required, and as they had been accustomed on 
 the invasion of the enemy of Scotland. Certain stones 
 had fallen down, but with a small cost a good wall might 
 be made from the bakehouse to the corner of the wall 
 next the white tawcr, which would put the «hole in a 
 guardable sLite, suflioient for the protection of the 
 tenants. The outermost gate-house of the castle was in 
 utter ruin. The timber on three stables within the 
 castle was rotten and ready to full down. The chapel, 
 the great chamber, the great hull, the two kitchens, and 
 all other ollices, were in utter ruin and decay, and not 
 repainible. The gates of the castle were in ruin. The 
 windows of the prison, and other iron staunches of 
 windows, bands of doors, &c., were worth i'l 10s. for old 
 iron. Richard Dudley, late steward of Penrith, had 
 taken from the ca.stle, by warrant of Anthony llarwisc, 
 thirty cart loads of stones, to build a prison at Pcnritb. 
 Thoniaa Carlolon, of Ponrilli, had six loads, Culhbert, 
 l)aililVof Penrith, three score of hewn stones, and several 
 other persons had removed different quantities in the 
 first year of King Edward IV. (15 17). One Thomas 
 
 I I'liii Intter tnwcr ia snpposod to hnre been Iniilt by BUbop 
 StrickUiiU. 
 
 Stephenson was the farmer of the office of JWeley and 
 Metley. The steward of Penrith was paid yearly out of 
 the revenue of the lordship ; the clerk of the court had 
 40s. per annum, and the bailiff of the liberty, Cs. 8d. 
 The iloot Hall, the beacon or watch house, the prison, 
 and the shambles, were out of repair, and ought to be 
 amended at the queen's cost. There was a piece of 
 ground lying on the west side of the castle, called the 
 Myrc, which was in the precincts of the town, and never 
 answered any rent from time immorial ; but it could 
 not be spared, because the tenants had no other place 
 for their horses iu the summer season, for the service of 
 the queen's majesty. Henry Simpson held, under the 
 queen, a shop at the Jloot Hall end. The Corry Hole 
 was always charged with the rent upon the collector's 
 account, but discharged again, because it was used for a 
 prison.' 
 
 This survey furnishes us with some particulars 
 respecting the castle and the town, which are of 
 importance. From the time that the Duke of Gloucester 
 ascended the throne, Penrith Castle seems to have been 
 neglected, and allowed to fall into ruin. As early as the 
 year 1517 stones were removed in large quantities. 
 The Moot Hall needed repairs, from which fact it has 
 been deduced that the building was of very ancient 
 foundation ; but this surmise may not be very correct, 
 as the bouses, &c., of that period, from their construc- 
 tion, must have often been in want of repair : a fact 
 which is exemplified in the statement regarding the 
 castle, as not much more than half a century had 
 elapsed from the time of the Duke of Gloucester's 
 repairs, &c., and yet we are told that iu 1547 stone was 
 carted away from it. 
 
 We come now to one of the saddest pages in the 
 history of Penrith. We have seen above how, iu 13S0, 
 it was visited by the plague, which was carried into 
 their own country by the plundering Scots. Wo le.iru 
 from the parish register that a second visitation occurred 
 in the year 1554, but we have no account of the number 
 of deaths. Xot so with the next visitation, which took 
 place in 1507. On this occasion the pestilence seems 
 to have made its way from Newcastle-upon-Tyne to 
 Kirkoswald and Penrith, proceeding thence to Appleby 
 and Kendal. The first person who fell a. victim to its 
 ravages in Penrith was Andrew Hodgson, who was 
 buried on September 'J'^nd, 1597, and is described as a 
 foreigner, that is, oue not a native of the town. Ho is 
 supposed to huvo brought the disease with him from 
 some place already infected. The pestilence next 
 attacked a few families, the greater part of the members 
 
 > " Walkci'a rcnt.tb,' p. l», tt wf .
 
 506 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 of which died. From this time its progress was 
 gradiiul, the deaths during the winter not being suf- 
 ficient to cause any great alarm. The business of the 
 town wont on as usual. " There were inarryings and 
 givings in marriage," little thought being given to the 
 fearful visitor wiiioii liad taken up its aboJe in the town. 
 Upwards of forty years had elapsed from the time of the 
 last visitation. A new generation had arisen, and only 
 a few of the older inhabitants remeinborcd its ravages. 
 
 D 
 
 But the approach of .summer roused the doiriiant energies 
 of the awful visitant. On the 27th of Miy as many as 
 thirteen deaths are recorded in the parish register. 
 Surely and rapidly the entries increased, and in a short 
 time the plague reigned supreme. Business was at an 
 end. The people of the surrounding country would not 
 enter the town, sjme would not approach nearer to it 
 than Pooley. According to tradition, markets were 
 held at the north-west and south-east of the town. In 
 the former place, now called Grub street, a stone erec- 
 tion, something like a market cross, but undoubtedly a 
 "plague stone," remained for some time after to point 
 out the spot; the cross erected at the latter place 
 remains to our own times, and like the plague memorials 
 in other parts of England, is surmounted by a large 
 block of stone, hollowed in the centre, about ten inches 
 deep, which cavity being filled with water, was used 
 for the immersion of the money of the townspeople, 
 previous to its being touched by the farmers. A good 
 idea of the state of the town at this period may be 
 formed from the fact that not a single marriage took 
 place during the entire summer. The greater number 
 of those who perished during the pestilence were interred 
 in a common grave or trench on the fell, directly above 
 Cross House, and between that and the beacon side ; a 
 few were buried in the churchyard and school-house 
 yard, and some in the gardens attached to their own 
 houses. For upwards of two hundered years, as long 
 as the land remained unenclosed, the grave on the fell 
 side was un.listurbed, and its outline could be distinctly 
 traced. The inscription in the parish church tells us 
 that 2,':i60 persons died during this visitation. Of this 
 number only D83 find a record in the parish register; 
 hence it has been supposed that the number mentioned 
 in the inscription is the total of those who died in Pen- 
 rith and the surrounding parishes ; but is it not more 
 probable that the parish register records only those who 
 were interred in the churchyard and school-house yard, 
 omitting those interred on the fell side; while the 
 inscription in the church gives the aggregate deaths in 
 the parish'.' During the summer and autumn the dis- 
 ease continued its ravages ; on the 11th of August 
 seventeen deaths are recorded, and on the 2ud of 
 
 September twenty-two. With the approach of winter, 
 an improved state of things began to bo apparent. 
 Deaths became less frequent, and mid-winter brought a 
 total cessation of the pestilence. Margaret, the daughter 
 of Thomas Winder, whose decease is entered on the 0th 
 of January, 1508, is named as the last victim. With 
 the returning spring the health of the town was 
 completely restored, though with a sadly diminished 
 population. It is worthy of remark that no sooner had 
 the plague ceased than marriages began again to be 
 solemnised, no fewer than eighteen taking place in a 
 few weeks, the vicar of the parish setting the example. 
 Scarcely had " God's punishment," as the plague is 
 called in the parish register, disappeared from Penrith, 
 than the inhabitants were once more alarmed by the 
 incursions and depredations of those from whom they 
 had suffered so much and so often. The borderers had 
 resumed their inroads. Early in the year lUOO there 
 was "great spoiling, robbing, and burning, especially in 
 Cumberland," as the parish register informs us. In 
 March of the following year great fears were entertained 
 of an attack, and no less than fifty men were employed 
 in the nightly watch of the town. On the 23rd of the 
 same month, as we learn from the authority just quoted, 
 the house of Pdchard Wood, at Plumpton, was spoiled 
 by thieves, and he himself carried prisoner to Scotland. 
 In the foUosving month Penrith was threatened, when 
 the earthen works at the " over end" of the town were 
 recast, and every preparation made to give the free- 
 booters a warm reception. Castle Carrock was attacked 
 and plundered, and the whole open country ravaged as 
 fiir as Penrith, but the precautions which had been 
 taken saved the town, and the marauders retired with 
 the .booty they had already obtained. News of this 
 incursion coming to the ears of the king, James I., who 
 was then at Berwick-on-T\veed, he at once despatched 
 a detachment of soldiers, under the command of Sir 
 William Selby, governor of Berwick, who captured 
 several of the robbers, and sent them to Carlisle. 
 
 The seventeenth century saw Cumberland in a very 
 distracted state. This is ascribed to two causes, the 
 civil wars and the exactions of the moss troopers. But 
 though sharing in the disorders common to the county, 
 the people of Penrith did not neglect a matter of im- 
 poitance to themselves, and of the utmost interest to 
 their children, viz., that of education. By the joint 
 consent of the inhabitants and the king's commissioners 
 a piece of land, lying on the west of the town, called 
 Ling Slubbs, was given to the Grammar School. Little 
 benefit, however, accrued to the school from this dona- 
 tion, as Ling Stubbs was sold by Mr. Andrew Whelp- 
 dale to John Benson, reserving only a quit rent of
 
 PKNRITH PARISH. 
 
 597 
 
 twenty sliilliiigs a jear to the school, although at tlie 
 timo of its first settlement the land was valued at forty 
 shillings a year. The ancient estate of Ling Stulibs 
 was sold some few years ago to Miss Dent, of SUirsgill, 
 for £2,000. 
 
 Loyalty towards the reigning monnrch seems to have 
 been the chanictcristic of the inhaliitants of Ponrilh 
 during the Parliamentary wars. Several of them, 
 among whom we find Mr. Whelpdale and Mrs. Ilulton, 
 sent contributions to the city of Carlisle when it was 
 besieged by the Parliamentary general, Sir David Leslie. 
 Penrith was captured by General I/ambert on the 13th 
 of June, 1C18, who made it his head-quarters for a 
 month, but retired on the approach of the Duke of 
 ]Iamilton and Sir Marmaduke Langdale, and retreated 
 into Westmoreland. The castle of Penrith seems to 
 have been demolished at this period, and the lead and 
 timber sold for the use of the comniouweallh. It is 
 very probable that Lambert destroyed it previous to his 
 retreat. Charles II. passed through Penrith on his 
 way to the south on August Gih, IG.jI, meeting with 
 a hospitable reception at Carleton Hall, from which 
 place he proceeded through Westmoreland. On his 
 restoration, Charles rewarded his host of Carleton with 
 the honour of knighthood. 
 
 Towards the close of the seventeenth century Pen- 
 rith appears to have been a thriving market town. 
 Sandford tells us that it possessed a " great markett and 
 merchants fir all kinds of commodities ; and a grand 
 fair on Wiiitson Tuesday, and every fortnight till 
 Lammas, for all things, horses and cattle, and wool and 
 sheep, and ewes and lambs in especially ; and in quon- 
 dam times a very faire castle, as wall yet standing about 
 
 y° court express This towne being a free 
 
 towne for all persons, which makes it much frequented, 
 no man's person can be arrested, but his goods may; 
 and is governed by a marshall and learned steward of 
 the court, both having twenty nobles' fee, and patents 
 under great seal ; and a bailife under them, and an 
 ancient demisne belonging to the castle. . . . But 
 no gentry reside here ; but an ancient family of the 
 Hottons . . . have a fair tower house, and man- 
 sion of a noble knight and justice of peace." Denton, 
 who wrote about eighteen years later than Sandford, 
 gives the following account: — "Tho market nliounds 
 with all sorts of corn, grain, meal, malt, fruit, and 
 butchers' meat, especially about Martinmas : they kill 
 300 or 100 beeves every market day. The chief fair is 
 upon Whitsun Tuesday, for hoi-scs in Dockray, calilo 
 and sheep upon the fell, and servants at the cross to bo 
 hired. They have four guilds here, viz. — niorchnnls, 
 taunci-s, shoemakers, aud skinners." It is at this period 
 
 that the manor of Penrith passed from the crown, the 
 particulars of which will be found in the account of the 
 manor at page 587. 
 
 We come now to tho Rebellions of 1715 and 1745, 
 which are not without some interest to the inhabitants 
 of Penrith, for, on both occasions, the adherents to the 
 cause of the e.'cilcd house of Stuart passed through the 
 town on their march to the south. As is well known 
 the " rising" in 1715 was in favour of the Pretender, 
 son of James II. It was headed by the Earl of Der- 
 wentwater and Mr. Forster, M.P. for Northumberland. 
 They proclaimed the e.xiled prince at Brampton, when 
 Mr. Forster opei:ed his commission of general, and 
 having been joined by a body of Highlanders, marched 
 to Penrith. On Penrith Fell their advanced guard 
 met the militia of Westmoreland and North Lancashire, 
 as well as the yeomen and farmers of the district, under 
 the command of Viscount Lonsdale and the Bishop of 
 Carlisle, who had been hastily summoned to repel the 
 invaders ; but the militia and the others fled on the 
 approach of the Scots and Northumbrians, who entered 
 Penrith without opposition. Here they repeated the 
 proclamation already made at Brampton. They also 
 collected tho money belonging to the revenue, but in 
 other respects conducted themselves in an orderly man- 
 ner, respecting both the persons and property of the 
 inhabitants. The conduct of the yeomanry and militia 
 on this occasion has been supposed to result from their 
 indillerence to the interests of the house of Hanover, 
 aud their predilection for the house of Stuart. 
 
 Between the first and second rising in favour of the 
 e.xiled princes thirty years elapsed, years of internal 
 tranquillity. In 1715 Prince Charles Edward landed in 
 the Highlands, and in a short timo was surrounded by a 
 considerable number of adherents. At the head of 
 these he set out on his march to London. In November 
 he obtained possession of Carlisle after a siege of three 
 days, entering the city on the 18th of the sjime month, 
 having previously received the keys at Brampton from 
 the mayor and corporation. A part of the prince's 
 armv proceeded southward on the 17th ; and on the fol- 
 lowing day a quarter-master arrived at Penrith, and 
 demanded billets for two squadrons of horse, cxpoctod 
 shortly to arrive, and for 8,000 foot, who were to follow 
 on the next day. One party of horse arrived during 
 tho evening. On the •JOth a strong body of infantry 
 entered tho town, and on the 2 1st the Duke of Perth, 
 Lord George Murray, the Prince's Commnndorin-Chief, 
 Lord Elcho, and others, arrived with an irregular force. 
 On the following day Prince Ciiarles entered the town, 
 marching in the Highland garb, at tho head of a 
 regiment of foot, and preceded by pipers. The prince
 
 598 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 ostaMished Iiis bead-quarters at the house now occupied 
 by ^Ir. Hanisay, chemist a.-.d druggist, and formerly 
 known as tho George and Unigon Inn.' A few days 
 after the departure of the main body of Prince Charles' 
 army from Carlisle, orders were received by the garrison 
 in that city to send as many men as could with safely 
 bo spared to join the army on its march to the south. 
 In obedience to this order, on the ^7th of November 
 and the following day about forty of the garrison set 
 out. They were met at Lowther b\- " thirty brave, 
 stout young men from Penrith, well armed," who 
 killed one of the rebels, wounded two, and took nine 
 prisoners, whom they sent to ilarshal Wade. 
 
 After leaving Penrith, Prince Charles and his amiy 
 proceeded as far as Derby without meeting with any 
 opposition. Here they appear to have become infatuated, 
 and determined to retrace their steps. The retreat to 
 Scotland was commenced on the (5th of December. 
 When this intelligence reached Penrith it caused 
 considerable alarm. I^Iany of the people iu the neighbour- 
 hood conce.nk'd their money and other personal property, 
 and some of the more wealthy deserted their houses till 
 the danger was passed. In a few days the approach of the 
 prince's army was announced ; the beacon at Peunlh 
 was fired, and armed men from the surrounding districts 
 poured into the town. The Duke of Perth, who arrived 
 at Shap on the same day, saw the glare of the beacon 
 at Penrith, aud at once sent a few men as far as 
 Eamont Bridge to reconnoitre, who, on their return, 
 brought intelligence that the countrj' was under arms. 
 The duke marched on the following morning, and in 
 order to avoid Penrith proceeded by way of Culgaith 
 to Carlisle. On Langwathby Jloor he was met by a 
 strong party from Penrith, and driven back through 
 Temple Sowerby to Orton, which he reached about six 
 in the evening. He soon afterwards set out for Kendal, 
 where he joined the main body. 
 
 "On the 10th," says the Chevalier de Johnstone, 
 " our army pa-^sed the night at Shap ; but our artillery 
 remained at the distance of a league and a half from 
 Keudal, some ammunition wi^gons having broken 
 down, so that we were obliged to pass the whole night 
 on the highroad, exposed to a dreadful storm of wind 
 and rain. On the 17th the prince, with the army, 
 arrived at Penrith, but the artillery, with Lord George 
 Jilurray, and the regiment of the Macdonalds and 
 
 '"Walker's Peimtli," p. S2. The same writer also gives tbe fol- 
 lowing note: — " nictianl Siallipr, of P>;iiritli, tallow cliamller, of 
 whom Mr. Ramsay piircliaseJ the property above-mentioned, bad a 
 perfect recollt-etion uf ilie rebellion of 1740. A division of the rebel 
 army was mavcliing down the street from the town head at the time 
 Stalker was carr\iiif; a potato pot from the hiikehouse, of which the 
 foremost of the rebtls took forcible nossessiou." 
 
 Glengarry, consisting of 500 men who remained with ns 
 to strengthen our ordinary escort, could only reach Shap, 
 and that with great ditliculty, by nightfall. We set 
 out from Shap by break of day on the lyth, to joiu the 
 army, which waited for us at Penrith : but we had 
 scarcely began our march, when we saw a great number 
 of the enemy's light horse continually hovering about 
 us, without venturing, however, to come within musket 
 shot. The appearance of these light horse was the 
 more extraordinary, as hitherto we had seen none iu 
 the whole course of our expedition into England. 
 Having arrived at mid-day at the foot of an eminence 
 which it was necessary to cross in order to reach 
 Penrith, about halfway between that town and Shap, 
 the moment we began to ascend wo discovered cavalry, 
 marching two and two abreast, on the top of the hill, 
 who disappeared soon after, as if to form themselves in 
 order of battle behind the eminence which concealed 
 their numbers from us with the intention of disputing 
 the passage. We heard, at the same time, a prodigious 
 number of trumpets and kettle drums. Jlr. lirown, 
 colonel in the tiaiu of Lally's regiment, was at the 
 head of tlie column, with two of the companies which 
 the Duke of Perth had attai'hed to the artillery, and of 
 which mine was one ; after them followed the guns and 
 ammunition waggons, and then the two other companies 
 attached to the artillery. Lord George was in the rear 
 of the column with the regiment of Macdonalds. We 
 waited a moment at the bottom of the hill, everybody 
 believing it was the English army. In this seemingly 
 desperate conjuncture, we resolved to rush on the 
 enemy, aud open a passage to our army at Penrith, or 
 perish in the attempt. Thus, without informing Lord 
 George of our intention, we dashed forward with great 
 swiftness. Lord George, who was in the rear, seeing 
 our manoeuvre at the head of the column, and being 
 unable to pass the wagons in the deep roads confined 
 by hedges in which we were, immediately ordered the 
 Highlanders to proceed across the inclosurc, and ascend 
 the hill from another quarter. They ran so Atst that 
 they reached the summit of the hill almost as soon as 
 those at the head of the column. We wore equally 
 surprised when we reached the top, to find, instead of 
 the English army, only 300 light horse and chasseurs, 
 who immediately fled in disorder, and of whom we were 
 only able to come up with one man, who had been 
 thrown from his horse, and whom we wished to make 
 prisoner, to obtain some intelligence from him ; but it 
 was impossible to save him from the fury of the liigh- 
 ianders, who cut him to pieces in an instant. '^ 
 
 ' " Mcmoii-3 of the Rebellion," by the Chevalier de Johnstone, aide- 
 de-camp to Lord George Miu-iay.
 
 PENRITH PARISH. 
 
 699 
 
 The events just narrated were followeil by a skirmish 
 at Clifton, tlie accounts of which are very contradictory. 
 One p.irty lias described it as a successful attack by the 
 king's troops upon the rebels in a strong and defensible 
 position, from which they were driven with loss ; while 
 others state thnt it was a deciiled check given by the 
 rear guard of the retiring Highlanders to their pursuers. 
 And there is as great a disparity in the accounts given 
 of the loss sustained on each side. The Duke of Cum- 
 berLind's account makes his loss to have been only 
 twelve men, wh/le others assert that at least ITiO were 
 placed hors ile combat. Lord George ilurray, who was 
 personally engaged, furnishes us with the fullest details 
 of the action. Tiie Highlanders had experienced great 
 difficulty in effectiug thtir retreat from Bhap, from want 
 of sufficient carriages for conveyance of the ammunition, 
 &c. When they drew near to Clifton on the afternoon 
 of the 18th, the Duke of CumbeilanJ, with his dragoons, 
 was close upon tliem. Lord George says, " I now ob- 
 served small platoons of horse appearing on eminences 
 at some distance behind me, of this I sent woi-d to the 
 prince, but, at Penrith, they had taken a notion that it 
 was only miliiia. There was indeed a body of 200 or 
 :'>!I0 light horse, being, I believe, mostly Cumberland 
 people, that drew up in my way, thinking to obstruct 
 uur march ; but as soon as the Glengarry men threw 
 their plaids and ran forward to attack them, they made 
 off at tho top gallop, and gave me no more trouble. 
 When I came to Clifion, I sent off the cannon and other 
 carriages to Penrith, being two miles further; and as I 
 believed these light horse that had met me would pro- 
 bably be near Lord Lonsdale's house at Lowther, as he 
 was lord-lieutonant of the county, I went a short way 
 with the Glengarry men to that place through several 
 enclosures, it being not above a mile. Lord Pitsligoe's 
 iiorso had Joined me, fo I was in hopes, by scouring 
 these enclosures, to meet with the light horse. We got 
 sight of several hard by Lord Lonsdale's house, but 
 could come up wiih few; at a turn of one of the parks 
 one like u militia officer, clothed in green, and a foot- 
 man of tho Duke of Cumberland, were taken. We 
 understood by them that the duke, with a body of 1,001) 
 horse, as liiey said, were about a mile behind. I sent 
 Colonel Roy Stewart with the prisoners to Penrith, and 
 to know his royal iiighncss' orders, and that I would 
 stop ut Clifton, ^\hicIl was a good post, till I heard from 
 him. When I came Iwick to Clifton, the Duke of Perth 
 was there ; and besides Colonel Hoy Stewart's men, 
 being about 200 that I left there, Cluny with his men, 
 and .Vidshiel with the Appin men, were with them. 
 Tho Duke of Perth, who was also there, had been per- 
 suaded that it was only militia that hud appeared ; but 
 
 he then saw, upon an open muir not above cannon shot 
 from us, the enemy appear and draw up in two lines, 
 in different divisions and squadrons. His grace said he 
 would immediately ride back, and see to get out the 
 rest of our army ; for as the ground was strong where 
 I drew up, he did not doubt I could maintain that post 
 till others joined me. I sent an Engli.sh gentleman 
 with him who had attended me all the retreat, and knew 
 the country perfectly well, who said he would lead them 
 a near way by the left, undiscovered, that they could 
 fall on the enemy in flank ; and as there was a lane 
 that lay betwixt Lord Lonsdale's enclosures, which was 
 near a mile in length, and through which the enemy 
 had come, if they were obliged to retire they would suffer 
 much by both sides of the lane if we lined it. I only 
 desired 1,000 more men than what I had, by which 
 means I could not only maintain the post I had, but 
 send half of my men through the enclosures on my right, 
 so as to Hank the enemy on that side, if they were 
 attacked on the other side ; and if once but twenty of 
 their horse could be killed, it would make such an em- 
 barrass in the lane, that it would put them all in con- 
 fusion, and choke up the only road they had to retreat, 
 except the Appleby P.oad, and that also might be secured, 
 wliieii would give us an advantage tliat, perhaps, we 
 should not meet the like again. 
 
 " After the Duke of Perth went to Penrith I made 
 my disposition in tlie best manner I could, caused them 
 to roll up what colours we had, and made them pass 
 half open to different places, bringing them back under 
 cover; so that the enemy, seeing them as they were 
 carried forward to different places, could not form any 
 judgment of our numbers. I did this in a manner to 
 make them believe that our numbers were much greater 
 than they were, and they could not know but our whole 
 army was come into the village and about it. After au 
 hour they dismounted, as near as we could guess, about 
 500 of their dragoons, which came forward to the foot 
 of the luuir they were upon, and to a ditch, which was 
 tlie last of three small enclosures from the places where 
 we were posted at the village. My men were so disposed 
 that tho Glengarry men were upon the enclosures on 
 the right of tho highway, and .\ppins men, with Cluny "s 
 in tho enclosures on the left; Colonel Uoy Stcwari'.s 
 men I placed on tho side of the lane or highway 
 close to the village. 1 had about 1,000 men in all. 
 Pitsligoe's horse aud hussars returned to Penrith. 
 Tho ditches nt the foot advanced more towards the 
 uuiir on tho right than on the left. The lane, which 
 was the highroad between these small enclosures, was 
 not above twenty feet broad. It was now an hour after 
 sunset, pretty cloudy ; but tho moon, which was in its
 
 600 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 second quarter, from time to time broke out and gnve 
 good light ; but this did mt continue above two minutes 
 at a time. We had the advantage of seeing their dis- 
 position, but tiiey could not see ours. Our hussars, 
 upon seeing the enemy, went off to Penrith. One of 
 their officers, Mr. Hamilton, with two or three of his 
 men, had dismounted (being ashamed of the going off 
 of the others), and gone in through a hedge, and were 
 taken prisoners ; how it happened I cannot tell, for it 
 vras before I came back from Lowther Hall. Had they 
 staid near Clifton the}- ran no risk. Colonel Roy 
 Stewart rcttn-ned to me from Penrith. He told me 
 his royal highness resolved to march for Carlisle 
 immediately, and bid sent off the cannon before, and 
 desired me to retreat to Penrith. I showed Colonel S. 
 my situation, with that of the enemy. They were, by 
 this time, shooting popping shots among us. I told 
 him if I retreated, being within musket shot of the 
 enemy, they would follow up the lane, and I must lose 
 a number of men, besides discouraging the rest; that 
 from Clifton it was a narrow road, and very high walls, 
 so that I could not line tliem to secure my retreat ; and 
 that, probably, my men would fall into confusion iu the 
 dark ; and that the enemy, by regular platoons in our 
 rear, being encouraged by our retreat, must destroy a 
 great many ; and by taking any wounded man prisoner, 
 they would know our numbers ; whereas I told him I 
 ■was confident I could dislodge them from where they 
 were by a brisk attack, as they had not, by all that I 
 could .judge, dismounted above 5U0. Their great body 
 was on horseback, and at some distance ; and Cluny 
 and he owned that what I proposed was the only 
 prudent and sure way; so we agreed not to mention 
 the message from the prince. I had crossed the lane 
 or highroad several times, which could only be done at 
 the foot of the village, by two gates, one on each side. 
 I now went over again to where the Glengarry men 
 were placed, and ordered them to advance, as they 
 should observe me do on the other side ; and to keep 
 up their fire as much as they could till they came to 
 the bottom ditch ; and that if we beat the enemy from 
 their hedges and ditches, they had a fair sight of them, 
 and could give them a flank fire withiu pistol shot; 
 but I gave them particular injunctions not to fire across 
 the lane, nor to follow the enemy up the muir. I left 
 Colonel Car with them; he was one of the prince's 
 aide-de-canips, but had liberty to be mostly with me. 
 He was an excellent oflicer, and was riding through 
 the fields in the time of the fire, as if it had been a 
 review. After having spoken with all the officers of 
 the Glengarry regiment, I went to the h ft of the lane. 
 The dismounted dragoons had not only lined the bot- 
 
 tom enclosures, but several of them had come to hedges 
 that lay south and north ; the others where we were, 
 and the dragoons at the bottom lay east and west, 
 The Appin battalion were next the lane on that side, 
 and Cluny 's farther to thtir left. We advanced, and 
 had a good deal o*" fire on both sides. After the High- 
 landers on that side had given most of their fire, they 
 lay close at an open hedge, which was the second in 
 these fields. We then received the whole fire of the 
 dragoons that were at the bottom, upon which Cluny 
 said, 'What the devil is this?' Indeed, the bullets 
 were going thick enough. I told him we had nothing 
 for it but going down upon them sword in hand, before 
 they had time to charge again. I immediately drew 
 my sword and cried ' Claymore.' Cluny did the same ; 
 and we ran down to the bottom ditch, clearing the diagonal 
 hedges as we went. TI.ey were a good many of the 
 enemy killed at the bottom ditch, and the rest took 
 to their heels, but received the fire of the Glengarry 
 regiment. Most of Ardshiel's men, being next the 
 lane, did not meet with so much opposition. 1 had 
 given orders that our men should not pass the bottom 
 ditch to go up the muir, for they would have beeu 
 e.'cposed to the fire of the Glengarry regiment, lliat 
 could not distinguish them from the enemy. Wo had 
 no more firing after this; so we retftrned to our first 
 post. We had now done what we proposed ; and, being 
 sure of no more trouble from the enemy. I ordered the 
 retreat: first Pioy Stewart, then Appin, Cluny, and the 
 Glengarry men ; anl it was half an hour after the skir- 
 mish before we went off. The AthoU brigade had 
 come the length of a bridge, withiu half a mile of 
 Clifton, hearing of my being in sight of the enemy, 
 and there waited for orders. Had the rest of the army 
 come out, and followed the plan that was proposed, 
 they would have been upon the flank of the dragoons 
 that were on horseback by the time we attacked the 
 
 others It was lucky I made the stand 
 
 at Clifton, for otherwise the enemy would have been at 
 our heels, and come straight to Penrith : where, after 
 refreshing two or three hours, they might have come 
 up with us before we got to Carlisle. I am persuaded 
 that night and next morning, when the van entered 
 Carlisle, there was above eight miles from our van to 
 our rear, and mostly an open country full of commons." 
 Commenting upon the narrative of Lord George 
 Murray, Mr. Mounsey remarks : — " This account is so 
 circumstantial, and so accurate in its local detail, that 
 it has great weight. It candidly puts the affair as an 
 attack by the rear of the Higljlanders, 1,000 strong, 
 upon 500 of the duke's dismounted dragoons pushed 
 forward into the Clifton enclosures ; and claims no gloiy
 
 PENRITH PARISH. 
 
 601 
 
 for having expelled them, but simply takes credit for 
 having withstood iu the outset a movement which, if 
 permitted to have been effected, would, in all probabi- 
 lity, have let in the whole body of the dragoons upon 
 the retreating Highlanders. And it receives confirma- 
 tion from the fact that it stopped the pursuit. If it had 
 been true that, at Clifton, the Duke of Cumberland 
 with a largo body of cavalry had beaten the Highlanders 
 from a strong and defensive position, how came it that 
 neither that night, nor even next day, when they were 
 retreating across the open wastes of Inglewood Forest, 
 was any further attempt made upon them '? As to the 
 los3 of the two parties, it is a matter impossible to be 
 ascertained. The first account on the morning of the 
 10th, was that the dragoons lost forty men killed, six 
 wounded, and four officers wounded, and that the rebels 
 having carried off their killed and wounded, the number 
 could not be ascertained, but the Gazette account sub- 
 sequently reduces the duke's loss to a dozen men. In 
 the Clifton parish register of burials is the following 
 entry : — ' The 19th day of December, 17 1.5, the dra- 
 goons, to wit, six of Bland's, three of Cobham's, and 
 one of Mark Kerr's regiment, who were killed ye even- 
 ing before by the rebels in y" skirmish between the 
 Duke of Cumberland's army and them at y; end of 
 
 Clifton iloor next y' town, — buried.' And on 
 
 the 8tli of January following another of General Bland's 
 was buried, who probably had been wounded and left 
 there. This, therefore, would seem to be the founda- 
 tion of the Gazette's account. What the rebels did 
 with their killed, which they are alleged to have carried 
 off, it has not been explained. Tho story told of their 
 having thrown forty or fifty into the river, to conceal 
 them, will scarcely bear examination." 
 
 The Highlanders continued their retreat that night. 
 When Lord George Murray reached Penrith he found 
 the prince just taking horse, and after a short stay, for 
 the refreshment of his wearied men, he also resumed 
 his march. On the Idth tho prince reached Carli.'ile. 
 On the night of the 18th tho Duke of Cumberland 
 lodged at the house of Thomas Savage, of Clifton, and 
 the royal army remained under arms, in line of battle, 
 on the moor, llarly on tho following day tho Duke of 
 Cumberland, with his cavalry, entered Penrith, and was 
 soon followed by tho DuUc of Riehmond, with tho in- 
 fantry. Tho inhabitants are said to have displayed 
 great joy on the duke's arrival, for the retreating High- 
 landers appear to have broken open several houses and 
 shops, t;ikcn away largo (juantities of goods, and thrown 
 into the streets, and spoiled and destroyed what they 
 could not carry off. During his stay in Penrith tho 
 Duke of Cumberland was tho guest of Adisou Uuttou, 
 
 71 
 
 Esq., of Hutton Hall, and the Duke of Richmond that 
 of Mr. Grave, of Sandgate Hall. The presence of the 
 duke seems to have roused tho dormant loyalty of the 
 inhabitants of Penrith and the surrounding district. 
 They scoured the country in quest of the straggling 
 Highlanders, eighty of whom they captured. As a 
 reward for their services on this occasion, tho Duke of 
 Portland made them a present of fifty guinea';, with 
 which two large gilt chandeliers were bought, and are 
 still preserved in the parish church. On the morning 
 of the 21st the Duke of Cumberland's whole force 
 marched from Penrith, in three columns, towards Car- 
 lisle, and his subsequent proceedings will be found in 
 our notice of that city at page 94. 
 
 From the time of the suppression of the rebellion of 
 1 745 there is nothing to record relating to Penrith till 
 ] 760. On the night of the 18th of November of that 
 year, Thomas Parker, a butcher, of Langwathby, was 
 found murdered near Nancy Dobson's stone, which stood 
 where the opening is in Cowrako Road. Suspicion at 
 once fell upon a man named Thomas Nicholson, who 
 had been inquiring for Parker at Carleton, and he was 
 at once arrested. He was convicted of the crime at the 
 assize held at Cariisle in the following year, and was 
 sentenced to be hung iu chains near the place where 
 tho murder had been committed. This sentence was 
 carried into effect on the 31st of August, 1707. The 
 b.idy of the murderer hung, exposed to the winds of 
 heaven, until nothing but the skeleton remained. One 
 stormy night the gibbet was blown down, and some 
 of the inhabitants of Edenhall gathered the bones toge- 
 ther, and wrapping them in a winnowing sheet interred 
 them. Until the enclosure of the common the letters 
 T. P. M., " Thomas Parker Murdered," cut in the turf, 
 painted out to the passer-by the scene of the murder. 
 
 At the commencement of tho eighteenth century 
 considerable tralhc was carried on between Penrith and 
 Kendal, and no less than sixty pack horses were em- 
 ployed between the two towns. Ou tho formation of 
 turnpike roads, the pack horse was snpei-seded by tho 
 carrier's wagon and the farmer's cart. In 170.1 the first 
 stage coach passed over Shap fells. About this period 
 Penrith began to partake, in some degree, of the cha- 
 racter of a manufacturing town. Checks, linen, and 
 ginghams were the chief productions, and afforded em- 
 ployment to many of the inhabitants. But the intro- 
 duction of machinery put an end to the manufactures of 
 Penrith, and it is now supplied from the groat markets 
 of the country. In 1787 Penrith, according to Clarke. 
 possessed " somo conaider.ablo manufactures of checks," 
 and lie further tells us the place is " remarkable for its 
 neatness, if we except the shambles and town hall."
 
 602 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 The liistory of Pouritb, from this period, is associated 
 with its churches, chapels, schools, and public iastitu- 
 tions, and will be found La the accounts of them given 
 in the following pages. 
 
 ANCIENT RELIOIOUS UOGSE. 
 
 A convent of Augustinian friars existed in Penrith 
 in Catholic times. The date of its foundation is not 
 known, but it was anterior to the thirteenth century. 
 It is very probable that it owed its origin to the piety 
 of some of tlie Scottish kings, during the time they 
 held Penrith and its neighbourhood. Edward I. on 
 passing through the town, on his way to Scotland, in 
 1299, bestowed alms upon the community, and again 
 on his return in the same year, giving on the former 
 occasion 2s. 8d. and on the latter 5s. 8d. From the 
 inquisitions post mortem of the reign of Edward III. 
 we learn that the convent was endowed with four acres 
 of land. In 1350 Agnes Denton, widow, left the sum 
 of 10s. to the community. The friars were zealous in 
 the cause of religion, and au.xious that the places in 
 their neighbourhood should not be without provision for 
 the spiritual necessities of tha people. Newton Eeigny 
 appears to have been for some time without a chaplain. 
 The Augustiuians of Penrith called Bishop Welton's 
 attention to the circumstance, who, in 1359, empowered 
 the community to officiate in the church of Newton 
 Heigny, and to administer the sacraments there. The 
 same bishop granted an indulgence of forty days, upon 
 condition of their going to confession, and communion 
 to all those who should be present at the offices of the 
 church of the priory on Christmas Day, and to those 
 who bestowed alms upon the community, " because they 
 were very poor." The license granted by Bishop 
 Welton seems to have been renewed by Bishop Appleby 
 in 1305, when that prelate granted to one of the friars, 
 who was sacrist of the convent, permission to officiate 
 in the church or chapel of Newton for four years. From 
 this date upwards of a century elapses before we learn 
 anything further respecting the convent. In 1489 
 Robert Wrangwis, fellow of Queen's College, 0.\ford, 
 gave to the Augustinians of Penrith some lauds in that 
 town. Pilchard, the first Lord Scrope, of Boltou, ap- 
 pears to have been one of the benefactors to this con- 
 vent. In 1542-3 the convent was suppressed, and given 
 by Henry VIU. to Robert Tyrwhit, Esq. It was after- 
 wards held by the Raincock family, from whom it passed 
 to the Gaskarths, one of whom, the Rev. John Gaslsarth, 
 sold it to an ancestor of the Earl of Lonsdale, the pre- 
 sent possessor. The house in Friargate, still known as 
 the Friary, occupies the site of the convent. Mr. AValker 
 informs us that " When the trenches for the foundation 
 
 of the walls of the house called Abbot Bank were being 
 dug, the ground floor of the chapel of the convent was 
 discovered, and a quantity of human bones found under 
 the chancel, including a piir of thigh bones of exti'a- 
 ordinary size, and sever;d undecayed skulls, with teeth 
 still fresh and even. The boues were exhumed on the 
 day on which George IV. was crowned, and reinterred 
 in a field which the prior and brethren had formerly 
 held in free alms." 
 
 CEIUnCBES AND CHAPELS. 
 
 The parish church of Penrith, dedicated to Saint 
 Andrew, is a spacious Grecian structure, after the model 
 of St. Andrew's, Holborn, London, rebuilt, with the 
 exception of the tower, in the years 1 720-22, at a cost 
 of £2,253 raised by a parochial rate and voluntary sub- 
 scriptions. Hutchinson, in his " History of Cumber- 
 land," gives the following description of the church : — 
 " The outward fronts are constructed after a plain but 
 neat plan, and connected with the old tower; but the 
 inside of the edifice, for convenience and propriety ex- 
 ceeds most churches in the north of England. It is 
 uniformly stalled with oak, and divided by a centre aisle 
 and two side aisles, well lighted by spacious windows. 
 The body of the church is left open to a lofty ceiling, 
 but the side aisles are covered with galleries which 
 unite at the west end, where is the general entrance to 
 those galleries, by a staircase leading to each wing. 
 The galleries are supported on rows of e.xcellent Ionic 
 columns, ten on each side, each column formed of one 
 entire stone, brought from the quarries of Crawduudle, 
 in the county of Westmoreland. Each column is ten 
 feet four inches in height, and in the middle four feet 
 two inches in circumference. The stone is dressed to 
 a good polish, and, being red and finely veined, has the 
 appearance of mahogany. The upper columns, from the 
 gallery to the roof, are of wood, aud what hurts the eye 
 greatly, they are painted white, and their capitals are 
 garnished with gold.'' Since Hutchinson's time, 1794, 
 the stone columns which support the gallery have also 
 been painted white. The walls of the chancel arc 
 ornamented with two paintings representing the Angels 
 appearing to the Shepherds, aud the Agony of our Lord 
 in the Garden, executed by Mr. Jacob Thompson, a 
 native of the town, and as works of art have been higlily 
 spoken of. The organ at the west end of the gallery 
 was erected by public subscription, aided by a bequest 
 of 100 guineas from Lieut.-Colouel Thomas Dawson, of 
 Chelsea, a native of Penrith. The church possesses two 
 large gilt chandeliers, purchased with the fifty guineas 
 presented by William, second Duke of Portland, in 
 1745, to the tenants of Penrith, as a token of his
 
 PENRITH PARISH. 
 
 603 
 
 esteem for their loyal conduct during the rising of 
 that year. ^ Siuce the introduction of gas, these 
 chandeliers are more for show than use. There 
 are several marble slabs in the south wall of the 
 chancel, which, in addition to coats of arms, bear the 
 following inscriptions: — "Hie jacet Christophorus 
 Moresby, miles, qui obiit 26° die mensis Julii, a.d. 
 MccccLxxxxix. Jesu. Maria." Here lies Christopher 
 Moresby, knight, who departed the 20th day of the 
 month of July, in the year of our Lord, 1499. Jesus. 
 Mary. " Orate pro anima Christophori ^Moresby, rai- 
 liUs, et Elizabeth:!' uxoris ejus, quorum auimabus pro- 
 pitietur Deus. Amen." Pray for the soul of Christo- 
 pher Moresby, knight, and of Elizabeth, his wife, on 
 whose souls may God have mercy. " Orate pro anima 
 Christophori Pykryng militis ; qui obiit vii die mensis 
 Sept. Anno Dora, milles D^XII.''^ Pray for the soul of 
 Christopher Pykryng, knight, who departed the 7th day 
 of the month of Septerabir, in the year of our Lord 
 1512. "Orate pro anima Piicardi Coldall uuper de 
 Plumpton in comitat. Cumbr. armigeri qui obiit apud 
 Plumptou '-i~ die mensis Decerab. Anno Domino mille- 
 simo cccelxii. cujus anima propitietur Deus. .'Vmen." 
 Pray for the soul of Richard Coldall, late of Plumpton, 
 in the county of Cumberland, Esq., who departed at 
 Plumptou on the •iTlli day of December, llOi, on whose 
 soul may God have mercy. There are several other 
 monuments and slabs iu the church to the memory of 
 members of the Dalston, AVIiarton, Todd, Bleneowe, 
 Hutton, Bolton, Wallace, Fletcher, and other families. 
 On a brass plate in the chancel is the following inscrip- 
 tion, commemorative of the visitation of the plague, 
 noticed at page 5115: — "a.d. mdxcviii. Ex gravi peste, 
 (juae regiouibus hisce incubuit, obierunt apud Penrith 
 2,S60; Kendal, 2,500; llichmond, 2,200; Carlisle, 
 1,196, Posteri avcrtite vos et vivite." Ezek. xviii. 32. 
 The old tower at the west cud of the church is a build- 
 ing of great strength : the thickness of the walls at the 
 base is about s\k feet, but it gradually diminishes to- 
 wards the top. This tower is said to have been used 
 during the days of border warfare, as a place of refuge 
 by the inhabitants. When the church was rebuilt, a 
 western entrance was with great dilliculty made through 
 the tower. A winding staircase, in the south-west 
 corner, leads to the belfry, which contains a peal of bells 
 with chimes, and ti;ence to the top of the tower, whence a 
 fino prospect is obtained of the town ami neighbourhood. 
 The bells were purchased in 1701, at a cost of i."<31 
 15s. lid. Tiio churchyard was closed against inter- 
 ments, except in particuLir cases, in lu50. Iu it is the 
 
 ' Sec page 001. 
 ' See Morcsbj parish, pitge (10. 
 
 well-known Giant's Grave ; a monument consisting of 
 two stone pillars between ten and eleven feet high, and 
 standing fifteen feet apart, connected on each side by 
 two semicircular stones, each two feet six inches in 
 height. The pillars are rounded to the height of about six 
 feet, when they become nearly square ; and these, toge- 
 ther with the semicircular stones, were once covered 
 with rude sculpture. 'Mr. Walker says, " The tradi- 
 tional name of the' Giant's Grave,' identical in meaning 
 with the ' Hemps' Graves, ' and the ' Kemp How ' of 
 other parts of these counties, was commonly applied to 
 the Danish burial grounds of a certain period — which 
 were made to contain a number of bodies — simply on 
 account of their extraordinary size. We may conclude, 
 therefore, judging from its position and size, that the 
 grave is a family burial-place, and belongs to the Dano- 
 Celtic period that preceded the breaking in of English 
 laws under the Xorman kings, but that the family must 
 have been extinct before the name was conferred. The 
 name once given, tradition was not slow to connect the 
 grave with the caves of Eamont, and with a famous 
 personage whose fame still filled this part of the coun- 
 try. In Dr. Todd's M.S. History of the Diocese, 1089, 
 is to be found the popular story then current, that 
 ' One Ewan, or Owen C<esarius, famous for hunting 
 (ind fighting 1,400 years ago,' lies buried in the grave ; 
 that his stature was the entire length between the pil- 
 lars, and that the four smaller stones represent so many 
 wild boars killed by him in the neighbouring forest of 
 Inglewood. Ewan Cassario is supposed to have been, 
 in his time, the proprietor if not the founder of Castle 
 Hewen, a building of great antiquity, the foundations of 
 which can still be traced near the former lake of Tarn 
 Wadling, and has likewise been connected with Ewau- 
 rigg, in the ward of Allerdale-above-Detwent, as well as 
 with the Giant's Grave and the Giant's Caves. This 
 fabulous ubiquity is strong proof that such a person did 
 once flourish in Cumbria. The name Ewan being 
 Celtic, and the surname Civsario Latin, he seems to bo 
 one of those who claimed Roman extraction, and was 
 probably the King .Vrthur of the north, who made'hira- 
 sclf a terror to the invading Angles and Danes. The 
 tnulitiims that connect Ewan Cnfsnrio with the caves of 
 the Eamont and the monument of Penrith churchyard, 
 cannot be supposed to be founded in fact, and merely 
 testify to the impression made on tlie (H>ople in this part 
 of Cumbria by the fame of the so-called giant, .^s to 
 the caves, it can scarcely be doubted that they were at 
 some period a hermitage : but the grave fully identifies 
 itself with the early history of Christianity in these 
 counties."' The churchjard was unfcucod and open to 
 
 ' " nis:onr of Pvnrith," ptges 15 tnd IC.
 
 604 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 the public till the year 1820, when it was enclosed ; a 
 rate of ad. in the pound was laid for the purpose. 
 
 The patronage of the church of Penrith was originally 
 vested in the kings of England. As we have seen at 
 page 502, Henry I. granted it to Athelwald, first bishop 
 of Carlisle, on the foundation of that see, and it has 
 since been enjoyed by his respective successors. About 
 the year 1992 the rectory was valued at i'40 lis. and 
 the vicarage at i'9 fis. 8d. Up to the year ICOO the 
 vicarage appears to have had but a poor provision made 
 for it ; according to Dr. Todd all its endowments and 
 perquisites did not amount to more than £30 a year. 
 Sandford, however, estimates it at £-10, and the tithes 
 of corn at £200. At the Restoration Bishop Sterne 
 granted an augmentation of £20 per annum to the £12 
 which appears to have been the ancient endowment 
 payable out of the great tithes. Mr. JIawson who, 
 about the year IG09, was entitled, under a lease from 
 the dean and chapter of Carlisle, to the corn tithes of 
 Sleagill and 'J'iirimby, in Morland parish, for twenty-one 
 years, bequeathed the same to the vicars of Dacre and 
 Penrith, in undivided moieties ; but the joint estate being 
 found inconvenient to the trustees, a division was agreed 
 upon, and the tilho of Sleagill was, in consequence, as- 
 signed to Penrith, and that of Thrimby to Uacre. In 
 the course of years the Penrith trustees neglected to 
 renew the lease, leaving the sole care to the vicar, 
 in whose custody the lease was, and it was subse- 
 quently allowed to run out. Dr. Todd, who was col- 
 lated in 1699, prevailed upon the dean and chapter to 
 grant a new lease to him and his successors, vicars of 
 Penrilh, upon payment of an additional yearly rent. 
 These tithes were afterwards changed into a landed 
 estate of niuety-onc acres, under the provisions of an 
 act passed in the 43rd George III. for dividing and 
 enclosing the open wastes and commons in the manor 
 of Sleagill. Bishop Smith, by will, dated October 8th, 
 1700, gave towards the " augmentation of the vicarage 
 of Penrith, and the better maintenance and encourage- 
 ment of the vicars and incumbents there, the sum of 
 ±500." Mary Bell, a maiden lady, by indenture of the 
 19th December, 1710, gave and granted to the church- 
 wardens upon trust £250, to place the same out at in- 
 terest, which was to be applied to and for the vicars of the 
 parish church of Penrith, on condition of their reading 
 morning prayers in the parish church on every week 
 day in the year ; and also evening prayers every week 
 day during the time of Lent. The donations of Bishop 
 Smith and Mary Bell, amounting to £750 were, in 1751, 
 1761, and 1709, invested inland at Clifton, in trust 
 for the vicar of Penrith for the time being. In 1813 
 an exchange of lands was agreed upon between the late 
 
 Earl of Lonsdale and the late Rev. J. Fletcher, vicar of 
 Penrith, with the consent and approbation of the Bishop 
 of Carlisle, the vicar and his successors to receive, in 
 lieu of the property in Clifton, ten closes of land in the 
 parish of Penrith, containing thirty-nine acres, two 
 roods, and eighteen perches. The award by consent of 
 the parties interested was made by the commissioners 
 appointed by act of Parliament 5 1st George III. for 
 enclosing lands in the manor and parish of Clifton. The 
 minor endowments of the vicarage comprise £2 yearly 
 for two sermons, given by AYilliam Robinson ; half-a- 
 guinea for a sermon, left by Barbara Bland, and £1 a 
 year, given by Mr. William Blamire, as a compensa- 
 tion to the vicar for preaching an anniversary sermon in 
 the parish church, on the first Sunday in January, for 
 recommending and promoting the instruction of youth 
 in grammar and the classics, and the benefits thence 
 arising. According to a terrier made in 1749 the vicar, 
 among other dues, was entitled to mortuaries by act of 
 Parliament. The tithes and prescription money due to 
 him were — for every communicant, three halfpence; for 
 every new-calved cow, threepence ; for a cow of the first 
 calf, twopence; for a stripped milk cow, a penny ; for a 
 foal, fourpcnce ; for a cast of bees, twopence ; and for a 
 plough, a penny. The small tithes have been commuted 
 for an annual rent-charge, but the three halfpence for 
 each communicant is the vicar's due by ancient pre- 
 scription. The church rate appears to have been an- 
 ciently raised out of the several divisions of the parish 
 separately, and was called powlpence, polepeuce, or 
 pollponce, from which it is inferred that this rate was 
 collected on the heads of the whole or some particular 
 classes of the parishioners. This mode of assessment 
 seems to have continued till about the year 1683, when 
 a deviation from the old rule was made, and the rate 
 collected upon property. Two years afterwards, in 1 685, 
 the old system was revived, but only to cease for ever, 
 as since that time the church money has been raised by 
 rates levied on the whole parish. In the Valor of Pope 
 Nicholas the vicarage is returned as worth £40 lis. a 
 year; in that of Edward II. at £6 13s. 4d., and in the 
 King's Book at £11 9s. Id. It is now worth about £200 
 a year. 
 
 ViCAiis— Symon, ; Walter de Cantilupe, 1223 ; Sir Tho9. 
 
 (le Kirkoswald, died 1318; Sir Alan de Horncastle, 1318; Sir 
 
 Gilbert de Kirkby, 1323; Sir Jobn , 1355; Jobn Ilanekin, 
 
 1428 ; Tliomas Beste, 11T7 ; Sir T. Ellerton, died 1500 ; Sir 
 Robert Pearson, 15C5 ; Sir Robert Robson, 1574; Sir William 
 Walleis, 1575 ; Jobn Hastie, ICOO, ejected during tbe confusion 
 
 in churcb and state ; Roger Baldwin, Presbyterian, ; John 
 
 Hastie, restored 16G0; Simon Webster, 1G11; Robert Fisher, 
 lfi03 ; Charles Carter, 1065 ; Marias d'Assigny, 1667 ; Joshua 
 Bunting, 16C8 ; John Child, 16C8-9 ; Alexander Farrington,
 
 PENRITH PARISH. 
 
 605 
 
 lfi!)4; Hugh Todd, 1009; John Morland, 1728; Gustavus 
 Thompson, 171S; Ualtie Worsop, 1740; John Cowper, 1750; 
 James Fletcher, 1700; John Fenton, 1823; WiUiam Jackson, 
 183:] ; Thomas James Clarlc, ISU ; WiUiam Holme Milner, 1810; 
 Samuel Johnston Butler, 1853. 
 
 The vicarage was erected on glebe land in 1837, with 
 money arising from the sale of the materials of the old 
 vicarage and sito, subscriptions, and £'372 borrowed 
 from the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty. The old 
 vicarage stood to the south-east of the church, aud was 
 an inconvenient and unhealthy building. 
 
 Christ Church is a neat structure in the Perpendi- 
 cular style, situated at the east end of the main street, 
 at the foot of the Beacon Hill. It consists of a nave, 
 with north and south aisles, vestry at the south-east 
 end, and north porch. The material used in the exte- 
 rior of the edifice is the red sandstone of the district ; 
 while tlio interior pillars, pulpit, itc. are of white free- 
 stone from Lammonby Moor. The total cost of erec- 
 tion amounted to f 2,700. There are GOO sittings, 430 
 of which are free and unappropriated. The burial- 
 ground by which tlic church is surrounded is laid out 
 with excellent taste, and contains a few tombstones 
 displaying considerable artistic skill. Mr. Wallcer tells 
 us that the circumstances which led to the erection of 
 this church were as follow : — " Most of the pews in the 
 old church were appropriated and regarded by the 
 parishioners as their own private property. The popu- 
 lation of the parish in 1 810, when an attempt was made 
 to repew the said church, which failed, was nearly double 
 that of 1800, and treble that of 1722 ; moreover, the 
 state of the churchyard was such that new ground to 
 provide for the proper and decent interment of the dead 
 bad long been a desideratum, and with this increase of 
 population, and the dilliculty respecting the sittings, a 
 proportionate increase of accommodation for worship 
 was equally desirable. One or two subscriptions of .£50 
 each having beeu voluntarily offered to ]the Rev. Jlr. 
 Milner, the then* icar, ho applied to the late Marj' do 
 Whelpdule, who gave £500. Thus encouraged, and 
 other subscriptions being promised, Mr. Jlilner formed 
 a committee of subscribers,' and issued his first address 
 on the subject, ' To the owners of lauds and tenements 
 in the parish,' in October, 18-17." The foundation stone 
 was laid on the Gth of April, 1848, and the church was 
 consecrated 31st October, 1850, by the late Dr. Percy, 
 bishop of Carlisle. Tiie architects were ^lessrs. Travis 
 and MangnoU, of Manchester, under whoso direction 
 the works were carried out by local builders, &c. The 
 church possesses two beautiful stained glass windows, 
 
 ' Tlio fi)llowing gentlemen composed this committee: — The Rev. 
 W. II. Milner, T. D. Rlcnymiru, Ksq., Jos. Salkcld, Esq., James 
 Barrett, Esq., and Junathau Varty, Esq. 
 
 by Wailes, of Newcastle, erected by Mrs. de Whelpdale 
 and Mr. Barret; it is attended by the clergy of the 
 parish ciiurch. 
 
 St. Catherine's Church (Catholic) is a small but hand- 
 some edifice adjoining the new churchyard. It was 
 opened on the 11th of June, 1850, and is already much 
 too small for the increasing congregation. Considerable 
 additions arc now (1859) in course of being effected, 
 consisting of chancel, transepts, &c., which, when com- 
 pleted, will add materially to the size of the church. 
 The windows are of stained glass, the eastern one being 
 remarkable for its beauty. There are several mural 
 monuments, one of which is in memory of the late Rev. 
 George Leo Haydock.' The principles of Protestantism 
 seem to have made but slow progress iu Penrith, for 
 some time after the Reformation, aud even as late as 
 1081, there were several who still remained true to the 
 ancient faith. In the year just named five Catholics 
 were summoned to appear before the chancellor of the 
 diocese at Penrith, and in consequence of their non- 
 compliance were declared to be excommunicated. A 
 large room in St. Andrew's Place served for a consider- 
 able period as a place of worship, and is still known as 
 the old CathoUc Chapel. To the liberality of Catherine, 
 Lady Throgmorton, late of Carleton, Yorkshu'e, and the 
 exertions of P. 11. Howard, Esq., of Corby Castle, the 
 Catholics of Penrith are chiefly indebted for their pre- 
 sent church. The presbytery, or priest's house, adjoin- 
 ing the church, was erected iu 1853 by the Very Rev. 
 Robert Smith, canon of the Catholic diocese of Hexham, 
 the present incumbent. 
 
 The Friends' Meeting House is the oldest dissenting 
 place of worship iu the town, and is supposed to have 
 been erected about the end of the seventeenth century. 
 Thirteen members of the society appear to have been 
 resident in the parish as early as the year lOSl, in 
 which year they were summoned by the chancellor of 
 the diocese at Penrith, and for non-attendance excom- 
 municated. Tlieir names will bo found in " ^Yalke^'s 
 History of Penrith," page 180. 
 
 The Independent Chapel, situated in Duke-street, is 
 a convenient structure, erected in 1821. The congre- 
 gation seems to have been first fortned about the year 
 1817, when Mr. Pearson, who had been preaching in 
 various pans of Westmoreland, was invited to visit 
 Penrith. Subsequently the Rev. WiUiam Thome 
 became minister, and tho chapel was erected, the 
 congregation having previously met for worship in a 
 school-room in Dockray. The present minister is 
 the Rev. William IJrcwis. 
 
 t A short memoir of tliis gentleman will be found in " Walker's 
 Penrilli," p. 170.
 
 606 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 The Presbyterian Chapel is in Rowcliff Lane. The 
 congregation attached to this chapel dates its origin 
 from the vear lOCO, when Roger Baldwin was ejected 
 from the the living of Penrith. It has since continued 
 firmly attached to the Westminster Confession of Faith, 
 and is one of those congregations which, despite the 
 many changes which have taken place in the Presby- 
 terian body, have retained the Presbyterian name. 
 
 Ministers.— James Coningham, 1C!)4; Thomas Andrews, 
 1701; Peter SiJdon, 1715; Samuel Threlkeld, 172S; Samuel 
 Lowthian, who removed to Newcastle about the year 1748; 
 Edward Buncle, 1751 ; John Honeyraan, 1112 ; James Broad- 
 foot, 1783 ; Eiclmrd Paxton, 1788; George Henderson, 1793; 
 James ilc.Connochie, 17U4; Henry Thomson, 1709. 
 
 The Primitive Jlethodist Chapel, at the foot of 
 Arthur-street, was erected by subscriptions and dona- 
 tions in 185C. It is a plain substantial building, 
 capable of accominodating 300 persons. The Kev. W. 
 Wilson was the first minister, his successor is the 
 Kev. W. Alderson. 
 
 The Wesleyan Chapel is a commodious structure, at 
 the head of Sandgate, erected in 1815. Wesleyanism 
 dates its origin iu Penrith from a visit paid to the 
 town by the Piev. John Wesley in 1751. We find 
 him again here in 1780 and in 1780, on which occa- 
 sions he preached either at the Cross or under the old 
 Moot Hall. His first adherents consisted of poor people, 
 with the exception of Mr. Yarty, whose school-room, 
 near the Crown Inn, served for a considerable period 
 as a place of worship. On Mr. Tarty 's demise, in 
 1814, his coreligionists resolved to build a more suit- 
 able chapel, and the present structure was erected in 
 the following year. !Mr. Walker tells us that Penrith 
 was formerly comprised in the Dales circuit, of which 
 Baniai-d Castle was the head. In 1803 the places in 
 Westmoreland and Cumberland where Wesleyanism 
 had been introduced were detached from Barnard 
 Castle and formed into an independent circuit, with 
 210 members, the head of which was Brough. Penrith 
 is now the circuit town. The present ministers are 
 Rev. G. Greenwood, Rer. J. Wesley Thomas, and the 
 PiCv. J. Wright. ^Ir. Thomas is the author of an 
 excellent translation of Dante. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 As we have seen at previous pages, the education of 
 the youth of Penritli was attended to at a veiy early 
 period, the successive priests of the chantry of Saint 
 Andrew instructing all who came in such knowledge as 
 was then deemed essential by our forefathers. These 
 teachers seem to have performed their duty well as 
 long as they exercised the privilege, that is till the time 
 
 I of the suppression of the monastic institutions, when 
 I the school of Penrith shared the fate of similar institu- 
 tions in other parts of England, and no provision was 
 made for the education of the rising generation till the 
 reign of Elizabeth, who by her charter, dated July 1 8th, 
 l.")li4, founded "the Free Grammar School of Queen 
 Elizabeth in Penrith." By this charter it was ordained 
 that there should be a master and usher and five gover- 
 nors, who were created a body corporate, with power for 
 the survivors, upon the death of any of them, to elect 
 successors from the inhabitants of the town and parish. 
 For the support of the school the rent of the dissolved 
 chantry was granted to the governors and their succes- 
 sors. The governors were to have a common seal, and 
 were to be capable of being parties to actions and suits. 
 They were likewise empowered to provide a school-house 
 within the palish, to appoint a master and usher, and 
 to remove them for any olTeuce at their discretion, also 
 to make orders, in writing, for the government of the 
 school, of the master, usher, scholars, and the revenue. 
 The charter also licensed the alienation of lands and 
 tenements to the amount of i'SO a year, beyond the rent 
 of £0 to the governors for the use of the school. As 
 stated at page 090, Penrith school was endowed with a 
 piece of land called Ling Stubbs, which is now worth 
 about £70 a year ; but this property was alienated from 
 the use of the school by Mr. Andrew Whelpdale, 
 twenty shillings a year being all that now comes to the 
 school. The charter and other documents belonging 
 to the school were taken possession of by another of the 
 same family: but the charter has been recovered.' 
 The £6 a year given by the foundation charter is still 
 possessed by the school, £5 'Js. being charged upon the 
 Skirsgill estate, and the remainder upon houses in the 
 town. In addition to this the school possesses a bene- 
 faction of i;iO per annum, given in IGUO by Sir. 
 Robinson ; a yearly sum of £'5 arising from two fields 
 called Spillamire Closes, given by Mr.lBlamire in 17^2; 
 a rent charge of £'2 a year, given by the same gentle- 
 man, for the purchase of a silver medal, to be given 
 annually to the scholar who composes the best Latin 
 theme on a given subject, also a silver pen to the best 
 writer, and a book of arithmetic to the best ai'ithmetician ; 
 two guineas a year from the Duke of Devonshire, in lieu 
 of the revenue formerly derived from the old market 
 cross ; these and a few other small chai'ges make up 
 the endowment of the school, which altogethei- amounts 
 to about £26 a year. The revenues being so small, it 
 has not been usual to appoint an usher, as required by 
 the charter, and there are no funds for the repairs of the 
 
 1 This charter, with a translation, will be found in the appendix 
 to " Walker's Pemiih."
 
 rCXEITH PARISH. 
 
 607 
 
 schoul. A iiuw I'ront has recently been put into the old 
 school by public subscription. Over the door is a stone 
 in the form of a shield, bearing the arms of Queen Eliza- 
 beth, with the motto "Semper Eadem." On the left of 
 this is a stone with the inscription " Schola Lib. Gkam. 
 EuzAiiKTUAE lliiGiNA, A.D. MDLXiv.," another stone, 
 on the right, is inscribed as follows : " I.mpexsis Pi'dlicis 
 Restituta, mdccclvii." The school of Penrith is 
 one of the twelve schools in Cumberland, Westmoreland, 
 and Yorkshire, which have the privilege of sending a 
 candidate every five years to Queen's College, Oxford, 
 to compete for one of the five e.\hibitions bequeathed by 
 Lady Elizabeth Hastings, each worth about £100 a 
 year, and tenable for five years. 
 
 Mr. Robinson's school, situated in Middlegato, was 
 erected about the year 1670, very probably by public 
 subscription. Its name is derived froui Mr. Robinson, 
 who, by his will, dated 1600, bequeathed " the sum of 
 i"20 a year, for ever, to be issuing and payable out of his 
 premises in Grub-street, London, to the churchwardens 
 of the parish of Penrith, for the education and bringing up 
 of poor girls in a free school, to read and seamstry work, 
 or such other learning fit for that sex, being the poor 
 sort, whose parents were not able to pay for their 
 learning ; and to be admitted by and with the consent 
 of the churchwardens of the parish for the time being." 
 On May 1st, 1700, the vicar, churchwardens, vestr}', 
 and overseers made regulations for the government of 
 the school, by which the mistress is required " to teach 
 all children that are sent unto her by the minister and 
 churchwardens, gratis, without demanding any reward, 
 nnd no other." Since Mr. Robinson's time this school 
 has received the following endowments: — Joan Lassells, 
 widow, by will, dated May 10th, 1071, gave "the 
 surplus of her personal estate to the use thereof;" 
 directing that the interest should be applied towards 
 " employing poor children in the working of worsted 
 and knitting in tjie said school." Roger Sleddale, by 
 will, in 1090, gave i'lO to the master and mistress of 
 this school, " wherewith to purchase a stock to carry 
 on a manufictory therein." Thomas Langliorne and 
 Susannah Sleddale, wiio afterwards intermarried, were 
 the executors of Mrs. Lassells, the surplus of whose 
 estates was applied as directed, and Mrs. Langhorne, 
 who survived her husband, being anxious to preserve 
 the charity money, which produced £5 a year, invested 
 the samo in the purchase of land, and afterwards granted 
 by indenture, dated 1700, to trustees for the use of 
 the school, an aniniity of the i'5 chargeable upon laud 
 at Penrith, called Uowcrbank Close, or Kitty-cum-KoU, 
 and Low Ingmire ; and it wa.s limited by the said 
 indenture that the amount should be paid yearly, on 
 
 the 2ud of February, at the great Througli Stone, in 
 the churchyard of Penrith. Small bequests, amounting 
 in the aggregate to £00 were afterwards given to the 
 school. This £00 included £5 given by Mrs. Lang- 
 horne, £5 by Thomas Pattenson, £10 by Christopher 
 Pattenson, and £10 by :\Ir. Sleddale; £10 of the £00 
 was laid out with Mrs. Bland's chai-ity money in the 
 purchase of lands, the rents of which, in the proportion 
 of four-fifteenths, belong to the school. What became 
 of the remaining £iO does not seem to be known. Mrs. 
 Dorothy Pattenson left four shillings a year for the 
 purchase of books for poor girls. Mrs. Bland, who was 
 mistress of the school, gave four Bibles, with the Acts 
 of Uniformity, and Common Prayer, and the Apocrypha, 
 to be kept in the school, for the use of poor girls of the 
 communion of the Church of England, who should not 
 be able to provide themselves with such books, or 
 otherwise to be absolutely given to them. The total 
 revenue of the school is about £-29 os. a year, viz., 
 £2it per annum, the gift of Mr. Robinson, £5 per 
 annum secured on land by the executors of Mrs. 
 Lassells, and £4 5s. being the school's proportion of 
 rent of lauds arising from an investment of £40. The 
 churchwardens for the time being are governors, and 
 no child can be admitted free without their consent. 
 
 The Spinning and Knitting School is a branch of 
 Robinson's school, on the establishment of which, the 
 mistress, besides reading and sempstry, taught spinning 
 and knitting ; but it being found that these different 
 branches of learning could not be carried on conve- 
 niently together, another mistress was employed to 
 teach scholars to spin and knit, in another room of tlio 
 same establishment. 
 
 The Boys' National School, situated in Benson-street, 
 was erected by subscription in 1810, on a site given by 
 the Earl of Lonsdale. It will accommodate about 1 80 
 pupils, and is supported by subscriptions, donations, 
 and the payments made by the children. 
 
 The Infant School is the next in the order of time, 
 being founded in 1828, by the exertions of a few bene- 
 volent ladies of the town. The present school and 
 teacher's residence were erected in I83i!, at a cost of 
 £300, which was defrayed by the proceeds of a bazaar 
 held for the purpose. It is open to children of all 
 denominations, who are admitted at the age of two 
 years, and many remain until they are seven ; the 
 charge is one penny weekly. From its commencement 
 this school has been well attended, the average number 
 of pupils being 140. We scarcely need add that the 
 school depends for support upon public subscriptions 
 and donations. 
 
 The Wesieyau Day School, Meeting House Lane, is
 
 60S 
 
 LEATir WARP. 
 
 a handsome structure, in the Elizabethan style, erected 
 by subscription in 181i. It comprises two large school- 
 rooms, with galleries, and all the accessories required 
 by the modern systems of education. The school is 
 conducted on the principle of the Glasgow training 
 system, by a master and three pupil teachers ; a mis- 
 tress being employed for the purpose of instructing 
 the girls in sewing and knitting. The school, as 
 reported by her majesty's inspector of schools, is in 
 a very efficient state, and self-supporting. 
 
 The British School, erected in 18-17, is situated in 
 Canny Croft. It was erected by subscription and a 
 government grant in 1847, on a site given by tlic Duke 
 of Devonshire, and consists of one large room, with two 
 class-rooms, and a good playground. Tlie school was 
 opened in 1848. It is under government inspection, 
 and has an average attendance of seventy children. 
 
 A Ragged School was commenced at the Town Head 
 iu August, 1853, and is now attended by forty children. 
 
 In addition to these schools there are Sunday-schools 
 attached to the various places of worship. 
 
 heligious, chaeitabi.e, asd otheii societies. 
 The Penrith Church Missionary Association, and a 
 branch of the British and Foreign Bible Society were 
 established in 1815, and have continued in operation 
 ever since. 
 
 Tbe Good Samaritan Society was established here 
 many years ago. by the Wesleyans, for the purpose of 
 administering relief to destitute persons, without dis- 
 tinction of religion or country. 
 
 An Agricultural Society was established at Penrith 
 about twenty-seven years ago. The show is held 
 annually in September. A farmers' club was also 
 established here about a dozen years ago, in connection 
 with which there is a library and reading room. The 
 club meets twice a month for the discussion of subjects 
 relating to agriculture. 
 
 The town possesses flourishing societies of Free 
 Masons, Oddfellows, Foresters, and Druids, which have 
 conferred great and lasting benefits upon Penrith and 
 the surrounding district. 
 
 There is also a a Co-operative Building Society, 
 formed in October, 1850, after the model of one at 
 Carlisle. The amount of each share is £'30. Since 
 1850 the society has purchased four parcels of building 
 land, which have been allotted to the members. The 
 first purchase was Newlands Place, containing one acre 
 and three-quarters, the principal portion of which is 
 now built upon; the nest, Arthur Croft, on which 
 Arthur-street is built; the next, two fields, which have 
 been formed into Graham-street, so called iu honour of 
 
 Sir James Graham, one of the original promoters and 
 directors of the society ; and the fourth, a piece of land 
 long known as the Trodficld, but now Union-street. 
 Since the commencement of the society 219 shares 
 have been allotted, and eighty-one houses erected. 
 
 LXTEKAKT AND SCIEKTIMO INSTITUTIONS, &C. 
 
 Penrith Mechanics' Institution was founded in 1830, 
 and a reading room was subsequently added. This 
 institution possesses the books, coins, &c., left to 
 the inhabitants of Penrith by the late Mr. Harrison 
 Wilkinson, who, in his will expressed a hope that the 
 contribution would induce some person with competent 
 means to found a public library on an adequate scale, 
 the want of which in early life he had experienced, 
 and which was still wanted for the advancement of 
 education. 
 
 The Penrith Book Society and the Gentlemen's News 
 Pioom have been in existence many years. 
 
 Tho Young Men's Christian Association Public 
 Library was founded in 1853, and has for its object "to 
 bring into circulation among young men the best works 
 in sacred literature." The ordinary subscription is 6s. 
 per annum, apprentices of limited means, 4s. The 
 library contains about 300 volumes. In connection 
 with this association are classes for the study of 
 Biblical literature, and lectures. 
 
 The Working Men's Reading Room was established 
 in 1853, on the model of a similar institution in Car- 
 lisle, whose rule " that no member who is not a working 
 man, or who is able to live independently of his labour, 
 shall be eligible to vote at any of the society's meetings, 
 to hold office, or to sit upon any committee," is followed 
 hero. Each member pays an entrance fee of sixpence, 
 a penny a week subscription, and an annual levy of 
 sixpence. On the formation of this institution, the 
 members took the old Catholic chapel for their news- 
 room and library ; and shortly afterwards set about 
 erecting a building more suitable for their purpose. 
 An appeal was made to the public, and £350 was soon 
 obtained. Ground was at once purchased, and a building 
 erected at a cost of about £650. The new structure, 
 which is sufficiently largo for the holding of lectures, 
 Ac, was opened in September, 1855. In connection 
 with tho readins room is a dwelling house for the 
 librarian. The number of members at present is 
 upwards of 200. The library comprises nearly 2,000 
 volumes. 
 
 Penrith possesses one newspaper, the Cumberland and 
 Westmoreland Advertiser and Penrith Weelcly Chronicle, 
 established by Mr. Sweeten in June, 1855, and pub- 
 lished every Tuesday.
 
 PENRITH PAKISH. 
 
 G09 
 
 The County Constabulary Office, consisting of court- 
 house and lock-up department, is situated in Hunter's 
 Lane. From the report of an inquiry made by 
 virtue of the queen's commission to certain gentlemen, 
 issued in 1572, it appears that Richard Dudley, late 
 steward of Penrith — probably the same gentleman 
 who was, by the queen's letters patent, appointed one of 
 the original governors of the grammar school — had 
 taken from the castle thirty cart loads of stones to 
 build a prison in Penrith. The prison built by Mr. 
 Dudley is probably the place at the Town Head, known 
 to this day as the old gaol. The walls of this building 
 are of great strength, composed chiefly of blocks of red 
 sandstone, which appear as if they had been procured 
 from some cdilice which had fallen into decay. Judging 
 from the style of the workmanship, they seem to be 
 contemporaneous with the grammar school. The 
 original doorway, which was a very small one, and in 
 the south side of the building, is walled up. Within 
 living memory, the old gaol has not been used as a 
 prison. Eighty years ago, the house in Sandgate now 
 occupied by the Wesleyan minister was the place 
 where prisoners were detained, and the same house 
 continued to be used as the "Penrith lock-up" until 
 the erection of the old house of detention at the 
 Town Head, in 1825. In former times the keeper 
 of the house of detention was generally a parish 
 constable, who, assisted by the high -constable and 
 about two other parish constables, managed the 
 police business of the parish. By a resolution of the 
 Midsummer quarter sessions, 1854, the Leath Ward 
 of Cumberland and the West Ward of Westmoreland 
 were formed into a rural jiolice district, and by a reso- 
 lution of the Christmas quarter sessions, 185ti, all the 
 district forces in both counties were united under one 
 chief constable, Mr. Dunne. Leath Ward forms one 
 division, the head quarters of which is Penrith, where 
 the superintendent resides, at the new constabulary 
 ofiBce, which was opened in tho spring of IS.'i'.l. 
 The total number of the force in Leath Ward is 
 fourteen. 
 
 Tho Westmoreland and Cumberland Yeomanry 
 Cavalry, a local corps of volunteers, raised in 1819, 
 have for many years pa*t, with the exception of 1857, 
 met at Penrith for eight days' permanent drill, and 
 have invariably been reported by tho inspecting ofliccrs 
 fts one of tho most ellicient yeomanry corps in the 
 kingdom. This corps has on two or three occasions 
 been called out to uphold the civil power, when ofTicers 
 and men alike proved tin ni>clves worthy of the uniform 
 they wore. The rcgimeulal baud has acquired a very 
 high reputation. 
 
 72 
 
 UARKETS ANI) FAntS. 
 
 We have now no means of ascertaining the precise 
 date at which markets and fairs were first held in 
 Penrith. The earliest authentic notice occurs in the 
 Close Kolls of the Cth Henry III. (12-23), and is to the 
 following effect : — " The king to the sheriff of Cumber- 
 land greeting. Know that we ordain a market to be 
 held in our manor of Penred on the Wednesday of each 
 week ; and a fair to be held in the same place each 
 year, to continue from the eve of Pentecost till the 
 Monday ne.\t after tho Feast of the Holy Trinity, 
 unless the aforesaid market and fair be, &c. And, 
 therefore, we enjoin you to cause to be proclaimed the 
 aforesaid market and fair at the time and place aforesaid, 
 and to hold them as aforesaid until our coming of age. 
 Witness, II. de Durgh, at Westminster, the 16th day 
 of October." It is very probable that markets were 
 held at Penrith previous to the granting of this charter. 
 It will be remarked that the privilege was conferred till 
 the king, who was then under age, should attain his 
 majority, when there is little doubt it was confirmed, 
 as the market, Ac, have since been held without inter- 
 ruption. The market of Penrith, held now on Tuesdaj-, 
 has long been known as one of the best grain markets 
 in the north of England. Potatoes are also sold here 
 in large quantities, as well as butter, eggs, poultry, Ax. 
 The tolls are now the property of the ]3oard of Health, 
 having been leased from the Duke of Devonshire in 
 1854 (see page 013). Many places in the neighbour- 
 hood are free of toll here, in consequence of their 
 forming part of the honour of Penrith, or at least such 
 parts of them as were anciently in the hands of the lord 
 or his copyholders. The lauds formerly held by the 
 convent of Arraathwaite arc also toll free by the charter 
 of William Rufus, granted in 1088, and Temple Sowerby, 
 in consequence of its having formerly been the property 
 of the Knights Templars, the whole of whose possessions 
 were declared to be toll-free by charter of Henry II. 
 Morland, Newby, Maughanby, Ousby, Hunsonby, 
 Glassonby, Mehnerby, and a few other places claim 
 exemption by grant or prescription. 
 
 Fairs are held in Penrith as follow : — On Shrove 
 Tuesday and the three Tuesdays following for horses ; 
 March 1st, cattle: April 23rd, sheep; April 24ih, lean 
 and fat cattle ; Whit Tuesday and every other Tuesday 
 till Lammas, for cattle : second Tuesday in July, for 
 wool : September 2('ith, for sheep, and the diiy following 
 for cattle and horses; last Tuesday in October, for 
 cattle and cheese ; Martinmas Tuesday, for cattle, and 
 every other Monday throughout the year principally for 
 fat sheep and cattle. It cannot be necessary for us to 
 state that these fairs are well attended.
 
 610 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 A new butter and egg market, 116 feet in length, 
 forty-one feet in wiJtii, and sixteen feet to the cross 
 beams, has recently been formed out of a part of the 
 shambles. It is lighted from the roof, and is a great 
 convenience to the farmers' wives and daughters. 
 
 In couiiectiou with the markets and fairs, the follow- 
 ing extracts from Mr. Walker's " History of Penrith," 
 will no doubt be interesting to the reader : — 
 
 " The Moot Hall, which is described at page 589, 
 was in a dilapidated condition, and used on the Tuesdays 
 as a market-house, where the country people, who were 
 in the liabit of spinning a considerable portion of their 
 wool, brought their yarn for sale, which was of two 
 kinds, hard and soft ; the latter being used for blankets 
 and stockings, and the former for coarser purposes. 
 The Keudal manufacturers were their principal cus- 
 tomers. Detached from the Moot ILill steps by a 
 narrow passage, was a small square building, called the 
 Balcony, on the top of which was the market bell, aud 
 underneath a stall for the sale of butchers' meat, which 
 was occupied by the late Thomas Carmalt. 
 
 " The Cross, where the servants were hired, stood in 
 front of the promises now occupied by Mr. Dcmpscy. 
 It was covered in ; the roof being supported by four 
 pillars, one on each angle of the steps. E.^icept on the 
 term days, the cross was used as the butter and egg 
 market, and was an e.xcellent place for the purpose, as 
 the women were protected from the rain. Ou the right 
 and left of each corner pillar was a stone slab about 
 5ft. by Sift. These were let as stalls, and were 
 advantiigeous places for selling hardware, spice, &c. 
 The main road, which was very narrow, lay between 
 Mr. Dempsey's and the cross, and between the cross 
 and the Moot Hall, on the opposite side, was a largo 
 square of dags, called the Cross Parade, which was a 
 fashionable promenade, and was also used as a ball 
 alley by the youth of the town, who entered into a 
 subscription to defray the expense of plastering the 
 east wall of the Moot Hall, to make it smooth to cast 
 their balls against. Within the eaves of the cross, at 
 the north-western corner, stood the stocks, which were 
 repaired in 1781, by Thomas Laughoi-ne and others, 
 at a cost to the parish of £1 14s. 
 
 " The Round-about was a very old building, which 
 stood by itself in the front, nearly opposite to the 
 premises of ilr. !Martiiulale, spirit merchant. It con- 
 sisted of two stories, with a cellar underneath. There 
 were two shops on the first floor, one of which was 
 occupied by Mr. Morland, tailor and draper. The 
 butchers stood with their meat all round the building, 
 being protected from the rain by a shed hanging out 
 aslope from the main wall. 
 
 " The fishstones, of which there were two ranges, 
 stood on the north of tlio Round-about. 
 
 " The old shambles stood above the fishstones, ou 
 each side of the street, and extended north as far as 
 the King's Arms passage. They were built iu the 
 form of sheds, with oaken rafters to hang the joints 
 upon; but iu former times there was little moat killed 
 or showu in Penrith market from Christmas to the firs» 
 of March, as the country people were in the habit of 
 buying a sup[jly at Christinas to pickle. 
 
 " Early iu the present century a, movement was 
 made in the town, the object of which was, the removal 
 of the moot hall, round-about, the cross, aud the old 
 shambles. In a letter from Mr. Atkinson, the Duke 
 of Devonshire's chief agent, to Mr. Uutton, of Penrith, 
 deputy steward, dated the 10th of May, 1805, Mr. 
 Atkinson says, " The duke is disposed to meet the 
 wishes of the men of Penrith by consenting to remove 
 the old shambles;" and iu another letter, dated 7th 
 April, 1800, he says, " I think it would not be amiss 
 if you could learn the sentiments of those whose pro- 
 perty would bo most benefitted if the moot hall should 
 be taken away, and what each of them would subscribe 
 for purchiising a thoroughfiirc from the intended sham- 
 bles into Sandgate. If they do not come handsomely 
 forward, I will advise the duke to build shops or sell it 
 iu building lots." 
 
 "A committee was appointed in 1800, in all proba- 
 bility immediately after the receipt of Mr. Atkinson's 
 letter, to take into consideration the measures to be 
 adopted for the improvement of the town.' 
 
 " The Moot Hall, shambles, &c. appear to have been 
 removed prior to the year 1809, for at a meeting of the 
 town's improvement committee, in conjiinctio.i with 
 several of the principal iuhabitants, held at the George, 
 on the l'2th of October, 1809, to consult on taking 
 means for eflfecting tlie removal of the round-about, the 
 moot hall, shambles, &c. are never alluded to. The pro- 
 bability is they were not then in existence.^ The com- 
 mittee were of opinion that no competent means could 
 be resorted to for purchasing the round-about, except 
 by an assessment on the owners of property ; however 
 it docs not appear that any assessment was made, for 
 on the 30th of June, 1813, eight gentlemen entered 
 into an agreement to advance the necessary funds for 
 
 ' The following are the iinmes of the committee: — .Itio. ile ^Mielp- 
 dnle, Esq., \Vm. Wilson, Esc|., Uiclianl Story, Esq., Jiio. Hinilsou, 
 Esq., Thumiis Brougham, Esq., A. L. Harrison, Esq., Anihoiiy 
 Harrison, Esq.; Mr. KobinsoQ, iroumonger; William Bleaymire, 
 Esq , EJ. Grave, Esq. 
 
 s The last occnpiers of shops under the Moot Hall were Matthew 
 Jackson, James Aikin, and William Slee, a relation of the celebrated 
 mathematician of Tirril.
 
 PENRITH PAEISH. 
 
 611 
 
 the purpose ; the purchase money not to exceed £420 ; 
 to be repaid out of the rents of the property and the 
 money to be raised by subscription. ' 
 
 " The old p;irish pinfold stood nearly in the frout of 
 the premises now occupied by Jlr. William Scott. 
 
 " The subjoined statements of prices of provisions in 
 this market in 170-5 and 179-t, will be perused with 
 interest. In ITOH, < bread, oats, and barley and rye, 
 mixed, cost Jd. f d. and Id. per lb. ; cheese, '^d. ; butter, 
 6d. 18oz.; beef, 2i-d.; mutton, 2Jd. ; veal, 2d.; pork, 
 3d.; milk, Id. throe pints skimmed; potatoes, 3d. per 
 hoop; candles, 7d.; soap, 7d.; labourer's house rent, 
 20s.; labourer's firing, 30s. '° In 1794 bread was 
 nearly the same as above; ' best cheese, 5d. per lb. ; 
 country cheese, 2Jd. to 3d.; butter, 7d. ]8oz.; beef, 3d.; 
 mutton, 3d.; veal, 2Jd.; pork, 3d. to 3\(i.; skimmed 
 milk, three pints Id.; potatoes, 2:id. per hoop; candles, 
 7Jd. per lb. ; soap, 7d.; labourer's house rent for one 
 room, X'l 10s. ; firing for labourer's family, £2 per an- 
 num.'^ Ill 1787 the prices of lish iu this market were 
 as follows : — ' Sea-fish in general, 2d. per lb. ; salmon, 
 :!d.; Ullswater trout, and char, 3d.; stream and Esk 
 trout, '^d.; Ullswater cols, 2d.; muscles and cockles. 
 Id. per quart; oysters, 2s. 6d. per hundred.'* 
 
 " In Ullswater fish of every description has become 
 scarce; but formerly, this market being nearest to that 
 lake, was from thence plentifully supplied with trout, 
 eels, ' skellies,' itc. Old fishers speak with rapture of 
 bygone days, when tbey could fill a pannier in the course 
 of a few hours, when, at the proper season, Waltonians 
 from all parts of the country resorted to Pooley and 
 Patterdale to enjoy their favourite sport. A dish of 
 Ullswater trout is, in any part of the kingdom, consi- 
 dered a treat. Since the formation of railways, fisheries 
 have commandeu good rents. The lake has been hard 
 drawn to procure trout for distant umrkets. A wholesale 
 system of poaching lias been practised with impunity in 
 the brooks where the fish go up to spawn, and the water 
 from the lead mines at Grcenside, which have been 
 vigorously worked for some years past, is said to be im- 
 pregnated with poisonous matter, and these are the 
 causes, but more particularly the two former, to which 
 anglers attribute the present scarcity." 
 
 > The folluwing gentlemen agrci^d to advance Uie anms set oppo- 
 iiila their imiiies:— Hii-lmnl Story, X'.'ii los. ; F.ilnil. Grave, i'.Vi lOs.; 
 Williuin Jainrs, i'W Ms. ; Tliomu') lliilton, £'J0 Ss. ; Jnhii Itnbisou, 
 XitlSa.; Genrgo HnuisnT, jC.iU S:i.; Michael lUiuiugton, XM lUs, ; 
 uiid A. L. lliirrisoi^ £:fi lUa. 
 
 » Quoted by Ilulchiiisou from the rcmnrks of .\rtliur Yomig, Ksq. 
 OD the culture of lumlH, v'cc. fruui his '* Six Months' Tour through 
 (he North of England." 
 
 ' lluli'hinscn, 
 * Clark's " Surrey." 
 
 EAILWATS, CAS AND WATER WORKS, &C. 
 
 Penrith is connected with every part of England by 
 means of the Lancaster and Carlisle railway, the con- 
 struction of which has proved a source of great benefit 
 to the town. For an account of this railway see page 64. 
 
 In 1830 a company was formed, bearing the degig- 
 uation of the " Penrith Gaslight and Coke Company," 
 for the purpose of " making gas, and therewith lighting 
 tbe streets, houses, and other places within the town." 
 The capital was not to exceed £5,000 in shares of £20 
 each. In November of the same year, some of the 
 houses and shops were lighted with gas for the first time. 
 The town was only partially lighted till the year 1845, 
 when a rate was laid for that purpose. There are now 
 10.") public lanip^, the lighting of which costs £231 5s. 
 per annum. The original charge for gas in Penrith was 
 14s. per 1,000 cubic feet, which has been gradually 
 reduced to 5s., the present charge. 
 
 In 1852 the Board of Health commenced the forma- 
 tion of waterworks, by leasing a piece of ground called 
 the Island, situate on the river Eamont, on which to 
 erect the works, with power to lay one clear water pipe 
 through the Carleton Hall estate, and one impermeable 
 sewer pipe from the town of Penrith to the works on 
 the Eamont, and one main sewer pipe out in a westerly 
 direction along and under the road to Eamont Bridge, 
 also power to lay a pipe at the Low Mill to carry away 
 the surface water of the sewerage from the works to the 
 point in the Holme where the brook, which runs through 
 Penrith, discharges itself into the Eamont, the board 
 to pay all surface damages, except for the first laying of 
 the pipes. Penrith is supplied with water from the 
 Eamont, on the Skirsgill estate, in a meadow about half 
 a mile west of Eamont Bridge, where it passes through 
 filter beds into a settling well, from which it is conveyed 
 by glazed earthenware pipes to another settling well on 
 the Low Mill Island, where the pumps and other appa- 
 ratus for lifting are situated. From this place it is 
 raised, by means of a water-wheel and pumps, to the 
 lower and upper reservoirs, the former of which, when 
 full, will contain 370,000 gallons of water. Sluica 
 valves and fire plugs, or hydrants, are placed at regular 
 intervals along the line of supply mains, so as to com- 
 mand, by the stand pipe and hose, every building in iho 
 town. Tlie waterworks were publicly opeucd on the 
 2 Uh of August, 1854. 
 
 The Bo.ird have also constnicted new sowers which, 
 with the exi-eptii>n of the main outlet, are of carthcn- 
 wuro. They iiro laid in straight lines, the beds and 
 arterial junctions being cut out of ashlar, shaped with 
 the requisite curvature. A man-hole, covered with a 
 cast-iron trap, is placed at every jtinclion, at every
 
 612 
 
 LEATIi WARD. 
 
 change of line and gradient, and at other intervals, so 
 OS to iitlbrd, by means of light from man-hole to man- 
 hole, every facility for examination. Flushing sluices 
 are provided along the beck for the valley lines, and a 
 direct communication is established with the water 
 mains by washing valves, on the higher levels, so as to 
 give the whole when necessary a thorough cleansing. 
 The length of the main and branch sewers is upwards 
 of four miles. The principal portion of the money ex- 
 pended in the construction of the waterworks and sewer- 
 age js borrowed on the security of the special district 
 rate, amounting in all to £11,498. 
 
 The Baths and AVush-houses were established in 1854 
 by a joint stock company, with a capital of £2,800, in 
 shares of £1 each. From the great success which has 
 attended similar establishments elsewhere, there is little 
 doubt that the shareholders will derive a handsome 
 dividend from their speculation. 
 
 TOE BOAED OF HEALTH. 
 
 In 1848-9 the cholera made its second appearance 
 during this century upon the shores of England. In 
 anticipation of its arrival Parliament had passed an 
 act, known as " The Nuisances Removal and Diseases 
 Prevention Act," which gave power to the local autho- 
 rities to take measures for the prevention of the spread 
 of the pestilence. On the appearance of cholera in 
 the comparatively neighbouring towns of Workington 
 and Barnard Castle, the inhabitants of Penrith deemed 
 it requisite to take what sanitai'y precautions they 
 could. For this purpose a meeting was held on the 
 18th October, when a Board of Health was constituted 
 to superintend and direct the cleansing of the town. 
 This Board, not having the necessary power to raise 
 funds for the carrying out of the measures resolved 
 upon at its sittings, soon came to a stand still ; and in 
 consequence a petition, signed by a number of the rated 
 inhabitants, was, in November, 1S48, forwarded to the 
 Commissioners of the General Board of Health, praying 
 that the provisions of the Public Health Act might be 
 applied to the town of Penrith. Subsequently, by order 
 in council, the Diseases Prevention Act was applied to 
 the whole of Great Britain, and in pursuance of its 
 provisions the board of guardians of the Penrith union 
 appointed the Penrith assistant overseer inspector of 
 nuisances for the said union. By the exertions of this 
 officer many nuisances were abated, and the surveyor 
 of highways for the parish had the cut which runs 
 down the principal street thoroughly cleansed out. 
 Many pr»-tics who were averse to the application of the 
 PubUc Health Act to the town thought these improve- 
 ments were sufficient, and there would be no necessity 
 
 for the enforcement of the provisions of the act of 
 Parliament. On November 14, 1849, Mr. llawlinson, 
 superintending inspector under the Public Health Act, 
 arrived in Penrith for the purpose of making a public 
 inquiry respecting the sewerage, drainage, water supply, 
 state of tho burial grounds, and the number and sani- 
 tary condition of the iiih.ibitants of Penrith. A nume- 
 rous party, strongly opposed to the inquiry, sent a 
 statement of the grounds of their opposition to Mr. 
 Puiwlinson, who replied that he had no power to close 
 the inquiry as he was acting under instructions from 
 the general board. Mr. Kawlinson's report was pub- 
 lished in 18-51, and he recommended the application of 
 the act to Penrith. As soon as this was known in the 
 town, the party opposed to the application of the act 
 forwarded a memorial to the General Board of Health, 
 in which they endeavoured to show that Mr. Piawlinson's 
 report was incorrect, and prayed the board " to pause 
 ere they iuQicted the expensive machinery of the act 
 on property already burdened with a heavy load of 
 local taxation." In accordance with Mr. lUwliuson's 
 recommendation the act was applied by order in council, 
 dated the 2.5th of June, 1851. The Local Board of 
 Health was constituted on tho 28th of July, when twelve 
 gentlemen who had promoted the application of the act 
 were elected. The boundary line encompassing the 
 town district of the board, as marked out on the plan 
 approved by the general board, is as follows : — " Com- 
 mencing behind the Halfway House, including the 
 lower reservoir to behind the Barco House and Barco 
 Hill, running across a portion of the Flat upon a direct 
 line, through tho sandhole. Fell Lane, then passing 
 behind Caroline Cottage, along the edge of the Beacon 
 to a little above the junction of the Kirkoswald Road, 
 thence to behind tho White Ox, thence near to Thackcr 
 Beck, on by the east of the railway to behind Crudmire, 
 crossing the stream from the Petteril at the angle of 
 the dyehouse, up through the Glowers, crossing Gill- 
 willy Lane near to the north stile of the field now 
 purchased as building ground, making an angle of it 
 where Union-street joins Gillwilly, thence across the 
 Grej'stoke Road, taking in the whole of Newland's Place, 
 over Myer's Beck, and across the railway to Scumscaw, 
 by the beck, fciking in t!ic outbuildings on the south 
 side of Wetherigg Lane, crossing the field a little 
 above the vicarage, and going through another field 
 between the vicarage and the Nursery Gardens to 
 behind the Halfway House." For the purposes of the 
 act the district of Penrith was divided into the follow- 
 ing sub-divisions ; — " Sub-division of Plumpton accord- 
 ing to its present boundai'y, as a district for the repair 
 of its highways ; the sub-division of Carleton according
 
 PENRITH PARISH. 
 
 613 
 
 to its present boundary, and district for tbe repair of 
 highways ; and the remainder of the parish now forming 
 one separate district for the repair of the highways, be 
 sub-divided into a town district and a country district." 
 The town district includes " all dwelling-houses built, 
 or which may bo hereafter built in the said town, or so 
 near to it as to be within the dotted line in red, marked 
 round the said town, on the plain of the said district 
 of I'enrith, together with tho houseliold and other 
 offices, yards, and gardens occupied tberewiih, and all 
 other property within the said boundary line not being 
 used as arable, meadow, or pasture ground only, or as 
 woodlands, market gardens, or nursery grounds, or 
 covered with water, or as a railway constructed under 
 an act of Parliament. The country district includes all 
 the parish of Penrith not comprised in the other dis- 
 tricts, with all the lauds which are expressl}- excepted 
 from being included in the town division. The rates 
 levied in each division are applicable for the purposes 
 of this act within its division only. 
 
 In 1859 the Board commenced the water works, and 
 two years later, in 1854, entered into a lease with the 
 Duke of Devonshire, by virtue of which they became 
 the lessees of the Fair Hill, Cannie Croft, the Shambles, 
 Market Place, and the tolls of all goods sold therein, 
 for a term of ninety-nine years, at an annual rent of 
 JBIo3, binding themselves at the same time to expend 
 £1,000 in the erection of buildings in Cannie Croft, 
 within five years from tlie date of the lease. The 
 IJoard have since entered into an arrangement with the 
 duke, by virtue of which they have surrendered Cannie 
 Croft, have got rid of their liability to expend .£1,000, 
 and have had their rent reduced from £153 to about 
 £130. Tiie assets of the board of health on March 
 •25th, 1850, amounted to £501 4s. C}d. ; the total 
 liabilities, £11,538 Os. •i\d.; £11,403 of which was 
 money borrowed on mortgage of special district rate. 
 
 The Board of Health have adopted the ancient seal 
 of the town, tho original of which was found about 
 twenty years ago, iu digging up a hedge near the old 
 church of Brampton. It is charged with the cross of 
 St. Andrew, the saint to whom the parish church is 
 dedicated, and is inscribed " Sigii.i.um Commuse ville 
 DE Pk.nretu." From the fact of tho existence of this 
 seal it has been inferred tliat the town formerly enjoyed 
 some kind of municipal incorpomtion. 
 
 IDE rOOR LAW UNION. 
 
 Penrith poor law union is divided into three sub- 
 districts, viz., Penrith, compri.'^ing llehnerby, Ousby, 
 Kirkiand and BlencMrn, Skirwiih, Culguith, I.angwalhby, 
 Edcnhall, Penrith, Stainton, Dacro, Soulby, Great 
 
 Blencowe, Newbiggin, Newton Reigny, Catterlen, and 
 Plumpton Wall ; Greystoke, embracing Hutton-in-the- 
 Forest, Thomas Close, Little Blencowe, Johnby, 
 Greystoke, Jlotherby and Gill, Button Soil, Hutton 
 John, Watermillock, ilatterdale, Threlkeld, Mungris- 
 dale, Bowscale, Berrier and Murrah, Hutton Pioof, 
 Mosedale, Bustabeck Bound, How Bound, Row Bound, 
 Southernby Bound, Stoekdalewath Bound, Lamonby, 
 Skelton, Unihank, and iliddcsceugh-with-Brailhwuite; 
 Kirkoswald, including Upper and Nether Hesket, 
 Petteril Crooks, Itonlield, Calthwaite, Plumpton Street, 
 Lazonby, Great Salkeld, Ilunsouby and Winskil, Littlo 
 Salkeld, Glassonby, Gamblesby, Renwick, Kirkoswald, 
 Staliield, Ainstable, aud Croglin. The area of the 
 union is 181,3-30 acres. Its population in ISOl was 
 23,307, of whom 11,211 were males, and 11,006 
 females. The number of inhabited houses at the same 
 period was 4,23'2, of uninhabited 150, and thirty were 
 building. The following statement of account shows 
 the receipts, expenditure, and balances, of the union, 
 for the year ended March 28th, 1859: — Receipts: 
 Balance in favour of the parishes at the commencement 
 of the year, £1,817 3s. 5d.; contributions paid during 
 the year, £5,793 7s. ; balance against parishes at the 
 end of tho year, £91 17s. 5Jd.: total, £7,703 7s. lOJd. 
 Expenditure: In maintenance, £937 13s. 2d.; out- 
 relief in money, including relief to non-resident poor, 
 £2,312 9s. Cd. ; maintenance of lunatics in asylums, 
 £501 Os. 9d. ; vaccination fees, £27 7s. ; registration 
 fees, £00 19s. Gd. ; common charges, £2,382 8s. 9d. : 
 total expenditure, £0,227 18s. 8d. Balances : Against 
 parishes at the commencement of the year, £115 19s. 2d.; 
 balance in favour of parishes at the end of the year, 
 £1,359 10s. 0}d. The sum total, including balances, 
 £7,702 7s. lOJd. Total expenditure of year ending 
 29th March, 1859, excluding balances, £0,713 10s. 7Jd.; 
 showing a decrease in favour of the present year of 
 £485 17s. Hid. 
 
 CHAKITIES. 
 
 riohinsons Chariti/. — Mr. William Robinson, of Lon- 
 don, by will, dated in 1001, bequeathed his property in 
 Grub-street, in that city, to the Grocers' Company, 
 whom ho directed, among other things, to pay yearly on 
 ! tho 1st of November, to the thurcluvardens, vestrymen, 
 ! and overseers of the parish of Penrith £20, to be dis- 
 tributed by them to twenty poor people of tho same 
 parish, viz., ten men and ten women, on every Christ- 
 mas Day yearly for ever. 
 
 PatteHion's Chariti/. — Dorothy Pattcnson, by will, 
 dated loth March, 1755, beiiueathcd unto the vicar, 
 churchwardens, au4 overseers of the poor of the town-
 
 6U 
 
 LEATH WARD. 
 
 ship of PenritU £105, to be invested in the purchase of 
 land, tlie rents and profits of which, wiih the exception 
 of 4s. a year, should be distributed aunually at the 
 feast of St. Murtiii, amongst eight poor needful widows 
 and objects of pity of the town of Penrith, by the vicar, 
 churchwardens, and overseers for the time being, and 
 their successors for ever, sucli widows to be nominated 
 and chosen yearly by her e.^ecutrix, Elizabeth Cust, 
 and her nephew, Christopher Pattenson, Esq., of Carle- 
 ton Hull, and their heirs for ever ; and she directed the 
 vicar of Penrith for the time being and his successors 
 for ever, to receive out of the said rent the yearly sum 
 of 4s., and to apply the same yearly for ever, at the said 
 feast of St. Martin, in the purchase of books, which she 
 ordered to be distributed at that time among the poor 
 girls of Mr. Robinson's charity school at Penrith. Of 
 this charity ilOO was invested in the purchase of free- 
 bold and customary lands called Lowther Gates, at 
 Clifton; and by indenture of the 2ud September, 1761, 
 these lauds were conveyed by Mrs. Pattenson's execu- 
 trix to the churchwiirdcns and overseers and their 
 successors in trust for the charity. It appears that 
 the owners of Carleton UuU estate have had the sole 
 management of this charity from the time of its 
 establishment. In 1814, an exchange having been 
 otlered by the Earl of Lonsdale, which was approved of 
 on behalf of the charity by Mr. Wallace, the owner of 
 Carleton Hall estate, the charity lands, consisting of 
 Lowther Gate Close, was conveyed by him to his lord- 
 ship, who, in exchange conveyed to Mr. Wallace two 
 closes called Red Friars, and a third called Far Thurl- 
 bar, the united area of which amounts to eight acres, 
 two roods, and thirty-eight perches. The charity has 
 derived considerable advantage from this exchange. It 
 is now worth ilU 17s. Od. per annum, less 4s. for 
 Bibles for "Mr. Robinson's school. 
 
 Bland's Charity. — llrs. Barbara Bland, of Penrith, 
 by will, in 1757, left £100 to Thomas Simpson upon 
 trust, to distribute the interest thereof as follows : — 
 To the vicar of Penrith, every Ash Wednesday, for 
 preaching a sermon on that day, 10s. 6d.; and to the 
 clerk and sexton on the same day, each 2s. ; to purchase 
 lour Bibles yearly for poor girls, as mentioned in the 
 account of Mr. Robinson's school ; and to distribute the 
 residue of such interest on Ash Wednesday, yearly, 
 amongst such poor widows and maiils of the said parish, 
 of the communion of the Church of England, and not 
 maintained as parish poor, as the said Thomas Simpson, 
 his executors and assigns, should think fit, giving each 
 person 5s.; and in case the sermon on Ash Wednesday 
 should be omitted, she directed that the legacies to the 
 vicar, clerk, and sexton should be withheld and dis- 
 
 tributed amongst the poor maids and widows as afore- 
 said. And she gave the residue of her personal estate, 
 after the payment of all her debts, legacies, funeral and 
 other expenses, to the said Thomas Simpson upon 
 trust, t3 dispose of the interest thereof among such 
 poor widows and maids, inhabitants of the paiish of 
 Penrith, not maintained as the poor of the parish, as 
 he .should think proper.. The residue of her effects 
 produced £10. These sums, together with £40 belong- 
 ing to the Spinning and Knitting School, making a total 
 of £150, were invested in land, the proceeds of which 
 are applied to Mrs. Bland's charities and the Knitting 
 School, in the proportion in which their funds contri- 
 buted to the original purchase, viz., eleven-fifteenths 
 to the former and four-fifteenths to the latter. 
 
 Bramu-eU's Charity. — Sarah, the wife of William 
 Bramwoll, by will, dated October 25th, 1703, devised, 
 after the decease of her mother, all her lands at Robberby, 
 in Cumberland, to her husbaml, William Bramwell, 
 subject to the payment of several legacies therein par- 
 ticularly mentioned ; and she bequeathed to twenty 
 families in the parish of Penrith, to be paid on every 
 Good Friday, 5s. each. The validity of this bequest 
 being contested after the death of the testatrix, her 
 husband, in order to give effect to her intention, he 
 having sold the estate at Robberby, by indenture, 
 dated October 30th, 1770, subjected his estates and 
 shops in the market place, Penrith, to the payment of 
 the said charity money. The chur^'hwardons of Penrith 
 leceive annually £5 from this rent charge ; and that 
 sum is distributed by them every Good Friday, amongst 
 twenty poor householders, each of whom receives five 
 shillings. The recipients of this charity are selected 
 by the churchwardens. 
 
 ISeiceU's Charily. — Susannah Sewell, by will, dated 
 1 7th December, 1782, bequeathed unto her cousin, 
 Elizabeth Simpson, widow, and to her daughter Eliza- 
 beth, the wife of James Wallace. Esq., of Carleton Hall, 
 and the survivor of them, and from and after the death 
 of such snrvivor, then to the owners and proprietors of 
 Carleton Hall aforesaid, for the time being, the sum of 
 £200, in trust, to place out the same at interest, and to 
 pay and distribute the same yearly, on St. Thomas' Day, 
 unto and amongst twenty poor families or single persons 
 keeping house in the town and neighbourhood of Pen- 
 rith, in such proportions as they should tliink fit and 
 suitable to their circumstances; and the testatrix 
 declared her will to be, that if any proper object applied 
 for the benefit of this charity who could make out the 
 most distant relationship to the family of the Huttons 
 of Penrith, they should have a preference given thom in 
 the annual distribution by the trustees. This legacy is
 
 PENRITH PARISH. 
 
 C15 
 
 invested iu the public funds. The dividends, amounting 
 to £8 a vear, are distributed on St. Thomas' Daj% at 
 Cailetoti Hull, amongst si.\teen poor housekeepers, each 
 of whom receives the sum of ten shillings. 
 
 Dawson's Charity. — Colonel Thomas Dawson, in 
 1793, bequeathed £105 to the care of the churc-hwardens 
 and overseers of the parish of Penrith, the iuterest 
 whereof, he directed should be divided by them annually, 
 on St. Thomas' Day, or the day of his death, to decent 
 poor housekeepers of Penrith, that should be indigent 
 and never asked alms. His admiuistratri.^ paid this 
 legacy to the churchwardens and overseers of the 
 parish of Penrith, which, together with £5 14s. added 
 thereto out of the poor rates, making £110 lis. 
 was laid out in July, 1799, iu the purchase of £120 
 Five per Cents, of 1797. This has since been 
 exchanged for £131 Us. 3d. New Three per Cents., 
 producing £3 19s. a year, eight-ninths of which arc 
 given to the poor, and one-ninth is equally divided 
 between the mistress of Mr. Robinson's school and the 
 mistress of the Spinning and Knitting School. 
 
 Carmalt's Charity. — Richard Cariualt, by indenture, 
 dated 8th November, 1 7'JO, for a nominal consideration, 
 granted to Thomas Sisson and four others, their heirs 
 and assigns, an annuity of £t 10s., issuing out of his 
 freehold fulJs, called Brackenbury Mires, in Penrith, 
 to be paid yearly, on the 1st of Decembei-, upon trust, 
 that they should ou every Christmas Duy dispose of the 
 same in equal shares to eighteen poor people of the 
 parish of Penrith, to be nominated by the church- 
 wardens, vestrymen, and overseers, in like manner as 
 directed by the will of Mr. William Robinson, concerning 
 the money given by him to be distributed amongst the 
 poor of the said parish. Five shillings i^ch is annually 
 given ou account of this charity to eighteen poor persons. 
 
 Lamhlcy's Gijt. — Robert Lambley, by will, dated 
 27th March, 17'JT, directed his executor, upon his 
 decease, to distribute and pay amongst the poor people 
 resident within the parish of Penrith the sum of £50. 
 
 Furster's Charilij. — Peter Forster, of Penrilli, by 
 indenture enrolled in Chnnccry, dated August Tth, 1800, 
 iu consideration of us., conveyed to trustees a close, 
 called Boustcad's Close, in the town fields of Penrith, 
 that iliey should, from time to liuie, pay over to the 
 churchwardens and overseers of Penrith, the rents 
 thereof, for the following charitable purposes, namely, 
 to pay and dispose of the same, on St. Peter's Day, 
 yearly-, amongst the poor persons resident i.i the cou- 
 stabluwick of Town Head, iu Penrith, not receiving any 
 parochial relief, and who should be nominated and 
 thought tit objects by tho churchwardens, vestrymen, 
 and overseers, and in sucli shares as they should think 
 
 fit. On tlie enclosure of the wastes of the honour of 
 Penrith, an allotment of land was awarded to Boustead 
 Close. As the close was required for the railway, 
 another close, containing about four acres, was purchased 
 in the same locality a few years ago, with a portion of 
 the money paid by the railway company. The land 
 produces about £27 10s., which is distributed as directed 
 by the testator. 
 
 Idles Charity. — George Idle, a merchant, in London, 
 but a native of Penrith, by his will of the 19th of May, 
 1808, bequeathed to the churchwardens of Penrith 
 £100, the interest of which he directed to be applied 
 for the benefit of the poor of the parish, exclusive of 
 the usual aid from the poor rates, in such proportions 
 and manner as the churchwardens for the time being 
 should think fit and proper. This legacy was paid in 
 by the executors on the ::2Gth July, 1811, and was 
 immediately invested in the funds. It was sold out in 
 18'2'J, and invested in a piece of land known by the 
 name of CoatrooJs, in the parish of Penrith. 
 
 Sewell's Charity. — George Sewell, merchant, of Lon- 
 don, a native of Penrith, by will, dated November 18th, 
 182."), bequeathed to the overseers of the parish of 
 Penrith, at the time of his decease, £100, to be applied 
 by them for the use of the poor, as they might think 
 best. This money is invested along with Mr. Idle's 
 bequest in the land called Coatroods. 
 
 Lanf/toii's Ciucrity. — Ann Langton, of Lutwyche Hall, 
 Shropshire, but a native of Penrith, by her will, dated, 
 January 21th, 18l)5, gave and bequeathed to the vicar 
 and churchwardens of Penrith for the time being the 
 sum of £1,000, in trust, the interest to be distributed 
 among such poor housekeepers within or belonging to 
 tlie parish as do not receive alms or parochial relief, 
 according to their discretion, at Christmas annually. 
 The income, amounting to £33 2s. 2d., is distributed as 
 directed. 
 
 Wordsu-orth's Charity. — ^frs. Richard Wordsworth, 
 of Liverpool, left the interest of £100 to be distributed 
 amongst tiie poor of Penrith. 
 
 /)<! Whclpdale's Charity. — .Tohn de Whelpdale, Esq., 
 of Bishop Yards, who died :\Iay 10th, 1844. left by will 
 the interest of £1,000, to be equally divided amongst 
 ten indigent poor widows or si>insters, they being 
 parishioners and housekeepers within the parish of 
 Penrith, who have each of ihem severally attained tho 
 age of fifty years or more, and who have not at any time 
 received parochial or pari>h relief or support, except 
 during extreme sickness. The widows or spinsters who 
 are to be recipients of this charity " are to be selected 
 and approved of by tho persons next to succeed and 
 residing iu the house of Bishop Yards, iu Penrith, or
 
 616 
 
 LEATH WAKD. 
 
 his heirs lawfully issuing under the said will, assisted 
 in such selection by the vicar and churchwardens of the 
 parish of Penritli, for the time being, and in trust, to 
 see to the just and proper application of the yearly 
 interest arising and accruing from this £1,000 already 
 bequeathed." The charity is distributed as directed. 
 
 With regard to the other charities in which Penrith 
 participates, Mr. Walker, in his " History of Penrith," 
 tells us that, " In an ancient paper writing, which 
 appears to contain a copy in part of the endowment of 
 Barton School, it is expressed that the trustees shaU 
 yearly employ £10, part of the rents and profits of the 
 estate, called Lakethwaitc, for binding two poor boys, 
 born in the parish of Barton, apprentices ; and that 
 if it should happen in any year that no poor boys to 
 be so bound were to be found in the parish of Barton, 
 then two poor boys, born in the parish of Penrith, 
 should for that year be bound apprentices with the said 
 f 10 ; and that if in any year only one poor boy, born 
 in the parish of Barton, should be found, that then 
 one other poor boy, born in the parish of Penrith, 
 should for that year be bound apprentice with one 
 moiety of the said £10." 
 
 The same writer observes, " As the name of Nichol- 
 son is common in Penrith and neighbourhood, we must 
 not omit to mention that John Nicholson, stationer, of 
 the city of London, by will, dated the 28th of April, 
 1717, bequeathed for die relief of such poor persons of 
 the kingdom of England, being Protestants, of the name 
 of Nicholson, the income of a certain sum which is 
 annually distributed, by five trustees, in the following 
 manner, one marriage portion of £bi), to some such 
 man or woman, towards their advancement in marriage, 
 every trustee having it in his power to grant this gift 
 once in five years; ten apprentice fees of £10 each, to 
 such boys and girls to put them out to trades and 
 manual arts, of which every trustee has two to give 
 every year; and twenty pensions of £5 each, paid half 
 yearly, to such aged men and women — of which every 
 trustee has four to give annually, and which, when once 
 granted, the pensioners continue to receive until their 
 death creates a vacancy for a new appointment. The 
 capital from which the income is derived is invested in 
 Three per Cents. The testator appointed William 
 Nicolson, bishop of Carlisle, one of the original trustees 
 of the charity. Dr. Nicholson, of Penrith, is the pre- 
 sent trustee for this district." 
 
 Mr. Walker adds, " the rents of Coatroods, Glowers, 
 and laud at Unthank, are distributable as follows, 
 Tiz., four-fifteenths of the rent of those lands purchased 
 with Mrs. Bland's cliflrity money (£100), and £40 
 belonging to the Spinning and Knitting School, are 
 
 applicable to the said school. The price of four bibles 
 for the use of the said school, also comes out of the 
 rents, as well as 10s. Cd. to the vicar, and 2s. each to 
 the clerk and sexton, all of which are the gift of Mrs. 
 Bland. The residue of the rents belong to the poor — 
 paupers excluded — and is the joint gift of Mrs. Bland, 
 Mr. Idle, and Mr. Sewell. Mrs. Bland's portion of the 
 charity is restricted to 5s. each, to be distributed 
 amongst poor maids and widows, inhabitants of Penrith, 
 of the communion of the Established Church, but the 
 churchwardens in disposing of the charities of Idle and 
 Sewell have a discretionary power. The lands are let 
 for £22 7s. 6i , out of which, in 1856, £2 ISs. Cd. 
 was paid to the mistress of Mr. Robinson's school; 
 £1 Gs. Cd. to the mistress of the Spinning and Knitting 
 School ; for bibles, and to the vicar, clerk, and sexton, 
 £1 1^3. Cd. ; leaving for the poor £1C 4s." 
 
 Lord ]Vliartnn's Charily. — This parish is entitled to 
 a share of the benefit of Philip Lord Wiiarton's Bible 
 Charity. The vicar receives annually twenty bibles, 
 and a proportionate number of catechisms and exposi- 
 tion?, which he distributes amongst the following schools 
 in Penrith : — The National School, School of Industry, 
 liobiuson's School, and the Sunday School. 
 
 AVith reference to the lost charities of Penrith, the 
 Charity Commissioners observe, " It appears there are 
 several legacies, amounting in the whole to about £200, 
 which do not now exist as charities, and of which the 
 disposition is not accounted for. It is probable that 
 some of these were disposed of to the poor at the time 
 they were received. On reference to the church- 
 wardens' books, it appeared to us, that £40 arising from 
 money belonging to the poor stock, in the hands of Mr. 
 Bramwell, was, in the year 17C4, applied in the pur- 
 chase of a fire engine and building a poor house, and 
 for other general purposes of the parisli, and that in the 
 same year, £10, left by Mrs. Jane Addcrton, to the 
 parish stock, was disposed of in like manner, and in 1 782 
 £20, left by Mr. Wilkinson, in 17C4, for the same 
 purposes, was disposed of in the repairs of the church." 
 
 AMUSEHENTS, ic. 
 
 Sixty or seventy years ago, bull-baiting and cock- 
 fighting appear to have been amongst the popular 
 amusements of the inhabitants of this ancient town. 
 The Penrith bulldogs were famous ; and a notion pre- 
 vailed that all bulls brought into the town ought to be 
 baited. The bull-baits were originally held in Great 
 Dockray, and sometimes in Sandgate. This barbarous 
 sport was put au end to about the beginning of the 
 present century. The cockpit appears to have been 
 on the south side of the churchyard near the old 
 Catholic chapel.
 
 PENRITH PARISH. 
 
 CI7 
 
 Penrith formerly had its " Well Sumiays." These 
 were four in number, and were attended Ijy a large con- 
 course of young people of both sexes. The fir^t of these 
 meetings took place on the first Sunday in May, at 
 Skirsgili ; the second on llie Sunday following at 
 Clifton; the third, on the third Sunday, at the (iiants' 
 Caves ; and the fourth, on the fourth Sunday in the 
 month, at Dickey Bank Well. The visitors filled their 
 hotlles with water at the respective wells, mixed tiie 
 same with SpaQish juice, and drank with each other. 
 From the many quarrels which took place on these 
 occasions, and the bad consequences which ensued. 
 Dr. llohiuson and the late Lord Lonsdale interfered, 
 and put a stop to their annual occurrence. 
 
 EMINKNT PERSONS. 
 
 Among tlic remarkable persons born in Penrith we 
 may mention the following : — 
 
 Bcnjaniin Iluhne, a ministerof the Society of Friends, 
 who was born in lO.S'^, and died at Swansea in 1749. 
 Ho published tlic following works: — ''Testimony 
 against Mixed Marriages," 1717; " Life and Trials of 
 B. H.," 1719; " Serious Call to all Teoplo to Turn to 
 the Sjiirit of Christ in Themselves ; " and " A Collec- 
 tion of the Epistles, and Works of B. H.," 1754. 
 
 William Calvin, painter, born in the latter part of 
 the seventeenth or early in the eighteenth century. 
 He appears to have died in London. 
 
 Ann Calvin, daughter of the William just mentioned, 
 was born at Penrith in 1717. She appears to have 
 excelled as a painter of jdants and flowers, and her 
 skill is highly eulogised by Hutchinson. 
 
 Isaac Ititson was born at Eaninnt r?ri<lgc in 1701. 
 He was of Quaker parentage, and became celebrated 
 for claasieal and mathematical knowledge. He com- 
 menced the study of medicine in Edinburgh, from 
 which place he removed to London, with the intention 
 of completing his medical education. While in Lon- 
 don he published a translation of Homer's " Hymn to 
 ^'enus," and wrote critiques on nicdicul works f r the 
 '• Monthly Review." He also translated Hesiod's 
 " Theogony," and wrote several essays on moral .and 
 philoso|)hiral subjects, with other works, which were 
 never published. He died lii Londou in 1789, in the 
 '-!7lh year of his nge. 
 
 James Clark, author of " .\ Survey and Doscription 
 of the Lakes of (.'uiiiherland, Westmoreland, and Lan- 
 cashire," which is highly prized, was an innkeeper at 
 Penrith. 
 
 Charles Graham, a merlmnic, published in 1778, 
 " Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose and Verse," some of 
 which are in the Cumberland dialect. 
 
 73 
 
 Henry Dixon, solicitor, to whom the parish of Pen- 
 rith is much indebted for his '• Account of Donations 
 for Pious, CharitJible, and other Public Purposes, at 
 Penrith," published in 1831. 
 
 George Bell, the author of a small volume of poems, 
 published in 1 835. 
 
 John and Thomas Gaskin, father and son, the former 
 of whom, though originally a weaver, and subsequently 
 a shoemaker, became a proficient in mathematics, 
 astronomy, and natural philosophy. For Sir James 
 South he made a powerful reflecting telescope, which 
 was long used in the observatory of tnat astronomer at 
 Kensington. Thomas Gaskin, who was second wrangler 
 at Cambridge in 1831, is the author of several valuable 
 papers connected with mathematics. 
 
 Jacob Thompson, painter, is another of the men of 
 whom Penrith may well be proud. He studied the 
 theory of optics and perspective under the direction of 
 the John Gaskin just mentioned. In early life he was 
 apprenticed as a house and sign painter, but on becom- 
 ing his own master devoted his sole attention to the 
 fine arts; in the meantime doing as much in the way 
 of sign painting as was requi>ite for his support, but 
 soon found a friend and patron iu the late Earl of 
 Lonsdale. His paintings may now be seen in the 
 mansions of the nobility and gentry, and several of 
 them have been engraved. Mr. Thompson is still in 
 the full enjoyment of his powers, and it is to be hoped 
 will yet attain to high honours and excellence. Mr. 
 Walker tells us, " The sign board on the top of Kirk- 
 stone Pass is said to have been painted by the author of 
 ' Belshazzar's Feast,' and there is yet one sign board 
 in Penrith which was jiroduced liy the author of 'The 
 Highland Bride,' and ' The Higliland Ferry Boat.'" 
 
 ENVinoNS. 
 
 Carletou is n hamlet and township one mile south- 
 by-east of Penrith. Its area is 447 acres; its rateable 
 value £820. Carleton Hall, the property of Frederick 
 Cowper, Esq., is a plain modern building, surrounded 
 by pleasant walks and grounds, which are intersected 
 by the river Eamont. The manor of Carleton and its 
 various possessors will be found described at page SOL 
 
 Eamont Bridge is a hamlet adjoining Carleton, one 
 mile south of Penrith, ami comprised in Netherend 
 township A bridge appears to have e.^istcd hero as curly 
 lus the year I l'^5, for we learn that it was at that timo 
 in a dangerous state, and Thomas Langley, bishop of 
 I )oi ham, granted forty days' indulgence to all those who, 
 having gone to confession and communion, should con- 
 tribute towards the construction of a new stone bridge. 
 
 Plumpton Head is a hamlet and township on the
 
 61S 
 
 LEATH WAED. 
 
 high road, three miles north of Penrith. Its area is 
 1,149 acres, and its rateable vahio £711 15s. 
 
 On n hill to the north-east of Penrith stands tlic 
 Beacon, a structure of red freestone ; the keystone of 
 the arch which supports the roof, hears the date 1710. 
 Beacons are mentioned in our ninuils at a veiy earlv 
 period ; and it is very probable that beacon fires were 
 lighted upon this hill from the eariiest times. The 
 last time their wnrniiif; flames were seen was on the 
 occasion of the rising of 1745, when the Highlanders 
 were retreating through Westmoreland. " Previous to 
 the enclosure of the commons," says Mr. Walker, " the 
 Beacon Hill was a. red, barren waste, full of sandholr^, 
 and dreary to look upon." The wall which divided tiic 
 enclosed land from the common on the east of Penrith, 
 extended across the breast of the hill, just above tlio 
 Scaws (a portion of it is still in existence) and above 
 the site of Brent House, the seat of Thomas Scott, Esr;. 
 There was a large pond in the Flatt, and the Fell Yat 
 opened into the common below the parish pinfuld. On 
 the Fell, a portion of which was covered with whin^, 
 stood a solitiiry tree— a sycamore — though always 
 known by the n.ime of the Round Thorn, the adopted 
 name of the house, the residence of John Unsworth. 
 Esq., near which it still stands, in the centre of a 
 plautation.' 
 
 A short distance from Edenhall, on the banks of the 
 river Eamont, and near its confluence with the Eden, 
 are the remarkable e.xcavations known as the Giant's 
 Caves. These caves, three in number, are cut out of 
 solid red sandstone, as is the flight of steps descending 
 thereto. No anchorite could have fixed upon a place 
 more perfect for its solitude. Even now, the only 
 building to be seen is the lonely and ancient church of 
 St. Ninian, within the walls of which rest the remains 
 of the parents and three of the brothers of the illustrious 
 statesman — Lord Brougham. The cave nearest the 
 confluence of the rivers extends under the rock about 
 fifteen feet, is in width about seventeen feet, and in 
 height about nine feet. Around the bottom is a solid 
 stone bench, of an elliptic form ; here, also, was fornierlv 
 
 1 Many a soldier has been tied up to the Round Thorn to receive 
 punishment; for after the niihtia riois, Penrilh, for several years, was 
 scarcely ever clear of troops, and the Round Thorn was generally 
 the place of punishment. The cause wliich led to the riota was as 
 follows :— .Y liallot was to take place for the supplementary militia. 
 The Alston Moor miners and Fell siders were dissatisfied respeciini,' 
 the number of men to be raised. They therefore rose in a body, 
 marched to Penrilh, entered the magistrates' office, tore uptlie books 
 and lists, and then attacked Mr. Wall.ice, of Carleton Hall, who was 
 one of the magistrates, and pelted him witli stones a great part of 
 the way home. Troops were immediately despatched to the scene of 
 the riots, and the ballot, after their arrival, look place amidst ranr- 
 murs of discontent, but wiOiout any further breach of the peace. 
 
 a table of the same material. Near this cave, but 
 further from the confluence, is one of smaller dimen- 
 sions, and at a short distance from the latter, is one 
 extending under the rock about forty-eight feet, in width 
 about twenty-four feet, and in height about seven feet. 
 These caves — doubtless excavated to form a hermit- 
 age,' and in later times probably used as the resort of 
 robbers — have, by fabulous tradition, been converted 
 into the abode of Ewan Ctesario, who has enjoyed both a 
 real and fabulous existence, being connected with Castle 
 Hewen and Ewanrigg during the former, and during 
 the latter with the Giant's Grave, in Penrith church- 
 yard, whore he was buried, his stature being liftcen feet, 
 the entire length between the pillars. " Having once 
 passed the rubicon of fable, the Giant's Caves were 
 appropriated as his residence," where he sat on a 
 stone or stretched himself at ease, as the caves were not 
 sufhciently high to allow him to stand upright. He 
 then " became a giant of doubtful character, a kind of 
 knight errant." who killed monster, man, and beast, 
 and dragged them away to his den. But it is probable 
 we have here the engrafting of a hero tradition on that 
 of a giant : for these caves are also said to have been 
 the abode of one Isis, who sei;;od men and cattle, and 
 thereupon indiscriminately satisfied the cravings of his 
 appetite. This place of ill-fame has thus been named 
 both Isis Parlis, and Sir Hugh's Parlour, the latter 
 being, apparently, an interpretation of the former, and 
 Sir Hugh representing Ewan himself. According to a 
 tradition still extant, a fair lady from somewhere or 
 other, where the fame of the giant had never reached, 
 went down to walk on the river bank, and uncon- 
 scious of her danger, approached the cave of this dreadful 
 being. She was seen by the lurking monster, who 
 suddenly issued from his den to seize her. Terror- 
 stricken at the sight, the lady executed a most tremend- 
 ous step across a wide cleft in the rocky bank, opening 
 on the river beneath, and the giant in the act of pursuing 
 her missed his footing, and broke his neck. Such was 
 his end. The opening in the rock over which the lady 
 so providentiixlly passed is called the Maiden's Step.'' 
 Xear this step is the effigy of the maiden, sculptured 
 in the face of the rock. She is in a running posture, 
 bending eagerly forward, but her head has been dis- 
 figured by some idle person, who might have employed 
 his time to a much better purpose. " A ballad of 
 Percy's collection has been supposed to be illustrative 
 of the Giant's Caves. According to this composition, 
 the hero of which is Lancelot du Lac, the caves would 
 
 ' Note to " Cumberland and Westmoreland, Ancient and Modem." 
 " "Cumberland and Westmoreland, Ancient and Modern."
 
 RENWICK PAUI5II. 
 
 G19 
 
 liave been the residence of one Tarquin, who held in 
 captivity throe score and four knights of the Round 
 Table, and very obligingly kept a copper basin, to 
 serve as a bell, hanging near liis den. lie was killed 
 by Sir Lancelot. But tlie conjectural appropriation 
 
 of this ballad is solely founded on the already con- 
 jectural name of King Arthur's Round Table in the 
 neighbourhood."'' 
 
 ' " CumbeilauJ aud Westuiorelaucl, Auclent and Modem." 
 
 EENWICK PARISH. 
 
 Kekwick parish, anciently Ravenwick, is bounded on the north by the pari.'ili of Kirkoswalil, and on the other sides 
 by the stream Ravenbeck. It comprises no dependent townships. The soil is mostly of a gravelly nature, and, 
 considering its contiguity to the fell, rather fertile. In the yesiv 1811 an act was passed for the enclosure of the 
 parish. Coal is found here, and is worked by Mr. Thomas Dixon on Thackmoor Fell. 
 
 The area of Renwick is 4,9'20 acres, and its rateable 
 value £1,178 2s. Od. The population in 1801 was 
 riOl; in 1811, 277; in 1821, 301; ia 1831,375; in 
 1841, 319 ; aud in 1851, 316 ; who are chiefly resident 
 in the village of Renwick and Scalehouscs, and engaged 
 in agricultural pursuits. Penrith aud Alston are the 
 markets attended. 
 
 The first possessors of Renwick on record are the 
 Staveleys, wlio appear to have settled here shortly 
 after the Conquest, for we find that it was granted by 
 Henry I. to Adam de Staveley and Margaret his wife. 
 It subsequently became the property of Andrew de 
 Hercia, earl of Carlisle, but having been forfeited to 
 the crown by his attainder, it was given by Edward III. 
 to Robert Eaglesficld, Queen Phillipa's confessor, and 
 founder of Queen's Cjllege, Oxfird, who, in the year 
 1341, settled it upon his newly-founded college. The 
 manor and parish are co-estensivo, consisting of a few 
 freeholders and customary tenants, who pay an annual 
 customary rent and a twelvepcnny fine on chingo of 
 tenant, according to an agreement made in 1004, by the 
 provisions of which " the tenants are obliged to scour 
 and cleanse the water-course to the lord's mill from the 
 bottom up to the mill trough-head, and maintain the 
 said mill with wall and thatch, and bring the millstones 
 
 to the same, and grind their corn thereat, paying a 
 
 twenty-fourth mulcture ; and that they shall cut down 
 
 no timber trees, except what shall bo set out to them 
 
 by the steward for the necessary repairs of their houses."' 
 
 Tho landowners arc Queen's College, Oxford; Rev. 
 
 William de Lancy Lawson, John Nicholson,' John 
 
 Lowthian, and Thomas Sanderson. Tho landowners 
 
 in this parish formerly paid a proscription in lieu of 
 
 tithes, excepting tho owners of one estate at Scale- 
 houses, long held by the TiUlantire family, who cliiimeJ 
 
 ' NicoUon and Buiii, vul. ii., p. 439. 
 
 exemption on account of an ancient owner having slain 
 a cockatrice at some remote period. 
 
 The village of Ronwick is situate on the west side 
 of Thackmoor Fell, three miles east-north-east of 
 Kirkoswald. 
 
 THE CUUROn. 
 
 Picnwick church, dedicated to All Saints, is a neat 
 structure in the Norman style, rebuilt in 1733, at the 
 expense of the parishioners, and again in 1845, at a 
 cost of £480, raised by voluntary subscription, aided by 
 a grant of £40 from the Society for Building and 
 Enlarging Churches. The chancel windows are filled 
 with moulded stained glass, and arc much admired. 
 There are two bells, supposed to be very old, one of 
 which bears the inscription " Ave Sancta Maria" (Hail 
 Holy Mary). The living of Renwick was rectorial 
 when the Valor of Popo Nicholas was taken, and was 
 rated at £9 lis. 4d. It is said to have been subse- 
 ipicntly appi'opriated to the abbey of Hexham, but of 
 ihis grave doubts exist, as we find that at the dissolution 
 of the religious houses it bebnged to tho abbey of St. 
 Mary, at York, no mention whatever being made of 
 llcxham. By letters patent, bearing date 24th Feb- 
 ruary, 1578, Queen Elizabeth granted to Edward Earl 
 of Lincoln, aud Christopher GowlTe, gentlomau, the 
 clmrch of Renwick, with its appurtenances, e.\eepting 
 ilie advowson of the church, and the bells and lead, to 
 be held by them and tli.ir heirs as of the manor of East 
 Greenwich, by fealty only, in free socage, and not in 
 aipiU; rendering for the same 13s. 4d. annually. From 
 tho parties just named the rectory and tithes were 
 conveyed iu parcels. The benefice, now a perpetuiJ 
 curacy, was certified to the governors of (Juecn Anne's 
 P.ouuty at £4, and although augmented by £000 from 
 that bounty, and £200 given by the Countess-dowager 
 Gowcr, is yet very small, being worth only about £'.)0 
 a year. Lands were purchased with tire sums just
 
 620 
 
 LEATH WABD. 
 
 mentioned in the parishes of Addingham and Ainstable. 
 The parish register commences in 1649. 
 
 Incumbents. — George Dawson, ITUl ; Thomas Robinson, 
 1807 ; John Watson, 1833. 
 
 Tiie Wesleyans have a place of worship here, a small 
 stone building, erected by subscription in 1817. 
 
 Renwick yebool is a neat stone building, erected 
 by subscription in 183S. It is under inspection, and 
 lias an average attendance of forty scholars. This 
 school receives the interest of i,'5 a year from Tallau- 
 tire's Charity. 
 
 Scale Houses is a haiulet in this parish, four miles 
 north-east of Kirkoswald. 
 
 CH.Vr.ITIES. 
 
 Percival's Gift. — William Percival, rather more than 
 a century ago, left A' 10, the interest of which was to bo 
 given at Cliristnias and Easter, by the minister and 
 cliurohwardeus, to the poor. This charity is now in the 
 lumJs of tlic Charity Commissioners. 
 
 Tallentire's Gift. — In the year 1775 Thomas Tallen- 
 tire left to, tlie interest of which he directed to be paid 
 to the teacher of Rcuuick School. This charily l)eiiig 
 lent to a person iu the parish of Croglin, is now lost. 
 
 GREAT S.^.r.Ki:Ll) I'ARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by Lazonby, on the west by the parishes of Lazonby and Penrith, on the south 
 by the parishes of Edenhall and Penrith, and on tlie east by the river Eden. The area of the parish is 3,7'-i4 acres, 
 its rateable value £a,90(;. The population in 1801 was iJ85 ; in 181i, 28!) ; in 18-2I, 403 ; in 1831, 445 ; in 1841, 
 441 ; and iu 1851, 407 : who chielly reside in the villages of Great Sulkeld and Salkeld Dyke, and whose principal 
 employment is agriculture. The market usually attended is Penrith. 
 
 Eden having fallen, Tiishop Welton published an indul- 
 gence of fortv days to all who should contribute to its 
 repair. At the same time a monition was addressed to 
 all the rectors, vicars, and chaplains of the diocese, 
 warning them to pay over all money received for the 
 reconstruction of the bridge to Eoger de Salkeld, or 
 
 The manor of Great Salkeld was granted by Piichard I. 
 to Alan ie Sausor, and tliis grant was confirmed by 
 King John. It subsequently reverted to the crown, and 
 has alwa3-s been considered an ancient demesne. It 
 was granted with Penrith to Alexander, king of Scot- 
 land, and from that time their history is inseparable. 
 The Duke of Devonshire is now lord of the manor, 
 which was granted by William III. to the Duke of 
 Portland. In consequence of its connection with the 
 Scottish crown it is often called Salkeld Regis. The 
 landowners are Lieut. W. T. Youngson, R. W Sanders, 
 Esq ; John Lord, Esq ; Juhn Bow.-tead, John Lamb, 
 Thomas Scott, James J. FalJer, Mrs. Sanderson, John 
 Nelson, Messrs. Bell. 
 
 On the Fell, near Salkeld Dyke, are the remains of 
 an ancient encampment, 400 yards in length, and four 
 yards high ; and adjoining it is a circular basin of water, 
 about fifty yards in diameter, and from four to five in 
 depth, which appears to have been excavated for the 
 materials to form the encampment. About a qanrter of 
 a mile from this place are the remains of a fortified 
 station, called Aikton Castle, formed of rough stones 
 without mortar, and overgrown with bushes; at a little 
 distance from it is a tumulus of stones, called a raise. 
 
 The village of Great Salkeld is pleasantly situated on 
 the western banks of the picturesque vale of Eden, five 
 miles north-north-east of Penrith, and three miles south 
 of Kirkoswald. In the year 1300, the bridge over the 
 
 Richard Hunter, whom he had appointed to collect the 
 same, under pain of cvcommunication. The present 
 bridge, which was erected about the year 1770, is 
 remarkable for the combination of elliptic, semicircular, 
 and pointed arches. During the civil wars Sir Philip 
 Musgrave, Bart., and Sir Henry Fletcher, Bart., and 
 their Royalist companions, were defeated near Salkeld 
 by the Scottish troops under Leslie. 
 
 THE CHtJRCH. 
 
 Great Salkeld church, dedicated to St. Cuthbert, is 
 an ancient structure, consisting of nave, chancel, tower, 
 and south porch, which exhibit various styles of archi- 
 tecture. The tower 1ms a turret at its south-east corner, 
 and is four stories high, with an embattled parapet. 
 It seems to have formerly served as a place of security 
 ami defence, similar to the churches of Burgh-on-Sands 
 and Xewton Ailosh, and its construction and arrange- 
 ments are somewhat similar. The entrance is from 
 the nave by a massy iron-grated door lined with oak. 
 The ground floor is vaulted, with a dungeon beneath. 
 The walls are si.x feet thick. Messrs. Lysons suppose
 
 GREAT SALKELD PARISH, 
 
 G21 
 
 tluit the tuwer was fortified about the time of Ilichard 11. 
 Tbe lintel of tlic fireplace on the first storj- is formed 
 of a gravestone, oruamcntcd with a cross floree, on one 
 side of which is a sword and girdle, on the other a 
 biiglo-horn; there is also an inscription in Lombardic 
 characters, but beyond the words '• liaron de Ingelwood" 
 nothing can be made out. It is supposed to refer to 
 some one who was an oliiccr of the forest of It)glewood. 
 In the chancel arc the monumental elligios of a man wilh 
 his hands clasped together on his bosom in an attitude 
 of prayer, with this inscription, " Hie Jacct — Thomas 
 de CuMbeck, archidiac. I'ilS," which was formerly 
 mider a recess in the south wall of the nave. In the 
 tower arc an old iron helmet, breast plate, and other 
 jiieces of armour. The nave is entered on the south 
 by an cbiborately- worked Norman doorway, much 
 dilapidated, but receives some protection from the 
 porch. The doorway on the north side of the church 
 has been long walled up The uive consists of three 
 bays; and at the west end is a gallery, wilh a front of 
 c.irved oak. Tile chincel has an eastern winlow. in 
 the Perpendicular style. It is lighted on the north by 
 a square window, and on the south by three square- 
 beaded windows. On the north wall are the royal 
 arms, with the initials C. Iv, and the date 1601, 
 showing that tiio arms were put up in the reign of 
 Charles II. Iti thj south will are the remains of the 
 ancient almeries of the church. In front of the rails 
 before the communion table there is a gravestone with 
 a cro<s II ueo and a sword, but it is much obliterated. 
 Archdeacon Close lies buried in the chancel, under a 
 large slab bearing a sepulchral cross, the black letter 
 inscription, upon wiiich 'now obliterated) was as follows: 
 " Orate pro aniina Sle[iliani Close, rectoris ct arch- 
 diacotiis. qui mortinis est, .\. u. .mcccci.xx." A similar 
 inscription formerly occu[iieil a portion of one of the 
 windows. On the outside wall of the porch is a stone, 
 inscribed " Near this place lieth y° body of Mr. William 
 Dalston, fifth son of John Dalston, of Acorn Bank, Esq., 
 who died y° '2i of November. 173."}, aged 80; and his 
 grauddau;^hter, Mrs. Mary Dalston, who died October 
 y° 27, 177'J, aged 18 years, llequiescant in pace." 
 In the churchyard are several gravestones, bearing 
 crosses and other devices, now much defaced. Salkcid 
 church is rectorial, and was annexed to the archdeaconry 
 of Carlisle. At what period tiiis anne.vation first took 
 place we liave now no means of knowing, but from the 
 absonco of any separate institutions or collations to the 
 living, it is generally supposed that tliey havo been 
 united since the foundation of the see. The first 
 mention of it in connection with the afchdeaconry 
 occurs in l;i:37, when a complaint was made to the 
 
 Archbishop of York that William de Kendale held 
 both the church of Salkeld and the archdeaconry of 
 Carlisle. Since that date the connection of the rectory 
 and archdeaconry has been continuous up to 1855. 
 The patronage of the living, which was originally in 
 the crown, was given to the Bishop of Carlisle and his 
 successors about the time of Edward I. Dr. Todd 
 tells us th^t the rector pays l.js. to the dean and chapter 
 for certain demesne lands which formerly belonged 
 to the priory of Wetheral. Two-thirds of the living 
 anciently belonged to Wetheral Priory, and the 
 remainder to the rector. In the Valor of Pope 
 Nicholas the church of Salkeld is entered at £12, 
 and in the King's Book at £ii 10s. 8d. It is now 
 worth about £3^^0 per annum. The parish registers 
 
 commence in 1095. 
 • 
 RECTons. — William de Kendale, 13'.>3 ; Richard de Arthuret, 
 13.J1; William de Kotlierby, died in 1:383; Jobn de Appleby, 
 I:!(U; Thomas de Caldbcck, 1373; John de Kirkeby, lUa; 
 Stephen Close, 1470; Hugh Daere, 1003; William Bunerbank, 
 laJi; George Neville, lolH; Edward Tbrelkeld, 1007; Henry 
 Dethick, 158S; Richard Pickinglou, lO'J'J; Giles Robinson, 
 1590; Nicholas Dean, ItiOi ; Isaac Singleton, IGi-l ; Lewis 
 West, lUGO; John I'eachill, lUO/ ; Thomas Musgrave, KiUS; 
 William Nicolson, l(iS2; Joseph Fisher, 170i; George Fleming, 
 1734; Edmund Law, 1743; Vena Eyre, 1750; John Law, 1777; 
 William Paley, l~&i; Charles Anson, 1805; William Good- 
 
 Cn.VRlTIES. 
 
 The Free School. — A free school was founded here 
 about the year 1515, and endowed with several small 
 rents and manorial fines. The school-house was built 
 by subscription in 1080, and, about 1710, had an en- 
 dowment of £o per annum. Its revenues were the 
 suhjeci of a long litigation, and were eventually lost. 
 For some years previous to 1850 there was no scliool 
 taught. In that year a now school was built through 
 the instrumentality of the rector, which is an ornament 
 to the village, and is conferring great benefit upon the 
 children of the poor. It will accommodate ninetysi.x 
 scholars, is under inspection, and is supported by 
 voluntary subscriptions and quarter pence; average 
 attendance si.xty. A master's residence is attached. 
 
 IVie Poor Sliich: — The jioor stock of Great Salkeld 
 parish amounts to i.'37, and produces annually 'Ms., 
 which is distributed, at Ciiristmas and Easter, by the 
 rector and churclivvardeiis, along with the money col- 
 lected at the oflertory. 
 
 At Salkeld Dyke is a Wesleyan chapel, a small stone 
 building, erected in 18o2. 
 
 The single liouses bearing particular names arc 
 Nuuerick Hall, Beckbank, Burrell Green, Wolfd Green
 
 622 
 
 LEATH WAHD. 
 
 Gill, Coldkell, Huuter Hall, luglcwood Bank, Edeu 
 Lacy, &c. 
 
 This parish has been tlic birthplace of many eminent 
 men, including Edward Law, first Lord Elkuborough, 
 lord chief justice of the King's Bench, who was born 
 in 1719, and died in 1S18 ; the Rev. George Benson, 
 D.D., an cniiiieut dissenting minister, born iu 1099, 
 and died in 170d; Dr. Bowstead, bishop of Lichfield, 
 born in 1801, died in 1843 ; the gallant Colonel iloor- 
 house, who was killed at the siege of Bangalore, iu 
 the East Indies ; Rowland Wethcral, the celebrated 
 
 mathematician aud astronomer, and the Rev. Caleb 
 Thomas. 
 
 Mr. Johu Lamb, of Burrell Green, in this parish, is 
 in possession of an ancient brass dish resembling a 
 shield, with an inscriptiou round it, long said to have 
 Leen to the following cflftct : — 
 
 " If tliis dish be sold or gi'eu. 
 Farewell llie luck of BuiTell (jreeu." 
 
 J3ut which has been read by a friend of Mr. Lamb as 
 follows ; — 
 
 " Miiry, Mother of Jesus, Saviour of Men," 
 
 skiTlton parish. 
 
 The parish of Skelton is bounded on the north by IIutton-in-the-Furest and Middlesceugh, on the west by Castle 
 Sowerby, on the south by Greystokc, and on the east by Newton Reigny. It extends about two and a half miles 
 from north to south, aud five from east to west ; the soil is generally wet and cold, with a substratum of clay. In 
 1767 au act of Parliament was obtained for enclosing the common, which comprised nearly 4,000 acres. Tiie parish 
 comprises the townships of Skelton, Lamonby, and Unihank, whose united area is 0,320 statute acres. The 
 inhabitants are engaged iu agricultural pursuits, aud attend the Penrith markets. 
 
 son, William Lockard, sold it to John Seaton. The 
 
 SKEI.TON. 
 
 The area of this township is 2,002 acres, and its 
 rateable value i£l,136 18s. 4d. The number of 
 inhabitants iu 1801 was 270; in 1811, 28.5 ; in 1821, 
 032; in 1831, 348; in 1811, 314; and in 1851, 303. 
 
 Skelton, or Scaletown, is said to derive its name 
 from the scales, shields, or little huts, which were 
 formerly erected here for the shelter of cattle, large 
 numbers of which were pastured here iu ancient times. 
 About the time of Henry I. the Boyvilles, lords of 
 Levington, aud owners of the manor, first erected a 
 habitation here for themselves, aud afterwards set some 
 tenants on the land. It continued to be held by the 
 BoyviUe family till the decease of Randolph de Leving- 
 ton. His daughter and heir, Hawise, wife of Sir 
 Eustace Baliol, Knt., died without issue, and the 
 estates of the Boyvillesin Levington, Kirk Andrews, 
 and Skelton were divided among her six aunts, the 
 sisters of her father, Randolph. The share of Euphe- 
 mia, the eldest, wife of Richard Kirkbride, continued 
 to be possessed by her descendants for six generations, 
 after which Walter Kirkbride sold it to Robert Parviug, 
 whose nephew sold it to John Denton of Cardew, in 
 whose posterity it remained for four descents, until 
 they sold it to the Southaiks, who held it for a few- 
 descents, and then John Soutliaik sold it to the cus- 
 tomary tenants. The second part became the property 
 of Margery, wife of Robert de Hampton, whose grand- 
 
 son of the latter forfeited his right to Edward I., who 
 
 gave it to Robert de Clifford, lord of Westmoreland, 
 
 whose posterity continued to hold it till George Earl 
 
 of Cumberland sold it to the inhabitants. The third 
 
 portion was allotted to Isabel, wife of Patrick Southaik, 
 
 from whom it descended to John Southaik, who sold 
 
 it to the customary tenants. Walter Corry held the 
 
 fourth part in right of his wife Eva, but their son and 
 
 heir taking part with Robert Bruce and the Scots 
 
 against the King of England, forfeited his estate, 
 
 which was granted to William Marraion. Julian, the 
 
 fifth co-heir, the wife of I'atrie Trump, had issue a sou 
 
 of the same name, who sold his share of the manor to 
 
 Sir Robert Tilliol, Knt. The sixth portion fell to 
 
 Agnes, who was married to Sir Walter Twinhani, Knt., 
 
 to whom she bore Adam, father of Walter the younger, 
 
 who sold it to Walter Kirkbride. Among the knights' 
 
 f es in Cumberland in the 3jtli Henry VIII. (ir)43-4) 
 
 we find John Southaik, who held fourteen messuages, 
 
 eighty acres of arable land, twenty acres of meadow, 
 
 200 acres of pasture, 100 acres of wood, and a mill, 
 
 with the appurtenances, in Skelton, of the king in 
 
 capite by kuights' service, with homage aud fealty. It 
 
 is also stated that the vill of Skelton paid yearly to the 
 
 king 4s. Od. cornagc, by the hands of the sheriff of 
 
 Cumberland. In 1505 Sir Thomas Dacro, Knt., lord 
 
 of Gilsland, aud Elizabeth his wife, conveyed the
 
 SKELTON PARISH. 
 
 623 
 
 greater part of the manor and the advowson of the 
 rectory to Thomas Dawes and others during the life 
 of the said Eh'zabeth. That part of the manor which 
 had been forfeited by Christopher Seaton, and granted 
 to Robert Lord Clifford, descended to Ehzabeth, 
 daugiiter and sole heir of Henry Clifford, earl of Cum- 
 berland. She married Richard first Baron Clifford, of 
 Lanesborough, who was subsequently created Earl of 
 Burlington, from whom it descended to Richard, the 
 third earl, who dying without male issue about the year 
 1750, it passed to his only daughter, the Marchioness 
 of Ilartington, who thereby brought this part into the 
 family of the Duke of Devonshire, the present pro- 
 prietor. The tenure here is freehold and customary ; 
 the lands held by the latter being subject to a twenty- 
 penny fine certain. All the common is freehold. The 
 principal landowners in the parish are Sir II. R. F. Vane, 
 Bart. ; Messrs. Frederick Cowper, Carleton Hall ; John 
 Toppin, Skelton; George Dawson Armstrong, Uuthank; 
 Thomas Button, of Penrith; and Mr. Jackson. 
 
 TUT. CIIURCn. 
 
 Skelton church, dedicated to St. Jlary and St. 
 Michael, is an ancient edifice, consisting of nave, 
 chancel, and western tower. The latter is embattled, 
 and 'has modern pinnacles at the four corners. It 
 contains two bells, one of which bears a Latin inscrip- 
 tion. The nave is filled with oaken pews, and oaken 
 pillars support the roof. There are mural monuments 
 to members of the JoUiffe, Brougham, Grayson, Milner, 
 and Cowper families. A brass plate over the rector's 
 pew on the north side of the chancel bears this inscrip- 
 tion, " Thomas Wilson, priestee, born in Skelton, gave 
 unto certayne feoffees, in truste, bis annuitie of 20s. 
 that he bought for £20 of John Sowihake, of Ilardrigge, 
 Esq.. to bo given unto poore of the parishe of Skeltnii 
 aforesayd yearlye, to be paied for ever. Anno Domini, 
 1584." In the churchyard, on the south side of the 
 chancel, is a stone coffin, but there is mnhin" to "ive 
 
 O O 
 
 any clue to its history. The church of Skelton is 
 rectorial, and valued in the King's Book at £43 2s. 8*d., 
 but is now worth about .L"ViO. In the Liber <"iarderobrc, 
 129'J-1;300, which contains the accounts of the comp- 
 troller of the wardrobe of the daily expenses of the 
 suite of Edward I. during his progress through the 
 kingdom in those years, we find it stated that on Juno 
 23rd the king made an oblation, or offertory, at the 
 altar of the church of Skelton, amounting to seven 
 shillings. The rectory was long attached to the manor, 
 and therefore the right cf presentation has been vested 
 in different families. In 1(107 the advowson was sold 
 by Francis Southaik, Esq., to Corpus Christi College, 
 
 0.\ford, the Master and Scholars of which have since 
 exercised the right. The tithes were commuted in 
 1840 for £110. 
 
 The parish register commences in 1580; partially 
 legible from 1589 to 1645. 
 
 Hectors. — .\Jam de Levington, 1291 ; Nicholas Je Kirkbride, 
 l;305; Sir William do Kirkeby, 1317; Sir Simon de Kirkeby, 
 i:!a2; Sir Simon de Semcer, i:W3; Sir Da\nd de Mallore, 1312; 
 
 Sir John I'arving, ; Sir John Miles, 13Rt:i; Sir Adam de 
 
 Armstrong, ; Sir John Fox, 1377; Adam de Aglionby, 
 
 ; James Gosljnge, 1530; Hugh Hodgson, ; Henry 
 
 Daere, lofl] ; Leonard Scott, 1597; Leonard Jlilburn, 1623; 
 Nathaniel Cole, 1073; William Ward, 1683; Kichard Kelmes, 
 nil; John Morland, 17U; Peter Peckard, 1718; Samuel 
 Slarky, 1700 ; Tovey Jolifife, 1791 ; John Dayman, 1831. 
 
 The rectory, a good, plain, old building, situated in 
 the village of Skelton, has been repaired ancl much 
 improved by the present rector. 
 
 Skelton church formerly possessed a richly-endowed 
 chantry, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, but of its 
 origin and foundation we have no account. In 1347 a 
 charter was granted for a chantry by Edward III., but 
 its provisious do not seem to have been carried into 
 effect. Edward VI., by letters patent, dated September 
 7th, J 548, granted to William Ward, of London, gen- 
 tleman, and Richard Venables, Esq., sergeant-at-arms, 
 certain lands and a messuage in the parish, lately be- 
 longing to this chantry ; and the same king, hy other 
 letters patent, dated .Tanuaiy 30th, 1540, granted to 
 Thomas Dalston, Esq., and William Denton, gentleman, 
 the late chantry of St. Mary in the church of Skelton, 
 and all the messuages and tenements lying in Skelton 
 and Uuthank, or elsewhere in the county of Cumber- 
 land, and late belonging to the said chantiy. 
 
 CHAWTIES. 
 
 The ScJwnl. — Mr. Joseph Milner, about the year 
 1750, left to the rector and churchwardens of Skelton 
 £50 for erecting a schoolhouse there, on condition that 
 the owner of his messuage and tenement at Unthank 
 should have the privilege of sending two poor scholars 
 to be taught gratis for ever, and also have a vote in 
 chosing a master. The money was laid out in building 
 a school, where children have been taught ever since, 
 paying quarterage. — The Rev. Joseph Nelson, by will, 
 dated May 21st, 1813, bequeathed the sum of £000 to 
 the rector of Skelton and vicar of Hutton for the time 
 being, and two others, upon trust, that the same should 
 be invested in the three per cent consols, and the 
 dividends applied for the education of as many of the 
 poorest children of the parisUof Skelton as the divi- 
 dends would admit of. By a codicil to his will, dated 
 December 29th, 1815, tlie testator revoked his legacy
 
 624 
 
 LEATH ^YARD. 
 
 of £600 above-mentioned, and bequeathed £1,000 in 
 lieu thereof, to the same persons and upon the same 
 trusts. Tlie school, situated in the village of Sixeltoii, 
 was rebuilt and enlarged hy subscription in 1845>, at 
 a cost of nearly £300, and is now a neat and commo- 
 dious structure in the Elizabethan style, capable of 
 accommodating about seventy children. It is under 
 government inspection, and has an average attendance 
 of fifiv-five. There is a house for the teacher adjoining 
 tho school. In consideration of the charities above- 
 mentioned, thirty of the poorest children of the parish 
 are taught free. 
 
 Wilson's Gift. — Thomas Wilson, by deed, dated 
 December IDth, ir)8t, granted to trustees an. annuity 
 or yearly rent of 20s. arising out of the manor of 
 Skelton.'that they should pay the same, at the parish 
 church porch of Skclton, between the hours of eight 
 and eleven o'clock on the Sunday ne.\t after the feast 
 of the Annunciation (March 25th) to and amongst the 
 poor people of the parish. 
 
 Lauson's Gift. — Thomas Lawson, by will, dated 
 February 6th, 1735, bcqueiuhed to the poor of Skelton 
 2Us. a year, to be distributed every Good Friday, to all 
 such decayed families as should not be in receipt of 
 parish relief; and he directed the said money to be 
 paid out of his freehold lands in Little Salkeld Fields 
 to the overseers of Skelton, three weeks before Good 
 I'riday. 
 
 Dacre's Dole, and Brougham's Gift. — By an entry 
 in the churchwardens' book, under the date of 1744, it 
 appears that there was the sum of £ 1 0! i, called Dacre's 
 D.de, then lent to several persons at interest; and also 
 £.") in the hands of two persons, which is stated to be 
 ilr. Brougham's legacy. The interest of these two 
 sums, amounting to £4 8s. 9d. a year, is divided 
 regularly on St. Thomas' Day amongst the poor not 
 receiving relief. 
 
 Pearson's Gift. — The sura of £10 was left by .John 
 Pearson for the use of the poor, which it is understood 
 vas, long ago, lent on bond to a person of the name of 
 Piobinson, who possessed property in this parish. At 
 his death it was found that his property was mortgaged 
 for its full value, so that there was nothing left to dis- 
 charge this debt, and the charity was consequently lost. 
 
 The proceeds of the above-mentioned charities are 
 divided amongst the poor of the parish, £2 on Good 
 Friday, and £4 8s. Cd. to the poor widows of the 
 parish on St. Thomas' Day. The poor of Skelton also 
 participate in the charity of Kicbardson of VVhamhead. 
 
 In connection with the school is a library, established 
 in 1846, which contains about 400 volumes. It is 
 supported by about twenty meinbirs, who pay an 
 annual contribution of four shillings each. 
 
 LAMOSBY. 
 
 The area of Lamonby is 2,454 acres ; its rateable 
 value is £1,018. The population in 1801 was 244; 
 in 1811, 236; in 1821, 274; in 1831, 271 ; in 1841, 
 240; and in 1851, 208; who are chiclly collected in 
 the village of Lamonby. 
 
 The manor of Laiuonby included the estate of the 
 Seatons, in Skclton (see page 022), and passed by the 
 same tide; but the demesne called Lamonby Hall was 
 separated and sold to Leonard Wilkinson, about the 
 year 1080. It was subsi quently held by the Graysons, 
 and is now the property of Thomas Huttou, Esq. 
 
 Ellonliy Hall is now a farm house. A manorial 
 court of Sir H. R. F. Vane is held here annually. 
 
 Hardrigg Hall, formerly the seat of the Southaik 
 family, and now the property of Sir R. H. F. Vane, is a 
 farm house. To the south of the building are the 
 remains of an old tower, one side of which is still 
 standing. 
 
 Lamonby Hall is also a farm house, the property of 
 Thomas Button, Esq., of Penrith. For some time 
 after the Rcforniatiou there was a Catholic chaptl in 
 tliis hall ; and in the reign of Elizabeth, when there 
 was so much religious persecution, one Juliaua Buckle, 
 of Yorkshire, purchased this ball, on account, as it is 
 said, of there being a chapel there. She also kept a 
 priest at the hall as long as she could with any degree 
 of safety. About seven years ago, Mr. Hutton's work- 
 men, when repairing the building, found a piscina, 
 which is supposed to have been used in the old chapel. 
 
 U.NTHA.NK. 
 
 The area of this township is 2,413 acres, and its 
 rateable value £1,097 15s. The number of inhabitants 
 in 1801 was 215; in 1811, 235; in 1821, 252; in 
 1831,235; in 1841, 228; and in 1851, 2(i5. 
 
 The village of Unthank is five and u half miles 
 north-west of Penrith. 
 
 Laithes is a small village in this township, four 
 miles north-west of Penrith. In the neighbourhood is 
 The Laithes, the propertv and scat of J. Parkin, Efq. 
 
 Scales Hall, for many years the seat of the family of 
 Brougham, from whom it passed by marriage to the 
 tamilies of Lamphigb and Dykes, is now a farm house, 
 the property of Mrs. Dykes, of Dovenby.
 
 ^slikle Wimk 
 
 EsKDALE Wabd Comprises the most northern division of the county. It is of an irregular triangular form, bounded 
 on the north and north-west by Scotland, on the south-west by Cumberlaud Ward, on the south by Leath Wtii-d. 
 and on the east by Northumberland. Its length is about twentj'-four miles, and its breadth twenty miles. Though 
 the south-east of the ward and some other portions of it are ^ild and mountainous, it contains many fertile plains 
 and rich valleys, well watered by the rivers Esk, Eden, Gelt, Irthing, Liddel, Line, Kingswater, Kershope, Sark, and 
 a number of smaller streams. Coal, freestone, and limestone are found here; and on the river Irthing is the 
 celebrated Gilsland Spa. From its close proximity to Scotland, this part of Cumberland was, for a considerable 
 period, the scene of rapine, plunder, and devastation, ample evidence of which is still visible in the numerous forts, 
 towers, and encampments which are cvei^where met with. By the re-arrangement of wai'ds made in 1833, 
 Eskdale Ward lost the parish of Crosby-upon-Eden, the whole of Stanwix parish, e.Kcept the two townships of Cargo 
 and Stainton, the townships of Great Corby and Warwick Bridge in Wetheral parish, and the extra-parochial 
 district of Kingmoor, all of which are now in Cumberland Ward. Eskdale Ward at present comprises the parishes of 
 Arthuret, Bewcastle, Brampton, Castle Carrock, Cumrew, Cumwhitton, Nether Denton, Upper Denton, Farlam, 
 Hayton, Irthington, Ivirkandrews-on-Esk, Kirklinton, Lanercost Abbey, Scaleby, Stapletou, and Walton, as also 
 the cxtra-parochial district of Carlatton. 
 
 ARTHURET PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the west, north, and east by the parish of Kirkandrcws, and lies between the rivers Esk, 
 Line, and Liddel. The soil of about half the parish consists of a fine, deep, blackish loam, in some parts intermixed 
 with sand, especially near the river Line, capable of producing every kind of grain, clover, grass, and potato, in the 
 greatest perfection. The interior of the parish consists of good, light soil, and a portion, which was formerly an 
 extensive waste, has been brought into a very productive state through the exertions of the last and the present 
 owners of Netherby. The Netherby estate comprises nearly the whole of this parish and that of Ivirkandrews. 
 By the exertions of the Rev. Robert Graham, D.D., who died in \7S'2, it has been changed from a sterile and 
 nnprnfitablo tract, to a rich, fertile, and beautiful demesne. By his improvements, the rents have largely increased, 
 and the wealth and happiness of his tenants augmented in a much greater proportion; and, what w.'is still better, it 
 is said that " he saw them, as it were, metamorphosed from an ignorant, quarrelsome, and disorderly rabble, into an 
 intelligent, peaceable, regular, and respectable class of men." Since 1819 the agriculture of this district has been 
 still further improved ; the estates of Sir .1. G. R. Graham have nearly all undergone a complete di-ainage ; and 
 the farm-houses are very commodious and well-constructed dwellings. The woods and plantations are now in a 
 thriving and luxuriant condition. The parish comprises the townships of Longtown, Breckonhill, Lineside, and 
 Netherby. It includes part of the ancient parish of Easton, or Eston, which has long been annexed to it and Ivirk- 
 andrews ; and, in lOv! I, was slated to be bounded on the north-north-west and north-east by Scotland ; on the east by 
 Bewcastle, Stapleton, and Kirklinton ; and on the south and south-west by the river Levin, and parts of the parishes 
 of Rocklifle and Kirklintou. The parish of Kirkandrews was severed from Arthuret by letters patent of King Charles L 
 
 74
 
 626 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 LONGTOWN. 
 
 The area of the tomiship of Longtown is 2,538 
 acres, and its rateable value ;£3,648 8s. 4d. The num- 
 ber of iiiliabitants in 1801 was 1,335 ; in 1811, 1,579 ; 
 in 1821, 1,812; in 1831, 2,049; in 1841, 1,990; and 
 in 1851, 2,234. 
 
 THE TOWN OF LONGTOWN. 
 
 The market to\vn of Lougtown is situated in 55° 1' 
 north latitude, 2° 56' west longitude, distant nine miles 
 north-by-west from Carlisle, and 309 miles north-north- 
 west from London. The population in 1 851 was 2,1 42 ; 
 of whom 1,017 were males, and 1,125 females, inhabit- 
 ing 372 houses ; twenty-one houses being uninhabited, 
 and four in process of erection. Longtown has a very 
 respectable appearance; the streets are regular and 
 spacious ; the houses built in the modern style ; and its 
 situation is remarkable for its salubrity. The town 
 stands on the south bank of the Esk, and on the west 
 side of the Netherby estate, which is held on a tenure 
 of building leases. The river Esk is crossed here by 
 an excellent bridge of five arches. A bobbin mill gives 
 some employment, and a little hand -loom ^Yeaviug is 
 carried on. The com market is on Thursday. Hiriugs 
 are held at Whitsuntide and Martinmas, but are mere 
 assemblages for sports instead of for serious business, 
 the Carlisle hirings serving for the entire district. 
 There is a horse fair held on the Thursday before 
 Whitsuntide. In 1088 there were only twelve houses 
 in Longtown, built of turf or mud. The town hall was 
 of freestone. There was then a considerable market, 
 being the only one, as Mr. T. Denton observes, in all 
 that country. Gas works were estabUshed here in 1857. 
 
 CBintCH AND CHAPELS. 
 
 Arthuret parish church, dedicated to St. Michael, 
 stands on a beautiful eminence in the township of 
 Longtown, about half a mUe from the town. " It is 
 presumed," says Hutchinson, " this point of land was 
 called Arthur's Head, a name now coiTupted to Arthuret, 
 and engrafted on tho parish." The present church was 
 erected in 1609, with the assistance of " a charity 
 brief," the preceding edifice " having been a mean, low, 
 ruinous building, and often destroyed by the Scots." 
 But the persons employed in the building having abs- 
 conded with a considerable part of the money collected, 
 the tower was left unfinished until the rectorship of 
 Dr. Todd, through whose exertions the structure was 
 completed. The church comprises nave, aisles, chancel, 
 and tower, and contains some monuments of the Graham 
 family, particularly that of Sir George Graham, Bart., 
 who died in 1057 (son of Sir Robert Graham, the first 
 
 baronet), and that of the Rev. Robert Graham, D.D., 
 who died in 1782. In the churchyard is the tomb of 
 Lieutenant William Graham, of the Moat, who died in 
 1657, aged 97 ; and a rude cross, with a pierced capital, 
 near to which tradition says lie the remains of Archy 
 Armstrong, jester to James I. and Charles I.' From 
 the iuquisitiones ad quod damnum of the 2nd Edward 
 TTT we learn that the church of Arthuret was given 
 in the reign of Henry I., by Turgis do Russedale, lord 
 of the manor of Liddell, to the abbot and convent of 
 Jedburgh, in Scotland, but by reason of the almost con- 
 tinual differences between the two kingdoms, that com- 
 munity seldom enjoyed it. In the year 1290 wo find 
 John Walce, lord of Liddell, exercising the right of 
 patronage. The kings of England frequently presented ; 
 but the advowson has long been attached to the manor. 
 The benefice is a rectory, valued in the lung's Book at 
 .CI 2s. Id., and certified to the Ecclesiastical Com- 
 missioners as of the annual value of £687 ; it is now 
 worth COOO. The parish registers commence in 1010. 
 The ancient parish of Easton, or Eston, now no longer 
 known, is, as we have stated above, merged in the 
 parishes of Arthuret and Kirk Andrews ; tho last mention 
 of it in ecclesiastical records is in 1384, when John de 
 Morton was presented to the rectory by the bishop. 
 The tithes of Ai-thuret were commuted in 1849 for 
 £841 Os. 4d., viz., Lougtown £217 15s. 8d. ; Line- 
 side, £123 lOs. lOd. ; Breckonhill, £217 15s. Od. ; 
 Netherby, £281 18s. 8d. 
 
 KECions. — Baldwin Wake, 1296 ; Thomas de Leycester, 1304 ; 
 Thomas deCapella, 1-304:; riicharddeWethermeleck, 1-312; John 
 
 Aurifaber, ; John de Penrith, 1333 ; John de Pokelyngton, 
 
 1333 ; Ralpii de Lepyngton, 1337 ; William de Eagenhill, 135-t; 
 
 William de Arthurett, 1354; Richard de Tissington, ; John 
 
 de Bowland, 13G1 ; John de Wjke, 1370; John Berwise, died 
 15C5 ; Sir Blichael Fo'sel, 1505 ; Cuthhert Curwen, resigned 
 
 'Archibald Armstrong, commonly known by llie name of Archy, 
 who was fool, or more properly jester to James 1., and his successor 
 Charles I., is said to have been a natire of this place, to which he 
 reth-ed after his disgrace at court, and where he dieil at an advanced 
 age in 1072. The cause of his dismissal was the latitude of speech 
 in which he indulged liimself on occasion of the commotions in 
 Scotland in IlJilK, which ensued on the attempt of introducing the 
 English Liturgy uito that kingdom. " It so happened," says Rush- 
 worth, "that on the 11th of tlie said March, 1037-8, Archibald, the 
 king's fool, said to his Grace the ^Vrchbishop of Canterbury, as he 
 was going to the council table,' Wha's feule now?' 'Doth not your 
 grace hear the news from Strivelin about the Liturgy ;*' wiih other 
 words of reflccdou. This was presently complained of lo the council 
 which produced an order that Archibald Armstrong, the kmg's fool, 
 for certain scandalous words of a high nature spoken by him agamst 
 the Lord Aichbishop of Canterbury, his grace, and proved to be 
 uttered by him by two witnessess, shall have his coat pulled over his 
 head, and be discharged of tlie king's sen-ice, and banished the 
 court ; for which the Lord Chamberlain of the king's household is 
 played and required to give order to be executed ; and immediately 
 the same was' put in execution."
 
 ABTHURET PARISH. 
 
 627 
 
 1039 ; George Constable, l(i39 ; George Usher, 1673 ; Hugh 
 Todd, 1C88 ; William Liiidsey, 1728 ; Robert Graham, 1735 ; 
 John James, 1782 ; John James, 1785 ; — Babbington, 1786 ; 
 Fergus Graham, 17!)0; William Graham, 1829. 
 
 The rectory was built iu 1705, at a cost of i'800, 
 upon the site of au older structure. 
 
 The other places of worship iu the town arc — a 
 Presbyterian chapel, erected iu 1800, and a United 
 Presbyterian chapel, built in 1834. 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 A very e-Kcellent school was erected in Longtowu in 
 1857, at a total cost of nearly £'1,000. It is conducted 
 on the principle of the British and Foreign School 
 Society, combining religious instruction with a strict 
 absence of sectarian teaching. There is a large and 
 commodious residence for the teacher. There is 
 adequate accommodation for 300 children ; the average 
 attendance (boys and girls) is IHO. It is under govern- 
 ment inspection, and conducted by a master, mistress, 
 and four pupil teachei-s. 
 
 The school held iu the Moot Hall is attended by about 
 sixty children. In this school one child out of every 
 three children of poor parents is taught free, iu conside- 
 ration of i'S allowed from Lady AViddrington's charity. 
 
 There is also a female school, supported by the rector, 
 in which eighteen poor girls are taught free and partly 
 clothed. 
 
 There are also schools in each of the other townships 
 of the parish, each of which receives £4 a year from 
 Lady Widdrington's Charity. 
 
 POOB-LAW UNION. 
 
 The Longto\vn Union Workhouse stands about two 
 miles cast of the town. It was erected in 1837, ata cost 
 of £3,000, and is a largo and convenient structure of 
 hewn stone, capable of accommodating l.'iO paupers, but 
 the average number in the house is eighty-five. Long- 
 town Poor-law Union is divided into two sub-districts. 
 High Longtown, comprising Stnpleton, Solport, Trough, 
 Belbank, Bewcastlo, Nixons, Bailey, Bellbank, and Nichol 
 Forest; and Low Longtown, which includes Meat 
 Quarter, Middle (>uartLT, Nether Quarter, Netherby, 
 Longtown, Breckonhill, Liucside, West Linton, Middle 
 Quarter, HethorsgiU, West Scaloby, and East Scalcby. 
 The union comprises an area of 80,871 statute acres. 
 Its population iu 1851 was 9,0',)C, of wliom 1,809 were 
 males, and 4,707 females. The number of inhabited 
 houses at the same period was 1,7 Ifl, of uninhabited 
 niuety-nine, and four were building. Tho total receipts 
 of the union for the year ended Lady Day, 1850, 
 amounted to £4,621 lOs.; the expenditure for tho 
 samo period was £3,598. 
 
 BBECKONHILI,. 
 
 This township comprises an area of 4,535 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £-2,0^1 IGs. Cd. Tho population 
 in 1801 was 489; in 1811, 610; in 1821, 441; iu 
 1831, 301 ; iu 1841, 373 ; and in 1851, 305. 
 
 Tlie manor of Breckonhill, or Braokenhill, held under 
 the manor of Arthuret, was, in 1688, the property of 
 Mr. Richard Graham, a distant relation of Lord Preston. 
 It now belongs to R. E. W. P. Standish, Esq., of 
 Fairley Castle, Berks, whose relation, Rowland Stephen- 
 son, purchased it in 1 752. On Mr. Standish 's property 
 there is an embattled tower, bearing date 1584. It 
 adjoins the Breckonhill farm-house, and it is kept in 
 good repair by the proprietor. 
 
 Breckonhill township extends from three to five 
 miles east-north-east of Longtowu, on the north side of 
 the river Line. 
 
 At Chapel Flosh, near tho farm called Chapel Town, 
 there was formerly a oratory, called the Chapel of Sol- 
 lom, in which, iu the year 1343, a league between the 
 Scotch and English, about fi.xing the limits of both 
 kingdoms, was, in a solemn manner, sworn to and 
 confirmed by commissioners appointed for tliat purpose. 
 
 The small hamlet of Eston, or Easton, anciently the 
 capital of the parish, is in this township. 
 
 LINESIDE. 
 
 The area of Lineside is 1,444 acres, and its rateable 
 value is £1,191 Os. lOd. In 1801 it contained 197 
 inhabitants, in 1811, 219; in 1821, 210: in 1831, 
 137; iu 1841, 128; and in 1851, 131. This township 
 lies on the banks of the Line, about two miles south- 
 south-east of Longtown. 
 
 NETHERBY. 
 
 The area of Netherby township is 8,873 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £2,007 Os. 8d. The population in 
 1801 was 397 ; in 1811, 385 ; iu 1821, 490 ; in 1831, 
 320 ; in 1841, 868; aud in 1861, 358. This township 
 extends from one to four miles north -north -east of 
 Longtown. 
 
 The barony of Lyddal or Liddell, extending over this 
 parish and that of Kirk Andrews-upon-Esk, was given 
 in tlio roign of Hoin-y I., by llanulph de Mcschines, lo 
 Turgent Brundy (called in some records Turgis do 
 Russodalo). or Turgis Brinsdas, a Fleming. In tho 
 reign of King John it was in tho baronial family of 
 Stuteville, or Estotovillc, whose daughter, and eventunlly 
 sole heiress, Joan, brought it in marriago to the baro- 
 nial family of Wiiko. .lohu Lord Wake died without 
 issue in 13 13 ; his only sister married Edmund Plau- 
 tagenet, earl of Kent, whoso daughter, Joan, became 
 tho wife of Edward the Black Prince. Tho barony of
 
 C28 
 
 ESKPALE WARD. 
 
 Lid dell, in consequence, became vested in the crown, 
 and appears to have been held as crown laud, and as 
 parcel of the honour of Dustanburgh (which honour 
 was parcel of the Duchy of Lancaster) till the year 
 1604, when James I. granted " all that forest of 
 Nichol, commonly called Nichol Forest, in the county 
 of Cumberland, and in the borders of England towards 
 Scotland, and also all those lordships and manors of 
 Arthui-eth, Liddel, and Radilington, within the limits 
 of the forest aforesaid, in the said county of Cumber- 
 land, parcel of the duchy of Lancaster ; and also the 
 fishery of the water of Esk, in the county aforesaid, 
 with all messuages, mills, houses, and hereditaments 
 whatsoever, within the said forest, or to the said forest 
 or manors aforesaid belonging, or in any wise apper- 
 taining," to George Clifford, earl of Cumberland, subject 
 to a fee farm rent of j£100. In like manner the said 
 King James, by letters patent bearing date the 31st 
 day of March, in the eighth year of his reign (1610), 
 granted to Francis Earl of Cumberland " all those lands 
 called the Debateable Lands, in the comity of Cumber- 
 land, abutting upon part of the sea called Solway Sands, 
 towards the south, the river of Sarke towards the west, 
 the Scotch dyke towards the north, and the river of 
 Esk towards the east ; extending in length, by estima- 
 tion, five miles, and in breadth three miles ; and con- 
 taining in quantity 2,895 acres of meadow and arable 
 land called Known Grounds, 400 acres of mai-sh lands, 
 2,035 acres of pasture, and 1,470 acres of mossy 
 grounds, in all 5,400 acres ; and two water corn-mills, 
 within the limits and metes aforesaid ; and also the 
 advowson of the chui'ch of Kirk Andi'cws ; to hold to the 
 said earl and his heirs, under the yearly fee farm rent of 
 £150." These estates were afterwai'ds sold by Francis 
 Earl of Cumberland to Richard Grahme, or Graham, 
 Esq., to whom, in 1629, King Charles remitted a 
 moiety of the above-mentioned rent. The barony of 
 LiddeU continued to be held by the descendants of this 
 Richard till the year 1739, when Catherine, one of the 
 sisters of the first Viscount Preston, who had married 
 William Lord Widdrington, became eventually possessed 
 of the before-mentioned estates, and died in 1767, having 
 bequeathed them to the Rev. Robert Graham, second 
 son of her uncle, William Graham, dean of Carlisle, 
 from whom they have descended to the present lord, 
 the Right Hon. Sir James Robert George Graham, 
 Bart., of Netherby. 
 
 Netherby Hall, the seat of the lord of Netherby, is 
 dehghtfullv situated on the east bank of the river Esk. 
 The surrounding scenery of this splendid villa is pic- 
 turesquely and sublimely grand. An extensive lawn 
 opens in its front, diversified by lofty trees, and encircled 
 
 by a noble sweep of the river Esk, while the ornamental 
 buildings that appear on every hand display at once 
 the taste of the proprietor and enhance the grandeur 
 of the prospect. The house stands on the situ of a 
 Roman station. The nucleus of the seat of Sir James 
 Graham is a border tower, with walls of great thicknes. 
 These walls were doubtless erected at the expense of 
 the ramparts and buildings of the camp, within which 
 the mansion is situate. The form of the station cannot 
 now be satisfactorily defined; but the number and 
 importance of the coins, altars, and sculptures, which 
 have been found within it, prove that it was a place of 
 consequence during the period of Roman occupation. 
 The site, though not greatly elevated, commands an 
 extensive prospect in everj' direction. The bank on its 
 western side, which slopes down to the valley of the 
 Esk, is said to have been washed in ancient days by 
 the waters of the Solway. Among the many important 
 inscriptions discovered here, is one to Hadrian, closely 
 resembling those which have been found at Milking Gap, 
 Bradley, and other places. The stone has long been lost, 
 but in Gough's "Camden" the inscription is given thus ;— 
 
 IMP. CAES. TRA. 
 
 HADBIAXO 
 
 AVG. 
 
 I.EO. n. AVG. F. 
 
 Some very fine sculptured stones, found in the station, 
 arc preserved on the spot. Amongst them is one on 
 which is figured a youth standing in a niche, a mural 
 crown is on his head, a cornucopia in his left hand, 
 and a patera, from which he pours a hbation on an 
 altar, in his right ; it is one of the finest carvings that 
 is to be met with in the north. From the grooves 
 which are cut in the lower part of the stone, it has 
 been concluded that the figure has been formerly set 
 in masonry, perhaps to adorn the approach of some 
 temple. Gordon supposed the figure to be intended 
 for Hadrian; Lysons think that it was intended for 
 the " Genius of the Wall of Severus." Other stones 
 bearing the figures of the Deae Matres have been found 
 here. Netherby is supposed to be the Castra Explora- 
 torum of the Second Itinerary of Antoninus, which 
 was garrisoned by a Numerus Exploratum. Its situa- 
 tion is very suitable for an exploratory gamson ; and 
 its distance from Carlisle on the one hand, and fi-om 
 IMiddleby, in Dumfriesshire, on the other, nearly corre- 
 sponds with the distance at which it is set down in the 
 Itineraiy both from Luguballium and Blatum Bulgium. 
 
 (grabam of ^dbcrbg. 
 
 This family is derived from the Hon. Catherine 
 Graham, surviving aunt and heir of Charles, last
 
 BEWCASTLE PARISH. 
 
 629 
 
 Viscount Preston, and wife of William Lord Widdrington 
 of Blankney, djiug in 1757, without issue, devised her 
 estates to her cousin, 
 
 The Rev. Eobebt Graham, D.D., grandson of Sir George 
 Graliam, second baronet of I'lsk, wlio married Frances, daughter 
 of Sir Reginald Graham, of Norton Conyei's, and Iiad 
 
 I. Charles, who died before his father, leaving au only daughter, 
 
 married to Julm Webb Westou, Esq. 
 
 II. James, first baronet. 
 
 III. Fergus, rector of Kirkondrcws-upon-Esk, whu married 
 .Idhnnnu, dmighlerof nuin])l)rey Giiie, Kscj., and was father 
 of Fergus {indium, Esq.. II.B .\[. consul at Hayonne, mar- 
 ried Aielbeii, (laiigliter of William Evans .lames, Esq., of 
 Barrock, Cumberland, and has issue, 
 
 William (iraham, Esq., married Dora,daughter of Richard 
 Henry Molliind, Esij,, by Dorodiea, eldest daughter of 
 the late Nathaniel lihmd, Kscj., of iiandalls Park, 
 Letttlierhead, Surrey, and Bally Carbery Custle, Caliir- 
 civeeii, Kerry, and has issue. 
 
 He was succeeded by his eldest surviring son, 
 
 James Graham, Esq., of Netherhy, who was created a baronet 
 98th of December, 1782. Sir James married, in 1785, Catherine, 
 eldest daughter of John, seventh earl of Galloway, by whom (who 
 died in September, lB3fi) he had issue, 
 
 I. James Robert Geoboe, present baronet. 
 II. William, iu holy orders. 
 
 III. Charles. 
 
 IV. George, married Maria, youngest daughter of the late Edward 
 
 Hassell, Esq. 
 I. Elizabeth Frances, died in IwlO. 
 
 U. Elizabeth Anne, married March 4tli, 1818, to the Rev. William 
 WaddUove, only sou of the Dean of Ripon. 
 
 III. Catherine Maria, died 12lh May, 1830. 
 
 IV. Carolme, married I82I, to Sir Wilfrid Lawson, BarL, of 
 
 Braytou, co. (Cumberland. 
 
 V. Georgiaua Susan. 
 
 VI. Uarriett Anne, maiTied 10th July, 1832, to Captain Frederick 
 
 Madou, of the East India Company's ser^■ice. 
 VII. Charlotte, married 28th June, 1828, to Sir George Musgrave, 
 
 Bart. 
 VIII. Caroline. 
 
 He died in 1824, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 The Right Hon. Sin James Robert Georof. Graham, Bart., 
 M.P., of Netherhy, co. Cumberland ; a privy councillor ; bom 
 1st June, 17!)2; married, 8th July, 1811), Fanny Callendar, 
 youngest daughter of Colonel and Lady Elizabeth Callender, of 
 Crayfofd and Ai'dkinglass, and has issue, 
 
 I. Frederick Ulric, bom 2nd April, 1820; late ITtli Lancers, 
 
 married, aOlh October, 18.'J2, Lady Jane Hermione St. Maur, 
 eldest daughter of Edward .\di>lphu3 Duke of Somerset, and 
 has two daughters, Margaret Frances, and Violet Hermione. 
 
 II. Mohse Reginald, bom l.'ith February, 1833. 
 III. James Stanley, born 13lh April, 1836. 
 
 I. Constauce Helena. 
 II. Mabel Violet, married, 7th August, 1851, to the Hon. William 
 
 Ernest Duncombe. 
 m. Helen. 
 
 Creation.— iHtii December, 1782. 
 
 Arms. — Or, on a chief; three escallops, of the field. 
 
 Crest. — A crown vallerj-, or. 
 
 il/o((o.— Reason contents me. 
 
 Hallburn aud Slealands are hamlets iu this township. 
 
 BEWCASTLE PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Bcwcastle is bounded on the north by Nichol Forest and Scotland, on the west by Stapletou parish, 
 
 on the south by that of Lauercost, and on the east by Northumberland. It comprises the townships of Bewcastle, 
 Bailey, Bellbank, aud Ni.xons, whoso united area is 30,000 acres. 
 
 township. Af^riculturo is the priucipal employment of 
 
 nEWC.^STLE. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £1,465 Is. 
 The population in 1801 was 17:); in 1811, 198; iu 
 1821, 188; in 1831, 177; in 1811, 181; and in 18yl, 
 1 80. A survey for the enclosure of Grey Fell common 
 was made in thn year 1819 ; a copy of the award and 
 plan is deposited iu Hewcastlo church. The award was 
 confirmed by tlio Enclosure Commissioners January 
 7tli, 1850. Tho population chiefly reside in detached 
 farm-houses and cottages. There is no town or village 
 in the township. The people are industrious and 
 temperate in their habits, there being no inn or 
 beershop iu the township. Tho language appears to 
 be intermi-vcd with a great number of Danish and 
 Norso words. Many of tho names of places in this 
 district soem to have been taken from Norse appellatives, 
 raising a probability that there has been a Norwegian 
 settlement along tho edges of these hills. A public 
 road to New Castleton, in Scotland, passes through this 
 
 the inhabitants. A company was formed about the 
 year 1848 to search for lead and iron at White Preston, 
 on the Grey Fell Common, but did not succeed. They 
 opened a shaft of some ancient workings, and drove a 
 lead into tho north side of the hill, but found nothing 
 more viduublo than hmostono. Several tracings of 
 ancient workings for lead may still be seen on the Grey 
 Fell, and on tho Iligbgrains Waste, especially near 
 Hazelgill Pike. There is a limekiln at the Bauks for 
 public sale, but limestone is so abundant in this and tho 
 other townships in the parish of Bcwcirstle, that almost 
 every farm has its own limekiln. There is some excel- 
 lent grazing land in tho township, especially on tho 
 Domesuo and Park farms, with a large quantity of 
 unimproved common on Grey Fell. Tho western part 
 of tho township is cultivated in farms, producing good 
 crops of corn aud meadow hay : the eastern portion is 
 a strong clayey moorland, covered with stunted heather.
 
 G30 
 
 ESEDALE WABD. 
 
 called the Grey Fell, which lies very liigh, and from 
 the summit of which the water runs both to the east 
 and to the west. The Back Bone of Euglaud passes 
 through this and the adjoining townships. The Helm 
 wind is fre(iaently felt in a moderate degree in the 
 vale of Bewcastle. Brampton is the market usually 
 attended, and sometimes that at Carlisle. 
 
 An old British road, called the Maiden Way, after- 
 wards converted into a lioman road (probably the Tenth 
 Iter of the Itinerary of Antoninus) passed through tliis 
 township. It entered it at the Dollerline, passed the 
 Braes, the Hill, and the Crew, at each of which places 
 we find traces of ancient buildings. It quitted the 
 township at the Crew Bum. A branch of this road 
 passed on the west side of the station at Bewcastle, 
 over the Hall Hills, through the Peelohill and the Park 
 grounds, and left the township at Wellington Gate, appa- 
 rently aiming for Tionics Hill, in Scotland. Another 
 ancient road has gone from the Braes to the north-west, 
 passed the Pikcfoot, the Parkhead, the Parknook, and 
 over the Bothrigg Hill. There is a large tumulus — a 
 very fine ship barrow — in the Peelohill ground. 
 
 We are indebted to the Piev. John Maughau, rector, 
 for the following communication respecting the Roman 
 station at Bewcastle : — 
 
 "Bewcastle (from its irregular shape, something 
 between an oval and a circle, and perhaps also from its 
 proximity to the old British road called the Maiden 
 Way,' which passes it, and which was probably the 
 Tenth Iter of the Itinerary of Antoninus), has been 
 considered by some to have been a Pictish or British 
 encampment before it was occupied by the Romans. 
 Horsley thinks that the Roman name of the station 
 was Apiatorium. Jlr. Hodgson, in his ' History of 
 Northumberland,' supposes that it may have been 
 Banna. I would venture to suggest that as Whitley 
 Castle appeai-s to be tho Alionis of the Tenth Iter of 
 the Itinerary, then Bewcastle will be the Galava,'' and 
 Castleton the Olannavonta of the said Iter. 
 
 "It is probable that Agricola, as he proceeded north- 
 wards in his career of conquest, would adopt the old 
 British roads, as convenient for caiTying out his plans 
 of aggression, and that lie would convert them into 
 Roman roads as speedily and efficiently as possible. 
 
 " I The word Maden, or Madien, is an old Celtic or British appel- 
 ladoii, and signifies raised, or elevated. Hence the term Maiden 
 Way simply means a raised road or liighway." 
 
 "-The name Galava is still retained in the district, under the cor- 
 rupted form of \Vulje\-va, or Wulhewa, which wna formerly applied 
 to the valley in which Bewcastle is placed, and also the north side of 
 the parish of Lauereost, which adjoins it. I have treated more at 
 large on this subject in a memoir on the Maiden Way published in 
 the 'Archffiological Journal,' vol. xi., p, 300. 1864." 
 
 As his troops advanced, suitable stations would bo 
 seized upon and occupied as sites for fortresses, wliich 
 would thus be placed one in advance of another, and 
 afford mutual support to each other — Bewcastle serving 
 as an advanced post to Whitley Castle, and Castleton 
 taking the same position with regard to Bewcastle. 
 The earliest period at which we can suppose that Bew- 
 castle was thus occupied as a fortress by the Romans 
 will be about a.d. 70 ; for it is generally admitted that 
 Agricola seized upon this district and placed his garrisons 
 here in his second campaign, i. e., about a.d. 70. 
 
 " The station at Bewcastle has been placed on the 
 nearly level surface of a low and in-egularly-shaped 
 eminence : its form has been hexagonal, but its sides 
 are unequal. Their respective lengths are as follows : — 
 South-west side, 108 yards ; south, 78 yards ; south- 
 east, 05 yards ; north-east, 125 yards ; north, 146 
 yards; and north-west, 83 yards. The station, therefore, 
 would occupy about sLx acres of ground. The outer 
 wall of the station appears to have been of considerable 
 thickness, but it is now in ruins, and covered with turf. 
 In some places it is nearly level with the ground, but it 
 still shows distinctly the site of the wall. It appears to 
 have been protected by an outer rampart and a small 
 fosse or covered way. The south side would also be 
 defended by the steep bank of the river Kirkbeck. On 
 the north side of the station there are some traces of 
 ramparts or buildings at a small distance from it, which 
 appear to have been a procestrium, or advanced post of 
 defence. The south-east side has declined a little from 
 its orignal elevation, the river having made encroach- 
 ments here at different times and washed away the 
 bottom of the bank, which is a sort of quicksand. There 
 is a spring of excellent water on this side called the 
 Priest's Well. On the western side there has been a 
 kiln for drying corn, placed at the distance of sixty 
 yards from the outer wall. Within the southern side, 
 and nearly upon the southern wall, the new rectory 
 house, out-offices, and garden arc placed, which were 
 built in the year 1837 ; and on the north side of these 
 are the church, and the churchyard, in which stands 
 the celebrated Runic pillar. At the north-east corner 
 of the station is the castlo (now in ruinsj, and its moat; 
 and on the northern side are the present manor house, 
 farm buildings, and garden. The remainder of the 
 station is an excellent pastiu'e. Several traces of the 
 foundations of ancient buildings occur in every part of 
 the station, proving it to have been a place of consider- 
 able importance. Almost every grave that is made cuts 
 through foundation walls. There are also several traces 
 of flagging and pavements. Pieces of coal are often 
 found, showing that they were probably acquainted with
 
 BEWCASTLE PAEISH. 
 
 631 
 
 the coal mines of the district. From a stratum of ashes 
 which is often found in the graves, about three feet 
 below the surface, we may infer that the place has been 
 destroyed by fire at some remote period. On the top of 
 tho hiU, to the north-west, are some groundworks, 
 connected with the station by a raised road, which are 
 said to have been a hall occupied by some of the younger 
 branches of tho family settled at Bewcastle — hence the 
 place is called the Hallliills. On the eastern and 
 western face of this hiU we find terraces, the ancient 
 traces of cultivation. About 400 yards above the 
 station, on the margin of the river, is a place called the 
 'cannon-holes,' where Oliver Cromwell (perhaps errone- 
 ously) is said to have planted his cannon when he 
 destroyed the castle. On the south-east side of the 
 station, at a short distance, is a cottage called the 
 Churchcloses, where some sculptured and inscribed 
 stones have been found. It may have formerly cou- 
 stituted a portion of the suburbs of the Roman city. 
 There is a trace of tho foundations of a small square 
 building near the cottage ; and there is a small embank- 
 ment or raised road leading from the eastern gate of the 
 station in the direction of these foundations. 
 
 "The camp appears to have been built according to the 
 usual mode of Roman castrametation. The streets called 
 the Via Principalis and the Via Quintana may be still 
 accurately traced. The site of the pnetorium, or general's 
 quarters, is very conspicuous, being nearly in the centre 
 of the camp, at the north-west corner of the churcliyard. 
 The foundations of most of the other buildings, according 
 to the regular Polybian plan, are distinct. The manor 
 house stands on the pnetoriau or northern gateway. 
 There has been an entrance on tho west side from the 
 .Maiden Way, which passes the station on this side. 
 Tho position of this entrance (tho left principal gate- 
 way) is very apparent, having bad a small guard-house 
 at each side. From this gateway the Via Principalis may 
 be easily followed to the east side of the station, where 
 we may also trace the position of the eastern entrance, 
 or right principal gateway, which has also been flanked by 
 a small guard-house at each side. The decuman, or 
 southern gateway, is not so apparent, but in the year 
 IH-iO I dug out part of the foundations of one of its 
 guard-houses. 
 
 "Tho station is not destitute of its memorials and 
 evidences of ancient occupation. Several Ilonian coins, 
 rings, unis, pieces of red Samian and black pottery 
 both plain and figured, vases. Hanged tiles, bricks, 
 o.xydatod iron, beads, glass, votive tablets, inscribed 
 altars, and other reUcs, have been found at dilVoreut 
 periods. Several specimens of quenis of various sorts 
 have boon turned up — those primitive engines for 
 
 grinding meal which we find so often alluded to in the 
 Bible, and which are shown in antiquarian museums as 
 things of a past age, but which may stUl be seen 
 flourishing in lively use in the Fai-oe Islands, and some 
 other of these northern outlandish parts of the earth.^ 
 
 " Several inscribed stones have been found at this 
 station. Camden says — • In the chiu-ch, now almost 
 ruinated, there lyes a grave-stone brought hither from 
 some other place, with this inscription, Legio secunda 
 Augusta fecit.' Camden, it appears, was not aware at 
 that time that this was a Homan station. On this 
 point, however, there cannot now be a doubt. Horsley 
 thinks that he afterwards saw the same stone in 
 Naworth Garden — if so, it was probably removed by 
 ' Belted Will;' The inference to be drawn from this 
 inscribed stone is this — that a part of the second legion, 
 which was styled Augusta, was engaged in the erectioa 
 of this fortress. 
 
 " When Horsley visited the station he saw an 
 inscribed slab in the churchyard, at the head of a grave, 
 set upright ou the edge, with the remains of an inscrip- 
 tion, which he ventm-es to read thus — 'Imperatori 
 C;csari Trajano Hadriano Augusto Legiones Secunda 
 Augusta et Vicessima valens victrix sub Licinio Prisco 
 Legato Augustali Proprsetore."- He says — ' It has 
 
 1 " About twelve years since, a gold ring set with a brilliant was 
 found in tlie garden hedge of the manor house, and taken possession 
 of by the farmer's daughter. A stone, with a broad sword cut upon 
 it, was dug out of a grave about twenty years ago, and now forms 
 part of the door of one of tlie offices of tlie rectory house. In the 
 same grave were also found several coins which were not preserved, 
 and part of an old iron grate, which tlie blacksmith pronoimced to 
 be of the best quidity tliat ever passed under his hammer. In another 
 grave, in lH:i(), an iron sword about two feet in length was found, but 
 was immediately broken into small fragments by one of the persons 
 who found it. In the year I'llO a brass coin of Antoninus I'ius was 
 founil about live or six feet beneath the surface, close to the west 
 end of the rectory house. A silver coin of llic Emperor Nena was 
 foimd a few years before near the decuman gateway. This coin of 
 Nerva has COS. 111. upou it. The diue ihercloro is a.u. 7li, and 
 hence a strong presumption arises that Bewcastle was actually in the 
 occupation of the Romans at that period, as before suggested. lu 
 the summer of IS.'i.'i I found in tlio rectory ganlen a small coin, 
 appareiuly of Viclorinns. .Mmiy other coins have been found at ilif- 
 ferent periods but they have been losL In tlio year IbSo a small 
 blue bead was turned up, and a piece of lead resembling a small 
 plmnmet. Portions of leaden conduit have been fouud formerly — 
 also of a Mosaic door, as stated in llie ' Gentleman's Magazine,' vol. 
 (U, part '4, p. ill II. I have ri'ceully fouud several pieces of ycllow- 
 i(doured pottery, having apparently been part of tlie handle, &c. of 
 an amphora. Some of tlie pieces of red Samian ware have dogs and 
 other devices marked upou them. Some of them have curiously- 
 shaped lips or spttuts (or tlie ronvenience of pouring ; aihl one of 
 tlieni has tlie maker's muuo 'Martitius' slam|>ed upou it — MAR- 
 TINIAI, i. I'., Martini manu, Irom Iht hand qf Afarlinua." 
 
 a " It may bo translated tliiis— ' The second legion styled Angusia, 
 and the twentieth legion styled Valens Victrix, under Liciuiiis 
 I'riscus, an .\ugtittid Legate and Proprietor (dedicated ibis) to the 
 Kmperur Caauu Trajau Hadrian .\ugiislu$.' "
 
 6S-i 
 
 ESKDALE WAED. 
 
 been a very curious inscription, though it is now imper- 
 fect. It was found at first at the bottom of a grave, 
 and has not been published before. I take it to have 
 been an lionorarj- monument, erected to Hadrian by the 
 Legio Secunda Augusta and the Legio Vicessima. I 
 cannot find any name of a propra;tor that fully suits 
 the letters in the inscription ; but we have Priscus 
 Licinius mentioned in the inscription in Hadrian's 
 time, which seems to approach the nearest. The 
 two names, Licinius and Priscus, might be inverted 
 in an inscription, as we find names are sometimes 
 in authors.' If the stone was inscribed in honour 
 of Hadrian which however is not certain, as the name 
 of Hadrian is not legible on the stone, then we may 
 infer from it that a part of the second legion, which 
 was styled Augusta, and a part of the twentieth 
 legion, which was styled VictrLx Valeria (not Valens 
 according to the list of Dion Cassius,) kept garrison at 
 this station at the time when the Emperor Hadrian 
 made his very brief visit to Britain. This stone is 
 nowhere to be seen at Bcwcastlc at the present day. 
 
 " Hutchinson, in his ' History of Cumberland,' p. 03, 
 mentions a stone which he discovered over the channel 
 at the gate of the public house yard. This would be 
 the demesne, or manor house, of the present day. The 
 stone appears to have been a plain slab, and he gives 
 the following copy of the inscription, but offers no 
 explanation of it : — 
 
 I M 
 
 coH I DAC : : : 
 
 ATIEI : CENTVR 
 
 iFcrr 
 
 The first word of the third line would probably be 
 AEiLLE, the last two letters being tied together, as we 
 often find two, or sometimes more letters, tied together, 
 in Roman inscriptions. It might be read thus : — ' Jovi 
 Optimo maximo cohortis primae Dacorum Aellise Cen- 
 turio fecit.' — ' To Jupiter the best, the greatest, a cen- 
 turion of the first cohort of the Dacians styled .Slha made 
 this.' Besides the legionary troops employed in the 
 Eoman service, there were several au.xiliary cohorts of 
 foreign troops, which not only assumed the name of the 
 conquered province to which they belonged, but some- 
 times added another title, in honour of the emperor 
 under whom (perhaps) they enlisted, or were then 
 serving. Tliis cohort was then called iEllia, in honour 
 of Hadrian, who was styled Titus .^illius Hadrianus ; 
 and also Dacorum from their country, which stretched 
 on the north of the Danube towards the Carpathian moun- 
 tains, and comprehended part of Hungary, Transylvania, 
 Moldavia, and AVallachia. The Roman army list called 
 
 the Notitia places this cohort at Burdoswald,' and 
 several stones have been found there which men- 
 tion this cohort, and as the names of nine difTerent 
 commanders appear on these stones, we may reasonably 
 conclude that it must have been stationed there for a 
 considerable period. From this Bewcastle stone we may 
 infer that a part of this cohort must also have been 
 stationed here, either along wdth the second legion, or 
 perhaps after its removal. 
 
 "Hutchinson also mentions an altar which he says 
 ' was found lately, and is in the possession of the Rev. 
 J. D. Carlyle,' who was afterwards chancellor of the 
 diocese of Carlisle. It is now in the possession of 
 Lieut. -colonel Maclean, of Lazonby. An account of it 
 was communicated by Mr. Carlyle to the Society of 
 Antiquaries, in 1792, which was published with a 
 representation of the altar in the ' Archasologia,' vol. 
 xi., pi. vi., p. 09. He stated that it had been sent to 
 him a few months previously, having been found in the 
 bed of a rivulet at Bewcastle. He supposed this altar 
 to have been dedicated to Cocideus, a local deity, by 
 Titus Auvuncus, promoted to the rank of tribune, having 
 been an evocatus, or volunteer, coutiuuiug to serve after 
 the usual time of military service had been completed. 
 It may be read thus : — ' Sancto Cocideo Titus Auruncus 
 felicissimus tribunus ex evocato votum solvit lubens 
 merito ' — ' Titus Auruncus raised to be a verj" happy 
 tribune from an evocatus, or volunteer, pays his vow 
 wiUingly and deservedly to the holy Cocideus.' 
 
 " On a sUp of paper in Mr. Howard's copy of Hut- 
 chinson's ' History of Cumberland,' is the representa- 
 tion of an altar, with the following note : — ' Found at 
 Bewcastle, near the place where two others were found 
 last Martinmas, and now (1812) in the possession of 
 the curate.' The inscription may be deciphered thus — 
 ' Deo Marti et Cocideo sancto Aelius Vitaliauus dat 
 dedicat lubens merito." — ' Aelius Vitalianus gives and 
 dedicates this wiUingly and deservedly to the God Mars 
 and to the holy Cocideus.' This is the second altar 
 dedicated to Cocideus found at this station. = 
 
 " I This word is generally written Birdoswald. I prefer Burdoswald, 
 as given by Hutchinson. It is probably derived from the Anglo- 
 Saxon word ' burh,' a borough ; and hence Burdoswald, by corrup- 
 tion for Burhcswald, ' the town of Oswold." " 
 
 "-The word Cocideus appears to be simply an abbreviation of the 
 words Coccii Deus — the God of Coccinni, which was tlje name of one 
 of the stations of the Tentli Iter of the Itinerary, and supposed to be 
 the present Lancaster. This confirms my views as to the Jlaiden Way 
 and the Tentli Iter, and consequently as to Bewcastle being the 
 Galava of the Romans. Several altars have been found elsewhere 
 bearing the name of Cocideus, but they have all been found not far 
 from the line of the Maiden Way. On some of these the name of 
 Mars has been combined with Cocideus ; and the name Cocideus has 
 consequently been supposed by some to have been a local name of
 
 BEWCASTLE PARISH. 
 
 633 
 
 " Horsley mentions another stone found at this place, 
 with TEMPLVM distinctly upon it, but says it was 
 then broken and destroyed. In the spring of 1852 I 
 found tlio upper part of a Koman altar, which is 
 probably the one to which Horeley alludes. It bears 
 the following inscription: — ' Jovi Optimo Maximo 
 Immortali Dolicheno Templum a solo pro.' It appears 
 to have been dedicated ' To Jupiter Dolichenus the 
 best, the greatest, the immortal' on the erection 
 of a temple, probably by the Roman workers in iron 
 a solo, from the ground, ie., from the foundation ; 
 pro salute, for the safety of some person whoso name 
 may have been inscribed on the part of the stone now 
 broken off, as there appear to be some vestiges of letters 
 in the fifth line underneath. ' Jupiter \Yas sometimes 
 Btyled Dolichenus, from Doliche, a district in Macedonia, 
 famous for its iron. There can be no question that 
 iron has been smelted here at some former period (pro- 
 bably by the Romans) as there are several heaps of 
 slag in the district, showing where the operation has 
 been carried on." 
 
 " An aged neighbour informed mo that a stone 
 covered witb letters was found about sixty years since 
 on the margin of the river near the Byer Cottage, and 
 that it stood for a considerable period at the rectory 
 door of the Rev. Jlr. Messenger. It was afterwards 
 carted away by this man's father to Carlisle, and, as he 
 believed, went to Workington or Whitehaven. A stone 
 with some sculpture in relief, but without letters, was 
 
 Mors. An altar founJ at Lancaster liears both names. — Archfcologia, 
 vol. xiii., p. 101. The Lysons, in their ' llislnry of Cumberland,' 
 nientiuii seven altars deilicatcd to Cocidous, found in Cuiubeiland, 
 and give the inscriptions, pp. cliii., exlviii. Hutchinson gives a le- 
 presenlation of one found at Burdoswahl, and mentions another as 
 remaining ut Scaleby. There is one at Lanereost said to have been 
 found at 13ankshead; another is said to have been found at Howgill, 
 about a mile from Lanereost; and another at Ilardriding, near the 
 western border of Northumberland, and not for from liurdoswald. 
 Another was found in 1H51 mar Bleulam, which is now, 1 believe, in 
 the possession of the reprcaeutalivus of the late Robert Bell of 
 Irlhingtoii." 
 
 "II sent a tracing of the letters to Dr. Bnicc, who read them 
 thus: — Movi Optimo Maximo Dolicheno templum a solo pro se ac 
 sois.' I also sent him a drawing of Uie altar, and he has given an 
 engraving of it in his ' Roman Wall,' p. 378." 
 
 **3 As there have been very few stones dedicated to Jupiter Doli- 
 chenus found in I'.ngland this im'rits the f-pecial notice of orcha;o- 
 logists. In Gibson's' .\d1lition3 to Camden' (Monmouthshire) we Ond 
 a representation of un olt^ir said to have been discovered at St. 
 Julian's, near Kaer-Leion. Sfr. Oibson says: — ' Itaccins worth the 
 enquiry of the curious npon what occasion Jupilcr is here stile d 
 DoUchenui. To nic it seems probable that ibis nltar was creeled to 
 implore his tuition of some iron mines, cither in the forest of Dean, 
 or some other place in this country. The grounds of which conjecture 
 I lake from this inscription iu Reinesius -.—Juvi vptimo niaximo 
 
 n 
 
 found about thirty years since, near the same place, 
 and is now iu the wall in the Bewcastle Barn. 
 
 " Such are the vestiges which have been found at 
 ditTercnt periods proving that Bewcastle was one of the 
 garrisoned cities of the Roman. After the departure of 
 the Roman warriors from Britain, about the beginning 
 of the fifth century, it would most probably be re-tenanted 
 by the inhabitants of the district, but they were not 
 allowed to enjoy their own again for any length of 
 time, as they were soon expelled by a colony of the 
 Anglo-Saxon invaders, whose fortifications (before their 
 inroads on the Roman Empirej were mere earthworks, 
 as iu their half nomadic state they had neither means 
 nor motive for constructing any other ; but their con- 
 quest and colonization of the greater part of Roman 
 Britain put them in possession of a more solid class of 
 fortifications, such as this at Bewcastle ; and about this 
 period wo may presume that the old British name 
 Galava was converted into the AVulhevva of the Saxons. 
 We have no historic records of Bewcastle during this 
 period, but the inscriptions on the Runic obelisk yet 
 standing in the churchyard render it something more 
 than probable that it was a royal residence iu the 
 seventh century, for it is unquestionably a monument 
 pointing out the burial-place of Alfred, oue of the Anglo- 
 Saxon kings of this part of the country. 
 
 " From the seventh to the eleventh century history 
 gives us no information respecting Bewcastle. Denton, 
 in his 'Manuscript,' says, 'I read of one Beueth,' a 
 
 Dotycheno, uhiferrum nascitur, C. Sempronius Rectus, cent, frumen- 
 tarhis, D.D. For unless Caius Sempronius, who dedicates this altar 
 to Juvi Duli/clu'iio, makes his request to Jupiter, that he would either 
 direct them to iiud out iron mines, or be propitious to some they had 
 already discovered,! caimot conjecture why he should add the words^ 
 uhiferrum uascilur; which were not ouly superfluous, but absurd, if 
 they imply'd no more than barely that iron ore was found ot Dolyche, 
 a town of Macedonia, whence Jupiter was call'd Polyclienus.' I lorsley 
 gives another altar thus inscribed, found at Binwell on the Roman 
 Wall ; and Hodgson notices another found at Risinghani, another 
 district where iron ore abounds. These, I believe, are the only altars 
 so inscribed found in England.' ' Mr. Roach Smith, in the 'Collec- 
 tanca .Uitiqua,' vol. 1, page 1^, gives some account of this title of 
 Jupiter in the notice of a gollo— Romim altar, now a baptismal front 
 in the church of llalinghen, Pas de Calais. To tliose antiquaries 
 who may desire furtlicr evidence on this curious subject of Roman 
 mythology, it moy be acceptable to be informed that n detailed 
 memoir on the cij//i« (or peculiar mode of worship) of Dolichenus 
 has been given by M. SeidI, in the last vohmie of the ' Transactions of 
 the Imperial .Vcadcmy of Vieima' ( Division of History. &c., vol. xii.) 
 The author gives six plates of altars, and enumerates sixty-eight 
 mouuiuents, vases, &c., bearing tlic name of Dolichenus." 
 
 " > This Buctli has been genemlly supposc<l (0 have been an Anglo- 
 Saxon. Ho may, however, have been one of the band of Norwegians 
 who appear to have settled iu lliis district, the word being derived 
 from the old Norse verb, bun, to dwell. Mauy local appellaiious are 
 evidently of Norse and Danish citntctioti.''
 
 634 
 
 ESKDALE WAED. 
 
 Cumberland man, about the time of the Conquest, who 
 built Buecastle, and was lord of Buecastle dale.' Here, 
 then, we have the origin of the castle which occupies 
 the north-eastern corner of the station. ° 
 
 " In King Stephen's time (between US') and 115-1) 
 ' wheu the Scots were let into Cumberland, Bueth took 
 that opportunity to incite as many as he could to recover 
 his estate in Gilslaud from Hubert doVallibus: and 
 it seems, notwithstanding the alliances and other obli- 
 gations which Hubert had laid upon the inhabitants, 
 to bind them to him, tliey took jiart with Gilles Bueth 
 as the right heir.' Tlio Gilles Bueth here mentioned 
 could not be the son of Bueth, as some have supposed, 
 for he was slain before the time of Stephen. He was 
 probably some other descendant of Bueth who was 
 making claim to the property, for it appears tliat 
 Bueth's posterity in Scotland were called of his name 
 Gilles Bueth, or lairds of Gillcsbueth, corruptly 
 Gillesbies. Afterwards, when Henry 11. obtained the 
 crown of England, and took Cumberland again from 
 the Scots, he re-granted the barony of Gilslaud to 
 Hubert de Vallibus ; and it is probable that Bewcastle 
 Dale was included in this confirmation of the previous 
 grant. The country, however, was so greatly infested 
 by Bueth, or his followers, that none of the de Vaux 
 family ' durst inhabit there, until the barons of Burgh 
 barony, who were kinsmen of Bueth, took upon them 
 to summer their cattle there, at which time it was a 
 •waste forest ground, and fit for the depasturing of the 
 cattle of the lords of Burgh, and their tenants, who 
 had no pasture for them at home.' Hence Bewcastle 
 is (incorrectly) found in some ancient inquisitions as 
 parcel of the barony of Burgh. 
 
 "3 This castle is a large and rude building (about eighty-seven 
 feet square). It has been, partly at least, consiructed from the 
 stones of the station, and has bcin surrounded by a deep and wide 
 ditch. The cement with which it has been built proves it to be of 
 an ancient construction. The south and west walls are nearly of 
 their orijnnal height, about forty-two feet, but the north and east 
 sides linve only fragments remaining. In the south side are two 
 windows, two iirepiaces near the top, and a row of square holes in a 
 right line for tlie ends of the joists, showing that this part of the 
 castle was occupied as tbe residence. In many parts of the walls 
 we find small boles contracting towards the outside, but whether 
 tliey have been loopholes for shooting through, or for the discharge 
 of refuse water, is uncertain. The entrance has been on the west 
 side, through a small square tower, which is considered by some to 
 have been added at a later period. It has had two doors, supported 
 by iimer bars or beams of wood sliding in cavities left in the wall 
 for tile purpose ; and the inner door has been supported by a port- 
 ciUlis. The outer door has also been protected by a gaUery in the 
 wall attained by a narrow flight of steps, with two loopholes on the 
 side of the tower opposite to the entrance. The interior walls of the 
 castle are completely gone, but they woidd probably be so constructed 
 as to afford accommodation for both the people and their horses and 
 cattle; and there can be no question but it was so occupied for five 
 or sax hundred years. 
 
 " Robert de Vallibus, who was the only son of Hubert, 
 died without issue, and then Bueth 's possessions passed to 
 Thomas de Multon, who married Matilda the daughter 
 and heiress of Hubert do Vallibus. This Thomas de 
 IVlultou was one of the lords of Burgh, and hence these 
 barons obtained a claim to Bewcastle by marriage, as 
 well as by their consanguinity with Bueth. In the time 
 of Henry III. (between 1'2U') and Ml-i) racliard Baron 
 of Levington, by his right in Burgh, held demesne 
 lands, and other lands in Bewcastle, rents and services, 
 as parcel of Burgh. 
 
 " Bewcastle, from the Miiltons, came into the posses- 
 sion of the Swinburnes for several generations. In 
 the seventh year of King Edward I. (1270) John Swin- 
 burne obtained a fair and market to be held here.' 
 
 " King James I. demised it to Francis Earl of Cum- 
 berland for forty years' term ; and King Charles I. 
 granted the fee to Richard Graham, knight and bar- 
 rister, to hold of the crown in capitc, by one entire 
 kuinht's fee, and £7 10s. rent. It is now a manor 
 belonging to the Right Honourable Sir James Robert 
 George Graham, Bart., of Netherby, who is one of 
 the most considerable landowners in the parish. The 
 custom of the manor was established under a decree in 
 Chancery, grounded upon a deed of agreement (dated 
 May 27, 1030), entered into between Sir Richard 
 Graham, then lord, and several of his tenants. The 
 following are the services of tlie manor as given by 
 Hutchinson, ' A fine of four years' ancient rent, on 
 change of lord by death or alienation, with suit of 
 court ; and at the lord's mUl, customary works and 
 eariiage, and other boons, duties, and services — and 
 that for a heriot, the lord shall have the best beast of 
 which every tenant shall die possessed, the riding horse 
 kept for the lord's service excepted. If the tenant has 
 no beast he pays 20s. in heu of the heriot. No tenant 
 to let or mortgage his tenement for more than three 
 years, without license of the lord ; the lord took a bounty 
 of eight years' rent on giving his assent to the custom.' 
 
 "'In the reign of King Henry VIII. (1509 to 1.J4T) one Jack 
 Slusgrave was governor of Bewcastle, but in whose right he held it 
 is notmentioned — probably in right of Sir William Musgravc. WTieu 
 the Earl of Cassil was taken prisoner this John Musgrave claimed a 
 part of the reward for the loan of his horse to liatiU Eontlcdge, his 
 taker. In a list of the gentlemen of the couiuy called out on border 
 service under Sir Thomas \Muirton (1043) we find the name of John 
 Musgrave, with horse and foot. And iu a muster in 1084 we find 
 Bewcastle contributing tifty light horsemen to the use of tlie borders. 
 In 1082 and l.jSO we find one Thomas Musgrave mentioned as a 
 deputy warden of Bewcastle, probably under Sir Simon Musgrave, 
 Ivniglit ; so that Bewcastle woidd appear to have been iu possession 
 of the Musgraves at that period, Camden speaks of it as a castle of 
 the kings ui his day, and defended by a small garrison, so that the 
 Musgraves probably only held imder the crown.
 
 BEWCASTLE PAniSH. 
 
 635 
 
 The lord occasionally holds a court leet, with a court 
 baron, and customary court. 
 
 " The castle, allhough at that time the property of Sir 
 Richard Graham, is said to have been destroyed in 
 104 1 l>y the Parliament's forces, by whose fury many 
 of the aucient fortresses were laid in ruins. Tradition 
 also says that it was destroyed by Cromwell, and points 
 out the place where he planted his cannon. Perhaps it 
 may have suffered from both parties. From its vicinity 
 to Scotland it was continually subject to the spoils of 
 war. It formed one of the most formidable barriers to 
 the Scottish marauders, as it was garrisoned by a con- 
 siderable force, and the circumjacent forts were subject 
 to its orders." 
 
 THE CHUnCll. 
 
 Bewcastle church stands at the extreme south-east end 
 of the parish, about ten miles north-by-east of Brampton, 
 on the site of a Pioraan station, where it is supposed a con- 
 siderable town at one time stood. It is a modern 
 structure, rebuilt ia 1792-3 ; part of the chancel of the 
 old church was left standing, with a view, it is said, of 
 retaining the rector's right to repair. Micolsou and 
 Burn say the church is dedicated to St. Cuthbert — 
 Hutcliinson says to St. ilary. It contains two 
 plain mural monuments, one to the memory of the Rev. 
 Matthew Soulby, w ho died September •■iSth, 1737, having 
 been rector for twenty-four years ; the other for the Rev. 
 John Grahaiu, who died August 21st, 1834, having been 
 rector for twenty-seven years. History is silent respect- 
 ing the fouudaiion of this clmrch. Dr. Todd tolls us 
 that it was given, about the year 1'2()0, by Robert de 
 Bucthcastre (more probably Rubert de Vallibus) to the 
 prior and convent of Carlisle. Tliis Robert is also stated 
 to have been the granter of lands at Bewcastle to the 
 prioress and nuns of ilarrick, in Yorkshire. The dean 
 and chapter of Carlisle are the present patrons. The 
 living, or rectory, is valued in the King's Book at £'"2 ; 
 but has been augmented with a prescript of £00 Os. Cd. 
 a-year in lieu of tithes, which were commuted in 1842 
 for the same sum ; and snnio time ago it was still further 
 augmented by Sir James Graham with £20 a-yeai' for 
 ever, out of the rents of his estates. In 1844 the 
 Ecclesiastical Conimissionors gave £13 a-year to the 
 living, which is now worth nearly £120 per annum. 
 The parish registers commence in tlio year 1737, but 
 registers of an earlier dato arc in the registry at 
 Carlisle. 
 
 Heotom. — Robert de Sontlmik occurs in inoit; Henry de 
 Whitobergh, 1;150 ; John da Ilrnniliiil.l, l.lllO ; A.lain Armstrong, 
 
 1301 ; Uobort ; John do Stiipleton, lasO; Tlionius Aglionby, 
 
 diedliSd; William Law^on, 1.')N0; Charles lorclnMicb, 10-.;3; 
 Henry Sibson, 1013 ; Eobort Lowthcr, 1003 ; Anibroso Myers, 
 
 1071 ; George Usher, 107.3 ; John Lamb, ; Jeffrey Wybergh, 
 
 ICiia; Edward Tonge, ; Matthew Soulby, 1713 ; Edward 
 
 Birket, 1738; James Farish, 1750; John Bird, ; John 
 
 Graham, 1»00 ; John Jackson, 1834; John iUaughaii, 1836.i 
 
 The churchyard of Bewcastle contains the cele- 
 brated Runic cross, the subject of so much controversy. 
 We have been favoured with the following account 
 of it by the Rev. John ^^lau^han : — 
 
 " This ancient pillar, which may be properly classed 
 among the most celebrated of archicological monuments, 
 is nearly the frustum of a square pymraid, measuring 
 twenty-two inches by tweuty-one at the base, and 
 tapering to fourteen inches by thirteen at the top of the 
 shaft, being fourteen and a half feet high above its 
 pedestal. The pillar has been fixed with lead in a shallow 
 cavity which has been cut on the crown of a nearly 
 cubical 'olock of stone four feet square, and three feet 
 nine inches high ; which stone is now sunk about three 
 feet into the ground, and has been tooled otf at the 
 upper corners so as to assume the appearance of au 
 unequal-sided octagon. On the top of the pillar wag 
 formerly pliced a small cross, which has been lost for 
 a considerable period, and hence the pillar is now merely 
 an obelisk. 
 
 " The traditions of the district ssiy that a king was 
 buried here, and also point out the locality where the 
 shaft of the pillar was procured ; and the traditions are 
 probably correct in both respects. On an extensive, and 
 still unenclosed waste, called White Line Common, 
 about five miles from Bewcastle church, is a long 
 ridge of rocks called the Langbar. About the centre of 
 this ridge a stone is now lying on the surface of the 
 ground, which is nearly fifteen feet in length, and 
 which is the very counterpart of the Bewcastle obelisk 
 in its rude and undressed state. It is evidently the 
 relic of a stone which has been split at some distant 
 period into two equal parts, the marks of the wedges 
 used in the operation being still distinctly traceable, 
 and the side, which, from its present position, may bo 
 called the western, apparently much fresher than the 
 other sides, and not covered with so thick a coat of 
 grey moss, as if it had been exposed to the effects of 
 the weather for a shorter period of time. The obeUsk 
 is a peculiar species of rock ; a very hard, gritty, and 
 durable white freestone, with rather a yellow tinge, 
 thicklv covered with spots of a grey hue ; precisely such 
 as is founil at the I.angbar, anil the adjacent rocks on 
 the south side of the White Lino river. A careful 
 comparison of some fragments of the obelisk wiili other 
 
 " 1 .1 amc9 Cnrrio apiiears to have becu cnrate from 1 737 to I7fl4 ; 
 Williiira Bnly, from ITil to 1774 ; Thomas .Messenger, from 1770 to 
 1800 ; John Lawsou, fvr John Jucksuu, from l!>31 to HSO."
 
 636 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 fragments from the Langbar stone, shows them to be 
 tuquestiouably twins from one and the same parent. 
 
 " To this supposed and traditional origin of the obelisk 
 it may possiblj- be objected, that it would be almost im- 
 possible to convey such an immense block of stone from 
 such a hilly and now roadless district. This objection, 
 however, is much diminished, if vie bear in mind that 
 the old Koman road called the ilaidec AVav passed near 
 both its present and its supposed original site, which 
 road would probably be in good order at the period 
 when the stone was brought ; and that tliere was an 
 easy and gradual incline across the moor from the 
 Langbar to the JIaiden Way, affording facilities for its 
 conveyance to this road. 
 
 " Vs'e have no authentic copy or record of the inscrip- 
 tions on this remarkable monument, or of the period 
 when they first became illegible ; but of this we may 
 rest assured, that they have not been distinct for more 
 than two centuries. Camden, who died in 1023, devoted 
 his attention to them, but failed in deciphermg them. 
 In Gibson's edition of ' Camden's Britannia,' 1095, 
 this monument is thus described : — ' In the churchyard 
 is a cross of one entire si]uarc stone, about twenty foot 
 high, and curiously cut ; there is an inscription too, but 
 the letters are so dim that they are not legible. But 
 seeing the cross is of the same kind as that in the arms 
 of the family of Vau.x, one may conjecture that it has 
 been made by some of that family.' If Camden's mea- 
 surement be correct, it must comprehend the pedestal, 
 shaft, and the cross on its summit, which cross must 
 consequently have been twenty-one inches high. From 
 Camden's observations we may naturally infer that the 
 inscription must have been lost long before his day. 
 
 " Lord William Howard (commonly called Belted 
 Will), who died in the same year as Camden, also at- 
 tempted to recover the inscription, but without success. 
 In the ' History of Cumberland,' published by Xicolson 
 and Burn, in 1777, we read as follows: — 'The Lord 
 WiUiam Howard of Naworth (a lover of antiquities), 
 caused the inscriptions thereon to be carefully copied, 
 and sent them to Sir Henry Spelman to interpret. The 
 task being too hard for Sir Henry, he transmitted the 
 copy to Olaus Wormius, history professor at Copen- 
 hagen, who was then about to publish his ' ilonumenta 
 Danica,' 
 
 " Sir H. Spelman reads one part of the inscriptions 
 (which is said to have been ' iu epistvlio crucis,' and 
 ■which I take to be the bottom line on the south side), 
 thus: — EicEs Dkvhtsess, which may be translated, 
 ' of the kingdom of our Lord,' or (the monument) ' of a 
 powerful lord." AVauleius, in his ' Catalogue,' p. 248, 
 ■with a slight variation of the letters, reads this line, 
 
 ' Rynas Drthtsess,' i. e., ' mysteria Domini,' — ' the 
 Piunes or mysterious characters of our Lord.' Wanleius 
 took this from the Cottonian Codex in the British 
 Museum. The learned antiquary, Olaus Wormius, in 
 his ' Jfonumenta Danica,' pp. 102, 108, notices the 
 inscription sent by Spelman, and prints it exactly as it 
 was sent to him, but owns at the same time that he did 
 not know what to make of it. One part of it, which ho 
 says was in epistylio crucis (the bottom line of the south 
 side), supposing the characters to be Scandinavian 
 Runes, and dividing the line into eighteen letters, — he 
 reads thus: i.e.. Kino s.vru Rlna stisotii, — 'Rixo made 
 these Runic stones.' Hickes, in his ' Thesaurus Gram- 
 matica Anglo-Sa.xonica,' makes some slight deviations 
 from the reading of Spelman, and gives the line thus : 
 ' RoDEK DRYHTNESS,' — ' the cross of our Lord.' Bishop 
 Nicolson (formerly Bishop of Carlisle, who devoted 
 much of his attention to the recovery of these inscrip- 
 tions) says, in the year 1085, ' on the south side, nour- 
 ishes and conceits as before, and towards the bottom, a 
 decayed inscription, the defects in which are sufficient 
 to discourage me from attempting to expound it ; but 
 possibly it maybe read thus: — G.\g Ubbo erlet — 
 Ubbo conquered the robbers. I may observe that the 
 bishops copy of these letters is very inaccurate, and 
 embraces portions of the sculpture, which he has mis- 
 taken for letters.' 
 
 " The late Mr. Kemble, in his memoir ( ' Archccologia,' 
 vol. .xxviii., part 10), read this liue nearly the same as 
 Spelman — ' RiciDs drvhtxjjs' — 'Domini potentis,' 
 which he said may be part of an inscription — the first 
 word or words being lost — or the pillar itself may be 
 taken as part of the sentence, thus : ' Signum Domini 
 potentis ; ' which means — ' the monument of a powerful 
 lord.' Kemble said, ' Whether this inscription (refer- 
 ring to the one read by Grimm) and the stone on which 
 it was cut, stood alone, or whether they formed part of 
 some larger monument, I do not know.' 
 
 " In the ' Gentleman's Magazine,' 1742, p. 308, is a 
 paper from the pen of Mr. George Smith, who, accord- 
 ing to the ' Biographia Cumb.,' was a native of Scotland; 
 a man of genius and learning ; who lived for some time 
 near Brampton, and was a great contributor to the 
 ' Gentleman's Magazine.' Mr. Smith gives a descrip- 
 tion of the north side of the monument, but never 
 favoured the public with liis promised dissertation on 
 its remaining sides. The late Henry Howard, Esq., of 
 Corby Castle, in a communication to the Society of 
 Antiquaries in the year 1801 (see ' Archjeologia,' vol. 
 iv, p. 118) says that he spent two days in the attempt 
 to recover the inscription on this cross. Although Mr. 
 Howard probably did not actually succeed in decipliering
 
 BEWCASTLE PARISH, 
 
 C3r 
 
 any part of it, yet, so far as I know, be was the first person 
 to whose learned researches we are indebted for the 
 very ingenious suggestion as to Beweasile being the 
 tomb of King Alfrid. Although Mr. Howard failed in 
 his attempt to open the lock, yet he was probably the 
 iii'st person to point out the right key. 
 
 " In the ' History of Cumberland,' published by 
 Hutchinson in 1791, is a long article on this monu- 
 ment, with a copy of the inscription published in the 
 ' Gentleman's Magazine,' which I suspect to have been 
 made first by Lord William Howard, and sent by him 
 to Sir H. Spelman, and afterwards published in the 
 ' Monumenta Danica' of Worniius. The Lysons, in 
 their ' History of Cumberland,' have also favoured this 
 cross with a passing notice. Many antiquarians have 
 visited it at dilloreut perioils, but I am not aware that 
 any one has published any account or explanation of it, 
 besides the parties already mentioned. I shall now 
 venture to olTor a detailed account of it. 
 
 " On the crown of the pillar is a cavity seven and a 
 half inches deep and eight and a half inches square, 
 designed to hold the foot of the small cross which 
 formerly surmounted the shaft, the loss of which is 
 much to be regretted. Mr. Smith, in his dissertation 
 already mentioned, says that it was demolished long ago 
 by popular frenzy and enthusiasm. The tradition of 
 the district says that it was broken off by an ill-aimed 
 cannon ball when Cromwell destroyed the castle ; but 
 both of these statements are probably incorrect. From 
 Gough's edition of Camden we find that a slip of 
 paper, found in Camden's own copy of his ' Britannia' 
 (Ed. 1607, ill the Bodleian Library), accompanied by 
 the following note — ' I received this morning a ston from 
 my Lord of Arundel, sent him from my Lord William. 
 It was the head of a cross at Bucastle.' Now Camden 
 died ill 10'-23, and as Cromwell did not visit these parts 
 till about twenty years afterwards (if he ever visited them 
 at all), it is very evident from this fact, and from this 
 statement of Camden, that the disappearance of this 
 cross may bo more justly attributed to the antiquarian 
 propensities of Belted Will, than to any of the errant 
 balls of Cromwell's artillery. 
 
 " A vine springing from tho bottom of the pillar, and 
 highly relieved, is represented as gracefully winding up 
 tho east side in serpentine uiululations, with numerous 
 branches starting from it, covered with foliage and 
 bunches of grapes. This side of tho monument bears a 
 considerable resemblance to two sides of the lluiiic mo- 
 nument at Ruthwell, near Dumfries, which is said to bo 
 the only stono hitherto discovered in Scotland with a 
 rainic inscription, no Runes having yet been found even 
 in tho Orkney or Shetland Isles, where they might have 
 
 been expected in abundance. In each of the regular 
 and flowing curves of the vine an animal, or a bird, is 
 artfully sculptured (in alto relieve) in what is considered 
 by some people as the old Gothic style, and is in the 
 act of feeding on the fruit. In the lowest curve is a 
 quadruped somewhat resembling a fox-hound. In each 
 of the next two curves is the representation of an imagi- 
 nary biped, having the head and shoulders of an animal, 
 while the body tipcrs away into a long, flexible, and 
 curled tail, with an enlarged point, curiously entwined 
 round the stem and branches, the lower biped bearing 
 some resemblance to one on the cross at Ruthwell. In 
 the curve above this is a bird like a hawk or an eagle ; 
 and in the next curve is a bird like a raven ; these two 
 birds being nearly the same in figure, but considerably 
 larger than two similar birds at Ruthwell. In each of 
 the two succeeding curves is a sculptured squirrel, the 
 Ruthwell cross differing from this at Bewcastle in having 
 more birds and^only one squirrel. The vine, gradually 
 growing more slender, winds again into two elegant 
 curves, and appears to terminate with clusters of grapes. 
 The sculpture on this side of the cross has suffered very 
 little damage from the corroding effects of the weather. 
 The buds, blossoms, and fruit have been so carefully 
 and exquisitely delineated by the chisel of the workman, 
 and are still so faithfully preserved, that they seem as 
 if they were things only just starting into life. There 
 is no inscription now on the east side. It is probable 
 however that there have been some letters near the top 
 of the shaft on a part which has been broken off. 
 
 " Tlic west side is the most important on account of 
 its ornaments and also its inscriptions. On a plain 
 surface (about nine inches deep, near the top of the cross) 
 which appears to have surmounted the decorated parts 
 on each of the four sides, are the remains of Runic 
 letters, apparently fragments of k, s, and s, in the word 
 KiusTTUs, which occurs again a little lower down ou 
 this side : the lower part of the letter k, the middle and 
 lower part of the first s, and the termination of the last 
 s, being all that now remains of the word. It will ap- 
 pear from the succeeding pages of this article why I 
 suppose tliese fragments to be constituent parts of the 
 word KRisTTos. Bishop Nicolson says — ' On the 
 west side of the stone wo have three fair draughts, which 
 evidently enough manifest tho monument to be Chris- 
 tian On the top stands the effigies of the 
 
 B. V. with the Babe in her arms and both their heads 
 encircled with glories." ^Ir. Hutchinson coincides with 
 tho prelate as to this figure, and Mr. Armstrong repre- 
 sents it like a, niitrod ecclesiastic. The Lysons say of this 
 sculpture, ' The female figure is so defaced that nothing 
 more than a general outline can be distinguished; what
 
 638 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 she holds in her left arm is much hotter preserved, and 
 is the holy lamb.' On carefully removing the moss from 
 the stono I ascertaineil that the Lysons were correct as 
 to the Agnus Dei, but not as to the figure of a female, 
 for the beard itself, if there were no other marks, affords 
 sutlicient proof that it must be the representation of St. 
 John the Baptist, and not of the Blessed Virgin. The 
 head of the Aguus Dei has been encircled with a small 
 ' nimbus' or ' glory,' but there is no trace of one sur- 
 rounding the head of the apostle. There is a similar 
 figure on the Ruthwell cross, although it has evidently 
 not been sculptured from th(? same design. Dr. Duncan, 
 in his illustrations of the lluthwell monument, describes 
 this image as representing ' the Father standing on two 
 globes or worlds (indicating probably the world which 
 now is and that which is to come) with the Agnus Dei 
 in his bosom.' Immediately helo^v this figure are two 
 lines of Runic letters to which my attention was at first 
 drawn by the very imperfect representation of them in 
 the plates in Lysons. On divesting these letters of their 
 mossy covering, and obtaining a mould in plaster of 
 Paris from this part of the stone, I found that, although 
 e.ttreraely dim, the letters were still perfect and legible. 
 This short inscription is in the Latin language, while 
 the other inscriptions on the monument arc in the 
 Anglo-Sa.\on, thus rendering the monument one of the 
 bi-lingual order. The inscription, when rendered into 
 the English language, is simply 'Jesus Christ :' and 
 undoubtedly refers to the figure of our Saviour imme- 
 diately below it, thus limiting the period of the erection 
 of the monument to the Christian era. It may be read 
 thus, — + GESSU3 KRisTnjs. Mr. Smith says — 'That 
 the monument is Danish appears incontestible from 
 the characters : Scottish and Piciish monuments hav- 
 ing nothing but hieroglyphics, and the Danish both.' 
 Mr. Hutchinson thinks that ' his assertion was hasty of 
 the Scottish and Pictish monuments,' but he also ap- 
 pears to consider the monument Danish. These letters, 
 however, are undoubtedly Anglo-Saxon Runes, and they, 
 as well as the others found on this cross, generally agree 
 with those found in the ' Code.K E.Koniensis' published 
 by Hickes, thus proving the monument to be of Anglo- 
 Saxon construction. The first thing that arrests our 
 attention is the mark of the cross which precedes this 
 inscription, and also some of the other inscriptions on 
 this monument. This use of the holy emblem as a 
 prefix is full of interest. 
 
 " Below the two hues of Runes above-mentioned is a 
 figure which Bishop Nicolson conjectures to he 'the 
 picture of some npostlc, saint, or other holy man, in a 
 sacerdotal habit, with a glory round his head.' Mr. 
 Hutchinson describes it as ' the figui-e of a relioious 
 
 person, the garments descending to his feet, the head 
 encircled with a nimbus, not now appearing radiated, 
 but merely a circular rise of the stone : the right hand 
 is elevated in a teaching posture, and the other hand 
 holds a roll : a fold of the garment was mistaken by 
 Mr. Armstrong for a string of beads. We conceive this 
 figure to represent St. Culhbert, to whom the church, 
 as set forth by Nicolson and Burn, is dedicated.' 
 The Lysons say — ' As he holds a roll (the sacred 
 volumen) in his left hand, and the right hand is 
 elevated in the act of benediction, we should rather 
 suppose it was intended for our Saviour, who is fre- 
 quently so represented in ancient works of art.' The 
 two Runic lines above the figure nosv show that the 
 Lysous were correct in their conjectures. The figure 
 appears to be nearly an accurate fac-simile of the repre- 
 sentation of our Saviour on the Ruthwell cross. On 
 the Bewcastle pillar each of the feet of our Saviour is 
 represented as placed upon a pedestal which is no longer 
 distinct. On the Piuthwell cross each of these pedestals 
 is more perfect, and represents the head of a pig, and 
 they are undoubtedly intended for the same objects on 
 the Bewcastle monument, probably iiaving an allusion 
 to the miracle of the devils cast into the herd of swine. 
 Under this figure of our Redeemer we find the re- 
 mains of an inscription of nine lines, of which Camden 
 said, ' the lettei-s are so dim that they are not legible,' 
 and which were considered so decayed in the time of 
 Bishop Nicholson that ho described them as ' the forc- 
 mentioucd ruins of Lord Howard's inscription ; ' and 
 declined even attempting to make out any part of it. 
 The following is my reading of the inscription in 
 Roman letters, the letters in brackets denoting com- 
 pound Runes: 
 
 + [thjissige[eAjCN 
 [thu]nsett[on]h 
 ■\v[aet]redw[/U:tu] 
 gauai.wfwoi, 
 
 [TIIL'JAFTALCFni 
 [THUJEAX KVM[IXg] 
 
 EAC oswii-[ixg] 
 
 -f- GEBID HE 
 
 osix.s'asaw[hu]la. 
 "I read the inscription thus : — + thissig be.vcn 
 
 TIIUM SETTOX HWAETRED WAETHGAR ALWFWOLTUO AFT 
 ALCFKITHU EAN KYNIIN'G EAC OSWIUISG. + GEBID IIEO 
 
 siNKA SAWHULA — and it may be thus translated : — 
 + Hwmtred, Waethgar, and Ahvfwold (the names of three 
 persons); setton, set up; thissig thun beacn, this 
 slender pillar; aft Alcfrithu, in memory of Alcfrid; 
 ean Kyniing, a King ; eac Oswiuing, and son of 
 Oswy. + Gebid, pray thou ; heo, for them ; sinna, 
 their sins ; sawhula, their souls. In this inscription
 
 BEWCASTLE PARISH. 
 
 639 
 
 tho first character or mark is, I now believe, that of a 
 cross, although it is not very distinct. I was for a long 
 time inclined to adopt the idea of Bishop Nicolson 
 that the inscription commenced with the monogram 
 IH3 for ' Jesus hominum Salvator,' i.e., Jesus the 
 Saviour of men. Good rubbings, however, and repeated 
 examinations of the stone, and the frequent occurrence 
 of this emblem on other parts of the cross, lead me to 
 the conclusion that it has commenced with a cross. 
 The word ' thissig' is not an unusual form of the pro- 
 noun ' this,' such a termination being often affixed to 
 adjectives and pronouns. Tlie word ' beacu' is variously 
 written ' beacen, beacn, bocn, by en, becen, and been,' 
 and denotes ' a beacon, sign, or token.' The word 
 ' thun' means thin or slender, and has probably some 
 reference to the size and shape of the monument. The 
 first letter in the word ' thun' is a trirnuor, or com- 
 pound rune, being composed of the letters ' th' — and 
 the letter n — and hence by combination we have the 
 trirunor thu. The word ' setton' is the third person 
 plural of the perfect tense of the verb ' settan,' to set 
 or place ; and agrees with the three nominative cases 
 Hwajtrcd, Wa;thgar, and Alwfwolthu. ' Aft' is the pre- 
 position, after or in memory of; and governs the word 
 Alcfrithu, to whom the monument was erected. The 
 word ' can' — one — is very similar to our provincial word 
 ' ane,' which is still in use in this district. The word 
 ' Gebid' stands for 'bid,' and is the second person sin- 
 gular of the imperative mood of the verb ' biddan' — to 
 pray, to bid, or require. The syllable ' ge' is simply an 
 expletive or augment, such an expletive being in com- 
 mou use. The word ' heo' is not an unusual form of the 
 pronoun. ' Sinna' is the plural form of ' sin' or ' syn,' 
 and signifies sins. ' Sawhula' is the plural formation of 
 the word ' sawl,' also written ' sawol" and ' sawul,' the 
 letter ' h' being also introduced according to a very 
 common Anglo-Saxon usage. 
 
 " Tho inscription seems to consist of a few couplets 
 of the alliterative versification of .\nglo-Saxon poetry. 
 Hence it becomes very import^uit, and takes us far iu 
 advance of many of the preconceived opinions respecting 
 our Anglo-Saxon forefathers.' It miy be read in four 
 
 " 1 Olaas Wormiiis, in the appendix to his ' Treatise de Literalum 
 Kiinioo,' I1.18 K'ven a pnrliculnr iiccount iif llie Gothic poetry, com- 
 monly called Runic. He informs iin tliiil there were no fewer tlinii 
 \'\Q diflV-rent kinds of nieu-tnre or verse used in tlio f'i/.tes. He mys 
 that tliu Itnnic harmony did not depend eillior u|)on rliynie or upon 
 metrical feet, «r (|iiaiilily of sylliihles, bnl chitlly U|H<n the number of 
 syllalilcs, and tlie dixposition of the letters. In each distiih, or coupio 
 of line% it was rerjnisite that thri-e wonls shouhl begin with the same 
 letter: two of llie correspond iu); words beiiij! plarcd in the Drat lino 
 of the distich, and the third in tliu second line, freipient inveniions 
 Olid uuuspusiitions being permitted iu this poetry. Tbc curious in 
 
 couplets thus — 
 1. + 
 
 4. + 
 
 Thissig beacn 
 
 Thun setton 
 
 Hn-.Tlred W.-ethgar AlwfwoUhu 
 
 Aft Alcfrithu 
 
 Ean Kyniing 
 
 Eac Osniuing 
 
 Gebid heo sinna 
 
 Sawhula. 
 
 " In the first couplet we have the compound letters 
 TH as the alliterating letters ; in the second couplet the 
 letters a ; iu the third the letters e ; and in the fourth 
 the letters s. It is remarkable that these couplets 
 rhyme with each other, and thus establish a probability 
 (or perhaps something more) that both alliteration and 
 rhyme have been made use of by the Anglo-Saxons from 
 a very early period. Although we cannot actually pro- 
 duce any Anglo-Saxon poem in rhyme of that era, yet 
 the Anglo-Saxon poets Aldhelm, .k.v>. 709 — Boniface, 
 A.D. 75-1 — the Venerable Bedc, a.d. 735 — Alcuin, and 
 others — have left behind them Latin poems iu rhyme, 
 which pre-supposes that this species of versification was 
 anterior to, and commonly known in their time. 
 
 " A very interesting question arises, , whether this 
 Bewcastle specimen of Anglo-Saxon poetry is not the 
 oldest on record, being nearly 1,200 years old. My own 
 impression is that no earlier example has been disco- 
 vered. This circumstance considerably enhances tho 
 value and importance of this ancient cross. The only 
 specimen of Anglo-Saxon poetry which can be supposed 
 to compete with this is a fragment of a song which was 
 written by Cajdmon, a monk, who accustomed himself 
 late in life to write religious poetiy, and who died a.d. 
 G90. His song was inserted bv King AhVed in his 
 
 this subject may consult likewise Dr. nickes's ' Thesaunis Liogna- 
 rum Septentrionalium ;' particularly the '-lilrd chapter of his ' Qram- 
 matica Anglo-Saxonica et MoBSo-tiothica.' It appears tliat the 
 Anglo-Saxons admired, and, iu some measure, foUowe.l the northern 
 Scaldi or RuniE in forming the structure of their verse by a periodical 
 repetition of similar letters, or by alliteration, and disregarded a fixed 
 and deteniiiuate ntimber of syllables. Rask, in his ' Angio tjaxon 
 Grammar,' page lOS, gives mure speiMlic rules for allileraliou. Mr. 
 Rask says — • Tbo Saxon alliteration is thus constnicted ; iu two ad- 
 jacent aud connected lines of verse there must be three words which 
 begin witli one and the same letter, so that tlie third or last allitera- 
 tive word stands the first word in tlie secoud line, and tlie lirst two 
 words are both introduced in the hrst line. Tlie initiiU letters in 
 those three wonls are ealle<l alliterative. The alliterative letter in 
 the second line is colled the chief letter, aud the otlier two are called 
 assistant letters. . If the chief letter be a vowel, the asaslants 
 
 must be vowels, but they need not be the s.iiiie. In short verses only 
 one assistant letter is occasionally found. In .\nglo-Saxon poeti; 
 the words followed each other in continued succession, as in prose 
 and were not written in liues and verses as in our modem poetry. 
 The division into vonea wns mode by the regular succession of the 
 alliterating letters."
 
 640 
 
 ESKDALE WAKD. 
 
 translation of " Bede's Ecclesiastical ITistorv." In this 
 brief fragment two of the couplets appear as rhj-ming 
 with each other. This inscription also appears to upset 
 some of the stjxtemeuts and theories of our best Anglo- 
 Saxon grammarians with respect to what arc called 
 Dano-Saxou idioms and dialects, throwing all their 
 conjectures as to peculiarities introduced by the Danes 
 topsy-turvy, and proving these supposed peculiarities 
 to have belonged from the first to the Anglo-Saxon 
 language. 
 
 " Iso doubt" much ignorance prevails generally re- 
 garding the liaLits of our Anglo-Saxon ancestors, for 
 both public and private documents are only few and 
 scanty which give us any insight into the general 
 polity and social history of these our forefathers ; and 
 yet there are certain salient points in them which may 
 be interesting to a majority of readers. In this memoir 
 I shall, therefore, endeavour to give a brief philological 
 examination of the words, as well as a biographical 
 sketch of the persons whoso names occur on this 
 monument. 
 
 " I shall commence my sketch with Oswy, as being 
 the head of the family. I find the name occurring as 
 ' Oswiu,' which is simply an abbreviation of the Latin 
 termination ' Oswius.' I also find the word written 
 ' Osuiu,' and Nennius calls him ' Osguid.' The termi- 
 nation 'ing' after a proper name, according to Anglo- 
 Saxon usage, denoted ' the son of such a person ; ' hence 
 the word ' Oswiuing' means ' the son of Oswy.' 
 
 " By the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Xorthumbria we 
 oenerally understand all the counties in England north 
 of the river Uumber, and the southern counties of 
 Scotland nearly as far as Edinburgh. In the year 
 633, or, according to some historians, 044, after the 
 death of King Edwin, it was divided into two parts, 
 namely the kingdom of Deira under Osric, which com- 
 prehended (nearly) the counties of York, Durham, 
 Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland ; and the 
 kincdom of Bernicia under Eanfrid, which contained 
 the county of Northumberland and the southern 
 counties of Scotland. After the death of Oswin the 
 kingdom of Deira probably devolved upon Alcfrid, the 
 son of Oswy ; his father retaining the northern portion 
 of the kingdom of Northumbria. In the year (Ji-2, 
 Oswy, son of Ethelfrid, succeeded to the kingdom of 
 Northumbria, on the death of Oswald, who was slain 
 by Penda, lung of the Mercians. Oswy reigned twenty- 
 eight years, and Henry of Huntingdon (Lib. 2.) tells 
 us that he subdued a great part of the nations of the 
 Picts and Scots, and made them tributary. 
 
 " The peculiar way in which the word ' Alcfrithu" is 
 spelt may seem somewhat objectionable, but we ought 
 
 to bear in mind that orthography has been very 
 capricious, and at all periods has assumed the features 
 of a constant tendency to change. In fact, it would 
 now be quite impossible to settle the orthography whicli 
 ■was prevalent at any given former period, or to reduce 
 the various modes of spelling names, which we find in 
 ancient charters and other documents, to any consistent 
 form. The Latin termination of proper names in 
 ' thus' (and its abbreviation ' thu') instead of ' dus,' 
 appears to have been quite common. 
 
 " Cases, however, do sometimes occur where the 
 variation of a single letter in the mode of spelling what 
 is apparently the same name makes a very wide and 
 important difference. We may take the word ' Alfrid,' 
 as an example. Oswy had two sons, each of them 
 a king, but at dilTerent periods, who in our English 
 translations of Venerable Bede's Ecclesiastical History 
 are generally called ' Alfrid.' On referring, however, 
 to Stephenson's Latin edition of Bcdo, we find a small 
 but an essential distinction. The name of the first 
 ' Alfrid,' who is the person to whom this pillar was 
 erected, is in that edition written thus, ' Alchfrido.' 
 (Bk. 3, ch. 14.) And a note upon this place says :-- 
 ' Ealhfrith, Saxon version. This individual has fre- 
 quently been confounded with Alfrid, a natural son of 
 Oswy, who succeeded his father in 083. Upon this sub- 
 ject a note in Lappenberg. ' Gesch. v. England,' I., 180, 
 may be consulted with advantage. Bede in other 
 passages calls the first Alcfrid, and the second Aldfrid. 
 In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the latter is styled 
 ' Aldfrith,' and ' Ealdfertb.' This Aldfrid succeeded 
 his brother Egfrid in the kingdom of Northumbria in 
 the year C85, and died in 70.5. 
 
 " History gives us very little intimation of the various 
 rulers who within their petty territories assumed the 
 names of kings, and exercised the regal power ; and 
 just about as little of the extent and the nature of the 
 authority and powers often claimed and exercised by 
 the sons and brothers of the ruling sovereigns. Perhaps 
 in the early periods of Anglo-Saxon history the very 
 name of king ' Kyniiug,' may have been assumed by 
 the sons of sovereigns whether they exercised the 
 sovereign rights or not. The word ' kyniing' or 
 ' cyniing' was derived from ' kyn' or ' cyn,' whicli 
 signified ' a nation or people,' and sometimes ' the 
 head of the nation or people' ; the termination ' ing' at 
 the end of proper nouns denoted ' the son of such a 
 person,' and hence the word ' kyniing' would mean 
 simply ' the son of the head of the nation.' It is some- 
 what strange that scarcely any charters belonging to 
 the kingdom of Northumbria have survived to the present 
 day, and hence from such documents we can form no
 
 BEWCASTLE PARISH. 
 
 641 
 
 idea whatever of the style adopted by the kings of that 
 country. It is very probable, however, that they care- 
 fully maintained the distinction between Deira and 
 Beruicia, which has been overlooked by many historians 
 of Anglo-Saxon England. Ilcnce in the case of Alcfrid 
 we have every reason to suppose that he was really and 
 virtually king over Deira, and exercised all the rights 
 and jurisdictions, and had all the appanages of an inde- 
 pendent sovereign. 
 
 "According to the Ecclesiastical History of the 
 Venerable Bcde, Alfiid was ono of the sons of Oswy, 
 and, according to Eddie, reigned along with his father. 
 
 " Of the early life of Alfrid little is recorded, except 
 that ' he was instructed in Christianity by AVilfrid, a 
 most learned man, who had first gone to Home to learn 
 the ecclesiastical doctrine.' Eddie informs us that he 
 entreated Wilfrid to reside with him, and preach 
 the Word of God to him and his people, and that 
 Wilfrid complied with his affectionate request, and that 
 they became attached to each other, even as the souls 
 of David and Jonathan. Hence Alcfrid became 
 attached to tlie customs of Rome, and thought that 
 Wilfrid's doctrine ought to be preferred before all the 
 traditions of the Scottish or native priests. Alcfrid 
 probably became King of Deira about the year G50, 
 when his Aither Oswy slew Oswin, who was at that 
 time king of that province. Of such a fact, however, 
 we have no record, nor is there any record of the time 
 and place of his death. So far as can be ascertained he 
 disappears from history about the year 605, i.e., nearly 
 1,200 years from this time. 
 
 "Alcfrid appears to have been firmly attached to 
 Wilfrid. He gave him a monastery of forty families at 
 a place called Ithypum (Papon) according to Bede (Lib. 
 3, C. 25); which place ho had not long before given 
 to those that followed the system of the Scots, for 
 a monastery ; but forasmuch as they afterwards, being 
 left to their choice, prepared to quit the place rather 
 than alter their religious opinions, he gave the place 
 to Wilfrid. Erom Bcdc"s ' History of the Abbots of 
 Weremouth' wo learn that Alcfrid was desirous to 
 make a pilgrimage to the shrines of the apostles at 
 Rome, and had engaged Biscop to accompany him on 
 his journey, who had just returned from that place; 
 but the king (Oswy) prevented his son's journey. About 
 the year fi'yi (according to some authorities Oil) wo 
 find Alcfrid and Oswy jointly presiding over a reli- 
 gious controversy respecting the observance of Easter. 
 
 " Bedo informs us that the Middle Angles were con- 
 verted to Christianity through the instrumentality of 
 Alcfrid. Peada, their king, came to Oswy, requesting bis 
 daughter for a wife. Oswy refused to comply unless ho 
 
 would embrace the faith of Christ. When he heard 
 the preaching of truth, the promise of the heavenly 
 kingdom and the hope of resurrection and future 
 immortality, he declared that he would willingly be- 
 come a Christian, even though he should bo refused 
 the virgin ; being chiefly prevailed on to receive the 
 faith by King Oswy's son Alcfrid, who was his relation 
 and friend, and had married his sister Cyneburga, the 
 daughter of King Pcuda. Accordingly he was baptized 
 with all his earls and soldiers. 
 
 " In the year CG.5 Alcfrid sent Wilfrid with a great 
 multitude of men and much money to the King of 
 France, to be consecrated bishop over him (Alcfrid) 
 and his people. From Bede, and others of our old 
 British chroniclers, we find Alcfrid, in the year 655, 
 fighting on the side of his father Oswy against his 
 father-in-law Penda, the king of Mercia. 
 
 " Such is the history of Alcfrid as it has been handed 
 down to us by our British historians. We ma}' now 
 take a passing glance at his supposed death. Bede 
 (Lib. 3, c. 27), tells us that in the year 064 a sudden 
 pestilence (called by some the yellow plague) depopu- 
 lated the southern coasts of Britain, and, extending 
 into the province of the Northumbrians, ravaged the 
 country far and near, and destroyed a great multitude 
 of men. The pestilence did no less harm in Ireland. 
 This plague is also mentioned in tho 'Anglo-Saxon 
 Chroncle ' under the same date : in one of the manu- 
 scripts of Xenuius; and in Henry of Huntingdon (Lib. 3.) 
 It has been presumed that Alcfrid fell a victim to this 
 plague. If so, it is not unreasonable to suppose that 
 he breathed his last in his Saxon city of Bewcastle, 
 and tliat he was buried here. Against this supposed 
 cause of his death, however, we must bear in mind 
 that, in the year 065, i.e., the year after the plague, 
 Bede informs us that Alcfrid sent Wilfrid to France for 
 consecration, and a similar st;itcmeut had been previ- 
 ously made by Eddie. Henry of Huntingdon (Lib. 3), 
 and Bede, relate that Tuda, the Bishop of Northumbria, 
 fell a victim to its ravages, but neither of them state 
 that such was the death of King Alcfrid: a strong 
 presumption that the king did not perish in this plague. 
 St. Chad is also said to luive been taken with tho con- 
 tagion while on a visit to his beloved solitude of 
 Lestingau, which put an end to his mortal life. Bede, 
 in his life of St. Cuthbert, tells us that 'this great 
 pestilence, which made .such havoc in Britain and 
 Ireland, visited also tho monaster)' of Mailros, where 
 St. Cuthbert was seized with it. All the brethren 
 passed the night in prayer for him, as looking upon 
 the life of so holy a man most necessary for the edifica- 
 tion of their community. In the morning they told 
 
 78
 
 642 
 
 ESKr.\I,E WARD. 
 
 kim what they had been doing; at which, rising up, 
 he called for his shoes and his staff, saring. Why do 
 I lie here any longer ; God will certainly hear the 
 prayers of so many holy men. And so it was ; for he 
 quickly recovered.' It is also said that Bnisil had fore- 
 told this plague three years before, and that he liimself 
 should die of it, which came to pass. It seems 
 Strange, therefore, that so many deaths should be 
 detailed, and yet that there should be no record of 
 the death of King AlcfriJ, if he perished iii this 
 plague. 
 
 " Besides the names of Oswy and Alcfrid, the words 
 Hwietred, WaHhgar, and Alwfwolthu ;seem to require a 
 slight notice, as they resemble Anglo-Saxon names 
 which we find recorded in history. 
 
 " The word Hwietred is compoiTnded of ' hwa;t, wit, 
 with, or wiht' — ' quick or sharp ;' — and of ' red, rede, 
 rad, or rod' (differing only in dialect), signifying ' coun- 
 sel.' Hence Hwaetred means ' quick in counsel.' The 
 word ' Hwaetred' occurs in the ' Code.x Esoniensis,' 
 477, 5, in a poem called ' The Ruin.' Thorpe trans- 
 lates it as an adjective. Ethmiiller, in his ' Dictionary,' 
 gives the word as a proper name. A person named 
 "VVithred, or Wihtred, is mentioned by Henry of Hun- 
 tingdon (Lib. 4), and by the ' Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,' as 
 King of Kent in the year 692. Higden mentions him 
 as king in the year 086, and calls him ' Whitred,' the 
 legitimate son of Egbert. This person may possibly be 
 the party whose name is here recorded. At all events 
 he appears to have entertained religious views and aspi- 
 rations similar to those of Alcfrid. Queen Eanfleda 
 had been brought up at the court of Kent, and was sent 
 for by Oswy in the year 051, and became his wife. This 
 Withred, who might at that time be one of the young 
 princes at that court, may have attended her on her 
 marriage journey to Northumbria, or may have visited 
 the Northumbrian court at some subsequent period, and 
 thus have formed an attachment to Alcfrid, and after- 
 wards erected this cross to his memory. 
 
 " WiBthgar is derived from ' with,' ' quick or sharp ;' 
 and 'gar or goer;' , a spear:' hence it signifies 'quick 
 or expert in the use of the spear.' It may be also a 
 proper name. A person named ' Wihtgar' (the h before 
 the t) is mentioned in the ' Anglo-Saxon Chroncle', anno 
 514, as lord of the Isle of Wight. He was the first to 
 establish an Anglo-Saxon colony there. He also was 
 the founder of Carisbrooke Castle. Camden (p. 130) 
 says that it was called ' Whitgaraburgh,' from him, and 
 now by contraction ' Caresbrook.' Of course he cannot 
 be the person whose name is recorded on this monu- 
 ment, but we may draw an inference that such a name 
 was in use among the Anglo-Saxons. 
 
 " Aelf," which, according to various dialects, as Cam- 
 den says, is pronounced ' ulf, wolph, hulph, hilp, helfe, 
 or helpe,' implies ' assistance.' ' Wold or wald' means 
 ' a ruler or governor.' Hence the word Alfwold means 
 ' an auxiliaiT governor.' But it may also be a proper 
 noun, occumng under a variety of modes of spelling.' 
 William of Malmesbuiy mentions a king of the East 
 Angles, named ' Elwold,' soon after the time of Alcfrid, 
 who might possibly be the person mentioned here. 
 Bedo says that Sigebert, the king of the East Angles, 
 often visited the court of Northumbria, and was con- 
 verted to the Christian faith in a.d. 0.53, through the 
 persuasion of Osvvy. This Elwold may have attended 
 ■ Sigebert ou some of these occasions, and thus have be- 
 come acquainted with and attached to Alcfrid, and hence 
 from motives of friendship and regard he may have 
 aided in erecting this pillar to his memory. 
 
 " \^'e may now return to a further examination of the 
 cross. Below the chief inscription is a figure wliich, as 
 Bishop Nicholson says, represents the portraiture of 
 a layman with a hank or eagle perched on his arm.' 
 Hutchinson describes it as ' the elEgies of a person of 
 some dignity, in a long robe to the feet, but without any 
 dress or ornament en the head : on a pedestal against 
 which this figure leans is a bird, which, we conceive, is 
 a ralieu, or raven, the insignia of the Danish standard. 
 This figure seems designed to represent the personage 
 for whom the monument was erected, and though 
 accompanied with the raven, bears no other marks of 
 royal dignity.' In Lysons it is thus spoken of, ' At 
 the bottom on tho west side is sculptured, in bas-relief, 
 tlie figure of a man bareheaded, habited in a gown which 
 reaches to the middle of his legs, holding a bird (most 
 probably a hawk) on his hand, just above its perch.' To 
 these nearly correct observations of the Lysons I would 
 only add that the figure is not bareheaded, but appeai-s 
 to be covered with something resembling a close hood. 
 
 " The sculpture on the south side is divided into five 
 compartments. In the bottom, central, and top divi- 
 sions are magical knots. In the second are two vines 
 intersecting each other, and in the fourth is another 
 vine, in one of the curves of which a vertical sun-dial 
 has been placed, somewhat resembling the dial placed 
 over the Saxon porch on the south side of Bishopstone 
 Church, in Sussex, and also resembling the Saxon dial 
 placed over the south porch of Kirkdale Church, in the 
 north riding of Yorkshire, a short description of each 
 
 " ' The first syllable occurs in the Anglo-Saxon charters nndcr 
 TOrious modes of spelling. We find ' Alf, Elf, Olf, Al\{;' and in a 
 charter of Eadwig (a.d. 956, JIs. Lands, 417, fol. 11, b.) we have the 
 name ' AlwM,' which has a great resemblance to the orthography of 
 the Bewcastle cross."
 
 EEWCASTLE PARISH. 
 
 eis 
 
 of which may be found at page 00 of the eleventh volume 
 of the ' Arch;cological Journal.' Tu the Bewcastle dial 
 the principal divisions arc marked by crosses, as on the 
 fore-mentioned dials, which are considered examples of 
 a very early date, the Kirkdale dial having been made, 
 as it is supposed, between the j-ears lOJO and 1UG5. 
 On the plain surface near the top of the cross we have 
 the several Runic charactei-s lice. The word ' lie' or 
 ' lice' is very distinct, but of the remaining letters we 
 have only the lower part. On the east side of the cross, 
 where the sentence has probably been continued and 
 completed, this plain surface is totally gone so as to 
 leave no traces whatever, so that this piirt of the inscrip- 
 tion may be considered as irreparably lost. The word 
 ' lie' or ' lice' may, perhaps, be iuteuded to e.vpress 
 something respecting ' a dead body.' In the Dream of 
 the Holy llood (Archajologia, vol. liO, p. Hi), the word 
 ' lices' occurs, and signifies the corpse of our Saviour. 
 The word ' lice' may also be part of the word ' licemau,' 
 a body. Between tlie highest and the next compartment 
 are traces of letters which I read thus : e c g f e i [thu], 
 i. e., ' of Ecgfrid.' Ecgfrid was the sou of Oswy, 
 and brother of Alchfrid, and succeeded his lather 
 in the kingdom of Northumbria in the year 070, 
 according to the ' Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.' Eddie (ch. 
 20) speaks of him as king of both Dcira and JJoruicia. 
 Between the second and third divisions (from the top) 
 of the decorated parts of the cross we find traces of 
 Eunes, wiiich T venture to read thus: — rices [Tn]i;s: 
 £.«., ' of this kingdom,' — the kingdom of Northumbria. 
 Between the third and fourtli divisions we also find 
 traces of characters thus: — kxsinges, i.e. "king." 
 Between the lowest and second compartment is another 
 lino of lluues which had been noticed by Spelmau and 
 others as previously described. I would suggest that 
 it may be read thus: — + fuu[ma]n gear, i.e., in the 
 first year.' The four lines on this side of the cross 
 are evidently connected with each other, and ai-e to bo 
 read thus: — 'fruman gear Ecgfrithu kyuinges rdccs 
 tiiajs,' — in the first year (of the reign) of Egfrid, king 
 of this kingdom of Northumbria, i. e., a. d. CJO, in 
 which year wo may conclude that this monument was 
 erected. The form of date used on this monument 
 nay be considered ratlier peculiar. Some are of 
 opinion (perhaps without sound grounds) tliat the era 
 of the Incarnation was not inti'oduced into England 
 till the time of IJede, i.e., about a century after tlio 
 erection of this pillar. It is a remarkable fact that wo 
 have only two original charters of tlio seventh coutury, 
 and that the date of tlie Incarnation does not appear in 
 either of these documents. We ciunot infer, huwcvcr, 
 from Ihia ikct that such a mode of dating was thuu 
 
 unknown. This would be pushing an argument to au 
 unjust conclusion. Such au inference would be aa 
 abuse of the rules of logic. It may be remai'ked, how- 
 ever, that the mode of dating by the regnal years of the 
 kings was freijuently adopted, as must be well known 
 to every one conversant in Anglo-Saxon diplomacy ; and 
 I think there can be little question but such a mode 
 has been adopted on this monument. 
 
 " On the north side are also live compartments occu- 
 pied by sculpture. In the highest and lowest divisions 
 we find vines with foliage and fruit. Mr. Smith con- 
 siders them ' as probably the Danish symbols of 
 fertility, as Amalthea's horn was among the Greeks, 
 lu the second and fourth divisions are two curi- 
 ously devised and intricately twisted knots, often called 
 ' magical knots,' and by some considered the ' knot- 
 work of Scottish and Irish sculptors.' The third 
 division is filled with a quantity of chequerwork.' 
 Immediately above the lowest compartment is one line 
 of Ituuic characters of which Bishop Nicolson, in his 
 letter to Mr. Walker, says, ' Upon first sight of these 
 
 " ' Thia diequerwork is prononneed by Mr. Smith to be ' a Sey- 
 thinn mcthoil of embellishing funeinl ornaments,' and is regarded by 
 Bishop Nicolson ' ns a notable emblem of the tamuli or burying 
 plai'es of tlie aueieutu.' Camden says, ' Seeing the cross is che- 
 quered like the arms of Vnux, we may suppose tbiit it has been 
 erected by some of tliem.' Hiitcliinsou iliiuks that ' the cross must 
 of necessity be allowed to bear a more ancient date than any of the 
 remains of that name, which canuoi he run tip higher than tlie Con- 
 quest.' He also thiuks that ' armorial bearings were not iu use at 
 t!ie same time as iliu Kunic characters.' It is probable, however, that 
 this cheqnerwork had no reference to the family of Vaux or De Valli- 
 bus, as they were not really and legally possessed of the lordship of 
 Newcastle until the reign of J lenry 1 1., or about the middle of tlie 
 l'2ih ceiuury, which is too late a period for the decoration of this 
 monument. The late ingenious Mr. Howiml suggested lliat ' very 
 possibly the family of De Vallibus t(tok tlieir arms from this column, 
 being one of the roost remarkable things in the barony.' The checpie 
 apjieors to have been a derice used by the Uauls and Britons long 
 before tlie erection of this cross. The Gaulic mauufaciory of woollen 
 cloth spoken of by Diodorus ( Lib. 5), and in riiny's ' Nainrul His- 
 tory' (Lib. 8, oh. i'<], was woven oheqiienvine, of which our Scottish 
 pluids are perf.ct remains. Bishop Anselius book conuemiug 
 ' Virginily,' wiiucn about the year (i'^il — the era of the cross iic:irly — 
 when the art of weaving in iliis country was probably in a compara- 
 tively rude state, contains a ui^lincl indication that chequered ivbes 
 were then iu fiuihion, and many of lire I'lffuresin Rosseliui's Kg>'plian 
 work are dresseil in chequered cloths. 1 ho cheques arc still retained 
 in common use to this clay among die iuhabitiuits of Walea, the des- 
 cendants of the ancient Brilons; and so great is tlieir reneralion for 
 their ancient emblem that whenever a Welchman leaves his uoliTP 
 nioiiutaiiis to rusiile iu an Knglinh town, \ie is sure to cany this symbol 
 along with him. Shops willi the sign of ilie chequers were common 
 even among die Bomaiis, as is evident from Uic views of I'ompcii 
 presnitril by Sir W. Hamilton to the Antiquarian Society. A linnion 
 ligure in a chequered robe is sculptured on die side of au altar nliicb 
 was fuuuil in digging a oelliu' for Uie Lirapcs Inn, ou the site of llie 
 Komau station at Carlisle, Oius establishing the probablily llial the 
 cheque was used among the Itoiiians in llritain. We read also of 
 nets of chequerwork iu the days of King Solumoo. — 1 Kings, vii. 17."
 
 644 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 letters I greedily ventured to read them ' Rynburn ;' 
 and I was wonderfully pleased to fancy that this word 
 thus singly written must necessarily betoken the final 
 extirpation and burial of the magical Kunx, in these 
 parts, reasonably hoped on the conversion of the Danes 
 to the Christian faith.' The learned prelate also con- 
 jectured that the word might bo ' Piyeeburn,' which he 
 takes in the old Danish language to signify ' a burial 
 place of the dead.' The representation of these lluiies 
 given by the bishop is inaccurate, and he has evidently 
 comprehended in it some of the llutings of the pillar. 
 It is difficult to imagine how the bishop could fall into 
 such an error, for the letters on this side of the monu- 
 ment are still perfect and legible, having been fortu- 
 nately preserved from the effects of the weather by their 
 proximity to the church, which has afforded them its 
 friendly shelter ; and in the manuscript journal which 
 the bishop kept of his visitation in 1703 the Runes are 
 more correctly traced by him. Mr. Smith dissents 
 from the reading of the bishop, and rather thinks it to be 
 a sepulchral monument of the Danish kings. lie reads 
 it ' Kuniburuk,' which, he says, in the old Danish lan- 
 guage, imports ' the burial place of a king.' Mr. Smith, 
 however, agrees with the bishop that it may also have 
 been designed for a standing monument of conversion 
 to Christianity which might have happened on the loss 
 of their king, and each be mutually celebrated by it. 
 But from the inscription on the west side it does not 
 appear to have been intended for anything more than a 
 memorial cross. Mr. Kemble, with Mr. Howard's plate 
 as a guide, pronounced the word to be ' CrxiEURUG' or 
 ' Cynibdruh,' the proper name of a lady ; and he attached 
 some value to it as proving the inscription Anglo-Saxon, 
 not Norse. After repeated and careful examinations 
 the letters appear to me to be — ktnnbur (thu) g, the 
 name of the wife of Alchfrid. Eddie, who wrote about 
 fifty years after the erection of the cross, does not men- 
 tion the name of Alcfrid's queen ; but in Stephenson's 
 edition of Bedo (who probably wrote his history about 
 100 years after the erection of the monument) we read 
 of a lady whom he calls ' Cyneburga,' the daughter of 
 Penda, Iving of Mercia, and the wife of Alcfrid. This 
 is undoubtedly the same person, the name having some- 
 what changed in a century. In Ingram's edition of the 
 ' Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,' in the year C.j6, wo read of 
 ' Kyneburg' and ' Kynesuuitli,' the daughters of King 
 Penda, and the sisters of Wulfhere, who, in that year, 
 is said to have succeeded his brother Peada in the king- 
 dom of the Mercians. 
 
 " Between the second and third compartments (from 
 the bottom) is another very indistinct line of Piuncs 
 which I venture to read thus KiXEswi[TH]A. This was 
 
 the name of the mother as well as a sister of Cyneburg. 
 Of the mother nothing of note is recorded. From the 
 two sistcre being so frequently mentioned together, and 
 from the similarity of their religious views and feelings, 
 we may presume that they were strongly attached to 
 each other, and that the sister's name is recorded here. 
 
 " Between the third and fourth compartments is 
 another line of Runes which, though indistinct, appears 
 to be — Myrcxa Kyng, i.e.. King of the Mercians. The 
 above line of Kunes appears to be connected with ano- 
 ther line between the fourth and fifth divisions, which 
 may be read thus, Wllfiiere, who was a son of Penda, 
 brother of Cyneburg, and king of the Mercians. He 
 succeeded his brother Peada in the year 057, according 
 to the ' Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.' 
 
 " On the plain surface near the top of the cross are 
 Piunic characters, consisting of three crosses and the 
 word Gessus. The three crosses may be emblematical 
 of the Crucifixion, the central one appearing rather 
 higher than the others. The word ' Gessus' is very 
 plain, all the letters being quite distinct except the g, 
 and the part where the v and the s approach each other, 
 which appears to have experienced some injury. The 
 letter s has a little peculiarity iu its form, the last stroke 
 being carried up nearly to the same height as the top of 
 the other letters. The letter s in the word ' Oswiuing' 
 appears to have the same form ; as also some others on 
 this monument ; and there is one somewhat similar to 
 it on the Iluthwell pillar. There is also an s of a simi- 
 lar form in the Runic inscription in Carlisle Cathedral. 
 The word ' Gessus' is evidently connected with the frag- 
 ments of the word ' Kristtus' on the west side, and has 
 probably formed part of a sentence which has been com- 
 pleted on the two other sides, but of which only a small 
 portion now remains.'' 
 
 The parsonage-house was re-built in 1837, at a cost 
 of about £G00. 
 
 There is a school, built by subscription in 1834, in 
 union with the National Society. It is endowed with 
 the interest of £164, which was bequeathed by the Rev. 
 John Cleathing, of Thorpe Arnold, for the education of 
 the poor of the parish of Bewcastle, his mother having 
 been a native of the parish. The average attendance is 
 about thirty children. 
 
 Among the single houses iu this township having 
 particular names, there is the Peelohill farm-house, an 
 ancient building with very thick walls. It has been 
 one of the old border fortresses, the word " peel" mean- 
 ing a tower — the tower on the hill. 
 
 There is a strong petrifying spring at a place called 
 Lowgraius ; also a well iu the Parkhead estate, called
 
 BEWCASTLE PARISH. 
 
 645 
 
 Hobbie Noble's well ; a spring on the side of the Bull- 
 cleugh, impregnated with iron ; and also a small water 
 mill for grinding com, on the river lurlibcck, called 
 Bewcastlu .Mill. 
 
 A celebrated moss-trooper, named Hobbie Noble, 
 bom at tho Crew, is commemorated in "Scott's Border 
 Minstrelsy" and other border songs. 
 
 There are two hills in tliis township called Black and 
 White Preston, on the east end of the Grey fell Common, 
 and another called the Pike at the west end. On the top 
 of White Preston there are the foundations of a build- 
 ibg, perhaps the place for a beacon, or a place of wor- 
 ship. On tho west point of tho Pike there are also 
 traces of old foundations, where it was formerly custom- 
 ary to burn bonfires on Midsummer Eve, which were 
 called Tanliteens, perhaps from the Celtic word " tan," 
 a fire, implying that on this point of the hill the pri- 
 mitive inhabitants of the district were in the habit of 
 celebrating some of their orgies in former days. The 
 custom of burning the Tanliteens was observed at other 
 places in this district, generally on high ground. There 
 is a tradition that these fires were originally signals for 
 the inhabitants to rise and murder the Danes in one 
 night. If this tradition be correct, it may point to the 
 general insurrection in tho days of " Ethelred the 
 Unready," when it is said that, in pursuance of secret 
 instructions sent by tho king over the country, the 
 inhabitants of every town and city rose, and murdered 
 all the Danes, who were their neighbours — young and 
 old — men, women, and children — not a single Dane 
 escaping. This massacre of Ethelred, however, is said 
 to have taken place on the 13th of November, 1002 — 
 whereas tho Tanliteens are burned on IMidsummer Eve. 
 It appears to have been tho custom iu former times 
 throughout a great part of England to hglit bonfires on 
 tho evo of I\lidsummer-day, and afterwards to spend the 
 night in gaiety and rejoicings. This custom is sup- 
 posed by some to have originated ia some superstitious 
 observances connected, in pagan times, with tho appa- 
 rent recession of the sun from the earth at this season. 
 An important and interesting custom was long observed 
 in London on Midsummer Eve, namely, tho setting of 
 the city watch. The old chroniclers report tho affair as 
 Tcry magnificent and splendid — the Lord Mayor usually 
 proceeding in grand procession through the streets on 
 tho occasion — and the kings, with their trains, riding in 
 royal state to witness tho same. These customs may all 
 have had one common origin. 
 
 I! A I LEY. 
 
 Bailey township extends from two and a half to six 
 miles north-uortli-west of BcwcasOe. Tho population 
 
 in 1801 was 281; in 1811, 311; in 1821, 386; in 1831, 
 454; in 1841, 431, and in 1851, 397, who are dispersed 
 over the township in single houses ; there are no vil- 
 lages or hamlets. Agriculture is the principal employ- 
 ment. Tho soils are various, from a rich loam to a deep 
 moss. The east and north parts of the township are 
 sheep farms, the property of Wilham Henry Charlton, 
 Esq. The rateable value is i'2,880 15s. The Maiden 
 Way runs through the north-east part of the township. 
 In a tumulus at Kemp or Camp Graves, some Roman 
 coins have been found ; tumuli were also found at Cur- 
 rack or Curragh, and Pioaustrees and Nook. 
 
 This township is part of the manor of Nichol Forest, 
 belonging to Sir James Robert George Graham, Bart., 
 of Netherby. The estates are held under small yearly 
 lord's rents, fines, and heriots. These customary rents 
 are paid to the lord of the manor for the time being. 
 A great part of the customary tenements in this town- 
 ship have been enfranchised, or purchased freehold on 
 liberal terms by the tenants from the late Sir James 
 Graham, Burt., and his son, the present baronet. Tho 
 lord of the manor formerly held courts for this township 
 iu Nichol Forest twice a year, but since an act was passed 
 in 1S41, giving power to the lord's stewards to do tho 
 business at their ofllces, no courts were held till about 
 two years ago, when a court was held as usual. The 
 court rolls extend over a period of 120 years, beginning 
 in 1733, and continuing regularly to the present time. 
 Tiie principal landowners arc William H. Charlton, Esq., 
 who owns nearly one half of this township ; Sir Wastel 
 Brisco ; Sir James Graham ; 31r. John Dodgson, C.B., 
 and William Hodgson, Esqs. ; and several resident 
 yeomen. 
 
 Bailey township possesses a school, called Nook 
 School, so designated in consequence of land for tho 
 site being purchased by trustees from the proprietor 
 of the Nook estate, in the said township. The school 
 was erected by subscription in 1827, and will accom- 
 modate about si.xty children. The master is supported 
 by the quarter pence of his pupils, and a. grant of 
 £7 10s. a year, received for tho last seven years, from 
 the Presbyterian Synod of England. There is a small 
 library at tho school for tho use of tho scholars and 
 others. 
 
 Glendew Hill, the highest in Bewcaslle parish, is in 
 this township. Tho Bailey Water runs iu a southerly 
 direction through tho township, which is supplied by 
 small rivulets or burns, and falls iu the Black Line 
 river, which stream forms a great part of the boundary 
 of Bailey, Bcllbank, and Nixou townships, as well as 
 tho boundary between Bailey township and that of 
 Bcllbank, in tho parish of Stapletou. There ate three
 
 &46 
 
 ESKDAI.E "WAKD. 
 
 small stone briJges, and some wooden foot bridges in 
 tbe township. There is a mill on the Bailey Water 
 generally called Koanstrees Jlill. 
 
 Bniley possesses two ancient houses or halls, one 
 called Sleetbeck, which was kept in repair by the 
 owners, the Greeiiwoll family, who resided here about 
 a century ago ; the otbor, called Asli, wbit;h was pos- 
 sessed by the Scotts, at about the same period ; these 
 are now converted into form-houses, and are the pro- 
 perty of Sir Wastel Biisco, Bart., of Crofton Hall, near 
 Coriisle. Bailey township is consolidated with the 
 other townships of the palish for the support of tbe 
 poor, but it repaii's its own roads, <fcc. 
 
 BELLBAXK. 
 
 Bellbank township contained in 180), 234 inhabi- 
 tants; in 1811, 344; in 1821, 415; in 1831, 48.5; 
 in 1841, 445; and in 1851, 430. The Highstone 
 Common in this township was surveyed and euclosed 
 in 1815. A copy of the award and plan is deposited 
 at Bewcastle church. The people live chiefly in single 
 houses dispersedly. There is a small village at Kingry 
 Hill, also at Nether Oakshaw, Shaw Head, and Clat- 
 teringford. The people are generally of sober, tempe- 
 rate, and iudustrious habits. There are several public 
 roads here, two of which lead to Scotland. Agriculture 
 is the principal employment of the inhabitants. There 
 is a small collieiT at Clatteringford, but the coals are 
 of a very inferior quality, and the seam is only about 
 fifteen inches. It employs about a dozen men and 
 boys, and is the property of Sir James Graham. Mr. 
 John Harbin being at present the tenant of this and 
 the limeworks in the township of Bewcastle, at a rent 
 of about i'lOO a year. The soil near the boundaries of 
 the township is very good, being chiefly holm-land by 
 the side of the rivers. The centre was a large moor, 
 called the Highstone Common, which has been enclosed 
 and brought into cultivation, and the principal part is 
 tmdergoing tiie regular course of husbandry. The 
 nUeable value of the township is £l,uSl 10s. An old 
 Ftoman road entered this township at the Wellington 
 Gate, and proceeded in a north-west direction towards 
 Tennies Hill in Scotland. The township is pai-t of the 
 manor of Bewcastle, and the estates are generally in the 
 hands of separate proprietors. There is a school at 
 Eingry Hill in union with the National Society, built 
 by subscription in ] 855, and attended by about thirty 
 children. 
 
 xixoss. 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 179; 
 in 1811, 216: in 1821, 224; in 1831, 220; in 1841, 
 SI 7 ; and in 1831, 193. A large tract of moorland on 
 
 tbe north side of this township, called Black Line 
 Common, was enclosed in 1820. A copy of the award 
 and plan is deposited at tho parish church. There is 
 another large tract of moorland on the south-east side 
 of the township, called White Line Common, which 
 has not yet been enclosed. The population is dispersed 
 in single houses. There is only one small village or 
 hamlet, called the Flatt, where Sir James Graliam 
 has a shooting lodge. Here it was customary to bum 
 the Tanliteens on Midsummer Eve. It is said that 
 the whole of this township formerly belonged to people 
 of the name of Nbcon, hence its name. Agriculture is 
 the principal occupation of the inhabitants. The people 
 are in general of industrious and sober habits ; thsro 
 is no pubhc-house in tbe township. The soil in the 
 western portion of the township is generally good, and 
 in a good state of cultivation : tho remainder is nioor- 
 htnd, but tolerably good for gi-azing. The rateable 
 value is £1,192. 
 
 There is a large cairn at the Shield Knowe, and 
 another at the Kilnpot Knowe, also works at a place 
 called the Cross, which is described at length in Mr. 
 ilaughan's account of the Maiden AVay, published 
 in No. 41 of the " Archa?ological JournaL" The 
 Maiden Way entered this township at the Crow Bum 
 Gate, passed the Green Knowe, tbe Shield Knowe, the 
 Cross, and left the township at a place called tbe 
 Beakfoot, on the Black Line river. Another ancient 
 road passed over the Bothrigg Hill, near the Row, and 
 up to Limestead, where the fonndations of an ancient 
 building were dug up a few years since. There was 
 formerly an ancient cross at a place called Cross Hill, 
 a pai't of which still exists. This township is part of 
 the manor of Bewcastle ; the lands belong to a great 
 number of small proprietors. 
 
 The Pi'esbyterians, the only dissenters in tbe parish, 
 have a chapel and manse for their minister at tlie Knowe, 
 in this township ; the chapel was erected in the year 
 1788, about which time the congregation was organised. 
 The Rev. William Lander died in 1832, having been 
 minister thirty-five years. The other ministers have 
 been t!ic Revs. John Wright, Alexander Anderson, 
 Gavin Lochore, and James Laidlaw. The congregation 
 was connected with the Church of Scothind till 1844, 
 the year of the disruption of that establishment, when, 
 Mr. Laidlaw deraittiug the charge, it joined the Enghsh 
 Synod, then recently formed. On the 3rd of December 
 of the same year the present minister. Rev. WiUiam 
 Tweedie, was appointed. In 1854 the chapel under- 
 went a complete renovation, at a cost of £120. It 
 stands on a rising ground, has sittings for about 
 300, amd is well attended — some of the people
 
 BRAMPTON PARISH. 
 
 U7 
 
 'coming a distance of seven or eight miles over the 
 roadless fell. 
 
 There is a verj' high point of land here called Christen- 
 burg Crags, which commands a very extensive prospect 
 to the west. A little way to the south-east of these 
 
 crags is a spring, from wliich the water runs both to 
 the east and to the west. 
 
 A person named Thomas Armstrong, otherwise 
 " Sockie Tom," resided at a place called Bothrigg, 
 the foundations of which may still be traced. 
 
 BRAMPTON PARISH. 
 
 Tms parish is bounded on the north by a detached portion of Upper Denton, Lanercost, and Walton ; on the west 
 by Irthington ; on the south by Haytou and i'arlam ; and on the east by Nether Denton. It lies between the rivers 
 Gelt and Irthing, and possesses in general a light sandy soil, producing good crops of oats, barley, turnips, potatoes, 
 <tc. Good coal is found at Tindalo Fell, in the vicinity of which is a small lake, called Tindale Tarn, about two 
 miles in circumference, which abounds with perch, pike, &c. The parish comprises the townships of Brampton, 
 Easby, and Naworth, whose united area is 10,070 acres. 
 
 BRAMPTON. 
 
 The area of this township is included in the parish 
 returns; its rateable value is £7,C49 Is. 7d. The 
 population in 1801 was 1,G8'2; in 1811, 2,043; in 
 18^1, 2,448; in 1831, 2,84-2; in 1841, 2,754; and 
 in 1851, 3,189. 
 
 The manor of Brampton is included in the barony 
 of Gilsland, an account of which will be found imder 
 Naworth township. 
 
 An inquisition taken in the Slst Queen Elizabeth, 
 gives us the following particulai-s of the manor of Bramp- 
 ton : — " The amount of the lord's rent, £43 13s. l}d. 
 There ouM)alitrs fee, 13s. 4d. ; and paid to Elinore 
 Scroope, widow of Henry Lord Scroope, of Bolton, an 
 annuity of 1*10 for life. It is stated that the lord had 
 fourteen shops demised in Brampton. The tenants 
 pay a money payment in lieu of bond days work, to 
 wit, Brackenhill, Kijd. ; Boitheby, 3s. 6d. ; Esbie 
 Magna, 2ld. ; E.sbio Parva, 14d.; Coithill, 7d. ; 
 Holmes, 7d. : Crockholmes, 14d. ; Woodside, lOJd. ; 
 Tarnehouse, 7d. ; Wayo, lid.; Holehowse, 7d. ; Row- 
 bank, 7d. ; and Brampton Vill, '.Is. Ojd. The demesnes 
 and scite of Cumchae, with the mill, are set forth 723. 
 rent. Item : there is situato within this manor a faire 
 castle, called Naworth Castle ; it is of good strength and 
 built four square, with a gate house to the same, one 
 of the squares thereof hath never been finished further 
 than the walls thereof, of two or three stories high. It 
 is all covered with lead, and the said castlo is situate 
 about vij. miles from Scotland : it is now in very great 
 decay in all parts, and the outhouses, viz., the stables, 
 gai"ncrs, and other howsos of othces, are utterlie dccaicd. 
 Item, there is within this manorer one parko, called 
 Naworth Parke; the same coutoiueth by estimation. 
 
 cc. acres; it is very barren lande; there is in it a greate 
 store of olde oakc wood, which is worth, if the same 
 were presently sold, about cc"- ; there are no deare in 
 the said parke. Item: there is within the said manner 
 one woodc grounde, commonly called the chace of 
 Brigwoodc, containing by estimation, cc. acres, it is 
 very barren ground ; there is in it verie much good 
 oke wood, which, if it were presentlie to be soulde, 
 it were worth cc"', but there are no deare in it, for 
 they were all wasted and destroyed longe sithence. 
 Item : there are within this manner these commons, 
 heaths, and moor-grounds, following, viz. : — Swerth 
 Fell, Justing Steads, Sprinke Bank, Gelt Wood, Raw 
 Banke Wraye, and Eastby Moore, containing in all 
 by estimation, ccc. acres, wherein the teunants of this 
 manner have common of pasture for their cattle, which, 
 besides their commons, is worth, by the year, nothing. 
 Item: there is kept, weekly, every Tewsday, at 
 Brampton, a market, but there hath been no profit 
 made of the tolle thereof, and there hath been in time 
 past one fairo every year upon IMagdalino Day ; but, of 
 late years, there hath no faire been kept. Item : the 
 late Lord Dacres, and his ancestors, have used to allow 
 for a schoolmaster to teacho a grammar scholo in the 
 towne of Brampton, the yearly stipend of vj"-, .xirj'-, 
 iiiJ''-, the which hath ever since been continued and 
 allowed, and ouc Jeffery Milnebourn is now scholcmaster. 
 Item : there ore within this manner of customary 
 tonnants, farmers, and cottagers which do service upon 
 the border of Scotland there, some with horse und 
 furniture, some with nags, and some on foot, the number, 
 four score and six, or thereabout. Item : the bounder 
 of this manner of Brampton bcginncth at Irthington 
 Milne, and to a place called the Castle Steads Yeat,
 
 648 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 called the Willo Tree, and so in at the Castle Steads 
 Yeat owto over Lumbrum, to the Castle Dyke of the 
 Mundholme, and along the dyke eastward, without 
 Irthing, unto the Abbie Bridge, and so up Irthing to 
 the foot of the Castlo Beck, and so up the Castle 
 Beck to Denton Milne, and from thence to a place called 
 the Ilurrlende Well, and so to the Foule Floshe; from 
 thence westward as the little river runneth into IMilton 
 Beck at I\Iilton; from thence southward up the Castle 
 Beck to an olde dyke that parteth Farlam and Brampton, 
 and so to the Ked Yeat Foot, at Hanbanke; from thence 
 along the south side of the Talken Tarne, and so to 
 Helbecke, as the little river runneth from Talken 
 Tarne to Helbeck; from thence down to Gelt, and down 
 Gelt to Gelt Rynne, in Irthinge, and so up Irthinge, 
 to Irthington I\Iilne Foot. 
 
 "The customary tenncnts. Sec, do claim to hould their 
 tenements as customary tenants, for doing their service 
 on the borders, and paying their fines and gressomes at 
 the change by death, or otherwise, either of the lord or 
 tennant ; and there laid fines and gressomes have been 
 sometimes two and sometimes three years' rent, accord- 
 ing to the rate of the rent they pay for their said tene- 
 ments. As for such tenuants as come to the possession 
 of their tenements by alienation, or marriage of daughter 
 and heir, they have been accustomed to greater fines 
 and gressomes, such as the lord and they could reason- 
 ably agree upon. And also concerning the certainty of 
 their said customs, to whom the tenement ought to 
 descend after the death of any tennant, whether to the 
 heir male or to the heir general is not known ; so that, 
 in this case, the same hath been sometime allowed the 
 one way, and sometime the other way, and never any 
 certainty therein. Freeholders in Gilsland have been 
 accustomed to pay for their reliefs, after the death of 
 their ancestors, the rent of one year, if in socage tenure : 
 but if they hold by knight's service, and be of ful age 
 at the death of their ancestors, shall pay for their relief 
 after the rate of Cs. for a knight's fee (with ward, mar- 
 riage, and escheat, in case of felony or failure of issue, 
 as in general). Item : the freeholders of this baronie, 
 and if they do not inhabit, theu their tennants have 
 been accustomed, time out of mind, to serve upon the 
 borders, under the direction, commandment, and appoint- 
 ment of the officer of the said baronie, for the time 
 being, at their own proper costs and charges. Item : 
 all other the tennants inhabiting in the several manners 
 and townships within this baronie, being about the 
 number of 600, ought, in respect of their farms, tene- 
 ments, and cottages, to serve her majesty on the borders, 
 at all times when need shall require, at their own 
 proper costs and charges, some with horses, some with 
 
 nags, and some on foote, with such furniture as in time 
 past have been accustomed. Item: the lord of this 
 baronie hath always been accustomed, time out of mind, 
 to have and keep, at Brampton, a court every three 
 weeks in the j'car, saving in the time of harvest, viz. : — 
 from Lammas to Michaelmas ; and two courts leets, 
 the one within a month after Michaelmas, and the other 
 within a month after Easter. And it hath likewise 
 been accustomed that there should be kept one or two 
 court barons every year, at every of the manners of 
 Askerton Castle, Castle Carrock, and Cumrcwe, within 
 the said baronie, and the lord hath always been answered 
 of all escheats, fines, amerciaments, and profits pre- 
 sented for any offence, at any of the said courts, &c." 
 
 THE TOWN OF BRAMPTON. 
 
 The ancient market town of Brampton is situated 
 in a vale, surrounded by considerable eminences, in 
 54° 57' north latitude, and 2° 44' west longitude, nine 
 miles cast-north-cast of Carlisle, 311 miles north-by-west 
 of London by road, and 3G0 miles by the Newcastle and 
 Carlisle, and the Lancaster and Carlisle railways. The 
 population of the town in 1851 was 3,074, of whom 
 1,521 were males and 1,553 females, inhabiting 557 
 houses, nine houses being uninhabited and si.\ building. 
 The principal occupation is the weaving of checks and 
 ginghams for the Carlisle manufacturers ; the collieries 
 of the Earl of Carlisle also afford employment to a 
 number of the inhabitants. There are several corn- 
 mUls in the neighbourhood of the town. The weekly 
 market, held on Wednesday, is numerously attended, 
 and is well supplied with corn and provisions. There 
 are four annual fairs for sheep and cattle, viz., on the 
 2Qth of April, second Wednesday after AVhit-Sunday, 
 second AVedncsday in September, and the 23rd of 
 October. These markets and fairs are held in pursuance 
 of charters obtained in the 37th Henry III. (1252-3) 
 by Thomas de Multou. lord of Gilsland. The town 
 being the principal one in the barony of Gilsland, con- 
 tains many good houses and shops. It is one of the 
 polling places for the eastern division of the county. 
 Petty sessions are held here every alternate Wednesday, 
 and a county court for the recovery of debts under £50. 
 
 Wq are in possession of little relating to Brampton 
 in past ages. About a mile west of the modern town, 
 upon a gentle eminence commanding a view in every 
 direction of a most beautiful country, are the traces of 
 a small Roman camp. The father of English topography, 
 guided in some measure by the simUarity of the names, 
 fixed the ancient Bremetauracum at Brampton ; but 
 Horsley, in consequence cf the absence of Eoman 
 remains, demurred to the correctness of the conclusion.
 
 BRAMPTON PARISH, 
 
 649 
 
 It is not surprising that this camp escaped tlie atten- 
 tion of Horsley, as it is situated within the ancieut 
 parlc of Brampton, considerable portions of wliicli were, 
 a century ago, covered witli tangled brushwood and 
 venerable forest trees. Its trenches, though still 
 visible, are fast disappearing ; every time it is ploughed, 
 the furrow is turned in the hollow of its fosse. Though 
 hundreds of cart-loads of stones have been taken from 
 it, the grouud on which the camp stood is thickly strewn 
 with stony fragments. Pottery, millstones, and lloman 
 tiles have been found here. Besides individual coins 
 which have occasionally been brought to light, an 
 earthen jar containing a largo number was turned up 
 by the plough in 1820. It contained not fewer than 
 5,000 pieces, all of them of the lower empire. If 
 "Whitley Castle be the Alionis of the Notitia, tliis, as 
 coming next in order, may be, as Camden conjectured, 
 Brcmetcnracum. In the plain to the south of the 
 camp are some remarkable tumuli. One mound of 
 large dimensions, standing alone, is covered with oak 
 trees. Three others of small size, and close to each 
 other, are at the eastern extremity of ths same field. 
 Two of them are circular, and about twelve yards in 
 diameter; the third is elongated, and measures about 
 thirty-two yards in length. Whatever opinion we may 
 form respecting the larger mound, there can be no 
 doubt that the smaller ones are artificial barrows ; the 
 hollow made for the excavation of the soil for their 
 formation is discernible. They do not appear to have 
 been opened. Between the station and the town of 
 Brampton may be noticed the faint traces of an earthen 
 encampment of the usual Roman form ; it is fast dis- 
 appearing under the action of the plough. 
 
 At tho east end of the town is a conical hill, about 
 fifty yards high, called the Moat. Tho summit is level, 
 about forty paces in diameter, and defended by a breast- 
 work. Nothing certain is known respecting its origin. 
 Hutchinson says its name " encourages tho idea that 
 it was used as a parley hill, or open court for the dis- 
 pensing of justice ; or it might be for the resort of tho 
 inhabitants of Brampton on the incursion of an enemy." 
 It is now covered with trees. 
 
 About two miles south of the town, on the face of a 
 rock overhanging the river Gelt, is a Roman inscription 
 as follows : — "vex • li.eg • ii avg • on • ai-p • svb • 
 
 ACniCOUl OPTIONE APRO • ET MAXIMO CONSVUBVS 
 OFICIN'A MEBCATI MEKCATIU3 FERXI PAVI, • PECVL • 
 
 I pn o NATiosE." Some years ago another inscriplioa 
 was found on tho Ilayton side of tho Gelt, c littlo 
 higher up tho river, but from its indistinctness could 
 not bo deciphered. 
 Tho history of Bramptou for a consideraUo period 
 
 70 
 
 was identical with that of the barony of GUslaud. 
 During the rising of 1715 the adherents of the house 
 of Stuart, having crossed the border, took up their 
 quarters at Brampton, where ilr. Foster opened his 
 commission from the Earl of Mar, which appointed 
 him commander-in-chief of the army in England, and 
 at the same time the Pretender was proclaimed. The 
 insurgents subsequently set out for the south. The fate 
 of the expedition is well known. In the more formidable 
 rebellion of 17-15 we find Prince Charles Stuart at 
 Bramptou, where he arrived about the l'2th of Novem- 
 ber, making it his head quarters. In the Prince's 
 household book there is a note that " when the prince 
 was at Bramptou he went one day to Squire Warwick's 
 house, and diued there." This was on the 13th, on 
 which day the troops were reviewed by the prince at 
 Warwick Bridge. During this period siege was laid to 
 Carlisle, which surrendered on the 15th of November; 
 the keys of the city being presented to the Prince at 
 Brampton by the mayor and corporation on their knees. 
 On the 18th Charles Edward entered Carlisle. 
 
 CHOnCHES AND CHAPELS. 
 
 The old parish church of Brampton, dedicated to St. 
 Martin, is in a dilapidated state, and is now only used 
 on the occasion of funerals. It is a mile and a half 
 from the town, on an eminence overlooking the river 
 and vale of Irthing. The chancel, all that is now re- 
 maining, is very ancient. The churchyard contains 
 a head-stone to the memory of a vicar who died so long 
 ago as 13 IG. In August, 1858, a fine old tombstone, 
 or rather the fragment of one, was discovered on the 
 north side of the churchyard, by the sexton of tho 
 parish, while digging a grave for a person who had died 
 in the workhouse. The slab thus found presents 
 evidently one side of an altar -tomb raised to some 
 person of distinction in olden time. The stone is un- 
 iascribed, but displays three shields of arms, enclosed 
 within quatre-foil panels of the Early English period. 
 The first is tho bend dexter, chcquy, of the De Vaux ; 
 the central shield has tho three escallop shells of tho 
 Dacres, lords of Gilsland (ouo of tho most graceful of 
 cognizances) ; and the third and last on tho slab 
 presents a cross-fleuree, with an escallop shell in tho 
 first upper quarter of the shield, — the cognizance of 
 two old Cumberland families of importiinco, now 
 extinct, — those of Lamplugh and Carlisle. The Howard 
 " crosslet" does not appear. A notion having got abroad 
 that this curiosity was tho long-lost tombstone of 
 Lord William Howard of Naworlh, it was carefully 
 inspected by the Earl of Carhsle, who at the time was 
 stayiug at Naworlh — and by mauy others. The stouo
 
 650 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 is of much earlier date, however, than the time of Lord 
 "William Howard., and could never have been laid over 
 the remains of Lord William, who died at "Xaward," as 
 proved by an " inquisitio post mortem," only in October, 
 1G40. Lord William having been clearly ascertained 
 to have died at Naworth towards the commencement of 
 a very troublous time, there can be little doubt that he 
 was quietly interred in the chancel at Lanercost by the 
 side of Lady Elizabeth, his spouse, and amongst the 
 stately tombs of ancestors of hers. The old tombs of 
 the Dacres, as well as those of other lords of that 
 period, were much puUed to pieces during the civil war 
 of King Charles' time. The old medi.-eval stone we 
 have been describing, but from which we have some- 
 what digressed, is now lying in situ, where it was dis- 
 covered, and where we hope it wiU continue to remain. 
 In 178S the greater portion of the old parish church 
 was taken down, and the materials used in the erection 
 of the new church in Brampton, which was considerably 
 enlarged in 1837, at an expense of £1,800, when a 
 new organ and an excellent peal of sis bells were added; 
 the organ and five of the bells being the gift of the Rev. 
 Thomas Eamshay, the then vicar. The present, or new 
 church, is a plain stone building, capable of accommo- 
 dating about GOO persons. 
 
 At the foundation of the priory of Lanercost, the 
 church of Brampton was given to that community by 
 Eobert de YaUibus, and was soon after appropriated 
 thereto; and about the year 1220 Hugh Bishop of 
 Carlisle endowed it with the " whole altarage and the 
 tithes, oblations and obventions belonging to the said 
 altarage, and the lands belonging to the same, with the 
 tithes thereof." In the Valor of Pope Nicholas, taken 
 in 1291, the church of Brampton is valued at £18. and 
 the vicarage at £8. In the taxation of Edward II. the 
 church is valued at £1, and the vicarage at nothing, 
 because it was totally destroyed. In the King's Book 
 the vicarage is rated at £8. In 1777, when Brampton 
 Common was enclosed, 210 acres were allotted to the 
 vicar in lieu of all tithes ; 7Jd. from each house, paid 
 in lieu of hens, hemp, flax, and smoke. He had also 
 mortuaries and sui-plice fees, and the tithe of hay of 
 Talkin township, in Hayton parish. The latter has 
 since been commuted for a rent charge of £50. He 
 has likewise about 105 acres of ancient glebe, adjoining 
 the old church, the whole producing a net annual value 
 of about £400. After the dissolution of the religious 
 houses, this church, with its advowson, was granted 
 (amongst the other possessions of Lanercost Priory) to 
 Sir Thomas Dacre, from whom they have come to the 
 Earl of Cai-lisle, the present patron. The palish 
 registers commence in 1663. 
 
 Vicins. — Richard de Caldecoates, 1334; John Engge, 1340; 
 John de Hajton, 1.161 ; William dc Kirkbv, 1372; Christopher 
 Davics, died 1505 ; John Rndd, 15C5 ; Robert Reck, 1570 ; Henry 
 Hudson, 1600 ; William Warwick occurs 1614 ; John Burnand, 
 ejected, lOCi; Philip Fielding occurs 1070; John Cockbnm, 
 1092; Richard Ciilcheth, 1T02 ; Theophilus Garencieros, 1714; 
 John Thomas, 1721 ; William Flasket, 1747 ; Robert Wardale, 
 
 1750; Charles Stoddart, 1773; Richard Hair, ; William 
 
 Richardson, 1792 ; Thomas Ramshay, 1795 ; Christopher Ben- 
 son, 1841. 
 
 The vicarage is about a mile south of the town. 
 
 The Independent Chapel, situated in Back -street, 
 was erected in 1818, at a cost of upwards of £1,000, 
 inclusive of the purchase of the site, and some altera- 
 tions. It is a plain commodious structure, capable of 
 accommodating about 250 persons. For about three 
 years previous to the erection of the chapel, the Inde- 
 pendents of Brampton met for worship in private rooms 
 in the town. The Rev. Robert Joy was the first 
 resident minister ; his respective successors have been 
 John Williams, William Merrilield, Mr. Wardlaw, 
 John Baker, Mr. Yuil, T. B. Attcnborough, John 
 Smith, George Crowther Smith, and Richard Thompson, 
 the present minister. There is a Sunday school 
 beneath the chapel. 
 
 The Presbyterian Church is a neat Gothic structure, 
 buUt in 1854, on the side of the manse, close to the 
 old church, which is now used as a school. The cost 
 of erection amounted to £1,100, £800 of which was 
 contributed by Mr. Barbour, of Manchester, to com- 
 memorate whose princely munificence a marble tablet 
 has been placed in the church by the congregation. 
 The church possesses transepts, and will accommodate 
 about 220 persons. The Presbyterian congregation of 
 Brampton dates its origin from 1002, in which year, on 
 the passing of the Act of Uniformity, the Rev. J. 
 Burnand, then vicar of Brampton, was ejected from the 
 living ; but many of his people adhered to the Presby- 
 terian discipline, and founded a separate congregation, 
 which is now connected with the Presbyterian synod 
 of England, and forms a part of the Presbytery of 
 Cumberland. In addition to a house and garden for 
 the use of the minister, the church is endowed with five 
 acres of land near Brampton. The Piev. Peter Taylor 
 is the present minister. 
 
 The Primitive Methodist Chapel is in Back-street. 
 It was erected in 1823 at a cost of about £400, and 
 has sittings for 400 persons. Primitive Methodism was 
 established in Brampton in the year 1822, when the 
 late William Clowes, one of the founders of this con- 
 nexion, visited the town, and after several times 
 preaching to large audiences in the open air, was 
 instrumental in erecting the present chapel.
 
 BRAMPTON PAEISIT. 
 
 651 
 
 The Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, in Brampton I.ane, 
 is a substantial building, erected in 1836, at a cost of 
 £1,100, and will accommodate about 400 persons. A 
 Sunday school is held in a room beneath the chapel. 
 Wesleyanism may date its origin in Brampton from the 
 time of John Wesley, who several times visited the . 
 town and neighbourhood. 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 The National Schools, situated at the north-east of 
 the town, occupy a neat commodious building (with 
 teacher's house attached), erected by subscription in 
 1850, at a cost of i'l, tOO, towards which a government 
 grant of X'700 was obtained. Thcro are class-rooms, 
 which are furnished with all the accessories of the 
 modern system of education. The school will accommo- 
 date about .300 children ; the average attendance is iVO. 
 It is under government inspection, and is conducted by a 
 master, a sewing mistress, and four pupil teachers. 
 
 The Presbyterian School is held in the old chapel, 
 and attended by about forty children. 
 
 There is an Infatit School in Back-street, which was 
 established in 18'45. It is supported by subscription, 
 and has an average attendance of seventy children. 
 
 Croft House Academy is an extensive classical and 
 commercial school, under the superintendence of ilr. 
 Joseph Coulthard. 
 
 PUBttC DDn.Draos, itc. 
 
 The Town Hall, which stands in the centre of the 
 market-place, is a neat octagonal edifice, with an orna- 
 mented cupola, in front of which is a clock. It was 
 erected in 1^17 by the Earl of Carlisle, on the site of 
 the old hall. The poultry, butter, and egg market 
 occupies the lower part of the building. The hall is a 
 good-sized room, in which the Earl of Carlisle's courts 
 for the barony of Gilsland are held at Easter and 
 Michaelmas. 
 
 The Magistrates' Office and Police Station occupy 
 one buililiiig, which was erected iu 1850, on the site of 
 the old Xational School, at the lower end of tho town. 
 
 The Savings Bank, held in Back-street, was esta- 
 lishcd in Is^lO, and has proved of the greatest utility 
 to the town and neighbourhood. The total deposits 
 in 1858 amounted to £l-2,lVi Us., belonging to 339 
 depositors, and two charitabln and three friendly socie- 
 ties. The friendly and beuclit societies iu Brampton 
 aro two lodges of Oddfellows and one court of Foresters. 
 
 Tho Mechanics' Institution, established in 18.50, is 
 also held in Back-street. It comprises a newsroom 
 and library, tho former being well sup[ilied with news- 
 papers and periodicals, and tho latter containing 800 
 volumes. It is quite sclfsupportiug. Tho uumbor of 
 
 members is nearly 1-50, each of whom pays from one 
 shilling to five shillings per quarter. 
 
 The Working Men's Reading Room, which is also in 
 Back-street, was re-established in April, 18.j8. The 
 library comprises about 2,400 volumes, in the various 
 departments of literature and science. There are about 
 eighty members, each of whom pays one penny a week. 
 
 Brampton is lighted with gas, works being erected in 
 the town in 1830, by a company of shareholders. 
 
 Tho Earl of Carlisle has about fourteen miles of 
 railway to his various coal-pits in this locality ; there is 
 also a branch line for the conveyance of goods and pas- 
 sengers, from the Brampton coal staith to the ^Milton 
 station on the Newcastle and Cai'lisle railway. 
 
 Amongst the eminent natives of Brampton we may 
 mention James Wallace, Esq., who, from a very humble 
 position, raised himself by his talents and industry to 
 the oflice of attorney-general ; and Dr. Guy Carleton, 
 bishop of Bristol, who suffered much for his Royalist 
 opinions during the time of the Commonwealth. 
 
 THE POOn-LAW UNIOS. 
 
 The Brampton Poor Law Union is divided into three 
 sub-districts, viz.: Hayton, comprising Cumrew Inside, 
 Cumrew Outside, Carlatton, Northsceugh with Moor- 
 thwaite, Cumwhitton, Castlecarrock, Hayton, Talldn, 
 Faugh and Fenton, and Little Corby ; Brampton, em- 
 bracing Brampton, Easby, Naworth, West Farlam, 
 East Farlam, Midgeholrae, Nether Denton, Upper 
 Denton, part of Watcrhead, and part of Burtholme ; 
 Walton, including the remaining part of Waterhead, 
 the remaining part of Burtholme, Kingwatcr, Askerton, 
 Irthington, Newby, Laversdale, Newtown, Low Walton, 
 and High Walton. Tho area of the union is 9."), 473 
 acres. Its population iu 1851 was 1I,3Q3, of whom 
 5,792 were males, and 5,531 females. The number of 
 inhabited houses at tho same period was 2,078; eighty- 
 four were uninhabited, and thirteen building. The in- 
 come for the year ending 2Sth March, 1859, was 
 jC2,900 1.")S. Cd. ; and the expenditure for the same 
 year i'3,118 Ss. 7d. Situated a little to the south of 
 tho town is the Workhouse, which is capable of 
 accommodating eighty paupers ; its number of inmates 
 at present (October, 1859) is fifty-eight. 
 
 K.VSBY. 
 
 Tho rateable value of this township is £1,913 5s. ; 
 its area is returned with that of the parish. In 1801 
 it contained 135 inhabitants: iu 1811, 130; iu 1821, 
 96; in 1831, 98; in 1841, 84: and in 1«51, 97. 
 Eifiby belongs chiefly to tho Earl of Carlisle, and W. 
 P. Johnson, Esq.
 
 C52 
 
 F.SKDAIE WARD. 
 
 There is a stone bridge of two arches at Cambeck, 
 and at Coathill is a chalybeate spring. The township 
 consists chiefly of a few dispersed dwellings, and the 
 small hamlet of Crooked Holme, cue mile and a half 
 north- north-east of Brampton. 
 
 KAWORTH. 
 
 The rateable value of Naworth is £2,599 17s. ; its 
 area is included in tho parish returns. The population 
 in 1801 was 308; in 1811, 301; in 1821, 377; in 
 1831, 405; in 1841, 4CC ; and in 1851, 539; who 
 reside in the small hamlet of Naworth, and a few dis- 
 persed dwellings. 
 
 " Naworth Castle is situated amidst very picturesque 
 scenery, about twelve miles to the north-east of Carhslc, 
 in what was an almost roadless country when wardens 
 of the marches lived at Naworth, but is now within 
 sight from the railway between Newcastle and Carlisle. 
 Other parts of rocky Cumberland can boast the grandeur 
 of mountain, lake, and flood ; but the gentler beauties 
 of woodland secneiy surround the ancient towers of 
 Naworth. Its battlements rise gray with age, and in 
 full harmony with the scene around them, islanded by 
 dai-k woods, amidst the wide sweep of an aucicnt park 
 and chase. The view is especially striking on the ap- 
 proach through the park from the adjacent town of 
 Brampton, and the road in sonre parts borders a deep 
 dell, traversed by a murmuring stream, and clothed by 
 ancient oaks. From these heights the gray abbey of 
 Lanercost is seen embosomed by wooded hills beyond 
 the park, and the river Irthing flows by the green holms 
 of the Abbey Church. On the south-east of the castle 
 the picturesque undulations of the park are crowned 
 by bands of trees that rise against the sky; on the 
 south the land, partly covered by plantations, slopes 
 upward to the distant ridges of Cross Fell; on the 
 north and west a country diversified by wood, pastm'e, 
 and tillage, stretches to the purple hills ; and on the 
 north-west the landscape melts in the distant tide of 
 Solway. 
 
 " The western, northern, and eastern sides of the castle 
 rise from the steep declivities of a wild and wooded 
 ravine. Two streamlets, descending from lonely glens, 
 flow from opposite directions on the eastern and west- 
 ern sides, and uuite in a rocky dell at a short distance 
 under the northern ramparts of the castle, flowing 
 thence to the Irthing through a deep and winding glen, 
 the channel of the stream overhung by mossy rocks 
 and wooded banks. A footpath descends through the 
 woods, which enables the visitor to enjoy the romantic 
 scenery of the glen and the low wild music of the 
 gushing stream, in his walk from Naworth to Laner- 
 
 cost. This path joins a road wliich is carried over the 
 Irthing by an old bridge of two wide elliptical arches. 
 A carriage road, which makes a circuit through the 
 park on the western and northern sides of the castle, 
 also conducts from its gates to the river. Standing on 
 that bridge, the spectator surveys a country that has 
 many historic memories. On the north-east arc the 
 footsteps of tho Romans; for, on the high moorland 
 wastes towards Bewcastle are remains of the paved 
 Pioman road, and the country on the south, within a 
 short distance from Naworth, was traversed by tlie 
 Roman wall.' Lower down the river, and about three 
 miles distant from Naworth, is the site of a Roman 
 station, within the fortifications of which the Norman 
 lords of Gilsland afterwards held their place of strength. 
 The secluded valley which now hears 
 
 ' No sound but Irthing's rushing tide,' 
 
 was often the scene of martial gatherings when it owned 
 their iron sway. Yonder, on the green holms of St. 
 Mary, the gray pile and cloister of Lanercost is a vene- 
 rable monument of the power that civilised a turbulent 
 and warlike age ; and beneath the antique gateway, 
 now so attractive to the tourist, the early benefactors 
 of Lanercost, and many lords of the adjacent hills, 
 passed to a holy peace which the world could not bestow. 
 Under that gateway, and on the bridge that now spans 
 the broad stream of Irthing, Edward T. was frequently 
 seen when his Scottish campaigns brought him to 
 reside at Lanercost ; and the martial followers arrayed 
 in his train mingled on this road with the white-robed 
 monks, for their seclusion was invaded during months 
 together by the rude sounds of military array, 
 
 ' When on steep and on crag 
 Streamed banner and flag, 
 And tlie pennons and plumage of war.' 
 
 " Passing from these scenes and their associations to 
 Naworth Castle itself, we find its aspect worthy of its 
 situation. 
 
 " Cumberland is not peculiar in regarding Naworth 
 Castle as one of the most interesting monuments of the 
 feudal age that can be found in England ; and, although 
 considerable portions of the fortress have been lately 
 rebuilt, it presents a most characteristic specimen of 
 the stronghold of a great border warden in days 
 
 ' When English lords and Scottish chiefs were foes.' 
 
 But 
 
 ' Tlie martial terrors long have fled 
 That trown'd of old around its head ;' 
 
 " > The Boman Maiden Way takes a course nearly north and 
 south, and comes within a mile of Naworth. It is there a road twelve 
 feet broad, pared with stones.
 
 BFvAMPTOX PAPJSH. 
 
 G53 
 
 lor, no longer paced by armed defoudcrs and main- 
 tained with barbican and moat in stera defiance of the 
 foe, it has become the peaceful residence of an amiable 
 and accomplished nobleman eminent in the arts of 
 peace. This stronghold of a martial race passed to the 
 great historical liouso of Howard by the marriage of 
 the famous ' Belted Will,' of border story, to Lady 
 Elizabeth Dacrc, the heiress of Xaworth and Gilsland, 
 in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and became the 
 inheritance of ' the Carlisle branch' of that illustrious 
 house. Lord Carlisle generally passes some part of 
 every year in this ancient castle, and the inlluences by 
 which he detains his visitors who come to Naworth are 
 of a very diifereut kind from those which were employed 
 by his ancestors in the days of border fray. 
 
 " Naworth Castle has features of interest peculiar to 
 itself. We may see in many parts of England monu- 
 ments of former power as ancient, but none so charac- 
 teristic of the times of border warfare. We may see in 
 many counties feudal castles, but how many of them 
 have descended to strangers, and have ceased to stand 
 in castellated pride ! Such monuments, when falling to 
 ruin under the slov.' siege of time, not only exemplify 
 the change of manners, but proclaim the transitory state 
 of man's dominion. At Naworth Castle, on the contrary, 
 we see the fortress of the border chieftain not only 
 inherited by his lineal descendant, but maintained, with 
 a just pride, in that stern character of architecture 
 which is in keeping with tiio memories of its ancient 
 walls. Naworth Castle, tliough adapted for a residence 
 in modern comfort, happily has not undergone the de- 
 structive process of modei-nisation, for in his restora- 
 tions Lord Carlisle has carefully cherished the features 
 of ancestral ago that have here been ' sheltered under 
 the wings of time.' But while the scene of the Lord 
 Warden's martial rule and the very towers in which he 
 dwelt, arc preserved as far as is now possible, in their 
 ancient state, marked by the scars of olden warfare, the 
 features of the stem old time are on the walls alone. 
 Jlodern comforts and relincments pervade the chambers 
 of Naworth Castle; and its noblo" owner's care has 
 been, — 
 
 ' All to improve and nothing to destroy.' 
 
 *' At Naworth Castlo, therefore, wo see in the outer 
 walls, and the massive towers that rise at the angles of 
 its southern front, tho stronghold of the Dacrcs of 
 Gilsland. It was in the reign of Edwaid III. that 
 the inheritor of tho ancient barony of Gilsland, for- 
 saking tho old castlo of its former lords, determined on 
 building a stronger and more stately fortress, and came 
 to Naworth to raise its ' wood-euvironcd towers.' 
 
 " It may be interesting now to glance briefly at the 
 history of Gilsland from the days of its Norman lords, 
 in whose time no walls of stone were seen amidst the 
 forest slopes and on the rocky dells of Naworth. At a 
 period soon after tlio Norman Conquest, Naworth and 
 the rest of the hills and vales of Gilsland were the 
 inheritance of a thane whose stronghold was in the 
 Roman" station already mentioned, known in modem 
 times as Castle Steads, and situated about three miles 
 from Naworth. The rude keep-tower in which the 
 Cumbrian chieftain resisted the Norman grantee was 
 probably not unlike Thirlwall Castle, tho ruins of which 
 crown a steep bank' by the road called the ^Maiden 
 Way which led to Castletown, and was guai'ded near 
 Thulwall by a square Roman watch-tower, the lower 
 courses of the masonry of which can still be traced. 
 Thirlwall Castle seems to have been partly built with 
 Roman masonry, and so no doubt was the stronghold 
 of this early lord of Gilsland, which stood within what 
 had been a military camp of the Romans. It over- 
 looked the vale of Irthing, at that time a wild, uncul- 
 tivated, and very thinly-peopled tract of country. In 
 the reigns of the Anglo-Norman kings, and for a long 
 period after, a great part of Cumberland was still 
 covered by the primxval forest. From the lonely 
 towers on Irthing the howl of the wolf was no doubt 
 frequently heard ; the eagle had not forsaken the crags 
 that were still crested by the Roman watch-towers ; 
 through the unfrequented thickets of the neighbouring 
 couiTtry the wild boar and the red deer roamed undis- 
 turbed by man ; and the wild cattlo might be seen in 
 the pathless woods and oti the adjacent wastes. 
 
 " Cumberland, it will bo remembered, was a part of 
 the kingdom of Scotland when William the Conqueror 
 made it subject to the Norman arms. It was then 
 bestowed on Ranulph do ileschines, a valiant follower 
 of the king, who dispossessed the native owner of 
 Gilsland, and conferred his lands on Hubert, a com- 
 panion in arms, who took the name of De Vaux — in 
 history De VuUibus — from the possessions of his family 
 in Normandy. The time of Hubert do ^'alhbus was a 
 time of turbulence and warfare, and the Norman grantee 
 could with dillkulty hold what tho sword had won. 
 Tho country was invaded and wasted by Malcolm King 
 of Scotland iu 1070, and a period of eighty years from 
 that time elapsed before Cumberland was finally wrested 
 from tho Scottish jiower. Tho I'ugUsh, meantime, 
 endeavoured to make good their conquests by fortifying 
 tho positions they had gained. As early as lOT'..* Iving 
 William had occupied Carlisle, and began to fortify 
 
 " 'Close to iho railway, t)( u lilUe ilistouce to Uio west of Uie Greeu. 
 bead slalioD.
 
 654 
 
 ESKDALE WAKD. 
 
 that ancient city of the Britons. In 1002 — the period 
 which saw the rise of the Norman keep called the New 
 Castle upon Tjne — William had huilt the castle at 
 Carlisle, and, ' as colonist rather than conqueror,' he 
 sent a groat numher of the Saxon population from the 
 south to inhabit and cultivate the neighbouVing country; 
 but in the succeeding thirty years, such were the irrup- 
 tions of the Scots, it had become necessary to rebuild 
 the walls and castle of Carlisle. In the reign of Stephen, 
 David the Scotish King seized Carlisle, when he invaded 
 England to espouse the cause of the Empress Maud ; 
 and the castle of Carlisle was allowed to remain, by 
 treaty, in the government of Scottish princes until 1 157, 
 daring which period the title of the ancient owner of 
 Gilslaud, or rather of his successor, seems to have been 
 maintained by the Scottish allies, as long as they had 
 the power, against the successors of Hubert de Vallibus. 
 " One of the first acts of Henry II. on regaining 
 Cumberland was to confirm to Hubert de Vaux ' all the 
 land which Gilbert, son of Bueth, had held on the day 
 of his death:' this comprised the lordship of Gilsland. 
 
 In the 11th Henry 11. Hubert de Vallibus was suc- 
 ceeded by Robert his son, and this new ' lord of the 
 hills' was a person of no small power and eminence in 
 that reign. He bore the sword of justice as a judge- 
 itinerant, and also served the state in martial capacities. 
 As governor of Carlisle, he defended the castle against 
 the long siege of William the Lion of Scotland in 1 174. 
 He rendered more lasting service to posterity by founding 
 the priory church of Lanercost. Thus, it may be said 
 of Robert de Vallibus, that he consolidated the realm of 
 his sovereign, and opened a new one for his Saviour. 
 
 " Of the circumstances that led him to found the 
 priory of Lanercost, a story has been given by county 
 historians which stains the character of De Vallibus, 
 but seems to have no sufficient foundation. Probably 
 it was he who, before that event, built at Irthington 
 the castle which became the stronghold of the lords of 
 Gilslaud, the old tower at Castle Steads having, as it 
 would seem, become unfit for the residence of a powerful 
 baron, in a country so frequently invaded by the Scots. 
 " But a dark tale of murder has been connected with 
 the desertion of Castle Steads, and the foundation of 
 Lanercost. It is said that Robert de Vallibus treacher- 
 ously invited the rival lord of Gilsland to Castle Steads, 
 and there slew him, and that by way of expiation he 
 founded the priory of Lanercost, and endowed it in part 
 with the very patrimony which had been the occasion of 
 the murder. It is further alleged that, after committing 
 outrage on the laws, he devoted himself to the study of 
 them, and forsook the sword. Now it is unquestionable 
 that the tower of Castle Steads was conferred on the 
 
 monks of Lanercost, and the tradition is that the walls 
 were razed to the ground, and the site (which was not 
 to be again built upon) sown with salt, according to 
 the old ecclesiastical usage in cases of blood-shedding. 
 But, although the rival claimant's blood may have been 
 shed at Castle Steads, the Norman judge seems guilt- 
 less of it. The priory of Lanercost was founded not 
 later than 1169 ; but for years after as well as before 
 that event, he occurs in offices of trust and dignity, 
 and in 1174 had not forsaken arms, for the city of 
 Carlisle in that year witnessed his military prowess, as 
 already mentioned. 
 
 "In 1176, when justices itinerant were for the first 
 time appointed to go through England, he was associated 
 in the office of judge for the northern counties, with 
 the great Kanulph do Glanville, Henry's chief justiciary, 
 but in Lis case aims never pelded to the gown. His 
 wealth and possessions were great, and he made a noble 
 use of them in founding Lanercost Priory, and rearing 
 the Cross in his native vales of Gilsland, amongst a 
 turbulent population who lived amidst the dark shadows 
 of pagan superstition. In that act of piety he designed 
 that the light of the Christian faith should for ever 
 shine over his Cumbrian hills, and light all future 
 generations to the life of the world to come. The 
 monastery has shared the fate of the other monasteries 
 of England ; but such permanence God has gifted even 
 here to works done for the honour of His name, that 
 Christian rites have been maintained in the vales of 
 Gilsland from the reign of Heniy II. to the present 
 time. The temponil honours and possessions of the 
 founder have meantime descended on strangers, his 
 castle has vanished, his martial deeds that stirred the 
 hearts and tongues of his contemporaiies have passed into 
 oblivion, and all things have so changed, that the soldier- 
 judge, attired in mail and speaking Norman-French 
 and attended by a retinue uncouth in aspect, would 
 inspire astonishment could he ascend the seat of justice 
 in the courts of Queen Victoria ; but the brief charters 
 of donation, given under his seal to a little colony of 
 Augustiuian monks transplanted from Hexham to Laner- 
 cost, have maintained the church he founded for a 
 period of nearly seven hundred years. As the church 
 of the parish of Abbey Lanercost it happily still exists, 
 but its once glorious choir is roofless and shattered, the 
 high tombs of its benefactors are swept by the winter's 
 storms, and the edifice presents, a duU and mournful 
 contrast in the closed doors of its spacious nave — the 
 only portion of the church preserved — and the ruined 
 architecture of its choir, to the animated and solemn 
 scene that was witnessed at Lanercost when it saw the 
 daily worship of a large monastic fraternity, and was
 
 BEAMPTON TAEISII. 
 
 655 
 
 the place of resort of the adjacent country, when 
 sovereigns ami nobles bowed before its altars, and 
 perhaps acknowledged that the world had not anything 
 to offer that could compare witli its heavenward devo- 
 tions and its holy peace. 
 
 " About the period of King John's accession, Robert 
 dc Vallibus, after a life jiassed in the turbulent scenes 
 of three warlike reigns, was laid for his final rest before 
 the altar he had ' gifted for his soul's repose.' His 
 brother Itauulph succeeded to the barony of Gilsland, 
 and died in tlie 1st of John's reign, leaving Robert his 
 son and heir, who joined a crusade in the 0th Henry 
 III., but lived to return from the spirit-stirring scenes 
 of the Holy Land to the sequestered valleys of his 
 native county, and to many Margaret, daughter of 
 William de Greystoke by Mary de Merlay, heiress of 
 Morpeth. Ho was succeeded by his son Hubert, who 
 died leaving only a daughter, Maud, by whose marriage 
 to Thomas de Multou, lord of 15urgh-on-Solway, the 
 barony of Gilsland became vested in that family. 
 Thomas de Multon, who thus became lord of Gils- 
 land, was eldest son of Thomas de Multon, justiciar of 
 Henry HI., and tlirough his mother, the daughter and 
 co-heiress of Hugh de Morvillo, inherited the great 
 jiossessions of the De MorviUe family, whose chief seat 
 was Kirk O.-^wald Castle. Thomas de JIulton, husband 
 of the heiress of De Vaux, died in 1270, and his great- 
 grandson, also a Thomas de Multon, succeeded, in 
 ■whose time occurred those ravages by the Scots in 
 which, after burning He.\hara Abbey in I'iQO, they 
 returned through Gilsland and destroyed a great por- 
 tion of Lanercpst Priory. This Thomas do Multon 
 died in 1313, and Margaret, his only child, inherited 
 his great possessions, — 
 
 ' Herself llio solitary scion left 
 Of a time-boQour'd race.' 
 
 It was by an alliance with this heiress that the noble 
 family of Dacre acquired the barony of Gilsland, and 
 the alliance was effected in a manner worthy of that 
 chivalrous race. ]\[argaret do Multon was only thirteen 
 years of age when, by her father's death, she became his 
 heiress. She had been betrothed by him to Ralph do 
 Dacre, by a contract made between her fatlicr and 
 William de Dacre, the father of Ralph. The wardship 
 of the young lady was prudently claimed by Edward II., 
 and she was entrusted to the care of Hcauehamp Earl 
 of \\'arwick. We are not told whether the llower of 
 Gilsland preferred her suitor and her native mountains 
 to the alliance destined for her by the king ; but certain 
 it is that, when she was in her seventeenth year, tlie 
 young heiress was carried off in the night-timo from 
 
 Warwick Castle by her adventurous suitor Ralph de 
 Dacre, who was rewarded for his chivalrous exploit by 
 marrying her, and acquiring lier great possessions. 
 This was in 1317. 
 
 " Naworth is mentioned in historical documents for 
 the first time in the reign of Edward II., and in con- 
 nection with the name of Dacre. The successors of De 
 Vaux had probably made Kirk Oswald their principal 
 abode, the castle at that place having been the chief 
 seat of the De Multon family, to wham it had descended 
 from the De Morviiles, its original owners. Until some 
 time in the reign of Edward HI., the old castle of 
 Irlhington was, however, maintained as chief mansion 
 of the barony of Gilsland. Some kind of residence 
 appears to have existed at Naworth before 1335, when 
 Ralph de Dacre obtained the king's permission to con- 
 vert it into a castle, which he was probably led to do 
 by finding Xaworth a more suitable situation than 
 Irthiugton for the strong and stately fortress which 
 the baron of Gilsland had resolved to build. 
 
 " In the summer of 1335 the youthful Edward III. 
 was in these parts with a great army collected against 
 the Scots ; and there is reason to believe that he was 
 the guest of Ralph de Dacre at Irthington on the 27 th 
 July, ISo.-). He there granted to him a licence of that 
 date, which we find on the patent rolls,- by which the 
 king authorised him to fortify and castellate ' his man- 
 sion of Xaward [it is so described in the patent] with 
 walls of stone and lime, and to hold the same so fortified 
 to himself and his heirs for ever.' From this time 
 Irthington Castle was abandoned, and its materials are 
 said to have been used for the new structure then in 
 course of erection at Naworth; and the mound, on 
 which in Norman fashion the keep was built, is all that 
 has remained of Irthington Castle in the memory of man. 
 
 " The character of the new stronghold at Naworth 
 was in keeping with its purpose as well as with its 
 situation ; and in its form Ralph de Dacre seems to 
 have followed the plan of his paternal castle on the 
 river Dacre — the place from which his ancient line 
 had sprung. Built 
 
 ' In the antiqne age of bow and spear. 
 And feudal rapine clothed in iron mail,' 
 
 Naworth Castle needed capacity to receive a garrison, 
 and strength to resist the malice of their foes. The 
 country around was in those days fre(]uently the scene 
 of international war, and was constantly subject to 
 invasion by predatory hordes Uving north of the English 
 border, descended, indeed, from the snmo Saxons 
 and Scandinavians who had inhabited Comberlaud, 
 
 " » Hot. Pat. 9 Edward IH. n, 20.
 
 656 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 but who were accustomed to plunder the pastoral inha- 
 bitants of the vales. The proprietors of the land were 
 D warlike and unlettered aristocracy, who found it 
 necessary to intrench themselves in fortresses ; and it 
 ■was only under protection of the castle that their tenants 
 could cultivate the nciglibouring country. The struc- 
 ture and defences of Naworth bore testimony to a state 
 of things and to modes of life totally unlike those amidst 
 which we live ; and times of turbulence and insecurity 
 have left their impress on its walls. Lord Dacre built 
 his castle in quadrangular form, inclosing an extensive 
 court-yard; he defended it on the south — the only 
 side on which it was accessible, — by a double moat, 
 and a barbican guarded the drawbridge. He raised at 
 the angles of the south front massive and lofty battle- 
 mented towers, from which the red beacon-fire may 
 have often blazed, a signal to the neighbouring hills. 
 He built a strong curtain-wall which enclosed the outer 
 court ; and a lofty archway opening from the path on 
 the edge of the deep ravine gave access to the interior 
 quadrangle, which, with its massive walls of red free- 
 stone, pierced by a number of nai'row, pointed windows, 
 and two or three low-arched doorways, was fuU of the 
 stern yet picturesque features of the Edwardian fortress, 
 moulded by the situation of the border castle. And so, — 
 
 ' When English lords and Scottish chiefs were foes, 
 Stem on tlie angry confines Naworth rose ; 
 In dark woods islanded its towers looked forth, 
 And frown'd defiance on the gi-owling north.' 
 
 Its interior arrangements — its long warder's gallery, 
 through which was the only access to the chieftain's 
 tower — its many staircases — its mural chambers — the 
 few and narrow windows of its outer walls — and its 
 gloomy prison-vaults — all proclaimed the feudal age, 
 and their adaptation to the martial manners and rude 
 chivalry of the border five hundred years ago, when — 
 
 ' Caere's bill-men were at hand ; 
 
 A hardy race on Irthiug bred, 
 AVitli kirtles white and crosses red; 
 Arrayed beneath the banner tall 
 That stxeam'd o'er .Vcre's conquer'd wall.' 
 
 " Naworth Castle was marked by all the features of 
 the time when lords of marches there held sway, sur- 
 rounded by armed retainers, and were wont to issue 
 forth for the chastisement of some lawless foray, or the 
 defence of the neighbouring country : — 
 
 ' Wien, as the portals wide were flung, 
 ^Vith stamping hoofs the pavement rung; 
 And glistening through the hawthorn green, 
 Shone helm, and shield, and spear.' 
 
 " From the time of the Plantagenets down to the 
 dynasty of the Stuarts, the inhabitants of the country 
 were exposed to an almost constant defensive warfare 
 against the predatory Scots and against the robbers 
 who inhabited the border lands, and were continuall 
 organised in a sort of militia for defence, originally 
 against the Scots, and afterwards against the moss- 
 troopers. 'When Naworth Castle was built, and for 
 centuries after that time, the country around was most 
 uncivilised. The land was cultivated with difliculty, 
 and a lawlessness of manners prevailed. Even on the 
 English side there were clans and famihes whose occu- 
 pation it was to plunder their neighbours ; and the 
 native peasantry of Tynedale, and of the more remote 
 wild dales of the border, were a race almost barbarous 
 in manners. Yet we are told that, with habits of con- 
 stant depredation, the borderers combined a rude spirit 
 of chivalry, and were inured to hardship and to danger. 
 Two centuries after Naworth Castle was built, we find 
 ordinances for public safety, which required that many 
 hundreds of persons should be continually employed in 
 the night-watches, and form a sort of cordon of defensive 
 militia. The rest of the neighbourhood was obliged to 
 sally forth at any hour upon occasion, and follow the 
 fray, on pain of death. Such was the state of things 
 from before the reign of Edward I. down to the middle 
 of the seventeenth century ; and at no period were the 
 inhabitants of the marches in a worse state of insecu- 
 rity and lawlessness than at the close of the sLxteeuth 
 century — the time when Naworth became the property 
 of Lord William Howard — that pohtic and martial 
 chieftain, both scholar and soldier, whose name has 
 given an undying celebrity to Naworth Castle, and 
 who has justly received the honourable distinction of 
 ' The Civiliser of the EngUsh Borders. ' Happily 
 for us — 
 
 ' Long rolling yeai's have swept those scenes away. 
 And peace is on tie mountain and the fell; 
 And rosy dawn and closing twilight pray 
 Hear but the distant sheepwalks' tinkling bell.' 
 
 And if the condition of the people and the country 
 beyond the walls of Naworth was iu ancient times so 
 different from what it is at present, the life of the feudal 
 nobles themselves was equally unlike that of which 
 their successors have any experience. The great lords 
 resided chiefly in their castles, leaving them only 
 when required (which in former times was very often) 
 to attend the king in his wars or his parUaments. 
 
 "In these days of rapid communication we think 
 with astonishment of times when the ancient forest 
 yet overspread much of the countr}' between here and
 
 BRAMPTON PARISH. 
 
 657 
 
 London ; when there were few roads, no coaches, and 
 r.o posts ; when inns were unknown, and the guest- 
 houses of the hospitable monasteries, or the castles and 
 the mansions of the great, were the wayfarer's only- 
 refuge ; when a journey from Naworth to London often 
 occupied as long a time as is now required to go to 
 Home, and when (as an historian remarks) the traveller 
 might encounter between Carlisle and London as many 
 perils by floods and robbers as he could now find on 
 a journey across the Alps. The feudal tenures and 
 services were miiintained around the ancient lords of 
 Naworth ; upon their walls — 
 
 ' Was frequent heard the changing guard, 
 And wBtchworil from the sleepless ward;' 
 
 they handled the sword constantly — the pen, we may 
 believe, but seldom if ever in their lives ; their leisure 
 was much occupied in the sports of wood and field ; 
 and they were liberal in all that pertained to hawks 
 and hounds. Their tastes in this respect seem to have 
 been shared by not only the dignified secular clergy of 
 their day, but also by the abbots and priors of some of 
 the monasteries.' 
 
 " But it is in their military character of wardens of 
 the marches that the Lords Dacro of Naworth and 
 Gilsland have left their names in border history. 
 
 " The succession of these martial lords from the time 
 when they acquired the barony of fiilsland, may now 
 be briefly stated. The limits of this article do not 
 admit of any description of their paternal castle at 
 Dacre, or of their history from the time of that shadowy 
 ancestor in commemoration of whose visit to the Holy 
 Lan<l the pilgrim's scallop-shell still borne in the arms 
 of Howard was assumed as the cognisance of their lordly 
 and long-descended race. Suffice it, then, to say, that 
 Margaret, the heiress already mentioned, survived her 
 liusband Kalpli, first Lord Dacro of Gilsland, until 
 1.30'2, having, after his death, defended the castle of 
 Naworth, and managed the estates, with a masculine 
 energy. Thirteen years after her death, Edward III. 
 committed to Roger Lord ClilTord, whoso family it will 
 be remembered had large possessions in Westmoreland, 
 the custody of Naworth, a grant which was probably 
 made pending only the minority of William de Dacre, 
 who ere long succeeded, and in whose time (it is related) 
 tho Scots again appeared, and drove all the defenceless 
 persons in ( iilsiand into houses, to which they set Cre, 
 
 " > Thp history of Lanercnst, ns relnlcd by Iltitcliinson, affords an 
 examiile. In Ihe reiRii of Kdnnnl III., Thonms, a niiioiior Hexham, 
 was I'h'rtfd prior of Lanerctiht, and prnniist'd ihc liishop of Carlisle 
 ' not to fri<iiicnl pulilic huntings, or to keep so hirge a jmck of hounds 
 as he had formerly done.' 
 
 leaving the victims of their cruelty to be consumed. 
 During all the turbulent period which extended from 
 the reign of Richard II. to the year 1461, we do not 
 find any mention of Naworth ; but in that year Ralph, 
 sou of Thomas Lord Dacre, an adherent of the Red 
 Rose of Lancaster, fell fighting for Henry VI. on the 
 ensanguined field of Towton, and Naworth Castle, with 
 all his other estates, were seized by the victorious 
 Edward of York. His brother Humphrey, however, 
 submited to the dynasty of Edward IV. ; he was restored 
 to the family estates, and appointed warden of the west 
 marches, and he received summons as Lord Dacre of 
 Gilsland. He died in 1485, and was buried with 
 Mabel, his wife, beneath one of the well-known richly 
 sculptured altar-tombs in the north aisle of the Priory 
 Church of Lanercost. He was succeeded by Thomas 
 Lord Dacie, who in 1487 imitated the example of his 
 ancestor in the reign of Edward II. by canying off in 
 the night time from Brougham Castle Elizabeth, the 
 heiress of Greystoke, then a ward of the king, in the 
 custody of Henry de Clifford, earl of Cumberland, who 
 probably intended to marry her. By his marriage with 
 this young lady, who was cousin and heir of Raljjh Lord 
 Greystoke, Thomas Lord Dacre added the noble domain 
 of Greystoke to his own inheritance, and the united 
 estates were possessed by his descendants until 1.509, 
 when a partition took place. His spirited bearing was 
 afterwards exhibited in the battle of Flodden Field,' 
 where he commanded the right wing of the English 
 forces, and is said to have contributed gi-eatly to the 
 success of the Ei^glish arms. His services were con- 
 tinued through many succeeding years. He was 
 appointed a knight of the garter, and lord warden of 
 the west marches. 
 
 " It was this martial nobleman who built the curtain- 
 wall and massive gate-tower under which Naworth 
 Castle is entered, and some portions of the main 
 building seen before the fire were the work of his time. 
 The gate-tower gives access to tho outer court of the 
 castU'. The inner ([uadrangle was in his time entered 
 only thiougli tho original archway on the western side 
 of the main building. Ou the 2 Uh October, 1525, 
 after a life of martial activity, Thomas Lord Dacre was 
 called to "the fading honours of tho dead," and was 
 interred, with his wife, beneath a richly decorated altar 
 tomb, in the south aislo of the choir of Lanercost. 
 
 "He was succeeded by his eldest son William, who 
 was appointed warden of the western marches by 
 Henry VIII., on 2nd December, 1527, and his name 
 was a name of terror to the outlaws and marauders of 
 
 " 1 Fought ou the 9th September, lo\i. 
 
 78
 
 658 
 
 ESKDAI^ WARD. 
 
 thfe border lands.' He must have been a man of amazing 
 cnergv and martial spirit, and he took a part in most of 
 the public agitations and many of the warlike campaigns 
 of his dtiy. ' The Lords Dacre were all men of high 
 spirit and enterprise, and many of them seem to have 
 been favourites of the ladies. It is remarkable that one 
 of them shuold have carried otT his betrothed bride, the 
 heiress of Gilsland, from the wardship of King Edward 
 II., and that another, Thomas Lord Dacre, dashingly 
 followed, 170 years afterwards, the e.xample of his 
 ancestor, by carrying off Elizabeth, the heiress of Grey- 
 stoke, who was likewise in ward to the king. AVilliam 
 Lord Dacre, after a long and vigorous reign, died in 
 1364, leaving Thomas, his eldest son, who followed him 
 in 15tj.5, and three other sons, named Leonard, Edward, 
 and Francis, all of whom were overtaken by misfortune. 
 Georoe, son of the eldest of his brothers, survived his 
 father, and was the last male heir of the lords Dacre 
 of the north. By his untimely death, on 17th May, 
 1569, from accident at Thetford, when a child in the 
 wardship of the Duke of Norfolk, the estates and 
 baronies of Gilsland and Greystoke, and the rest of the 
 great possessions of his ancestors, were parted among 
 Lis three sisters and co-heirs. The youngest of these 
 ladies was the Lady Elizabeth D.icre, to whose share 
 fell Naworth Castle and the barony of Gilsland, and of 
 this portion she became heiress before she was sevea 
 years of age. By her marriage, these fair domains 
 were transferred to a branch of the noble house of 
 Howard, after having been possessed by the Dacres 
 during 200 years. 
 
 " It is remarkable that by an heiress — the heiress of 
 De Vaux — Naworth passed to the family of De Multon ; 
 that by the heiress of Thomas De Multon it came to 
 the family of Dacre; and that by another heiress — the 
 co-heiress of Thomas Lord Dacre — it was carried to 
 Lord William Howard. 
 
 " Of the state of Xaworth Castle during the childhood 
 of the young heiress, we have some proof in the fact 
 that when !Mary Queen of Scots was a prisoner at 
 Carlisle Castle (which was in 1568), Sir Francis linoUys 
 
 "1 Id 1531 Williiim Lord Dacre was accnsed of treasonable com- 
 mnnications, and (strange to say) alliances with the Scots. Being 
 conimitled lo the Tower, he was bronghi to trial before Thomas 
 Dnke of Norfolk, treasurer and earl marshal of England, appointed 
 lord high steward, and his peers. Probably these accnsations arose 
 out of enmity, or some jealousy on the part of Henry Earl of 
 Korthumberland, warden of the east marches. The indictment is 
 amongst the records of this curious state trial which are preserved in 
 the Tower of London, and it shows Lord Dacre to nave been accused 
 of treacheriius agreements for the protection of Scottish offenders. 
 The things alleged against him are hardly credible : at all events he 
 Tras acquitted. 
 
 "* See in Aich. .£liuis, i. 213, a lepiesentation of bis seal. 
 
 recommended to Elizabeth that Naworth Castle should 
 be selected for the detention of her royal captive as a 
 place then affording greater security than the castle of 
 Carlisle. 
 
 "Mary however was removed to the south, and 
 therefore we cannot add to the historical attractions of 
 Naworth ' the romantic and fascinating, mysterious 
 and sorrowful associations,' which hang round the 
 memory of ilary Stuart. In the following year (1 569) 
 occurred the memorable rebellion for the deliverance 
 of the Scottish Queen and the restoration of the Church 
 of England to the Roman communion; and it was to 
 Naworth Castle that the great northern lords — the 
 Earl of Westmoreland and the Earl of Northumberland 
 retired ; and they there dispersed their followers and 
 abandoned their chivalrous enterprise. At that time : 
 the barony of Gilsland and the possessions of the house 
 of Ddcre were iu abeyance between the co-heiresses. 
 Naworth Castle was again in the occupation of insur- 
 gent forces in a few months from that time ; but the 
 forces then collected had been levied for a less generous 
 purpose. Leonard Dacre, uncle of the youthful orphan 
 and heiress, claimed the estates of the Dacres of Gils- 
 land, and, being unsuccessful at law, assembled 3,000 
 men, chiefly levied among the freebooters of the border 
 lands, to enforce his claim by arms. He actually seized 
 Naworth Castle, and was in possession of it for a time 
 early in 1570. Lord Hunsdon, the governor of Ber- 
 wick, and Sir John Forster, warden of the middle 
 marches, were speedily sent against his band of despe- 
 radoes. They advanced from Hexham at the head of 
 1,500 men, and arrived on the 20th February, by day- 
 light, before Naworth. The beacons had burned all 
 night, and they found every hill covered by men, on 
 horse and on foot, who rent the air with their cries and 
 shouting. Passing Naworth, they were followed and 
 challenged by Leonard Dacre on a high moor near the 
 Gelt. He mustered a force of 1,500 foot and 600 
 horse. A sanguinary engagement ensued, which ended 
 in the defeat of Dacre, who fled into Scotland, and, 
 being afterwards attainted of treason, he escaped into 
 Louvain, and died in exile in 1581. It is now time 
 to pursue the history of the youthful hekess. Lady 
 Ehzabeth Dacre. 
 
 "In 1506, Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk, 
 who had twice before entered into wedlock, married 
 Elizabeth, widow of Thomas Lord Dacre, of Gilsland 
 and Greystoke. Their union was brief, for she died 
 in the following year, leaving George Lord Dacre and 
 his three sisters, already mentioned, her children by 
 Thomas Lord Dacre, her only issue. George was 
 killed iu his chUdhood, as already stated, in 1569, and
 
 BRAMPTON TARISH. 
 
 G59 
 
 bis youthful sisters remaiued in ward to their step- 
 father, the duke. He seems to have followed the 
 eiuuriple of Thomas de Multon, the justiciar, iu the 
 xeigu of Henry HI., who obtuiued a grant of the cus- 
 tody of the daughters and hcire of Richard de Lucy, 
 of ilgremont, with their lands and marriage, reserving 
 thereout a reasonable dower for Ada, the widow of De 
 Lucy — herself the daughter of Hugh de JMorville and 
 co-heiress of his large possessions. De Multon, not 
 content with marrying his own sons to his wards, the 
 daughters of Richard de Lucy, secured to his own 
 family the property both of the father aud the husband 
 by marrying the widow herself. 
 
 "The Duke of Norfolk by his first marriage, on which 
 he espoused Mary, daughter and heir of Henry Fitz- 
 Alan, earl of Ai'undel, had issue Philip earl of Arun- 
 del, ancestor of the celebrated eaii. The duke's second 
 wife was JMargaret, daughter aud sole heir of Thomas 
 Lord Audley of Waldcn, lord chancellor of England, 
 who, at the time of her marriage to the duke, was a 
 widow. By this marriage, Thomas, fourth duke of 
 Norfolk, had three sons, namely, Thomas, afterwards 
 Earl of Suffolk, heir to his mother's estate, Henry, who 
 ■ died young, aud William, afterwards celebrated as Lord 
 'William Howard of Naworth, who was born on the 
 19tli December, 1503. Their mother died within 
 a few weeks from that time. We may here briefly 
 glance at the ancestry of the last-mentioned nobleman. 
 
 " The Duke of Norfolk, his father, was the eldest son 
 of that Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, who is the great 
 ornament of his Ikmily — 'a nobleman,' says Mr. Lodge, 
 ' wbose character reflects splendour even on the name 
 of Howard.' Excelling in arts and in arms, a man of 
 learning in an unlearned age, a genius and a hero, of a 
 generous temper and a refined nature, uniting all the 
 gallantry and unbroken spirit of a rude period with the 
 elegancies and graces of a polished lera, enjoying 
 splendour of descent, possessing the highest honours 
 and ample wealth, and never relaxing his endeavours to 
 add the distinction of personal worth to his auccstral 
 honours — 
 
 • Who has not heard of Snrrey's ftmc ?' 
 
 " Yet neither his devotion to poetry and letters, nor 
 bis eminence in all the acconiplishnionts of that martial 
 age, could save him from the vengeance of bis jealous 
 and fickle sovereign when he was arraigned on some 
 frivolous accusations of treason. Tiio aeconi])lisl)ed Sur- 
 rey was beheaded on Tower Hill, in January, 1517, in 
 the thirty-first year of his ago. Soon afterwards the 
 sanguinary tyrant himself died, and by ilic accident of 
 his death the Duke of Norfolk, Surrey's father, who was 
 
 then a prisoner iu the Tower under a like sentence, 
 escaped its e.xecution. The son of the ill-fated Surrey, 
 who became fourth Duke of Norfolk, on the death of 
 his grandfather in 1554, was then about eighteen years 
 of age. Surrey's eldest daughter, the Lady Jane, who 
 married the last Earl of Westmoreland of the noble 
 house of Nevflle, is described as one of the most learned 
 ladies of her time, whose scholastic acquirements had 
 the rare accompaniments of gentle feminine manners, 
 good sense, and affection for her family and her duties. 
 From the disastrous end of the Rebellion of 1569 to the 
 close of his life the Earl of Westmoreland, her husband, 
 lingered in hopeless e.\ile. The countess spent the 
 remainder of her days iu retirement, lamenting the sad 
 fate which had bereaved her of a father and a brother, 
 who both died on the scati'uld, and of a husband exiled 
 for life from his honours and his country. The earl 
 languished till IGOl ; she died in 1593. 
 
 " Her brother, Thomas Howard, fourth duke of Nor- 
 folk, father of Lord William, was ' the most powerful 
 and most popular man in England;' but, allured by 
 ambition and animated by a chivalrous feeling towards 
 the accomplished and ill-fated Queen of Scots, the duke 
 in 1 568, when a year had not elapsed from his becoming 
 for a third time a widower, formed or assented to a 
 project for his marriage with that princess, then the 
 captive of the implacable Elizabeth. The story of this 
 perilous iutrigue forms a romantic and memorable 
 feature in the sad history of the lime, aud it speedily 
 conducted him to the fatal end of his father. He was 
 sacrificed to the animosity of the jealous and artful 
 Elizabeth on the iind June, 1572, being the first of her 
 victims who sutfered death on Tower Hill. By this 
 tragical event Lord William Howard was made an 
 orphan in the ninth year of his age. 
 
 " The iniquitous sacrifice of the duke deprived Lord 
 William of title, dignity, and estate, and reduced him to 
 tlie condition described by his father on committing him, 
 while himself under sentence of death, to the care of his 
 eldest brother, Philip Earl of Arundel, namely, that he 
 had 'nothing to feed the cormorants withal.' The 
 duke, after his alUance to the Dacre family, had, how- 
 ever, very wisely and prudently destined his three sons 
 for his three youthful wards, the heiresses of the great 
 baronies and estates of Thomas Lord Dacre, and his 
 design was fulfilled as to the two heiresses who survived, 
 but not in his own lifetime. The youthful Lady 
 Elizabeth Dacre was in ward to the queen after the 
 execution of the Duke of Norfolk ; aud it was well for 
 Lord William Howard that her baud was not disposed 
 of to some minion of the court. Accord ngly, when 
 arrived at luarriagcublc age, Auuc, the eldest daughter
 
 660 
 
 ESKDALK WARD. 
 
 of Thomas Lord Dacrc, was married to Philip Earl of 
 Arundel, and Elizabeth, the youngest, to Lord WilHam 
 Howard. Mary, the second daughter, had been betrothed 
 to Thomas, afterwards Lord Howard of Walden, first 
 carl of Suffolk, but died before marriage. Lord William 
 and his youthful bride were boru in the same year; she 
 had been left an orphan in her seventh year, Lord 
 William in his ninth. Brought up together, and 
 destined for each other from childhood, it is a remark- 
 able circumstance that, after a union of more than 
 sLxty years, he died in little more than twelve months 
 from her death. ' Their long union appears,' says the 
 late Mr. Henry Howard of Corby, in his 'Memorials 
 of the Howard Family, ' to have been one of the 
 truest affection, and his regard for her seems not ever 
 to have suffered variation or abatement.' His accounts 
 contain entries for many presents to her ; and he had 
 her portrait taken at seventy-three, by Jansen, the best 
 painter of the time. 
 
 " To return, however, to the story of their early life. 
 They were married on the 2Hth October, 1577 at Audley 
 End, near Safiron Walden, Essex (the maternal estate 
 of Thomas Howard, elder brother of Lord William), 
 when he was about fourteen years of age, the Lady 
 Elizabeth being some months younger; and they appear 
 to have resided for some time on an estate called 
 Mount Pleasant, in Enfield Chase. But they were 
 destined ere long to experience the rancour of perse- 
 cution for religion's sake. The sons of the Duke of 
 Norfolk, who was a Protestant, were intended to be 
 educated in that communion ; but they appear to havo 
 been influenced by the tutor whom he selected to 
 attend them at the Uaiversity of Cambridge with his 
 own convictions in favour of the Roman Catholic 
 church ; end when the Ear! of Arundel (Lord AVilliam's 
 eldest brother), about 1583, decided on joining that 
 communion, and imparted his resolve to Lord Tv illiam, 
 who was then about twenty-one years of age, the latter 
 readily agreed with him to adopt the same course, 
 although such a step, in those dreadful days of perse- 
 cution, rendered it necessary that they should leave 
 their native land, whoso councils were swayed by the 
 enemies of their family and faith. In 1582 the young 
 Earl of Arundel attempted to put in practice his design 
 for escaping to the continent, and prepared a letter for 
 the queen, in which he explained his reasons for that 
 resolution, and declared his undiminished allegiance to 
 her as his sovereign ; but being jealously watched in 
 all his movements, he was intercepted when about to 
 eml)ark, on the Susses coast, and was brought a close 
 prisoner to the Tower of London. Lord William, who 
 had now three children to engage his soUcitude, was 
 
 made to share his brother's captivity. This was about 
 Easter, 1585. 
 
 " A few months before the noble brothers were thus 
 deprived of their liberty, a new claimant to the Dacre 
 estates appeared, in the person of Francis Dacre, the 
 younger brother of Leonard and of Edward Dacre, both 
 of whom were then dead ; and he claimed as tenant in 
 tail, under colour of an attempted limitation of the 
 estates by Thomas Lord Dacre, their father. The 
 Lady Elizabeth, on attaining full age, had received 
 restitution of her paternal lands of Naworth and Gils- 
 land, which she enjoyed down to the time of the 
 imprisonment of liOrd William and his brother ; but 
 they were no sooner disabled from defending their 
 lands, than, at the suit of Francis Dacre, the estates 
 were sequestered from the heiresses, and they were 
 involved in a costly litigation. Lord William has him- 
 self related that ''Mr. Francis Dacre, not omitting his 
 advantage of time, prosecuted his cause with great vio- 
 lence, when both his adversaries were close prisoners 
 in danger of their lives, and in so deep disgrace of the 
 time, that scarce any friend or servant durst adventure 
 to show themselves in their cause ; nay, the counsellors 
 refused to plead their title when they had been for- 
 mally retained." 
 
 " At length Lord William and the earl his brother, 
 after having being fined by the Star Chamber, were 
 released from imprisonment ; and on Saint Peter's 
 day, 1380, obtained judgment in their favour in the 
 suit, notwithstanding which their lands continued to 
 be withheld under a variety of pretexts.^ In 1588, 
 the Earl of Arundel was again arrested on a charge of 
 treason, and Lord William falling under the weight of 
 hostile suspicion, was also again aiTCsted and committed 
 to custody, but was shortly afterwards liberated for 
 want of any evidence against him. AH the charges 
 that the myrmidons of persecution could bring forward 
 were, that the earl had harboured and sustained priests, 
 had corresponded with Allen and Parsons, and had in- 
 tended to depart from the realm without license. Yet 
 on these accusations he was, after a lingering delay, 
 brought to trial before his peers, in 1589, and con- 
 demned to die. Ehzabeth perhaps trembled when she 
 thought of the noble blood she had already shed upon 
 the scaffold, and did not wish to charge her soul with 
 his. She therefore thought fit to extend what was 
 called ' her clemency' towards him, and accordingly he 
 never felt the edge of the axe, but was suffered to await 
 the termination of his life immured in the Tower. The 
 room in which the earl was confined has recently 
 
 ' MS. LansJ. No. lOG, art. 2.'), contaius nn account of the trial 
 relatiug to tlie title of the co-heiresses to their lands.
 
 BRAMPTON PARISH. 
 
 661 
 
 received a good deal of public notice. It is a large 
 chamber in Beauchamp's Tower, anciently the place of 
 confinement for state prisoners. A number of inscrip- 
 tions e.xist on the walls, the undoubted autographs of 
 several illustrious and unfortunate tenants of this once 
 dreary mansion. Among them, in a line bold character, 
 is a touching sentence with the signature of the earl, 
 dated 23nd June, 1587. He languished in the Tower 
 until Nov. 1595, when death released him, in the 
 fortieth year of his age. In person the earl is 
 described to have been very tall, of a dark complexion, 
 with an agreeable mi.\ture of sweetness and dignity in 
 his countenance. Before his imprisonment, and in his 
 happier days, he and his wife, the Lady Anne, had 
 settled on the Dacre estate at Greystoke, the noble 
 castle, barony, and domains of that lordship being her 
 portion on the division of the paternal estates. By his 
 attainder, his half of the Dacre estates was forfeited to 
 the crown, and many years elapsed before restitution 
 to his successor. He was survived by his son, the 
 celebrated antiquary and collector, and by the Lady 
 Anne, his widow, who lived until the 13th April, 1030, 
 when she had attained the age of seventy-two. She 
 was a woman of genius, and her letters evince an unaf- 
 fected piety and tenderness of character. 
 
 " This digression from the principal subject of the 
 present article has been occasioned by the feeling that 
 the noble and unfortunate brother of Lord William 
 Howard shares in the interest with which we regard all 
 that relates to himself. To return to the history of 
 Lord William : — 
 
 " The estates of the heiress of Naworth and Gilsland 
 were still withheld ; and finally Lord William Howard, 
 and the widow of his brother, were compelled in the year 
 1601 to purchase their own lands of the queen, for the 
 sum of £10,000. Lady Elizabeth had attained her 
 thirty-seventh year before she was permitted to enjoy 
 her patrimony. Jlr. Howard, the father of the present 
 lord of Corby, ia his ' Jlemorials of the Howard Family,' 
 remarks that it does not appear how she and Lord 
 William managed to subsist, and meet the high charges 
 and exactions to which they were subjected ; and his 
 accounts from 1019 to 1028, inclusive, show that he 
 was still ill debt, and paid ten per cent, interest for 
 borrowed money. The accession of King James opened 
 fairer prospects to the house of Howard, which had 
 suffered so much, and lain so long under spoliation and 
 forfeiture, for the attachment of the Duke of Norfolk to 
 the ill-fated mother of that monarch. On the accession 
 of James, Lord William was restored in blood ; and, in 
 company with his uncle, Henry Howard, afterwards 
 earl of Northampton, went into Cumberland in 1003, 
 
 and met James on his entry into the kingdom. Pro- 
 bably Lord William was first invested by the new 
 monarch with the otlice of king's lieutenant and warden 
 of the marches in 1005. 
 
 " It seems that while he was deprived of his wife's 
 patrimony the chief part of the timber in the parks was 
 cut down. By an inquisition taken in 1589 it was 
 found that ' Naworth park' contained 200 acres, ' with 
 great store of old oak wood, worth to sell £'200 ;' and a 
 chase, called Bridgewood, is mentioned as containing 
 the like quantity of woodland, and another £200 worth 
 of timber. In the same inquisition, the commissioners 
 report to the crown that ' the faire castle is in very 
 great decay in all parts.' 
 
 " Lord William was no sooner reinstated in his pro- 
 perty than he began to contemplate the repair of the 
 old baronial stronghold, which during the long years of 
 persecution had been neglected and deserted. The 
 repairs seem to have been commenced some time 
 before 1007, and to have been then in active progress. 
 At that time Camden, the great antiquary, visited 
 Naworth, where he found its noble owner living the life 
 of a scholar as well as a soldier. His private tastes and 
 his public occupations so blended these charactei-s, that 
 it might be said of him as poets feigned of Sir Phihp 
 Sidney, that Mars and Mercury fell at variance whose 
 servant he should be. Camden speaks of him as ' an 
 attentive and learned searcher into venerable antiquity ;' 
 and ill another passage says, ' He copied for me with his 
 own hand the inscriptions found at Castle Steads:' allud- 
 ing to the inscriptions on Roman altars and tablets 
 collected from the vicinity, and brought together by 
 Lord William, in the gardens of Naworth Casde.' 
 
 " Wiiile the repairs were in progress ho resided, with 
 his family, chielly at his favourite hunting-seat of 
 Thornthwaite, in Westmoreland. Of his income about 
 this time we have interesting particulars in an account- 
 book in his own hand writing, which was at Naworth 
 Castle when the late Mr. Howard, of Corby, wrote his 
 'Howard IMomorials.' On the Mth December, 1011, 
 the auditor delivered in at Naworth Castle an account 
 of the ' ti'ue clero valines ' of my lord's estates for the 
 year, to the ilartinmas preceding. They are returned 
 in the counties of iliddlesc.x, Hertford, York, Durham, 
 Northumberland, Westmoreland, and Cumberland. 
 First there is the princely domain of Castle Howard, 
 then known by its ancient name of Ilinderskelf,- the 
 
 "> See Horsley as to the Roman autiquities funiieil}- at Navortb, 
 pp. 18J, Ml, •ar>, 257, i'lS 2711, a77. 
 
 " • Tliis property occurs, in l\K>, in llio imssossion of the Basset 
 familv, and it was troiiglii by ilic heiress of their estate into the 
 familit'sof Griuithurp and G roysioke, nnil on the partition fell to the 
 youthful heiress of Naworth, Lady Elizabeth Dacre.
 
 6C2 
 
 ESKDALE WATin. 
 
 yearly vnlue of which is set down at JC420 lOs. lOjd. 
 Then there is the Morpeth property — which Mary de 
 Merley had carried four centuries before to William do 
 Greystoke — this is set down at £741 lis.' The Cnm- 
 berlanJ estates produced £1,173 13s. 2Jd.; and the 
 total income from all the counties is the sum of 
 £3,884 Us. ]}d. The yearly income varied, but may 
 be taken to have been on an avcrajje equivalent to at 
 least £10,000 a year of money of the present day. 
 Lord William himself declared, twenty years later, that 
 'his parks, liberties, and forests, iu the compass of his 
 own tenitories, were as great a quantity in one place as 
 any nobleman in England possessed.' The demesne 
 lands described in the above-mentioned account as ' iu 
 the lord's hand,' at Naworth and Brampton, are set j 
 down as containing 2,178 acres, and there were then 
 remaining on them 1,110 cattle of all sorts, and 3,000 
 sheep. In these rural districts, as might have been 
 expected, a large portion of the available wealth of the 
 owner was commonly invested in live stock. Thus 
 (ex. fjr.) a Yorkshire testator in the si.xteeuth century, 
 the inventory of whose effects is amongst the wills 
 proved at rachmond, died possessed of 3,391 sheep, 
 which were valued at £506 7s. 6d. 
 
 " But considerable as was Lord William's income 
 
 from his broad lands in so many parts of the country, 
 
 his extensive alterations and repairs at Naworth, which 
 
 ■were in progress during a period of twenty years, must 
 
 ' have absorbed a great part of it. 
 
 "Lord William's alterations and repairs greatly 
 changed the aspect of the castle in the inner court, and 
 in its interior arrangements, and the work of his time 
 forms the third of the four divisions or periods now 
 marked in its architecture. Lord William hightened 
 the great hall, and enlarged the windows which light it. 
 He altered the interior of the principal tower which 
 foiTns the south-western angle of the fortress, by adapt- 
 ing its upper floors for dwelling-rooms. He repaired 
 the warders' gallery, enlarged its long range of windows, 
 and adapted for the purposes of his own habitation the 
 very remarkable chambers iu the tower at the south- 
 eastern angle of the fortress, which is still called ' Lord 
 "William's Tower.' He made the present entrance in 
 the southern part of the castle under the gallery and 
 chapel, and built walls in the vaulted chambers or crypt 
 below the chapel and the haU, by which passages and 
 servants' rooms were formed on the basement. The 
 
 " 1 Of LorJ William Howard's connection with Morpeth, an inter- 
 eating memorial is preserved by the corporation, in tlie form of a 
 silver mace, which he gave to liis burgesses of Morpeth in 1001. It 
 bears the arms of James I., and of the several families whose inherit- 
 ance had centred in the noble donor, and it is perhaps onique 
 amongst relics of this kind. 
 
 domestic chambers on the western and the northern side 
 were also repaired and altered in his time. The fire in 
 1844 destroyed some buildings on the western side of 
 the inner court, which had blocked up the fine pointed 
 archway that formerly gave access to the castle, and 
 was probably disused from the time when Lord Wil- 
 liam effected these repairs.' The late restorations have 
 been so judiciously made that the character has been 
 preserved of the original architecture, and also of the 
 work of Lord William's time, as each stood at the 
 period of the fire. Some of the interior fittings placed 
 by Lord William in his castle, thus altered and 
 repaired, are still preserved. They may now be men- 
 tioned briefly. 
 
 " Shortly before the time when he began these 
 repairs, the disiuautliug and destruction of the castle 
 of Kirkoswald (which by the marriage of the only 
 daughter of the Thomas Lord Dacre, who died in 1457, 
 had fallen to the family of 'Lord Dacre of the South'), 
 gave Lord William the opportunity of acquiring for his 
 castle the oak ceilings and wainscot work which had 
 been placed in the ancient hall and chapel of Kirk- 
 oswald, and he obtained these, and applied them to 
 the same uses at Naworth. These roofs were divided 
 into panels, and a grim old portrait of some historical 
 personage was painted in every panel. In the castle 
 chapel at Naworth, as well as in the hall, there was one 
 of these curious oak ceilings, and the altar end was 
 also fitted up with wainscot in panels filled with por- 
 traits of patriarchs and ecclesiastics. All this antique 
 oakwork, iu both hall and chapel, perished in the con- 
 flagration ; but in the chamber which Lord William 
 used as his library, there is still the fine oak roof, in 
 panels, elaborately carved, with bold heraldic bosses, 
 enriched formerly by gold and colours, which is said to 
 have been brought hither from Kirkoswald by Lord 
 William. Some other relies of Kirkoswald Castle 
 escaped the fire. The most remarkable of these are 
 four heraldic figures in oak, the size of life, which 
 were brought by Lord William to his hall at Naworth 
 to bear banners, and they now do duty in the same 
 capacity. One of them represents the Grimthorp Dol- 
 phin, with a beacon upon its head — the cognizance 
 borne by Eal[jh de Greystoke ; another is the Multon 
 Sta" ; the third is the sable Griffin of De Vaux ; and 
 the fourth is the Dacre Bull. They have looked down 
 on many a feast whore fish and beef and venison 
 smoked before the successors of those great families ; 
 and now, unscathed by time and fire, and with their 
 
 " 1 On the recent repairs, a painted window of two lights, which had 
 bnen walled up, was disclosed on the north side of the great tower at 
 the souih-wesiern angle of the fortress.
 
 BRAMPTON PARISH. 
 
 063 
 
 proper colours restored, they seem, to belong to the 
 lares and penatcs of this noble hiill. 
 
 " Lord William enriched his oratory (which adjoined 
 his library) with some sculptured figures in alabaster, 
 which likewise came from Kirkoswald, and by some 
 curious paintings on pauel, which probably the reform- 
 ing commissioners had ejected from the neighbouring 
 priory church of Lanercost. These also have escaped, 
 and have been lalely renovated. The old oak wainscot 
 of the library likewise remains,' and the original waiu' 
 scot of Lord William's bedroom below has also been 
 preserved, and still lines its walls. The bedstead and 
 furniture (which are used by Lord Carlisle on bis visits) 
 are new, having been made lately, on the model of 
 those which had been preserved in this chamber from 
 Lord William's time. To these chambers, when he 
 inhabited them, the only approach was through the 
 warders' gallery, and this seems to have been reached 
 only by the ancient winding stairs in the principal 
 tower. 
 
 " In the castle thus altered and furnished for habi- 
 tation. Lord William was residing in (and probably for 
 some time before) 1020. A few years later, when all 
 his family, sons, daughters, and their wives and hus- 
 bands, surrounded their noble parents at Naworth, they 
 are said to have numbered fifty-two in family. How 
 merrily they must have celebrated Christmas in their pa- 
 ternal hall ! It appears from the steward's account- that 
 in 1U35 the household charges for fourteen days at 
 Naworth amounted to £10 17s. Id. Lord William 
 necessarily maintained a large number of followers and 
 domestics, and he was accustomed to move about with 
 many retainers. 
 
 "In 1017 he met King James T. at Carlisle with a 
 large body of his armed servants ; and when he came 
 from Naworth to visit Lord Scrope, governor of Carlisle, 
 he marched into the castle at the head of a body of 
 armed followers.' Tiie visitor at Naworth in the present 
 day finds no diliiculty in imagiuiug tlie scene that was 
 presented there — 
 
 ' When, from bcncntli tlio greenwood tree, 
 Bode I'orLli Lord Llowuril's cliivalry; 
 Aad men nt arms, wiili gluivc nnil spoor, 
 Crouglit up tbo cliiufluin's glitl'ring rear.' 
 
 " In IC'2'1 mention occurs of a house in St. Martin's 
 Lane, London, to which Lord William had frequently 
 
 I It sinnds dotnclird fmm the vtaW, tlio restomtion of tliis aport- 
 nenl tiol being cumpluted. 
 
 "° Kditod l>y tlio lute Mr Ilnvurd, orCiirby Casllo, in hit ' Memo- 
 t'uth uf ihe Howard I'luuil}' (piivutely priuleil). 
 
 "•Jtffcrson's 'lILiloryuf Ciirlialc' 
 
 occasion to repair — not, however, for the purpose of 
 frequenting the dangerous precincts of a court, or going 
 within the vortex of political strife ; for, warned by the 
 fate of his ancestors, he had at an early age retired to 
 his estates in the north, and renounced the perilous 
 honours tliat might have rewarded a contrary and more 
 ambitious course. The cost of each of his journeys to 
 London, with from eighteen to twenty-four attendants 
 and twelve horses, going and returning, varied from £'1 5 
 to £21, but was sometimes more. In the year last 
 mentioned (1621) he was absent on his journey to 
 London from 25th May to 20th June, and the charges 
 atuounted to £38 14s. 8d. In the following year his 
 rilling charges from London only, beginning 28th May, 
 were jE12 12s. 3d. He seems to have passed little 
 more time in London than he was obliged to do, and to 
 have 
 
 ' Iiong'd for rough glades and forest free.' 
 
 "In 1623 he went to Spa, for the benefit of his health, 
 accompanied by Lady Elizabeth. They proceeded by 
 way of London and Calais, and on tlicir return came 
 from Dunquerque to Newciistle by ship. The total cost 
 of this journey was the large sum of i'212 10s. 3d. 
 
 " Of his pecuniary circumstances in this and preced- 
 ing years bis accounts afford some curious traces. In 
 1019 he was still so straitened, from the plunder ho had 
 sulTerod by Queen Elizabeth and from the cost of the 
 repairs ho was making, that he allowed himself for 
 pocket money only twenty shillings a month, which 
 scanty sum ho had increased in 1027 to the njagnificent 
 allowance of £30 a year ! From that period, however, 
 he bought more costly furniture and books ; planted his 
 estates ; and was paying marriage portions for his 
 daughters, but still by instalments only. The termi- 
 nation of his steward's accounts in the following year 
 (1 028) unfortunately destroys from that time the clue to 
 these curious particulars of his private life. 
 
 " It may be interesting to mention here a few of the 
 items of expenditure that are set down in the steward's 
 account. 
 
 " There are several payments of 5s. to the barber for 
 cutting hair and trimming my lord's beard. A pair of 
 silk lioso cost 30s., another 38s., and this was in 1(>19. 
 A pair of gloves for my lord os., a black frieze jorkia 
 for ray lord lOs. ; a pair of boots 10s., and a 'pair of 
 spurs 2s. ; a silk belt for the sword -is. ; and a scarf for 
 my lord to wear in riding Os. ; shirts, bands '(pivbably 
 of laco,) and handkerchief, for my loril, i'O 8s.. and 
 every year at least two pairs of spectacles : one pair 
 is set down nt the modest price of cightconponco. 
 
 " Some articles of lu.xuiy occur. Amongst these are, 
 to Jlr. Leonard Milboru, for a coach and four horses,
 
 664 
 
 ESKDALE WAItD. 
 
 JE30., (surely this can have been only a part of the 
 price ?) two saddle-cloths, bridles, reins and funiiture 
 for my lord, X'3 18s. ; two silver candlesticks £10 17s.; 
 and two silver flagons, bought in 1G28, cost 5s. 9d. an 
 ounce ; a silver hand-bell for my lord 38s. ; six Tur- 
 key carpets, in JO 10, £G 3s.; three yards of crim- 
 son velvet to make a carpet, 42s. : the carpet, with gold 
 and silk fringe, cost altogether £4 16s. 
 
 " He frequently made presents to ' my lady.' The 
 cost of soi)ie of these is recorded in the accounts. For 
 example, a watch for my lady, in 1024, cost £4; a 
 gown for my lady in 'somer' £0; a black fan, with 
 silver handle, Cs. Cd. ; and two fine felt hats for my 
 lady, 14s. 
 
 " The steward's accounts for the few years preserved 
 unfortunately do not contain payments for books or 
 works of art. Forensic eloquence was wofully underpaid 
 if we are to take as an example what Jlr. Banks 
 received ' for arguing the cause' respecting Corby, viz., 
 lis. 
 
 " The many evidences of Lord William Howard's 
 prudent economy and careful management that might 
 be brought forward, show that the formidable chieftain 
 ■was not one of those who kept in order (as Lord Byrou 
 said) everything and everybody except himself. 
 
 " Books which have come down to his successors in 
 the state in which he used them, and many memorials 
 of his devotion to literary tastes and pursuits, testify 
 the way in which this great man was accustomed to 
 occupy his leisure hours.' Books appear to have af- 
 forded solace in the troubles of his early life, and to 
 have remained dear to him in the prosperity of his age. 
 History, especially ecclesiastical history, seems to have 
 been his favourite reading ; he also took much interest 
 in the antiquities of his county, and in heraldry and 
 genealogy. 
 
 " He collected many valuable MSS., probably, for 
 the most part, from the spoils of the monasteries scat- 
 tered in the preceding centuiy ; and some of these, 
 inscribed by his own hand, are preserved in the Arundel 
 Collection and in the Royal Society's Library. 
 
 " The register of St. Alban's Abbey during the 
 government of Abbot Whethamstede — which is now 
 preserved amongst the Arundel Collection in the 
 Herald's College, and is one of the most remarkable 
 of its class of historical MSS. — belonged to Lord AVil- 
 liam Howard, and may perhaps be taken as an example 
 of the kind of MSS. he collected. It was commenced 
 
 " ^ The qtiantity of papers tbflt he wrote on the litigation with 
 regard to the rights of the co-heiresses of Lord Dacre, indicate the 
 active part he took in these questions, and his power of patient 
 laboiu. 
 
 in the reign of Henry VI., and is chiefly in the writing 
 of the venerable abbot, and it is adorned with some 
 rich and elaborate illuminations. This MS. bears Lord 
 William Howard's autograph. He was a warm friend 
 of the illustrious antiquary Sir Robert Cotton, to whose 
 diligence it is well known that we owe the preservation 
 at this day of many valuable MSS. that had been once 
 treasured in the monasteries, a large number of which 
 enrich the celebrated collection in the British Museum 
 that bears his name. Lord William gave one of his 
 daughters to Sir Robert Cotton's son, with a portion 
 amounting to £500. Lord William and his distin- 
 guished fiieud seem to have been animated by kindred 
 zeal for the preservation of learning ; and the same 
 hand that drew up a list of sixty-eight felons taken by 
 him, and for the most part executed for felonies in 
 Gilslaiid and elsewhere, and that bore the Lord 
 Marcher's sword to the terror of moss-troopers, edited 
 the Chronicle of Florence of Worcester, one of the old 
 monastic historians of England. His collection of 
 printed books, a large number of which remain in his 
 tower at Naworth, including many works on history — 
 ecclesiastical, ancient, and medianal ; and amongst 
 them are some black and ponderous tomes and books 
 of rarity and value. A catalogue of his books was 
 indorsed in his own hand, and the notes on the margins 
 of several bear witness to his attentive reading. One 
 is not surprised to find that ' Shaksperc's Plays ' were 
 (and may still be) amongst his books. He was accus- 
 tomed to contemplate the examples of heroic and gene- 
 rous actions recorded in history, and he knew how 
 potent is the tragic muse 
 
 ' To wake the soul by tender strokes of art ; 
 To raise the genius and to mend the heart ; 
 To make mankind in conscious virtue hold. 
 Live o'er each scene, and be what they behold.' 
 
 " Were it not for the subjects of the books preserved 
 in his well-guarded tower, and for what is known of his 
 character, it might have been supposed that the mystic 
 projects of the alchemists, or the dreams of judicial 
 astrology, were his pursuits in this place of seclusion. 
 His library was to him the domain of the tranquil past, 
 where the battle-fields of actual life gave place to the 
 scenes of history, where the helmet could be exchanged 
 for her immortal garlands, and conquests be achieved 
 that in the turmoil of public life could not be won. It 
 is very honourable to his descendants that they pre- 
 served these, and all other memorials of his life, as 
 nearly as possible in the state in which he left them. 
 It has been already mentioned that 'Lord AVilliam's 
 Tower ' was in his time accessible only through the
 
 BRAMPTON PARISH. 
 
 long gallery paced by his armed warders ; and liis 
 chambers were readied by a narrow winding stair, and 
 were guarded by two doors of great strength at and 
 near tlic entrance from the gallery. ' The lower 
 chamber svas his licdrooni ; above it was his library, and 
 beside the place of study was his private oratory." All 
 these apartments, the very furniture he used, the books 
 he road, the trusty blade he wielded for his sovereign, 
 and the altar at which he knelt before the King of 
 Kings, were preserved so completely in their original 
 state down to the lime of the fire, that, as Sir Walter 
 Scott remarked, they carried back the visitor to the 
 hour when the warden in person might be heard 
 ascending his turret-stair, and almost led you to expect 
 his arrival. 
 
 " Of Lord William Howard in his more important 
 yet less pleasing public character, little has yet; been 
 said, for one is tempted to dwell on all the traces that 
 exhibit the noble chieftain surrounded by family endear- 
 ments, and devoting his leisure to his much -loved 
 books. His public life, though of great and permanent 
 utility to the country, by establishing witl'.in the borders 
 habits of obedience to the laws, and respect for life and 
 ]iroperty, does not, however, furnish much of historical 
 incident. But we know that he was diligent and suc- 
 cessful in the discharge of his olheial duties, that he 
 maintained a garrison of 140 men, that his name was 
 a name of terror to the lawless and disobedient, ' who,' 
 says Fuller, 'had two enemies — the laws of the laud 
 and Lord William Howard of Naworth,' and that by 
 bis vigilance and firmness, his uncompromising justice, 
 and, when necessary, his severity, he restored peace and 
 order to those parts of the realm, and gained the 
 honourable titlo of ' The Civiliser of our Bordere.' 
 Tiio dark and gloomy prison-vault which is situated at 
 the basement of the south westeru or principal tower of 
 the castle, is a terrible monument of the severity expe- 
 rienced by prisoners, 
 
 ' Doom'J in snd Jiirnnco pining to abide 
 The long delny of Lope from Solwoj's further side." 
 
 1 
 Some rings remain on the walls of this dungeon. Its 
 
 roof is vaulted with massive elliptical ribs, similar to 
 
 "'I.oid Willinni's Tower seems to hnvo owed its preservation to 
 r!ie ononnons thickness of its wnlN. Tlie lower clininlter is very I 
 ititercslinR, os tile mnssivo arches or ribs of stone, on wliich the ' 
 npiHT stories of the tower are rarrieil, eross its roof dingonnlly, and i 
 nri' in ailniirnMe prcservntioii, although the fire raged llereily in ibis 
 pari of the castle. 
 
 "-A seeret chamber has been contrived between the level of tlio 
 oratory and the floor below. The descent to it was behind tlie 
 naiiifcol of the altar, and in the dark days of persecution it probably 
 more than once formed a liiiliiigplacc for priests. 
 
 70 
 
 I 
 
 those which are better seen in the lower apartment of 
 Lord William's Tower, which is now opened to the 
 staircase at the south end of the hall. 
 
 " The portraits of Lord William represent a tall 
 person, with sharp features, and a countenance marked 
 by character and energy ; and to these pictorial repre- 
 sentations Sir Walter Scott has added a chivalric por- 
 trait of the noble chieftain's appearance in the neU- 
 kiiown lines — 
 
 ' Costly liis garb, — his Flemish raff • 
 Fell o'er his doublet shaped, of bull", 
 
 With satin slaih'J and lined ; 
 Tawny his hoot and gold his spur, 
 His cloak was nil of Poland fur, 
 
 His hose with silver twined; 
 His Bilboa lliule, by Jlarcli-men felt. 
 Hung in a broad and studded belt.' 
 
 By the epithet ' Belted Will ' Lord William Howard is 
 commonly known. A belt said to have been worn by 
 him used to be shown at Naworth, and a ' broad aud 
 studded belt' it was, it being of leather, three or four 
 inches broad, aud covered with a couplet in German, the 
 letters on metal studs, from which circumstance it has 
 been imagined that some charm was attributed to this 
 belt. The baldrick or broad belt was, however, in 
 former times commonly worn as a distinguishing bad^e 
 by persons in high station, and therefore does not seem 
 likely to have furnished a distinguishing epithet : more- 
 over, in his portraits. Lord William's belt is not promi- 
 nent, and indeed is represented as remarkablv narrow. 
 In Cumberland the characteristic epithet attached to his 
 name was ' Bauld Willie' — meaning ' Bold William' — 
 a just description, certainly, of the noble 
 
 ' Howard, than whom knight 
 Was never dubb'd, more bold in light ; 
 Nor, when from war and armour free, 
 Jlore famed for stately courtesy.' 
 
 "To this gracious quality, testituony has been borne 
 in tho very interesting narrative of an excursion by 
 three militiry ollicers, who were quartcrod at Xorwicb, 
 and started from that place on Monday, 11th August, 
 103 1, and who, after an absence of seven weeks, 
 relumed to Norwich, having in that time visited tiie 
 northern and some other counties of England. Their 
 narrative is preserved in the Lansdowno JISS. The 
 portion relating to Lord Willinin Howard is .short. 
 The travellers had been at Hexham, and, coutinuiiif 
 
 o 
 
 their journey westward, passed by Langloy Castle, 
 Thirlwall, and Gelt Forest, to visit Naworth. Iking 
 prevented by Lord William's absence from paving their 
 respects to him on their arrival, they ' met with lucky 
 eutertainmeut in a little poore cottage in his liberties.
 
 66G 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 driven in thither by very ill weather (to wit,) a cup of 
 nappy ale, ami a peece of red deer pye — more than we 
 thought fit (said the cottagers) to acquaint his lordship 
 withal.' The travellers proceeded to Carlisle, and 
 arrived at the inn called the Angel, in the market-place. 
 In the morning, they went to the cathedral, which 
 they thought like a ' great, wild country church,' and 
 they gave an account, by no means flattering, of the 
 organ and the singing. 
 
 "' Wliiist we were perambulating ithey continue) in 
 this strong garison tmvne, wo heard of a messenger 
 from th:it trulv noble lord we the last day missed on 
 at Naworth, with a curteous invitation to dinucr the 
 next day at Corby Castle (for there his Lp. then was), 
 which we accompted (as it was indeed) a mighty favour 
 from soe noble a person. The next day we went thither, 
 and were by that gcjierous brave lord curteously and 
 nobly entertayned, snd sorry he said he was that hee 
 was not at Naworth to give us there the like. His 
 Lp's. comauds made us to transgresse good manners, 
 for neither would he suffer us to speak uncover'd, nor 
 to stand up (although our duty required another posture), 
 but plrtc'd us by his I.p. himselfe to discourse with him 
 until dinner time. Anon appeared a grave and virtuous 
 matron, his houble. lady, who told us indeed we were 
 heartily welcome, and, whilst our ancient and myself 
 addressed ourselves to satisfy bis lordship in such occur- 
 rents of Norfolke as he pleased to aske and desired to 
 know, wee left our modest captaine to relate to his 
 noble lady what she desired to know. These noble 
 twain, as it pleased them to tell us themselves, could not 
 make above twenty-five yeeres both togeather when first 
 they were marry 'd, that now can make above 140 yeeres, 
 and are very hearty, well, and nierij. And long may 
 they continue soe, for soe have they all just cause 
 to pray that live neere them, for their hospitality and 
 fre entertainment agrees with their generous and noble 
 extraction, and their yeares retaine the memory of their 
 honble. predecessors' bountifull housekeeping.' 
 
 " This was in IBS-t, and the coiirse of the noble pair 
 was then nearly run. Lord William had become — 
 
 'A bearded knight in arms grown old.' 
 
 " Tie had given peace to the borders, and substituted 
 obedience for anarchy. The whole vale from the walls 
 of Naworth to the distant border, once 
 
 ' Familiar with bloodshed as the morn with dew,* 
 
 owned the authority of law, and began to respect the 
 rights of property. His life had been passed in acts 
 worthy of the heroism of bis ancestors. He had by his 
 prudence and just dealing surmounted the difficulties 
 
 under which he came to the barony, and he had consoli- 
 dated a noble inheritance for his posterity. He had 
 seen his children grow to be the comfort and pride of 
 his age, and he hud formed for them many honourable 
 alliances. We may be allowed to believe that, after a 
 life parsed, as bis was passed, he could meet death, as 
 he had been accustomed to meet his enemies, without 
 fear, 
 
 ' Nor shrinlt to hear Eternity's long surge 
 Break on the shores of Time.' 
 
 He departed this life on the 20th of October, 1G40, at 
 Naworth, in the seventy-seventh year of his age, having 
 survived Lady Elizabeth little more than twelve mouths, 
 she having died on the 1 f^th October, 1030. Of the place 
 or places of their interment no register has been pre- 
 served, in consequence, probably, of the ravages of the 
 plague at that time. The late Mr. Howard thought it 
 most probable that she was buried with her ancestors 
 at Lanercost, and be had seen a copy of a steward's 
 account in which it was stated that Lord William was 
 buried in Greystoke church, under the ' great blue 
 stone.' It was raised some years back, and bones were 
 found below, but it bore no inscription. In the now 
 rooiless and grass-grown choir of the abbey church of 
 Lanercost, and among its mossy tombs, we look in vain 
 for any sepulchral monument of the noble pair ; but 
 the character and feelings of the present Earl of 
 Carlisle, and the spirit evinced in his restorations at 
 Naworth, induce the belief that a monument will ere 
 long be erected to Lord William and Lady Elizabeth 
 Howard. As already mentioned, Lord William caused 
 a full-length portrait of Lady Elizabeth to be painted 
 by Cornelius Jansen, in the year 1037, wbeu she had 
 attained her seventy-third year. This, and a full-length 
 companion portrait of Lord William himself by the 
 same eminent artist, are preserved at Castle Howard, and 
 copies of them decorate the upper end of the great hall of 
 Naworth Castle.' The very attire in which Lord William 
 
 " ' These escaped the fire by a remarkable aecident; they were at 
 the time in the hands of a pitnure. frame maker at Newcastle. At 
 the time of the fire tliere was at Naworth a portrait of Lady Elizabeth, 
 taken when she was fourteen years of age. It is known to 
 have been carried out of the castle at the time of the fire, and has 
 been lost Some description of it is given in the following letter 
 adilressed to Lord Carlisle by the late Mr. Hem-y Howard, of Corby 
 Castle, dated Uih March, Isa:,. 
 
 "'I have sent hack the l.ady Eliz"" Dacre's portrait to Naworth 
 Castle, carefully packed, and return your lordship tlianks for the 
 permission to ray (lau;;hter to copy it. Tlie character given to the 
 face inakes it probable that it was a trae likeness; and considering 
 the personage, I think yr lordship will be inclined to pay some 
 attention to its preservation. The dress of the lady is much orna- 
 mented; she wears a cap in the form of [liose given to Mary Queen 
 of Scots, which has a peak in front coming on to the forehead, with
 
 BRAMPTON PARISH. 
 
 667 
 
 is represented is meiitioiieJ in liis steward's account, 
 and the i^everal items appear to have cost altogether 
 £17 7s. Ud. His dress is a close jacket of black figured 
 thick silk, with rounded skirts to raid-thigh, and many 
 small buttons. The hose, of black silk, and black silk 
 stockings come above tiie knee, and are tied with silk 
 garters and bows. He wears a plain, falling shirt 
 collar ; the sleeves are turned up at the wrist. His 
 dress-rapicr has a gilt basket-hilt, and hangs by a narrow 
 belt of black velvet with gilt hooks. 
 
 " Lord William Howard had five sons and three 
 daughters. His eldest son, Pliilij), born in 1.j83, died in 
 his lifetime, leaving a son and heir named William, 
 the ancestor of the Earls of Carlisle. Lord William's 
 second son was Sir Francis Howard, for whom he pur- 
 chased in lO'Jl the fair estates of Corby, and who was 
 ancestor of the line now represented by Mr. Philip 
 Howard. Charles Howard, a great-grandson of Lord 
 William, succeeded to tiio barony as early as 10 12, by 
 the speedy deaths of his intermediate ancestors, and, 
 preserving their traditional atttichment to the house of 
 Stuart, he became instrumental in the restoiation of 
 Charles II., and was better rewarded than some other 
 noble Royalists who had suflfered for their master. In 
 lOGI he was created Earl of Carlisle, Viscount Howard 
 of Morpeth, and Baron Dacre of Gilsland — honours 
 borne by the present earl. The talents of Charles firet 
 Earl of Carlisle led to his em])loyment in diplomatic 
 missions, in which cupacity, as well as in arms, several 
 of his descendants likewise served their country : and 
 they haie adorned their high lineage by mental attain- 
 ments and personal worth. 
 
 Of the fortunes of Naworth Castle during the great 
 rebellion (which intervened between the death of Lord 
 William and the accession of the first earl) we have not 
 any information ; lint wc may suppose that it sustained 
 some serious injury, as Bishop (iibson mentions that 
 it was again repaired by that uoblemnn and made fit 
 for residence. The building, as left by those repairs, 
 Beems to have remained, iuterually and e.iternally, 
 
 Uie IpUpin T). O. wliich I npprelifiid is «itli»r Diwrf" nni! Greystoko 
 or Dacro of Git&iiuid. The in9cri|)tion ou Uie picture ia — 
 
 •AnnoD"! \m9. 
 iclati!) siiiE 14.' 
 
 Slie wcar^ lier wpililitiR ring on the miJdle joint of the finger, which 
 I hiive uniliTsiiuiil imlicairs a p«r*on betrnthnl, or iimrrie'l, lint not 
 yet living Willi lii-r linitbnnil. .Mr. Ly?<on9, in his 'Cumberland,' (1 
 am not mviire on wliat niilhoril)], stales that she was niarneil ill 
 Hi"!!. In the g< nealngy, painteil in llio chniu-l iil Nawnrlli, lior eldest 
 son, Philip, >' lonlhhip's ani-esinr, appears to have been iMtrn in l.'iS;l, 
 when she was nii>eleen years nf age ; then follow two ilanghtera ; and 
 the binh of my Hnrt*^i)r Sir I''mni-is IliMTftnt, i:i dated (6^, and 
 there arc beveial other sous and ilangiitera.' 
 
 without material alterations down to the time of the 
 lamentable conflagration in 1844. 
 
 " It was in the walls of the inner quadrangle more 
 especially, that the buihling suffered. The hall, the 
 chapel, the gallery, and the domestic apartments were 
 so extensively injured that the facades are for the most 
 part of restored work. Still, these portions have been 
 rebuilt in such correct taste that they harmonise well 
 with the portions that escaped the fire, and wear the 
 hues of time. The repairs in the chapel of the castle 
 and the chief tower arc not yet ( 1853) completed.* 
 
 " A more striking contrast can hardly be witnessed, 
 than in passing from warm light chambers, adapted for 
 modern comfort, to the vaulted dungeon at the base- 
 ment of the keep-tower and the chamber above it. 
 This was the prison of the castle, and it remains in all 
 its ancient gloom and terror. But there is a relique of 
 a very opposite kind on the other side of the court of 
 Naworth, an old jasmine tree, which spreads its fresh 
 verdure and sparkling modest llowrets over the door- 
 way of the great hall, and it must not be passed without 
 mention. There is a something poetical in its aspect 
 and situation, and one does not wonder to find that it 
 induced two previous earls to invoke the muse in its 
 favour, and the present earl to write the following 
 appropiiate lines : — 
 
 • My slight and slender jnsinino tree. 
 That blooinest on my bonier tower, 
 Thou art more dearly loved by ine 
 Than all the wreaths of fairy bower. 
 
 I ask not while I near thee dwell 
 
 Arabia's spice or Syria's rose ; 
 Thy liglit festoons more freshly smell — 
 
 Thy virgiu white more purely glows. 
 
 My wild and winsome jasmine tree, 
 That cliiiibest np the dark grey wall, 
 
 Thy tiny llow'rets seem in glee 
 Like silver spray-drops as they falL 
 
 Say, did they from their loaves tints pt»cp 
 When inaird moss-troopers rode the hill, 
 
 When holnud warders paeed the keep, 
 And bugles blow for Beltod Will? 
 
 My free and featherv' jo^imino tree. 
 Within the fixgmnce of thy breath. 
 
 Yon duni;ooii grated to il^ key 
 
 Aiul tliu ehuiu'd eaptivo sigh'J for death. 
 
 '" The chambers in the tower arc mixIcmiscH, bnt tl» ancient 
 winding stairs h«Te bf»en prese r\*<»H. The rvpairs made neceaaary by 
 th« fin- diselosnl in this tower sonic hiding places in the wall — the 
 coutrivimces of a dark age of inseearity.
 
 668 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 On border frny or fendal crime 
 
 I muse not while I gaze on thee ; 
 The chieftains of that stern old tim« 
 
 Could ne'er have loved a jasmine tree.'' 
 
 " The noble hall of Naworth Castle is now perhaps 
 unique of its kind. The fine open timber roof it has 
 received (from the design of ilr. Salvin, the eminent 
 architect, who has directed the restorations at the castle,) 
 contributes greatly to the antique and impressive 
 character of the hall. Over the spacious fireplace the 
 following appropriate verses have been inscribed : on a 
 scroll bearing the date 1844 — 
 
 ' OVR BEAUTIFt'L HOUSE, WHERE 01,11 FATHERS PRAISED THEE, 
 IS BDBNED CP WITH FIRE.' 
 
 On a scroll bearing date 1849 — 
 
 ' TH0t7 SHALT BE CALLED THE BEPAISEB OF THE BBEACH : THE 
 BESTOBER OF PATHS TO DWELL IN.' 
 
 " Along the whole length of the hall, on each side, 
 heraldic shields are displayed on the corbels supporting 
 the ribs of the roof. Beginning at the upper (the 
 south) end, there are on the eastern side the shields of 
 Howard, Mowbray, Braose, Segrave, De Brotherton,- 
 Fit^ialan, Warren, Tilncy, Audley, Uvedale, Cavendish ; 
 on the western side, Dacre, De Multon, De Morville, 
 Vaux, Engaine, Estravers, Greystoke, Grimthorp, 
 Bolebec, De Merlay, Bolder — a 
 
 ' Long array of mighty shadows.' 
 
 " The hall contains many family portraits, some fine 
 tapestry, and several pieces of armour. Of the por- 
 traits, seven are on panel, half-length size ; one repre- 
 sents Thomas Duke of Norfolk, celebrated as Lord 
 Surrey, the hero of Floddeu Field, who died in 1524 ; 
 another, Philip Earl of Arundel, who died in the Tower 
 in 1595 ; another, Queen Catherine Parr. There is a 
 
 " 1 On the walk outside the eastern wall of the castle, and near 
 * Lord William's Tower,' a noble old yew tree stunds on llie edge of 
 the declivity — a venerable contemporary of ihe founders of Naworlh 
 Castle— whose dark foliage was stirred by the free winds, while in j 
 the course of three centuries many a captive in the adjacent dungeon i 
 was pining in sad durance. 
 
 " 3 Sir Robert Howard, who succeeded his father in 1436, married 
 Margaret, elder daughter of Thomas de Mowbray, duke of Norfolk, 
 by Elizabeth, his wife, the daughter and co-hf ir of John Mowbray, 
 duke of Norfolk. This Thomas de Mowbray was son and heir of 
 John Lord Mowbray, by Elizabeth, daughter and heir of John Lord 
 Segrave, and of Margaret Plantagenet, his wife, who was daughter 
 and heir of Thomas de Brotherton, earl of Norfolk, the eldest son of 
 King Edward I., who was invested with the ofEce of earl marshal of 
 England, 12th February, 1386. By this illustrious alliance. Sir 
 Eobert had an only son, John Howard, who was created earl marshal, 
 and Earl and Duke of Norfolk, on a.Sth June, U83, and was ancestor 
 of Lord William Howard of Kawortb. 
 
 full-length portrait of King Charles I. by Vandyck, 
 liung on the north wall ; a full-length portrait said to 
 represent Queen Mary of England ; she holds in her 
 right hand a crucifix, in her left a candle, lighted, 
 wreathed with flowers, and wears a dress of rich em- 
 broidered tissue. There is a portrait of that famous 
 lady, Anne, Countess of Pembroke, Dorset, and ^lont- 
 gomery, who was bom 1590, and died 1075. 
 
 " lu the drawing-room, which adjoins the hall, there 
 is a fine portrait on panel of the duke, Lord William's 
 father ; a portrait on canvas of Thomas Howard, Earl 
 of Arundel, the renowned collector of the marbles. Lord 
 William's nephew ; a portrait of Philip, brother of the 
 first Earl of Carlisle, who fell at Rowtou Heath, 1645; 
 one of Theophilus Earl of Suffolk, 1030; and a por- 
 trait of Lady IMary, daughter of the first Earl of Car- 
 lisle, who married Sir .John Fenwick. She is repre- 
 sented in the attire of a widow, and holds his minia- 
 ture. He was beheaded in 1090. This portrait was 
 brought from Castle Howard. The warders' gallery, 
 instead of being paced by living guards, is now also 
 lined with portraits of buried ancestry, some of which 
 have been brought from Castle Howard. The five 
 noble pieces of tapestry in the hall likewise came from 
 Castle Howard. They are said to have been made as 
 a marriage-present to Henry IV. of France and Mary 
 de Medicis. All the armour that was kept in the gal- 
 lery at the time of the fire perished, but that which 
 was in the hall escaped. A complete suit, now in the 
 gallery, is of elaborate workmanship. It need not be 
 said that all these reliqucs add greatly to the antique 
 character and interest of the venerable walls, and aid 
 to place the visitor in presence of ' the spirit of the 
 olden time.' 
 
 ' So Naworth stands, still rugged as of old, 
 Arm'd like a knight without, austere and bold, 
 But all within bespeaks the better day, 
 And the bland influence of a Carlisle's sway.' " 
 
 This account of Naworth Castle and the lords of 
 Gilsland, from the graceful and facile pen of W. S. 
 Gibson, Esq., cannot have a better appendage than an 
 account of the family of the present noble owner of 
 Naworth, from its establishment to the present time. 
 
 (Tarlisk ,^amUg. 
 
 Lord Wllliam Howard, second son of Thomas, fourth Duke 
 of Norfolk, was restored in blood, by act of Parliament, in 1C03, 
 and having married Elizabetb, daughter of Thomas, and sister 
 and co-heir of George Lord Dacre of Gilsland, became in her 
 right proprietor of Naworth Castle, in Cumberland, the ancient 
 seat of the Dacre family. His lordship acquired also, in the
 
 BRAMPTON PARISH-. 
 
 669 
 
 same manner, Hindersliclle, the site of Castle Howard. He had, 
 among other children, 
 
 I. Philip (Sir) married Marfjarct, daughter of Sir John Carryl, of 
 Jlasiings, iu yussex, and dying before his father, left, vritli 
 other issue, 
 
 William, who succeeded his grandfather. 
 
 n. Francis (Sir) of Corby Castle, in Cumbeiland, ancestor of 
 ihe Howards of Corby, (bee Corby, page I'Jl.j 
 
 Lord WirxiAM, who was warden of the western marches, and 
 known by the name of Jiiiuld Willy, or Belted Will Howard, died 
 in 1040, and wai* succeeded by his grandson. 
 
 Sir Wii.i.iAM Howard, Knt., who married Mary, eldest 
 daughter of William Lord Eure, by whom he had several 
 children; of his daughters, Mary married Sir Jonathan Atkins, 
 Knt., and from this inarringe derive the families of Atkins of 
 Fountainville, Fireville, i-c, co. Cork (see Burke's " Landed 
 Gentry"), and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, 
 
 CnAnLES Howard, who was created 20th April, Ifllil, Baron 
 Dacre of Gilsland, Viscount Howiurd of Morpeth, and Earl of 
 Carlisle. His lordship was subsequently ambassador to the 
 Czar of Muscovy, and Uepnted to carry the ensigns of the order 
 of the Garter to Charles XL, king of Sweden, from which latter 
 mission returning, he was installed as his majesty's proxy at 
 Windsor. He was afterwards made governor of Jamaica. He 
 married Anne, daughter of Edward Lord Howard of Escrick, 
 and dying a-lth February, 1C81, was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Edward, second earl ; who married Elizabeth, daughter and 
 co-heir of Sir William Uredale, of Wickham, Hants, and relict of 
 Sir Williaih Berkely, Knt., and was succeeded 23rd April, 1603, 
 by his only surviving son, 
 
 Chari.es, third earl. This nobleman filled the high office of 
 first lord of the Treasury, constable of the Tower, and governor 
 of Windsor Castle. His lordship married Anne, daughter of 
 Arthur, first Earl "! Essex, and dying 1st May, 173S, was suc- 
 ceeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Henry, fourth earl, K.G., born in 1001; who married, first, 
 27th November, 1717, Lady Fiances Spencer, daughter of 
 Charles, third Earl of Sunderland, and lieir of her mother, 
 Arabella, one of (he co-heirs of Henry Cavendish, duke of New- 
 castle, by whom ho had, with three sons (who all died in the 
 lifetime of the earl), two daughters, viz., 
 
 I. Arabella, married to Jonathan Cope, Esq., son and heir of 
 Kir Jirnatlum Cope, linrl., of Brewenie Abbey, en. Uxford, 
 to wboTU ber liidysbip conveyed ibe seal and iniinnr of 
 Overtnu LougiievUie, part of llie Newcastle estate, and died 
 in 17 IB. 
 II. Diana, inarrleil to Thomas Duncombe, Esq., of Helmsley, 
 CO. York, and died in 1770. 
 
 His lordship married, 2ndly, fith June, 1713, Isabella, daughter 
 of William, fourth I^ord Byron, by whom (who died 2Jnd 
 January, 170.5), he had 
 
 I. Frederick, fifth earl. 
 I. Anne. 
 
 II. Frances, married in 1708 to John RadcliOe, Esq., and died in 
 
 April, iHys. 
 UI. Elizabeth, married, firstly, in I7lli), to Peter Dehne, Esq. ; 
 
 oiiil sicondly, I:iib Januiiry, KIM, to Captain Charles Gar- 
 
 nicr. It. N, wild was unrnrtniiatcly drowned, lOlli Uecooiber, 
 
 171IU. Her ladyship died in June, 1S13. 
 IV. Juliana. 
 
 The earl died 4th September, 1758, and iros sacceedod by bia son, 
 
 Fredi.rick, fifth earl, bom 28th May, 17-18, elected a Knight 
 
 of the Thistle in 1708, and installed a Knight of the Garter ia 
 1793. His lordship married in March, 177U, Margaret Caroline, 
 daughter of Granville Leveson, first ^larquis of Stafford, K.G., 
 and by her ladyship (who died •.;7lh January, Ib^l) had issue, 
 
 I. George, sixth earl. 
 
 II. William, born 2'jth December, 17SI; died 20th January, 1813. 
 III. Frederick, born in 17^*5; luujor of hussars, killed at Waterloo; 
 
 lett issue, by Frances Susan, his wife, only daughter of 
 William ileury Lumbtou, Esq., of Lambtou Uoll, one 
 only son, 
 
 Frederick John, private secretary to H. E. the lord- 
 lieutenant of Ireland, born 1st March, 1814; married 
 1st July, 1n37, Lttdy Fanny Cavendish, sister of the 
 Eai'l ot liurliugtou, and has issue, 
 
 WilUam Frederick, bom 26th June, 1838. 
 George Francis, bom 2Sth April, 1^40. 
 Frederick Comptoii, born 2:)rd Januarv, 1847. 
 Alfred John, born 14lh October, 1848. ' 
 Gerald Iticlinrd, bom 7th November, 18&3. 
 Louisa lilauche. 
 Margaret Fanny. 
 Edith Susan Louisa. 
 
 IV. Henry Edward John, D.D., prebendary of York, dean of 
 
 Lielitield, and rector of Douington, co. Salop ; born 14ih 
 December, ITli'); married 13lli .hilv, ltii4, Henrietta Eliza- 
 beth, {laughter of lehabod Wright, iJsq., of Mapperly, cotmly 
 
 Notts, ami has issue, 
 
 1. George, bora 2(lth June, 1828, barrister-atlaw; mar- 
 
 ried, in May, lSi2, Marion, only child of Edward 
 Soutbnm, Esq., M.D., and widow of W. Leigh Ben- 
 nett, Esq. 
 
 2. John llemy,lieutenanlR.N.,bom 30th November, 1^27. 
 .3. Edward Henry, lieuienaiil K.N., bom 7tli June, 1832. 
 
 4. Charles .lobn Henry, born 2,sih September, 1834, 
 
 5. Henry Fre<lerick, bora 9lh November, 1844. 
 
 1. Julia Mariiu 
 
 2. Charlotte Henrietta, married, 20th September, 1853, 
 
 to the Hon. hikI Rev. .-Vrcbibald George Campbell, 
 seconil son of Kiu'l Cawdor. 
 
 3. Emily Georgiana. 
 
 4. Caroline Octavia. 
 
 0. Elizabeth Hcinielta. 
 
 I. Caroline Isabella, married to John, first Lord Cawdor, and 
 
 died ill laux. 
 11. Elizabeth, married to John Ileury Duke of Rntlimd; and 
 
 died in 182,"^. 
 HI. Gertrude, married, in 1S08, to William Sloane Stanley, Esq., 
 of I'aulioiis, CO. Hants. 
 
 The earl died 4th September, 1820, and was succeeded by )iis 
 son, 
 
 George, sixth earl, K.G., lord-lieutenant of the East Riding 
 of Yorkshire; born 17th September, 1773 ; married, 21st March, 
 IHOl, Georgiana, eldest doughter of William, fifth Duke of 
 Devonshire, K.G., by whom he had issue, 
 
 I. George William Frederick, present earl, 
 II. Frederick George, nm oflicer in the oriny; bora 8th June, 1S05, 
 accidentally killcil, 18th November. i8:U. 
 
 III. William George, in holy orders, rector of Londesborough, co. 
 
 York, bora 2:ird February, 18U8. 
 
 IV. Edward Granville George, captain R.N. ; Imm 23rd Decem- 
 
 ber, IHtHi; married iu 1842, Dions, ouly daughter of Hon. 
 0. Pousonby. 
 
 V, Charles Wcnlwnrth Georip?, bom 27th Miuch, 1814 ; M.P.for 
 
 East CumlMTliiiul : married, 8ili .\ugusi, I > I'J, .M ary. second 
 duiigbter of the Higlil lion. Kir Juiins I'arke, boron Wens- 
 leydale, late one <ir llie barons of the Exchequer, and by her 
 (who died iu August, 181^1), ho has t sou, 
 
 George James, bom 12lh .August, 1843.
 
 670 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 Tt Henrr George, serrelary of leRntimi at I'aris, bom Cintl May, 
 Imi'n; inarrird i^lih Slav, I8l.'>, Mary WelUsley, daiiglucr 
 of Jiilni Mac Tavi-b, Esq., uf Muiitreol, wliicli lady died 
 aisi Feiiriiary, INSl). 
 I. Caroline GeorRinim, married, in IS-JH, to the Riglil Hon. W. 
 S S. Lnscelles (secoud son of tbe iiorl of Horwood), who 
 died '."nd July, bol. 
 
 n. Georjiinim, ninrned, 7ih Jlnroh, 18i2, to George James 
 Welbure, lirsi Lord Dover, who dii-d in .'uly, 1S33. 
 
 BU Harriet Elizabeth Georgiaiia, ninrricil '27lli May, 1823, to 
 George Granville, duke of Hutlicrlinul, K.G. 
 
 n'. Blanclie Georgima married, Cth August, ISiO, to Lori Caven- 
 dish, now Karl of ISurluigiuii, and died UTth April, l^lO. 
 T, Elizidieth Dcimiby .Viuie Gci>r;.'iana, married iu 1^10, to the 
 Hon. anil Hev. Francis Richard Grey. 
 
 Ti. Murv Matilda Genrginna, marri-d, I'ith July, 1802, to the 
 Kigbt Hon. Henry Laljouchere, M.P. 
 
 The earl died 7th October, 184.S, and was succeeded by his 
 eldest son, 
 
 Geobof. William Fredehick Howard, earl of Carlisle, K.G., 
 viscount Howard of Morpeth, co. Northuml'Crlaud, baron Dacre 
 of Gilsland, and co-heir to a moiety of the barony of Greystoke, 
 lord-lieutenant and enstos rotulonim of the F.ast Riding of York- 
 shire ; horn IKih April, 180'i; succeeded his father, as seventh 
 earl, 7th October, !H48. His lordship was chief secretary for 
 Ireland from April, 1835, to September, 1841 ; chief commissioner 
 of woods and forests from July, 1840, to March, 1850; and 
 chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster from March, 1850, to 
 February, 18S2. The earl was constituted in 1855 lord-lieute- 
 nant-general and general governor of Ireland, and was again 
 appointed to the same office in the present year, 1859. 
 
 Crun/ioH.— April 20, 1061. 
 
 ^4 rms.— Quarter of six, 1st, Howard, gu., on a bend, between six 
 oross-cnisslets, iilehee, urg,, an eseocheon, or, charged with o demi- 
 lion. ramp.int, pierced tbrciugli the mniiih wiili an arrow, within a 
 double tressure, llory-couuterflory, of tbe lirst, a mullet for ditl'ereucc ; 
 2nd. Brfiihcrton, gu., three lions, passant guardant, in pale, or, on a 
 chief, a label of three points, arg. ; 3rd, Warren, clu'<iuy, or ami oz. ; 
 Itb, Mowbray, gu., a lion, rampant, arg, armed and langued, az. » 
 .'itli, Dacre, gu., three escallops, arg.; lilh, Greystoke, barry of six, 
 urg. and iiz. ; over all three chaplets, gu. 
 
 Crest. — On a chapeau, gu., turned up, erm., a lion, stntant guar 
 dnnt, tlie tail extended, or, ducally gorged, urg., a mullet, sa., for 
 difference. 
 
 SiipimrlTs. — Dexter, a lion, org., differenced with a mullet; sinU- 
 ter, a bull, gu., anned, uiiguled, ducally gorged, and lined, or. 
 
 Motto. — Volo, non valeo. 
 
 Briertbwaite, or Tarnhouse Forest, lies on the south 
 side of the parish, from five to eight miles south-east of 
 Brampton. It was anciently given to the priory of 
 Hexham by Adam de Tiudall, but after the dissolution 
 was glim ted to the lords of Gilsland. It was formerly 
 considered extra-parochial, but is now annexed to the 
 township of Naworth, and is sometimes called Tindall 
 Forest. There are several coal-mines iu the neighbour- 
 hood, and zinc works were commenced here some years 
 ago. 
 
 CARLATTON EXTRA PAROCHIAL PLACE. 
 
 CiKLATTON is bouudcd by the parishes of Castlecarrock, Cumrew, Cumwhitton, and Hayton. The soil is light, 
 uneven, and full of stones, but produces tolerable crops of wheat, barley, oats, &c. The area of Carlatton is 1,810 
 acres, and its rateable, or rather rental value, is .£(540. The ]io])ulation in 1801, was 50; in 1811, 51 ; in 1821, 54; 
 in 1831, 70; in 1841, 01 ; and in 1851, 07 ; who are engaged in agriculture, and attend the markets at Carlisle and 
 Brampton. 
 
 In the reign of Henry II., the manor of Carlatton 
 was held bv Gospatric, son of Macbenk, or Macbenock, 
 paying for it fifty marks. This Macbenock appears to 
 have been a native of Ireland, who had settled in Cum- 
 berland, and during the conflicts between King Stephen 
 and Matilda, took part ^^ith the former. King John 
 made a temporary grant of it to Robert de Ross ; but 
 Henry III. resumed this grant, and gave it to the King 
 of Scotland. After the revolt of John Baliol, it was held 
 for a while by Anthony Beck, bishop of Durham. 
 Richard II. granted it to Ralph Nevill, earl of West- 
 morland, from whom it descended to the great Earl of 
 Warwick, the " king maker," who was slain at the 
 battle of Barnet. Edward the IV. gave it to his brother 
 the Duke of Gloucester, afterwards Richard III. It 
 has since been held by lease under the crown, the Earl 
 
 of CarHsle being the present lessee, and is al.so owner 
 of the soil. There are a corn and saw-mill here. 
 
 Carlatton was anciently a parish of itself, and its 
 church was given by Robert de Vaux to tbe priory of 
 Lanercost, and appropriated to that monastery. The 
 tithes are now held by lease under the crown, with the 
 manor. The church is supposed to have been dilapi- 
 dated long before the Reformation. There is no insti- 
 tution of a vicar on record after the year 1380. Robert 
 de London was rector when tbe appropriation was made, 
 the vicars are Henry de Newton, 1320 ; Sir William de 
 Stockdale, 1344; Sir Richard Hogge, 1380. There 
 are no ruins remaining of the church, and it is only 
 known by tradition where it stood. 
 
 The township consists of eight houses, about-seven 
 miles south of Brampton.
 
 CASTLE CAr.EOCK PARISH. 
 
 671 
 
 CASTLE CARROCK PARISH. 
 
 This paiisli is bounded on the north by Brampton and Hayton, on the west by Cumrew and Carlatton, on the 
 south by Leath Ward, and on the east by iSortbumberland. It is situated on both sides of the river Gelt, and com- 
 prehends the northern range of mountains, which extends Irora Cross Fell, near Alston. The arable land is light, 
 and full of blue stones ; the high fell is rugged and sterile, but the lower moor, being dry, and covered with a fine 
 herbage, affords good pasturage. Limestone and freestone are abundant. The commons have been enclosed in 
 pursuance of an act of parliament passed in 1800-1801. Castle Carrock Fell commands fine views of the most fertile 
 portion of Cumberland, the Scottish hills, the Irish Sea, Skiddaw, Saddleback, and the Norlhumberliind mountains. 
 The parish comprises two constablcwicks, called Town and Oughterside Quarter. Its area is 3,040 acres, and its 
 rateable value iil,-ilS 9s. Od. The population in 1801 was 252 ; in 1811, 307 ; in 1821, 34G ; in 1831, 383; 
 in 1841, 851; and in 1851,340; who arc principally engaged in agricidture, and attend the Brampton and 
 Carlisle markets. 
 
 a large cairn near Gelt Bridge, found a kist-vaen, or 
 stone coflin, containing a human skeleton. 
 
 THE CHUKCH. 
 
 Castle Carrock church, the dedication of which 
 appears to be unknown, but is supposed to be St. 
 Peter, is a small structure, with a square tower, rebuilt 
 in 1828, at a cost of £250. The old church, which had 
 been long in a ruinous condition, is supposed to have 
 been constructed with materials brought from the old 
 castles above alluded to. The bell, which was removed 
 from the old church, bears the inscription "Praise thou 
 the Lord, Castle Carrock." The benelice is a rectory, 
 in the patronage of the dean and chapter of Carlisle. 
 It is valued in the King's Book at £5 12s. Id., was cer- 
 tified to the governors of (}ueen Anne's Bounty at £42, 
 and is now worth about £130 per annum. On the 
 enclosure of the commons 290 acres were allotted in lieu 
 of all tithes, xiie parish register commences in 1089. 
 
 EF.CT0B8. — Robert de Helposton, l:)!^; John tie Begho Kirk, 
 
 1340; bir Adnni occurs in 1300; Tbomas de Cai-leton 
 
 occurs 13S0; John Colt, 13S0 ; John Uiehardsou, senr., ; 
 
 Jolm Richardson, 1571; John Stoilart, 1580; Leonard Milburn, 
 15H0; Christopher Gibson, l(i;!5; Henry Sknrron, 1072; Chris- 
 toplier Rickcrby, 10711; Joseph I'attiiison, ITaS; John Pearson, 
 
 173!); Richard Dickinson, 1778 (died 1810); —Howe, ; 
 
 Samuel Hudson, 1832; Thomas Charles Vuughan, 1834. 
 
 The rectory was built in 1727 by the then rector, the 
 Rev. Joseph Paltinsou. It is a plain comfortable build- 
 ing, in the village. 
 
 Tiio parish school is situated in the village, and, on 
 the enclosure of the commons, received an allotment of 
 twenty acres of land, which now lets for £12 a year. 
 
 The manor of Castle Carrock was given in the reign 
 of Henry 11. by Hubert de Vallibus to Eustace de 
 Vallibus, whose posterity seem to have taken the name 
 of Castle Carrock, and probably inhabited the castle, 
 from which the parish took its name. Robert de Castle 
 Carrock, the fourth in descent of that name, died in the 
 reign of Edward I., and left three daughters, among 
 whose posterity this m;inor having been divided it long 
 continued in severalties ; the whole is now vested in 
 the Earl of Carlisle, whose ancestors purchased the 
 several parts at sundry times. Sjme lands in the 
 pai'ish are held under Charles Aglionby, Esq., of 
 Armathwaite Castle, within the manor of Armathwaite, 
 of which the Earl of Lonsdale is lord. The lands 
 are principally held by resident yeomen. 
 
 The village of Castle Carrock is situated on the west 
 side of Geltsdale, four miles south of Brampton. In 
 the neighbourhood are the apparent remains of two 
 ancient fortifications ; one in a wet field, about forty 
 yards west of the church, surrounded by a moat, now 
 filled up, is 100 yards in length by forty in breath ; the 
 other, which is a short distance to the south, is about 
 three times as large, and rises seven or eight yards 
 above the surrounding meadow — both have been in 
 tillage for a consideraldo period. A small stream runs 
 close by the western side of each, and might easily be 
 made to fill the former quite round. Here is a mineral 
 spring possessing water of the same quality as the 
 Gilslund sulphurated spa. On the summit of the fell 
 are two cairns, one of which, called Ilespeck Raise, is 
 of great size. About the year 1775, a farmer removing 
 
 GELTSD.\LE FOREST EXTRA-PAROCHTAL. 
 
 Gki.tsdai.e Forest is an extensive tract of mountain, forming the south-cast portion of Castle Carrock parish, and is 
 a royal forest leased by tln^ Earl of Carlisle. Part of it aliounds in birch ami aldcrwoods, and gives rise to tho 
 river Gelt, which Hows northwards. Previous to the suppression of the monastic inslilutions. Geltsdale aud tho 
 adjoining forest of Briertbwaito, belonged to the priory of Hexham, but after llio suppression of that house, were 
 granted to the barons of Giloland.
 
 672 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 CUMREW PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Cumrew is bounded on the north hy Castle Carrock, on the west by Carlatton, on the south-west and 
 south by Cronlin, and on the east by the river Gelt, which divides it from Geltsdale. It comprises the townships of 
 Cumrew Inside, and Cumrew Outside, which are one for parochial purposes. The iuhabitauts, who are entirely 
 employed in agriculture, reside in the village of Cumrew, and in a few houses dispersed over the parish. They are 
 laborious and healthy, and attend the Brampton and Carlisle markets. The soil here is dry and gravully. A hill, 
 called Cardunncth, part of the Pennine or Cross Fell range, which runs along the eastern side of the county, is 
 situated in this parish. The area of Cumrew is 2,094 acres, and its rateable value £],i)ll lis. 6d. 
 
 There are three manors in this parish, viz., Cumrew, 
 Brackenthwaite, and Newbiggin, all of which belong to 
 the Earl of Carlisle, and are included in the barony of 
 Gilsland. In the division of the Dacre estates, Bracken- 
 thwaite and Newbiggin fell to Lord Dacre of the 
 South, and carae to the Karl of Carlisle by purchase. 
 The Earl of Sussex sold the fines and rents to the 
 tenants for a nominal consideration in the reign of 
 Charles 11. The lands here are subject to a fine of 
 two yeai-s' value on change of tenant, and a twenty-penny 
 fine on death of lord. Mr. Gill's estate and the enclosed 
 commons are free. The landowners are Robert Leach, 
 Esq., John Gill, Esq., the Earl of Carlisle, L. S. Dixon, 
 Esq., and many smaller proprietors. 
 
 The village of Cumrew is about seven miles south of 
 Brampton, and twelve east-south-east of Carlisle. 
 
 THE CHUKCH. 
 
 Cumi'ew church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a small 
 but neat edifice, consisting of nave and chancel, with a 
 tower at the west end, containing two bells. The tower 
 was erected in 1814. The living is a perpetual curacy, 
 in the patronage of the dean and chapter of Carlisle, 
 and is worth about £'100 per annum. The tithes have 
 been commuted for £45, the rest in land. The tithes 
 are held by the incumbent by lease from the dean and 
 chapter, and a meal modus in lieu of tithe corn is held 
 by Mr. Nanson, of Carlisle, from them. The dean and 
 chapter have transferred their property to the church 
 commissioners. 
 
 The parish registers commence in 1579. 
 
 iNcrsiBEXTS. — 'William 'Wilkinson, 173G; John Ritsou, 17C3 ; 
 John Parker, 1705; John 'Watson, 1828. 
 
 The parsonage is a commodious dwelling, erected in 
 183-2, at a cost of about £ 100, towards which the Rev. 
 J. Watson gave £"200, and the governors of Queen 
 Anne's Bounty a similar sum. 
 
 The parish school and master's house were erected 
 in 1846, on a piece of ground belonging to the parish, 
 at a cost of £190, of which the Committee of Council 
 on Education contributed £57, the Rev. J. Watson, 
 £55, Lord !iIorpcth, £10, the dean and chapter, £-1, 
 
 and the landowners the remainder. It is under govern- 
 ment inspection, and is supported by subscriptions and 
 the pence of the children. Average attendance twenty- 
 two. So rapidly has the population decreased in this 
 parish, that there are not at present twenty children of 
 age to go to school. 
 
 Fifty years ago superstition was rife in this neigh- 
 bourhood, and there were plenty of ghosts and witches ; 
 the schoolmaster, however, has banished them all. 
 The following custom is still preserved. When the 
 corpse of a master of a house where bees are kept is 
 lifted, the hives are raised up at the same time, or the 
 bees would die. Sometimes the bees are invited to the 
 funeral by nii.xing a little of the eatables and drinkables 
 and putting the mixture into the hives. This occurred 
 here in 1856, on the death of a very old man ; it will 
 probably be the last time it will be observed. 
 
 In Hutchinson's " History of Cumberland," it is said 
 that the Dacres were supposed to have had a seat here 
 at Drumwalloght, on the estate of Mr. Gill ; this is 
 now believed to be merely a conjecture, and to be 
 without foundation in fact. Hutchinson also states 
 that in a field here, near the church, " be the ruins of 
 a large edifice, but so confused and destroyed as not 
 to show its origin.al form, or any marks to discover its 
 strength or the era when it was erected." These two 
 small hillocks w^ere removed in 1833, when one of 
 them was found to have been composed entirely of 
 small stones gathered from the laud, and the other of 
 rubbish, but in neither was there any foundations of 
 buildings. Ou the summit of the neighbouring moun- 
 tains is a cairn of stones, where a human skeleton has 
 been found ; and in a small cairn ou the estate belong- 
 ing to John Gill, Esq., an urn has been discovered. 
 
 Abbey Field and Brackenthwaitc are two small 
 hamlets in this parish, situate respectively one and 
 one mile and a half north of Cumrew. 
 
 The population of Cumrew Inside township iu 1801 
 was 118; in 1811, 120; iu 1821, 148; in 1801, 144; 
 in 1841,- 112; and in 1851, 100. 
 
 The number of inhabitants of Cumrew Outside at 
 the same decennial periods was respectively G3, 68, 83, 
 72, 71, aud 00.
 
 CUMWHITTON PARISH. 
 
 673 
 
 cuMWHirroN parish. 
 
 Cdmwhitton parish is bounded on the north by Groat Corby, on the west by the river Eden, on the south by Lcath 
 Ward, and on tlie east by Cunirew and Carktton. It is a small oblong district lying on the west side of Castle 
 Carrock Fell, and is held of the Eail of Carlisle as part of the barony of Gilsland. The soil is light and stony, 
 producing barley, oats, and some wheat, with excellent potatoes. The climate is cold but healthy. The parish 
 comprises the townships of Cumwhitton and Nurthsceugh-with-Moorthwaile, whose united area is 5,400 (5,670 
 according to the rate-liook), and the rateable value is i;'2,'JU3 10s. The soil principally belongs to resident yeomen, 
 but the Earl of Carlisle is the largest owner. 
 
 CUMWHITTON. 
 
 The area of this township and the rateable value are 
 returned with the parish. Tiie po[)ulation in 1801 
 was 244; in 1811, 170; in 1821, 285; in 1831, 324; 
 in 1841, 242; and in 1851, 243. 
 
 The manor of Cumwhitton was given by Ranulph de 
 Meschines to Ilildred de Carlisle. In King John's 
 reign it belonged to the Bavins, who, after possessing 
 it for three generations, gave the manor to the priory of 
 Lancrcost, and the rectory to the priory of Carlisle.' 
 The Earl of Carlisle is now lord of the manor. 
 
 The small manor of Hornby, given also by the Bavins 
 to the priory of Lancrcost, came after tho licforniation 
 to the D.icres, and was sold by Henry Dacre before the 
 year 1088 to John Atkinson ; it was subsequently pur- 
 chased by tho several proprietors of the small estates 
 which it comprehended. 
 
 At Scarrow Hill is a freehold estate, which in 1088 
 belonged to the Scarrows, a family of great antiquity at 
 the place, since extinct ; it is now in severalties. 
 
 The village of Cumwhitton is about seven miles 
 south-by-wcst of Brampton. There was formerly, on 
 the village green, two artificial mounds which had been 
 used as butts for archery, and were known as High and 
 Low Willy Wastel, "probably from the great archer 
 recorded in the old song." Until recent years the old 
 custom of holding a wake on St. John's Eve, with fires, 
 <S:c., was continued. 
 
 THE cnuncn. 
 
 Cumwhitton church, dedicated to St. Mary, is an 
 ancient structure, consisting of nave, chancel, and a 
 small square tower. In 1291, when the Valor of I'ope 
 Nicholas was tjiken, the church was rectorial, and 
 valued at £8 lis.; in l.'?IH it continued rectorial, 
 but was not taxed by I'Muanl II. on account of its 
 poverty. It subscipiently became appropriated to tho 
 priory of Carlisle, and the pnlronago is now vested in 
 the dean and cliaptcr. Hutchinson tells us that " the 
 dean nnd chapter demised all the rectory of Cumwhitton, 
 except the curate's house and garden, viz., all the glebe 
 lands and meadows called Kirkcroft, tithes, oblations, 
 
 'T. Denton's MSS. 
 
 etc., under the yearly rent of fifteen eskeps of haver- 
 meal, and 10s. in money, besides the curate's stipend 
 of ten pounds. He adds, " the curacy was augmented 
 by lot, and the money laid out in the purchase of land 
 in Nichol Forest, which now yields £9 rent per ainmm. 
 By the bounty of the Dowager Countess Gower, who 
 gave £'200, an additional augmentation was had, by 
 which lands were bought in the parish of Addinghani, 
 yielding now near £15 a year; the whole making a 
 comfortable stipend." In 1810 all the tithes were com- 
 muted for a yearly rent charge of £175, viz., great 
 tithes for £105, and meal tithes, £70. The curacy is 
 now Worth about i'lOl a year. The parish registers 
 are preserved from 17ol. 
 
 Incumbents. — Kilward Anderson, 1813; Joseph Hudson, 
 1S31; Siiiiuiel Hudson, 18-.i0 ; William Ford, 1«31; Robert 
 Robinson, 1844. 
 
 The parish school, at Sandy Syke, is endowed with 
 the interest of £200 left by Mr. Adam Hodgson, of 
 Hornsley. 
 
 There is also a s:hool situated near Cumwhitton 
 village, built about the year 1810, and supported entirely 
 by subscription. 
 
 Upon an eminence in the middle of a dark and 
 dreary waste, commonly called King Harry, in the 
 southern part of the parish, is a Druidical temple, 
 designated Grey Yauds, from the colour of the stones. 
 The circle is lifiy-two yards in diameter, and is formed 
 of ei"hty-eight stones, the largest of which is not more 
 than four feet high. Tradition says the name of this 
 moor is derived from the circumst^mce of one of tho 
 Henrys, kings of England, having encamped here. 
 
 hi accordance with an ancient custom, the owner 
 of Xunfield estate, in this township, pays a goose and 
 a cartload of coals yenrly to the lurd of Nunnery, in 
 Aiustable parish, and is toll-free throughout England. 
 
 KonrnscECon with moorthw.ute. 
 
 The acreage and rateable value of this township are 
 returned with the parish, Tho number of itihabitant.s 
 in 1801, was 202; iu 1811, 30S ; iu 1821, 259 ; iu 
 
 80
 
 674 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 1831, 255 ; in 1841, of Northsceugh, 216 ; of Moor- 
 thwaite, 75 ; and in 1851, Northsceugh, 186 ; of Moor- 
 thwnite, 145. The liamlets in the township, and their 
 distances fioui Cumwhittou are as follow: — Mooith- 
 
 waite, one mile south ; Hornby, one and a half mile 
 south-bj-east ; Northsceugh (High), three miles south- 
 In'-east ; and Northsceugh (Low), two miles sonth-.bj- 
 east. 
 
 DENTON NETHEK PARISH. 
 
 This parish lies south of the river Irthing, between Naworth and Upper Denton, and includes the small hamlet of 
 Low liow. On the low side of the parish the soil is light and sandy ; on the south or high side it is stronger, hut 
 of a cold and sterile nature. The parish has no dependant townships. 
 
 The area of Nether Denton is 4,530 acres ; and the 
 rateable value £"2,550. Its population in 1801 was 
 245; in 1811, 258; in 1821, 287; in 1831, 290; 
 in 1841, 280 ; and in 1851, 334. 
 
 The manor of Nether Denton was given by Eustace 
 de Vallibus to a family who assumed the name of 
 Denton. The heiress of Sir Richard Denton married 
 Adam Copley, of Batley, in Yorkshire, and the heiress 
 of Copley, in the third generation, married Adam de 
 Hall, who took the name of Denton, and had from his 
 father-in-law a grant of the arms of his maternal great- 
 grandfather. Sir Richard Denton. In the reign of 
 Henry VII. John Denton exchanged the manor for 
 Waruell Hall with Lord Dacre, from whom it has des- 
 cended to the Earl of Carlisle. Denton Hall has long 
 been occupied as a farmhouse. The customarj' tenants 
 pay two years' value and a heriot on change of tenant, 
 and a fine on the death of the lord. The principal 
 landowners are the Earl of Carlisle, the Rev. Thomas 
 Colbeck, Thomas Ramshaj, Esq., and John Waugh, 
 Esq. 
 
 Low Row is a small hamlet in this parish, about four 
 miles east of Brampton. Here is a station on the 
 Newcastle and Carlisle railway. 
 
 THE CHUBCH. 
 
 The church, dedicated to St. Cuthhcrt, is a small 
 unpretending structure. The living, a rectory, was 
 given by Robert, son of Bueth, to the monks of 
 Wetheral ; and he also, by the advice, and with the 
 consent of his wife and friends, gave to the cliurch some 
 of his lands that lay near to it, and eight acres besides 
 as well without as -within the village. This grant was 
 confirmed by John and EUas, sons of David de Denton, 
 and appropriated to the providing a light before the 
 altar of the Most Holy Trinity in the church of 
 Wetheral. After the decease of Robert, son of Bueth, 
 the church of Nether Denton was given to Lanercost 
 Priory. This transfer led to some litigation between 
 
 the communities of Wetheral and Lanercost, which 
 was terminated by the mediation of the papal legate, 
 who divided the profits of the living between the two 
 houses, and gave the presentation and advowson to the 
 Bishop of Carlisle, whose successors have since enjoyed 
 the same. The share which each of the commuuiiies 
 of Wetheral and Lanercost had out of this rectory was 
 two marks and a half. In 1200 the prior and monks 
 of AVctheral ve-leased this part to the bishop of Carlisle. 
 The church is rated in the King's Book at £8 5s. 5d. 
 It was returned to the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty 
 at £1G Is. Od. In 1761 it was augmented with £400, 
 of which £200 was from Queen Anne's Bounty, and 
 £200 given by the Dowager Countess Gower. It is now 
 worth about £196 a year. At the enclosure of the 
 commons there were about 500 acres allotted, partly in 
 lieu of tithes, and partly by right of common. The 
 parish registers commence in 1710. 
 
 Becioes.— Eobert Oriel, 1304 ; Adam de Kale, 1300 ; John 
 de Culgayth, 1309 ; John de Aberington, 1317 ; EicUard de 
 BroctoD, 1385 ; Edward Bell, died, 1007 ; Cbristopber Lowtber, 
 15G7 ; Miles Matraaugh, 157C ; 'WiUiain ThompsoD, 1580; 
 Roland Baxter, 1507; Ralph Snowden, died, 1633 ; Nicholas 
 Dean, 1633 ; William Culcbeth occurs 1092 ; Richard Culcbeth, 
 1692; Thomas Pearson, 1703 ; Nicholas Reay, 1718; William 
 
 Hesket, 1730; — Holmo, ; — Harrison, ; Thomas 
 
 Ramshay, 1 705 ; Thomas Colbeck, 1834. 
 
 The parish school is in the village or hamlet of Low 
 Row. 
 
 CHABIITES. 
 
 Hodgson's Charity. — William Hodgson, who died in 
 1856, bequeathed to the parish of Nether Denton a 
 field called the Scollicks, containing about twelve acres, 
 which he had purchased a short time previous to his 
 decease. This property now lets for £18 5s. a year, 
 which sum, in accordance with Mr. Hodgson's direc- 
 tions, is distributed in the following manner, viz.: — 
 £8 a year to the school at Low Row, £2 a year to the 
 parish clerk, and the residue among the poor of the 
 parish.
 
 DENTON UPPER PARISH. 
 
 075 
 
 DENTON UPPER PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Upper Dfnton comprises a small distnc 
 Nether Denton, and on the west and north by the river 
 
 The area of Upper Denton is 860 acres, and its 
 rateable value £"1,175 18s. In 1801 it contained 85 
 inhabitants; in 1811, 94; in 1821, 100; in 1831, 
 106 ; in 1H41, 127 ; and in 1851, 119. 
 
 The manor of Upper Denton, which was anciently 
 part of the barony of Giisland, was convejed in the 
 reign of Edward I. by Richard Stonland to John 
 VVitherington, in who-^e family it continued for several 
 generations. Mr. T. Denton says that it was conveyed 
 by that family to Lord William Howard, but Nicolson 
 and Burn make the Tweedales to have been interme- 
 diate proprietors. It now belongs to the Earl of 
 Carlisle, in whose family it has been for a considerable 
 period. 
 
 The village of Upper Denton is six miles east of 
 Brampton. 
 
 THE cnuncH. 
 
 Upper Denton church is a very small, unpretending 
 structure. The benefice is a curacy in the patronage 
 of the Earl of Carlisle. It was certified to the Eccle- 
 siastical Commissioners at £47 per annum, all of which 
 
 t, bounded on the east by Northumberland, on the south by 
 Irlhing. The parish comprises no dependant townships. 
 
 arises from lands purchased with Queen Anne's Bounty, 
 except '20s. a year paid by the Earl of Carlisle. The 
 church of Upper Denton was given by Robert de 
 Vallibus, and Robert, son of Auketil, to the priory of 
 Lanercost, and appropriated to that house by Hugh 
 Pudsey, bishop of Durham, in whose diocese this ptrish 
 then was. For ecclesiastical purposes this parish and 
 the district of St. Mary Magdalene in Giisland, con- 
 sisting of a portion of Waterliead township, in the 
 parish of Lanercost, were united in 1859 ; the incum- 
 bent is the Rev. C. lupling. The names of the 
 incumbents up to tho present year will be found in 
 the list of the vicars of Lanercost. 
 
 Mumps Hall is a small hamlet in this parish, in which 
 lived Margaret Teasdale, said to be the original Meg 
 Merrilies of Sir Walter Scott's " Guy Maunering." Her 
 grave may yet be seen in the parish churchyard. 
 
 Near Mains, on the south side of the Iitliing, is a 
 spring, which potrilies the moss through which it passes 
 in its course to the river. 
 
 FARLAM PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by the parishes of Brampton and Denton ; on the east by the district of Bridge- 
 holme, and the parish of Brampton, with an isolated portion of Lanercost ; on the south by Havton parish ; and on 
 the west by Brampton. A survey for the enclosure of the commons was made iu 1780, and another for the poor- 
 rates in 1819. Tho parish comprises the townships of East and West Farlam, and Midgeholme, formerly e.\tra- 
 parochial, whose united area is 5,6tiO acres. 
 
 Tho population is partly settled at the hamlets of 
 Milton, Furium, Hallbankgnto, Forest Head, Coal Fell, 
 Rigg Foot, and a considcmblo proportion in a more 
 scattered manner. The inhabitants are colliere, lime- 
 burners, and agricultural labourers. There are two 
 collieries, Talkin and Tindal Fell (two of tho Naworth 
 coalmines), the property of tho Earl of Carlisle, and 
 leased to Mrs. JI. Thompson and Sons, of Kirkhousc. 
 One scam of coal about three and a half feet in thick- 
 ness is extoMsively wrought at the Talkin Colliery, by a 
 shaft thirty-two fathoms deep ; the same seam, though 
 altered in quality, being used as a steam coal, is wrought 
 at Tindal Fell, by an atlit or drift. The strata sunk 
 tlirough at tho former colliery consists of alternations 
 gf white freestone, shale, and limestone, tho number of 
 
 hands employed at the two places averages about 200. 
 The pits are situated iu Haytou and Brampton parishes. 
 There are about seventy hands employed at the lime- 
 works, producing about 20,000 tons aiuiually. In the 
 neighbouriiood of Tindal Tarn, and partly iu Farlam 
 and partly in Brampton parish, are the ziuc and spelter 
 works of J. H. Attwood, Esq., called the Tindale Fell 
 Spelter Works, on tho private railway of ilie Earl of 
 Carlisle, leading from Brampton and Milton station to 
 tho Newciistle and Carlisli bninch railway at Lambley. 
 These spelter works were erected in 1S15, and consist 
 of twelve subliming fumacos, and twenty-eight calcining 
 roverberatory furnaces for roa.stingor calcining tho ores 
 of zinc, a rolinery, and a mill worked by water from tho 
 tarn, for crushing and grinding the ores. There
 
 676 
 
 ESKDALE WARD, 
 
 are also pot-houses and stoves for making and burning 
 the retorts and condensers, with warehouses, offices, 
 mana'jer's house, and upwards of thirty workmen's 
 dwellings, a school-house for children, and a teacher's 
 residence. These works attract considerable atteuiiou 
 as being the only zinc works in the north of England, 
 also as the process used is a patented one, and 
 supposed to be superior to any other in the country. 
 The school is supported by the proprietor, with the aid 
 of the children's payments. The ores come from 
 Alston Moor, and various parts of England, and 
 abroad. The population, generally speaking, are sober, 
 steady, and industrious ; the parish is clean and dry, 
 and the people are in a comfortable position. The soil 
 about Milton is light and gravelly, but in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Kirkhouse and Farlam Hall is rich and 
 loamy. Towards the eastern portion of the parish 
 there is a large tract of limestone land used for grazing. 
 The west end of the parish is crossed by the Newcastle 
 and Carlisle railway, which has a station at Milton, 
 and a line belonging to Lord Carlisle stretches the 
 entire length of the parish, for the conveyance of coal, 
 &c., to Carlisle, Brampton, Alston, &c. The rateable 
 Talue of the parish is £3,005 5s. Brampton and Carlisle 
 are the markets attended. 
 
 The only antitputies known to have been discovered 
 in this parish are some stone coffins, with urns, which 
 were found on the removal of a sandhill near lurk- 
 house, some ten years ago, but which were destroyed 
 by the workmen in their anxiety to get what they sup- 
 posed to be a treasure. 
 I 
 
 EAST FARLAM. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 430; 
 in 1811, 505; in 18-21, 491; in 1831, 610; in 1841, 
 526; and in 1851, 64S. 
 
 The manor of Farlam was granted by Hubert de 
 Vallibus. lord of Gilsland, to Waller de Windsor, whose 
 posterity look the name of Farlam. John de Farlam, 
 having no children, devised it in the reign of Edward 
 HI. to Ralph de Dacre and Margaret Multon, lady of 
 Gilsland, his wife, and their heirs. It has ever since 
 passed with the barony of Gilsland, and is now held by 
 the Earl of Carlisle. The lands here are held by ancient 
 rents, greenhues, and service monies, and also fines on 
 all customary properly on the death of the lord or change 
 of tenant. The landowners are the Earl of Carli.>le ; 
 Mrs. Thompson and Sons ; James H. Attwood, Esq. ; 
 Mrs. Bell ; Messrs. John Bell, Joseph Bell, and others. 
 Courts for the baruny of Gils'and, which includes Fai- 
 1am, are held at Bramptou twice a year. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 Farlam parish church, dedicated to St. Thomas a 
 Bucket, is a plain structure, consisting of nave and 
 chancel, and dates probably from the twelfth century. 
 It was given by Robert de Vallibus to the piiory of 
 Lanercost, to which monastery the tithes were appro- 
 priated ; but at the Dissolution it was granted to Sir 
 Thomas Dacre, and the patronage and impropriation 
 are now vested in the Earl of Carlisle. The living is 
 worth about £'105 per annum, arising from lands in 
 Bewcastle, purchased by augmentation from Queen 
 Anne's Bounty, and £200 given by the Dowager 
 Countess Gower, an annual sum from the Bounty 
 Office, a small rent charge on the Kirkhouse farm, and 
 the fees. There are no tithes. The parish register 
 e.\tends over a period of 200 years. 
 
 A new church is now (1859) in course of erection, 
 adjoining Kirkhouse ; the site being on the hill imme- 
 diately above. The designs, which have been supplied 
 by Mr. Sahin, give promise of a simple, but at the 
 same time chaste and picturesque edifice, in the Early 
 English style. It will consist of a nave, chancel, and 
 north aisle ; the estimated cost, inclusive of heating 
 apparatus, is about £2,000. Towards this sum the 
 Hon. C. W. G. Howard, MP., contributed £500 ; his 
 brother, the Earl of CarUsle, giving the site, and a con- 
 siderable addition to the churchyard ; Mrs. Thompson 
 and Sons also contributed about £300 ; J. H. Attwood, 
 Esq , £70 ; and the other landowners in an equally 
 liberal manner. The foundation stone was laid on the 
 8th July, 1859, by the Earl of Carlisle. 
 
 IxcLUBESTs. — Sir Simon de Walton, died 1316; William de 
 Eicliardbj, 1316; Sir Thomas de Derby, died 13C1; Sir Thomas 
 
 Roke, 130 1 ; Sir Rtbert de Hajton, 1373; — Townley, ; 
 
 George Gillbanks, 17S6; George Mercer Tandy, 1845; John 
 Lowthian, 1S4S. Mr. Gillbanks did not reside in the parish, 
 and had for curates William Thompson, John Wannop, and G. 
 M. Tandy, in succession. 
 
 A parsonage was erected in 1859, in the Elizabethan 
 style, at a cost of about £1,000. 
 
 A fortnightly Sunday service is held at the school- 
 room connected with the Spelter Works, at the east end 
 of the parish. 
 
 Tbe Wesleyans have a neat new chapel at Hallbank 
 Gate. 
 
 A mechanics' institution was established about two 
 years ago at Hallbauk Gate, for the workmen and 
 others generally. It is supported by subscriptions, 
 and a small quarterly payment from each member. 
 There are about 200 volumes in the hbrary ; the 
 number of members is about eighty. 
 
 Tindal Tarn is the boundary between Farlam and 
 Brampton parishes. A small stream which has its
 
 HAYTON PARISH. 
 
 G77 
 
 origin on Tindal Fell and runs past Hallbaiik Gate, 
 passes I'urlrtm Hull and Kirkbouse, where it is used in 
 driving niacliinery, and thence to tlie village of Jlilton, 
 where it constitutes the boundary of the parish. 
 Another stream called Coal Fell Beck, rising on Tiilkin 
 Fell, and passing Closepit Holme, Grcenside, Lime- 
 works, and Riggfoot, and after uniting with the Rlack- 
 burn at Bytisliall, runs into the South Tyne near 
 Featherstone Castle. 
 
 Many of the houses in this parish have undergone 
 considerable alterations and improvements during the 
 last few years. 
 
 Hallbauk Gate and Kirkhouse are two hamlets in 
 
 this township, the former of which is four miles east- 
 south-east of Brampton ; and the latter, where the 
 church is situated, is half a mile east of liullbauk 
 Gate. 
 
 WEST FARLAM. 
 
 This township contained 1C2 inhabitants in 1801; 
 1G7 in lail; 172 in 1821; 200 iu 1B31; 509 in 
 1841; and 500 in 1851. The acreage, &c., are 
 returned with the parish. Milton is a village in this 
 township one mile and a half east-south east of Bramp- 
 ton. Here is Milton Hall, the residence of Thomas 
 Thompson, Esq., erected in 1857. 
 
 HAYTON PAraSH. 
 
 The parish of Hayton is bounded on the north by Brampton, on the north-west by Irthington, on the west by 
 Warwick and Welheral, on the south by Cumwhitton, and on the cast by Farlam and Castle Canock. The soil 
 here is of various qualities : near Talkin it is dry and gravelly; in Hayton the land, in many parts, is very fertile, 
 and the soil a deep blackish loam, very lu.xuriant; and in other parts it is light and sandy. The rivers Irthing and 
 Gelt run through the parish ; on the latter are quarries of freestone, limestone, and blue slate, and in Talkin are 
 extensive coal mines. The parish abounds in game. The townships are Hayton, Faugh and Fenton, Little Corby, 
 and Talkin, whose united area is 7,737 acres. 
 
 HAYTON. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £2,212 10s. 
 Its population in 1801 was 370; in 1811, 436; in 
 1821. 400; iu 1831, 582; in 1841, 534; and in 1851, 
 532 ; who are chiefly resident in the village. They are 
 engaged in agricultural pursuits, and attend the Bramp- 
 ton and Carlisle markets. 
 
 The manor of Hayton belongs to the lord of Gilsland. 
 Mr. T. Denton says that Hayton formerly belonged to 
 the Denton family, and was given by John Denton to 
 Lord Dacre in e.xchange, in the reign of Henry VII. 
 The landowners are Tbomas Henry Graham, Esq., of 
 Edmond Castle, Sir II. Dalrymplo Ross, George Head 
 Head, Esq., and John Rarashay, Esq. 
 
 The village of Hayton is pleasantly situated two and 
 a half miles south-west of Brampton. It possesses a 
 remarkable monument in the shape of a circular emi- 
 nence, twelve feet high, and about 10') feet in diameter, 
 known as Castle Hill, and which is supposed by some 
 to have served as an oul[)ost tor tho defence of Ivlmond 
 Castle, distant about one mile north-west, but upon wliat 
 ground such a conjecture is founded wo cauuot ascertain. 
 
 TIIK rufllcH. 
 
 Hayton church, dedicated to St. Mary, is a neat 
 structure, coDsistiiig of nave and chancel, with a small 
 square tower; it was rebuilt in 1780, and will accom- 
 
 modate about 400 persons ; the chancel was rebuilt in 
 1842, at the expense of T. H. Graham, Esq. The 
 church of Hayton was given by Robert de Yaux or de 
 Vallilius, to the prior and convent of Carlisle, and was 
 shortly afterwards appropriated to that monastery. On 
 the suppression of the monastic institutions it was 
 transferred to the dean and chapter, the legal successors 
 of the prior and convent; the dean and chapter sold 
 their rigbt of patronage, in 1855, to the Ecclesiastical 
 Commissioners, who are now the impropriators and 
 patrons. Previous to the commutation the tithes were 
 leased out for twenty-one years, by the dean and chapter, 
 reserving the annual payment of seventeen eskeps of 
 oatmeal ; and the lessee covenanted to pay the curate 
 j£5 yearly, and to repair the chancel ; the ancient 
 custom of the lessee of the small tithes giving the 
 inhabitants forty-eight quarts of ale (viz., twelve on the 
 feast of St. Andrew, twelve at Candlemas, and twenty- 
 four at Easter), has been discontinued. The Earl of 
 Carlisle is the impropriator of a portion of the corn 
 tithes of Talkin, and the vicar of Brampton owns tho 
 hay tithes of the same township ; but all are now com- 
 muted for a rent charge on the land. In 1751 and 
 1757 the living, wliieh is a perpetual curacy, received 
 two augmentations from Queen Anne's Bounty, amount- 
 ing to i'liiO, with which land was purchased at Hayton,
 
 678 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 and added to the ancient glebe, making altogether about 
 ninety-six acres. The benefice is now worth about £ 1 33 
 per annum. The parish registers commence in 1620. 
 
 Incumbents. — Hugh Brown, ]755; Edmond Wills, 1757; 
 Richard Hair, 180B; Richard Rice, 1821; George Toppiu, 1836. 
 
 The parsonage, situated near the church, is a good 
 substantial building, erected in 1821 at a cost of £800. 
 
 The Weslejaus have a chapel in the village. 
 
 Havtou School, situated in the village, is the pro- 
 perty of Thomas Henry Graham, Esq., who is also the 
 principal contributor towards its support. There is a 
 good master's house near the school, erected at the 
 expense of Jlr. Graham. Tiic school has an average 
 attendance of 100 pupils, who pay from Is. to 4s. per 
 quarter. 
 
 In 1856 Thomas Henry Graham, Esq., established 
 a good reading-room here for the benefit of the inhabi- 
 tants, which is entirely supported by its founder. There 
 is also a good library in the school, to which its 
 members have access. 
 
 To the east of the village is Stone House, the neat 
 residence of Capt. Coulson, but the property of Sir H. 
 D. Ross. 
 
 Edmond Castle, distant about one mile north-west 
 of Hayton, is the beautiful seat of Thomas Henry 
 Graham, Esq. 
 
 (Brabant of Sbmonlr Cnstlt. 
 
 Thomas Graham, Esq., of Edmond Castle, Cumberland, 
 descended from a branch of the Grahoms of Esk, married, 
 .January, 174!), Margaret, daughter of Thomas Coulthard, Esq., 
 of Scotbj, and by her (who died, aged Ul, in 181G) left at his 
 decease, October, 1807, 
 
 I. Thomas, his heir. 
 
 II. James of Kirkstall, created a baronet, 1808. 
 III. William. 
 
 I. Mary, married to Richard Graham, Esq., of Stone House. 
 
 II. Elizabeth, 
 m. Margaret. 
 
 The eldest son, 
 
 Thomas Graham, Esq., of Edmond Castle, born 17iil, mar- 
 ried, 17th August, 1791, Elizabeth Sosannah, daughter of John 
 Davenport, Esq., of Clapham, Surrey, and left at his decease, 
 23rd June, 1813, 
 
 I. Thomas Hesrt, now of Edmond Castle. 
 II. John, who mnrri*>(l, IB'^l , Caroline Elinor, dnnghtor of the late 
 E. J. Curteis, Esq., M.P. of Windmill HiU, and has issue, 
 
 1. Beginald John. 
 
 2. Heni7 Davenport. 
 
 3. Charles. 
 
 4. Edward Curleis. 
 1. Caroline Curteis. 
 
 1. Elizabeth Maria, 
 u. Emily, married to the Rev. Thomas Collins. 
 
 ni. Aime Margaret, married to Edward Polhill, Esq. 
 
 Mr. Graham was succeeded by liis eldest son, 
 
 Thomas Heniiv Graham, Esq., of Edmond Castle, co. Cum- 
 berland, J. P. and D.I,., high sheriff in 1821; born 25lh June, 
 1793 ; married, Cth March, 1829, Mary, eighth daughter of tho 
 late Sir David Carnegie, Bart., of Souihesk. 
 
 Arms. — Per pale, indented, enn. and sn., on a chief, per pale of 
 the last, and or, three escallops, count<rchanged. 
 
 Crest. — Two armed arms issuing out of the battlements of a 
 tower, ppr., holding an escallop sa. 
 
 LITTLE CORBY. 
 
 The area of this township is 352 acres, and its rate- 
 able value £412. The number of iuhiibitanis in ISOl 
 was 120; in 1811, 114; in 1821, 170; in 1831, 3)3; 
 in 1841, 283 ; and in 1851, 297 ; who are resident in 
 the village of Little Corby. The manor of Little Corby 
 is held by P. H. Howard, Esq., of Corby Castle, besides 
 ■whom George Irving, Esq., is the principal landowner. 
 
 The village of Little Corby is situated at the con- 
 fluence of the rivers Eden and Irthing, about six. miles 
 east-by-uorth of Carlisle. 
 
 FAUGH AKD FENTON. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 200 ; in 
 1811, 304; in 1821, 331; in 1831, 333; in 1841, 
 339 ; and in 1851, 400. The rateable value is 
 £2,512 7s. 6d. 
 
 The manorial rights are the property of the Earl of 
 Carlisle. The principal landowners are John Ramshay, 
 Esq. ; George Head Head, Esq. ; Messrs. Thomas 
 Taylor, and John Moses. 
 
 Faugh and Feuton are two small hamlets, the former 
 one mile and a half, ami the latter one mile south 
 of Hayton. How is another hamlet in this township, 
 half a mile south of the same place. The Weslcyaus 
 have a small place of worship at Feuton, lately erected 
 by Mr. Taylor. 
 
 TALKIN. 
 
 The population of Talkin township in 1801 was 
 249; in 1811, 237; in 1821, 280; in 1831, 376; 
 in 1841, 844; and in 1851, 311. The rateable 
 value is £1,544 12s. Od. The inhabitants reside 
 principally in the villnge of Talkin, with the excep- 
 tion of three or four farm-houses, and a few cot- 
 tages on the common. They are principally engaged 
 in agriculture, and some of them are employed at 
 Blacksyke coal-pit, on the common, which is leased by 
 Mrs. Thompson and Sons, under the Earl of Carlisle. 
 Brampton market is usually attended. The land in the 
 neighbourhood of the village is good, and in a fair state 
 of cultivation. It is well suited for the growth of
 
 IRTHINGTON PARISH. 
 
 679 
 
 potatoes, turnips, uiul all sorts of grain, The New- 
 castle and Carlisle railway passes through the township 
 about a mile west of the village. The common, to the 
 extent o( about 1,400 acres, has been recently enclosed, 
 under the Commons Enclosure Act. Besides the coal- 
 mines there are limestone and freestone quarries. 
 
 The manor of Tallun is held by the Earl of Carlisle, 
 as parcel of the barony cf Gilsland. 
 
 The villnge of Talldn is two and a half miles east-by- 
 soulh of Hayton, and possesses a neat chapel, which 
 was built about sixteen years ago, by T. H. Graham, 
 Esq., the inhubitanls assisting by carting materials, 
 and Lord Carlible gave the stone. The chapel is a neat 
 and wellfiMishcd structure, and is kept in repair by 
 T. II. Graham, E-<q., who has also endowed it with £80 
 out of Wiggilhill estate, a property of his adjoining the 
 chapel. The Rev. James Irving is curate to the Rev. 
 George Toppin, of Hayton. He resides at Talkin, 
 and assists Mr, Toppin at Hayton, as well as doing 
 duty here. 
 
 The parsonage is a neat and commodious house, 
 erected by T. II. Graham, Esq., who also gave the site. 
 The grounds around the house are neatly laid out. 
 
 Talkin Tarn, a small lake well stocked with iish, is 
 situated in this township. 
 
 CHAMTJ. 
 
 School. — By indenture of bargain and sale, dated 1st 
 September, 178.T, John Milbourne granted to trustees a 
 piece of ground called Willy JMoor, containing six acres, 
 lying in Ilaytou Low Moor, on trust to let the same, 
 and apply the rents for and towards the schooling of as 
 many poor children of Talkin quarter as the rents 
 should be sufficient to teach. In or about the year 
 1842, Thomas II. Graham, Esq., purchased these six 
 acres from the trustees, and in lieu thereof laid a rent 
 charge of £10 a year on his estate adjoining the school. 
 On the enclosure of the common thirty acres were 
 allotted to the school, which now produce £15 a year. 
 The total income is now £30 per annum, exclusive of 
 the children's quarter pence. A new school, with 
 teacher's house attached, was erected in 1858, at a cost 
 of £000, defrayed by subscription and a government 
 grant of £380. The school is under government 
 inspection ; the master is assisted by one pupil teacher. 
 Average attendance eighty children. 
 
 IIITHINGTON rAPJSH, 
 
 TtiF. parish of Irthington is bounded on the north by Walton and Kirklinton, on the west by Scaleby and Crosby, 
 on the south by Hayton, and on the east by Bram[iton. The river Irthing, from which its name is derived, flows 
 at its southern extremity. The parish is intersected by the site of the celebrated Roman Wall, and by the military 
 ro;id from Carlisle to Newcastle. In Newby township is Watch Cross, the Aballaba of the Romans. The soil of 
 the ancient enclosures in this parish is Ught and sandy ; that between the village and the river consists of a mixture 
 cf loam and moss, and clay is found on the hills. Plenty of excellent stone is found throughout the parish well 
 suited for buildings, being the old red sandstone. The farmers generally attend both Carlisle and Brampton markets. 
 The parish comprises the townships of Irthington, Laversdale, Newby, and Newton, whose aggregate area is C,050 
 acres (0,352 in rate book). Population entirely agricultural. 
 
 lUTHINGTON. 
 
 The area of this township is 947 acres (889 in rate 
 book), and its rateable, value £1,043 83. The popu- 
 lation in 1801 was 197; in ISll, 224; in 1821, 251; 
 in 1831, 207; in 1841, 270; and in 1851, 220; who 
 reside in the village of Irthington, and the small hamlets 
 of Old Wall and Ruleholmc. 
 
 A Roman castlo originally existed near tho site of 
 the present farm buildings, called Nook, now in tho 
 occmiation of the Messrs. Bell, whoso predecessor, the 
 late Robert Bell, made a collection of tho principal 
 Roman relics that were found in the neighbourhood, 
 such OS coins, seals, altars, pottery, &c. This collection 
 
 is still kept on the premises, and is of interest to the 
 historian and the antiquary. 
 
 The manorial rights of Irthington are held by the 
 Earl of Carlisle, as lord of the barony of Gilsland, 
 which includes the whole of this parish. The principal 
 landowners ore the Earl of Carlisle. Rev. W. Dacre 
 (vicar), Messrs. John and George Bell, Thomas Graham, 
 Thomas liulnmn, William Law, John Bowman, George 
 Ramsay, John Boastead. 
 
 The village of Irthington, or tlie "town on the 
 Irthing," is largo and straggling. It is situated on 
 the north side of the Irthing, 2J miles west-by-north of 
 Brampton. King John was here on February 30, 1201.
 
 680 
 
 ESKDALE w.vnn. 
 
 THE CUURCH. 
 
 Irtliiiigton church, dedicated to St. Kentigern, or St. 
 Miingii, is the principal ohject of interest in the parish, 
 liaviiig been entirely restored within the Inst two vears, 
 under the present incumbent, and his predecessor, the 
 Rev. J. Hancock. The original church w;is built about 
 the twelfth century, and consisted of a nave and aisles, 
 with a small bell turret. The present church is erected 
 on the original site, and has been entirely rebuilt, with 
 the exception of the arches in the interior. Of these, 
 the chancel arch is a very beautiful specimen of the 
 Korraan Decorated style ; the other arches are all plain 
 and massive Norman, with the excejition of the two 
 west arches, which are pointed, showing the original 
 church to have been built at the tran.^itiou period. 
 The exterior of the chancel is restored with stones 
 out of the old Roman wall, on many of which the 
 original chisel marks of the Roman masons are still 
 distinctly visible. There are three very fine windows, 
 by Wailes of Newcastle, to the memory of the late 
 Robert Bell, — besides two minor ones, one in memory 
 of the late Robert Bowman, of this pari>h, who died at 
 the advanced age of 1 18 years, and the other in memory 
 of the late Mr. Dodgson, of Beck. The entire expense 
 of the restoration, inclusive of the windows, was about 
 £1,000, which sum was raised by subscription among 
 the owners and occupiers of land in tlie parish. Tbe 
 church of Irthington was granted to the prior and 
 convent of Lanercost, by Robert de Yallibus, and it 
 was soon appropriated to that house. In the year 
 1221 the vicarage was ta.\ed as follows by Bishop 
 Malclerk : — The vicar to have the whole altarage, with 
 the corn lithe of the vill of Irthington, and all the land 
 belonging to the said church, with the lithe of hay and 
 mills throughout the whole parish, with all small tithes 
 belonging to the altarage ; saving to the prior and 
 convent yearly three eskcps of oatmeal, and two cskeps 
 of malt ; which was afterwards altered by Bishop Close 
 to one eskep and a half of oatmeal. In the Valor of 
 Pope Nicholas, the church of Tnhingion is rated at 
 £13 10s. ; and the vicarage at £10. In the Valor of 
 Edward II., they were stated to be worth nothing, 
 because they were totally destroyed. In the King's 
 Book, the vicarage of Irthington is rated at £0 Is. 5^d. 
 On the dissolution of Lanercost Priory, the church of 
 Irthington was granted, among other possessions of the 
 said priory, to Sir Thomas Dacre, Knight, by Edward 
 VI., in the sixth year of his reign ( 1 .559-3.) The benefice 
 is now a discharged vicarage, in the patronage of Joseph 
 Dacre, Esq., of Kirklinton Hall, brother of the present 
 vicar. The living was certified to the governors of Queen 
 Anne's Bounty as of the annual value of £30 ; it is now 
 
 worth about £330. The tithes in this parish are very 
 small, the greater part of the land being lithe free. 
 There are about 400 acres of land belonging to the 
 church, which are at present undergoing great improve- 
 ments; the greater part of this land was given in lieu 
 of vicarial tithes on the enclosure of the commons in 
 1783. The priucipal glebe house was erected about 
 ten years ago. 
 
 Vicars : — William de Meleburn, 1224 ; Laurence de Caldre, 
 13:!"; John Farelmrne, died 1007; Robert Hutton, lr)C7; 
 Robert Dobson, 15H5; Leonard Scolt, IJHO; Joseph Lowden, 
 151)7; Richard Lowden, 1012; Anthony Salkeld, resigned l(iV2; 
 Kichard Sibson, 1042; John Theakstoi), Kilil ; Philip Fielding, 
 1001) ; John Gosling, 16)2 ; Matthei? Wilkinson, 17.11 ; James 
 
 Farish, 1745 ; John Stamper, 17P.') ; John Topping, ; John 
 
 Hancock, ; William Dacre, 1852. 
 
 Irthington School was rebuilt by subscription in 1830. 
 The roaster receives a sum of £23 a year from sub- 
 scriptions and endowments, the latter consisting of the 
 interest of aboul £'.i.S0 in the funds and out on loau, de- 
 rived from Hetheriugton's and Dalton's charities. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 TJelhcrinrttona Ckarilij. — Jane Hetherington, by a 
 clause in her will, dated 27th Septemlier, 1792, gave as 
 a donation, towards a free school within the parish of 
 Irthington, for the use and education of poor children, 
 the sum of £100, which was paid by her brother, 
 Edward Hetherington, and was subsequently laid out 
 on mortgage. This money has been since lent out at 
 interest, and the proceeds devoted to the education of 
 the poor in Irthington and Laversdale schools. 
 
 Dalton's Charitij. — Jane Dalton, about the year 1795, 
 bequeathed £100, upon trust, to bo placed out, and 
 directed that the interest of the same should be paid 
 to the minister of the parish of Irthington, by whom 
 she directed the same should be applied towards the 
 education of such poor children within the parish as he 
 should think fit. The interest is applied according to 
 the iatentions of the douur. 
 
 LWERSDALE. 
 
 The area of Laversdale township is 3,415 acres (3,225 
 in rate book), and its rateable value £2,852 8s. In 
 1801 it contained 399 inhabitants; in 1811,390; in 
 1821, 450; in 1831, 431; in 1841, 438; and in 1851, 
 429. The manorial rights are held by the Earl of Car- 
 lisle. The principal landowners are Thomas Clark, 
 Thomas Calvert, James de Vitru, Esq., John Hogg, 
 Rev. W. Dacre, Thomas Jefferson, Joseph Dickinson, 
 William Maude, Edward Waugh, Richard Waugh, 
 Thomas Law, Isaac and John Phillips, James Fawcett, 
 Mrs. George Saul, Mrs. James, John Boustead, Edward
 
 KIRKANDKEWS-UPON-ESK PARISH. 
 
 081 
 
 Standish, Thomas Staiiwix, and Thomas Sarginson. 
 Great improvements have been made in this township 
 within the List few years, both socially and as regards 
 its agriculture. Lands have been improved, bridges 
 constructed, mosses reclaimed, and schools erected. 
 
 A new school and classroom, with good house attached, 
 were erected about three years ago, on a site conveyed 
 to trustees by the late Robert James, of Mireside, who 
 has also left £'300 by will to endow tiie school. There 
 were also £100 givea by the late James Boustead, of 
 Cumrenton, lent out at l* per cent for the same pur- 
 pose. The master is also supporteil by subscriptious 
 amounting to about £'17 per annum and the school fees. 
 This school is under government inspection, having 
 been erected at a cost of about £'600, £284 of which 
 was given by a grant from the Committee of Council 
 on Education. Service is performed in the school-room 
 every Sunday afternoon by the vicar. 
 
 The village of Lavcrsdale is three and a half miles 
 west-north-west of Brampton. 
 
 At Cumrenton there was formerly a wood containing 
 300 acres. 
 
 Old Wall is a hamlet in this township, three miles 
 west-north-west of Brampton. 
 
 SEWBY. 
 
 Newby contains 807 acres, and its rateable value is 
 £535 4s. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 
 106; in 1811, 100; in 1891, 07; in 183), 110; in 
 1841, VH; and in 1851, 134. This is a small town- 
 ship, chietly in the possession of T. H. Graham, Esq., 
 of Edmond Castle, Miss Lamb, Jlessrs. Thomas Little, 
 and James Brough. It overhangs the river Irthiug 
 near its junction with the Eden. 
 
 In this township is situated Watch Cross, the 
 Aballaba of the Ilomans. Horsley gives the following 
 account of the station : — "A little detached from the 
 
 road, to the south, is a Roman fort of about four chains 
 and a half square, called Watch Cross ; and as I was 
 assured by the country people, and have had it since 
 further confirmed, a military way has gone near it, or 
 between it and the military road belonging to the wall; 
 for they often plough up paving stones here, and think 
 part of the highway to Brampton to be upon it. This 
 is the least station on the line of wall, and is as usual 
 plundered of its stones, as at Burgh and Drumburgh. 
 However, the ramparts and ditch are very fair and 
 visible." The common on which this station stood 
 being enclosed about eighty years ago, and brought 
 into cultivation, all traces of the camp have been 
 obliterated. This camp has been supposed to have 
 been only a summer encampment, and was garrisoned 
 by a detachment of Moors. 
 
 KEWTOWK. 
 
 The area of Newtown is 1 ,536 acres, and its rateable 
 value £831 16s. The population in 1801 was 168 ; in 
 1811,188: in 1821,222; in 1831, 215 ; in 1841, 217; 
 and in 1851, 212. The principal landowners are the 
 Earl of Carlisle, W. P. Johnson, Esq., Miss Lamb, and 
 Mrs. Dodgson. The Roman wall runs through this and 
 Laversdale township, and may be very distinctly traced 
 along the whole extent of its course through the parish. 
 At the west end of the township are the remains of a 
 large Roman mile castle, the stones still lie in confusion 
 upon its sites. 
 
 The village of Newtown occupies a very picturesque 
 situation two and a half miles north-west of Brampton. 
 It is composed of a number of small cottages, erected 
 at the time when hand-loom weaving was a more 
 flourishing trade than at present ; the cottages are now 
 occupied, for the most part, by a wandering class of 
 tenants, who come here during the winter. There is a 
 small place of worship belonging to tlie Independents. 
 
 KIRKANDREWS-UPON-ESK PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by the rivers Liddel, Kershope, Sark, and Scott's Dyke, which separate it 
 from Scotland; on the west by the Solway Frith; on the south by the parishes of Arthurct and Hewcaslle ; and on 
 the north-east by Kershope. It extends from the Solway to the confines of Norlhumbcriand, a distance of about 
 twenty miles, tho average breadth being about three miles. This large parish, which forms the principal part of the 
 barony of Liddel, was, previous to tho union of England and Scotland, tho constant theatre of war, rapine, and blood- 
 shed. It is now inhabited by opulent farmers and a contented peasantry, and is one of the most orderly and peace- 
 able districts in tho kingdom. Tho Caledonian railway intersects the lower part of tho parish, and has a station near 
 the river Sark, in Nether township, not far from Gretna. The parish comprises tho townships of Middle Quarter, 
 Moat (^larter. Nether (Quarter, and tlic ohapclry of Nichol Forest, wliose united area is 17.246 acres ; the rateable 
 value is £13,359 12s. 7}d. Sir James R. (i. Graham, Bart., is owner of tho whole parish, witli the exception of 
 some estates in tho chapelry of Nichol Forest. Agriculture is the employment of the iuhabitants, and Carlisle 
 the market attended. 
 
 81
 
 682 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 MIDDLE QUARTER. 
 
 This township comprises an area of •4,531 acres, and 
 its niteiible value is £4,(l(i'.2 5s. lid. The population 
 in isui was 573; iulSll, COO; in 1831,034; iul831, 
 401 ; in 1841, 458; and in 1851, 403. 
 
 lu the neighbourhood of the church is an ancient 
 border fortress, consisting of a square tower, " with a 
 ground lloor and two apartments above, oue over the 
 other ; in the lirst lloor it was usual to keep the cattle ; 
 in the two last was lodged the family." About a mile 
 from the church is a freestone quarry. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 The parish church, dedicated to St. Andrew, occupies 
 a picturesque situation, on the west side of the Esk, 
 two and a half miles north of Longtown. It was rebuilt 
 in 1770, partly on the site of an older edifice, by the 
 late Rev. Robert Graham, D.D., and is a plain sub- 
 stantial stone structure, consisting of a nave, with a 
 semicircular apse, which serves as a chancel, and a 
 small bell turret containing one bell. There are 240 
 sittings, all of which are free, with the exception of two, 
 set apart for the rector and the Graham family. There 
 is a small gallery over the entrance at the south end. 
 The benefice is a rectory, valued in the King's Book at 
 £3 lis. 5d., and certified to the Ecclesiastical Com- 
 missioners as of the average value of JC513 a year. 
 According to the Clergy List it is now worth £854 per 
 annum. The tithes were commuted in 1849 for 
 JE854 12s. Gl, viz., £353 16s. 3d for Middle Quarter; 
 i354 8s. 8d. for Nether Quarter; £114 13s. lid. for 
 Moat Quarter; and £31 13s. 8d. for Nichol Forest 
 Chapclry ; this last was in lieu of a modus. The 
 parish registers are preserved from the year 1664. 
 For succession of rectors, see Arthuret parish. 
 
 There are four schools in the parish, one in each 
 quarter, which receive £5 a year each from Lady Wid- 
 drington's charity. Sir James Graham, in 18vi6, gave 
 five acres of common to the schoolmaster of Middle 
 Quarter, which now produces £3 a year. 
 
 CHARITY. 
 
 Laihj Widdrhtdtnn's Charity. — By indenture, dated 
 14th August, 1754, enrolled in Chancery, reciting that 
 Lady Widdiinglou and her ancestors, owners of the 
 manors of Arthuret and Kirk Andrews, had for many 
 years then last past, paid unto several schoolmasters 
 the yearly sum of £12, that is to say, £6 toeach parish, 
 for teacbiug the poor children of and belonging to the 
 manors and parishes of Arthuret and Kirk Andrews 
 aforesaid, to read, write, and cast accounts. And further 
 reciting, ihat Lady Graham had, by her will, dated the 
 3rd of June, 1743, bequeathed to the parishes of Kirk 
 
 Andrews and Arthuret, each £20, as should be judgi d 
 proper by the ministers of each parish, for their use ai.d 
 benefit : and that the ministers of the said parishes had 
 judged the application thereof to and for the benefit of 
 the said schools, as the best and most proper way of 
 disposing thereof. It is witnessed that the said Lady 
 Widdrington, for the effectual securing the due payment 
 of the said yearly sum of £12, as also of the interest or 
 produce of the said £40, and for the better provision 
 and maintenance of such schoolmasters as aforesaid, for 
 ever granted to trustees a yearly rent charge of £40, issu - 
 ing out of certain messuages and tenements, or farm 
 holds, called Burnfoot, within the parish of Arthuret, 
 upon trust, that they should pay one moiety thereof to 
 the rector of Arthm-et for the time being, and the other 
 moiety to the rector of Kirk Andrews-upon-Esk for the 
 time being, to be by them respectively applied and 
 disposed of to as many schoolmasters, and in such 
 proportion and manner as they should think fit, for the 
 educating and instructing of such poor children of or 
 belonging to the parishes of Arthuret and Kirk Andrews, 
 as the said rectors for the time being should from time 
 to time respectively nominate and appoint, in the prin- 
 ciples of the Church of England as by law established, 
 and to read, write, and cast accounts. Tiie rent charge 
 of £40 is regularly paid by Sir James Graham to the 
 dilTerent schoolmasters in the parishes of Arthuret and 
 Kirk Andrews. 
 
 MOAT. 
 
 The area of this township is 1,581 acres, and its rate- 
 able value £1,472 12s. The number of inhabitants in 
 1801 was 291; in 1811, 281; in 1821, 300; in 1831, 
 170; in 1841, 205, and in 1851, 199. Moat township 
 extends about two miles along the south bank of the 
 Liddel. Here are the remains of an extensive border 
 fortress, known as Liddell Strength, long the principal 
 seat of the lords of Liddell barony. They occupy the 
 summit of a precipice, and present the appearance of a 
 great mound, covering about five acres, surrounded by 
 a moat. Liddell Strength was taken by William of 
 Scotland in 1174. In the reign of David Bruce it 
 was the scene of most savage cruelty and revenge. The 
 Scottish king, on his march to the county of Durham, 
 invested this stronghold, which was defended by au 
 English knight. Sir Walter Selby, and 200 men at 
 arms. Being reduced to the last extremity, the garri- 
 son yielded, upon which the two sons of Sir Walter 
 Selby were strangled in their father's presence, and he 
 himself was afterwards beheaded. 
 
 CHAEITr. 
 
 Lockhart's Charity. — David Lockhart, a native of this 
 parish, who died in the West Indies, left by will, dated
 
 KIRKLTNTOK PARISH. 
 
 G83 
 
 1849, f 100 to the rector of tins parish, for tlie time 
 being, upon trust, the interest to bo applied towards the 
 support of Moat School. The legacy dut)' and other 
 incidental expenses being deducted for the £100, the 
 balance has been invested in the public funds, and now 
 produces £'2 7s. a year. He also bequeathed, at the 
 same time, a similar sum to the poor of the parish, to 
 be distributed as the curate thought fit. This sum was 
 not invested, but was given to the poor during the five 
 cars 1850—54. 
 
 NETHER TOWNSHIP. 
 
 The area of this township is 8,832 acres, and its 
 rateable value £4.330 Os. 4d. The population in 1801 
 was 245; in 1811,448; in 1821,510; in 1831,485; 
 in 1841, 444; and in 1851, 452, The Caledonian 
 railway has a station in this township. 
 
 Nether, or Low Quarter, which extends from one to 
 four miles west, north-north-west, and south-south-west 
 of Longtown, comprises the Debaieable Lands of 
 border warfare, and Solom, or Solway Moss, celebrated 
 i'lr the victory obtained over the Scots in the reign of 
 Henry VIIL, and for the remarkable overflow of the 
 Moss in the year 1771. The eruption began on the 
 15th of November; it continued to flow for several 
 days, covering with its black stream several hundred 
 acres of fertile land, and destroying many of the 
 tenants' houses. The miscliief at first seemed irre- 
 ]\irable ; but by the spirited exertions of Dr. Graham, 
 who Wiis landlord of the whole inundated tract, the 
 ground was gradually cleared, at a great expense, and 
 again brought into cuhivalion. 
 
 Joseph Faulder, who was boru here, and lived in the 
 
 township for about a century, attained the remarkable 
 age of 1 04 years. He died at Alstonby, in the parish 
 of Kirklinton. 
 
 KICHOL FORKST. 
 
 The area of the chapclry of Nichol Forest is. 7,302 
 acres, and its rateable value £3,485 14s. 4id. In 
 1801 it contained 008 inhabitants; in 1811, 757; in 
 1821, 795; in 1831, 907; in 1841, 825; and in 
 1851, 744; resident principally in scattered dwellings 
 distant from six to fourteen miles north-east of Long- 
 town. The Border Union railway runs through the 
 northern part of the towubhip, and will have a station 
 at Penton. The landowners are Sir James R. G. 
 Graham; William Charlton, Esq.; George G. Moun- 
 sey, Esq.; and a few resident yeomen. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 The chapel-of-ease, situated at Kingfield, about si.v 
 miles north-east of the parish church, was rebuilt in 
 1812. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage 
 of the rector of the parish, and worth about £132 a 
 year. The Rev. John Wannop is the present curate. 
 
 The parsonage is a comfortable dwelling, erected by 
 the rector in 1836, aided by a grant from Queen Anne's 
 Bounty. 
 
 The school, which receives £6 a year from Lady 
 Widdrington's charity, is situated at Warwick's Land. 
 
 Catlowdy and Scuggate are small hamlets in this 
 township. At Penton, about a mile and half south- 
 west of the chapel, the river Liddell rolls its rapid 
 stream with much grandeur, forming, in some places, 
 fine cascades, which foam over huge rocks aud abrupt 
 precipices. 
 
 KIEIO^INTON PARISH. 
 
 This parish, anciently known as Kirklcvington, extends about eleven miles on the south side of the river Line, with 
 an average brendth of two miles. ' It is bounded on the north by the river just named, on the west by Rockliffo, on 
 the south by Stanwix, Scaleby, and Walton, and on the east by Stapleton. The soil, as might be expected, varies ; 
 1 cold, wet, and barren clay prevailing on the east, while a loamy and fertile .soil is found in other parts. The surface 
 is nearly h'vel, having a slight clovHiicn on the north-west only. There are sevend quarries of limestone in the 
 parish, and in the river Lino is an abundance of various kinds of fish. Kirklinton parish comprises the townships 
 of Middle (Quarter, Hethersgill. and Wesllinton, whose united area is 7,800 acres. During the last forty years 
 considerable improvements have been riTccleJ in this parish. The inhobilants are chiolly engaged in agricultural 
 pursuits, and attend the markets at Carlisle. 
 
 The barony of Levington, comprising the parishes of 
 Kirklinton and Scaleby, was granted by i;aiiul|)h de 
 Mtiscbines in the reign of Wilh'am tiio Conqueror to 
 Richard Boyville, a commander under him in tlie royal 
 
 army, whose posterity assumed the name of De 
 Levington. This grant was confirmed by Henry I. Sir 
 Ranulph de Boyville, or Levington. the last of the 
 family, died iu the year 1253, leaving an infant daughter,
 
 6S4 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 Harriet, afterwards the wife of Eustace de Baliol, 
 to whom and her husband a market, at Levington, on 
 Thursday, and a fair for three days at the festival of 
 St. Peter (both long obsolete), were granted in 1203.' 
 On the decease of the said Harriet, without issue, this 
 barony was divided between the six sisters of lier father, 
 or their representatives, who were at that time Richard 
 Kirkbride, Wilham Loknrd, Eupheinia, wife of John 
 Seaton, Walter Twiuham, Knt., Gilbert Southaik, 
 Maud, wife of Nicholas Aghenloehs, Maud Carrick, 
 Patrick Tromp, Walter, son of Walter Corry, and 
 ilargaret, wife of Ileury Malton. We have no account 
 of what became of the other parts of this barony, but it 
 appears that the Tilliols became possessed by purchase 
 from the Tromps, of a third, consisting of the manor of 
 Kirklinton, which passed to the Musgraves, and was 
 sold by Sir Edward Musgrave, of Hayton, to Edmund 
 Appleby, Esq., who died in 1698. Joseph, son of 
 Ivlmund Appleby, married a daughter of Dacre of 
 Lancrcost,and the family eventually becoming possessed 
 of the estates of that branch of the Dacres assumed the 
 name. The barony or manor has since continued in 
 the possession of the Dacre family, Joseph Dacre, Esq. 
 being the present lord. 
 
 The village of Kirklinton, situated four miles east-by- 
 soutii of Longtown, and nine miles north-north-east of 
 Carlisle, is partly in the Middle, and partly in the 
 licthersgill townships : the church being in the former, 
 anil the hall and rectory in the latter. Kirklinton 
 Hall, the seat of the lord of the manor, is a fine edifice, 
 situated on a shght eminence, surrounded by stately 
 trees. A short distance from the hall are the remains 
 of an ancient castle, supposed to have been the baronial 
 seat of the Boyvilles, lords of Levington. This fortress 
 commanded an extensive prospect along the beautiful 
 vale of Line to the Solway Frith. The sea is said to 
 have formerly flowed up this valley, nearly as far as the 
 present hall, where numerous foundations of buildings 
 have been discovered. 
 
 THE cHincn. 
 
 Kirklinton church, dedicated to St. Cuthbert, was 
 erected in 1845, upon a portion of the site of the ancient 
 parish church, a Norman structure, supposed to have 
 been built by Richard Boyville, in the reign of Rufus, 
 or his successor Henry I. The present church is 
 a handsome Gothic structure of red freestone, consisting 
 of nave, chancel, porch, and embattled tower. The 
 interior presen s a chaste and elegant appearance. In 
 the chancel is a fine three-light window of stained glass, 
 
 1 Cart. Eot. 10 Henry III. 
 
 with representations of the Redeemer, the Evangelists, 
 Ac. It was presented by J. M. Strachan, Esq., who, as 
 guardian of Joseph Dacre, Esq., was patron till the day 
 on which the church was consecrated, whcni the latter 
 attained his majority. The cost of erection amounted 
 to £1,060. Several interesting remains of the old 
 church are still preserved ; among them arc an ancient 
 piscina, and several Roman stones, the latter without 
 doubt being taken from the Roman wall, which, supplied 
 a great portion of the materials for nearly all the 
 churches in this part of Cumberland. While making 
 the necessary excavations, , preparatory to laying the 
 foundations of the tower, sixty human skeletons were 
 discovered buried within a little distance of each other. 
 The benefice is a rectory, in the patronage of the lord 
 of the manor, valued in the King's Book at £1 Is., but 
 is now worth £91, viz., £52 Os. rent charge, as com- 
 muted in 1839, a modus formerly paid in money in lieu 
 of tithes ; £10 derived from glebe lands ; and the 
 interest of £1,110 obtained from Queen Anne's Bounty. 
 The parish registere commence in 1652, but are not 
 very legible till 1706. 
 
 Eectoks. — John de Bowes, 1293; William de AjTeminne, 
 resigned 1310; Richard Ajrininnc, 131C; Robert de Tymparon, 
 resigned 13:!>; Thomas de Barton, l:!32; John Bone, 13(;2; 
 Robert de Kirk by, 1375 ; John de Norfolk occurs 137rt ; Cuth- 
 bert Dean, died 15C7 ; Robert Hobson, 1507 ; Robert Beck, 
 1570; George Watson, 159i) ; Edward Johnson, 1004; Chris- 
 topher Parrot, 1011 ; Robert Priestman, 1043 ; George Stoiy, 
 resigned 1094; David Bell, 1004; John Murray, 1700; Anthony 
 Wilton, 1722; John Stamper, 1731; William Baty, 1761; 
 T. PattinsoD, 1777 ; W. P. Punis, 1834; George Bell, 1830. 
 
 The rectory, pleasantly situated near the church, was 
 erected in 1889, at a cost of £500. 
 
 Besides the school at Shaw Foot, there are two others 
 in the parish, one at Firends, and the other at Black- 
 ford. 
 
 CHAKITIES. 
 
 Takers Charity. — Hannah Usher, of Rockhflfe, by 
 will, dated 24th September, 1747, left £20, the interest 
 of which she directed to be divided by the minister and 
 churchwardens for the time being amongst the poor 
 housekeepers of this parish. 
 
 Pattinsons Charity. — The Rev. Thomas Pattinson, 
 formerly rector of this parish, by will, dated 25th of 
 February, 1832, left £20, the interest of which was to 
 be paid by the incumbent, after divine service every 
 Christmas Day, amongst the poor widows of the parish. 
 The £20 arising from this charity, and that arising from 
 Usher's Charity, were, on the 1st June, 1848, invested 
 in the purchase of £47 10s. 5J., reduced Three-per- 
 cents. The interest is divided as directed.
 
 LANEKCOST ABBEi' PARISH. 
 
 GS5 
 
 UETHEHSGILL. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £3,489 Cs. 7d. ; 
 its area is returned with that of the parish. The 
 number of its inhabitants in 1801 was 005 ; in 1811, 
 092 ; in 1821, 770 ; in 1831, 743 ; in 1841, 799 ; and 
 in 1851, 792. 
 
 Some estates in Hethersgill township were long held 
 by the Hetheringtons, au ancient border family, whose 
 property came by inheritance to John Bacon, Esq., who 
 died in 1816. The landowners at present are Joseph 
 Dacre, Esq. ; Captain Tliomas Irwin : the trustees of 
 the late Hugh Patricksou, Esq. ; John Saul, Esq. ; and 
 several yeomen. 
 
 The village of Hethersgill is about sLx miles north- 
 west of Brampton. 
 
 At Shaw Foot is a school endowed with £10 a year, 
 left by the late John Lamb, of Newton, Carlisle. At 
 Sike Side is a meeting-house belonging to the Society 
 of Friends, bearing date 1730; they have a burial 
 ground at Meggs, in Middle township. The Wesleyans 
 have a chapel at Ullermire, built in 1833. 
 
 In addition to Kirkliutou Hall, the township com- 
 prises Kirklinton Park, the property and seat of the late 
 Hugh Patrickson, Esq., but now a farm-house. 
 
 There is a corn-mill in this township. 
 
 MIDDLE QUARTER. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 389 ; 
 in 1811,294; in 1821, 532; in 1831,520; in 1841, 
 530; and in 1851, 502. The area is included in the 
 parish returns; the rateable value is £2,881 4s. lid. 
 The landowners are John Saul, Esq.; Joseph Dacre, 
 Esq. ; and several resident yeomen. In Milltown 
 
 Wood, in this township, are interred the remains of 
 Dr. Graham, formerly a physician at CarUsle, well 
 known for his genius and eccentricity, who, in accord- 
 ance with bis own request, was buried here at midnight. 
 The place of his interment is fenced off with iron pali- 
 sades and planted with evergreens. 
 
 •WF.STLINTOS. 
 
 In 1801 Westlinton contained 519 inhabitants; in 
 1811,526; in] 821, 693; in 1831,029; in 1841, 567 ; 
 and in 1851, 575. Its rateable value is £2,719 13s. lid. 
 Its area is returned with the parish. The Border Union 
 railway will run tluough the western portion of this 
 township. 
 
 The manor of AYestlinton was the property and resi- 
 dence of a younger branch of the Boyviiles, whose 
 heiress brought it to the Highmores of Harby Brow, 
 in the reign of Edward IV. By the latter it was sold 
 in the reign of James I. to the Blencowes. It is now 
 the property of the Earl of Lonsdale ; besides whom 
 John Saul, Esq., and Captain Irwin, with some resident 
 resident yeomen, are the landowners. 
 
 The village of Westlinton is situate at Line Bridge, 
 two and a half miles south of Longtown, and five and 
 a half north of Carlisle. 
 
 Newton-olT-Kocklitfe is a small vUlage in this town- 
 ship, four and a half miles nortb-north-west of Carlisle. 
 
 George Graham, the celebrated watchmaker, esteemed 
 the first general mechanic of his time, who invented 
 and constructed the sector for the Koyal Observatory 
 at Greenwich, by which Dr. Bradley discovered the 
 aberration of the fked stars, was born at Horsgill, in 
 this parish, in the year 1075. 
 
 LANERCOST ABBEY PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by that of Bewcastle, on the west by those of ^\'aUon and Stapleton, and ou the 
 south and east by the river Irtiiing. It is intersected by the river Kingwatcr and several smaller streams. The 
 celebrated GilsIanJ spas are in this parish. The soil in the lowlands is generally loamy and fertile. On the banks 
 of the Irthing and Kingwatcr it resU upon limestone, and, with the exception of the eastern side, which is cold and 
 sterile, is very fruitful in the production of grain. Roman remains have been found in the parish. The great 
 Roman wall ran through the township of Burtholme, and portions of it, eleven feet high, may still be seen at 
 Uarchill and also at Garthside. The road through the small village of Banks is on its sit<?. Lnncrcost jiarish 
 comprises the townships of Askerton, Burtholme, Kingwater, and Waterhead, whose united area is 30,510 acres. 
 
 BnuTiioi.MK. the area is returned with the parish. The principal 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 279; landowners are the Euri of CariLsle, the trustees of the 
 
 in 1811, 202 ; in 1821, 223 ; in 1831, 239 ; in 1841, late Hugh Patrickson, Esq.. and Mr. Joseph Bell. 
 
 310; and in 1851, 317. The rateable value is £2,890 ; The small village of Abbey Lanercost is two and a
 
 680 
 
 ESKDALK WATIP. 
 
 half miles north-east of Brampton and eleven and a half 
 east-north-east of Carlisle. 
 
 Beyond what its antiquities afford wo possess no 
 information relating to Lauercost previous to the year 
 ]169, when Robert de Vallibus founded a priory here 
 for Augustinian monks, which was endowed bv himself 
 and subsequent benefactors with ample revenues.' The 
 patronage of the priory was granted by the founder to 
 the convent. The " Chronicle of Lanercost" informs us 
 that King Edward I. with his queen, Eleanor, came to 
 Lanercost on the llth of September, 1180; that the 
 king offered a cloth of silk, and that he had been hunt- 
 ing in Inglewood Forest, where he was said to have taken 
 tJOO bucks and does. On the 22nd of March following 
 Ralph Irton, bishop of Carlisle, visited the convent and 
 obliged the canons to receive a new set of statutes. The 
 king appears to have been at Lanercost again in 1299 
 or 1300. On the 1st of October, 1306, King Edward 
 being then -aged and infirm, came to Lanercost with his 
 queen, Jlargarct, and staid there till the 5 th. After a 
 short visit to Carlisle, they returned to Lanercost on 
 the 8th, and the king's health being then in a veiy 
 ■declining state, they remained there till the 28th of 
 February following. In consideration of the expenses 
 to which the monks bad been put by his long residence 
 among them, and the damage which they suffered by an 
 invasion of the Scots, who burnt the priory in 1296, the 
 king granted them some appropriations as an augmen- 
 tation of their revenues. Robert Bruce, the Scottish 
 
 • On the fouiulntion of tlie piinry, Roliert de VnlliVms endowed it 
 wiih all the land between Ibe lloman , wall and the Irihiug, and 
 between Burgli and tlif Pultross burn. By the .same cbarterbe also 
 granted to ihi' ccunniuniiy tbe village and oburcb of Walton, will) the 
 cbapel of Triennain, and tbe cbnrcbes of Iribiiigton, Brampton, 
 Carlatton, and Farbim ; and tbe land of Wartbecolman, Roswrageth, 
 Apeltrethwayt, and Brewskibelb; and pasture fur tbirty cows and 
 twenty sows, witb tbeir young, for two years, and pannage in the 
 forest of Walton ; and tbe bark of bis timber wood in bis biirony, and 
 the dry and fallen wood in his forest for their fuel ; witb liberty to 
 have mills and tisbings in Irthing, King. Hestingbnrn, or elsewhere. 
 Besides these gifts, the founder also granted to this priory tbe two 
 7\skertor.s, the tithes of all tbe vrnison, as well in flesh as skins, of 
 the skins of foxes, wherever through bis lands in Cumberland tlicy 
 should be hunted: of his lakes and tishings, and the tithes in liis 
 waste lands of fowls, calves, lambs, pigs, wool, cheese, and butter; 
 and, when cultivated, tithes of the produce of his lands. Other 
 benefactors: — Ada Engayn gave thirty acres of land in Bin-gh Marsh, 
 two sjtltpans, and pasture for 200 sheep, a free net in Kden, three 
 marks of silver in the church of Burgh, Lazonby, and Grinsdale 
 I'bnrcbes, and Little Orton ; with a carucate of land at Blenecreye, 
 and pasture there, for daily reinembernnce at tbe altar of St. Catherine 
 (or the soul ofher husband, Simon de MorviUe ; David, son of Terric, 
 and Robert, son of Askell, gave Lesing's Hermilnge, and common 
 pasture in Donlon; Alexander de Windsor gave tithe of the tithe of 
 the mulcture of Corby mill ; and William, son of Uilard, a toft near 
 the same mill; Peter de Tilliol, Simon de Tdliol, and Henry 
 Nonis, gave lands in Scales ; Robert, son of Bueth, and Robert, 
 
 king, was nt Lanercost, with his army for three days, in 
 1311, when be imprisoned several of tho monks, but set 
 them at liberty before his departure. Thomas do 
 Hexham, who was elected prior in 1357, was obliged by 
 the bishop, besides the oath of canonical obedience, to 
 make a solemn promise that he would not frequent 
 public huntings or keep so large a pack of hounds as he 
 had formerly done. At the time of the suppression of 
 this priory its revenues were estimated at £77 7s. lid. 
 per annum. The site of the priory and adjacent Linds 
 were granted in 15-13 to Thomas Dacre, Esq., after- 
 wards Sir Thomas Dacre, Knight, an illegitimate son 
 of Tbomas Lord Dacre of the North, and his heirs male. 
 Upon the demise of James Dacre, Esq., of Lanercost, 
 in 171C. without issue male, the priory estate, consist- 
 ing of the manor of Lanercost, &c., reverted to the crown, 
 under which it is now held on lease by the Earl of 
 Carlisle, who possesses felso the manors of Trodderraain 
 or Triermain, Askerton, and Walton Wood, all in this 
 parish, and parcel of the barony of Gilsland. 
 
 THE CHUHCH. 
 
 The grey ruins of Lanercost Priory, approached 
 through the remains of a gateway covered with ivy, 
 stand a little distance from the Irthing, on its northern 
 banks. The priory was dedicated to St. Mary Mag- 
 dalen. The church consists of a nave, with north aisle, 
 transepts, and choir with aisles used as monumental 
 chapels. The western front is one of great beauty and 
 
 son of .\sketel, a carucate of land in Trenton, and pasture for one 
 milking of sheep, twenty cows, and one bull ; William, son of Austin, 
 with tbe consent of Eva, his wife, gave thirteen acres of land at 
 Astineby, and an acre, called Kirkacrc, in the same place; Adam, 
 son of Jlichael, gave five acres of land at Ainstable ; Ralph de la 
 Ferte gave one toft and two acres of land in the village of Beaumont; 
 Maud dc Multon gave common of pasture at Brampton ; Tbomas de 
 Multoi!, and Maud, his wife, gave six acres of land at the same 
 place, calleil Tenter Bank ; Robert, son of .Adam, gave lands at 
 Xorihwode; and lands were also given at Crossflut; Walter Benny 
 gave one improvement at Burdoswald ; Eustace de Vallibus gave 
 one carucate of land at Castle Carrock ; Robert de Castlecarrock gave 
 pasture for 200 sheep, twenty cows, and their young, for one year, 
 eight oxen, one bull, two horses, and tbirty goats, with one shielding 
 nt Breudscul, in Castle Carrock ; William Laveile gave his body to 
 tbe priory, with a toft and croft at Castle Carrock, containing rather 
 more than two acres, and half an acre at Snninebrokeil, with common 
 of pasture: Robert de Vallibus, son of Raiuilpb, gave conjuion of 
 pasture at Carnbeck; Walter Fykeriug gave a yearly rent of one 
 shilling, issuing out of his house adjoining to the foss of Carlisle 
 Castle; John de B.-utbby gave a messuage in Fisher-street, in the 
 city of Carlisle ; William Mareschal and his wife gave a messuage 
 in the same street; Robert de Tybay gave all his tenements iu 
 Bolcbergale, in Carlisle, and also a yearly rent of 2(j3. 8d. ; Walter 
 de Wyndesover granted lands at Clovegill, which were afterwards 
 released by Thessauia Werry and Margaret, her sister; Matilda de 
 Vallibus gave a well or spring towards Crechok; Robert de Vallibus 
 gave Cumquenach; and Walter Banny gave half a carucate of
 
 LANERCOST ABBEY PARISH. 
 
 GS7 
 
 simplicity ; a magnificent pointed door, of many mould- 
 ings, lills the west coinpartnient; above it runs a series 
 of elof,',int niches, tlieti seven tall lancets fill the whole 
 length of the front, having the alternate ones only 
 pierced for lights; in the gable is a niche containing a 
 statue of the Blessed Virgin and Child, and ou each 
 side shields cliarged with the armorial cognizaucea of 
 the priory and the Dacres, and the top is crowned by 
 the fragments of a beautiful cross. The nave is fitted 
 up as the parish church. For some time previous to 
 the 1-lth December, 1817, the roof was in a very dilapi- 
 dated state, when a portion of it above the communion 
 table fell in, and so rendered the church unfit for the 
 performance of public worship. By the aid of a grant 
 from the Coraiuissiouers of Woods and Forests, the 
 nave has been rendered more worthy of the uses to 
 which it is appropriated, having been restored in a 
 manner becoming the imposing appearance of the exte- 
 rior of the fabric. The roof is open. The sittings are 
 of OiiU, and all open benches. There are eight clerestory 
 windows ; these have the toothed ornament, the only 
 kind used, .which, with the cornice that runs round the 
 whole building, give a rich appearance to the general 
 plan of the e.\terior. The low Norman toner, rising 
 about a square above the roof, is supported by massive 
 angular piers. The transepts and choir are unroofed. 
 The opposite sides of the choir are difiercnt in their 
 architecture, and the transepts respectively partjike of 
 it. Tall circular piers, with only the clerestory windows 
 
 Iniul th^rc; R.>bert dc Vnllibns and Robert, son of Ankotill, gave 
 tlio chiirili 111' Over Dentun ; liobei't, son of Buetli, gnve a carucute 
 of ]tinil, with ciriDinoii uf pnstiiro in (lie srtine place; and Julin, son 
 of John dc Donlon, giivo ull llie b«ik of his oak urea in Gilslnnd; 
 Waller de Winrlesover pave all his rienicsne of l-'arlani ; Robert de 
 Carlaiton gave all (hat land wliii-li Kicliard, von of tjilecliri^l, held of 
 him iu Little Tarlani, al^jo all that land at Karlain, called Ytnpeganl; 
 and Chrislian, d.iii^;ht<?r of .\ dam, son of Hernier, gave live acres, 
 called Uig)?artli: William de Ireby gave common of pasture npon 
 tlie inonnlains belonging to the Ionn:<hips of GameUby and Olas 
 sonby ; Knstuce do Yallibns gave a cunicate of lan<l at Grefnwtll; 
 Willioin Ic Sor gave all the bind nhirb nonline the priest held iit 
 Grinsdale. also one urn* on llaverig, with common of pasinre, nhu 
 all the land ami meadow lying between the Roman wull and the land 
 belonging to the elnuch, exeept Dnne'a .\ere ; Alexander, son of 
 Roger, son of Baldwin, gave seven acre* lying between the Kingwaler 
 and tliC Roman wall; Alice, danghier of Henry the chaplain, gave 
 six acres at Kmg!>gill; Adam iSalsarins gave a niessnuge at Kirk- 
 osvtald; Maldila de .Mnlion, iu her widowhood, gave all her lands 
 and tenemenis near the riv* Knovc ran, late in the possession of 
 Roger <lu .Mora; Henry Unnce gave three acres ami u half at 
 Lazonby.and Ihuinas, *inof ThomaH, sou of Itauibiireh, gave lands 
 at the same place ; Walter de I'laniant gave live acres on the west 
 side of .Mihiebohne ; Waller ile Sauvagi' gave half a carneale of laud 
 atNewbiggin; Thomas Binne gave a burgage house at Ne\vl■a^lle, 
 with a relit of lour shillings; Thoiiiasde .Mullon gave with hi»body 
 nil his lands at I'resiover, iu the parish of Iriliiiigtoii ; William do 
 Morn and Agnes, his wife, Mh'a~ed all their laiul. with the appuite- 
 noucvv, iu Lillls Uuuibiick, vix.,oue-tliird puitof UuuujutlUiU; biiLoii 
 
 above, is the disposition of the south side ; whilst tlie 
 north has low massive circular piers, and a triforium 
 as well as a clei'estory. The east end is lighted by tv.o 
 tiers of lancet windows, three in each ; this and the 
 south side are now profusely covered with ivy. There 
 are several monuments in this part of the church 
 belonging to the Dacres and Howards. Two of the 
 monuments belonging to the Dacres are under ogee 
 canopies, and ornamented with quatrefoils and shields 
 of arms. Those of the Howards are more gorgeously 
 decorated with armorial blazonry. Little care has been 
 taken of these splendid tombs. The cloisters run 
 parallel with the south side of the church, and have 
 been comiected with it. The groining is Early Engli^h, 
 with cross springers diverging from a row of piere 
 running up the middle, and from pilasters on the sides. 
 The dormitory, which was above, is now a garden. 
 There are some Roman antiquities, which have been 
 found iu the neighbourhood, preserved here. A Roman 
 altar, dedicated to Jupiter by the first cohert of the 
 Dacians. This altar, which appears to have been first 
 noticed in 1744, when the inscription was published in 
 the " Gentleman's Magazine," had been lost sight of 
 till it was re-discovered by Mr. Maughan, of ISewcastle. 
 The stone is placed as the keystone of an arch in the 
 clerestory of the priory, in the south-east corner of the 
 choir, having been either found on the spot or brought 
 from one of the neighbouring stations by the founders 
 of Lauercost. Another altar, found at iSirdoswald, is 
 
 de Tilliol gave a toft and eight acres of land at Scaleby.and Geoffrey 
 Till iol released the siut to his mill there; diver lands iu Scotland 
 were given to the priory by several benefactors; Alan, sou of Gilbert 
 da Tulkin, gave seven roods and a half of his ileinesne at Talkiu, 
 with a erol't called Mariock Croft; Adam, sou of Gilbert de Talkin, 
 gave live acres, with their appurtenances, at the same place ; and the 
 Alan just nientioneil gave more lands at Talkin, with common of 
 pasture, and to be nuilctiire free and hopper free; and Richanl 
 Iluldanrfeld and Avyse, his wife, gave all their land ou the east side 
 of Talkiu, and one aero at Ragarth ; William, son of William do 
 Ulveaby, gave tweuty-Cve acres of land at Ulvesby ; .■\daiii de Cnikc- 
 hove gave eight acres, with wood and demesne ailjoiniug, at the samp 
 place; Richard de Ulvesby gave ten acres of land of his demesne; 
 and Eudo ile Skirwith granted a yearly rem of half a mark of silver 
 out of his lauds at L'lvesby ; Alicia, daughter of I leiiry the chaplain, 
 gave lands in Walton, called Sinitliehiinls and t'liinhcverin ; ami 
 Alexander, sou of Robert, son of Uaklwin, gave lamls thcrs, and a 
 rent of four ahiUings; William, sou of Odaril, gave a toft and laud 
 near the bridge at Warwick. Iu additiou to these gifts, Hugh do 
 Morville gave to the coiumunity of Laucrcosroiie free Ufl in Eden 
 with liberty to dry llie sau e ; lUid Ranulpli de la I'erte gave another 
 free net there ; Ranulph de Itacrv released to them all his right of 
 pnlture; Walter, son of William de Ireby, granted to iliein Waller 
 son uf Simon of Gaiurlsbj, with all his issue and cattle; Aiiaeliado 
 Newby gave llciiry, son of Leduieri', and all that belongeil to him • 
 Robert lie OosthciirriK-k gave Ganul de Walton and all his issue- 
 and llobert de^Vallibus gave GtuUrey I'itch, bis wife, and posterity 
 fur OTcnuore.
 
 OSS 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 preserved in the crvpt. It records a dedication of 
 Silvanus, by the huntsmen of Banna. A third altar, 
 also in the crypt, is dedicated to the god Cocideus by 
 the soldiers of the 20th legion, named Valeria Victrix. 
 There is also another altar, dedicated to the same god, 
 Cocideus, by the soldiers of the 2nd legion. There has 
 recently been found in the east wall of the crypt, about 
 two foet from the ground, near the south-east corner, a 
 centurial stone, bearing the inscription "c. con. x. p. f." 
 A second centurial stone is found on the outside of the 
 eastern wall of the refectory, inscribed " f) Cassii Prisci." 
 Of the remainder of the conventual buildings, we may 
 obser\-e two towers, one of which was the residence of 
 the Dacres after the suppression of the prion,-, and the 
 other now forms a part of the incumbent's residence. 
 In the churchyard is the recumbent effigy of a knight, 
 liaving the bands clasped on the breast. The benefice 
 of Lanercost is a perpetual curacy in the patronage of 
 the Earl of Carlisle, who is impropriator of the great 
 tithes belonging formerly to the priory. An act of parlia- 
 ment was passed in 1802, for enclosing the moors, <S;c., 
 in the parish of Lanercost, under which allotments of 
 land were made, in lieu of tithes, to the impropriator 
 and to the curate. The living, now worth £93 a year, 
 has been augmented with £'200 obtained from Queen 
 Anne's bounty. The parish registers commence in 16-14. 
 
 PniORS. — Henry de Burgh, died 1315; Robert de Mebum, 
 iai5; William de Southaik, died 1337; John de Bowtheby, 
 1337; John de Bothecastre, 133S; Thomas de Hexham, 1354; 
 Kichnrd de Rydal, 1350; Martin de Brampton, guardian in 
 1300, during the absence of Prior Rydal. This is the last 
 prior of whom there appears to be any account, until the time 
 of the suppression of the religious houses, when John Eobyson 
 occui-s OS prior. 
 
 Incumbknts. — George Story, ; William Townley, ; 
 
 George GiUbanks, 1780; Isaac Dodgson, 1845. 
 
 The parsonage, as above stated, forms part of the 
 ancient conventual buildings. 
 
 At the Island is a school towards which the Earl of 
 Carlisle and others subscribe annually. 
 
 In addition to the hamlet of Burtholme, this township 
 contains the hamlet called the Island, and the chief 
 part of the straggling village of Banks, which is about 
 four miles north-east of Brampton, and was formerly a 
 distinct township, but is now divided between Burtholme 
 and Waterhead. Banks House and St. Mary's Holme 
 are residences in ithe township. 
 
 ASKERTON. 
 
 The area of Askerton is returned with the parish ; its 
 rateable value is J£3,313. The number of inhabitants 
 in 1801 was 356: in 1811,433; in 1821, 503; in 
 1831,473; in 1841, 4'.t6 ; and in 1851, 479. 
 
 This township, which extends between the rivers 
 
 Line and Kingwater, from four to six miles north of 
 Brampton, comprises the ancient parish of Kirk Cam- 
 beck, or Cambeck, the church of which was ruined by 
 the Scots in the reign of Edward 1 1 ., and has long since 
 disappeared, save a small arch or doorway, which still 
 remains. • From the charter rolls of the 36th Henry III. 
 we leant that a market at Kirk Cambeck on Tuesday, 
 and a fair for three days at the festival of St. Peter 
 and St. Paul, were granted in 1251 to AVilliam de St. 
 Edmund, then rector, and his successors. Edward I. 
 was at this place for four days (March 1 — 4) on his way 
 from Lanercost to Carlisle in 1307. The manor was 
 held under the barony of Gilsland successively by the 
 families De Cambeck. Terrye or Tyrer, Leversdale, and 
 Stapleton. It now belongs to the Earl of Carlisle, as 
 part of the barony of Gilsland. The church was given 
 at an early period to the priory of Carlisle. The rectory 
 now belongs to the dean and chapt'T, who covenant to 
 repair the church and provide an able and efficient 
 curate. The inhabitants resort to Lanercost church for 
 the rites of baptism and s'epulture. No account is taken 
 of this parish in the late population returns. 
 
 Rectoes. — Randolph de Tilliol, 1-259; Simon de Tyrer, died 
 1304; Alexander de Crokedake, 1304; Simon de Tyrer, 1305; 
 John de Southwell, 1380. 
 
 At Askerton, on the banks of the Cambeck, is a small 
 castle, built for the protection of the barony. It was 
 the usual residence of an officer called the Land Ser- 
 jeant, whose duty it was to take the command of the 
 inhabitants of the neighbourhood in repelling the inroads 
 of the borderers. It appears that Thomas Lord Dacre, 
 when lord warden, in the reign of Henry VIII., occa- 
 sionally resided at this castle. It is stated to have been 
 iu great decay in the reign of Queen Elizabeth ; it has 
 since been repaired and converted into a farmhouse. 
 There was formerly a park belonging to it. 
 
 The manor of Askerton e.xteuds into the parishes of 
 Kirk Cambeck and Stapleton. 
 
 The manor of Trierman, in the reigns of Henry I. 
 and II., belonged to Gylanders and his son Gilamoor. 
 It was afterwards the seat of a younger branch of the 
 Vaux family, having been given by Hubert de Vaux to 
 Lis second son Ilauulph, whose descendants continued 
 to possess it till the reign of Edward IV. There was 
 formerly a chapel here, built sf wood, in the reign of 
 Henry I. A tower of the old mansion of the Vaux 
 family remained in 1388. 
 
 KINGWATEB. 
 
 In 1801 this township contained 374 inhabitants; 
 in 1811, 357; in 1821, 331; in 1831, 365 ; in 1841, 
 890 ; and in 1851, 407. The area is included in the
 
 LANERCOST ABBEY PARISH. 
 
 C89 
 
 parish returns ; the rateable value is £3,027. King- 
 water township derives its name from the rivulet which 
 flows to the Irthing, near Walton ; being formed by the 
 union of several mountain streams north of Gilsland. 
 There are upwards of l,4(J0 acres of mossy waste laud 
 in this township, including the wild mountainous tract 
 called Spadeadam Waste, which belongs to the Earl of 
 Carhsle, who, with !Mr. John Ramshay, is the principal 
 landowner. 
 
 The hamlet of West Hall, in this township, is about 
 five miles north-east of Brampton. 
 
 There is a school at Crossgate. 
 
 WATERHE.4D. 
 
 For area of Waterhead township, see parish returns ; its 
 rateable value is £^,729 19s. The population in J 801 
 was 231; in 1811,343; in 1821, -155; in 1831,473; in 
 1841, 366; and in 1851, 411. The Earl of Carlisle is 
 the principal landowner. The soil here is mostly wet 
 and cold, except on the banks of the Irthing, and in 
 the north-west parts. The township includes a portion 
 of the village of Banks, from which it extends to Gils- 
 land, where the river Irthing divides Cumberland from 
 Northumberland. 
 
 Waterhead township comprises the Roman station 
 Amboglanna, the Birdoswald of the present day. This 
 is an interesting station. Numerous inscriptions have 
 been found within its walls, mentioning the first cohort 
 of the Dacians, surnamed the .."Elian, which, according 
 to the Notitia, was quartered at Amboglanna. One of 
 them, in the possession of the Messrs. iJell, of the Nook, 
 Irthingtou, is inscribed — 
 
 i[ovi] o[rTiMo] 3i[AXiMo; To Jopiter the bcst and greatest, 
 ET n[vminvbvs] avo[vsti] And the deities of Augustus. 
 
 con[oBs] riiiM.v AEi.riA] The first cohort (the .Elian) 
 
 DAc[ouvM] cvi ^n^^iEST^ Of the Dacians, commanded by 
 OALi.icvs GalHcus 
 
 tb[i]b[vsvs] The Tribune. 
 
 The name of Amboglanna seems to signify the circling 
 glen, and here the name has been most appropri- 
 ately bestowed. The camp stands on the precipitous 
 edge of a tongue of land, which, on every side except 
 the west, is severed from the adjoining ground by deep 
 scars. The modern namo Birdoswald, or l^urdoswald, 
 is supposed to be derived from King Oswald, and the 
 namo is said to mean the burh, or town, of Oswald. 
 The station contains an area of between five and si.\ 
 acres. The walls are in an unusually good state of 
 preservation ; the southern rampart showing eight 
 courses of facing stones. The moat which surrounded 
 thuwall may also bo satisfactorily traced. The southern 
 gateway nioy be discerned, though it is encumbered 
 8a 
 
 with rubbish; the eastern and western were cleared 
 some time ago, when the pivot holes of the gates, and 
 the ruts worn by the chariots or wagons of the Romans 
 were discovered. The ruts are nearly four feet two 
 inches apart. The whole area of the camp is marked 
 with the lines of streets and ruins of buildings. Accord- 
 ing to riorsley, the present farm-house occupies the site 
 of the Pra;torium. On the east side of the southern 
 gateway are the remains of a kiln for drying corn ; the 
 stones are reddened by the fire. Near the eastern 
 gateway a building, furnished with a hypocaust, has 
 been partially excavated. From its ruins a sculptured 
 figure, draped and in a sitting posture, was taken somo 
 time ago. The head and other highly relieved parts 
 were found to have been broken off; it remains on the 
 ground. A large altar with an inscription, which is in 
 a great measure illegible, lies within the walls of the 
 camp. A stone, broken in two pieces, and which is 
 preserved on the spot, bears testimony to the presenco 
 of the sixth legion here. It may be read, leoio se.xta 
 vicTRix FiDELis. "The si.\th legion, the victorious and 
 faithful." Besides these, several centurial stones, mill- 
 stones, and coping stones; as well as portions of tile and 
 fragments of pottery, are preserved in the farmhouse. 
 In draining the field to the west of the station, many 
 small altars, without inscriptions, have been found, 
 which were broken, and used with other materials in 
 filling the drains. On the east of the station are 
 extensive and well-defined marks of suburban buildiuTS. 
 The present proprietor of Birdoswald, Mr. Norman, 
 has recently discovered a very interesting builJin" in 
 the neighbourhood of the station. It is of excellent 
 masonry, and of large size, at least ninety feet by sixty. 
 The walls now stand about ten feet high. Several 
 bronze articles have been found in the diggings, and 
 some large brass coins in an excellent state of preserva- 
 tion. Among the latter is one of Vespasian, struck 
 in the year 71, with the legend P.vx Avcvsri on the 
 reverse. Another is of Hadrian, having on the reverse 
 Felicitas Avo ; this coin belongs to the year 1 30. 
 There is also a fine coin of Antoninus, another of 
 ^larcus Aurelius, and a third of Diocletian. 
 
 On the margin of the river Irthing, about two miles 
 west from Birdoswald, and about a quarter of a mile on 
 tho south side of the Roman wall, are the romantic rocks 
 called Gait Crags, of which Caeme Crag forms a part. 
 'Ihey are chielly remarkable for a Roman inscription, 
 which has been thus read by the Rev. J. .Maughau. 
 of Bewcostlo : i.ccius seitimus severus imperatob 
 ACc.usTis. About fifteen inches above the inscription 
 just given, is tho word matur, which Mr. Maughan 
 reads matherianus, in consequence of that word
 
 690 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 appearing in clear and perfect letters about four yards on 
 the south side of the Severus inscription on tbe same 
 face of tbe rock. About five yards on the north side 
 of the first-named inscription are the letters d e, very 
 well defined, and about two feet below those lettei"s wo 
 find nearly the whole of the word avgvstn's. About a 
 yard on the north side of the word Augustus are marks 
 aud traces of letters, which appear to be centurial, and 
 ■which Mr. ilaughan reads centurio legionis sext£ 
 CEKTCRio — a centurion of the sixth legion. 
 
 THE ciruRcn. 
 Gilsland church, dedicated to St. Slary Magdalene, 
 was erected in 1851 ; licensed for public worship in the 
 same year ; consecrated in 1851; and had an ecclesias- 
 tical district assigned to it in 1855.' For ecclesiastical 
 purposes, Gilsland and tbe parish of Upper Denton were 
 united in 1859. (See page GT5.) The church stands 
 in a beautiful and romantic situation, overlooking the 
 valley of tbe river Irthing. The style is Early English. 
 The east window consists of three lights ; the pulpit 
 (which is of stone) and the font are much admired for 
 their chaste appearance. The cost of erection amounted 
 to £800. The living, a perpetual curacy, iu the 
 patronage of George Mounsey, Esq., is worth about 
 £40 a year. The Eev. C. Kipling is the first and 
 present incumbent. 
 
 1 The district of Gilsland commences on the south .it a point on 
 tlie north siile of the river Irtliing, where n fence divides the lands of 
 Birdoswuld from the lands of Underheugh, and proceeds northerly 
 along such division as far as the highway leading from Lauercost to 
 Birdoswald; then westerly along the middle of such highway to the 
 division between the lauds of Birdoswald aud Kilnhill; then northerly 
 along such division to the highway leading from ICu;g Bridge to 
 Kilnhill, crossing such highway to tlie soudi-western comer of the 
 Earl of CarUsle's Waterhead and Triermain to the division between 
 Waterhead and Snowdon Close and Triermain, to the division be- 
 tween Snowdon Close and Clark's Hill; then northerly along such 
 division as far as King Water, crossing the same, and proceeding 
 still northerly along the division between Palmer Hill .tnd the .\sh 
 farms and the division between Dcsoglin and the Ash farms to the 
 south-western corner of Dunbar Rigg; then along the division be- 
 tween Dunbar Eigg and the lauds of Spadeadam House and White- 
 rigg to Priorj- Lancey Gate, and along the division between Sidefell 
 and Spadeadam Waste to the Watch Craggs at the north-eastern 
 comer of Sidefell ; and then westerly along the division between 
 Highgrains and Sidefell to the Kirkbeck, wliich divides the parish 
 of Lanercost from the parish of Bewcaslle; then following the line 
 of boundary of the parish of Lanercost north-easterly, south-easterly, 
 easterly, southerly, and south-westerly to the point where the 
 boundary line commenced. 
 
 In this township is Gilsland, celebrated for its chaly- 
 beate and sulphuretted spas, which are situated in the 
 romantic and picturesque vale of the Irtliing, ten miles 
 east-north-east of liramptou, eighteen miles east-uorth- 
 cast of Carlisle, aud one mile north of the Rose Hill 
 station, on the Newcastle and Carhsle railway. This 
 part of the township has been much improved by its 
 lato owner, ]\lajor Mounsey, and also by tbe present 
 proprietor, George Gill Mounsey, Esq. 
 
 Gilsland Spa is a place of great resort, and in point 
 of salubrity aud natural beauty, it is far superior to many, 
 spas of modern celebrity in the northern part of the 
 island. From the railway station ut Pioso Hill a good 
 carriage road leads up iu a gradual ascendiug sweep until 
 it reaches the Shaw's Hotel, which stands upon an emi- 
 nence skirted with wood. This hotel ha.s been recently 
 destroyed by fire. Behind the hotel is a field with walks 
 and scats, exhibiting various windings of the Irthing, 
 in its course from the wild fells in the waste. Tliis 
 field covers the mass of rocky strata, at the foot of which, 
 and on the margin of the river, the celebrated spa 
 issues forth. The strata below tbe surface mould 
 are said to be disposed in the following order : — First 
 a course of stratified sandstone, then bituminous shale, 
 which includes a stratum of aluminous schistus, aud next 
 porphyry slate, beneath which the sulphurated water 
 issues through a leaden tube, enclosed in a small stone 
 fountain, at the rate of two gallons and a half per 
 minute. The whole height of the precipice is about, 
 ninety feet. Tbe strata are intersected by two veins, 
 one upon each side of the sulphurated water, which, 
 commencing at the surface, approximate pretty uniformly 
 imtil they reach the river, at which place they are about 
 150 yards distant. These veins are composed of calca- 
 reous sj)ar and iron pyrites, and contain the above-men- 
 tioned strata between them. The water is remarkably 
 transparent; when poured from one tumbler to another 
 it sparkles very briskly. To most palates the taSte is 
 very agreeable, being somewhat acidulous, and it has- 
 generally been found to sit lightly on tbe stomach. 
 The spa was originally known by the name of the Holy 
 Well, also by that of Wardrew Spa. These waters may 
 be employed externally or internally in a diversity of 
 diseases with great success. There are hot and cold 
 baths fitted up in tbe immediate neighbourhood of the 
 spring, and also at the hotel.
 
 SCALEDY PARISH. 
 
 691 
 
 SCALEBY PARISH. 
 
 ScALEBT Parish is about five miles iu length from north-east to south-west, and on an average little more than a 
 mile in breadth. It is bounded on the north-east by Kirkiinton and Irthington, on the north-west by Ivirkliuton, 
 on the south-west by Stanwix, and on the south-east by Irthington and Crosby. The greater part of the parish is 
 veiy level, and is mostly divided by growing hedges, which give it a woody appearance. Towards the north-east 
 end is some rising ground, where may be had a fine and extensive view of East Cumberland. The parish is 
 divided into the townships of Scaleby East and Scaleby West, whose united area is 3,100 acres (according to a 
 survey made by the late Mr. Studholme, iu 1841, for parochial purposes 3,482 acres); the rateable value 
 is £2,51)0 19s. JOd. 
 
 East and West Scaleby are united for all parochial 
 piu'poses, except the liighways. and have the same rights 
 and privileges, with some slight exceptions, that are here- 
 after noticed ; yet each township has its churchwardens 
 and overseers of the poor, the latter of which offices is 
 now merely nominal, as an assistant overseer, appointed 
 for the lower district of the Longtown union, in wliich 
 this parish is included, does all the duty pertaining to 
 that olRce. On the west side of the parish, bordering 
 on a brook that divides it from Irthington and Crosby 
 parishes, is an extensive tract of meadow land, the 
 soil of which is principally composed of peat moss 
 and sand, which, when well drained and managed, 
 produces excellent crops of hay and after-gi-ass. The 
 arable land extending in tlie same direction through 
 the middle of the parish, is for the most part a heavy 
 loam, much inclining to clay. The north-west side is 
 mostly a blaek soil — a mixture of moss and clay — and 
 there arc here and there, interspersed through the 
 jiarish, some pieces of nice free soil, which may most 
 properly be denominated a sandy loam. Most of the 
 soil of the parish rests upon a close retentive subsoil, 
 though here and there are veins and strata of sand. 
 The greatest portion is now drained and improved, and 
 produces fair crops of grain and green crops, where a 
 few years ago there was very little of the latter grown. 
 Summer fallowing, once so extensively practised, is now- 
 very limited, and growing less every year as science 
 and industry make progress. 
 
 The manor of Scali;by was given by Edward I. to 
 Richard Tilliol. liobert de Tilliol had the king's 
 license for casteUating his manor house at Scaleby iu 
 1307. llobert de Tilliol, the last of tins ancient family, 
 died without issue iu 1435, leaving two sisters, co- 
 heirs, the eldest of whom, Isabel, brought this estate 
 iu marriage to John Colville, whose son William left 
 two daughters, co-heirs,' who both married into the 
 JIusgrave family ; the younger, JIargaret, brought 
 
 ' It WHS contested, hut without sucees?, liy Robert, llie younger 
 brother of WiUinin t'olvillo, who ussuiued ilie uiime of TiUiul. 
 
 Scaleby to Nicholas Musgrave. His descendant, Sir 
 Edward ^lusgrave, Bart., who was a zealous royalist, 
 garrisoned Scaleby Castle in 1G48;- but it was not of 
 sufficient strength to stand a siege, and surrendered, 
 after firing one shot to a detachment of General Lam- 
 bert's army, who are said to have set fire to the castle. 
 Sir Edward, in consequence of the losses he sustaineii 
 by the war, was obliged to sell a great part of his estates. 
 The manor of Scaleby was conveyed to Richard Gilpin, 
 Esq., who repaired the castle, and fitted it up for his 
 own residence. His descendant of the same name sold 
 it iu 1T41 to Edward Stephenson, Esq., some time 
 governor of Bengal. It is now the property of his 
 descendant, R. E. W. P. Standish, Esq., of Fairley 
 Castle, Berks. The castle is at present occupied by 
 Mr. Fawcett, as former upon an improving lease, who, 
 within the last few years, has rebuilt a considerable 
 portion of it, and improved and beautified the remainder. 
 The principal landowners are R. E. W. P. Standish, 
 Esq.; Sir Wastel Brisco, Bart. ; William Maude, Esq.; 
 James Fawcett, Esq.: Rowland Graham, Esq.; Thomas 
 Phillips, Esq.; C. B. Hodgson, Esq.: Rev. Joseph 
 Hudson; Mrs. Farrer, Mrs. Jefferson, Miss Aglionby; 
 Messrs. John and Robert Sutton, Thomas James, 
 William Bell, William Dalton, Thomas Dalton, and 
 others. There are thirty-four proprietors iu Scaleby 
 West, and twenty-six in Scaleby East. Many are owners 
 of very small properties. A great number of tenements 
 are in the hands of proprietors, whose ancestors have 
 occupied them for generations; and it is the boast of 
 the " lairds," as they are hero called, that they own no 
 lord of the manor, but that every one possesses his own 
 manorial rights and privileges, and cannot bo interfered 
 with, their lands having been enfranchised, except three 
 small tenements in Scaleby West, and do neither suit 
 nor service. Every freeholder has a right to work free- 
 stone for his own use, from the south side of Hether 
 Quarries. 
 
 - It liH<1 heen before n gnrrisou for the king, aud was tiikeu iu 
 lUi^, during the siege of Carlisle.
 
 692 
 
 ESKDALE ■WARD. 
 
 WEST SCALEBT. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 257 ; 
 in ISll, 328 ; in 1821, 3Go ; in 1831, 348 ; in 1841, 
 351; and in 1851, 373. The acreage and rateable 
 Talue are included in the parish returns. 
 
 The village of Scaleb_v is composed of a few small 
 cottages si.v miles north-north-east of Carlisle, and is 
 only sepai'ated from the churchyard by the highway. 
 
 THE CHUBCH. 
 
 Scaleby church, dedicated to All Saints, is an ancient 
 structure, situated about the centre of the parish, and 
 appears to have formerly been of much larger dimen- 
 sions. The Bishop of Carlisle had the ajvowson by 
 purchase from the Tilliols, which was confirmed by fine 
 in the 21st Edward I. (1392-3), since which period the 
 presentation has been vested in the bishop. The liviurr, 
 a rectory, is valued in the King's Book at £7 12s. Id;^ 
 but it was augmented about the year 1817 with £652 
 obtained from Queen Anne's Bounty, the interest of 
 which, together with sixty-one acres of glebe, now 
 produces about £120 a year. The tithes have been 
 commuted for a rent charge of J£3] . 
 
 Eectors. — John de Blencow, died 1315 ; Stephen Marescall, 
 1315; William de Carleton, 1312; Robert de Howes, 1342; 
 
 PiOger de Crumwell, ; Walter Swetehop, died 1350; Henry 
 
 Martin, 1350 ; John de Graudon, 13C2 ; Elias , ; 
 
 Robert Cayllis, 13S0 ; Henry Munich, died 1578 ; George 
 Howell, 1578; Rowland Vaux, resigned 1585; Thomas Nichol- 
 son, 15S5; Christopher Wilton, 1587; Thomas Kirkby, ; 
 
 Thomas Wilson, died 1041; William Green, 1011; Robert 
 Priestman, died ICSO ; Nathaniel Bowey, ICSO; James Jackson, 
 
 1713; Christopher Ilewitson, 1724; Henry Shaw, 1753; 
 
 Fawcelt, 1800; John Hill, 1820. 
 
 There is no rectory house in the parish ; the rector 
 resides in a house of his own erection at Summer Hill. 
 
 Scaleby School is a neat building, lately erected with 
 the aid of a government grant, and is under inspection. 
 It is endowed with the interest of £40, bequeathed in 
 1773 by Mr. Joseph Jackson ; the churchwardens of the 
 parish are the trustees. It also receives ten shillings 
 per annum from James Fawcett, Esq., being the interest 
 on the purchase money (that is £12) of a piece of laud, 
 lying near the highway, and adjoining the east end of 
 
 the churchyard, on which are now a cottage and garden, 
 and which was sold to Mr. Fawcett, a few years ago, by 
 the parish officers and principal inhabitants. 
 
 Scaleby Castle, mentioned above, is in this township. 
 In this castle was born that well-known author, the 
 Fiov. William Gilpin, one of our Cumberland worthies. 
 In this township is an extensive peat moss, con- 
 taining upwards of 200 acres, which was divided in 
 1852, under the General Enclosure Act, W. Bell, of 
 Ilighberries, acting as valuer. Here are cut large 
 quantities of peats by parties who make a living by 
 cutting, winning, and carrying the same to Carlisle 
 and other places. Since the formation of the railways, 
 some have been carried as far as Liverpool and London. 
 A few years ago there was found, while digging peats 
 in Scaleby Moss, about eight feet below the surface, a 
 human skeleton in a state of perfect preservation. 
 It was -enclosed iu the skin of some animal, and care- 
 fully bound up with thongs of tanned leather. 
 
 Tiie villages in the parish, and their bearings and 
 distances from Carlisle are — Barclosc, si.x miles north- 
 north-east ; Stone Knowle, five and a half miles north- 
 east : Longpark, about four miles and a half north-east ; 
 and Scaleby Hill, about six and a half miles north-north- 
 east. At the last-named place there is a Methodist 
 chapel, which was erected in 1827. There is also a 
 straggling village contiguous to Scaleby Hill, called, 
 from its locality. Moss Edge, almost exclusively occu- 
 pied by people employed in the peat trade. 
 
 SCALEBY EAST. 
 
 The number of inhabitants in this township in 1801 
 was 21] ; in 1811, 229 ; in 1821, 255 ; in 1831, 212 ; 
 in 1841, 230; and in 1851, 223. East Scaleby com- 
 prises Scaleby Hall, built by the late Henry Farrer, 
 Esq., and now occupied by his widow, Mrs. Farrer. It 
 is a handsome mansion of polished stone, beautifully 
 situated near the castle. 
 
 Scaleby parish is about equally distant from Carlisle 
 and Brampton, at which places the farmers generally 
 dispose of the produce of their lands.
 
 STAPLETON PARISH. 
 
 693 
 
 STAPLETON PARISH. 
 
 Tnis parisli is bounded on the north by Kirkandrews, on the west by Kirklinton and Arthuret, on the south by 
 Walton, and on tho east by Lanercost. It comprises the townships of Staplctou, Solport, Trough, and Bellbank ; 
 but there is no village, if we except Ilagbeck, in Solport township, consisting of eight or ten houses — the other 
 dwellings are all farmhouses, with a few detached cottages. Agriculture is the principal employment of the 
 inhabitants. Some years ago coal was obtained at llagbcck, and there was also a lime works, but both were discon- 
 tinued on account of tho unprofitableness arising from the want of proper apparatus for working them. There is 
 nothing remarkable in the character of the population — they are cleanly and comfortable, and attend the Brampton 
 and Carlisle markets. The rivers White Line and Black Line run south-west through the parish, but not through 
 any township of it ; they are in part boundaries of the townships. The Black Line divides Trough from Bellbank, 
 and tho White Line Staplctou from Solport, Trough, and Bellbank. Tho White Line is crossed by two bridges, 
 one of stone and tho other of wood, the latter being a foot bridge. On the Black Line are two wooden foot bridges. 
 After tho junction of the two streams, there occurs a stone bridge and a foot chain bridge. Superstitions were 
 formerly prevalent here as in other parts of the county, but they are rapidly disappearing, though their, sway has not 
 as yet entirely departed. Witches, fairies, aud ghosis are still spoken of. The "White Lady," near the Bride's 
 Well, below the church, is not yet banished from the minds of some. Bogles appear to have become rare, aud dead 
 lights are never seen, though both were common enough formerly. l^Iarriages never take place on a Friday. 
 Among tho traditionary stories, that of " Gib and Joan " is still current; it relates to two lovers whose union their 
 parents opposed, who died for each other, and were interred on the same day in Stapleton churchyard. There is a 
 quaint old ballad on the subject. Great improvements have been effected in Stapleton parish during the last thirty 
 years ; much has been effected by draining and better modes of husbandry. 
 
 i Dacre this advowson; but that clearly must be uuder- 
 
 STAPLETON. 
 
 Stapleton township contains 4,405 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £3,412 18s. 8d. The population in 
 1801 was 239; in 1811, 377; in 1821, 487; in 1831, 
 447 ; in 1841, 550 ; and in 1851, 542. Itoccupies the 
 southern portion of the parish, and is about eight miles 
 north of Brampton. The manor of Stapleton and Solport 
 belonged to the lords of Lcvington, and were divided 
 among the co-heirs, the former becoming at an early 
 period the property of the Stapleton family. It was 
 afterwards successively held by the Dacrcs and Howards, 
 and is now vested in the Earl of Carlisle, and is 
 included in the barony of Gilsland, tho courts for which 
 are held at Brampton. 
 
 TnE CHURCH. 
 
 The church, dedicated to St. Mary, stands about tho 
 centre of the township, near the Kirkburn, and is a 
 rectangular huilding, bi.vty feet by forty, with a square 
 castellated tower at tho west end, and a small chancel 
 at the east. It is in tho Gothic style, with tall lancet 
 windows, that in tho chancel being tilled with stained 
 glass bearing tho arms of tho Earl of Carlisle, the 
 bishop of Carlisle, and Sir James Graham. The church 
 was erected in 1830, at a cost of about jCI ,000, to which 
 tho Church Building Society contributed .i;:!0(). The 
 living is a rectory, in tho deanery of Carlisle, valued in 
 the King's Book at £8 Is. lid., but is now worth about 
 £100 n year, arising from a tithe modus of £17 !2s.3d., 
 and other sources. Nicolson and Burn tell us tiiat in 
 the year 1525 John Stapleton granted to Thomas Lord 
 
 stood only of his own moiety, for the owners of the 
 other moiety of the manor presented to the rectory in 
 their turn both before and after. The patronage is 
 vested in the Earl of Carlisle. Previous to the appoint- 
 ment of the present rector. Lord Carlisle and the 
 Grahams of Netherby presented alternately, but by a 
 lawsuit, which took place some years ago, the sole pre- 
 sentation was vested in the present patron. The 
 parish registers commence in 1725, aud continue to 
 the present time, but there is a deliciency of three or 
 four years previous to 1738. In the churchyard is a 
 coffin-shaped tombstone with this inscription — "Here 
 lies Bobert (Hob) Forrester, of Stanegarthside, 1508 I'' 
 He seems to have been called Hob, from that name 
 being placed above Robert. 
 
 Rectors. — Gilbert de Mancheton, 121)1 ; Thomas de Ley- 
 cester, l^Dfi; Nicholas de Covciitr}-, ISIK! ; John de Stapleton, 
 
 l.'!23; Hugh , ; John de Kivkby, M38; UeoTj de 
 
 Wliitoborgh, ; Robert do Soulhajke, 1300 j Robert da 
 
 lii>ltun, l:iUl; William de Strickland, laOtf; Nicholas de Sta- 
 pleton, ; Henry Hudson, 1003; William Culchelh, ; 
 
 Richard Culchoth, KiSG ; James Jackson, 17U; Wm. Graham, 
 1771 ; Thomas I'attinson,' 17!)0 ; John Hope, 183-1. 
 
 The parsonage is a plain two-storied house of eight 
 rooms, erected in 1830. 
 
 Tho parish school is situated in this township, near 
 tho church, and is a good building, forty feet by twenty, 
 
 > This rector waa non-n-sident, and had four curates durinf; his 
 incumbency, Tit, John Topping, George Topping, Thomas Waite, 
 and John Hope.
 
 G94 
 
 ESKDALE WARD. 
 
 erected upon the site of the old one. This school is 
 endowed with about .£10 a year, being part of the interest 
 of £80 bequeathed by Edward Irving, of liarperhill, ia 
 1778, and also a portion of £15 Is. 8d., the interest of 
 ;e500 (now £50'J 10s.) left by the late Sii- S. Howard, 
 of Carlisle, for the education of the poor of the whole 
 parish of Stapleton. The average attendance is seventy- 
 two. 
 
 CnAMTIES. 
 
 Irving's Charity. — Edwai'd Irving, in the year 1778, 
 bequeathed to the rector of Stapleton for the time being, 
 and others, the sum of tSO, the interest of which is 
 divided as follows: — i^'i as an endowment of Staple- 
 ton School as above, the remainder is divided upon his 
 tombstone on Old Christmas Day among the poor of 
 Stapleton township not having received any parochial 
 relief. 
 
 Sir S. Howard's Charity. — Sir S. Howard, late of 
 the city of Carlisle, by will, dated 11th March, 1843, 
 and proved by the Consistory Court of Carlisle, on the 
 1 4th August, 1846, bequeathed to the clergyman and 
 churchwardens of the parish of Stapleton J£300, to be 
 invested by them, and the interest applied for and 
 towards the education of the poor inhabitants of that 
 parish. The money was transferred to the Bank of 
 England in 1847; present amount, £503 10s., at three 
 per cent. The interest, £15 Is. 8d., is applied as 
 directed. 
 
 A library and reading room have been recently 
 established in the parish school ; the library contains 
 between 200 and 300 volumes in general literature. 
 
 SOLPORT. 
 
 The area of Solport is :3,121 statute acres, and its 
 rateable value £l,-3-2r 15s. Its population in 1801 
 was 259; in 1811, 277; in 1821, 300; in 1831, 334; 
 in 1841, 353; and in 1851, 300. The township occupies 
 
 the north-west end of the parish. The manor of Solport 
 was anciently, like Stapleton, the property of the Lord 
 of Levington, from whom it passed successively to the 
 TiUiols, Colvilles, and llusgraves. Sir Edward AIus- 
 grave sold it to Lord Preston, from whom it descended 
 to the Grahams of Xctherby, in whose possession it 
 stUl continues. Sir James Graham being the present 
 lord of the manor, which includes the townships of 
 Solport, liellbauk, and Trough. At Shank, in this 
 township, there ia an old castle partly in ruins, be? 
 longing to Sir James Graham. On the north side of 
 Solport there is a small Presbyterian meeting house, 
 capable of accommodating 120 persons. There is also 
 an old school-room here, which is at present being 
 rebuilt upon an improved and larger scale. It is 
 endowed with about £7 10s. 
 
 TilOUGH. 
 
 Trough township is situated on the north side of the 
 Line, near BeUbank, and belongs mostly to resident 
 yeomen. Its area is 2,322 acres, and is rateable value 
 £004 18s. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 
 129; in 1811, 137; in 1821,143; in 1831, 109; in 
 1841, 143 ; and in 1831, 150. This township, as said 
 above, is included in the manor of Solport. 
 
 BELLBAKE. 
 
 The population of Bellbank in 1801 was 109 ; in 
 1811, 120; in 1821, 137; in 1831, 127; in 1841, 
 124 ; and in 1851, 121. The area of the township is 
 1,397 acres, and its rateable value £499 Os. 4d. Bell- 
 bank is situated above the confluence of the Wliite and 
 Black Lines, about a mile north of the parish church. 
 
 The Eev. William Graham, rector of this parish 
 from 1771 till his death in 1795, published a transla- 
 tion, in verse, of the Eclogues of Virgil, and some 
 sermons. 
 
 WALTON PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by Kirklinton and Stapleton, on the east by Irthington, on the south by 
 Brampton, and on the east by Lanercost. It is divided into the two townships of High Walton and Low Walton, 
 wliich jointly maintain their own poor. The area of the. parish is 3,592 statute acres. The principal employment 
 is agriculture, and Brampton is the market usually attended. The Roman wall runs through the parish, as do also 
 the rivers King and Cambeck. Many Pioman antiquities have been discovered here from time to time, and may be 
 seen at Walton House. The manor of Walton was given by Robert de Vaux to the priory of Lanercost, and after 
 the dissolution of that bouse it came into the possession of Sir Thomas Dacre. It passed with ^the prioiy estate till 
 sold in 1789 by WUliam Dacre, Esq. to John Johnson, Esq., from whom it has descended to William Pousonby 
 Johnson, Esq., of Walton House, the present lord of the manor. The rateable value of the parish is £2,900.
 
 •WALTON PARISH. 
 
 095 
 
 LOW WALTON. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 970; 
 in 1811, 250; iu 1821, 303 ; in 1831, 313; in 1841, 
 288; and in 1851, 281. 
 
 The village of Walton is three miles north of Bramp- 
 ton. Its name bears testimony to its relationship with 
 the Roman wall, many of the stones of which may be 
 detected in its cottages. Horsley says, " At Walton 
 there seems to have been some fortification or encamp- 
 ment. One side of the square is yet very visible, and 
 the ramparts pretty large, about eighty yards long. 
 It is high ground and dry. Perhaps it has been a 
 summer encampment or explorating post for the garrison 
 at Cambeck." 
 
 Petriana, the Cambeck fort of Horsley, and the 
 Castlesteads of the locality, is to the south of the vallum 
 and wall. The site of the station may bo recognised, 
 but its ramparts have long since disappeared, and the 
 ruined buildings of the interior entirely obliterated. 
 It has yielded many altars and sculptured stones, some 
 of which are still preserved upon the spot, and from 
 time to time the spade still reveals to the antiquarian 
 coins and other remains of ancient days. The finest of 
 the altars stands in the garden of Walton House. The 
 thunderbolt of .Jupiter adorns one side of it, the wheel 
 of Nemesis the other. The inscription has been read 
 by Mr. Thomas Hodgson, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, as 
 follows : — 
 
 i[ovi] o[rTi3io] M[Axnto] 
 
 COHORS SKCVNDA TVXGliORVM 
 
 a[U.I.IAIlU] EQ[fITATA] c[lVlV5l] I.[aTINOBVM]CVI 
 
 KIAEEST AI.d[vs] 
 
 sEVEiscs rn- 
 
 AEr[Er.Tvs] TVNo[r.ouv3i] re-] 
 
 sta[i;te] vic[ioue] SEitvo 
 
 PRINCin 
 
 To Jupiter, the best and greatest, 
 The second ccilmrt of the Tuugrinus, 
 A milliary regiimni, Imvinj; n pniporlionnto supply of horse, and 
 consistinij of lili/.ens of Latiuiu, 
 Curoniaudi'd by Albus 
 Sevi'i-us, pre- 
 fect of the TuHKriftiis, rreett thit ; 
 The work being superinlemU'<l by Victor Sovnis (or Severos), 
 the princeps. 
 
 According to the Xotitia the " .\li Petriana" were 
 stationed at Petriana, under a prefect. No inscriptions 
 have, however, been found here which name the 
 Ala Petriana, although two belonging to this place men- 
 tion the second cohort of the Tungri. Hence it has been 
 supposed that this cohort was a part of the Ala Petriana. 
 Until this point be cleared up, the only evidence wo 
 have that this station is Petriana, is its occurrence next 
 in order to Amboglauna in the Notitia. 
 
 THE CHUBCH. 
 
 The church, a small but neat edifice, erected in 1811, 
 is situated in the village, and consists of a nave and 
 chancel with porch, the latter of which was built in 
 1843. The living was formerly a vicarage, but was 
 appropriated to Lanercost Priory, under the gift of 
 Robert de Vaux. Robert de Chester, the last vicar, was 
 presented by the prior and convent of Lanercost in the 
 year 1380, after whose death till the Dissolution the 
 church was served from that monastery. Edward VI. 
 granted the benefice, together with that of Lanercost, 
 to Sir Thomas Dacre, in whose descendants it still 
 remains ; Joseph Dacre, Es \., of Kirklinton Hall being 
 the patron. W. P. Johnson, Esq., is the improjjriator. 
 The living is now a perpetual curacy in the deanery of 
 Carlisle, and is worth about £125 per annum. The 
 incumbent receives £30 3s. annually, in lieu of small 
 tithes and Easter offerings. The great tithes have been 
 commuted for X'170 a year. 
 
 The parish registers commence iu 1034. 
 
 Incumbents. Stamper, ; Thomas Ireland, 1808 r 
 
 Purvis, 1836 ; Joseph Smith, 1837 ; Isaac Bowman, 1854. 
 
 The parsonage is a plain buUding, erected in 1838. 
 
 Situated in Walton village is a Primitive Methodist 
 Chapel, erected iu 1858. 
 
 The parish school is a neat structure, erected in 1859 
 at a cost of £250, and is attended by from fifty to sixty 
 children in winter, and from twenty to thirty in summer. 
 
 Walton House, the seat of W. P. Johnson, Esq., is a 
 beautiful mansion, situated on a sloping bank surrounded 
 with groves and plantations, and within its extensive 
 gardens and grounds arc numerous remains of the 
 Roman station Petriana.
 
 pistorg Eiib f Bpgrap]]]) 
 
 OF 
 
 WESTMORELAND.
 
 ^eogra|IjiraI gestn|tion of ®£stinorfIanb. 
 
 SITUATION, BOUNDARIES, EXTENT, POPULATION, 
 DIVISIONS, &C. 
 
 AVestmorelauJ is one of the lake counties of England, 
 extending from 54° 10' to 54° 43' north latitude, and 
 S° 9' to 3° 10' west longitude. It is of an irregular 
 form, bounded on tho north and north-west by Cumber- 
 laud ; ou the soutli-west and south by Lancashire ; on 
 the south-south-east, east, and north-east, by Yorkshire ; 
 and for a short distance ou tho north-cast by tho county 
 of Durham. Its length from Arnside Knot to the 
 river Tees is forty miles, its greatest breadth twenty-five 
 miles, average breadth seventeen miles, and circuit 
 about 1135 miles. Tho area of tho county is 758 
 square miles, or 485,43'3 statute acres, of which about 
 180,000 ('.') may be arable and pasture. Tho population 
 in 1801 was 40,805 ; in 1811, 45,922; in 1821, 
 .jl,n59; in 1831, 55,041 ; in 1841, 50,454; and in 
 1S51, 58,287; showing an increase of forty-three per 
 cent in the number of inhabitants during tho last fifty 
 years; of this number 2'.), 079 wero males, and 29,208 
 females. There wore, in 1 85 1, 10,841) inhabited houses, 
 875 uninhabited, and thirty-uino in process of erection. 
 Tile number of persons to a square mile was seventy- 
 seven, of inhabited houses fiftecu ; tho average number 
 of pereons to each inhabited house was 5'2, of acres to 
 a person 8-3, and of acres to a bouse 43-3. 
 
 Westmoreland is divided into two baronies — tho 
 barony of Kendal, which appears to liavo been anciently 
 a part of Lancashire, and comprehended so late as tho 
 lime of Henry VIII. several places in that county ; 
 aiul the barony of Appleby, sometimes called " tbo 
 bottom of Westmoreland," which now comprehends 
 some places formerly included in tho barony of Kendal. 
 Thcro is somo diversity in tho customs of iulicritauco 
 
 in the two baronies of Kendal and Westmoreland ; in 
 other respects the division into baronies is little used ; 
 but of this more in our account of these baronies at a 
 subsequent page. The usual division is into four 
 wards. East Ward, north-east ; West Ward, north- 
 west ; Kendal Ward, south-west ; Lonsdale Ward, south- 
 cast, Kendal and Lonsdale Wards are iu the barony 
 of Kendal ; the East and West Wards in the barony of 
 Westmoreland. Westmoreland has no city ; it contains 
 the county town of Appleby, the parliamentary borough 
 of Kendal, and the market towns of Ambleside, Brough, 
 Burton-iu-Kcnd«l, Kirkby Lonsdale, Kirkby Stephen, 
 Milnthorpe, Orton, Ravenstonedale, and Shap. 
 
 For ecclesiastical purposes the county is compre- 
 hended in the diocese of Carlisle, and province of York. 
 For an account of the diocese of Carlisle, see page 114. 
 According to tho Census of Religious Worship, taken in 
 1851, it appears that there were at that period in tho 
 county 165 places of worship, of which seventy-eight 
 belonged to tho Church of Eugland, lifty-niue to the 
 Wesleyan :\[ethodists, sixteen to Primitive Jlotlioihsts, 
 thu'teen to Association JMethodists, nine to Indepen- 
 dents, four to Baptists, four to Quakers, and two to 
 Catholics. Tho total number of sittings provided was 
 37,138. Of Sunday schools there were 121, of wliich 
 seventy-four wero iu connection with the Church of 
 England. Tho total number of Sunday scholars was 
 7,510. (.If day schools thero wore 211 ; of which 119 
 were public schools, with t'(,.'«>J4 scholars ; and ninety-live 
 wero private schools, with 2,384 scholars. Thcro were 
 live evening schools for adults, with 157 scholars. 
 Of literary and scienlitic institutes thero wero five, with 
 348 members, and libraries containing 2,545 volumes. 
 
 Westmoreland is included in tho Northern Circuit,
 
 roo 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF WESTMORELAND. 
 
 and tlie assizes are held at Appleby. The quarter 
 sessions for the county arc held at Appleby, and by 
 adjournmcut at Kendal. County courts are held at 
 Ambleside, Appleby, Kendal, and Kirkby Lonsdale. 
 A county gaol and bouse of correction is at Appleby, and 
 a county house of correction at Kendal. 
 
 The county [returns two members to the imperial 
 piirliament, and the borough of Kendal one. Under 
 the provisions of the Poor Law Amendment Act, West- 
 moreland was apportioned into the following three 
 unions. East Ward, West Ward, and Kendal ; the 
 statistics, &c., of which will bo found in the notices of 
 the parishes and townships in which the workhouses 
 are situated. 
 
 It is observed by Sir Daniel Fleming that although 
 it is generally said that llichard II. created the first 
 earl of Westmoreland, yet there seems to have been 
 some earls of this county before that reign, for he finds 
 Humphrey de Bassingbume, one of the knights of the 
 Earl of Westmoreland, about the period of the Conquest. 
 It is, however, certain that llichard II. conferred that 
 title upon Kalph Neville of Raby, in the county of 
 Durham, whose heirs continued to possess it till the 
 reign of Queen Elizabeth, when, in consequence of the 
 Earl of Westmoreland's share in the " Rising of the 
 North," it was lost to his family. Francis Fane, a 
 descendant of the Nevilles, was created Earl of West- 
 moreland by James I., in 16-Jt, and the title is now 
 possessed by his desiiendaut, .lohn Fane, earl of West- 
 moreland. 
 
 SURFACE. 
 
 Westmoreland is wholly mountainous. The eastern 
 side is traversed by the great Pennine chain, and the 
 western side and the centre are occupied by the moun- 
 tains of the Cumbrian group, which are separated from 
 the Pennine chain by the valley of the Eden. The 
 principal riJge of the Pennine chain enters the county 
 across its northern border, just to the south of Cross 
 Fell, and extends across llilburn Forest to the border 
 of Yorkshire ; it then turns south-south-west, and runs 
 above Kirkby Stephen to the head of the valley of the 
 Eden, into which, on the west side of this ridge, the 
 mountains have a steep and almost precipitous descent ; 
 on the east they extend a considerable distance, far 
 beyond the boundaries of Westmoreland, subsiding more 
 gradually into the wide valley or plain of the Tees, 
 which occupies the south-oast of the county of Durham, 
 and the north of Yorkshire. On each side of the ridge 
 numerous transvei-se valleys are drained by small 
 streams ; those on the west side falling into the Eden ; 
 those on the east forming tlie upper waters of the Tees, 
 the Swale, and other rivers, which ultimately pour their 
 
 waters into the German Ocean. Proceeding from north 
 to south, the principal mountains of the Pennine chain 
 in Westmoreland from north to south are Dun Fell, 
 Dufton Fell, Eagle's Chair, Scordale Head, Warcop 
 Fell, Middle Fell, Musgrave Fell, and Ilelbcck Fell; all 
 north of the depression through which the river Belo 
 passes. South of that depression is a number of summits 
 grouped together, and forming the district of Arken- 
 garth Forest, of which the Nine Standards, Dowphin 
 Seat, Brownber Fell, and Hugh's Seat, the last on the 
 border of Westmoreland and Yorkshire, are among the 
 chief. The principal ridge of the Cumbrian mountains 
 reaches the border of the county on the west side near 
 Helvcllyn, which is just within the border of Cumber- 
 land, and runs south-east to Kirkstone Fell, at the 
 head of the valley drained by the Coldrill or Goldrill, 
 otherwise the llartsop Beck, which flows into UUes- 
 water ; from Kirkstone Fell it runs east-by-south to the 
 head of the valley of the Eden, on the eastern side of 
 the county ; by which valley, liere very narrow, it is 
 separated from the Pennine chain. The ridge, about 
 midway between Kirkstone Fell and the valley of the 
 Eden, is divided into two parts by a depression, through 
 which the Lune passes. Among the principal mountains 
 along the ridge are Grisedale Brow and Dow Craggs, 
 between Helvellyn and Kirkstone Fell ; High Street 
 and Harter Fell, near the head of Kentmere ; and Birk- 
 beck Fells and Hause Hill, near the head of Borrowdale. 
 On the north side a principal branch is thrown off from 
 the main ridgo at High Street, a short distance east of 
 Ivirkstone Fell, of which branch Dod Hill, Place Fell, 
 Aldsay Pike, Kidsty Pike, the peaks in Martindale 
 Forest, and Swarth Fell, are summits. This branch 
 extends nearly to the bank of the Eamont, a principal 
 feeder of the Eden, opposite Penrith. Ulleswater Lake, 
 the upper part of which belongs wholly to Westmore- 
 land, while its lower part is on the border of Cum- 
 berland and Westmoreland, is about seven miles long, 
 with an average breadth of half a mile. The upper 
 part of the lake is in the valley of Patterdale, into which 
 open other dales or valleys, including Glencoin, Glen- 
 ridden, Grisedale, and Deepdale, which are formed by 
 the short branches thrown off towards the lake by the 
 semicircle of mountains which here surround it. Mar- 
 tindale opens at its northern end upon the south-east 
 side of Ulleswater ; it lies between the hills of Martin- 
 dale Forest on the east and a detached mountain or 
 hill on the west. These dales are watered by mountain 
 streams flowing into Ulleswater, from the lower extremity 
 of which the Eamont flows. From the main ridge, 
 near Birkbeck Fells, an important branch is thrown otT 
 in the north-east direction ; but between this and the
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF WESTMORELAND. 
 
 roi 
 
 branch riilge, which has been described as parting from 
 the main ridge at Higii Street, are two shorter branches, 
 separated from the High Street branch by the valley of 
 Martindale, from each other by the valley of Swindale, 
 and from the ]?irkbeck Fells branch by the valley of 
 Wet Sleddale. The branch from the principal ridge of 
 the mountains at Birkbeck Fells is known in the part 
 nearest the ridge as Shap Fell. It extends northward 
 in several ridges, separated by intervening vales. 
 Knipe Scar, and the hills of Shap Moor, Nowby High 
 Moor, Ravensworth and Meaburn Moors, and Colby 
 Common, all belong to this branch. The intervening 
 valleys have a general direction north and south, and 
 the waters which drain them unite to form a stream 
 which joins the Eden between Kirkby Thore and Temple 
 Sowerby. The branches from the main ridge on the 
 south side e.vtond on the western side of the county a 
 very short distance from the main ridge, subsiding in 
 the valley of Grasmere, by which they are separated 
 from a detached group of the Cumbrian mountains, 
 whicli occupies the western extremity of the county. 
 Numerous branch ridges and groups of hills e.xtend in 
 various directions, including many forests, drained by 
 numerous streams, and presenting varieties of picturesque 
 scenery. The western extremity of the county is 
 occupied by part of another group of the Cumbrian 
 mountains, divided into two parts by the valley of Great 
 Langdalc. Langdale Pikes, Silver How, and Loughrigg 
 Fell are between Grasmere and Great Langdalc ; and 
 Bow Fell (■'2,911 feet high) on the border of Westmore- 
 land and Cumberland, and ^^'rcy Nose, or Wrynose, 
 form tlie western termination of the valleys of Great 
 and LitUe Langdale, which are separated from each 
 other by a ridge, called Lingmire, We subjoin the 
 names and altitudes of the principal mountains : — Fair- 
 field, 2,0.50 feet ; Bow Foil, •2,911 ; Rydal Head, 2,910 ; 
 High Street, 2,700 ; Hill Bell, 2,500 ; Harrison Stickle, 
 2,400: Tike o' Stickle, 2,300: Wans Fell, 1,590; 
 Whin Fell Beacon, near Kendal, 1,500 ; Benson Knot, 
 near Kendal, 1,098 ; Loughrigg Fell, 1,108 ; Kendal 
 Fell, G18. 
 
 EIVEKS, LAKES, &C. 
 
 The Pennine chain of mountains separates the waters 
 which llow into iho Irish sea from those which How 
 into the German Ocean. Westmoreland is chielly on 
 the western side, but a small portion is on the eastern 
 side of tho ridge, and in this some of the upper waters 
 of tho Tees have their source. The Tees itself rises 
 jnst beyond tho northern border at the foot of Cross 
 Fell, but its source, as fiir as tho fall at Cauldron Snout, 
 is on the border of Wcstuioreluud. On tho western side 
 of the Fenuiae chain the county is divided by the phu* 
 
 cipal ridge of the Cumbrian chain into two basins — the 
 basin of the Edon on the north, and the basin of 
 Morecambe Bay on the south, drained by the Kent, the 
 Luue, and other streams, which flow into that estuary. 
 The Eden rises on the border of Westmoreland and 
 Yorkshire, on the side of Hugh's Seat, one of the moun- 
 tains of the Pennine chain, and passing Kirkby Stephen, 
 shortly afterwards quits the county for Cumberland. 
 Its course in Westmoreland is thirty miles; no part of 
 which is navigable. It has numerous atflfuents, among 
 which may be named the Bcelah or Belay, the Helbeck, 
 the Troutbeck, and the Crowdundale, on the right bank, 
 and the Lowthor and the Ijamont on the left bank. 
 All the larger alliuents of the Eden which join it on 
 the left bank rise on the northern slope of the Cum^ 
 briaii ridge. 
 
 The Belo, which rises below the hills esist of Kendal, 
 consists of two main streams, which unite near the 
 hamlet of Overthwaite, two miles north of Beetham, 
 below whicli is a waterfall over a limestone rock sixteen 
 feet in perpendicular depth. 
 
 The Eamont Hows from Ulleswater and enters Cum- 
 berland with the Eden. 
 
 The Kent rises at the foot of High Street, in the 
 Cumbrian ridge, and after receiving the Sprint and 
 Mintbcck, it flows into Morecambe Bay, along with 
 tho small rivers Pool and Belo, or Betha. which there 
 join it. Its whole course of twouty-threo miles belongs 
 to Westmoreland, but it is not navigable. 
 
 The Levcn, which flows out of Windermere, belongs 
 to Lancashire : but the Rothay or Raisebeck, which 
 drains the valley of Grasmere, the streams which drain 
 the valleys of Great and Little Langdale, and the 
 Troutbeck, all of which flow into 'Windermere, and 
 may be regarded as the upper waters of tho Leven, 
 belong to Westmoreland. 
 
 Tho Lowlher has its source in the moors above Wet 
 Sleddale, and after washing the venerable ruins of Shap 
 Abbey, runs to RosgiU Hall, where it receives Swindale 
 Beck, and after its confluence with the Thonithwaite, 
 which issues from Haweswater, it rolls in a narrow and 
 stony channel through tho woods of I.owlher, till it 
 loses its name in the Eamont opposite Carletou Hall. 
 
 The Lune rises in Ruvenstonedolo, on the northern 
 side of tho Cumbrian ridge. It passes Orton and 
 Kirkby Lonsdale, a little below which it enters Lanca- 
 shire. Its course in Westmoreland is about twenty- 
 seven miles, no part of which is navigable. 
 
 Tho Undorbarrow meets the Kent, as seen above, 
 with which it flows into Morccorabe Bay. 
 
 The Winster, also called the Pool, rises in West- 
 morehind, and flows south tcu miles along the border
 
 702 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF WESTMORELAND. 
 
 of Westmoreland, and of Furness in Lancashire, into 
 Morecambe Bay. 
 
 Elterwater, Grasmere, Eydal Water, and some 
 other smaller lakes, or tarns, arc connected with the 
 streams which flow into Windermere. Windermere 
 belongs, by its position, rather to Lancashire, but the 
 fisheries (which comprise all the lake) arc held under 
 the barony of Kendal by the payment of certain lord's 
 rents, and they are also rated and pay to the relief of 
 the poor iu Westmoreland. 
 
 The small size of the lakes is favourable to the pro- 
 duction of varied landscapes, and their boundary lines 
 are either gracefully or boldly indented ; in some parts 
 rugged steeps, admitting of no cultivation, descend into 
 the water; in others, gently sloping lawns and rich 
 woods or flat and fertile meadows stretch between the 
 margin of the lake and the mountains. The margins 
 of the lakes generally lined either with a fine bluish 
 gravel thrown up by the water, or with patches of reeds 
 and bulrushes ; while the surface is variegated by plots 
 of water-lilies. The disproportionate length of some of 
 the lakes would, by making their appearance approxi- 
 mate to that of a river, injure their characteristic 
 beauty, were not this effect prevented, especially in 
 UUeswater and Haweswatcr, by the windhig shape of 
 the lakes, which prevents their whole extent from being 
 seen at once. The islands are neither numerous nor 
 very beautiful. The water is remarkably pure and 
 crystalline. What are locally called tarns are small 
 lakes, belonging mostly to small valleys or circular 
 recesses, high up among the mountains. Loughrigg 
 Tarn, near the junction of the valleys Great and Little 
 Langdale, is one of the most beautiful. The mountain 
 tarns are difficult of access, and naked, desolate, and 
 gloomy, but impressive from these very characteristics. 
 The streams of Westmoreland are rather large brooks 
 than rivers, with very limpid water, allowing their rocky 
 or gravelly beds to be seen to a great depth. The 
 number of torrents and smaller brooks, with their 
 ■waterfalls and waterbreaks or rapids, is very great. 
 The wide estuary of the Kent presents at low water a 
 vast expanse of sands. The lakes and tarns abound 
 with various species of fish, as trout, eel, bass, perch, 
 tench, roach, pike, char, and others. Sea-fish are also 
 abundant on the shore of IMorecambe Bay. 
 
 For economical purposes the rivers and lakes of 
 Westmoreland arc of little importance ; but in combi- 
 nation with the rugged mountains and the secluded 
 valleys amid which they are found, they give to the 
 county a high degree of picturesque beauty. " The 
 forms of the mountains," says Wordsworth, in bis 
 " Scenery of the Lakes," " are endlessly diversified. 
 
 sweeping easily or boldly in simple majesty, abrupt and 
 precipitous, or soft and elegant. In magnitude and 
 grandeur they are individually inferior to the most 
 celebrated of those in some parts of the island ; but in 
 the combinations which they make, towering above 
 each other, or lifting themselves in ridges like the 
 waves of a tumultuous sea, and in the beauty and 
 variety of their surfaces and colours, they are surpassed 
 by none." The mountains are generally covered with 
 turf, rendered rich and green by the moisture of the 
 climate ; forming in some places an unbroken extent 
 of pasturage, in others laid partially bare by torrents 
 and burstings of water from the mountains in heavy 
 rains. Wood is not abundant ; the want of timber 
 trees is particularly felt, but coppices are tolerably 
 numerous. The trees are chiefly oak, ash, birch, and 
 a few elms, with underwood of hazel, holly, and white 
 and black thorns. Scotch firs, beeches, larches, and 
 limes have been introduced of late years. Fern is com- 
 monly found on the mountains ; heath and furze are 
 only occasionally found. The valleys are for the most 
 part winding, and iu many the windings are abrupt and 
 intricate; the bottoms of the valleys are most commonly 
 formed by a comparatively spacious gently-declining 
 area, level as the surface of the lake, except where 
 broken by the rocks and hills that rise up like so many 
 islands from the plain. 
 
 Westmoreland has only one canal, the Lancaster 
 Canal, which commences on the east of Kendal, at a 
 height of 1-14 J feet above the level of the sea, and runs 
 southward with some bends by Burton in Kendal, to 
 Lancaster and Preston, in Lancashire. About twelve 
 miles of the canal are in Westmoreland. 
 
 For further account of the mountains, lakes, &c., see 
 page 39. 
 
 It0.\DS, TURNPIKE TRUSTS, AND BRIDGES. 
 
 The principal roads in the county are the main road 
 from Lancaster to Carlisle and Glasgow ; and the road 
 (formerly a mail road) through Stamford, Newark, 
 Doncaster, and Greta Bridge, to Carlisle and Glasgow. 
 The Carlisle roud enters the county on the south side, 
 at Burton, in Kendal, eleven miles from Lancaster, and 
 runs northward by Kendal, Shap, and Brougham, to 
 Penrith ; before reaching the last-mentioned place it 
 crosses the Eamont into Cumberland. Roads lead from 
 Kendal south-westward to Ulverstonc and Dalton in 
 Furness ; westward to Bowness, and across Windermere 
 by the ferry to Hawkshead and Coniston Water in 
 Furness, and to Egremont and Whitehaven iu Cum- 
 berland ; north-eastward by Ortou to Appleby, with a 
 branch road to Kirkby Stephen and Brough; eastward
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF WESTilORELAND. 
 
 ro3 
 
 to Sedbergh, Howes, Askrigg, and Eichtuond, all in 
 Yorkshire, with a branch road from Sedbergh to Kirkby 
 Stephen, and south-eastward by Kirkby Lonsdale to 
 Settle, Skipton, Otley, and Leeds. 
 
 From the " Abstract Statements of Income and 
 Expenditure on account of the Highways in England 
 and Wales," for the year ending March 25th, 1855, we 
 learn the following particulars relative to the highways 
 of this county: — Number of returns, 105. Balances, 
 25th March, 1854 : In hand, £515 9s. 2d. ; overspent, 
 £47 5s. 3d. Receipts : From rates and assessments, 
 £3,432 5s. 9d. ; team labour performed in lieu of rates, 
 £23 5s. 2d. ; other work performed in lieu of rates, 
 £24 15s. 9d. ; other receipts, £143 IBs. lid.; total 
 receipts, £3,024 5s. 7d. Expenditure : Manual labour, 
 £2,380 12s. lOd. : team labour, £407 7s. lOd. ; mate- 
 rials, £358 7s. 5d. ; tradesmen's bills, £79 Is. 8d. ; 
 salaries, £41 5s. ; team labour performed in lieu of 
 rates, £23 5s. 2d. ; other work performed in lieu of 
 rates, £24 15s. 9d. ; to turnpike trusts, £9 Os. ; 
 other payments, £120 3s. 2d. ; total expenditure, 
 £3,507 4s. lOd. Balances, 25th March, J855: In 
 hand, £67(5 18s. 3d.; overspent, £01 13s. 7d. An 
 abstract of the general statements of the income and 
 expenditure of the several turnpike trusts in England 
 and Wales, from January 1st to December 3 1st, 1854, 
 was laid before parliament in November, 1850. From 
 this document it appears that the income and expendi- 
 ture on account of the ten turnpike trusts of Westmore- 
 land were as follows : — Balance in treasurer's hands, 1st 
 January, 185 1, £1,092 Os. 3d.; balance due to the 
 treasurers, 1st January, 1854, £289 Ts. lid. ; revenue 
 received from tolls, £3,970 10s. 5d.; estimated value 
 of statute duty performed, £20 lOs. ; revenue from fines, 
 £1 ISs. 9d.; revenue from incidental receipts, £69 3s. 4d.; 
 total income, £4,071 8s. OJ. Expenditure : Manual 
 labour, £705 153. 3d.; team labour and carriage of 
 materials, £ 1 42 7s. 1 d. ; materials for surface repairs, 
 £217 7s. Id. ; land purchased, 15s. 9d.; damage done 
 in obtaining materials, £2 5s. ; tradesmen's bills, 
 £69 03. lid.; salary of treasurer, £00 2s.; clerk, £109; 
 surveyor, £L71 10s.; law charges, £47 33. lOd. ; 
 interest of debt, £1,303 Os. lid.; improvements, 
 £585 13s. 8d. ; debts paid olT, £097 33. 9d. ; incidental 
 expenses, £182 23. Od. ; estimated value of statute duty 
 performed, £20 10s. ; total expenditure, £4,440 Os. 9d. 
 Debts: £47,355 Is.; unpaid interest, £1,024 17s. 3d. ; 
 balance due to treasurers, 31st December, 1854, 
 £287 53. 5d.; total debts, £48,007 3s. 8d. Arrears of 
 income: Arrears of former years, £500 lOs. Id.; 
 balance in treasurers' hands, 31st December, 1854, 
 £1,315 23. Cd.; total assets, £1,875 ISa. 7d. 
 
 There are 107 bridges throughout the county of 
 Westmoreland, a list of which we subjoin, with the 
 names of the wards and townships where situate : — 
 
 Kame. 
 
 Warf. 
 
 Township where situated. 
 
 Ashy ■ Enst 
 
 Askham West 
 
 Itamptoa Pitto 
 
 Danntsdale, High K(;udal 
 
 Bannisdale, Lotr Ditto 
 
 Barbon LoosdalQ 
 
 liarley Kendal 
 
 Beckfoot West 
 
 Beckfoot at Smithy Lonsdale 
 
 Beehive Kendal 
 
 Belay East 
 
 Ueetham Kendal 
 
 Black AVest 
 
 Blandswath East 
 
 Blea-beck West 
 
 Blea-beck Lonsdale 
 
 BleaH:rag Kendal 
 
 Blind-heck 
 Blind-heck 
 Bolton 
 Borrow, ITigh 
 
 Ashby WinderwathandGreatOrmside 
 
 Askham and Lowtber 
 
 Hampton 
 
 Kawcett Forest 
 
 Fawcett Forest and Sclside 
 
 Barbon 
 
 Over Stavely 
 
 Bampton and Hilton 
 
 Dlllicar 
 
 Stainton 
 
 Brough Sowerby and Kaber 
 
 Beetham and Haverbrack 
 
 Bampton 
 
 Little Masgraveand Winton 
 
 Shap 
 
 Mansergh and Lupton 
 
 AViilierslack and jointly with Lanca- 
 shire 
 
 Ditto Kirklaud and Kendal 
 
 Lonsdale Barbon 
 
 East and West Bolton and Crackenthorpe 
 Kendal Fawcett Forest 
 
 Borrow, High KeudalandEast Grayrigg and Tebay 
 
 Bowland Kendal Crosthwaito and joinUy with Lanca- 
 
 shire 
 
 Bowston Ditto StrickhmdRogcrand Strickland Kettle 
 
 Brathay Ditto Anibiesideandjointly withLancashiro 
 
 Brough, Old East Brtiugh 
 
 Brough, New Ditto Brough 
 
 Brougham West Brougham and jointly wiUi Comber- 
 
 land 
 
 Bumeside Kendal Strickland liogcrandStricklandKettle 
 
 Carlingill East Tebay, and Uowgill in Yorkshire 
 
 ». asterton Lonsdale Casterton 
 
 Cawdalo West Hartsop 
 
 Chapel Ditto Jlorland and King's Meabum 
 
 Chapel Ditto Bampton and Shap 
 
 Church Ditto Bampton 
 
 Church Kendal Grasmcre 
 
 Cliburn Mill West Clibu.n and Bolton 
 
 Cliburn Town Ditto Cliburn and Morland 
 
 CoatUat East Kaisebeck and Orion 
 
 Colby East and West Appleby and Colby 
 
 Coldbeck East Kavenstonedale 
 
 Colwith Kendal Langdalesandjointly with Lancashire 
 
 Combeck Ditto Ditto 
 
 Common Holme West ( liburn and Great Strickland 
 
 Copelaud Beck East Bongato and Sandford 
 
 Cow West llartsop 
 
 Crookdalo Kendal Fawcett Forest and Orton 
 
 Crooko'-Lune Lonsdale Dillicar nij jointly with Lancashire 
 
 Dallam Tower Kendal Milnthor^.e and llarcrbrack 
 
 Deepdalo West llartsop and Pattcrdale 
 
 Docker Kendal Docker 
 
 Dorathy West Birkbeck Fells 
 
 East6eld East Kirkby Stephen and Winton 
 
 Kden East and West Temple Sowerby and Brougham 
 
 Ellergill' East Tebay 
 
 Eltorwater Kendal Langdales 
 
 EamonC West Vanwatb, and Penrith in Cumberland 
 
 Farletoa Kendal I'reslon Patrick and Farletun 
 
 Force Ditto Sedgwick and Lovens 
 
 Force West .Morland 
 
 Gamete Kendal Strickland Koger ami Seliids 
 
 Gawen, Ditto Over and Nether Slaveloy 
 
 Gilpin Ditto l^nxjk 
 
 Glencuoin West Batterdale and Jointly with Cumber- 
 
 Und 
 
 Glenriddlng Ditto Pattcrdale 
 
 Goldrill Ditto Ditto 
 
 Greeuholmo East and West t)rtiin and Birkbeck FelU 
 
 Grigg Mali Keinlal t'nderbarrow 
 
 Grisdalo West Patlerdala 
 
 Gitlluni Holme East Milbum 
 
 Haifa West Hampton 
 
 Hang Kendal BiH'tliam and Whaiwt 
 
 Ilawea Ditto Natland and Ilrlsington 
 
 nillOill 1-Uat M'llerslangand l.unnslQ Yorkahirt 
 
 Hilton Ditto lllllunand Murlon 
 
 llotlgo Lonsdale BartK>n 
 
 llolT Eaat lIufTandRow 
 
 Ilolbcck Kendal Ambleside and Troutbeck 
 
 llolmu West Croaby Kavenaworth 
 
 Horseman Ditto Hartaop 
 
 Ilowbcck Ditto Mauld's Mrabum and ReuUI 
 
 Ilucka Kendal Fawntt Foreat and ShaD 
 
 llutton Ditto (11,1 iiuttoo 
 
 Digs Ditto Iliigill 
 
 Kcastwick L.)nMlalo Kirkby I^Jiudalo 
 
 KcMlwick Ditto Manacrgh and Kirkby Lomdalo
 
 704 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL PKSCRimON OF ^ESTMORKtAND. 
 
 Klllington Ditto Killfngton 
 
 Kitbih'tw Kond il FawcPtt Forest 
 
 Klrkliy LnnitdAlfl liOnsdnlo Kirkby LmiAilale and Cast^rtoU 
 
 Klrkt'v Sli'phen Kast Kirkby Stephen ami llartlor 
 
 Kirkby Thore Ditto Kirkby Th<»re and Cnwkent'bnrpe 
 
 Laverock K-'ndal SkelsmergU anil ScalthwAiterigg 
 
 1-evons bitto Li'vcns 
 
 Lincoln's Inn Lonsdale Kirbnnk and jointly with Yorkshire 
 
 Laii,i;iiale East LanKdale 
 
 Langniartnn Ditto Longmarton 
 
 Loiinthwaito Ditto Milbiirn, and Rirkland inComberlttttd 
 
 Lowllier West Yanwath and Clifton 
 
 Lune East Tebay 
 
 Lupton Mill LonsdalO Huttnn Roof and Lupton 
 
 MftllerstHng Kast Mallerstflnj; 
 
 Slansvrgh Beck Ki*ndal J'n.'.ston Patrick and Farleton 
 
 Slaiihl's Meabura "West Waulirs Meaburn 
 
 Aitddlesbair Kpndal Old Hutton 
 
 Kliddloton llall Lonsdnio Middleton 
 
 Mill Kendal Grasniere 
 
 Millbeck Stock Ditto Applethwaite and Vndcmiill Beck 
 
 Millrigg Eftst temple Soverby, and Colg&ith la 
 
 Cumberland 
 Milnthorp« Kendal Milntborpe 
 
 Aliut Ditto Skehmer^hand ScnUbwaite Rigg 
 
 Monk West Crosby Rav^nsworth 
 
 Mnsgrave East Great Musgrave and Little Masgr&re 
 
 Kether Kendal Kirkland 
 
 Newbiggin East Kewbig^jin, and Culgaith in Cumber- 
 
 land 
 Newbridge Lonsdale Middleton-with- Yorkshire 
 
 Newbridge Ditto Killinglon-with- Yorkshire 
 
 Oxcnlhwaite East Kaber and ritainmuor 
 
 Patton Kendal Fatton 
 
 Peasey Ditto Preston Patrick and l*reston Richard 
 
 Pelier Ditto Rvdal 
 
 Pinfell How Ditto Langdalcs 
 
 Pooley AVest Barton, and Dacrc in Cumberland 
 
 Poolhonae Kendal Meathop and jointly with Lancashire 
 
 Ra segiU Hall East Raisebecfc and Tebay 
 
 Rayne Ditto Raisebeck and Langdalc 
 
 Raise Kendal Grasmere 
 
 Ro-igni West Rosgill 
 
 Rothay East Rarenstonedale and Cautley in Tork- 
 
 shire 
 
 Ambleside and Loughrigg 
 
 Preston Richard and Uaversbam 
 
 Rvdal 
 
 Tebay and Grayrigg 
 
 Levens 
 
 Ambleside and Rydal 
 
 Over Staveley 
 
 Longhrigg 
 
 Ravenstonedale and Smardale 
 
 Grasmere 
 
 Soulby 
 
 Hutton Roof and Luptoti 
 
 Strickland Roger and Skelsmergh 
 
 Kirkby Stephen and Kateby 
 
 Ravenstonedale 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Grasmere 
 
 Ambleside 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Middleton 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Old Hnltonand Xew Iluttoo 
 
 Kendal 
 
 New Hutton and Stainton 
 
 Dillicar 
 
 Tebay and Orion 
 
 Tebay 
 
 Ltipton and Kirkby Lonsdale 
 
 Applethwaite and Troutbeck 
 Ditto 
 
 Morland and Rolton 
 
 Shap and Crosby Ravensworth 
 
 Great Strickland and Hackthori;>o 
 
 Warcop 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Pre:iton Patrick and Preston Ricliard 
 
 Grasmere 
 
 Crosthwaite, and jointly with Lanca- 
 shire 
 WrjTiose Ditto Langdale 
 
 The railways of this county and Cumberland are folly 
 described at page 63. 
 
 CLIMATE, SOIL, AND AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Althougli this county, from its mountainous nature, 
 is more iuteresting in a picturesque than in an agricul- 
 tural point of view, it contains some very fertile valleys, 
 
 Eothcv 
 
 K«ndal 
 
 Kowoli 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Jtyiliil 
 
 Diito 
 
 Saltervath 
 
 East k Kendal 
 
 Sampool 
 
 Kendal 
 
 Scandale 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Scroggs 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Skelwitb 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Smardala 
 
 East 
 
 Smithy 
 
 Kendal 
 
 Soulby 
 
 East 
 
 Spitui 
 
 Lonsddle 
 
 Sprint 
 
 Kendal 
 
 Swncrieth 
 
 East 
 
 Stenesccugh 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Stepsbcck 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Stocli 
 
 Kendal 
 
 Stock, iliKh 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Stocls, i^)»- 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Stoclcdalc. Hiirli 
 
 Lonsdale 
 
 Stockdale, Low 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Saint Sundays 
 
 Kendal 
 
 Stramon^te 
 
 Kendal 
 
 Stricklpy 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Tarn Close 
 
 Lonsdale 
 
 Tebay 
 
 East 
 
 Tebay Gill 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Tosca 
 
 Lonsdale 
 
 Trontbcck 
 
 Kendal 
 
 Trouibfck Chnrcb 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Walk Mill 
 
 West 
 
 Wasdale 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Wati.rf..lls 
 
 Ditto 
 
 %Varcop, Old 
 
 East 
 
 Warcop. New 
 
 Ditto 
 
 AVattisuttoD 
 
 Kendal 
 
 AVhit« 
 
 Ditto 
 
 Winster or Lobby 
 
 Ditto 
 
 in wtich there are many well-culfivnted farms. The 
 climate is mild and moist in the yalleys ; the high hills 
 condense the clonds which come over the Atlantic, 
 and cause frequent and abundant rains, which keep the 
 pastures green, but are not so favourable to the ripening 
 of the corn. Much snow of;eii accumulates in winter. 
 'J'he soil in the valleys is mostly a dry gravelly mould, 
 composed of different earths washed down from the 
 hills, and forming a soil well-fitted for the cultivation 
 of turnips, of whicli great crops arc raised on some 
 well-managed farms. Towards the east and north of 
 the county the soil is more inclined to clay ; and, unless 
 this bo well drained, the land is too wet, in spring and 
 autumn, to admit of clean and careful cultivation. 
 Wherever the water has no sufficient outlet, basins of 
 peat are formed. Tliere were formerly a great many 
 small proprietors in Westmoreland who were called 
 "statesmen," that is, "estatesmen" — men who held 
 land of their own, either as freehold or by a customary 
 tenure, somewhat resembling copyhold, under some 
 great landlord. With tlie exception of a line or hcriot 
 on the death of a tenant or alienation, they were held 
 free. The proprietors of these very small farms were 
 an independent set of men, who worked hard and lived 
 frugally. They often joined the trade of weaver to 
 that of farmer, and thus their whole time was usefully 
 employed. The increase of wealth and consequent 
 luxury gradually led to a greater expense of living thau 
 the small farms, imperfectly cultivated, could support ; 
 and these small proprietors gradually decreased, their 
 farms being absorbed into the greater estates which 
 surrounded them. The larger farms are now usually let 
 on lease for various terms. Of late years considerable 
 improvement has taken place in the cultivation of the 
 county. Draining the heavy lands has been much 
 attended to, manuring is better understood, more care- 
 ful rotations of crops have been introduced, and better 
 implements of husbandry employed, but much yet 
 remains to be accomplished. From Kirkby Stephen 
 to Brough and Appleby, and thence to Temple Sowerby, 
 the soil is a deep sand, which the moisture of tho 
 climate of Westmoreland renders more compact on 
 cultivation. Turnips and potatoes grow well here, 
 when plenty of manure is put on. Xear Kendal a 
 great breadth of potatoes is planted for the supply not 
 only of the immediate neighbourhood, but also of the 
 adjacent counties, many thousand loads being annually 
 sent into Lancashire and Yorkshire. Grass land being 
 abundant, and the climate favourable to pastures, a 
 great portion of the soil is devoted to the maintenance 
 of cattle. Good meadows let at a high rent, and are 
 carefully manured. Great crops of hay are made in
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTS^ &c. 
 
 ro5 
 
 favourable years, and, as those who keep horses gene- 
 rally hire a meadow to make ha^' of, it is seldom sold 
 ia the dry state. Young cattle are kept on inferior land 
 in summer, and have hay and straw in winter, with 
 turnips where these are raised ; a few are fatted at three 
 years old, but most of them are sold to graziers in 
 Yorkshire and Lancashire. Scotch cattle are purchased 
 in September, at the great fair at Brough Hill, held in 
 that month; they are wintered in coarse pastures, and 
 oceasionully iu straw yards. The next year they are put 
 on the best grass, and are fit for the butcher in October. 
 A few horses are reared, but not to any e.\tent. The 
 hheep are of a hardy kind, fit for the mountain pastures ; 
 they are brought down to the valleys at tlie approach of 
 winter and kept in the enclosed grounds till April. 
 The fattening of hog^, and the curing of bacon and 
 haras are well understood in Westmoreland, and many 
 hams are sent to other parts of the country. The breed 
 is not large. The hogs are not made so fat as they are 
 in some places ; the hams are more delicate, and are 
 verj' well cured and smoked. They are often sold as 
 York hams, whereas the latter are much larger and' 
 fatter, the Y'orkshire breed of hogs being large and fat- 
 tening very readily. The plantations are extensive in 
 most parts of the county ; they are chiefly of oak, ash, 
 elm, beech, sycamore, Scotch fir and larch, which last 
 thrive best. Many ornamented cottages and villas have 
 been built on the borders of the several lakes ; and men 
 of talent, reputation, and wealth, have taken their tem- 
 porary, and some their permanent abode there. Th's has 
 tended to improve the immediate neighbourhood more 
 rapidly than would otherwise have been the case. 
 
 OOVICRNMENT OF THE COUNTY, &C. 
 
 A full account of the government of the county will 
 be found at page 07, and the following pages ; we have 
 only to add here a brief account of the shrievalty of 
 Westmoreland. The first sheriff of Westmoreland on 
 record is William Fitz Hugh, who occur? in the reign 
 of Henry 11.(1 IfiO) in a trial between Robert do Mus- 
 grave and the Abbot of liyland in the county court at 
 Appleby. In the 22nd year of the same king's reign 
 (1175-()), Elias, son of Gilmichael, occurs, and three 
 years later mention is made of Hanulpii de Glunville as 
 sheriff of Westmoreland. In the 2nd Richard I. 
 (110001) wo find Osbert de [.onchamp ; six years 
 afterwards Hugh Hardulphe occurs, and in the following 
 year Adam de Deepdalc. In the 1st John (1 190-1200), 
 Gilbert, son of Iteinford, is mentioned as passing his 
 accounts in the Exchequer, and in tlio 2nd. John, 
 Geofifrey Fitz Peter and Roger do 13ellocampo occur as 
 
 sheriffs. In the following year we have William Stute- 
 ville and Philip Escrope. In the fourth of John ( ia02), 
 Robert de Veteripont was sheriff, and in the following 
 year the office was made hereditary in his family, " to 
 have and to hold of the king and his heirs." On two 
 occasions the grant was resumed by the crown, and the 
 estate of the holders confiscated as the punishment of 
 rebellion, but the iuheritance was subsequently restored, 
 and with these two interruptions the office has been 
 handed dowu till the demi-e of the last Earl of Thanet, 
 on the 12lh June, 1840. On this event a question 
 arising as to the validity of a devise of the office made 
 by that nobleman, the 13th and 14th Vic, c. 30, was 
 passed (15th July, 1850) assimilating Westmoreland to 
 other counties. Thus terminated the hereditary shriev- 
 alty of Westmoreland, after having been vested in 
 Robert de Veteripont and twenty-two of his descendants 
 for the long period of nearly 050 years. George Edward 
 W'ilson, Esq., was appointed sheriff for the time being, 
 in July, 1840, under the provisions of a short act 
 specially enacted for the purpose, and passed just 
 previously, and he attended the assizes in the same 
 year in his official capacity. In February, in the fol- 
 lowing year, he was nominated in the usual way by the 
 queen, thus serving the office twice consecutively. The 
 following is a list of the high sheriffs, from the first 
 nomination under the new system till the present 
 time: — 1849-50, George E. Wilson, Esq.; 1851, 
 Edward Wilson, Esq.; 1852, Richard Burn, Esq.; 
 1853, John Wakefield, Esq. ; 1 854, John Wilson, Esq. ; 
 1855, John Hill, Esq.; 1856, William Wilkinson, 
 Esq.; 1857, Richard L. Watson, Esq.; 1858, Robert 
 Addison, Esq.; 1850, William Moore, Esq. 
 
 We subjoin a summary of the county accounts 
 for the year 1858 : — To amount of receipts for the year 
 ended at the Epiphany general quarter session, 1859, 
 .i;3,013 13s. 2id. E.vpenditure : Bridges building and 
 repairs, inclusive of bridge master's salary. J.'587 18s. 4d.; 
 account books, £1 18s.; clerk of the peace's salary, 
 i;i20 ; ditto Ibr additional charges, £10 4s. lOd. ; high 
 constable's salary, £21 ; ditto adJiiional charges, 
 £8 His. 7d. ; coroner's fees, i.'172 6s. 8d. ; expenses of 
 lunatic paupers, £27 16s. 6d. ; mihtia stores, for extras 
 and coal, £23 2s. 9d. ; expenses of prisoners at 
 .\ppleby, £410 43. 7id. ; expenses of prisoners at Ken- 
 dal, £575 ISs. lOd. ; maiutnining and improving court 
 houses at Appleby, £8 8s. 3d.; expenses of the court 
 at Kendal, £13 6s. 7d. ; conveyance of convict prisoners 
 to depots, £42 I3s. ; costs of prosecutions at assizes, 
 £242 1 1 s. 5d. ; parliamentary representation, £95 2s. 9d. ; 
 poor prisoners confined in the queen's prison, London, 
 £10; printing, bookbinding, and advertising, £52 7s. Id.;
 
 705 
 
 GF.OGRAPHTCAL DESCETTTIOX OF WESTMOEELAND. 
 
 treasurer's salary, £60; expenses of the inspector of 
 weights and measures, &c., £6S 1 63. 5d.; ordinary 
 incidental expenses, .£25 19s. 4d. ; extraordinary inci- 
 dental expenses, £709 143. 8d. : balance due to the 
 county, £571 lis. 2d. ; total, £3,913 I3s. 2Jd. 
 
 The foundation, ortjanisation, and distribution of the 
 county constubulaily will be found fully noticed at page 
 70. 
 
 PARLIAMENTARY EEPRESESTATIOS. 
 
 Westmoroliind has sent two members to Parliament 
 since the 26tli Edward I. The following are the names 
 of the members as fai' as we have been able to discover 
 from that period to the present time : — 
 
 Edward I. 
 1207. Thomns de DpiwenUvater, Roper de Burton. 
 1209. Hugli de Lowiher, Robert dc Waslieton. 
 1301. Robert de Askeby, Thomas de Betlium. 
 ISOJl. Hugh de LoutUre, Nicholas de Lealurne. 
 
 Edward II. 
 1307. 'Williara de Goldinston, Walter dc Stirkeland. 
 13nH. Robert English, Thomas de Bethnm. 
 
 1310. Robert Eiifjlish, Thomas de Bethum. 
 
 1311. Robert English, Thomas de Bethum. 
 
 1312. Robert English, Walter de Stirkeland. 
 
 1313. Robert de Askeby, Matthew de Redman. 
 131i. Nicholas de Leyburne, Thomas de Hellebeck. 
 
 Robert de Leyburne, Henry de Warthcoppe. 
 131. "i. Nicholas de Morelaud, John de Kirkby There. 
 131(i. Henry de Warthccop, Robert de Sandford. 
 1318. William English, Robert de Botiler. 
 
 1321. Walter de Stirkeland, Robert de Saudford. 
 
 1322. Walter de Stirkeland, Robert de Sandford. 
 
 1323. Walter de Stirkeland, Robert de Sandford. 
 
 1324. Robert de Sandford, John de WakethwaiL 
 1320. Robert de Burton, Robert de Sandford. 
 
 Edward III. 
 1327. John de Lancaster, Robert de Sandford. 
 
 John de Stirkland, WilUam English. 
 3323. William English, Robert de Sandford. 
 
 Eoger de Bronolesheved, Hngh de Moriceby. 
 
 John de Lancaster, Robert de Sandford. 
 1329. WilUam English, Robert de Sandford. 
 
 Thomas de Wnrthecop, Robert de Sandford. 
 1.330. William Threlkeld, WiUiam English. 
 
 1331. William English. Robert de Sandford. 
 
 1332. Walter de Stiikland, William English. 
 
 1333. William English, Robert de Sandford. 
 1331. William English, William de Laugwathby. 
 
 WiUiam English, Roliert de Sandford. 
 1335. WilUam English, Robert de Sandford. • 
 133G. Ralph de Restwald, William de Langwathby. 
 
 William English, Hugh de Jloriceby. 
 
 1337. W'illiam de Brampton, William de Langwathby, 
 WiUiam English, William de Langwathby. 
 
 1338. Richard de Jlorelaml, Roger de Kendal. 
 WiUiam de Langwathby, Thomas de Sandford. 
 
 1339. WiUiam de Brampton, William do Langwathby. 
 1310. Hugh de Lonthre, Robert de Sandford. 
 
 Roger de Bronoldsheved, Thomas de Musgrave. 
 1341. WilUam English, Thomas de Musgrave. 
 
 1343. Walter de Stirkland, Robert de Sandford. 
 Richard de Preston, Thomas de Musgrave. 
 
 1344. William English, Thomas de Musgrave. 
 Robert de Sandford, John de Wakethwayt. 
 
 1340. William de Sandford, junior, Thomas de Sandford. 
 1347. WUliam English, Thomas de Sandford. 
 
 Robert Bpteler, Thomas de Halghton. 
 13.53. Richard de Preston, junior (one only summoned). 
 1354. William de W'indesore, Robert de Sandford, junior. 
 
 1355. Roland de Thomburgh, Ralph de Bethom. 
 
 1357. Mattliew de Redman, Hugh de Loutbre. 
 
 1359. Hugh de Lonthre, Nicholas de Layburne. 
 
 1.300. Rowland de Thomburgh, Thomas de Berwys. 
 
 1301. Henry do Threlkeld, Tliomns de Sandford. 
 
 13C2. James de Pickering, John de Preston. 
 
 1303. Thomas de Sandford, Henry de Threlkeld. 
 
 13("5. Henry de Threlkebl, John ile Preston. 
 
 1308. Henry de Threlkeld, John de Preston. 
 
 1.309. OUbert de Ciihven, John de Derwenlwater. 
 
 1371. Hugh dc Loutbre, John do Preston. 
 
 1372. Hugh de Loutbre, John de Preston. 
 
 1373. Rowland de Thnrnburgh, WilUam de Tliomlnirgh. 
 1370. Christopher de Lancaster, Thomas dc Warthccop. 
 1377. Richard dc Roos, John, son of Hugh de Loutbre. 
 
 Richard II. 
 
 1377. James de Pickering, Hugh de Sclkeld. 
 
 1378. James de Pickering, John de LouUire. 
 
 1379. William de Threlkeld, John de Lonthre. 
 
 1380. Walter de Stirkeland, Thomas de Worthecop. 
 
 1381. WiUiam de Threlkeld, Hugh de Salkeld. 
 John de Preston, John de Crackenlhorpe. 
 
 1382. James dc Pickering, John de Kirkeby. 
 Richard de Roos, John de Dente. 
 
 1383. Richard de Roos, Robert de Clibbourne. 
 Robert de Clibbourne, John de Mansergh. 
 
 1384. Walter de Stirkeland, Robert de Windesore. 
 
 1385. Richard de Roos, .(ohn de Crackantliorpe. 
 1380. John de Derwentwater, Robert de CUburne. 
 
 1387. Thomas de Blenkansop, Thomas de Stirkeland. 
 
 1388. Robert de Sandford, Hugh de Salkeld. 
 
 1389. John de Crackenlhorpe, Hugh de Salkeld. 
 
 1390. Christopher de Moresby, Hugh de Salkeld. 
 
 1391. WilUam de Culwen, Willhim de Thorneburgh. 
 
 1392. .John de Crakanthorpe, Hugh de Salkeld. 
 
 1393. William de Culwen, William de Thorneburgh. 
 
 1394. Walter de Stirkland, William de Crakantliorpe. 
 1390. John de Laucastie, Hugh de Salkeld. 
 
 1397. WilUam de Culwen, William de Crakanthorpe. 
 
 Henrt rv. 
 
 1399. Thomas de Musgrave, John de Crakanthorpe. 
 
 1400. William de Thorneburgh, Hugh de Salkeld. 
 1402. WilUam de Threlkeld, William de Crakanthorpe. 
 141)3. Rowland Thomburgh, Richard Duckett. 
 
 1404. Robeit dc Leyburn, Thomas de Stricldand. 
 
 1406. John de Betham, John de Lancastre. 
 Alan de Penington, Thomas de Warthecop. 
 
 1407. ,\lan de Pennington, Thomas de Warthecop. 
 1410. Robert de Leyburn, Christopher de Moresby. 
 
 Henry V. 
 1113. Robert Crakanthorp, John Hoton. 
 1414. Thomas do Warcupp, William Thomburgh. 
 141."). Rowland dc Thomburgh, Robert de Crakanthorpe. 
 1417. Rowland de Thomburgh, Richard dc Wherton. 
 1420. Alan de Penington, Thomas de W'arthecupp. 
 
 William Beauchampe, Thomas Grene. 
 1420. John de LancusUe, WiUiam de Blenkansop. 
 
 Hexry YI. 
 1422. Robert de Layburne, Thomas, son of WilUam de Blenk- 
 
 ansope. 
 1424. Thomas de Bethom, WilUam de Crakanthorpe. 
 1420. John Dennysgave, Robert de Crakanthorpe. 
 1428. Thomas Stirkeland, Christopher Lancasti-e. 
 1441. Walter de Stirkeland, Richard de Redeman. 
 1140. Nicholas GerUngton, George Dacre. 
 1449. Thomas Curwen, William Maletts. 
 145U. Thomas Paul, John Strete. 
 
 Edward TV. 
 1400. wniiam Pan-, Christopher Moresby. 
 1472. William Parr, John Stii-kland.2 
 
 ^ All the indentures, writs, and returns, from this time to the first 
 year of Edward VI. are lost, except one bundle in the 33rd Hem} 
 VIII.
 
 PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION. 
 
 7or 
 
 HExnY VIIL 
 1541. Nicholas Lejburn, Nicholas Bacon. 
 
 EUWARD VJ. 
 
 1847. Charles lirandoii, 'I'lioinas Warcop. 
 1553. Thomas Warcop, Tliomas Fallowfield. 
 
 Mahy. 
 
 1553. Tliomas Warcop, Thomas Fallowfield. 
 
 Philip akc Mahy. 
 
 1554. Thomas Warcop. 
 
 1555. Thomas W.ircop. 
 
 155C. Anthony Kempe, Thomas Sackville. 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 1558. Lancelot Lancaster, Tliomas Warcop. 
 15(!2. Walter Siricklarul, Gerura Lowther. 
 
 1570. Allan Bullinshani, Thomas Warcop. 
 
 1571. 'J'homas Knvvpt, Jnhn Warcop. 
 
 1584. Francis (Mili'.ird, Tliomas Warcop. 
 
 1585. Francis Cliffunl, Thomas Warcop. 
 1588. Francis Dacre, Thomas Warcop. 
 1592. William Bowes, F.ihvaril Denny. 
 1596. Waiter Hnrcoiirt, Henry Cholmley. 
 ICOO. George Whartoo, Tlmuias Su-ickland. 
 
 Jaues I. 
 ISO."?. Thomas Strickland, Knt., Richard Mnsgrave, Knt. 
 iei4. Thomas Wharton, Knt., Henry Lord Clifford. 
 lOao. Henry Clitl'onl, Thomas Wlinrton, Knt. 
 1023. Jolin Lowther, I'obert Strickland. 
 
 CnAP.i.Es I. 
 1625. John Lowther, Sir Henry Bellingham, Bart. 
 1020. John Lowther, Sir Henry Bellingham, Bart. 
 1627. Sir John Lowther, Knt., John Lowther. 
 
 1639. Sir Philip Musgrave, Bart., Sir Henry Bellingham, Bart, 
 
 1640. Sir Philip JIusyravo, Bart., Sir Henry Belliugham, Bart. 
 
 COMJIOJ.'WEALTH. 
 1C52. Charles Howard. 
 1853. Christopher Lister, Henry Baynes. 
 
 Cham.es it. 
 1660. Sir John Lowther, Bart., Sir Thomas ^^'harton, Knt. 
 1601. Sir Philip .Musgrave, Sir Thomas Strickland. 
 
 Sir John Lowtlicr, Bart., .Man Bellingham. 
 1678. Sir John Lowther, Bart., Alan Bellingham. 
 1079. Alan Bellingham, Christojiher I'hilipson. 
 1681. Sir John Lowther, Bart., .Man Bellingham. 
 
 James II. 
 1685. Sir John Lowther, Bart., Alan BeUingham. 
 1688. Sir John Lowther, Bart., Henry Wharton. 
 
 Goodwyn Wharton. 
 
 Wn.T.iAM AKB Mary. 
 Sir John Lowther, BurL, Sir Christopher, MusgraTe,Bart. 
 
 Wn.LiAM IIL 
 Sir John Lowther, Sir Richard Sondford. 
 "William Fleming. 
 
 Sir Richard Saiidlnrd, William Fleming. 
 Henry (jraham. Sir Christopher Jlusgravc. 
 Sir Richara Sandfurd, Henry Graham. 
 
 Anne. 
 Sir Cliristopher Slusgrave, Robert Lowther. 
 William Fleming. 
 Henry Graham, Robert Lowther. 
 William Fleming. 
 
 Sir William Fleming, Robert Lowther, 
 Daniel Wilson, James (iraham. 
 Hon. James (iraliani, Daniel Wilson. 
 Hon. James Graham, Daniel Wilson. 
 
 1090. 
 
 1695. 
 
 1698. 
 1700. 
 1701. 
 
 1702. 
 1705. 
 1707. 
 
 lion. 
 
 1710. 
 1713. 
 
 1714. 
 1722. 
 
 1727. 
 1734. 
 
 Gi-onoE 1. 
 Hon. James Graham, Daniel Wilson. 
 Anthony Lowther, Ho>i. James Graham. 
 
 Geohoe II. 
 Hon. Anthony Lowther, Daniel Wilson. 
 Hon. Anthony Lowther, Daniel Wilson. 
 
 1741. Su: Philip Musgrave, Bart., Daniel Wilson. 
 
 1747. John Dalstun, Kdward Wilson. 
 
 1754. John Dalston, Sir George Dalston, Bart 
 
 George III. 
 1761. Sir James Lowther, Bart., John Upton, Esq. 
 17C8. John Robinson, Thomas Fenwick. 
 1774. Sir James Lowther, Bart., SirMichaelle Fleming, Bart. 
 
 James Lowther. 
 1780. James Lowiher, Sir Michael le Fleming, Bart 
 1784. James Lowther, Sir Michael le Fleming, Bart. 
 1700. James Lowther, Sir Michael le Fleming, Bart. 
 17U(i. James Lowther, Sir Michael le Fleming, Bart 
 1H02. James Lowther, Sir Michael le Homing, Bart 
 1800. James Lowther, Lord Muncaster. 
 181'.;. Lord Muncaster, Hon. H. C. Lowther. 
 1818. Lord Muncaster, Hon. C. Lowther. 
 
 George TV. 
 1820. Tisconnt Lowlher, Hon. H. C. Lowther. 
 1820. Viscount Lowlher, Hon. H. C. Lowther. 
 
 "WUXLIM IV. 
 
 1830. Viscount Lowther, Hon. H. C. Lowther. 
 
 1831. Hon. H. C. Lowther, Alexander Nowell. 
 1832-5. Viscount Lowther, Hon. H. C. Lowlher. 
 
 1835-7. Viscount Lowlher, Hon. H. C. Lowther. 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 1837-41. Viscount Lowther, Hon. H. C. Lowther. 
 
 1841^7. Viscount Lowther, Hon. H. C. Lowther. On the 
 elevation of the former to the peerage, in September, 
 1841, William Thompson was elected. 
 
 1847-52. Hon. H. C. Lowther, William Thompson. 
 
 1852-0. Hon. H. C. Lowlher, WUham Thompson (died 1854): 
 Earl of Bective. 
 
 1857-8. Hon. H. C. Lowther. Earl of Bective. 
 
 1859. Hon. H. C. Lowther, Earl of Bective. 
 
 The number of polling places for tlie county is 
 fifteen, viz., Ambleside, Appleby, Bo^vness, Brough, 
 Button, Gra^rigg, Keudal, Kiikby Lonsdale, Kirkby 
 Stephen, JMilnthorpe, Borland, Pooley Bridge, Shap, 
 Stavely, and Temple 8owerby. 
 
 TRADE, &e. 
 
 ^Yith tbe exception of Keudal and the neighbour- 
 hood, there is no place in the county where any manu- 
 factures worth speaking of exist. Kendal, nearly as 
 late as the beginning of the present century, exported 
 largely of coar.se woollens to America, but the rapid 
 progress made in that branch of industry in Yorkshire 
 and other places has nearly destroyed it. The manu- 
 facturc of carpets is at present earned on ; and hosiery, 
 wool-card making, and comb making, as trades, still 
 exist to some extent. Besides the woollens and carpet 
 manufacture at Kendal and its neighbourhood, worsted 
 and woollen are made at Kirkland and Milnthoiiic; 
 waistcoatings, liosiery, sacking, canvas, bobbin-net, ic, 
 at these and other places ; and paper at Milulhorpe. 
 
 Looking at the quaiTving and mining industry of the 
 county, wo find gypsum quarried at Acornbank ; grey 
 or greenish lime or marble, bearing a good polish, near 
 Ambleside, Kirkby Lonsdale, and Kendal (which has 
 marble works) ; plenty of good roofing slate is wrought 
 at Kcutmere, Ambleside, Thrang Crag, White Moss,
 
 708 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF WESTMORELAND. 
 
 &c. ; pink and bluish granite are found in Wastdale 
 Crags, l)esides many single blocks, along with ragstone, 
 and coarse " galliard " slate, dispersed about in all parts. 
 Lead is worked at Dufton Fell, and at Eagle Crag, 
 Greeuside, Glenridding, and Staveley, in Patterdale; 
 copper near Asby, Kirkby Stephen, Orton, Raine, and 
 Shap ; poor coal on Stainmore, and near Mallerstang 
 and Casterton. These various departments of industry 
 will be found noticed more at length in the accounts of 
 the various parishes and townships at subsequent pages. 
 
 TE^•URE OF LAKD, &C. 
 
 In this county real property for the most part consists 
 of customary freeholds of inheritance, or tenant riglit ; 
 that is to say, held according to the custom of the 
 manor ; the tenant having a freehold interest, but not 
 a freehold tenure. It is conveyed by bargain and sale 
 and admittance, not by surrender and admittance, as 
 lands of copyhold tenure are. Copyhold was made 
 willable, or devisable by will, by the 55 George III., 
 c. 102 (12lh July, 1815), without a prior surrender to 
 uses as sanctioned by the custom of some manors. 
 Customary hold was made willable by the 1 Vic, c. 20 
 (3rd July, 1837). It should be observed that an act 
 was passed on the 21st June, 1841, for facilitating a 
 voluntary enfranchisement of such lands. By custom, 
 within the barony of Kendal, the widow enjoys the 
 whole customary estate during her widowhood. And 
 for the widow's estate is due to the lord an heriot; 
 which, as the widow could not go to war, was a recom- 
 pense, in order to provide things necessary for the 
 marching of the army ; and this heriot was anciently 
 the best beast of the deceased. In some manors custom 
 has obtained for the lord to have " the best of the dead 
 or quick goods at his option." In some places also are 
 claimed parcel heriots, that is, an heriot for every parcel 
 of land acquired to the original estate. In the barony 
 of Westmoreland, the widow has in some places half, 
 and in others only one- third of her husband's customary 
 
 estate ; and in that part of the county not many heriots 
 are paid ; for in those cases there is an heir-at-law, who 
 enters immediately ; and consequently the lord did not 
 want a soldier, or if the heir was under age, the lord 
 had the wardship of his lands. Generally a fine is due 
 upon change of the lord by death, and change of the 
 tenant by alienation ; the one called a general, the other 
 a special or dropping fine. But as to the general fine, 
 there is this e.^ceptiou, where a man purchases the 
 manor and dies, the former lord being yet living : in 
 that case there is no fine due upon the death of the 
 purchasing lord, nor of his son, or other descendant or 
 assignee, so long as the last general admitting lord is 
 living ; but upon the death of the last general admitting 
 lord, it has been determined that a fine shall be paid to 
 the lord then in possession. A fine arbitrary or uncer- 
 tain is lost, if the tenant dies before it is asserted by the 
 lord and demand made for the same. But in most of 
 the manors the fines have been reduced to a certainty ; 
 and in others extinguished, and the estate purchased to 
 freehold. Besides rent, fines, heriots, suit of court, 
 and the like dependencies, there are likewise boons, 
 which vary in the several manors : as, to pay a farm 
 hen or capon ; to plough, harrow, mow, reap, for a cer- 
 tain number of days ; and such like. 
 
 The natives of Westmoreland have great privileges 
 in the universities of 0.\ford and Cambridge. The 
 fellowships and valuable livings of the Old Foundation in 
 Queen's College, Oxford, are exclusively appropriated to 
 natives of Westmoreland and Cumberland. In the 
 same college there pre valuable exhibitions (by the Lady 
 Elizabeth Hastings) to youths from Appleby and Haver- 
 sham schools. In Cambridge there are also valuable 
 exhibitions, scholarships, &c., an account of which 
 will be found in the histories of the various parishes, 
 (tc, in the following pages, to which wc must also refer 
 the reader for a particular account of the charities of 
 the county, which produce about £5,000 per annum. 
 The value of the capit<il and property from which this 
 arises may be estimated at upwards of £130,000.
 
 BARONY OF WESTMORELAND. 
 
 This barony comprises the whole of the east and west wards, and is called the barony of Westmoreland in conse- 
 quence of the remainder of the county, which forms the barony of Kendal, being anciently considered part of 
 Lancashire, and we find it entered in the celebrated Doomsday Survey under the title of " Agemundrencsse." It 
 comprises the honours and seigniories of Appleby and ISrough, which eonUiin under them the forests of JIallcrstang, 
 Oglebird, and Stainmore, with all tlie subordinate manors held of Sir Richard Tufton, liy tlic service of cornafe ; he 
 himself holding the barony of the sovereign by the service of four knights' fees. The total amount of cornage paid 
 by the tenants of the barony iu 10:U was £.V2 Is. 6d., besides .517 bushels and three pecks of "serjeant oats," or 
 " bailiff corn," and "684 pout hens." In 1739 it was decreed "that the tenants hold their tenements according to 
 ancient custom of tenant right, and as customary estates of inheritance, descendible from ancestor to heir, under 
 ancient yearly rents, and such general and dropping lines " as were thou settled by arbitration, which also determined 
 the right of the tenants to get turf, peat, Ac, for their own use ; to cut and sell underwood ; to mortgage, lease, or 
 demise their tenements for any term not exceeding three years ; and to exchange lands lying intermixed iu common 
 fields for lands of equal value in the same manor, without license or fine." It was also settled " that the lord may sell 
 timber, provided he leave suflicient for repairs, necessary boots and estovers." The tenants of many of the estates 
 within the barony have been enlVancliised, or pay only very small rents, as will be seen in the histories of the respec- 
 tive manors in the following pages. All the customary tenants pay arbitrary fines, except those of the manor of 
 Drybeck, Little .\sby, and Bampton, who pay fines certain. The descent of the barony will be best understood from 
 the following account of its lords : — 
 
 ^foibs of llic ^.hirong of ffiltstmortliinl). 
 
 As wc have seen in previous pages, William the 
 Conqueror gave the whole of Cumberland and this 
 great barony to 
 
 Raniii.ph df. SfKsrntNES, wl)0, in tlie year lOSS, grnntcil the 
 churches of St. Michael and St. Lawrence of his castle of 
 Appleby, to the oblioy of St. Mary, at York. He niarried I.ucia, 
 sister of Hugh I.iipiis, earl of Chester, by whom ho liad issue, 
 besides a daughter, a son, 
 
 Rasuii'H hv. Mi;scniNi:s,who sacceeded to his father's exten- 
 sive estiitLS, with tlie exoeptiun of n large portion of Cumberl.ind 
 whicli had been granted to his uncle, William de .Mcschines, and 
 others. This liainilpli became, in right of his mother, Karl and 
 Count Palatine of the county of Chester, where he llxod his 
 residence. He gave the barony of Westmoruland and his Cum. 
 berland estates to his sister, the wife of 
 
 EoDKiiT D'KsTiiivKiis, or TiiEVEHS, wlioso daughter, Ibria, 
 brought it in marriage to 
 
 B.VKiJLrii Eno.vvne, who had a son and heir, 
 
 WiLMAU KiiOAi.NE, wliose daughter and hoiross, \da, was the 
 wife of 
 
 Simon de MnnviLi.E, who had a son and heir, 
 
 RooER DE JIoiivii.i.E, whose son and lieir, 
 
 Hugh df. Mouvii.i.e, whs onu of the four knights wlio mur- 
 dered St. Tliomas a lieckot, archbishop of Canterbury, in the 
 rei|,'n of Henry II. For this olVence the estates of the Pe Mor- 
 viUes were seized by the king.wbo granted the custody of .\ppleby 
 Castle to Gospatric, the son of Orme, but the barony was retained 
 by the crown till the reign of King John, when it was granted, 
 together with the custody of tlie castles of Appleby and Brough, 
 and the " sheritlwick and rent of the county of Westmoreland," 
 in perpetuity, to 
 
 lloDEUT BE Vetfritont, son of William de Voteripont, by 
 Alaud, sister of Hugh de Jlorville, who had for lier portion that 
 part of .Meburn, or Meabnrn, since known as Mauld's Meabum. 
 This Ito'ucrt de Veteripont "was a man of great parts and 
 cniploynienis, and was trusted with the custody and disposal of 
 much of the kings treasure." He was entrusted with many 
 otVicea of honour, and had the custody of several castles and 
 towns of importance at ditK rent times. His name occurs among 
 the benefactors of the abbey of Shap, to which he gave Milbum 
 li range, and " the tithes of the renewal of all the beasts taken by 
 hira or his men iu all his forests in Westmoreland.'' He
 
 710 
 
 BAEO^fT OF >VESTMORELAND. 
 
 confirmed to the saiJ abbey " all tlie gifts wbicli had been made by 
 TLomas, son of Gospntric, and Thomas, his son ; and the grant 
 of Kenegill, wliicli had been made to the said abbey, by Maud, 
 his mother, and Ivo, his brother." Eobert de Veteripont mar- 
 ried Idonea, daughter and heiress of John Biiilly, and having 
 been tirenty-four years sheritV of Westmoreland, died in 1228, 
 and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 John de Veteripont, who sold a portion of the lands of the 
 barony. This John died young, about the year 1242, leaving, by 
 his wife, Sibilla, daughter of William Ferrars, earl of Derby, a 
 son, 
 
 Robert de Veteripont, who being under age, became a royal 
 ward, and as such was placed under the guardianship of tlie 
 prior of Carlisle. On attaining his majority, this baron joined 
 the disaffected nobles against Henry III., and died of the 
 ■wounds he had received in the battle of Lewes, in Sussex, or 
 that of Evesham, in Worcestershire, after wliich his possessions 
 were seized by the king, but were subsequently restored to his 
 two young daughters, Isabella and Idonea (by his wife, Isabella 
 Fitz-Peter), who were committed in wardship to Roger de Clif- 
 ford, of Herefordshire, and Roger de Leybourne, of Kent, who 
 mamed them to their two sons and Iieirs, between whom the 
 barony of Westmoreland was diriJed, till the death of Idonea, 
 without issue, when the whole became vested in the heirs of 
 Isabella, by her husband, Roger de Clifford, whose son and suc- 
 cessor, 
 
 Robert de Clifford, was about eight years of age, at the 
 time of his faOier's decease. This nobleman is said to have 
 been " the greatest man of all this family, being of a most 
 martial and heroic spirit." In the 25th Edward I. (121)6-7) he 
 was made the king's captain and keeper of the marches in the 
 north towards Scotland," and made several inroads into that 
 kingdom. He was also one of the four guardians appointed by 
 King Edward I. for Edward, his son and successor ; and was 
 justice of the king's forests north of the Trent. In the 1st 
 Edward II. (1307-8) he w.is made admiral of England, and 
 about the same time Lord Marcher. The king justnamed granted 
 to him the honour and castle of Skipton, in Craven. He married 
 Maud de Clare, daughter of Thomas de Clare, younger brother 
 of Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester and Hereford, by whom 
 he had issue, 
 
 I. KoGEB, who succeeded his father. 
 II. Robert, who succeeded his brother, 
 1. Idonea, who became tlie wife of Henry Lord Percy. 
 Robert de Clifford was killed at the battle of Banuockbum, in 
 laH, iu the fortieth year of his age, and was succeeded by his 
 eldest son, 
 
 Roger de Clifford, who was attainted of high treason in 
 the loth Edward II. (1321-2), being then about twenty-three 
 years of age, for his adherence to Thomas Earl of Lancaster, 
 and his estates became forfeited to the king, who granted a 
 portion of them to Andrew de Hercla, but on De Hercla's treason 
 they reverted to the crown, and were, with the other parts of the 
 barony, restored to Roger de Clifford. In about a month after- 
 wards Roger died, and as ho had never married, the barony 
 passed to his brother, 
 
 Robert de Clifford, who received a great addition to his 
 property by the death of his great-aunt, Idonea de Veteripont, 
 when the estates of the Veteriponts, which had been divided 
 between the two sisters for want of male issue, became again 
 united in the same family. This Robert married Isabella, 
 daughter of Maurice, Lord Berkeley, upon whom he settled, by 
 
 way of jointure, all the lands of Skipton, and a great part of the 
 lands in Westmoreland. By this lady he had 
 I. Robert, his heir. 
 
 II. Roger, who succeeded his brother. 
 
 III. Thomas. 
 
 He died May 20th, 1344, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Robert Lord Clifford, who, being under age at the time 
 of his father's decease, became ward to the king. During his 
 minority he served in the French wars, and was present at the 
 battle of Cressy, though but si.\teen years of age. He mamed, 
 previous to his father's deatli, Euphemia, one of the daughters 
 of Ralph de Neville, tlie first of that family who was created 
 Earl of Westmoreland, but had no issue. This Robert died in 
 France, and was succeeded by his brother, 
 
 Roger de Clifford, who is described as a man of " much 
 gallantry and valour," and was accounted one of the wisest men 
 of his time. He manied Maud de Beauchamp, daughter of 
 Thomas Earl of Warwick, by whom he had issue, 
 1. Thomas, his heir. 
 
 u. William, 6ubsc(iuently goveraor of Berwick. 
 
 m. Lewis, from whom the present Lord Clifford of Chudleigh is 
 descended. 
 I. Margaret. 
 Roger de Clifford died in the 15th Richard II. (1332), and was 
 succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Thomas de Clifford, who was about twenty six years of age 
 at the death of his father. In his early years he was much at 
 court, and in great favour with Eichai-d II., but being somewhat 
 wild and extravagant, he was one of those that were banished 
 by authority of parliament in the year 1387, and died fighting 
 against the infidels, at Spruce, in Germany, in 1393, leanng 
 issue by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Lord Ross, of 
 Hamlake Castle, in Yorkshire, besides a daughter, Maud, an 
 infant son and heir, 
 
 John de Clifford, who thus became a royal ward. In the 
 year following the demise of Thomas de Clifford, the king 
 (Richard II.) granted the shrievalty of Westmoreland to the 
 queen consort, who granted the same, with the approbation of 
 the monarch, to Elizabeth, mother of the said John. This 
 John was made a knight of the Garter by Henry V. He 
 married Ehzabeth Percy, only daughter of Henry Lord Percy, 
 surnamed Hotspur, by whom he had issue, 
 I. Thomas, his heir. 
 
 u. Henry, who died without issue. 
 I. Mary, who became the wife of Sir Philip Wentworth. 
 John Lord Clifiord was slain at the siege of Meaux, in France, 
 in the 10th Henry V. (1122). 
 
 Thomas de Clifford, son and heir of John Lord Clifford, 
 was about seven years of age when he succeeded to Ids ancestral 
 estates, and in consequence became a ward of the king. This 
 Thomas de Clifford distinguished himself in the French wars 
 during the reign of Henry VI., and was present at the battle of 
 Poictiers. He married Johanna, daughter of Thomas Lord 
 Dacre of Gilsland, by whom he had issue, 
 
 I. JortK, his heir. 
 
 II. Roger. 111. Eobert. iv. Thomas. 
 
 I. Elizabeth. ii. Maud. in. Anne. 
 
 IV. Joan, married to Sir Richnnl Musgrnve, KnL, of Hartley 
 
 Castle, from whom the present Sir George JIusgrave is 
 descended. 
 v. Margaret 
 
 Thomas de Clifiord was slain in tlie battle of St Albaas, in
 
 LORDS OF THE BARONY OF WESTIIORELAXD. 
 
 711 
 
 l-tsr), and was bnried in the abbey church there. He was suc- 
 ceeded by his eldest son, 
 
 John de Cllffobd, a distinguished adherent of the Honse of 
 Lancaster, by whose sword fell the young Duke of Rutland, son 
 of the Duke of York, at the battle of Wakefield. This John do 
 Clifford was present at the second battle of St. Alban's, and was 
 slain the day before the battle of Towton, leaving by his wife, 
 Margaret Bromtlett, by birth Baroness Vercy, 
 
 I. HE.NRy, bis heir. 
 II. Kiclmrd. 
 
 I. Elizabeth, mairied to Sir Robert Aske. 
 Henry de Clifford, eldest son of John Lord Clifford and 
 Margaret, his wife, was seven years old or thereabouts when his 
 father was killed. This nobleman was deprived of his lands and 
 honours for the period of twenty four years, during which time 
 he lived as a shepherd iu Yorkshire, or in Cumberland about 
 Threlkeld, where his father-in-law's estate was, and sometimes 
 in the borders of Scotland. During this time we find the Chf- 
 ford estates granted to several persons, and amongst the rest to 
 Kichard Duke of Gloucester, subsequently Richard III., who 
 granted the sheritTwick to Sir Richard Ratcliffe during his life, 
 for his good services ; but when Henry VII. obtained the crown, 
 Lord Clifford was restored to his honours and estates, and lie 
 subsequently repaired several of his castles, which had gone to 
 decay during the late troubles. He was twice married, firstly, to 
 Anne, daughter of Sir John St. John, of Bletso, by whom he had 
 issue, 
 
 I. Hexrt, his heir. 
 
 II. Thomas, who married Lucy, daughter of Sir Anthony Brown. 
 I. Mabel, who became the wife of William FitzwiJliam, earl of 
 
 Southampton. 
 n. Eleanor, married to — Mackenficld. 
 IU. Anne, married to liobert Melcolf. 
 IV. Joan, married to Sir Ralph Bowes. 
 
 v. ilnrsaret. miirried to Cutbberl, son and heir of Sir Edward 
 RaiclUle of Corriugtoii, co. Northumberland. 
 
 By Florence Pudsey, his second wife, he bad two or three sons, 
 all of whom died when they were very young, and a daughter, 
 Dorothy, married to Sir Hugh Lowther of Lowtbcr. He died 
 in the 15th Henry YIII. (ljJiJ-4), and was succeeded by his 
 eldest son, 
 
 Henry de Clifford, who was thirty years of age when his 
 father died, so that he immediately became possessed of his 
 family honours and estates. He was subsequently created earl of 
 Cumberland, and wa-s invested with the ordei- of the Garter. He 
 was also made by the king (Henry VIII.) lord-president of the 
 north parts of England, and many tiiues filled the office of lord- 
 warden of the marches. Lonl Clifford is described as one of the 
 most eminent lords of his time for nobleness and gallantry. 
 Like his father,ho was twice married, his first wife being Maigai'et 
 Talbot, eldest daughter of George Earl of Shrewsbury, but she 
 died within two or three years alter tlicir marriage, leaving no 
 issue. His second wife was Margaret Percy, daughter of Henry 
 I'ercy, fifth earl of Northumberland, by whom ho had two sons 
 and four daughters, 
 
 I. IlF.xiiT, Ills heir, 
 u. Iniilrnim. who married Anne, aole daughter and heir of Sir 
 
 ilt'Urv Itatcliire, KnL 
 I. Kalboriiip, marriod to John Lotd Scioope of Bollcn Cutlc. 
 II, Maud, married to Sir John Convert. 
 
 III. i:ii7.iibolli, married to Sir Christopher Mcdcalf of Nappcr, co. 
 York. 
 
 ir. Jane, married (o Sir John Hndlcston, Kut., of MUlom. 
 
 He died at Skipton Castle in 1542-3, and was succeeded by 
 
 Henry de Clifford, his eldest son. This nobleman, during 
 his father's lifetime, was made a knight of tlie Bath, at the 
 coronation of Anne Boleyn. He is stated to have wasted some 
 of his estate ; but " in the latter end of his time he retired and 
 lived a country life." He was twice married : first to the Lady 
 Eleanor Brajidon, youngest daughter of Charles Brandon, duke 
 of Suffolk, by his wife ilary, who was queen of France, having 
 by her several sons, who all died in infancy, and one daughter, 
 married to Edward Stanley, lord Strange, afterwards earl of 
 Derby. His second wife was Anne, youngest daughter of 
 William Lord Dacre of Gilsland, by whom he had, 
 I. George, his heir. 
 
 II. Francis, who was made knight of the B.ith by James I., when 
 his son Charles was niailt- Duke of York. By llie death of 
 liis broiher George wiihotit male issue, he succeeded to the 
 ti'le of Earl of Cumberland. He married Griffel,dauf;htfcr of 
 Tliomas Hughes of Uxbridge, and widow of Edward Ntville, 
 lord .Vbergaveuny, by whom be had several children : — 
 
 1. George, who died an infant. 
 
 2. Ileury, who lived to be the fifth earl of Cumberland, 
 
 the last heir male of the nonbern Cliffords. 
 
 1. Margaret, married to Sir Thomas Wentwonh, after- 
 
 wards earl of Stratford, who was beheaded in lt)4l. 
 
 2. Frances, who was married to Philip Lord Wharton, 
 
 and had issue. 
 
 3. Eleanor, who died unmarried. 
 
 Henry Lord Clifford was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 George Clifford, third earl of Cumberland, who, being a 
 minor, became a ward to Queen Elizabeth. He married the 
 Lady Margaret Russel, youngest daughter of the Earl of 
 Bedford, by whom he had issue two sons, Francis imd Robert, 
 who died in infancy, anJ a daughter, Anne, of whom hereafter. 
 This earl signalised himself in the service of Queen Elizabeth, 
 both by land and sea; and was one of the forty peers com- 
 missioned to try Mary Queen of Scots, and after her attainder 
 was one of the four earls who were sent to Fotheringay Castle, 
 to bo present at the execution. Having no surviving male issue, 
 Lord Clifford, for the^preservation of his name and family, in 
 1300-01, levied a fine, and cut off the entail of the estate which 
 had been made by his fatlier, and settled the same to himself 
 and his wife for life, then to the heirs male of his body, then to 
 his brother Francis and the heirs male of his body, in default of 
 theso to the heirs (general) of his own body, and in default of 
 these to his own right hell's for ever. And in the same year, by 
 his will, he devised the same to the purposes aforesaid ; giving 
 to his daughter, besides the said reversion, the sum of i.'15,000 
 for her portion. He devised also the sheriffwick to his brother, 
 which, not being in the aforesaid entail, his brother took 
 possession of during the widow's life. He died in 1B05. 
 
 Anne de Clifford, only daughter and heir of George Earl 
 of Cumberland, by his wife, the Lady JIargaret Russel, on her 
 father's demise, by the advice of her mother, contested the 
 settlement, which was however confirmed by James I. During 
 this litigation she was married to Lord Buckliurst, aAernards 
 carl of Dorset, by whom she had (be.sides three sons who died 
 very young) two daughti-rs, Margaret and Isabella, tlie latter of 
 whom became the wife of James Comptou, earl of Ncrthampton, 
 to whom sho bore six children, who all lUed without issue, and 
 most of them verj* young, so that after the death of Isabella, 
 Margari't remiiucd sole heir of the Clifford fjimily. About six 
 years aftir tho death of Lord liuckhurst, the Lady .Vnne married 
 a scC'ind husband, I'bilip Herbert, earl of Pembroke and Mont- 
 gomery, and to him had two sons, who dioJ in infancy. After 
 the death of her second husband, Lady Anoc remained a widow
 
 712 
 
 BARONY OF WESTMORELAND. 
 
 for twentj-scven jears, during which period she resided in the 
 north of England, nnd was employed in repairing her castles, 
 which had gone to decay or been ruined in the civil wars, and in 
 many private and public works of charity. She died on the 23rd 
 of March, IGTJ, when lier estates descended to her daughter 
 Margaret, the wife of John Lord Tufton, afierwards earl of 
 Thanet, a title which had heen bestowed upon his father by 
 Charles I. in 1038. 
 
 John, second earl of Thanet, by his wife, the Lady Anne 
 Clifford, had six sons, 
 
 I. Nicholas. 
 IV. Thomas. 
 
 II. John. 
 V. Sackville. 
 
 III. Richard. 
 VI. (ieorge. 
 
 Of whom the first four, and a son of the fifth, became succes- 
 sively earls of Thanet. He had also six daughters, 
 
 I. Anne, who died young. 
 
 II. Jtargaret, married to George Lord Coventrj-. 
 
 III. Frances, mnrried to Henry Drax, Esq.of Boston, co. Lincoln. 
 
 IV. Cecilia, married to Christopher Lord llatton. 
 
 V. Mary, married to William, son nnd heir of Sir WiUiam Walter, 
 
 Hart., of Sarcsden, co. Cxfcird. 
 VI. Anne, nmrried to Samuel Grimston, son and heir of Sir Har- 
 boltle Grimstone, JiiU't., master of the roils. 
 
 nis lordship died in 166i, his countess surviving till 1676, in 
 which year she devised the Clifford estates to John, her second 
 son, in tail, with remainder to Richard, Thomas, and Sackville, 
 her other sons. In pursuance of his mother's will, 
 
 John TuriON liecame possessor of the estates, and in three 
 years after, his elder brother. Earl Nicholas, dying without 
 issue, he succeeded to the title, becoming in this manner fourth 
 Earl of Thanat. His lordship did not long enjoy this accession 
 of dignity, for he died in the following year, when the title and 
 estates devolved upon his brother, 
 
 Richard Tufton, fifth earl of Thanet, who also died unmar- 
 ried in 1CH3, and was succeeded by the fourth brother, 
 
 Thomas Tdfton, sixth earl of Thanet, who, os heir to his 
 grandmother, Anne Baroness of Clifford, Westmoreland, and 
 Vesci, being entitled to the baronies, brought his claim into the 
 House of Lords, when the barony of Clifford was adjudged to 
 him in 1001; but on his death, in 1739, it fell into abeyance 
 among his daughters, but was afterwards confirmed to his third 
 daughter, Margaret, wife of Thomas Coke, eiirl of Leicester, 
 and has since been enjoyed by the family of Southwell, whose 
 heiress, Sophia, widow of Commander John Eussel, R.N., is 
 tlie present Baroness De Clifford. Lord Tufton married Cathe- 
 rine, daughter and co-heir of Henry Cavendish, duke of New- 
 castle, by whom he had three sons, who all died in their infancy, 
 «nd five daughters, 
 
 I. Catherine, married, in 170S, Edward Watson, viscount Sondes, 
 
 son of the Earl of liockinghaui, and had issue, 
 
 2'. Tliom'iis, J" Earls of Rockingham. 
 1. Catherine, married to Edwiu-d Southwell, Esq., and 
 left a son and heir, 
 
 Edward, subsequenlly ITih Baron Clifford. 
 
 II. Annes, married to James Earl nf Salisbnri-. 
 
 III. JInrgaret, married to Ihomas Coke, earl of Leicester. 
 
 IV. Mnry, married, Islly, to Anthony Earl of Harold; 2ndly, to 
 
 John Eail Gower. 
 
 V. Isabella, married to Lord Nassau Fowlet, and afterwards to 
 Sir Francis Blake DelavaL 
 
 The Earl of Thanet died in 1720, when the earldom devolved 
 upon his nephew, 
 
 Sackville Tufton, seventh earl of Thanet, who married the 
 Lady Mary Savile, younger daughter and coheir of William 
 Marquis of Halifax, and by her had issue, 
 
 I. John, who died before his father, and unmarried. 
 IL Sackville, his successor. 
 I. Mnry, married to Sir William Duncan, Bart. 
 
 II. Charlotte. 
 
 This earl differing with his tenants in Westmoreland about their 
 fines, after the demise of Earl Thomas, offer a long contest 
 in Chancery, the customs of the barony were decided as given 
 above. On his demise the family honours and estates devolved 
 upon, 
 
 Sackville Tufton, eighth earl of Thanet. This nobleman 
 married Mary, only dnughter of Lord John Sackville, and sister 
 to John Frederick, third duke of Dorset, by whom he had issue, 
 
 I. Sackville, his heir. 
 
 II CiiAitLES, who succeeded his brother. 
 
 III. Henry, bnrn January 2nd, l"?'). 
 
 IV. Edward Williai<-. liorn November IGUi, 1777, drowned in the 
 
 Tbnines, July 1st, 17SU. 
 
 I. Elizidii-ih. 
 
 11. Carolnie, married July, 1702, John Foster Barbour, Esq., and 
 had issue. 
 
 His lordship died April lOlli, 17H0, and was succeeded by liis 
 eldest son, 
 
 Sackville Tdfton, who thus became the ninth carl of Thanet. 
 This carl married Anne Charlotte de Bojanovitz, descended 
 from a noble family in Hungary. He was a great patron of 
 agriculture, and much improved his estates in Westmoreland. 
 His lordship died in January, 1825, when the honours of the 
 family devolved upon his next brother, 
 
 Charles, tenth earl, born September 10th, 1777. This noble- 
 man dying unmarried, .Vpril 20th, 1832, the honours devolved 
 upon his only surviving brother, 
 
 Henry Tufton, eleventh enrl of Thanet, born January 2nd, 
 1770. This nobleman sat in the House of Commons during 
 one parliament, that of 1706-1S02, for the city of Rochester. In 
 1826 he was returned for Appleby, a borough in the nomination 
 of his family, and again in 1830 and 1831. His lordship was 
 the last surviving male heir of his family; and, as he never 
 married, it became extinct on his decease, June 12lh, 1819, 
 when his estates passed, by w-ill, to 
 
 Sir Richard Tufton, Bart., who thus became lord of the 
 barony of Westmoreland. Sir Richard was created a baronet in 
 1H5I. He married, August 2and, 1813, Adelaide AmeUe Lacour, 
 and has issue, 
 
 L Henry Jacques, bom June -lUi, 1844. 
 
 II. Alfred Chnrlrs, born May l-'idi, 1852. 
 I. Therese Elizabeth. 
 
 Jrms. — Sa., an eagle, displayed, erm., within a bordure, wavy, org. 
 Crvsl.—A sea linn, sejant, arg.,duly differenced. 
 Motto. — Ales volat propriis.
 
 (BmI Wihx)i. 
 
 Tins division of Westmoreland is bounded on the north by CumbcrlanJ, on the west by the West Ward, on the south 
 by a part of Kendal Ward and Yorkshire, and on the east by Yorkshire and Durham. It is about twenty-three miles 
 in length from north to south, and frcim ten to fourteen miles in breadth. A considerable portion of this ward is 
 mountainous, but many of the fells aflbrd good pasture for sheep and cattle. The whole district is as remarkable for 
 its pastoral as for its wild and picturesque scenery. It is well watered by the rivers Eden, Tees, and Lune, which, 
 with a great many of their tributary streams, have their source within its boundaries. Lead is found at Dufton and 
 Hilton, and there are excellent quarries of limestone and freestone. It contains the borough of Appleby, the market 
 towns of Brough, Kirkby Stephen, and Orton, and is divided into the parishes of Appleby St. Lawrence, Appleby St. 
 Jlichael, Asby, Brough, Crosby Garret, Dufton, Kirkby Stephen, Kirkbythore, Longmarton, Great Musgrave, New- 
 biggin, Ormfcide, Ortou, Eavenstonedale, and Warcop. The present rating of this ward is £85,852. 
 
 ArrLEBY ST. LAWRENCE AND APPLEBY ST. MICHAEL PARISHES. 
 
 These parishes, which contain the borough of Appleby, arc bounded by those of Dufton, Warcop, Ormside, Crosby 
 Ravensworth, and Morland. They lie on opposite sides of the river Eden, the former being on the west, and the 
 latter on the east bank. St. Lawrence's parish comprises the township of Appleby St. Lawrence, Burrels, Colby, 
 Drybcck, Huff, and Scattergate ; St. Michael's, commonly called Bongate, includes the townships of Bongato and 
 Langton, Crackenthorp, Hilton, and Murton. 
 
 THE BOnOUGII OF APPLEBY. 
 
 Apfilehy, the county town of Westmoreland, is beau- 
 tifully situated on tho river Eden, in 54" 35' north 
 latitude, 2o 28' west longitude, thirty-one miles south- 
 east of Carlisle, 27i) miles north-north-west from London 
 by road, and 30i) miles by the North- Western railway 
 via the Trent Valley lino. Its population in 1851 was 
 1,291. Tho town is situated in two parishes, St. I^aw- 
 rence on the left, and St. Jlichael on tlio right side of 
 the river, the greater part lying in the parish of St. 
 I-awrencc; St. Michael, pnpidi'.rly callod l^ongate, con- 
 tains but few houses, and is principally an agricultural 
 jmrish. The two parishes are separate vicarages and 
 will 1)0 found fully noticed at a subsequent page. The 
 high road from liondon to Carlisle by Brough and 
 Pi'urith passes through Bongate. An ancient stone 
 bridge of two arches crosses the Eden and connects the 
 two parishes of Appleby with each other. The main 
 street, which is irregularly built on the slopo of a hill, 
 
 is of considerable width, having the castle at its upper 
 and the parish church of St. Lawrence at its lower 
 extremity. The town contains some well-built houses 
 and has a neat appearance. It is lighted with gas. 
 The weaving of linen and checks is carried on to 
 somo extent in Appleby ; also brewing and malting. 
 There is a good retail trade, A woollen manufactory 
 is situated at CouplnnJ Bock. The Eden Valley railway 
 passes on tho north side o*" the town, where there is to 
 be a station for the convenience of tho inhabitants of 
 Appleby. The town is principally comprised in tho 
 township of .\ppleby, the area of which is forty-eight 
 acres, and the rateable value £ 1 ,03,1 Cs. The population 
 of the township does not appear to have been separat^dy 
 returned till \Xil. in which year it was 824 ; iu 1831, 
 851: in 1811, 751; and in 1851,883. Theremaining 
 portion of tho borough of Appleby is in the township 
 of Scattergate. 
 
 Of Appleby in early times, history is entirely silent.
 
 714 
 
 EAST ■n-ARD. 
 
 It has been supposed that it was a Roman station, but 
 there is no satisfactory evidence of this. It was, how- 
 ever, a place of some iniportxnco before the Norman 
 Conquest, as it gave name to one of the shires, Appleby- 
 scire, into nliich the county was divided. It continued to 
 maintain its dignity until the time of Henry II., in the 
 22nd year of whose reign, ( 1 175-0} it was surprised and 
 destroyed by William of Scotland. Jordan Faiitosrae 
 says, " the king very soon iiad the castle of Appleby ; 
 there were no people in it, it was quite unguarded. 
 Gospatric, sou of Orme, an old grey-headed English- 
 man, was the constable ; he soon cried mercy." The 
 Scottish king left a garrison here under three constables, 
 and proceeded to attack Brough.' For his conduct on 
 this occasion Gospatric was fined 000 marks by King 
 Heury, and the subordinate officers iu sums varying 
 according to their ranks. In the time of Edward IT. 
 Appleby paid a fee farm rent of twenty marks a year, 
 equal to 2,200 burgages, from which the population at 
 that time may be estimated at upwards of 1 1 ,000. King 
 John was at Appleby on June 17th and 18th, 1212. In 
 the I2th Richard II. (1388-9) Appleby was again laid 
 waste by the Scots, and, in consequence, was unable to 
 pay the fee farm rent due to the crown. From this time 
 the town never recovered its pristine splendour and 
 importance. The greatest part still lay in ruins in the 
 time of William and Mary, and on this account the 
 rent due to the crown was reduced from twenty marks 
 annually to two marks, or £1 G Gs. 8d. The foundations 
 of buildings brought to light by the plough, for two or 
 thi-ee miles round the town, evince its former greatness, 
 and the Borough Walls (Burrells) are now distant a 
 mile from the present town. In 1598 the plague 
 raged here with such severity that the market was 
 removed to Gilshaughlin, near Cliburn. From this 
 period we hear no more of Appleby till the time of 
 the Commonwealth, when, in consequence of the 
 adherence of the town to the royal cause, Cromwell 
 imposed upon it a "Charter of Restrictions," which for a 
 time was enforced by a garrison stationed here for the 
 jwrposo. In July, 1C48, a conflict took place near 
 Appleby between the Scottish army, under the Duke of 
 Hamilton, and the rarliamcntarians, under General 
 Lambert, in -which the latter was victorious. In 
 
 1 Quant il ot Applebi, le cliastel e la lur ; 
 » • « * 
 
 E meUent la dedenz lur serjanz marchis,. 
 E treis cunestables el chastel unt asis. 
 
 Jordan Ftinloswef p. GG. 
 ■When he had Appleby tlie castle aiid the tower ; 
 * * * » 
 
 And tliey placed within it llieir bonier oiEcer?, 
 
 And they have appointed three constables in lUe eastle. 
 
 October of the same year, when Colonel Ashtou had 
 relieved C»ckermouth Castle with the Lancashire 
 forces, he advanced against Sir Philip Musgrave and 
 the llo^'alists under his command, whom he pursued to 
 A[iplcby, and compelled to surrender at discretion, 
 with their " ordnance, arn)s, aniniunition, and horses.'"' 
 The restrictive charter just mentioned was annulled on 
 the restoration of Charles IL, which event was cele- 
 brated in tbe town with great pomp and festivity under 
 the auspices of the celebrated Anne ClilTord, countess 
 of Pembroke and JMontgomery, who at that time occu- 
 pied the castle of Appleby, which she had fortified for 
 Charles I., and who now, aged as she was, " thought 
 not her gates too wide to receive her guests." 
 
 The castle of Appleby is finely situated upon a lofty 
 and well -wooded eminence, and commands from the 
 summit of its ancient keep a noble view of the sur- 
 rounding country. The keep is still surrounded by a 
 moat, but the drawbridge has been removed. This fine 
 keep, called Ciusar's Tower, though not of Roman date 
 is of great antiquity, as is also a portion of the castle; 
 but the larger part of it was rebuilt in 1G80, by the 
 then Earl of Thanet, who inherited it from the Chfford 
 family, and iu the possession of whose descendants it 
 still remains. The gardens belonging to the castle are 
 of considerable extent, and from their elevated position 
 command a rich and varied prospect. A suit of steel 
 and gold armour, said to have been worn by George 
 Clitlord iu his capacity of champion to Queen Elizabeth, 
 is preserved in the castle. At the upper end of the 
 principal hall are several full length portraits of mem- 
 bers of the Cliiford and Tufton families. This ancient 
 structure is the baronial castle of the barony of West- 
 moreland, and has been so since its erection. Sir 
 Richard Tufton, Bart., occasionally resides here, and 
 Rear-admiral R. Elliot, the steward of Appleby Castle, 
 has his residence in Ctesar's Tower. 
 
 CHCECnES, CKAPELS, ic. 
 
 The parish church of St. Lawrence was partly rebuilt 
 in 1GG.J, by the Countess of Pembroke, who also left a 
 fund for keeping it in repair. The church is large and 
 handsome, consisting of nave, chancel, aisles, and square 
 tower, in which are si.K excellent bells, with a clock and 
 chimes presented by the mayor and corporation. In 
 the chancel is a beautiful marble efTigy of Margaret 
 Countess of Cumberland, who died in 161C; and on 
 the opposite side is an elegant altar-tomb, in memory of 
 her daughter, the Countess of Pembroke, who, in 1650, 
 conveyed an estate at Temple Sowcrby, now worth about 
 £70 a year, to trustees, fur the reparation of this church, 
 
 1 See also page 20.
 
 BOROUGH OF APPLEBY. 
 
 'J5 
 
 the bridge, tlie crosses, the moot-hall, her own monu- 
 ment, and that of her mother. The church of St. 
 Lawrence was given by llanulph de Mescliines, toge- 
 ther with the church of St. Michael, to the abbey of St. 
 Mary, at York, with two parts of the tithes of all his 
 demesne lands on both sides of the river Eden, which 
 grant was confirmed by Henry I., and subsequently by 
 the Bishop of Carlisle, under ihc following limitations: 
 " That the house of Wcthcral, in the name of the said 
 abbey, possess the same to their own use, but having, 
 nevertheless, the ]iension usually paid thereout to the 
 abbey; and that the said abbey do present fit persons 
 to be vicars tliercof, to be sustained out of the revenues 
 of the said church, so that such ricar receive thereout 
 six marks yearly, he paying ail episcopal and archi- 
 diaconal charges." In 12.")!, the then bishop of Car- 
 lisle, Silvester, judging the sis marks just named 
 insufficient, increased the taxation of the vicarage, and 
 exempted the vicars of St. Lawrence from the pajTnent 
 of the twenty shillings pension which they had pre- 
 viously paid to the vicar of St. Alichael's. This church 
 formerly possessed two charities, dedicated respectively 
 to the Blessed Virgin and St. Nicholas. The chantry 
 of the Blessed Virgin was founded by the family of 
 Goldingion, and endowed by them with revenues iu 
 the town and elsewhere, " for celebrating mass at the 
 altar of St. Mary for the mayor, bailiffs, and commonalty, 
 and for the souls of the founders and their ancestors, 
 and all faithful people, and especially of those who 
 should be benefactors to the said chantry." The 
 chantry of St. Nicholas was founded by Robert Thrcl- 
 keld, and was endowed with several burgage houses in 
 Appleby. Both these chantries were dissolved by 
 lOdward VI., who granted their revenues, amounting 
 at that time to £h lis. 8d. per annum, to William 
 Ward and llichard ^'enable3, to hold in free socage. 
 In tlio Valor of Pope Niciiolas the rectory of St. Law- 
 rnnco is valued at £15, and the vicarage at £10. In 
 the King's Book the vicarage is returned as worth 
 £9 6s. 2{d. In 1823 it was endowed (in addition to 
 fifty acres of ancient glebe) with about 930 acres of 
 land as a commutaliou for tho tithes of Hoif township. 
 The tithes of the other townships have since been com- 
 muted for a rent charge; so that tlie living is now 
 worth £300 a year. The patronage is vested in tho 
 tlean and chapter of Carlisle. The parish registers 
 commence in 1054'. 
 
 nF.oTons.— P.adulpliiis, 1070 ; Koger Denn, 1210; Willinm. 
 
 ViCAns. — JurJon, l'.!')0; Willinm ilc Kirkotun, ; Wiltar 
 
 ilu Doncostrn, l;)(l.i ; Stephen ilc Popiltun, 13U7 ; John do 
 CarletoD, 13;i'>; Williora Colyn, VIM; Robert Baynes, 1370; 
 Thomas ile Bruiilijr, MOO; UichorJ .\pplcby, 1100; Ilichanl 
 Oanu'tt, 1.'j18; Henry Hiutley, 1520; Hugh SowcU, 1011; 
 
 Lancelot SlanfielJ, 1573; Christopher Walker, 1082; William 
 Crakantboi-p, \C,U; John Scott, 1028; Edward Guy, lO.'iC ; 
 Anthony Shaw, 105'! ; Ambrose Rowland, 1050 ; James 
 Buchanan, 1001 ; Michael Hodgson, died 1681 ; Gabriel 
 Smalwood, 1681; James Lamb, 1098; John Christopherson, 
 1720; Samlford Latham, 1758; William Piiley, 1777; John 
 Rowland Sprole, 17s3 ; William Phillips, 1797 ; Joseph Milucr, 
 1820. 
 
 The vicarage, a plain commodious house, is situated 
 on the west side of the church. 
 
 St. Michael's parish church is in Bongate, on the 
 east side of the Kdeu, a short distance south-east of 
 Appleby. The Countess of Pembroke raised this 
 church "out of its ruins" in 1GJ8, but not it appears 
 ou the site of the previous churjh of St. Michael, which 
 is said to have stood at the Holme. It comprises nave, 
 chancel, transept, and tmall tower with two bells. 
 There arc mural monuments to the memory of members 
 of the Crackauthorpe, Hall, Hutchinson, Cock, and 
 Sawtree families. On the north side is a large vault, 
 the ancicut burial place of the Hdtous of Hilton, in 
 this parish. As seen above, this church was appropriated 
 to the abbey of St. Mary at York, but the patronage of 
 the vicarage was afterwards vested in the bishops of 
 Carlisle. There was formerly a chantry in this church, 
 founded by Sir William English. The living, valued 
 in the King's Book at £20. 13s. 9d., is now worth about 
 £110. At the enclosure of Bongate common, ninety- 
 two acres were given to the dean aud chapter of 
 Carlisle, in lieu of tho great tithes, and fifteen acres to 
 the vicar, as tho release from the small tithes, besides 
 five acres allotted to the ancient glebe. 
 
 Vicars.— Walter Feadwell, 1256; Richard de Bradewood, 
 1302; Henry de Appleby, 1339; Richard de Aslackby, 1302; 
 Johii de Morton, 1309; John RaynaUl, 1309; John Marshall, 
 
 1152: George Lancaster, ; John Smith, 1501; Gregory 
 
 Scot, 1509 ; Thomas Burton, 1570; Thomas Fairfax, 1079; 
 William Porter, 1582; John Tcasdale, 1011; John Spencer, 
 
 ; Robert Symson, lOOi ; Barnaby Symson, 1601 ; James 
 
 Cook, 1712 ; John Hill, 1733 ; Harrison Shaw, 1789 ; Thomas 
 Bellas, 1S23. 
 
 The vicarage is a neat house, a short distance south 
 of tho church. 
 
 At tho north end of Bongate, about half a mile from 
 St. Michael's Church, is Battlcburgh, called in tho 
 Latin records " Vicus lo Fyte," and in common language 
 Battlcbarrow ; but why or wherefore neither history uor 
 tradition informs us. Here the Lords Clifford, Percy, 
 and Vesci founi.lcd a convent of Carmelite friars, in 
 1281, which existed until the year 1543, wlieu it shared 
 the fate of tho other religious houses of England. 
 Henry VIII. granted it, willi Hale (>range. and tho 
 manor of Hardcndale and Wasldale, to C. Crackenthorp, 
 Esq., of Newbiggin, for the sum of £255. 33. A litilo
 
 716 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 further north, about a mile from Appleby, there formerly 
 stood the hospital of St. Leonard, for the reception of 
 lepers. The date of its foundation is not known, but it 
 was given to the abbey of Shap by John do Vetcripont, 
 the Bishop of Carlisle confirming the grant, with a 
 stipulation that the abbey should maintain three lepers 
 here for ever. In 1.541 its possessions were granted to 
 Thomas Lord Wharton, whose successor, Philip, sold 
 them in 1B1.5 for £700, to J. Fielding, Esq., of 
 Stiirforth, in Yorkshire, from whose descendant they 
 were purchased in 10;j'3 by the Countess of Pembroke, 
 who settled them upon her hospital at Appleby. At 
 the west end of the bridge of St. Lawrence there was 
 anciently a chapel, but, it is described as ruinous as 
 early as the year 1445. It occupied the site of the old 
 prison, or probably was the same building, and had a 
 chamber or oratory over it. 
 
 In the town arc two chapels, one belonging to the 
 Wesleyan Methodists, and the other to the United Free 
 Church; the former was erected in 1833, and the 
 latter in 1847. 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 That there was a school in Appleby as early as the 
 
 year 1453, is manifest from the name of a lane which 
 
 was at the end of Kirkgato, called " School House 
 
 Lane," and which is mentioned in old records. The 
 
 chantry priest of Appleby, like those of Penrith, in 
 
 Cumberland, and other places, appears to have been 
 
 enjoined to teach a free grammar school in the borough 
 
 as part of his duty, and this state of things continued 
 
 till the period of the suppression of the monastic 
 
 establishments. In consideration of the loss sustained 
 
 by the dissolution of the chantries, in the time of 
 
 Edward YI., Queen Mary granted to the school at 
 
 Appleby a rent charge of £5 10s. 8d. per annum, to 
 
 be paid out of the rectory of Crosby Ravensworth. The 
 
 school was refounded by Queen Elizabeth, " with ten 
 
 governors, who are to appoint successors, nominate the 
 
 master and usher, make statutes for the regulation 
 
 of the school, and receive lands and possessions, so as 
 
 they exceed not the clear yearly value of £40." But 
 
 this limitation has been greatly exceeded, for the school 
 
 at present has a yearly revenue of upwards of £-J00, 
 
 though it only receives sLx. free scholars, all the others 
 
 having to pay a small quarterage, even for the classics, 
 
 and additional charges for writing and arithmetic. 
 
 Since the foundation by Elizabeth, the school has 
 
 received the following benefactions, viz., £300 (of which 
 
 £240 was given by Dr. Miles Spencer) and a rent charge 
 
 of £20 a year purchased in 1579, to be paid out of 
 
 Newton Garthe's estate in the county of Durham. In 
 
 1589 the governors received £40 by bequest of Piainold 
 
 Hartley, with which they purchased the field adjoining 
 the school, called Pear Tree Garth. In 1061 Dr. 
 Smith, afterwards bishop of Carlisle, procured a lease 
 of the corn tithes of Diybcck, to be granted by the 
 dean and chapter to the schoolmaster, who pays for 
 them a yearly rent of £3 3s. 4d. The demesne lands 
 of New Hall, in the manor of Sandford, now let for 
 £130 per annum, were purchased in 1085 by the 
 governors with £500 out of the £700 given in 1071 
 by Bishops Barlow and Smith, the Rev. Randal Sander- 
 son, and Sir John Lowthcr, Bart., all of whom had 
 been scholars here, and gave their several donations to 
 the school in consideration of the governors having 
 ceded for ever the right of nominating the master to 
 the provost and scholars of Queen's College, O.vford, 
 where the Appleby scholars, natives of Westmoreland, 
 have live exhibitions, endowed with £40 per annum by 
 the Earl of Tlianct in 1720, besides tlic privilege of 
 becoming candidates for one of the five exhibitions, 
 founded in the same college by Lady Hastings, and 
 tliose established by its founder, Robert Eaglesficld, 
 for the education of scholars from AVestraorclaml and 
 Cumberland. The school is open to all the boys of the 
 parish of St. Lawrence and the township of Bongate. 
 The school-house is a neat edifice, in the Low Weind, 
 and was rebuilt in 1820, at the cost of the Temple 
 Sowerby trust. There was formerly a curious collec- 
 tion of inscriptions in stone near to this school, said to 
 liave been for the most part copied from others, and 
 placed there by Reginald Bainbridge, who was master 
 of the school in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. 
 A number of eminent men have been educated at 
 Appleby School, among them we may mention William 
 Bell, bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh ; Thomas Barlow, 
 bisliop of Lincoln ; Thomas Smith and John Waugh, 
 bishops of Carlisle ; Dr. John Langhorno and hi.i 
 brother William, joint translators of " Plutarch" ; Rev. 
 William Thompson, M.A., rector of South Weston, 
 Oxfoi'dshire, and author of a volume of poems, printed in 
 1 750 ; Dr. Richard Moukhouse, vicar of Wakefield, and 
 author of three volumes of sermons, in 1805 ; WiUiam 
 Pattiuson, of Sidney College, Cambridge, author of two 
 volumes of poems, published after his death, in 1728; 
 John Robinson, Esq., under secretary during Lord 
 North's administration ; Rev. Richard Yates, M.A., 
 fifty-eight years master of this school ; and Sir Joseph 
 Relph, author of a volume of pastoral poems, published 
 after his death, in 1740. The school is at present 
 attended by forty pupils, fourteen of whom are boarders, 
 and twenty-six day scholars. From the year 1800 to 
 the year 1803 there will be one, and afterwards two 
 exhibitions, of the value of £75, and tenable for five
 
 BOROUGH OF AITLEEV. 
 
 ri7 
 
 years, annually open to all pupils educated at this 
 school, without regard to place of birth. Four Eagles- 
 fiekl scholarships of tlie same value are still reserved 
 at (Jueeu's College, Oxford, for natives of Cumberland 
 and Westmoreland ; and an exhibition of £4U per annum 
 has been attached to this school. The Kev. John 
 Richardson, M.A., is head master; and the Rev. Henry 
 Fell, second master. 
 
 IJongatc National School is a neat building, in the 
 Elizibethan style, erected in 184 4, by subscn|,tion, 
 a grant of X'OO from tho Committee of Council on 
 Education, and £iO from the National Society. The 
 site was given by the Earl of Lonsdale. The school is 
 supported by the interest of X-i'H), of which i''20!) was 
 given by Robert Wilkinson, Esq., £100 by Thomas 
 Dent, Esq., £20 by the late Mr. T. Robinson of Leeds, 
 but formerly of Bongate, and by voluntary subscriptions. 
 
 The British School is a neat building, erected in 1849 
 by subscription, and a grant of dtlSo from the Com- 
 mittee of Council. It is under inspection, has two pupil 
 teachers, and has an average attendance of eighty-eight 
 children. It is supported by voluntary contributions. 
 
 The Mechanics' Institution, established in 1848, 
 occupies a large room in Burougligatc. It is well 
 supported by the gentry of tho town and neighbour- 
 hood, and possesses a good library and reading-room. 
 
 There is also a news-room at the King's Head Inn, 
 and a hook club called the Appleby Book Club. 
 
 GOVERNMENT, ic. 
 
 Appleby received a charter of incorporation at a very 
 early period, but it has long been lost or destro}'ed, 
 though the corporation still exists by prescription, and 
 possesses many charters and confirmations of privileges 
 and immunities. Henry II. granted to the burgesses 
 freedom from toll, stallage, pontage, andlastage, through- 
 out England, except in the city of London, for which 
 privileges they paid forty marks. This grant was con- 
 firmed by charters granted by King John, Henry UI., 
 Edward 1., 11., HI., Henry VIII., Elizabeth, James I., 
 Charles 1., and .James II. King John al.so granted to 
 the burgesses " the borough or town of Appleby, ren- 
 dering to the sheriff tho rent duo for the same, one 
 moiety at tho feast of St. ilichael and tho other at 
 Easter." As far back as tho reign of Henry HI. 
 mention is mado of the " burghnioto" and tho ''com- 
 mon seal " of the burgesses of Appleby ; and in the 
 reign of this monarch there was an exchequer here, 
 called tho "Saccarium do Appleby." As seen above, 
 Cromwell imposed upon the town a charter of ro- 
 Btrictions, but this was annulled at the Restoration. All 
 the charters of Appleby were surrendered to James II., 
 
 Vfho, in the first year of his reigu, incorporated the 
 burgesses anew by the name of mayor, twelve alder- 
 men, and sixteen capital burgesses, with a coroner, 
 sword bearer, serjeaut-at-mace, two chamberlains, and 
 two bailiffs, and the following privileges, viz.: — "A 
 fair on the second Thursday and Friday in April, and 
 courts leet, view of frankpledge, fairs, markets, waifs 
 estrays, deodands, goods of felons and fugitives, felo- 
 de-se, of persons put in exigent and outlawed, and all 
 other things as they had formerly enjoyed, paying tho 
 farm to the king as heretofore." The mayor is chosen 
 by the capital burgesses or common councilmen, and 
 he appoints all his officers. The common seal has on 
 one side the arms of the town, and on the reverse St. 
 Lawrence laid at length, naked, with his hands across, 
 on a gridiron, lieueath which is a representation of 
 burning coals. The seal is inscribed " Sigillum com- 
 munitatis burgi de Appleby." All the waste lauds 
 within the liberty of the borough belong to the cor- 
 poration, who apply their revenue to the repairs of the 
 streets and local improvements. Several distinguished 
 men have been invested with the freedom of this ancient 
 borough. Though the mayor and corporation still exist 
 scarcely any functions are exercised. By immemorial 
 custom, the mayor takes place of the judges of assize. 
 
 Appleby was one of the twenty principal towns called 
 upon in 2Gih Edward I. to return members to parlia- 
 ment, and it returned two burgesses from that period 
 (1^98) until the passing of the Reform Bill, in 1833, 
 by the provisions of which Appleby was placed in 
 schedule A, and disfranchised accordingly. Its first 
 two members, elected '2Gth Edward I., were Hu"h do 
 (h-aunger and John de Karl, and its last two were the 
 Right Hon. Viscount !Maitlaud, elected on the 3rd of 
 Msy, 1831, and Charles Henry Barham, Esq., elected 
 on the 24th of May, 1832. Appleby was tho borounh 
 for which the Right Hon. ^^■illiam Pitt was first 
 returned, and a short time previous to its disfrauchise- 
 ment it was represented by three different prime 
 ministers. It is still the place from which the return 
 is made of members elected to servo for the county. 
 
 'i'he Town Hall is an ancient and inconvenient 
 structure, occupying the centre of the main street. 
 
 The County Gaol and Court House were erected in 
 1771, at tho expense of the county, except X'357 15s., 
 raised by voluntary subscription. They st<iud on the 
 cast side of the Eden, and are commodious buildinTs, 
 encompassed by a strong wall. The Crown and Nisi 
 Prius courts adjoin the gaol, as does also the House of 
 Correction. 
 
 Previous to tho year 1818 the assizes were only held 
 here once a year, except in case of a special commission.
 
 718 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 They are now held in March and August. The judges 
 for many centuries have been entertained at the castle. 
 The ofBcc of governor of the gaol is at present held by 
 Mr, Jonathan Ilidgo, whose salary is £100 per annum ; 
 Mrs. Ridge is matron, with a salary of £20 a year. The 
 Rev. John Kicliardson, the chaplain, receives £52. 10s. ; 
 Mr. F. Armstrong, surgeon, £20. We subjoin the 
 following summary of offences and number of com- 
 mitments to the gaol and house of correction at Appleby, 
 from January 1st, 18.5S, to January 1st, 1859 : — 
 
 OFFENCES. 
 
 Felony 
 
 Criminal .Justice Act 
 
 Juvenile Offunders Act 
 
 Vasr.iiicy 
 
 ILutanly 
 
 Game Laws 
 
 Assault 
 
 Neglect of fdraily 
 
 Attempting ti> pick pockets . 
 
 Wilful uaiuage 
 
 Drunk and disorderly 
 
 Breach of coiitruct 
 
 Kreach of the peace 
 
 Breach of the arliclefi of war 
 
 Deserters 
 
 Kemanded and di:ichar};ed . 
 
 Contempt of court 
 
 Debtors 
 
 TOTAl 
 
 Average number of prisoners, daily, for the last year, 
 nine ; the greatest number at any time, eighteen ; the 
 least number at any time, two. Cost of diet per head, 
 per week, including fuel and light, 4s. lOd. Cost of 
 clothing and bedding per head, per week, flad. Amount 
 of earnings of the prisoners at Appleby, for the year 
 JB58, paid the county treasurer, £20 19s. 8d. 
 
 The quarter sessions for the East and West wards are 
 held in the Shire Hall on the Monday after the firet 
 whole week in Epiphany, on the Mondays in the first 
 whole weeks after Easter and St. Thomas a Becket, 
 and ou the Monday after the 11th of October; they 
 are held by adjournment at Kendal on the Fridays 
 following these days, for the other two wards of the 
 county. This arrangement was made in 1076. 
 
 The county court for the recovery of debts under 
 £50 is held here monthly, and the magistrates of the 
 town and neighbourhood sit at the Shire Hall every 
 alternate Saturday. 
 
 MAEKETS, FAmS, (fcC 
 
 The Market House, or Cloister, is a convenient 
 building, at the bottom of Boroughgate, where it was 
 rebuilt by the corporation in 1811, after a design by 
 Mr. Smirke, at a cost of £1,000. On the front of it is 
 a stone obelisk, called the " Low Cross," and at the 
 
 other end of the town is the " Higli Cross," both of 
 which were rebuilt in 1817 and 1818. On the latter, 
 is this inscription, — 
 
 " Retain yonr loyalty, 
 Preserve jour rights." 
 
 The market is held on Saturday, and is well supplied 
 with corn, provisions, &c. In 1598 Appleby market 
 was removed to Gilshaughliu, near Cliburu, in conse- 
 quence of the pl:iguc, which was then prevalent in the 
 town and neighbourhood. A cattle market is held at 
 the High Cross every alternate Saturday ; the fairs are 
 held on the feast of St. Lawrence (August 21st.), 
 Whitsun-cve, and Whit-Monday ; King James' fair, is 
 held on the second Wednesday in June, on Gallow 
 Hill, an extensive pasture in Bongate, one mile from 
 Appleby. This fair is free from the tolls imposed upon 
 the fairs and markets in the borough. Fairs for fat 
 cattle are held here every alternate Thursday during 
 winter, and monthly during summer. Hirings for ser- 
 vants are held at the High Cross on Whit-Mond.iy, 
 and at the Low Cross ou the nearest Saturday to 
 Martinmas. 
 
 The Gas Works were erected in 1837, at a cost of 
 £1,500, raised in shares of £5 each. 
 
 CBABITIES. 
 
 St. Anne's Hospital. — This excellent charity was 
 founded in 1C53 by Anne Countess of Pembroke, who 
 endowed it with au estate at Brougham, and the lands 
 in Bongate, formerly belonging to the hospital of St. 
 Nicholas, which now yield about £500 a year, of which 
 £4 belong to the poor of Brougham, pursuant to the 
 bequest of the founder. When this institution was 
 first established its annual revenue was only £100, 
 but, from the increased value of the laud it is now 
 worth the amount stated above. The hospitid is a neat 
 building, occupying a pleasant situation near the head 
 of Boroughgate, and possesses apartments and gardens 
 for thirteen poor widows, besides a small chapel, in 
 which prayers are read every morning, a payment of 
 £33 ]0s. a year being made for the performance of 
 that duty. Twelve of the inmates receive a stipend of 
 £0 17s. Cd., and the eldest, who is styled the mother, 
 receives £8 2s. Gd. a quarter, besides which a cart-load 
 of coal is given to each yearly. The affairs of the 
 charity are managed by ten trustees, one of whom is 
 the mayor of Appleby for the time being. Sir Richard 
 Tuftou, Bart., is visitor. 
 
 The following charities belong to the parisli of St. 
 Lawrence : — 
 
 Temple Sotuerhj Trust. — By indenture, dated the 2nd 
 February, 1650, Anne Countess of Pembroke, left to
 
 BOROUGH OF APPLEBY. 
 
 ri9 
 
 trustees a bouse, barn, buildings, and garden, and 
 mther more thiin eighteen acres of laud, at Temple 
 Sowerby, upon trust that they should out of the rents 
 of the same "repair and keep decent the parish church 
 of Appleby," and likewise " repair and keep decent " 
 her tomb in the said parish church, as also the tomb 
 of her mother, the Countess Dowager of Cumberland ; 
 and also repair the grammar school house aud the moot 
 hall or court house of Appleby ; and likewise repair 
 Appleby Bridge. There is also about fourteen acres of 
 allotment upon Down Jloor, near Temple Sowerby, 
 belonging to this chanty. The rents are received 
 annually by the mayor of Appleby for the time being, 
 and by him applied in the execution of such trusts as 
 arc required in the course of the year. 
 
 Eudd's Charity. — Christopher Eudd, by will, dated 
 2nd February, 1590, gave 83. a year to the poor of 
 Warcop parish, to be divided by the churchwardens. 
 The ne.Kt year he gave the said 8s. to the poor of 
 Ormside parish ; the third year to the poor of Appleby 
 parish : aud the fourth year to the poor of Bougate. 
 This charity is received every fourth year by the parish 
 of St. Lawrence, and the money is distributed amongst 
 the poor of the parish. 
 
 Bird's and Bohinson's Charity. — B3' deed, under the 
 corporation seal, dated 18th April, 1733, the mayor, 
 burgesses, and commonalty of the borough of Appleby, 
 in consideration of XOO to them paid by the Kev. 
 William Bird of Crosby Garrett, and Charles Robinson 
 of Appleby, did promise aud agree that they would, 
 yeaily, on the 13th April, dispose of ±3 in putting out 
 poor boys, the sons of decayed burgesses or freemen of 
 the said borough, or others residing within the limits of 
 the said borough, or within the limits of the corporation, 
 or of the parish of St. Lawrence in Appleby, apprentices 
 to such tra Ics as the mayor aud the vicar of the said 
 parish should think proper. 
 
 Couhtoii's Charity. — Jane Coulston, by will, gave 
 £3-1, the interest to bo laid out in bread and distributed 
 by the minister, church wardous, and overseers, to the 
 poor of St. Lawrence, Ajjpleby. This sum of iO 1 is 
 lent on security of tiio tolls of the turnpike road from 
 Brough to Eamont Bridge, and the interest is dis- 
 tributed as directed. 
 
 Orton's Charity. — Mrs. Orton, who died about 1812, 
 left £21, tho interest to bo dispo.scd of in bread to the 
 poor of Appleby, in the church, every Sunday. 
 
 Poor btoch: — There is a sum of ill 10 belonging to 
 the poor of the parish of Ap|ileby, the origin of wiiich 
 is not known. This money is secured on mortgage of 
 the tolls of tho turnpike road from Appleby to Kendal, 
 aud tbo interest forms part of tho dislributioa to the 
 
 poor on St. Thomas' Day. The practice is to distribute 
 about £25, arising from different charities, on St. 
 Thomas' Day, to the poor of tlie parish, in sums of 
 from 23. to 5s., and the remainder is reserved for distri- 
 bution on the Wednesday in Easter week. 
 
 Thomas Carleton's, William Carlcton's, and Hum- 
 phrey Carletoii's Charities. — Thomas Carleton, senior, 
 of Appleby, by will, dated 14th November, 1728, gave 
 to his eldest son, Thomas Carleton, and his heirs, £100, 
 to be laid out in land or by way of rent-charge, aud the 
 increase yearly to be by him and his heirs distributed 
 on St. Thomas' Day, by the advice of the vicar of 
 Appleby, amongst the poor housekeepers within the 
 borough. William Carleton, of Appleby, by will, dated 
 17th August, 1733, gave to the vicar of St. Lawrence 
 and his succcssoi-s the legal interest of £100, which he 
 thereby ordered his executors to pay to him and his 
 successors every St. Thomas' Day, to be distributed 
 among the poor of the said parish. Humphrey Carleton, 
 who died in 1805, added £34 to the sums just men- 
 tioned as belonging to this charity, and purchased £400 
 stock in the Old South Sea Annuities, and by his will 
 directed that the dividends should be applied to the relief 
 of the poor of the borough of Appleby on St. Thomas' 
 Day in every year, for ever, as directed by the wills of 
 the said Thomas Carleton, senior, and William Carleton, 
 above-mentioned. 
 
 Joint liobinson's Charity. — John Robinson, by will, 
 dated 13th March, 1 743-^1, left £150 to be placed out 
 at interest, and the proceeds distributed every Good 
 I'riday , to the poor of the borough of Appleby, aud parish 
 of St. Lawrence. Tho interest of this sum, being 
 £7 10s., is regularly received and given away on St. 
 Thomas' Day aud at Easter, as before-raentioued. 
 
 John Eobiiison's Charity /or Books. — John Robinson, 
 of Wyke llouse, in the parish of Islcworth, Middlese.x, 
 bequeathed £177, directing the interest to be applied in 
 providing the poor children of the grammar school, and 
 the children within tho parish of St. Lawrence aud 
 St. jNIichael, with the several books thereinafter men- 
 tioned, for the purpose of promoting Christian knowledge 
 and virtue. It is understood that the mayor of Appleby, 
 tho two vicars of St. Lawrence aud Bougate, aud the 
 schoolmaster, should always bo official trustees. Tho 
 books directed are, " Glass's Lectures," " Crossmau's 
 Introduction," "(Jlass's E.xpositiou of the Command- 
 ments," " J..ewis's Catechism," " Waldo on the 
 Sacrament," and "The Whole Duty of Man." Some 
 little variation has been made in the boolis. 
 
 Joliii IlobiiisoHs Charity fur Oryanist. — There is also 
 £5 annually paid to the organist, arising from the 
 douatiou of £100 from the same John Robinson.
 
 720 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 Donou-eU's Charity. — John Donowell, l)y will, dated 
 7th May, 1793, gave £200, Three-per-ceut. Consols, to 
 trustees, directing them to divide the interest among 
 the poor inhabitants of the parish of Appleby. This 
 forms part of the St. Thomas' and Easter distributions 
 before-mentioned. 
 
 The following charities belong to St. Michael's parish : 
 
 Poor Stock. — Addison's Gift. — There is the sum of 
 £30 belonging to the poor of this parish, but it is not 
 known when or by whom it was left or given. There is 
 also the sum of £'20, given by Ann, otherwise Agues 
 Addison, of King's Meaburn, in her lifetime, November 
 21st, 1705, to the minister and churchwardens, for the 
 benefit of the poor of the parish ; the interest to be 
 distributed on St. Thomas' Day yearly. 
 
 Rudd's Charity. — Every fourth year this parish is 
 entitled to 8s., the gift of Christopher Rudd, as seen at 
 page 719. 
 
 Township of Murton. — Thn-aites School. — There is a 
 township school-house, situate at Thwaites, which is 
 between Hilton and Murton. The earliest endowment 
 arises from £20, given by the Rev. James Cock, vicar 
 of Bongate, who died in 1738. Joseph Idle, by will, 
 left £12 to trustees, the interest to be expended in 
 paying for the schooling of two poor children within the 
 township of Murton. Robert Hodgson left a close, 
 called Moorend, consisting of about six acres and a half, 
 and a cattlegate in a common pasture, called Thwaite, 
 in the township of Murton, for the benefit of the school- 
 master. For further particulars see Thwaites School. 
 
 We may here mention a few of the more eminent 
 men, born in Appleby or its immediate neighbourhood. 
 Thomas do Appleby, who was bishop ot (^arlisle from 
 1363 till his decease in 1395. Roger de Appleby, 
 bishop of Ossory, in Ireland, in 1404. Thomas Veteri- 
 pont, or Vipont, of the illustrious family of the then 
 lords of Westmoreland, bishop of Carlisle, in 1255. 
 Dr. Potter, vice-chancellor of Oxford, who died in 
 1645. 
 
 Out-townships and villages of the parish of St. Law- 
 rence. 
 
 BURRELLS. 
 
 The area of this township is 689 acres, and its rate- 
 able value £502 Is. 6d. The population in 1801 and 
 1811 was returned with the parish; in 1821 it was 
 75; in 1831,00; in 1841, 97; and in 1851, 90. The 
 manorial rights are vested in Sir Richard Tufton, Bart., 
 besides whom Jonathan Hous, Mrs. Twaites, and Sarah 
 Waistell, are the landowners. 
 
 The village of Burrells is a mile and a half south 
 of Appleby, on the Orton road. See the account of 
 Appleby, page 714. 
 
 COLBY. 
 
 Colby township comprises 919 acres. The number 
 of inhabitants in 1821 was 141; in 1831, 148; in 
 1841, 150; and in 1831, 147. 
 
 The manor of Colby was held by a family bearing 
 the local name from the reign of Henry II. to that of 
 Richard II., when it passed by an heiress to the 
 Warcops. This latter family held it from 1402 till 
 the Restoration, when most of the tenements were 
 "sold to freehold;" the remainder have been since 
 enfranchised. The priory of Wetheral and the abbey 
 of St. i\lary, at York, had each a carucate of land here, 
 that belonging to the first-named community having 
 been granted in 1080 by Ranulph dc Meschines, and 
 the latter in the reign of Henry II. by Esmand, son of 
 Walter. The Bishop of Carlisle has a few tenants here 
 who pay an annual rent of £3 Os. 8d. The landowners 
 are Robert Addison, Esq.; Ralph Bird, Esq.; John 
 Earl, Esq.; Thomas Kirsey, Esq. ; and Mrs. Pattinson. 
 Colby Hall is now a farm-house. 
 
 The village of Colby stands on an eminence, about 
 a mile and a quarter west-by-north of Appleby. There 
 is a corn-mill in this township. 
 
 DRYBECK. 
 
 The population of Drybeck in 1821 was 100; in 
 1831,93; in 1841, 86; and in 1851, 81. The township 
 comprises an area of 1,351 acres, and its rateable value 
 is £701. Drybeck forms a joint manor with Hoff, of 
 which Sir Richard Tufton, Bart., is lord. The land- 
 owners are Sir Richard Tufton, Bart. : Rev. J. H. Milner, 
 William Leadley, and Matthew Steadman. There is a 
 corn-mill in the township. 
 
 The village of Drybeck is three and a half miles 
 south-south-west of Appleby. 
 
 HOFF. 
 
 The area of this township is 1,383 acres, and its 
 rateable value £850 ]2s. 6d. In 1821 it contained 
 '.J3 inhabitants; in 1831, 99; in 1841, 108; and in 
 185), 93. 
 
 The manor of Hoff, which includes Drybeck, is sup- 
 posed to derive its designation from the Anglo-Saxon 
 proper name Offa. Mr. Ferguson, in his " Northmen 
 in Cumberland and Westmoreland," derives the name 
 from the old Norse hof, a temple, of which, according 
 to him it has originally been the site; "and," he 
 adds, " an extensive wood, in which is situated the 
 residence of the proprietor, is still called Hofif Lund,"
 
 APrr.EBY ST. MICHAEL'S TAUISH. 
 
 721 
 
 the temple grove, " from old Norse lundr, a grove." 
 A William do Ofla occurs as witness to a deed in the 
 reign of Ilonry 111. ; but before this time, in the rciga 
 of Henry II., Hofi" appears to have been possessed by 
 Sir Hugh do JlorviUe, from whom it came to his two 
 daughters, co-heirs, Ada and Joan, and was by them 
 held in moieties. By failure of issue in the younger 
 branch, HofT subsequently came to the Jlultons, who 
 derived from the elder daughter, Ada. In the 20th 
 Edward I. (li291-2) wo find Sir Hugh do Multon of 
 Hoff acting as a juror at Appleby. From the Multons 
 Hoff came to the Dacrcs of Gilsland, from whom it 
 passed to the Howards, who continued its possessors till 
 the reign of Elizabeth, when, in consequence of the 
 part taken by them in favour of Mary Queen of Scots, 
 their estates were forfeited to the crown, and so con- 
 tinued till the tenth year of Charles I. While these 
 estates were held by the crown, Queen Elizabeth 
 demised to Richard Southwaitc the woods, underwoods, 
 and trees growing in HolT Lund Wood, in the manor of 
 HofT and Drybeck; and in the 35th year of his reign 
 the same queen granted the herbage and hay ground 
 of Hoff Lund Wood to Thomas Yaire, Miles Yaire, and 
 Anne Yaire. In the 41th the said queen granted 
 (amongst other particulars) the manor of Hoff and 
 Drybeck, to I'^dward CariU, John Holland, John Corn- 
 wallis, and Robert Caucefield ; but at length William 
 Williams, who had been steward at Greystokc Castle, 
 purchased this manor, and died leaving four daughters 
 co-heirs ; the eldest of whom became the wife of Sir 
 Edward Hassel, Knt. ; the second of John Winder, 
 Esq. ; the third of Mr. Rclph, of Cockermouth ; and 
 the fourth of Dr. Gibbon, dean of Carlisle. Hoff came 
 to the second daughter, whose son, William Winder, 
 Esq., devised it to his kinsman, Edward MiUvard, 
 Esq., grandson by the mother's side to the said Dr. 
 Gibbon, and son of the Rev. Thomas Jlilward, rector 
 of Murton and Kirkby Thure. The manor is now held 
 by Sir Richard Tufton, Dart., besides whom Riobcrt 
 Addison, John Sedgwick, John Thwaites, and Mrs. 
 Jackson, are the principul landowners. 
 
 This township includes the hall and demesne of 
 Barwise, which, in the reign of Henry IIL, was pos- 
 sessed by Alan do liarwise, a " man of considerable 
 note." In Ivio.VO this .Man was empowered by Thomas 
 Yetcripont, bishop of Carlisle, to erect a chapel on his 
 own ground at Bnrwise, and to endow the same, in con- 
 sequence of the distance of the place from the parish 
 church ; the chaplain was, however, obliged to take a 
 vow of ol)cdienco to the vicar of the mother church. 
 Tho Barwiso family continued to hold this estate till 
 the ;!Uh Edward 111. (1350-1), in which year Thomas 
 
 88 
 
 de Barwise represented the county of Westmoreland in 
 Parliament. This is the last of the name that occurs in 
 connection with Barwise. The estate subsequently 
 came to the Roos familj', but whether by marriage, or 
 otherwise, we are not informed. In the liith Henry VII. 
 we find Thomas de Roos at Barwise. Machol tells us 
 that the Roos family forfeited the estate in consequence 
 of having committed sacrilege, by stealing a chalice out 
 of tho church. Barwise subsequently came into the 
 possession of Sir John Sudwick, by whom it was sold to 
 Sir John Boyer. Lady Beyer sold the same to Reginald 
 Dobson, of Dufton ; and it was afterwards bought by 
 John Stephenson, of Kewcastlc upon-Tyne, from whom, 
 it was purchased, in 1748, by Thomas Carleton, Esq., 
 of Appleby. It is now the property of Robert Addison, 
 Esq., and Barwise Hall is used as a farm-house. 
 
 At a place called Douglass-lng, near Hoff Bridge, 
 tradition tells us that a great battle was fought between 
 the English and the Scots in the reign of Richard II. 
 Considerable quantities of human bones have been dug 
 up in the vicinity. 
 
 The village of Hoff is two and a half miles south- 
 south-west of Appleby. There was anciently a chapel 
 at Hoff, wherein a chaplain was to officiate three days 
 in every week. It appears to have been endowed with 
 thirty-seven acres of land in the field of Hoff. The 
 sum of I8s. a year was paid 'out of Hoff to Shap Abbey, 
 for and in the name of alms corn. Hoff Nether is a 
 large farm one mile and a half west-by-north of Appleby. 
 Hoff Row is a hamlet half a mile west-by-south of HotV. 
 .\ family named llall, who] have resided hero for the 
 last four centuries, is remarkable for its longevity. 
 
 ECATTEEOATE. 
 
 The township of Scattergate comprises an area of 
 000 acres, and its rateable value is £1,'241 4s. lOd. 
 The population in 1821 was 108; in 1831, 179; in 
 1841, 150; and in 1851, 159. This township forms 
 part of tho borough, and extends to Burrels. Sir 
 Richard Tufton, Bart., is lord of tho manor, besides 
 whom, John Hill and Robert Addison, Esq., are tho 
 principal landowners. Castle Bank, the residence of 
 John Hill, Esq., and Bank Villa, are in this township. 
 
 OUT-TOWNSUirS AND VILLAGES OF THE PAUISH 
 OE ST. MICILVEL. 
 
 «O.NG.\TE. 
 
 The area of Bongate township is 3,201 acres, and 
 its rateable value £3,223 10s. Tho number of inhabi- 
 tanU in 1821 was 037; in 1831, 045; in 1841, 018; 
 and in 1851, C40. Bongate, as before stated, is situated 
 on the cast side of tho Eden, and is said to derive its
 
 7^2 
 
 EAST WATtn. 
 
 name from its being inhdhited by the " bondmen" of 
 the manor of Appleby. It is also called in the ancient 
 records " Old Appleby-"' Battlebnrrnw. in this town- 
 ship is within the limits of the borough of Appleby. 
 It has been already noticed. The church, and other 
 public buililinRs, have been already described. The 
 principal landowners are Sir Richard Tufton, Bart.; 
 John Hill, Esq.; the heirs of Major Hartley; Jlrs. 
 Hall ; INIessrs. John Heelis and Thompson, with many 
 other small proprietor.s. 
 
 The village of l^ongate is about three quarters of a 
 mile south-cast of Appleby, and half a mile north of St. 
 Michael's Church. 
 
 The Friar}', the residence of Robert Addison, Esq., 
 stands on an eminence on the north-west of the town 
 of Appleby, a little north of the site of the old Friary. 
 On the north side of the house is an ancient well, 
 known as Ladys Well. 
 
 Langton is a village and joint township with Bongate, 
 one mile and a half east of Appleby. Ada, daughter of 
 John Tailbois, sold it to Robert Veteripont. It seems 
 to have been very populous at one period, and a church 
 or chapel is said to have stood at Kirkbergh, which has 
 always been held free and independent of the manor, 
 with the exception of the payment of 2s. cornage. 
 From an inquisition taken after the decease of Roger 
 Lord Clifford in lOQT-S, we learn that " at Langton, 
 the site of a certain manor burned by the Scots, was 
 worth nothing yearly for want of tenants," there being 
 only four cottages and a water-mill in the whole manor. 
 
 cnACKEXTHORP. 
 
 The area of this township is 1 ,311 acres ; the popula- 
 tion in J821 was 13-1; in I83I, 115; in 1811, 10-1; 
 and in 18.51, 191. 
 
 The manor of Cracken thorp was possessed by the 
 Machel family from the time of Henry II. till the last 
 centnry, when it was sold to the Earl of Lonsdale, the 
 present lord of the manor. 
 
 gTiubcll of Crachciitbcr|i. 
 The anti luity of this family is beyond dispute, and can 
 be established by family papers, some of which are coeval 
 with the Norman Conquest. Several writers, too, of 
 note, add their testimony. In Holinshed's " Chronicles 
 of England," Rogerus Malus Catulus' occur as vice- 
 chancellor of England, temp. Richard I. ; and in 
 Lingard's " History of England," Henry VI. is recorded 
 as having taken refuge in the house of John Machell, 
 
 ^ In many of the early documents ihe name is written Malus 
 Catnlus vritbin the deed, and Machell on the seal of the same parch- 
 ment. 
 
 of Crackenthorp, after the battle of Hexham. Gnillim, 
 in his Heraldry, makes honourable mention of two 
 ]\rachells, Hugh and Guy, who served at Tournay under 
 Henry VIII. 
 
 Hai.th Mat.0S CkjVT.VB, son of " Catnlus de Castro Catnlino," 
 in AVestmorelnnd, had two sons, RAi.ni of Crackenthorp, and 
 I'mfriihis of Lowther. The former, Raliih de Crackenlhorp, 
 nivs father, hy Kvn, his wife, of tliree sons, William, fialfrid, 
 and Alexander. The eldest, William Jlauoliell, styled also in 
 one deed 'Willielmus Mains Catulus, had two sons, William, 
 his heir, and Roger, vice-chancellor of En^'land, temp. Richard I., 
 who was drowned off Cyprns dnrinj; the Holy War. The elder 
 son, Wiluam Malchael of Crackenthorp, living temp. Henry II., 
 was father, by Margarey, his wife, of 
 
 John Si e Mai.ciiael, lord of Crackenthorp, temp. King .Tolin, 
 who wa.t witness to the grant hy Adam de Kirkl>ytluire of the 
 advowson of that church to Rohert de Veteripont. ]!y Beatrix, 
 his wife, he had a son and successor, Thomas JfALcnAEi., of 
 Crackenthorp, father of Walter MALrnAEL, of Crackenthorp, 
 who man-ied lOlizahelli, daughter of Thomas Bcanchamp, and 
 left at his decease, i3Ci!)-70, a son, John Malchael, who married 
 a daughter of William Threlkeld, and was succeeded by his son, 
 William Mauchol, of Crackenthorp, who married Margaret, 
 daughter of William Tliornborongh, and was father of John 
 Macchell, in whose house, at Crackenthorp, according to Lin- 
 gard, King Henry VI. took refuge, after t)ie battle of Hexham. 
 This John, living in 14tG, Inairied Catherine lludleston, and. 
 had issae, 
 
 John', of Crackenthorp, who married a daughter of Gilbert 
 Wharton, and died 1510-11, leaving issue, 
 
 I. Henry, L.L.D., prebendary of York, and rector of North 
 
 Is'ewbald. 
 II. Philip, vicar of Lawrence, and rector of Croglin. 
 
 ill. Guy, lord of Ci-Hckenihorp, who jiervpd at the siege of Tonr- 
 nny. lie was ancestor of the Machellsof Biickinglramshire. 
 
 ir. Hugh, who "Uo fought at Tournay, and was appointed 
 deputy wiinlcn of ilie west miircbes, under his son. in-law. 
 Lord Wharton, l-Vld-" ; by.Iulinnn, his wife, he had, with 
 other issue, a son, John, (.Sir) Knt., M.H. for Horsham, 
 (from whom derived, through a pi-digree of six descents, 
 Isabella Mnchell. heiress of the estutes at Hills and Horsham, 
 niunii'd, lirsiiy, to Arthur Lord Ingram, ihird viscount 
 Irwin.) ami n daughter, Eleonora, married to her cousin, 
 John MaclieU. 
 v. Ambrose, who married, and had a sou, Henrv. 
 
 William. 
 
 The third son, 
 
 William Macbelt,, was fatlier of 
 
 Eichakd Machell, of Caldbeck, co. Cumberland, in 15.54, 
 whose son, 
 
 John Machell, died in his father's lifetime, leaving by 
 Eleanor, his wife, daughter of Hugh Machell, of Crackenthorpe, 
 ft son, 
 
 HroH Machell, Esq., who married Margaret, daughter of 
 Thomas Blenkinsop, of Helbeck, by Magdalen, his wife,Mauc;hter 
 of Edwin Musgrave, Esq., of Hartley Castle, and by her had,, 
 with several other sons and daughters, 
 
 I. Henry, who served Charles II. in Ireland, and whose will is 
 dated )6-t6. 
 
 II. Lancelot, of whom presently. 
 
 hi. John, of Ardee, Ireland, who married Misa Euiton, and had 
 a son John. 
 
 The second son, 
 Lancelot Machell, Esq., of Crackenthorp, first mayor of
 
 APPLEBY ST. MICHAELS PARISH. 
 
 723 
 
 Appleby, after the Kestoration, destroyed in open court, Crom- 
 well's charter, before he took office. This gentleman married 
 .Frances, daughter of Sir Richard SandforJ, of Howgill Castle, 
 and by lier had, with other issue, 
 
 Hugh Maciiei.l, Ksq., of Crackenthorp, who married Mar- 
 garet, daughter of Thomas Beck, and died in ICl^J, leaving, with 
 other issue, Lancelot, his heir, and John, whose son, Hugh, 
 went to Ireland. The eldest son married Eliiabeth, daughter 
 of Thomas Sleddall, and died in 1C81, leaving a son and heir, 
 Huoii Machei.!., Ksq., of Crackenthorp, who married Anne, 
 daughter of Edward Nevinaon, Escj. of Newbysloues, and had 
 tvo 8ons, 
 
 I. Lancelot, his heir. 
 
 II. John, aiiceslor of die M&cbells of Hollon Oak, Lancashire. 
 
 Lancelot Macueli., of Crackenthorp, married Deborah 
 
 Baines, and by her, who died November (ith, 170", left at his 
 
 decease. May 7th, 1707, with several other children, a sou and 
 
 licir. 
 
 The Rev. Ricriinu Maciiei.l, of Crackenthorp, rector of .\sby 
 and Brougham, who married Mary Gibson, and had, with other 
 . children, who died young or unmarried, 
 I. Lancelot, his heir, 
 n. Chrislopber. 
 I. .tunc, married to Thomas Heelis, Esq. 
 
 The eldest son, 
 
 Lancelot Machell, Esq., sold Crackenthorp to the Lowthers, 
 as above. The present head of this family is 
 
 Chbistopheu Scoir Macueli, Esq., of Beverley, who derircs 
 from the Christopher just mentioned. 
 
 Arms. — Sa., three greyhounds, courant in pale, arg. collared, or. 
 
 Crest. — A slog's head erased, ppr., ducolly gorged, or ; the more 
 ancient crest was a fleur dc Us. 
 
 The ancient hull of the !\Iachclls is now a farm-house. 
 
 The village of Cruckenthorp is two miles uoith-west 
 of .\pplel)j. 
 
 At Chapel Hill, in this township, are the ruins of an 
 ancient chapel, said to have been dedicated to St. Giles. 
 Nfiar the road which leads from Crackenthorp to Kirkby 
 Tbore, on the south side of the old Ilomau road, is the 
 site of an encampment, near to which is a small fort 
 cnllcd Maiden Hold, which, according to the Rev. Mr. 
 JIachell, was a watch-tower bolougiiig to the camp. 
 
 lu connection with a place bearing so many reminis- 
 cences of the Machell family we may mention the Kev. 
 Michael Muchel, who, in the seventeenth century was, 
 for several years, rector of Kirkby Tbore. This gentle- 
 man was a great antiijuarian, and from his ^ISS. col- 
 lections for a history of Westmoreland, much valuable 
 ossistauco bos been derived by subscQucut writers. 
 
 Hir.TOS. 
 
 The area of this townshiii U 1,1 R'2 acres. The popu- 
 lation in IK-Jl was •.W)\ in lfi"l, :ill ; in is II, '271 ; 
 and ill 1851, 277. In Hilton are some rich veins of 
 lead, which have been worked for a number of years by 
 the I^oiulon Lead Company. 
 
 The manor of Hilton, or, as it is often called, Hilton 
 
 Deacon, appears to have been held in moieties at a very 
 early period. In l'2S5-0 wc find it possessed by Thomas 
 do Hellerton, Robert dc Bacon, and others. In the 
 43rd Edward III. the Hellerton moiety was held by 
 William English and John do Appleby, and the other 
 moiety by .\dam Bacon. In the 4th Henry IV. William 
 Whapelote and Helen, his wife, in the right of the said 
 Helen, and Adam Bacon, held Hilton Beacon, which 
 from that time became the designation of the entire 
 manor. Shortly after this period we find the maixor 
 possessed by the liiltons, who continued to hold it till 
 the direct line of the family failed in male issue, in 
 107G; and in 1790 it was purchased by the Lowthers, 
 the Earl of Lonsdalo being the present lord of the 
 manor. The tenants were enfranchised by the Hiltous. 
 
 The village of Hilton is three miles east of Appleby. 
 There was formerly a chapel in the neighbourhood of 
 the village, but every vestige of it has long disappeared. 
 Cardinal Bainbridge, archbishop of York, who died at 
 Home in 1514, was a native of Hilton. 
 
 Coupland Beck is partly in this township, and partly 
 in that of Saudford, in the parish of A\'arcop. 
 
 MLllTOS. 
 
 Murton township comprises au area of 5,706 acres. 
 In 18'.>1 it contained 204 inhabitants; in 1831, 193; 
 in 1841, 172; and in 1851, 'Jia. This township is 
 nearly surrounded by lofty fells, and possesses lead mines, 
 worked by the London Lead Company. The Hiltou 
 and Murton mines are very productive, the average 
 quantity of lead raised yearly being about 700 bings. 
 
 The manor of Murton was anciently held by the 
 Cliffords. From an inquisition taken in 1283 we learn 
 that at that date the manor house of ^lurtou was worth 
 2s. a year, and the demesne, which consisted of 120 
 acres of laud, 8d. per acre yearly, and that there were 
 in the manor &\s. free tenants and nine bondsmen. In 
 1315 the manor came to the Musgraves, who held it 
 till llilJ, when it was sold by Sir Richard Musgrave to 
 Thomas Hilton, Esq., of Hiliou, whoso successors sold 
 part of the demesne to the Fletchers of Strickknd, and 
 the remainder, with the manor, to Sir John Lowther, 
 ancestor of the present lord, the Earl of Lousdale. 
 Murton Hall, the ancient manor house, is now occu- 
 pied by a farmer. It appears that a chi4Kl of ease 
 forinoily stood in tliis towusiiip, but its site is no longer 
 distinguishable. 
 
 The village of Murton is two and a half miles east- 
 bv-north of Appleby, at the foot of a lofty conical emi- 
 nence called Murton Pike. Hero is a Methodist chapel, 
 and a school endowed with laud now let for i.*7 a year, 
 and a rcut-cUarge of lOs.
 
 724 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 ASBY PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by Crosby Piavensworth, and St. Lawrence Appleby : on the west by Crosby 
 Eavensworth ; on the south by the lofty fells and scars of Crosby Garret and Orton , and on the east by Orraside, 
 Warcop, and Crosby Garrett. It is intersected by several rivulets, in one of which, Asby Gill, is the entrance to 
 Piitc Hole, a remark.ible cavern 1,000 yards long, with a stream running tlirough it. Between tho great limostono 
 scar of Orton and Crosby Fell is Sunbiggin Tarn, from which a stream flows southward to the river I.uno. Some 
 yeare ago copper ore was raised in this parish by the Union Company of Copper Miners, but the undertaking proved 
 unsuccessful. The parish comprises the township of Asby Coatsforth, Asby Little, and Asby Winderwath, whose 
 united area is 8,^95 acres. Grange Hall, in this parish, is deemed extra-parochial. The population in 1801 was 
 357 ; in 1811, 388; in 1821, 421 ; in 1831, 430; iu 1841, 407 ; and in is,51, 413. 
 
 ASBY WINDERWATH. 
 
 The area of this township is included in the parish 
 return: its rateable value is ii 1,928 10s. 5d. The 
 population of the township has not yet been returned 
 separately. 
 
 Of this township during the ages anterior to the 
 Norman invasion we know nothing beyond what the 
 earthworks existing here have furnished. About 
 twenty years ago a quantity of human remains, as well 
 as implements of war, were discovered here. Coming 
 to the Norman period, it seems that all the Asbys 
 constituted one manor, though they now form three, 
 which are separate and distinct. Nicolson and Burn 
 say, that " Afterwards the same became distinguished 
 with Little Asby and Great Asby. Little Asby seems 
 to have been originally the principal place, for in an- 
 cient writings we sometimes find it styled Old Askeby 
 (Askby Vetus). Great Askeby became again divided 
 into Askeby Wynanderwath and Askeby Cotsford." 
 The earliest proprietors of Asby Winderwath on record 
 are the De Askebys, several of whom are named as 
 early as the reign of Henry II., when William, son of 
 Robert de Askeby, and Gilbert and Adam bis brothers, 
 witness a grant of lands at Blaterne to the abbey of 
 Byland. In the reign of Richard I. Sir Robert de 
 Askeby occurs, and it is probable that he was the son of 
 William. The next of the family on record is Gilbert, 
 whose son, Robert, granted to Adam, son of Hugh 
 de Sowerby and Idonea, daughter of William dc 
 Cotesford, kinswoman of the said Robert, in frank 
 marriage, four acres of his demesne land of Winderwath. 
 In the 14th Edward I. (1285-C) Robert de Askeby held 
 the manor of Great Askeby of the two daughters and 
 co-heirs of the last Robert de Yeteripont ; and in the 
 28th year of the same king's reign (1290-1300) Robert, 
 son of Henry de Askeby, founded the chantry of the 
 Blessed Virgin in the parish church of Asby. This 
 Robert occurs as knight of the shire for Westmoreland, 
 in 1309. In the 3rd Edward IL (1300-10) it was 
 found, by inquisition, that Robert de Askeby held by 
 comage, a moiety of Great Asby and Winderwath, and 
 
 one carucate of land iu Winton. Four years later the 
 said Robert was knight of the shire for the county. In 
 the 8th Edward II. (1314-1 u) it was found that Robert 
 de Askeby held a moiety of Asby Winderwath, tho 
 wardship of which was worth j£10, the comage, ] 9s. 
 In 1318 Robert de Askeby and Margaret, his wife, 
 granted to Gilbert, son of Richard Engayne, of Clifton, 
 a toft and croft, and all their land, at Clifton, to hold 
 during his life of ilargaret de Askeby, their daughter, 
 by the rent of a rose on the feast of the Nativity of St. 
 John the Baptist. This Margaret do Askeby, their 
 only child, became the wife of Sir Hugh do Moresby, 
 Knt., who, in the 2nd Edward III., and again in tho 
 10th Edward HI., was knight of the shire for West- 
 moreland. In 1 337 Sir Hugh de Moresby had a grant 
 of free warren in Winderwath and Asby; and in 1342 a 
 fine was levied between Hugh de Moresby and Margaret, 
 his wife, and Robert de Askeby, of the manor of 
 Winderwath, and of a moiety of the manor of Rookby, 
 to hold to the said Robert for life, with remainder to the 
 said Hugh and Margaret and their heirs, remainder to 
 the light heirs of the said Robert in fee. Hugh de 
 Moresby appears to have died within two years after 
 this, for in the 18th Edward III. a fine was levied of 
 the manor of Great Asby, between Christopher de 
 ^Moresby and Isabel, his wife, of the one part, and 
 ^Margaret, wife of Hugh dc Moresby, of the other part, 
 to hold to the said Christopher and Isabel and their 
 heirs, with remainder to the heirs of the said Margaret 
 in fee. In 1354, amongst the escheats in Cumberland, it 
 was found, that Christopher Moriceby held a moiety of 
 the manor of Distington, and the manor of Moresby, in 
 Cumberland, and the manor of Asby, iu Westmoreland. 
 In 1373 the king (Edward HI.) made a presentation to 
 the rectory of Asby, in right of the heir of Christopher 
 de ^yioriceb}', who was at that time a royal ward. The 
 heir here alluded to was a daughter, Anne, who was 
 married to ^ir James Pickering, Knt., of Killington. 
 From a rental of Henry, earl of Cumberland, in the 
 18th Henry VIII., (1520-7) it appears that this lady 
 then held a moiety of Asby, called Winderwath, and
 
 ASBT PARISH. 
 
 72b 
 
 Olio carucato of land in Wiiiton. By her husband, Sir 
 James Pickering, Anne, had a son and heir. Sir 
 Christoplier Picltering, whose only child, Anne, was 
 thrice married, first, to Sir Francis Westby; secondly, 
 to Sir Henry Knevett; and, thirdly, to John Vaughan, 
 Esq. In tho reign of (Juoou Elizabeth the manor was 
 purchased by Lancelot Pickering, Esq., from whose 
 family it was bought by Sir Piichard Fletcher, of Ilutton, 
 whose descendant, Sir F. !•'. Vuno, liart., sold it with 
 the advowsoa of the rectory to John Hill, Esq., of 
 Appleby, the present lord of tho manor. 
 
 The manor of Garthorne, in this township, or at 
 least a part of it, seems to have belonged to tho hospital 
 of St. Leonard, at York; for in tho 0th Edward I. 
 (1280-1) tho hospital had a grant of free w^arren in 
 Docker and Oarthorno, and it does not appear to have 
 been held at any tirao by the Vetcripont or Clifford 
 families. A small part of it is in Crosby Ravensworth. 
 It formerly belonged to the Pickerings, one of whom. 
 Sir James Pickering, sold it in the reign of James T. to 
 Sir James Bellingham,of Over Levens. His descendant, 
 Adam Bcllinglmm, Esq., sold it in the reign of Charles 
 II. to Colonel James Grahamc, whoso daughter, Cathe- 
 rine, brought in marriage to Henry Bowes Howard, 
 fourth carl of Berkshire, from whom it has descended 
 to the Hon. Mavy Granvillo Howard, tho present 
 possessor of the manorial rights and privileges. Gar- 
 thorne Hall, formerly tho seat of a branch of tho 
 Bcllingham family, is now a iarm-house. 
 
 Tho landowners in tho township are John Hill, Esq. ; 
 tho Hon. Mary G. Howard; John Wakclield, Esq.; 
 E. W. Wakefield, Esq. ; and the Rev. Honry Guy, 
 
 Tho village 'of Groat Ashy is situated partly in tho 
 township of Asby, Windcrwuth, and partly in that of 
 Asby Coatsforth, about four miles and a half south of 
 Appleby. At the time of tho dissolution of tho religious 
 houses the abbey of Shap had three houses in (Jreat 
 Asby. 
 
 THE cnuRcn. 
 
 Asby church, dedicated to St. Peter, is an ancient 
 building, CQUsisting of nave, chancel, north and south 
 aisles, and low square tower, containing two bells. 
 Tho living is a rectory, valued in tho King's Book at 
 i23 1 :!s. Id., but is now wortli about JU'-iOO a year. 
 Tho tithes were commuted, in 1813, for £'MS a year. 
 Thero are five and a half acres of glebo land. The 
 patronage has descended with tho manor, and is now 
 enjoyed by John Hill, Esq. In the year I'i'dQ Robert 
 do Askcby founded a chantry in this church, which ho 
 dedicated to God, in honour of tho Blessed Virgin, and 
 endowed it with ono messuage and si.\ acres of land in 
 
 Great Asby. A little east of the church is St. Helen's 
 well, which was formerly seated round, and of great 
 repute for the medicinal properties of its waters. 
 
 Rectoes. — .\Jnni, ; Richard le Englishe occurs 1298; 
 
 ■William do Brampton, 1208; William do Keldersjke, 1319; 
 Thomas de Anaut, liil.";; Stephen do Jfeburn, 1374; Percival 
 Kirkbride, 150.); John Barnes, 1072; Thomas Fairfax, l.'J78; 
 Oswald Djkes, l.'i'j:! ; Lancelot Dawes, 161H; George Tibbold, 
 1001; Henry Fleming, lBi)l; Joshua Burrow, 1728; Richard 
 Machel, 173'J ; II. Atkinson, ; Henry Guy, . 
 
 The rectory stands near tho church, but in the town- 
 ship of Asby Coatsforth. It is a handsome commodious 
 building, erected in 1834. 
 
 CHAniTIES. 
 
 School. — By indenture, dated June 21 , 1682, between 
 Thomas Smith, D.D., dean of Carlisle, of tho one part, 
 and George Tibbold, clerk, rector of Asby, and others, 
 of Asby, of the other part, it is witnessed, that the said 
 Dr. Smith granted unto the said George Tibbold, and 
 others, their heirs and assigns, his messuage and tene- 
 ment, with the appurtenances, at Raisebeck, in the 
 parish of Orton, to hold the same upon trust, that one 
 half of the rents should, on St. Thomas' Day, yearly, 
 for ever, be paid by tho trustees unto the poor house- 
 holders and poor people dwelling within the parish of 
 Asby, as his trustees should think requisite ; and that 
 the other half part of the rents, should be yearly, for 
 ever, employed for the maintenance and continuance 
 of a school and schoolmaster, at Great Asby, to teach 
 and instruct the poor and other children of the said 
 parish; and it was agreed that tho trustees should, 
 from time to time, elect and appoint the schoolmaster, 
 and remove him when necessary. By indenture, dated 
 2nd February, 1083, Anthony Clemcntson and Eliza- 
 beth Clementson, in consideration of the sum of £10 
 paid by Edward Musgrave, George Tibbold, and others, 
 granted and conllrmed to them and their heirs, several 
 parcels of free land in Raisebeck, therein particularly 
 described, and estimated altogether at si.\ acres, to hold 
 iho same to them, and the rest of tho twelve sworn 
 men of tho parish of -Vsby, and their heirs and assigns, 
 upon trust, that the renta should bo yearly employed 
 to and for the maintenance and continuance of a school 
 and schoolmaster at Great Asby, to leach and instruct 
 tho poor and other childreu of the said parish. By 
 indenture, dated 13lU July, 1088, between Georgo 
 Smith, citizen and merchant tailor of London, on tlio 
 ono part, and Georgo Tibbold, Edward Musgnive, and 
 others, of the other part; it is witnessed that the said 
 Georgo Smith granted to the said George Tibbold and 
 others, his messuage or tenement in .\sby, to hold the 
 same upon trust, to dispose of the rents on the 23rd
 
 726 
 
 EAST WAED. 
 
 April, yearly, for ever, for the maintenance of a Ecbool 
 and schoolmaster at Great Asby, to teach and instruct 
 the poor and other children of the said parish. There 
 is now no distinction preserved between the several ' 
 properties at Raiscbeck. The open fields were enclosed 
 about the year 1770, and an allotment made to the 
 trustees in lieu of the open field lauds. The rent of 
 this land is divided into three parts, two of which are 
 paid to the schoolmaster yearly (subject to a small 
 deduction); and the other third is given away on the 
 21st December yearly, amongst the poorest j^ersons not 
 receiving weekly pensions, in sums varying from 10s. 
 to 30s. The deduction from the schoolmaster's portion 
 consists of <ls. annually on St. George's Day, given to 
 four poor widows, and 5s. to the school-boys, for ale 
 and gingerbread, and Is. for a foot-ball. These gratui- 
 .ties, amounting together to 10s., arc understood to be 
 allowed in respect of a gift of i'lO by George Smith, 
 and in compliance with his directions. The old school- 
 house, which, according to an inscription over the door, 
 ■was erected by George Smith, merchant tailor, citizen 
 of London, in 1C88, was destroyed by fire. A new 
 school was erected by subscription in 1833, which will 
 accommodate about fifty children. The school is under 
 the management of seven trustees, and the annual 
 income is about £3.5. 
 
 St. Helen's Almshouse. — William Fairer, of Asby, by 
 will, dated 3rd April, 1811, after devising his real 
 estate, and leaving several pecuniary and other legacies, 
 and charging the payment thereof as therein mentioned, 
 .gave as follows : — " After all the above legacies shall be 
 paid and discharged, I give and bequeath to my execu- 
 tors, in trust, all the remainder of my estate, and that 
 they purchase a convenient piece of ground ; but as I 
 am afraid a convenient place for the purpose cannot 
 be got, I therefore give and bequeath to my executors 
 in trust, a piece of ground at the top of the garth, 
 fourteen yards long, adjoining to the lane, and nine 
 yards deep, to hold the same in trust (they and their 
 successors, for ever), and that they shall build three 
 small good houses, under one roof, with one room 
 below and another above stairs, for three poor widows 
 or widowers, to be all natives, or who have been born 
 in the parish, but none of the Carlton's or Ion's families 
 to have any benefit in the charity ; and after it is com- 
 pleted, the remainder and remaining money to be put 
 out at interest, on good security, and the interest so 
 arising to be equally divided amongst the poor inmates, 
 share and share alike, after deducting any expenses 
 that may have accrued in the last year, and to be 
 divided every St. Thomas' Day, for ever ; and the said 
 trustees shall nominate a proper person to the houses 
 
 when one becomes vacant ; and when one of the trustees 
 shall die, the other two shall appoint another in the 
 room of such person so dead, so that the number may 
 still be tliree, to conduct the afi'airs of the said charity." 
 Pindar's Chanty. — The Rev. Simon Pindar, who 
 was rector of Great Musgrave from 1710 to 1755, 
 wrote a letter directed to the principal inhabitants of 
 Asby, in wliich place he was born, which letter is still 
 preserved in the church chest. It is without date or 
 signature, but is understood to be in his own hand- 
 writing. In this letter he states, that being desirous 
 to promote a public charity in the parish of Asby, he 
 had put £(50 in the hands of John Bowness, which 
 money he had for some months past endeavoured to lay 
 upon a freehold estate, to be charged with the payment 
 ol £'2 12s. yearly, for ever, to be paid quarterly, and the 
 money applied to discharge the price of si.x twopenny 
 loaves, which he desired might bo given every Lord's 
 Day, in Asby church, to six of the most indigent per- 
 sons, male or female, legally settled in that parish, being 
 members of the Church of England, and constantly 
 attending divine service. And he further desired that 
 when a pensioner died, the parish clerk should have the 
 loaf that belonged to him, deceased, the Sunday following 
 the death ; and on that Sunday he should pubficly 
 signify to the trustees, that a new member was to be 
 that afternoon elected in the room of such a one deceased, 
 according to the direction of the benefactor. The sum 
 of £00 was received into the parish funds, and applied, 
 upwards of twenty years ago, in the discharge of some 
 law expenses which had been incurred by the parish ; 
 and the sum of i'2 1 3s. has ever since been paid out of 
 the poor rates to supply bread, according to the direc- 
 tions of the donor. 
 
 ASBT CO.^TSFOETH. 
 
 The area and population of this township ai'c included 
 in the parish returns, not having been as yet returned 
 separately. The rateable value is £'1,003. The town- 
 ship stretches eastward from the beck, which runs 
 through Great Asby. 
 
 The manor of Asby Coatsforth was lielii at an early 
 period by a family bearing the local name, one of whom, 
 Richard de Coatsl'ord, witnessed the graut made to the 
 abbey of Byland, in the reign of Henry II. In the first 
 year of the reign of King John, Hugh de Cottesfortli 
 occurs as paying £:! for lauds in Asby. In the 14th 
 Edward I. (1285-0) Peter de Cotesford held Asby 
 Coatsford of the two daughters of Robert de Veteripont. 
 In the 8th of Edward II. (!31-1-1.j) John do Cottcslord 
 held a moiety of Great Asb}', the wardship of which was 
 worth £0 13s. 4d. a year, and the cornage 4s. 2d. In
 
 ASBY PARISH. 
 
 727- 
 
 1365 the manor was held by John de Cotesforth, and 
 in 1301 by Stephen de Cotesforth. In the 31st 
 Henry VI. (1453-1) John de Cotesforth held Asby 
 Coatslbrth, by homage and fealty, and 4s. 2d. cornage ; 
 owing also for the same wardship, marriage, and relief, 
 in 1 lO-l John do Cotesford occurs as one of the jurors 
 on the inquisition post mortera of John de Clifford. 
 He appears to have boon the last of his Aimil)', as no 
 more of tlio name o('cur in connexion with the manor, 
 wliich afterwards became the property of the Mus- 
 gr.ives, by whom it was transferred by marriage to Dr. 
 Boucher, who sold it to Roger Pindar. It was subse- 
 quently purchased in the year 1800 by James Park, 
 Esq., of Asby Hall, w:hose son, George Park, Esq., is 
 the present lord of the manor. The landowners arc 
 tlie Earl of Lonstlalo ; John Hill, Esq.; W. Wakefield, 
 Esq.; Robert Addison, Esq.; George Park, Esq.; 
 jMessrs. Anthony Sawers, George Jackson, and Richard 
 Dixon. 
 
 Asby Ilall is an ancient mansion, situate in the 
 village of Great Asby ; over the door is S. coat of arms, 
 supposed to be that of the JIusgravcs. 
 
 JN'icolson and Hurn state " there arc two estates in 
 that parish which go by the name of Grange ; one of 
 them went along with the manor of Asby Coatsforth ; 
 the other belonged to the abbey of Byland, in Yorkshire; 
 but by whom it was given we have not found." 
 
 The single houses having particular names are Grange 
 Hall, ikcaks Hall, Cattcrinc Ilohne, and Lower Grise- 
 burn. 
 
 A small Jlethodist Chapel was erected in this town- 
 ship in 1859. 
 
 At Asby Gill, about one mile from the village of 
 Great .\sby, is the entrance to Pate Hole, a singular 
 cavern about 1,000 yards long, throu^ which runs a 
 small rivuK't, said to be that which rises again at St. 
 Helens Well. 
 
 LITTLK Asnr. 
 
 For acreage and population see the parish returns. 
 
 The earliest notice of the first possessors of this 
 manor occurs in a deed of lands at Crackenthorp, in 
 the reign of Henry II., three of tlio witnesses to which 
 an^ William de Asrlteby, Richard do Cotesford, and 
 Richard English, or L'Engleys, who were severally 
 lords of the three Asbys. In the Ith year of the reign 
 of King John ( I aO'^-3) an ngrecment was made between 
 Robert de Scotland and Richard L'Engleys concerning 
 half a carucate of land, with its appurtenances, in Old 
 Asby. Xinc years later a AA'illiam English witnessed 
 a grant made bj' Robert de Veteripont to the abbey of 
 Sliap. In the 20lh Edward I. (1291-3) Sir Robert do 
 
 Engleys occurs as a juror at Appleby, in a cause between 
 the king and the abbey of St. Marj- at York. In 1 308, 
 1310, and 1311, Robert L'Angleys, Knt., represented 
 the county of Westmoreland in parliament. In 1328 
 William Englishe and Helena, his wife, levied a fine 
 of the manor of Little Asby, and lands in Great Asby, 
 to the use of the said William and Helena, and their 
 heirs ; with remainder to Robert, brother of the said 
 William, and his heirs; remainder to Thomas, another 
 brother; remainder to John Dawney and his heirs; 
 remainder to the right hc-irs of the said William. In 
 1338 William English received a license to impark 100 
 acres of land in Kirklevington in Cumberland, 100 
 acres elsewhere in the said county, 100 acres at Tebay 
 and Runthwaite in the county of Westmoreland, and 
 100 acres at Assmudely in the county of York. Three 
 years later a fine was passed of the manors of Tebay 
 and Runthwaite, to the use of William L'Englishe, 
 Knt., for life ; remainder to William, his sons, and his 
 heirs male; remainder to Julian, his sister. William 
 L'Engleys served as a knight of the shire for West- 
 moreland in most of the parliaments froai the 12th 
 Edward II. to tlie 22nd Edwiird 111. In the 31th 
 year of the last-named monarch's reign (13G0-1) John, 
 son of Robert L'Engleys, made a settlement of his 
 estate at Little Asby. In 1300, in an inquisition of 
 knights fees in Westmoreland, it was found that Piobert 
 L'Engleys then held Little Asby. This Robert had a 
 son Thomas, who died during the lifetime of his father, 
 and was the last of the name of Little Asby. His 
 daughter, Idonea, became the wife of Edmund de Sand- 
 ford, a younger brother of Sir William Sandford, Knt., 
 of Sandford, in the parish of Warcop. Idonea removed 
 with her husband to Askham, and they were the founders 
 of the Sandfords of Askham and Howgill. After the 
 di'ath of Edmund de Sandford, Idonea niaiTied Sir 
 Thomas Ughtrod ; and in the 15th Richard II. ( 1301-2) 
 we find that Thomas Ughtred and Idonea his wife, in 
 right of the said Idonea, held the manor of Little Asby, 
 by homage and fealty and the payment of 23. lOd. 
 comage. In the 10th of Henry V. (1422) after the 
 death of .Tohn de Clifford, an inquisition was held when 
 it was found that Robert de Sandford held the manor 
 of Litlo Asby, This Robert appears to have been the 
 second son of Edmund de Sandford mid Idonea English, 
 his elder brother, William, having dicd/vithout issne, 
 for by an inquisition of tlie .services of knights and 
 others, free tenants, holding of Thomas de Clifford as 
 of his barony of Westmoreland, in the 3 1st Henry VT. 
 (ll.'>2-3) it was found that " Robert Engleys bcrelofore 
 held Little Askby, and paid for the same ad con- 
 juyttm 2s. lOd., and owed wardship, marriage reUef,
 
 728 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 and suit to the county court, and now Thomas Dala- 
 more, Esq., holds the same as of riglit of Margaret his 
 wife, late wife of William Sandford elder brother of 
 Robert Sandford, Esq., which Margaret had tiic same 
 vill in jointure with the aforesaid William, her late 
 liusband, the reversion thereof belonging to the said 
 Ivobert." Shortly after this we find Thomas Sandford, 
 son of Robert just mentioned, holding the manor by 
 similar services. In the 18lh Henry VIII. (152G-7) 
 Thomas Sandford, Esq., held the manor, which passed 
 to his second son, Richard of Howgill, iu whose posterity 
 it continued till the Sandfords of Howgill failed in 
 issue male, when it was transferred by marriage to 
 the Honcywoods of Mark's Hill, Essex, one of whom, 
 Philip Honeywood, sold it iu 1780 to the Earl of 
 
 Thanet, from whom it has descended to Sir Richard 
 Tufton, Bart., the present lord. 
 
 The village of Little Asby is two miles south-south- 
 east of Great Asby, and five miles and a half east-by- 
 iiorth of Orton. There was anciently a chapel here, 
 dedicated to St. Leonard, which was endowed by 
 Richard le English, rector of Asby, with a messuage 
 and si.x acres of land in Great Asby, for the foundation 
 of a charity. 
 
 Though this township is mountainous, still some 
 parts of it are tolerably fertile, and it abounds with 
 limestone. The single houses having particular names 
 are High Grange, Whygill Head, Mazouwath, and 
 Waterhouses. 
 
 BROUGH PARISH. 
 
 Brough parish is bounded on the north by the lofty fells of Hilbeck, Warcop, Dow Crags, &c., on the west by the 
 parish of Great Musgrave, on the south by Kirkby Stephen, and on the east by Yorkshire. It is about eight miles 
 in length, by five iu breadth, and with the e.xceptiou of the middle portion, which consists of fine pasture and meadow 
 land, is a wild mountainous region, rich in lead, iron, limestone, and freestone. Some coal, but of an inferior quality, 
 is also found. The parish comprises the townships of Church Brough, Brough Sowerby, and Hilbeck, and the 
 chapelry of Staiumore, whose united area is 24,517 statute acres. It comprises the principal portion of the forest of 
 Stainmore. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agricultural pursuits. 
 
 has been fertile in Roman remains. In the time of 
 Lelaud it seems to have been proverbial for the antiqui- 
 ties constantly found here. In his " Itinerary," he 
 says — "Brow, now a vyllage, set in Luuesdale a vi 
 miles beneath tbe foote of Dentdale, hath been by 
 likelyhood sura notable town. The jiloush menne find 
 there yn ereng hipiiles quadralos, and many other 
 straung things ; and this place is much spoken of the 
 inhabitants there." During the last thirty years large 
 iiuantities of Roman coins, fibultc, etc., have been dis- 
 covered from time iu the bed of the river, and also in 
 its north bank opposite to the castle, at a depth of about 
 si.x feet. The river has changed its course, and is now 
 nmch nearer the castle than formerly. Few gold coins, 
 but many of silver, and thousands of brass ones. They 
 are of various periods ; and some of the inhabitants of 
 Brough are in possession of hundreds. On the with- 
 drawal of the Roman legion, Yertera; fell into the hands 
 of the Celtic people, who, at that time, inhabited 
 Westmoreland. They at once gave it a descriptive 
 name, calling it Burgh or Brough, which means a forti- 
 fication. It continued to be known by this description 
 
 CHCRCH BROUGH. 
 
 The township comprises an area of 966 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £3,4 12. The population in 1801 was 
 094; in 1811, 758; in 1821, 940; in 1831, 906; in 
 1841, 899 ; and iu 1851, 773, who principally reside in 
 the town of Brough. 
 
 Of Brough, during the British period of the history 
 of this country, we possess no information, though there 
 is little doubt it formed the site of one of the encamp- 
 ments of the natives. When the Romans advanced as 
 far north as Eburacum (York), they constructed their 
 great roads east, north, and west. One of these proceeded 
 by Isurium (Aldborough), Cataractonium (Catterick 
 Bridge), and Lavatroe (Bowes), crossed the mountains, the 
 pass being defended by a Roman castle, remains of which 
 may still be traced, and arrived at Verterie (Brough), 
 from which place it continued its course by Brovanacie 
 (Kirby There), Brocavium (Brougham), Yoreda (Plump- 
 ton Wall, in Cumberland), and so on to Luguballia 
 (Carlisle), one of the principal Roman stations in the 
 north. Yertera! (Brough) appears to have been gar- 
 risoned by a body of troops, called Directores. Brough
 
 BROUGH PARISH. 
 
 729 
 
 till the arrival of the Angles, who, to distinguish it 
 from oilier places bearing the same name, called it 
 Brough- under -Staiumore, or JBrough-under-lheStony- 
 moor, from the bleak fells by which it was surrounded. 
 The Northmen, in their incursions, settled in the 
 neighbourhood, and until the period of tlio Xorman 
 Conquest were the dominant people. 
 
 On the partition of England among the followers of 
 the Conqueror, the manors of r.rough, Sowerby, and 
 Stainmore, were included in the grant of the barony of 
 AVestmorelaud, made to Rauulph do Mcschines, and 
 fi-om him came to the Veteriponts, Cliffords, and 
 their descendants, never being granted off to any 
 inferior lords. A castio appears to have been erected 
 here shortly after the Conquest. In the 8th Edward II. 
 (13I4-1;'), on the decease of Piobert Clifford, it was 
 found, by inquisition, that the said Robert, amongst 
 other places, had held the castle of Brough-under- 
 Stainmore, "with the precinct of the trenches thereof, 
 the herbage of which was worth yearly Os. 8d. Two 
 hundred acres of demesne land, twenty-two whereof, at 
 the least, were worth yearly 9d. each. An hundred 
 and ten acres of meadow, each of which worth by the 
 year lad. Two parks, the herbage whereof, with all 
 issues, was worth by the year 100s. Also free tenants, 
 who paid yearly 17s. '2d. Also twenty o.xgangs of land, 
 worth each by the year, Is. Ten tofts eotercll, worth 
 yearly Od. each. One bakehouse, with the profits of 
 measuring the corn of the village, 20s. One water-miln, 
 burned, worth yearly £0 1 3s. -Id. Also the constabhship 
 [of the castle], worth yearly -lOs. Also the profits of the 
 fairs, worth, by the year 10s. [And this was before any 
 grant of a fair that wo now know of.] — Also, in the 
 Lower Burgh, twenty-four tofts and a half, which aro 
 burned, each whereof pays yearly lJ2d. Also, upon 
 Stainmore, ten vaccarics which aro burned ; each 
 whereof, with the meadow adjoining, worth by the year 
 10s. And live vaccaries, not burned, each whereof worth 
 by the year i'SO. Also, Alan de Cabeigh, Nicholas de 
 Musgrave, and GcotTrey do Tesedalo held there four 
 closes of new improvement, of tho yearly rent of one 
 hundred and fifteen shillings and one farthing. Agist- 
 ment there, worth yearly 10s. Pleas and perquisite of 
 tho court 13s. Id. Tho sum total, i'lO 18s. 4id.— 
 Also, at Sowerby, nigh Burgh, one capital messuage, 
 worth by tho year 12d. Four score acres of demesne 
 land, worth yearly 8d. each. Si.vteen acres of mea- 
 dow, worth yearly 18d. each. Two froo tenants, who 
 pay yearly 7d. Skteen oxgangs of land, worth yearly 
 5s. each. Ton messuages coterell, worth by tho year 
 12d. each. Ono water-miln, worth yearly IDs. One 
 vaccary, worth yearly Ms. 8d. The sum total, 
 
 J£l] las. 7 J." In 1422, after the death of John de 
 Clifford, an inquisition found that at Burgh he died 
 possessed of eleven messuages, called vaccaries, and a 
 park, called Old Park, worth, in the whole, £10 10s. lOd. 
 per annum. Tho same inquisition also informs us, 
 that Elizabeth, mother of the said John de ClilTord, 
 held the castle and manor, together with several mes- 
 suages, or vaccaries, and also the vill of Sowerby, parcel 
 of the said castle and manor, and the services of dilferent 
 tenants of Great and Little Brough, who paid to her the 
 sum of ten shillings a year. The manor is now held 
 by Sir Richard Tufton, Bart. ; besides whom, William 
 Wilkinson, Esq. ; Thomas Hodgson Hobson, Esq. ; A. 
 Turner, Esq. ; Robert Buckley and Sons, and others, 
 are landowners. 
 
 Brough Castle was erected shortly after the Conquest, 
 on the site of the Roman station. Its keep, like that 
 of Appleby Castle, was known by the nanie of Ciesar's 
 I Tower, and appears also to have been known as the 
 Round Tower. During the inroads made by the Scots 
 under William the Lion, Brough Castle was attacked, 
 but it was well prepared for defence, being garrisoned by 
 si.-f knights and their followers. The castle was very 
 soon attacked on all sides ; and the Flemings and the 
 border men in the pay of the Scottish monarch made a 
 fierce assault upon the garrison, and the first day took 
 from tlicm tho outworks, which the defenders had soon 
 abandoned, and shut themselves up in the tower. Here 
 they might have held out for some time, but the Scots 
 applied fire to the tower, and thej' were reduced to the 
 alternative of surrendering or being burnt. " But a 
 new knight had come to them that day. Now listen to 
 his deeds and great courage ; when his companions had 
 all surrendered, he remained in the tower, and seized 
 two shields, which he hung on the battlements, and 
 held his ground there a long time, and threw at the 
 Scots three sharp javelins, with each of which he struck 
 a man dead. When these failed him, he takes up 
 sharp stakes and hurled them at the Scots, and over- 
 threw some of them, and ever keeps shouting, you shall 
 all be van(|uinhe<l soon. Never by a single vassal was 
 strife better maintained. When tho fire deprived hiui 
 of the defence of tho shields, ho is not to blame if he 
 then surrendered." The cattle of Brough was beateu 
 down, "with the best part of the tower."' The castle 
 was subsequently repaired, and continued to take rank 
 among tho defences of Westmoreland till l.l'il, ia 
 which year it was accidentally set on fire, and it con- 
 tinued in ruins till tho year 1001, when it was rebuilt 
 
 ' Ore est Hiirc nbnlnz c Ic miplz ilc In mr, "Chronicle of ilie War 
 botwceii lilt) (■'.iigUsli uiil llio ScuU, in 1173 onj 1174, hy Jonlim 
 Fuutosmc,'' 8V0., IMO, p. 08. 
 
 87
 
 '30 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 by the Lady Anne Clifford, countess-dowager of Dorset, 
 Pembroke, and Moutgomery. This re-edification was 
 commemorated upon a stone which, about eighty years 
 ago, stood over the gateway of the castle, and bore the 
 following inscription : — "This castle of Brough-under- 
 Stanemore, and the great tower of it, was repaired by Lady 
 Ann ClitTord, countess-dowager of Pembroke, Dorset, and 
 Montgomery : Baroness ClilTord, Westmoreland, Vesey ; 
 high-sheriff, by inheritance, of the county of Westmore- 
 land, and lady of the honour of Skipton, in Craven, in 
 the year of our Lord God, 1659 ; so as she came to lie 
 in it herself for a little while in September, 1601, after 
 it had lain ruinous, without timber or any covering, ever 
 since the year l."i21, when it was burnt by a casual fire." 
 The keep, or principal tower, of this ancient castle, 
 except the walls, was demoUshed, and the timber sold 
 by Thomas Earl of Thanet, about the year 1095, when 
 he was repairing Appleby Castle. From this period the 
 castle has been allowed to go to ruin. The chief parts 
 now standing are portions of the keep and other towers ; 
 the keep is in its general appearance similar to those of 
 the Tower of London, Rocliester Castle, &c. The ruins 
 stand upon a lofty eminence, near the church, in the 
 midst of what is supposed to have been the Roman 
 station. 
 
 THE TOWN- OF BnoUGH. 
 
 Brough, or Brough-under-Staiumore, is situated in 
 54° 28' north latitude, and 2° 20' west longitude. It is 
 eight miles south-east from Appleby, and 262 north- 
 north-west from London by road. Tebay station, on 
 the Lancaster and Carlisle railway, which is sixteen 
 miles from Brough is 203 from London. 
 
 The town of Brough is little more than a village, the 
 railway having destroyed the coaching trade, which, 
 from its position on the north mail road it formerly 
 possessed. A small weekly market is held on Thurs- 
 day, in consequence of a grant made by Edward III., 
 in 13.30, to Robert Lord CHtTord. The charter 
 empowered the holding of an annual fair of four days' 
 duration, on the two days before the feast of St. 
 Matthew (September 21st) the day of the festival, and 
 the following day. This charter was confirmed by 
 Edward VI. in 1 5-19. The duration of the fair is now 
 limited to two days, which, in consequence of the 
 change fiom old to new style, are the 30th September 
 and the 1st October. This fair is held on Brough Hill, 
 a common two miles north-by-west of the town, and is 
 numerously attended. Great numbers of horses, sheep, 
 and cattle are brought for sale. Fairs are also held in 
 the town on the second Thursday in January, March, 
 and April, and on the Thursday before Whitsuntide, 
 
 for cattle, sheep, Ac. Brough is a polling place for the 
 county. Petty sessions are held here the first Thursday 
 in every month. The town is divided into two parts, 
 called Market Brough and Church Brough, by the 
 Ilelbeck, a small feeder of the Eden. The ancient 
 custom of bearing the hoUing, or holy tree, on the evo 
 of the Epiphany, is still observed at Brough, and is now 
 considered peculiar to this place. The procession sets 
 out at eight o'clock, with a b-and playing, and stops and 
 cheers at the bridge and again at the cross. The 
 crowd then separates into two parties, one of which 
 endeavours to take the tree to one of the inns, the other 
 to another. An obstinate scuffle ensues, and the inn- 
 keeper patronised by the successful party is expected to 
 treat his men. well. 
 
 THE CUTECH. 
 
 Brough church, dedicated to St. Michael, is a neat 
 structure of the fourteenth century, with a' handsome 
 embattled tower, of a somewhat later date, and a peal 
 of four bells, said to have been given to the parish by a 
 yeoman of the name of Brunskill. The windows contain 
 many fine specimens of stained glass, but they have 
 been much disfigured by modern repairs. The pulpit, 
 which is fi.ved against the south wall, is of stone. 
 There are several mural monuments. In 1344 this 
 church was appropriated by Pope Clement VI. to the 
 provost and scholars of Queen's College, Oxford, who 
 are stiil the patrons, and had previously received a grant 
 of the advowson from Edward III., at the instance of 
 his chaplain, llobert Eaglesfield, who was rector of 
 Brough, and founder of the said college. The living is 
 valued in the King's Book at £'8 18s. 9d., but is now 
 worth upwards of i'OOO a year. There was formerly a 
 chantry in this church. It was founded in the reigu 
 of Henry III., by Thomas ^lusgrave, who granted cer- 
 tain lands and tenements " to God and the Blessed 
 Virgin Mary, and to his chapel of Brough-under- 
 Staiumore, and to Sir WiUiam de Askeby, chaplain, 
 and his successors serving God there, whom he and 
 his heirs should present to the said chapel." The 
 presentation to this chantry soon afterwards passed to 
 the Helbeck family. The altar of this chantry was in 
 the north aisle, which, in consequence, was known as 
 our Lady's Aisle. We need not add that this chantry 
 was suppressed at the period of the Keformatiou. The 
 hving is now a vicarage. 
 
 VicAES. — Thomas Bowett, ; Peter de Chamberi, ; 
 
 William de Clifford, ; John de Langton, ; Hngh de 
 
 Burgh, l:!04; William de Norlhwick, died l;).3a ; Robert de 
 Eaglesfield, 133i; John KainolJ occurs 1.309; John de MertoD, 
 1309; — Raisbeck occurs 150C; Thomas Eigg occuis 1532; 
 Lancelot Shaw, 1&C8 ; Roger Salkeld, 1504 ; David Hecksletter,
 
 BROUGH PARISH. 
 
 731 
 
 lOU; William Richardson, 1623 ; Christopher Harrison, 1001; 
 Joseph Fisher, ItJO') ; Francis Thompson, 1703 ; Thomas Uodg- 
 SOD, i:a J ; Thomas Burnett, 17(i« ; Lancelot liuUas, 1702 ; 
 Lancaster Dodgson, 1816; Lancelot Jefferson, 1828. 
 
 The vicarage is a plain building, situated near the 
 church. It was erected in IS'29, by the present vicar, 
 at a cost of £-^,000. 
 
 In 150G John Brunskill founded, at Market Brough, 
 a chapel or oratory, which was dedicated to the Blessed 
 Virgin and St. Gabriel. It was endowed by Thomas 
 Blenkinsop, of Ililbeck, with a piece of ground, called 
 Gilgarth, on condition that the said John Brunskill 
 should build a chapel there, and also an hospital, " with 
 two beds in it, for travellers and other poor people ; 
 and maintain the same for ever. Two priests were 
 established to sing and pray in the chapel for over for 
 the souls of all the benefactors of the said chapel that 
 were departed from the world, and for the welfare of 
 them that were living." One of these priests was to 
 teach grammar, tlie other to instruct children willing to 
 learu singing, freely and without charge. The founda- 
 tion of the chapel was confirmed both by the Bishop 
 of Carlisle and the Archbishop of York. This chapel 
 continued to e.\ist till the time of the dissolution of the 
 religious houses, when the priest who taught singing 
 was removed, and the other who taught grammar was 
 retained as first master of the free school, to which 
 the king's commissioners granted i'T lis. -Id. a year. 
 
 The Baptists, Wesleyans, and Primitive Methodists 
 have chapels here. 
 
 Cn,UUTIES. 
 
 School. — From a copy on paper of a deed poll 
 purporting to be sealed with tl>e seal of the Abbey of 
 Shap, A.D. 1500, it appears that by the providence, 
 labours, and means of .lohn Brunskill, of Brough, by 
 the assistance and aid of Thomas Blenkinsop. there was 
 a chapel founded at Brough, with two priests, the one 
 to teach grammar, and the other to instruct cliildren, 
 willing to learn song freely, without paying; and that 
 Itichard, then Abbot of Siiap, having the governance 
 and oversight of the same, at the appeal, request, and 
 by the advice of John Brunskill, willed and ordained 
 OS follows :— JiOd. to be paid to the Bishop of Carlisle 
 yearly; and iJOs. yearly to the Vicar of Brough. The 
 singing priest to have .L'5 wages of the oblations in the 
 said chapel, to bo paid by the said abbot and the 
 schoolmaster of the grammar school. The said abbot 
 also willed and ordained a man and his wife to be 
 Keeper of the ornaments in the said chapel, of the books, 
 &c., and of the alms beds of the hospital, &c. The said 
 keeper to receive his wagos of the oblations of the 
 said chapel, by the bauds of the said abbot and of the 
 
 schoolmaster of the said grammar school. And it 
 further appears that over all these the said abbot willed 
 and ordiiined that the right ^irs of the aforesaid 
 Thomas Blenkinsop, after the decease of the said John 
 Bruusliill, should have the nomination and gift of the 
 room of the said priest, and of the keepership of the 
 chapel, itc. The surplusage of the oblations of the said 
 chapel, if any, to be kept in a chest in the monastery of 
 Shap, for the care of which chapel and chest the abbot 
 to receive 23s. 4d. The schoolmaster of the grammar 
 school, for his care and labours, 8s. 4d. of the said 
 oblations. And when it should fortune that any 
 honest priest should be named to the aforesaid office, 
 or mastership in grammar or song, then the examination 
 of the said priest to belong to the Bishop of Carlisle or 
 his deputy. Among the records of the Court of 
 Exchequer of Hilary term, 4th and 5th Philip and 
 Mary, is an order from the barons to the receiver 
 general of the county of "Westmoreland, to pay £7 1 Is. 
 ■U\. clear, yearly, at Lady-day and Michaelmas, to John 
 Beck, then schoolmaster, of the school of Brough, and 
 to the schoolmaster of the same place for the time 
 being; which sura, it is stated, that certain com- 
 missioners, appointed by letters patent, 20th June, 2nd 
 Edward VI., had ordered to be paid to the schoolmaster 
 of a certain grammar school, which had been continually 
 kept at Brough, before the 20th day of July, in the 
 second year of Edward VI., for his wages, as had been 
 of ancient time done. This is the only endowment of 
 the school, which is now attended by about fifty 
 children. 
 
 li'oadas Close. — There is a field called Broadas, 
 containing about six acres, lying in the township of 
 Waitby, in the parish of Kirkby Stephen, which 
 formerly belonged to the parish of Brough. We cannot 
 obtain any information how this field came to the 
 parish, or to what objects the rents were applied. This 
 close was sold in 1V77 for the sura of .t'J7 Is. The 
 estate has since passed through several hands, and it 
 now belongs to the trustees of Thomi)son's charity, in 
 the parish of Kirkby Stephen. The money received 
 for the sale of this close, was divided amongst the 
 diflereut townships, in tho same proportion as they 
 pay to the church-rate. Tho portion received by tha 
 townships of ^Market Brough and Church Brough is 
 understood to have been kid out in building a poor- 
 house ou u piece of land in Church Brough. purchased 
 in 1772 for i'lt, and conveyed to Thomas Hodgson in 
 trust, for tho cliurchwardens, overseers, and principal 
 inhabitants and landowners of Church Brough and 
 Market Brough, for the solo use of the poor of the said 
 townships.
 
 732 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 Haijton's Charity. — The returns of 1780 state that 
 Anthony Hayton (no date mentioned) gave £10, which 
 was then laid out in ■pairing the poor liou^e, and was 
 supposed to be a rent charge upon it. The name of 
 Anthony Haytott is not known as a benefactor in 
 B rough. 
 
 Hodgson's Charity. — By indenture, dated 17th 
 October, 1760 (enrolled in Chancery Qlst March, 1761), 
 between the Rev. Thomas Hodgson, vicar of Brough, 
 of the one part, and John Thompson, Esq., of iMarket 
 Brough, and six others, it was witnessed that the said 
 Thomas Hodgson granted to the said John Thompson, 
 and others, and their heirs, an annuity of £'3 issuing 
 out of the grantor's freehold dwelliug-houses in Market 
 Brough, and out of the castle gates in Market Brough 
 intact, with a rateable part and share in the soil, to 
 hold the same in trust, to distribute amongst such of 
 the poorest parishioners of Brough as the said Thomas 
 Hodgson should direct during his lifetime; and after 
 his death, monthly, on the first Sunday in every month, 
 in twelve equal shares, lay the same out in the purchase 
 of bread, to be distributed by the churchwardens of the 
 parish of Brough, in the parish church, to such of the 
 poorest parishioners who should constantly attend divine 
 service, as the vicar of Brough should think fit, and in 
 such shares and portions as the vicar should appoint ; and 
 when the trustees should he reduced to two, that they 
 should choose others to make up the number to seven. 
 The sum of £3 is regularly laid out in the purchase of 
 bread. A certain quantity is given away every other 
 Sunday in Brough church, to the poor of the several 
 townships attending service. The poor persons receiving 
 the bread are either appointed or approved of by the 
 vicar, and when once appointed generally continue to 
 receive it for life. Each person generally has one two- 
 penny loaf. The poor belonging to any of the town- 
 ships are entitled to this, if they come to the parish 
 church. 
 
 Waller's Charities. — Philip Waller, of Park Houses, 
 by will, dated 19th May, 1778, gave to Robert Bell, of 
 Kirkby Stephen, and Leonard Bonson, their heirs and 
 assigns for ever, £'-100 in trust, to place out the same, 
 and apply the interest in manner following, viz.: — Pie 
 directed his trustees, their heirs and assigns, to lay out, 
 yearly, £3 18s., part of the interest, in wheat bread, 
 after the rate of Is. Od. a week, the same to be made 
 into six threepenny loaves, and distributed every 
 Sunday, in the forenoon, in the parish church of 
 Kirkby Stephen, by his trustees, their heirs or assigns, 
 to such widows or poor householders as they should 
 appoint, being inhabitants of or belonging to the town- 
 ships or liberties of Kaber or South Stainmore, in the 
 
 I parish church aforesaid. And the testator ordered his 
 trustees to lay out yearly the sum of £3 18s., further 
 part of the said interest, in wheat bread, after the rate 
 of 3s. every two weeks, the same to be made into twelve 
 threepenny loaves every second and fourth Sunday in 
 every month, to be distributed in the parish church of 
 Brough, by his trustees, their heirs or assigns, to such 
 widows or poor housekeepers, inhabitants and belonging 
 to the parish of Brough, as they should appoint. And 
 he further directed his trustees to pay to the school- 
 master teaching in the school-house of Great Musgrave 
 for the time being, the sum of £4 yeariy, further part 
 of the said interest, to be paid for such poor children 
 in Musgrave parish as should be named by his trustees, 
 their heirs and assigns, and whose parents should not 
 be able to pay for them. And he further directed his 
 trustees to pay a further sum of £4 yearly to the school- 
 master teaching school at Brough Sowerby for the time 
 being, for teaching such poor children, not exceeding 
 eight, belonging to the said township, as his trustees 
 should nominate and appoint. And he directed that 
 the remaining part of the interest arising from the said 
 £400, if any, should yearly be divided equally between 
 the said trustees, their heirs and assigns, for their 
 trouble and expenses. 
 
 Market Brough, Church Brnuijh, and Ililhcck. — 
 Bohson's Chjrity. — William Eobsou, of Brough, left 
 £20 to the Vicar of Brough and the churchwardens 
 and overseers of the two Broughs and Hilbeck, for the 
 use of the poor of these places. The sum of £20 is 
 secured by mortgage on the tolls of the road leading 
 from Brough to Eamout Bridge, with interest at four 
 per cent. The sura of 10s. on account thereof is 
 regularlv received by the overseers and divided, by 
 giving 12s. to the townships of Market Brough and 
 Church Brough, and 4s. to the division of Hilbeck. It 
 is given away in each of the townships in small sums 
 to persons not receiving regular parish pensions. 
 
 Brough Sowerby, and Hilbeck. — Poor Stock. — There 
 is in this township the sum of £M, which is understood 
 to be the portion of the sale of Broadas close, paid to 
 Brough Sowerby. The interest of the £20 (20s.) used 
 to be given to the poor not receiving pensions ; but of 
 late it has been added to the poor rates. 
 
 Bichardson's Charity. — Tiie returns of 1780 state 
 the sum of 5s. yearly, as an unknown benefaction to 
 the poor of Hilbeck. It will appear, however, from the 
 report of the charities in Great Musgrave parish, stated 
 hereafter, to have been given by George Ilichardson 
 in 1715, though that name is equally unknown here as 
 it was at Great Musgrave. This money is given away 
 at Christmas to poor persons not receiving pensions,
 
 BKOUGH PARISH. 
 
 733 
 
 with the -Is. a year from Robson's Charity, as already 
 stated. 
 
 BnoUGH SOWERBY. 
 
 This township comprises 1,083 acres, and its rateable 
 value is £1,574 lis. lOd. Its population in 1801 was 
 139; in 1811. 15.5; iu 1821, 180; in 1831, 155; in 
 1841, M'J; and in 1851,117; who reside in the village of 
 Brough Sowerby, and in detached farm houses. Agricul- 
 ture is the principal employment, and Kirkby Stephen 
 markets arc usually attended. The manor of Brough 
 Sowerby has undergone the same change of ownership 
 as th;U of Brough, and is now held by the same lord. 
 The landowners are A. Cleasby, Esq. ; William Hopes, 
 Esq.; Rev. John Dickinson, Mrs. Kirkpatrick, Messrs. 
 John Waistell, and John Grainger, with several small 
 proprietors. Tiie single houses having particular names 
 are Thornby Scale, HoUins View, Park House, Blourn, 
 Field Head, and Sowerby Lodge. 
 
 The village of Brough Sowerby is a mile and a half 
 south of Brough, on the road to lurkby Stephen. 
 
 HILBECK. 
 
 The area of Ililbcck township, inclusive of Stain- 
 more, is 22,108 acres, and its rateable value is 
 £363 Is. 3d. The number of its inhabitants in 
 1801 was 74; in 1811, 98; in 1821, 101; in 1831, 
 34; in 1841, 42; and in 1851, 94; who are engaged 
 in agricultural pursuits, and reside in the scattered 
 village of Hilbeck, and a few dispersed houses. Up- 
 wards of fifty years ago an attempt was made by John 
 M. Carlton, Esq., who then possessed the property, to 
 establish a cotton-mill iu the township, but the under- 
 taking proved a failure. Appleby is the market usually 
 attended. In Hilbeck Wood, on an eminence west of 
 the hall, is Fo.x Tower, also built by Mr. Carlton. 
 
 The manor of Hilbeck, anciently Helbeck, from the 
 old Xorse Ilella, to pour rapidly, in allusion to the 
 rushing of the beck from the hills, belonged for a con- 
 siderable period to a family bearing the local name. 
 Its history will be best shown by the following account 
 of its possessors : — 
 
 '§t\hu\x Df m\stt\\. 
 The first of this family on record is 
 
 TiiojiAs nE Heijieck, wlio, with Wico (Guy) his son, in the 
 reign of Henry II., witnessed a grunt of lands at 1lcDegill,mado 
 hy JIuuJ de Veteripont, to her son, the first Robert de Vcleri- 
 pont. Thomas was succeeded by his son 
 
 ■Wino, who in the l.'llh of King John (1211-lQ) witnessed 
 llolurt de Vetoripont's charter to the abbey of Shap. Uo also 
 occurs as Uuido do Helbeck. The ue^t of this lamiljr met 
 with is 
 
 Egbert de Helbeck, probably son of Wido, who was col- 
 lector of the aid in the reiga of Henry III. The next on 
 record is 
 
 SrR TuoMAS de Helbeck, who witnessed a grant of lands at 
 Appleby in the SGth Henry III. (1251-2). This gentleman 
 held lands in Kichmondshire and Westmoreland by knight's 
 service. He was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Sir Thomas de Helbeck, who lived in the time of Edward 
 
 I. He married Avicia, daughter of Adam do Henecastre, by 
 whom he had issue, 
 
 I. Thomas, his heir. 
 
 II. Edmund, who marriid Isabel do Slikeburne, a wiilnw, in 
 
 l;!J(), niifl Imd some lands and privileges gnmled to him by 
 his faiLiT iu the manor of Uilbeck. He had a son, 
 
 Edmund. 
 
 III. Alan, tt priest, who received from his father a grant of one 
 
 messuage and two oxgangs of land in Hilbeck. 
 I. Alice, married to Koberl, eldest son of Sir Richard de SiUeby, 
 wlio framed lln murks, and all his demesne lands, rents, 
 homage, &c., iu .■Vppleby, to his son and daughter in-law. 
 n. Isabel, married to I'atrioius de Casllecarrock, who bad for 
 her portion lauils at Suubiggin, Kaisebeck, Keldeliih, and 
 Coatliat, with half of the fuUing-mill there. 
 III. Margaret, married to WiMinra de Lancastfe, who had for her 
 dower lands in Strickland in-Keudal. 
 
 Sir Thomas was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Thomas de Helbeck, who, by an inquisition taken in the 3rd 
 Edward II. (1309-10), appears to have then held by knight's 
 service Hilbeck and Ascum. In 13U-15 ho was knight of the 
 shire for Westmoreland. His wife's name does not appeor, but 
 he had an only daughter, Isabella, who became the wife of 
 Eichard de Blenkinsop, and thus terminated tlio direct line of 
 the Uelbccks of Uilbeck. 
 
 ^,T„s.— Giilos, six annnkis, or, with a border encircled arg. 
 
 glcnlilnsop of IJilbtth. 
 
 As we have just seen, the first of this family who 
 obtained possession of Hilbeck, by marriage with the 
 heiress of the Helbecks, was 
 
 Richard de BLENKissor, younger brother of Robert de 
 lUenkinsop, to whom Edward King of Scots gave all the lands 
 and tenements of Ughtertyre witli the appurtenances, to the value 
 of twenty marks yearly. Thomas de Helbeck, on the marriage 
 of his daughter to Robert de Blenkinsop, settled upon them the 
 whole manor of Hilbeck, with some trilling exceptions. Robert 
 de Blenkinsop was coroner of Westmoreland in the 19th Edward 
 
 II. (132.")-0). He died about the beginning of the reign of 
 Edward III., and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 TuoMAS DE BLEXCANsor, wlio appcoTs to have been very 
 young at the time of his father's demise, as he did not attain his 
 majority till the 19th Edword III. (1315), when he camo into 
 possession of his estates. He had a son, 
 
 Thomas de Blexcansop, Esi|., who co his marriage had all 
 the lands at Hilbeck, Overton, Soulby, and Brampton, settled 
 upon him and Katherine his wife. He had the oflico of con- 
 stable of Brough Castle granted to him and his heirs for COO 
 yoais, with all its privileges, by Roger de Clifford, lord of 
 Wostinoreland. The grant was dated at llie castle of Brough, 
 on Sunday before the feast of St. James the apostle (July 25), 
 iu the ilth Richard II. (1360). In Vi^l he represented the
 
 734 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 connty of Westmoreland in parUameuL He vas sacceeded hy 
 his son, 
 
 William de Bixkkansop, Esq., who marriecl Maud, daughter 
 of Bichard de Salkeld, and had then settled upon liiiu a moiety 
 of the demesne of Overton, and other property. He was knight 
 of the shire for Westmoreland in 1421, and lived about 20 years 
 after. His son, 
 
 Tboji.vs Bleskexsop, Esq., succeeded him, and was the first 
 of the family who dropped the prefix de. lie represented the 
 county of WestmorclauJ in parliament iu Hii. He was 
 succeeded by his son, 
 
 Thomas Blf.nkixsop, Esq., who had settled upon him, on his 
 marriage with his wife Kalherine, all the lands in Overton above- 
 mentioned, and certain lands in the village of Tebaj'. He also 
 appears to have held lands and tenements in Kyrkebf-upon- 
 Wyrke, co. York. His son and heir, 
 
 TH0M.4S Blexkinsop, succeeded. This gentleman, about 
 the 0th Edward IV. (1409-70), married Margaret, daughter and 
 co-heir of Richard Salkeld, Esq., of Corby, and in the 7th Henry 
 VII. (1491-2) articled with John Brunskill for the building of 
 St. Mary's Chapel, in Brough. By an inqnisilion of quo warranto, 
 taken in the I'Jth Henry VII. (1503-4), " against Henry Lord 
 CliUbrd, the jurors find that Thomas Blenkinsop was seised of 
 ths manor of Hilbeck with the appurtenances in his demesne as 
 of fee, and being so seised, held the said manor of Henry Lord 
 Clifford by knight's service, namely, by homage, fealty, and 
 Ecutage, that is to say, when scutage runs at 10s. for each 
 knight's fee, then to pay 40s. ; when more, more ; and when 
 less, less ; and by the cornage of Os., and by the service to do 
 suit at the court of our lord the king in the county of West- 
 moreland, from month to month, at the king's castle at 
 Appleby ; and that the said manor is worth £40 above reprises ; 
 that the said Thomas died in the 18th year of King Henry AIL, 
 Thomas, his son and heir, being tlien seventeen years of age; 
 that the said Henry Lord Clilford had received all the issues 
 and profits of the said manor, during the minority of the said 
 Thomas, the son, and married the said heir to Eleanor, 
 daughter of Robert Leygh, esquire, and received the profits of 
 the said marriage." He was succeeded by his son, 
 
 THOM.is Blenkinsop, Esq., who, in the ICth Henry VTII., 
 was employed iu the king's wars against the Duke of Albany, 
 and set forward the lUtli October in the said year, having made 
 his will, and appointed Sir Thomas Rigg, vicar of Brough, toge- 
 ther with his wife (if ho should die before his return) executors 
 in trust for his younger children. But he returned and lived 
 to make another will. This gentleman was a benefactor to the 
 church of Brough, which he repaired. He served the office of 
 under sheriff of Westmoreland in the 21st Henry ^^U. (1520- | 
 30). He married Elianor Leigh, by whom he had a son and 
 heir, 
 
 Thomas Blenkinsop, Esq. This gentleman seems to have 
 taken an interest in local affairs, and it is recorded that he gave 
 20s. 8d. towards the buikiing of the bridge at Brough. He 
 married Magdalene, daughter of Sir Edward Musgrave, of 
 Hartley, by whom he had issue, 
 
 1. Thomas, his heir. 
 II. Charles. 
 IU. Matthew, steward to Lord Wharton; with seyeral daughters. 
 
 He was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Thomas BLEXKiNsor, Esq., who, on his marriage, had settled 
 on him by liis father, his whole part and share of the manor of 
 
 Corby, with its appurtenances. In the 0th Elizabeth (1500-7) 
 he made several purchases at Ellegil in Tebay. He died iu 
 1 .'jTO, leaving by his wife Margery, daughter of William Wykclitl'e, 
 ];sq., of Wykcliffe, CO. York, with three daughters, who died 
 unmarried, 
 
 I. Tbouas, his heir. 
 II. Henry. 
 
 III. I'rancis. 
 
 I. Barbara, married to Robert Ward, Esq., of Bowes. 
 II. Katharine, niiuried to John Warcop, Esq., of Wurcop. 
 
 He was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Thomas Blenkinsop, Esq., who was thirty-four years of age 
 at the time of his father's demise, and had livery of his lands in 
 the 14th Elizabeth (1571-2). He was succeeded by his sod, 
 
 Henry Blenkinsop, Esq., a minor, and ward to Sit Simon 
 Musgrave of Edenhall. He sold his part of Corby to Lord 
 William Howard and others for X770 in 100.'). He inanied 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Tankard, Esq., of Borough- 
 bridge, CO. York, and died in 1013, leaving issue, 
 
 I. Thomas, his son and heir. 
 
 I. Katherine, who iliid unmarried. 
 II. Dorotliy, a nun at Lisbon. 
 
 HI. .lane, married to Tlioinas Bird, Esq., of Colby. 
 
 IV. Frances, died tinniarried. 
 
 V. Klizabctb, died uiimnrired. 
 
 VI. Mary, married to Robert Cawell, Esq., of Bolton, Lancashire. 
 
 ITis successor, 
 
 Thomas Blenkinsop, Esq., was under ago when his father 
 died, and in consequence became ward to the Countess of Cum- 
 berland. He married in 1018, Anne, daughter of Sir EJnard 
 Osbaldeston of Osbaldeston, co. Lancaster. This Thomas sold 
 the estates at Overton and Slegill to the tenants. He also sold 
 part of the manor of Hilbeck, in the l-fth Charles L (1037-8) 
 to Richard Burton, clerk, and in 1757 conveyed the residue of the 
 manor to Thomas Burton, Esq., of Brampton, sou of the Richard 
 Burton just mentioned, and one of Cromwell's sequestrators. The 
 Blenkinsops were Cathohcs, and suffered much for llioir attach- 
 ment to the old religion from the barbarous penal laws. Mr. 
 Blenkinsop was living in 1075, when this account of his family 
 was first written, and had had ten children, viz.: — 
 
 I. Francis, his heir. 
 
 II. Henry, who died in infancy. 
 
 III. Thomas. 
 
 IV. John, who also died in infancy. 
 V. .John, died an infant. 
 
 I. Jlary, died unmarried. 
 
 II. Elizabeth, died unmarried. 
 
 III. Anne. 
 
 IV. Dorodiy. 
 
 V. Katherine. 
 
 He was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Fkancis Blenkinsop, Esq., the last of the family of whom 
 tiny account has come down to our times. He sold the ha'l and 
 demesne to Miyor Soaife, another of Cromwell's sequestrators. 
 
 ^rOT.s.— Arg. a fess, between three garbs, banded sa.; on the fess a 
 crescent, for distiucuon. 
 
 In the year 1C87 Richard Barton, clerk, rector of 
 Huntingdon, iu the county of Kent, conveyed the 
 manor of Hilheck to George Bake, Esq., of Crook, in
 
 STAIXMORE CHAPELEY. 
 
 735 
 
 the county of Durham, who, in his turn, conveyed it to 
 Thomas Carleton, Esq., of Appleby, by whom tlie hall 
 and demesne were purchased in 1726. This Thomas 
 Carleton, Esq., had two daughters, the elder of whom, 
 Elizabeth, became the wife of John Metcalf, Esq., of 
 Bellerby, Yorkshire, and had issue two sons and one 
 daughter. The eldest son, John Metcalf Carleton, 
 Esq., sold the manor to Robert WooJgate, Esq., from 
 whom it was purchased by John Lodge Ilubbersty, 
 Esq., by whose family it was sold to Joseph Pitt, Esq. 
 It was subsequently bought by John Barham, Esq., 
 whose widow married Lord Clarendon, who, in right of 
 his wife, sold the manor in 1 851 to William Wilkinson, 
 
 Esq., of Warcop, the present lord ; besides whom there 
 are several small landowners and yeomen. In this 
 manor there is a small fine certain upon the death of 
 the lord, or change of tenant. A court leet is amiually 
 held at the Black Bull, in Brough. 
 
 liilbeck Hall is a large building, delightfully situated 
 on an eminence, which commands very extensive pros- 
 pects. It is now occupied as a farm-house. 
 
 The village or hamlet of Hilbeck is situated at the 
 foot of Hilbeck Fell, one mile north of Brough. 
 
 There are two corn -mills and a brewery in this 
 township. 
 
 ST.\INMORE CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry comprises the township of Stainmore, which is divided into the two districts of Augill Row and 
 Mousgill Row, and contains many scattered hamlets and houses dispersed in deep and narrow gills and tbwaites, in 
 which the travellei-, while passing the intervening wastes and healthy moorlands, is surprised to see stretched out 
 before him fruitful pastures margined by small rivulets, which hurry over rocky channels from the surrounding fells, 
 where sterility wears her wildest and most forbidding aspect. 
 
 Of the Xorman period we have the 
 
 The area of Stainmore, inclusive of Hilbeck, is 
 22,408 acres; its rateable value is ,£3,772. The 
 population in 1801 was 530; in 1811, 512; in 1821, 
 010; in 1831, 707; in 1841, Gil; and in 1851, 540; 
 who reside in two or three small hamlets and in dispersed 
 houses. Agriculture is the principal employment, hut 
 some of the inhabitants are engaged in the coal and 
 lead mines, whicli are worked on a small scale. The 
 soil in the valleys is fertile, but the land is mostly laid 
 out in grass. The Durham and Lancaster line of rail- 
 way runs through the south-east of the township, where 
 there are two largo viaduct-^, that which cresses the 
 river Bela being 200 feet high, and that which crosses 
 the Mosgill 107 feet. Kirkby Stephen is the market 
 usally attended. 
 
 Of the British period of the history of this country 
 we have no remains in this township. The Romans, 
 while in occupation of Britain, erected ono of their 
 castles here, the site of which bus long been known as 
 Maiden Castle. This Roman fort stood on the line of 
 Roman road from Bowes to Brough, four mil'S east of 
 the latter place. About ten years ago some Roman 
 coins of silver were found in the peat-moss, not far 
 from Maiden Castle, and are now in the possessioa of 
 Mr. Hill, of Appleby. Of the Anglo-Saxon period of 
 our history, Staiuinoro furuishes us with uo more than 
 
 its own name, 
 remains of Rear Cross, or Rere Cross, called by tTie 
 Scottish writers Roy Cross, which, according to 
 Boethius, was erected as a boundary mark between 
 England and Scotland when Cumberland was ceded 
 to the latter country by William the Conqueror. This 
 relic of by-gone days stands on the top of Stainmore, oa 
 the Westmoreland side. A short distance from it, but 
 in the adjoining county of York, an hospitiU was 
 erected by the abbey of !Marrick ; but which, after the 
 dissolution of the religious houses, was converted into 
 an inn, where guides could be obtained to accompany 
 travellers over the dreary wastes of Stainmore. . It is 
 recorded that Joseph Horn, a blind man, frequently 
 acted as a guide. Previous to the formation of the 
 present road from Bowes to Brough, si.\ houi-s were 
 required to travel that distance between the two places. 
 The manor of Stainmore has descended along with that 
 of Brough. In the reign of Henry III. we find Adam de 
 SlegiU forester of Stainmore under tlio Vetcriponts. 
 The forest of Stainmore is very extensive. It is not all 
 comprised in tho parish of Brough, the southern portion 
 being in that of Kirkby Stephen, and the eastern por- 
 tion in that of Bowes, in Yorlcshire. Sir Richard 
 TufUm is the present lord of the manor, besides whom 
 tho Rev. James Saurey, Michael Ewbankc, Matthew
 
 736 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 Ewbaiikc, Rev. E. Ileelis, William Hope, Anne 
 Kobson, Thomas Raine, Philip Robson, James Cleasby 
 Richard Dixon, John Adamthwaite, Benjamin Buruop, 
 John BrogJon, Robert Birkbeek, with various other 
 yeomen, are the landowners. There is a court leet 
 and court baron held annually by the lord of the 
 manor, at the ^Yhito Swan, Brough, at the beginning 
 of October. There is a customary fine of 10 J. at the 
 death of the lord or change of tenant. 
 
 THE cuAPi;:.. 
 Stainmore chapel, dedicated to St. !^^ary, stands at 
 Dumraah Hill. It is a neat Gothic structure, erected 
 in J839, at the sole e.xpense of the Rev. Lancelot 
 Jefferson, vicar of Brough, and consists of nave and 
 chancel, with small bell turret, containing one bell. 
 The windows are lancet-shaped, the eastern one con- 
 taining three lights. The chapel will accommodate 
 nearly 200 persons. Baptisms are performed here, but 
 neither marriages nor funerals. The previous chapel 
 served for a free school in former times, having been 
 built for that purpose in 1594, and endowed with .£8 
 a year by Cutbbcrt Buckle, to be paid out of the Spital 
 estate to the schoolmaster. The school-house, which 
 the inhabitants had built, was consecrated as a chapel 
 in 1608 ; and was, in 1003, repaired by Thomas Earl 
 of Thanet. The earl also enclosed a large parcel of 
 waste land, called Slapostoues, and granted the same to 
 fourteen trustees, for the benefit of the curate and 
 schoolmaster, who now derive from it upwards of £50 a 
 year, and have also the above-mentioned rent charge 
 divided between them. The said earl also gave £200, 
 and the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty £300, 
 with which the Raisgill liall estate in Ortou parish 
 was purchased and annexed to the curacy. It con- 
 sisted of forty acres, but at the enclosure was increased 
 to eighty acres, now let for about £30 a year. The 
 curacy afterwards received £200 from the Countess 
 Dowager Gower, with which an estate of thirty acres 
 near the chapel was purchased. The living, a perpetual 
 curacy, is now worth £170 a year, out of which the 
 incumbent pays £10 a year to a schoolmaster. 
 
 Inc0mbents. — James FintoD, senior, James Finton, junior; 
 those two gentlemen, father .ind son, held the Hving for about 
 a century ; James Sawrey, 1827 ; J. Irving, 1857. 
 
 The parsonage bouse, a plain building, stands near 
 the church. 
 
 The Methodists have two small places of worship in 
 the township. 
 
 Augill Row is that part of Stainmore cbapolry lying 
 north of the Augill-beck, and extending from oue and a 
 half to sis miles east of Brough. In this division is a 
 
 large estate called Borrenthwaite, belonging to 'Mr. 
 Michael Ewbanke, and containing rich pastures and 
 meadow land ; the hamlet of Light Trees, three miles 
 aud a half south-east of Brough, where there arc seams 
 of coal ; Park Houses, one mile and a half east of 
 Church Brough, where there was formerly a park 
 belonging to the castle; and Dummah Ilill, where there 
 is a good public house, are all in Augill Row division. 
 
 Augill Oistle, about one mile east of Brough, the 
 seat and property of John B. Pearson, Esq., is an 
 extensive Gothic building, with six massive towers, — 
 four at the front and two at the west end. The con- 
 servatory is forty yards long, and the opening cloister of 
 the same length, has a splendid groined ceiling. In 
 the main tower, which is twenty-one yards in height, is 
 a spacious staircase twelve feet broad, with one of the 
 most splendid windows in the north of England, designed 
 from Melrose Abbey, in Scotland. The doors of the 
 drawing-room are in the decorated style of architecture, 
 and its chimney-piece is of beautiful white marble. Tho 
 library aud its stained glass window are designed from 
 those at Abbotsford. In this window are the armorial 
 bearings of the Pearsons, aud in the centre is St. Peter, 
 holding a key in each hand. This mansion was com- 
 menced in 1841, by its present occupant, and takes its 
 name from the rivulet which runs a little to the north 
 of the building. The view of the Cumberland moun- 
 tains which is obtained from the summit of its main 
 tower is truly miignificent. 
 
 Mousgill Row is the southern portion of Stainmore 
 chapelry, stretching from two and a half to seven miles 
 south-east of Brough, and containing the hamlets of 
 Ewbank, four miles and a half south-east ; Strice Gill, 
 two miles aud a half south-east; and Oxentliwaite, 
 two miles and a half south-south-east of Brough. The 
 latter stands on a lofty eminence, and in the deep dale 
 below it is some rich grazing land. 
 
 At Black Cragg several species of marine shells have 
 been found embedded two feet in the ruck. 
 
 Sir Culhbert Buckle, who was born at Stainmore, was 
 lord mayor of London in 1593. He gave a handsome 
 reading desk to Brough church, and built the bridge at 
 Stainmore, still bearing the name of Buckle Bridge. 
 William Thompson, author of the poem on " Sickness," 
 in four books, and of some political poems, was born at 
 Brough. 
 
 There are two public-houses in the south part of the 
 township, at a place called the Slip luu ; aud others in 
 tho north part at Dummah Hill. 
 
 Augill and Dowgill, with other streams, have their 
 source in the hills here, and after a course of from six 
 to seven miles fall into the river Bcla.
 
 CROSBY GARRET PARISH. 
 
 737 
 
 CROSBY GARRET RARISH. 
 
 This parish, \Yhich is situated between the river Eden and Crosby Fell, is bounded on the north by the parishes of 
 Asby, Onnside, Wutcop, JIusgriive, and Kirkby Stephen ; ou the west by the parishes of Ravenstonedale and Orton; 
 on the south by the parish of llciveMstoneJule ; and on tlie cast by Slusgrave and Kirkby Stephen. It consists of 
 the townships of Crosby Garret and Little IMusgrave, lying on each side of the chapclry of SoulLiy, which is in the 
 parish of Kirkby Stephen. Crosby Fell is a lofty green eminence, at the south-west euJ of the parish, below which 
 the soil is a fertile loam resting on clay. 
 
 CROSBY GARRET. 
 
 The area of this township is 3,008 acres. The 
 population in 1801 was 177; in JSll, 194; in 18S], 
 193; in 1811, iOi; and in IS.'-.l, -211. 
 
 The first possessors of Crosby Garret on record are 
 the SouUiys, one of whom, William de Soulby, occurs 
 as early as the year 1290, when he appears to have 
 been under age, and a ward of Isabella, daughter of 
 the last Robert de Yeteripont. In the next generation 
 we Cud the manor in the hands of the Musgraves, and 
 it is very probable that it came to them in marriage, 
 as William de Soulby had a daughter Joan, who is 
 mentioned about this period. In the 8tli Edward II. 
 (13ll-ir)) Richard de Musgrave occurs as holding 
 Crosby Garret and Little Musgrave, as also a moiety 
 of the manor of Orton ; the corn.nge paid for the three 
 amounting to SOs. 3d. In the 43rd Edward III. 
 (1309-70) Peter Morland, John de Kabergh, and the 
 Prior of Walton held the manor of Crosby Garret 
 (probably as trustees in a settlement) paying 8s. Cjd. 
 comage. In the 15th Richard II. (1391-2) Thomas 
 de jMusgrave and the Prior of Walton held Crosby 
 Ganot, by homage, fealty, and 10s. Id. comage. lu 
 the 10th Henry V. (1412) Richard Musgrave held the 
 manor, paying the cornnge just mentioned ; and in the 
 31st Henry VI. (1452-3) Richard Musgrave, Knt., held 
 three parts, and the prior of Walton the fourth part, 
 of the manor of Crosby Garret, paying 8s. Od. comage. 
 Crosby Garret continued to bo held by the Musgraves 
 till the reign of Charles I., when Sir Philip Musgrave, 
 Bart., convej'ed the manor and advowson to Sir Richard 
 Musgrave, Kut., his eldest son, who had issue only two 
 danglUers, the elder of whom died an infant, and the 
 other daughter, Mary, was married to Julia Davison, 
 Esq., of Blakcston, in the county of Durham. Early 
 in the eighteenth century the manor and advowson 
 were sold to Thomas Gale, Esq., of Whitehaven ; who, 
 by his last will and testament devised the same to the 
 Rev. William Bird, whose grandson, of the same name, 
 sold them for a term of throe lives, and they arc at 
 present held by William Crawford, Esq. The laud- 
 owners are the Earl of Lonsdale, Jonathan Alderson, 
 S. Greenwood, D. Fawcett, John Scwell, Matthew 
 
 Thompson, Isabella Stowell, and many other small 
 proprietors. 
 
 The village of Crosby Garret lies iu a deep secluded 
 vale, at the foot of Crosby Fell, three and a half miles 
 west-by-north of Kirkby Stephen. Its name was formerly 
 written Crosby Gcrrard, which means the cross town, 
 or village of Gerrard, supposed to be the name of one 
 of its ancient owners. 
 
 THE CnUECH. 
 
 Crosby Garret church, dedicated to St. Andrew, is 
 an ancient Gotliic structure, consisting of nave, aisles, 
 and chancel, with a small turret containing two bells. 
 The chancel is kept in repair by the lord of the manor. 
 Inside of the communion rails is a neat marble tablet 
 to the memory of several members of the family of Bird, 
 both clergy and laity, from 1723 to 1822. The 
 benefice is a rectory, valued in the King's Book at 
 £ 1 9 4s.4id., and certified at £*47 2s. 6d. to the governors 
 of Queen Anne's Bounty, who subsequently gave i;200 
 for its augmentation, which sum, together with £200 
 given by the Rev. James Bird, was expended in the 
 purchase of a piece of land near the church. A modus 
 of twelve guineas a year was formerly paid in lieu of 
 the hay and corn tithes of Crosby Garret, aud £■> for 
 those of Little Musgrave ; but the whole of the tithes 
 have been commuted for an annual rent- charge of 
 J£88 14s. ; besides which the rector has about seventy-four 
 acres of glebe laud and a good house aud garden. The 
 living is now worth i:i27 a year. The advowson seems 
 to have been always attached to the manor; William 
 Crawford, Esq., is the present patron. The parish 
 registers commence iu 1550. 
 
 RncTons. — Thomas do Burgh, sub Mora, 1200; Henry 
 SaniUorJ, 13,')4 ; John Jo Calve, 1381 ; Lancelot Shaw, died 
 1005-6; Kicliard I'ttllowliidd, 151)5-0; Edmund Maulovcrer, 
 ]0;)0; Christopher Jackson, ejected 1002; Thomas Donton, 
 1003; Joseph Forsler, 1702; James Lamb, 1713: William 
 Bird, 1717; James Bird, 1712; James Fenton, 1703; William 
 Bird, 1700, Thomas Bird, 1S22; Mark Newby, 1832. 
 
 The rectory is a plain commodious dwelling. 
 
 A Baptist chapol was erected here in 1815, by ^fr. 
 Gcorgo (^ireenwood. It is a neat structure, iu the 
 Gothic style ; the Rev. William Fawcett is minister. 
 
 8S
 
 738 
 
 EAST WAKD. 
 
 chahities. 
 
 Tlif ScJiool. — The school of Crosby Garret possesses 
 the following endowments: — £10 given in 1682 by 
 Eeginald Robinson; £-i lOs. given in 1083 by James 
 Bell ; MO given in 16!^-; liy Thomas Bowland ; £9 10s. 
 given in 1733 by Isabella Bird ; and several smaller 
 donations. The school stock -was laid out, together with 
 a poor stock belonging to the parish, in the purchase of 
 lands at Waitliy. These lauds were sold in 1803, and 
 produced £300, of which £220 8s. Cd. was invested in 
 the purchase of £399 Is. 9d. stock in the Three-per- 
 cent Consols. The dividends amount to £11 19s. id., 
 out of which Cs. are paid to the rectoi', who retains one 
 shilling, giving the rest to such poor persons as he 
 thinks fit, and Is. 6d. a year is applied to the repairs 
 of Smardalo Bridge. The rest is divided into two 
 equal parts, and half given to the schoolmaster, and the 
 other half to the overseers, who carry it to the poor 
 rates. Before the estate was sold the rent was divided 
 in the same manner. The school is also entitled every 
 other year to a payment of 6s. from lands at Sandford, 
 in accordance with a bequest of John Sympson, of 
 Sandford, who in 1648 gave to the use of the school at 
 Crosby GaiTet and Warcop 5s. a year, to be paid one 
 year to Crosby and one year to Warcop. The school 
 has also received an additional benefaction fiom Thomas 
 "Wilson, who, by will, dated lOth of April, 1707, gave 
 £80 to the ministflr of Crosby Garret for the time being, 
 and to two trustees, to pay one half of the interest to 
 the schoolmaster of Crosby, for the education of the 
 poor children, boys if poorest, to be nominated by the 
 trustees : the other half of the interest to go to the 
 education of three poor children of Soulby ; on account 
 of this bequest 308. a year are paid to the schoolmaster 
 at Crosby Garret for teaching the poor children; and a 
 similar sum is paid to the schoolmaster of Soulby. The 
 total income of the school is now about £0 a year. 
 
 Poor Stock. — £10 given by Reginald Robinson to tho 
 poor stock oi Crosby Garret in 1682, the interest to be 
 
 divided at Easter by tho pirson and churchwardens ; 
 £2 by George Robertson in the same year; £2 lOs. by 
 ■James Bell in 1083 ; £40 by Thomas Bowland in 
 1684; £10 by Richard Bell in 1087; £3 by an 
 unknown hand in 1709; £2 IDs. by Isabella Bird in 
 1732; making a total of £70. The investment of 
 these sums in land, and the subsequent sale of that 
 land, has been already stated in the account of the 
 school. Half of the rent of the land, and half of tho 
 dividends of the stock since the sale of the land 
 (deducting 78. Gd. as before mentioned), has always been 
 carried to the account of the poor rates. 
 
 Eev. William Bird's Chctrity.—The Rev. Wm. Bird, 
 who died in February, lS-i2, left by will £50 to tho 
 poor of Crosby Garret, not directing whether the in- 
 terest was to be distributed annually or the prmcipal 
 sum given away. 
 
 LITTLE MDSGRAVZ. 
 
 The area of this township is 1,216 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £851 18s. 2d. Its population in 1801 
 amounted to 08 ; in 1811, GO; in 1821,80; in 1831, 
 75; in 1841, 72; and in 1851, 63; who are engaged 
 in agriculture. The soil is principally good, on a clay 
 sub-soil. The Eden Valley railway runs through the 
 township. 
 
 The manor of Little Musgrave, which is separated 
 from that of Great Jfusgrave by the river Eden, has 
 been held by the Musgrave family from time immemo- 
 rial. In the reign of Charles II. Sir Christopher ilus- 
 grave, Knight, member of parliament for Westmore- 
 land, resided here during the lifetime of his elder 
 brother Sir Richard. The landowners are Sir George 
 Musgrave, Bart, (who is also lord of the manor): 
 Matthew Thompson, Esq. ; John Loy; Rev. Mr. Col- 
 linson, and several yeomen. 
 
 Poor Stock. — There is in this township a poor stock 
 of £30, the interest of which is distributed annually to 
 poor widows. 
 
 DUFTON PAEISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by Milbourn Forest, on the west by Long Marlon parish, on the south by 
 Murton and Warcop Fells, and on the east by the river Tees, which separates it from the county of Durham. It is 
 a mountainous district, containing excellent veins of lead ore. In the neighbourhood of this parish the Tees 
 expands into a broad lake, called the Wheel, and forms the cataiact known as Caldron Snout. Duftou parish has no 
 dependent townships.
 
 DUFTON PARISH. 
 
 '39 
 
 The area of Dufton is 18,129 acres, and its rateable 
 value :£2,164 3s. 6d. The number of inhabitants in 
 18(il was 392; in 1811, 489; in 1821, 511 ; in 1831, 
 554 ; in 1841, 4(i0 ; and in 1851. 488 souls ; who are 
 chiefly resident in the village of Dufton, and some 
 scattered farm-houses. Aiiplehy is the market usually 
 attended. The inhabitants are principally engaged in 
 agriculture and lead mining. The Dufton Fell Alining 
 Company has extensive works here, access to which 
 is gained by numerous shafts, which vary in depth 
 from thirty to sixty fathoms. The strata bored through 
 here are the ]\lelmerby Scar hmestone, twenty fathoms 
 iu thickness ; the Robinson limestone, four and a half 
 fathoms ; the Little ditto, five fathoms ; the Rough 
 ditto, four fathoms ; the Smeddy ditto, five fathoms ; 
 ■the Little ditto, ten fathoms ; the Jew ditto, four 
 fathoms; the Tyne Bottom, four and a half fathoms; 
 the Cockle ditto, two and a half fathoms ; and the Scar 
 ditto, two and two-thirds fathoms. 
 
 The Grej-stoke family are the first recorded possessors 
 of Dufton after the Norman Conquest ; of its history 
 previous to that period we have no account. By an 
 inquisition taken in the 9th Edward 11. (1335-0), it 
 appears that at that period Ralph de Greystoke held 
 the manor of Dufton, lirampton, Bolton, and Yauwath, 
 the wardship of which was worth 100 marks a year, 
 and the cornage 25s. 6d. Another inquisition, taken in 
 the 10th Henry V. (1422), informs us that John, son 
 of Ralph de Greystoke, held the manors just named. 
 with the same cornage as before. Again, in the 31st 
 Plenry VI. (1452-3). it was found by inquisition that 
 Ralph Lord Greystoke held of Lord Thomas Ciiliurd, 
 Yanwalh, Bolton, Brampton, and Dufton ; and that 
 Lancelot Threlkold held Yanwath of the said Ralph, 
 Nicholas Radclifl' held Bolton, and Thomas de Lancaster 
 held Brampton, while Dufton was held by Lord Dacre 
 himself. In the 4th Edward IV. (1404-5), Ralph Baron 
 of Greystoke was still possessor. He died in the 9nd 
 Henry VII. (1480-7), when it was found at the time of 
 his demise he was seised of the manor of Dufton, and 
 the advowson of the church there, held of Henry Lord 
 Cliflford, as of his manor of .Xpplfby, by the service of 
 rendering to the said lord 25s. (id. yearly for cornage, 
 and by suit to the county court at .\ppleby yearly from 
 month to month, and that Elizabeth Greystoke, his 
 grand-daughter, was his kin-swoman and heir, being the 
 daughter and heir of Robert Greystoke, Knight, son and 
 heir of the aforesaid Rnlpli. This Elizabeth was mar- 
 ried to Thomas Lord Dacro of (iilsland, and brought 
 with her Dufton into that family. Ry an impiisition of 
 knights' fees in Westmoreland, in the 18th Henry VIII. 
 (1526-7), it appears that William Dacre, Knight, lord 
 
 of Dacre, held then the manor of Dufton ; and by a 
 like inquisition in 1554 he appears also to have held the 
 same. This family of Dacres ended iu daughters, co- 
 heirs, on the demise, unmaniod, of George Lord Dacre, 
 when the inheritance came to his three sisters, the 
 tldest of whom, Anne, married I'luUp Howard, earl of 
 Arundel, eldest sou of the Duke offforfolk, and in the 
 }i;»rtition of the estates Dufton became her property. 
 She had a sou and heir, Thomas Earl of Arundel, 
 whose son and heir, Henry Earl of Arundel, granted a 
 lease of the lordship of Dufton for ninety-nine years to 
 Sir Christopher Clapham, Kuight, iu which lease the 
 clause prohibiting having been omitted, he cut down 
 all the wood called Duftou Wood, and sold it for more 
 than the estate cost him. The remainder of the term, 
 aud afterwards the perpetuity of the estate, was pur- 
 chased by John Winder, Esq., of Lorton, in Cumber- 
 land, who was succeeded by his son and heir William 
 Winder, Esq., who, dying without issue, demised the 
 same to Edward Milward, Esq., son of the Rev. Thomas 
 llilward, ]\I.A., rector of Marton and Kirkby There. 
 In 1785 it was purchased by the Earl of Thauet, from 
 whom it has descended to the present possessor. Sir 
 Richard Tufton, Bart., besides whom the Rev. Edward 
 Heelis, Rev. Tiiomas Jackson, IMessrs. Allison, John 
 and Thomas Boyles, Robert Bleucarn, senior, Robert 
 Blencarn, junior, Thomas Blencam, John Elwood, Joha 
 E. Robinson, Thomas Watson, John Milucr, aud others, 
 are landowners. 
 
 Dofton Hall, a very ancient building on the north 
 side of the village, is now occupied as a farm-house. 
 
 The village of Dufton, which is small but well built, 
 is about three miles and a half nortli of Appleli^'. It is 
 situated on the south side of a rivulet, which rises iu 
 Scardale Head and flows westward to the river Eden. 
 It is very jn-obable that its name is derived from the 
 Scandinavian proper name Dufr. aud the alEx tou sig- 
 nifying the town or village of Dufr. 
 
 TBB CnUBCH. 
 
 Dufton church, dedicated to St. Cuthbert, is a plain 
 substiintial edifice, about half a mile north of the 
 vilLige. It was rebuilt iu 177 5, and underwent con- 
 siderable repairs in 1853. It consists of uavc, chancel, 
 and tower containing two bells. All the windows are 
 tilled with stained glass, and the seats are low and open. 
 Take it altogether, Dufton church is one of the neatest 
 country churches iu the county. There are a few 
 mural monuments. The jwtronage of this living has 
 alwavs been appendant to the manor, aud is now 
 enjoyed by Sir Richard Tufton, IJrtrt. The living is 
 a rectory, valued iu the King's Book at £19 2s. Cd.
 
 740 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 Three large stinted pastures, containiDg 2,500 acres, 
 were enclosed here in 1827, when about forty acres 
 were allotted to the rectory in lieu of tithes for that 
 part of the parish; and in 1817, the tithes of Dufton 
 were commuted for an annual rent-charge of £148. 
 The value of thriving is about £-2oO a year. The 
 parish register cofflmences in 1500. 
 
 Eectors.— Sir Robert , died 1293; Henry de Waley, 
 
 1203; Matthew de Remaw occurs 1315; Roger de Kendal, 
 1321 ; ■William Hawys, resigned, 1310 ; Robert de Helton, lOtO ; 
 ■William de Brampton, died 1300; ■William de Threlliekl, 13CC; 
 Robert Coldall, 1412; Roland Threlkeld, died 15G0 ; John Dent, 
 1560; Christoplier Walker, 1575; Richard Burton, 1C25 ; Simon 
 ■Webster, KiOl ; James liuchanan, 1070; John Lindsey, ICyO; 
 ■William Gibbon, 1728; Thomas Milward, l';3C ; ■Wilham Milner, 
 17G2; John Heclis, 18U3 ; Edward lleelis, 1823; Edward Jack- 
 Son, 1033; Joseph R. Henderson, 1849. 
 
 The rectory is a fine house, in the neighbourhood o£ 
 the church, erected in 1821 by the then rector, the 
 Eev. John HeeUs. 
 
 The Wesleyans and Primitive Methodists have 
 chapels in the village. 
 
 The parish school possesses an endowment. 
 
 THAHITIES. 
 
 Todd's Charlhj.—lUchael Todd, by will, dated 
 August 11th, 1093, devised to his wife, Mary Todd, 
 all his freehold, copyhold, and leasehold propertj', 
 during her life and widowhood, charged after her 
 decease with the payment of the following annuities, 
 viz.: — £h to the churchwardens of Dufton, to be dis- 
 tributed at Michaelmas among the poor people of the 
 said parish; £i a year to the said churchwardens, to be 
 employed in the binding and putting apprentice to some 
 trade two poor boys, natives of the said parish ; £-1 
 yearly to the schoolmaster of Dufton for the time being; 
 10s. a year to the minister of Dufton for a sermon on 
 Michaelmas Day, or the Sunday after ; and 20s. a year 
 to be distributed among twenty poor men of the said 
 parish, who should be present at the said sermon, share 
 and share alike. These charities, amounting to £14 10s. 
 per annum, were charged upon premises at Knowlo 
 Green, in the county of Middlesex, subsequently 
 axchanged for lauds, &o., at Dufton, which in conse- 
 quence became charged with the annuities. Arrears 
 having taken j)lace in the payment of these various 
 charges to the amount of £123 lOs., that sum when 
 obtained, was, with £70 lOs. hereafter mentioned, called 
 St. Thomas's Money, amounting altogether to £200, put 
 out at interest, which is distributed annually with the 
 annuities as specified above. 
 
 St. Thomas's Money. — Walker's Charity. — In Kicolson 
 and Burn's "History of Westmoreland" (page 358) it 
 
 is stated that Christopher Walker, by will, in 1070, 
 gave £40, the interest thereof to go to a schoolmaster 
 at Dufton, to be appointed by tlie rector, the lord's 
 bailiff, and si.x sufiicient men of the town of Dufton. 
 It is understood that this legacy forms part of the sum 
 of £70 lOd. known as St. Thomas's Money, as above 
 mentioned, the residue of which is supposed to be 
 ancient poor stock. The interest of £40 is accordingly 
 applied to the use of the schoolmaster ; and the interest 
 of the remaining £30 lOs. is annually applied on St. 
 Thomas's Day for the use of the poor, in sums varying 
 from 2s. to 5s. each. 
 
 Jiichardson's Charity. — Joseph Richardson, by will, 
 dated 14th February, 1790, gave £100 stock in the 
 Four per Cents, iu trust, to be paid to the church- 
 wardens of Dufton, the interest to be given to the poor 
 of the parij^h yearly on St. Thomas's Day. This charity 
 is distributed as directed. 
 
 HARTLEY. 
 
 This township contains an area of 3,350 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £1,819 4s. lid. The number of 
 inhabitants in 1801 was 139 ; in 1811, 14 i ; iu 1821, 
 136; in 1831, 125; in 1841, 158; and in 1851, 177; 
 who reside principally in the village of Hartley, and 
 some scattered farmhouses. Agriculture is the prin- 
 cipal employment of the inhabitants. The soil in the 
 vale is a good fertile loam, and the greater portion of 
 the township is devoled to pasturage. Hartley is inter- 
 sected by the Durham and Lancaster railway, which 
 crosses the Podd Gill by a splendid viaduct of eleven 
 lofty arches, and the Merry Gill by one of nine arches. 
 Kirkby Stephen is the market usually attended. 
 
 The manor of Hartley appears to have belonged to 
 the fomOy of Harcla, or Hercla, at a very early period. 
 This family occurs as owners of the manor of Dalston 
 in Cumberland as early as the first year of the reign of 
 Edward I. (1272-3). In the fourteenth year of the 
 same king's reign (1285-0) they occur as holding the 
 manor of Hartley under the Veteriponts. In the 8th 
 Edward II. (1314-15) it was found by inquisition that 
 Andrew de Hercla held the manors of Hartley and 
 Smardale ; and that the wardship of the former, when 
 it should happen, was worth £40 a year, and of Smar- 
 dale £0 18s. 4d.; and the cornage for them both was 
 20s. In the fifteenth year of the same king (1321-2) 
 this Andrew de Hercla was created Earl of Carlisle, to 
 him and the heirs male of his body ; which is the first 
 record that mentions the curtail of a title to the heir 
 male. He afterwards, iu the reign of the same king, 
 rebelled against Edward, " and," as Capgrave says, 
 " drew to the Scottis, and favoured ther part ageyn the
 
 KIEKBY STEPHEN PAETSII. 
 
 741 
 
 kjng. Thannc was there a nobil knyte in tliat cuntre, 
 doped Sir Anthony Lucy ; he, supposing to stand the 
 bcttir in the kyngis grace, sodeynly fel upon this 
 tyraunt at Karlhil, took him, put him in yrunues, and 
 brout him to London to the kyng, and there was he 
 schamefuUy deposed of alle worchip, and deed as a 
 tretoure." Well might the old monk write " schame- 
 fuUy deposed of alio worchip," for the sentence on Sir 
 Andrew de Hcrcla, earl of Carlisle, ran to this effect: — 
 " He and his heirs are to lose the dignity of the earldom 
 for ever ; he is to be ungirt of his sword, and his golden 
 spurs are to be hacked from bis heels. He is further 
 adjudged to be drawn, hanged, and beheaded ; one of 
 his quarters to be hanged at the top of the tower of 
 Carlisle, another at the top of the tower of New- 
 castle, the third on the bridge at York, the fourth 
 at Shrewsbury, and his head to be spiked on London 
 Bridge." But the memory of this warrior lay green in 
 the heart of his sister Sarah. When the restless, 
 changeful king, had fiJlen by the hands of assassins, 
 and his high-spirited son had come to the throne, 
 though the crows and kites had feasted on the flesh of 
 her brother's body, and its bones had whitened to the 
 sun and the storm, fit burial was obtained for the relics. 
 The king's prerogative was exercised for their sacred 
 solace in the following formula: — " Tlie king to his 
 beloved and faithful Anthony de Lucy, warden of the 
 castle of Carlisle, greeting. We command you that you 
 cause to be delivered without delay the quarter of the 
 body of Andrew de Hercla, which hangs by the command 
 
 of the Lord Edward, late king of England, our father, 
 upon the walls of the said castle, to our beloved Sarah, 
 formerly the wife of Robert de Lcyburn, sister to the 
 aforesaid Andrew, to whom we of our grace have granted 
 that she may collect together the bones of the same 
 Andrew, and commit them to holy sepulture, whenever 
 she wishes, or to her attorney. And this you shall in 
 no wise omit. Witness the king at York, the tenth 
 day of August, by the king himself." The like letters 
 were directed to the authorities of the towns in which the 
 earl's remains had been exposed. The record of this 
 mandate is on the Close Roll of the tenth year of King 
 Edward III., among the great chancery records of the 
 country. On the attainder of Sir Andrew Hercla, as 
 above-mentioned, the manor of Hartley was granted to 
 the Nevilles of Eaby, who sold it to Sir Thomas Mus- 
 grave. Knight, in whose posterity it still continues. Sir 
 George Musgrave, Bart., being the present lord of the 
 manor. 
 
 The family of Musgrave often resided at Hartley 
 Castle, during which time it was kept in good repair. 
 Nicholson and Burn tell us " it was a noble building, 
 standing upon an eminence, and overlooking the village 
 of Hartley, the town of Kirkby Stephen, and many 
 other villages." Sir Christopher IMusgrave demolished 
 the greater portion of this castle, a few remains of which 
 may still be seen. 
 
 The principal landowners are Sir George Musgrave, 
 Bart.; Thomas Robinson, Esq., Matthew, Chamley; 
 Mr. C. Harkcr; with some other small proprietors. 
 
 KIRKBY STEPHEN PARISH. 
 
 Tins parish is bounded on the north by the parishes of Brough and Warcop, on the west by those of Crosby Garret 
 and Ravenstonedale, and on the south and east by Yorkshire. It is very extensive, being about ten miles in length, 
 and averaging about five in breadth. The district is rugged and uneven, consisting of lofty fells, hills, and valleys. 
 The river Eden rises at the southern extremity of the parish, receiving in its course many tributary streams: the 
 Smardale rivulet flows down its western side, and on its northern limit is the river Belo ; there are also a number of 
 small becks. The hind in the valleys is tolerably fertile, and some of the higher lands and fells afford good pasturage 
 for cattle. The parish comprises the townships of Kirkby Stephen, Hartley, Kaber, Nateby, Smardale, Wailby, 
 Warton, and Wiuton, and the two chiipclries of Mallerstang and Soulby, whose united area is 27,921 acres. 
 Lead, copper, and a variety of minerals are found iu this parish. 
 
 KIBKBV STRl'HEN. 
 
 The area of this township is ;},.')22 acres, and. its 
 rateable value £2,925 lis. 3J. The population in ISOl 
 was 1,141; in 1811, 1,235; in 1621, 1.312; in 1831, 
 1,100; iu li^ll, 1,315; and in 1851, 1,339; who are 
 principally resident in the town of Kirkby Stephen. 
 Agriculture is the principal employment. The manor 
 
 of Kirkby Stephen in the time of Roger Lord Clifford 
 was held by his family as parcel of the manor of 
 Brough ; part of it has been sold oil", and it now belongs 
 to Sir Richard Tufton, Bart., Sir George Musgrave, 
 Bart., and iho Earl of Lonsdale. Courts are geuerally 
 held by each lord annually. The landowners are 
 Matthew Thompson, Esq.; Miss Thompson; Matthew
 
 742 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 Robinson, Esq.; James Brougbaru, Esq. ; Mrs. Stowell ; 
 Messrs. Isaac Sowerbv, Joseph and John Thompson, 
 and minj smaller proprietors. The soil in this town- 
 ship is a good fertile loam. The EJen Valley railway 
 terminates a little south of the town, on the Kendal 
 road. A station is in course of erection, which will 
 serve for the Eden Vulley line as well as for the North 
 Durham and Lancaster. 
 
 THE TOWN OF KIRKBY STETHEN. 
 
 The ancient market town of Kirkby Stephen is 
 situated on the left bank of the Eden, eleven miles 
 south east from Appleby, and consists principally of 
 one long street, e.ttending from north to south. The 
 houses have a clean and respectable appearance. Of 
 the foundation of the town we possess no authentic 
 information. Its name, Kirkby Stephen, or the church 
 town of Stephen, brings us back to the time of the 
 Danish settlements in this part of Euglaud, but whether 
 a town existed here previous to their coming we have 
 now no means of ascertaining. In the 25th Edward III. 
 (13.51-3) Roger de CUtTord, baron of Westmoreland, 
 obtained a charter for a market to be held here on 
 Friday, and two yearly fairs on St. Mark's and St. 
 Luke's Days, and the day following. James L, by his 
 charter, in lOOR, granted to George Earl of Cumber- 
 land, instead of the foregoing markets and fairs, " one 
 market on Monday and two faire yearly ; one on the 
 Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday after Whitsuntide, 
 and the other on the two days ne.Kt before the feast of 
 St. Luke, and on that feast day, with a court of 
 piepowder, tolls, toUagcs, and other jurisdiction there- 
 unto belonging." In accordance with this charter the 
 market is still held on Monday, and is well attended. 
 The Whitsuntide fair is obsolete : but St. Luke's fair 
 is noted for a very extensive show of sheep, and is 
 proclaimed by the lord's bailiff with the usual formali- 
 ties. Two other fairs for sheep and cattle are held 
 here in spring, viz., on the Monday before March 20th, 
 and April 24th ; there is also one on the 2"Jth of Octo- 
 ber. The horse fair, held on the day previous to 
 Brough Hill fair, is the largest. The market-place, 
 ■which is tolerably spacious, has a middle row of shops, 
 and on its north side a convenient market-house and 
 piazza, called the cloister, on account of its being raised 
 over the entrance to the churchyard. It was erected 
 in 1810. The upper part of the building rests on eight 
 stone pillars. The markets and fairs of Kirkby Stephen 
 seem to have been of considerable importance for a 
 lengthened period. Hollinshed, in his chronicles, 
 published in 1577, mentions one of the spring fairs. 
 Burn and- Xicolson say that " Kirkby Stephen is a 
 
 considerable market town, noted for the sale of a great 
 number of stockings knit there and in the neighbour- 
 hood," for many years this species of manufacture has 
 ceased to be of any importance. About sixty years ago 
 an attempt was made to establish a manufactory of coarse 
 woollen hats here, and about the same time a cotton 
 mill was attempted, but without success. A tannery 
 was also commenced here, but with no better result. 
 The curfew is still rung in Kirkby Stephen. 
 
 THE CHUBCH. 
 
 The parish church, dedicated to St. Stephen, is a 
 venerable structure, consisting of nave, aisle, north and 
 south transepts, chancel, and a lofty tower, containing 
 four bells. The nave is in a very dilapidated state, but 
 the other parts of the church have been recently restored. 
 The chancel was rebuilt by subscription in 18-47, at a 
 cost of £1,990, half of which was contributed by the 
 vicar. The chapel belonging to Hartley Castle was 
 restored in 1849, by Sir George Musgrave, Bart., at an 
 expense of £300 ; and the Wiiarton chapel was rebuilt 
 by subscription in 1850. During these restorations 
 several antiquities, S:c., were discovered. Previous to 
 the rebuilding of the chancel there stood under the 
 arch, which divided the chancel from the Hartley 
 chapel, a tomb, wLicli has been removed to the north- 
 west corner of that chapel, its site being required for a 
 pillar. It is a fine altar tomb, ornamented with carved 
 niches on each side, but the figures which stood in 
 them are defaced. On the tomb is the recumbent 
 figure of a knight in armour; his gauntletted hands 
 being uplifted in the attitude of prayer. It is tradi- 
 tionally said to be the tomb of Sir Andrew Hercla, who 
 was beheaded by Edward IT. (see page 740). At the 
 time of the removal two skeletons were discovered in a 
 vault under the tomb. The bones were re-interred in 
 an old stone coffin, which had been taken out of the 
 ground on the south side of llie tomb thirty years 
 previous, when some workmen were repairing the floor. 
 It should be stated, that it is the opinion of many that 
 the efiigy just mentioned is that of some member of the 
 ilusgrave family, to whom, as owners of Haitley Castle, 
 the chapel belongs. At the time of rebuilding the 
 chancel, on raising the old flags, the foundation of an 
 old Norman wall, which ran across the chancel, were 
 discovered, and is supposed to be all that remains of the 
 Norman church which formerly stood upon the site 
 occupied by the present church. In the chapel 
 belonging to Wharton Hall is an elaborate altar tomb, 
 on which recline three full-length figures of Thomas, 
 the first Lord Wharton, the hero of SoUom Moss, in 
 complete armour, who died in 1508; on his right side
 
 KIRKBY STEPHEN PARISH. 
 
 743 
 
 is Eleanor, his first wife, and on his left, Anno, his 
 second wife. On the west end of the tomb is the 
 inscription. 
 
 "Thomas Whartonns, jaceo hie, hie ntrnque conjnx; 
 Elionora, suuin hiiic, liino hahel Aniin locum; 
 Eu lilii, terra, tuum, cornea ac ossa resume ; 
 In coclos aninias, tu Deus alme, tumu." 
 
 Which has been thus paraphrased : — 
 
 " I, Thomas Wharton, here do lie, 
 Willi my two wives beside me, 
 Ellen the first, and Anno the next, 
 In Iljnien's bands who tied me. 
 Knrih, resume tliy flesh and bones, 
 Which back to thee are given, 
 .\nd thou, God, receive oar souls, 
 To live with thee in heaven." 
 
 In Hartley chnpel is a gravestone with tliis inscrip- 
 tion— •"Ilic jacet Ricardus JMusgiave, miles, juxta 
 Elizabethain, uxorem suam, et Tbomam filium, et 
 hajrcdem eorum ; qui obiit ix" die nieusis Novembris, 
 anno Domini ii"cccc°i.xnii'', cujus animiu propitietur 
 Deus. Amen." — (Here lies Richard Musgrave, Knt., 
 near Elizabeth, his wife, and Thomas, their son and 
 heir; who died on the 9th day of November, 1404. 
 On whose soul may God have mercy. Amen.) 
 
 In the time of William the Conqueror the church of 
 Kirkby Stephen was in the patronage of Ivo de Tailbois, 
 who granted it to the abbot and convent of St. Mary at 
 York, who continued to hold it till the period of the 
 Dissolution, when it was given to Sir Richard Mus- 
 grave, Kilt., of Hartley, with the advowson of the 
 vicarage, in 1,")47. In the following year Sir Richard, 
 in consideration of £'27\, granted to Thomas Lord 
 Wharton nil the rectory and advowson, with the excep- 
 tion of the tithes of corn nnJ hay of Hartley, Soulby, 
 and Kaber. Thomas Lord Wharton sold the advowson 
 to Matthew Smales, Esq., whose daughter Jane brought 
 it in marriage to the Clmytor family, from whom it 
 descended to the Rev. T. P. Williamson, who sold it to 
 the Rev. Henry King, the present vicar. Tho impro- 
 priators at present are the Earl of Lonsdale, Sir G. 
 JIusgravc, Bart., John Wakefield, Esq., and various 
 other landowners. In the early part of the thirteenth 
 century it was decreed that tho vicarage, which had 
 been previously taxed at a hundred shillings, should in 
 future enjoy tho whole altarage, with all the appur- 
 tenances of tho said eli;iiicel and its chapels, except a 
 small portion of the tithes ; and that the vicar, who was 
 also to have u good manse and eight o.xgangs of laud, 
 should pay out of the wliole of his revenues an annual 
 quit rent of twenty shillings to the abbey of St. Mary 
 
 at York, and sustain all archidiaconal charges. In 
 1318 the vicarage was valued at JJO, and in 1 jo5 it is 
 entered in the Iving's Book at i'48 18s. od., but it is 
 now worth about £'400. The tithes have been com- 
 muted for i;;J0O ; glebe, £100. 
 
 VicAHS. — Thomas de Capella, 1202 ; Thomas de Leycester, 
 liiOl ; Henry de Killington, 1318 ; John de Boiel, 1:J1U ; John 
 de Bowes, 133U; John de Uanby, 136'-,* ; I'eler de Jlorland, 
 1370; John de Brudderford, 1380; Thomas Warcop occurs 
 U32; Peter Vaux, 15C3 ; Pereival Wharton, 1DG3; John Swin- 
 bank, lo08 ; Anthony 'Wetherell occurs Kiu'O ; Francis Higgin- 
 
 sou, ; Joshua Stoplbrd, 1CG3; John Raniet, 1073; Samuel 
 
 Shaw, 1081; John Atkinson, 1091; Henry Eycroft, 1733; 
 Alderson Hartley, 1710; Wm. Fawcet, 1755; Henry Chnytor, 
 
 1759; — Cookson, ; Thomas P. Williamson, ; E. 
 
 Serjeantson, lS3o; Henry King, 1841. 
 
 The vicarage is a plain structure, situated on the 
 east side of the church. 
 
 The Independents have a chapel in the New Inn 
 Yard, purchased in 1810, and previously occupied by 
 the Sandemanians and Baptists. 
 
 The Wesleyan Centenary Chapel, erected in 1839, is 
 a neat structure, with school attached ; there is also a 
 small burial ground. 
 
 SCHOOLS, &c. 
 
 Kirkby Stephen Grammar School was founded in 
 1550, by Thomas Lord Wharton, under letters patent 
 granted for that purpose by Queen Elizabeth. The 
 founder endowed it with the aueieut rectorydiouse, 
 gardens, and buildings adjacent, besides the yearly rent- 
 charges of £\)i for the master, 203. 8d. for the usher, 
 and £0 13s. 4d. to two exhibitioners, to be sent to 
 O.xford or Cambridge, to have each .CU Os. 8d. a year 
 for seven years. These sums, amounting to .t'20 per 
 annum, were to be paid out of the corn tithes of Kirkby 
 Stephen and '^^'iutou : but in 1730, by a decree in 
 Chancery, they were ordered to be piid out of the tithes 
 of Winton, then belonging to Robert Lowther, Esq., pur- 
 chaser of the resiJeuce of the Wharton estate, and now 
 to the Earl of Lonsdale, as his successor. During the 
 confusion of the Duke of Wharton's atl'airs, tho school 
 was closed eleven years, after which an arrear of i'iJSO 
 was recovered, and expended in repairing tho school 
 and master's house, and in tho purchase of a field near 
 tho south end of tho town, now worth i'lO a year. An 
 annual rent-charge of i'O was subsequently be<|uealhed 
 to tho school by Sir Thomas Wharton, to be paid out 
 of an estate at Xateby. In 10"-,'3 tho Rev. John Knew- 
 stiible bequeathed to St. John's College, Cambridge, an 
 annuity of i'5, to be paid there to a poor scholar from 
 this school, till he "bo of standing to take the degree 
 of master of arts ; " after which another is to be nomi- 
 nated by tho vicar and schoolmaster. Tho school is
 
 744 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 open to all thi boys of the town and ueighbourhood 
 for grammar, the master receiving live shillings per 
 quarter for other subjects of education. 
 
 There is also a boarding and day school for ladies in 
 the town. 
 
 The Temperance Hall and Literary Institution is a 
 neat structure, erected by subscription in 1856, at a 
 cost of about .£000. The hall is spacious, and has a 
 gallery at the end. The library and reading-room are 
 well supplied with books, periodicals, papers, &c. 
 
 There is a book club and reading-room in the market- 
 place, and also a book club at the rost-ollice. 
 
 CaAMTlES. 
 
 John, Eleanor, and William Tlioynpson's Charities. — 
 John Thompson, by will, in 1718, gave £100 to be 
 laid out in land, the rent of which he directed should 
 be employed as follows : — Half for helping poor children 
 in Kirkby Stephen to learning, and the other half for 
 helping some of the poorest boys in the same town to 
 trades. He also directed that his executors should 
 take care that £40 was provided by them for the poor 
 of Kirkby Stephen, and that the interest should be 
 given to them every year, at Christmas time. Eleanor 
 Thompson, by will, in 1747, gave to the poor of Kirkby 
 Stephen, for ever, the sum of £ 10, the interest of which 
 was to be distributed yearly to the uses mentioned 
 above. The sum total of these charities, £180, was 
 further increased by £11 given by William Thompson, 
 and this £191 was expended in the purchase of land, 
 the rent of which is distributed as above directed. 
 
 Dorothy Munkhouse's Charily, and Jane Hartleys 
 Charity. — Dorothy Munkhouse, by will, dated 2nd 
 June, 1755, gave the interest of £50, for ever, for the 
 purchase of si.\ loaves of bread to be given in the parish 
 church of Ivirkby Stephen every Sunday, to six poor 
 persons residing within the parish. Jaue Hartley, in 
 1713, left £100, the interest of which she directed 
 should be given in bread to the poor. 
 
 Philip [Valler's Charity. — The particulars of Philip 
 Waller's bequest of £3 ISs. yearly, for bread to the 
 poor of this parish, have been fuUy given in our account 
 of the parish of B rough. 
 
 Robert Barnett's Charily. — Robert Barnett, about the 
 j-ear 1780, gave £100 Four-per-cent Stock, the interest 
 to be given away in six threepenny loaves weekly, to 
 six poor persons of the parish. 
 
 Nelson and Bliss's Charity. — Joseph Nelson, of 
 Kirkby Stephen, being desirous of granting a rent 
 charge of £2 12s. a year, to be applied iu the purchase 
 of six twopenny loaves weekly throughout the year, to 
 be distributed amongst certain poor persons of the 
 
 parish, died without being able to carry his design 
 into elTect, whereupon AVilliam Bliss, as a token of his 
 respect and esteem for the memory of the said Joseph 
 Xelson, granted an annuity of £2 12s. a year, arising 
 out of his close at Millriggs, within the towntields of 
 Penrith, upon trust, to lay out the same for the pur- 
 chase of si.x twopenny loaves, and to distribute the 
 same every Sunday to poor persons belonging to the 
 parish. 
 
 John Waller's Charity. — John Waller, by will, dated 
 30th July, 1808, gave to the vicar, churchwardens, and 
 overseers of the parish of Kirkby Stephen, £1 ,000 Four- 
 per-cent Consols, for the poor of that parish, the interest 
 to be paid half-yearly, as the dividends should become 
 due, and to be distributed in such portions as they 
 should think best. By the payment of £100 legacy 
 duty, this bequest was reduced to £900, the dividends 
 for which are received regularly ; but the distribution 
 is only made once a year, when the different officers of 
 the parish meet for that purpose. The overseer of each 
 township receives the share allotted to him for distri- 
 bution, and it is given away in each township to the 
 poor who need it. 
 
 Ann Thompson's Charity. — By indenture, dated 27th 
 June, 1821, enrolled in Chancery, Ann Thompson 
 charged certain property belonging to her with the 
 payment of £G a year, for the purchase of bread for the 
 poor ot Kirkby Stephen parish ; and also with the pay- 
 ment of a like sum, for the same purpose, for the benefit 
 of the poor of the townships of Laugdalc and Tebay, iu 
 the parish of Orton. 
 
 Highmore's Charily.— For the particulars of this 
 charity see Wealthy and Smardalc school. 
 
 Lord Wharton's Charity. — The vicar of Kirkby 
 Stephen annually receives, on account of this charity, 
 forty bibles and forty-eight catechisms, together with 
 10s. for distribution, and every third year the further 
 sum of 10s. for a sermon. He distributes the bibles 
 and catechisms to the most deserving poor. 
 
 Edward Barnett's Charity. — In the parliamentary 
 returns of 1780 it is stated that Edward Barnett gave 
 £20 to the poor of this parish. This charity appears 
 to have been lost. 
 
 For the other charities of the parish see the different 
 townships. 
 
 rooR-LAW uxio:j. 
 
 The East Ward Poor-law Union has its workhouse in 
 lurkby Stephen. The union is divided into three sub- 
 districts, viz., Appleby, comprising Newbiggiu, ilil- 
 bourne. Temple Sowerby, Ivirkby Thoro, Long ]Marton, 
 Duftou, Crackenthorpe, Murtou, Hilton, Bougate,
 
 KIKKBY STEPHEN TARISH. 
 
 745 
 
 Appleby, Scaltergate, Colby, Barrels, Hoff and Row, 
 Drybeck, ami Onnsidc ; Kirkby Stoplicn, including 
 Warcop, Great Musgrave, Brough, Ililbeck, Staininore, 
 Brough Sowerby, Kaber, Winton, Hartley, Kirkby 
 Stephen, Nateby, Wbarton, Mallorstang, Sinardale, 
 Waitby, Soulby, Little Musgrave, and Crosby Garret; 
 Orton, embracing Ravenstonedale, Orton, and Asby. 
 The area of the union is 177,910 statute acres. Its 
 population in 1851 was 13,000, of whom 0,830 were 
 males and 0,830 females. The number of inhabited 
 houses at tlic same period was 2,821, of uninhabited 
 147, and twelve were in course of erection. The receipts 
 of the union for the year ending the 2Sth March, 1859, 
 amounted to £'3,839 3s. 8d. ; the expenditure for the 
 same period was £'3,898 173. lid. 
 
 KABEK. 
 
 Kaber township comprises an area of 3,962 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £1,950 14s. The number of inhabi- 
 tants in 1801 was 135; in 1811, 152; in 1821, 101; 
 in 1831, 180 ; in 1841, 214 ; and in 1851, 207. The 
 Durham and Lancaster railway passes through the 
 south-east end of the township. 
 
 The first recorded possessor of the manor of Kaber 
 is Piobort de Kabergh, who lived in the reign of Henry 
 IL Another Robert de Kabergh occurs in the reign of 
 King John; and in the 8tli Edward II. (1314-15), an 
 Alan do Kabergh, who held Kaber by homage, fealty, 
 and I7s. 8d. cornage. In the ne.xt king's reign we find 
 Kaber, or at least a part of it, in the jjossession of 
 Thomas do Uookby, who obtained from Ivlward IV. a 
 grant of free warren in his lands there ; ani in the 31st 
 of the same king's reign (1357-8), John de Rookby levied 
 a fine of the moiety of the manor of Kaber ; or rather, 
 as is observed by Nicolson and Burn, " this seems to 
 denote the vill.ige of Rookby as being part of the manor 
 of Kaber at large." The Fulthorps next occur as holders 
 of the manor, possessing it from the 43rd Edward III. 
 (1309-70) till the first Philip and Mary (1554). It came 
 afterwards to the Wandesfortiis of Kirklington, in the 
 county of York, by whom it was conveyed, in the 2iid 
 James I. (1004-5), to Robert Wadeson of YatVorth, in 
 the said county ; and in the fifteenth year of the same 
 king's reign, John Wadeson, afterwards Sir John Wade- 
 son, Knt., in consideration of the sum of i'1,200, sold 
 the manor of Kaber to Robert Jackson, of Brough; 
 'J'honias Robinson, of Xateby : Robert Ilindmore, of 
 Kirkby Stephen ; and Anthony Fothergill, of Tranna- 
 hill, in Ravenstonedale, in trust for the inhabitants and 
 landowners. Sir Richard Tufton, Bart., Rev. John 
 Dickinson, Rev. Sawnrd Ileelis, the Trustees of the 
 late John Jlorland, Miss Patlinson, Joseph Thompson, 
 
 69 
 
 WLlliara Dent, and John Moreland, ar6 the principal 
 landowners. 
 
 The village of Kaber is two and a half miles north- 
 northeast of Kirkby Stephen. Here is a small Primi- 
 tive Jlethodist chapel, erected in 1859. In 1003, after 
 the restoration of Charles II., au insurrection of the 
 republican party was intended, and a great number of 
 the disaffected party held their meetings at Kaber Rigg, 
 where several of them were taken prisoners by the 
 militia, and afterwards executed at Appleby, for joining 
 in this conspiracy, called the Kaber Rigg Plot. A 
 cattle fair, established here in 1833, is held on the 
 Friday before Hawes fair, which is held on the last 
 Tuesday in February. 
 
 Higher Scales and Rookby are two villages in this 
 township, the former, three miles north-east of Kirkby 
 Stephen, and the latter two miles. 
 
 This township is in the south division of Stainmore 
 Forest, and being mostly on the south side of the river 
 Belo, is principally in the parish of Brough. 
 
 CHAEIir. 
 
 Kaher School. — The only evidence we have been able 
 to obtain respecting the origin of this school is afforded 
 by an ancient document in the possession of the trustees, 
 which states that several of the inhabitants of Kaber 
 and others promised to pay upon demand various sums 
 of money therein specified, from X'l to £3 each, towards 
 purchasing a house and croft for the use of a free school, 
 and that Thomas Widler, the elder, of Kaber, did pro- 
 mise to give to the maintaining of the same £125, which 
 will produce £7 10s. per annum, to be paid to the 
 master yearly. The subscriptions of the parties 
 mentioned in this document amounted to £34 10s. 
 These sums were increased by £5, left by Miles 
 Monkhouse, in 1725 ; £20, left by George Petty, in 
 1744; and £50, left by Anthony Morland, in 1703. 
 The income of tho school is now about £11 a year; 
 the first bequest having been long lost. Tho number of 
 children in attendance is about twenty. 
 
 NATEBT. 
 
 The area of Nateby township is 9,075 acres, and its 
 rateable value £977 Os. 8d. The population in 1801 
 was 108; in 1811, 111 ; in 1821, 140; in 1831, 130; 
 in 18U, 108; and in 1851, 103; who arc chiefly 
 resident in the village of Nateby. Agriculture is the 
 principal employment. The Durham and Lancaster 
 railway goes through a portion of this township. 
 
 Nothing is recorded of the manor of Nateby previous 
 to the 8th Edward IL (1314-15) when we find Nicolas 
 do Hastings holding the manors of Nateby and Crosby
 
 746 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 Eavensworth. Nateby continued in his family till tho 
 roign of Henry VIII., when it passed to Thomas 
 "Wharton, ono of whose successors sold it to Ilobert 
 Lowther, Esq., from whom it has descended to its 
 present owner, the Earl of Lonsdale, besides whom 
 Sir George Musgrave, Bart., Rev. J. Boyd, Thomas R. 
 Itakeshall, Mrs. Robinson, the trustees of the late John 
 Morland, Robert Waistell, and Thomas Clesby are the 
 principal landowner. 
 
 The village of Xatoby is about a mile south-by-east 
 of Kirkby Stephen, and is supposed to have derived its 
 name from having been, in feudal times, the residence 
 of the Xativi, or bondmen of the lords of Pendragon 
 Castle. It occupies a romantic situation on the east 
 side of the Eden, near Stenkrith Bridge, where the 
 river forms a loud foaming cataract, falling to a con- 
 siderable depth, amidst numerous broken and hanging 
 rocks. About two and a half miles east of the village 
 is the lofty mountain. Nine Standards, so called on 
 account of some stones set up there to mark the 
 boundary of AVestraoreland and Yorkshire. There is 
 no school at Nateby, though there is an endowment of 
 £5 15s. a year, arising from .£20 given many years ago 
 to the township for educational purposes, and which 
 is now invested in land. The children go to Kirkby 
 Stephen Grammar School. 
 
 SirARD.VLE. 
 
 Sniardale contains 1,735 acres, and its rateable value 
 is £530 Is. 8d. It contained in 1801, 39 inhabitants ; 
 in 1811, 57; in 1821, u5 ; in 1831,52; in 1841, 35; 
 and in 1851, 30. 
 
 Thomas de Helbeck, who held this manor in the 
 reign of Edward I., sold it to a family who. assuming 
 the local name, styled themselves De Smardale. It 
 subsequently became the property of Sir Andrew de 
 Hercla but alter his attainder came again to the Smar- 
 dales. This family ended in a daughter, who brought 
 the manor in marriage to Thomas, son of John Warcop, 
 who held it in the reign of Richard II. The Warcops 
 continued to hold the manor till the reign of Elizabeth, 
 when the family terminated in two daughters, co-heirs, 
 the eldest of whom, Frances, brought Smardale in 
 marriage to Sir John Dalston, Kot., of Dalston, in 
 Cumberland. The manor is now held by John Wake- 
 field, Esq., in addition to whom Matthew Thompson, 
 Esq., is the principal landowner. Smardale Hall is now 
 a farm-house. There is a corn mill in the township. 
 
 The hamlet of Smardale is situated in a deep vale 
 between Crosby Fell and Ash FelL Near the hall is a 
 place called Chapel Well, where there was formerly a 
 small chapel. 
 
 WAITBY. 
 
 The area of Waitby is 979 acres, and its rateable 
 value £'527 3s. 6d. The population in 1801 was 00; 
 in 1811, 58; in 1821, 10: in 1831, 41; in 1841, 54; 
 and in 1851, 54. The Durham and Lancaster Railway 
 runs through a part of the township. 
 
 In the old records the name of this manor is some- 
 times written Wadeby, and sometimes Waldeby, mean- 
 ing the seat of Waldevo or Waltheof. In the reign of 
 King John mention is made of a Torphin de Wadeby, 
 whose daughter, i\Iaude, grante 1 all her lands in West- 
 moreland to Robert de Veteripont in 12nC-7. Shortly 
 after this the manor of Waitby appears to have been 
 divided into moieties, and the name of a male member 
 of tho De Wadeby family, Gilbert de Wadeby, clericus, 
 appears for the last time. In 1309-10 AVilliam de 
 Dacre held a moiely of tho manor. Five years later 
 Henry de Warthcop appears as the holder of the other 
 moiety. In 1317-18, Robert Parving held a moiety of 
 Waitby; and in 1309-70, William de Dacre levied a fine 
 ot a moiety of the manor, the other moiety being held 
 by Robert Parving, Helena Huthwayt, and William de 
 Thwayts. . In 1391-2, and again in 1 102-3, WiUiam.de 
 Strickland occurs as holding a moiety of the manor. In 
 1422 the manor was held in moieties by William de 
 Lowther and J ialph Earl of Westmoreland ; and in 
 1452-3, Lord Latimer and Thomas Bcauchamp occur 
 as owners. From this time we have no further notice 
 of the manor till the 10th Henry VII. (1503-4), when 
 we find Thomas Blenkinsop holding a moiety, which 
 had been held by his father previously. In 1520-7 
 .John Bell, John Huton, the heirs of Thomas Mus- 
 grave, and Thomas Lancaster, in right of their wives, 
 daughters, and co-heirs of Thomas Beauehamp, held a 
 moiety of the manor of Waitby, and Geoffrey Lancaster 
 the other moiety. After this we have no particular 
 account till the reign of James H., when Sir John 
 Lowther, of Sockbridge, w^ho married one of the co-heirs 
 of the Lancasters, sold the lands, consisting of thirty- 
 three tenements, to freehold; and in 1713 his son, 
 James Lowther, Esq., of Whitehaven, sold the manor 
 to Richard Monkhouse, of Winton, from the executors 
 of whose descendants it was purchased by the Rev. John 
 Adamthwaite, and it is now held by John Wakefield, 
 Esq. The landowners are Matthew Thompson, Esq. ; 
 Miss Thompson, Isaac Sowerby, Mrs. Atkinson, and 
 iliss Waller. 
 
 The village of Waitby is about a mile and a half west- 
 by-south of Kirkby Stephen. Tradition tells us that in 
 ancient times there was a market town here, with a 
 castle, chapel, and cemetery. Traces of tho castle are 
 still to be seen at a place called Castle Carrock Hill ; it
 
 KIRKBr STEPHEN PARISH. 
 
 747 
 
 appears to have been surrounded with a moat and ram- 
 part. During tlie division of the Intaek among the 
 various cattlogate owners, the foundations of the chapel 
 were laid bare, the stones being dug up and used in the 
 erection of a wall. It appears to have consisted of a 
 nave and chancel, in the Early English stylo. The out- 
 line of the cetiietery may still be traced. In a rental of 
 the estates of Philip Lord AVliartou, in the latter end of 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth, mention is made of a 
 place called Abbot Hall, at Waitby, then in the tenure 
 of the wife of James Hindmore. Can this have any 
 reference to the castle, chapd, &c., just meutiouod i' 
 
 cu.vKiiy. 
 School. — Townships of Waithy and Smardale. — -James 
 Highmore, of London, some time previous to the 31st 
 August, 1082, erected a school at Waitby, and endowed 
 it with £100 for the instruction of the poor children of 
 Waitby and Smardale, of both ses.es, in reading and 
 writing, English, and Latin grammar; he also, by his 
 will, dated 23rd July, 1G84, gave the further sum of 
 £300 to be invested in land for the maintenance of the 
 said school, and for the providing of twelve twopenny 
 loaves, which he directed should be given every Sunday 
 to twelve poor widows, being si.\ty years of age and 
 upwards. With the £100 thus acquired land was pur- 
 chased at Cautleylhwaite, near Sedbergh, now let for 
 forty-five guineas a year, out of which the sura of 
 £5 4s. is distributed as directed among poor widows, 
 and the remainder paid to the schoolmaster. About 
 twenty-five children of both se.xes attend this school. 
 
 WIIAKTON. 
 
 Wharton township comprises an area of 1,183 acres, 
 and its rateable value is £678 8s. Cd. The number of 
 inhabitants in 1801 was 80; in 1811, C7 ; in 1821, 
 81; in 1831, 70; in 1841, 55; and in 18.')1, 07; who 
 reside in farm-houses dispersed over the township, 
 which is about two miles south of Kirkby Stefhen. 
 
 Wo have no information relating to Wharton previous 
 to the reign of Edward I., when we find it held by a 
 family bearing the local name. One of these Whartons 
 married a daughter of Philip Hastings, of CrogUn, in 
 Cumberland, and in consequence obtained a share in 
 that manor, and subse(iuently came into possession of 
 tlio whole. By an inquisition taken in the 3rd Edward 
 II. (1309-1(1) we find that Henry do Wharton held of 
 llobert ClilTord the manor of Wharton, paying for 
 cornage Os. a year. In the lOtb Richard II. (1391-2) 
 and again in theMth Henry IV. (1402-3) William de 
 Wharton occurs as holding th'- manor of Wharton, 
 paying coruage as above. In the 10th Henry V. 
 
 (1422) Henry de Wharton held the manor of John do 
 Clifford. The following pedigree, certified at the 
 herald's visitation in 1585, will show the subsequent 
 descent of the manor : — 
 
 22tbarions of 5!lharimt. 
 Making no mention of the various members cf 
 the family noticed above, and of others who occur as 
 presenting to the living of Crogliu, the pedigree begins 
 with 
 
 Thomas Wharton, who lield the manor of Wliarton in 1453-3 
 of Thomas de Cliffurd. About which time begins also the pedi- 
 gree of the family of the Whartons of Kirby Thore, who descended 
 from John Wharton, probably a younger brother of this family. 
 Thomas Whaiton mairied a Lowther of Lowther, and by her 
 had issue, 
 
 Henky Whaeton, who married Alice, daughter of Sir John 
 Conyers, Knt., of Hornby, and had issue, 
 
 Thomas, who married Agnes, daughter of Eeginald Warcop, 
 of Smardale, and by her had issue, 
 I. Thomas, his heir. 
 II. Christopher. 
 
 I. Joan, married to .lolm Fullhorp, of Hipswell. 
 n. Florence, married to Thomas Forster, of Ederston. 
 
 He was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Sir Thomas Whaktox, Knt., wlio, in consequence of his vic- 
 tory over the Scots at SoUom Moss, was created a baron by 
 Henry VIII. Sir Thomas was twice married. By his first wife, 
 Eleanor, daughter of Sir Bryan Stapletou, Knt., of Wighill, he 
 had issue, besides two other children, 
 
 I. TnoMAS, his heir. 
 
 II. Sir Ileiiry Wbnrton, Knt., who married Joan, daughter of 
 Tlionms ilulivcrer, of Allertou. 
 
 I. .^giics, married to Sir Richard JInsgrave, Knt.. 
 
 II. Joan, married to William Pennington. 
 
 By his second wife, -Vnne, daughter of George Earl of Shrews- 
 bury, he had no issue. 
 
 Thomas, second lord Wharton, married .\nne, daughter of 
 Robert Dcvoieiuc, earl of Esses, and died in 157'.!, leaving issue, 
 I. Philip. 
 II. James. 
 
 PniLir, third lord Wharton, married twice. His first wife was 
 Frances, daughter of Henry CUiTord, earl of Cumberland, by 
 whom he had issue, 
 
 I. Sir George Wharton, Knt., who married Aune, daughter of 
 
 John Manners, earl of Rutland, but died without issue, in 
 
 ItiOtf. 
 
 II. Thomas, who nmrried Phllndclpliin, daughter of Sir Robert 
 
 Cary, Knt.. and died in bis fniher's Uretime, leaving issue, 
 
 I. Philip, who succeeded to the title and inlicrituncc. 
 
 1. Fnuicisca, married to Sir Itii-luird Miisgriive, Bart. 
 
 2. Margaret, married to 'I'lioiiittS Lord Wooion. 
 
 3. Kleuuor, married lu William Thwa.Mes, Esq., of Long 
 
 Slorsloii, CO. York. 
 His lordship's second wife was Dorothy, dangbler of — Colbie, 
 ]':sq., and by her he had a sod, Henry. Ue was succeeded by 
 his grandson, 
 
 Philip, fourth lord Wharton, colonel of a regiment of borso 
 during the Parliamcntar}' wars, and noted for his activity against 
 the UoyoUsts. Ue was thrice married. Sy his first wife.
 
 748 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 Elizabctb, daughter of Sir Eon'land 'Wandesford, he had a 
 daughter, 
 
 I. Elizabeth, married to Lord 'Willoughby d'Ercsby, and after- 
 wards to Robert Eurl of Lindsay. 
 Ilis second wife was Jane, daugliter of Arthur Goodwin, of 
 Upper Winchendon, Bucks, by whom he had, 
 I. Thomas. 
 II. Goodwin. 
 
 III. Colonel Henry Wiarton. 
 I. Margaret, niurricd to Mnjor Dunch, of Pusey, co. Berks. 
 II. Marv, married to Wiiiiaru Thomas, Esq., eo Glamorgan. 
 III. Pbilttdelphio, married to Sir George Lockhnrt, of Carnwalh. 
 
 His third wife was Anne, daughter of William Carr, Esq., by 
 whom ho had a son, 
 
 I. William, who was killed in a duel. 
 He was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Thomas, lifih lord Wharton, who took an active part in effect- 
 ing the revolution in IdsS, and afterwards in opposing the Tory 
 ministry in Queen Anne's time ; for which services he was 
 created Viscount Winchendon, and Earl of Wharton, and 
 ultimately JIarquis of Wharton. By his first wife, a daughter of 
 Sir Henry Lee, of Dichley, in Oxfordshire, he had no issue. 
 His second wife was Lucy, daughter of John Lisburne, and by 
 her he had issue, 
 
 1. Philip, Ill's heir. 
 
 I. Jane, married to John Holt, Esq., of Redgrave, Suffolk. 
 II. Lucy, married to Sir Willium Morice, Bart. 
 
 On his decease, 
 
 Pnii.ir, his eldest son, succeeded as sixth lord Wharton, and 
 second marquis Wharton, though only in his seventeenth year. 
 This nobleman is described as " a person of unbounded genius, 
 eloquence, and ambition : had all the address and activity of his 
 father, but without his steadiness : violent in parties, and expen- 
 sive in cultivating the arts of popularity; which, indeed, ought 
 to be in some measure charged to his education under such a 
 father, who, it is said, expended ^£80,000 in elections — an 
 immense sura in those days ; by which tho estate became 
 encumbered, and the son was not a person of economy enough 
 to disengage it.'' The young marquis set out in the world a 
 TJoIent Whig, and for his extraordinary services was created 
 Duke of Wharton. After that he set up in opposition to the 
 ministry, then became a Tory, then a Jacobite, then he quitted 
 the country and accepted a commission in the army which the 
 King of Sp.iin was employing against Gibralter. He ended his 
 life in a Bernardine monastery, in Spain, where the charitable 
 monks sheltered this outcast of society, who, as Pope says, 
 " wanted nothing but an honest heart." He died in the thirty- 
 second year of his age, and though thrice married left no issue. 
 
 In 1728 the manor of Wharton was sold to an ancestor 
 of its present owner, the Earl of Lonsdale. The hall, 
 the splendid residence of the Duke of Wharton, has 
 long been in ruins; a small part of it is still occupied as a 
 farm-house. It was a large quadrangular building, with 
 four corner towers, and a central court. The date, 1539, 
 and the arms of the family are on one of the towers. 
 Its p.trk, which was very large, was e.xtended over the 
 ancient village, which was destroyed, and the inhabitants 
 driven to Wharton Dikes, on the opposite side of the 
 
 Eden. About half a mile south of the hall are the 
 ruins of an old building, called Lamerside Castle. The 
 landowners are the Earl of Lonsdale, Matthew Thomp- 
 son, Esq., Mrs. Bowness, and some small proprietors. 
 
 WINTON. 
 
 The area of U'inton township is 3,383 acres, and its 
 rateable value £1,752 15s. 3d. The population in 
 1801 was20;i; in 1811, 252; in 1821, 284; in 1831, 
 2G7; in 184i, 358; and in 1851, 257; who are prin- 
 cipally resident in the village. The soil in tlie vales is 
 fertile. The township is intersected by the Durham 
 and Lancaster railway. 
 
 The manor of Winton has always been held by the 
 lords of Brough b.irony, but several portions of the manor 
 are held by inferior lords ; among others by the Earl of 
 Lonsdale, John AVakefield, Esq., Henry Jackson, Esq., 
 and JIatthew Robinson, Esq. Tho landowners arc 
 Matthew Thompson, Esq. ; Messrs. John Longrigg, 
 junr., Joseph Whiteside, Matthew Robinson, William 
 Hutchinson, junr., John Dodd, Robert liemgill, Isaac 
 Elxlale, and Captain Tinkler, with several small pro- 
 prietors. Winton Hall is now a farmhouse. 
 
 The village of "Winton is one mile north-by-east of 
 Kirkby Stephen. Here is a Baptist chapel, erected 
 about twenty years ago. 
 
 ScJiool. — Winton school was erected in 1G59, by sub- 
 scriptions raised principally through the exertions of 
 the Rev. William Morlaud, who had been ejected from 
 the rectory of Greystoke by Cromwell's commissioners. 
 It was endowed in 1G81. by Robert Waller, witli land 
 at Kaber, now let for £0 a year. In 1722 Richard 
 Jlonkliouse gave, for the better endowment of Winton 
 school, £100, provided the feoffees of the said school 
 for the time being should, within three months after 
 his decease, grant the sole nomination of a schoolmaster 
 on all future vacancies unto his brother, Thomas Monk- 
 house, and his heirs. He also gave £10 towards the 
 repairs of the said school, and 40s. for making a garden, 
 on the waste grounds thereto adjoining. None of tho 
 scholars are taught free, but the master is limited to an 
 average charge of 3s. Od. per quarter for the education 
 of boys and girls. 
 
 About a mile north-by-west from Kirkby Stephen is 
 a neat mansion called Beck Foot, the seat of Dorothy 
 Pattinson. Skelcies is a large estate in this township, 
 the property of ilatthew Robinson, Esq. Part of the 
 house is old, and bears an inscription and the date 
 1094.
 
 JTALLERSTANG CIIAPELEY. 
 
 '19 
 
 Wmton is the birth-place of Dr. Richard Burn, vicar 
 of Orton and chancellor of the diocese of Carlisle, and 
 joint author, with J. Nicolson, Esq., of the "History 
 and Antiquities of the Counties of Westmoreland and 
 
 Cumberland;" and also of Dr. John Langhorne, a pro- 
 liQc writer, who, with his brother AYLliam, translated 
 " Plutarch's Lives." 
 
 M.VLLERSTANG CHAPELRY. 
 
 The chapelry of llallerstang extends from the source of the Eden northwards to within two and a half miles of Kirby 
 Stephen, being nearly five miles in length, and containing the hamlets of Castlethwaite, Hanging Lund, Outh Gill, 
 Short Gill, and Southwaite, with several scattered dwellings dispersed through the deep vale of the Eden, and the 
 secluded glens and thwaites ou either side of that river. This district was anciently a vast forest, inhabited 
 by every description of game. 
 
 Mallcrstang contains 4,0-1-t acres, and its rateable 
 value is £1,37"2 8s. In 1801 it contained 314 inhabi- 
 tants; in 1811, 219; in 1821, 213; in 1831, 256; in 
 1841, 223; and in 1851, 2)4, who are principally 
 engaged in agriculture. In the lower end of the town- 
 ship there is a small coal mine, worked by Messrs. Horn 
 and Brothers. The soil in the vales is fertile ; but the 
 township is principally grazed. 
 
 Before the grant of the barony of Westmorland to 
 Robert do Veteripont, the forest of Mallerstang, with 
 the remainder, belonged to Sir Hugh de Morville, and 
 a large round hill is still known as Sir Hugh Morville's 
 scat, where Anne Countess of Pembroke erected a stone 
 pillar, with an inscription, " a. r. 1001." The castle of 
 Mallerstang, of which more hereafter, is said to have 
 been erected about the time of the landing of the Saxons 
 in this country, by Ulhcr Pendragon. Who this Uther 
 was wo have no means of ascertaining. After the death 
 of John do Veteripont, in the reign of lienry III., the 
 wardship of his son Robert, during his mitibrity, was 
 committed to the Prior of Carlisle, who suffered great 
 wastes to be committed in the estates of the said 
 Robert ; and particularly, as wo learn from an inquisi- 
 tion taken at the period, in the vale of Mallerstang, 
 which was much decayed by the multitude of vaccaries, 
 and cliiclly by the archery of Roger the Forester, and 
 other archers of Lonsdale, by default of the prior, and 
 for want of keeping. After the death of Roger de Clif- 
 ford, in the 1 Itli Edward I. (12S-1.3), it was found, by 
 inquisition, that the forest of JIallerstang, in herbage 
 and agistments, and all other issues, was worth yearly 
 i'14 7s. Gd. In the 8th Edward H. (1311-15) the 
 jurors (Ind, that in the vale of Mallerstang there is one 
 castle, called Pendragon, with avaccary, held by Andrew 
 do Ilercla of the rent of Od. a year ; and si.v vaccaries 
 more, worth 20s. a year each; agistment, worth Od. a 
 
 year; turbary, Cs. 8d. ; pleas and perquisites of court, 
 13s. 4d. In the 15th Edward III. (1341-2), the Scots 
 burned Pendragon Castle to the ground ; and in the 
 30th of the same king's reign (1302-3), Edward granted 
 to Roger ClitTord, in fee, the vaccary called Southwaite, 
 in the forest of Mallerstang. In the reign of Edward 
 IV., during the attainder of Henry Lord Clifford, part 
 of the estate was granted to Sir William Parr, of Kendal 
 Castle ; and after the death of Sir William, his son 
 Thomas being under age and in wardship of the king, 
 the said king granted to Lancelot Wharton the office of 
 bowbearer of Mallerstang in right of his ward. Sir 
 Richard Tufton, Bart., is the present lord of Maller- 
 stang ; besides whom, John Grimshaw, Matthew 
 Thompson, George Blades and Sous, Thomas Cleasby, 
 and Mary Fawcett, with a number of small proprietors 
 and yeomen, are the landowners. 
 
 THE CHAPlil,. 
 
 Mallerstang chapel, which stands near the centre of 
 the township, is of very ancient foundation, and about 
 si.\ty years ago had a burialgiound attached to it. It 
 is now much in need of repairs. After remaining about 
 si.vty years in a state of dilapidation, tiiis chapel wag 
 repaired in 1003, by the Countess of Pembroke, who 
 endowed it with lands at Cautley, near Sedbcrgh, in 
 Yorkshire, then worth I'll a year, which was to be 
 given to the curate, on condition that he teach " the 
 children of the dale to read and write English in the 
 chapel." The property now lets for i'20 a year. In 
 1714 it was augmented with an estate at Gardale, now 
 worth £00 a year, purchased with £100, given by the 
 Earl of Thauet and the governors of Queen Anne's 
 Bounty; the latter of whom, in 1772, gave £200 more, 
 which, with another £200, given by the Countess- 
 dowager Gower, was expended in the purchase of
 
 rso 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 another estate at Cautley, now let for .t'55 a year, so 
 that the living is at present worth, after deducting 
 payments which have to he made by the incumbent, 
 about £100 a year. Sir Richard Tufton, Bart., is 
 patron. The chapel is licensed for burials and baptisms. 
 The burial-ground was consecrated in 1813, by Bishop 
 Goodonough. The registers commence in 1730. 
 
 Incumbents. — Jeoffrey Bowness, ; John Bird, ; 
 
 William Bird, ; John Fawcett, ; Eolicrt IloLinsoD, 
 
 18U. 
 
 CHAIUTIES. 
 
 ScJwol. — It is stated in Nicolson and Burns " His- 
 tory of Westmoreland " that the Countess of Pembroke, 
 in 1G03, repaired the chapel of Mallcrstang, and en- 
 dowed the same, as above, for the maintenance of a 
 person qualified to read prayers, and to teach the 
 children of Malloi-stiing to read, Ac, in the chapel 
 there. This statement is confirmed by an original 
 document, which the Charity Commissioners in their 
 report state to be in the possession of the schoolmaster. 
 The limds thus settled are in the possession of the 
 incumbent, who hires a teacher for the school. There 
 is also £5 from some charity in Loudon. Adam Robin- 
 son, by will, dated September loth, 1813, left two 
 cattle-gates in Aisgill, and other leasehold property, 
 charged with a yearly payment of £-2 out of the rents 
 if they cleared so much, for the purpose of buying 
 school-books for the children attending the chapel 
 school, and also to buy coals for the fire in the said 
 school for those scholars who should not be able to pay 
 for coals. The school is attached to the chapel, and 
 is attended by about twenty-eight children, all of whom 
 are taught free, and supplied with the requisite school- 
 books gratis. 
 
 Middli'lons Chanty. — George Middleton, of Sedbergh, 
 in the county of York, by will, dated 8th May, 178-1, 
 left £'100, the interest of which he directed should be 
 expended iu the purchase of bread, to be distributed 
 weekly, every Sunday, in the chapel of Mallerstang, 
 among such of the poor residing in the said chapelry 
 who should not receive parish relief. 
 
 Hunter's Charity. — Lancelot Hunter, who died in 
 1731, left £10 to the poor of the dale of Mallerstang. 
 This money was laid out, some years ago, in the pur- 
 chase of two cattle-gates in ilallerstang, which now 
 produce generally from 95s. to 28s. each. This money 
 is given away on Christmas Day, with the share of 
 
 John Waller's money, and the interest of the poor stock 
 ne.vt mentioned, to the poor of the township not receiv- 
 ing parish relie.*". 
 
 Poor Stock. — The poor stock consists of the sum of 
 £1 ] , of which the origin is unknown. 
 
 Castlethwaite is a hamlet in this township about four 
 miles south of Kirkby Stephen. Here are the ruins of 
 Pendragon Castle, one of the most interesting relics of 
 antiquity in the county. This castle, formerly the 
 capital seat of the Forest of Mallei-stang, which, as we 
 have already seen, belonged to Sir Hugh de Morville 
 before it was granted to the Veteriponts, was a very 
 strong fortress, the walls being battlemented, and in 
 some parts four yards thick. It was burned by the 
 Scots in 1340, but subsequently restored. It was again 
 laid in ruins in l.jll, and continued in this state till 
 1000, when it was repaired by Anne Countess of Pem- 
 broke ; but in 1685 it was dismantled by the Earl of 
 Thanct, and has since suffered f-o much from age and 
 neglect, that the moulderiug rains of a square tower, 
 which stands on the eastern bank of the secluded vale 
 of Eden, are all that now remain. Its name of Pen- 
 dragon (the dragon's hill) has reference, no doubt, to its 
 site, though why it should be called dragon's hill, we 
 have now no means of ascertaining. We can only con- 
 jecture that tradition located here one of those dragons, 
 or worms, so much spoken of in the old legends. In 
 later times, this stoiy was probably forgotten, and to 
 account for the name, tradition handed over the castle 
 to Uther Pendragon, one of the mystic heroes of Welsh 
 history, and one of the supposed fathers of the world- 
 renowned King Arthur. It is said he built the castle, 
 and attempted to turn the course of the Eden, so as to 
 surround his dwelling with the river ; but iu this he 
 failed, and hence arose the popular rhyme : — 
 
 " Let Uther Pendragon do what he can, 
 Eden will run where Eden ran." 
 
 Besides repairing this ancient structure, the Countess 
 of Pembroke also built the bridge across the liver Eden, 
 near the castle. 
 
 The other hamlets in this chapelry, and their distance 
 from Kirkby Stephen are as follow: — Hanging Lund, 
 sis and a half miles south ; Outhgiil (where the chapel 
 is situated), four and a half miles ; Sbortgill, five miles 
 south ; and Southwaite, three miles south.
 
 SOULBY CHAPELRY. 
 
 751 
 
 SOULBY CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry comprises the township of Soulby, the commons of which were enclosed in 1810. 
 tolerably fertilo. The Edeii Valley riiilway runs through the chapelry. 
 
 The soil here is 
 
 Soulby township comprises an area of 2,495 acres, 
 and its rateable value is £1,921 9s. 2d. The number 
 of inhabitants in 1801 was 237; in 1811, 193; in 
 lft21, 251; in 1831,250; in 1811,300; and in 1851, 
 309 ; who principally reside in the village. 
 
 The first owner of Soulby on record is Henry de 
 Sulleby, or Soulbv, who occurs as a witness to the grant 
 of the advowson of the church of Kirkby Thore by 
 Adam de Kirkby Thore to Robert de Veteripont, in 
 the reign of King -lolin. Several other members of 
 this family occur at different periods down to the reign 
 of Edward II., when the manor appears to have passed 
 to the Musgraves, but how we are not informed. It 
 was afterwards held in moieties by the Musgraves and 
 "U'hartons ; and some property in the manor appears to 
 have been held by the Stricklands and Lowthers ; but 
 from the 10th Henry V. (1422) the manor of Soulby 
 seems invariably to have continued in the !Musgrave 
 family, with the exception of two or three tenements 
 which are held of Smardale Hall, Sir George Musgrave, 
 Bart., being the present lord of the manor, besides 
 whom, Tiiomas Hutton, Esq., and E. .1. Jackson, Esq., 
 are the principal landowners. The hall, or manor- 
 house, seems to have been in the grounds now called 
 Hall Garths. 
 
 The village of Soulby is situated near the confluence 
 of the Eden and the Smardale Beck, two and a half 
 miles north-west of Kirkby Stephen. Two large cattle 
 fairs are held here annually, viz., on the Tuesday before 
 Easter and on the 30th of August ; the latter was 
 established about 1797, and the other in 1835. There 
 is a good bridge of three arches in the village, erected 
 in 1819. 
 
 THE CUArEL. 
 
 Soulby chapel, which stands in the centre of the 
 village, is a neat building, with turret containing one 
 bell. It was erected in 1005 by Sir Philip ]\[usgrave, 
 lord of the manor, and consecrated on St. Luke's Day, 
 in the same year, by Bishop Stern. In the act of 
 consecration it was set forth that the said Sir Philip 
 JIusgrave and his heirs anil assigns, lords of the manor 
 of Hartley Castle, shall repair the said chnpel from 
 time to time, and have the power to nominate a fit 
 
 minister to be approved and licensed by the bishop. 
 Sir George Musgrave, Bart., is therefore patron of the 
 living, which, by various augmentations, now possesses 
 about 100 acres of land, worth £90 a year. The chapel, 
 which will accommodate upwards of 100 persons, is 
 licensed for baptisms and funerals. There is a small 
 marble tablet to the memory of the Tebay family. 
 John Wakefield, Esq., is the impropriator of the com 
 and hay tithes, which have long been let to the inha- 
 bitants on a lease for 999 years, at £50 a year. The 
 registers commence in 1813. 
 
 Incombenis. Sewell, ; Joseph Briscoe, ; S. 
 
 Hutchinson, 1831. 
 
 There is a small Wesleyan chapel in the vOlage, 
 erected in 1830. 
 
 Sc/woL— Lancelot Bell, in 1768, gave £40, with 
 which was purchased a yearly rent-charge of SOs., 
 issuing out of a close called Flatts, at Waitby, in this 
 p.ii-ish ; and also out of two cattle-gates in Waitby intack, 
 to which he directed to be paid on the 13th August and 
 the 13th February yearly, at the chapel of Soulby, in 
 trust, to pay the same to the schoolmaster of Soulby, 
 who, in consideration of the same, should duly teach 
 three poor boys of Soulby. A further annual sum of 
 30s., derived from the charity of Thomas Wilson (see 
 Crosby Garrett parish, page, 738), is also paid to the 
 schoolmaster for teaching three other poor boys of this 
 township. There is also the interest of £5, left by Mrs. 
 Jane Grainger. The total income from these endow- 
 ment is now £2 lOs., for which six children are taught 
 free. The average attendance is about fifty. 
 
 Poor Stock. — The sum of £24 poors-money, the 
 origin of which is unknown, was laid out some years 
 ago, with other moneys, in the purchase of a house for 
 the use of the township, and the annual sum of 223. 
 has been since paid out of the poor-rates as interest 
 upon it. This interest, with the addition of the share 
 of John Waller's money, and a rent of 8s. arising from 
 small lots of ground belonging to the township, is dis- 
 tributed at Christmas among the poor not receiving 
 parish relief.
 
 752 
 
 EAST WAHD. 
 
 KIRKBY THORE PARISH. 
 
 Tnrs parish is bounded on the north by Crowdundale and Newbiggin, on the west bj' the river Eden, on the south 
 by Loufjinarton parish, and on the cast by that of Dufton. The soil is generally fertile and in a good state of 
 cultivation, except at its western extremity, where there is a mountainous tract comprising Dun Fell and ]\Iilburn 
 Forest, bordering on the source of the river Tees, the north of which is Cross Fell, in Cumberland. In the neigh- 
 bourhood of the river is a sandy loam : the higher grounds have a mixture of gravel and clay. The parish comprises 
 the townships of Kirkby Thore, Milbourne, and Temple Sowcrby, whose united area is 11,030 acres. The commons 
 were enclosed in 1812. 
 
 KtHKIlY THOUE. 
 
 The area of this township is 1,072 acres, and its 
 rateable value i,'2,j03. Its population in 1801 was 
 247; in 1811, 305; in 1821,377; in 1831, 408 ; in 
 1841, 442 ; and in 1831, 412. The Eden Valley rail- 
 way crosses the western portion of this township. The 
 Troutbcck, which runs through Kirkby Tlioro, falls into 
 the Edeu, and turns a corn aud saw mill, near the 
 bridge. 
 
 Of the importance ascribed to Kirkby Thore in the 
 Piomau period of British history, we have evidence in 
 the fact of its being selected as the site of a station on 
 the line of road between Vertcrae, (Brougb), aud Bro- 
 cavium, (Brougham). This station, supposed to be the 
 BrovonaciB of the Notitia, stood near the spot where the 
 Maiden Way branched off from the road which led from 
 York to Carlisle. An account of the Maiden Way 
 will be found at page 3. The site of the Roman 
 station, now known as Burwens, has been fertile in 
 antiquities. In 1C87 Mr. Machcll found a four -fold 
 wall here, made of hewn stone, each wall being two feet 
 four inches thick. Several arched vaults were also 
 discovered, lead pipes, &c., and an altar, inscribed 
 FonTVNAE sERVATRicr. Hc also discovered near the 
 bridge and the great Roman road, an ancient well con- 
 taining urns, curious earthen vessels, the clasp of a 
 spear, and sandals. Ilorsley tells us that the following 
 inscription was found here : — " dec del.\tvcadIvO 
 LiBENTER VOTV.M FECIT loLus." Many Other Roman 
 antiquities have since been discovered here. In 1838, 
 while making the foundations of a new bridge, on the 
 river Troutbeck, the following were brought to light : — 
 A bronze ligula, five bow-shaped fibulae, and four ring- 
 shaped fibulae ; also four bow-shaped Roman and two 
 enamelled fibulie — one of the crescent-shaped, the other 
 in the form of a cock — and the upper ornament and 
 the chape or lower end of a scabbard of Romano-Celtic 
 workmanship. In September of the present year (1859) 
 some workmen, employed on the Eden Valley railway 
 in this township, discovered a number of Roman 
 antiquities, amongst which were several vases containing 
 bones and ashes, which, on being exposed to the air, 
 crumbled to pieces. A beautiful specimen of sculpture, 
 
 in a high state of preservation, of a horse and rider, said 
 to be about seven feet iu height, but wanting a portion 
 of the horse's legs, was also found, which, after having 
 been exhibited during the day to the curious, was 
 privately conveyed away in the evening. 
 
 Whelp is the first lord of the manor of Kirkby Thore 
 on record. He occurs about the reign of Stephen or 
 Henry II., and from him probably Whelp Castle (of 
 which more hereafter) derived its name. Whelp had a 
 son, Ganicl, whose sou Waldeve, or Waltheof, gave 
 lands at Kirkby Thore and Hale to the abbey of Holme 
 Cultram, which grant was confirmed by Lyulph, the 
 son of Lyulph, who seems to have held a portion of the 
 manor uuder Widdeve, for in his charter of confirmation 
 he styles the said Waldeve his lord. By another charter 
 Waldeve released to Holme Cultram Abbey all his right 
 and claim, as lord of the manor, in certain lands therein 
 specified, given to the said abbey by Lawrence de New- 
 biggin. This Waldeve had two sons, Adam and Alan, 
 the former of whom confirmed the grants made by his 
 father. This Adam de Kirkby Thore granted the 
 advowson of the church to Robert de Veteripont. 
 Adam de Kirkby Thore had a son Gilbert, who con- 
 firmed the grants made to Holme Cultram Abbey by 
 his father and grandfather ; aud also, by churler, dated 
 1247, made some gifts of his own to the same com- 
 munity. A considerable portion of the laud iu this 
 manor appears to have been given to Holme Cultram 
 Abbey about this period ; among the grantors we find 
 Lyulph sou of Lyulph, Adam son of Lyulph, Robert 
 de Broy, and AmabU, daughter of Robert de Bercford. 
 John do Veteripont also gave certain lands here to the 
 said abbey, and this Johu, as lord of Westmoreland, of 
 whom this manor was held in chief, granted to the in- 
 habitants of Kirkby Thore freedom from puturo of his 
 foresters iu Westmoreland, and from finding testimony 
 to his foresters which is called witnessman, and that if 
 they should be found guilty of offences iu hunting or 
 vert, they should not be called to account for the same 
 in any of his courts of the forest, but only in the county 
 court. After Gilbert, John de Kirkby Thore occurs 
 (probably the son of Gilbert), who in the 8th Edward 
 II. (1314-1 5) held the manor of Kirkby Thore. In the
 
 KIRKBY THOEE PARISH. 
 
 753 
 
 following year, and again in 1340, Jolin do Kirkby 
 There occurs as knight of the shire for Westmoreland. 
 In the 31st Henry VI. (145"3-3) an inquisition was 
 taken, when it was found that " Gilbert de Kirkby 
 Thore heretofore held three parts of the manor of 
 Kirkby Thore, and paid yearly for cornagc I'Js. lOd.; 
 and owed wardship, marriage, and relief; and now John 
 Je Kirkby Thore holds the same three parts by aU. the 
 services aforesaid, and makes fines by suit of the county 
 court, notwithstanding that the lord of Westmoreland 
 re-leased to one of his ancestors the said suit. And 
 Robert de Bereford heretofore held immediately tho 
 fourth part of the same vill of Kirkby Thore, and paid 
 yearly for cornage 12s. 8d., and owed wardship, mar- 
 riage, and relief. And now Ralph Pudsey, Bart, lord 
 of Berford- upon -Tees, holds immediately the same 
 fourth part, by the services aforesaid. And John 
 Wharton holds the said fourth part of the said knight, 
 by all the services aforesaid." This is the first men- 
 tion of the Whartons in connection with this manor. 
 This family continued to possess the manor of Kirkby 
 Thore from the period just named till the middle of 
 the eighteenth century, when the male issue failed. 
 The manor is now held by Sir llichard Tufton, Bart. ; 
 Sir T. B. Lennard is lord of a large portion of tho 
 township, and the rector receives lords' rent from eight 
 difYorent tenements. The landowners are the Rev. 
 Edward Cookson, Sir T. B. Lennard, John Crosby, 
 W. Crackenthorpe, and J. L. George, Esqs. ; Messrs. 
 John and Thomas Nicholson, James Crosby, and a 
 number of small proprietors. Kirkby Thore Hall has 
 long been used as a farm-house. Mr. Machell says 
 that the hall and a great part of the village were built 
 out of the ruins of Whelp Castle, which stood on the 
 site of the Roman station, and was the principal seat of 
 the manor. It is said to have been a fortress of some 
 strength, but its site has long been cultivated. 
 
 Tho village of Kirkby Thore occupies a pleasant 
 situation, near the conlluence of tho Eden and Trout- 
 beck, four miles and three-quarters north-west of 
 Appleby, and consists of three clusters of buildings, 
 Pome of which are very neatly built. In the vicinity is 
 Pott's Well, a spring of a sulpureous nature, supposed 
 to rise from a bed of alabaster, lying at a great depth 
 below tho surface. The name of this village has long 
 been held to mean " the village of the temple of Thor; " 
 but Mr. Sullivan, in his " Cumberland and Westmor- 
 l.md, Ancient and Modern," remarks, " Kirkby Thore 
 cannot have any connection with the god Thor ; it is so 
 called from the Roman, road; Norse, thor; Hiberno- 
 Celtic, tnchar, a highway." We are inclined to agreo 
 with him in this derivation. 
 
 THE cauBcn. 
 Kirkby Thore church, dedicated to St. Michael, is an 
 ancient structure, in the early English style, consisting 
 of nave, aisles, and chancel, with a square tower, con- 
 taining one bell, said to be the largest in the county, 
 and formerly belonging to the abbey of Shap. The 
 interior has a very chaste appearance. The nave is 
 lofty and spacious, and is filled with low open seats. -A- 
 lofty pointed arch separates the nave and chancel. The 
 windows are all filled with stained glass ; the eastern 
 one, of three lights, with tracery above, commands 
 general admiration. The pulpit is of oak, most elabo- 
 rately carved, as are also the rails of the communion 
 table. In the chancel is a brass plate, bearing a long 
 Latin inscription to the memory of John Dalston, Esq., 
 of Acorn Bank, who died in 1G92, aged eighty-si-'c years. 
 The living is a rectory, in the patronage of Sir Richard 
 Tufton, Bart., as the descendant of Robert de Veteri- 
 pont, who purchased it in the thirteenth century of the 
 then lord of the manor. It is valued in the King's 
 Book at £37 13s. SJd.; but is now worth £015 a year, 
 arising from 667 acres of land, of which sixty-four are 
 ancient glebe, the remainder being allotted to the 
 rectory at the enclosure, in 1812, as a commutation for 
 the great and small tithes. 
 
 Eeciors.— Roger de Clifford, 1343 ; Ralph de Brantingham, 
 13ir); Thomas de Riplyngham, resigned 13 J4 ; Adam de Hoton, 
 1354 ; William de Corbrigg, 1 302 ; Roger de Crackenthorpe 
 occurs in the reign of Henry VI. ; Henry Wharton occurs in 
 the reign of Edward r\'. ; Richard Rawson, resigned, 1526; 
 Richard Evenwode, 1520 ; Michael Craclienthorpe, died 156S ; 
 Robert Warcop, 15C8; Thos. Warcop, 1507 ; Lancelot Low-ther, 
 
 1G29 ; Thomas Warcop, ; William Walker, died 1677 ; 
 
 Thomas Machell, 1077; Edmund Wkkcns, 1099; Carleton 
 Atkinson, 1722; Thomas Milward, 1702; Gilpin Corst,1775; 
 
 John Rippon, ; Gerald Elliott, 1840 ; John Brown, 1^45; 
 
 Cliorles H. Barham, 1646 ; Edward Cookson, 1802. 
 
 The rectory, situated north of the church, is one of 
 the finest in the county. 
 
 In the village are two Methodist chapels, and one 
 belonging to the Presbyterians. 
 
 Kirkby Thore school is a neat building, erected by 
 subscription in 1832. It possesses a small endowment; 
 the interest amounts to £0 1 Is. 3d. £'20 of the endow- 
 ment was left in 1823 by Mr. John Horn. The average 
 attendance is forty children. 
 
 CHARITV. 
 
 Poor Stock. — There is an ancient poor stock of £20, 
 tho origin of which is unknown. It is secured upon 
 the tolls of tho turnpike road from Brough to Eamont 
 Bridge, and tho interest, amounting to IGs a year, is 
 given to poor persons of tho township of Kirkby Thore. 
 
 00
 
 764 
 
 EAST WAKD. 
 
 In tbis township is a freehold estate called the 
 Spiiilo, said to have formerly belonged to some religious 
 Louse, most probably some hospital for lepers. 
 
 MILBURNE. 
 
 This township contains 5,282 acres; its rateable 
 ralue is £l,-2ij:i Is. 7d. In 1801 it coutiincd 237 
 inhabitants; in 1811, 281; iu 1821,303; in 1831, 
 323; in 1841, 348; and in 1831, 320. 
 
 The first account we have of Jlilburne is in the reign 
 of King John, who granted to William de Stuteville 
 the forest of Milburue. Some time afterwards Nicholas 
 de Slutevillc granted to Robert de Veteripont the whole 
 village and grange of Milbnrne, as William de Stute- 
 Tille or his ancestors had held the same. Robert de 
 Veteripont granted to Shap Abbey the whole village of 
 Milbnrne Grange. In the 3rd Edward II. (1300-10) 
 Patrick Earl of Dunbar appears to have held Milburne 
 of the Cliffords, that is, that portion of it which had 
 not been previously granted away. In the 43rd Edward 
 III. (ISCO-TOjit-wasfound, by inquisition, that Bertriue 
 de Johnby and Robert de Vallibus had held the manor 
 of Jlilburne of Patrick Earl of Dunbar, who held the 
 same of Robert de Clifford, and the said Robert de 
 Clifford held the same of the king, in capite, by knight's 
 service. This Earl Patrick forfeited the manor for his 
 adherence to Robert Bruce, and it came into possession 
 of the Lancasters, very probably by grant from the 
 crown. These Lancasters were descended from Roger 
 de Lancaster, bastard brother of William de Lancaster, 
 third baron of Kendal of that name. Milburne con- 
 tinued in this family till the reign of Henry VI., when, 
 on the demise of Sir John de Lancaster, of Howgill, 
 the estate came to his four daughters, co-heirs. 
 Christian was married to Sir Robert de Harrington, 
 Knt. ; Isabel, married to Sir Thomas Le Fleming, 
 Knt., of Couiston ; Margaret, married to Sir Matthew 
 de Whitfield, Kut. ; aud Elizabeth, married to Robert 
 de Crackenthorpe, Esq., a younger branch of the 
 Crackenthorpes of Xewbiggin. In the partition of the 
 estates, consequent on the demise of Sir John de Lan- 
 caster, Christian and Elizabeth were to have the manors 
 of Deepdale, Blencoyne, Howgill, and Knock Salcok, 
 and the lands there, as also in Milburne aud Lowenth- 
 waite ; and Margaret and Isabel were to have the 
 manor of Rydal and Loughrigg. In the division 
 between Christian and Elizabeth, Howgill fell to the 
 latter, who thereupon brought the same in marriage 
 to the Crackenthorpes, with whom it remained for only 
 two generations, the family failing ui issue male, on 
 the decease of Anthony Crackenthorpe, brother of 
 Ambrose, son of Robert de Crackenthorpe. This 
 
 Anthony had three daughters, co-hfirs, the eldest of 
 whom, Anne, had Howgill for her portion of the family 
 estates. Sbe became the wife of Sir Thomsis Sandford, 
 Knt., of Askham, thus bringing the manor to that 
 family. From the Sandfords the manor passed, by 
 marriage, to the Honeywoods of Marks Ilall, in Essex, 
 from whom it was purchased, in 1780, by the Earl of 
 Thanet, and it is now held by Sir liicbard Tufton, 
 Bart., besides whom, Joseph Parker, Esq., and John 
 Brown, Esq., are the principal landownei-s. Howgill 
 Castle, the ancient manor house, now occupied by a 
 farmer, stands half a mile south-east of the village. It 
 was formerly a fine building. Some of the walls are 
 ten feet thick, and part of the rooms in the lower story 
 are strongly arched over. Close to the castle is the 
 rivulet Howgill, from which its name is derived. 
 
 The village of Milburne is three miles north-bj'-east 
 of Kirkby There. 
 
 THE CmXVEL. 
 
 Milburne chapel is a very ancient Grothic edifice, 
 consisting of nave, aisles, and chancel, with low turret, 
 containing two bells. It is much in want of repairs. 
 It contains a mural brass to the memory of Anne, the 
 wife of Richard Sandford, Esq., and mother of eighteen 
 children, who died in 1603. The living is a perpetual 
 curacy in the patronage of Sir Richard Tufton, Bart. 
 In 1752 Sackville Earl of Thanet, gave £000, and the 
 governors of Queen Anne's Bounty £400, for the joint 
 benefit of this chapel and that of Temple Sowerby ; to 
 be paid out of land which liad been purchased at 
 Firbank, Howgill near Sedbergh, and Dillicar, now let 
 for about £100 per annum, besides which the curates of 
 these chapels receive a yearly rent of £20 each from the 
 rector. This chapel was augmented in 1762 with £400, 
 with which land was purchased at Bolton, now let for 
 about £30 a year. In 1838 the tithes of Milburne 
 were commuted for an annual rent charge of £100. 
 The curacy is now worth about £93 a year. There 
 was anciently a chantry at Milburne, which seems to 
 have been intended as an augmentation to the chapel, 
 for the abbot aud convent of Sliap had to pay £4 a year 
 to a chantry priest out of the property given to the 
 community by Robert de Veteripont. 
 
 iNcniBESTS. — Henry Wilkinson, 1738; Thomas Kilner, 1763 ; 
 
 Philip Threlkeld, 178G; Philip Tlirelkeld, Jan., ; John 
 
 TIMiarton, 1842; ■William D. Tyson, 1858. 
 
 The Wesleyans have a chapel here. 
 
 CHAItlTIES. 
 
 School. — Sarah Atkinson, of Milburne, who died in 
 1790, left £100, the interest of which she directed 
 should be applied for the education of the children of
 
 KIRKBT THOEE PARISH. 
 
 756 
 
 the poor within the chapehy. ■ There is a neat school 
 in the village of Milbunie, erected iu 1851, and lias au 
 average attendance of twenty-five children. The above 
 bequest is applied to this school. 
 
 Man/aret Atkinson's Charitij. — Margaret Atkinson, 
 who died in 1767, gave in her lifetime £10, the interest 
 to be given annually to the poor, who had no parish 
 relief. The interest of this money is distributed as 
 directed at Ea.ster. 
 
 Jackson's Charity. — Thomas Jackson, of Kirkhouse, 
 who died in 1755, gave £'10 for the same purpose, to 
 be distributed on St. Thomas' Day. 
 
 Gullom Holme is a small hamlet in this township, 
 two miles and three-quarters from Kirkby Thore ; 
 Milburne Grange is a village a mile and a half east of 
 Milburne. Kirkhouse is an estate here, held of the 
 rector of Kirkby Thore. In this township, near to a 
 place caliedGreen Castle (a round fort surrounded with 
 deep trenches, on the south end of Dun Fell) was found 
 au altar bearing the inscription, Deo Silvaso. 
 
 TEMPLE SOWERBT. 
 
 Temple Sowerby comprises an area of 1,176 acres, 
 and its rateable value is £'1,080 is. 2d. The population 
 in 1801 was 299; in 1811, 328; in 1821, 371; iu 
 1831,438; iu 1811, 381; and in 1851, 372. 
 
 The ancient name of tliis manor was Sowerby, and 
 several persons are on record who derived their name 
 from the place, such as .\dam de Soureby, Wilham de 
 Soureby, and others ; but whether any of these held 
 property here we are not informed. It received the 
 prefix of Tciii|)le from the Knights Templars, to whom 
 the manor was granted at au early period, but at wiiat 
 particular date history is silent ; it is equally reserved 
 with resjiect to the name of the grantor. The lords 
 of this manor claim and exercise for themselves and 
 their tenants many privileges granted to the Knights 
 Templcrs, the most important of which is the exemp- 
 tion from toll throughout England. The order of the 
 Temple was suppressed in the year 1312, and eleven 
 years afttr llieir possessions were, by act of parliament, 
 given to the Kniglils of St. John of Jerusalem ; in the 
 intermediate period, we find Temple Sowerl)y in the 
 possession of llobert Clifford, wlio held it by way of 
 escheat. The Knight s of St. Juhn cotitiuued to hold 
 Temple Sowerby till the dissolution of the religious 
 houses in the reign of Henry VIII., which king, by 
 lettere patent, bearing date July 15th, 1513, granted to 
 Thomas Dalstoii, Esq., wilh other possessions, the wholo 
 of the manor of Sowerby, with tlio appurtenances in the 
 counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, reserving to 
 
 himself nil mines of lead and coal within the manor. 
 This Thomas Dalston was the eleventh in descent from 
 the first of that name of Dalston in Cumberland, and 
 was the common ancestor of the Dalstons both at 
 Dalston and Temple Sowerby. This manor continued 
 in the possession of the Dalston family till the demise 
 of Sir William Dalston, when bis daughter brought it 
 in marriage to William Norton, Esq., and subsequently 
 to Mr. EJmondson. It afterwards passed to William 
 Hodgson, Esq., whose sister brought it in marriage to 
 Juhn Boazman, Esq., of Aycliffe, in the county of 
 Durham, and it is now possessed by Henry Boazman, 
 Esq. The landowners are William R. Boazman, Esq.; 
 Admiral Caton, Richard Atkinson, George Gibson, John 
 Cleaton, and Richard Temple, with a number of small 
 proprietors. Acorn Bank, the ancient manor-house, 
 commauds an extensive and delightful prospect of the 
 surrounding country. 
 
 The village of Temple Sowerby is pleasantly situated 
 at the confluence of the Eden and Crowdundale Beck, 
 on the Penrith road, six and a half miles north-west of 
 Appleby. It is large and well built, and consists of 
 two. spacious streets, in which are many good houses. 
 Two important fairs for sheep and cattle are held here 
 annually, on the last Thursday in January, February, 
 and .March, the second Thursday in May, and the last 
 Thursday in October ; these fairs were establibhed 
 about half a century ago. The Eden bridge below 
 Temple Sowerby was erected in 1743, at a cost of 
 £550. There is a free library iu the village. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Temple Sowerby chapel, dedicated to St. James, is a 
 handsome structure of red sandstone, rebuilt and con- 
 siderably enlarged about the year 1770 by Sir William 
 Dalston, t'ne inhabitants defraying the expense of 
 carrying tlio stone from Crowdundale. The clock was 
 given in 1807 by the lady of the manor. There are a 
 few mural monuments to the memory of John Marriot, 
 Esq. ; Matthew Atkinson, Esq. ; and the family of 
 Dalston of Acorn Bank. Under the date 1338 there is 
 an entry in the epi>copal register of Carlisle of a con- 
 firmation of an old award made by Raljih de Irion, bishop 
 of Carlisle, between the parishioners of Kirkby Thore and 
 the inhabitants of Temple Sowerby, whereby it is declared 
 that the latter "are and shall be (as they have ever been) 
 free from contrilmting anything towards the rei^irs of 
 tho church, beliVy, or churchyard walls, at Kirkby 
 Thore ; saving that if hereafter it shall be thought 
 necessary to enlarge the nave or body of the church, 
 thej' shall then bear a third part of tho expense." In 
 tho valuation made by King Ilenry VUI. the chapd at
 
 756 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 Temple Sowerby is rated at 20s., by a pension from tlio 
 rector of Kirkby Thore. The curacy was augmented in 
 l~i>'2 in connection with that of Jlilburne, and of the 
 land then purchased the Davy Bank estate, in Firbank, 
 is allotted to this benefice, which is in the patronage of 
 Sir Kichard Tufton, Bart. The living was again aug- 
 mented in 17C2 with £400, including an allotment of 
 eight acres, awarded at the enclosure ; besides which 
 the curate has also a stipend of 20s. from the rector of 
 the parish. The total income is now about £114 per 
 annum. In the registers of this chapel, as well as in 
 others, are certificates of persons who have been buried 
 in woollen only. The first legible entry in the register 
 occurs in 1078. The tithes of the chapelry are now 
 commuted for £115. 
 
 I.vcuJtBENTS. — William Barton, 1670 ; John Langhorn, 1750; 
 Jonathan Sewell, 177U ; Robert Harrison, 1803 ; Bryan Killock, 
 1839; Eobert Harrison, 1815. 
 
 There is a parsonage house in the village. 
 
 The Methodists have a small place of worship here. 
 
 Temple Sowerby school is endowed with £0 14s. Od. 
 a year, and is attended by about thirty children. 
 
 Some years ago a curious sun-dial was found in this 
 township. It is now at Mill Bigg, formerly a residence 
 of the Dalston family. 
 
 CHAMTY. 
 
 Lov:cs' Cliaritij. — Richard Lowes, of King's !Meaburii, 
 in the parish of ilorland, by will, dated 23rJ September, 
 1091, gave to the poor of the township of Temple 
 Sowerby five roods of land, situate at Kurrydale, within 
 the manor of Temple Sowerby, and directed that the 
 rents should be divided amongst poor widows or father- 
 less children of the township of Temple Sowerby, upon 
 St. Thomas's Day, yearly. This charity now produces 
 about £5 a year. 
 
 LONG MARTON PARISH. 
 
 Tei3 parish lies on the east side of the river Eden. It is bounded on the north by Alston, in Cumberland, on the 
 west by Kirkby Thore, on the south by Appleby St. Michael's, and on the east by Dufton. It comprises the town- 
 ships of Long Marten, Brampton, and Knock, whose united area is 3,200 acres. The commons have been enclosed 
 in the following order: — Brampton in 1770; Knock in 1815 ; and Long Marten in 1824. The population in 
 1801 was 433; in 1811,599; in 1821, 714; in 1831, 819 ; in 1841, 804 ; and in 1851, 762. Agriculture is 
 the principal employment, and Appleby the market attended. 
 
 are the Rev. Edward Heelis ; Joseph Jameson, Esq. ; 
 
 LONG jrAETON. 
 
 The area and population of this township are included 
 in the returns for the parish. The rateable value is 
 £1,901 2s. 4d. 
 
 The manor of !Marton appears to have belonged to 
 the Veteriponts. In the partition of Marton between 
 the daughters of Ilobert Vetcripont each of their shares 
 was estimated at £13 3s. 5}d., besides the advowson of 
 the church, which was estimated at forty marks. In 
 1309 the heirs of Thomas dc Wake held the manor of 
 Marton of Roger de CUfford, by homage and fealty, 
 paying 8s. Gd. cornage. In 1391-2 John de Holland, 
 Knt., held Marton; and in 1422 John de Gray and 
 Margaret, his wife, held the same manor, as of the right 
 of the said Margaret. In 1452-3 we find Thomas 
 Gray, Knt., holding ilarton, and afterwards, in the 
 same year, Thomas Salinger, Knt. In 1526-7 the 
 manor was in the hands of the king, Henry VIIL, but 
 ■we have no information as to the manner in which he 
 became possessed of it. ilarton came subsequently to 
 the Lowthers, with whom it still remains, the Earl of 
 Lonsdale being the lord of the manor. The landowners 
 
 George Atkinson, Esq. ; Messrs. Jonathan and Edmund 
 Thompson, John Simpson, John Pearson, Joseph Pear- 
 son, George Belasis, John BaUas ; and Mrs. Courtney. 
 The old hall serves at present for the rectory. 
 
 The village of Long Marton is situated on the north 
 side of the Troutbeck rivulet, three miles north-east of 
 Appleby. Most of the houses have been rebuilt within 
 the last forty years, so that it is now one of the neatest 
 villages in the county. 
 
 THE CIlCKCn. 
 
 The parish church, dedicated to St. Margaret and 
 St. James, is a large plain structure, standing in the 
 fields of Brampton, about a quarter of a mile south of 
 the village of Long Marton. It comprises different 
 periods of Gothic architecture, and consists of nave, 
 aisles, chancel, and tower, containing three bells. It is 
 much in need of repair and renovation. There are 
 mural tablets' to the memory of members of the Rippon, 
 Milward, Thompson, Atkinson, and Ballas families. 
 The living is a rectory, in the patronage of Sir Richard
 
 LONG JIARTON PARISH. 
 
 rsr 
 
 Tufton, Dart. It is valued in the King's Book at 
 £21 15s. 5iJ.,but it now possesses forty-five acres of 
 glebe, besides 115 acres awarded at the enclosure, in 
 lieu of the tithes of Knock and ilartou townships. 
 The tithes of Brampton township have also been com- 
 muted for a yearly rent charge of £105 Is. lid. The 
 total income is now about £500 a year. 
 
 Rectors. — John de Hardcla, about IITO; William de Conmb 
 occurs 1298; John de Muilburn, 1'2IJ0 ; Thomas de Herewood, 
 1.330; Ralph de Maltou, 1331 ; John de .Moreland, 1334 ; Wra. 
 de Loundras, 135^; Robert de WoUeley, 13(iJ ; John Donkjn, 
 1309; Henry Kirkby, 1303; Edward Wharton occurs U"C ; 
 William Bury, died 1563; George Bury, 156.i; John Bayncs, 
 1577; Richard Burton, 1591; Henry Hulton, ICIO; Lancelot 
 Lowther, died lOCl ; Robert Symson, lOCl ; B.irnaby Symson, 
 died 1712; Christopher Grandorge, 1712; Robert Leyborne, 
 1726; John Middleton, resigned 1730 ; Thomas Jlilward, 1730; 
 Joseph Milward, 1775; Gilpin Gorst, 1782; John Ripon, 1803; 
 Edward HceUs, 1833. 
 
 Tlie rectory (Marton Hall) stands on a gentle 
 eminence on the north bank of the Troutbeck. 
 
 The Wesleyans have a chapel here, built in 1810, at 
 at cost of £-100, on land given by Mrs. Mary Brunskill, 
 who afterwards bequeathed two acres of land, which 
 sold for £ 1 GO, to assist in paying otf the debt contracted 
 in its erection. 
 
 The parish school, near the church, was endowed in 
 1824 with the interest of £20 left by Mr. Thomas 
 Machel, who also bequeathed £20 for the encourage- 
 ment of a singing master to teach psalmody at 
 church. The number of children in attendance is 
 about fifty. 
 
 There are also two private schools. A good library 
 was established in 1858. 
 
 CHASITIES. 
 
 Burton's Charity. — Poor Slock.- 
 
 Burton, by 
 
 will, about 1055, gave to the poor stock of the parish 
 of Marton £40, the interest to be applied in binding 
 apprentice a poor boy born in the said parish. It is 
 understood that £10 of this legacy was lost by the 
 insolvency of a person to whom it bad been lent. The 
 remainder is supposed to form part of a sum of £100 
 now belonging to the parish, the other £70 being 
 understood to bo an ancient poor stock, applicable to 
 the use of the poor not receiving parish relief. The 
 apprentice money accumulates tiU it amounts to a 
 sufficient sum to put out a proper object. 
 
 Lord Wharton's Bible Charity. — Five or six Bibles, 
 with catechisms, and other small books, are annually 
 received by the minister of Long Jlarton, on account 
 of this charity, who duly distribute^them among the 
 poor of the parish. 
 
 BRAMPTON. 
 
 For acreage and population see parish returns. The 
 rateable value is .Cl,^<05 l-2s. 7d. This township lies 
 between the Eden and the Troutbeck. 
 
 The manor of Brampton appears to have been held 
 by the family of Greystoke as early as the reign of 
 Edward II., and they continued to possess it till 14'2-J. 
 It subsequently became the property of a family bearing 
 the name of Lancaster, said to be a younger branch of 
 the Lancasters of Sockbridge, by whom the manor was 
 held of the Greystokes, as the latter held it of the 
 Cliffords, by homage, fealty, and scutage. The family 
 of Lancaster ended in three daughters in the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth, and upon their respective marriages 
 the manor became divided into three portions, one 
 coming to the Birbecks of Hornby, another to the 
 Backhouses of Morlaud, and the third to the AVhartons 
 of Kirkby There. That part held by the Biibecks was 
 subsequently exchanged with the Earl of Thanet for 
 land at Hornby ; the other parts were afterwards sold 
 to the tenants ; in consequence of this arrangement Sir 
 Pdchard Tufton, Bart., possesses the manorial rights of 
 one-third of the township. The landowners are Sir 
 Richard Tufton, Bart. ; Rev. Thomas Bellas ; William 
 Spedding, Esq.; T. B. Leiniard, Esq.; Rev. Edward 
 Ileelis ; Messrs. John Thornburrow, Jonathan Thomp- 
 son, Richard Atkinson, Samuel Crosby, R. Blackburn ; 
 Miss A. Milner, and many other small proprietors. 
 The ancient manor-house, or at least a portion of it, 
 now serves as a farm-stead. 
 
 The villages of Brampton and Brampton Croft End 
 are about two miles uorth-by-west of Appleby. Bramp- 
 ton Crofts and Brampton Tower are neat residences, 
 the former being the seat of William Hopes, Esq., and 
 the latter of William Spilling, Esq. 
 
 ^opcs of ^iramyloii (froffs. 
 
 William IIorES, Esq., of Brampton Crofls, co. Westmoreland, 
 J.P.,born 2nd December, 1800; married 12lh Miiroh, If 38, Jane, 
 daughter of Thomas Swanwick, Esq., of Macclesfield, co. Chester, 
 and has issue a daughter, Jane. Mr. Hopes is only son of 
 William Hopes, Esq., of Stainmore, co. Westmoreland, and Jane, 
 his wile, daughter of William Dickinson, of ibo same place. 
 
 KNOCK. 
 
 The area and population of this township are included 
 iu the parish returns; its rateable value is £1,174 ISs. 
 
 The manor of Knock, anciently Knock Shalcok, 
 belonged to tho Vetcriponts and ClifTords, lords of the 
 barony of Westmoreland. It appears to have been held 
 under the ChlTords by the Boyvillos, Rookbys, Soulbys, 
 and Lancasters, from tho co-heirs of which last family
 
 758 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 it was probably purchased by the Cliffords, and has since 
 continued iu the possession of their descendants. Sir 
 Eichiird Tufton, Bart., being the present lord ; besides 
 whom Francis F. Pearson, Esq. ; Rev. Edward Heelis ; 
 John Milner, Esq.; Messrs. Richard Atkinson, Joseph 
 Bland, Thomas Bland, Robert Bland, Richard 
 Lowes, and others are landowners. The abbey of 
 
 Shap had some lands here, given by John de Veteri- 
 pont. 
 
 The village of Knock is two miles north-north-east of 
 Long Marton, in the neighbourhood of Knock I'ike and 
 Dufton Fell. The Wesleyans have a chapel here. 
 
 Close Hotises is a hamlet in this township, two miles 
 and a quarter north-north-east of Long Marton. 
 
 GREAT MUSGRAVE PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north and west by Warcop, 
 on the east by Brough and the county of York. It compr 
 Eden, and consists of but one township. 
 
 The area of Great Musgrave is 4,080 acres, and its 
 rateable value £956 13s. 7Jd. The population in 1801 
 was 159; in 1811, 105; in 1831, 188; in 1831, 179; 
 in 1841, 107; and in 1851, 175; who are chiefly 
 engaged iu agricultural pursuits ; they attend the 
 market of Kirkby Stephen. The Eden Valley railway 
 passes through a part of this township. 
 
 The manor of Musgrave is still held by the family 
 which gave name to the place, and is called Great 
 Musgrave to distinguish it from Little Musgrave, which 
 also belongs to the Musgrave family, and is situated in 
 the parish of Crosby Garret, on the other bank of the 
 Eden. A full account of the Musgraves will be found 
 in the account of EJen Hall, given at page 532. The 
 landowners are Sir George Musgrave, Bart. ; Thomas 
 Mason, Esq. ; Samuel Highmore, Joseph CoUinson, 
 William LiJley, John Raine, Thomas Alderson, and 
 other small proprietors. The lord of the manor holds 
 a court baron at Hall Garth at midsummer annually. 
 The township is nearly all held by customary tenants, 
 who pay arbitrary fines on the change of lord or tenant, 
 Umited so as not to e.tceed two years' value. The town- 
 ship has been enclosed. 
 
 The village of Great Musgrave occupies a pleasant 
 situation on an eminence about two miles south-west of 
 Brough, and commands a fine view of the picturesque 
 vale. Rush bearing, an ancient custom of old mid- 
 summer day, is still performed here annually, when 
 twelve or eighteen couples of females, dressed in their 
 holiday garb, and each bearing a garland of flowers to 
 the village green, proceed to the church, where they 
 hang up their garlands and take down those placed 
 there on the preceding anniversary ; the day is closed 
 with rustic sports. 
 
 on the south by Crosby Garret and Kirkby Stephen, and 
 ises a small district lying ou the east side of the river 
 
 THE CHDRCH. 
 
 Great Musgrave church, dedicated to St. Theobald, 
 is a small neat building, consisting of nave, chancel, 
 and small western tower containing two bells. It is in 
 the early English style, and was erected upon the site 
 of an older church in 1845-6, at a cost of £'550, of 
 which Sir George Musgrave, Bart., gave ±'125 ; the 
 Church Building Society, £40 ; and the remainder was 
 raised by local subssription. The windows are lancet- 
 shaped, that at the east end containing three lights. 
 There are several ancient monuments in the church, as 
 well as some neat mural tablets to the memory of mem- 
 bers of the Collinson, Loy, and Pindar families. A 
 valuable communion service was presented to the 
 church in 1809 by the late Rev. Septimus ColUnson, 
 provost of Queen's College, O.xford, and a native of this 
 parish. Musgrave church was appropriated to the 
 Abbey of St. Mary at York, but has always continued 
 a rectory. The living, valued in the King's Book at 
 £16 Is. 11 Jd., was certified to the governors of Queen 
 Ann's Bounty as of the clear yearly value of £48. 
 About the year 1750 it was augmented with a small 
 estate at Orton, purchased with £300, given by the 
 Rev. Simon Pindar, rector of the parish, and £200 
 obtained from Queen Anne's Bounty. It is now worth 
 about £300 a year. The tithes have been commuted 
 for £120. The p.itronage is vested in the Bishop of 
 Carlisle, to one of whose predecessors it was granted ia 
 1248 by the community of St. Mary at York. 
 
 Rectors.— Thomas Ouds, ; William de Burton, 1208; 
 
 Robert de Halouton, 1303; John deBur.lon, l.T^] ; Thomas de 
 Gouldinston, 131T ; Robert de Denham, 13:iO; Adam de Levir- 
 ton, 133?; John de Brydkirk, 13.)« ; John de Stoketon, 1342; 
 
 WilUam de Sandford, ; William de Ellerton, ; John 
 
 de Soiilbj, 1359 ; Peter de Morlaud, 1301 ; Richard de Upton,
 
 NEWBIGGIN PARISH. 
 
 759 
 
 1375 J EdvrardCrackenthorpe, 1490; Thomas Anggrome, 1550 ; 
 John Birbeck, died 1077; Jeof&ey Birbeck, 1577; — Barker, 
 resigned, 1500; Bernard Robinson, 10!)!); John Spencer, Ifl 13; 
 William Dodding, 1013 ; John Vaux, KUIJ ; John Ardrey, lfi71 ; 
 Christopher Thornton, 1CH4 ; Simon Pindar, 1719; Robert Hall, 
 1705; Edward Knowsley, 175G; William I'aley, 1775; Robert 
 Whitehead, 1807; Richard Atkinson, 181:); John Bowstead, 
 1832; Alfred Heslop, 1811 ; Joseph Chapelhow, 1810. 
 
 The rectory is a plain commodious building, which 
 the present rector has modernised and otherwise 
 improved. 
 
 Lougrigg is a hamlet in this township. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 The School— The Rev. Septimus Collinson, D.D., 
 provost of Queen's College, O.xford, by will, in 1827, 
 gave £1,500 in the Three-per-cent Consols for the 
 endowment of a free school in this, his native parish, 
 to be conducted on the Madras system. His nephews 
 
 and executors paid tbe legacy duty themselves, and also 
 contributed £300 towards the erection of the school and 
 teacher's house, which were built in 18'29 at Longrigg, 
 where Dr. Collinson resided in his youth. The late 
 Ilev. Sir C. J. Musgrave gave the timber required for 
 the buildings. The parish previously possessed a 
 school endowment of £3 a year ; the total income of 
 the school is now (1859) £17 per annum. The average 
 attendance is about thirty children. 
 
 Poor Stock. — Mr. Hall left by will £40 to poor house- 
 keepers not receiving parish relief. The interest of this 
 money is given away with the other chwity money about 
 Christmas. 
 
 Richardson's Charily. — George Richardson, in 1715, 
 left by will a rent-charge of 13s. a year to poor house- 
 keepers not receiving parish relief. This money is 
 also given away at Christmas. 
 
 NEWBIGGIN PARISH. 
 
 This parish, which is very small, being only three mUes in circumference, is surrounded on all sides by the parish 
 of Kirkby Thore, except on the north, where it is separated from Kiikland parish, in Cumberland, by the Crowdun- 
 dale Beck. It comprises no dependant townships. The area is 1,184 acres. The population in ISOl was 126; 
 in 1811, 136; in 1821, 152; in 1831, UO; in 1841, 140; and in 1851, 114. 
 
 The earliest possessor of the manor of Newbiggin 
 on record is Gamel, son of Whelp, who granted it to 
 Robert, steward of Appleby, who, in consequence, 
 assumed the name of Robert de Newbiggin. The 
 descendants of this Robert continued to hold the manor 
 
 The first of the family connected with the manor of 
 Newbiggin is 
 
 till about the year 1331, when Emma, daughter of 
 Robert de Kewbiggin, brought it in marriage to the 
 Crackenthorpes, in which family it still remains. 
 Newbiggin Hull, the seat of the lord of tho manor, is 
 a large structure with towers and turrets, erected 
 m 1533, by Ciiristophcr Crackcnthorpo, on the site of 
 the ancient manor house. (Jver the door of the hall is 
 the following inscription : — 
 
 " Christopher Crackcnthorpo men did me call, 
 Who in my tyrae did buildo ibis hall, 
 And framed it as you may see, 
 
 One thousand live hundred thirty and three." 
 
 The hall is delightfully situated in the deep and 
 sequestered vale of Crowduudale, and has been greatly 
 improved by its present owner. 
 
 f rnclicnihorijc of |ttbbiggirt. 
 
 This is an ancient Wcstmorehmd family, branches 
 (if which have occasionally settled in Cumbcrlaud. 
 
 Robert de CRACKENTnoiiPE, who, as we have just seen, mar- 
 ried the heiress of the Newbiggins, by whom he had a son and 
 heir, 
 
 Wii.i.iAM i)E Crackenthobpe, who, in tho 18th Edward III. 
 held a third part of the manor of Brougham. This William 
 married Grimston, by whom lie liad a son, 
 
 John be Crackenthobpe, who married a daughter of Brisco, 
 and in the reign of Kicliard II. and Henry 1\'. represented 
 Westmoreland in pailiameut. His son and heir, 
 4 JoiiK TE CRACKENTHonPE, married one of the Blencow family, 
 and died in tho 11th Henry A'l. (1135-0) leaving a son and heir, 
 
 John be CiucKENTiionrE. This gentleman, during bis 
 father's lifetime, was receiver to the Lady Elizabeth Percy, 
 widow of John Lord J'crcy, of her revenues in Westmoreland. 
 Thomas Crackenthorpe, brother to this John, in 1118-9, served 
 the office of shoriU" for Cumberland, and two years afterwards 
 represented the same county in parliament. Thomas de Crack- 
 enthorpe and his brother James wore killed nt the battle of 
 Towton, along with their general, John Lord Clillbrd. In the 
 31st Henry VI. John Crackenthorpe of Newhi;.-gin occurs, with 
 two otiiers, as owner of the manor of Brougham. He died in 
 1100-7, leaving by his wife, Leyburn, a son and heir, 
 
 John be Ciuckknthoupe, who appears to have married a 
 Musgrave. This gentleman, like his father, occurs as a holder 
 of Brougham manor ; ho also filled the office of sheriff of Cum- 
 berland. He had, besides Chnstopber bis son and heir, a
 
 reo 
 
 EAST WAED. 
 
 younger son, William, to wliom be appears to Lave given the 
 third part of the manor of Brougham, for in lOJi-S, Margaret, 
 widow of William Crackenthorpe, and John, their son and heir, 
 held llio third part of Brougham ; these are the last of the 
 Crackenthorpes we find at Brougham. John de Crackenthorpe 
 was succeeded by his son, 
 
 CuRisToruER CitACKENTHORPE, Esq., who built Newbiggin 
 Hall, as described above. In the 35th Henrj- VIII. (1543.4) 
 this gentleman, for the sum of X055 3s., purchased of the crown 
 Hale Grange, in Kirkby Thore, the property of the suppressed 
 abbey of Holme Cultram, with lands in Kirkby Thore and New- 
 biggin belonging to the said abbey, amounting in the whole to 
 182 acres ; and also the house and other possessions of the 
 Carmelite friai-s, in Appleby, and the whole manor of Harden- 
 dale and Wasdalo, the property of the monastery of Byland in 
 Yorkshire ; to hold of the king, in capile, by the twentieth part 
 of one knight's fee, and paying to the king yearly, for Holme 
 Cultram 6s. 4d., for the Friary 2s. 8d., and for Byland ICs. This 
 Christopher married a daughter of Blenkinsop of Ilelbeck, and 
 had, besides Henry, his heir, a younger son John, who was 
 founder of the family of the Crackenthorpes of Little rftrickland. 
 He was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Henuy CitACKENTHORPE, Esq., who was married four times, 
 but had issue by his fourth wife only. This lady was Winifred, 
 sister of Sir Christopher Pickering, and by her he had four sons 
 and four daughters. He was succeeded b^ his eldest son, 
 
 Christopher Cr.^ckenthopj'E, Esq., who married Mary, 
 daughter of Sir James Bellingham, and by her bad issue, 
 
 I. ricnry, killed at Wigan during the parliamentary wars, 
 
 II. RicH-VRO who succeeded his father. 
 
 III. Robert, who died unmarried ; and four daughters. 
 
 He was succeeded by bis second son, 
 
 BiciiARD CRACKENinoRPE, Esq. This gentleman was twice 
 married. By his first wife, Mary, daughter of Sir Christopher 
 Dalston, Gnt., of Acorn Bank, he had issue, 
 
 I. Henry, who died young. 
 
 II. CuRisToruEH, who succeeded his father. 
 
 III. John. 
 
 IV. Thomas, of whom hereafter. 
 V. William. 
 
 I. Mnry. 
 II. Barbara. 
 
 His second wife was Letticc, daughter of the IJov. Mr. Lowgber, 
 a clergyman in Stafl'ordshire, by whom he had four sons and a 
 daughter. 
 
 Christopher Crackenthorpe, Esq., second son and heir of 
 Eichard, married Anne, daughter of Robert Rawlinson, Esq., of 
 Cork Hall, Cartmell, co. Lancaster, and by her left issue, 
 
 I. Richard. 
 
 II. Robert. 
 
 hi. Christopher. 
 I. Mary. 
 
 He was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Richard Crackenthorpe, Esq., who married Deborah, eldest 
 daughter and co-heir of Samuel Mottram, Esq., of Thorp Hall, 
 CO. Lincoln, and by her had issue, 
 
 I. Mottbam. 
 
 H. Henry, nbo died an infant. 
 . 1. Deborah, who died unmarried. 
 
 II. Anne, who became tlie wife of Adam Askew, M.I)., Ncwcasllo- 
 upou-Tyne; who after ilii> diutli of her timlhers anil sisters 
 will]iim issue ri-ULiiiii'd hoir gtniral of the Cnukmlliorpes, 
 but by the entail on the male issue was excluded turn the 
 iuberilance. 
 
 Ho was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Mottram Crackenthorpe, Esq., who dying nomairied, the 
 direct line failed, and the property came to 
 
 Christopher Crackestiiorpe, Esq., son and heir, by Mary, 
 daughter of Threlkeld of Mclmerby, of Thomas Crackenthorpe, 
 fourth son of Richard Crackenthorpe, as above. This Christo- 
 pher married Dorothy, second daughter of William SandforJ, 
 Esq., of Askham, and dying without issue, was succeeded by 
 his brother, 
 
 Richard Crackenthokpe, Esq., who mairied Dorothy, 
 daughter of Edward Crewe, Esq., of London, and had issue 
 five sons and five daughters, most of whom died young. Ho 
 was succeeded by his only surviving son, 
 
 James Crackenthorpe, Esq., of Kewbiggin. This gentle- 
 man married Anne, second daughter of George Vane, Esq., of 
 Long Newton, co. Durham, and died without issue, when the 
 name of Crackenthorpe of Nen biggin became extinct. He 
 devised the inheritance to his widow, during her life, and after 
 that to his sister Dorothy, wife of William Cookson, Esq., of 
 renritb, and the heirs male of her body ; in defect thereof to 
 the Rev. Adam Askew, second son of Dr. Adam Askew above 
 mentioned. Under this settlement, on his demise, Newbiggin 
 passed to his nephew, 
 
 Christopher Crackenthorpe Cooksok, Esq., who thereupon 
 assumed the additional surname and arms of Crackenthorpe. 
 He married Cliarlotte Cust, and dying in 1800, left (with two 
 daughters, Charlotte and Sarah), an only son, 
 
 Wn-LUM Crackenthorpe, Esq., of Newbiggin Hall, J. P., 
 liigh-shcriff of Cumberland in 1820, bom 2-jth lebmary, 1790. 
 
 Arms. — Or, a chevron, between tliree mullets, pierced, ai. 
 Crest. — A holly tree, ppr. 
 
 The village of Newbiggin is seven miles north-west- 
 by-uorlh of Applcb3'. 
 
 the CHfECH. 
 
 The parish church, dedicated to St. Edmund, is a 
 neat structure, in the Early English style, consisting 
 of nave and chancel, with small turret containing two 
 bells. It was erected in 1853-4 on the site of the 
 former church at the expense of the lord of the manor. 
 The east window is of three lights, and is filled with 
 stained glass, on which is emblazoned the arms of the 
 Crackenthorpes. The living is a rectory, valued in the 
 King's Book at £i 14s. i2J., and is in the patronage 
 of the lord of the manor. In 1759 it was augmented 
 with ili200, given by Mrs. Dorothy Crackenthorpe, and 
 JE200 obtained from Queen Anne's Bounty, with which 
 sum the Potter Banks estate at Kirkoswald was pur- 
 chased, now let for £40 a year, besides which the 
 rector has eleven acres of ancient glebe, and receives a 
 prescriptive rent of £'9 Cs. 8d. from the lord of the 
 manor, for the corn tithe of the parish. The tithes 
 were commuted in 1844 for about £62 a year. The
 
 ORMSIDE PARISH. 
 
 rei. 
 
 rectory is now worth £82 a year, irrespective of forty- 
 eight acres of laud and common. 
 
 Rectors.— Thomas de Newbiggin, 1313; John de Hale, 
 133;) ; Gilbert de Tindale, 134'^ ; Robert de Appleby, resigned 
 13(U ; Thomas da Appleby, 13C4 ; Robert de Merlon, 1307 ; 
 John de Culwen, 1375 ; Roger de Kirkoswald, 1375 ; Giles 
 Robinson, died 15H1; Roland Vaiix, 1584; Thomas Dawson, 
 died 1CU8; Thomas Jackson, 1098; Richard Smith, 1731; 
 George Dawson, 17CG ; John Murray, 1813 ; John Robinson, 
 1818. 
 
 The rectory is a good commodious house, erected 
 Bome years ago. 
 
 Hale is a small hamlet, partly in this and partly in 
 Kirkby There parish, three quarters of a mile south of 
 
 Newbiggin. 
 
 CHAMIIES. 
 
 Poor Stock. — There is an ancient poor stock of £57, 
 arising from £(j left by some person unknown; £1 by 
 William Jackson; £3 by Mary Crackenthorpe ; £40 
 by Dorothy Crackenthorpe ; £5 by John Teasdalc ; and 
 £1 by John Harrison. The interest of this money is 
 distributed yearly amongst such poor persons as do not 
 receive parish rehef. 
 
 OEMSIDE PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by those of St. Lawrence and St. Michael Appleby, on the west by the 
 I)arish of St. Lawrence, on the south by the parishes of W'arcop and Asby, and on the east by Warcop. It comprises 
 a small fertile district on the west bank of the Eden, and consists of the two villages and constablewicks of Great 
 and Little Ormside, whose united area is 2, -130 acres. The population of the parish iu 1801 was 171 ; in 1811, 
 105 ; in 1821, 202 ; in 1831, 190 ; in 1811, 190 ; and in 1851, 198. The rateable value is £1,034 10s. 3d. 
 
 The first noteworthy person we meet with at Ormside 
 is John de Ormsheved, who occurs in the reign of 
 King John. He, together with Robert de Boell, was 
 appointed to receive possession of Appleby Castle, in 
 behalf of Ilobert de Veteripont, to whom the king then 
 granted the same during his pleasure. In the eighth 
 year of the same king, we find John de Ormsheved 
 sheriir of Westmoreland under Ilobert de Veteripont. 
 In thi' 3l'.th Henry III. (1251-2) Robert, son of Guy de 
 ( )niisheved witnessed a grant of lands at Appleby made 
 by the last Robert de Veteripont. In the ilth Edward 
 I. fl285-0) John de Ormsheved, son of Robert, lord of 
 the manor of Ormsheved, granted to John, his sou and 
 heir, certain lands in Ormsheved, and also land in 
 Little Ormsheved ; in the same year John do Vesci 
 occurs as holding part of the manor of Ormsheved of 
 t lie two daughters of Robert de Veteripont. In 1309-10 
 .lohn de Dcrwentwater held the manor of Ormsheved, 
 Mild it continued in his family till 1-100, when we find 
 it in the possession of John de Barton and Alice his 
 wife, who made a settlement of the manor. In 1 122 
 Nicholas do Ratcliffo held the manor in right of his 
 wife, Elizabeth, daughter of John do Derwentwatcr. 
 Li 1151 there is a letter of attorney from Thomas 
 I'larton, of Ormsheved, and others, to Richard Marten- 
 dale of Patterdale, to deliver seisin to John do Uartou 
 and Catherine his wife, of lands in Ormshead, Great 
 Salkild, and (ircat Asby; and in the following year 
 Thomas RatcliiTe held a moiety of Ormshead imme- 
 
 diately of Thomas de Clifford, called Ormshead Vesci, 
 because it had been previously held by John Vesci, 
 and John Barton held the same of Thomas RadchfTe. 
 Robert Barton in 1520 held the manor of Ormshead of 
 Cuthbert Ratcliffe. From tliis time the Bartons con- 
 tinued to hold the manor till the reign of Queen 
 I'Uizabeth, when it was sold by Thomas Barton to Sir 
 Christopher Pickering, Knt., who, dying unmarried, 
 left the manor to his natural daughter, the wife of John 
 Dudley, Esq., of Duftou. This gentleman dying before 
 his wife, she married Cyprian Hilton, Esq., of Burton, 
 who had with her the manor of Ormside. From the 
 Ililtons the manor passed with a heiress in marriage 
 to Thomas Wybergh, Esq., of Clifton, in whose time 
 tlio manor was sold to George Stephenson, Esq., of 
 Warcop, who died intestate and without issue, and his 
 property descended to two co-heirs, sisters of his father, 
 Jolin Stephenson, and upon the partition thereof, this 
 manor came to the share of John Fa well, of Temple 
 Sowcrby, who in the year 1770 sold tlie same to the 
 Ivirl of Thanet ; it is now held by Sir Richard Tufton, 
 Bart. ; besides whom John ^^■akeCeid, Esq., is the 
 principal landowner. The manor house is an ancient 
 building now used as a farm-house; as is also Becka 
 Hall, another old mansion. Near to the former, iu the 
 bed of the river Edon, several brass vessels were found 
 iu 1089, supposed to have been buried during the 
 turmoil of the civil wars iu the reign of Charles I. 
 The village of Great Ormside occupies a pleasant 
 
 91
 
 768 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 situation uear the Eden, three miles south-south-east 
 of Appleby. 
 
 THE rnunCH. 
 The parish church, dedication unknown, hut supposed 
 to be St. James, is a small ancient edifice, standing ou 
 a considerable eminence, near the hall, and consists of 
 nave, chancel, chantry or chapel belonging to the 
 Tuftou family, and a tower with two bells. Inserted 
 in a slab in the floor of the nave are three brasses 
 bearing the dates IG'iO, 1625, and 1093; the first 
 commemorates Sir Christopher Pickering, who was five 
 times high-sheriff of Cumberland ; the others, members 
 of the Hilton family. The church, a rectory, was 
 appropriated to the abbey of St. Mary at York, and in 
 1248 the abbot and convent granted the advowson to 
 the Bishop of Carlisle, whose successors have continued 
 to exercise the patronage. The living is valued in the 
 Kings Book at £17 17s. Sjd., and certified to the 
 governors of Queen Anne's Bounty as of the clear 
 yearly rent of £40. The tithes were commuted in 1846 
 for an annual rent charge of £78 10s. 4d. ; the living 
 is now worth about £200 a year. 
 
 KECTons. — William de Gosford, 1394; John de jrorland, 
 1343; John de Crete, 1363; Robert Bix, 1307; Richard de 
 CoUeby, 140G; Christopher Parker, died 10C5; Richard Towl- 
 son, 1505; John Watson, 1500; John Barnes, 1071; John 
 Corry, 1573; Lancelot Manstield, 1577; John Braytliwaite, 
 158-2; John Hudson, 1587; Richard Burton, 1591; Robert 
 Symson, 1C33 ; Eamaby Symson, ICCl; John Symson, 1679; 
 Thomas Nicolson, 1720 ; WiUiam Nicolson, 1727 ; Thomas 
 Cautley, 1731 ; WiUiam Preston, 1762 ; Thomas Spooner, 1778 ; 
 William Monl<house, 1807; Robert Whitehead, 1811; James 
 Bush, 1851; Christopher Pariier, 1851; Thomas Clarlse, 1850. 
 
 The rectory is a handsome modern house, situated 
 on a gentle eminence about a quarter of a mile south 
 of the church. 
 
 There is a national school in the parish. 
 
 Rtidd's Charit;/. — The sum of 8s. is received every 
 fourth year from Rudd's Charity (see Appleby, page 719) 
 and is given away to the poor of the parish. 
 
 Sarah Michaclson's Charity. — This charity consists 
 of a sum of £4, wliich appears to have been given by 
 Sarah Michaelson, the interest to be paid to the poor 
 of Ormside, yearly, for ever. 
 
 Mary Hiltnn's Charily. — Mrs. Mary Hilton, in 1750, 
 gave the sum of £12, the interest to be given to the 
 poor of the parish of Ormside, for ever. 
 
 Burton's Charity. — Poor Stock. Burton, by 
 
 will, about 1655, gave to the poor stock of Ormside 
 the sum of £40, the interest to be applied yearly to the 
 binding of some honest poor man's legitimate child, 
 born in the said parish, and apprenticed to some honest 
 trade; the said child to be elected by the incumbents 
 of Ormside, Appleby, and St. Michael's, or the major 
 part of them. 
 
 Little Ormside is a small village, lying north-east of 
 the parish church, about three miles south-by-east of 
 Great Ormside. The tenants seem to have been pur- 
 chased off the manor of Ormside at large, and are now 
 within the m.anor of Gathome, in the parish of Asby ; 
 but most of them have been enfranchised. 
 
 ORTON PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by Asby, Ravensworth, Crosby, and Shap; on the west by the parish of Kendal; 
 on the south by Kendal and Sedbergh, in Yorkshire; and on the east by Ravenstonedale, Crosby Garret, and Asby. 
 It is very extensive, being about ten miles in length and eight in breadth, and comprises many feUs and valleys, in 
 which grazing is largely carried on. Limestone and freestone are abundant here. The river Lune, and many of 
 its tributary streams, have their sources in this pai'ish. The moors are well stocked with game, and Orton Scar is 
 famous for dotterels. Besides a portion of Fawcett Forest and Birkbeck Fells, the parish contains the townships of 
 Orton, Bretherdale, Langdale, Raisbeck, and Tebay, whose united area is 24,430 acres. The population in 1801 was 
 1,230; in 1811, 1,323; in 1821, 1,525; in 1831, 1,501; in 1841, 1,449; and in 1851, 1,450. The population 
 of the townships of this parish have not, as yet, been returned separately. 
 
 The Lancaster and Carlisle railway runs through the 
 
 ORTON. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £2,700, its 
 area and population are included in the parish returns. 
 Agriculture is the principal employment of the in- 
 habitants, who generally attend the markets at Kendal. 
 
 township. 
 
 Of olden time Orton possesses a few remains. The 
 Britons have left a tumulus at Grantlands, about a 
 mile east of Orton. It is circular in form, and nearly
 
 ORTON PARISH. 
 
 763 
 
 one hundred yards in diameter, rising gradually from the 
 circumference to the height of about three yards in the 
 middle, and is composed of stones promiscuously thrown 
 together. A bumiiu skeleton was found here. In 1847 
 there were found on a hill, not far from Orton, some 
 ancient jewels, which a writer in the Kendal newspaper 
 supposed to have been deposited there in the time of 
 Petilius Cerealis. Behind Orton Scar, nearly two 
 miles north-east of the town, is a place called Castle 
 Folds, formerly surrounded by a strong wall, with a 
 small fort, for the defence of the cattle, &c., during the 
 border foruys. There was also a beacon on the high 
 grounds, which communicated with those of Penrith, 
 Stainmoro, and Whin Fell. At a place about a mile 
 south of the parish church is a weU, called Lady Well, 
 near to which, according to tradition, a chapel formerly 
 stood ; its site is now recalled by the name of Chapel 
 Field. In this vicinity is a farm, bearing the name of 
 Friai-sbiggin, probably on account of the community 
 of Conishead having built a house here for their tenant. 
 The first lord of the manor of Orton on record is 
 Gamel do Pennington, who gave the church to the 
 priory of Conishead in the reigu of Henry II. In the 
 reign of Edward I. we find the manor divided into 
 moieties, which were held by the Dacre and Musgrave 
 families respectively. The Dacre moiety continued to 
 be held by that family till the year 1614, when it was sold 
 io the landowners. The llusgrave moiety, after having 
 been subdivided and successively held by the families 
 of Henecastre, Hilbeck, Blenkiusop, Warcop, Dalston, 
 and Bowes, was also sold to the landowners, for tho 
 sum of i'.iOo. The whole is now consigned in trust to 
 four nominal lords, for the purpose of holding courts 
 Icet and baron, for the convenience of tenants. The 
 landowners are Richard Burn, Esq. ; Rev. C. Parkin ; 
 E. Bniilhwaite, Esq. ; Robert Wilson, Esq., and a 
 number of small proprietors. Orton Hall, for many 
 years occupied as a farm-house, is a fine old building, 
 bearing the date IGCii. 'Wljere the ancient manor- 
 house stood is unknown. 
 
 THE TOWN OF ORTON. 
 
 The market town of Orton (anciently Scar Overton) 
 is pleasantly situated on the road between Appleby and 
 Kendal, from the former of which it is distant nino 
 miles and a half south-south-west, and from the latter 
 tiftceu miles north -north -cast. Tho market is held 
 under a charter granted by Edward I., but the market 
 day has been changed from Wednesday to Friday. 
 At the request of tho Countess of Pembroke, Oliver 
 Cromwell, in 1058, granted to the inhabitants of Orton 
 a license to hold a fair, annually, iu Whit-week, and 
 
 a fortnight fair " to begin on Wednesday next after 
 Whitsun-week and continue till the day of St. Simon 
 and St. Jude following, with a court of pie-powder, and 
 power to take tolls." The seal appended to this docu- 
 ment is about six inches in diameter. On one side are 
 the arms of the Commonwealth, with this motto under- 
 neath, " Pax quteritur bello," and circumscribed " Mag- 
 num SigOlum Reipublicas Angha;, Scotia;, et Hiberniie." 
 On the reverse is the Protector in armour, with tho 
 legend " Olivarius, Dei Gratia, Republicae Anglia;, 
 ScotiiP, et Hibcrni;r, Protector." The fairs are now 
 held on the 3rd of May, Friday before Whitsuntide, 
 and the second Friday after Michaelmas Day, for sheep, 
 black cattle, &c. ; there is also a cattle fair on the 20th 
 of August. 
 
 THE CHCBCH. 
 
 Orton church, dedicated to All Saints, is a large 
 Gothic structure, comprising nave, aisles, chancel, and 
 low embattled tower, with a clock, porch, and peal of 
 four bells. The chancel possesses a window of three 
 lights ; and a portion of the ancient scdillia still 
 exists. In this part of the church is a monument to 
 the memory of Dr. Richard Bum, a former rector; 
 another to the memory of John Burn, of Orton, son 
 of Dr. Burn ; and in the north aisle is one com- 
 memorating John and Thomas Redman. In the 
 south aisle, an ancient piscina with a trefoil-headed 
 canopy, shows the existence of an ancient chapel. All 
 the seats, with the exception of the vicar's, are repaired 
 at the public expense, and no one of the parishioners 
 has a right to any particular seat. The church of 
 Orton, as above stated, was appropriated to the priory 
 of Conishead in the reign of Henry II., this appropri- 
 ation being confirmed by John Bartholomew, prior of 
 Carlisle, in the time of Hugh, third bishop of that see. 
 On tlie suppression of the religious houses, tho 
 advowson of Orton came to the crown. It was pur- 
 chased by Francis JMorice, Esq., and Francis Pholips, 
 Esq., who in their turn sold it, in 1018, to the land- 
 owners of the parish for £570. The patronage is 
 therefore in about 240 individuals, but in order to 
 avoid confusion they keep the advowson in the hands 
 of twelve trustees, who are bound to present according 
 to the majority of votes when an election takes place. 
 The hving is valued in the King's Book at i'lO 17s. 3^d. 
 At the enclosure, made about eighty years ago, it was 
 augmented with two allolmonts, called the Knott and 
 Vicar's Moss, consisting of about 200 acres given in 
 lieu of the tithes of lamb and wool, and the living is 
 now worth about XiSO a year. The pai'ish registers 
 commence in 150G.
 
 764 
 
 EAST WAED. 
 
 VicABS. — Richtti-d de Barnard Castle, 1293; Henry , 
 
 1302; Thomas cle Appleby, died 13;i8; Richard de Wessington, 
 1338 ; Robert de Berdeshay, 1373 ; Thomas Bell, — ; William 
 Birkbeck, U55; Thomas Lorde, 1534; Philip Macbel, died 1573; 
 Robert Comey, 1573; Henry Atkinson, 1594; John Comey, 
 1595; Alexander Featherstonhangh, 1C43 ; George Fothergill, 
 ejected in 1CC2 ; Roger Kenynn, 1CC2 ; Thomas Nelson, 1703 ; 
 Richard Bum, 1736 ; John Redman, 1785; Robert Milner, 1802 ; 
 J. S. Sisson, 1849. 
 
 The vicarage is an old house, much in need of 
 renovation. 
 
 Here is a Wcslcyan chapel erected in 1833. 
 Wesleyanism was first introduced into Ortou by the 
 late Mr. Stephen Brunskill. 
 
 CHAWTIES. 
 
 School. — This school appears to have originated in 
 private subscriptions about the year 1730. From the 
 fund then raised a school-house was built, which con- 
 tinued to be used for the purposes of education until 
 the year 1809, when, being considered too small, and 
 the situation bad, a new one was built on another spot 
 at the expense of about £310, of which Mrs. Margaret 
 Hilme contributed jElSu ; William Holme, Esq., £'-io ; 
 and Joseph Burne, Esq., £50. The old school-house 
 was conveyed to the church-wardens upon their engag- 
 ing to pay i£3 a year to the church singing-master. In 
 1740 Agnes Holme left to the school a rent charge of 
 10s. a year towards paying for the teaching of two poor 
 scholars. Thomas Addison, by will, dated in 1750, 
 gave to the school of Orton £o ; Henry Bland, in 1709, 
 gave £10; and Francis Wardale, in ] 781, £400. From 
 these various charities the school nov? possesses an 
 income of £50 a year; it is attended by about sixty 
 children. There is also a female school, built by 
 Eichard Burn, Esq., and partly supported by that 
 gentleman. 
 
 Agnes Holme's Charity. — Agnes Holme, but at what 
 date is not known, left £10 to be given among such 
 poor single women of the parish of Orton as were not 
 maintained by the parish. This charity is distributed 
 as directed. 
 
 Baurgh Estate. — In November, 1729, the closes 
 at Barfe, called Great Closes, or High Closes, were 
 purchased for £110, of which £30 was church stock, 
 and £80 poor stock, in trust for the repairs, &c., of the 
 parish church and the benefit of the poor of the parish. 
 This estate was augmented at the enclosure of the 
 commons, and one moiety of the rent is now appropri- 
 ated to the relief of poor householders. 
 
 Fraiiccs Wardalc's Charity. — Frances Wardale, by 
 will, dated November 9th, 1781, gave to the overseers 
 of the poor of the parish of Orton, £20, which she 
 
 directed should bo invested, and the interest distributed 
 amongst the poor of the parish. 
 
 Rouiithwaite, Brcthcrdale, Ilirlibeck Fells, Upper 
 and Lower Scales, and Grccnholmc School. — George 
 Gibson, by will, dated 23rd November, 1733, gave 
 £400 bank stock towards the endowment of a free 
 school in Bretherdale or Birkbeck Fells, for the 
 benefit of the places named above. With this bequest 
 an estate was purchased at Dillicar which now produces 
 about £50 a year, the whole of which, with the excep- 
 tion of 20s. for a dinner for the trustees, is given to 
 the master. 
 
 Langdalc, Tehay, and Bretherdale. — Lord Wharton's 
 Bible Charity. — Tiiesc townships share in tlio annual 
 distribution of bibles, catechisms, itc, distributed in 
 pursuance of the will of Lord Wharton. 
 
 Langdale and Tehay. — Anne Thompson's Charity. — 
 The particulars of this charity have been given in our 
 account of the parish of Kirkby Stephen. Six four- 
 penny loaves are placed every Sunday in the parish 
 church of Orton, of which three are given to poor 
 persons of Tebay, and three to other poor of Langdale. 
 
 Birkbeck Fells. — Poor Stock. — A sum of £15, sup- 
 posed to be ancient poor stock, belongs to this town- 
 ship, amongst the poor people of which the interest is 
 distributed. 
 
 Langdale. — Atkinson's Charity. — Abraham Atkinson, 
 by wLU, dated November 1st, 1819, left about £40, the 
 interest of which he directed should be given to the 
 poor people of Langdale. 
 
 The Temperance Hall is a neat building, erected by 
 subscription in 1858. In connection with it are a 
 library and newsroom, the former of which comprises 
 about 300 volumes. 
 
 Orton Hall, the seat and property of Richard Burn, 
 Esq., is a fine old mansion, occupying a pleasant 
 situation near the town. 
 
 Bousfield is a small hamlet in this township, one 
 mile west of Orton. Park and Low Scales are two 
 other small hamlets, the former three quarters of a 
 mile north-west, and the latter about^two miles south- 
 west of that town. 
 
 BRETHERDALE. 
 
 For area and population of this township, see parish 
 returns. This place belonged to the abbey of Byland, 
 in Yorkshire, and is supposed to have been given to 
 that house by Thomas, son of Gospatric. In the reign 
 of Edward I. we find the abbot of Byland holding 
 Bretherdale of the two daughters of the last Robert de 
 Veteripont, with Ashy Grange, paying for all services,
 
 OETON PARISH. 
 
 765 
 
 31s. IIJJ. lu the reign of Henry YI. the abbot of 
 Byland paid for Bretherdale a white rent of os., for all 
 services. After the dissolution of the religious houses, 
 the Whartons purchased this manor, and it is now held 
 by the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 
 The hamlet of Crctherdalc is three miles south-south- 
 west of Orton. 
 
 LAN'GDAI.E. 
 
 Langdale, or Longdale, is a mountainous township 
 lying between Eavenstonedale, Yorkshire, Tebay, and 
 Eaisbeck. Its area and population are returned with 
 the parish. The rateable value is £901 lis. 8d. 
 
 The manor of Langdale was never held of the 
 Cliffords, having been given by Henry II. to the priory 
 of Walton, in Yorkshire, which grant was confirmed by 
 King John, on the 29th March, 1200. In the 36th 
 Henry III. (1231-2) there was a grant of free warren in 
 Langdale and llavenstonedale to Walton Priory. On 
 the suppression of the monastic establishments, this 
 manor was granted to the Wharton family, from whom 
 it was purchased by Robert Lowther, Esq., of Mauld's 
 !Mcaburn, and it is now held by the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 The landowners are Matthew Thompson, Esq. ; John 
 Beck, Esq. ; John Sawyer, Esq. ; Thomas Fawcett, 
 Esq. ; and some small proprietors. 
 
 The hamlet of Langdale is three miles south-east of 
 Orton. Dr. Thomas Barlow, a learned divine of the 
 seventeenth century, and bishop of Lincohi, was a 
 native of this place. Ucro is a Wesleyau chapel, 
 erected in 1841. 
 
 Coatgill is a hamlet in this township, four miles 
 south-east of Orton. 
 
 RAISBECK. 
 
 The rateable value of Baisbeck township is £1,773 ; 
 its area and population are included in the parish 
 returns. The landowners are Richard L. Watson, 
 Esq. ; John Wakefield, Esq. ; Stephen Bland, Esq. ; 
 Matthew Thorapson, Esq. ; John Brunskill, Esq. ; 
 Richard Burn, Esq. ; Rev. J. Sisson, and a number of 
 small proprietors. On the south side of the township 
 is Reasgill Ilidl, where the manor courts were formerly 
 held. 
 
 The village of Raisbeck is about a milo and three 
 quarters east of Orton. Sunbiggin is another village, 
 at the foot of a lofty scar, two and throe (juarter miles 
 north-east of the same town. The hamlets are Coat 
 Flat, one mile and a half south of Orton ; Kelleth, 
 three miles south-east ; and Rayne, three miles south- 
 south-east. Coatllatt Hall is a commodious dweUing, 
 a milo and a quarter from Orton, erected in 1707, on 
 the site of an ancient castellated structure, at which, 
 
 according to tradition, the judges on the northern 
 circuit often regaled themselves between Appleby and 
 Lancaster. Sunbiggin tarn is a small lake, a little 
 west of Sunbiggin. Human bones have been found at 
 several places in this township. 
 
 TEBAY. 
 
 The area and population of Tebay are returned with 
 the parish; the rateable value is jC3,599 3s. Od. The 
 township is large, consisting of two divisions, called 
 High End and Low End, both of which are fertile. 
 
 The first possessor of Tebay on record is Radulpli 
 de Tybai, who occurs as a witness to a grant of land at 
 Kirkby Tliore to the abbey of Holme Cultram. Her- 
 bert de Tibay is the ne.xt of the name we meet with, 
 but he does not appear to have held the manor, which 
 was parcelled out amongst several owners. He' occurs 
 as a landowner, and it is very probable that he pos- 
 sessed a part of the manor. We afterwards meet with 
 the families of Hastings and English as owning por- 
 tions of the manor of Tebay. In the 31st Edward I. 
 (1309-3), Henry Threlkeld, of Crosby Ravensworth, had 
 a grant of free warren in Tebay and Rouuthwaite. 
 Resides Hastings and Englishes, the Rcstwolds and 
 Whartons had lands here, and the whole manor came 
 at length to the latter family. The Whartons subse- 
 quently sold it to the Lowthers, and it is now held by 
 the Earl of Lonsdale. The landowners are John Beck, 
 Esq. ; Richard Brauthwaite, Esq. ; John Brunskill, 
 Esq. ; the Rev. George Wilson ; and the lord of the 
 manor. 
 
 The village of Tebay is situated on the Kcudftl road, 
 two miles south of Orton, near the junction of the Bir- 
 beck with the Lune. Uere is a station on the Lancaster 
 and Carlisle railway. Tebay is to be the terminus of 
 the Barnard Castle and Lancaster line. There is a 
 Methodist chapel in the vill.ige. In the Galloper Field, 
 in this township, is the Brandery Stone, on which there 
 was formerly an inscription ; and near Low Borrow 
 Bridge ai'e the remains of a castle, which seems to 
 have been a fortress of some strength. At Tebay and 
 Grcenholme are two places called Castle How, both of 
 which are supposed to have served as places of defence 
 during the Scottish inroads. 
 
 CU.UUTIES. 
 
 School— B^ indenture, dated 3nth of April, 1072, 
 Robert Adamsou gave two messuages and tcuemeuts, 
 and the lands thereto belonging, the one called Ormoadic 
 Biggin, and the other Blocket Bottom, to trustees, for 
 the use of a grammar school at Tebay, and for the 
 maiutenauco of a schoolmaster there ; the school to be
 
 766 
 
 EAST WABD. 
 
 open free of charge to poor chilJreu. The property 
 just unmeJ briug in about £55 a year, out of which the 
 master receives £'45. The school is under the manage- 
 ment of six trustees, and is attended by about seventy 
 children of both sexes. 
 
 This township also shai-es iu other charities, for which 
 see pages 
 
 Ellcrgill hamlet is two and a half miles south by east 
 of Orton ; Gaisgill hamlet, two miles south-by-east ; 
 Redgill, two and a half miles south-by-east; and Rounth- 
 waite, three miles south of the same town. 
 
 BIRKBECK FELLS. 
 
 Birkbcck Fells is an extensive lordship within the 
 
 manor of Crosby Ravensworth, and part of it is also in 
 the parish of Crosby Ravensworth, where it will be 
 found described more in detail. The Lancaster and 
 Carlisle railway runs through the township, the part of 
 which in this parish is rated at £-135 3s. 4d. At 
 Greenholme, a small hamlet in this division, two miles 
 soutli-south-wcst of Orton, is an endowed school. (See 
 page 70-1.) High Scales is another hamlet iu this 
 division, two miles south-west of Orton. 
 
 BOKROWDALE. 
 
 Borrowdale, si.\. miles south-south-west of Orton, is 
 a deep romantic dale, forming part of Fawcett Forest, 
 which is mostly in Kendal parish. This part of Faw- 
 cett Forest township is rated at £'012. 
 
 RAVENSTONEDALE PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded ou the north by those of Crosby Garret and Kirkby Stephen, on the West by Orton, on the 
 south by Sedbergh and Kirkby Stephen, and on the west by Kirkby Stephen. It comprises a picturesque region 
 of valleys, thwaites, and fells. The river Rother and several streams which form the source of the Lune rise here, 
 as does also the Ravenbeck, which flows northward to Smardale, through a fine open valley, formed into rich 
 pastures, and from which the parish has its name. Ravenstoncdale parish comprises only one manor and township, 
 though, for the convenience of collecting rates, &c., it is divided into four angles or parts, called respectively Town, 
 Bowderdale, Fell-End, and Newbiggin Angles. 
 
 The area of Ravenstoncdale is 18,450 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £0,428 1 Is. The population in 1801 
 was 1,138; in 1811, 1,091; in 1821, 1,059; in 1831, 
 1,030; in 1841, 973; and in 1851, 939; who are 
 principally engaged in agriculture. Kirkby Stephen is 
 the market attended. The Durham and Lancaster 
 line of railway intersects the parish. 
 
 The manor of Ravenstonedalc, with the advowson of 
 the church there, was granted by Torphin, son of 
 Robert, " to God, and the Blessed Virgin, and all the 
 holy men serving God in the monastery of Walton.'* 
 This community belonged to the order of Sempriugham, 
 founded by St. Gilbert at Sempriugham, in Lincoln- 
 shire, in 1148. Numerous privileges were granted to 
 this order by several popes and kings, in all of which 
 the manor of Ravenstoncdale participated. Pope 
 Celestine IIE., who was elevated to the pontifical chair 
 in 1191, granted to the order of Sempringham the 
 privilege of exemption from payment of tithes of lauds 
 which they had in their own cultivation. King John, 
 Henry III., Edward III., and Hemy VL confirmed 
 the immunities enjoyed by the order. From these 
 confirmations we learn that besides freedom from toll 
 
 and other personal and pecuniary charges, the monks 
 of Sempriugham had also the privilege of sanctuary 
 throughout their whole possessions. In pursuance of 
 these grants it is recorded that if in Ravenstouedale 
 '• a murderer fled to the church or sanctuary, and tolled 
 the holy bell, as it was called, he was free ; and if a 
 stranger came within the precincts of the manor, he 
 was safe from the pursuer.' The privilege of sanctuary 
 was abolished here, as well as iu other places, in the 
 reign of James I., and many of the other privileges 
 have been taken away by act of parhament. After the 
 suppression of the monastic institutions Henry VIII. 
 granted the church and manor of Ravenestonedale to 
 the Archbishop of York during his life; and in Novem- 
 ber, 1540, he granted the reversion to Sir Thomas 
 Wharton, Knt., for the sum of £935 16s. 8d. The 
 rectory and manor continued to be held by the Wharton 
 family till they were sold by the Duke of Wharton to 
 Robert Lowther, Esq., from whom they have descended 
 to the Earl of Lonsdale. ' The greater number of the 
 estates have been enfranchised. The landowners are 
 the Earl of Lonsdale; ^Matthew Thompson, Esq.; 
 Richard Winn, Esq. ; John Hewitson, Esq. ; Richard
 
 RAVENSTONEDALE PARISH. 
 
 767 
 
 Hunter, Esq.; Robert Hewitson, Esq. ; John Hewitson, 
 Esq.; Thomas Fawcett, Esq.; John Fawcett, Esq.; 
 John Fothergill, Esq. ; Thomas Fothergill, Esq. ; Rev. 
 A. Gibson ; Richard Gibson, Esq. ; Rev. Thomas Jack- 
 son ; and Anthony Morland, Esq. ; with a number of 
 small proprietors. 
 
 In what is called the Lord's Park, a little north of 
 the town, is Gallows Hill, probably on account of 
 criminals, condemned by the manor court, having 
 been executed there in olden time. The park was 
 walled round by Lord Wharton in lOGO. Upon a hill 
 called Ash i'ell, on the north side of the park, is a 
 house, cut out of the rock ; and near Rother Bridge is 
 a circle of stones supposed to be druidical. At a place 
 called Rosato are two tumuli, in which many human 
 bones have been found. Li 1771 there was discovered 
 in the peat moss, about half a mile from the Town 
 Head, a large copper vessel, capable of containing about 
 eight and a half gallons of liquid. 
 
 THE TOWK OF RAVENSTONEDALE. 
 
 The town of Ravenstonedale is pleasantly situated in 
 a mountainous district, near the conlluence of Scandall 
 Beck and Cold Beck, four and a half miles south-west 
 of Kirkby Stephen, eight miles east -south -east of 
 Orton, and 270 miles north-north-west of London. It 
 contains about 100 houses, but bears evident marks of 
 having been at some former period much larger than 
 at present. The market, which was held on Tuesday, 
 is obsolete ; but a fair is held here on the Thursday 
 after Whitsuntide ; three cattle fairs are also held 
 annually; one on the second Wednesday in r\Iarch, 
 another on the Wednesday previous to the second Sun- 
 day in April ; and a third on the 29th of August. 
 
 THE CHUnCH. 
 
 Ravenstonedale church, dedicated to St. Oswald, is a 
 neat and commodious edifice, erected in 1774, near the 
 site of a previous church, and consists of nave and 
 chancel. Below the communion table of the old chunii 
 were two rows of scats, " where, it is said, the steward 
 and jury of the manor sat formerly, iu their court of 
 judicature." The prisoners were confined in a hollow 
 arched vault, which was discovered when making the 
 foundations of the present church. There aro mural 
 monuments to the memory of the Fothergill, ililnor, 
 and Mounspy families. Tho advowson of the church 
 has doscondcd with the manor, as seen above. The 
 great and small tithes did not, however, pass with tho 
 living, but were sold to the inhabitants and landowners. 
 None of these tithes or other dues were ever set out for 
 the use of a vicar, as the duties and requiremeuts of the 
 
 parish were attended to by monks sent from the 
 monastery of Walton, and the living has, in conse- 
 quence, continued to be a perpetual curacy even to our 
 own times. In 1777 the whole glebe and houses 
 belonging to the curate were worth about £18 a year, 
 exclusive of the ancient salary of £'8 paid by the lord of 
 the manor, as impropriator ; a rent charge of £5 Is., 
 purchased in the manor of Bleatam, with £100 left by 
 the Rev. W. Morland ; 27s. a year arising from land 
 purchased with £28, left by John Fothergill, for a 
 sermon on the 10th of August; and the interest of £5, 
 left by Henry Fothergill, for a sermon on St. Bartholo- 
 mew's Day. But the living has been augmented with 
 various bequests, &c., amounting to £800, with which 
 land was purchased in 1820, at Dubbs. The interest 
 of £20 was left in 1780, by Mr. Giles, for an annual 
 sermon. Tho living is now worth about £120 a year. 
 The parish registei-s commence in 1570. 
 
 CoEATES. Toppin occurs 154C ; Robert Mounsey, died 
 
 1780; Jefifrey Bowness, 1780; John Robinson, 1813; Thomas 
 Moss, 1834; William C. Kendal, ISli; William Yarker, 1819. 
 
 The parsonage is a neat and commodious house, 
 pleasantly situated on tho Smardale Beck, south of the 
 church. 
 
 The Independent chapel, formerly Presbji:erian, 
 situate about the centre of the town, ranks amongst the 
 oldest dissenting places of worship iu the county, 
 having been erected about the year 1G02, when the 
 congregation was formed by the Rev. Christopher 
 Jackson, who had been ejected from the living of 
 Crosby Garret, iu pursuance of the .Vet of Uniformity. 
 It was endowed by Philip Lord Wharton with £100, 
 which was invested in land, together with £86, left by 
 Mr. Pindar, John Thompson, Isabella Langhoni, James 
 Fawcett, and George Murthwaites. Various other 
 benefactions, amounting to upwards of £100, have also 
 been invested by tho trustees. The chapel has a 
 burial-ground and dwelling-house attached. 
 
 Here is also a Wcsleyan Contcnary chapel, erected 
 in 1839. There is a Primitive-Methodist chapel at 
 Ncwbiggin. 
 
 School. — The Free Grammar School of Ravenstone- 
 dale was founded about the year 1088, by Thomas 
 Fothergill, B.D., master of St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge, and by several others of his name and kindred, 
 all natives of the parish, who endowed it with £l50, 
 with which three small estates were purchased — viz., 
 llorngill, in .\sby parish ; Foxhill Bigg, in Scdbergh 
 parish ; and land at Bousficld, in Orton parish ; but 
 only tho kst-meutioncd belongs to tho schools, the
 
 ^68- 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 trustees for the time beiug, ia 1703, exceeded their 
 authority, and converted the other two with rent charges 
 of £11 a year, though the land is worth now more than 
 i'70 per annum. The entire income of the school is 
 now only about .£40, inclusive of a rent charge of £6 
 a year, left by Philip Lord Wharton. The school is 
 free to the whole parish for Latin and Greek ; a charge 
 is made for other branches of education. The present 
 school was erected by subscription in 1758, aided by 
 three donations, amounting to £40 given by Thomas 
 Fothergill, D.D., principal of Edmund Hall, Cam- 
 bridge ; Thomas Fothergill, D.D., provost of (Queen's 
 College, O-xford ; and Henry Fothergill, M.A., three 
 brothers, born at Lockholmc, in this parish, and mem- 
 bers of a family located here for centuries. From its 
 foundation this school has had the advantage of able 
 preceptors, and many eminent men have received the 
 rudiments of their education here ; we may mention 
 the Rev. John Robinson, D.D., author of the " Theolo- 
 gical Dictionary," &c., &c., and Dr. Dawes, the present 
 dean of Hereford, who was the pupil of Dr. Robinson. 
 The school is a small plain building ; average atten- 
 dance about forty children. 
 
 Various Charities. — This parish being subdivided 
 into four parts or " angles," some of the following 
 charities are only applicable to one or more of these 
 " angles." 
 
 There is belonging to the parish £700 stock, in the 
 Three-per-ccnt. Consols, which was purchased in the 
 year 1800, with £450, being the amount of different 
 sums of money applicable to several purposes in the 
 parish. The money invested was applicable to the 
 following uses, and the dividend of the stock is disposed 
 of proportiouably : — For the minister £55, dividend 
 £•2 lis. lid. ; for the clerk £20, dividend 18s. 8d. ; 
 money for apprentices £35, dividend £1 12s. 8d. ; 
 poor stock £196 12s., dividend £9 3s. 5d. ; Mr. 
 Giles's legacy for the poor £40, dividend £1 17s. 4d ; 
 parish money £09 8s., dividend £3 4s. lOd; Faw- 
 cett's and Powson's money £34, dividend £1 lis. 9d. : 
 of these different items, the first is composed of £20, 
 left by Mr. Giles in 1780 for a sermon, and of the 
 residue of some previous bequests, for the same purpose. 
 The .£'20 left to the clerk was a legacy from John 
 Holme, who died in 1770, for the increase of his salary. 
 It is not known from what source the apprentice money 
 was derived, but it is an old stock, and the interest has 
 always been employed in giving small sums to boys 
 when they are bound out. We find no account of the 
 origin of the poor stock, but it seems to be of long 
 standing. John Giles, of London, by will, dated June 
 14th, J786, gave the sum of £00 in trust, directing 
 
 one-third of the interest to be paid to the minister of 
 Ravenstonedale, for preaching a sermon there yearly 
 on his birthday, being the 1st of January, and the 
 remaining two-thirds to be distributed among the poor 
 inhabitants of the parish, one-fourth to be given to poor 
 persons in Bowerdalc Angle, and one-fourth part in 
 every of the other three angles. The parish money 
 belongs to the parishioners, and no charitable use is 
 attached to it. The last item of £34 is composed of 
 two gifts, one from Richard Fawcett of £30, and £ 1 
 from Richard Powson, to be given to the poor of New- 
 biggin and Bowerdalc Angles. 
 
 Hunter's Gift. — Beside the stock just mentioned, 
 there is the fourth sum of £10, left by Launcclot 
 Hunter, who died in 1731, the interest to be given to 
 poor housekeepers in Fell End Angle. 
 
 Lord Wharton's Bible Charity. — The trustees of Lord 
 Wharton's Charity send yearly to the parish 30 bibles, 
 30 catechisms, and three Grossman's introductions, and 
 7s. Cd. for the trouble of distribution. 
 
 Newbiggin Anr/le. — Holme's Charity. — John Holme, 
 who died about 1770, left, besides .£50 to the minister, 
 and £20 to the clerk, as above stated, £20 in trust for 
 the teaching of poor children in Newbiggin Angle. 
 
 Eobinson's Charity. — John Robinson, of Sythe Side, 
 left the interest of £200 to be distributed in bread 
 every Sunday, in the church. 
 
 Airey's Charity. — William Airey loft £150, and 
 directed the interest to bo distributed amongst the poor 
 at the discretion of the minister and churchwardens. 
 
 The Town Angle forms the north-east division of the 
 parish, and includes the hamlets of Cross Bank, Lock- 
 holme, and High and Low Stennerskeugh, distant from 
 one to two miles south-east of the town. 
 
 Bowerdalc Angle, the south-western portion of the 
 parish, includes the deep dale and village of its own 
 name, with Weasdale, from two and a half to four miles 
 west-south-west of the town. 
 
 Fell End Angle comprises the hamlets of Beckside, 
 Dovengill, Murthwaite, and Wardle, distant from two 
 and a half to four miles south of the town. 
 
 Newbiggin Angle, which forms the north-west divi- 
 ' sion of the parish, includes the village of Newbiggin, 
 ! and the hamlets of Coldbeck and Greenside, situate 
 within about one mile north-west of the town. 
 
 A full account of the customs of the manor of 
 Ravenstonedale will be found in Nicolson and Burns 's 
 " History of Westmoreland," page 525 ; it is sufficient 
 for us to remark here, that the tenants were not allowed 
 to divide their ancient tenements without a special 
 agreement from the lord ; the estates were mostly kept
 
 WAECOP PAEISH. 
 
 769 
 
 entire, ami so descended from father to son. It appears 
 from an indenture, made between Lord Wharton and 
 the tenants in 1579, "that any tenant having no issue 
 of liis body, lawfully begotten, and being of the ago of 
 sixteen years, may, by his last will in writing, or by any 
 other lawful act done in the presence of four of the 
 tenants of the said manor, give and bequeath his 
 
 tenements to wliom lie will." Bishop Nicolson, on his 
 visitation, in 1783, was informed by the churchwardens 
 that they had not had a beggar in the parish within the 
 memory of man, nor never had any gentleman amongst 
 them " except only the curate and schoolmaster." 
 There are many good residences in the parish. 
 
 WARCOP PARISH. 
 
 Warcoi- parish is a large irregular district, lying partly on the west, but mostly on the east side of the Eden, from 
 which it extends to Warcop Fells. It is bounded on the north-east by a part of Yorkshire, on the west by St. 
 Michael's Appleby, Ormside, and Asby ; on the south by Crosby Garret and KirUby Stephen; and on the east by 
 Musgrave parish. The western jwrtion, being in the vale of the Eden, is very fertile, but the remainder is chielly 
 a wild mountainous region. The parish comprises four manors and townships, whose united area is 10,020 acres. 
 The population in 1801 was 707; in 1811, 079; in 1821, 713; in 1831, 080; in 1841, 703; and in 1851, 7-10. 
 Agriculture is the principal employment of the inhabitants ; Appleby and Kirkby Stephen the markets attended. 
 
 WAECOP. 
 
 The area and population arc returned with the parish. 
 We possess no information relating to Warcop during 
 the lloman period. Behind the hall is what is con- 
 sidered to be a lloman camp, or station ; and a lloman 
 road is supposed to have pas.sed through the township 
 near a place called the Street House, and so on towards 
 Brough. 
 
 Tliis manor appears to have been held at an early 
 period ijy a family bearing the local name. In the 
 reign of King John, William de Warthcop occui-s as a 
 witness to a grant of lands made by the first Robert de 
 Veteripont to llobert de Sandford. In the time of John 
 do Veteripont, son of the Robert just mentioned, the 
 lord of the manor of Warcop, as well as the lords of 
 Sandford, Burton, and Helton, received a grant of 
 freedom from " pultiire of the foresters," and other 
 privileges. The manor continued to bo held by the 
 Warcop family till the period of the wars of tho Roses, 
 when it seems to have been forfeited and granted to 
 the Nevilles, several of whom occur as holding Warcop 
 even so late as the 1st Philip and Mary (1554). Shortly 
 after this tho Warcops appear to have regained posses- 
 sion, and wo find the manor held in 1574-5 by Edward 
 ^Varcop, Esq. Tho last mention of the Warcops iu 
 connection with this manor occurs in 1589-90, when 
 tli(^ manor was sold by Julin Warcop to Thon;as Braith- 
 waite, Esq., the eldest in the direct line of tho Braith- 
 waites of Ambleside, in whoso family it continued for 
 six generations, and was then purchased by Tiiomas 
 Carleton, l-isq., of Appleby, who gave it as a marriage 
 portion with his younger daughter, Dorothy, to Georgo 
 93 
 
 Stephenson, Esq. This last-named gentleman dying 
 without issue, his property came to co-heirs, sisters 
 of his father, John Stephenson, and upon a partition 
 thereof, the manor of Warcop came to Elizabeth, wife 
 of the Rev. ^^'illiam Preston, rector of Brougham, in 
 whose family it still remains. The Itev. William 
 Preston came from the western division of the county, 
 where the" family originally possessed large landed 
 estates. Some of the elder branches of the family 
 ending in daughters carried the bulk of the property 
 by marriage into other families ; other branches siding 
 with the king against the parliament in the civil wars, 
 by confiscation and misfortune lost nearly all they pos- 
 sessed in that part of Westmoreland. Mr. Preston, of 
 Brougham, having, through his wife, succeeded to tho 
 manor of Warcop, seems to have sold what projierty ho 
 possessed in tho west of the county and removed to 
 Warcop. William S. Preston, Esq., is the present lord 
 of the manor, besides whom, tho Rev. C. M. Preston, 
 William \\'ilkiusou, Esq. ; Matthew Charnley, Esq. ; 
 Sir Richard Tufton, Bart. ; William Tinkler, Esq. ; 
 Mi's. Atkinson, Christopher Richardson, j\Irs. Becks, 
 Rev. G. D. Whitehead, John Gregson, Henry Campbell, 
 John Blackett, and others, are the landowners. Tho 
 lord of the manor holds a court baron, and a customary 
 court annually iu June. Part only of tho township is 
 enclosed by act of parliament, passed in 1815. ^ M'wcop 
 Fell is unenclosed. 
 
 \\'arcop Hall, the seat of tho lord of the manor, 
 is a stately mansion, pleasantly situated on a gentle 
 cniinenec overlooking tho village. Some parts of the 
 house are very old.
 
 770 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 The village of Warcop is situated on the east bank 
 of the Eden, at the confluence of two rivulets, five miles 
 south-east of Appleby, and about the same distance 
 noitli-by-west of Kirkby Stephen. At a short distance 
 south-east of the village is Castle Hill, where a largo 
 fortress once covered more than an acre of ground, but 
 it has long disappeared, most of its ruins being removed 
 for the erection of the church steeple at Kirkby Stephen, 
 at least, so says tradition. Mr. Machell, who was vicar 
 of Kirkby There in the seventeenth century, says he 
 saw some parts of the walls of the castle which were 
 fifteen feet in thickness. About 200 yards south of 
 Castle Hill is Kirkstead, where a chapel is supposed to 
 have stood in former times. An ancient cross, which 
 stood on the common, was removed after the enclosure 
 and placed in the village. 
 
 The old English festival, called the PiUsh-bearing, 
 has been in existence at Wursop from time immemorial. 
 The rush-bearing generally took place in old times on 
 the festival of the saint to whom the church was dedi- 
 cated. At Warcop the custom is somewhat different, 
 for the church is dedicated to St. Columb, but the 
 village festival has always been held on St. Peter's day. 
 Perhaps, as there are various Druidic remains in the 
 parish, our forefathers, in the early days of Christianity, 
 may have fixed the village festival as near as possible 
 to the time of some great heathen gathering. It was 
 the policy of the ancient Christians to give as little a 
 shock as they could to the feelings of the people. It 
 ■was perfectly lawful to change a heathen gathering into 
 a Christian festival, and certainly easier than to abolish 
 it altogether. With regard to the name : — It was cus- 
 tomary in former times to strew the floors both of 
 churches and halls with fresh rushes ; — and we may, 
 perhaps, imagine a heathen midsummer feast with 
 its various offerings of fruits, or flowers, or bloody 
 sacrifices, changed, by the mild and loving influence of 
 Christianity, into the grateful offering in the house of 
 God of that which might make it more seemly and 
 comfortable. With regard to the present village 
 festival, — the young girls of the parish collect flowers 
 in the village and neighbourhood for some days before- 
 hand. These are arranged in tasteful upright gar- 
 lands, and fixed in a white cushion decorated with 
 green, and adorned with bunches of flowers at each 
 corner. The little maidens have been accustomed to 
 assemble near the centre of the village. The members 
 of the village reading-room have lately shown a great 
 interest in the old festival, and have greatly added to 
 the appearance of the procession by tlie different flags 
 belonging to them. The procession is now formed 
 near the reading-room. The members of the society. 
 
 the children with the garlands, and the flag-bearers, 
 march through the village, preceded by a brass band 
 and the large flag of the society. According to old 
 custom, they then come up to the hall, and the garlands 
 being duly arranged on the grass, and the flags taste- 
 fully displayed, a spirited dance is commenced. 
 Refreshments are provided for the children by the lady 
 of the hall. In about an hour the procession is again 
 formed and all march down to church, where the proper 
 service for the day is said, and the garlands of flowers 
 fixed up by the churchwarden, in a place arranged for 
 them, where they remain until next year. They are 
 then replaced by new ones. In the afternoon various 
 country sports used to be the order of the day : but 
 these having given occasion for much real evil and more 
 evil report, they are now nearly discontinued. About 
 two o'clock in the aftenioon a procession swelled by 
 numbers is again formed in the hall grounds, which, by 
 the kindness of the lord of the manor, are thrown open 
 to all comers. A tent, decorated with evergreens and 
 flowers, is laid out for a gigantic tea-drinking, under 
 the active and very efficient superintendence of the 
 committee. The services of the band are put in 
 requisition, and dancing commences with spirit and 
 energy. From time to time interesting addresses 
 are delivered on such subjects as may be most useful 
 and amusing. The kindness of the lord of the 
 manor in throwing open his grounds, and the efficient 
 manner in which the various arrangements have been 
 conducted, bid fair to make Warcop rush-bearing one of 
 the most attractive festivals in the country. It is heart- 
 enlivening to see the old festival kept up with so much 
 spirit, somewhat of the old religious character — hearti- 
 ness, beauty, and simplicity of arrangement, with much 
 that is likely to make it both useful and popular at 
 the present day. It seems calculated to produce good 
 feehng in the neighbourhood, and is a bright spot 
 to which the poor man may look forward — a day of 
 wholesome recreation to cheer him in his round of 
 toil. 
 
 THE CHUECH. 
 
 Warcop church, dedicated to St. Columb, is an 
 ancient structure, in the Early English style, comprising 
 nave, chancel, north and south transepts, south porch, 
 and tower with two bells. The arch separating the 
 nave and chancel was rebuilt in 1855, by the lord of 
 the manor. The windows are lancet-shaped; the 
 eastern one consists of three lights, filled with stained 
 glass. The centre hght contains a full-length figure of 
 the Piedeemer, supported by St. John on one side, and 
 St. James on the other. The chancel contains six
 
 WAECOP PARISH. 
 
 rri 
 
 other windows, five of which are memori;;! windows, 
 and, of course, of stained glass, and commemorating 
 various members of the Preston family, among others. 
 Captain Henry Preston, of the OOtli Foot, killed within 
 the Redan, at the storming of Sebastopol, September 
 8th, ISo.j; and Leiut. Preston, of the 00th Light 
 Infantry, who died at the Alumliagh, of wounds received 
 during the advance upon Lucknow, under Sir H. Have- 
 lock, September 27th, 1^57. There are also a number 
 of mural monuments. In 15'20 Edward Hilton, rector 
 of Blechingdon, bequeathed a legacy for the celebration 
 of masses in St. John's aisle in this church, which aisle 
 appears to have been the chapel belonging to Burton 
 Hall ; there was also anot?ier chapel on the south side, 
 belonging to VVarcop Tower, the ancient manor house. 
 This church was appropriated to Shap Abbey by 
 Piobcrt de Clifford, in the reign of Edward I., which 
 appropriation was confirmed by Bishop Halton, in 
 consideration of the poverty and ruined condition of 
 that abbey, in consequence of the incursions of the 
 Scots. On the suppression of the monasteries the 
 presentation came to the Warcops, probably by purchase 
 from the person to whom the living had been granted 
 by the crown. It has since been attached to tiie manor. 
 The living is valued iu the King's Book at £0 5s. 3id. ; 
 but in 1772 it received forty-three and a half acres of 
 land at the enclosure of Saudford Commons, as a com- 
 mutation of the tithes of that township; and in 1815, 
 when the inhabitants of Warcop enclosed their common, 
 there were eighty acres allotted, and £400 for the hay 
 and corn tithes, and ninety acres for the vicarial tithes. 
 The only tithes the lord of the manor receives are those 
 of one township, Blcatarn. The living is now worth 
 about JC325. Tbe parish registers commence in 1597. 
 In an old book in the registry chest are many curious 
 entries, and some Jacobite songs. Robert de JIusgrave 
 was the last rector of this church before the appropria- 
 tion to Shap Abbey. 
 
 VicAns. — William de Wartlicoppe, 1311; Hugh de Hoveden, 
 1320; Nicliolus de I'restoii, 13S'J; Kdward Kuype, 1547; 
 David Jack, l.")?!); Nicliolas Deaiic, I.'iSS; llobort Uubson, IDS;) ; 
 Anthony Janiues, 151t7; George Murtiii, Klij; John Ilawlon, 
 died, 1G13; John Vaiix, Ul.|3 ; Edward Mawson, 1«43 ; Charles 
 Crow, 1(J«.I ; Uichanl Ward, died 1711; Matthias Ward, 1735; 
 John Atkinson, curate till 1'8.^; lUchmond Fell, KHU; W. M. 
 Stephenson I'reston, IH'iV ; .Alexander Harper, and A. IIcslop, 
 curates from ISlv! till 1813; Thomas Bellas, 1M13; Joseph 
 Bland, curate till 1H50 ; Ueginald llradliy, curate, ISSl ; W. S. 
 Preston, 1853 ; C. -M. Preston, 1850. 
 
 The vicnrngo is situated close to the church, and has 
 been much improved by the present vicar. It stands 
 on part of tho site of a Roman camp of considerable 
 
 extent, some of the entrenchments and embankments 
 of which arc stiU visible. 
 
 Here are chapels belonging to the Wesleyans and 
 the Wesleyan Association. 
 
 CHABITIES. 
 
 School. — It appears from an old book, containing 
 minutes respecting parish affairs, that the schoolmaster 
 of Warcop is entitled to receive five shillings every two 
 years, out of four estates in Sandford. The school is 
 partly supported by subscription, and is attended by 
 about si.xty children. 
 
 Knipe's Chariiij. — The Rev. Edward Knipe, of War- 
 cop, by will, dated 27th December, l."i7-l, devised a 
 rent charge of £2 9s. 4d. a year to the poor of this 
 parish. 
 
 Uudd's Charitij. — The sum of eight shillings is 
 received every fourth year on account of Rudd's Charity, 
 particulars of which will be found iu our account of the 
 Appleby charities. 
 
 Scai/c's Charity. — This charity consists of £4, which 
 is understood to have been left by Margaret Scaife, 
 many years ago, to the poor of Sandford, in this parish. 
 
 Mary Wilson's Charity. — In the year 1804 Mrs. 
 Mary AVilson gave to the vicar and churchwardens £20, 
 to be put out at interest, and the produce divided, 
 yearly, on St. Thomas's Day. She afterwards gave £20 
 more, for the same purpose. 
 
 Parish Money. — This is a sum of £7, the interest of 
 which is given away, with tho other charities, on St. 
 Thomas's Day. 
 
 There were some other charities belonging to this 
 parish, but they have been lost. 
 
 Warcop reading room was established November, 
 1857, under the presidency of the lord of the manor, 
 and Matthew Chamley, Esq. It is well supplied with 
 newspapers, periodicals, &c., and has a library of about 
 300 volumes. 
 
 The principal houses in the township, besides the 
 scat of the lord of the manor, are Warcop House, the 
 residence of Matthew Chamley, Esq. ; and Eden Gate, 
 tho properly and residence of William Wilkinson, Esq., 
 who has filled tho office of high-sheriff of the county. 
 
 Tho township possesses a corn and saw-mill. 
 
 Brough Hill, so celebrated for its fair, is iu this 
 township. 
 
 BLEAT.VRX. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £222. Its 
 area and population are incUidcd in the parish returns. 
 
 In the roign of Henry II. this manor was granted to 
 the abbot and convent of By laud in Yorkshire, to which
 
 772 
 
 EAST WARD. 
 
 it continued annexed till the period of the suppression 
 of the monastic institutions, when it was granted by 
 Henry VIII. in consideration of £2,100 lis. to Mar- 
 garet Symsou, the Rev. Anthony Belasis, and AViHiam 
 Belasis, Esq. On ilurgarct Symson's death the manor 
 reverted to her brothers Anthony and WilHam Belasis 
 just mentioned, and on Anthony's demise the whole 
 came to William, in whose family it continued till the 
 2'2nd Charles 11. (1670) when it was sold to Nicholas 
 Salvin, Esq., of Croxdale, in the county of Durham, who 
 three years afterwards sold the same to George Fothcrgill, 
 of Ravcnstonedalc, from whom it was purchased by Sir 
 Christopher ilusgrave, Bart., ancestor of the present 
 lord of the manor, Sir George JIusgrave, Bart. The 
 landowners are Sir Richard Tufton, Bart.; Sir George 
 Musgrave, Bart.; Matthew Thompson, Esq.; John 
 Hill, Esq. ; John Wakefield, Esq. ; Michael Richardson, 
 Esq. ; Robert Rudd, Esq. ; Rev. R. Harrison, and others. 
 
 The village of Bleatarn is a mile and a half south- 
 south-west of Warcop. 
 
 Birks is a small hamlet in this township, one mile 
 north-west of Warcop. In the neighbourhood of this 
 hamlet, at a place called Black Syke, is a small chapel, 
 with burial ground attached, formerly occupied by the 
 Sandemanians, and afterwards by the Independents, 
 Baptists, and Methodists ; it is now used for farming 
 purposes and occasionally for preaching. 
 
 Byland Abbey had a cell here, at Sawbridge, in 
 Wolverdalc, where the monastic buildings appear to 
 have covered a pretty largo parcel of ground, and near 
 to them are the remains of two large fish-ponds. A 
 little south-east of these ponds is a marshy piece of 
 gi-ound, called the Abbey Park, which was enclosed 
 with the rest of tho common in 1790, and enfranchised 
 in consideration of an allotment given to the lord, who 
 however still receives 7d. fines from the tenants of 
 the old enclosures, and a yearly rent charge of Cd. per 
 acre from the owners of the enclosed common. The 
 Sawbridge and other estates in this manor, which 
 belonged to the monks of Byland, are tithe free, if 
 occupied by their owners ; but if let to farm, the exemp- 
 tion is not enjoyed by the tenants. 
 
 BUKTON. 
 
 For the area and population of Burton township, see 
 the parish returns ; the rateable value is f 349 Is. 7d. 
 
 The manor of Burton was possessed in ancient times 
 by a family bearing the local name, some of whom 
 occur as early as the reign of Henry HI. It came 
 afterwards to the Heltons, or Ililtons, who continued 
 its possessors till the year 1720, when it was brought in 
 marriage to the Wybergh family, its present possessors, 
 
 John Wybergh, Esq., being the lord of the manor, and 
 owner of the whole township, with the exception of a 
 small portion held by Ralph Brass, of Hilton. The 
 hall, now occupied by a farmer, is said to have been 
 built on the site of an old friary, and has, over the 
 staircase, a bust and coat of arms, supposed to be those 
 of the notorious freebooter, " Johnny Armstrong." 
 From the remains of foundations, &c., seen on every 
 side, the hall must have been, at one time, an extensive 
 building. In the neighbourhood of the hall are the 
 remains of an ancient entrenchment, but whether 
 British or Roman cannot now be ascertained. 
 
 The hamlet of Burton is two miles north of Warcop, 
 and four miles west-bj-south of Appleby. 
 
 Christopher Baiubridge, archbishop of York, in the 
 reign of Henry VIIL, was a native of this township. 
 
 SANDFORD. 
 
 The area and population of this township have not 
 as yet been returned separately. The rateable value is 
 £1,090 10s. 5d. 
 
 We have evidence of the presence of tho Romans in 
 this township, from the traces of an encampment which 
 still exist near Coupland Beck. Near the village, and 
 not far from the Roman road, are three tumuli, tho 
 largest of which is ninety-one paces in circumference, 
 the next eighty-six, and the next forty. The former 
 was opened in 1700, when some remains of arras, 
 bones, ashes, and an iron urn, were discovered, which 
 were supposed to have belonged to some British chief- 
 tain. A small hospital formerly stood near Coupland 
 Beck Bridge, and is supposed to have been founded by 
 one of the Veteripont family. 
 
 The first recorded possessor of the manor of Sandford 
 is William, son of Robert de Sandford, who granted 
 to Robert de Veteripont his wood of Sandford, and all 
 the turbary of the town, in consideration of his being 
 discharged from homage and service, and of the sura of 
 ten marks of silver, and one palfrey. The same Robert 
 de Veteripont re-granted the wood of Sandford and tho 
 turbary to Robert de Sandford, son of the William just 
 mentioned, in consideration of the sum of £20. Tho 
 Sandfords held the manor for several generations, and 
 many of them represented the borough of Appleby and 
 the county of Westmoreland in parliament ; but, like 
 other families, they at length ended in daughters, by 
 whom the manor was brought in marriage to the 
 Berdesey and Warcop families, the latter of whom soon 
 became possessed of the entire manor. But they seem 
 not to have held it long, as it went ofi" to daughters, 
 co-heirs. In the 3-lth Elizabeth (1591-9) we find that 
 John Dalston, Esq., and Frances, his wife ; and Talbot
 
 WAECOP PARISH. 
 
 773 
 
 Bowes, Esq., and Agnes, his wife, daughters and co- 
 heirs of Thomas Warcop, Esq., sold to the tenants their 
 tenements at Sandford to freehold, with a respective 
 proportion of the wastes, mosses and commons ; and in 
 1071 Sir Tliomas Eraithwaito, of Warcop, Knt., and 
 Elizabeth, his wife, (daughter of the said John Dalston, 
 hy his wife, Frances Warcop) sold the manor of 
 Sandford, with the soil, profits of courts, waifs, strays, 
 deodands, goods of felons, escheats, rents, boons, and 
 the like, to Andrew Wharton, Esq., from whom the 
 demesne and rents were purchased hy the inhabitants 
 and landowners. The Her. G. D. Whitehead ; Sir 
 Eichard Tufton, Bart.; William Wilkinson, Esq.; 
 Mrs. Harrison ; Messrs. Hugh and Anthony Harrison ; 
 
 William Stephenson Preston, Esq. ; John Hill,* Esq. ; 
 William Tinkler, Esq.; John and Edmund Eawcett, 
 and others, are the present landowners. 
 
 The hall or manor house was sold by the |Andrew 
 Wiiarton above-mentioned to Richard Fawcett. It 
 serves as a farm-house. There was anciently a chapel 
 attached to this hall, many remains of which may be 
 seen. 
 
 The village of Sandford is situated on the east bank 
 of the Eden, four miles south-east of Appleby. Here 
 is a chapel belonging to the Wesleyan Association. 
 
 Coupland Beck is a hamlet in the townships of Sand- 
 ford and Hilton, two miles_south-south-east of Appleby.
 
 »st muxi 
 
 This Ward is bouudcd on tbe uortb and iioitli-west by tbe county of Cumberland, on tbe soiitb-west by Kendal Ward, 
 and on tbe soutbeast and east by tbe East Ward. It averages about sixteen miles in length by twelve in breadth, 
 and is nearly all comprised in the barony of Westmoreland. It is a fertile and picturesque region, intersected by 
 tlie river Lowther, to tbe west of which it has tbe lakes of Haweswater and Ulles^ater, with several tarns, and a 
 fine ran"e of lofty mountains and deep dales. Its eastern portion presents a smoother aspect ; the beautiful vales 
 of tbe Lowtbor, Eden, Eamout, and several smaller streams, forming its most interesting feature. The Ward is 
 intersected by the Lancaster and Carlisle railway. Limestone, freestone, and slate are its principal mineral 
 productions, but lead ore has been found at Patterdale, and a variety of spars and other variegated stones at Shap 
 Wells. It conipriscs tbe parishes of Askham, Bampton, Barton, Brougham, Cliburn, Clifton, Crosby Ravensworlh, 
 Lowther, Morland, and Shap. This Ward is rated to the county rate at i58,i05. 
 
 ASKHAM PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by those of Lowther and Barton, on tbe west by Barton, on tbe south by 
 Bampton, and on the east by Bampton and Lowther. The soil here is mostly incumbent on limestone and generally 
 fertile. The parish comprises tbe townships of Askham and Helton, whose united area is 4,G77 acres; and its 
 rateable value £'2,096. Agriculture is the principal employment, and Penrith the market attended. 
 
 He was a younger brother of William de Sandford, 
 
 ASKHAM. 
 
 The area and rateable value of this township are 
 included in the returns for the parish. The population 
 in 1801 was (inclusive of that of Helton) 448 ; in 1811, 
 400; in 1821 (Askham alone), 355; in 1831, 395; in 
 1841, 442 ; and in 1851, 437. 
 
 Nothing appears to be known respecting tbe manor 
 of Askham previous to the reign of Henry III., when 
 Sir Thomas de Hclbeck received it in exchange for 
 lands held by knights' service. The Helbecks con- 
 tinued in possession of the manor till the 8th Edward 
 n. (1314-15) when it appears to have passed to the 
 Swinburnes. In the 4Gth Edward III. (1372-3) 
 Eobert de Swinburne conveyed tbe manor to William 
 de Sandford, sen.; William de Sandford, jun.; Thomas 
 Bannay, and Edmund de Sandford, who, two years 
 afterwards, all joined in a conveyance to William 
 Colynson, which William Colynson re-conveyed the 
 same, in the following year, to tbe said Edmund de 
 Sandford in fee. This Edmund was the common 
 ancestor of tbe Sandfords of Askham and HoweiU. 
 
 lord of the manor of Sandford, in the parish of Warcop. 
 From this period the Sandfords continued to possess 
 .'Vskham till the year 1724, when the family failing in 
 issue male, the manor was brought in marriage to tbe 
 Tatbams ; it was subsequently sold to the Lowthers, 
 and is now held by the Earl of Lonsdale, who is also 
 tbe principal landowner. The hall or manor house, 
 which for well nigh four centuries was the residence 
 of the Sandford family, is a turreted building, rebuilt 
 iu 1574 by Thomas Sandford, Esq., who caused the 
 following inscription to be placed over the gate : — 
 
 " Thomas Sandford csquyr 
 For tlijs paid meat and lijT ; 
 The year of our Savioure 
 XV hundredthe seventy foure." 
 
 In 1828 it was converted, by the permission of the 
 bishop of the diocese, into the rectory house for Lowther 
 parish. 
 
 Tbe village of Askham occupies a pleasant situation
 
 ASKHAM PAEISH. 
 
 opposite to Lowther Park, five miles south of Penrith. 
 The ancieut form of the oame was Ascura, or Ascora, 
 meaning the dwelling place of Aske, one of its Anglo- 
 Saxon proprietors. 
 
 THE CHUBCH. 
 
 Askham church, dedicated to St. Peter, is a neat 
 Gothic structure, rehuilt by the Earl of Lonsdale in 
 183i2-3, and possesses accommodation for 300 persons. 
 It has a neat embattled tower. There is a small chapel 
 containing several handsome mural monuments to the 
 memory of several members of the Sandford family. 
 There is also a tablet to the memory of the late 
 Edmund Bolton, Esq., of Askham Hall. The old 
 church contained a chapel, dedicated to St. Mary, 
 which belonged to the Sandfords. By the first will 
 of Dame Idonea Sandford, made .in 1-412, her son 
 William was enjoined " on pain of her blessing or 
 malediction, to charge his sons and his sons' sons after 
 him, to provide a fit priest to celebrate mass in the 
 church of Ascome, for ever, for the repose of the souls 
 of their benefactors, and the souls of all faithful people 
 departed this life;" and by her will, made in 14.18, she 
 bequeathed to Kobert, her son and heir, her son William 
 being then dead, eight oxgangs of land, and half of the 
 mill of Askham upon condition that he found a chap- 
 lain to celebrate mass for the soul of her father, and 
 the souls of her ancestors in the chapel of St. ilary of 
 Askham. The church of Askham was granted to the 
 monastery of Wartre, in Yorkshire, which appropriation 
 was confirmed by Pope Innocent IV. in 1245. The 
 canons of Wartre had also a carucate of land in Askham. 
 On the suppression of the monastic institutions, the 
 church was granted to the Earl of lUitland, who sold 
 the rectory and advowson to Lancelot Lancaster and 
 Michael Hudson, and they, for the sum of i250 Us. 3d., 
 in 154"2, conveyed the same to Thomas Sandford, Esq., 
 of Askham, whose descendant, William Sandford, Esq., 
 sold the rectorj- to Sir John Lowther in ]080, but 
 reserved tho advowson of the vicarage, which was, 
 however, purchased in 1815 by the Lowthers, so 
 that the entire patronage is now vested in the Earl 
 of Lonsdale. The vicarage is valued in the King's 
 Book at £i 13s. 8d., but was subsequently certified to 
 the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty at i31 ]Cs. 
 The tithes have been commuted for a yearly rent charge, 
 and the present value of tho hviug is about CICO a 
 year. 
 
 ViCABS.— Eicharil 6e Setorington, 1205 ; 'William de Stalinn, 
 
 ; Jolin do CUworth, died 134(1, Robirt do Dale, 1340; 
 
 John do Wjnteringliam, Kl.'it) ; Robert do Ferriby occurs 1)500; 
 Henry do llnliao, 137ii; John do Morton, IDSOj John Danby, 
 1437 ; Ilobcrt Wiusyl, 1448; Thomas Waller, died 10U3; John 
 
 Airay, 15G3; John Simpson, 1573; Thomas Wanrick, 1C04; 
 John Hutchinson, ICU ; Lancelot Hutchinsoo, 1035 ; Christo- 
 pher langhorne, ; Joseph James, 1678; Thomas Bell, 
 
 16SI ; David Bell, ICOO; John Sisson, 1095; Jeremy Seed, 
 1C9C ; Archer Chambers, 1707; Lancelot Sisson, 1711; Jeffrey 
 
 Bowne-ss, 1711; William Mihier, 1723; John Cantley, ; 
 
 John L. Leech, ; James T. Ward, 1832. 
 
 The vicarage, which occupies a beautiful situation, 
 has been partly rebuilt, enlarged, and much improved, 
 by the present vicar. 
 
 cu.\r.iTiES. 
 School. — There is in Askham an ancient school, of 
 which the Earl of Lonsdale and seven of the principal 
 inhabitants are the trustees. The school had no endow- 
 ment till about si.Kty years ago, when the sum of £20 
 was given for its support by Jane Bowman. About the 
 year 1809 a subscription was raised amongst the 
 principal inhabitants and landowners, to which the 
 Earl of Lonsdale contributed £100. The amount of 
 this subscription was laid out in the purchase of £400 
 stock Three-pcr-Ccnt reduced. The stock was after- 
 wards sold out, and, in 1818, £'213, part thereof, was 
 laid out in the purchase of about five acres of land in 
 the parish of Askham, and the remainder thereof, 
 which, with a legacy of £10, left to the school in 1819, 
 amounting in the whole to £121 7s. 3d., is lent out at 
 interest. Tho total income of the school is at present 
 (1850) £12 a year. 
 
 Poor Stock. — There was in this parish an old poor 
 stock of £10, which, for a long period, was handed over 
 from overseer to overseer. It was at length taken to 
 the account of the poor-rate, out of which 8s. 4d. is 
 regularly alllowed as interest, and distributed among 
 the poor not receiving parish relief. 
 
 Saiidford's Charitij. — William Sandford, by will, 
 dated February 19th, 1724, left to trustees about forty 
 acres of land, the rents of which he directed should be 
 distributed as follow : — 40s. to be laid out in bread and 
 wine for the celebration of the Lord's Supper at Askham 
 four times in the year, namely, Christmas Day, Easter 
 Day, Trinity Sunday, and the first Sunday next after 
 the 14th of September; and if any surplus should 
 remain, that the same should be distributed on St. 
 Stephen's Day amongst poor persons of Askham, by 
 the vicar and overseers. He also directed 20s. a year 
 to be paid to the parish clerk of Askham ; and £5 to 
 be distributed amongst tho poor. This charity is 
 distributed according to the instructions of the donor. 
 
 Mdimscij'.i Charity. — James Jlounsey, by will, dated 
 Cth October, 1700, left to tho poor of Askham £400. 
 This charity was lost after £150 had been incurred 
 for laud expenses.
 
 776 
 
 WEST WARD. 
 
 IIELTOS. 
 
 For area and rateable value sec parish returns. 
 The population in 1801 aiul 1811 were returned with 
 Askham township ; in 18-31 it was 102; in 1831, 192; 
 in 1841, 193; and in 18uJ, 179. 
 
 The manor of Helton, or Helton Flecket, belonged 
 in ancient times to the De i\Iorville family, from whom 
 it passed by heiress to the Wessingtons and EngUshes, 
 
 who held the manor in moieties, both of which came 
 ultimately to the Lowthers, and the Earl of Lonsdale 
 is now lord of the whole manor, and principal landowner. 
 The village of Helton is one mile south of Askham. 
 Helton Dale, one mile south of Helton, forms the 
 southern extremity of the parish, and is watered by 
 a rivulet which flows eastward to the Lowther from 
 Swarth Fell, near Ulleswater. 
 
 BAMriON PARISH. 
 
 Bamptos parish is bounded on the north by the parishes of Lowthor and Askham, on the west by Askham and 
 Barton, on the south by Shap, and on the cast by Shap, Morland, and Lowther. It is surrounded on almost every 
 side by lofty and rugged mountains, but the soil in the vales is very fertile. In the Earl of Lonsdales manor of 
 Thornthwaite, at the south-western extremity of the parish, is the beautiful lake of Ilaweswator. Bampton parish has 
 no dependant townships. It includes part of the chapelry of ]Mardale, the other part of which is in Shap pari^h. 
 Agriculture is the principal employment of the inhabitants. In 1856 a company was formed for the working of a 
 mine of copper ore in the south part of the parish. Penrith market is usually attended. 
 
 Bampton comprises an area of 10,390 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £2,739 19s. 2d. The population in 
 1801 was COO; in 1811, 593; in 1821,614; in 1831, 
 636 ; in 1S41, 579 ; and in 1851, 533. 
 
 The earhest notice we possess of the manor of 
 Bampton describes it as being divided into moieties, 
 distinguished by the names of Bampton Patric and 
 Bampton Cuudale, the former of which seems to have 
 received its name from Patricus, or Patric de Culwen, 
 who possessed it in the reign of Henry II., and from 
 whom it descended to the Curwens of Workington, for 
 an account of which family see page 407. In the 
 reign of Henry VIII. we find it stated that the heir of 
 Thomas Curwcn, Knt., and Thomas Cliburne, held the 
 portion of the manor called Bampton Patric. It came 
 subsequently to the family of Warwick and Ilassel, 
 but is now held by the Earl of Lonsdale. In the reign 
 of Henry II. we find the other moiety of the manor in 
 the possession of the family of Cundalc, from whom it 
 derived its designation of Bampton Cundale. It subse- 
 quently passed by marriage to the Cliburnes ; and we 
 find that in the 15th Puchard II. (1391-2) it was held 
 by Piobert de Cliburne in right of Margaret his wife. The 
 last account we have of the CUburnes here occurs in 
 1354 ; it is now held by the Earl of Lonsdale. Thorn- 
 thwaite is another manor belonging to the Earl of 
 Lonsdale. It extends into the parishes of Bampton 
 and Shap, and into the chapelries of Mardale and Swin- 
 dale. It includes the whole of Haweswater. The land- 
 owners of Bampton are the Earl of Lonsdale, Thomas 
 
 Atkinson, William Noble, William Stephenson, John 
 Cowburn, the Misses Holme, WiUiam Piawlandson, 
 Thomas Mounsey, John Bmidley, and many small 
 proprietors. 
 
 Bampton and Bampton Grange are two neighbouring 
 villages on the opposite banks of the Lowther, and near 
 the confluence of that river with the stream which flows 
 from Haweswater, four miles north-west of Shup, and 
 about eight miles south of Penrith. 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 Bampton church, dedicated to St. Patrick, stands 
 in Bampton Grange, and is a neat edifice, with nave, 
 chancel, and square tower containing five bells. It 
 was erected in 1726 on the site of the former church. 
 It contains several mural monuments to the memory of 
 the family of Gibson. There was anciently a chapel or 
 oratory, dedicated to St. Thomas, in connection with 
 this church, to which John de Askeb}', vicar of Bampton, 
 in 1302, gave by his will two shillings. Nothing is now 
 known respecting the site of this chapel. The church 
 of Bampton was granted to the abbey of Shap in 1170, 
 and the appropriation was confirmed by Piobcrt, bishop 
 of Carlisle, in 1263, who, in consequence of the small- 
 ness of the revenues of the abbey, granted to the com- 
 munity the privilege of officiating in the said church, 
 by two or three of their own canons, one of whom should 
 be presented to the bishop as vicar, to be answerable 
 to the bishop in spirituals, and another to be answerable 
 to the abbot and convent in temporals. The com- 
 munity of Shap was also bound to provide a chaplain
 
 BAMPTON PARISH. 
 
 777 
 
 for Bampton church out of the secular clergy, to hear 
 confession, and perforin such duties as did not fall 
 within the province of secular canons. The vicarage is 
 valued in the King's Book at £7 5s., hut in 1750 it was 
 certified to the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty at 
 £'3;J, having been augmented with land at RosscI Bridge, 
 near Kendal, purchased with i''200, obtained from Queeu 
 Anne's Bounty, and £*i200 given by Dr. Gibson, bishop 
 of IvOndon. The tithes have been commuted for 
 .£'i:58 4s., of which the Earl of Lonsdale receives £104, 
 the vicar, £19 10s.; and the grammar school, £54 8s.; 
 the total income of the living is about £06 per annum, 
 together with four acres of glebe land. On the sup- 
 pression of the religious bouses the patronage came to 
 the crown, to which it has since continued to bo attached. • 
 
 TiCAns. — Roger de Barton, l.'iOO; John de Appleby, 1309; 
 John de llanville occurs 1:558; John de Morlnnd, 1358; John 
 de Askcby, 13(i-j ; Gilbert Raket, 13(15 ; John de Bampton, 1360 ; 
 William de Wicliff, 1379; William de Sutton, 13H2; Edward 
 Harper occurs 1539; John Harrison, 15C0; Roland Winter, 1507; 
 Christopher Symson, 1580; Barnabas Scott, 1586; James 
 Atkinson, died 10-11; Jlatthew Wilkinson, 1011; Tliomas Knott, 
 ICTi; Thomas Wearing, 1C9S ; William Steplienson, 1712; 
 William I.anghorn, 1703 ; Thomas Ivilmer, 1775 ; Thomas Pear- 
 sou, 1802 ; William Hodgson, 1S31. 
 
 The vicarage is a plain old structure, situated near 
 the church. 
 
 Free Grammar ScJmoI. — This school was founded in 
 lC-23 by the Rev. Thomas Sutton, D.D., who endowed 
 it with £500, collected in the parish of St. Saviour's, 
 Southwark, and elsewhere, which was afterwards laid 
 out ill the purchase of tithes in the neighbourhood. 
 AVilliam AVulkcr, Esq., in 1057, bequeathed a yearly 
 rent charge of fifteen guineas, for the purpose of pro- 
 viding the school with books; and in 1093, the Rev. 
 AN'illiani Stephenson, rector of Laxton, in Nottingham- 
 shire, left to the school a legacy of £150. Thomas 
 Denny, in 1721, gave £5 for buying ink and paper for 
 the poor scholars. In 1810 it received £500 Three- 
 por-Cent. stock from the executors of John Koble, 
 Esq. The school is under the management of twelve 
 governors, six of whom are appointed trustees. Accord- 
 ing to an agreement made in 1005, tho master was 
 required to bo in orders, and a licensed preacher, but 
 this regulation has been dispensed with. The present 
 revenue of the school is about £75 a year. A charge 
 i.s made by the master for all children who do not 
 belong to the parish. 
 
 School Lihrarij. — There are in the school-house about 
 200 books, given by Dr. Bray's associates; and there 
 83 
 
 is also a library from the gift of William Noble, Esq., 
 who in 1798, left £100 for that purpose. 
 
 Bouf/hiU School. — There is a school at Roughill, in 
 this parish, which is stated to have heen founded by 
 Edmund Noble, who, by his will, dated 0th January, 
 lGG-2, left to trustees £40 for that purpose. £7 5s. have 
 since been added to the school stock by Messrs. William 
 and John Noble, and John and Thomas Hudson, the 
 interest of which is applied for educational purposes. 
 Joseph Noble left £0 to buy books, and Dorothy Noble 
 £5 towards paying for two poor scholars. These sums 
 were all expended in the purchase of land, the rent of 
 which, together with the interest of 20 left by Elizabeth 
 Hotblack, and £10 given by Elizabeth Atkinson, now 
 produces about £10 a year. 
 
 Measand School. — This school was founded in 1711, 
 by Richard Wright, who gave for that purpose an 
 estate called Nether Scales, in tho parish of Orton. In 
 1723 Richard Law gave a parcel of ground and customary 
 estate at Measand, called the Old Garth, for the use of 
 the schoolmaster of Measand School. The income is 
 now about £08 a year. 
 
 Poor Stock, incliiiUiiri Kitchen's, Dennij's, Colliiisons, 
 Noble's, Atldnson's, and Walker's Gi/t$. — A terrier 
 belonging to this parish states that Jenny Kitchen, ia 
 1714, gave £10, and Thomas Denny, in 1721, the same 
 sum, the interest of both which legacies were distributed 
 every year, at or before Christmas, to tho poor of the 
 parish. The terrier also states that Edmund Collin- 
 son, in 1743, gave £5, the interest distributed at tho 
 time aforesaid, to the poor of Skews only. Deborah 
 Noble, by will, in 1770, gave the interest of £10, to be 
 distributed amongst tho poor of the parish of Bampton, 
 on St. Thomas's Day. Elizabeth Atkinson, by will, in 
 1781, left the interest of £10 on the same terms. 
 William Walker, by will, in 1057, gave £40 to the poor 
 stock of this parish. The sum total of these bequests 
 amounts to £113, the interest of which, amounting to 
 £5 13s. per annum, is distributed among the poor. 
 
 Tinclar's Libranj. — By indenture, dated 1st Septem- 
 ber, 1750, Jonathan Tinclar gave to trustees £50, upon 
 trust, to lay out the same in the purchase of land, and 
 to apply the rents towards purchasing and supplying a 
 library, to be kept and preserved for ever in the parish 
 of Brampton. This library was increased by some 
 works, chiefly on divinity, given by Lord Viscount 
 Lonsdale, in 1710. 
 
 Lxird ]i'harton's BibU Charily. — Tho schoolmaster of 
 the grammar school receives annually, from the trustees 
 of Lord Wharton's Charitj-, ten bibles, twelve catechisms, 
 and one copy of Grossman's " Introduction," for distribu- 
 tion in Bampton, and live bibles, six catechisms, and
 
 778 
 
 WEST WARD. 
 
 one Grossman, for the manor of Carhullen, which is a 
 disUict of Bumpton, coutaiuing only two houses. 
 
 Besides the villages of Bampton and Bampton Grange, 
 the parish includes several hamlets, amongst which are 
 Bombey, half a mile soulh ; Bulterwick, one mile uorth- 
 by-west; High and Low Knipe, two hamlets, one mile 
 north-by-east ; and Roughill, one mile west-north-west 
 of Bampton. The hamlet of Measand is in Mardale 
 Chapel ry, on the west side of Haweswater, four miles 
 south-west of Bampton. Riggendale is a deep romantic 
 glen, stretching from High Street Mouutain to the 
 
 bridge between Chapel Hill and Mardale Green, distant 
 about eight miles from Shiip, in which parish it is 
 partly situated. Of Thoruthwaite manor we have 
 spoken above. 
 
 .■\mongst the eminent men born in this parish we 
 may mention Thomas Gibson, M.D., who married the 
 daughter of the Protector, lliclmrd Cromwell. His 
 nephew, Edmund Gibson, D.D., the translator of the 
 " .-Vnglo-Saxon Chronicle," and editor of two editions 
 of " Camden's Britannia," was successively bishop of 
 Lincoln and Loudon. 
 
 BARTON PARISH. 
 
 Barton parish is bounded on the north and west by the parishes of Penrith, Dacre, Greystoke, and Crosthwaite in 
 Cumberland ; on the south by those of Grasmere and Kendal ; and on the east by Bampton, Askham, Lowther, 
 Chfton, and Brougham. It is about fifteen miles in length, and from two to four in breadth, and forms one of the 
 most picturesque districts in the region of the lakes. On its northern side is the beautiful Ulleswater, and at its 
 western extremity the mighty Helvellyn. Penrith is the market usually attended. The parish comprises the 
 townships of High Barton, Sockbridge, Winder, and Yanwath and Eamont Bridge, with the chapelries of Hartsop 
 and Patterdalc, and Martindalc. Its area is 35,312 acres. The whole parish of Barton, except Yanwath, belonged 
 to Ivo Tailbois, baron of Kendal, whose descendants took the name of Lancaster, and granted the other parts of it 
 to one of his own name, from whom it passed by man'iage and purchase to the Lowther family, in the seventeenth 
 century. In the 17th Iviug John (131.5-lOj William de Lancaster, baron of Kendal, obtained a grant of a market 
 at Bai-ton. 
 
 HIGH BARTON. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 249 ; 
 in 1811, 254; in 1821, 322; in 1831, 346; in 1841, 
 323; and in 1851, 320. Its area is 5,653 acres, and 
 its rateable value £2,750 188. lid. The soil hero is 
 principally a good loam ; agriculture the only employ- 
 ment. The inhabitants reside in the villages and 
 hamlets of Pojley Bridge, Bowerbank, Ccllerou, aud 
 Barton Church, with several dispersed dwellings, from 
 three to five miles south-west-by-south of Penrith. As 
 we have seen above, the manor of High Barton was 
 held in ancient times by the Lancasters, fiom whom it 
 came to the Multons of Gilsland, aud from them to the 
 Dacres, who, in the reign of Charles IL, sold it to the 
 Musgraves. It was subsequently purchased by an 
 ancestor of the present lord, E. W. Hasell, Esq. The 
 landowners are E. W. Hasell, Esq. ; Frederick Cooper, 
 Esq. ; W. B. Sisson, Esq. ; Anthony Parkin, Esq. ; W. 
 H. Parkin, Esq. ; and many small proprietors. 
 
 THE Cm-ECH. 
 
 The parish church, dedicated to St. Michael, is a 
 large building situated, in the picturesque vale of 
 
 Eamont, consisting of nave, aisles, and chancel, with 
 central tower containing two bells. In one of the 
 aisles is a sepulchral brass, commemorating William de 
 Lancaster, who is supposed to have died about the year 
 1575. It bears the inscription : — " Here lyeth William 
 Lancaster, son of Christopher : on whose soul Jesu have 
 mercy." The coats of arms, &e., which formerly occu- 
 pied the space above the communion table are now 
 defaced. The church of Barton was given in the 
 thirteenth century by Sir John de Lancaster to the 
 priory of Watre, in Y'^orkshire, to which it was after- 
 wards appropriated. On the suppression of the mon- 
 asteries it was granted by the crown to Thomas Earl of 
 Rutland, who sold it to Lancelot Lsmcaster, of Sock- 
 bridge, and Michael Hudson. The Lancaster portion 
 passed in marriage to the Lowthers, who have since 
 become possessed of the entire advowsou, so that the 
 Earl of Lonsdalo is the present patron. The living is 
 a vicarage, valued in the King's Book at .£11 Is. O^d., but 
 is now worth about £170 a year, arising from glebe land, 
 and a yearly rent charge, for which the tithes were 
 commuted in 1841. The impropriators pay an annual 
 pension of £6 to the bishop of the diocese.
 
 BARTON PARISH. 
 
 779 
 
 BECTons. — William de Corbrigje, died 1304; John de 
 Lowther, 1304. 
 
 VicAKs — Gilbert ile Sandale, llaO ; William de Klvington, 
 13-i2; William ilo Kvrkton, 1330 ; John de Fenton, 1315 ; John 
 de Sherborn, 13.'il; Robert de Ferby, 1334; John do Whyslon, 
 13D4; William de Newton, 1301; William Spencer, 1422; 
 Robert Wrcs.vl, 1471!; John Hudson, 1540; Lnnrelot Dawes, 
 1608; Timothy lioberts, 1053; John Hiirrison, 1000; Richard 
 Stainton, 1705; Fiichard Jackson, 1734; William Lindsey, 1738; 
 
 Joseph Wilson, 1753; Ji^hn Cowper, 1759; — Myers, ; 
 
 — Fletcher, ; Thomas Gibson, ; Arthur Wilkin, ; 
 
 Thomas Gibson, the younger, 1847 ; B. C. Hodgson, 1855. 
 
 The vicarage is a commodious residence, erected in 
 1851 by subscription and a grant from Queen Anne's 
 Bounty, at a cost of i 1,000. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Free Grammar School. — Tliis school was founded iil 
 ]G49 by Dr. Lancelot Dawes and Dr. Gerard Langbaine, 
 the latter of wiiom endowed it with j£30 and an estate 
 at Culgaith, out of which £10 a year is " to go to bind 
 two poor boys apprentices." Dr. Dawes gave £35 and 
 a yearly rent charge of SOs. out of the tithes of the 
 estate called Barton Kirk. The money, with a donation 
 given by Dr. William Lancaster, and several con- 
 tributions, was laid out in land at Firbauk, in the parish 
 of Kirkby Lonsdale, and at Ilowgill, near Sedbergh, 
 now let for about £80 a year, out of which the £10 
 mentioned above is paid yearly for tlie binding apprentice 
 two poor boys of Barton parish, the remainder is the 
 master's salary. The school is open to all the children 
 of the parish free of expense. It is under the man- 
 agement of twelve trustees, and is attended by about 
 tllirty-five children. 
 
 Dudley's Vole. — .\gnos Dudley, of Yanwath, by will, 
 dated April 19lh, 1071, gave to trustees £100, to be 
 laid out in land, and the profits to bo distributed among 
 the aged poor of the parish of Barton, on the 0th of 
 September, yearly. Tliis charity is distributed as 
 directed. 
 
 Towmliip of Barton and Soclihridge. — Nicholson's 
 Dole. — A legacy of £20, bequeathed by Robert Nichol- 
 son for the use of the poor of this parish, between 
 Surthbeck and Sockbridgo IIa!l, was laid out in the 
 purchase of land for the grammar school, the trustees 
 of which pay £1 Is. a year in respect of this legacy, 
 which is divided between the overseers of Barton and 
 Sockbridgo, and is distributed by them amongst poor 
 persons of their respective townships not receiving 
 parish relief. 
 
 For tlio other charities of this parish, see the several 
 townships and cliapeliios. 
 
 Pooloy Bridge is a pleasant village at the foot of 
 UUoswater, in tho township of liigh Barton, five miles 
 
 south-west-by-south of Penrith, where a handsome bridge 
 of three arches crosses the river Eamont, which flows 
 from the lake opposite the conical hill of Dunmallet, 
 or Dunmallard, anciently crowned with a British fort, 
 vestiges of which, surrounded by a lu.xuriant grove, 
 were visible till a comparatively recent period. A small 
 market for fish was formerly held here ; there is still 
 a fair for sheep and cattle on the third Monday in 
 September. 
 
 Bowerbank, Celleron, and Barton Church are hamlets 
 in this township. The principal n^sidenccs are Bower- 
 bank, John Cair, Esq.; Bewlah House, Captain David 
 Ladyman ; Barton Hall, Captain D. Ladyman ; Ease- 
 mere House, Major Bristow ; Sharron Bay, Anthony 
 Parkin; Elderbeck, — Scisson, Esq, ; Ixavea Cragg, 
 W. H. Parkin, Esq. 
 
 There is a corn-mill on the Eamont, a short distance 
 below Pooley. 
 
 Dr. Adam Airey, principal of Edmond Hall, Oxford; 
 Dr. William Lancaster, provost of Queen's College, 
 Oxford, in the seventeenth century ; and Dr. Gerard 
 Langbaine, provost of Queen's College, who lived during 
 the time of the Commonwealth, were all natives of this 
 parish. 
 
 SOCKBRIDGE. 
 
 Sockbridge comprises an area of 11,818 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £1,581 IQs. lOd. The number of 
 its inhabitants in 1801 was 175; in 1811, '213; in 
 1831, IflO; in 1831, 203; in 1811, 212; and in 
 1851, 279; who reside principally in the villages of 
 Sockbridge and Tirril. The manor of Sockbridge was 
 held by the Lancasters from a very early period, till the 
 family filled in issue male, when it passed by marriage 
 to the Low thers. Tho Karl of Lonsdale is lord of the 
 manor ; but the tenants have iill been enfranchised. 
 The landowners are the Earl of Lonsdale ; John 
 Nicholson, Esq. ; William Wordsworth, Esq. ; Mrs. 
 Winch ; and a number of small ]iropriotors. Sock- 
 bridgo Hall, long tile seat of the Lancasters, but now 
 occupied by a farmer, is an old quadrangular building. 
 
 The village of Sockbridgo is on the south side of tho 
 Eamont, three miles south-south-west of Penrith. Tirril 
 is another village in this townsliip, one mile north-east 
 of Barton chuivh, and contains a meeting house of the 
 Society of Friends, with burial ground ottai-hi'd. A 
 celebrated mathematical academy was established here 
 by John 81ee, a member of the Society of Friends, well 
 known for his mathematical acquirements. Ho was a 
 native of Mungrisdale, in Cumberland, but died here in 
 1821. His son, Thomas Slee, conducted tho school 
 from the time of his father's demise till 1819, when ho
 
 780 
 
 WEST WARD. 
 
 died much regretted. Here are also two breweries. 
 Thorp is a hamlet in this township, half a mile east of 
 SockbriJgc. There are several good residences in this 
 township. 
 
 WINDER. 
 
 This is a small township comprising only 298 acres. 
 Its population in 1801 was 1'2; in 1811, 17; in 18Q1, 
 19; in 1831,19; in 1841,10; and in 1851, 11. The 
 soil here is a good strong loam. This township is 
 partly in the manor of Barton, and partly in that of 
 Sockbridge. It is of the marquis fee, parcel of the 
 barony of Kendal. George Gibson, Esq., of Kendal, 
 is the owner of the township. Winder Hall, the only 
 inhabited house in the township, now serves as a 
 farm-house. 
 
 TANWATIl AND EAMONT BRIDGE. 
 
 The area of this township is 1,109 acres, and its 
 rateable value X'3,077 Is. 8JJ. The number of in- 
 habitants in 1801 was 198; in 1811, 223; in 1821, 
 244; in 1831,327; in 1841,310; and in 1851, 350; 
 who reside in the villages of Earaont Bridge, Yanwath, 
 and a few scattered houses. Agriculture is the principal 
 employment. The soil here is a good strong loam. 
 The Lancaster and Carlisle railway runs through the 
 township. 
 
 The manor of Yanwath, or Evenewit, as it is called 
 in old charters, is the only manor in the large parish of 
 Barton -which appears to have been held under the 
 Cliffords, lords of Westmoreland, the other portions of 
 the parish seem to have been comprised in the barony 
 of Kendal. In the year 1314-15 Ralph, sou of William, 
 baron of Greystolic, held the manor of Yanwath, as 
 mesne tenant under the Cliffords. The manor was held 
 under the Greystokes by the Threlkelds and Lancasters. 
 The whole manor was subsequently held by the Threl- 
 kelds, from whom it passed in marriage to the Dudleys, 
 ■who continued in possession till about the year 1054, 
 when the family failing in male issue, Yanwath was 
 sold to Sir John Lowther, and is now held by the Earl 
 of Lonsdale. 
 
 Yanwath Hall, which stands at the north end of the 
 village of Y'anwath, on the banks of the Eamont, is a 
 tower, which in the days of border warfare was found 
 the most convenient form of building. The principal 
 residence of the family was on the ground floor. Yan- 
 wath Hall is probably of the fifteenth century, as may 
 be inferred from the battlements and parapets. The 
 bay window of the hall is rather peculiar, being very 
 heavy at the head. The roof is perfect, and there is a 
 large fire-place in the hall of considerable archsological 
 interest. On the second floor, above the fire-place, is 
 
 carved a specimen of the arms of Queen Elizabeth, and 
 from initial letters found in another part of the building 
 it would seem to have belonged at that period to the 
 Dacres. In the tower is seen a massive wooden ceiling, 
 which formerly formed the roof of the principal hall, but 
 is now cut off by an intervening floor. The pourt yard 
 is a perfect specimen of the period of Henry VHI. 
 About a mile south of the hall, at the end of Y'anwath 
 wood, is a circular entrenchment, called Castlesteads. 
 The landowners in the township are the Earl of Lons- 
 dale, Lord Brougham, and Frederick Cooper, Esq., 
 with several small proprietors. 
 
 The village of Yanwath is one mile and a quarter 
 south of Penrith. 
 
 Eamont Bridge is another village in this township, 
 lying chiefly on the south bank of the Eamont, one 
 mile south-by-east of Penrith. A bridge has existed 
 here from a very early period. In 1425 there seems to 
 have been a general subscription towards building or 
 repairing the bridge, and an indulgence of forty days was 
 granted by Cardinal Langley, bishop of Durham, to all 
 those who, observing the usual conditions of going to 
 confession and conimuniou, should contribute towards 
 the carr^-ing out of the work. 
 
 In the immediate neighbourhood of Eamont Bridge 
 is the famous monument of auti(iuity, " King Arthurs 
 Kound Table," a trenched amphitheatre, above 100 
 yai'ds in circumference. Excavations were commenced 
 some time ago flith a view to discover some remains 
 which might give a clue to the origin or use of this 
 remnant of the olden time ; but no satisfactory result 
 has been obtained, and the general idea now is, that tho 
 mound formed part of a sacred grove. Local tradition 
 states, however, that it was devoted to the purpose of 
 combats, and that turf seats for the spectators were 
 ranged around. In modern times it is used as the 
 arena of wrestling matches whenever any occur in the 
 neighbourhood. About a quarter of a mile from the 
 " Round Table," is Mayburgh, the site of another 
 sacred grove, which is deemed of so much importauco 
 that it is walled in. Mayburgh rises gradually on every 
 side, about 140 yards from the level of the land below. 
 The summit of the hill is fenced round, except an 
 opening left to the east, with a quantity of loose pebbles, 
 which seem to have been gathered from the bed of the 
 Eamont. Inclining a little to the west and from tho 
 centre is a large boulder, consisting of a mass of lime- 
 stone, of a kind not usually found in the district. 
 
 Here is a neat school, with teacher's house attached, 
 erected by subscription in 1855, at a cost of JC230. It 
 is under government inspection, and attended by about 
 sixty children. Mr. Wm. Sanderson, of Sockbridge,
 
 HARTSOP AND PATTERDALE CHAPELRY. 
 
 781 
 
 who died in 183C, left the interest of ^100 for the 
 instruction of the poor children of the villages of Sock- 
 bridge, Tirril, Thorpe, and Yanwath. The school at 
 Eamont Bridge shares in this charity. 
 
 The West Ward Union Workliouse is in this town- 
 ship. The union consists of two sub-districts ; IMorland, 
 including Crosby Ravensworth, Siiap, Little Strickland, 
 Thrimby, Great Strickland, Newby, Sleagill, King's 
 Meaburn, Bolton, Morland, and Cliburn ; and Lowther, 
 comprising Brougham, Clifton, Lowther, Helton, Ask- 
 ham, liOw Winder, High Barton, Sockbiidgc and Tirril, 
 Yanwath and Earaont Bridge, !Martindalo, Patterdalc- 
 with-Hartsop, and Barapton. The total area of the 
 union is 120,523 acres. Its population in 1851 was 
 8,155, of whom 4,258 were males and 3,897 females. 
 
 The number of inhabited houses at the same period 'was 
 1,540; uninhabited, 54; and two were building. The 
 workhouse is an old structure, with about forty-five 
 inmates. The total receipts for West Ward union 
 for the year ended Michaelmas, 1859, amounted to 
 £2,483 Is. lid.; the expenditure for the same period 
 was £2,752 5s. 8^d. 
 
 The residences in the township are Poplar Lodge, 
 C. S. Jackson, Esq. ; Grotto, F. Cooper, Esq. ; and 
 Bleach Green, Sirs. Mason. 
 
 CHAHITY. 
 
 DennisoKs Charity. — John Dennison, about the year 
 17 08, left £90, the interest to be distributed for the 
 use of the poor of Yanwath and Eamont Bridge, on St. 
 Thomas' Day. 
 
 HARTSOP AND PATTERDALE CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry comprises no dependant townships, but includes Upper and Nether Hartsop, Deepdale, Glenridding, 
 and Grisedale, as well as Patterdale. Its area is 8,314 acres. The population in 1801 was 201 ; in 181), 319; in 
 1821, 282; in 1831, 4'^0; in 1811, 573; and in 1851, 080. Mining and slate quarrying are the principal 
 employments of the inhabitants, upwards of 300 being constantly engaged at the Greenside Lead Mine, which is 
 worked by the Greenside Mining Company. The mine has one shaft, thirty-seven fathoms in perpendicular depth ; 
 the metal bearing strata are from half an inch to seven or eight inches in thickness, producing about 900 tons of 
 lead ore per annum, and 1,000 ounces of silver per month. There are also other lead mines. At Ilartsop, Place 
 Fell, and other parts of this chapelry, are c.Ktensive slate quarries. 
 
 Upper and Nether Hartsop are two adjacent hamlets, 
 two miles south-by-east of Patterdale chapel. They are 
 comprised in the marquis fee of the barony of Kendal, 
 and were formerly held by tlie Lancosters ; they are 
 now the property of the Earl of Lonsdale. Hartsop 
 Hall, an ancient building, is now a farm-house. Deep- 
 dale is a grand romantic valley, mostly in a high state 
 of cultivation, and decorated with n profusion of wood, 
 one mile and a quarter south of tiio chapel. The manor 
 of Deepdale is the property of II. Howard, Esq., of 
 Greystoko. The tenants hero pay a heriot on the death 
 of lord or tenant. Glenridding is a deep, rocky, and 
 well-wooded valley, stretching from Helvellyn to Uiles- 
 water, three miles west of Patterdale chapel. The 
 manor of Glenridding was purchased by the present 
 lord, William Marshall, Esq., in 1824, previous to 
 which it was held by John Mounsey, Esq., the king of 
 Pattrrdalo. Grisedale extends from half a mile north 
 of the chapel to the confines of Cumberland ; the 
 manorial rights of Grisedale, as well as those of Place 
 Fell, are held by E. W. Hascll, Esq. These different 
 places are surrounded by tho lofty luouutaius of Ucl- 
 
 vellyn, Great Dod, Fairfield, High Street, Dow Cracss, 
 and Place Fell. Patterdale extends six miles southward 
 from Gowbarrow Park, along the highest and most 
 beautiful reach of Ulleswater, to tlie source of the 
 Goldrill, which Hows to tho lake from Brothcrwater, 
 Ilaweswater, and Angletarn. Patterdale is also part of 
 the barony of Kendal, and was held by the Lancastcrs. 
 E. W. Ilasell, Esq., is the present lord, who resides at 
 Patterdale Hall. The principal landowners in tho 
 township arc the lords of tho respective manors, as 
 above, together with W. II. .\skew, Esq., and Daniel 
 and John Mounsey. 
 
 The following memoranda of the visits of royal and 
 other personages will bo interesting in connection with 
 Patterdale. On tho 17th July, 18 10, the late Dowager 
 Queen Adelaide, and her sister Ida, duchess of Saxe 
 Weimar, with a numerous suite, arrived here ; as did 
 also two foreign princes from -\sliantec, on the coast of 
 Africa, who were presented, to tho ()aecn Dowager on 
 tho following morning. On the 19th July, 1844, the 
 King of Sa.\ony and suite visited Patterdale. On 
 Sunday the 18th of August, iu tho same year, Prince
 
 782 
 
 WEST WARD. 
 
 ^Villiam of Prussia and suite arrived here, whence they 
 set out for Windermere. On May ICth, 1857, his 
 royal highness the Prince of Wales arrived at Geldard's 
 Hotel from Keswick; on the foUowing day, Sunday, 
 the prince and party attended divine service in the 
 church at Patterdale ; and oa Monday they departed by 
 •way of Pooley Bridge, Lowther Castle, and Brougham 
 Hall, on their tour through the Lake District. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Patterdale chapel, dedicated to St. Patrick, is a neat 
 Gothic structure, erected by subscription in 1852, from 
 designs furnished by A. Salvin, Esq., of London, at a 
 cost (if ,£1,G81 ]7s. 4d., of which £643 was contributed 
 by William Marshall, Esq.; .£100 by Mrs. Marshall; 
 £100 by the Earl of Lonsdale; j£-200 by the Rev. 
 Henry Askew; £6'i by Captain John Washington; 
 and £150 by the Hon. Heni^ Howard. It consists of 
 nave and chancel, with a small belfry. There are about 
 300 sittings in the nave, most of which are free and 
 unappropriated. The chancel, which is paved with 
 encaustic tiles, contains sittings for the lords of the 
 different manors in the chapelry ; the pulpit is of oak, 
 and has a very neat appearance. The chapel was con- 
 secrated by the late bishop of Carlisle on November 
 3rd, 1853. The communion plate, of Helvellyn silver, 
 is of the most approved ancient form and pattern, by 
 Keith of London. The silver was presented by the 
 Greenside Lead Mining Company as an offering to the 
 church at Easter, 1850. The chapel is situated near 
 the head of Ulleswater, and has in its burial ground 
 two venerable yew trees. The beneBce is a perpetual 
 curacy in the patronage of the Earl of Lonsdale, and is 
 worth about .£7J a year. The tithes are commuted 
 for £(i4, of which the Earl of Lonsdale receives j£20, 
 William Marshall, Esq., £17 16s., Henry Howard, 
 Esq , £4 4s., and the incumbent £ii. In 1807 the 
 present incumbent purchased part of a messuage and 
 tenement, called Bearhow, adjoining the ancient glebe to 
 which it is now attached, for the sum of £16S, part of 
 an augmentation of £200 Queen Anne's Bounty. In 
 1812 the incumbent gave £100, which was promptly 
 met by the Earl of Lonsdale with a like sum, which 
 obtained a grant of £3U0 from the parliamentary fund, 
 making together the sum of £'500 still remaining in 
 the Parliamentary Grant Fund for the augmentation 
 of the living. 
 
 Incumbents. Longliorn, ; Peter Birkett, 1075; 
 
 Edmuiul Kilner, lfi76 ; John Mauinson, 1705 ; Thomas Thomp- 
 son, 1765; John Thompson, 1800. 
 
 The parsonage was erected by the present incumbent 
 in 1820, at a cost of £500. 
 
 Near to the chapel is a well called St. Patrick's Well, 
 where it is said that saint baptised several of the inha- 
 bitants of the dale. The ancient name of Patterdale 
 was Patrick's dale, of which the modern name is 
 evidently a contraction. 
 
 At the head of Ulleswater is a Wesleyau Chapel, 
 erected in 1842 by G. H. Head, Esq., at a cost of 
 about £100. 
 
 CHAJIITIES. 
 
 School. — There was a very ancient stock of £116, 
 applicable partly to the school and partly to the poor of 
 Patterdale. Of this stock £90 was kid out in 1706 in 
 the purchase of land ; the other £20 was put out at 
 interest. The total income of the charity at present 
 is £12 a year, of which the schoolmaster receives 
 £5 143. 7d., and the poor £6 5s. 5d. The school is a 
 neat structure, rebuilt in 1836, and is attended by 
 forty-five children. 
 
 There is an infant school at Glcnridding. 
 
 Freemans Charity. — John M. Freeman, Esq., left by 
 will £50, the interest of which he directed should be 
 distributed by the minister and churchwardens in bread, 
 to poor labourers, not in receipt of parish relief, to be 
 given on Sundays at church, after divine service. 
 
 There is a library in the school, established in 1847, 
 the books having been given by the neighbouring gentry. 
 It consists of about :i00 volumes ; the members con- 
 tributing two shillings a year. 
 
 The princiiml residences in the chapelry are Patterdale 
 Hall, WiUiam Marshall, Esq. ; Glenridding House, 
 H. W. Askew, Esq.; and Place Fell House, Mrs. 
 Elizabeth Wilson. 
 
 glarsball flf ^palttrbak «)all. 
 This family is derived from 
 
 JoHX JIabshall. Esq., of Headingley, near Leeds, M.P. for 
 Yorkshire, born '.iith July, 17C5, second son of John Marsliall, 
 of Yeadon Low HkII, co. York, whooequired great wealth by his 
 successful introduction of raeclianical in)i>iovements into a 
 branch of the linen manufacture, the spinning of flax, in which 
 he has formed establisliments at Leeds and Shrewsbury. Ho 
 married 5lh August, 17!)5, Jane, fifth daughter of William Pol- 
 lard, Ksq., of Halifax, and had issue, 
 
 I. William, of Patterdale Hall, in Westmoreland, M.P. 
 n. John, late MP. for I.pcds, born 8ih Deceiiilier, 179?, mnrried, 
 ]sih Niivi-iiibiT, IKis, .Mary, eldest daughter of t i' lute 
 Joseph Dykes BallatuiDe Dykes, Esq, of Dovenby Hall, 
 Cumberland, and died liJst (jciober, iBUtf, leaving iasue, 
 
 1. BcginnUl Dikes. 
 
 2. Hirbert Juhn. 
 
 3. Jiiliiin. 
 
 1. Janet Mary. 
 3. Catherine Alice. 
 
 Mrs. Marshall manied, secondly, P. O'Calaghan, Esq., 11th 
 Hussars.
 
 MAKTINDALE CHAPELBT. 
 
 783 
 
 m. James ruirtli, of Jfonk Coniston Pnrk. Amblesidp, nnd Hend- 
 inpley, Lpeds. .1 P. ami D.L., liurii 2iith I-'ebnmry, lHil2; 
 niurri''*!, !Hh Febrimry, 1^11, Hon. Mtiry Aiire IVrry ^^pi'ing 
 Itice, (laiir;h(er of Tiioiiias Spring Uicc, Lord Moutettgle, 
 and has issue, 
 
 1. Victor Alexander Onrlli, bom Kitli November, 1841. 
 
 2. Jnmes Aubrey (iarch, boru llth Juue, 181J. 
 
 1. .lulm Mary Oarth. 
 
 2. Coii:>tauce Eleauor, died 1853. 
 
 IV. Henry Cowper, of Weetwood Hall, co. York, bom Sth Afarch, 
 
 1808; niiirned, i7ib June, IH.iT. Cuiberine Ainie Luey, 
 
 second daugbier of Thumus Lord Munteagle, and has issue. 
 V. Arthur. 
 I. Mary Anne, married, 13th April, 1811, to Thomas Lord 
 
 Monleagle. 
 II. Cordelia, married, in 1841, the Rev. William Whewell, master 
 
 of Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 in. Jane Dorothea, married, 29ih July, IS'^S, to John, second son 
 
 of Sir Greurille Temple, Bart., and has issue. 
 IT. Ellen. 
 V. Julia Anne, married, 31st October, 1833, to tlie Rev. Henry 
 
 Venn Elliot, of Uright, atul has issue. 
 TI. Susan Harriet, married in March, 1812, to the Bev. Frederick 
 
 Myers, Keswick, aud has issue. 
 
 Mr. Mai^hall was succeeded by his son, 
 
 WiixiAir Marshall, of Patterdale Hall, co. ■Westmoreland, 
 M.P. for East Cumberland, horn aClh May, 179C ; married, 17th 
 June, 1828, Georgiana Christiana, seventh danghter of the late 
 George Hibbert, Esq., of Munden, Hertfordshire, and has issue. 
 
 Arms. — Aig., three bars, sa., a canton, erm. 
 Crest. — A man in armom-, ppr. 
 
 gisluto of iStbljtuglj aiib (Slcitribbiitg. 
 
 The pedigree of this family is deduced from 
 
 Adah Askew, M.T). (son of Anthony Askew, M.D., of Kendal, 
 by Anne, his wife, daughter of .\dam Storrs, Esq., of Storrs 
 Hall, CO. Lancaster, and the lineal descendant of Hugh Askew, 
 of (jroymaines, Cumberland), settled at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
 about the year 1725, and acquired extensive practice. Ha mar- 
 ried Anne, daughter and co-heir of liichard Crackenthorpe, Esq., 
 ot Newbiggia, Westmoreland, and had issue, 
 
 I. Akthost, his heir. 
 
 n. Adam, ,M.A., rector of Plumbland. 
 
 III. Henry of Itedheugli. 
 
 IV. John of I'allinsburn. 
 
 I. Deborah, who died lunnarricd. 
 
 II. Anne, who also died single. 
 
 Dr. Askew died in 1773, and was sacccedcd by his eldest son, 
 
 Anthony Askew, M.D., of London, so celebrated for his ex- 
 tensive collection of books and manuscripts, born in 1722. Dr. 
 Askew married first, Margaret, daughter of Cutbberl Swinburne, 
 Esq., of Longwitton and the West Gate in Northumberland, but 
 had no issue. He married, secondly, Elizabeth, daughter of 
 P%obert Holford, Esq., one of the masters in Chancery, by whom 
 ho had 
 
 I. Ada.m, his heir. 
 
 II. Anthoiiv Linnare, fellow of King's College, Cambridge ; died 
 
 iu 1818. 
 
 HI. Heniy, in holy orders, rector of Greystoke, in Cumberland; 
 married iu 1790, Anne, daughter of Thomas tsunderland. 
 Esc] , of Little Croft, Ulverstone; died December 20th, 1802, 
 leavuig issue, 
 
 1. Henry William, now of Conishead Priory. 
 
 1. Anne Elizabeth, married in 1830 to John Dalrymple 
 
 Murray, Esq., of ilurrythwaite, and died in 1840. 
 
 2. Eleauura, married to Captain Washingtou, RN. 
 
 IT. Richard, formerly major, 27th Regiment 
 V. Thomas, married to Lucy, daughter of Robert Carey, Esq., of 
 Lond'in. 
 
 I. Anne Elizabeth, married to George Adam Askew, Esq., of 
 
 Palliiisburn. 
 II. Sarah, died unmarried. 
 
 III. Deborah, married to Sir Lucas Pepys, Bart, M.D. 
 IT. Amy, married to the Rev. John Washington, of Winchester. 
 
 V. Mary, died unmarried, in 178G. 
 
 VI. Elizabeth, married to Henry Percy Pulleine, Esq., of Carlton 
 
 Hall, York. 
 
 Dr. Askew died at Hampstead, in 1774, and was succeeded by 
 his eldest son, 
 
 Adam Askew, Esq., of Eedhcugh, high-sheriff of the county 
 of Durham in 1801); married, Istly, Amy, daughter of Robert 
 Carey, Esq., of London, and 2ndly, Elizabeth, daughter of the 
 late Rev. Sir Richard Rycroft, Bart., hut died without children. 
 He was succeeded by his nephew, 
 
 Henry William Askew, Esq., of Conishead Priory, co. Lan- 
 caster, and of Glenridding, co. Cumberland, born in 1808 ; mar- 
 ried in 1832, Lucy, third daughter of the Hon. and Right Rev. 
 Hugh Percy, D.D., bishop of Carlisle, and has issue, 
 
 1. Henry Hugh, bom July 23rd, 1847. 
 
 II. Edmund Adam, born May 2olh, 1840. 
 I. Charlotte Elizabctli. 
 
 II. Emily .Mary. 
 
 III. Frances Louisa. 
 
 j'lrms.— Sn , a fesse, or, between three asses passant, «ij. 
 Crcsl. — An arm holding a sword traiulixing a Samcen'a bead. 
 
 ]\[ARTINDALE CIIArELEY. 
 
 This chnpelry comprises the romatitic glens of Boredale, Fewsdale, and Howgrave, with the hatnlots of Ilowtown and 
 Saiidwick. It lies between UUeswatcr, nnil ii cliain of hills, which atfurd piistuni^;o to thousands of sheep. The area 
 of Murliiulale is 8,000 acres, and its ruteahlo Talue i; 1,(171 8.s. Vd. The populatiou in liSOl was 165; in I8II1 
 159; in 1821, 155; in 1831, 182; in 1841, 198; and in 1851,208. Agriculture is the principal employment, 
 aud Penrith the market attended.
 
 784 
 
 WEST WARD. 
 
 The manor of Martindale, like that of Barton, came 
 from the Multons by marriage to the Dacres, and is 
 now the property of E. W. Hasell, Esq., who is also 
 the principal landowner. The lord of the manor has a 
 large quantity of red deer on the mountains. 
 
 THE cnAPEr.. 
 
 Martindale chnpcl is a small old structure, situated 
 in the vale of Howgrave, five miles south-west of Poolcy 
 Bridge. It is supposed to have hccu rebuilt in 1033 ; 
 and about the year 1833 underwent considerable 
 repairs. All the rites of the church are performed here, 
 except the solomnisation of marriages. The living 
 is a perpetual curacy, in the patronage of John dc 
 Whelpdale, Esq. In 1C82 the living was augmented 
 with £'100, left by the Rev. Richard Birkett, who 
 was then the incumbent, and has since received 
 five donations, amounting to £1,000, from Queen 
 Anne's Bounty, all of which, except £115, has been 
 expended in the purchase of thirty acres of land in 
 JIartindale, and eleven acres at Salkeld, in Cum- 
 berland, and in the "eroctiou of a new parsonage, 
 built in 1808, making the present value of the living 
 X'Go. The township pays £'3 per annum for "priest's 
 wages." The registers of the chapelry commence in 
 1633. 
 
 Incumbents. — William Townlcy, ; John Healon, 1702 ; 
 
 Thomas Cookson, 170'); Thomas Grisdale, 1772; William Sis- 
 son, 17S2; Henry Johnson, 1783 ; Joseph Docker, 1819; W.H. 
 Leech, 1821 ; II. Kobinson, 182:) ; W. 1'. King, 1827 ; J. Wood- 
 cock, 1843; Thomas II. Wilkinson, 1817; S. GolJing, 1858. 
 
 The parsonage is an unpretending structure, and of 
 
 no particular style. 
 
 CHAniTY. 
 
 The School. — The endowment of Martindale School 
 is attributed to — Sisson, who is supposed, about a 
 century and a half ago, to have left a legacy of £20 for 
 that purpose, which was afterwards laid out in land. 
 The school was erected by subscription in 1834, aided 
 by a parliamentary grant of £27. It is endowed with 
 £ 14 per annum, arising out of property in the township, 
 and an annual subscription of £5 from Betton's Charity. 
 The average attendance is thirty. 
 
 Boredale, in this township, is eleven and a half miles 
 south-south-west of Penrith ; Fewsdale, five miles south- 
 south-west of Barton ; Howgrave, about five miles 
 south-south-west of Pooley Bridge. 
 
 llowton hamlet is pleasantly situated at the south- 
 west angle of the lower reach of Ulleswatcr ; Saudwick 
 hamlet is near the head of Boredale, a mile and a half 
 south-west from jNIartindale chapel. 
 
 BROUGHAM rARISII. 
 
 Tins parish, which is situated at the north-eastern extremity of the West Ward, is about five miles in length, and 
 from one to three in breadth. It lies between the rivers Eden, Eamout, and Lowther, which here unite and bound 
 it on every side, except the south, on which it is bounded by Clifton, Melkinthorpe, and Cliburn. The commons 
 were enclosed and divided about sixty years ago, with the exception of about 900 acres, which have been thickly 
 planted with trees. The soil is generally fertile and in a high state of cultivation. The Eden Valley railway passes 
 through a small portion of the parish. Agriculture is the only employment of the inhabitants ; Penrith is the market 
 attended. This parish comprises no dependant townships. 
 
 The area of Brougham is 6,040 acres, and its rateable 
 value £3,220. The population in 1801 was 167; in 
 1811, 164; in 1821, 143; in 1831, 171; in 1841, 
 249; and in 1851, 179. 
 
 The earliest record we find of Brongliam occurs iu 
 the Itinerary of Antoninus, and the Notitia, from which 
 we learn that it was a Roman station of some import- 
 ance, bearing the name of Brocavium, from which, no 
 doubt, the modern name is derived. The remains of 
 the station may still be traced, near the present 
 Brougham Hall. Many coins, altars, and other anti- 
 quities, have been found upon the site of the camp. 
 One of the altars was dedicated to the transmarine 
 
 mothers by a vexillatiou of Germans, as the following 
 inscription testifies: — 
 
 DEAEVS MATniEVS 
 
 TKAMAU VEX GEKMA 
 
 NonVM PRO SALVTE 
 
 EP V S L M 
 
 To the goddess mothers 
 
 transmarine, the vexillation of 
 
 Germans, for the safety 
 
 of the state, perform a vow wilUnglj 
 
 and dutifully. 
 
 The station of Brocavium appears to have been gar 
 risoned by a company of Denfensores. On the fall of 
 the Roman power Brocavium would of course fall into 
 the hands of the Celtic inhabitants of this part of the 
 country, and would continue iu their possession till the
 
 BROUGHAM PARISH. 
 
 785 
 
 arrival of the Angles, who gave it the name of Burgham, 
 or Brougham, meaning the castle town. 
 
 Brougham Castle is connected with the Norman 
 period of English history. When or by whom it was 
 erected is not known. It is evidently of Norman and 
 Early English architecture, and was long one of the 
 feudal strongholds of tho Veteriponts and Cliffords. 
 Some JISS. in the Tower, of the time of Henry III. 
 inform us that an inquisition of waste was taken of 
 the Veteripont estates during the minority of Robert 
 de Veteripont, and from this inquisition we learn that 
 the house of Brougham had been sulTored to go to decay. 
 From this it is evident that the king's license had not 
 then been obtained to embattle. According to tho 
 Countess of Pembroke, the greater part of it was built 
 and repaired by Roger de Clifford, who caused a stone 
 to be placed over the inner gallery, bearing this inscrip- 
 tion : " This made Roger." His descendant of the 
 same name enlarged and otherwise improved it in 1380 ; 
 but it was destroyed by tho Scots in 14 J 2. In 1333-4 
 Baliol, king of Scotland, was the guest of Robert Lord 
 CliiTord, at Brougham Castle. Whinfell Park was then 
 well stocked with deer. His majesty, on one occasion, 
 accompanied by ClifTord — so the tradition runs — chased 
 a stag with a single hound out of tho park, and after a 
 run of fabulous length the stag returned to tho park, 
 leaped the fence, and fell dead. The hound, which was 
 named Hercules, attempted to leap after the game, but 
 not having strenglli, fell on the other side anl died from 
 exhaustion, and hence arose the couplet — 
 
 " Hercules killeJ Hnrt-a-grease, 
 .Vnd Ilart-a-grea-so killed Hercules." 
 
 The antlers of the stag were nailed to a tree iu the 
 park. A tree known as " Hart's Horn Tree " was 
 st.anding within living memory. Edward IV., on tho 
 attainder of the ClilTurds, in 1100, gave this, with many 
 otlier castles, to his brother, tho Duke of Gloucester, 
 afterwards Richard III. When Henry Clifibrd was 
 restored to the estates of his ancestors, ho found tliis, 
 and his other castles in Westmoreland, in a very dilapi- 
 dated state, but ho soon had them repaired. After 
 this Brougham appears to have been one of tho prin- 
 cipal residences of tho ClilTonls. Wo lind that .James 
 I., on his return from Scotland in 1017, was entertained 
 hero for three days by Francis Earl of Cumbeiland. 
 Shortly after this royal visit tho castio is supposed to 
 liavo been destroyed by fire, for an inscription records 
 that it was repaired by tho Countess Dowager of Pem- 
 broke in 1651, after it had lain ruinous for thirty-four 
 years. The countess died here in 1075. This is the 
 Lady Anno Clifford of whom it is said by the facetious 
 Dr. Doime that she could " discourse of all things, 
 91 
 
 from predestination to slea silk." Her well-known 
 answer, returned to a ministerial application as to the 
 representation of Appleby, shows the spirit and decision 
 of the woman, — " I have been buUied by an usurper 
 ^Cromwell), I have been neglected by a court, but I'll 
 not be dictated to by a subject : your man shan't 
 stand !" The castle has since been neglected, and is 
 now in ruins. Tradition records, but on wliat authority 
 we know not, that Sir Philip Sidney wrote part of his 
 " Arcadia " at this baronial residence. Wordsworth's 
 " Song at the Feast of Brougham Castio " is one of 
 his noblest lyrical effusions. In its pristine days the 
 castle of Brougham was a place of great strength. The 
 rampart, a portion of which still remains, was five feet 
 in thickness, and upwards of thirty feet high. The 
 entrance was secured by a portcullis, from which a 
 wide paved passage led to the court yard, underneath 
 a portion of the building erected by Roger Clifford ia 
 the early part of the fourteenth century. Part of this 
 passage, which is still perfect, is vaulted with beautiful 
 groined arches. The groove for the portcullis is in a 
 perfect state, and surmounting the entrance is the old 
 stone above-mentioned. This stone disappeared after the 
 death of the Countess of Pembroke, and its resting place 
 was for many jears unknown. About forty years ago 
 a portion of the weir of the castle mill was carried away 
 by a flood. When the water subsided it was discovered 
 that one particular block of stone had been turned over 
 and carried a short distance down the river. It was the 
 stone which Roger de Clifford, nearly si.x centuries 
 previously, had placed over the entrance to the fortress. 
 How long it had formed a part of the embankment is 
 not known, but it must have been a considerable period. 
 The central tower, the most ancient part of tho castle, 
 formerly comprised five stories, the central one of which 
 was twenty feet iu height from floor to ceiling. Near 
 this tower are the remains of the chapel, in which the 
 ancient sedillia may stiU bo seen. A strong watch 
 tower stands at the south-west corner of tho court yard. 
 Brougham Castle passed from the Veteriponts and 
 Cliffords to tho Tuftons, and is now tho property of Sir 
 Richard Tufton, Bart. We have seen at pages 709-12 
 tho descent of tlio barony of Westmoreland. This 
 barony included tho manor of Oglcbird, within which 
 Brougiiara is situated, and is held of Sir Richard 
 Tufton, Bart, as part of the forest of Whinfell. This 
 was not well ascertained till after tho division of the 
 common in 1775, when the commissioners were directed 
 to set out such a proportion of ground as they thought 
 proper to Henry Brougham, Esq.. for tho lordship of 
 Brougham, ilr. Brougham made no claim, knowing 
 he hud uo manor, and tho commissioners, upon inquiry,
 
 786 
 
 WEST VfASD. 
 
 found that the manor belonged to the Earl of Thanet, 
 and that the tenants were all freeholders. Mr. Brougham, 
 therefore, took his share among the other tenants, 
 without attempting to establish any claim as lord. 
 The landowners of the township are Sir Richard Tufton, 
 Bart. ; Lord Brougham : the Earl of I,onsdalc ; the 
 Mother and Sisters of St. Ann's Hospital; and John 
 Jameson, Esq. 
 
 Brougham Ilall, the seat of Lord Brougham, stands 
 on an eminence, near the river Lowther, a mile and a 
 quarter south-east of Penrith. It has been termed, from 
 its elevated position and the prospect it commands, 
 " The Windsor of the North." It is a structure of a 
 mixed character — half castle and half mansion — of 
 which there are many examples iu this part of England. 
 Its origin dates from a remote period. The mansion is 
 irregularly built, and with the court-yard and offices 
 cover a vast extent of ground. The gardeu-court com- 
 prises, on two of its sides, nearly the whole of the 
 buildings occupied by the family. At the tower end of 
 this court is a massive arched entrance gateway, which, 
 together with the surrounding buildings, is very old and 
 picturesque, and clothed with a garb of most luxuriant 
 ivy. The western side of the hall is considered to be 
 the most ancient part of the structure. It is singularly 
 solid in construction, the works being several yards in 
 thickness. The large tower contains the apartment which 
 was formerly the armoury. The terrace commands an 
 extensive view of scenes rich in historic interest, and of 
 great natural beauty, comprising in the distance the 
 whole of the mountains of the Lake District. The inte- 
 rior of the mansion contains many apartments of great 
 interest ; several of them having been renovated in the 
 best possible taste, and in perfect hai'mony with the rest 
 of the building. The great hall is a double cube, forty 
 feet by twenty, and twenty high ; the roof is supported 
 by arches, with open spandi'ils, made of walnut wood. 
 The ceiling has been lately restored ; and the windows 
 (six in number) are filled with very fine stained glass. 
 There is a good deal of curious armour here, especially 
 a very old and perfect suit of Edward IV. or Eichard 
 LEI.'s time. The most curious relic iu the hall is an 
 ivory horn, of very early workmanship, and used (as 
 is believed) in the service of coi-uage — an ancient border 
 service, by which certain of the lands of Brougham are 
 held. In one of the bedrooms is a carved bedstead of 
 the year 1571, brought from Sheffield Castle, where Mary 
 Queen of Scots was confined for some years, and it is 
 supposed that if Mary herself has not slept iu it, the 
 bed is one which Las been occupied by some of her 
 maids of honour. The Shre\Ysbury arras is carved upon 
 it, and the last time it was occupied was by a member 
 
 of that house. In an adjoining room is a bedstead of 
 the fourteentli or fifteenth century. 
 
 The chapel in connection with the hall is a most 
 interesting and picturesque building. It is a very 
 ancient structure, and was repaired and beautified in 
 1C59. In this chapel there was formerly a well, 
 dedicated to St. Wilfrid, which rose through the ancient 
 font by a hole bored through tlie shaft into the bowl. 
 The hill near the chapel was cut through about fifty 
 years ago, for the purpose of lowering the road ; and 
 from that time the spring which supplied the well was 
 cut olT, so that the water now rises only to the height 
 of the chapel floor. At the east end is some very 
 remarkable carving, said to be the work of Albert Diirer. 
 Tlie windows at the east end are said to bo Anglo- 
 Norman, and are filled with the earliest stained glass 
 known in England. The ancient ambry still retains 
 its place on tlie north side of the altar. The vessels 
 used for the communion are said to be of great antiquity. 
 The sedLllia and piscina are still in existence. Service 
 is performed liere whenever the family are resident, and 
 generally by the rector of the parish. 
 
 ^Irottghnm ^iimib. 
 
 The family of Brougham is of Saxon descent, and 
 derives its surname from Burgham, afterwards called 
 Brougham, which belonged to the family before the 
 Conquest. This is proved from the fact that the 
 earliest of the family had Brougham at the time of the 
 Conquest, and continued to hold it afterwards by the 
 tenure of drengage, a tenure by military service, but 
 distinguished at that time from knights' service, inas- 
 much as those only held their lands by drengage who 
 had possessed them before the Conquest, and were 
 continued in them after submitting to the Conqueror. 
 Hence, when we find the name of Gilbert de Broham 
 among the drengi of Westmoreland, who made fine 
 with King John that they might not go with him into 
 Normandy, it proves not only that he at that time held 
 his lands of Brougham hi capite, but that in the time 
 of King John he continued to hold them by the same 
 service of drengage as his ancestors had done from the 
 Conquest to the reign of John, and that his ancestors 
 had been in possession before the Conquest. This 
 Gilbert, about the fourth year of Eng John, granted to 
 Robert de Veteripont one half of the town of Brougham, 
 together with the advowson of the rectory. We now 
 proceed to the descent of the family from Walter, who 
 possessed Brougham before the Conquest. 
 
 Walter de BcKGHAMwas possessorof tlie estate of Burgham 
 in the time of Edward the Confessor, and he retained possession 
 after the Conquest, as tenant in cfl^t^c, by the tenure of drengage. 
 From him descended
 
 BROUGHAM PARISH. 
 
 rsr 
 
 WiLFitiD DE BuRGiiAM, wlio Uved in tlie time of Henry I. 
 He was succeeded by 
 
 Sir Udaud vf. Buohaji, Knt., (or, as it is somelimes written, 
 OdarJ de Bui;,'liam) who, in the early part of the reign of 
 Henry II., hud the custody of Appleby Castle, and was lined in 
 the Exchequer twenty marks for delivering it to the King of 
 Scots. In the 'J'ind Henry II. he was again heavily fined, as 
 appears by the record belonging to the Court of Exchequer 
 (Account side) in the Public Rocord Office, in the custody of the 
 Eight Hon. the JIaster of the Rolls, pursuant to the statute 1 
 and i Vic, c. 0-1. He was succeeded by his son, 
 
 GitBEDT DE Broham, mentioned in the record of the Seven- 
 teen Drengi. lie was succeeded by 
 
 Henry de Buroham, in the reign of Edward I. In 1!)03 his 
 daughter, Dorothy, married John da Carlton, ancestor of the 
 barons of Dorchester. 
 
 In the time of Edward III. Jonx df. Burciiah possessed 
 Brougham, and was sherili' of Westmoreland in 1351, under 
 Lord Clifford. He was succeeded by his son. 
 
 Sir John de Burgbam, Knt., who, baring some dispute with 
 Lord Clifford respecting the extent of the manor, a solemn deed 
 was entered into between them, for the purpose of detiuiug and 
 fixing for ever the boundaries of the manor of Brouglmui. This 
 instrument hears date the 2nd Richard II., nnd is enrolled 
 among the records preserved in the Rolls' Chapel. In 1383 Sir 
 John de Burgliam was knight of the shire for Cumber- 
 land, with John de Kirkby. He married the daughter nnd heiress 
 of John do Tynedale, and his daughter, Alice, married John 
 Vaui, of Catterlen. He was succeeded at his decease, as found 
 by the tnijuisi/io post mortem, by his son, 
 
 John di; Burouam, lord of Buigham, M.P. for Cailislo in 
 1394 and 1390, who was succeeded by 
 
 Thomas de Bubohaji, lord of Burghara, and in 113(1 
 knight of the shire, with Wilham Stapilton, for Cumberland. 
 This Thomas appears subsequently to have dropped the de 
 before hi.s name. He was one of the king's justices for tho 
 northern counties, as appeal's by the Record of .Assizes and Gaol 
 Delivery, preserved in the Treasury of tlie Exchequer, in the 
 Chapter House, Westminster. Thomas Burgham married a 
 daughter of Sir John Kirkbride, of Braitbwaito Howes, in 
 Cumbeiloud, and llius acquired that estate. Ue was succeeded 
 by 
 
 Join BcROHAM, who was lord of Burgham in the reign of 
 Edwanl IV.; and by an inquisition post vtortem, taken at 
 Burgham in 140-1, it was found that the said John died seised 
 of the manor, and that he was succeeded by his son and heir, 
 
 John litnoHAM, who, in 1501, possessed Burgham. He 
 married a daughter of Dudley of Yanwath ; and his daughter, 
 Isabelbi, married Thomas de Carluton. He was succeeded by 
 
 Gii.UERT BfRoiiAM, lord of Burgham temp. Henry VIII., 
 who was succeeded by 
 
 TnoiiAS BuRo.iiAM, lord of Burghara in lo53. This gentle- 
 man married Jane, daughter and heiress of John Vaux of 
 Catterlen and Triermain, and had two sons, viz.: — 
 
 1. HeNBY BlItGUAU. 
 
 u. Peter Burgham, of whom presently. 
 The elder son, 
 
 Henrt Buroham, was lord of Burgham in the reign of 
 Elizabeth, a$ appears by grant signed " Hcnricus Burgham," 
 and scaled with the seal of his arras. This Henry married 
 Catherine Neville, dangbter and heir of Sir Ralph Neville, of 
 Thornton Briggs, co. York, and widow of Sir Walter Strickland, 
 
 Knt., as appears by a fine levied by her in the 18th Henry VIII. 
 He was succeeded by his sou and heir, 
 
 Thomas, who was iu the commission of the peace for 
 Cumberland ; he died without children iu 1C07, as appears by 
 deed, dated '.>Oth March, 1008, reciting that Elizabeth, Margaret, 
 and Katherine, being the sisters and co-heirs of the said Thomas 
 Brougham, did, for the consideration therein mentioned, demise 
 unto the said Agnes, his widow, all that manor, capital messuage, 
 and demesne lands called Brougham Hall, with the appurte- 
 nances, to hold to Agnes and her assigns during her Ufe, &c. 
 
 Reter Brougham, of Blackball, in the co. Cumberland, uncle 
 and heir of the last mentioned Thomas, married Anne, daughter 
 and heiress of John Southoick, of Scales Hall, in Cumberland, 
 and thus acquired that estate. He died in 1570, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his son, 
 
 Henry BnouoHAM, of Scales and Blackball. This gentleman 
 served the office of sheriff for Cumberland. He married, Istly, 
 Jane, daughter of John ^\■bartOD, of Kirkby Thore, by whom he 
 had an only daughter, Jane, married to Edward Aglionby. Mr. 
 Brougham married, 2ndly, Catherine, daughter of Thomas 
 Fallowtield, of Melkinlhorpe Hall, co. Westmoreland; and djing 
 in I(i2'-J, was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Thomas BaononAM, Esq., of Scales, who served the office of 
 sheriff for Cumberland. He married Jlary, daughter of Daniel 
 Fleming, Esq., of Skirwith (ancestor of the Flemings of Eydal, 
 created a baron in 1700), and had issue, 
 
 I. Hexrv, his successor. 
 II. Thomas. 
 
 III. Christopher. 
 
 IV. William. 
 v. John. 
 
 VI. Toby. 
 I. Agnes, married to Anthony Wyhorgh, Esq., Tonngeat son of 
 
 i'homus Wybergh, Esq., of CUl'lou Hull, Westmoreland, 
 u. Mary, 
 
 Mr. Brougham died in 1G4S, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Henry Brougham, of Scales, who enlarged his possesions 
 there, and greatly added to Scales llall. A MS. preserved iu 
 the dean and chapter library, at Carlisle, called " Bishop Nichol- 
 son's MS.," and described as a cursory relation of all the anti- 
 quities of families of Cumberland, written about 1075, speaks 
 thus of this Henry and his predecessors : — " Next adjoining 
 Squire Browhani, ancient heir male of all the Squire Browhams 
 of Browhara Hall, in Westmoreland, built hiin a very fine house 
 at Scales, and lives there. His grandfather, Henry Browham, 
 married June Wharton, daughter of Squire Wharton, of Kirby 
 Thore. His father, Thomas, married Mary, daughter of Squire 
 Daniel Fleming, of Skirwith, and cousin of Squire Fleming, 
 lord of Ridnll ; and this Squire Browham married fair Miss 
 Slee, daughter of Mr. Slee, of Carlisle, a jovial gentleman of 
 X300 a year." By lus first wife, Mr. BrongLam had four 
 children, 
 
 1. Thonms. 
 II. Henry. 
 
 I. Anno, bom in li'«.1; ilied in Ffbruary, 1780,»t the ngc of Il1(l, 
 biivio)^ livftl tn the reigns of si*vt-u mnereiicns, \i/., Cborles 
 II., .luines 11., WJliuu uid Mary, Anne, and tlic first three 
 Cit'urgi'S. 
 u. Juoue. 
 
 Neither of his sons snrrived him. He married, Sndly, Elizabeth, 
 dnnglitcr nnd ultimately sole heir of John Lamplagh, Esq., of 
 L&mplugh, in Cumberland, and had,
 
 788 
 
 WEST WARD. 
 
 I. Thoinns, recciver-Rcneral of Cumberlaod and Westmoreland, 
 
 who died iu 1710, before his ffttlier. 
 n. Bernard, died williout children in 1750. 
 
 III. John, who suececded to the estate of Srnles Hnll, nnd pos- 
 sessed, besides large estates iu Cun.berhiiul, auioiit; others, 
 the manor of Distington, whicli lie sold in 17:i7 to Sir 
 Jutnes Lowlhcr, liiirt. It is now the property of the Earl 
 of Lonsdale, and from it he derives his chief coal revenue. 
 
 IT. Peter, married Elizabeth, dan^'hter and heiress of Christopher 
 Kiehinond, Esq., of Higlihead Castle, co. Cumberland (who 
 was grandson and heir of John \'aux of Catterlen, through 
 his mother, Mubel Viiux, that gentleman's daughter and 
 sole heir), and left issue, 
 
 1. Henry Richmond, sheriff of Cumberland in 17-lS, who 
 
 possessed the estates of Brougham iu Westmoreland, 
 and Ilighbend Caslle and Catterlen iu Cumberland. 
 He died without ehildreu in 17411. 
 
 2. John, who died before his brother, also issueless. 
 
 T. Samuel, married Dorothy, only daughter of John Child, and 
 had two sons, 
 
 1. John, one of the benchers of the hon. society of Gray's 
 
 Inn. 
 
 2. Henry, bom in 1717. 
 
 1. Elizabeth, married to — Forster. 
 
 II. Mary, niiuried to her cousin, John Brougham, of Cocker- 
 mouth, son of John, sixth child of Thomas, who married 
 Marv Fleming. Her grandson, Peter, took by sign-manual, 
 in ITS^i, the name of LampUigh, under a limitation in the 
 will ol Elizabeib, daughter ami heir of Thomas Lamphigh, 
 of Lamplugli, who de\ised her estates to him, althongh 
 Mr. Brongbimi, of Broughuni, become by her death, without 
 issue, heir-general of the Lamplughs. 
 
 The four eldest sons of Mr. Brougham having died without 
 
 children, he was succeeded eventually in his estates by his 
 
 grandson, 
 
 John Brougham, of Brougham, in Westmoreland, and of 
 Scales Hall and Highliead Castle, in Cumberland. He had 
 issue two daughters only, both of whom died without issue. 
 On his own death, in 1756, he was succeeded by his brother, 
 
 Henry Brougham, of Brougham, who married Mary, daughter 
 of William Freeman, and had issue, 
 
 1. Hesrt, his heir. 
 
 n. John, fellow of King's College, Cambridge, and rector of Bally- 
 hnise, and Bailieboroiigh. diocese of Kilmore, Ireland ; 
 married, 17th October, 1785, Sarah, daughter of James 
 Scnulin, by Anne Babingtou, his wife, and died 2'-iud May, 
 1811; his widow surviving uutU 21di March, 1843. He 
 had issue, 
 
 1. John Henry, died 28th May, 1798. 
 
 2. Henry, bom 18tli March, 1799, rector of Yallow, 
 
 diocese of Waterford ; married, Ulth May, 18Jt), 
 Catherine Anne Marin, daugliter of Sir John .Macart- 
 ney, Bart., by Catherine Hussey Burgh, daugliter of 
 Walter Hussey Burgh, chief baron of the Exchequer, 
 distinguished when Ireland had ft rarliament. Henry 
 Brougham died 3iJth January, 18^1, leaving issue, 
 two sons, 
 
 Henry William, born 27lli February, 1S37. 
 
 John 'Richard, horu 4th August, 1829. 
 
 1. Anna Rebe. 
 
 2. SariJi, died 3rd February, 1808. 
 
 I. MaiT, married to Richard Meux (faUier of Sir Henry Meux, 
 Bart., of Theobald's Park, Herts), and had issue, 
 
 1. Richard, manied Catherine Roxby. 
 
 2. Henry, created a harouet in 1832. 
 
 3. Thomas, died widiout issue. 
 
 1. Mary, married to Richard Arabin. 
 
 2. Fanny, married to Vicesimus Knox. 
 
 II. Anne, married to George Aylmer, Esq., and had issue, 
 
 1. George, married to Henrietta, daughter of Cuthbert 
 
 Ellison, of Hepburn, co. Northumberland. 
 
 2. Thomas, a general in the army. 
 
 3. Charles. 
 1. Auue. 
 
 III. Rebecca, bom in HiiS; married, 12th April, 1787, to Richard 
 
 Lowndes, Esq., of Rose Hill. Dorking, co. Surrey; and 
 died lOtli January, 1828, leaving issue, 
 
 1. Ilenrv Dalston, bora 20di July, 17S9 ; died 17th 
 
 October, I>31. 
 
 2. William Lofius, born IGdi March, 1793; one of her 
 
 Maicsty's counsel. 
 
 3. EichordJohn, bom 11th January, 1798; died in 
 
 July, 1798. 
 I. Bcbe, married to the Rev. James Randall, rector of 
 Bingfield, co. Berks. 
 
 Mr. Brougham died 21st December, 1782, and his widow in 
 1807, aged 93 years, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Henry Brougham, Esq., of Brougham, born 18th June, 1742, 
 who married, 22nd May, 1777, Eleanora, only child of the Kcv. 
 James Syme, by Slary, sister of Robertson the historian, and 
 had issue, 
 
 1. Henry Lord Brougham and Vaux. 
 
 U. James, born 16th January, 1780; member in the successive 
 pailiamenis of IWJil, 18^9, and 1831, f pr Tregonyand Win- 
 chelsea, and in the lirst reformed parliament for Kendal, co. 
 Wesimorehuid ; died without issue 24tli December, 1833. 
 HI. Peter, in the army, killed iu a duel by Mr. Campbell of Shaw- 
 lield, in 18U1. 
 
 IV. John, married Margaret, daughter of James Eigg, Esq., of 
 
 Morton, iu Scotland, and had issue, 
 
 1. Henry, born 7th Febmary, 1813 ; died 10th October, 
 
 1839. 
 
 2. Peter, bom 12th June, 1819. 
 
 3. John, horn 27tli May, 1821. 
 
 4. James liigg, born 5lh Mav, 1826. 
 
 6. William, horu 27th Nov.,l82«; died 2nd April, 1829. 
 1. Margaret. 2. Eleanor. 
 
 3. Katherine. 4. Mary. 
 
 5. Lindsay. 
 
 He died nt Boulogne-sur-Mer, in October, 1829; his widow 
 iu December, 1839. 
 
 V. William, M.P. for Sontliwark in 1831 and 1832, and a master 
 in Chancery; married, 12th August, 1834, Emily Frances, 
 only daughter of Sir Charles William Taylor, BarL, of 
 Hollycombe, co. Sussex, ond has issue, 
 
 1. Henrv Charles, born 2nd September, 1830. 
 
 2. Wilfrid, born •22nd January, 1842. 
 
 3. Another son, born 2ud December, 1803. 
 
 1. Alice Eleanora. 
 
 2. Emily Evelyn. 
 
 3. Sybil Miu-y Granville. 
 
 Mr. Brougham died 13th February, ISIO, aged 08 years, and his 
 widow 31st December, 1830, aged 89. He was succeeded in his 
 estates in Westmoreland and Cumberland by his son and heir, 
 
 Henrv Brougham, baron Brougham and A'aux, F.R.S., of 
 Brougham, co. Westmoreland ; president of University College, 
 London; bom 19th September, 1778; married, in 1819, Mary 
 Anne, eldest daughter of Thomas, fourth son of Sir John Eden, 
 Bart., of Windleston, co. Durham, neice of the Lords Auckland 
 and Henley, and widow of John Spalding, Esq., by whom he 
 had two daughters, 
 
 I. Eleanor Sarah, died in 1820. 
 11. Eleanor Louisa, died 30th November, 1839. 
 This eminent person, admitted an advocate in Scotland in 1800, 
 and called to the English bar in 1808, was constituted, after a 
 long series of great and gratuitous public services, lord chan- 
 cellor, and created a peer of the realm on the accession of the 
 Grey administration, in 1830. He retired with his party in 
 1834. Lord Brougham is heir-general, and representative of 
 a branch of the ancient and noble house of Vaui. 
 
 Creation.— 23rd November, 1830. 
 
 Amis. — Quarterly: 1st, gu., a chevron between three luces, arg., 
 for Brougham ; 2ud, or, a fesse, chequy, gold and gu., between
 
 CLIBURN PARISH. 
 
 (89 
 
 three barbs of tlie thinl, banilcd, of tho fir^t— in chief, a label of iliroe 
 points, n/.., for Voux. of Culterleii ; Urcl, nrg., a benil, ebei|uy, or anil 
 gu., for VttHX, of Trjermajne ; Hli, gu., a cioss fleury, or, lor Dela- 
 more. 
 
 Crest. — A hand and arm in armour, holding a lucy, arg. ; on the 
 elbow, a rose, gules. 
 
 Siippnrlers. — Dexter, a lion, vert; armed and Inngued, gules; 
 collared with a Vans collar, chetiuy, or. and of the second; sinister, 
 a white hart, antlers and hoofs, or, in his mouth a rose, gn. ; barbed 
 and seeded, vert, in allusion to the castle of Iliglihead, which Lord 
 Brougham holds of the king in capitc, by the service of the red rose, 
 rendered annually, at Carlisle. It came from the family of the 
 L'Kngleys, or Knglisb, to the KichmonUs, and thence by marriage 
 to the Broughams. 
 
 Mullo. — Pro rege, lege, grcge. {This is not a newly assnmed 
 motto; it has been long borne by the family, and is to be seen iu an 
 old apartment at Brougham, of the age of Ehzabeth.) 
 
 THE CHURCH. 
 
 Brougham churcli, dedicated to St. Ninian, stands on 
 tho borders of a meadow, close to tho river Eamont, at 
 a point where there is a ford. It is about two miles 
 from the nearest village, called Woodside, and still 
 further from the place where the town of Brougham 
 formerly stood ; there is no trace of any habita- 
 tions having ever existed near it. It is generally 
 called Nineliirks, and is best known in the neighbour- 
 hood by that name. The church contains numerous 
 monuments commemorating various members of the 
 Brougham family. The benefice is a rectory, valued 
 in the King's Book at .£10 10s. 7Jd.; and is in the 
 patronage of Sir Ilichard Tufton, Bart. 
 
 Bectobs. — Robert de Appleby, 1310; Thomas del Close 
 occurs 1355 ; Thomas de Derby, 1.302 ; John de Merton, 1305 . 
 Thomas de Derby, 1307; John Wanclsford, deprived, 1575; 
 Thomas Burton, 1675 ; Cuthbert Bradley, 15s3 ; Christopher 
 Beecroft, 1024; William Crackenthorp, 10'.i'J ; Arthur Savage, 
 1041; Anthony Savage, 1661; Samuel Grasty, ICCl; Roland 
 
 Borrow, 1080; John Atkinson, 1703; Carleton Atkinson, 1713 ; 
 William I'restoD, 1722; Richard Machell, 17/0; John lleelis, 
 
 ; Edward Heelis, ; Geo. ElUott, 1833 ; J. Mc. Killock, 
 
 1814 ; Hon. Thomas Edwards, 1816. 
 
 CUAEITY. 
 
 Countess of Pembroke's Chariti/. — The onlv charity 
 iu this parish is a payment of £'4 a year, out of an 
 estate at Yanwath, in the parish of Barton, given by 
 Anne Countess Dowager of Pembroke, for the poor 
 of the parish of Brougham, in 1050, and which she 
 directed tn be distributed to the poor of Brougham upon 
 the 2nd April, at a certain pillar at the foot of Winter 
 Close, by the road side, about a quarter of a mile from 
 Brougham Castle. This pillar, called the " Countess' 
 PUlar," was erected by the Countess of Pembroke, as 
 " a memorial of her last parting at that place with her 
 good and pious mother, Margaret Countess Dowager of 
 Cumberland, the 2ud day of April, 1010." 
 
 Hornby Hall, now occupied as a farmhouse, was long 
 the seat of the Birkbeck family, having been granted in 
 the reign of Edward VI. to Edward Birkbeck, Esq., by 
 Henry Clifford, earl of Cumberland. It is situated 
 near the church. One of the members of this family, 
 Simon Birkbeck, was au eminent preacher of the seven- 
 teenth century. 
 
 AViuderwath Hall is in this parish, though both it 
 and the demesne belong to Clibiirn parish. 
 
 Woodside, a small hamlet belonging to Brougham 
 Castle, is near the confluence of the Eden and Eamont, 
 two miles north-by-west of Temple Sowerby. 
 
 CLIBURX TARISH. 
 
 Clibdrk is bounded on the north by the parishes of Lowtlier, Clifton, and Brougham; and on tho west, south, and 
 east by that of ilorland. The soil here is a good loam, with a sub-soil of strong clay. The Eden Valley railway 
 runs tlirougii a part of this parish. Penrith is the market usually attended by the inhabitants. This parish com- 
 prises the township of Cliburn only. 
 
 Tho township of Oliburn contains 1,300 acres; its 
 rateable value is £1,709 lOs. The number of inhabi- 
 tants in 1801 was 157; in 1811,101; in 1821,205; 
 in 18.31, 229; in 1811, 251 ; and in 1851, 259. 
 
 The manor of Cliburn was divided into moieties at a 
 very early period. These moieties were known as 
 Cliburn" Tailbois and Cliburn Hcrvey. Tho former 
 derived its name from its owners, a branch probably of 
 the Tuilbois of Kendal. We may say the same of tho 
 
 latter, though it had passed from the Hcrveys before the 
 commencement of any of our accounts. The Tailbois 
 family continued to hold a moiety of the manor until 
 tho lOth Henry V. (1122); shortly after which the 
 family appears to have ended in a daughter, b^- whom 
 it was brought to the Franceys family, but Low 
 long it was held by them wo have now no means of 
 ascertaining ; but it became at length united with 
 the Uervey moiety, most of the tenants having been
 
 roo 
 
 WEST WAKD. 
 
 previously enfranchised. The Cliburns are the earliest 
 possessors on record of Cliburn Hervey ; they also held 
 the manor of Bampton Cuudale in the reign of Edward 
 lU. In the reign of Richard II. Ilobert de Cliburn 
 •was knight of the shire for Westmoreland. This family 
 continued to hold the manor for several genemtions, 
 and how it passed from them we are not informed — 
 probably by the failure of the family in issue male. 
 After passing through several hands it became at length 
 mortgaged to Sir John Lowthei', from whom it has 
 descended to its present possessor, the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 Cliburn II all, which stands on a gentle eminence near 
 the Leeth rivulot, on the south side of the parish, was 
 repaired, or rebuilt, by Bichard Cliburn, as the following 
 inscription testifies : — 
 
 Richard . Clebnr . thus . they . did . me . cawle . 
 AVho . in . my . time . builued . this . hull. 
 1577. 
 
 The landowners are the Earl of Lonsdale, Miss Sal- 
 monds, Rev. C. W. Burton, Sir Richard Tufton, Mrs. 
 Robinson, Nicholas Temple, and George Workman, 
 with many small proprietors. 
 
 The village of Cliburn is situated on the Leeth 
 ri\-ulet, six miles south-east of Peniith. 
 
 THE CHCBCH. 
 
 Cliburn church, dedicated to St. Cuthbert, is a small 
 ancient edifice, comprising nave and chancel, with a 
 small gable belfry containing one bell. 1 1 was thoroughly 
 repaired and reseated iu 18-19. The living, a rectory, 
 ■was appropriated to the abbey of St. Mary at York at 
 a very early date, and the appropriation was confirmed 
 by Athelwold, the first bishop of Carlisle. In the time 
 of Walter Malclerk, fourth bishop of Carlisle, the abbot 
 and convent of St. Mary, on an arbitration, were ordered 
 to give up the perpetual advowson of the church of 
 CUburn to the bishop and his successors, which orders 
 were carried out in the year l'3is4 ; the usual pension 
 of 10s. a year being reserved to the abbey. The bene- 
 fice is valued iu the King's Book at i'9 Is. 5Jd. It 
 was subsequently certified to the governors of Queen 
 Anne's Bounty at £iO lOs. The rector has thirty 
 acres of ancient glebe ; and, on the enclosure of the 
 common, in 1807, there were ISO acres allotted, as a 
 commutation for the tithes of the parish, and ten and a 
 half acres for the endowment of a school. The living 
 is now worth £180 a year. The parish registers com- 
 mence in 1505. 
 
 KECTons. — Nicholas Makesyn, abont 1284; Peter Tilliol, 
 1302; Simon de Lalon, 1309 ; John de Burdonne, 1317 ; Henry 
 de Eosse, 1312 ; Edward Knype, lO.'iO ; Kichard I'haer, 15i7: 
 Christopher Witton, 1577 ; William Meye, 1587; Richard Flem- 
 ing, 1C25 ; Timothy TuUie, li;3U ; John Ardrey, resigned 1073 ; 
 WilUam Fenwick, 1073; Nathaniel Spooner, 1G87 ; Bichaid 
 Shepherd, ItiSS ; Marmadoke Hohne, 1739 ; liobert Stephenson, 
 1670; John Poole, 1803; John Kotinson, Pi33 ; William Jack- 
 son, 1811 ; C. W. Burton, 1858. 
 
 A new rectory is now in course of erection by the 
 present rector. 
 
 The Wesleyans have a small chapel here, erected in 
 
 1852. 
 
 The School. — Until 1857 the only endowment 
 possessed by Cliburn school arose from an allotment of 
 land made on the enclosure of Clibura common. Tliis 
 land now produces £19 10s. a year, which, with £5 per 
 annum, left in the year just named by the late Jonathan 
 Robinson, of Cliburn, is the total income of the school. 
 The school was erected in 1809. It is under the 
 management of five trustees, and is attended by about 
 thirty children. 
 
 Knipc's Charity. — The Kev. Edward Knipe. rector of 
 this parish and vicar of Warcop, by will, dated 1574, 
 left on trust a sum of money, which he directed should be 
 expended in the purchase of twenty nobles of white rent, 
 to be bestowed yearly to ten poor families of his own kin, 
 mentioned in his will, and to the poor of the parishes 
 of Warcop and Cliburn for ever. 
 
 Poor Stock. — It appears that this parish possesses an 
 ancient poor stock of £58, the interest of which, together 
 with the proceeds of Knipe's Charity, amounting 
 together to £3 Gs., is. distributed among the poor on 
 St. Thomas's Day. 
 
 Townhead is a hamlet in this township, a little north 
 of Cliburn village. Winderwath is a detaciied farm of 
 305 acres, which is separated from this parish by that 
 of Brougham. It is the property of Miss Salmond, of 
 York, and the residence of James Atkinson, Esq. It 
 is said that a chapel once stood in the neighbourhood 
 of this house ; where Chapelgarth still recalls its site. 
 Mr. Atkinson pays seven shilhngs a year to the rector 
 of Cliburn, iu lieu of chapel salary. 
 
 A mai-ket was held at Gilahaughlin in this township, 
 in 1598, in consequence of the ravages of the plague at 
 Appleby, from which town it is distant seven miles.
 
 CLIFTON PAEISH. 
 
 791 
 
 CLIFTON PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on tlie west by the river Lowther, and on every other side by the parishes of Brougham and 
 Lowther. It comprises no dependent townships. The soil, which varies much, is in some places loamy, and in 
 others clayey. The Lancaster and Carlisle railway runs through the parish, and has a station about a mile south 
 of the village of Clifton. Penrith market is usually atteiulcd ; agriculture is the or.ly employment. 
 
 The area of Clifton is 1,520 acres, and its rateable 
 value £3,321 12s. 7id. The population in 1801 was 
 219; in 1811,219; in 1821, 283; in 1831, 288; in 
 1841, 288; and in 18.51, 289; principally resident in 
 the village of Clifton. The commons of the township 
 were enclosed in 1813. 
 
 Of the Roman occupation of this part of the country 
 evidence -was funiished in 1815, when the workmen 
 employed in making the excavation for the Lancaster 
 and Carlisle railway discovered a Roman altar, on the 
 sides of which are the figures of a vase and prreferi- 
 culum ; the back is plain and in a rough state. The 
 inscription may be read thus : — 
 
 i[ovi] o[pnMo] ji[axhio] 
 
 GESIO LOCI 
 
 I!B[iTANNICO 
 
 S[OI.VENS] v[0TUil] AP. 
 
 ODIXA 
 
 ras pisi 
 cir[i] c[imAvrr] r[Acn:si>tr3i.] 
 
 This altar is now the property of C. Mould, Esq., of 
 Coldale Ilall, near Carlisle. 
 
 In the reign of Henry II. the manor of Clifton was 
 given by Sir Hugh de iMorville to Gilbert Engaync, 
 whoso descendants continued to possess it till the year 
 130-1, when Eleanor, the heiress of the family, brought 
 it in marriage to the Wyberghs, to whom the hall and 
 demesne still belong, though the manorial rights have 
 passed under a mortgage to the Earl of Lonsdale, 
 besides whom Lord Brougham, AYUliam Brougham, 
 Esq., and John Wyborgh, Esq., arc the principal land- 
 owners. Clifton Ilall, now used as a sort of outoffico 
 to a farm house, was formerly a fine turretted mansion, 
 supposed to have been built by the Eugaynes, who, as 
 well as their successors, the Wyberghs, were long resi- 
 dent here. A considerable portion of the old hall has 
 been demolished, a tower, with a turret at one of the 
 corners, being all that noiv remains. For an account 
 of the skirmish at Clifton Moor in 1743, see page 599. 
 
 The village of Clifton is pleasantly situated in the 
 vale of Lowther, two and a quarter miles south-south- 
 east of Penrith. 
 
 THE CHUBCH. 
 
 Clifton church, dedicated to St. Cuthbert, is a neat 
 edifice in the Early English style, consisting of ni^ve, 
 north aisle, and chancel, the latter of which was rebuilt 
 in 1849, when the church was thoroughly repaired and 
 reseated. There is stUl a turret with one bell. Some 
 of the chancel windows are filled with stained glass. 
 The benefice is a rectory, valued in the King's Book at 
 JE8 8s. 4d. When Clifton Moor was enclosed in 1812, 
 the tithes of the parish were commuted for nine acres of 
 land, and the sum of £3,000 raised by subscription, 
 with which an estate of 173 acres was purchased at 
 Bowness, in Cumberland. The living is now worth 
 £130 a year. The Bishop of Carlisle is patron. The 
 parish registers commence in 1675. 
 
 Rectors. — Peter TUliol, 1.3(1.'!; Henry de Carliol, resigned 
 laU; William de Hiboton, 1:U7 ; Thomas de Salkeld, 1351; 
 IV'ter de Morland, 135!) ; Eobert de Jlerton, 13TC ; John de 
 Merton, I37C ; Thomas Byre, resigned 1405; Richard Shaw, 
 UG5; Thomas EUerton, died ISnO; John Wjbergb, 1506; 
 Edward Maplett, 1583; John Fletcher, died 1032; Robert 
 Svrason, 1032 ; John Winter, 1034 ; Rowland Burrowe.'s, 1088 ; 
 Jeremiah Seed, 1707; Jeffrey Bowness, 1722; Curwen Huddle- 
 
 stoii, 1735; Wilfrid Iluddleston, 1709; Curwen Burrow, ; 
 
 William Hogarth, ; Jonathan Moorhouso, ; John 
 
 Robinson, 181U ; Michael Dand, 1841 ; Joseph Wood, 1?47. 
 
 The rectory is situated on the north side of the 
 church. 
 
 Clifton school, which is attended by about thirty 
 scholars, has a small endowment of £2 a year, left by 
 Mary Scott, in 1704, for the education of three poor 
 children. Subscriptions, amounting to about £20 a year, 
 are the principal support of the school. 
 
 Clifton Moor and Clifton Dykes arc hamlets in this 
 township.
 
 792 
 
 WEST WARD. 
 
 CROSBY RAYENSWORTH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by those of Morland and Shap, on the west by Shap and Orton, on the south 
 by Orton and Asby, and on the cast by Asby and St. Lawrence Appleby. It is nearly six miles in length by three 
 in breadth, and is generally a fine open district, except at its southern extremity, which forms part of the wild and 
 mountainous township of Birkbeck Fells. The parish abounds in limestone. It comprises the townships of Crosby 
 Eavensworth, Mauld's Meaburn, lleagill, and Birkbeck Foils, whose united area is 1,5,024 acres. The population, 
 which has not yet been returned in separate townships, was, in 1801, 789 ; in 181 1 , 704 ; in 1821, 863 ; iu 1831, 
 928; iu 1841, 909; and iu 1851, 971. 
 
 CROSBY HAVENSWORTH. 
 
 The first lord of the manor of Crosby Kavensworth 
 upon record is Torphiu de Alverstain, who, in the reign 
 of Henry I., gave the church to the abbey of Whitby. 
 This Torphiu had a son, Alan, who confirmed the grant 
 made by bis father. His sou, Thomas de Hastings, 
 al?o confirmed the grant just mentioned. Hugh de 
 Hastings received from Henry II. a grant of free 
 warren in Crosby Piavensworth and Tebay. In the 
 same king's reign Hugh de Hastings appears to have 
 held the manor of Crosby Eavensworth of John de 
 Vetcripont. The manor continued in the posssession 
 of the Hastings family till the 31st Henry VI. (1452-3), 
 when it appears that Edward Hastings held the manor 
 by the payment of 13s. 7d. cornage, subject also to 
 wardship, marriage, relief, and suit of court. At this 
 date Lancelot Threlkeld, Knt., held Crosby Eavens- 
 worth of Edward Hastings, and from that period all 
 mention ceases of the Hastings family. Crosby Eavens- 
 worth was the property of the Threlkelds till that family 
 ended in daughters, one of whom was married to a 
 younger son of Sir James Pickering, who thus became 
 possessed of this manor. It was purchased from the 
 Pickerings by Sir John Lowther, and is now held 
 by the Earl of Lonsdale, besides whom W. Dent, 
 Esq. ; Thomas Eeively, Esq. ; the Hon. Mury Howard; 
 John Hill, Esq. ; Sir Eichard Lupton, Bart. ; Eev. 
 Thomas Balles ; Thomas Gibson, Esq. ; and others, are 
 the landowners. The old hall is now a farm-house. 
 
 The Tillage of Crosby Eavensworth is situate near 
 the source of the Lyvennet rivulet, four miles east-by- 
 north of Shap, and five south-west of Appleby. It is 
 surrounded on almost every side by wild and bleak 
 moors ; and, till a very few years ago, was scarcely 
 approachable from the west, except either by a circuitous 
 route of five or si.K miles, or over the well known Har- 
 berwain Eigg. A broad and well-made road has, how- 
 ever, been constructed, and the vDlage is now easily 
 reached. 
 
 THE CHUECH, 
 
 The parish church, dedicated to St. LawTence, is a 
 handsome structure in the Early English style, consist- 
 
 ing of nave, aisles, and chancel, with a lofty square 
 tower containing three bells. It was repaired in 1811, 
 and has since been restored and considerably improved, 
 priucipuUy through the e.xcrtions of the late George 
 Gibson, Esq. On entering the sacred edifice by a richly 
 moulded doorway, the interior, with its tall clustered 
 columns and lofty Gothic arches, has an imposing 
 appearance. Between the nave and chancel a lofty 
 arch has been erected, which has greatly improved the 
 appearance of that part of the church. Another, but 
 smaller one, has been lately erected between the north 
 transept and the private chapel belonging to Crosby 
 Hall, where the tomb, supposed to cover the remains of 
 the celebrated Sir Lancelot Threlkeld, has been raised 
 to its proper height above the present flooring. The 
 choir, occupying the transverse transept, is quite a new 
 introduction, and some of the seats exhibit richly carved 
 work in the Early English style. The sanctuary also 
 presents an elaborately carved altar table on a foot pace, 
 floored with encaustic tiles, and raised by two stops 
 above the floor of the chancel. The old wooden pulpit 
 has been removed, and a substantial stone one erected 
 in its stead. Service is performed here in the cathedral 
 style. A large stained glass window, at tlie west end, 
 transmits its solemn light into the recess of the tower, 
 and another lights the west end of the north aisle. A 
 few years ago, a vestry was built adjoining the north 
 side of the chancel. The church is heated by means 
 of hot water. Torphin de Alverstain gave the church, 
 with two carucates and 140 acres of land at Crosby 
 Piavensworth to the abbey of Whitby, which grant was 
 confirmed by his successore, and also by Athelwold, 
 first bishop of Carlisle. The church was afterwards 
 appropriated to the abbey. At the period of the 
 Eeformation, the rectory and advowson were purchased 
 by the Bellinghams, of Levins and Garthorne, and, 
 together with the estate of the Bellinghams, were sold 
 by Alan Bellingham, Esq., to Colonel James Graham, 
 whose daughter and sole heir, Catherine, brought them 
 in marriage to Henry Bowes Howard, earl of Berkshire, 
 who sold the rectory to the Lowther family ; but the 
 advowson continued in the Howard family, and is now 
 possessed by the Hon. Mary Granville Howard ; the
 
 CROSBY RAVENSWORTH PARISH. 
 
 793 
 
 Eavl of Lonsdale is impropriator. The living, a vicar- 
 age, is valued in the King's Book at £7 13s. 4d. ; it 
 was certified to the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty 
 at £35 lis. 7J. ; but in 17-Jl, was augraenied with land 
 at Lazonby, purchased vkith £200, given by Colonel 
 Graham, and a like sum from Queen Anne's Bounty; 
 it is now worth £1 .50 a year. The tithes were commuted 
 in 1846 for £142. The parish register commences in 
 15G0. According to tradition a friary formerly existed 
 on the north side of the church yard, and the names of 
 Monkgarth, Monkbarn, and Monkbridge, seem to bear 
 out the tradition. 
 
 Vicars. — William de Insula, 1303 ; John de Linton, 1361 ; 
 Kobert de Threlkeld, 1381; John de Regill, 13C-2; Roland 
 
 Thwaites, ; Christopher Wilton, l,j;2 ; Edward Smith, 
 
 157fi; William Willaine, 1507; Matthias Braddel, 1017, 
 WiUiam Willain, jiin., 1C17; William Curwen occurs 1(1(!0 ; 
 ■yVilliam Wilkinson, UIS5; Jamos Watson, 1708; George Wil- 
 liamson, 1717 ; — Dowker, ; Samuel Revely, 1783 ; Joseph 
 
 Briscoe, 1«12; Salisbury EUard, ; Edward Carus Wilson, 
 
 ; George F. Weston, 1818. 
 
 The vicarage has been enlarged and much improved 
 by the present vicar. The gardens are laid out with 
 great taste. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 The School. — Crosby Ravensworth School was en- 
 dowed in 1030 with £100 by the Rev. AVilliam Willaine, 
 and rebuilt in 1784 by William Dent, Esq., who, in 
 conjunclion with Viscountess Andovcr, Robert Dent, 
 Dent, Esq., and Thomas Wilkinson, Esq., endowed it 
 with £500, which in 1800 was invested in the Old 
 South Sea Annuities, together with £47 10s. given by 
 the other benefactoi-s. Besides the interest of these 
 sums the master has £10 a year from two fields pur- 
 chased about the year 1790, with £145 of the original 
 school stock, and £1 a year from Mauld's Meaburn 
 Hall estate, left in 1749 by Mr. Edward Twaites, who 
 also bequeathed 10s. a year for the purchase of books for 
 poor scholars. Several of the children are taught free 
 in respect of these charities. 
 
 Thuaites Charities. — Edward Thwaites, by will, 
 dated lOlh April, 1749, gave to trustees a rent charge 
 of £2 lOs. per annum on his estate at Mauld's .Meaburn, 
 to be distributed to poor people for ever. Ho also gave 
 5s. a year to the vicar of Crosby for a sermon, £1 a 
 year to the master of the free school, and 1 Os. for the pur- 
 chase of books for poor children. 
 
 Poor Stock. — There is in this parish the sum of £63, 
 called poor stock, the interest of which is divided with 
 the rent of the Teuterow estate hereafter mentioned 
 amongst the poor of the parish. 
 
 Poors' Lund. — There is an cstiito at Tenterow, in 
 Crosby, which was purchased with £63 10s. in 1725. 
 9B 
 
 It produces about £10 lOs. a year, a portion of which 
 is set apart for the poor of Crosby township exclusively; 
 the remainder is distributed to the poor of the parish 
 on St. Thomas' Day, with the interest of the poor stock 
 before-mentioned. 
 
 Addison's Charity. — Thomas Addison, by will, left a 
 legacy of £30, the yearly interest to be applied in giving 
 so many penny loaves, every Sunday, to such a number 
 of poor women as the interest would pay for, the said 
 women to be always of the township of Crosby. 
 
 Holme's Charity. — The Rev. Edward Holme, in 
 1757, gave £105, in trust, for the purchase of bread 
 for distribution among the poor of the parish of Crosby 
 Ravensworth, who should duly attend service at the 
 parish church. This money was laid out in laud, the 
 the rent of which, amounting to about £6 a vear, is 
 distributed along with the produce of Addison's Charity, 
 iu two-peuuy loaves, as directed. 
 
 In the village is a dame's school, for girls and infants, 
 established in 1830, and endowed with £12 a year. 
 
 The park belonging to the manor of Crosby Ravens- 
 worth was a little south of the village, and is now known 
 as Crosby Gill. A little south of this place is Black 
 Dub, where Charles II. halted with his army on his 
 march from Scotland, in 1651. This solitary sprinc, 
 which is the source of the Lyvennet, is surrounded on 
 all sides by unenclosed moors, and though now so silent 
 and deserted, it was once the great thoroughfare from 
 Scotland, by way of Lancashire, to the south. In 
 August, 1840, a rustic obelisk was erected here, which 
 bears the following inscription : — " Here at Black Dub, 
 the source of the Lyvennet, Charies II. regaled his 
 army, on their march froiu Scotland, August 8th, a.d. 
 1051." 
 
 On the east of Crosby Gill is Penhurrock, a remark- 
 able heap of stones, supposed to be a sepulchral 
 monument. 
 
 Gilts is a hamlet in this township, near Blasterfield. 
 and the source of the Lyevennet, two miles north of 
 Orton. 
 
 (^ddendale is another hamlet, consisting of three farm- 
 houses. It has long been the property of the Gibson 
 family. 
 
 There are three or four houses on the east side of the 
 village of Crosby, called Bank and Row, which are 
 within the manor of Garthorne, most of which manor is 
 in the parish of Asby. 
 
 DIRKDECK FEI.LS. 
 
 This township comprises a largo mountainous dis- 
 trict, which extends into tho parishes of Shap and 
 Orton, comprising a number of scattered houses, distant
 
 794 
 
 VTEST WARD. 
 
 from three to five and a half miles sonth-by-east of 
 Shap, and forming a lordship witliin the manor of 
 Crosbj Ravensworlh, belonging to the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 Most of the tenements here have been sold to freehold, 
 the lord reserving only the royalties and power to enclose 
 200 acres of the common, and should the tenants agrco 
 to enclose the remainder of the common, the lord is to 
 receive sixpence an acre as rent. The rateable value is 
 £1,957 lis. 6d. The Lancaster and Carlisle railway 
 runs through the township. The landowners arc the 
 Earl of Lonsdale, Rev. John Gibson, G. Bigge, Esq., 
 ilary Ann Abdale, Rev. John liayton, and Richard 
 Simpson. 
 
 There is a free school at Green Holme, in this 
 township. 
 
 In this township is Shap Wells, a valine spa, stated 
 by Mr. Alderson to be a most genial and sanative spring, 
 milder than the Harrogate purgative spa, more active 
 than the Gilsland water, and in its properties nearly 
 allied to that of Leamington. There is an hotel here, 
 fitted up with every requisite convenience, in first class 
 style, with baths, pump-rooms, &c. A new bath has 
 been recently fitted up in the hotel for the use of 
 invalids, or persons wishing to be strictly private. On 
 a hill north of the hotel is an octagonal column, sur- 
 mounted by a richly ornamented capital, erected, as an 
 inscription records, to commemorate the accession of 
 Queen Victoria to the throne of these realms. 
 
 mauld's meaburn. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £1,975 ; the 
 area and population are included in the parish returns. 
 The soil here is principally loam, with a clayey and 
 gravelly sub-soil. In the township is a stinted common 
 of 250 acres, called Cow Close, belonging to thirty-two 
 landowners. Grayber, an open field containing 120 
 acres, was enclosed and divided in 1818. 
 
 The manor of Meaburn anciently comprised the two 
 Meabums and the intervening tract of country known 
 as Meaburn Field, and was possessed by the Morvilles. 
 Maud, the sister of Sir Hugh de ftforville, brought this 
 manor to her husband, William de Veteripont ; and 
 after the confiscation of the estates of Sir Hugh de 
 Morville, the other portion of Meaburn being taken 
 into the king's hands, these two divisions became known 
 as King's Meaburn and Maud's (or Mauld's) Meaburn, 
 names which they have retained to the present day. 
 William de Veteripont gave four oxgangs of land here 
 to the hospital of St. Leonard at York ; and Ivo, his 
 son, gave other lands here to the same institution. 
 Robert de Veteripont, son of Ivo, gave to the abbey of 
 
 Shap twenty-two shillings a year, to be paid out of 
 Meaburn in the name of alms corn. This Robert do 
 Veteripont, in 1242-3, granted this manor to John le 
 Fraunceys, who was to render yearly for all services, 
 e.xcept those due to the barony of Westmoreland, one 
 pound of cummin. The family of Frauncey ended in 
 a daughter, who brought Mauld's Meaburn in marriage to 
 the Vemons, from whom it came to the Lowthers, and is 
 at present held by the Earl of Lonsdale, besides whom, 
 William Dent, Esq. ; Thomas and John Thwaite, Es(j. ; 
 James Betham, Esq. ; and Mrs. Salkeld, are the prin- 
 cipal landowners. Meaburn Hall is an Elizabetlian 
 structure, supposed to have been erected by Robert 
 Lowther, Esq. 
 
 The village of Mauld's Meaburn is pleasantly situated 
 on the banks of the Lyvennct, in a fine rich vale, four 
 and a half miles east-by-north of Shap. A fair for 
 horses, sheep, and cattle was established here in 1828, 
 and is held yearly on the Monday before Easter. Here 
 is a school for children of both sexes, erected by sub- 
 scription in 1834. It is endowed with £1(5 a j'ear, 
 arising from lands purchased with the sum of £475, 
 subscribed for that purpose by six gentlemen. The 
 school is under the superintendence of three trustees, 
 and is attended by about thirty children. 
 
 CHAItniES. 
 
 Dame Eleanor howther's Charity. — There is an estate 
 in this township, purchased with a legacy left by Dame 
 Eleanor Lowther, in 1C59, the rent of which, amounting 
 to £4 12s. 6d. is distributed amongst the poor of the 
 township. 
 
 Knot's Charity. — John Knot, of Maul4's Meaburn, 
 by will, dated Kith August, 1734, left an estate in the 
 township, the rents and profits of which he directed 
 should be distributed amongst the poor. 
 
 Moss's Gift. — Richard Moss, in 1738, left the sum of • 
 £20, the interest of which he desired should be given 
 to the poor. 
 
 Witherslack is a hamlet iu this township, three and 
 a half miles east of Shap. 
 
 Flass House, an elegant mansion in the Italian style, 
 erected in 1851, is the seat and property of Wilkinson 
 Dent, Esq. 
 
 On the summit of a gentle hill, a little west of Flass 
 House, is a rustic monument bearing the following 
 inscription : — " On this spot dwelt the paternal ances- 
 tors of the celebrated Joseph Addison, dean of Lichfield, 
 who was born here a.d. 1032." His son, of the same 
 name, was the author of " Cato," and of immerous 
 papers in the "Tatler," " Spectator," and " Guardian. '
 
 LOWTHER PARISH. 
 
 795 
 
 BEAGILL. 
 
 The rateable value of the township of Ileagill is 
 £^,0ol lis. Agriculture is tlie principal employment 
 of the inhabitants. A seam of coal has been discovered 
 here, but its cjualityis very inferior. The soil is loaray, 
 with a subsoil of clay, limestone, and sandstone. On 
 the boundary between Reagill and Sleagill are the 
 remains of what are considered to have been earthworks, 
 constructed by some of the early inhabitants of this part 
 of the country. At Chapelgarth, as its name implies, 
 there was formerly a chapel, but every vestige has long 
 since disappeared. 
 
 The manor of Reagill, or Renegill, as it was called in 
 ancient times, was the property of the Vcteriponts. 
 Maude de Veteripont gave hsUf a plougliland of her 
 demesne here in frank marriage with her daughter, 
 Christian, to Robert, son of Derman ; and afterwards 
 gave to her son, Robert, the whole vill of Reagill, he 
 rendering to her one hawk for all services. In the 13th 
 King .John (l-JH-li2), the Robert de Veteripont just 
 mentioned gave the manor to the abbey of Shap, to 
 which it continued attached till the period of the sup- 
 pression of the religious houses, when Henry VIII. 
 granted the revenues, &c., of the abbey to Thomas Lord 
 Wharton, whose descendants sold Reagill "Grange and 
 half of the demesne to Dr. Lancelot Dawes, and the 
 other lialf to Sir John Lowther, who, afterwards, pur- 
 chased the whole. The manor is held by the Earl of 
 Lonsdale, iu addition to whom Richard Gibson, Esq., 
 
 Thomas Salkeld, Esq. ; Rev. F. J. Courtney ; and 
 Messrs. Thomas, William, and John Bland, ai'e the 
 landowners. 
 
 The village of Reagill is three miles north-east of 
 Shap. A festival, of a somewhat unique character, is 
 held here annually, on the anniversary of her Majesty's 
 accession, ou the grounds of Mr. Bland, which are 
 richly ornamented with pictures, statuary, &c. A band 
 of music is engaged for the occasion, and the day's 
 amusements are interspersed with lectures, addresses, 
 music, dancing, and other recreations. 
 
 Ileagill Grange, an I'^liz ibclhan structure, has been 
 long the residence of the Thwaites family. 
 
 CHASITXES. 
 
 Bear/ill School. — This school was founded in 1 684, 
 by the Rev. Randal Sanderson, who gave Jtl"20 for that 
 purpose. It subsequently received i;iO from 'J'homas 
 Harrison, and £5 from Joseph Wilkinson; WiUiam 
 Thwaites, Esq., of London, gave .£.500. On the en- 
 closure of the common, in lSi.>3, an allotment of twsnty- 
 eight acres was made to the school, the total income of 
 which is now £3t) a year. The school is managed by 
 trustees, and is attended by about thirty children. 
 
 Lord Wharton's Bible Charity. — Five copies of the 
 Bible, bound up with the Common Prayer, are annually 
 sent by the trustees of Lord Wharton's Charity for the 
 poor children of Reagill. 
 
 LOWTHER TARISH. 
 
 LowTiiER parish is bounded on the north by that of Clifton, on the west by the river Lowther, on the south by the 
 parishes of Bampton and Shap, and on the east by ilorland. It comprises a fertile district three miles in length 
 and two in breadth : the soil is of good loam, witli freestone subsoil. The parish comprises the townships of Lowther, 
 Ilackthorpe, Melkinthorpe, and Whale, whose united area is 3,5'20 acres. Its population in 1801 was 373; in 
 1811, 500; in 18-.il, 599; in 1831, 494; in 1841, 470; and iu 18.")1, 494. The rateable value of the parish is 
 £4,400 18s. 3d. 
 
 LdWTllEn. 
 
 As early as the reign of Henry II. the manor of 
 Lowther appears to have been divided into three parts, 
 and in 1377-8 one of these three parts seems to have 
 been divided into two by means of two co-heirs, one of 
 whom became the wife of Robert do Morville, and the 
 other of Gilbert do Whiteby; the other two parts of 
 the manor were held by the priory of AVatton and 
 William do Strieklinid. In 1309-10 wc find the manor 
 held under the ClilTords by tho heir of John de Coup- 
 land, Henry de Haveringtou, Simon de Alve, and the 
 
 prior of Watton. Five years later, tho family of Lowther 
 appear as owners of a fourth of the manor, probably by 
 purchase from tho Simon do Alve just mentioned, for 
 an inquisition taken in that year gives Adam de Coup- 
 land, Henry do Haveringlon, Hugh do Lowther, and 
 tho prior of Watton, as lords of tho manor, tiie cornage 
 of whicli is slated to bo worth SOs. Id. In the 10th 
 Henry V. (1 1'^'i) Sir Robert Lovvther, Knt., appears as 
 lord of tho eniiro manor of Lowther, and it lias since 
 continued in his family. In the rental of tho ClitVord 
 estate for 14o^-3, it is stated that Jehu de CouplauJ,
 
 790 
 
 WEST WARD. 
 
 Adnra de'Haverington, Simon de Alve, and the prior 
 of A\'attou heretofore held Lowlher William and Low- 
 ther John b}- homage and failty and 20s. 4d. cornage, 
 and that Hugh Lowther now holds the same by similar 
 service. This distinction of Lowther William and 
 Lowther John again occurs in the rental of the Earl 
 of Cumberlaud in lD'2()-7. From this time we hear no 
 more of the manor till 1038, in which year it was 
 found by inquisition that two parts of the manor of 
 Lowther were held of the Earl of Cumberlaud by the 
 servage called uoltgeld, paying yeai'ly to the said earl 
 20s. id.; and by the service called sergeants' food, 
 paying 10s. yearly. It is also recorded that the third 
 part was held of llobert Strickland, Esq , paving yearly 
 one hawk, or sixpence. The Earl of Lonsdale is the 
 present lord of the manor, and sole landowner in the 
 township. 
 
 ^obtlicr ^amllg. 
 The family of Lowther is of great antiquity in the 
 counties of Westmoreland and Cumberland. The first 
 whose names we meet with are William de Lowther 
 and Thomas de Lowther, who appear as witnesses to a 
 grant in the reign of Henry IL The names of Sir 
 Thomas de Lowther, Sir Gervase de Lowther, Knt , 
 and Gervase de Lowther, archdeacon of Carlisle, 
 occur in the reign of Henry III. The regular 
 pedigree commences in the reign of Edward I. with 
 
 Sir Hugh de Lowther, Knt., attorney-general in 1292, and 
 knight of the shire in 1300 and 1305. He was subsequently 
 justice itinerant, and escheator on the north side of the Trent, 
 and in 1331 was made one of the justice of the Court of King's 
 Bench. He mamed a daughter of Sir Peter TilUoI, Knt., of 
 Scaleby Castle, by whom he had issue, besides a son Thomas, 
 a son and heir, 
 
 Sir Hugh de Lowther, who married, Istly, a daughter of 
 Lord Lucy of Cockermoutli, and 2adly, Margaret, daughter and 
 heiress of William de Quale. In 1324 he was one of the com- 
 missioners to array all men-at-arms in Cumberland to assist in 
 the expected invasion from France. He served the office of 
 sheriff of Cumbeiland for three successive years, was thrice 
 returned for the county of Westmoreland and twice for Cum- 
 berland. The next member of tlie family on record is 
 
 Sir EoBERT DE Lowther, Knt., probably son and heir of 
 Hugh. He had two brothers, John and WiUiam ; and often 
 represented Cumberland in parUament. Ke died in 1430, 
 leaving by his wife,'a member of the Strickland family, three 
 daughters and a son, 
 
 I. HcGH, bis heir. 
 
 I. Anne, married to Sir Thomas Curwen, Knt. of Workington. 
 II. Mary, married to Sir James Pickering, Knt., of Killiugton. 
 in. Elizabeth, married to WiUiam Lancaster. 
 He was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Sir Hugh de Lowther, Knt., who married Margaret, daughter 
 of John de Derwentwater. He took part in the battle of Agin- 
 court, there being with him Geffrey de Lowther and Eichard 
 
 de Lowther. He served the office of sheriff' of Cumberland in 
 1440. He was succeeded by his son and heir. 
 
 Sir High de Lowtuer, KnU, who was kuight of the shire 
 and sheriff' of the county of Cumberland. He died 1473-0, 
 leaving, by his wife, Mabel, daughter of Sir William Lancaster 
 of Sockbridge, a son and heir, 
 
 Sir Hugh de Lowther, Knt. This gentleman married Anne, 
 daughter of Sir Lancelot ThrelkelJ, by Margaret Bromllet, 
 heiress of Vesci, and widow of John Lord Clifford. In Ili01-'.J 
 he was made a Knight of the Balh. He died about 1510 or loll, 
 leaving issue tliree sons and two daughters. He was succeeded 
 by his eldest sod, 
 
 Sir JouK DE Lowther, Knt., who was called out on the border 
 service in 1543, with one hundred horse and forty foot, and was 
 sheriff of Cumberland for three years. By his wife, Lucy, 
 daughter of Sir Thomas Curwen of Workington, he had issue. 
 
 Sir HcQH Lowther, Knt, married Dorothy, daughter of 
 Henry Lord Clifford, and by her hod issue, 
 
 1. EicH.vRD, who succeeded his grandfather. 
 
 2. Gerard, a bencher in Lincoln's Inn. 
 
 1. Margaret, married to John liichmond, Esq., of High- 
 
 head Casile. 
 
 2. Anne, married to Thomas Wybergb, Esq., of Clifton. 
 
 3. Frances, married to Sir Henry Goodyer, Kuu, of Powels- 
 
 worth. 
 
 4. Barbara,married toThomasCarleton,E3q.,of Carleton. 
 
 As Sir Hugh died during the lifetime of his father, on the 
 lauer's <lemise the family honour and estates descended 
 upon his grandson, 
 
 Sir PacHARD Lowther, KnL, who was high-sheriff" of Cumber- 
 land in the Pth and 30th of Queen Elizabeth. He succeeded 
 his cousin, Henry Lord Scroop, as lord-warden of the west 
 marches, and was thrice commissioner in the great affairs 
 between England and Scotland, temp. Queen Elizabeth ; and in 
 the same reign, when JIary Queen of Scots fled into England, 
 and arrived at Workington, in CumberKnd, in May, 15CS, 
 Elizabeth sent orders to Sir Eichard, during his sheriffalty, 
 that he should convey the Scottish queen to Carhsle Castle ; 
 but while the princess was in custody the sheriff inciured the 
 displeasure of his queen by admitting the Duke of Norfolk to 
 visit the fair prisoner. Sir Richard died 27th January, l(i0", 
 leaving, by bis wife, Frances, daughter of John Middleton, Esq., 
 with other children, 
 
 I. Christopueb (Sir), of whom presently. 
 
 II. Gerard (Sir), of St. Michar's, Dublin, chief justice of the Court 
 of Common Pleas in Ireland ; and subsequently, in 1U54, 
 lord high chnnrellnr of that kingdom. His lord.sliip inar- 
 ried, Islly, Aune Welbury, widow, daughter and co-beir of 
 Sir Kalpii Buhner; 2ndly, Anne, daughter of Sir Lawrence 
 Parsons, to whose grandson, Lowther Parsons.he bequeathed 
 his manor of St..lohn's, co. Wexford; and 3rdly, Margaret, 
 daughter of Sh John King; but died without issue. 
 
 m. Laimcelot (Sir), co. Kildare, one of the barons of the ex- 
 chequer, and a privy councillor in Ireland. 
 
 IV. William, of Ingleton, co. York, whose daughter and sole heir, 
 Anne, married T. Heber, Esq., of Marlon and Stainton, co. 
 York. 
 
 Sir Chkistopheb Lowther, the eldest surviving son, was 
 father of several children. The fifth son, WiUiam Lowther, 
 was ancestor of the Lowthers of Ingleton, Lowtherstown, and 
 Kilrue, now represented in the male line by George Lowther, 
 Esq., of Hampton HaU, co. Somerset, son and heir of the late 
 George Lowther, Esq., of Kilrue, county Meath. He married 
 JuUa Huntingford, niece of the bishop of Hereford, and has issue, 
 Ponsonby, St. George, Beresford, Brabazon, Marcus, and four 
 suniving daughters.
 
 LOWTHER PARISH. 
 
 (97 
 
 Sir John Lowther, Sir Cliristopher's eldest son, was M.P. 
 for the coutity of \S'estraorelaaJ in llie reigns of James I. and 
 Charles I. This gentleman Jjing in 1B37, was succeeded by 
 his eldest son, 
 
 Sir John Lowther of Lowther, M.P. for the eo. of West- 
 moreland, who was created a baronet of Nova Scotia in 1C40, 
 and was succeeded at his decease, in 1075, by his grandson. 
 
 Sir JoHS LowTHKR, who was the 31st knight of the family in 
 almost direct succession. Upon the accession of King William, 
 Sir John was sworn of the privy council. In 1C89 he was 
 nominated as lord-lieutenant of Westmoreland and Cumberland ; 
 in ICUO appointed first commissioner of the treasury; and 
 elevated to the peerage, 28th May, leaC, by the titles of Viscount 
 Lonsdale and Baron Lowther. His lordship died 10th July, 
 1700, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 EicHAnp, second viscount; who died in 1713, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his brother, 
 
 Henhy, third viscount ; at whose decease, without issue, 12th 
 March, 1750, the viscounty ceased, but the baronetcy and estates 
 devolved upon his grandnephew. 
 
 Sir Jaites Lowther, eldest son of Robert Lowther, Esq., 
 governor of Barbadoes, and Catherine, daughter of Sir Joseph 
 Pennington, Bart, (which Catherine Pennington's mother was 
 the Hon. Margaret Lowther, daughter of the first Viscount 
 Lonsdale.) This gentleman represented the counlies of Cum- 
 berland and Westmoreland for several years in parliament, and 
 was elevated to the peerage, iith May, 1781, by the titles of 
 Baron Lowther of Lowther, Viscount Lowther, and Earl of 
 Lonsdale. Ho married 7th September, 1701, Jlnrgaret, daughter 
 of John Earl of Bute; but having no issue, he obtained a new 
 patent 10th October, 1707, creating him Baron and Viscount 
 Lowther, with remainder to the heirs male of his cousin, the 
 Kcv. Sir William Lowther, Bart., of Swillington ; and dying 
 21tli May, 180'.!, all his honours expired except those of the 
 latter creation, which devolved, according to the limitation, with 
 the deceased earl's estates in Westmoreland an4 Cumberland, 
 upon 
 
 Sir William Lowther, Bart., as Baron and Viscount Lowther. 
 His lordship, bom 20th December, 1757, was created Earl of 
 Lonsdale 7lh April, 1807. He married, lOth July, 1781, 
 Augusta, daughter of John, ninth and late Earl of AYestmore- 
 land, by whom (who died lOth Miucb, 1838) he had issue, 
 
 I. WiLi.iAM Viscount Lowther, present earl. 
 
 II. Henry Cecil, bom 27lh July, 1790; J[. P. for Westmoreland, 
 
 and colonel rif the Cumberland militia; niiirried ItUh May, 
 
 IH17, Lucy Eleanor, eldest daughter of Pliilip, liflh Earl n! 
 
 Ilnrborough, and by her (who died 8th June, lMls)hii3 issue, 
 
 1. llenr>',boni27ih Mnrrli, I^IS; captain Istl.ifeOuards, 
 
 M.P. ; married, :ilst July, Ixhi, l!iiiily Susan, eldest 
 dauglitiror.St.iJcorgel'nuicisCnulUeM.Esci. andbas 
 issuc,as(>n,buru'2'.iudJuly,185l; uiotlicr sou, bom 
 ■4lh Hctober, lis.'i,'). 
 
 2. Arthur, born lith July, 1820; captain; died lOlli Feb- 
 
 ruary, IttiO. 
 
 3. William, secretary of legation at Naples, bom Mtli 
 
 DeccuiluT, iH'il ; married, I7ili llioeuibcr, IWl, 
 Ciiarlolte Alice, claugbier of Lord Wcnaleydole, and 
 has iss .0 a son, horn 1st April, IH'i."^. 
 
 1. Eleanor Cecily; married, -I.iud April. lH||,toJ. Talbot 
 
 Clitloii. Esq., of Lytliaiu, co. Lancaster. 
 
 2. AugiKsla .Mary. 
 
 3. Constanta ; niiurricd, 1800, to Colonel Robert Blacker 
 
 Wood, (J.n. 
 
 I. Elizabeth, died unmarried. 
 
 JI. Mary; married, lillli Replemher, 1S20, to Majorgeneral Lonl 
 Frederick (.'avuiidish Hentiek. youngest bou of William 
 Henry, third Uukc of Torilaud. 
 
 III. Anne; married, 20ih January, 1817, to the Eight Hon. Sir 
 
 John Beckett, Burt.; and died .'ilst May, 1847. 
 
 IV. Caroline; married, :)id July, 1815, to Lord William John 
 
 Frederick Poulelt, son of llie late Duke of Cleveland. 
 
 His lordship K.G., lieutenant-colonel in the army, lord-Ueutenant 
 of Curaberlaud and Westmoreland, and recorder of Carlisle, 
 died 19th March, 1614 ; and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 WiLLUJi LowTHEit, F.U.S., second Earl of Lonsdale, Viscount 
 Lowther and Baron Lowther, and a baronet; born aist July, 
 1787 ; succeeded as second earl, on the death of his father, 19th 
 March, 1841. His lordship had been summoned to the House 
 of Peers, in his father's barony, Cth September, 1841. He is 
 lord-lieutenant of the counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, 
 and lieutenant-colonel coiumaudaut of the Westmoreland mihiia. 
 
 Creations. — Baronet, 22nd August, 17C1. Baron and viscount, 
 lOlh October, 1707. Earl, 7th April, 1807. 
 
 Arms. — Or, six annulets, sa. 
 
 Crcsl, — .\ dragon, passant, arg. 
 
 Siippnrlcrs. — Two horses, arg., each gorged with a chaplet of 
 laurel, ppr. 
 
 ^f(>ll}. — Magistratus indicatviram. 
 
 .Sta/s.— Lowther Casile, Wesiinoreland ; Cottesmore Park, Rut- 
 land ; and Whitehaven Casile, Cumberland. 
 
 Lowther Castle, the seat of the Earl of Lonsdale, 
 stands in a noble park of COO acres, on the east side 
 of tlie woody vale of Lowther. It was erected by the 
 Lite carl, after the designs of Sir Robert Smirke, upon 
 the site of the old hall, which had been nearly destroyed 
 by fire as far back as the year 17-.iO. The light-colom-ed. 
 stone of which it is built is in pleasing contrast with the 
 vivid green of the park and woods. The efloct of the 
 whole pilo is strikingly grand, worthy the residence of 
 its wealthy and powerful owner. Tiie north front, in 
 the Castellated stylo of the fourteenth century, is 120 
 feet in length; the south front is in the Gothic-cathedral 
 stj'le, and has a number of pinnacles, pointed windows, 
 &c. So far from the diversity of the fronts being dis- 
 cordant, the art of the designer has made them increase 
 each other's effect — a circuinstanco not unnoticed by 
 Wordsworth, who has a sonnet commencing — 
 
 " Lowtlier I in thy majestie pile are seen 
 Cathedral pomp and grace, in apt accord 
 With tho baronial castle's sterner mein ; 
 Union significant of God adored, 
 .\nd charters won, and guarded with the sword 
 Of ancient honour." 
 
 Surmounting tho whole is a lofty tower, from the 
 summit of which tho prospect is c.'ctreniely fine. The 
 fitting up of tho interior is in a style corresponding 
 with the external appearance. Oak and birch occupy 
 in a great niensuro tho place of foreign woods, in the 
 furniture and can'ings. The staircase, sixty feet square, 
 which climbs the great central tower, with the ceiling, 
 ninety feet from the ground, is highly imposing. Tho 
 library, forty-five feet by thirty, decorated entirely with
 
 798 
 
 WEST WARD. 
 
 oak, is plentifully stored with books, and hung round 
 with fiuiiily portraits. A Lady Lowther, by Lely, is a 
 favourable specimen of his pencil. The saloon is a 
 splendid apartment on the south front, sL\ty feet by 
 thirty, having the dining-room on one side and the 
 drawing-room on the other. The corridors and rooms 
 arc adorned with busts from the chisels of Chantry, 
 Westraacott, and other sculptors. Amongst them is a 
 bust of her JIajesty Queen Victoria, taken when a 
 child of three or four years old. Upon the walls of the 
 various apartments are hung many paintings by the 
 ancient and modern masters, of great excellence and 
 value. Amongst them we may particularise the follow- 
 ing: — In the breakfast - room : Village Wake, Village 
 Feast, and Fete Champotre, by Tcniers ; a Hawking Par- 
 ty, and a Halt of Cavalry, by 'SVouvermans ; Fruit and 
 Animals, by Fytt ; Oyster Supper, Jan Steen ; Charity, 
 Vandyke; iladonna and Child, Sasso Ferrato ; Dutch, 
 F. Hals; Holy Family, Rubens; Two Infants Em- 
 bracing, attributed to Leonardo da Vinci ; Head, Rem- 
 brandt ; Head, Titian. In the dining-room : the Duke 
 of Wellington, Jackson ; Sir James Lowther (first earl 
 of Lonsdale), in a masquerade dress ; in this room is a 
 cast from Flaxman's celebrated model of the shield of 
 Achilles. North drawing-room : the late Earl of Lons- 
 ditle, by Lawrence ; Landscape, by Poussin ; Adoration 
 of the Shepherds, by Bassauo ; and a ilarine View, by 
 Vandervelde. The small sitting-room : Lieut.-colonel 
 Lowther (the earl's brother) as major in the 10th 
 Hussars, by Lawrence ; St. John Preaching in the 
 Wilderness, by Salvator Rosa ; Landscape, by Poussin ; 
 the poet Wordsworth, a drawing. In Lord Lonsdale's 
 study : Boors Playing at Cards, by Teniers ; Alehouse 
 Interior, by Bronever ; Old JMan Mending a Pen by 
 Candlelight, by Gerard Dow ; Dutch Village Inn Scene, 
 by Ostade; Boys Eating Fruit, by Murillo; Head of 
 a Martyr, by Titian ; Soldiers Quarrelling — the Tribute 
 Money, by Valentine ; Anne Clifford, countess of Pem- 
 broke; Christ and the Woman of Samaria, by Van- 
 derwerf; Female Head, by Uolbeln ; Crucifixion, by 
 Breughel ; Fawn and Dancing Nymphs, by Vander- 
 ■werf ; River Scene — Farrier's Shop, by Wouvermans ; 
 Two Crones, and Boors Rcvelhng, by Ostade ; Female 
 Reading, by Gerard Dow ; Dancing Children and 
 Bacchanalian Revellers, by Le Xain. Gallery round 
 staircase : St. Francis, by Guide ; St. Sebastian, by 
 Guido ; St. Jerome, by Guide ; a Magdalen, by Tinto- 
 retto ; a Gentleman, by Tintoretto. Ante-room, west 
 of staircase : The Palmister, and Two Soldiers Gaming, 
 by Pietro da Vecchia ; Belisarius, Rembrandt ; William 
 m. in his robes, and the Duke of Monmouth in armour, 
 by Dobson. Dressing-room, east front; Magdalen 
 
 Reading, by E. Sirani ; Landscape, by Salvator Rosa. 
 Billiard-room : George IV., by Lawrence ; William 
 Pitt, by Hiippner ; the late Lady Lonsdale, by Law- 
 rence. 
 
 Lowther village and Lowther Newtown are situate 
 within a mile of the castle, and four and a half miles 
 south-by-east of Penrith. Machell tells us that tho 
 ancient village of Lowther was pulled down in 1082, 
 by Sir John Lowther, in order to enljtrge his demesne. 
 The village called Newtown was soon afterwards built. 
 
 LOWTHER CHUECH. 
 
 The parishr church, dedicated to St. Michael, is an 
 ancient cruciform structure, standing on the eastern 
 bank of the Lowther, in the outskirts of the castle 
 park. It consists of nave, aisles, transepts, chancet, 
 and embattled central tower. The pillars separating 
 the north aisle from the nave are circular, with curi- 
 ously enriched capitals. The chancel arch, and the 
 arches supporting the tower are Early English. Tho 
 church was restored, re-seated, and a new porch added 
 in lS-')7, at the expense of the Earl of Lonsdale and 
 the present rector, the latter of whom restored the 
 chancel. There are numerous monuments, tombs, 
 and tablets to the memory of various members of the 
 Lowther family, and others. In 1857 a beautiful mau- 
 soleum was erected in the churchyard, by the present 
 Earl of Lonsdale ; it consists of a vault capable of con- 
 taining twenty-five coffins, and above the vault is an 
 upper chamber for monuments ; the whole of the work- 
 manship is o'f the most excellent description. At the 
 sides are six tablets, three on either side, for inscrip- 
 tions, each tablet is eight feet by three feet four inches, 
 in one stone ; they were got from the celebrated granite 
 mountain on Shap Fell, and were cut and polished at 
 the marble works of Messrs. Nelson, of Carlisle, bear 
 a high polish, and are altogether unique in their kind. 
 The building was designed by B. Baud, Esq., architect, 
 London ; and the whole carried out under the imme- 
 diate direction of Mr. James Mawson, of Lowther. 
 Inside the vault is a magnificent sarcophagus, of the 
 best Italian marble, designed by j\Ir. Band, and exe- 
 cuted by Mr. B. Stephen, Esq., sculptor, of Loudon. 
 The two gentlemen before named carried out the 
 restoration of the church of Lowther in 1S55 so as to 
 give general satisfaction. The living of Lowther is a 
 rectory, and has always been attached to the manor, 
 the various lords of which have presented. It is valued 
 in the King's Book at £-io 7s. SJd- The tithes were 
 commuted in 1838, for a rent charge of i'O-S 10s. 2d. 
 The total income of the living is about £300. The 
 parish registers commence in 1510.
 
 JIOKLAXD PAEISH. 
 
 799 
 
 Rectors.— William de Capella, 1320; Waller de Wells, 13C2 ; 
 
 John Bone, l:)7U ; John de Kaby, 1425; Thos. Cleveland, ; 
 
 John Wharton, 14U5; Anthony Garnet, about 15TIJ; Thomas 
 Fairfax, 157!) ; Leonard Lowther, 1580; Chrlstoplier Lowlher, 
 1C09; John Teasdale, 1010 ; William Smith, died 1670; Ri.hiird 
 Threlkeld, 1070; Richard Holme, 1691; Hugh Robinson, 1738; 
 Henry Lowther, 1703; William Lowther, 1769; James Set- 
 tertbwaitc, ISU ; William Jackson, 1«28. 
 
 Askham Hall serves as Lowther rectory. 
 
 HACKTHOEPE. 
 
 The soil here is a light loam, with a suhsoil of lime- 
 stone and freestone. The township is intersected by 
 the Lancaster and Carlisle railwu_v, but there is no 
 station nearer tbau Clifton. The rateable value of 
 Hackthorpe is £'1,039. 10s. 
 
 The manor of Hackthorpe is included in the marquis 
 fee of the barony of Kendal. In the reign of Henry 
 IIL " Ralph de Aincourt released to William de Lan- 
 caster and his heirs his right in fifty shillings of land, 
 in which he was bound to him by the charter of William 
 de Lancaster, liis grandfather, for the quit claim, which 
 the said Willli^pm made to the said IJalph, of the service 
 of Gamel de Hakethorpe. The said William released 
 to Tialph do Aincourt and his heirs tlic service of the 
 said Gainel, in drainage and other services." In 1361, 
 Sir Thomas de Strickland, who hold under the barons 
 of Kendal, had a license from the crown to impark his 
 woods at Hackthorpe and oilier places, for his good ser- 
 vices in France. Hackthorpe was sold by the Stricklands 
 to the Lowthers, and it is now held by the Earl of Lons- 
 dale. The old hall is now used as a farm-house. 
 
 The village of Hackthorpe is a mile and a quarter \ 
 
 south-east of Lowther Castle, and five miles south 
 south-east of Penrith. 
 
 MELKINTHOKPE. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £364 2s. 5d. 
 The soil here is principally a light loam, with a subsoil 
 of clay and freestone. The township is intersected by 
 the Lancaster and Carlisle railway. 
 
 The manor of Melkinthorpe is also part of the mar- 
 quis fee of the barony of Kendal. It was held in ancient 
 times by a family bearing the local name, one of whom, 
 Galfrid de Melkinthorpe, was constable of Appleby 
 Castle, under Roger Lord Clifford. An inquisition 
 taken in 13(19 informs us that Margaret de Ros then 
 held Melkinthorpe, paying five shillings cornage. The 
 manor came afterwards to the Musgraves, then to the 
 Fallowfields, from whom it was brought in marriage to 
 the Udlstons of Acorn Bank, who sold it to Sir John 
 Lowther. It now belongs to the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 
 The village of I\Ielkinthorpe is three miles and a 
 half south-south-east of Penrith. 
 
 WH.VLE. 
 
 The township of Whale is nearly all included in one 
 farm. Its rateable value is £481 4s. 6d. The manor 
 of Whale was anciently held by a family bearing the 
 local name, from whom it appears to have passed to the 
 Fraunceys family, who paid for wardship 40s. a year, 
 and for cornage 33s. It subsequently came to the 
 Lowthers, and is now held by the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 
 The village of Whale is situated near the south end 
 of Lowther Park, five and a half miles south of Penrith. 
 
 MORLAND PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north liy Cliburn, on the north-west and west by the parishes of Lowther and Bampton, 
 on the south-west by Shap, on the south by Crosby Eavensworth, on the south-east by St. Lawrence's Appleby, and 
 on the east by St. Jlichael's Appleby and Kirkby Thore. Limestone is abundant here. The river Eden runs on 
 llio eastern side of the parish, while the Leeth forms its nonlarn and western limits. Agriculture is the principal 
 employment of the inhabitants, and Penrith and Appleby the markets attended. The parish comprises the townships 
 of Morland, Ivings Meaburn, Newby, SIcagill, Great Strickland, and Little Strickland, with the chapelries of Itolton 
 and Thrimby. Its area is 15,'2U0 acres. 
 
 MORLAND. 
 
 The area of this township, inclusive of that of Holton 
 and SIcagill, is 5,449 acres ; and its rateable value 
 £1,400 Via. 4d. Tbo population in 1801 was 273; 
 in 1811, 304 -.'in 18^1, 37d; in 1831,415: in 1841, 
 420; and in 1851, 394; who are principally resident 
 
 in the village of Morland. The township is clean and 
 healthy, and the houses in general well built. 
 
 The manor of Morland is included in Kendal barony. 
 Ketel, grandson of Ivo de Tailbois, baron of Kendal, 
 is the first lord of the manor on record. Ho appears 
 to have granted a portion of the manor to 'Wctheiul
 
 800 
 
 "WEST WARD. 
 
 Priory, as well as the church and some lands here. 
 Ketel's grandson, William de Lancaster, granted the 
 remainder of the manor of ilorland in free marriage with 
 his daughter to Alexander do Windsor, in whose time the 
 wood of Morland was divided between him and the prior 
 of Wetheral. From an inquisition taken in 1351, we 
 learn that the Windsors held tliis manor by wardship, 
 cornage, and relief. In 130-3 William de Windsor 
 obtained a grant of a market and fair at. Morland. 
 This privilege, if ever exercised, has long been obsolete. 
 The Windsors continued to hold Jlorland till the 
 failure of the family in issue male. In 149) the 
 prior and convent of Wetheral appear to have had 
 twenty -one tenants in Morland, whose total rents 
 amounted to .i'll 10s. lOJd., and ninety acres of 
 demesne. At the dissolution of the religious houses, 
 that portion of the manor of Morland which belonged 
 to Wetheral Priory was given to the dean and chapter 
 of Carlisle, from whom it has recently been transferred 
 to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. In 1506 the 
 other portion of the manor was held by Robert Bowes and 
 Eleanor his wife, who iu the year just named, obtaiuod 
 a license from Queen Elizabeth to alienate Morland to 
 the Musgraves. Four years afterwards we find John 
 Southaik holding a moiety of the manor, with 100 acres 
 of wood which he purchased of Simon Musgrave. In 
 1591 it appears that Lancelot Backhouse died seised 
 of a moiety of the manor of Morland, and also of the 
 wood and underwood commonly called Morland wood, 
 containing fifty acres, which he held by feofment 
 from John Southaik, Esq. He also possessed other 
 lands here. A survey of the manor was made iu 
 January, 1019, when it w.is found that the free rents 
 amounted to £3 193.; the assize from copyholders 
 at Michaelmas and St. Thomas' Day, £14 133. Id.; 
 mill moulter rent, £1 ; pension for the parson at 
 Lowther, £1 Os. Sd ; fines, royalties, &c., £8 3s. 2d. 
 The same survey supplies us with the following 
 memoranda relating to the manor: — The tenants 
 are obliged to perform suit and service to the lord's 
 courts. The copyhold customary tenants within the 
 manor hold then- lauds and tenements by copy of court 
 roll to them and their heirs for ever, according to 
 the customs of the manor. The widows within the 
 manor after the death of their husbands have a right 
 to one moiety of all customary estates which their 
 husbands died seised of. All customory tenants in 
 the manor, upon descents or alieuatious, pay to the lord 
 three yeai-s old rent as a fine certain. That strangers, 
 such as are not tenants, pay to the lord for a fine 
 sometimes five years old rent and sometimes seven 
 years. The tenants within the manor have usually 
 
 liail by custom necessary timber out of Morland Wood 
 for the repair of their ancient houses and barns. The 
 lord of the manor of Morland, his tenants, servants, 
 and freeholders, arc free from tolls, and possess many 
 other privileges iu accordance with the provisions of a 
 charter granted in the 5th Henry Vlll. The land- 
 owners are F. B. Atkinson, Esq. ; Itobert Addison, Esq. ; 
 Rev. W. Rowley, and a number of small proprietors. 
 
 Morland Hall, now occupied as afarm-house, is on 
 the north-east side of the village. A dilapidated old 
 building, called Morland Old Hall, is a httle north of 
 the village. 
 
 The village of Morland, which is large and well 
 built, occupies a romantic situation on the banks of a 
 small rivulet, seven miles north-north-east of Sbap, and 
 about the same distance, west-by-north, of Appleby. In 
 the village is a branch of the Carlisle savings bank, and 
 a flourishing benefit society. 
 
 ^(Iiiitsou of ^lampsbuli anb ^oilanb. 
 
 This family inherits at Temple Sowerby, by direct 
 descent from William .Vtkinson, who, with his mother, 
 is included in a lease for 999 years, granted in the 
 ISth Elizabeth (1570) by the then lords of the manor, 
 ou the compromise of suits at York, which had origi- 
 nated out of questions on the tenures of the landowners 
 of Temple Sowerby, which manor had formerly belonged 
 to the Templars, and to the Knights of St. John. The 
 great-grandfather of the present head of the family, 
 
 Matthew Atkinson, of Temple Sowerby, had two sons. The 
 jouijger son, Richard Atkinson, born in 1738, a merchant of 
 London, and admitted to the freedom of the Goldsmiths' Com- 
 pany, who sat in parliament for Romney, and was senior alderman 
 present at the Mansion House during the attack on the bank, in 
 Lord George Gordon's riots, after Kennet, the lord mayor, had 
 absconded, and who died unman-ied in 1785. Ue was suc- 
 ceeded by his eldest sod, 
 
 GEonoE Atkinson, Esq., born ICth August, 1730, who was 
 receiver-general for Cumberland and Westmoreland. He mar- 
 ried, 7th January, 1758, Bridget, daughter and heiress of Michael 
 Jlaughan, Esq., of Wolsingham, and Dorothy, his wife, co heiress 
 of George Lowtham, Esq., of Staffield, and died October, 1781, 
 having had, with otlier children, who died in infancy, 
 
 I. Michael, of Moimt JIachal, Kent and Loudon, died 1829. 
 
 II. George, of whom presently, 
 in. Richard, died uumarried, 1793. 
 
 IV. MaiUiew, of Carr Hill, near Newcastle-npon-Tyne, died 1829. 
 
 V. John, died unmarried, 1798. 
 
 1. Dorothy, married to N. Clayton, Esq., of Chester, Northum- 
 berland. 
 
 II. Bridget, married to H. Tulip, Esq., of Brunton, Norlhumber- 
 
 laud, and died IS-^O. 
 in. Jane, of Temple Sowerby. 
 
 The second surviving son, 
 
 Geoege Atkinson, Esq., of Morland, called also of Lee, in 
 Kent, born 17th September, 1704, was secretary at Jamaica, and
 
 MORLAND PARISH. 
 
 801 
 
 aide-de-camp to Lord Balcarres when governor of that island, 
 and afterwards agent-general for that colony in England. He 
 married :iOth July, 1704, Susan Mackenzie Dunkley, of Claren- 
 don, Jamaica, and died llth May, 1814, having had, by hia wife 
 (died February, 1830), 
 
 I. George, bom June fitb, 1795, died unmarried, 1849. 
 II. Thomas, bom September Uth, 1800, captain 13ih Light Dra- 
 goons, (Jied nnmaiTied, 1838. 
 
 III. FiiANcis Baring, now of Ranipsbeck Lodge and Morland. 
 
 IV. William, in Iiolj* orders, rector of Gateshead Fell, co. Dur- 
 
 ham, and hou. canon of Durham, bom June l.'Uh, 1801), 
 marrieil Jane Eli/ulteth,d!nit,'htfr of William Clarke, Esq., 
 of Belford Hall, co. Norliiumberland, and has issue. 
 V. Richnrd, bom August 5th, 1813, married Catherine, daughter 
 
 of the Rev. J. Laudon, of Aberford. 
 I. Bridget, mniricd to Robert Robertson, Esq., of Auchlecks, co. 
 
 Perth, and Memblunds, Devon. 
 II. Cnry, married to Alexander Tumbull, Esq., British Consul at 
 
 Jinrseilles. 
 in. Jane, married to Edward Johnson,E3q., of Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
 IV. Harriet Elizn, married to Alexander Adair, Esq., of Heather- 
 
 ion Park, Somerset. 
 
 Mr. Atkinson was succeeded by his third son, 
 
 Fbancis B.vrixo Atkinson, Esq., of Rampsbeck Lodge, co. 
 Cumberland, and Morland co. Westmoreland, born Dec. 30th, 
 1805 ; married first in December, 1831, Mary Anne, daughter 
 of Sir Johti Stoddart, Knt., chief justice of Malta, which lady 
 deceased in November the following year. He married secondly, 
 August 3rd, 1837, Ellen Francis, daughter of John Ilirae, Esq., 
 of Edgbaston, son of John, who was son of the last Hime of 
 Whitfield, a branch of Hime (or Hime) of Minewelly, and by 
 her has issue, 
 
 I. GF.onoE, bom November 24tli, 1838. 
 II. Francis Hime, bom March 2nd, 1811). 
 ni. Thomas, born August 2nd, 1841. 
 
 IV. William, |.t„i„g born October 18th, 1844. 
 
 V. Thomas, I ' ' 
 
 VI. Alexander Henry, bom August ICth, 184C. 
 VII. Robert Septimus, bom February 15th, 1848. 
 vin. Edward, bom July lOtli, l8oil. 
 I. Ellen Francis. 
 
 II. Man' Jane. 
 
 III. Bridget Harriet. 
 
 Mr. Atkinson is a depnty-licutcnant for Cumberland, for which 
 county he was high sheriifin 1853. 
 
 Amis. — Gu. an cngle, displayed with two heads, arg. ; on clxief of 
 the second, tliree nmllets of tbe first. 
 Crest. — .\ falcon, wings expanded. 
 
 TUE cnuRCU. 
 
 Morland church, dedicated to St. Lavrrence, is a largo 
 cruciform stnicturo, staiidiiifj on n gentle eminence, on 
 the north side of the villugo, and consists of nave, aisles, 
 transepts, chancel, and centre tower, surmounted by an 
 octagonal spire. Tlic eiitraiu-c to the church is beneath 
 a low receding arch into tho jioivli, on each side of which 
 are low stone benches. The general appearance of the 
 iirchitccturo of the interior marks that period when 
 the Norman changed into the Early English, with the 
 exception of some of the windows which have fallen 
 90 
 
 victims to the debased styles of the last centuiy. Tbe 
 two rows of cylindrical pillars between the nave and the 
 aisle arc Norman, most of them having moulded capitals. 
 The chancel ai-ch, which is very much broken, is similar 
 to the others, only the apex is not carried so high above 
 the capital. The windows lighting tbe body of the 
 church are modern. The transept affords a good speci- 
 men of semi-Norman work in its lancet-shaped windows. 
 In the south transept is fixed a white marble monument, 
 to the memory of the late Lieut.-general Markham! 
 erected by his brother officers of the .3'.>nd Regiment. 
 The chancel is lighted on the south side by two 
 windows of four semi-oircular-headed lights each, and a 
 similar one at the east end, only the two middle lights 
 rise a little higher. Opposite to the chancel door is a 
 white marble monument, to Stanwix Nevinson of Newby 
 Hall, lord of the manor of Newby, who died in ^~1■2. 
 On tbe north side is a low arch, supported on moulded 
 imposts between the chancel and the chapel, now be- 
 longing to the Earl of Lonsdale ; across this and on the 
 opposite side, against the wall, are some old oak railings, 
 ornamented with grotesque heads of kings, bishops, 
 monks, cherubims, &c. In the vestry is part of an old 
 brass plate, which formerly belonged to some monument 
 in tbe church. Engraved on one side is what appears 
 to be a knight and his son ; the larger figure is nearly 
 all cut away, and also the inscription at the bottom, 
 the only pai-t of which now remaining is " orate pro an 
 . . . et Sjbille ... On the reverse side of this 
 brass, in black letter characters, is the following inscrip- 
 tion: — 
 
 « John Blythe lyved here vycar of this church by the 
 Space of xx.\v years, xni dayes, and departyd 
 this lyfe the .\vi day of January, in the year of our Lord 
 God, McccccLxii, on whose soule Jesu have m'cy. Amen."' 
 
 There arc also monuments to the memories of the Rev. 
 Edward Backhouse, the Rev. John Jackson, Robert 
 Kendal, ^^'i!liam Dobson, JIary, widow of Captain 
 Jvilncr, and Elizabeth, wife of Stanwi.i: Nevinson. At 
 the west end of the church there is a gallery for the 
 use of the choir. The south aisle of the church formerly 
 belonged to Thrimby Grange, but was given to tho 
 parishioners by Ileury Viscount Lonsdale. Dalston 
 porch, the small aislo north of the chancel, belonged 
 to Groat Strickland Hall. The church was given by 
 Kelol, grandson of Ivo do Tailbois, to tho abbey of St. 
 Jlary at York for Uie support of the priory of Wetheral. 
 On the suppression of the monastic institutions the 
 advowson was given to the dean and chapter of Carlisle, 
 from whom it has passed to tho Ecclesiastical Commis- 
 sioners, in whom tlie patronage is at present vested.
 
 802 
 
 WEST WARD. 
 
 The living is valued in the King's Book at £ 1 1 18s. 1 id. , 
 and was certified to the governors of Queen Anne's 
 Bounty as of the clear yearly value of .£15. At the 
 enclosure of the commons, about the latter end of the 
 last century, land was given in lieu of the tithes of the 
 townships of Morland, Bolton, Great Stickland, Slcagill, 
 and Tkrimby, and the tithes of the other townships 
 have since been commuted for a yearly rent charge. 
 The present value of the living is about £150 a year. 
 The parish registere commence in 1638. 
 
 Kectobs. — Gilbert; Walter; Thomas. 
 
 Vicars. — Rioliard de Agneta, Vi'iO; Michael , 1234; 
 
 John dc Warwyke, 1310; Henry de Rillington, 1316; Henry 
 
 , 1333; Heniyde Appleby, 1334 ; Pjchard de Haverington, 
 
 1334 ; John Murrays, 13U'.J ; 'Williani de Laysingby, 1303 ; 
 John Bray, 13(i8 ; John Eicliemont, 1424 ; Alexander Hall, 
 1513; John BIythe, died 15C2 ; George Neville, ITjCii ; Thomas 
 Warwick, 1507 ; William Hall, 1024 ; Picrcy Burton, ICCO ; John 
 Hutchinson, 1008; Michael Hudson, 1670; William Atkinson, 
 1080; James Kickeiby, 1720; John Brown, 1743; Paniel 
 Brocklebank, 1757 ; John Jackson, 1773 ; William Monkhouse, 
 1811; WiUiam Eice Markham, 1828. 
 
 The Wesleyan Methodists and the Society of Friends 
 have places of worship here ; to the latter a burial 
 ground is attached. 
 
 In Catholic times a chapel dedicated to the Blessed 
 Virgin appears to have stood near the Lyvennet, about 
 half way between Morland and King's Meaburn, at a 
 place now called Chapel Garth, but no remains of it are 
 now visible. In 1424 there was a dispute between the 
 vicar of Morland and the prior of Wetheral, concerning 
 the oblations in the chapel, and half an acre of land 
 lying upon Little Aynesbcrgh, which was referred to the 
 arbitration of the abbot of St. Mary at York, wfio 
 awarded the same to the prior. 
 
 CHAMTIES. 
 
 School. — The school of Morland possesses an endow- 
 ment of £19 a year, arising from land given by the 
 dean and chapter of Carlisle, in lieu of the wood with 
 which, as lords of the manor of Morland, they were 
 bound to provide the tenants. The school is attended 
 by about fifty children, who pay from one to seven 
 shillings each per quarter; should the total income of 
 the school from the endowment and the school fees fall 
 short of £60 a year, the deficiency is made up by the 
 vicar, and paid to the master. A female and infant 
 school in the village is partly supported by Mrs. 
 Markham. 
 
 Atkinson's Charity. — Mr. Atkinson of Low Ball be- 
 queathed the sum of £20, to be employed for ever as a 
 poor stock, and the interest thereof to be distributed 
 yearly, in Morland Church, to twelve of the most needy 
 
 widows, or other aged persons, within the township of 
 Morland. This legacy, with the addition of a few 
 pounds more, given by some unknown persons, was laid 
 out in the purchase of several parcels of land in the 
 township of Morland, the rent of which, amounting to 
 about £3 10s. a year, is distributed as directed. For 
 the other charities of the parish see the respective 
 townships. 
 
 A library of 300 volumes and a reading room have 
 been estabUshed here by the vicar. 
 
 kino's meaburn. 
 
 Tlie area of this township is 2,381 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £1,184. The number of inhabitants 
 in 1801 was 178; in 1811, 168; in 1821, 170; in 
 1831, 203 : in 1811, 200 ; and in 1851, 216; princi- 
 pally resident in the village of Iving's Meaburn. The 
 soil here is loamy, with a subsoil of clay and limestone. 
 
 The manor of King's Meaburn derived its name from 
 its being held by the crowu on the forfeiture of Sir 
 Hugh de JlorviUe, and was so named to distinguish it 
 from Mauld's Meaburn, the other moiety of the ancient 
 manor of Meaburn. This manor was granted, with 
 the other portions of the barony of Westmoreland, to 
 Robert de Veteripont by King John, and has descended 
 with that barony. Sir Richard Tufton, Bart., being the 
 present lord. The landowners are Robtrt Addison, 
 Esq., Robert J. Addison, Esq., Robert Bun-a, Esq., 
 Rev. W. Airey, Robert Addison, Esq., and several 
 small proprietors. Sir Hugh de Morville gave to the 
 priory of Carlisle thirty-two acres in Milbm-ne Field, iu 
 this township, with the meadow at the head of two corn 
 lands, and common of pasture for the cattle of their 
 men. The priory of Wetheral also had some lands 
 here, granted to it by John de Ilavensby. 
 
 The village of King's Meaburn is pleasantly situated 
 on the east bank of the Lyvennet rividet, about two 
 miles east-by-south of Morland. Here is a school, a 
 small neat building, erected and endowed by subscrip- 
 tion in 1831. The income from the endowment is 
 £8 10s. a year, which, with the pence of the childi-en, 
 supports the school. 
 
 CnAMTIES. 
 
 Addison's Charity. — The sum of £15 is said to have 
 been left by Nanny Addison, the interest thereof to be 
 distributed amongst the poor of the township not receiv- 
 ing parish relief. 
 
 Donor unknown. — This township also possesses the 
 sum of £3, the interest of which is given to the poor. 
 
 The Lyvennet rivulet separates this township from 
 that of Morland.
 
 MORLAND PAKISH. 
 
 803 
 
 NEWBY. 
 
 In 1801 Newby contained 253 inhabitants ; in 1611, 
 298; in 1821, 338; in 1831,300; in 1811,281; and 
 in 1851, 279. Tlie area of the township is 2,857 acres, 
 and its rateable value £'2,350. The soil here varies 
 considerably, some is a strong loam, with a clayey 
 subeoil, while other parts are a rocky limestone. Agri- 
 culture is the principal employment of the inhabitants. 
 There is a thin seam of coal here, formerly worked for 
 lime burning. 
 
 The manor of Xewby, or Newby Stones, as it is some- 
 times called, does not appear to have been comprised in 
 WestmorL'land barony. It seems to have been held 
 by a family who bore the name of De Newby, but we 
 possess no information respecting them. In 1518-19, 
 Richard Vernon, of Nether Haddon, Derbyshire, occurs 
 as holding of the king, in capite, sixteen messuages and 
 300 acres of laud, in Newby. The Nevinsons of Newby 
 arc first mentioned in 1550-7 ; they continued to hold 
 the manor for several generations ; but it came ulti- 
 mately to the Lowthers, the Earl of Lonsdalo being the 
 present lord ; besides whom Matthew Bolham, Esq., 
 Rev. Mr. Courtney, Miss Straughan, and others, are the 
 landowners. Newby Hall, the residence of the Nevin- 
 sons, is an ancient structure, with the arms of the family 
 (three eagles, displayed with a chevron azure, on a shield 
 argent) sculptured in stone over the door. 
 
 The vUlage of Newby is five miles north-by-east of 
 Shap. There is a Wesleyan chapel here, erected in 
 1845. 
 
 Towcett is a small hamlet in this township, about 
 three miles south-west of Newby. 
 
 The Society of Friends have a burial ground here. 
 
 There is a coru-mill on the Newby Beck. 
 
 SLEAGILL. 
 
 The area of Sleagill is included with those of Mor- 
 laud and Bolton town.ships ; its rateable value is 1:770 
 12s. Id. The population in 1801, was 111 ; in 1811, 
 138; in 1821, 157; in 1831, 181; in 1811, 153; 
 aud in 1851, 123. The soil here is loamy. 
 
 The manor of Sleagill seems to have been anciently 
 included in that of Newby, and in the roign of Edward 
 II. is described as '• Sleagill, in the hamlet nf Newby." 
 It forms part of tho l)aruny of Kendal. Sleagill was 
 formerly held by a family bearing the local name, from 
 whom it passed, by grant, to the StalVoles. lu the 
 reign of Charles I. U'illiuni Fap'er occiu-s as holding 
 some messuages and tenements in Sleagill, which were 
 held of the king as of his manor of Kendal, called the 
 manjuis fee, by knights' service. The lilcnkiusops of 
 Helbeck seem to have had considerable property here. 
 
 In 1070, William IMawson, with the consent of the dean 
 and chapter of Carlisle, gave a lease of the tithes of 
 Sleagill to the vicarage of Penrith. The manor is now 
 held by the Earl of Lonsdale. The landowners are 
 the Rev. Edward Salkeld, John Twhaites, Esq., 
 Thomas Buck, Esq., Robei't Salkeld, Esq., Miss M. 
 Braithwaite, and others. 
 
 The village of Sleagill is seven miles west-by-south 
 of Appleby. There is a school here, erected in 1858, 
 at the sole expense of Miss Braithwaite, of Low Mill 
 Flat, in this township, who also supplies the children 
 with books and other school requisites. There is also 
 a school in the village for girls and infants. 
 
 CHABITIES. 
 
 Bohinson's Charitij. — Christopher Robinson, by will, 
 dated lilarch 2'2ud, 1750, left two closes in the parish 
 of Crosby Ravensworth, upon trust that the rents should 
 be distributed annually among the poor of Sleagill. The 
 income of this charity now amounts to £G a year, which, 
 with £9 added by Miss Braithwaite, is given to the poor 
 of the township. 
 
 Lord Wharton's Bible Charity. — Five copies of the 
 Bible, bound up with the Common Prayer, are received 
 annually from the trustees of Lord Wharton's Charity, 
 for poor children of Sleagill. 
 
 GBEAT STRICELAXD. 
 
 The area of this township is 2,265 acres, and its rate- 
 able value £1,517. In 1811 it comprised 211 inhabi- 
 tants ; in 1«1], 211 ; in 1821, 216 ; in 1831, 215 ; in 
 1841, 277; aud in 1851, 345, who reside principally 
 hi the village. The township is clean aud healthy, and 
 many of the inhabitants are remarkable for their longev- 
 ity. The Lancaster and Carhsle railway runs through 
 the towuship. 
 
 Great and Little Strickland form one manor, and 
 from it tlie Stricklands of Sizergh, who resided here 
 for many generations, derive their name. About the 
 time of Henry VI. a family of tho name of Fallowtield 
 became possessed of Strickland, but whotlier by mar- 
 riage, purchase, or grant, we aie not informed, in the 
 reign of James I., Richard Fallowfield, Esq., of Strick- 
 land Hall, married Helen, daughter of Sir Christopher 
 Lowlher, Knt., and by her had a daughter and heiress, 
 who became the wife of John Dalston, Esq, of 
 Acorn Bank. Chrisiophor, son of this John Dalston, 
 sold Great SuicKland to Sir John Lowther, from whom 
 it has descended to the Earl of Lousdale, who is also 
 tho principal landowner ; but there are many resident 
 yeomen. 
 
 The village of Great Strickland is about sis miles
 
 804 
 
 WEST WARD. 
 
 south-south-east of Penrith. Here is an old Quakers' 
 chapel, with burial ground attached. A school was 
 erected here in 1790, with money belonging to the 
 township. In 1848 a handsome new school, with 
 teacher's residence, was built by Mrs. Sarah Plummer, 
 at a cost of £.500. The same lady also endowed it with 
 an estate, which now produces £30 a year. The average 
 attendance is forty-five. The girls' school has an endow- 
 ment of £i 15s. 2d. 
 
 CHAHITTES. 
 
 Poor's Land. — This township possesses some laud in 
 Morland, which has been purchased for £22, and the 
 rent is distributed with Stephenson's Charity, as here- 
 after described. 
 
 Fletcher's Charity. — William Fletcher, by will, dated 
 December 1st, 175G, left £10, to be appHed for buying 
 books, or paying for the education of poor children. 
 (See Stephenson's Charity.) 
 
 Stephenson's Charity. — William Stephenson, by will, 
 dated 2ord March, 1797, left j£20 bu trust, the interest 
 
 to be applied in putting to school poor children ; and 
 should there be any surplus, he directed it to be given 
 to the poor of the township. Of this legacy £*10 was 
 expended in the purchase of th- poor's laud as above ; 
 and the remainder was laid out, together with £10 left 
 by William Fletcher as before - mentioned ; and £20 
 borrowed from a fund belonging to the township, called 
 the Bull Stock, making in the whole £40, in the pur- 
 chase of land, which, with the poor's land, produces 
 about £4 63. 6d. a year, out of which 17s. is paid 
 yearly as the interest of £22 7s. Gd., being the money 
 advanced by the township for the purchase. Out of 
 the remainder, £1 is paid towards the education of 
 poor children, as the interest of Wilham Stephenson's 
 money ; and the residue is divided among poor people 
 at Christmas. 
 
 There is a corn-mill on the river Leeth, in this 
 township, the property of the lord of the manor. 
 
 Strickland House is the residence of Thomas Fallow- 
 field Longrigg, Esq. 
 
 BOLTON CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry comprises no dependant townships. Its area is included in the townships of Morland and Sleagill ; its 
 rateable value is £2,157 12s. lid. The population in 1801 was 324 ; in 1811, 305 ; in 1821, 445 ; in 1831, 391 ; 
 in 1841, 383 ; and in 1851, 384. The soil here is principally a strong clay. 
 
 The first recorded possessor of Bolton is Pialph 
 Baron of Greystoke, who, as we learn from an inquisi- 
 tion taken in 1314, held at that time Dufton, Bolton, 
 
 Brampton, and Yanwath. In 1326 the Derwent- 
 waters occur as holding Bolton under the Greystokes. 
 The ne.xt mesne tenants mentioned are the Piat- 
 cliffs, who held of the Greystokes as the Greystokes 
 held of the Cliffords. The manor was subsequently 
 purchased by the Fletchers of Hutton, and is now held 
 by the Earl of Lonsdale. The landowners are the Earl 
 of Lonsdale, the heirs of the late Richard Tinkler, Esq. ; 
 John Dent, Esq.; Robert Harrison, Esq.; Ralph Bird, 
 Esq. ; Robert Addison, Esq. ; William Brougham, Esq. ; 
 B. C. Caton, Esq. ; and others. 
 
 The village of Bolton is situated on the west bank of 
 the Eden, four miles north-west-by-north of Appleby. 
 In ancient times its name was written Boelthum, Boel- 
 tum, Bovelthum, and Botheltum. 
 
 THE CHATEL. 
 
 Bolton chapel, dedicated to All Saints, is a low antique 
 building, situated near the centre of the village. It 
 
 consists of nave and chancel, with a small belfry, con- 
 taining two bells. The east window is filled with stained 
 glass, on which the Crucifixion and the Four Evangelists 
 are represented. The chapel underwent considerable 
 repairs about twelve years ago ; it will accommodate 100 
 persons. In ancient times this chapel was worth only 
 £4 10s. a year; viz., £3 paid by the vicar of Morland, and 
 thirty shillings arising " from the produce of the yard, 
 surplice fees, and the tithes of garths, chickens, eggs, 
 ducks, hemp, and flax in the lordship of Bolton ; " but 
 since ) 753 it has been augmented with £ 1 ,000, of which 
 £800 was received from Queen Anne's Bounty in 1754, 
 1701, and 1785, and ^200 was given by the Countess 
 Dowager Gower. Two estates were purchased in Bolton 
 with the £800 named above, the remainder was expended 
 in the purchase of the Scarside estate at Orton. The 
 Derwentwater family had a chantry in tliis chapel. On 
 the enclosure of the common this township was exonera- 
 ted from all tithes. The hving is a perpetual curacy 
 in the patronage of the vicar of ilorland, and] is worth 
 about £80 a year.
 
 THRIMBY CHAPELEY. 
 
 805 
 
 There is a small parsonage house ; but the incum- 
 bent resides at Longmarton. 
 
 The Wesleyans erected a chapel here in 18 IS. It 
 was afterwards occupied by the Wesleyan Associa- 
 tion, and being purchased by John Dent, Esq., in 
 1840, is now designated the United Wesleyan Free 
 Church. 
 
 CHAEITIES. 
 
 School. — Bolton school has been endowed with bene- 
 factions amounting to £312, the principal of which are 
 £-iO left in 1721 by James Hanson; €10 by Elizabeth 
 Hanson, liis wife; £40 by Joseph Railton, in 1702; 
 £50 by William Bowness, in 1762; £50 by Michael 
 Richardson, in 1765 ; £50 by Nicholas Dent, in 1782 ; 
 £2, by John FaUowficld, in 1804. The yearly interest 
 of this money amounts to £1 1, for which thirteen of the 
 poorest children in the township are taught free. The 
 present school is a neat building, erected in 1856, on 
 the site of the old school, at a cost of between £500 and 
 JE600, defrayed by the late Richard Tinkler. The 
 average attendance is about sixty children. 
 
 Poor Stock and Chapel Stock. — From the parish books 
 we learn that tl;ere was, in 1723, an ancient chapel 
 stock, the interest of which amounted annually to 8s. 
 or 10s., and an ancient poor stock, amounting to £15 
 or £16. £ 10 was taken from each of these stocks and 
 
 added to the £200 with which the estate at Scarside 
 was purchased (see chapel); a portion of the proceeds of 
 which are devoted to the repairs of the chapel and to 
 the poor. 
 
 Bowness's Cliarity. — William Bowness, by will, in 
 1709, left a rent charge of 10s. a year to the poor of 
 the chapelry. 
 
 Blamyre's Charity. — John Blamyre, in 1713, left £5, 
 the interest to be given to the poor of Bolton. 
 
 In connection with the school there is a library, 
 established in 1854, which now comprises upwards of 
 200 volumes. 
 
 The principal residences in the chapelry are Eden 
 Grove, Captain Tinkler; Crossrigg Hall, Robert Addi- 
 son, Esq. ; Elm House, John Dent, Esq. 
 
 Builly Castle, now a farm-house, about a mile and a 
 half west of Appleby, is in this manor. It is supposed 
 to have been erected in the twelfth centuiy, by John 
 Builly, whose daughter and heiress married the first 
 Robert de Veteripont, but it was the property of the 
 Bishop of Carlisle in 1256, as appears by a deed relat- 
 ing to the vicarial tithes of St. Michael's Appleby, exe- 
 cuted there in that year. It has since continued to be 
 held by the successive bishops of Carlisle. 
 
 About a quarter of a mile cast of the vUlage the 
 Eden is crossed by a good iron bridge, erected in 1816. 
 
 THRIMBY CHAPELRY. 
 This chapelry comprises the townships of Thrimby and Little Strickland. 
 
 THRIilBV. 
 
 The area of this township is 1,506 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £2,049. The number of inliabitants 
 in 1801 was 60; in 1811, 79; in 1821, 62; in 1831, 
 81 ; in 1841, 60 ; and in 1851, 09. The township is 
 intersected by the Lancaster and Carlisle railway. 
 
 This manor seem to have been possessed by the 
 Thrimby family at a very early period, some of them 
 occur in the reign of King John. In the reign of his 
 successor, Henry III., John, son of William de Thrimby, 
 gave to the priory of Wctheral certain lands and a 
 grange at Thrimby. The manor came afterwards to 
 the Harringtons, who held it in capile under the Rich- 
 mond fee of the barony of Kendal. It came subse- 
 quently to tho Lowthors, and is now held by the Earl 
 of Lonsdale, who is also the principal landowner. 
 
 Tho hamlet of Thrimby is about two miles north- 
 east of Jlorland. 
 
 LITTLE STRICKLAND. 
 
 This township contains 772 acres, and its rateable 
 value is £1,044. Tlie population in 1801 was 98 ; in 
 1811, 102; in 1821, 115; in 1831, 121; in 1841. 
 134; and in 1851, 135. For an account of the manor 
 see Great Strickland, page 803. A branch of the 
 Crackeuthorpe family appears to hovo resided at Little 
 Strickknd for several generations ; and in the reign of 
 Charles II. Thomas Fletcher, Esq., had a good estate 
 here. The Earl of Lonsdale bos a corn-mill here on 
 the river Leeth. 
 
 The hamlet of Littlo Strickland is three miles north 
 of Shap. 
 
 THE CIIIPEL. 
 
 Thrimby chapel, situated in this township, was 
 rebuilt in 1814, at the cxpnso of tho Earl of Lonsdale 
 and the incumbent, the farmers giving their services 
 in the carting of materials. It is a small unpretending
 
 806 
 
 WEST WARD. 
 
 structure. The original chapel was quite deserted, and 
 dilapidated for many years prior to 1681, when Thomas 
 Fletcher left a yearly rent charge of i'lO to bo paid 
 out of property in Little Strickland, for the benefit of 
 the curate and the schoolmaster, which offices were to 
 be filled by one man, who was to remain unmarried as 
 long as he officiated, unless a dispensation was granted 
 to him by a majority of the trustees. It has also been 
 augmented with d£30 by the Ecclesiastical Commis- 
 sioners. The vicar of Morland is patron of the per- 
 petual curacy, which has been four times augmented 
 from Queen Anne's Bounty, amounting to fSdO, one 
 half of which was expended in the purchase of the 
 Stonygill estate, in Crosby Ravensworth, and the 
 other half remains at interest. The living, in the 
 
 patronage of the vicar of Morland, is now worth about 
 £80 a year. 
 
 CBABITIES. 
 
 ScJiool. — Little Strickland and Thrimby school pos- 
 sesses an endowment of ;£5, being half of the £10 
 bequeathed by !Mr. Fletcher, as above-mentioued, to the 
 chapelry. The average number of children in atten- 
 dance is about twenty. 
 
 Fletcher's Charity. — Mary Fletcher, widow of Thomas 
 Fletcher, left by will .€10, the interest of which she 
 directed should be distributed yearly amongst the poor 
 of the township. 
 
 Coirpers Charity. — Thomas Cowper, in 1799, left 
 the interest of ,C5 for the use of the poor. 
 
 SHAP PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Shap is bounded on the north by those of ]MorlanJ, Lowtlicr, and Bampton ; on the west by Bampton, 
 Barton, and Kendal ; on the south by Orton and Crosby Ravensworth ; and on the east by Crosby Ravensworth and 
 Morland. It is a mountainous district, about five miles and a half in length and four in bread^, and comprises 
 within its limits sevend deep and fertile vales, watered by a number of rivulets, the principal feeders of the rivers Low- 
 ther and Leeth, and the lake of Haweswater. The manors of Birkbeck Fells and Fawcett Forest are partly in this parish. 
 At Thornshap, Hosgill Beck, and Mosdale are excellent slate quarries. For parochial purposes the parish is divided 
 into four constableries, viz., Shap-with-Keld, Rasat, Tailbert, and Thornshap ; Ilardendale-with-Wastdale ; Mardale- 
 with-Swindale ; and Rosgill-with-Wet-Sleddale. Its area is -27,770 acres. The population in 1801 was 8i28 ; in 1811 
 795 : in 1821, 909 ; in 1831, 1084 ; in 1841, 996 ; and in 1851, 1,009. 
 
 to Robert Lowthcr, Esq., from whom it has descended 
 to the Earl of Lonsdale, the present proprietor, besides 
 whom Thomas Clarke, Esq. ; Adam Potts, Esq, ; 
 Thomas Wilkinson, Esq.; James Lewis, Esq.; Walter 
 Parker, Esq.; Major Salmond, and others, are the 
 landowners. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £5,642 ; its 
 area and population are returned with the parish. The 
 soU here is chiefly loam upon a subsoil of limestone and 
 sand. Agriculture is the principal employment of the 
 inhabitants ; some, however, are employed in the slate 
 quarries at Thornshap. The Lancaster and Carhslc 
 railway runs through the township, and has a station, 
 with coal depots, ifcc. on the south of the village. 
 
 The manor of Shap belonged in ancient times to the 
 Culwen, or Curwen family, who held it under the 
 CMords, lords of Westmoreland. In the 4tli Edward 
 ni. (1360-1) Sir Gilbert de Culwen, Knt, re-leased to 
 the abbey of Shap all his right in certain lands and 
 tenements in Shap. In 1422 the manor was held 
 jointly by the abbot of Shap and Christopher Curwen ; 
 and subsequently the whole manor came into the 
 possession of the abbey, by gift, probably, of the Cur- 
 wens. On the suppression of the monasteries, the 
 manor was granted to Lord Wharton, and the heirs 
 male of his body, and continued in the possession of 
 the Wharton family till the Duke of Wharton sold it 
 
 In the deep secluded vale of the Lowther, about a 
 mile west of the town of Shap, are the venerable and 
 time-honouied ruins of Shap Abbey, one of those struc- 
 tures which may be justly regarded as the great land- 
 marks fixed in the history of our country. The abbeys 
 of England stand like monumental pillars in the stream 
 of time, inscribed with the names of her native chivalry 
 and early hierarchy, whose patriotic deeds and works of 
 piety they were raised to witness and perpetuate. The 
 communit}- of Shap formed a branch of the Praemon- 
 stratensian order, founded in 1120 at Praemonstratum, 
 in France, by St. Norbert, archbishop of Magdeburg. 
 The members of this institute were also called White 
 Canon, from then habit, which was a white cassock, 
 with a white rochet over it, a long white cloak, and a 
 white cap. They were brought to England shortly
 
 SHAP PARISH. 
 
 807 
 
 after 1120, and first settled at Newhouse, in Lincoln- 
 shire. They soon began to increase in numbers, and 
 to enlarge the sphere of their operations. Some of 
 them proceeded to the north of England, and settled 
 at Preston Patrick, where lands were given to them by 
 Thomas, son of Gospatric. From causes with which 
 we are now unacquainted, the community removed from 
 Preston Patrick to Shap, or Heppe, as it was then and 
 long afterwards called, where a church and abbey were 
 erected and dedicated to God, under the invocation of 
 St. IVIary Jfagdalene. The founder endowed the abbey 
 with land and vai'ious privileges and immunities, which 
 were considerably augmented by gifts from other per- 
 sons in various parts of England and Scotland.' The 
 abbey was not e.xempt from the jurisdiction of the 
 ordinary. The bishop of the diocese admitted the 
 abbots, who took the customary oath of canonical obedi- 
 ence. Shap Abbey continued to flourish, subject to 
 many vicissitudes, until the period of the change of 
 religion in this country. It escaped dissolution in 
 1535-0, but four years afterwards was surrendered by 
 Richard Eveuwood, the last abbot, who received a pen- 
 sion of i*40. The other members of the community 
 and the pensions were as follow : — Hugh Watsonne, 
 Eobert Barlande, John Addison, Edward Michael, and 
 Edmund Carter, £0 each ; Martin Macrethe, John 
 Dawstone, and Richard Mill, £5 each ; John Bell, 
 £5 Os. 8d.; George Ellerston, Anthony Johnson, John 
 Rode, and Ralph Watson, £-i each. The valuation 
 of the abbey at the time of its suppression amounted to 
 £154 7s. 7Jd. a year ; the community numbered twenty 
 members. The names of those given above are those 
 
 I ThoDits, son of Goapatrie, by charter, g»ve to God and St JFary 
 
 jraKilalcnc. luul llie canons of Prestoo of llie Premouslrittcnsiuii order, 
 a portion of his lanil.s at Preston, iu Kenihil, to builil a mansion for 
 the said canons, to wit, his wliole desmone parlc there, and also otlier 
 lauds, spccifj'iog lliu respective metes and bounds. He granted 
 to them aUo as much of his iroods as they had a mind to lake, and 
 also as nmch of the hark of sucli wood as they should cut down 
 witliont tlie view of his foresters, and mastage also for tlieir hogs, and 
 the titlie of his pannage, andlibiriy lo grind at his mill there moultcr 
 free, whensoever they should come. The same Thomas subse- 
 quently granted to the Bamc community, on its removal ti> Shap, a 
 considerable quantity of land, with pikstiirage for sixty cows, twenty 
 mares, and 'AiO slieep, and for live yoke of oxen. He also gave 
 them wood fur the nlibcy, for limber, for lire, hedtrinft, and other 
 neccsjuiri'-a. His son, of the same nnmc conlimied those giants, 
 and on his demise his widow gave nine acres of land, iu the ville 
 of Ileppe,to the abbot and canons. In the l:ith King.lohn ( I'JU 12), 
 Robert de Veleripont, being then biiron of Westinoreland, cunlirnied 
 to the abbey of Shap the grant of Simp anil also of Renegill, which 
 had been mode by Maude, his motlier, and Ivo, his broilior, and 
 he granted fiirdier to tlie abbey Uie grange of Milncbuni, and the 
 titlies of all his mills in Westimirebuiil, and of all the removid of 
 beasts in hi* forest in Westmoreland taken by him or his men. 
 John de Veteripont, 8<m of tliis lioberl, giive the hoopital of Su 
 Nicholas, near Appleby, to Shap .\blMy, and this grant was confirmed 
 by the Bishop of Carlisle, upon condition of the comu^uuity of Shap 
 
 who were living and in receipt of pensions at the begin- 
 ning of the reign of Queen Mary, 1553. 
 
 The abbey church appears to have been a spacious 
 structure, but the large tower is the only part now 
 standing, the other portions having entirely disappeared. 
 In 1835 extensive foundations of buildings were discov- 
 ered on the south side of the abbey, near which the 
 pillar of an ancient bridge may be distinguished in the 
 middle of the river. Thomas, son of Gospatric, men- 
 tioned above, was buried in Shap Abbey, as were also 
 several of the Clifford family. 
 
 In the vicinity of Shap are two of those rude struc- 
 tures to which no Certain date can be assigned, and 
 which are therefore usually referred to the primitive 
 times of the Druids. Karl Lofts, the name of one, con- 
 sists of two parallel lines of unhewn masses of granite, 
 half a mile long by si.xty or seventy feet broad. At the 
 south end of the enclosure, about two miles from Shap, 
 there was a circle about forty feet in diameter, consist- 
 ing of thirteen blocks of granite, the largest seven to 
 eight feet high ; but this interesting memorial of bye- 
 gone days was destroyed in the formation of the Lan- 
 caster and Carlisle railway ; and it is probable that, in 
 a few years more, what now remains of Karl Lofts will 
 disappear altogether. Many of the stones have already 
 been can-ied off for buikling purposes, or some other 
 " base uses." At a place called Gunnerskeld Bottom 
 there is a circle of large stones, supposed to be a sepul- 
 chral cairn. 
 
 The village of Shap, anciently Hep, or Heppe, extends 
 about a mile along the great high road between Penrith 
 and Kendal, on the western side of the Lancaster and 
 
 supporting three lepers in the said hospital for ever. Thesame John de 
 Veteripont gave to the canons of Shap a parcel of his demesne land 
 in the field of Knock Salcock. Robert de Veteripont, son of John, 
 gave lo the said abbey four marks a year out of his rents at .Vskham and 
 Milneburn. Ralph, sou of .\iUun de Buihelton, gave certain liads al 
 Bolton, as did idso .\ilum, son of William de Derweutwater, I'etred, 
 son of Simon de Bolhelton, Henry de Threlkeld ami Walter, son o! 
 Thomas de liothellon. The abbey had also possessions at Gargrave 
 iu Craven. It had also the appropriated church of Jolmston iu 
 Anmmdole, which was coufimied to them by William, son of Walter 
 de Lindsay, .\dain, son of I'ghtred, gave lands at Uish Knipc. Sir 
 Richard de Askeby, Knt., gave several parcels of land at Onnsiile. 
 William de Hoffgiive to the abbey a messoage in Appleby. Thomas, 
 sun of Hanry do Itedewau, cunfinned lo the abbey tivo oxgauRS of 
 land in the vill of Appleby, wliicli Norman, bis brother, hail received 
 from John do Veleripont, f.ir which the abbot and convent wen' to 
 render lo the said Th^m«^ and his lieiro, three borl'fd arrows, <«■ 
 one penny yearly on the feaM of Su Lawreuce, auil doing for the 
 same foreign service. In 1:10!' XIargareU widow of Sir Hugh de Low- 
 tlur. gave all Inr lumls in Westmurelnnd lo Shap Abbey. Tlie.-x- lands, 
 after a pcrio<l of near |l>0 years came hack to ttw l.owther»,wben the 
 abbey poaseasions mm ptircliasrd by iliat fouidy. Besides ihea* 
 and many oilier grants of land, the ablw^v bod the rectories and 
 advowsons of the cbnrches of Warcop, BamploD, and Shap, and also 
 the manor of Shap, as above stated.
 
 808 
 
 WEST WARD. 
 
 Carlisle railway, ten miles and a half south-by-east of 
 Penrith, and sixteen miles north-east of Kendal. It 
 contains two inns and about 150 detached houses. In 
 1087 Philip lord Wharton obtained a charter for a 
 weekly market here on Wednesdays, and three fairs 
 yearly, viz. : — on the 2.Srd and 21th of April, 1st and 
 2ud of August, and the 17th and 18th of September, but 
 these fairs have long been discontinued, and the only 
 one worthy of the name is now held here on the Ith of 
 Jlay ; there is another on the 28th of September. The 
 market also has become almost obsolete ; the old cross, 
 or market house, is now occupied as a school. 
 
 THE CHUECH. 
 
 Shap church, dedicated to St. Michael, is an ancient 
 edifice, in the Norman style, consisting of nave, aisles, 
 chancel, and low embattled tower containing three 
 bells. The church was restored and repaired in 1829, 
 when a new galleiy, containing 100 sittings, was 
 erected. In consequence of a grant having been ob- 
 tained from the Incorporated Society for Building 
 Churches, &c., these sittings were declared free and 
 unappropriated. There is a curious font standing 
 against one of the pillars at the west end. The families 
 of Hall, Holme, and others, are commemorated by mural 
 monuments. Shap church was rectorial till it was 
 given to the abbey by Thomas, son of Gospatric, when 
 it became a vicarage. The appropriation was confirmed 
 by several bishops of Carlisle, with the exception of 
 the altarage. It is valued in the King's Book at 
 £S 15s. 7Jd. Nicolson and Bum tell us " This 
 vicarage being so small, few persons have been willing 
 to be at the expense of institution and induction ; but 
 it hath been generally suffered to go in lapse, and sup- 
 plied by curates under a sequestration. But having 
 received augmentations by the governors of Queen 
 Anne's Bounty, it hath since become necessary to have 
 vicars canonically appointed." It has received grants 
 amounting to £1,300 from the governors of Queen 
 Anne's Bounty, with whom £900 still remain at four 
 per cent, interest ; the remainder, with £200 given by 
 the Countess Dowager Gower, was many years ago laid 
 out in the purchase of two estates, one at Staveley, in 
 this county, and the other in the parish of Crosthwaite, 
 in Cumberland. At the enclosure of the commons in 
 1820, the vicarial tithes were commuted for an allot- 
 ment of three-and-a-half acres of land, and the rectorial, 
 which have been long annexed to Lowther rectory, for 
 an allotment of 223 acres. The patronage has descended 
 with the manor, and is at present possessed by the Earl 
 of Lonsdale. The living is now worth about £88 a 
 vear. 
 
 ViCABS.— Walter de Ditton, died 1295 ; 'William de Kirkedal, 
 1295 i Thomas de Wynton, lf!19; John de Richmund, resigned 
 1312 ; John do Langeton, 1.312 ; Alexander English occurs 
 1511 ; John Whinfell, died 1574 ; John Brockbank, 1574 ; 
 William Langhom, 1759 ; James H olme, 1775 ; J. Eowlandson, 
 1819 ; James Simpson, 1857. 
 
 The parsonage house is a plain residence, on the south 
 side of the church. 
 
 The Wesleyan Methodists have a chapel here. 
 
 Shap possesses a spacious school, erected in 1838, 
 b}' the Earl of Lonsdale, who also endowed it with 
 £500, which has since been augmented by the donations 
 of private individuals. The Earl of Lonsdale also pays 
 £20 a year for the free education of twenty -five children. 
 The endowment of the school produces £25 1 7s. a year. 
 In connexion with this school is one for girls, held in 
 the Old Market Hall, and endowed with £13 a year. 
 
 Poor's Land. — There is a field called the Poor Hagg, 
 in Wet Sleddale, containing between twenty and thirtj- 
 acres of rough and wet ground, the rent of which has 
 been for many years applied for charitable purposes 
 among poor householders. 
 
 School. — The master of Shap school receives 7s. Od. 
 annually out of the Poor Hagg just mentioned. 
 
 Lord Wharton's Charity. — The vicar of Shap receives 
 annually about twenty Bibles, with tracts on the 
 Catechism, from the trustees of Lord Wharton's 
 Charity. A sermon is preached every third year at 
 Shap as directed by Lord Wharton's will, for which the 
 vicar receives ten shillings. 
 
 Holme's Charity. — Gertrude Holme, widow of the 
 Rev. Thomas Holme, of Wellingborough, by will, dated 
 February 20th, 1782, left a number of shares in the 
 Newport Pagnell and Kettering turnpike trust, the 
 produce of which she decided should be divided amongst 
 the poor relations of her husband of the name of Holme, 
 resident in the parish of Shap. 
 
 It is traditionally stated in Shap that the ancestors 
 of the Great Washington were natives of this parish. 
 
 Egdale is a hamlet near the source of the Lowther, 
 two miles and a half north-west-by-north of Shap. Keld, 
 or Keilde, is an ancient village near the ruined abbey, 
 on the east bank of the Lowther, three quarters of a 
 mile west of Shap. Here are the ruins of a small 
 chapel which serve as a cow-house. The other hamlets 
 are Rasat, two and a half miles west of Shap ; Tailbert, 
 two and a half miles west-by-south ; and Thornshap, 
 three quarters of a mile south-west. 
 
 Thomthwaite was formerly an extensive forest, and
 
 SHAP PARISH. 
 
 809 
 
 belonged successively to the Curwens, Howards, War- 
 wicks, atid Hasels, from the latter of whom it was 
 purchased by the Lowthers. 
 
 HARDENDALE. 
 
 The area and population are returned with the parish ; 
 the rateable value is £028 Us. The soil here is generally 
 poor, the greater portion of the township consisting of 
 moor and fells. Hardemklc and \Vastdale form a joint 
 manor, which formerly belonged to Byland Abbey, iu 
 Yorkshire, but by whom it was given to that house we are 
 not informed, though Thomas, son of Gospatric, is gener- 
 ally supposed to have been the donor. On the suppres- 
 sion of the religious houses, the manor was granted by 
 Henry VIII. to Christopher Crackenthorpe, Esq., of 
 Newbiggin, from whom it has descended to the present 
 proprietor, William Crackenthorpe, Esq. The Eaid of 
 Lonsdale, Richard Ferguson, and Lady Howard, are 
 the principal landowners. 
 
 The hamlet of Hardendale is one mile east of Shap. 
 Dr. John iMills, chaplain in ordinary to Charles II., was 
 born here, and is known for his edition of the Greek 
 Testament. 
 
 Wastdale is four miles south-by-west of Shap. Near 
 the foot of Wastdale are Shap Wells. 
 
 MAEDALE. 
 
 For area, population, &c., see the parish returns. The 
 soil here is fertile ; but the greater portion of the town- 
 ship is used for grazing purposes. 
 
 Thistowiishipisincludcd inthe forestof Thornthwaite, 
 which e.xtends into Shap and Barapton parishes ; tho 
 Earl of Lonsdale is lord of the manor of Tliornthwaite 
 forest. The landowners are William Marshall, Esq., 
 Kev. Thomas lloluie, and John llolrae, Esq. There 
 is no village or hamlet in the township, the houses being 
 all detached. 
 
 TUE CHAPKL. 
 
 Mardale (Impel occupies a most picturesque situation, 
 one mile south of the head of llaweswater, and seven 
 miles south-west-by-west of Shap. It is a small ediQce, 
 surrounded by beautiful old yew trees, and in tho back 
 ground are the " everlasting liills." Tho living has been 
 augmented with I'.SIO fruni (Jucen Anno's Bounty, and 
 JE75 given by different individuids. Part of tho money 
 was expended iu tho purchase of two small estates at 
 Kontmerc and Rosgill, now let for 1''2 I a year. The 
 income is now about i'lOO a year. Tho registers com- 
 mence in 1684. The vicar of Shap is patron. All 
 tho rites of tho Church of England, with the exception 
 of marriage, are performed here. 
 97 
 
 Incumbents. — Bichard Hobson was miaister here from ITiO 
 till 1799; John Bowstead, from 1813 to 1830; John Eowland- 
 son, vicar of Shap, attended from 1844 till 1853, when the Kev. 
 John Holme, the present incumbent, was inducted. 
 
 There is no parsonage. The present incumbent has 
 erected a handsome house here at a cost of i: 1,200, 
 cvclusive of the site. It stands at the foot of Castle 
 Crag, and commands extensive views of the surround- 
 ing country. 
 
 There is a free school at Measand in this chapelry, 
 but in the parish of Bampton. 
 
 Chapel Hill is tho residence of John Holme, Esq., 
 whose ancestoi's are said to have resided in this town- 
 ship since the time of the Norman conquest. 
 
 A pleasure fair is held here annually on Whit- 
 Monday. 
 
 Greenhead is a hamlet in this township, about a mile 
 and a half south of Haweswater. 
 
 EOSGILL. 
 
 The rateable value of this township, inclusive of 
 Mardale and Swindale, is £291 ; its area and popula- 
 tion, not having as yet been returned separately, are 
 included in the parish returns. 
 
 The manor of Kosgill was anciently held bj- a family 
 bearing the local name, one of whom, John de Rosgill, 
 occurs as a witness to a grant of lands at Thriraby in 
 the reign of Henry III. In the reign of Richard II. 
 it was brought in marriage to the Salkelds of Corby 
 Castle, who continued possessors till the 7th Charles 
 I. (1631-2), when Dorothy, sister of Richard Salkcld, 
 brought it in marriage to the Christians of Unerigg, iu 
 Cumberland, by whom it was afterwards sold to the 
 Lowthers ; the Earl of Lonsdale is the present lord, 
 and the principal landowner. 
 
 The village of licsgill is situated on tho east bank of 
 the Lowther, two and a half miles north-west of Shap. 
 
 SWINDALE. 
 
 This township comprises the narrow vale of the same 
 name, and contains only a few dispersed houses, about 
 four and a half miles south-west of Shnp. It forms 
 part of the Earl of Lonsdale's mauor of Thornthwaite ; 
 tho landownci-s are the Rev. Thomas Sewell, Joseph 
 Abbott, John Fell, Rev. ^Ir. Tinkler, and others. 
 
 TUE CU-irF.I.. 
 
 Swindale chapel is a small old building, tho west end 
 of which servos as a school. It was erected iu 1749, 
 and was repaired and newly roofed in \>*r>^>. The living 
 has received several augmentations from tjueeii Anno's 
 Bounty, with part of which land was purchased in 1822,
 
 810 
 
 WEST WARD. 
 
 and the remainder (£800) is still at interest in the 
 Bounty Office ; it is now worth £64 a year, besides a 
 house and nineteen acres of land. The vicar of Shap 
 is patron ; and the llev. Thomas Sewell the present 
 incumbent. 
 
 CHARITY. 
 
 The Scliool.— Thomas Ba.xter, by will, dated 1703, 
 endowed Swindalc school with lands for the gratuitous 
 education of the children of the township. The lands 
 were subsequently conveyed to the Earl of Lonsdale, 
 subject to a yearly rent-charge of £25, to be paid to the 
 schoolmaster. 
 
 Mosdale, or Mosedale, is a bleak mountainous region, 
 between Swindale and Wet Sleddale, where there is a 
 slate quarry, four miles south-west of Shap. 
 
 WETSLEDDALE. 
 
 Wetsleddale, which formerly belonged to the abbey 
 of Shap, is a narrow dale, surrounded by lofty moun- 
 tains, and extends from two to four miles south-south- 
 west of Shap. It is said to derive its name from the 
 frequency of wet weather here. The manorial rights 
 are possessed by the Earl of Lonsdale, besides whom 
 there are several small landowners.
 
 BARONY OF KENDAL. 
 
 The Barony of Kendal comprises the whole of Keudal 
 and Lonsdale Wards, with several manors in the other 
 divisions of the county, and that part of Lancashire 
 adjoining Westmoreland. It was given by William the 
 Conqueror to 
 
 Ivo DE Tailbois, brother of Fulk Earl of Anjou, who thus 
 became first baron of KendaL Ivo de Tailbois gave tlie church 
 of Kirkby Stephen and all the churches in his barony to the 
 abbey of St. Mary at York. By his wife Elgiva, daughter of our 
 Saxon monarch Ethelrcd, he had a son, 
 
 Keijiked, or EinEUiED, second baron of Kendal, who was 
 succeeded by his son, 
 
 Ketei., tliird baron of KendaL This baron married Christiana, 
 as appears by his grant of Morland to t)ie abbey of St. Mary at 
 York, to which she was a witness. Ketel had three sons, Gilbert, 
 Orme, and Williaiu, but which of tlie two former was the eldest 
 is a subject of dispute. All the pedigrees of the Curwen family 
 (which derives its descent from Orme) make Orme the eldest; 
 but Nicolson and Burn will not concede this, in consequence of 
 the inheritance of the barony of Kendal having descended to 
 Gilbert. Kctcl received from WilUam de Meschines a grant of 
 Workington, Salter, Kolton, and Stockhouse ; and gave the 
 parisli church of Workington, with two carucates of land and 
 a mill there, to the abbey of St. Mary at York. He was suc- 
 ceeded by his son, 
 
 GiLDERT, who thus became fourth baron of Kendal, whose son, 
 
 WuxiAM DE Taildois, llie liflh baron, according to Dugdalo, 
 from being governor of Lancaster Castle, assumed the surname 
 of Lancaster. This William was a great benefactor to many 
 religious houses, particularly to SL Bees, Furness, Cockersand; 
 St. Leonard's, near Kondul ; and others. Ho also occurs as 
 founder of Conishead Priory. Ilo married Gundrcd, daughter 
 of William Earl Warrenne, and by her bad issue, 
 
 William de Lancasteu, the second. This baron fdlod the 
 office of steward to Henry II. I'rom an exche((uer roll we leani 
 that be gave thirty marks to the king for permission to have a 
 duel with Gospalric, sou of Orme, his relative. Ho married 
 Hi-lwise de Stuteville, by whom ho had an only daughter, Helwise, 
 who became the wife of Gilbert, son of lioger Fitz-Ueinft-ed. 
 To this Gilbert, liichard I., in 1 IsD-OO, granted the whole forest 
 of Westmoreland and of Kendal and of Fumcss, with many 
 other privileges, inclusive of a woikly market at Kendal on 
 Saturday. Uy another grant from the same king ho obtained 
 lands in Lovens, Forleton, Deton, I'rcstoD, Holme, fiarton, 
 
 Henecaster, and Luptoo, with the fishery belonging to the said 
 lands ; and all other liberties and pririleges. In his turn Gilbert 
 granted lands in Holme, Preston, and Hulton, to Thomas, son 
 of Gospatric He took part witli the barons against King John, 
 and, in consequence, had to pay a fine of I'.2,000 marks to obtain 
 his pardon. Gilbert died in 1719-20, leaving, besides three 
 daughters, a sou and successor, 
 
 Wtuxui D£ Lakcasieb, the third who took the name of Ce 
 Lancaster, together witli the inheritance, from his mother. This 
 baron was Justice, itinerant for Cumberland in l'.'25-6, and was 
 sheriff of Lanca-shire from 1233-4 to liiS-O. He confirmed the 
 grant made by his father to Thomas, son of Gospatric ; he also 
 occurs as a benefactor to Furness Abbey. In I'J'2C-7 there was 
 a contest between Roger de Vetcripont, sheriff of the county, 
 and this William de Lancaster, concerning suit being made to 
 the county court by the latter and his tenants ; and by a fine 
 levied tliat year, WilUam de Lancaster granted suits for his lands 
 to Uie county. By his will he directed his body to be buried in 
 the choir of the abbey church at Furness, near to the tomb of 
 WiUiam, his grandfather. By his wife, .\gnes de Brus, he had 
 no issue, and consequently, on liis demise, his estates passed to 
 his two sisters, Helwise and -Uice, the former of whom received 
 for her share what was afterwards called the Marquis and Lum- 
 ley Fee, and the latter wliat was subsequently known as the 
 Richmond Fee. We shall first notice 
 
 JT^e ^itjintonti ^tt. 
 
 AucE, sistor of the last William dc Laurastre, just mentioned, 
 was married to William de Lindesay ; and brou^-ht with her in 
 marriage one moiety of the barony of Kendal. They had a sod, 
 
 Waltek de Ltndesav, who died in tlie SOtli Henry III., at 
 which lime ho held, as found by inquisition, of the king in 
 capitt, a moiety of Kirkby iu Kendal. Ho had a son and heir, 
 
 WiuJAM HE LvNi>ESAiE, on whose death, in the Jud FMward 
 I., the inquisition finds that he died " seise<l of the forest of 
 Gresmere, Langdon, Troulbock Forest, .Vppletliwaito, Wynander- 
 merv, Eclesall, Skandall, L>ith, Crostliwayto, Stirklaud Ketell, 
 Kirkebyin Kendall, llelsington, Kent Fishetr, and Hoton in the 
 Hay." This William had a sun and heir, 
 
 William I'E Lyshesay, concerning whom nothing is related, 
 except that he died without issue male, baring only a daughter 
 and heir, 
 
 CiiiusTiAN DE LvsDESEY, who Was married to logelram de 
 Guisnes, lord of Couoy, iu Franco. They had a son William,
 
 812 
 
 BARONY OF KENDAL. 
 
 bom in France, who after his father's death inherited his estate 
 there. They had a second son, Ingelram, born in Engbind, 
 \rho died without issue ; and liis brother William being an alien, 
 and thereby incapable to inherit, the estate escheated to the 
 crown. The aforesaid elder brother, William, had two sons, 
 Ingelram, the elder, and William, both of them born in France. 
 Ingelram enjoyed the paternal estate there ; and the king 
 granted to William, the younger brother, his grandmother 
 Christian's estate in England, which William also died without 
 issue, and the estate again escheated to the crown. After which, 
 the said king, Edward III., in l'U7, granted the same to John 
 de Coupland (of Coupland, in the county of Northtnnberland), 
 and Joan his wile during their lives. We Iiave observed above 
 that the last William had an elder brother, Ingelram, who in- 
 herited the Coucy estate in France. This Ingelram liad a son, 
 Ingelram, lord of 'Coucy, who married Isabel, davighter of 
 Edward III.; and the king granted them the reversion of the 
 Enghsh estate, after the death of John de Coupland, and Joan 
 his wife, to them and the heirs of their body ; except the re- 
 version of the moiety of the manor of Ulverstone, which he gave 
 to the abbey of Furness. Ingelram de Coucy and Isabel his 
 wife, daughter of Edward III., had a daughter, Philippa, mar- 
 ried to Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford and duke of Ireland, 
 from whom, in the reign of Richard II., she was divorced for 
 lack of children. She died in l-tll-12, and by an inquisition 
 taken in that year it was found that Philippa, who had been the 
 wife of Robert de Vere, late duke of Ireland, died seised of a 
 moiety of the manor of ICirkby in Kendal. And the same having 
 reverted again to the crown for want of heirs, Henry IV. 
 granted the moiety of the barony to his third son, John Puke of 
 Bedford; and by an inquisition of knights' fees in Westmoreland, 
 taken at Appleby in 1427-8, it was found that John Duke of 
 Bedford, then lield of the king, in capite, a moiety of the manor 
 of Kirkby in Kendal by the service of one knight's fee, and that 
 the same lately belonged to dame Philippa, duchess of Ireland. 
 The said John Duke of Bedford died in 1435-0, as appears by 
 the inquisition after his death. Henry VI., in 1443-4, granted 
 this moiety of the barony to John de Beaufort, duke of Somerset 
 and of Kendal, and his heirs male, with remainder to the crown. 
 This John Duke of Somerset was son of John de Beaufort, earl 
 of Somerset; son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster; son of 
 King Edward III. The Duke of Somerset died in the same 
 year in which his grant was made, without issue male, and t!ie 
 barony reverted to the crown. The king thereupon granted 
 the same by letters patent to Margaret, daughter andlieir of the 
 said John Duke of Somerset, by the name of JIargaret Countess 
 of Richmond, she having been the wife of Edmund, late earl of 
 Richmond, and being then (by her second marriage), wife of 
 Henry Stafford, son of Humphrey, late duke of Buckingham. 
 The grant was to her and the said Henry ; and there is a private 
 act of Parliament, 3rd Henry VII., c. 2., confirming to her the 
 said grant. This grant seems to have been tlie reason why this 
 moiety of the manor of Kendal received the name of the Rich- 
 mond Fee, which it still retains. In ]491-'2 she caused a rental 
 to be made of the said moiety, of which the particulars were as 
 follow: — " Gresmere, X'll Is. lid. ; Langden, £C ; Loughrigg, 
 £i 3s. ajd.; Amelside, .£20 14s. SJd. ; Troutbeck, £4 4s. Id. ; 
 Applethwait, i30 4s. ; Undermilnbeck, £S 10s. Cd ; Crosth- 
 wait, £10 7s. Od. ; Hutton, X17 4s. Cd. ; Stirkland Ketell, 
 £l 8s. IJd. ; Forsthwait, £1 6s. 8d.; Fishery of Kent, £i; 
 Burgage of Kendal, £i is. 8d. ; ToU of Kendal, £i 10s. ; Whit- 
 tingtou, £0; Casterton, £3 lOs. ; Thornton, £12 12s. Id.; 
 
 Whiersdale, £i9 12s. Id. ; Scolforth, £C Is. ; the office of land 
 Serjeant, X' 10 Os. 7d. ; Warton, i.'flU 3s. 9d. ; Kneton and Mid- 
 dleton, X6 133. 4d. Fees and pensions paid forth of the same: — 
 To the steward, £t> ; to the land Serjeant, illO; fees to the fores- 
 ters of Troutbeck, £2 3s.; to Reginald Bray, Knt., general 
 receiver, £i lis.; to Richard Berwick, bow -bearer of Troutbeck, 
 £'i Is. Cd.; unto St. Mary Holme, .60." The aforesaid Margaret 
 Countess of Richmond was mother to King Henry VII. ; and 
 from her this Richmond Fee came again to the crown. Henry 
 VIII., in 1531-2, granted the moiety to his natural son, Henry 
 Duke of Richmond and Somerset, who, dying without issue, it 
 reverted the eighth time to the crown. The JIarquis Fee 
 escheated not long after, first by attainder, and afterwards for 
 want of heirs of the last grantees ; both have continued in the 
 crown ever since, and have commonly passed together by tempo 
 rary grants, as will afterwards appear. 
 
 the parqitis ^u- 
 
 HEI.w^sE, the eldest daughter of the last William de Lancaster, 
 became the wife of Peter de Brus, or Bruce, to whom she bore, 
 besides four daughters, a son and heir, 
 
 Peter de Brus, who after his mother's decease, succeeded 
 to a moiety of the barony of Kendal. This Peter confirmed to 
 the inhabitants of Kendal all the liberties and free customs 
 which they had received from his uncle, William de Lancaster. 
 He died in 1278-9, when his possessions passed to his four 
 sisters, Margaret, Agnes, Lucy, and Laderina. Margaret, the 
 eldest, the wife of Robert de Ross, received as her share Kendal 
 Castle, and "whatsoever belonged to the said Peter in demesnes, 
 villages, rents, and services of free men and others, except the 
 vill of Kentmere, which was assigned to Laderina." Agnes, the 
 second sister, had no share in Westmoreland. Lucy, the third 
 sister, had that which is now called the Lumley Fee. Laderine, 
 the fourth, had Kentmere, as we have just mentioned. Robert 
 de Ross died in 1273-4, leaving by his wife, Margaret, above- 
 mentioned, a son and heir, 
 
 WiLLUJi DE Eoos, who appears to have died before his mother, 
 leaving a son, 
 
 WiixnM DE Roos, who in 132M obtained a charter for a 
 market at Staveley. He was succeded by his son, 
 
 Tho.mas de Roos, who died in 1390-91. This Thomas had a 
 son, John de Roos, who died before his father, leaving an infant 
 daughter, who subsequently became the wife of 
 
 William del Parr, Knt., but died before him. Sir William 
 del Parr died in 1404-5, seised of the fourth part of Kirkby 
 Kendal, which was held by the service of one knight's fee. He 
 was succeeded by his son and heir, 
 
 John Paree, Knt., who died in 1407-8. He was succeeded 
 by his son, 
 
 Thomas Parre, Knt., who by an inquisition taken in 1427-8 
 appears to have held one-fourth part of the manor of Kirkby in 
 Kendal by the service of the fourth part of one knight's feo. 
 This Thomas died in 1404-5, leaving issue, 
 
 I. William, his successor. 
 
 II. John, to whom Edward IV. granted the sheriffwick of West 
 moreland during his life. Henry Lord Clifford being then 
 deprived of bis honours and estate in consequence of his 
 father's attachment to the house of Lancaster, the same 
 kuig also granted to John Parre, and l]is brother William, 
 all the lands of Sir Henry Bellingbani, of Burnesliead, who 
 who was attainted on the Uke account.
 
 BARONY OF KENDAI,. 
 
 813 
 
 Sib William PAiinE, Knt., son ami lifir of Sir Tliormis, 
 married Elizabeth, oneof the three sisters and co-lieirs of Henry 
 Lord Fitz-Hugh. He was made a Knight of the Garter by 
 Edward IV., and represented Westmoreland in parliament in 
 I-ICG and 117'^. The date of his decease is not known, but he 
 left besides a son William, his heir. 
 
 Sir Thomas Parh, Knt., master of the wards, and comp- 
 troller to Henry VIII., from whom he received a grant of free 
 warren in his manor of Ivendal, and in all his lands in the 
 county of Westmoreland. He married Maude, daugliter and co- 
 heir of Sir Thomas Green, by whom ho had a son and two 
 daughters. The elder daughter, Katlierine, was married first 
 to Edward Borough, or Rurgh ; secondly, to John Neville, Lord 
 Latimer; thirdly, to King Henry VIII., being his sixth wife; 
 and, lastly, to Thomas Lord Seymour of Dudley, one of the 
 uncles of Edwanl VI. She died iu 1518. The other daughter, 
 Anne, became the wife of William Herbert, earl of Pembroke. 
 Sir Thomas Parr died in 1517-18, and was buried in the church 
 of the Black Friars, in London. His wife, Maude, survived 
 till J 531-2. He was succeeded by his son, 
 
 William Park, Esq., who in 1538-9 was created Lord Parr 
 and Ross of Kendal ; and five years afterwards he was made 
 baroD of Hart in Northamptonshire. Ho married Helena, 
 daughter and heir of Henry Bourchier, earl of Essex, and in the 
 same year was created earl of Essex, and knight of the Garter. 
 In 1547 he was elevated to the dignity of marquis of North- 
 ampton, and from this title the part of the barony of Kendal 
 held by him has received the name of the Miuriuis Fee. On 
 the accession of Queen Jlai-y, the moi'qtiis was attainted of 
 high treason for his share in the usurpation of Lady Jane 
 Grey, and his estates became forfeited to the crown, but 
 he was soon afterwards pardoned, and his estates restored 
 to him. He died in 1750, and was interred in the choir 
 of the Collegiate Church of Warwick. He does not tppear 
 to have had any children, and his widow continued to hold 
 his estates till Queen Elizabeth gave her other lands in 
 exchange for them ; and in this manner both the Marquis and 
 Richmond Foes came into the hinds of the crown. He had two 
 sisters, Catherine, wife of Henry VIIL, who died before her 
 brotlicr, without issue ; and Anne, who wus married to William 
 Herbert, earl of Pembroke, ancestor to the present Earl of 
 Pembroke, who still bears amongst his other titles that of Baron 
 Ross and Parr of Kendal. Queen Elizabeth, In 15S0.81, granted 
 to Ambrose lOarl of Warwick, a port of the demesne lands 
 belonging to the eastlc, by the name of the Park of Kendal, with 
 divers odilices, buildings, Xc, to hold the same in socage, as of 
 the manor of East Grecnwick. From this time we hear nothing 
 of the demesne, park, or lands, until the reign of Charles II., 
 when they appear to have been in the hands of Sir Francis Ander 
 ton, Bart., of Lostook, in Lancashire. His son and heir. Sir 
 Charles Anderton, on his marriage, in 1CH5, settled the same to 
 the use of himself for life, remainder to his first and other sons 
 in tail male, with divers remainders over. Sir Charles dieil in 
 1001, and left issue Charles, James, Lawrence, Francis, and 
 Joseph, and three daughter. Charles, the eldest son, succeeded 
 his father and died without issue, when the estate passed to 
 James, who also died without issue. Lawrence, the third son, 
 became a monk, and thereupon Francis, the next brother, 
 assumed the title and possessed himself of the family estate ; 
 but taking part in the rising of 1715, he was token prisoner at 
 Proslon, and tried and attainted of high treason, lie was par- 
 doned as to his life, but the commissiouors of forfeited estates 
 
 seized all his real estate. Upon this Lawrence, the monk, claimed 
 it, insisting before the commissioners that his brother had no 
 right. Lawrence, on his examination before the commisioners 
 confessing himself a monk, they decreed for the crown. Subse- 
 quently Lawrence conformed to the Protestant religion, and so 
 enjoyed the title and estate. In 1723 he sold the premises to 
 John Huggins, Esq., who dying in 1735, the same came to his 
 brother and heir, William Huggins, Esq. The latter, by his will 
 in 1761, devised the same to his two sons-in-law. Sir Thomas 
 Gubtrouse, Knt., and the Rev. Dr. James Musgrave, in trust to 
 sell the same for the purposes in the will mentioned : who ac- 
 cordingly sold the premises in the year 1705, to Thomas Holme, 
 Esq. and James Dowker, Esq. 
 
 As to the rest of the Richmond and Marquis Fees, 
 James I., in 1011-15, granted the same to his son, 
 Charles Prince of Wales. Amongst the schemes for 
 raising money devised by King James, one was that of 
 taking all the crown lauds of Cumberland and West- 
 moreland ioto his own hands, ou the plea '• that as the 
 border service had then ceased by the union of the two 
 kingdoms iu his own royal person, the estates were de- 
 termined likewise which the tenants held by that 
 service." And to keep his avarice in countenance, " he 
 encouraged all the other lords of the manors within the 
 said counties to take to themselves the absolute estate 
 of the several tenants, and refuse to admit the heirs of 
 their ancestor's estates." But though the service was 
 gone, the border spirit still remained, and a long 
 struggle ensued between the lords and tenants, the latter 
 entering into a resolute combination to defend each 
 other, " even by force, if no other course should be 
 effectual," pursuant to the articles which they had sworn 
 to at their meeting held at Staveley, by order of James 
 Smith, high constable, " under colour of viewing a 
 bridge." For this, uud other " unlawful assemblies," 
 several of the leaders were arraigned before the Star 
 Chamber, which, however, acquitted the accused, and 
 confirmed to tlio tenants their estates, as being held, 
 not by border service only, but by the " generul military 
 tenure by which all other tenants iu capite were 
 obliged." Soon afterwards the tenants of many of the 
 manors made compositions with their lords, for reducing 
 the tenements to a fine certain : and others purchased 
 their teuements to freehold. Charles II. granted the 
 Richmond and JIaniuis Fees, which comprise three- 
 fourths of the barony, in jointure to his queen, Kutharioe 
 of Braganza, and from her they received the name of 
 the (iueeu's LanJs, and not from Katharine Parr, 
 <iueen of Henry VIII., for they never were possessed 
 by her. When ii rental was made of these fees in 
 1(170, by Sir John Otway, deputy steward of the 
 queen, the jury " set dowu tiie free and other dry 
 rents of the Marquis Fee at £'iO 17s. IJd. : and
 
 814 
 
 BARONY OF KENDAL. 
 
 of the Richmond Fee at £36 10s. 8}d. The other 
 yearly rents they stated as follow : — 
 
 IN THE MABQCIS FEE. 
 
 Burgage Ilents in Kondal 
 
 Cmtomarij and other Dry EenU. 
 Kendal and its vicinity - - - . 
 
 Grasmere 
 
 Langdale 
 
 Underbarrow 
 
 Staveley and Ilngill - - - . 
 Nether Graveship - . - - 
 
 Skalthwaite Kigg 
 
 Hay 
 
 Hutton-in-tlie-Hay 
 
 Strickand Eoger ----- 
 Greenhead ------ 
 
 HugiU 
 
 Crosthwaile 
 
 £. s. d. 
 U 17 11 
 
 4 
 11 
 
 5 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 
 6 
 4 
 8 
 3 
 10 16 
 
 12 5 
 
 13 3 
 8 18 
 
 13 14 11 
 
 10 16 10 
 
 3 19 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 "i 
 3 
 
 04 
 
 3 
 
 Total 
 
 £134 10 4} 
 
 IH THE BICEMOND F£C. 
 
 Customary and other Dry Rents. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 Grasmere - - - . - 11 11 8 
 
 Langdale 7 12 5J 
 
 Lougbrigg 2 16 1 
 
 Ambleside - - - - - 26 17 
 
 Undemiil Beck - - - . - 13 8 
 
 Troutbeck 27 10 
 
 Applethwaite 24 10 10^ 
 
 Fishing and ferry of Windermere ■" - 6 
 
 Crosthwaite and Lyth - - - - 19 3 7 
 
 New Hutton - - - - - 10 9 9J 
 
 Casterton 12 9 4 
 
 Strickland, Ketel, and Helsington . 3 10 10 
 
 Thornton, Westhouse, and Maysinghill - 12 14 10 
 
 Total - - - £178 4 10|- 
 
 After the decease of Queen Katharine these fees 
 were granted to the Lowther family, who obtained a 
 renewal of the lease from George III., so that the Earl 
 of Lonsdale is the present lord. 
 
 She ^mnkg ^"«. 
 The Lumley Fee, containing nearly all the remaining 
 third part of the ancient barony of Kendal was the 
 portion of 
 
 LrcY, third sister and co-heiress of the abore-named Peter 
 de Brus. She was married to Marmaduke de Thweng, lord of 
 Kilton Castle and Thweng, with divers other manors in York- 
 shire, Lancashire, and Westmoreland. They had a son, 
 
 MiKMAi^rKE BE Thwexg, who in 1309, together with his 
 cousin-german WiUiam de Eoss, obtained a grant of a n)arket 
 and fair at Kirkby Kendal. He died in 1316, seised, as tlie 
 mqmsition finds, of a fourth part of the barony of Kendal. He 
 was succeeded by his son, 
 
 WniiAM DE Thweng, who in 1328 obtained a grant for a 
 
 market at Staveley on Friday weekly, and a fair yearly on the eve, 
 
 day, and morrow of St. Luke ; and in 1335-fl he obtained a grant 
 of free wan-en at Staveley. He died in 1340 ; and by the inqui- 
 sition taken after his death, tlic Thweng share of the barony 
 appears to have comprised lands and tenements in Kirkby in 
 Kendal, Crosthwaite, Staveley, Sadgill, HugiU, Respton, Gras- 
 mere, and Langden. William de Thweng was succeeded by his 
 brother, 
 
 Robert de Thweno, parson of the church of Warton, who 
 died in 1344, and was succeeded by his brother, 
 
 Thomas de Thwexg, parson of the church of Betham. This 
 Thomas died in 13T4, leaving three sisters co-heirs, the youngest 
 of whom had no portion in Westmoreland ; the other two sisters, 
 Lucy and Margaret, had Uie Thweng share of the barony between 
 them. Lucy, the eldest, was married to Harmaduke de Lumley, 
 from whom the name of the Lumley Fee was derived. Her 
 share of the barony comprised the manors of Helsington, Crosth- 
 waite and Lyth, and a fourth part of the town of Kirkby in 
 Kendal, together with the turbary of Sampool. This Marmaduke 
 de Lumley seems to have been succeeded by 
 
 Ralph de Lusllev ; for in J 404-5 one fourth of the manor of 
 Kirkby in Kendal, was taken into the king's hands by the 
 death of Ralph de Lumley, Knt., and by reason of the minority 
 of Thomas de Lumley, son and heir of the said Ralph ; and it 
 was also found that John de Lumley was brother to the said 
 Ralph. 
 
 Thomas de Lumley, son and heir of Ralph, died with- 
 out issue, and was succeeded by 
 
 John de Luan-EY, Knt. (his uncle), who died in 1422, seised 
 of one-eighth part of the manor of Kirkby Kendal, Thomas, 
 his son and heir, being then under age. By an inquisition of 
 knights' fees in Westmoreland, in 1427-8, it was found that 
 Thomas Lumley, then in ward to the king, son and heir of 
 John Lumley, Knt., deceased, " held of the king in capilc a 
 moiety of those lands and tenements in Kendal which some- 
 time before belonged to Thomas de Thweng, who was parson 
 of the church of Beetham by the service of one-fourth part 
 of one knight's fee ; and that Walter Pennardine and 
 John EUerker held of the king in cupile the other moiety, 
 which formerly belonged to the said Thomas de Thweng, 
 by the service of the eighth-part of one knight's fee ; and 
 that Thomas de Stirkland, Knt., held the third part of a knight's 
 fee of the said Thomas Lumley, in Helsington, Heversham, 
 Burton, Lowther, Whale, Hackthorpe, and Strickland Ketel." 
 In 1514-15, John Fleming, Esq., of Rydal, escheator for the 
 king in the counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland, accounted 
 that year in the exchequer for XI 15 I7s. 7d. of the issues of the 
 manors of Kirkby in Kendal, of which 
 
 George Littley, Knt., was seised ; and for Xl,224 9s. 10|d. of 
 the issues of the moiety of the barony or lordship of Kendal, 
 (viz. the Richmond Fee) of which Henry VIII. was seised. 
 Finally, 
 
 John Lord Lnn.EY, in 1531-2, exchanged his part of the 
 barony with the king, Henry VIII., for certain lands in the south, 
 and the said king granted the same, together with tlie Richmond 
 Fee, to his natural son, the Duke of Richmond and Somerset, on 
 whose death the same came again into tlie hands of the king, 
 who, in 1544-5, granted the same to 
 
 -AXAN Beluxohaii, Esq. 
 
 Margaret, the second daughter of JIarmaduke de Thweng — 
 above-named — bad a daughter named Matilda, who was married
 
 BAEONT OF KENDAL. 
 
 815 
 
 to John de Hotham, and bronglit to him the other moiety of 
 the Thweng share of the barony, in Stavcley and other places, 
 that is, tlie portion of the barony held by Walter Pennardine and 
 John Ellerker, above mentioned. A descendant of this John de 
 Hotham, in 1509 70, granted this moiety to Alan Bellingham, 
 grandson of the Alan Bellingham above-named, who, in this 
 manner became possessed of what has since been known as Oie 
 Lumley Fee. By an inquisition taken after the deceaee of the 
 last-named Alan Bellingham, in 1077-^, it was found that he 
 died seised of the manor of OverStaveley, and divers messuages 
 and tenements, and other hereditaments in Over Staveley, 
 Nether Staveley, Hugill, Sadgill, Respton (with the moiety of 
 Respton mill), Fairbank, Grasmere, Langden, Potter Fell, Vow 
 Flatt, Ulthwaitc, Eatherhead, Sabergh, Crookfell, Westwood, 
 and Roger Holme (an island in Windermere), with a fishery in 
 the waters of Windermere, Skeleswater, and Grasmere. This 
 Alan BelUngham had a son, 
 
 Sir Jases Bellinobau, who had a son. 
 
 Sir HfiNBY Bellinguau, who was succeeded by his brother, 
 Alan BEtusonAii, Esq., who sold this Lumley Fee to Colonel 
 James Graham, whose daughter and heiress married in 1708-9, 
 Hesby Bowes Howakd, earl of Berkshire, and it is now pos- 
 sessed by the Hon. Lady Howard of levens HalL 
 
 Ladarina, the youngest sister of the last Peter de Brus, and 
 wife of John de Bella-Aqna, in Yorkshire, had, as we have seen 
 above, Kentmere assigned to her, and this was the only portion 
 of Westmoreland she possessed. By her husband, Robert, she 
 had two daughters, Sibilla, married to Milo de Stapleton; and 
 Joan, married to Avicherus Fitz-Henry. In 1311-12 a partition 
 was made in Chancery of tlieir mother's inheritance between 
 these two daughters, or their representatives, and by this agree- 
 ment Kentmere came to the Stapletons, who continued its 
 possessors till the reign of Charles I., as will be seen in the 
 account of the manor at a subsequent page.
 
 I^nkl lEar^. 
 
 This division of the county is bounded on the north by the East and West wards, on the north-west by a small part of 
 Cumberland, on the west and south by Lancashire, and ou the east by I-onsdale Ward. It is about twenty-six miles 
 iu length, and varies from five to thirteen miles in breadth. It is the most interesting ward in the county, both in 
 regard to its picturesque beauty and agricultural and commercial importance. The soil in its numerous dales is 
 generally very fertile, and many of its inhabitants, particularly in and around Kendal, are employed in the manufac- 
 ture of woollen, linen, and hosiery. It derives its name from the river Kent, which rises within the ward, as do also 
 several smaller streams, all of which flow southward to Morecombe Bay. The beautiful lakes of Grasmere, Eydal, 
 and Windermere, with several smaller sheets of water, are situated here. The ward is intersected by the Lancaster and 
 CarUsle and the Kendal and Windermere railways, as also by a portion of the Lancaster Canal. It comprises the 
 borough of Kendal and the market towns of Ambleside, Bowness, and IMilnethorpe. The parishes in Kendal Ward 
 are Betham, Grasmere, Haversham, Kendal, and Windermere. This ward is rated to the county rate in the 
 sum of £141,947. 
 
 BETHAM PARISH. 
 
 Tins parish is bounded on the north by that Heversham; on the north-west by Cartmel, in Lancashire; on the west 
 by the sea ; on the south by the parish of Warton, jn Lancashire : and on the east by Burton. It is a large moun- 
 tainous and romantic district, situated at the south-western extremity of the county, and is intersected by the rivers 
 Kent and Belo, with several minor streams. The inhabitants are engaged in agricultural pursuits, and attend 
 the Kendal markets and those of Lancaster occasionally. The parish comprises the townships of Betham, Farleton, 
 Haverbrack, Meathop, and Ulpha, and the chapelry of Witherslack. 
 
 Thomas de Betham obtained a charter for a market 
 
 BETH.\M. 
 
 The area of Betham township is 7,101 acres, and its 
 rateable value £5,078 12s. The population in 1801 
 was 668; in 1811, 748; in 1821, 830; in 1831, 855 ; 
 in 1841, 845; and in 1851, 875. The township is 
 remarkable for its salubrity and for the longevity of its 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The manor of Betham is included in the Richmond 
 Fee of the barony of Kendal. At the time of the con- 
 quest this manor was part of the possessions of Tostig, 
 Earl of Northumberland, and when Doomsday survey 
 was taken it was held by Eruvin, the priest, under 
 Roger de Poictou. It was subsequently the property 
 of a family bearing the local name, which continued here 
 for several generations, and several members of which 
 represented Westmoreland in parUament. In 1310-11 
 
 and fair at Betham ; and in 1334 Ralph de Betham 
 had a grant of free warren in Betham. Twelve years 
 afterwards writs were directed to Ralph de Betham, and 
 Thomas de Ross of Kendal Castle, ^to forward their 
 prisoners from their castles to the Tower of London. In 
 1735 it was found by inquisition that Ralph de Betham, 
 Knt., held of Joan de Coupland the manor of Betham, 
 with its appurtenances, by homage, fealty, and the 
 service of thirty-two shilhngs a year, as of her manor 
 of Kirkby, in Kendal. We hear no more of the Betham 
 family after the year 1 425, in which Thomas de Betham 
 was representative in parhament for Westmoreland. 
 Tradition tells us that the Bethams forfeited the manor 
 after the battle of Bosworth Field, and that it was 
 then given to the Stanleys ; but it is more probable
 
 BETHAM PARISH. 
 
 8ir 
 
 that it was purchased by the latter family. In the 28th 
 Charles II., (1676-7), a survey was made, and from it 
 we learn that nraongst the free rents then paid to Queen 
 Catherine, tlio Earl of Derby sUinds charged with the 
 annual payment of £'2 ISs. 4d. for Betham Park. The 
 manor appears to have subsequently passed to the 
 Cliffords, and was sold, in 1707, by Lord Clifford to 
 Daniel Wilson, Esq., of Dallam Tower, from whom it 
 has descended to the present lord, George Edward Wilson, 
 Esq., who is the principal landowner. Much of the 
 land still remains in the hands of other proprietors ; 
 several small estates have continued iu the same 
 families for several generations. Courts are seldom 
 held in this manor, except at change of lord or death of 
 tenant, when those who are not enfranchised pay certain 
 fines. 
 
 Betham Hall, now in ruins, was formerly a largo 
 handsome building, erected for defence as well as orna- 
 ment, and has often been called Betham Castle. The 
 walls by which it was surrounded were loopholed. 
 A portion of the chapel still remains. To the south of 
 the hall arc two large fish-ponds. The park was behind 
 the hall. 
 
 Cappleside is a demesne in the manor 'of Betham, 
 formerly belonging to the Prestons, from whom it passed 
 by marriage to the Cliffords. In 1707 it was sold by 
 Lord Clifford to Daniel Wilson, Esq., for £2,500. 
 There was anciently a large hall here. 
 
 Within this manor are Ilelslack Tower and Arnside 
 Tower, which seem to have been erected for the protec- 
 tion of the bay, as there are on the opposite side the 
 remains of Broughton Tower and Baziu Tower, and iu 
 the centre of the bay, Peel Castle. 
 
 The village of Betham, which is neat and well built, 
 is situated in the romantic vale of the Belo, a mile and 
 a half south of I\Iilutliorpe, on the road leading from 
 Lancaster to Ulverstone. This road was formed about 
 the year 1820, and is here carried over the river near 
 the fall at Betham Mill. This fall is caused by a rock 
 sixteen foet iu perpendicular depth, crossing the river. 
 In old records the river is called the Betha ; and there 
 is little doubt that from it the village derives its name. 
 The market, for wliich Thoniiis de Betham obtained a 
 grant from Edward II, has long been obsolete. 
 
 THE ciiuncB. 
 The parish church, which stands in the township of 
 Ilavorbrack, on the. bank of the Bi'lo, is dedicated to 
 St. Lcoth, according to Mr. Machell, a respectable 
 antiquary of the last century, but Brown Willis says 
 to St. Micliael. It was originally Sa.xou, and some 
 parts of that architecture still remain. In 1834, while 
 98 
 
 digging a grave on the north side of the nave, there 
 were discovered at the base of one of the piUars, about 
 a hundred coins of the reign of Edward the Confessor, 
 William the Conqueror, and William Ilufus, which 
 appear to have been deposited in a large stone, about 
 two feet high, set up against the pillar where the pulpit 
 is placed. The church comprises nave, chancel, aisles, 
 and tower containing three bells. On the south side 
 of the chancel are two recumbent figures of stone, said 
 to represent the last Thomas de Betham and his lady. 
 He is represented in armour, with his sword by his 
 side. The lady has her hands crossed upon her breast. 
 These monumental efiigies were defaced by Pilchard 
 Sill, a trustee of the school during the time of the 
 parliamentary wars, who headed a mob, composed of 
 scholars, and some drunken soldiers belonging to the 
 army commanded by Fairfa.\, and induced them to 
 break the painted glass in the church windows and 
 commit other acts of desecration. The only stained 
 glass now in the church is a modern window of two 
 lights, erected to the memory of John Burrow by his 
 son. It contains figures of the Redeemer and Moses. 
 The church contains the arms of Thomas, the first earl 
 of Derby, and many others. There are mural monu- 
 ments to various members of the Wilson, Hutton, and 
 other fUmilies. The church of Betham and some lands 
 at Haverbrack were given to the abbey of St. Jlary at 
 York by Ivo de Tailbois, and the church was afterwards 
 appropriated to the same abbey. It was subseijueutly 
 confirmed to Wetheral Priory, a cell of St. Mary's 
 Abbey, by Gilbert, son of Roger Fitz-Reinfred and his 
 wife Helwise, daughter and heiress of William de Lan- 
 caster. This church paid a pension of lOs. a year to 
 the abbey. After the suppression of the religious 
 houses, the rectory of the church continued in tho 
 crown till the reign of James I., who, in 1011, granted 
 the same to Sir Francis Ducket, Knt., of <irayrigg, 
 reserving the ancient rent and payment to tho vicar. 
 The great tithes were afterwards sold by his descendants 
 to various parties ; and the small tithes were purcliased, 
 in 1750, for the use of the vicar, but as tho whole 
 crown rent of £25 is now settled on them, lie only 
 derives from them about £11 10s. a year. The tithes 
 have been commuted for a rent charge. Tho benefice 
 is a vicarage in the patronage of tho crown, and iu tho 
 presentation (under the crown) of tho chancellor of tho 
 duchy of Lancaster. It is valued in the King's Book 
 at £13 73. Od., and was certified to the governors of 
 Queen Anne's Bounty at £1:) Os. 8d. In 1777 the 
 revenue of the vicarage amounted to £40 : but it is now 
 worth about £130, arising from £13 paid out of the 
 rectory; £4 10s. out of tho small tithes: the rent of
 
 8ia 
 
 KENDAL WARD. 
 
 three enclosures at Kellet, purchased by iMrs. Dorothy 
 Wilson, in 1707 ; an estate at Priest Button, purchased 
 vrith £200 obtained from Queen Anne's J3ounty : £100 
 given in 17-J2, by Edward Colston; £100 given by 
 James French ; £60 by the Kev. James Smith ; and an 
 estate at Yelland, purchased in 1731 with £200 given 
 by Elizabeth Palmer, and £200 obtained from Queen 
 Anne's Bounty. 
 
 TiCARs. — Edward Halstead, died 1612; Edward FTslicr, lfil5; 
 George Bennison, 1(112; John Brockbank, lOCJ; W.Jackson, 
 1070; James Smith, ITO;) ; Dauiel Wilson, lT5:i; William 
 Hutton, 1702; Joseph Thexton, 1811 ; William Uutton (grand- 
 son of the above-named Willioni Hutton), 1S45. 
 
 There is a school for girls at Helslnck Tower, under 
 the patronage of Mrs. Wilson of Dalian Tower. 
 
 At a short distance from the church there formerly 
 stood a chapel dedicated to St. John ; near its site 
 many human bones have been found from time to time. 
 Some years ago an amber bead was discovered here, 
 nearly as large as a shilling, on one side of which was 
 a rejjresentation of the Crucifi.xiou, on the right side a 
 crescent, and on the left the rising sun ; at the bottom 
 was a figure of the Blessed Virgin, in an attitude of 
 sorrow ; on the reverse was the representation of a 
 lamb, with cross and banner. 
 
 CHAIUTIES. 
 
 Free School. — There is in Betham a school of very 
 ancient foundation, for which seven of the inhabitants 
 of the parish stand as feoffees in trust. By a tablet 
 hung up in the vestry it appears that the original 
 endowment of the school arose from a subscription 
 in the year 1500, and that it was subsequently 
 augmented by different legacies and benefactors, and 
 by another subscription which took place in 1620, 
 amounting to £135. Of this sum £125 was laid 
 out in the purchase of the tithes of wool and lamb 
 in Haverbrack, and other parts of the parish of 
 Betham. In 1814 all the tithes so purchased, e.xcept 
 those in Haverbrack, were commuted for laud under 
 the authority of an enclosure act, and two allotments 
 have been awarded by the commissioners. By will, 
 dated January 23rd, 1794, Kolaud Burrow bequeathed 
 £10 ; about 1801 John Smyth bequeathed £10; Agnes 
 Cartmel gave £50 ; in 1813 Joshua Burrow gave £20 ; 
 in 1817 James Evans gave £20 ; and £200 were given 
 some years ago by John Y. Thexton, Esq. The fund 
 arising from these sums, with the allotments above- 
 mentioned, and the tithes of Haverbrack, forms the 
 whole of the present endowment, amounting to about 
 £40 a year, which is paid to the schoolmaster. The 
 school-house was rebuilt in 1847 on the south-east side 
 
 of the village, and is attended by about sixty children. 
 Joshua Burrow's Charily. — An entry in the paiiah 
 book, dated February 13th, 1771, states that Joshua 
 Burrow, aged uiuety-.seveu, gave to the churchwardens 
 of Betham the sum of 40s., the interest to be given in 
 bread to the communicants at the parish church of 
 Betham, on ilichaelmas Day and Trinity Sunday. 
 
 Johnston's Charily. — There is also Is. 8d. distributed 
 in bread in like manner, on Christmas Day and Easter 
 Sundays, being the interest of 40s. left for the purpose 
 by Thomas Johnston. 
 
 Parish of Bclham, exclusive of Wilherslach. — Voor 
 Stoclc. — The following several legacies and donations, 
 amounting in the whole to £100, were given by different 
 persons, as appears by an entry in the parish book: — 
 1663, Gawen Hutton gave £3 ; 1678, Richard Dowker 
 gave £10; 1083, ElizLibeth Dickson bequeathed £1: 
 lO'.lu, Kobert Waller aiid bis wife gave £5 ; 1 090, Mary 
 Chamney bequeathed £10 ; 1700, Richard Hadwen gave 
 £5; 1707, Anne Whiterigg bequeathed £10; 1718, 
 Thomas Thomliuson gave £5 ; 1719, Richard Jackson 
 gave £5 ; Thomas Johnston gave for bread £2; 1755, 
 Grace Foxcroft gave £40; 1755, the parish and vicar 
 gave £4 : total, £100. The interest of this sum is 
 divided amongst the different townships of the parish, 
 exclusive of Witherslack, and is distributed chielly 
 amongst poor housekeepers. 
 
 Daniel M'ilsoti's Charity. — The Rev. Daniel Wilson, 
 by will, dated in 1785, left to the parish of Betham, 
 exclusive of W^itherslack, £100, to be disposed of in 
 the best manner for the use of the poor, at the discre- 
 tion of the minister and churchwardens. 
 
 John Smyth's Charity. — It appears by an entry in 
 the parish book, dated 31st March, 1804, tliat John 
 Smyth bequeathed to the vicar, churchwardens, and 
 overseers of the parish of Betbam £20, the interest to 
 be distributed annually amongst the poor of the said 
 parish. This money was carried to the parish account, 
 and 15s. 2d. is regularly paid out of the poor rate and 
 distributed amongst poor householders. 
 
 Totcnships of Betham and Haverbrack. — Hilton's 
 Charity. — George Hilton, by will, in 1724, gave £20, 
 the interest of which he directed should be divided 
 amongst poor housekeepers of Betham and Haverbrack. 
 
 Toionship of Bclham. — Rowland Burrow, by will, in 
 1794, left to the township of Betham £10, the interest 
 to be divided amongst poor persons of the said township. 
 
 Lncy Hutton's Charity. — Lucy Hutton, by will, dated 
 1788, directed her trustees to pay to the hands of the 
 vicar and churchwardens of Betham £100, the interest 
 to be distributed by them amongst the poor people, 
 inhabitants of Betham and Slackhead.
 
 BETHAM PARISH. 
 
 819 
 
 Divixion of Hale and Whasset. — John Lucas, by will, 
 dated 1793, left £o, the interest of which he directed 
 should bo given to poor housekeepers of Hale and 
 NVbasset, in the parish of Betham. 
 
 In the vestry of the church is a good library, left for 
 the use of the vicar and schoolmaster by the Kev. W. 
 Hutton, grandfather of the present vicar. 
 
 The township of Betham extends along the south 
 side of the estuary of the Kent to the headland called 
 Arnside Point, beyond which the river is navigable for 
 small vessels to the hamlet of Storth, which is in this 
 township, two miles south-by-west of Milnthorpe Hall, 
 another hamlet, one mile and a half south, and Whasset, 
 another, two miles south-west of ililnthorpe, are also in 
 Betham township, as are likewise Helslack, Slackhead, 
 and Arnside. At the last-named place the river Kent 
 is crossed by a bridge on the Lancaster and Ulverstoue 
 railway, which was opened for traffic in 1857. Pas- 
 • sengevs are set down here. 
 
 The residences in the township are Betham House, 
 Mrs. Hutton ; Ashton House, John Yeats Thexton, 
 Esq. ; Ash Meadow, Thomas Eodick, Esq. ; Wood 
 Close, Robert P. Rodick, Esq. ; and Elmfield House, 
 William Hodgson, Esq. 
 
 There are a paper and a corn-mill in the township. 
 
 «iu«on of ObtrfbfDaUt. 
 
 About the time of Henry VII. it appears that the 
 Buttons of Overtliwaite and the Iluttous of Golds- 
 borough, in Yorkshire, branched from the ancient family 
 of Hutton of Hutton Hall, Penrith, which derived 
 from Adam de Hoton, living in the time of Edward I.' 
 
 Thomas Hutton, Esq., of Overlliwaite, in the parish of Betham, 
 who died in ISHS, at a very great age, left a son and successor, 
 
 Geouoe Hutton, Esq., of Overlhwaite, who died in 1C21, 
 and vas father of 
 
 Thomas Hutton, Esq., of Overtliwait*, at whose decease, in 
 105O, the property devolved upon liis son, 
 
 GEonoE Hutton, Esq., of Ovcrthwaile, who died in 1678, 
 and had two sons, 
 
 I. Thomas, his hpir. 
 II. John, ancestor of ilie Rev. .lohn Ilntton, \irar of llurion, 
 
 whost' (inly (liiiiKliier iind heir, A^Mi'S, was iiiiuTicd lu Cnpl. 
 
 Joliusou, uf iMiiius IhUl, co. llerefuld. 
 
 Tbe elder son, 
 
 Thomas Hi:tton, Esq., of Overthwaitr, ronrricd Eleanor, 
 dnnghter of William Tenant, lOsq., of York, by Eleanor, bis 
 
 ' Tlip lost direct male heir of the Ilullons of Hntton Hall, was 
 Dr. Addison llullon, who died in 174.'>. Sir lliihnnl llnli.m, a 
 younger son of the Hutton family, was judge uf tlie Comiuou Fleas, 
 lemp. Henry VUI. 
 
 wife, daughter of Eoger Crowle, Esq.,i by Eleanor, his wife, 
 daughter of Edward Wilson, Esq., of Dallam Tower, and died 
 in 1732, leaving a son, 
 
 Geoege Hutton, Esq., of Overthwaite, who left at his 
 decease, in 1730, two sons, 
 
 1. George, who died unmarried in 1802. 
 II. William. 
 
 The latter, 
 
 The Rev. Wtlijam Hutton, ■ricar of Betham, who built Cap- 
 pleside House, near Betham, and fixed his residence there. He 
 married Lucy, third daughter and co-heir (by Mary, his wife, 
 daughter of Oliver Marton, Esq., of Lancaster), of Eigby 
 Molynoux, Esq., il.P. for I'reston, only son of Thomas iloly- 
 ncux, Esq., of Preston, by Mary, his wife, daughter of Gilbert 
 ilundy, Esq., of AUestree, co. Derby, and grandson of Sir John 
 Molyneux, Bart., of Teversall, by Lacy, his wife, daughter of 
 -Vlexander P.igby, Esq., of Middleton, one of tlie barons of the 
 Exchequer, and died in 1811, having had two sons, 
 
 I. Thomas Molyneux, who died unmarried on 20th May, 1796. 
 n. William. 
 
 The latter, 
 
 WnxiAJi Hutton, Esq., of Overthwaite, was bom 28th May, 
 1781 ; he married, ICth June, 1803, Catherine, daughter of 
 Edward Pedder, Esq., of Bishham Lodge, and Preston, co. 
 Lancaster, and had issue, 
 
 I William, in holy orders, now vicar of Betham: married Mar- 
 garet Denton, daughter of James BramoU Toosey, Esq., of 
 Lynn Begis, and has issue, 
 
 1. William James. 
 
 1. Catherine Mary. 
 
 2. Margaret Toosey. 
 
 3. Lucy Elizabeth. 
 
 4. Frances June. 
 
 II. Edward. 
 
 III. Thomas, deceased. 
 
 IV. George, Royal Artillery, deceased. 
 V. Molyneux, deceased. 
 
 VI. James. 
 
 VII. Charles, JI.D., married Henrietta, daughter of Dr. Sevmonr, 
 
 of Charles-street, Belgrave Square. 
 VIII. Richard. 
 
 I. Margaret, married to the Kev. William Mnson, A.Sf., vicar of 
 NuraiaiitiMi. 
 
 II. Eleanor, married to William Brayshay, Esq., of Bradford. 
 
 III. Catherine. 
 
 IV. Isabella Jane, married to the Rev. James Cookson, incumbent 
 
 of Marlon parsonage, near Blackpool. 
 
 Mr. Hutton died in ISj'i, and his widow now bos tbe family 
 property. 
 
 Arms. — Arg., on a fesse, sa., three bucks' heads, caboshed, or. 
 Ciett. — losuout from a tower, ppr. three arrows, so. 
 
 FARLETOX. 
 
 Farleton comprises 1,173 acres ; its rateable \-alue is 
 f l.-lOl 2s. Pid. The number of iulnbitants in 1801 
 was 92; in 1811, 103 : in 18-31, l(i2; in 1831, 90; 
 
 'Roger Crowle was elile-<t son of Georgi' Crowle, Esq., of Hull, by 
 Eleanor, his wdc, daugbter of Lowlhcr of Swillingtou.
 
 820 
 
 KENDAL "WARD. 
 
 in 1*^-41, 1]!^ ; and in 1851, 111. It is intersected by 
 the Kendal and Lancaster canal. 
 
 Eichard I. granted to Gilbert, son of Roger Fitz- 
 Eeinfred, and his heirs, four carucates of laud in Farle- 
 ton, re-leasing to him at the same time the rents of all 
 his lands in Westmoreland and Kendal, and amongst the 
 rest, the rents of the market of Ivciidal, the forest of 
 Kendal, and the lands of Preston, Farleton, and Lup- 
 ton. In 1375, at the same time that Ixalph de Betham 
 held the manor of Betham of Joan de Coupland, 
 Nicholas de Havcrington held of the said Ealph the 
 manor of Farleton as of the manor of Betham. The 
 Haveringtons seemed to have continued in possession 
 of Farleton till the fall of Richard III., when Henry 
 VII. granted the manor to the Stanleys. After this 
 we find the manor of Farleton in the hands of the 
 Buttons, one of whom, in 1693, sold the tenements to 
 freehold, so that each landowner now possesses the 
 manorial rights and privileges of his own property. The 
 principal landowners are the executors of the late Rev. 
 George Cartmel, the late William Cartmel, the late John 
 Atkinson, the late Alderman Thompson, and the Rev. 
 Jeffrey Hebden. The tithes of the township have 
 been commuted for £95, which is paid to the corpora- 
 tion of Kendal, but varies according to the state of the 
 market. George E. Wilson, Esq., of Dallam Tower, 
 receives £1 14s. 4^d. in lieu of the hay tithes ; and the 
 e.KCcutofs of the late George and William Cartmel 
 £5 8s. 2d. in lieu of lamb and wool tithes. 
 
 The village of Farleton is three miles east of Miln- 
 thorpe. Aikebank and Ovcrthwaite are hamlets in this 
 township. 
 
 Farleton Knot is a lofty scar of limestone rock, which 
 rises above the village, and on its summit are no less 
 than seven springs. Some stones found on this hUl 
 are said to possess musical properties. 
 
 Knot Cottage, the residence of Mrs. Cartmel, has 
 been in the occupation of the family for centuries. The 
 house occupied by Mr. Scott bears the date of 1G50, 
 and contains some beautifully-carved oak furniture of 
 the same date. 
 
 HAVEEBR.A.CK. 
 
 The area of Haverbrack is 923 acres. Its popula- 
 tion in 1801 was 93; in IBJl, 105; in 1821, 127; 
 in 1831, 120; inlS4I,117; and in 1851, 101. The 
 greater portion of this township is included in the 
 demesne attached to Dallam Tower. It comprises the 
 parish church, a portion of the village of Betham, and 
 a hamlet of its own name. 
 
 Haverbrack, like the other portions of the parish, 
 belonged to the barons of Kendal, and seems to have 
 
 been included in the manor of Betham. Lands here 
 were given by Ivo de Tailbois to different religious 
 houses. Margaret de Ross gave Haverbrack Hall and 
 the demesne lands to Conishcad Priory, to which they 
 continued attached till 1545-6, when they were granted 
 by Henry VIII. to William Thornburgh, to hold of the 
 king, in capite, by the twentieth part of one knight's 
 fee, and a yearly rent of 18s. 3d. By an inquisition 
 taken in 1G09, it is found that the said William Thorn- 
 burgh died seised of the capital messuage called Dallam 
 Tower, with sixty acres of land ; six other messuages, 
 with 100 acres of land and other property. Another 
 part of Haverbrack belonged to the Prestons. The 
 manor was subsequently purchased by three mining 
 adventurers, who expected to find hero a lead mine. 
 It was afterwards sold to Henry Parker, whose suc- 
 cessor, William Parker, Esq., sold it to Edward Wilson, 
 Esq., an ancestor of the present proprietor, George 
 Edward Wilson, Esq., besides whom Captain Atkinson 
 has an estate here. Arbitrary fines arc paid by such 
 of the tenants as are not enfranchised. 
 
 The hamlet of Haverbrack is half a mile north-west 
 of Betham. The Rev. John Iluttou, late vicar of 
 Kendal, and for many years fellow and tutor of Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, was a native of this township. 
 
 Dallam Tower, the seat of the lord of the manor, is 
 situated near the confluence of the Kent and Belo. The 
 original edifice was erected by AViUiam Thornburgh, 
 Esq., out of the ruins of an old tower which formerly 
 stood here, and from which the present structure 
 derives its name. The present elegant mansion was 
 erected in 1720 by Daniel Wilson, Esq., but has been 
 much enlarged, improved, and ornamented by his suc- 
 cessors. The park was planted about the same time, 
 and has now a grove of fine old oaks, and abounds 
 with deer. 
 
 Wilson of Jlnllitm S^ototr. 
 
 This family has been of note in Westmoreland for 
 several centuries past. 
 
 Edwaed Wilson, Esq., of Nether Levins, in tiat county, 
 founded and endowed the grammar school of Heversham (m 
 wliich parish Nether Levins is situate), about the reign of 
 James L 
 
 Edwam) Wilson, Esq., of Heversham Hall, son of Thomas 
 Wilson of Kendal, (by Dorothy, his wife, daughter of Henry 
 Fisher of Bradleyfiekl), and grandson of Thomas Wilson, Esq., 
 of Staveley Hall, in Kendal, who died about i O'il, married, Istly, 
 Jane, daughter of Gawen Brathwaite, Esq., of Ambleside, and 
 by her had issue, 
 
 I. Edward. 
 
 I. Elizabeth, married to Philip, only son of Edwaid Swetenham 
 of Somerford, co. Chester.
 
 WITHEESLACK CHAPELRY. 
 
 821 
 
 Mr. Wilson married, 2ndly, Dorothy, daughter of Richard Kirkby, 
 of Kirkby Hall, iu Famess, by whom he had issue, 
 
 I. Roger, bom in 1003, ancestor of William WiUon Cams Wil- 
 son, Esij., of Cos tenon Hull, formerly M. P. lor Cockerinouth. 
 
 Jlr. Wilson died in July, 1707, aged eighty-nine, and was 
 succeeded by his son, 
 
 Edwaiid Wir.sON, Esq., of Dallam Tower, who married 
 Catherine, daughter and co-heir of Sir Daniel Fleming, Knt., of 
 Rydal, co. Westmoreland, and left at his decease, 0th February, 
 171!)-ao, aged sixty-nine, a son and heir, 
 
 Daxiei, Wilson, Esq., of Dallam Tower, M.P. for Westmore- 
 land and high sheriff of Lancashire, 1727. He raan-ied Elizabeth, 
 daughter of William Crowle, Esq., of Hull, and died 31st May, 
 1754, aged 74, having had issue, 
 
 III. 
 I, 
 
 Edward, his heir. 
 
 Ueorge, colonel Ist Foot Guards, bom l''Z'}; married Anne 
 Sjbill, daughter and heir of Allan Harrison, Esq., and bad 
 a daughter, who died young. 
 
 Thomas, borrister-at-law. 
 
 Dorothy, married, lK:)il, to the Rev. Williom Fleming, arch- 
 deacon of Carlisle, only son of tbc lUglit Rev. Sir George 
 Fleming, Biu:t, bishop of Carlisle. 
 
 The eldest son, 
 
 Edward Whson, Esq., of Dallam Tower, married, lOtli Tune, 
 1740, Dorothy, eldest daughter and co-heir of Sir William Flem- 
 ing, Bart., of Itydal, and had issue, 
 
 I. Daniel, his heir, 
 n. William. 
 III. Edward. 
 
 I. Dorothy, married, Dec. 21st, 1773, to Richard Watson, D.D., 
 
 bisbiip of Llauda£ 
 
 II. Elizabeth. 
 
 III. Barbara, died unmarried. 
 
 IV. Margaret, died unmarried. 
 
 V. Cbarlottc, married to Charles Gibson, Esq., of Quemmore 
 
 I'urk. 
 
 Mr. Wilson died 1704, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 Daniel Wilson, Esq., of Dallam Tower, who married, fii-stly. 
 
 Beatrix, only daughter of Samuel Egerton, Esq., of Tatton Park, 
 Cheshire, which lady died without issue, 1770; and secondly, 
 17th July, 1780, Sarah, only daughter and heir of Samuel Harper, 
 Esq., of Heath, co. York, by whom he left at his decease, 11th 
 November, 1824, aged 78, two daughters, 
 
 I. Sarah, wife of George Smyth, Esq. 
 
 11. Amie, married, 8lh June 1812, to Sir Robert Howe Bromley, 
 Bart, 
 
 The elder daughter and co-heiress, 
 
 Sarah Wilson, married, as already stated, in 1811, George 
 Smyth, Esq., heut.-colonel in the Guards, second son of the 
 Right Hon. John Smyth of Heath Hall, co. York, 5I.P., by 
 the Lady Georgina, his wife, eldest daughter of Augustus Henry 
 Duke of Grafton. On his marriage. Colonel Smyth took the 
 name and arms of Wilson. The issue was, 
 
 I. George, now of Dallam Tower. 
 
 II. Charles Henry, in holy ordcre. 
 IU. Frederick John, married. 
 
 I. Maria Laura, Mrs. Hare. 
 II. Georgiana, deceased. 
 
 HI. Sarah Maria, deceased. 
 IV. Frances, deceased. 
 
 Colonel Wilson died 3rd March, 1853, and was succeeded by his 
 eldest son, 
 
 George Edward Wilson, Esq., of Dallam Tower, born 17th 
 November, 181.5; married 3rd March, 1842, Gortruda Mary, 
 daughter of William Hutton, Esq., of Huttou Park, co. Lan- 
 caster, and has issue, 
 
 I. George Crowle, born 23rd April, 1816. 
 
 II. Charles Henry, born 28th December, 1847. 
 HI. Edward Hugh, born 3rd February, 1849. 
 
 T. Gertrude Sophia. 
 11. Emily Sarah. 
 
 -Irms. — .4rg., three wolves' beads, conped, sa., guttee de sang. 
 Cnsl. — .4 crescent, or, issuing dames of hre, ppr. 
 
 WITHEIISL.\CK CHAPELRY. 
 
 Tnis chapelry is separated into two divisions, called Eitst and West Sides, by a long and lofty scar of mountain 
 limestone. It comprises the townships of Witheislack, and Meathop and Ulpha, the population of whi.-li is almost 
 entirely agricultural. There aro a number of turf labourers. 
 
 to Sir Thomas Broughton of liroughton Tower, and on 
 his forfeiture, for taking part with Lambert Simnel, it 
 was granted by the same monarch to Sir Tliomas 
 Stanley, first earl of Derby, to whose descendant, the 
 present lord, it still belongs, though it was many years 
 witliheld by the Laybouriies and Withams, the hidl and 
 demesne having been seized by Oliver Cromwell, who 
 conveyed them to John Laybourne, Esq., of Cunswick, 
 for £130. Tho earl holds a manor court yearly at the 
 Derby Arms, on the second Tucsilay after ANHiiisuutide. 
 
 WITHERSLACK. 
 
 Tho area of this township is t.CiSO acres ; its rateable 
 value is i;i,'.l(iO Is. Td. Tho population in ISOl was 
 300; in 1811, 355; 1821, 477; in 1831, 488; in 
 1841,489; and in 1851,487. 
 
 The manor of Witherslack belonged to the Harring- 
 ton family, one of whom, .Tohn do llurrington, in 1340, 
 obtained a charter of free warren in this manor. On 
 tho attainder of tho Harringtons after tho battle of 
 IJoswortU Field, the manor was granted by Hcniy VII.
 
 822 
 
 KENDAL WARD. 
 
 The landow-ners are the Earl of Derby; J. B. Thorn- 
 borrow, Esq.; and George E. Wilson, Esq. The hall, 
 which is now occupied as a farm-house, was formerly 
 the seat of the Layhoumes, and had then a well-stocked 
 deer park. The fishery in the river Belo belongs to 
 the Earl of Derby, Mrs. Howard, and George E. 
 Wilson, Esq. 
 
 Witherslack, Foulshaw, Low Wood, aud Townend, 
 are hamlets in this township, distant from two aud a 
 hah" to live miles north-west of Milnthorpo. 
 
 THE CUAPEL. 
 
 Witherslack chapel, dedicated to St. Paul, consists 
 of a nave, chancel, and square tower with throe bells. 
 It was erected by Dr. John Barwick, dean of St. Paul's, 
 who, in IGGl, bequeathed the impropriate rectory of 
 Lazonby, iu Cumberland, for that purpose, aud also 
 for allowing a curate, who should teach the children of 
 the chapelry gratis, the sum of £26, together with £i 
 a. year for the repairs of the chapel, 403. yearly to the 
 vicar of Lazonby, aud £10 a year for binding poor boys 
 apprentices, or marrying deserving poor maids within 
 the chapelry. To this bequest, liis brother, Peter Bar- 
 wick, M.D., physician in ordinary to Charles II., added 
 the demesne and hall of Harosceugh, near Kirkoswald, 
 in Cumberland. But these allowances, which were 
 then worth little more than £40 a year, having been 
 greatly augmented, in consequence of the increased 
 value of property, now produce upwards of £400 per 
 annum, and the trustees have been enabled to procure 
 at different times augmentations to the chapel from 
 Queen Anne's Bounty, and to give dowries with 
 deserving brides, amounting sometimes to £-30 or £40 
 each. In 1740 and 1759 it received two augmentations 
 from Queen Anne's Bounty amounting to £400, to meet 
 a subscription to the same amount contributed by the 
 trustees of Dr. Barwick, the e.^ecutors of Commissary 
 Stratford, aud the Piev. John Hunter, who was then 
 curate and schoolmaster. The whole £800 was soon 
 afterwards invested in property. The income of the 
 curate is now worth about £90 a year. The trustees 
 of Dr. Johu Barwick's Charity appoint the minister; 
 formerly the vicar of Betham appointed, but he appears 
 to have forfeited his claim by not having exercised the 
 right for a period of about sixty years. At the east 
 end of the chapel is a marble tablet raised in memory 
 of Dr. John Barwick. There are also the arms of Dr. 
 Barwick and the Earl of Derby. The rites of marriage, 
 baptism, aud burial are performed in this chapel. The 
 registers commence about the year 1031. 
 
 Ikcdsibents. — John Hunter was minister in 1750; John 
 Dawson, 1778; W. J. Woodcock, 1843; Thomas M. Toatle- 
 thwaite, 1846. 
 
 The parsonage was erected in 1841, at a cost of 
 about £500. 
 
 In addition to the boys' school founded by Dr. Bar- 
 wick, the trustees, in 1824, erected a girls' school. 
 The endowment of Dr. Barwick was both for the clergy- 
 man and schoolmaster — both olfices being held together. 
 The master is now allowed £05 a year ; the mistress 
 £40. Nearly 100 children are educated: fifty in the 
 boys' school and fifty in the girls'. 
 
 Dean Baruick's Charity. — The particulars of this 
 charity have been given in connection witli the chapel. 
 The annual income is about £400. 
 
 SimjKon's Ground Estate. — It appears, by an endorse- 
 ment upon an indenture, dated 14th March, 1755, that 
 the following donations and legacies were given by 
 different persons to the j)oor of Witherslack : — ]3y — 
 Brockbank, .£5 ; Christopher Crossfield and Joseph 
 Barson, £17; Piobert Allinson, £3; Francis Bowes, 
 £2 ; John Bowes, £10 ; Mary Chamney, £0 13s. 4d. ; 
 Piobert Barwick, £60 ; John Wilson, £15 ; Francis 
 AVilson, £10; unknown, £1 6s. Sd. : total, £130. 
 With this sum lands were purchased in Cartmel parish, 
 which bear the name of Simpson's Ground, the rental 
 of which, amouuting to £1 5 a year, is given to the poor 
 of the township. 
 
 A small portion of a charity, arising from laud in the 
 county of Durham, falls to the poor of Witherslack and 
 Meathop. 
 
 About a mile from Witherslack chapel is a spring, 
 known as the Holy Well. 
 
 Halsout, the residence of John B. Wanklyn, Esq., 
 is a handsome mansion at the foot of Yewbarrow Scar, 
 erected in 1847, at a cost of £2,000. It commands 
 picturesque views of the surrounding country. Fell 
 End, said to be the birthplace of Deau Barwick, is now 
 the seat of J. B. Thornborrow, Esq. 
 
 MEATUOP AND ULPHA. 
 
 This township, which includes Holme Island, in 
 Morecamhe Bay, comprises an area of 3,501 acres ; 
 and its rateable value is £810 17s. Cd. The number 
 of inhabitants in 1801 was 90; in 1811, 79 ; in 1821, 
 82 ; in 1831, 86 ; iu 1841, 87 ; and in 1S51, 78. The 
 manorial rights are possessed by the Earl of Derby, 
 who holds courts at Witherslack annually in Whit- 
 week. The landowners are J. B. Thornborrow, John 
 Bon-ow, James Borrow, Margaret Borrow, Rev. E. 
 Townley, Piov. WiUiam Hutton, aud the executors of
 
 GEASMEEE PARISH. 
 
 823 
 
 the late Robert AV right. There is a large quantity 
 of bog in this township, from which the inhabitants 
 obtain turf, the oulv fuel they use. 
 
 The hamlets of Meathop and Ulpha lie on the north 
 side of the estuary of the Kent, from three to four miles 
 west-by-south of Miliithorpe. 
 
 GRASMERE PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north and west by Cumberland, on the south by Lancashire, and on the east 
 by the parish of Windermere and the chapelry of Patterdale. It comprises one of the most picturesque and 
 beautiful districts in the region of the lakes, iu which it occupies an almost central position. Grasmere, Rydal, Elter- 
 water, Easdale, Coldale, Blea, and Stickle, are all within its boundaries, as are also the rivers Brathay and Eotha, 
 the falls of Stockgill, Dungeongill, Rydal, and the Force, and the mountains of Fairfield, Langdale Pikes, and many 
 others. At the south-western extremity is Wrynose, upon the summit of which tlie counties of Westmoreland, 
 Cumberland, and Lancashire form a junction, at the Three Shire Stones. Tlie parish abounds with slate. It com- 
 prises the townships of Grasmere, Ambleside, Great and Little Langdale, and Rydal and Loughrigg, whose united 
 area is 22,100 acres. The inhabitants attend Kendal market. 
 
 occupied by oaken benches, and the floor strewed with 
 
 GRASMERE. 
 
 The area of Grasmere township is 7,CI5 acres, and 
 its rateable value JL"2,441. The population in 1801 was 
 270; in ISll,2G5;inl821, 32-i; in 1831, 315; and 
 in 1851, 4-15. 
 
 The manor of Grasmere was formerly included in 
 that of Windermere. It first appears as a distinct 
 manor in the 14th Elizabeth (1571-2), when after the 
 death of William Parr, marquis of Northampton, the 
 inquisition finds that ho died seised of the manor of 
 Grasmere, and of divers messuages, lands, and tenements 
 there. The manor is of the Richmond and marquis 
 fees of Kendal barony, and is held under the Earl of 
 Lonsdale by customary tenants, who pay a small fine 
 on the change of lord or tenant, and heriots when 
 widows come into possession. The landowners are 
 John Green, son., Thomas Dawson, James Fleming, 
 George Patridge, Ralph H. Alcock, and James Y. 
 Greenwood. The village of Grasmere is delightfully 
 situated in a fertile and higldy-cultivated vale, on the 
 north side of the lake from which its name is derived, 
 nearly four miles north-west-by-west of Ambleside. A 
 sheep fair is held here on the first Tuesday in Septem- 
 ber. To the rear of the village is Ilelme Crag, a lofty 
 eminence, rising like a wedge from the valley. From its 
 summit an extensive and delightful prospect may bo 
 obtained. 
 
 TUE CHtmcR. 
 
 Grasmere church, dedicated to St. Oswald, consists 
 of nave, witli aisles, south porch, and clionccl. Tho 
 tower is square and embattled, and contains three bells. 
 There is a stoup for holy water in tho south aisle of the 
 chancel, wluch was found lower doNvn m the wall, 
 covered with plaster. The doors arc ornanionted with 
 old iron scroll work. The interior is daik and gloomy. 
 
 rushes, which are renewed with much rejoicing every 
 summer. A sepulchral brass commemorates three 
 sisters of the Le Fleming family, and mural monu- 
 ments various members of the Kearsley, Knott, and 
 other families. The monument which first arrests tho 
 stranger's attention is a medallion portrait of the poet 
 Wordsworth, accompanied by an inscription adapted from 
 a dedication of Mr. Keble's. The simple and modest 
 tombstone in the churchyard will please him better. 
 At present it bears only the name of the poet — in his 
 case an all-sufScient memorial ; but it is understood 
 that some dates and other particulars will be filled in 
 hereafter. Beside him lie his daughter, and next to 
 her her husband — whose first wife is next him on the 
 other side. Some other children of Wordsworth, who 
 died young, and one grandchild, are buried near. Close 
 behind the family group lies Hartley Coleridge, at 
 whoso funeral the white-haired A\'ordsworth attended, 
 not very long before his own death. This spot, under 
 the yews, beside the gushing Rothay, and tucircled by 
 green mountains, is a fitting resting-place for the poet 
 of the region. He chose it himself : and every one 
 rejoices th;it he did. When the church of Kendal was 
 appropriated to the abbey of St. Mary at York, Gras- 
 mere church, then a chapel to Kendal, was appointed 
 to pay to the abbey i.'! i:is. 4d. ; but it continued in 
 the patronage of Ingleram de Grnes and Christian, his 
 wife. Iu l:17t) tho living was valued at i*li>, and was 
 iu the patronage of Joan do Conplund. In the King's 
 Book Grasmere is said to be worth C2>' lis. 5*d. 
 After the suppression of tho niouaateries, the patronage 
 W!is given to tho Bellinghams, one of whom, Alan de 
 Dcllingham, in l.")73-4, sold it for £100 to William 
 Fleming, Escj.. of Kydal, from whom it has descended 
 to Lady le Fleming, the present patron. The living is
 
 824 
 
 KENDAL WAED. 
 
 BOW worth about £148 a year. The tithes have been 
 commuted. The parish register commences in 1570. 
 
 KECTons. — Hugh Ashton, resigned in 1511 ; John Frost, 
 
 1511 : William Holgill, 1521 ; Ambrose occurs 1685 ; 
 
 Tliomas Jackson, 1809 ; Sir Richard le Fleming, 1823 ; Fletcher 
 Fleming, 1857. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 The School. — M. Ambrose, rector of Grasmere, in 
 1685 endowed the school with £30 ; Anthony Dawsou 
 also gave £7, the interest to be applied towards the 
 support of a schoolmaster; and William Waters £80 
 for the same purpose. In 1812 Mrs. Dorothy Knott 
 left £100 Navy Three-per-cents, for the education of 
 five poor children of Grasmere school. These various 
 sums have been invested and now produce £13 a year. 
 The school-house is a neat commodious building, erected 
 in 1834, at a cost of about £400. It possesses accom- 
 modation for 100 children, and has an average attend- 
 ance of sixty-five. The trustees arc the rector and 
 seven sidesmen. 
 
 Poor Moneij. — In the return made to parliament in 
 1780, it is stated, amongst the charitable donations 
 for the poor of Grasmere, that Edward Patridge, in 
 1740, left £5 ; John Watson, in 1752, £3 ; Edward 
 Benson, in 1734, £6 I3s. 4d. ; unknown, £33 Os. 8d.: 
 making in all £30. The interest of this money is 
 geiierally given away on St. Thomas' Day amongst 
 the poor of Grasmere township. 
 
 Holme's and Waters' Gift. — John Holme, in 1777, 
 left by will, £200 to the poor of Grasmere. This will 
 
 was never executed ; but William Waters, brother-in- 
 law of Joini Holme, paid the £200 to the intent that 
 the charity should take ciTect after his own and his 
 wife's death. This money is now out at interest, which 
 is distributed at Lady Day, yearly, to poor persons not 
 receiving parish relief. 
 
 This township contains numerous handsome resi- 
 dences, which impart a pleasing variety to the beautiful 
 scenery of the neighbourhood. 
 
 AMBLESIDE ABOVE STOCK. 
 
 The township and chapelry of Ambleside extends 
 into the parishes of Grasmere and Windermere, and 
 will be found fully described in our account of the latter 
 pai-ish. The portion of the chapelry in Grasmere 
 parish comprises 1,583 acres, and its rateable value is 
 £2,847 16s. 3d. Itcontainediu 1841, 531 inhabitants ; 
 and in 1831, 766, who are chiefly resident in the town 
 or village of Ambleside. Many of the inhabitants are 
 engaged in the bobbin manufacture. The township is 
 included in the Earl of Lonsdale's manor of Winder- 
 mere. The landowners are James C. Wilson, Esq. ; 
 Kichard L. Watson, Esq. ; William Pratt, Esq. ; the 
 executors of the late Thomas Newton, Esq. ; John 
 Mackereth, Esq.; Benson Harrison, Esq.; and several 
 small proprietors. Ambleside HaU, long the seat of 
 the ancient family of Braithwaites, the progenitors of 
 the Braithwaites of Warcop and Burnside, stood near 
 the junction of the Keswick and Penrith roads. 
 
 LANGDALE CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry comprises Great and Little Langdale, an 
 the north by tlie township of Grasmere, on the east by 
 Lancashire, and on the west by Cumberland. 
 
 The area of Langdale is 7,702 acres, and its rateable 
 value £1,337. The population in 180] was 300; in 
 1811, 297; in 1821, 317; in 1831, 314; in 1841, 
 442; and in 1831, 530; who are principallj' resident 
 in the different hamlets. Agriculture is the chief 
 employment ; but about ninety of the inhabitants are 
 engaged in the Elterwater gunpowder manufactory and 
 the slate quarries. 
 
 In 1373-0 Joan de Coupland died seised of the manor 
 of Windermere, with its members and appurtenances, 
 and amongst the rest the hamlet of Langdale. In the 
 14th Elizabeth (1571-2) WilUam Parr, marquis of 
 Northampton, died seised of the manor of Langdale, 
 and of divers messuages and tenements in Langdale ; 
 
 J the manor and demesne of Baysbrown. It is bounded on 
 the joint township of liydal and Loughrigg, on the south by 
 
 and in the particulars of the dower assigned to his 
 widow mention is made of Langdale, the total yearly 
 rent of which is said to be £3 6s. lOd. When Queen 
 Catherine's survey was made in 1077, the amount of 
 customary rents ai-ising from her lands here was 
 £5 4s. lid. Great Langdale is now held under the 
 crown by the Earl of Lonsdale as part of the manor of 
 Windermere. 
 
 Little Langdale was long held by the Pcnningtons 
 of JIuncaster, who sold most of the tenements to free- 
 hold about the year 1092. The rest of the lordship 
 was afterwards purchased by the Phihpsons of Calgarth 
 Park. 
 
 Baysbrown, within Langdale chapelry, was given by
 
 LANGDALE CHAPELRY. 
 
 825 
 
 William de Lancaster, baron of Kendal, to Conishead 
 Priory, in Lancashire, but after the suppression of the 
 inouiistic institutions, tlie chief part of the tenements 
 was purchased by Gaweu Braithwaite, and the demesne 
 subsequently became the property of John Atkinson, 
 Esq., of Cockermouth. It now belongs to Benson 
 Harrison, Esq., of Ambleside. 
 
 The landowners are Benson Harrison, Esq. ; R. L. 
 Watson, Esq.; the Elterwater Gunpowder Company; 
 the Rev. Fletcher Fleming ; John llobinson, Esq.; and 
 a number of small proprietors. 
 
 The village of Great Langdale is five miles west of 
 Ambleside. 
 
 THE cHcncn. 
 
 Langdale church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, is a 
 neat Gothic edifice, at the foot of Silverhow, erected 
 in 1 857, within the old chapelyard, at a cost of £1 ,000, 
 defrayed by John Robinson, Esq., of Elterwater Place, 
 and Edward B. Wheatley, Esq , of High Close, 
 Loughrigg. It comprises nave, chancel, and square 
 embattled tower, in which is a peal of si.x bells. The 
 church contains 300 sittings, the whole of which are 
 free. The chancel is laid with encaustic tiles of various 
 patterns. The ancient salary of the curate was £G Is. 3d. 
 a }'ear, but siuce 1743 the living has been augmented 
 from Queen Anne's Bounty with the sum of £800, with 
 which four small estates have been purchased. In 18 13 
 it received a further augmentation of £28 yearly ; so that 
 the living is now worth about £104 a year. All the 
 rites of the Church of England are performed here. 
 The patronage is vested in the rector of Grasmere for 
 the time being. 
 
 iNcr.MBr.NTS. — Richard Steele, ; Thomas Jackson, ; 
 
 William Jackson, his son, ; Dauid Green, ; Owen 
 
 LloyJ, ; Stephen Birkett, . 
 
 The parsonage is a commodious house, erected in 
 1 845, at a cost of £400, one half of which was obtained 
 from the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty, the 
 remainder being raised by local subscription. 
 
 Tlie school was erected in IH04, by the Elterwater 
 ( lunpowder Company, in consideration of a piece of land 
 liaving been given them for the use of their mill. It 
 was endowed in 1854 by the late John Braithwaite, Esq., 
 of Orrest Head, Wimlcnnoro, with tl,(KiO, tlio interest 
 of which, with the pence of the children, is its only 
 support. The average attendance of scholars is about 
 fifty. 
 
 Elterwater village, in this township, is four and a 
 
 half miles west of Ambleside. Elterwater lake is also 
 
 in this township. The gunpowder works hero were 
 
 commeucod in 1824. There are olso three slate quarries. 
 
 99 
 
 Elterwater Hall and High Close are handsome 
 residences. 
 
 CU.illlTIES. 
 
 Wastlale's Charity. — Robert Wasdale, by will, dated 
 IQth January, 1055, gave £20 to the poor of the 
 chapelry of Langdale, the interest to be divided amongst 
 the poor on Easter Sunday. 
 
 Busk Bent Charge. — There is a rent charge of five 
 shillings payable out of an estate called Busk, in Little 
 Langdale, which has long been given to the poor. 
 
 Bridye End Charittj. — By indenture, dated December 
 4th, 1746, Dorothy and Mary Benson, in consideration 
 of £51 4s. poor stock, paid over by the churchwardens 
 and overseers of Langdale, conveyed several closes of 
 laud, near Hall Garth, in Tibberthwaitc, Lancashire, 
 and sixteen cattlegates on Tibberthwaitc Fell, with 
 other appurtenances, upon trust, for the benefit of the 
 poor of Langdale. In 1850 an act of parliament was 
 obtained for the enclosure of Tibberthwaitc Fell. John 
 Robinson, Esq., of Elterwater Hall, purchased the 
 si.xteen cattlegates, &c., belonging to the poor of Lang- 
 dale, for £200, which sum has been invested in one of 
 the government funds. This chanty is now worth 
 about £13 a year, and the amount is divided amongst 
 the jjoor, by the trustees, at Easter and Christmas in 
 each year. 
 
 Broclibank's Gift. — John Brockbank gave £20, the 
 interest to be divided amongst poor housekeepers of 
 this township at Christmas. 
 
 Sawrey's Gift. — Miles Sawrey, by will, dated 17th 
 ilarch, 1774, bequeathed to trustees the sum of £Q0, the 
 interest of which he directed should be distributed on 
 the anniversary of the day of his decease amongst four 
 poor widows of Langdale, of the Church of England, 
 aud not in receipt of parish relief. 
 
 HYD.VL AND LOriillRIGG. 
 
 This township comprises an area of 5,200 acres, and 
 its rateable value is £1,861 15s. The number of 
 inhabitants in 1801 was 230 ; in 1811, 275 : in 1821, 
 2'J9 ; in 1831, 315; in 1841, 343; aud in 1851, 388; 
 who are chielly resident in tho village of Rydal and 
 the hamlet of Loughrigg. 
 
 The manor of Rydid was granted to Roger de Lancas- 
 ter by Margaret do Brus, widow of Robert de Ross of 
 Wark, and sister and one of the co-heirs of Peter 
 do Brus, who married Helwise, sister and co-heir of 
 the third William de Lancaster, baron of Kendal. This 
 grant was confirmed by Edward I. in 1271. Roger 
 do Lancaster had three sous — John, William, and 
 Christoidier, from tho latter of whom came tho Lancas- 
 tcrs of Sockbridge. John, the eldest, died in 1315,
 
 sae 
 
 KENDAL WABD. 
 
 \rithout issue male, wlien the inheritance was trans- 
 ferred by entail to John dc Lancaster, of Hovcgill 
 Castle, the next heir male being son and heir of the 
 second brother, William. This John de Lancaster of 
 Ilowgill and Rydal died in 1351, leaving issue Sir 
 AViUiam de Lancaster, whose grandson. Sir John de 
 Lancaster, appears to have been living in 1437. He 
 died without issue male, leaving four daughters, the 
 second of whom, Isabel, became the wife of Sir Thomas 
 le Fleming, Knt., of Coniston, with whom he had 
 Eydal, aud it has since continued to be held by his 
 descendants. Lady le Fleming being the present pos- 
 sessor of the manorial rights and privileges. The prin- 
 cipal landowners are Lady le Fleming ; R. T. Branton, 
 Esq. ; Miss Cookson ; and Edward Bury, Esq. 
 
 Rydal Hall stands in the midst of a pai'k containing 
 great numbers of forest trees. The celebrated water- 
 falls are within the park. The fall below the house is 
 beheld from the window of an old summer-bouse. 
 "Here," says Mason, the biographer of Gray, "nature 
 has performed everything in little, which she usually 
 executes on her larger scale ; and, on that account, like 
 the miniature painter, seems to have finished every part 
 of it in a studied manner ; not a little fragment of 
 rock thrown into the Lasin, — not a single stem of 
 brushwood that starts from its craggy sides, but has its 
 picturesque meaning; and the little central stream, 
 dashing down a cleft of the darkest coloured stone, 
 produces an effect of light and shade beautiful beyond 
 description." 
 
 ^kmiitg of Jlgbal. 
 The first of this family on record is 
 
 Sir MicnAEL le Flebixo, Knt., a kinsman of Baldwin, the 
 fifth earl of rianders, who being sent to assist William the 
 Xorman, Baldwin's brother iu-Iaw, was some years afterwards 
 employed by the successful monarch against the Scots upon 
 the borders; for which, and other serrices, he obtained the 
 castle of Gleaston, the manor of Aldingham, and other lands in 
 Furness, together with the castle of Carnarvon, the lordship and 
 manor of Beckermet, and other estates in Cumberland. He 
 died shortly after 1 153, and was interred in the abbey church 
 of Fm'ness. His second son, 
 
 Sir EicH.u!D LE Fleming, Knt., was the ancestor of the 
 Flemings of Eydal. He died in the reign of £ing John, and 
 was succeeded by his only son and iieir. 
 
 Sir John le Flemixg, Knt, of Beckermet, who, by a deed 
 without date, conveyed to his son Kichard all his lands in Coup- 
 land. He also gave the patronage of the church of Arlecdon and 
 land in Great Beckermet to the abbey of Calder in 1241-2. He 
 died in the reign of Henry III. and was buried in the abbey 
 chturch of Calder. He was succeeded by his son and heir, 
 
 Su: EicHAED LE Fleuixg, Knt., of Beckermet. This gentle- 
 man married Klizabeth, sister and heir of Adam dc Ursnick and 
 John de Urswick, by which marriage he became lord of the 
 
 manor of Coniston, in Lancashire. After this marriage tlic 
 family removed to Coniston Hall and Carnar\on Castle, the old 
 residence at Beckermet was allowed to fall into decay and ruin, 
 the demesne lands being let to the customary tenants. Sir 
 Kichard was succeeded by his son and heir, 
 
 John le Flejiino, Knt., of Coniston, who in 1200 took 
 part in the expedition then made into Scotland. He had issuo 
 two sons, Raincrus and Hugh, the former of whom succeeded 
 his father. 
 
 Rainebus le Flemixg, Knt., of Coniston, gave to the com- 
 munity of St. Mary's at York, two oxgangs of land in Rottington, 
 and also one villein in the same town. This Bainerus appears 
 to have been a royal purveyor in these parts, as he is known as 
 Kainerus Dapifcr. He left issue. 
 
 Sir John le Fleming, Knt., of Coniston, who had issue two 
 sons and a daughter. The eldest son, 
 
 WiLUAM LE Flemiso, of Conistou, died withont issue either 
 before his father or soon afterwards, for 
 
 Sir John le Fleming, Knt., of Coniston, appears to have 
 been heir to his father in 1333. By an inquisition taken at 
 Ulverstone, alter the death of this Sir John, it appears that ho 
 deceased in 1353, and that 
 
 Sir Richard le Fleming, Knt., of Coniston, was his son and 
 heir. He had also another son, Robert le Fleming. Sir Richard 
 manied Catherine, daughter, or sister, of Sir John de Kirkby, 
 by whom he had issue three sons and a daughter. He died 
 shortly after 1 302, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Sir Thomas le Fi.eminc, Knt., of Coniston, who was 
 twice married. By his first wife Margaret, daughter of WiUiam 
 de Berdesly, he had no issue. His second wife was Isabel, 
 daughter of Sir Thomas Layboiurne, KnU, by whom he had issue 
 two sons, Thomas and John. He died previous to 1418, and 
 was succeeded by his eldest son. 
 
 Sir Thomas le Fleming, Knt., of Coniston, who married 
 during his father's lifetime Isabel, daughter and co-heir of Sir 
 John de Lancaster, of Rydal and Howgill Castle ; this was the 
 first introduction of the Le Flemings into Westmoreland, and 
 Rydal henceforth became the chief seat of the Fleming family. 
 Sir Thomas by his wife, Isabel, had issue, besides a younger 
 SOD, AVilliam, a son and heir, 
 
 JoHs FLEjnNG, Esq., of Rydal, who married Joan, daughter 
 of Bronghton of Broughton Tower, and by her had issue John, 
 his heir. By a second wife, Anne, he had no children. He 
 appears to have been dead in 1484, for in that year there was 
 an award, whereby it was ordered that .Vnne, late wife of John 
 Fleming, should enjoy for her dower lands at Claughton, in 
 Lonsdale. He was succeeded by his son, 
 
 John Fleming, Esq., of Rydal, who in 1514 was escheatrr 
 for the counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland. This gen- 
 tleman married a daughter of Sir Hugh Lowther of Lowther, 
 by whom he had issue six children, a son and five daughters. 
 He died before 1532, and was biuied in the church of Grasmere. 
 He was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Ht;GH Fleminc, Esq., of Rydal, who was also escheator for 
 the counties of Westmoreland aud Cumberland in 1511. He 
 married Joan, or Jane, d.iughter and co-heir of Sir Richard 
 Hudleston of Millom, in Cumberland, by whom he had issue 
 four sons and a daughter. He died in 1557. His eldest son, 
 
 Anthont Fleming, Esq., of Rydal, was thrice married. His 
 first wife was a daughter of Sir Geffrey Middleton, Knt., of 
 Jliddleton Hall, but by her he had no issue. His second wife 
 was Elizabeth, daughter of William Hutton, Esq., of Hutton-
 
 LANGDALE CHAPELKY. 
 
 82r 
 
 in-the-Forest, and by her he had an only son, William, who 
 succeeded his grandfather. By his third wife, Jane, daughter 
 of John Eigmaden, Esq., by whom Le had issue Thomas and 
 Charles. 
 
 WnxuM Fi,EMiNO,Esq., of P..vdal, succeeded his grandfather. 
 lu 1575 this gentleman sold some tenements at liouglirigg 
 into freehold. He was twice married. By his first wife, Mar- 
 garet, daughter of Sir John Lamplugh, Knt., he had issue three 
 daughters; by liis second wife, Agues, daughter of Hubert Bind- 
 loss, Esq., beside four daughters, he had 
 
 I. Jonx, his heir. 
 II. Thomas, who died without issue. 
 
 III. Wilham, who died also without issue. 
 
 IV. Dnuiel, wlio niorried Isabel, daughter of James Bmidiwaite, 
 
 Esq., of Ambleside, by whom he ha.l issue, 
 
 1. WiLLU-M, who sncceeded to the whole inheritance as 
 
 heir in tail. 
 
 2. John, who died without issue. 
 
 3. Thomas. 
 
 4. Joseph. 
 
 5. Daniel. 
 
 1. Agues, married to Christopher Dudley, Esq., of Yan- 
 
 wnili. 
 
 2. Dorothy, married to .Andrew Iludlcston, Esq., of 
 
 llutttiu Julm. 
 fl. Jlnry, married to Thomas Brongham, Esq., of Scales 
 Ilall, in Cumberland. 
 
 V. Joseph, who died without issue. 
 
 On Mr. Fleming's decease he was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 Jons FiJ^JiiNG, Esq., of Rydal, who was a justice of the peace 
 for Westmoreland from IIJO'J until 16~'4, about which time ho 
 became a Catholic. In 1C21J he procured a supersedeas for his 
 recusancy, and an acquittance for his knighthood money ; and in 
 10.01 he obtained a license (being a Catholic) to travel above 
 five miles from Rydal. In the same year he paid to the king 
 for his recusancy after the rate of £^0 a year; and two years 
 after according to the proportion of £00 a year. This gentleman 
 was thrice married. His first wife w.is Alice, eldest daughter of 
 Sir Francis Ducket, Knt., of Cirayrigg, hut he had no issue by 
 her. Bridget, daughter of Sir William Norris, Knt., of Speko, 
 in Lincolnshire, his second wife, died also without issue. His 
 third wife was Dorothy, daughter of Sir Thomas Strickland, Knt., 
 of Sizergh, by whom he had issue a son and two daughters. He 
 died in ItH-l, aged about sixty-eight, and was buried in Grasmero 
 churcli, in the burying-plare of tho lords of liydal. lie gave by 
 his will £'i,OlJ(l each to his daughters for their portions. 
 
 William P'liimino, tho eldest son, was only fourteen years of 
 age at the time of his father's demise ; he died unmaiTied before 
 he came of age, upon which his sisters' portions became «ng- 
 monted to £10,000, but the family estates went over to his uncle 
 Daniel (see above) tho next heir male, whoso eldest son and 
 heir, 
 
 WiLi.iAil Flfmiso, Esq., thus became of Rydal. This gentle- 
 man, in 1H12, had a major's commission from the F.nrl of New- 
 castle in a regiment of foot of which Sir Henry Fletcher of 
 Carleton Hall, was lieutenant. colonel. He subsequently accepted 
 n lientenant colonel's commission in a regiment of horse, but 
 bis services were not called into requisition. Mr. Fleming 
 married Alice, diughter of Roger Kirkby, Esq., by whom he hnd 
 issue, 
 
 I. Daxiel, bis heir. 
 
 II. Roger. 
 III. William, 
 
 IT. John, who died yonng. 
 V. John, who was lost at sea. 
 VI. .\lexftnder, a merchant at Newcastle. 
 
 I. Isabel. 
 
 He died at Coniston Hall in 1C53, in the forty-fourth year of 
 his age, and was buried in the chancel of the cbuich of Gras- 
 mere. He was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Sir Daniel Flejiikg, Knt., of Rydal Hall, co. Cumberland, 
 M.P. for Cockermouth in the latter end of the 17th century; 
 for which borougli, his election being contested, the contest cost 
 him .£iO ! Sir Daniel, who was a distingnished antiquarian, 
 married Barbaia, eldest daughter of Sir Henry Fletcher, Bart., 
 of Button, and had, with other issue, 
 
 ii." Geouge,' I successive baronets. 
 
 III. JlioliacI, a disiinguished soldier, major in the army, and M.P. 
 for Westmoreland; married Misa Doroiliy Benson, and left 
 issue, 
 
 1. William, who succeeded as third baronet. 
 
 1. Susan, married to Michael Knott, Esq., of RjdaL 
 
 IT. Eogfr, in holy orders, vicar of Brigham ; married Margaret 
 
 Woorhouse, aud left an only sou, 
 
 Daniel, land-surveyor, of Whitehaven, who married 
 Mary, daughter of Joseph Dixon, of the same town, 
 by whom he had, with other issue, a sou 
 
 Roger, father of Daniel, who inherited as fifth 
 
 bai'onet. 
 Richard, present baronet. 
 Michael. 
 Barbara. 
 Isabella. 
 
 Sir Daniel Fleming died in 1700, and was succeeded by bis 
 eldest son, 
 
 W'lLi.uM Fleming, Esq. of Rydal Hall, who represented the 
 county of Westmoreland in parliament from 10!)(i to 1707, and 
 was created a baronet 4th October, l-7().'j, with remainder, in 
 default of male issue, to the male descendants of his father. 
 Sir William married Dorothy, daughter of Thomas Rowlandson, 
 Esq., of Kendal, by whom he had three daughters, 
 
 I. Dorothy, married to Edward Wilson, Esq. 
 
 II. Barbara, married to Edward Parker, Esq. 
 
 ni. Catherine, married to Sir Peter Leicester, Bart. 
 
 Sir William dying thus without male issue, in 1730, tho title 
 devolved upon his brother. 
 
 Sir Geobge, in holy orders, and lord bi-ihop of Carlisle, to 
 which sec he was appointed 30th October, 1731. His lordship 
 married Catherine, daughter of Robert JeflTerson, Esq., and bad 
 issue, 
 
 I. William, M..\., nrolidcacon of Carlisle; married in 1730, 
 
 Dorothy, daughter of Daniel Wilson, K.sq., of Dallam 
 Tower, eo. Westinorelaml; ai;il died in the lifetime of his 
 father, leaving an only daughter, Catherine, married to 
 Thttuias .\yseough, llsq. 
 I. Mary, married to Mnuiphrcy Senhonse, Esq., of Nethcrhall, 
 in Cuml>erliuul. 
 
 II. Barbara, died young. 
 
 III. Catberine,niarriedto.Ti>sei>h Dacrc .Appleby, Esq. .of Kirklinton 
 IT. Mildred, marrieii to Edwaril Suvnley, Esq., of I'ousouby Hall, 
 oo. Comborlouil. 
 
 His lonlsbip died 'ind .July, 1747, but Icnringno male issae, the 
 title doTulvaU upon bis nephew,
 
 82S 
 
 KENDAL WABD. 
 
 Sir WiLUA.M (refer to istiie of Sir Daniel Fleming, father of 
 the (irstbaronctl.whoranrriciIKliziiliclli.ilaughterof Christoplicr 
 Petty, Esq., of Skipton-in-Craven, co. Yorli, by whom he had 
 issue, 
 
 I. Mif tiAFL, his siiceessor. 
 1. Amelia, died uumnrried. 
 II. Bnrbiirft, married to Edward Parker, of Bronnshulm, CO. 
 
 York, and ilied •.;:)rd April, Isl:). 
 III. Elizabeth, marrieil to Andrew Hudleston, Esq., of Hntton 
 
 Jolin, CO. Cmuberlund, 
 IT. Dorothy, married to George Edward Stanley, Esq. 
 
 Sir William, from his veneration for antiquity, being desirous of 
 restoring the original orthography of the family name, by re- 
 adapting the particle "le," incorporated it with his son's Christian 
 name at tlie baptismal font, which son succeeded at his decease, 
 in 175(i, as 
 
 Sir MicH.vEL LE Fleming, the twenty-third in succession from 
 Sir Eichard lo Fleming, the progenitor of the family. Sir 
 Jlichael married Diana, only daughter and heir of Thomas, 
 lith Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, by whom he had an only 
 daughter and heir, Anne Frederica Elizabeth, who was married 
 10 his successor (in 1800), 
 
 Sir D.VNIEL. (liefer to issue of Sir Daniel Fleming, father of 
 the first baronet). This gentleman died without male issue in 
 1831, when the title devolved upon his brother. 
 
 Sir Eicn.vRD Flejiino., of Kydal, co. Westmoreland ; iu holy 
 orders, M.A.; born 4th November, 1791 ; succeeded his brother 
 as sixth baronet, in 1827; married Cth September, 1825, Sarah, 
 third daughter of the late W. B. Bradshaw, Esq., of Halton 
 Hall, CO. Lancaster, and has issue, 
 
 I. MtCH.vEL, born 6th April, 1828. 
 II. Willinm, born 17th October, 1832. 
 
 I. Elizabeth Sarah Anne Bradshaw. 
 II. Isabella Maria. 
 
 Sir Eichard is rector of Grasmera and Windermere in West- 
 moreland. 
 
 Creation — 1th October, 1705. 
 Arms. — Gn., a fret, arg. 
 
 Crest. — A serpent, nowed, holdmg in his mouth a garland of olives 
 and vines, all ppr. 
 J/0//0.— Pax, copia, sapientia. 
 
 The village of Rydal is placed ia a narrow gorge, 
 fi)rmed by the advance of Loiigbrigg Fell and Rydal 
 Nab, near tlie lower extremity of Rydal water, one mile 
 and a quarter from Ambleside. 
 
 TIIE CnATEL. 
 
 Eydal chapel, dedicated to St. IMary, is a handsome 
 Gothic building, erected by Lady le Fleming in 1824, 
 at a cost of £1,500, its hexagonal tower ornamented 
 with pinnacles, is a beautiful object from various points. 
 The same lady also endowed it with land worth £10 a 
 year, and with money, which, added to an allotment 
 from Queen Anne's Bounty, produces about £100 a year. 
 
 The living is in the patronage of Liidy le Fleming, and 
 incumbency of the Rev. Fletcher Fleming. 
 
 The school is supported by Lady le Fleming, who 
 pays for the education of all the poor children in the 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 CHAniTIES. 
 
 Skclhrig School. — The sum of 7s. Cd. is paid out of 
 an estate at Loughrigg Fold, for the benefit of Skelbrig 
 school, in this township. 
 
 Mackretlis Gilt. — This is a rent charge of '.Ji's. a 
 year on the estate of Clappersgate, in this township, 
 supposed to have been charged by a person of the 
 name of ilackreth, to bo divided between the poor 
 of Brailtry, in Lancashire, and of Rydal and Lough- 
 rigg- 
 
 Poor Money. — There is in this township a sum of 
 £20, which is lent out upon the toils of the turnpike- 
 road from Kendal to Ambleside, the interest of which, 
 amounting to SOs., is carried to the general account of 
 the poor rates. 
 
 A short distance from Rydal Hull is Rydal IMount, 
 for many years the residence of Wordsworth ; it stands 
 on a projection of the hill called Nab Scar, and is ap- 
 proached by the road leading to the hall. It is, as 
 Mrs. Hemans described it, a " lovely cottage-like build- 
 ing, almost hidden by a profusion of roses and ivy." 
 The grounds, laid out iu a great measure by the poet 
 himself, though but of circumscribed dimensions, are 
 so artfully while seeming to be so artlessly planned, as 
 to appear of considerable extent. From a grassy mound 
 in front, " commanding a view always so rich, and some- 
 times so brightly solemn, that one can well imagine 
 its influence traceable in many of the poet's writings, 
 you catch a gleam of Windermere over the grove tops ; 
 close at hand are Rydal Hall, and its ancient woods ; 
 right opposite the Loughrigg fells, ferny, rocky, and 
 sylvan ; and, to the right, Rydal mere, scarcely seen 
 through embowering trees, while just below, the chapel 
 lifts up its little tower." 
 
 Near to Rydal Mount is Olen Rothay, the seat and 
 property of AVilliam Ball, Esq. Loughrigg lies be- 
 tween the rivers Brathay and Rothay, from which it 
 rises boldly into a lofty and romantic fell, extending 
 from half a mile to two miles west of Ambleside. It 
 contains a tarn of twelve acres in extent, and com- 
 mands fine views of Windermere, Rydal, and Elter- 
 water Lakes. Fox How, the residence of the late Dr. 
 Arnold, and Fox Ghytl, the seat of Hornby Rough- 
 sedge, Esq. are in this district, a short distance from 
 Ambleside.
 
 HEVERSHAM PARISH. 
 
 829 
 
 liougbscbgc of t^oicgbgll. 
 
 Edward Rouohsedge, Esq., son of Robert Roughsedge, 
 miuTied Elizabeth Hankinson, and bad (witli tbree daughters, 
 Anne, Catharine, and Jane), one son, 
 
 The Rev. Kobeut Hankinson Koit.hseuge, M..\., rector of 
 Liverpool, who married, 1st November, 177.3, Elizabeth, daughter 
 of Joshua Wnreingr, Esq., by Elizabeth Hampson, his wife, and 
 had issue (besides Horndv Eoigiisf.doe, Esq., of Foxghjll), 
 five oilier sons, all deceased — (Edward, the eldest, died ISth 
 January, 18iC, at Soanpore, after a residence of twenty-seven 
 years in India, in the military and political service of the East 
 India Company) — and six daughters, viz., 
 
 I. Ann, married to the Rev. Williiim Black, rector of Blaysden, 
 
 Gloucester, and is deceased. 
 II. Lydin, mniried to the Rev. Thomas Johnson, minister of St. 
 Miclmil's Church, Liverpocjl, and is deceased. 
 III. Mary, moiricd to llie Kev. .lames Gildart, of Finch House, 
 near Liverpuol, and is deceased. 
 
 ir. Catharine, died unmarried. 
 V. Elizabeth, married to the Rev. Thomas Henry Healhcote, 
 
 vieur of Leek, co. StatFord. 
 VI. Jane, married to James Alexander Crutlicrs, Esq., of Wor- 
 
 maiibic, CO. Dumfries. 
 
 The Rev. R. H. Roughsedge died 28th September, 1829, and 
 was succeeded by his son, 
 
 HoESBY Roughsedge, Esq., of Fosghyll, co. Westmoreland, 
 J.P. and D.L.; born lath July, 1782; married, 31st July, 1817, 
 Margaret Elizabeth, second daughter of Richard Hodgson, 
 Esq., of Westhouse, CO. York, and had an only surviving child, 
 
 Elizabetli, married, Iflih August, 18J1, to the Kev. Edward 
 James GeoflVey Hornby, M.A., third son i.f ihe Rev. 
 Geoffrey Hornby, rector of Bury, co. Lancaster. 
 
 Arms. — Vert, on a bend, arg. ; cotissed, erm., veit, between two 
 covered cups, a lion, passant, guardant. 
 Crest. — .\ dcmi-lion. 
 Mutlo. — Res non verba. 
 
 HEVEKSHAM PARISH. 
 
 Hevep.sham parish is bounded by the parishes of Kendal, Burton, and Betham, and by a small part of Cartmel fells. 
 It e.\tends northwards from Miliithorpc to Crosthwaite, a distance of about eight miles, and is about three miles in 
 breadth. It is intersected by the rivers Kent and Belo, the Kendal and Lancaster caual, and the Lancaster and 
 Carlisle railway, as well as by several small rivulets, which wind through picturesque valleys, between diversiQed 
 fells, scars, crags, and fertile undulating grounds, studded with hamlets and farm-houses. The parish comprises 
 the townships of Hevershain-with-^Iilnthorpe, Crosthwaite and Lytli, Hincaster, Levens, Preston Richard, 
 Sedgwick, and Stainton, whose united area is 19,749 acres. 
 
 UEVEUSII.VM WITH .MILJiTHORPK. 
 
 The area of this township is 2,880 acres, and its 
 rateable value .£0,081 Ss. The population, in 1801, 
 was 908; in 1811, 1,138; in l.s-^l, 1,401; in 1831, 
 1,509; in 1811. 1,599; and in 1851, 1,534; who are 
 chiefly engaged in agricultural pursuits, a small num- 
 ber are, however, employed in a small factory at 
 Milnthorpe. 
 
 At the time of the Norman conquest, the manor of 
 Hevershara, or, at least, a part of it, was the property 
 of Tostig Earl of Northuniborland. When Domesday 
 .Survey was taken it was held by Ilogcr do Poictou. It 
 came afterwards to the barons of Kendal, and was given 
 by the first William de Lancaster, in frank marriage 
 with his daughter .\gnes, to .\U'.'cander do Windsor, who, 
 in 1279-80 obtained a grant of a market and fair at 
 Fleversham, but which appears to havo been held at 
 ililnthorpo, which seems to havo been originally u 
 parcel of the manor of Ileversliain. Tho greater por- 
 tion of the manor appears to have been given at some 
 subsequent period to the abbey of St. Mary at York. 
 Tho Stricklands of Si/ergh also occur as landowners 
 here, for in 1300 Walter do Strickland had a grant 
 of free warren in his lands in Ueversbam. After tbo 
 
 suppression of the monasteries. King Philip and Queen 
 Mary granted the manor of Heversham to Edward 
 iluyses, Richard Foster, and Richard Bowskell, or 
 Buskell, from one of whose descendants Jasper Buskell, 
 the hall, demesne, and manor were purchased by Edwd. 
 Wilson, Esq., of Nether Levens, from wbom they have 
 descended to the present proprietor, G. E. Wilson, Esq. 
 Heversham Hall, now a farm-house, stands in a vale 
 west of the village. Courts leet are occasionally held 
 here by tho lord of the manor. Tho Jasper Buskell 
 above mentioned, besides what ho sold to Edward 
 Wilson, sold a part of the manor to Sir James Belliug- 
 liara, of Upper Levens, the last of whose name sold the 
 same to Colonel James Grahamo : it is now held by tho 
 Hon. Mary Howard, who holds courts leet for the same 
 at Milnthorpe. 
 
 The village of Heversham is pleasantly situated on 
 the Kendal road, a mile and a quarter from Miln- 
 thorpe, and six miles soutb-by-west of the town of 
 Kendal. 
 
 THE CUVRCII. 
 
 The parish church, dedicated to St. Peter, or St. 
 Mary, comprises nave, aisles, chancel, with two chapels 
 (belonging to Upper Levens and Lower Levens) for
 
 830 
 
 KENDAL WARD. 
 
 aisles, and a western tower containing three bells. The 
 architecture is of different ages, from oldest transition 
 Norman to latest Perpendicular. The east window is 
 filled with stained glass, Christ and the Four Evangelists 
 being the principal figures. There is .in ancient epitaph 
 on one of the Bellingham family (103.5), in Upper 
 Leveus chapel ; also the arms of the same family. A 
 fire occurred in 1601, which consumed the north aisle 
 and all the old monuments. There are several mural 
 tablets. Shortly after the conquest, the churcli of 
 Heversham was granted, by Ivo de Tailbois, to the 
 abbey of St. Mary at York, and afterwards confirmed to 
 the abbot and convent. After the dissolution. Queen 
 Mary, in 1553, granted the rectory and advowson to 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, except the com tithes of 
 Crosthwaite, which had been previously granted by 
 Edward VI. to John Southcoat .ind Henry Cheverton. 
 The said college has still the patronage of the vicarage, 
 which is valued in the King's Book at £36. ISs. 4d. 
 At the enclosure of the commons in 1803, the tithes of 
 the whole parish were commuted for an allotment of 
 about 650 acres of land given to the vicarage, and an 
 allotment of 663 acres, with the Plumgarth's estate 
 in Strickland Ketel — purchased by such of the town- 
 ships as had not common land — given to Trinity Col- 
 lege in lieu of rectorial tithes. The value of the livin" 
 is now about £555. The pai-ish registers commence in 
 1600, and are continued to the present day. The 
 churchwardens' book also commences at the same time. 
 TiCAKS.— Mr. 'Whitmell occurs 1005 ; Jlr. Calvert, 1617; Mr. 
 Cole, 1015 ; Mr. Tntham, ICJl; Mr. Wallace, 10.58 ; Mr. Biggs 
 restored 1003: Mr. Miliier, 1U7S; Mr. Ricller, 1080 ; Mr. Far- 
 mer, 1033; Mr. \Vil!iam.s, U-li; Mr. MiirgartroyU, 1027; Mr. 
 Smyth, 173-3 ; Henry Wilson, 1757; George Lawson, 1797; E. 
 W. Evens, ISiH. 
 
 The vicarage is a gabled house, erected in 1814. 
 
 CHAEITIES. 
 
 Some of the following charities extend over the whole 
 parish, while others are confined to one or more town- 
 ships, or divisions of townships : — 
 
 The Grammar School. — Heversham Grammar School 
 was founded by Edward Wilson, Esq.. in 1619, in order 
 to increase, maintain, and continue rehgion, good learn- 
 ing, and discipline in the parish. It is endowed with 
 twenty-six burgage messuages and tenements in Kendal, 
 and a rent charge of £3 out of Dawson's Close, in Strick- 
 land Ketel. Being without a master from 1698 till 
 1737, the school was suffered to decay, but was rebuilt 
 in the latter year by Richard Watson, bishop of Llan- 
 daff, and William Preston, bishop of Ferns, in Ireland, 
 both of whom had received the rudiments of their edu- 
 cation here. In 1783 Henry Wilson, then vicar of 
 
 Heversham, in conjunction with the associates of Dr. 
 Bray, founded a library in tlie school, and prevailed 
 upon the inhabitants to subscribe £i!30 to purchase a 
 dwelling-house for the master, with two fields and an 
 allotment of moss land, so that the master's income 
 from the school endowment is now upwards of £50 a 
 year, having received an allotment of land at the enclo- 
 sure. The school is open to all the boys of the parish 
 free of charge, except for writing and arithmetic. The 
 founder of the school endowed it with two exhibitions 
 of £40 each, — one to Queen's College, Oxford, and the 
 other to Trinity College, Cambridge. These exhibitions 
 were withheld for many years, but were recovered in 
 1672, with .£500 arrears and interest; they are called 
 the Dallam Tower exhibitions, and are worth about £43 
 per annum, and are tenable for four years. At Jlagda- 
 lene College. Cambridge, are four ililner scholarships, 
 of about £70 a year each, appropriated to scholars from 
 the grammar schools of Heversham, Leeds, and Halifax. 
 Heversham is also one of the twelve schools entitled to 
 send a candidate for the Lady Elizabeth Hastings' 
 exhibitions, now increased in number from five to ten, 
 and worth from £75 to £90 a year each, and tenable for 
 five years. There is also the Rigge exhibition of about 
 £10 a year, at Queen's College, Oxford, connected with 
 this school. The nunaber of pupils at present is about 
 sixty-five. The school is beautifully and healthfully 
 situated on the side of the hill called Heversham Head, 
 and commands a fine view of Morecambo Bay. 
 
 Woodhousc Estate, including Martindalc's Charity. — 
 In 1793 the Woodhouse estate was purchased for £350, 
 being the amouut of an ancient poor stock belonging to 
 several townships of this parish, and of £84, the residuary 
 legacy of Agnes Marlindale, which latter is known by 
 the name of the Alartiudale Money. This poor stock 
 seems to have consisted of £95 apprentice money; £"24 
 parish stock : £202 town stock ; £19 left to the six 
 poorest widows in Mihitliorpe town ; and £17 com- 
 munion money. The rent of the Woodhouse estate is 
 dividedaccording to the money advanced; a proportionate 
 share being set ajjart as Agnes Martiudale's money, 
 which, according to her will, is divided amongst the 
 poor of Beathwaite Green, in Leveus township, the 
 town of Heversham, and the town of Mihuhorpe. 
 The proportion of the apprentice money is divided 
 amongst all the townships of the parish, except Cros- 
 thwaite and Lyth, and the interest of the poor money is 
 divided in a similar manner. 
 
 Bread Money. — There is in this parish the sum of 
 £00, which has arisen from the accumulations of the 
 communion money. £50 of it has been taken by the 
 parish and applied in the repairs of the church; but
 
 HEVERSHAM PARISH. 
 
 831 
 
 interest at five per cent is allowed for it. Tlie remain- 
 ing £10 is out at interest. The interest of these two 
 sums, together with the proportionate rent for the sum 
 of £17 communion mone}', laid out in the purchase of 
 the VVoodhouse estate, as just mentioned, is added to 
 the communion money, and given awa}' in bread every 
 Sunday. 
 
 Heversham and Levens. — Atkinson's Charity. — 
 Thomas Atkinson, by will, in 1811, left £21 to the 
 churchwardens, and directed that the interest should 
 be given to the poor of Heversham and Levens. 
 
 Milnlhorpe and Heversham. — Gihson's Charity. — 
 Robert Gibson, by will, in 1701, left a rent charge of 
 4.0s. a year, which he directed should be given to some 
 poor child of Alilnthorpe and Heversham, when going 
 out apprentice. 
 
 HcvershMH and Leasglll. — Johnson's Gift. — Eobert 
 Johnson, Esq., by will, dated 81st August, 1803, left 
 £200 upon trust, directing the interest to be distributed 
 in bread to the poor of Heversham and Leasgill only, 
 without regard to whether they receive relief or not. 
 The vicar receives a guinea from this charity for 
 preaching a commemoration sermon on the first Sunday 
 in th3 year. 
 
 For other charities see the different townships. 
 
 THE TOWK OF MILNTHORPE. 
 
 Milnthorpc is a small market town forming a joint 
 township with Heversham. It is situated on the north 
 side of tlie river I3elo, near the estuary of the Kent, 
 seven miles and a half south-west of Kendal by road, 
 and eight miles and a half by railway. The principal 
 street runs from east to west, nearly parallel to the 
 river, over which is a bridge of one arch. Jliluthorpc 
 is a member of the port of Lancaster, but vessels can 
 seldom get nearer to it than Arnside or Haverbrack, so 
 that the business done here, the only port in West- 
 moreland, is very trifling. There are a corn-mill and 
 a paper-mill ; some twiuo and sacking are made. The 
 market was held on Friday, but has been discontinued. 
 There are fairs for cattle and sheep on May lllh and 
 October ITth. A cattle fair, established in 1849, is 
 held every alleniato Tuesday, at MUuthorpe station, 
 about a mile from the town. 
 
 THE ciiAri:r- 
 
 Milnthorpo chapel, dedicated to St. Thomas, is a 
 neat Gothic structure, erected in 1837 as a chapel-of- 
 
 ease to the parish church, at a cost of about £1,Q00. 
 It comprises nave, aisles, and embattled tower. The 
 east window is partly filled with stained glass. There 
 is a marble monument to the memory of Eleanor Blewert. 
 The living is a curacy in the patronage of the vicar of 
 Heversham. The chapel was endowed by the late Jlrs. 
 Piichardson, of Kendal, with £1,000, which has been 
 invested in land now worth £100 a year. The chapel 
 includes within its jurisdiction the town of ^lilnthorpe 
 and the hamlet of Ackenthwaile. The Eev. Nicholas 
 Padwick is the first and present incumbent. 
 
 The Methodists have a chapel here. 
 
 The nutional school established here in 1819, is sup- 
 ported chiefly by subscription, and attended by about 
 si.xty children of both sexes. The late Daniel Wilson, 
 of Dallam Tower, guve the site for the school. 
 
 About a quarter of a mile from Milnthorpc, in a 
 healthy situation, is a workhouse of the Kendal union, 
 with vagrant ward and infirmary. It was erected in 
 181.3, at a cost of £4,'J90, in accordance with an act of 
 parliament passed in the 22nd George 111. It has 
 apartments for 284 paupers, but the average number is 
 only about 134. In connection with the workhouse is 
 an extensive garden. (For the statistics of the union 
 see Kendal.) 
 
 The hamlets of Ackenthwaite, Deepthwaite, Leasgill, 
 Kowell, and Woodhouses, are all, exce[it part of Leasgill, 
 iu the township of Heversham-with-Milnthorpe, distant 
 from half a mile to two miles south of the latter. 
 
 Woodhouse, the seat and property of Mrs. Ileslam, 
 is a modern mansion, erected in 1850, at a cost of 
 £1,200. There are many other good houses in this 
 township. 
 
 Heversham Head, to the north-east of the church, 
 commands a most extensive view of the countiy round 
 about Farltou Knot, Morccarabe Bay, the village of 
 Liudale, Levens, the lake mountains, Ac. 
 
 Richard Watson, bishop of Llandalf, was born in 
 this parish. His father was master of the grammar 
 school. On a monument erected to his memory by his 
 son (as is supposed) he is described as " ludo niagister 
 baud inutilis." William Preston, bishop of Ferns, was 
 also a native of this parish. The two bishops were 
 educated at the grammar school, and in the year 1737, 
 at their joint expense, repaired the school, which had 
 been suflered to fall into decav.
 
 832 
 
 KENDAL WARD. 
 
 CROSTUWAITE AND LYTil CllArELKY. 
 
 This chapelrv is a picturesque and highly cultivated district, extending from four to eight miles north-nortli-wpst of 
 Jiiliithorpe, and comprising the hamlets of Bowl and Bridge, Crosthwiiitc Church Town, Crosthwaito Green, How, 
 Iluliberstj Head, Pool Bank, Raw, and Tarn Side, with a number of dispersed dwellings. It contains but one 
 township. 
 
 The area of Crosthwaite and Ljth is 7,950 acres, 
 and its rateable value £5,819. In 1801 it contained 
 509 inhabitants; in 1811, 000; in 18-21, 781; in 
 1831, 7-21; in 18-11, 717; and in 1351, 701; who 
 are chiefly engaged in agriculture. 
 
 Crosthwaite and Lyth consist of part of the Rich- 
 mond and ^larquis Fees, and part of tln^ Lumley Fee. 
 When the inquisition of Queen Catherine's lands were 
 taken in 1070, it was found that the township con- 
 tained sixty-three tenements of the Richmond Fee, of 
 the yearly customary rent of i'19 3s. 7d.; and two 
 tenements of the Marquis Foe, of the rent of 15s. ; of 
 the Lumley Fee there were about fifty tenements. 
 The manorial rights are at present held by the Earl of 
 Lonsdale and the Hon. ]\Iary Howard, who hold courts 
 leet here, but the greater number of the properties 
 here are free. The landowners are John Wakefield, 
 ]i;sq. : Rev. !Marsham Argles ; Frank A. Argles, Esq. ; 
 and a number of freeholders. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 The chapel, dedicated to St. Mary, stands near the 
 small but pleasant village of Church Town, in the 
 centre of the vale of Crosthwaite, which stretches iu a 
 westerly direction as far as Bowland Bridge, near Cart- 
 mell Fells. It was rebuilt, by the inhabitants, about 
 forty years ago, and will accommodate about 300 persons. 
 The original chapel was very ancient, but was not made 
 parochial till the reign of Queen Mary, 1550, when the 
 Bishop of Chester, in consideration of its great distance 
 from the mother church, granted a license that " mass 
 shall be celebrated iu the said chapel, the canonical 
 hours rehearsed, the bodies of the dead buried, and the 
 sacraments administered by fit priests canouically 
 ordained, having first been approved by the vicar of 
 Heversham for the time being." About the year 1580 
 the inhabitants of the chapelry entered into an agree- 
 ment with the rest of the parish to contribute towards 
 the support of the mother chuieh, and to pay 17s. 
 yearly to the parish clerk. In 10'20 Mr. William 
 Gilpin built the chancel, and gave £50 for three bells 
 for this chapel. The living is a perpetual curacy iu 
 the gift of the landowners. Since 1710 it has been 
 augmented with £1,000 from Queen Anne's Bounty, 
 £200 raised by subscription, and the interest of £400 
 of the £2,000 left in 1817 by Tobias Atkinson, who 
 directed that the interest of £300 should be paid to a 
 
 schoolmaster, and £10 yearly to each of six poor 
 widows belonging to the chapelry above the ago of 
 fifty, and who had never received parochial relief. Of 
 the chapel money £000 was htid out in the purchase 
 of an estate at Dent, Yorkshire, and another in Little 
 Langdale, and £000 still remains at interest in the 
 Bounty Office. There is also a small cottage belong- 
 ing to the curate, and an ancient yearly salary of 
 £5 8s. lOd. paid by the inhabitants. The living is 
 now worth about £113 per annum. Tl;e registers 
 commence in 1000. 
 
 Inxumdents. — James Williams, 
 — ; John Dixon, 1830. 
 
 James SlricldaDd, 
 
 The parsonage is a plain building, erected in 1834. 
 
 Cn.VEITIES. 
 
 School. — The earliest provision we can fiml for a 
 school in this township is in the will of George Cocke, 
 who in 1005 left £10 for the maintenance of a school- 
 master at Crosthwaite. He also gave £00, of which he 
 directed the interest of £10 to be expended on the 
 highways in Lyth Quarter; the remaining £50 to be 
 expended in the erection of a school-house. Part of 
 these sums appear to have been laid out in land, which 
 now produces about £20 a year, and is received by the 
 schoolmaster. The master also receives a portion of 
 the rent of the Broad Oak estate, as hereafter men- 
 tioned. William Strickland, by will, dated May 24th, 
 1720, gave to the schoolmaster of Crosthwaite, for that 
 part called Town End Quarter, £4 yearly for ever, on 
 condition that the children of the said quarter should be 
 taught free. He also gave two shillings yearly to some 
 person appointed for whipping the dogs out of Cros- 
 thwaite church every Sunday. Tobias Atlansou, Esq., 
 by deed, in 1817, directed his trustees to set apart £300 
 for rebuilding or repairing the school, or for the aug- 
 mentation of the schoolmaster's salary. This sum was 
 invested in Consols, and the dividend, £13 5s. Sd., is 
 paid to the schoolmaster. The income of the school is 
 now about £42 ; the average attendance sixty. 
 
 Cocke's Gift.— George Cocke, by will, dated 23rd 
 December, 1005, devised his estates to trustees to be 
 sold, and to pay thereout his legacies, and amongst 
 others to the poor of Crosthwaite and Lyth £20. 
 
 Broad Oak Estate, including Dawson's, Thomas Boh- 
 inson's, Burnes's, and Suart's Q'lfts. — Tliere is an estate
 
 LEVENS CHAPELEY. 
 
 833 
 
 belonging to this township called Broad Oak, which 
 appears by the book of accounts of this charity to have 
 been purchased iu 1732 for the sum of £520, which 
 sum was made up of the following items: — Belonging 
 to the curate of Crosthwaite, £153 ; to the schoolmaster, 
 £70; to tlio poor of Crosthwaite and Lyth, £152; 
 advanced by the trustees, £145 ; and it was agreed by 
 the trustees that the rent should be divided annually, 
 in proportion to the sums so laid out. In 1750 Thomas 
 Robinson, one of the trustees, gave £3 for the purchase 
 of bread for the poor; in 1757 Agnes Bumes gave 
 £ 10, the interest to be given to the poor ; and in the 
 following year, 1758, Judith Suart gave £5 to the 
 church stock. After the receipts of these various sums 
 the rents of the estate became divisible in the following 
 proportions: — The poor's share in respect of £207; the 
 curate's share, £158; the school, £70; bread, £8. The 
 total income of this charity is about £08 a year, which 
 is divided iu proportion to the sums given above. 
 
 William liuhiiuon's CliariUj. — "William Fiobinson, by 
 will, in 1705, left an estate at Dowbiggin, in Scdbergh 
 parish, known as Green Hollins, to the poor of Cros- 
 thwaite and Lvth, among whom the rent is distributed. 
 Several children have been put out apprentices from 
 the funds of this charity. 
 
 Manj Shippard's Charity. — i\Iary Shippard, by will, 
 in 1790, loft £30 upon trust, that the interest should 
 be distributed iu bread every fourth Sunday to such 
 poor belonging to the township of Crosthwaite as should 
 attend divine service. 
 
 Atkinsons Charitij. — By indenture, dated February 
 0th, 1817, Tobias Atkinson gave £2,750 stock in the 
 Three-per-cent Reduced Annuities, upon trust, for the 
 augmentation of the incomes of the minister of Cros- 
 thwaite chapel and the master of the school at Cros- 
 thwaite, for the repair and enlargement of the school- 
 house, and also for the payment of £ 1 10s. per annum 
 each to sk poor persons who should be housekeepers in 
 Crosthwaite and Lyth. 
 
 HINCASTEB, 
 
 Hincaster is a small township, comprising 770 acres. 
 Its population in 1801 was 102 ; in 1811, 121 ; in 1821, 
 120; iu 1831, 150; in 1841, 130; and in 1851, 148. 
 
 The place is called Ilennecastre iu the Domesday 
 Survey, hence it has been supposed to have derived its 
 name from some Roman station or camp which formerly 
 existed hero. Richard I. granted to Gilbert, son of 
 Roger Fitz-Reinfrcd, and his heirs, one carucate of 
 laud in Hincaster, to hold the same by knights' 
 service. In the reign of Edward I. mention is made 
 of Adam de Hincaster, who liad a daughter, Avicia, 
 married to Sir Thomas de Hcllebcck, and brought with 
 her divers lands into the Hcllebeck family. She seems 
 to have been the heiress of her family, as it does not 
 occur after her time. 
 
 The hamlet of Hincaster is two and a quarter miles 
 north-east of MUnthorpe. The soil in the township is 
 various ; limestone is abundant. 
 
 LEVENS CHAPELRY. 
 
 Toe boundary of Levens commences at the north-west at Ilelsington Nook, following the river Pool till it joins the 
 Kent river (at the south) which is the boundary upwards to Ninczergh, then by Ninezergh Lane, Levens toll bar, 
 Mabbin Hall Lane, High Barn, Levens Hall Park wall, to the Kent river again, and along it by the Force to 
 Sedgwick Bridge, thence westward by the stream to the Strickland Arms Inn, on the Kendal turnpike road, and 
 across Sizergh Fell, by the wood of Sizcrgh westward and northward till it reaches Brigsteer, and iheuco to 
 Helsington Park, completing its course. This defines that part of the township attached to Leveus church ; 
 Leasgill belongs to Heversham. 
 
 domestic comfort or cleanliness ; but intemperance is 
 the prevaiUng evil, with its moral and social conse- 
 quences. Tho soil is light limestone, or reclaimed peat 
 moss and marsh land. Latterly there has been con- 
 siderable improvement in husbandry. Tho Lajicaster 
 and Carlisle railway runs within half a mile of the town- 
 ship. Kendal is the market usually attended. 
 
 Tho first recorded possessor of Levens, or Lefuenes, 
 as it is called iu Domesday, is Tostig Earl of Xorthum- 
 bcrlaud ; but when Domesday Survey was taken it 
 
 The area of Levens is 3.053 acres, and its rateable 
 value £.^,018 12s. Od. Tho population in 1801 was 
 4 12; in 1811, 510; in 1821, 705; in 1831, 780; in 
 1841, 803; and in 1851, 938; who are dispersed over 
 tlie township, with one small scattered village, and 
 some hamlets. Agriculture and peat moss labour arc 
 the principal employments. The district is very healthy, 
 and the labouring poor are generally employed ; the 
 wages average about twelve shillings a week to ordinary 
 labourers. Peat moss labour is not favourable to 
 100
 
 834 
 
 KENDAL WAKD. 
 
 belonged to Roger de Poictou. In the reign of Henry 
 n. it was held by Ketel, son of Uchtred ; this Uchtred 
 appears to have had large possessions in this part of 
 the country ; that which \Yas afterwards called Preston 
 Pilchard was at this time called Preston Uchtred. Ketel, 
 son of Uchtred, in 1187, sold a moiety of Levens to 
 Henry, son of Xonnan de Piedeman, as appears from a 
 fine passed in that year; and from that time Levens 
 has continued divided, ouc part being caUed Upper 
 Levens, the other Under or Xether Levens. 
 
 Upper Levens, as we have just seen, was granted to 
 Henry, son of Norman de Kedeman, whose family con- 
 tinued here for many generations, one of them filling 
 the office of seneschal of Kendal, and others repre- 
 senting Westmoreland in parliament. Dr. Richard 
 Redman was promoted by Edward IV. to the see of 
 St. Asaph in 1-108, and was made abbot of Shap in 
 1471. In 1495 he was translated to the see of Exeter, 
 and in 1501 to that of Ely, but died in 1505. About 
 the year 1490 Levens was sold by one of the Redmans 
 to Alan Bellingham of Burneshead, who purchased 
 Fawcett Forest of the crown, and in 1540 had a grant 
 from Henry VIH. of that part of the barony of Kendal 
 now called the Lumley Fee. He was treasurer of 
 Berwick and deputy warden of the Marches. After a 
 few generations a descendant of his, of the same name, 
 and the last of the family at Levens, died about the 
 year 1090, having wasted a vast estate, and sold Levens 
 and the rest of his property in Westmoreland to Colonel 
 James Graham, younger son of Sir Richard Graham 
 of Xetherby. The colonel married Dorothy, daughter 
 of the Earl of Berkshire, and was member of parlia- 
 ment for Westmoreland from 1T08 to 1722. He died 
 without male issue, and his only daughter, Catherine, 
 carried the estates in marriage to her cousin, Heniy 
 Bowes Howard, earl of Berkshire. Henry Howard, 
 the twelfth earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, dying without 
 issue, bequeathed his estates in Westmoreland to 
 his mother. Lady Audover, and after her decease to 
 his sister, Frances, whose husband, Richard Bagot, 
 assumed the surname of Howard, and left an only 
 daughter and heiress, the present Lady Mary Howard 
 of Levens, who is proprietor of the manors of Levens, 
 Milnthorpe, Heversham, Clawthorp, Kendal, Chartley, 
 Kirkland, Helsington, Crosthwaite and Lyth, Crook, 
 Staveley-with-Hugill, Skelsmergh, Longsleddale, Sad- 
 gill, Fawcett Forest, High House, Wattsfield, and 
 Garthorne. The landowners are George Wilson, Esq., 
 of Dallam Tower; the Hon. Mrs. Howard; Thomas 
 Strickland, Esq., Sizergh Hall; Colonel Bi-andreth ; 
 and John Yeates, Esq. 
 
 Levens Hall, the seat of the Hon. Mrs. Howard, 
 
 five miles south of Kendal, is a venerable mansion, in 
 the Old English style, buried among lofty trees. The 
 park, through wluch the river Kent winds betwixt bold 
 and beautifullj- wooded banks, is separated by the 
 turnpike road from the house. It is of considerable 
 size, well stocked with deer, and contains a noble 
 avenue of ancient oaks. The gardens, however, form 
 the greatest attraction, being planned after the old 
 French style by Mr. Beaumont, gardener to King 
 James II., by whom it is said the gardens at Hampton 
 Court were laid out. His portrait, with great propriety, 
 is preserved iu the hall. Trim alleys, bowling-greens, 
 and wildernesses, fenced round by sight-proof thickets 
 of beech, remind the beholder, by their antique appear- 
 ance, of times " long, long ago." In one part, a great 
 number of yews, hollies, laurels, and other evergreens, 
 cut into an infinite variety of grotesque shapes, exhibit 
 an interesting specimen of the Topiarian art, which, 
 at one period, though not more than a mechanic craft, 
 realised, in some measure, the effects of a fine art by 
 the perfect skill of its execution. ' This " curious- 
 knotted garden," as may be imagined, harmonises well 
 with the old hall, the interior of which also deserves 
 more than a passing glance. It contains some exquisite 
 specimens of elaborately carved oak — 
 
 " The chambers caned so cnrionsly, 
 Carved with figures strange and sweet, 
 All made out of the carver's brain." — CJirislabel. 
 
 The work in the library and drawing-room is exceedingly 
 rich, as may be conceived from its having been 
 estimated that, at the present rate of wages, its execu- 
 tion would cost £3,000. The carved chimney-piece in 
 the library is an intricate piece of workmanship. The 
 two jambs represent Hercules and Samson — the one 
 armed with the ass's jaw-bone, the other, having a lion's 
 skin for a covering, with a club. Above are emblematic 
 representations in bold reUef of the Seasons, the 
 Elements, and the Five Senses; all of which are 
 explained in these lines, cut in dark oak : — 
 
 " Thus the five sences stand portrated here. 
 The elements four, and 3eason.s of the year ; 
 Sampson supports the one side, as in rage, 
 The other, Hercules, in like equipage." 
 
 The large drawing-room contains a very pleasing por- 
 trait of the unfortunate Anna Boleyn, and there is one 
 
 ' The quaint method of ornamenting gardens, so fashionable in 
 the seventeentli century, tliough derived immediately from France, 
 might be defended by the autliorily of the classical ages of antiquity. 
 Making all allowances for their artificial formality, wc cannot but regret 
 their indiscriminate eradication, few of any extent being now left in 
 the island. There was a garden near Paris so elaborately embellished 
 with Topiary work, that it contained a representation of Troy 
 besieged, the two hosts, their several leaders, and all other objects ia 
 foil proportion.
 
 LEVENS CHAPELEY. 
 
 835 
 
 of Henry VII., by John de Maubeuse. The study has 
 a fine old Italian picture of the Holy Family. In the 
 library is a full-length painting by Lely, of Colonel 
 James Graham, a former owner of Levens, who was 
 keeper of the privy purse to King James II., and 
 brother of Graham of Nethcrby, first Viscount Preston. 
 A fine picture of his wife, a Howard, bangs by his 
 side, reminding us of Pope's couplet : — 
 " Lely, on animated canvas stole, 
 Tlio sleeping eye that spoke the melting soul." 
 
 The daughter of this pair, a portrait of whom adorns 
 the staircase, married her cousin, the Earl of Suffolk 
 and Berkshire, thus bringing Levens into the Howard 
 family. The bugle-horns, intcrmi.Kcd so profusely with 
 the carved work, were the device of the Bellinghams, 
 an ancient Westmoreland family, from whom Colonel 
 Graham purchased Levens. The entrance-hall is 
 decorated with pieces of ancient armour of various 
 dates, and in the paneling are several bas-reliefs in 
 wood from holy writ. One of the rooms is adorned 
 with some jiieces of tapestry, illustrative of a tale from 
 an Italian poet. On the 12th of May, annually, the 
 mayor and corporation of Kendal, after ha\-ing pro- 
 claimed the fair at Jlilnthorpe, adjourn to the gardens 
 at Levens, to witness the various athletic sports, bowl- 
 ing, leaping, itc, whilst several tables are placed in the 
 open air, at which morocco (a very strong old ale 
 peculiar to the place"), radishes, and bread and butter 
 are consumed by the visitors. 
 
 After a moiety of Levens was sold, as above, by Ketel, 
 son of Uchtred, it does not appear how long' Ketel and 
 tis posterity continued in possession of the other 
 moiety ; probably not long, for in the next generation 
 we find several persons of rank and note in this part of 
 the county bearing the name of De Levens. After 
 them came the Prestous, very likely by purchase. 
 This family ended in daughters, one of whom brought 
 Under Levens in marriage to Lord Montgomery, who 
 sold it, about 1094, to Edward Wilson, Esrj., of Dallam 
 Tower, whose descendant, George Wilson, Esq., is the 
 present lord of the manor. Nether Levens Hall is now 
 a farm-house. 
 
 Levens township contains the largo village of Beath- 
 ^vaite Green, four and' a half miles south-by-west of 
 Kendal ; part of that of I'.rigsteer, three and a half 
 miles south-sDuth-west of the same place ; and part of 
 Leasgill, a mile and three quarters north-by-west of 
 Milnthorpe. It also comprises the hamlets of Sizergh, 
 Fell Side, Force Cottages, aiul Bridge Row. 
 
 THE CIIAPKI.. 
 
 Levens chapel, dedicated to St. John the livangelist, 
 is situated in the village of lieathwaite Green. It is a 
 
 plain modern structure, erected in 18Q8, at a cost of 
 nearly £3,000, and consists of nave, chancel, tower, and 
 octagonal spire. The windows are lancet-shaped. The 
 pul]iit, reading desk, chancel rail, and gallery, are 
 of oak, — all in good taste and keeping, though not of 
 any particular style. The late Hon. F. G. Howard 
 and Lady Howard defrayed the cost of the erection of 
 the chapel, and also endowed the curacy with £300 a 
 year, and £10 a year to the clerk. There are no tithes 
 paid, as there has been a commutation effected ; it took 
 place at tlie enclosure of the common, about fifty years 
 ago. The right of appointing the incumbent of Levens 
 is with the Hon. Mrs. Howard. The register com- 
 mences in 183 3, when the Uev. W. Stephens, B.A., the 
 first and present incumbent, was appointed. 
 
 The parsonage was erected by the Hon. Mrs. Howard, 
 in 1898, at a cost of about £1,000. 
 
 There is a Methodist chapel at Beathwaite Green, 
 erected about sixty years ago. 
 
 The schools, for boys, girls, and infants, are the 
 property of Mrs. Howard, who erected them, provided 
 houses for the master and mistress, and pays their 
 salaries. The average attendance at these schools is 
 about 1:20 children. 
 
 There are no vested charities in Levens ; but it par- 
 takes in some of the parochial charities. There arc 
 two benevolent societies in Hcvershara — a friendly 
 society and an oddfellows' society — of which many of 
 the inhabitants of Levens are members. The incum- 
 bent has a provident society for supplying clothing, 
 bedding, itc, to the members, who pay a small sum 
 weekly. There is also a small village library. 
 
 Besides the hall this township comprises the follow- 
 ing residences : — Heaves Lodge, Lieut.-col. Brandreth ; 
 Park Head, J. Yeates Yeates, Esq. ; Hyuing ; Laurence 
 House ; and Levens Parsonage. 
 
 Sizergh Fell is the only hill in this township, not- 
 withstanding the great variety of surface. The river 
 Kent, rising in Kentracre and j)assing by Ken^lal, runs 
 through Levens park to the sea ; and, though a small 
 stream, has much beauty in this part of its course. 
 There is also a little stream called the Pool llowing 
 from Crosthwaito to Morecambe Bay, and forming tho 
 western boundary of this township. 
 
 Tho only old custom still prevailing in this township 
 is that of "peace-egging " at Easter. 
 
 rnESTOM RICHARD. 
 
 Tho area of this towiship is 1,700 acres; its rateable 
 value is £3,457 Is. Gd. The number of inhabitants in 
 1801 was 200: in ISH, 877; in 1R31, 318; in 1831, 
 395; in 1841, 365; and in 1851, 417; who are
 
 836 
 
 KENDAL WARD. 
 
 disp eree J over the tovmship, in the hamlets of Crooklands, 
 Biikrigg Park, EuJmoor, Milton Low Park, Storth 
 End, and PiOw End. and several dwellings bearing 
 diiTereut names, and distant from two to five miles 
 north-east of ililnthorpe. Preston Pdchard is crossed 
 by the Kendal canal, ou which, at Crooklands, the Earl 
 of Crawford and Balcarres has au extensive coal-wharf, 
 and a range of coke ovens. 
 
 As far hack as documentary history reaches, this 
 manor appears to have been divided into two portions, 
 known as Preston Eichard and Preston Patrick. The 
 Domesday record informs us that, at that period, 
 Torfin had one part of Preston, and Pioger do Poictou 
 the other. From the reign of Henry II. to that of 
 Edward III., both inclusive, a period of upwards of 
 two centuries, there appears to have been a long suc- 
 cession of persons bearing the name of Richard de 
 Preston, from ono of whom there is little doubt the 
 township derived its name, as previous to the first 
 r.ichard de Preston it was known as Preston Uchtred, 
 from another proprietor, who, as we have seen, held 
 the whole manor of Lovcns. The other portion of 
 Preston appears to have received its name of Preston 
 Patrick from Patrick de Culweu, who possessed it in 
 the reign of Henry II. In 1313 and 1353 Sir Pdchard 
 .Preston, Knt., represented Westmoreland in pai'lia- 
 ment; and in 1308 Richard Preston bad a license 
 from Edward III. to impark 500 acres of land. The 
 manor subsequently came by marriage to the Prestons 
 of Holker, who held it till the family failed in issue 
 male, when Preston Richard was sold to Sir John 
 Lowther, from whom nearly all the tenants purchased 
 their enfranchisement in 1679. According to ilachell, 
 the Earl of Derby is lord paramount of this as well as 
 the adjoining manor of Preston Patrick in Burton 
 parish. The principal landowners are John Harrison, 
 Esq. ; Mrs. Vincent, Trinity College, Cambridge ; 
 
 James Martindale, William Nelson, Miss Atkinson, 
 and others. Near the old hall, which was the ancient 
 manor house, is a farm still called the Deer Park ; there 
 is also another park at Birkrigg, where there is also a 
 burial ground belonging to the Society of Friends. 
 
 The hamlet of Crooklands is three and a half miles 
 north-east of Miluthorpe. Here is a bobbin factory. 
 Endmoor is another hamlet four and a half miles north- 
 east of the same town. Here is a school for children 
 of both sexes, principally supported by the vicar of 
 Hevershara, who also provides books, papers, &c., for 
 the scholars, about sixty of whom are in average 
 attendance. Milton hamlet is three miles north-east- 
 by-cast of I\Iilnthorpe. 
 
 Summerlauds, in this township, the seat and property 
 of John Harrison, Esq., is a handsome mansion, in the 
 Elizabethan st\-le, erected in 1810, at a cost of £8,500. 
 It is surrounded by beautiful grounds, and commands 
 extensive prospects of the surrounding country. 
 
 Miles Greemcood and Boivland Gremwood's Gifts. — 
 MUes Greenwood, by will, dated Sth May, 1637, gave 
 a house and its appurtenances to Miles Greenwood and 
 his heirs, provided that a rent charge of 40s. should be 
 paid out of the said house, namely, 20s. yearly, forever, 
 to the poor of the town of Grantham ; and the other 20s. 
 to be given yearly, for ever, to the poor people dwelling 
 near Crooklands, in the township of Preston Richard, in 
 the parish of Heversham, where he was born, upon St. 
 Thomas's Day and Good Friday. By indenture, dated 
 October, 1696, Rowland Greenwood, left £20 for the 
 purchasing of another annuity of 20s., to be distributed 
 in the same manner. It appears from the township 
 book of Preston Pilchard, that this rent charge was 
 received up to 1780, since which year it has not been 
 received, so that it may now be considered as lost. 
 
 CROSSCRAKE CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry comprises the townships of Sedgwick and 
 
 SEDGWICK, 
 
 The area of Sedgwick township is 990 acres, and its 
 rateable value £1,359 17s. SJd. The population in 
 1801 was 161 ; in 1811, 175 ; in 1821, 181 ; in 1831, 
 204; in 184], 240; and in 1851, 250; who are prin- 
 cipally resident in the village. Agriculture is the chief 
 employment of the inhabitants ; a few, however, are 
 engaged at the powder mills. The Lancaster and 
 
 Stainton. 
 
 Carlisle railway runs through the township. The 
 manorial rights are possessed by Walter C. Strickland, 
 Esq ; John Wakefield, Esq., and Edward Wilson, Esq., 
 arc the principal landowners. 
 
 The village of Sedgwick is three and a half miles 
 south of Kendal. In the neighbourhood is a large 
 powder mill, erected about ninety years ago, and worked 
 by W. H. A\'akefield and Co. Sedgwick House, the seat
 
 CKOSSCEAKE CHAPELRY. 
 
 837 
 
 of John WakcfieU, Esq., is pleasantly situated on the 
 north bank of the river Kent, which is here crossed by 
 a good stone bridge. 
 
 STAIN'TON. 
 
 Stainton comprises 1,440 acres, and its rateable value 
 is £2,243. The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 
 385; in 1811, 395; in 1821, 307; in 1831,388; in 
 1841, 305; and in 1851, 384; who are principally 
 engaged iu agriculture ; a few being employed in a 
 woollen-mill, a corn-mill, and a chemical works. The 
 Lancaitcr and Carlisle railway and the Lancaster canal 
 run through the township. When Domesday Survey 
 was taken, this place belonged to Gillmichcl, but soon 
 afterwards came to the Flemings, and as early as tbo 
 reign of Edward I. came to the Stricklands of Sizergh, 
 one of whom, Sir Thomas Strickland, about the year 
 1074, sold the tenements to freehold. The manorial 
 rights are held by Walter C. Strickland, Esq.; the 
 Lindowuers are Edward Wilson, Esq.; George Edward 
 Wilson, Esq.; John Wakefield, Esq.; Richard Atkinson, 
 and many other smaller proprietors. 
 
 This township e.'ctends from two and a half to five 
 miles south-by-east of Kendal, and contains the hamlets 
 of Stainton Row, Barrow's Green, part of Crosscrakc, 
 and Helm, with a number of scattered houses bearing 
 different names. 
 
 THE CHATEL. 
 
 Crosscrake chapel is situated about three and a half 
 miles south-by-east of Kendal. It is a neat edifice, 
 rebuilt iu 1773 by the help of a charity brief, and was 
 greatly improved and enlarged in 1842, by Thomas 
 Phihpsou, Esq., at a cost of £200. Croscrake chapel 
 was founded and endowed by Auselam do Furncss, son 
 of the first ^lichael le Fleming, about the time of 
 Richard I. ; and in the reign of Edward I. was granted 
 by Sir William do Stricldaud, Kut., to the priory of 
 Cartmell. After the suppression of the monastic 
 institutions, the chapel went to decay, and in Mr. 
 llachell's time served as a school. It continued iu 
 
 this state till 1757, when Bishop Keene, Dr. Stratford, 
 and the curate subscribed .£200 to obtain £200 from 
 Queen Anne's Bounty. With these sums two estates 
 were purchased, one at Dilhcar, and the other at 
 Killiugton. It was augmented in 1763 with £400 
 more obtained from Queen Anne's Bounty, which was 
 expended in laud at Sebergham, and a yearly rent 
 charge of 25s. in Garsdale, so that the curacy is now 
 worth about £89 a year. There are no tithes. The 
 vicar of Iloversham is patron. The registers commence 
 in 1755. 
 
 IxccMBESTs. — William Bewsher, ; Basil R. LawsoD, 
 
 1833; Frederick ToUer, 1811; John \yallace, 1844. 
 
 The parsonage is a plain structure, erected in 1849, 
 at a cost of about £500. 
 
 cnAIilTIES. 
 
 Crosscralce School. — There is a school at Crosscrake, 
 in this township, for the children of Staiuton. It was 
 built by the inhabitants and endowed with £5 a year, 
 which arises from £100, given by Mr. Joseph Threlfall, 
 for a schoolmaster to come and settle there. Mr. 
 Threlfall also gave another £100, which., in consequence 
 of law expenses, was reduced to £75. There is also 
 £100, left by the late Thomas Phillipson, to pay for 
 three poor boys from Preston Richard township. The 
 school was rebuilt in 1828; it is attended by about 
 forty children. 
 
 John and Jane Gilpin's Gifts. — John Gilpin, by will, 
 in 1744, left to the poor of the township of Stainton, 
 the sum of £10 ; aud Jane Gilpin, his sister, by will, 
 in 1745, bequeathed £3 3s. to the poor of the same 
 township. 
 
 A small beck, or rivulet, runs through this township 
 and falls into tho Belo. 
 
 The residences in the township are Hawthorn Hill, 
 Colonel Thompson ; Prospect House, Mr. John Taylor ; 
 High House, Miss Grccuhow; Stainton House, Mr. * 
 William Park.
 
 838 
 
 KE^^DAL ■v\'ARr>. 
 
 KENDAL PARISH. 
 
 The parish of Kendal, or Kirkby in Kendal, is bounded by the parishes of Windermere, Grasmere, Shap, Orton, 
 Sedbogh (in YorksJiirc), Kirkby Lonsdale, Burton, and Hevcrsham. It is the lai-gest parish in the county, averaging 
 ten miles in length, by the same in breath, and forms a beautifully divereified region of towering fells and scars, and 
 fertile and picturesque valleys and glens. It is weU watered by the river Kent, and its numerous affluents. During 
 the last half century most of the moors and commons have been cultivated, and fine crops are now raised where heath 
 and moss once grew in wild luxuriance. Excellent limestone, well suited for building and other purposes, is found in 
 various parts of the piirish, and near Crook are veins of lead. The Lancaster and Carlisle, and the Kendal and 
 Windermere railways run through the parish, as does also the Lancaster and Kendal canal. Kendal parish comprises 
 upwards of fifty villages and hamlets, with fourteen chapels-of-ease, and includes the following twenty-six townships: — 
 Ivirkby in Kendal, Crook, Dillicar, Docker, Fawcett Forest, Grayrigg, Helsington, HugiU, Kcntmere, Kirkland, 
 Lambrigg, Long Slcddale, Xatland, Nether Graveship, Kethcr Staveley, New Button, Old Button and Bolme Scales, 
 Over Staveley, Patten, Scalthwaitrigg Bay and Button-in-the-Hay, Selside-with-Whitwell, Skelsmergh, Strickland 
 Ketel, Strickland Roger, Underbarrow and Bradley Field, WhinfeU, and Winster, whose united area is 66,360 
 acres. Kendal parish was formerly much larger, as it included the parishes of Grasmere and Windermere. 
 
 Esq.; the executors of the late William Thompson, 
 
 KE.N'D.U.. 
 
 The population of Kendal township in 1801 was 
 6,892; in 1811, 7,505; in 1821,8,984; in 1831, 
 10,015; in 1841, 10,225; and in 1851, 10,377; who 
 are principally resident in the town of Kendal. The 
 return for the township of Kendal includes Skewbarrow, 
 deemed e.xtra-parochial, containing 13 persons in 1851 ; 
 also the union workhouse and house of correction, con- 
 taining 137 and 26 respectively in 1851. The Lan- 
 caster and Carlisle, and the Kendal and Windermere 
 railways, as well as the Kendal and Lancaster canal, run 
 through the township. The rateable value is £17,759. 
 The only vestige of the Romans in this township is 
 a road which is supposed to have passed from the 
 station at Watercrook, near Kendal, by Belsington, 
 Laithcrs, and Lane Bead, thence across the common 
 in the direction of Scout Scar, descending into Under- 
 barrow by the depression between Underbarrow Scar 
 and Cunswick Scar, and past Cunswick Ball in Undcr- 
 baiTow, to Bigh-street iu Kentmere. Near Cuns\vick 
 Hall are the remains of what is supposed to have been 
 a Roman station. 
 
 The ruins of Kendal Castle, of which only four 
 broken towers, and the outer wall, suiTounded by a deep 
 fosse, remain, crown the summit of a steep elevation on 
 the east side of the town. An account of the barony of 
 Kendal and its various lords, with which the history of 
 this castle is connected, will be found at page 811. It 
 is not known when, or by whom, the castle was erected, 
 but it is generally supposed to have been built in the 
 earlier part of the thirteenth century. It was long the 
 principal seat of the barons of Kendal, many of whom 
 were born here. _The castle appears to have become 
 ruinous pre\-ious to 1071. 
 
 The landowners are the Earl of Lonsdale ; F. M. 
 Yeates, Esq. ; William Wilson, Esq. ; Edward Wilson, 
 
 Esq. ; Messrs. W. Walker and Co. ; Tobias .\tldnson, 
 Esq. ; the Vicar of Kendal, and numerous other pro- 
 prietors. 
 
 BOItOtJGII OF KEXD.tX. 
 
 Kendal, the largest and most important town in 
 Westmoreland, the capital of the barony, deanery, and 
 parish of its own name, a market town, municipal and 
 parliamentaiT borough, and the seat of a poor-law union 
 is situated on the banks of the river Kent, in 50° 20' 
 north latitude, and 0° 44' west longitude. It is distant 
 tv\eut3'-two miles south-west-by-south from Applebj', 
 262 miles north-west-by-north from London by road, 
 and 250 by the London and North- Western, and the 
 Lancaster and Carlisle railways. The borough of 
 Kendal comprises the townships of Kendal and Kirk- 
 land, and part of the township of Nether Graveship. 
 Its population in 1851 was 11,829, of whom 5,004 
 were males and 0,225 females, inhabiting 2,457 houses, 
 148 being uninhabited, and fourteen building. 
 
 The town consists of two principal streets, or rather of 
 one,bearingtwonaiues,HighgateandStricklandgate,the 
 former being the principal street from the south. Low- 
 ther-street, Finkle-strect, SUamongate, and the market 
 place are on the eastern side of the main street, while 
 Allhallows Lane and other streets are on the western 
 side. The streets are all well paved, and the houses 
 are built of limestone from the fell on the west side of 
 the town. Though ancient, Kendal has quite a modem 
 appearance, as the majority of the old houses have 
 been rebuilt, and many new streets and rows of houses 
 have been erected during the last half century. 
 
 Of Kendal during the early periods of our history 
 we possess but Httle information. The Roman station 
 Galacum stood about a mile from the town, at the 
 place now known as Watercrook, which will be found
 
 KENDAL PAKISH. 
 
 839 
 
 described in our account of Natland townsliip at a 
 subsequent page. Of Kendal during the Anglo-Saxon 
 period nothing is recorded ; but on the western side of 
 the town, on a rocky hill opposite the castle, and at 
 about the same elevation, is a circular mound of gravel 
 and earth, round the base of which is a deep fosse, 
 strengthened with two bastions on the east. It is 
 known as Castle How Hill, or Castle Low HiU, and 
 is of great antiijuitj-. By some writers its origin is 
 ascribed to the Anglo-Saxons ; and it is said to be one 
 of those hills called " Laws," where in ancient times 
 justice was administered. We are more inclined to 
 give it a Danish or Norwegian origin ; and to consider 
 it to have been one of the places in which the " Thing, " 
 the popular council or assembly of the Norsemen was 
 held, where their laws were passed and their chiefs 
 elected. In 1778 a handsome obelisk was erected 
 on its summit, in commemoration of the revolution of 
 1088. To the Northmen we may also ascribe the 
 name of the town itself, lurkby Kendal, being the 
 church town in the vale of the Kent; but whether 
 the Sa.\ons or Danes were the founders of the church 
 we have now no means of ascertaining ; probability 
 is in favour of the former. 
 
 With the Norman Conquest came the grant of the 
 barony of Kendal to Ivo de TaUbois, whose successors 
 for several centuries made Kendal Castle their principal 
 seat. In the time of Gilbert, the sixth baron, the 
 Scots under Duncan Earl of Fife, entered and plun- 
 dered the town of Kendal, broke open the church, and 
 put all the inhabitants to the sword, sparing neither 
 age nor sex. The town was again attacked in the 
 time of Robert de Eoss. At the battle of Flodden 
 Field, in tlie reign of Henry Vlil. the Kendal men, 
 
 those 
 
 " bows of Kendal stout 
 With milk white coats and crosses red," 
 
 did good execution, and we are told, 
 
 " Tliese ore the bows of Kendal bold 
 Who fierce will flght and never flee." 
 
 From this period wc have little or nothing recorded of 
 Kendal till lo'.i8, when, as we learn from an inscription 
 in Penrith church, the town was visited by the plague, 
 which carried olT 'i.MO persons. 
 
 In 1017 James I. stayed hero for anight while on 
 his way to Scotland. In 1640, when Charles I. was 
 beheaded, a body of Kendal men, headed by Sir 
 Llariuadukc Laugdalc, marched to besiege tlio castle 
 of Appleby. In the "rising "of 1715 the adherents of 
 the house of Stuart, under the command of Air. Forster 
 and the Earl of Derwentwater, passed through Kendal 
 on their inarch to the south. In 1710 prince Choiles 
 
 Edward Stuart, with about 6,000 men, passed through 
 Kendal, on the retreat, after his fruitless invasion of 
 England. The other historical events connected with 
 the town will be found in the account of the churches, 
 public buildings, &c. of the town, described in the 
 following pages. 
 
 CHxmcaES akd chapels. 
 The parish church of Kendal, dedicated to the Holy 
 Trinity, is a flue structure, consisting of nave, chancel, 
 four aisles, and a square tower containing a fine peal of 
 ton bells. It will accommodate from two to three 
 thousand pereons. The church is supposed to occupy 
 the site of a more ancient Saxon one, and was probably 
 erected in the eleventh or twelvth centuries ; but Uke 
 the other old chiu'ches in England, it has since under- 
 gone considerable alterations. Originally it appears to 
 have consisted of nave, chancel, north and south aisles, 
 and tower ; the two additional aisles having been added 
 at a subsequent period. In Catholic times there would 
 be several altars ; the dechcation of two are known, the 
 one on the north of the high-altar was called our Lady's 
 Altar, and that on the south St. Catherine's. The 
 church contains three chapels, which belonged to the 
 ancient families of Parr, Strickland, and Bellingham. 
 The first-named chapel is in the north aisle, and beneath 
 it rest the remains of several members of the family 
 from whom it derives its name. The Strickland chapel 
 is in the second aisle from the south, and contains 
 several monuments to the memory of various members 
 of the SU-ickland faiuily. One of these is a raised 
 tomb of black marble, resting on four pillars. Beneath 
 the canopy is a figure of a boy, in alabaster, dressed in 
 a loose gown. Bellingham 's chapel, in the north aisle, 
 is raised considerably above tlie rest of the aisle, and 
 contains a monumental brass to the memory of Sir Alan 
 BelUngham, besides other monuments. The church 
 contains a number of mural tablets, &c., commemorating 
 many famihes of the town and neighbourhood. This , 
 fine old church underwent a general restoration in 
 1850-52, and it is now one of the finest and most 
 imposing ecclesiastical structures in tlie north of 
 England. The restoration of the chancel was effected 
 at the cost of the master and fellows of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, the patrons of the living. The old low and 
 unsightly chancel roof was removed and replaced with one 
 of more elaborate design, and more in harmony with the 
 gcnei-ol style of the building. It has also been raised 
 to the original elevation. The centre gable of the 
 chancel has also been entirely rebuilt, and with its 
 pinnacles and enriched battlements has quite an impos- 
 ing effect. In the interior the nave and chancel have
 
 840 
 
 KENDAL -WARD. 
 
 been separated by a newly -constructed arch, with 
 corbels, shields, tracery, &c. The chancel stalls are 
 elaborately carved. A new cast window of noble 
 dimensions has been erected, and filled with stained 
 glass, bearing various figures and emblematic devices. 
 The restoration of the chancel had its eftect upon the 
 inhabitants of the town, who set to work to restore the 
 nave, so that the good work might bo complete. The 
 result of this has been that the entire body of the church 
 has been re-pewed with open seats on a consistent plan, 
 and by this means 300 additional sittings have been 
 gained. The fine west window has been restored, and 
 the interesting doorway beneath, which had long been 
 closed up as an entrance by the position of the organ in 
 front, has been rebuilt, re-opened, and enlarged, so as to 
 correspond in proportion and position with the window, 
 and now presents a specimen of elegance and beauty in 
 its masonry and carved ornaments not to be surpassed. 
 From this entrance a good view of the interior may be 
 obtained. The whole length of the edifice, 140 feet 
 from east to west, opened out in one uninterrupted view. 
 The organ has been removed from its place on the 
 floor in the front of the western door, into the Belliiig- 
 ham chapel. It is a very fine instrument, and has 
 recently been enlarged and improved by Messrs. Kirtland 
 and Jardine, of Manchester, under the supervision of 
 Mr. Scarisbrick, the organist. Some parts of the instru- 
 ment are very old, and there seems to be great doubt 
 whether tliat portion of it was originally built by Father 
 Smith, or the Harrises ; but the general opinion is in 
 favour of the former. There are at present three manual 
 key-boards, and one of pedals. The great and choir 
 organs extend from C C to F in alt. (fifty-four notes). 
 The swell extends from C to F in alt. (forty-two notes) ; 
 and the pedals from C C C to D (twenty-nine notes). 
 The great organ contains fourteen stops, the choir 
 organ eight, the swell organ nine, and the pedal organ 
 three. There are five couplers, five composition pedals ; 
 and the organ contains altogether upwards of 1,900 
 pipes. The accumulation of earth, rough-cast, &c., 
 during the course of centuries, had altered the original 
 elevation of the floor of the cliurch to the ex.tent of 
 several feet, which destroyed the effect, and was the 
 cause of dampness in the interior. This accumulation 
 of earth has been removed, and the original level restored. 
 The si.\teen clerestory windows have been filled with 
 stained glass, and the effect in the church is most 
 pleasing. There are also commemoration windows of 
 stained glass in the Bellingham chapel, the west end, 
 and the Lady chapel, as well as in the baptistry, which 
 is laid with encaustic tiles. The total cost of the restora- 
 tions amounted to J£G,-100. Over the north-west door 
 
 is a monument to the officers and men of the 55th, or 
 Westmoreland Picgiment, who fell during the Russian 
 war. It is beautifully wrought in statuary marble, and 
 of pyramidical form, with a deep base. On the centre 
 of the base is a carved laurel wreath. The inside of 
 this bears the names of Alma, Inkermau, and Sevastopol. 
 In gold, flanking this centre piece, are circular scrolls, 
 on the face of which the word " Westmoreland" is 
 inscribed, and in the centre the numerals LV, all in 
 gold. At the summit of the base is a beautifully 
 sculptured group of weapons, &c. The colours of the 
 regiment are fixed on each side of the monumcut. An 
 inscription records that, "twelve officers, fifteen Ser- 
 jeants, and three hundred and sixty-four private soldiers 
 of the ijuth Regiment fell during the war with Russia, 
 in Turkey and the Crimea, in the years 1854 and 
 1855." 
 
 In the Valor of Pope Nicholas, taken about the year 
 1291, the church of Kendal is stated to be divided into 
 two'medieties, viz., "pars Gulielmi and pars Gualteri;" 
 and it is said to be in the diocese of York. It was 
 given by Ivo de Tnilbois to the Abbey of St. Mary at 
 York, and in 1301 was appropriated to that house. 
 In 1321 the abbot and convent bound themselves and 
 their successors to find and maintain a chantry in the 
 church, at the altar of St. Mary, for one secular priest, 
 and to allow him £5 for the performance of certain 
 duties. Shortly after this period no less than seven 
 chantries occur in connection with the church, amongst 
 which arc mentioned those of Our Lady, St. Anthony, 
 St. Thomas a Beckot, St. Christopher, and Trinity Guild. 
 On the suppression of the religious houses the chantry 
 priests were pensioned. The advowson of the vicarage 
 was granted by Queen Mary to Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, to which the patronage of the great tithes still 
 belong. The college appears to have become possessed 
 of the patronage of the vicarage from the desire of 
 Queen Mary to do something, if possible, for the good 
 of the soul of her father, Henry VIH. The vicarage is 
 valued in the King's Book at £99 5s. ; it is now worth 
 £521. In conformity with the provisions of Lord 
 Blandford's xVct, passed in 1856, the town of Kendal 
 became divided into separate and distinct parishes for 
 all ecclesiastical purposes, on the demise of the lute vicar, 
 in 1858. Under this new arrangement the district 
 attached to the parish church comprises the whole of 
 that portion of the borough not included in the two 
 parishes of St. George and St. Thomas, the boundaries 
 of which will be found at page 841. 
 
 VicAEs. — Alan de Esyngwald, ; 'William de Madestan, 
 
 1301; Roger de Kirkeby, ISIS; Thomas Greenwoode, ; 
 
 Thomas de Leynsbury, 13CG; Eichard Garsdale, 14.32; John
 
 KENDAL PARISH. 
 
 841 
 
 Bryan, 1430; William, alibotol' St. Mary's, York, U95 ; Thomas 
 
 Maynes, ; James I'ilkingtou, 1.^0(1 ; Nicholas Ashton, 1551 ; 
 
 Ambrose Hetheriugton, lOO-i; Samuul Heron, 1591; Kalph 
 Tyrer, }'>a-2; Francis Gardner, Ifi'^7; Michael Stanford, 1074; 
 Thomas Murgatroyd, ICS;!; William Crosby, lODU ; Richard 
 ClUhbert, 1714; Thomas Syiiionds, 1745; Henry Robinson, 
 17H'J; Matthew Murfitt, 1800; John Hudson, 1815; James W. 
 Barnes, 1843; J. Cooper, 1858. 
 
 St. George's church, near Stramongate Bridge, is a 
 neat structure, in the Early English style, erected in 
 1841, at a cost of je4,000. It contains about 1,200 
 sittings, of which 878 are free and unappropriated. 
 Under the provisions of Lord Blandford's Act, as men- 
 tioned above, St. George's became a parish church iu 
 li^58. Its'district commences " at the north end of 
 Miller Bridge, proceeds up the middle of Kent-street 
 as far as Finkle-street, along the middle of Finkle- 
 strect into Highgate, up the middle of Highgatc 
 northerly, and proceeds in the same course down the 
 middle of Stricklaiidgate as far as Sands Close, down 
 the middle of Sands Close as far as the bank of the 
 river Kent, and crossing that river, proceeds in a 
 straight line to a bound stone placed on the north-east 
 side of the road to Appleby, at the distance of 100 
 yards from the house and premises occupied by William 
 Duxbury, and from such bound stone in a straight line 
 to another bound stone on the southern side of the 
 road to Sedbergh, at the eastern corner of the boundary 
 of the common garden (now a cemetery), and from such 
 latter bound stone in a straijjht line to the first bridge 
 over the canal, crosses the bridge in a straight line to the 
 cast bank of the river Kent ; it then proceeds along 
 the baidi as far as Miller Biidge, which it crosses to 
 the point where the boundary first commenced." The 
 original church of St. George was erected in 1754 ; the 
 present structure was consecrated June 17th, 1811. 
 The vii-ar of Keiulul is patron. The living is endowed 
 with £70 a year, arising from lands purchased in 1705 
 with £400 received from the governors of Queen Anne's 
 Bounty and other sums. Tiie total income is about 
 i"l,'.ioi) a year. The registers commence in 1841. 
 The following have been the incumbents from 1843 : — 
 
 iKct'jinENTS.— W. J. Woodcock, 1812; JI. J. Finch, 1S44; 
 J. B. Meredith, IH47; Kdward Ciabricl, 1800. 
 
 St. Thomas's Church is situated at the end of 
 Riricklandgate. It is a Gothic structure, erected in 
 18:)7, at a cost of .CH.OOO, defrayed by voluntary sub- 
 scription, £1,000 being given by Mre. Thomason 
 Ilichardson, widow of Mr. Kichardson, and last sur- 
 viving child of James Dowker, Esq. She also gave 
 the organ, and a further sum of £1,000 towards the 
 endowment. The entrance to the church is at the 
 101 
 
 east end. The west window is filled with staincil 
 glass. In 1858 a district was assigned to this church, 
 which was made a parish church for all ecclesiastical 
 purposes. The district commences " at the middle of 
 Stricklaudgate, opposite Entry Lane, proceeds down 
 the middle of Stricklandgate as far as Sands Close, 
 down the middle of Sands Close as far as the bank of 
 the river Kent, follows along the west side of the river 
 as far as the boundary of Kendal extends (being a little 
 to the south of Aikrigg End), and follows that boundary 
 to the Kendal and Ambleside turnpike road, then along 
 the middle of that road to the top of Shaw's Brow, down 
 the middle of Shaw's Brow to the north-west comer of 
 the House of Correction, from thence along the Low 
 Fell-side by Graudy Nook, to the top of Entry Lane, 
 down the middle of Entry Lane to Stricklandgate, 
 where it commenced. The living is in the patronage 
 of certain trustees. The Rev. John A. La Trobe, the 
 first and present incumbent, was appointed in 18:39. 
 
 The Catholic church, situated on the Kew Eoad, 
 is a handsome Gothic building, erected in 1837, and 
 dedicated to the Holy Trinity and St. George ; a statue 
 of the latter ornaments the front of the edifice. The 
 interior ornamentation of this church is very splendid. 
 The chancel contains statues of the Redeemer, the 
 Blessed Virgin, St. Mary Magdalen, and St. George ; 
 and is lighted by a beautifully stained - glass window, 
 containing figures of St. Peter and St. Paul, and a 
 number of emblematical devices. The altar and screen 
 are well executed, and elaborately ornamenied. The 
 nave is lofty and spacious, with an open stained roof. 
 There is a gallery at the west end containing a fine- 
 toned organ, presented to the church by the late pastor, 
 the llev. Thomas Wilkinson, at a cost of £000 ; the 
 same gentleman was the principal contributor towards 
 the erection of the present church. There is a handsome 
 font with an oak top, octagonal in form, and surmounted 
 with a figure of St. Michael. Previous to the erection 
 of the present church, the Catholics of Kendal had a 
 chapel in a confined yard, on the east side of Stramon- 
 gate, built in 1793, on the site of an older building, 
 which, for an uncertain number of years, had been 
 used as a place of worship by them. The Eev. Mr. 
 Wilkinson, the late pastor of this church, was one of 
 the last students of the famous College of Douay, 
 whence he was sent to Kendal as his first mission, and 
 which he continued to hold till his decease, a period of 
 about seventy years. During his incumbency he col- 
 lected an extcQsivo library of about 9,000 volumes, 
 which ho subsequently presented to Ushaw College, 
 near Durham, to which place he was iu the habit of 
 going during the summer season, rcturuiug to Kendal
 
 842 
 
 KENDAL WABT). 
 
 for the winter. He deceased January 80th, 1857, aged 
 ninety-four years, and was succeeded by the Rev. James 
 Gibson, the present rector. 
 
 The Unitarian Chapel is in the neighbourhood of the 
 market-place. It was erected in 1730, and contains 
 about 200 sittings. The congregation was iirst formed 
 here about the year 1709. The chapel possesses a 
 small endowment, which includes the New Shambles, 
 the Masons' Arms, and a house for the ministT. 
 Though the endowment is said to have been originally 
 intended for Presbyterians, it has been confirmed to the 
 present congregation by the Dissenters' Chapels Bill, 
 passed some years ago. The Rev. Edward Hawkes, 
 who was appointed in 1834, is the present minister. 
 
 The Independent Chapel is in Lowther-street. It 
 was erected in 1782, and newly-fronted in 1898. The 
 Independcntsof Kendal date their origin from about the 
 year 1778, when they first met for worship iu the Old 
 Theatre, in the market-place, which continued to serve 
 them as a chapel tUl the erection of the present building. 
 The Rev. David Jones, minister, was appointed in 182G. 
 
 The United Presbyterians have a chapel in Wool 
 Pack Yard, which formerly served as a theatre. 
 
 Zion Chapel (Congregational) is a neat commodious 
 building, situated in the New Inn Yard, Highgate. It 
 was erected in 1841, and has since been considerably 
 enlarged by the erection of side galleries ; it will now 
 accommodate about 000 persons. 
 
 The Friends' Meeting House, in Stramongate, was 
 erected in 1816, upon the site of a previous structure, 
 which bore on its door the date 1088, and as the 
 principles of the society were introduced into Kendal 
 by George Fo.\, about 1G45, it is more than probable 
 that the building had been erected at the time to which 
 the date referred. The present meeting house is a good- 
 sized structure, capable of accommo3atiug about 1,200 
 persons. There is a burial-ground attached. 
 
 The Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, iu Stricklandgate, 
 was erected in ] 808. Wesleyanism was introduced into 
 Kendal in 1784, and for some time sermons were preached 
 in the market-place. Shortly afterwards a society was 
 organised, who assembled for worship in the Old Theatre, 
 from which they removed to a room in Stricklandgate, 
 and continued there till the erection of the present 
 chapel. 
 
 Besides these places of worship, there are others 
 belonging to the Plymouth Brethren, the Inghamites, 
 the Primitive Methodists, and the Glassites. 
 
 AKCIENT UELIGIOL'S HOUSES. 
 
 There appears to have been a chapel in ancient times 
 at the head of Capper Lane (supposed to be a contrac- 
 
 tion of Chapel Lane). Some human bones have been 
 discovered here in what is thought to have been the 
 cemetery attached to the clmpcl. 
 
 On the west side of Kirklaiul is a house bearing the 
 name of the " Anchorite House," and before the house 
 is the " Anchorite Well." The name is supposed to 
 have originated in the fact of an anchoret having resided 
 here in olden time. 
 
 A chapel dedicated to All Saints formerly stood at 
 the head of Allhallows, or All Saints' Lane, at the 
 lower side of the field now known as Chapel Close, 
 adjoining to which, on the north side, is an isolated 
 cemetery, called the " Sepulchre." 
 
 Another ancient chapel, dedicated to St. Anne, 
 foiTnerly stood near Dockwra Hall. This chapel 
 appears to have teen a large structure, with a lofty 
 tower, and was surrounded with a high wall, like the 
 ancient manor houses of this and the adjoining county 
 of Cumberland. 
 
 About a mile from the town, on the road leading to 
 Appleby, there formerly stood a chapel, or hospital, 
 dedicated to St. Leonard ; its site is now known by the 
 name of the Spittd Farm. This was a hospital for 
 lepers. In the reign of Henry II. St. Leonard's 
 Hospital, at Kendal, was given to the priory at Conis- 
 liead, by William de Lancaster; and it continued 
 attached to that house till the period of the Dissolution, 
 when it was granted by Henry VIII. to Alan Belling- 
 ham and Alan Wilson, Esqs. ; it was then worth 
 £11 4s. 3d. a year. The Spittal estate now belongs to 
 the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 Besides the Free Grammar School, the Blue Coat 
 School, the National Schools, the Friends' School, the 
 British School, the Schools of Industry, and the Infant 
 Schools, Kendal possesses the following : — 
 
 St. Thomas's School, a neat buildiug, erected in 
 1 841, is situated iu Stricklandgate. It is attended by 
 about 100 children. 
 
 St. George's National School, in William-street, was 
 erected iu 1854. It is under government inspection, 
 has three pupil teachers, and is attended by about 
 eighty children. 
 
 The Catholic School is held in the old chapel at the 
 back of the present church. 
 
 The other schools will be found noticed in the 
 accounts of the various charities. 
 
 PDBLIC INSTITUTIONS, itc. 
 
 The White Hall is a large edifice, with handsome 
 stone fronts, looking into Lowther-street and High- 
 gate. It was erected in 1825, from a design by the late
 
 KENDAL PAEXSH. 
 
 843 
 
 Mr. Webster, at a cost of J£(j,000. It is J -48 foet loug 
 mid 37 broaJ, having the principal entrance ornauiunted 
 by a receding balcony, fronted with columns and pilasters 
 of the Ionic order, supporting a pediment. A haud- 
 somo circular lantern gives light to the billiard-room, 
 besides which are a library, news-room, and elegant 
 ball-room. 
 
 The Kendal Literary and Scientific Institution, 
 8tricklandgate House, possesses a museum, library, 
 &c., and has for its president Professor Sedgwick. 
 
 The Mechanics' Institute is held in the Oddfellows' 
 Hail, High-street. It comprises a library of 1,800 
 volumes, news-room, lecture-room, and two class-rooms. 
 It was established in 1824. 
 
 The Working Men's Library and Newsroom, in the 
 market-place, was established in 18-t4, and is well 
 supplied with periodicals, ne\vspapers, Ac. There are 
 baths and wash-houses in connection with this institute. 
 
 There are also a Christian Institute, vi-ith a library of 
 about 1,0()0 volumes, and a book club, in StricklanJgatc. 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce, established in 1857, has 
 its offices in Stricklandgate. 
 
 The Oddfellows' Hall, in Highgate, was erected in 
 1833. It contains a large room sufficiently commo- 
 dious to hold 500 persons, besides the rooms occupied 
 by the Mechanics' Institute, etc. The cost of the 
 building, inclusive of some cottages, was about £'800. 
 
 The town possesses two newspapers, the Kendal 
 Mercury and tho Westmoreland Gazette, published on 
 Saturday mornings, the former advocating Whig and the 
 latter Tory principles. The Mercury was established 
 in 1811, and the Gazetteia 1818. A newspaper called 
 the Kemhd Courunt was established here prior to 1745, 
 and a fortnightly magazine called the " Agreeable Mis- 
 cellany," was issued in 1719, but neither of these had 
 a long existence. 
 
 The Serpentine or Fell-side Walk, on the west side 
 of the town, was formed in 1824, by about forty sub- 
 scribers, who engaged at it tlie unemployed operatives 
 during the stagnation of trade. The walks are beauti- 
 fully shaded with ti'ees. 
 
 MAItKETS AXD FAIBS. 
 
 Kendal market, held on Saturday, was established by 
 a charter, granted towards tho close of tho twelfth 
 century by Richard I. to Roger Fitz-Reiufred, baron of 
 Kondal, and confirmed by I'.dward II. and Edward III., 
 and subsequently by Kli/abeth. Tho same charter also 
 empowered the holdings of two fairs yearly, on tho eves, 
 days, and morrows of the feasts of St. Mark, and 
 Sts. Simon and Jude, but the fairs are now held 
 annually on March 22nd, April 29th, and November 
 
 8th, for cattle ; and November 9th for horses. There 
 is also a fortnightly cattle fair, established in 1848. A 
 hiring for servants is held on tho Saturday before 
 Whit-Sunday. About the end of the sixteenth century, 
 Kendal market appears to have been one of the best 
 for corn in tho north of England, but it subsequently 
 declined, and about seventy years ago was of little 
 consequence. But a great change has taken place 
 during the last half century, and the market is now 
 abundantly supplied with grain and other farm produce. 
 A new market-house was erected in 1850, on the east 
 side of Stricklandgate. 
 
 TKADE AMD ilAKUTACTUEES. 
 
 Kendal is generally said to be the first place in 
 Eusland in which the manufacture of woollens was 
 established by act of parliament. This took place as 
 early as the fourteenth century, when John Kempe and 
 other weavers, from Flanders, settled here at the ex- 
 press invitation of Edward III. The reasons which 
 induced Kempe to settle here, are stated to have been 
 the largo numbers of sheep grazed in the neighbour- 
 hood, and the abundance of broom which grew on the 
 surrounding wilds. xVt this time, and for long after, 
 wool constituted thirteen-fourteenths of our exports, 
 and foreigners sent us in return, woollen cloth, dyed 
 and dressed, and a dyeing material wherewith to dyo 
 tho small quantity of woollen woven at home. This 
 dye was woad. Indigo was not then known as a dye. 
 and woad was the only blue. Now, blue is one-half of 
 green ; and in the broom which grew near Kendal, 
 Kempe and his successors had the other half — the 
 yellow ; hence arose the famous Kendal green, which 
 was renowned for centuries, even to within a hundred 
 yeara, when it was driven out by the Sa.xon green. 
 This Kendal green was the first celebrated Enghsh 
 colour. John Kenipo was held in vivid remembi-anee 
 in Kendal for several centuries : and at the hxat Kendal 
 Guild, held in 1759, it is said that some of his de- 
 scendants were present. The woollen trade of Kendal 
 has been tho subject of several special enactments, the 
 first of which is dated in 1389. From various acts of 
 parliament, passed during successive reigns, we Icam 
 that Kendal cloths — soon called Kendal cottons — wcro 
 an article of commerce. Tho length and breadth of 
 these "cottons "(supposed to mean "coatings") were 
 settled by legislative acts; and corn, thou forbidden to 
 be imported was permitted to be brought to Kendal 
 from Ireland. Within a century of John Kempe's 
 settlement, his fabrics were originating at least one 
 fair in tho interior of the island. His woollens clothed 
 a multitude of London people ; and tho Kendal men
 
 844 
 
 KENDAL WARD. 
 
 had uo other idea than of canning their ware to Lon- 
 don. On one occasion, a Kendal clothier got wet — 
 both he and his goods got wet — on his journey to 
 London; and he stopped on the spot where since, as' 
 Stourbridge fair, more woollen goods have been sold 
 there than at any other place in Europe. His cloth 
 being wetted very much, he thought he had better sell 
 it for what it would fetch, and go home. It fetched 
 more than his London journey would have left him. 
 He and some of his townsmen naturally came again, 
 next year, with cloth in good condition. "So that," 
 says Fuller, "within a few years, hither came a con- 
 fluence of buyers, sellers, and lookers-on, which are the 
 three principles of a fair." 
 
 From this time the Kendal manufactures spread 
 over the length and breadth of the land. A local tradi- 
 tion relates how country weavers multiplied in every 
 hamlet among the hills, and how fulling mills might be 
 found on every favourable stream. But the time at 
 length arrived when the woollen yarn was to be used 
 for something else than Kendal cottons. In the reign 
 of Henry VIII., silk stockings were heard of from 
 abroad, and the king preferred knitted hose to the 
 ordinary awkward cloth. It appears that the Kendal 
 folk were not slow in taking a hint, for soon after this 
 there was knitting of woollen hose proceeding in 
 thousands of dwellings. This may seem like exaggera- 
 tion ; but if the local records be true, the quantity of 
 stockings sold weekly at the Kendal market, a centurj' 
 ago, was about 3,000 pairs. The hosiers used to set 
 out on their rounds at stated times; going to the prin- 
 cipal markets to give out worsted, and to receive the 
 finished goods. This amount of knitting may be more 
 easily believed when we find that the number of pack- 
 horses employed to carry out Kendal goods, before 
 waggons were established, was above 300 per week. 
 
 Meantime the Kendal cottons were going beyond 
 sea. They had lost favour at homo before they were 
 sent to clothe the negroes in Virginia. But the 
 American war put a stop to the trade. Before the war 
 ■was over, Yorkshire had got the start in regard to quaUty, 
 owing to the introduction of improved machinery. The 
 "cottons" descended in dignity — being used at last 
 for horse-cloths, floor-cloths, and scouring-cloths. At 
 last, the manufacture was admitted on all hands to 
 have sunk below that of the linsey-woolsey (mixed 
 linen and woollen), which had been rising for some 
 years. Cotton fabrics were as yet scarcely heard of; 
 almost all the Welsh, and multitudes of the Scotch 
 and English working classes, were dressed in linsey- 
 woolsey. Between three and four hundred weavers 
 are at this day employed at Kendal in the manufacture 
 
 of liusey-woolscys — all of the old patterns that were 
 preferred hundreds of years ago. Change in abundance 
 may be found side by side with this adherence to old 
 custom. Railway rugs — a new article — are in great 
 request, and the manufacture is increasing. So is 
 that of trousering. Tiie great manufacture of Kendal, 
 however, is carpet?, which was introduced into Kendal 
 in 1822 by Messrs. Atkinson. The collective woollen 
 manufacture employs about a third of the poi)ulation 
 of Kendal. The principal manufacturers are J. and 
 J. Wilson, at Castle Mills; !\Iessrs. ]5raithwaite and 
 Co., Meal Bank Mills; Messrs. Simpson and Ireland, 
 whose works are at Staveley ; John Ireland and Sons, 
 Low Mills; and Messrs. Whitwell and Co., Dockwray 
 Hall iliUs. 
 
 The town is also celebrated for its breweries, one of 
 which, Messrs. William Whitwell and Co.'s, situate in 
 Highgate, is very extensive ; their stores, near the 
 railway station, cover half an acre of ground. Tobacco 
 and snuff are also manufactured here ; and there are 
 four tanneries. 
 
 In the seventeenth century the traders of Kendal 
 felt the want of a currency of small value ; and it was 
 supplied partly by the trading companies and partly by 
 individuals, in the form of various tokens, of which 
 some eight or ten varieties are known, and may be 
 inspected in the Museum of the Natural History 
 Society in Kendal. The earliest in point of date is 
 that of "Thomas Sandes, of Kendal," 1050. The 
 obverse presents the figures of a teasel and a wool-hook ; 
 and the reverse a wool-comb. In 1GS7 a fiirthing was 
 issued under the name of the Mercers' Company. On 
 one side it bears their arms, the Blessed Virgin's 
 head. On the reverse are the arms of the town. 
 Above the shield are the initials of Kirkby Kendal. 
 The dies of this token, much worn, were found in 
 1803, among the ruins of the New Biggin, where the 
 Cordwainers' Company had their hall, and they are 
 now in the Kendal Museum. The last token which 
 appears to have been issued is that of Richard Row- 
 landson of Grayrigg, in Kendal parish, in 1669. The 
 device is described by Mr. Brockett as a pair of scales 
 on a pedestal. 
 
 The tradesmen of Kendal were formerly enrolled in 
 seven free companies, or guilds, viz., mercers, 
 shearmen, cordwainers, tanners, skinners, tailors, and 
 barbers. Each of these guilds was under the govern- 
 ment of two wardens, who were elected yearly, and 
 sworn to see the rules and orders of their respective 
 companies duly observed. Up to 1759, a guild pro- 
 cession took place in Kendal every twenty-one years, 
 similar to that held in Preston and others of the ancient
 
 KENDAL PARISH. 
 
 845 
 
 manufacturing towns. The last of the free companies 
 of Kendal was brought to an end about the beginning 
 of the present century. 
 
 For banking purposes Kendal possesses the Kendal 
 Bank, Ilighgate; Messrs. Wakefield, Crowdson, & Co.; 
 Westmoreland Joint Stock Bank ; and the Savings 
 Bank. 
 
 GAS AND WATEIt-WORKS. 
 
 The gas-works, situated in Park Lane, were con- 
 structed in 1826, at a cost of about .€'7,600, raised in 
 fcharcs of £20 each ; and the town was first lighted 
 with gas on the 25tli July of the same year. There 
 are two gasometers, capable of containing 36,000 cubic 
 feet of gas. 
 
 The water-works were established in 1840, when the 
 company was incorporated by act of parliament con- 
 jointly with the gas company, the joint number of 
 shares amounting to 2,282, or 1,852 additional shares ; 
 the capital of the gas-works being 380 of £20 each. 
 The reservoir is about a mile east of the town. 
 
 THE DUniAI, ROAED. 
 
 The Kendal Burial Board, established on the 27th 
 February, 1854, purchased land for the New Cemetery 
 on the north and south sides of the road leading from 
 Kirklaud to I'arkside, the properties respectively of 
 John Wakefield, Esq., and the corporation of Kendal. 
 The former plot, consisting of five acres and three roods, 
 is set apart for the use of members of the EsUiblished 
 Church, and the other portion, which contains two 
 acres and two roods, is for the Dissenters. The high 
 road forms the division between the two parts. The 
 price of the land was £200 per statute acre. The 
 comer stone of tho chapel for the use of the Church 
 of England portion of the burial ground was laid on 
 the 2stli November, 1854, by "Sh: John Hudson, and 
 was consecrated by the bishop of Carlisle on August 
 23rd ; and the first interment took place on September 
 14th, 1855. 
 
 OOVERNUENT. 
 
 Kendal wa.s first incorporated by Queen Elizabeth, 
 who, by her charter, bearing date November 28th, 1575, 
 vested the government of the town in one alderman, one 
 recorder, twelve burgesses, and twenty-four assistants, 
 under tho stylo n,-.d title of "Tho Alderraan'and Bur- 
 gesses of tho Bnrgh of Kirkbio-in-Kcndall, in the 
 county of Westmorland." Kendal was governed in 
 accordance with tho provision of this charter till 1G30, 
 when Charles I. granted another charter which con- 
 firmed the previous one, and granted more ample privi- 
 leges. By this charter tho government of the boi-ough 
 became vested in one mayor, twelve aldcvnion, and 
 
 twenty chief burgesses of the borough of Kirkby in 
 Kendal, with a recorder, who was to be chosen by the 
 mayor and aldermen, and to hold office during pleasure. 
 Both these charters were surrendered to the crown in 
 tho latter part of the reign of Charles II., and a new 
 one obtained which continued in force till the passing 
 of the Municipal Corporations Reform Act in 1835, 
 when the right of holding a separate court of quarter 
 sessions in Kendal ceased. These quarter sessions 
 were usually held before the mayor, recorder, or deputy 
 recorder, and two senior aldermen, who were justices of 
 the peace in right of their office. By the provisions of 
 the Municipal Corporations Reform Act the corporation 
 still retained its title of the Mayor, Alderman, and Bur- 
 gesses of the Borough of Kirkby iu Kendal, and consists 
 of a mayor, si.K aldermen, and eighteen councillors — the 
 mayor being chosen from the council. For the election 
 of councillors the borough was divided intothree war ds, 
 viz., the East, West, and North wards, each of which is 
 represented by si.\ councillors. On the 21st August, 
 1848, the Health of Towns Act became law ; and on 
 July lilth, 1849, the General Board of Health in 
 London made a provisional order for applying the same 
 to Kendal, which was confirmed on the 1st of the fol- 
 lowing August. On the 21st of the same mouth a 
 meeting of the council was held, and a committee, con- 
 sisting of the whole body, appointed to consider the 
 provisions of the act. The first meeting of the council 
 as a local board of health took place on the 4tli Sep- 
 tember, 1810. The Local Government Act received 
 the royal assent on the 2nd August, 185 8, and came 
 into operation in this borough on the 1st of the follow- 
 ing September. Tlic following is a list of the aldermen 
 and mayors of Kendal from its incorporation to the 
 present time : — 
 
 ALDERMEN. 
 
 15iR. Ilcnrv Wilson. 1,5!1!). 
 
 1377. Iluiirv Fisher. KiOO. 
 
 1578. SIjlcsFox. KKil. 
 
 1579. Koberl Jopson. Jlill'J. 
 
 1580. Christopher Hindloss. ](10:l. 
 IJiSl. i\I)los Urncken. HiOi. 
 \Wi. Kdwnrd I'otter. 1(105. 
 I. ')H;1. Henry Dixon. IdOit. 
 15N4. Willinm Wilson. I(i07. 
 li'iH."). Thomas Poltor. JOOS. 
 iri>S|5. John Arnier. 1(109. 
 15H7. Anthony IV'iirson. Kilo. 
 15H'<. .Inmes Wilson. 1(111. 
 IflH!). llonry riiMiiing. lOIi. 
 
 1590. Kdwor.! Wilkinson. 1(113. 
 
 1591. HoRer Dawson. ]«U. 
 150'.'. William SnainsoD. ini.t. 
 l.')9;l. John Thnaitcs. IdlU. 
 1591. William Wilson. 1017. 
 l.')95. John .Smith. luis. 
 15911. Kdnard I'ottcr. 1(119. 
 
 1597. Henry Dixon. ItVJO. 
 
 1598. John Aruior. lO'Jl. 
 
 Kdward Wilkinson. 
 Roger Dawson. 
 John Tlifraites. 
 John Smith, 
 liubcrt Wilkinson. 
 Francis Gibson, 
 liiiliard Steel. 
 Nicholas RowlandsoD. 
 James Dixon. 
 George I'leniing. 
 Michael RowlaiidsOD. 
 Thomas Wilson. 
 Thonuis Green. 
 Kdwftnl Fisher. 
 John Smith. 
 Kdward Wilkinson. 
 Thomas Wilson. 
 James Dixon. 
 Jidiii Robinson. 
 Thnmns SIcddale. 
 Rowland Dawson. 
 Stephen Newby. 
 Roland Dawson.
 
 846 
 
 KENDAL WARD. 
 
 163J. Walter Beck. 
 )(!■>'.■). Michnel Gibson. 
 Illi4. Willium Uaaks. 
 Wio. James Cock. 
 102(S. James Dixon. 
 ICa". Henry Parks. 
 I(i28. James KowlancUou. 
 16i0. Lawrence Parks. 
 
 1U37. Thomas Sleddale. 
 1U3S. Walter Beck. 
 1630. Kdnard Fisher. 
 HUO. William Banks. 
 llill. llowland Dawson. 
 1U4J. Lawrence Parks. 
 1(!13. Robert Crossfield. 
 I(ii4. William Guy. 
 1C45. Gervas Benson. 
 1646. Richard Prisser. 
 1047. Alkn Gilpin. 
 
 1648. Thomas Saniljs. 
 
 1649. John Archer. 
 ICSO. Giles Redman. 
 
 1651. Anthony Preston. 
 
 1652. John Towers. 
 165'i. Edward Turner. 
 1654. James Cock. 
 165.5. William Jennings. 
 
 1656. Robert Jackson. 
 
 1657. Thomas Fisher. 
 
 1658. John Washington. 
 165U. George Archer. 
 
 1660. William Potter. 
 
 1661. Richard Towers. 
 
 1662. Thomas Jackson, 
 
 1663. William Guy. 
 
 1664. ,Tohn Park. 
 
 1665. Edward Turner. 
 
 1666. John Beck. 
 
 1667. Thomas Turner. 
 106S. John Towers. 
 
 1669. Thomas Jennings. 
 
 1670. Thomas Fisher. 
 
 1671. James Simpson, 
 
 1672. William Potter. 
 
 1673. Stephen Birket. 
 
 1674. William CoUinson. 
 
 1675. James Froughton. 
 1670. John Jeftei'son. 
 
 1677. Robert Kilner. 
 
 1678. William Guy. 
 
 1679. Thomas Jackson. 
 
 1680. Christopher Redman. 
 
 1681. Thomas Turner. 
 
 1682. James Cock. 
 
 1683. James Simpson. 
 16S4. Robert Hutton. 
 
 1685. Launcelot Forth. 
 
 1686. Richard Washington. 
 
 1687. John Ingerson. 
 
 1688. Thomas Towers. 
 1039. William Wilson. 
 
 1690. John Garnet. 
 
 1691. Giles Redman. 
 
 1692. Joseph Symson. 
 
 1693. William Cock. 
 
 1694. Edward Fairbank. 
 
 1695. William Brownsword. 
 1690. Christopher Redman. 
 
 1697. William Cnriven. 
 
 1698. Jonathan Thomson, 
 
 1699. Richard Lowrv. 
 
 1700. Thomas Jliddleton. 
 
 1701. Henry Cort. 
 
 1702. Joseph Dawson. 
 
 1630. Robert Crossfield. 
 
 1631. Edward Fisher. 
 
 1032. James liateman. 
 
 1033. Richard Forth. 
 
 1034. William Guy. 
 1635. Thomas Sleddale. 
 1036. Rowland Dawson. 
 
 1703. Thomas Bowes, 
 
 1704. Robert Wilson. 
 
 1705. John Hadwen. 
 
 1706. Thomas Holme. 
 
 1707. John Archer, M.D. 
 170H. Robert Kilner. 
 
 1709. Launcelot Forth. 
 
 1710. Joseph Symson. 
 
 1711. William Cock. 
 
 1712. WiUiam Wilson. 
 17 13. Richard Lowry. 
 1714. Henry Cort. 
 1710. Joseph Dawson. 
 1710. Thomas RowIandsoD. 
 1717. Thomas Bowes. 
 
 17 IH. John Strickland. 
 1710. William Herbert. 
 
 1720. Thomas Winter. 
 
 1721. Edward Whitehead. 
 
 1722. Jolm Hadwen. 
 
 1723. Thomas Holme. 
 
 1724. Bryan Phihpson. 
 
 1725. Thomas Scai'isbrick. 
 
 1726. Giles Redman. 
 
 1727. John Dodgson. 
 
 1728. William Hutton. 
 
 1729. Simon Moore. 
 
 1730. Thomas Scarisbrick. 
 
 1731. William Symson. 
 
 1732. John Miller. 
 
 1733. John Fairbank. 
 
 1734. Edmund Forster. 
 1733. Christopher Brown. 
 
 1736. James 15axter. 
 
 1737. John Holme. 
 
 1738. William Mackreth. 
 
 1739. James Shaw. 
 
 1740. James Fisher. 
 
 1741. Joseph Birkett. 
 
 1742. Thomas Holme. 
 
 1743. Jolm Wade. 
 
 1744. John Hadwen. 
 
 1745. .Jonathan Wilson. 
 
 1746. John Shaw. 
 
 1747. John Braithwaite, 
 
 1748. Francis Drinkell. 
 
 1749. Edmund Foster. 
 1~50. Christopher Redman. 
 
 1751. Richard Serjeantson. 
 
 1752. Robert Rutson. 
 
 1753. William Gurnal. 
 
 1754. James Godmond. 
 
 1755. Thomas Kennedy. 
 
 1756. Thomas Holme. 
 
 1757. Wilson John Robinson. 
 
 1758. John Hadwen. 
 1751). John Shaw. 
 1700. Francis Drinkell. 
 17G1. Christopher Redman. 
 1702. C. Redman, re elected- 
 
 1763. Richard Fell. 
 
 1764. Thomas Wilson. 
 1705. Thomas Strickland. 
 1760. William Gurnal. 
 1707. James Godmond. 
 1763. Thomas Kennedy. 
 
 1769. Christopher Fenton. 
 
 1770. John Hadwen. 
 
 1771. William Baxter. 
 
 1772. T'homas Scarisbrick. 
 177.3. William Itutson. 
 
 1774. Thomas Strickland. 
 
 1775. Christopher Fenton. 
 
 1776. Francis Drinkell. 
 
 1777. Thomas Jliller. 
 
 1778. Jackson Harrison. 
 
 1779. William Baxter. 
 
 1780. Thomas Scarisbrick. 
 178L Thomas Miller. 
 
 1782. Christopher Fenton. 
 
 1783. William Petty. 
 
 1784. Robert Harrison. 
 
 1785. Thomas Gandy. 
 
 1786. David Jackson. 
 
 1787. William Pennington. 
 
 1788. Jonathan Dawson. 
 
 1789. Joseph Swainson. 
 
 1790. Batty Hodgson. 
 
 1791. Thomas Dobson. 
 
 1792. Richard Braithwaite. 
 
 1793. William Petty. 
 
 1794. John Suart. 
 
 1795. William Baxter. 
 1790. William Berry. 
 
 1797. Jackson Harrison. 
 
 1798. Robert Harrison. 
 
 1799. Christopher Wilson. 
 1300. Thomas Holme Maude. 
 1801. William Briggs, M.D. 
 lMn2. W. Briggs, M.D., re-elec. 
 
 1803. Thomas Hurd. 
 
 1804. William Pennington. 
 
 1805. Joseph Swainson. 
 
 1800. Thomas Harrison. 
 
 1807. Smith Wilson. 
 
 1808. John Suart. 
 
 1S09. Jonathan Hodgson. 
 
 1810. John Pearson. 
 
 1811. Henry Bradshaw. 
 
 1812. Thomas Dobson. 
 
 1813. William Berry. 
 
 1814. Thomas Holme Maude. 
 
 1815. Thomas .\tlanson. 
 1810. Thomas Harrison. 
 
 1817. Smith Wilson. 
 
 1818. Jonathan Hodgson. 
 
 1819. John Pearson. 
 
 1820. Joseph Braithwaite. 
 lH2l. John Harrison. 
 
 1822. Benjamin Hunter. 
 
 1823. William Pennington. 
 
 1824. Francis Webster. 
 
 1825. Michael Brauthwoite. 
 
 1826. George I'orest. 
 
 1827. John .Moflett. 
 l8'-!8. Thomas Harrison. 
 1820. Joseph Swainson. 
 
 1830. George Webster. 
 
 1831. Jonathan Hodgson. 
 Is32. Isaac Wilson. 
 
 1835. Joseph Swainson. 
 
 1836. John Richards, (after 
 
 wards Yeates.) 
 1836. John Wakefield. 
 Is37. Wilham Gelderd. 
 
 1838. Thompson Bindloss. 
 
 1839. Richard Wilson. 
 
 1840. James Machell. 
 
 1841. John Wakelield. 
 
 1842. Richard AVilson. 
 
 1843. Samuel Whinercy. 
 
 1844. Thompson Bindloss. 
 184.5. Cornelius Nicholson. 
 
 1846. John Waketicld. 
 
 1847. James Machell. 
 
 1848. Samuel Whinerey. 
 
 1849. George Braithwaite. 
 
 1850. Jacob G. J. Ireland. 
 
 1851. J. G. J. Ireland, re-elec. 
 
 1852. John Hudson. 
 
 1853. John J. Wilson. 
 
 1854. John Whhwell. 
 18.55. William Longmire. 
 1S50. John Whitwell. 
 1857. John J. Wilson. 
 1868. John Wakelield. 
 1859. J. Wakefield, re-elected. 
 
 From the report of the Cliarity Commissioners, it 
 appears that the revenues of the corporatiou consist of 
 quit-rents received from houses and lands, and a profit 
 from the tolls, which they hold under a lease from 
 the Earl of Lonsdale and the Hon. 3Irs. Howard. 
 The corjioratioii arc ako owners of several wharves on 
 the canal, which they formed in 1818, and for the con- 
 struction of which they borrowed £7,000. They are 
 also in possession of a sum of £1,040, in trust for the 
 Blue Coat School ; a sum of £2,000 in trust for the 
 National School; and £210 for Dorothy Knott's 
 Charity. 
 
 The Town Hall, or Moot Hall, stands at the south- 
 west corner of the market-place. It is a plain but 
 convenient structure for the purposes to which it is 
 applied. It consists of a large court-room, and the 
 other requisite apartments ; and is surmounted by a 
 square tower, which contains the town clock. The 
 first Moot Hall, which stood on the site of the present 
 building, was erected in 1592 ; the present structure
 
 KKNDAL PARISH. 
 
 847 
 
 was erected iu 1739, but has since been enlarged and 
 improved. Petty sessions are held at the Town Hall 
 every Saturday. 
 
 The House of Correction, which stands at the north 
 end of the town, and which sers-es for both the borough 
 and county, was built in 178C, but has since been 
 greatly enlarged, and a house for the governor erected. 
 
 The police establislimcnt of Koudal consists of a 
 sergeant and three police constables, under the super- 
 vision of the county superintendent. 
 
 r.VRLIAirENTAEY HErRESESTATION. 
 
 Previous to the passing of the reform bill, Kendal 
 was unrepresented in the imperial parliament. By 
 the provisions of that act, which received the royal as- 
 sent on the 7th June, 1832, the borough became en- 
 titled to return one member to the House of Commons. 
 We subjoin the succession of members from that period 
 to the present time : — 
 
 1839. James Brougham, Esq., (died, 1831.) 
 
 1834. John F. Barliam, Esq. 
 
 1835. John F. Bailiam, Esq. 
 1837. George W. Wood, Esq. 
 
 IHil. George W. Wood, Esq., (died, 1813.) 
 
 1843. Henry Warburton, Esq. 
 
 1847. George Carr Gljn, Esq. 
 
 1852. George Corr Glyn, Esq. 
 
 1857. George Carr Glyn, Esq. 
 
 1809. George Carr Glyn, Esq. 
 
 The number of electors is 382. 
 
 POOR-LAW TNION. 
 
 Kendal Poor-law Union embraces five sub-districts, 
 viz., Ambleside, comprising Grasmere, Laugdale, Kydal 
 and Loughrigg, Ambleside, Troutbeck, Applethwaite, 
 Undormilbeck, Crook, Ilugill, Kentmerc, Over Stavelcy, 
 Nether Stavcley ; Grayrigg, iucludiug Fawcett Forest, 
 Whinfell, Selside and Whitwell, Patton, Grayrigg, 
 Uillicar, Lambrigg, Docker, Scaltbwaiterrigg Hay anJ 
 Hulton-in-tho-Hay, Skelsmergh, Strickland Roger, 
 Strickland Ketcl, Long Sleddale, New Huttou, Old 
 Hutton-with-IIolmescalcs, Firbauk ; Kirkby Lonsdale, 
 embracing Killington, Middleton, Barbon, Casterton. 
 Kirkby LousJalc, Jfanscrgh, Lupton, Huttou Roof, 
 Farleton, Burton-in-Kendal, Dalton(Lancashire), Holme, 
 Proston Patrick, Preston PiicharJ ; KonJal, compre- 
 hending Natlaud, Kendal, Nether Gravcship, Kirklaud ; 
 Milnthorpe, containing Uelsington, Uuderbarrow and 
 Bradley Field, Crosthwuitu and Lytli, Levons, Sedgwick, 
 Stainlon, Hincaster, Ilcversham - with - Jlilnthoqie, 
 Huverbrack, Betham, ilethop and Ulpha, \\ither- 
 
 slack. The area of the union is 189,134 statute acres. 
 Its population in 1H51 was 36,572, of whom 18,040 
 were males and 18,526 females. The number of 
 inhabited houses at the same period was 0,871 ; of 
 uninhabited, 334 ; and 73 were in course of erection. 
 
 The following are under the management of the cor- 
 poration trustees of charities and the vicar and school- 
 master : — 
 
 Free Grammar School. — In an ancient book of re- 
 cords, called " The Corporation P»egister," the names of 
 the founder of the Grammar School and of the benefac- 
 tors to the same, with their gifts, are set down and re- 
 corded. From this it appears that Adam Pennyugton, 
 of Boston, in Lincolnshire, by will, dated 20th March, 
 1525, devised £10, as a stipend, for the finding of a 
 priest, being an able schoolmaster, to teach a free school 
 iu the town of Kendiil, to be paid out of lands in the 
 county of Lincoln. The revenue of the school was fur- 
 ther augmented in 1582, by the sum of £9 us. 8d. paid 
 by the receiver-general out of the revenues of West- 
 moreland, making £19 5s. 8d., but the master only re- 
 ceives £17 10s. Id., £1 9s. 4d. being stopped for fees. 
 John Machell, alderman, of London, directed by his will 
 that £40 in money should be paid to the churchmasters 
 of Kendal, and that they and their successors should 
 lend out the same to poor young men of Kendal, from 
 four years to four years, and in default of such appli- 
 cation within one month after it came into their hands, 
 he bequeathed the same to his brother Leonard !Machell, 
 or his heirs. The money was not lent out, and in con- 
 sequence came to Lancelot Machell, sou and heir of 
 Leonard Machell, who by deed, dated October 1st, 1574, 
 in consideration of £ 1 paid by the churchmasters, and 
 also in consideration that the suid churchmastere had em- 
 ployed £30, the residue of the said £40, iu the purchase 
 of a house in Highgate, Kendal, towards the erecting 
 and maintaing a free grammar school, released to the 
 said churchmasters all claim which ho might have to 
 the £10. :Milcs Phillipson, of Crook, by indenture, 
 dated January 20th, 15H8, gave a parcel of ground be- 
 longing to Abbot Hall, together with a house standing 
 on the said ground, for the erection of a free school. 
 The school was built by public subscription, and the 
 corporation register contains entries of various dona- 
 tions, some of which were undoubtedly for buildiug the 
 school, and others towards tlio endowment of it. The 
 following list is extracted from that ancient book, in 
 which the name and subscription of each donor is 
 entered : —
 
 848 
 
 KF.KDAT. WAP.D. 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 coo 
 
 U 16 S 
 
 i 8 
 
 Nicholas Batcmnn, born in Cnderbarrow - 
 
 Thonifts Wilson, D.D., dean of Worcester, born 
 in Ptitton ..---- 
 
 Bernard Gilpin, professor of divinity, and parson 
 of Houghton, Durham, born in Kentmere - 
 Agnes Robinson, widow, lor an usher - 
 Edward Swainson, of Kendal, tanner - 
 Margaret Eskrigge, widow of Charles Eskrigge, 
 
 of Kendal 
 
 Eobert Bindloss, Esfi., born in Helsington (to- 
 wards the exhibition) - . . - 
 Katherino Lound, of London, widow, born in 
 
 Whynfell ...-.- 
 
 Hugh Ilindlaye, of Loudon, draper - 
 Eobert Sadler, of London, merchant, born in 
 
 Kendal 
 
 John Robinson, of London, born in Kirklaiid 
 Robert Jackson, of London, born in Kendal - 
 Thomas Wilson, professor of divinity, born in 
 Grayrigg .-...-- 
 Richard Fox, of Kendal, shearman 
 The wife of John Wharton - - - - 
 The Chamber gave, in consideration of the pur- 
 chasing of the ground for the school-house 
 The Aldermen and Burgesses also subscribed, 
 
 individually, in various sums - - - 
 iVnd the following sums were giveu by the inhabi- 
 tants in the different streets, viz. : — 
 Soutergate (now Highgate) 
 Stricklandgate - - - 
 
 Marketstead . . - 
 Stramongate . - ■ - 
 
 Making a toti.1 - 
 
 In addition to these pecuniary donations, it appears 
 that Ambrose Earl, and Ann Countess of Warwick, 
 gave towards the building " six fair oke tymber trees," 
 and that, amongst the inhabitants, some gave balks of 
 timber and planks, and others contributed by leading 
 stones. It appears highly probable that part of the 
 above fund was laid out in the purchase of burgage 
 rents, which are entered in the corporation books from 
 the oldest dates to the present time, under the designa- 
 tion of " usher lands," and £'G, their rent, is regularly 
 paid to the schoolmaster. Dr. Airey left £'-40 a year, 
 the interest to be given to the schoolmaster. George 
 Fleming, in 1637, gave 20s. yearly, towards augmenting 
 the salary of the master and usher. In J 080 Mr. 
 Jackson gave to the school £100. These form the 
 whole of the endowments of the school. The master 
 receives for his stipend : — From the receiver-general, 
 £17 16s. 4d. ; from the corporation, as master's salary, 
 £9 8s. ; as usher's, £8 ; as interest on £40, £2 ; total, 
 £37 4s. 4d. The schoolmaster receives from the pupils, 
 . j'early, a " cockpenny," which is understood to be 
 entirely a voluntary payment. The corporation have 
 always exercised the right of appointing the master. 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 . 1 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 .£161 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 The following are the regulations of the school : — 
 
 That the school shall be free to all boys resident in the parish 
 of Kendal, for classics alone, excepting a voluntary payment of 
 a cockpenny as aforetime at Shrovetide, and the payment of 5s. 
 as entrance fee. 
 
 That in all cases where a boy shall request to be taught (in 
 addition to classics) English, reading, writing, common arilh- 
 metic, the routine bookkeeping, geography, English grummor, 
 and history, which branches of learning are considered to com- 
 prise a general commercial education, the master shall ho 
 authorised to charge 15s. per quarter. 
 
 That for mathematics (including mensuration) and all the 
 higher branches of learning, the charge may be X'l Ss. per 
 quarter. 
 
 That no boy be admitted into the school under eight years of 
 age. 
 
 That it be a regulation of this school, that no boy shall be 
 required to learn the Church Catechism contrary to the declared 
 wish of liis parent or guardians. 
 
 That there shall be a committee of visitors appointed from 
 time to time, by the corporiition annually, to act in conjunction 
 mth the master, with powers to make such arrangenjeuts in the 
 management of the school as thoy may deem necessary (always 
 provided that such arrangements are in accordance with the 
 regulations previously set forth.) 
 
 There are a great number of small exhibitions tenable 
 at Oxford and Cambridge by pupils educated at this 
 school, viz., an exhibition at Queen's College, founded 
 by Dr. G. Fleming in 1 Cv!7. Two exhibitions at the same 
 college, founded by Mr. Jopson and Mr. Joseph Smith. 
 Three exhibitions, at the same college, founded by Mr. 
 Henry AVilson, to be paid out of the Farleton tithes. 
 An exhibition, founded by Mr. Sands, tenable for seven 
 years, by scholars nominated by the mayor and corporation 
 of Kendal. An exhibition at Oxford, endowed by ISh. 
 Henry Parke, in 1031. An exhibition at St. John's 
 College, Cambridge, founded in 1074, by Thomas 
 Braythwayte, Esq., of .\mbleside. 
 
 FleminfjsCliariUj. — George Fleming, in 1027, devised 
 two closes, lying in the Lawud, near Kendal, contain- 
 ing nine acres, to trustees, whom he directed to pay 
 40s. a year to poor scholars going forth from 
 Kendal to Queen's College in Oxford; 40s. to 
 poor people within Kendal ; and IDs. a year for 
 letting the lands and collecting the rents. He further 
 bequeathed £10 towards the raising of a stock for a 
 lecturer in Kendal church. The forty shillings are 
 paid to the churchwardens for distribution on Good 
 Friday. 
 
 Barrow's, Fisher's, Wilson's, Foard's, and Ha(j's Gi^'ts 
 for Lecturer. — Hugh Barrow, by will, devisedout of his 
 lands in Skelsmergh £100 for procuring a lecturer in 
 Kendal church, in the afternoon, on every and every 
 other Sunday ; and the lands called Must Hill were 
 charged with this payment. Edward Fisher bequeathed
 
 KENDAL PARISH. 
 
 849 
 
 by will, towards the purpose of retaining a lecturer at 
 Kendal church, the sum of £20. Henry Wilson, by 
 will, in 1039, left to the n]a3'or and corporation £50, to 
 bo invested in a rent-charge, and the proceeds devoted 
 to a lecturer. Mr. Foard also left £10 for the same 
 purpose. It also appears tliut John Hay left Os. 8d. 
 yearly out of lands in Kendal Park for a lecturer. For 
 many years these lectureships have been paid to the 
 vicar of Kendal, who receives annually from the cor- 
 poration £15 13s., besides 6s. 8d. for Hay's gift, making 
 together fl5 )8s. sd. 
 
 Good Fridaij Dole. — There is a sum annually paid by 
 the corporation to the churchwardens of the township of 
 Kendal, to be distributed amongst the poor on Good 
 Friday. 
 
 Bateman's and Duckett's UseMoney. — A sum of 5s. 4d. 
 is annually paid by the corporation to the churchwardens 
 of Kendal, under this head, and applied in aid of the 
 church-rate. It arises from £10 given by Kicholas 
 Hatoman, in 1603, and 40s., part of Alice Duckett's 
 gift. 
 
 Wilson's Charity. — Orf/aidst. — Jennet Wilson, in 
 1098, left a close in Kendal Park, called Haverbrack, 
 on trust, that the rent should he applied for the salary 
 of an organist for the parish church. 
 
 Mrs. Banks' Gift. — Mrs. Banks, of Kendal, in 1709, 
 left several small suras, secured on bonds, amounting 
 altogether to £113 lis., which sum appears to have 
 been increased to £135, by the interest due upon the 
 haid bonds. A part of this sum was lost, in 1733, by 
 llichard Rowlaiidson, and the fund reduced to £45. 
 In 1771 Thomas Plolrae, Esq., gave £5, by which 
 iienefaction the fund was raised to £50 ; and in 1 798 
 this sum was laid out in £83 Stock Four-per-cents, 
 and that amount now forms the whole property of this 
 charity. 'I'in' dividends, amounting to £3 7s. 4d. a 
 year, are diviiled between si.x poor widows appointed by 
 the trusteoH, the mayor, vicar, two senior aldermen, and 
 schoolmaster of Kendal. 
 
 Archer's Charily. — ,Tohn Archer, by will, dated May 
 14th, 1725, devised a parcel of ground, called Aikrigg, 
 in Kendal Park, to the mayor, two senior aldennen, 
 vicar, and schoolmaster of Kendal, and their successors, 
 upon trust, that they should, every New Year's Day, 
 ;ipply one-half of the rents towards the support of the 
 charity school in Kendal, and the other half in clothing 
 six poor men and six poor women of Kendal. The pro- 
 perty consists of a barn and four inclosurcs, called 
 Aikrigg fichls, situato to the south-east of the Castle, 
 and are let for £37 yearly. The clerk of the parish is 
 paid ;!0s. annually for collecting the rents. 
 
 Bev. W. Crosby's Charities. — The Rev. Wm. Crosby, 
 
 va 
 
 in 1732, bequeathed to the mayor, recorder, two senior 
 aldermen, and schoolmaster of Kendal for the time 
 being, £00 in trust, to be paid to each new vicar within 
 three months after his induction, towards the payment 
 of first-fruits, such new vicar giving security that the 
 sum be p:nd again, so as to be available, in a similar 
 manner for his successor. To the same trustees, also, 
 he bequeathed his library, for the use of the vicar and 
 curate, and he further gave to the same trustees the 
 annual payment of £3 issuing out of Sydenham tene- 
 ment in Underbarrow, to be paid to the use of the 
 Blue Coat charity boys. This charity is distributed 
 as directed. 
 
 Orf/an Gallery Tru.^t. — The rents of the pews in the 
 gallery of the parish church of Kendal, amounting to 
 about £33 a year, is appropriated by the trustees in 
 augmenting the salary of the organist, in paying a 
 salary to the singing master, and giving an annual 
 treat to the singers, and such other matters connected 
 with the church as the trustees think proper. This 
 appropriation of the rents is made in pursuance of the 
 faculty granted for the erection of the gallery, to the 
 mayor, recorder, two senior aldermen, and vicarof Kendal. 
 
 Slcddall's Prayer Book and Bible Charily. — William 
 Sleddall, by his will, dated August 11th, ISOl, gave to 
 the vicar of Kendal, the master of the grammar school, 
 and the senior alderman of Kendal, £300 upon trust, 
 to invest the same in the funds, or other proper security, 
 and out of the dividends to retain to themselves lOs. Gd. 
 each yearly for their trouble, and apply the residue in 
 the purchase of books of common prayer of the Church 
 of England, with the companion to the altar, and the 
 singing psalms in the old version, like the Book of 
 Common Prayer, and to distribute the same to poor 
 housekeepers, who should be residents in Westmoreland, 
 or in any of the parishes of Carttncl, llawkshead, and 
 Warton, in the county of Lancaster; or in the parish 
 of Sedbergh, in the county of York ; and to give ten 
 common prayer-books to the gaol at Ap]>leby, five to 
 the House of Correction at Kendal, for the use of the 
 prisoners, and twelve to the workhouse at Kendal, for 
 the use of the poor. The same directions were given 
 with respect to bibles, but there wore to bo two distri- 
 butions of books of common prayer for one of bibles. 
 The dividends arising from this charity amount to 
 £14 10s. a year. 
 
 Miss DoH-ker'a Hospital. — Dorothy Dowkcr, who died 
 15th May, 1831, by her will, proved 1st June, 1831, 
 bequeathed £3,000 to the mayor, aldermen, and bur- 
 "csscs of Kendal, in trust, to iilaco the same out in the 
 Threc-pcr-cent Consols, upou trust, that the mayor, two 
 senior aldermen, and vicar for the time being, should
 
 850 
 
 KENDAL WARD. 
 
 nominate sis females of good character, boni in the 
 borough or town of Kendal, having attained the age of 
 fifty years, without having been married, and whose 
 situation in life should require some assistance; and 
 should hire or provide a home or building in the said 
 town for theii- reception, paying for the same not more 
 than £45 a year; and she directed that they should 
 pay the residue of the dividends (deducting all costs 
 and expenses) equally amongst the said six females. 
 The legiicy above-mentioned was invested in the pur- 
 chase of i.':f,'24'2 I'is. 9d. consols, in the nama of the 
 corporation, producing annual dividends to the amount 
 of £97 5s. Od. A neat and suitable almshouse was 
 erected in 18:i;? on property in Highgate, belonging to 
 the Blue Co-it Scliool, upon which the trustees of that 
 charity laid out .£400 from their funds. The trustees 
 of Miss Dowker's Charity p.iy an annual rent of £40 
 to the trustees of the Blue Coat School, and keep the 
 premises in repair. This charity has since been 
 augmented by Miss ilaria Wilson. 
 
 Thu-aite's Charity. — Ann Thwaites bequeathed, 24th 
 April, lOlC, £10 to be lent to five poor tradesmen in 
 Kendal, by the aldermen and constables after the rate 
 of Is. Gd. in the pound, amounting to 1 5s. yearly, which 
 she directed should be bestowed in shirts for old people 
 and young children of Kendal not being able to work. 
 
 Besides the charities already mentioned, the corpo- 
 ration, and the vicar and the schoolmaster of Kendal 
 are jointly or severally interested in — Grayrigg School, 
 Old Hutton School, Selside School, and in a poor stock 
 belonging to Crosthwaite and Lyth townships. 
 
 The following are under the management of the 
 charitable trustees : — 
 
 Saiides' Hospital and Blite Coat School. — The pro- 
 perty recognised as the foundation of Sandes' Hospital 
 is vested in the charity trustees, who are appointed 
 in obedience to the requirements of the Municipal 
 Corporation Reform Act, and consists of the following 
 premises : — The hospital premises in Highgate, con- 
 taining the master's house, school-house, and library, 
 and dwellings for eight acres of land in Skelsmergh, 
 called Eidge Bank, now let for £70 a year. The pre- 
 mises in Strickland Roger, called Baxter Holme, and a 
 close there, called Kettle Crofc, consisting of a dwelling- 
 house, and about twenty-four acres of laud, let for £40 
 a year. The moiety of a tenement called Wiisdale 
 Head, which has not been in the possession of the trus- 
 tees for a great number of years. These several pre- 
 mises were conveyed by indenture, dated Cth September, 
 1 670, by Thomas Sandes, to the mayor, aldermen, and 
 burgesses of Kendal, to hold the same upon trust, to 
 
 apply the rents and profits of the said premises, after 
 payment of all necessary expenses, towards the main- 
 tenance, sustenance, and relief of eight poor widows ; 
 and also for the use of a schoohnastor tliere, to read 
 prayers every morning and evening before the said 
 widows, and also there to teach and instruct poor chil- 
 dren ill good literature until they should be fitted for 
 the free school or elsewhere. The appointment of tlio 
 schoolmaster is vested in the mayor, senior alderman, 
 vicar, and schoolmaster. The appointment of widows, 
 who are to be fifiy-two years of age or upwards, is vested 
 in the trustees, and they are ordered to be appointed in 
 the following manner, viz. — " Three out of Strickland- 
 gate, three out of Strauiongate and Highgate, one out 
 of Stricldand Kotel and Strickland Roger, and one out 
 of Skelsmergh and Patton." The said indenture declared 
 that "the widows should have each assigned to them 
 convenient rooms and places in the hospital premises for 
 their habitations, and also each a small plot of garden- 
 ground behind the same, and should each receive Is. 
 every Saturday morning and 8d. on the eves of Ascen- 
 sion Day and Whit-Sunday, so as to make up their 
 several allowances to four marks a piece per annum out 
 of the revenues of the above premises ; and should each 
 ha-e brought for them, in the week before Christmas, 
 a good horse-load of wood by the tenants of the premises 
 in Skelsmergh and Strickland Roger." The widows now 
 receive Is. fid. each per w^eek, and besides having an- 
 nually paid to them 8d. each on the eves of Ascension 
 Day and Whit-Sunday, they receive Is. Od. each at 
 Christmas in lieu of firewood. They also receive on the 
 5th days of February, May, August, and November, 29s. 
 each; and on the 21st March, June, September, and 
 December, 14s. Od. each out of the proceeds of subsequent 
 donations and bequests to the hospital. The said inden- 
 ture further declares that the schoolmaster should have 
 a school-house within the hospital premises, and the use 
 of a chamber for his habitation, and should have the 
 custody and care of the library, and the general super- 
 vision of the establishment, and that he and his succes- 
 sors should have all the residue of the said premises 
 after the payment of all the allowances above-mentioned. 
 The schoolmaster, amongst other duties, is required to 
 teach all poor children to read and write gratis. The 
 rental applicable to the master's salary is now about 
 £110. The books left by the founder consist chiefly 
 of the ancient fathers of the church and ecclesiastical 
 historians, many of them scarce and valuable works. 
 The books are not allowed to be taken out of the library. 
 Thus far may be considered the original foundation of 
 the hospital aud school. The following gifts, besides 
 several other handsome donations, have since been
 
 KENDAL PARISH. 
 
 851 
 
 added, amongst which we may particularise the muni- 
 ficent donation of 500 guineas, a few years ago, from 
 ^Ir. Edward Burrell, of Liverpool, banker, who received 
 his education at this school. 
 
 Datf.ion's Qi/t, consisting of a close of land, called 
 Itounddale, in Natlaud, and two front dwelling-houses 
 and back premises in Highgate, which were devised by 
 will, dated ^larch 8th, 172-J, to the mayor, two senior 
 aldermen, and vicar of Kendal, and their successors, 
 upon trust, to dispose of the rents towards the advance- 
 ment of the charity, and maintenance of the blue coat 
 buys in Kendid. The premises in Highgate have been 
 rebuilt, and are now used as Miss Dowker's Hospital, 
 and a rent is regularly paid by that institution to the 
 treasurer of Sandes' Hospital. 
 
 Woodburu's Gift. — Christopher ^Yoodburn, by will, 
 ill J 728, charged certain premises in Highgate and All 
 Hallow's Lane with the payment of 40s. each per year 
 towards putting out four poor boys to be apprentices, to 
 be paid to their masters, and 10s. each for finding them 
 shirts and cravats at the commencement of their service ; 
 to be sons of freemen, and two of them to be educated 
 at the charity school, and to be elected by the con- 
 tributors and managers of the school, with the payment 
 of 20s. annually to the master of the school. The sum 
 of £10 is annually received by the treasurer of the 
 charitable trustees out of the said premises, out the 
 •iOs. for a master has not been received for a consider- 
 able number of years. 
 
 Archer's Gift. — John Archer, by will, in 17"25, 
 devised to the mayor, two senior aldermen, vicar, and 
 schoolmaster of Kendal, and their successors, a moiety 
 nf the rents of certain premises, called Aikrigg, in 
 K'endal Park, to be applied to the maintenance of this 
 school. 
 
 Croshi/s <7 //■/.— The Rev. William Crosby, in 173-3, 
 gave a rent charge of £3 annually, on Sydenham 
 tenement, in Underbarrow, to the mayor, recorder, two 
 senior aldermen, and schoolmaster, in trust, for the use 
 of the Blue Coat Charity. This is regularly paid to the 
 master of the school, and accounted for by him to the 
 treasurer. 
 
 John Gibson's Gift. — An estate in Brigsteer, called 
 Barrow House, now let for .CIO a year, was conveyed 
 by John Gibson, by indenture, dated 21st November, 
 1 752, to the mayor, senior alderman, vicar, and school- 
 master, in trust, for the use of the charity boys then 
 and thereafter to be educated in tliis school. 
 
 Uerherl's Gift. — A close of land, calletl Martin Croft, 
 in Gilling Grove, was dev'sed by William Herbert, in 
 1705, to the mayor, vicar, and schoolmaster, for tbo 
 use and benefit of the charity boys in Kendal. 
 
 Thomas Gibson's Gift. — Thomas Gibson, in 1777, 
 charged certain premises called Ralphford Hall (now 
 the Mason's Arms), in Stramongate, with the payment 
 of £1 Is. annually to Sandes" Hospital. 
 
 In addition to the above, the following donations and 
 bequests in money have been made at various times, 
 which are advantageously invested ; and the funds of 
 the institution are further augmented by annual sub- 
 scriptions in the town and neighbourhood : — 
 
 £ 
 
 IT-:;.'? Mr. ■^'illiam CoUingwood, for boys' school 60 
 ■ Eev. Mr. BorwicU do. - 5 
 
 Eev. Mr. Lancaster do. 
 
 Mr. Kiehard Leece do. - 
 
 JIi-s. Gibson do. 
 
 Mr. Robert Simpson do. - 
 
 Mr. Crackenthorp do. 
 
 i-'rU Thomas Holme do. - 
 
 ]731 Mr. Commissary Stratford do. 
 
 1734 Mrs. Alice Barrow do. - 
 
 170S Mr. Jacob Holme do. 
 
 1781 Mr. Harrington Gibson do. - 
 
 176-2 A Person unknown do. 
 
 The Company of Shearman Dyers do. - 
 
 1783 Mr. Alderman Strickland do. 
 
 1700 Mrs. Isabella EUeray, i:200 for mdows ) 300 
 
 and £100 for boys' school - -$ 
 1704 Mr. Thomas EUeray, for boys' school 
 
 s. 
 
 
 2 10 
 
 5 
 40 
 
 G 
 16 
 20 
 20 
 10 
 
 5 
 50 
 20 
 
 8 
 20 
 
 300 
 
 d. 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 1795 Mrs. Elizabeth Cock do. - lOO 
 
 1700 Mr. Thomas WhitweU do. - 20 
 
 1803 Joseph Maude, Esq. do. - 25 
 
 1808 Mr. Garnett Bniithwaite do. - 21 
 
 1811 Mrs. Knott (annually) do. - 110 
 
 John ■\Vaketield, Esq. do. - 50 
 
 1812 Jane Emmerson, for widows - 25 12 
 1814 John Postlelhwaite, Esq., for boys 250 
 
 Mr. William Sleddall do. - 150 
 
 ISIo Miss Lambert do. . 10 
 
 IS|() Mr. Jo-epU Swainson, for widows - 21 
 
 Mrs. Cock do. - 21 
 
 1824 James Bateman, Esq. for boys - 60 
 
 18-25 Mrs. Jackson Hurrison do. -BOO 1 8 
 
 1827 Jlrs. Dorothy Matson do. - 100 
 
 1838 Miss Mary Robinson do. - 100 
 
 Edward Burrell, Esq. do. - 525 
 
 There are in the boys' school forty-five scholars who are 
 taught reading, writing, I-atin, and mathematics. In 
 1789 it was determined to admit thirty girls to the 
 benefits of this school, to bo clothed in blue out of the 
 proceeds of bequests and donations to the institution 
 subsequent to the foundation ; and the number has, 
 since 1 838, been increased to forty. These girls are 
 now selected from the most deserving amongst the girls 
 in the National School, and are instructed in reading, 
 writing, arithmetic, and needlework. They are taught 
 in the girls' national schoolroom, and attend tlie parish 
 church regularly, with the other children in that insti- 
 tution.
 
 852 
 
 KENDAL WAr.D. 
 
 Gilpin's Bents for the Poor. — It is stated in " ]?iirn's 
 History of Westmoreland," page 75, that " William 
 Gil[)ii), steward to Alan Bellingliam, of Levcus, Esq., 
 purchased of the said Alan Bellingliam certain rents 
 belonging to the chapel of St. Anne, of £3 7s. 8d. a 
 year, at thirty years' purchase ; and by his will, dated 
 1301, bequeathed the same to two Gilpius, his relations, 
 and to others the nearest of his kindred, successively to 
 ilistribule the same to the poor in Kendal, of his name 
 and family, for ever." The rents arise out of the fol- 
 lowing premises : — 
 
 1. Out of the White Hart Inn or coffee house 
 
 2. Out of a Iiousii and two shops in Cutchers' 
 
 Row adjoining the White Hart, tlie properly 
 of Mrs. Bradley, oci'upied by Thomus Kigg, 
 draper, and John Taylor, tea dealer 
 
 3. Out of a shop and premises, the first house in 
 
 Striuklandgate, the property of Mr. Tliomas 
 ItoblnsoD, grocer - . . . . 
 
 £ .s. 
 1 10 
 
 •0 S 
 
 is 
 
 These rents are regularly received and disposed of as 
 directed. 
 
 Ilennj Park's Gift. — Henry Park bequeathed to the 
 aldermen and burgesses of Kendal, in the year 1C31, 
 £7\ upon trust, to bestow the yearly profit thereof in 
 cloth for the poor about Martinmas. 
 
 John Towers' Gift. — John Towers, in 1077, gave 
 to the chamber of Kendal £60, the yearly interest 
 thereof to be distributed to the poor of Kendal on Good 
 Friday. 
 
 James Simpson's Gift. — James Simpson, in 1687, 
 left to the mayor and aldermen of Kendal, £60 upon 
 trust, the interest thereof to be laid out in cloth for 
 si.K aged men and six aged women of Kendal, free of 
 the town, to make each of them a coat. James Simpson 
 also left one-half of the residue of his real and personal 
 estate for the benefit of the poor of Keudal. 
 
 Dr. Stratford's Gift. — It appears, by an entry in the 
 corporation books, that, in 173o, a sum of i'uO was 
 received from Dr. Stratford, for which £2 interest is 
 carried out. 
 
 Borotluj Knott's Gift. — Dorothy Knott, in the year 
 1810, purchased £99 17s. Od. in the Navy Five-per- 
 cents, in the names of the mayor, aldermen, and 
 burgesses, the proceeds to be applied to the following 
 public charities of Kendal; and in 1812 she purchased 
 another sum of £'100 in the same stock, the interest to 
 be paid half-yearly to the rector of Grasmere and the 
 sidesmen, to be applied for the education of five poor 
 children of Grasmere School. These two sums appear 
 to have been sold out iu 1831, and secured upon the 
 corporation property. The interest, at four per cent, 
 
 is distributed in the following maimer : — Blue Coat 
 School, Kendal, £1 Is.; Sunday schools, ditto, £1 Is.; 
 Dispensary, ditto, £1 Is.; Lying-in Charity, ditto, 
 the residue ; to Grasmere Scliool, £4 4s. The con- 
 tributions to the different charities in Kendal are paid 
 iu August, and that to Grasmere Scliool in February, 
 annually. 
 
 National Schools. — The Boys' National School was 
 founded by subscription, in 1817, and was endowed 
 ■with the munificent sum of £■2.000 by Matthew Pypcr, 
 Esq., of Whitehaven. The deed of endowment 
 declares that the mayor, aldermen, and burgesses of 
 Kendal shall be trustees of the school. The said 
 indenture also declares that the annual produce shall 
 be applied to the payment of such salary or salaries to 
 the masters or teachers of the said school as should 
 from time to time be nominated by the said committee, 
 ju conformity to the rules of the National Society, 
 provided such masters or teachers should not have 
 any freehold or permanent interest, hut should bo 
 displaced and removed from time to time by the said 
 National Society, or by the said commmittee, as should 
 be thought most for the benefit of the said school. 
 The sum of £2,000 was invested iu Five-per-cent. 
 Stock, and on the reduction to Four-per-cent. Stock, 
 the trustees sold it out, and carried the produce to the 
 general account of the school, out of which £2,000 was 
 placed in the hands of the corporation, and secured by 
 mortgage upon their property ; aud they pay iutcrest 
 for it, at four per cent, per annum. The only perma- 
 nent fund of the school, besides this, is the rent of part 
 of the school premises, let off as garden ground, for 
 about £3 a year, and the interest of the following small 
 legacies aud benefactions : — 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 1820 Legacy of Miss Elizabeth HaygartU - - -lO 
 
 ISiJO Benefaction by the corporatiun - - 10 
 
 1825 Benefaction by the National Society - ■ 70 
 
 1828 Legacy by Enoch Clark, Esq , Lancaster 20 
 
 1830 Benefaction by Alderman Branthwaite - 5 
 
 . 1833 Legacy by Mrs. Elizabeth Harrison, Slrick- ) .,„ ^ „ 
 
 landgate J " 
 
 The subscriptions and contributions amouut to about 
 £60 annually, aud the scliool is couducted on the 
 national system, under the mauagemeut of the visitors 
 aud a couimittee of subscribers. There are about 100 
 scholars on the roll. Children are admitted at the age 
 of five years and a half, aud pay one penuy per week 
 for their education, and have books aud all school 
 requisites (except copy books) found them. The salary 
 of the master is £a0 per annum. Annexed to the 
 boys' school is a commodious building, erected in 1823, 
 by voluntary contributions, for a Girls' National School.
 
 KENDAL PARISH. 
 
 853 
 
 Tlie managoraent of the girls' school is under a coin- 
 mittee of sixteen ladies, who are elected visitors at 
 the annual meetings. The children are instructed in 
 reading, writing, and the common rules of arithmetic, 
 and also in knitting and sewing. Connected with this 
 institution there is a clothing fund, raised bj annual 
 subscription, out of which the committee distribute 
 annually to each of the children some useful article of 
 apparel. The salary of the mistress is £30 per annum. 
 
 Wilson's Gift. — Rowland Wilson, Esq., by will, dated 
 5lh February, 1050, left 53s. yearly, to be distributed 
 in breail to the poor of Kendal, charged upon his estate 
 at Grasgarth. liegularly paid. 
 
 Iwhiiuon's Gift. — John Ilobinson, of Lane Foot, in 
 Strickland Kotel, left the sum of ovJs. yearly, charged 
 upon bis estate called Green Riggs, in Uuderbarrow^ 
 for the same purpose. The date of this bequest is 1 7.50. 
 Regularly paid. 
 
 BoiiUcd's Gift. — Mrs. Catherine Bordlcy, in 1811, 
 left JtlOO, the interest thereof to be given in bread to the 
 poor. This money was invested in the purchase of 
 i'113 Os. Od. stock in the Fivc-per-ccnt. Annuities, in 
 the names of the vicar of Kendal and Edward I'eddar, 
 and produced at the time a dividend of £5 13s. 4d. 
 yearly, but has hince been reduced. 
 
 SleddaWs (^;//c.— William Sleddalj, who died in 1813, 
 by will, daud 11th August, 1801, left £130 to the 
 churchwardens of Kendal, to be lent out at interest, or 
 invested in the public funds, and 'is. weekly, laid out in 
 the purchase of bread, to be on every Sunday divided 
 amongst such of the poor people of Kendal attending 
 divine service at the parish church as the churchwar- 
 dens should think fit. This money was laid out in the 
 purchase of £100 7s. lOd. stock in the Four-por-cents. 
 and the clear interest received therefrom was at that 
 time about 1.'0 5s. yearly. The two last gifts of 15ordlcy 
 and Sleddall now realise only £9 1-Js. 8d. anmuiliy, 
 owing to a reduction in interest. All these sums, 
 amounting to £11 10s. 8d., are paid to the clerk, and 
 laid out in bread, which is ordered by the churchwardens, 
 and distributed by them every Sunday — one loaf to each 
 person. The communion money has usually been added 
 to the bread account and distributed with it. ( ienerully, 
 penny loaves are given, and occasionally, as the funds 
 will allow, twopenny ones arc distributed. 
 
 Elizabeth Rimh of Newton Ilealii, Manchester (for- 
 merly Miss Baldwin, of Kendal), by deed, dated Decem- 
 ber, 184C, conveyed to Tliompson Riudioss, Esq., Mr. 
 John Hudson, bookseller, and Mr. Thomas Thexton, 
 corn merchant, in trust, two dwelling-houses, situate on 
 the south side of the Wojipack Yard, one-half the net 
 rents of which to bo distributed in bread to the poor 
 
 every Sunday, at the parish church, and the other half 
 to be given to the Ladies' Sick Poor Society; and if 
 the subscriptions to this society should in any year not 
 amount to £10 then the whole of the net rents to be 
 distributed in bread to the poor. The gross rental of 
 the property now amounts to £10 10s. annually, but 
 owing to the recent date of this trust, no funds have 
 yet been available. 
 
 The following are not connected with the corpora- 
 tion or charitable trustees : — 
 
 lanson's Charity. — This charity is vested in twenty- 
 seven feoffees, who were to be appointed by the alder- 
 man, vicar, and schoolmaster , and when sixteen of the 
 said feoffees are dead, the property belonging to this 
 charity is conveyed over by a new deed to such persons, 
 inhabitants of Kendal, as the corporate officer named in 
 lieu of the alderman, vicar, and schoolmaster appoint. 
 The property consists of several burgage rents, amount- 
 ing to £3 10s. lOd. annually, viz. — 
 
 s. (1. 
 Miss D}son ....... a (» 
 
 W. D. Crewilsou, Esq 1.3 4 
 
 Oad-Fellows' Hall 8 
 
 Eov. Denn Carter SO 
 
 C. Wilson, Esq 10 
 
 Miss Jjarton, Bowness (Property in Higligatc) 
 
 Isaac Braitliwaitf, Esq. - - - - - 3 
 
 New Inu I'ropurtv, viz. — Mrs. Mc. NauRlit 3s. 7d. "1 
 
 William RonsUeld 1 10 ^ 9 
 Joseph Clarke 3 7 3 
 
 £i IG 10 
 
 .\iid three closes of land situate in Park Castle lauds, 
 containing 8a. 3r. 89p., customary measure, let for 
 £37 15s. annually. The sum of 3s. 4d. is ordered to 
 be paid annually to the chamber of Kendal, and 3s. 4d. 
 to the churciiwardcns for the repair of the church. Ten 
 shillings are ordeied to be paid to the clerk for collect- 
 ing the rents ; but this sura is now increased to 30s. 
 Twenty shillings each are appointed to be given to six 
 a"cd and poor men, of abjve the ago of fifty years, of 
 honest and good behaviour ; and in want of duly quali- 
 fied natives, the trustees may choose or elect one or 
 more, if wanted, who have lived twenty years in the 
 said burgh, the said men to be chosen by the trustees 
 and the aldermen of Kendal, and the vicar and school- 
 master there, each of such men to have yearly paid to 
 him 20s. on the 2lst of December, at the porch of tho 
 parish church. Tiie residue to be bestowed in cloth, 
 linen and woollen, for shirts and coats, on the day and 
 place aforesaid, to such other poor people of Kendal 
 town, and in such manner as tho said collector, with 
 the consent of tho said trustees, alderman, vicar, and
 
 854 
 
 KENDAL WARD. 
 
 schoolmaster, or the major part of them, should think 
 fit. The trustees have the power to let the premises 
 for terms not exceeding ten years. 
 
 Prissoe's Cliarkij. — John Prissoc, on the 20th Sfarch, 
 1695, bequeathed to the ma_vor of the corporation of 
 Kendal for the time being, Richard Washington and 
 two others, aldermen, and John llobinson and two 
 others, inhabitants of Kendal, .€120 upon trust, to lay 
 out upon land or upon good security, and to distribute 
 the interest thereof to the poor of Kendal every Christ- 
 mas Eve. He also gave £10 to defray the charges 
 of purchasing land. Two fields in Church Fields, con- 
 taining 2a. .^r. 20p. were purchased with a part of the 
 money, and the residue (£1.5) is out at interest and pro- 
 duces 14s. annually. The land is let for £11 a year. 
 
 SlcddaU's Green-Coat Cliarity. — William Slcddall,by 
 will, dated 11th August, 1801, gave to John Stuart 
 and William Berry, two of the senior aldermen of Ken- 
 dal, and to such two persons as should, at his decease, 
 be the two senior burgesses of Kendal, £525, upon 
 trust, that they and their successors, to wit, should pur- 
 chase Four-per-cent. Bank Annuities, or lend the same 
 upon real or personal security, and apply the interest 
 or dividends in the establishing and for ever supporting 
 a Sunday school in Kirkby Kendal, for the instruction of 
 thirty-five boys and twelve girls, the children of the 
 poor people of Kirkby Kendal, to be nominated by the 
 trustees ; and for finding and providing a new green 
 coat for each of the boys every year, and new hats once 
 in two years ; and for each of the girls a green gown 
 every 3-ear, and green bonnets once in two years. Mr. 
 Slcddall died in 1813, and this legacy was received by 
 Mr. Stuart and Mr. Berry, and invested in the pur- 
 chase of £025 18s. 7d. stock in the Four-per-cents., 
 then at 83|, in their names, and the dividends arising 
 therefrom amounted at that time to £25 Os. 8d. yearly : 
 but the interest on the stock having been reduced, the 
 dividend is only £22 10s. lOd. at this dute. In 1843 
 the trustees found the management of the school so 
 exceedingly defective, that they determined upon re- 
 moving the children to the schools connected with St. 
 Thomas' Church, under certain regulations, which are 
 entered in the minute-book kept by the trustees ; and 
 the scholars were accordingly removed from the old 
 school in Finkle-street, at Easter, in the same year. 
 The trust is now efficiently managed according to the 
 will of the donor. 
 
 Lord M'liarlon's Bible Charihj. — The Vicar of Kendal 
 receives thirty bibles yearly, with about thirty-six small 
 books. An examination takes place, and the books are 
 given to such poor children as pass the best examin- 
 ation. 
 
 Stephenson's Charity. — The property of this charity 
 consists of the house and prcmi 
 
 llaiiibow, in Kendal, and the house and shop adjoining. 
 These premises arc supposed to have been given by 
 Robert Stephenson about the year 1710. The sum of 
 six guineas, out of the rents, is given to the Catholic 
 priest of KenSal, to be distributed at his discretion 
 amongst poor Catholics on St. Thomas' Day. The re- 
 niaindf'r is given away to poor persons, not pensioners, 
 in small sums from Is. to 2s. Gil., on St. Thomas' Day. 
 A part of these premises liave latelj' been rebuilt out of 
 money reserved from the rents, but the new buildings 
 are now, it appears, clear, and the whole of the pro- 
 ceeds are again available for the purposes intended by 
 the donor. 
 
 Lancaster's Charity. — Bryan Lancaster, by will, dated 
 8th day of 4th month, 1719, devised his estate at Ken- 
 dal Park to certain trustees, for family purposes, which 
 being fulfilled, he directed that on the 1st of January, 
 .£9 should be yearly distributed, namely, 20s. each to 
 six poor men, and 10s. each to six poor women, they 
 being legal inhabitants within the corporation of Ken- 
 dal, without respect to what society or denomination 
 or profession of religion they should go under, but 
 chiefly with regard to their age and poverty. The 
 rest and residue of the proceeds he gave to such chari- 
 table use as his trustees, together with four or six more 
 approved faithful friends of the people called Quakers 
 within the Kendal meeting, should in their discretion 
 think fit. The above sum of £9 has been regularly 
 distributed on New Year's day as far back as can be 
 remembered, to poor men and women, settled inhabi- 
 tants within the borough, and not members of the 
 Society of Friends. The surplus rents are appropri- 
 ated partly to the funds for relieving the poor amongst 
 the Society of Friends, and partly to other charitable 
 objects. The property belonging to this trust has a 
 rental of about £280 per annum. It consists of the 
 dwelling-house and land connected with the Friends' 
 School, in Stramongate, the rental of which is £30 per 
 auuum ; and of sixteen fields situated in Kendal Park, 
 containing, with plantations, house and garden, about 
 S9a. 2r. 35p., yielding about £175 per annum, together 
 with five fields in Mint's Feet, measuring about 2 5a 
 Ir. 30p., and the rent of which is ab ut £75, Four 
 acres, however, of the last-mentioned land have been 
 left at sundry times by different individuals for pur- 
 poses connected with the Society of Friends only. In 
 respect of these latter trusts, Lancaster's trustees pay 
 out of their income about £14 yearly. There is like- 
 wise a field called Shaw's Parrock, which is the exclu- 
 sive property of the Society of Friends.
 
 KENDAL PAEISH. 
 
 S55 
 
 Friend's School. — About seventy rears since, " The 
 Friends" in various parts of England built by subscrip- 
 tion upon a portion of Bryan Lancaster's estate a 
 scbool-house, in order that a good school should always 
 be maintained in Kendal. The master for the time 
 being has hitherto had the school-house and play- 
 ground adjoining rent-free. He must be a member of 
 the Society of Friends, and is appointed by Lancaster's 
 trustees in conjunction with the preparative meeting 
 of Kendal. 
 
 British School. — This school was built in the year 
 1835, and opened in October of that year. The build- 
 ing cost fClO, of which sum £485 was raised by 
 voluntary subscription, and .£lv>.j was granted by the 
 government commissioners for education. The trus- 
 tees are appointed by the managing committee of the 
 school. The school is open to children of all religious 
 denominations, and is ably conducted on the Laucas- 
 teriau system. The number of scholars on the books 
 amounts at present to about 300, the only payment 
 required being 3d. for writing and accounts, and 2d. for 
 reading, per week. 
 
 Schools of Iiidnstry. — The schools of industry were 
 established in 1799, and are supported by annual sub- 
 scriptions, lu 1812, Jane Emerson bequeathed the 
 .sum of £'25 19s. for the support of this institution ; and 
 in 1814, John Postlethwaite, Esq. left the sum of £250 
 for the same purpose. These suras, together with 
 about £150, raised by voluntary subscription, which 
 was required to complete the purchase, were laid out in 
 suitable premises on the Keut side, in the year 1827, 
 where the schools were, till lately, efficiently managed 
 by a committee of subscribei-s : but it is to bo regretted 
 that, from the inadequacy of the funds, the trustees 
 have been obliged to close the school for the present. 
 
 Infants' School. — This school was established by 
 voluntary subscriptions from among the Society of 
 Friends in the year 1830, and is mainly indebted for its 
 continued support to the annual contributions of that 
 society, added to a small wecldy payment with each of 
 the children. The school-house is a neat stone build- 
 ing, which stands near Stock Bridge, at the foot of 
 Castle-street. 
 
 Miss Miirin Wihnn's Benefaction to Miss Poirkcr's 
 Hospital. — Maria ^\'iLson, of Kendal, in the county of 
 Westmoreland, spinster, by indenture made 1 3th Jlay, 
 1830. assigned and transferred unto trustees, the sum 
 of £ 1,000 in the Three-percent. Consols, in trust, that 
 they should receive the dividends and interest arising 
 therefrom when and as the same should become due, 
 and after thereout paying all expenses incident to the 
 trust, should pay and divide the same or the residue of 
 such dividends unto and equally between and amongst 
 
 the si.'c females for the time being in the hospital in 
 Kendal founded by Dorothy Dowker, by her will bearing 
 date the 22nd day of February, 1830. A.nd it is de- 
 clared and agreed, that the vicar for the time being of 
 the said parish of Kendal should, ex officio, be a trus- 
 tee under the said indenture. 
 
 The Dispeusarij. — The Dispensary is, perhaps, the 
 njost active and most useful charitable institution in 
 the town. It was established by voluntary subscription 
 ill I'l&i, and continues to be supported in like manner, 
 together with £80 per annum as an allowance from the 
 township of Kendal, the interest of a legacy of £100 
 left by Mrs. Dorothy Dowker in 1831, Mrs. Knott's 
 annuity of £1 Is., and tlie interest of the recent liberal 
 donation of £500 made by James Gandy, Esq., of 
 Heaves Lodge, in January, 1844. Mr. Gaudy's muniii- 
 cent gift is at present invested in the Stockton and 
 Darlington railroad, iu the name of Mr. John Gaudy, 
 the treasurer of the Dispensary, Mr. W. D. Crewdson, 
 and of the secretary, Mr. Samuel :\Iarshall. The 
 treasurer and secretary of the Dispensary, for the time 
 being, are to be the permanent trustees, and the annual 
 dividends are to bo appropriated to the procuring 
 nourishing diet, &c., for the patients of the Dispensary, 
 under the superintendence of the apothecary of the 
 institution. The institution is under the direction of 
 a committee of twelve subscribers, appointed at the 
 annual meeting held on the first Monday in each year. 
 A resident apothecary is maintained, who is aided by a 
 physician and several consulting surgeons ; and efficient 
 medical and surgical aid are thus secured to tlie poor, 
 whose title is the production of a subscriber's ticket. 
 
 inr.iUANO cBAErriEs. 
 
 Whitehead's Gift.—Veter Whitehead, of Kirkland, 
 by will, dated 3rd October, 1713, gave a burgage house 
 in Keudul, and a house iu Kirkland, and a bit of land 
 called Little Roods, iu Kirkland, to his sister for life, 
 and he gave the house iu Kii-kland, after her death, to 
 Bryan Lancaster, Elizabeth Walker, Thomas Crosby, 
 and Robert Wharton, and their heirs in trust to sell 
 the same: and out of the proceeds he gave £45 to the 
 poor inhabitants legally settled iu the township of 
 Kirkland, which sum ho directed the trustees above- 
 named to pay over, after the decease of his said sister, 
 to the trustees of the charity. And he directed the 
 trustees to lay the Siime out at five per cent, and out 
 of the interest to take 20s. anuuully and therewith buy 
 cloth or kersey for coats for three poor men, inhabitants 
 of and legally settled in Kirkland, and such as iu their 
 judgment should stand most in need, and to distribute 
 the same on the feast of St. Peter and St. Paul. And 
 to distribute the further sum of 20s. amongst the poor
 
 85C 
 
 KENPAT, WAKP. 
 
 inhabitants of Kiikland, and especially to the ancient, 
 the lame, and blind, widows and orphans, in sums not 
 less than Is. nor exceeding Is. Od., and the remaining 
 us. to be divided amongst the trustees, and he directed 
 that the coats should have the letters P. W. in red 
 cloth upon the left arm. The interest of this money 
 (£2 5s.) is given away ainiimlly on St. Peter's Day, 
 nothing being reserved for the distributors. For a 
 considerable period coats have ceased to be given away 
 on account of the objection to wcuriiig the letters, and, 
 instead thereof, 7s. is given to each of the poor persons, 
 towards furnishing a coat. 
 
 Poor Stock, Kirkland. — Anthony Yeates.'Esq... held, 
 until his death, the sum of JEIT, which was in the 
 liands of his father, John Yeates, but of the particulars 
 of which no account can now be obtained, except that 
 tlie sum was originally £30, and in the hands of a 
 person of Koidal wlio faile.l, and £17 was all that 
 could be recovered from his estate. Mr. Yeates gave 
 17s. as interest of this money to the settled poor of 
 Kirkland on All Saints' Day yearly, in sums of Is. and 
 as. each. Since the death of Mr. Yeates this charity 
 has been distributed by the vicar, Edward Wilson, Esq , 
 and Mr. Bindloss, who were appointed trustees after 
 the death of Mr. A. Yeates. The money (£17), is in 
 the hands of Mr. Eeveley, one of the tin-tees of the 
 late A. Yeates, Esq., and he pays tlie interest thereof 
 regularly to the trustees of the cliiuity. 
 
 Burijafje Bents. — There are two burgage rents of 
 .'(s. 2d. and 10s. 4d., which, for at least eighty years, have 
 Ijeen given away to the poor of Kirkland. How these 
 payments arose cannot be clearly ascertained. The 
 Jirst is found charged upon preiiiises on the east side 
 of Kirkland, now belonging to Jlr. Bindloss ; and the 
 other, viz. 10s. 4d., issues out of a house close adjoin- 
 ing the former premises, now belonging to the execu- 
 tors of the late John Thompson. These sums are 
 regularly distributed to the poor of Kirkland, annually, 
 by the churchwarden, and are entered by him in a book 
 required by the Poor-law Commissioners to be kept for 
 that purpose. 
 
 There are several other charities, but they are either 
 lost or not now appropriated. 
 
 EMINENT PERSONS. 
 
 Amongst the eminent persons who were born or 
 resided at Kendal, we may mention — 
 
 Katherine Parr, queen of Henry YIIL, who was born 
 at Kendal Castle, about the year 1510. 
 
 William Parr, marquis of Northampton, brother of 
 Queen Katherine, also born at Kendal Castle, in ] 5 1 3. 
 
 Barnaby Potter, bishop of Carlisle, born at or near 
 Kendal, in 1578. 
 
 Sir George Wharton, distinguished as an astronomer 
 and mathematician, born at or near Kendal, in 1G17. 
 
 Ephraim Chambers, compiler and publisher of the 
 first enfyclopcdia, was bom at Milton, near Hever- 
 sham, but educated at the Grammar School here. 
 
 John Wilson, a journeyman shoemaker of this town, 
 distinguished for his knowledge of botany. 
 
 William Hudson, F.R.S., author of " Flora Anglica," 
 and other works, born at Kendal about 1730. 
 
 Thomas Shaw, D.D., born at Kendal in 1093, was 
 the author of several bo iks of travel, particularly 
 describing those portions of Asia and Africa in con- 
 tiguity to the Red Sea. 
 
 Anthony Askew, M.D., born in 1722, well knowa us 
 a collector of Greek jMSS. 
 
 Sir Alan Chambre, one of the judges of the Court of 
 Common Pleas, was born hero in 1740, died in 1823, 
 and was buried at Kendal. 
 
 John Gough, a celebrated naturalist, was born here 
 in 1757, and died in 1823. His contributions to the 
 transactions of the Manchester Literaiy and Philo- 
 sophical Society are very numerous. 
 
 John Dalton, the celebrated philosopher, was for 
 some time a resident of Kendal. 
 
 NETUER GRAVESniP. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £2,554 8s. 8d. 
 The population in ISOl, was 37; in 1811, 43; in 
 1821, 70; in 1831, 312; in 1841, 323; and in 1851, 
 313. Nether Graveship lies on both sides of the Kent, 
 and forms a populous suburb of the town of Kendal, 
 from which it extends about a mile to the south. Col- 
 lin Field, the old manor bouse, is now a farmstead. 
 It was long the scat of the Chambre family, of whom it 
 was purchased, in 1008, by Mr. George Sedgwick, 
 secretary to the Countess of Pembroke, who gave him 
 £200 towards the purchase. During the parliamentary 
 wars, the Countess of Pembroke retired to this house 
 for safety. The pictures which this house formerly 
 contained have been removed to Park Head, the resi- 
 dence of John Y. Yeates, Esq. The landowners are 
 Richard Wilson, Esq. : Edward Wilson, Esq. ; Edward 
 W. Wakefield, Esq.; the Earl of Londsdalc; the Hon. 
 Mrs. Howard; F. M. Yeates, Esq.; Messrs. William 
 Walker and Co., with many others. For a farther 
 account of this township, see Kendal. 
 
 KIRKLASD. 
 
 The township of Kirkland forms part of the borough 
 and town of Kendal.
 
 KENDAL PARISH. 
 
 857 
 
 This township containeil in ISOl 77 inhabitants; 
 in 1811,81; ia 18-^1, 80; in 1831,71; in 184J, GO; 
 and in 1851, 83. The rateable value is £783 10s. 
 
 Patton seems anciently to have belonged to a family 
 bearing the local name, from whom it passed to the 
 ]5ellingliams of liurneshead, from whom it was trans- 
 ferred iu marriage to the Thornburghs of Meathop and 
 Selside. In 1723 it was sold to trustees for the use of 
 the tenants. A moiety of the lauds in Patton appear 
 to have belonged to the priory of Conishead, iu Lanca- 
 shire. The landowners are Arthur Shepherd, Esq.; 
 John Simpson, Esq.; Messrs. Ilubbersty; Mrs. Har- 
 rison ; and some small proprietors. 
 
 Patton is situated between the Mint and Sprint rivu- 
 lets, and extends from two and a half, to four miles 
 north-east of Kendal. 
 
 Shaw End is a fine mansion in this townsliip, four 
 miles north-east of Kendal, and the property of Arthur 
 Shepherd, Esq. 
 
 There is a corn-mill hero on the rivulet, v»hich 
 divides Patton from Selside-with-Whitwell. 
 
 SKELSMEHGH. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £3,513. The 
 population in 1801 was, '447; in 1811, 220; in 1821, 
 258; in ^831, 203; in 1811, 293; and iu 1851, 327. 
 Agriculture is the principal employment. 
 
 Skelsmergh belonged to the Leybournes for upwards 
 of four centuries, during which time their principal 
 residence was at Cunswiok. It was granted in the 
 reign of lIiMiry III. to Robert do Leybgurne, by 
 William de Lancaster the third. In 1301 Nicholas 
 do Leybourne had a grant of free warren ia Skelsmergh. 
 In the reign of Queen Elizabeth the Leybournes 
 suffered greatly iu consequence of their attachment to 
 the Catholic fiith. Tliey sold the manor to the Bol- 
 linghanis of Levons, and Braithwaite of Burncshead, 
 who enfranchised most of the tenants. But the hall 
 and demesne continued to be hell by the Leybournes 
 till 1715, in which year they wero forfeited. They 
 were subsequently purchased by Thomas Crowley, Esq., 
 and by him sold to Daniel Wilson, Esq., of Dallam 
 Tower, whose descendant, (Icorge E. Wilson, Esq., is 
 tlio present owner. The Hon. Mrs. Howard is the 
 superior lady of the manor. Tlio landowners are, 
 George E. Wilson, Esq ; John Bateman, Esq.; Ste- 
 phen Brunskill, Esq.; Rev. O. H. Swale; J. J. Row- 
 landson, Esq.; John A. Medcalf, Esq.; the trustees of 
 Dodding Circcn, and others. The township of Skels- 
 mergh extends from a mile and a quarter to four and a 
 103 
 
 half uulcs nortli-east of Kendal. It contains the small 
 hamlet of Garth Row, three miles north of Kendal, a 
 number of dispersed dwellings, two corn-mills, a worsted 
 mill, a bobbin mill, and a dyewood mill. 
 
 I\Iint House and Mint Cottage, are two neat bouses 
 iu the vale of Mint, the former the property of John 
 A. Medealfe, Esq., and the latter of Alexander W. 
 Long, Esq. Oak Bank is the property and residence 
 of Mr. Robert Seed. Dodding Green is an ancient 
 house with a Catholic chapel attached, which was en- 
 dowed about a century and a half ago with the adjoin- 
 ing house aud estate. No service is performed hero 
 at present. Gillthwaito Rigg House is another resi- 
 dence in this township. 
 
 CHAIUTIES. 
 
 School— There is no school in Skelsmergh, but the 
 inhabitants have the privilege of sending four children 
 to Selside School, and four children to Burneside school, 
 to be taught free, on account of a bequest of £100 by 
 Joseph Harling to each of these schools. The number 
 of children is always kept full at each place. 
 
 Alice Duckctt's Charity A full account of this charity 
 
 will be found in the account of Kendal charities at page 
 817. The sum received by the overseers of this town- 
 ship is 2 Is. yearly, which is divided about ]\Iay Day, 
 annually, amongst poor householders. 
 
 Townships of Shehmci-f/h and Patton. — Stephenson's 
 Gift. — There is a memorandum in the township book 
 which states that there was due to the townships of 
 Skelsmergh and Patton the sum of £2 annually, being 
 a gift of ]\Ir. Robait Stephenson to the said townships,* 
 out of Dodding Green estate. The sum of £10 is sup- 
 posed to have been received many years ago, as Robert 
 Stephenson's donation, and to have been laid out iu the 
 year 1775 in repairing the public roads. The surveyor 
 of highways pays yearly, on account of this charity, 
 £1 17s. Od., to three or four poor pereons not receiving 
 parish relief. 
 
 Stephenson's Charity. — Bodding Green Vole. — The 
 poor of Skelsmergh and Patton are eutitled to IDs. 
 annually, chargod upon the Dodding Green tenement, 
 the former receiving 2(is., the latter lis. This estate 
 was convoyed, about the year 1710, by R. Stephenson, 
 Esq., a Catholic, to trustees of the same religion, for 
 charitable uses. The general object of this charity is 
 stated to be for the support of a priest for the Catholics 
 of Dodding Green and neighbourhood. The Catholic 
 priest of Kendal is the present pastor of Dodding 
 (ireen, and by him is the charity distributed amongst 
 the poor of Skelsmergh and Patton, without distinction 
 of creed.
 
 858 
 
 KENDAL WARD. 
 
 CROOK CHAPELRY. 
 
 This clinpelrr comprises an extensive mountainous district, containing several dispersed dwellings, bearing different 
 names, and a small hamlet called Crook Mill, three and a quarter miles north-west of Kendal, but the chapelry 
 extends to about six miles from that town. Lead and barytes are found here. 
 
 male, .ind his throe daupjliters and co-heirs sold the 
 
 The rateable value of Crook is £ 1 ,433 1 5s. 7d. The 
 number of inhabitants in 1801 was 179; in 1811, 17G; 
 ill 1821, 227; in 1831, 246; in 1841, 257; and in 
 1851, QTi? ; who are principallj' engaged in agricultural 
 pursuits. 
 
 This manor is partly in the Mai'quis Fee and partly 
 in the Lnraley Fee of Kendal barony. In 1309 Simon 
 do Knype held of AVilliam de Roos the fourth part of 
 Crook, by the cornage of 5s. ll*d., and for puture of 
 the foresters Cs. In 1572 part of the jointure of 
 Helena, widow of William Parr, marquis of North- 
 ampton, was " the rent of Crook and improvements 
 there, 15s. 7d. a year." In 1598 it was found that 
 "in Crook seventeen messuages or tenements in the 
 several teinires of divers customary tenants were.holdeu 
 by William Knype, gentleman, of the queen (Elizabeth), 
 as of her barony of Kendal, by knight's service, viz., 
 the fiftieth part of one knight's fee, and were worth by 
 the year £4 18s. 4d." The manorial rights arc vested 
 in the Earl of Lonsdale and the Hon. Mrs. Howarth. 
 The landowners are the trustees of the late Mr. Har- 
 rison ; E. P. Davis, Esq. ; Robert Birkett, Esq. ; John 
 Banks, Esq. ; John Fell, Esq. ; and Henry Birming- 
 ham, Esq. The commons were enclosed in 1823. 
 
 Crook Hall, anciently Thwatterden Hall, belonged for 
 several generations to the Philipson family, a younger 
 branch of which settled here, the olJier remaining at 
 Calgarth. In 1G81 Miles Phihpson, Esq., of Crook 
 Hall, representative of AVestnioreland in parliament, 
 was knighted by Charles I. He died without issue 
 
 estate to ]\Iajor Pigeon, natunil son of Charles II., 
 whose daughter brought the estate in marriage to Ralph 
 Day, Esq., who in 1777 was owner of the hall, which, 
 like most of the old residences of the Westmoreland 
 gently, is now a farm-house. 
 
 THE CHiPEI.. 
 
 Crook chapel is an ancient building, situated on an 
 eminence, about the centre of the chapelry, and is sup- 
 posed to be dedicated to St. Catherine. The tower 
 contains one bell. The endowment of this chapel was 
 formerl}' only £3 10s. 4d., but in 1751 and 1707, it was 
 augmented with £400 from Queen Anne's Bounty, with 
 which two estates were purchased, one at Stainton and 
 the other at Crook. It also possesses another small 
 estate in the latter township, given by an unknown 
 donor. The income is now £77 a year. The patronage 
 is vested in the vicar of Kendal. The registers com- 
 mence in 1742. Part of Under Milbeck township is 
 attached to this chapel. 
 
 iKCtTMBENTS. — EicliarJ Thexter, lio.'i ; Edward Eowlandson, 
 1757; Kichard UrocUbank, 170.5; William S.indfcrd, 17CB; 
 Robert Sandford, 1801 ; John Sedgwick, 1810. 
 
 Crook School, erected in 1852 by Robert Summer- 
 scales, Esq., possesses a small endowment of £1 Is. Cd. 
 a year, being the interest of £30 left by Mrs. Bedk- 
 liouse. 'Jhe average attendance is thirty-five. 
 
 In the township are the hamlets of Crook and How, 
 a worsted-mill, a corn-mill, and a machine works. 
 
 GRAYRIGG CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry includes the township of Grayrigg, Dillicar, Docker, Lambrigg, Whinfell, and part of Patton. 
 
 GRAYRIGG. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £2,586. The 
 number of inhabitants in 1801 was 199; in 1811, 
 208; in 1821, 229; in 1831, 242; in 1841, 264; and 
 in 1851, 264; who are principally employed in agricul- 
 ture. The township is generally clean ; the soil poor 
 and cold. The Lancaster and Carlisle railway runs 
 through the township. 
 
 The manor of Grayrigg belonged to the barons of Ken- 
 dal, and was granted by the first William de Lancaster, 
 
 in marriage with his daughter Agnes, to Alexander de 
 Windsor, son and heir of William de Windsor, whose 
 descendants held the manor for several generations. 
 William de Windsor was knight of the shire in 1354, 
 and sheriff of Cumberland in 1367 and the following 
 year. The manor subsequently passed by maiTiage to 
 the Duckets, who resided at Grayrigg Hall tiU Anthony 
 Ducket, Esq., sold the manor, with Lambrigg and 
 Docker, to Sir John Lowther, who, in 1095, enfran- 
 chised all the tenants except some few who were not
 
 GR-iYElGG CHAPEtRY. 
 
 859 
 
 able to purchase their enfranchisement. The Earl of 
 Lonsdale is lord of the manor. Those tenants who 
 have not been enfranchised have to give two, three, 
 or four days' labour in reaping corn in the harvest, 
 according to the size of the farms. Tiie landowners 
 are William Thompson, Esq. ; Mrs. Elizabeth Thomp- 
 son ; the rkrl of Lonsdale ; Arthur Shepherd, Esq. ; 
 Thos. Atkinson, Esq. ; with several smaller proprietors. 
 Grayrigg township comprises the small hamlets of 
 Deckhouses, Ciiapelhouses, and a number of dispersed 
 dwellings, four and a half mUes north-east of Kendal. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Grayrigg chapel, dedicated to St. John, is a modern 
 Gothic structure, rebuilt in 1837, at a cost of about 
 £1,100. Its ancient revenue was twenty nobles, but 
 it was augmented in 1723 with £100 given by the 
 Earl of Lonsdale, and £100 obtained from Queen 
 Anne's Bounty. It was again augmented in 1751 
 with £200 obtained from the latter source, and £200 
 given by AVilliam Rudd, "William Stratford, and the 
 Rov. John ILiistwell, all of which sums were expended 
 in the purchase of land at Dillicar and Whinfoll. A 
 further augmentation of £20 has been obtained from 
 the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and the rent charge 
 in lieu of tithes is £209 lOs. 9id. The living is now 
 worth about £ 1 00 a year. The incumbent is nominated 
 by the vicar of Kendal. The right of appointment was 
 contested by the parishioners about the year 1820, but 
 it was decided in favour of the vicar. 
 
 Incdmbents. — Cliiistopher Jackson, ; John Ilaistwell, 
 
 1773; George 'W'il'ion, 1»31. 
 
 The parsonage is a plain substantial house, erected 
 by subscription in 1814, at an e.xpouse of about £000. 
 
 CllAIUTllS. 
 
 The School. — The school was built by subscription 
 in 1818, and now affords gratuitous education to thirty- 
 three schulars belonging to the chapelry. It is endowed 
 with eleven acres of land, purchased in 1723, with £30 
 left by Robert Adamson, and £100 in the Five-per- 
 rcnts, given before 1807, by "William Thompson, 
 Leonard linrnard, Arthur Shepherd, and John Moscr. 
 There is also a school for girls, established in 1845. 
 Its principal endowment consists of £10 a year, given 
 by the trustees of tlio Quakers' Meeting House, which 
 had stood at Deckhouses till about twenty years ago, 
 tiud wliich was endowed witli £100 left by Jnhu Dic- 
 conson. Botli these sciiools are in connection with the 
 Committee of Council on Education. 
 
 Poor Slock. — Richard New by, in 1010, gave £10, 
 the interest to be distributed to the poor of Grayrigg. 
 
 Slephenson's Charity. — Robert Stephenson, in 1714, 
 settled an estate called Evetsykes, in the township of 
 Whinfell, to charitable uses, and directed the rent to 
 be distrfbutcd to the poor of Grayrigg, AVhiul'ell, and 
 Whitwell and Selside township.s. 
 
 Thompsons Charity. — William Thompson, by will, 
 dated in 1807, left £50 a year to be divided annually 
 amongst five poor families for ever. 
 
 William Thompson, Esq., of Underley Hall, near 
 Kirkby Lonsdale, lately deceased, was born at Gray- 
 rigg Head in this township. He was one of the alder- 
 men of the city of London, president of Christ 
 Hospital, and one of the members of parliament fgr 
 Westmoreland. 
 
 DILLICAR. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £2,473 16s. 6d. 
 The population in 1801 was 77; inlSll, 78; in 1821, 
 89; in 1831, 109; in 1841, S3; and in 1851, 135. 
 The township, though in grayrigg chapelry, and Ken- 
 dal parish, is locally in Lonsdale Ward. It contains 
 several scattered houses on the west side of the river 
 Lune, eight miles north-east of Kendal, and is inter- 
 sected by the Lancaster and Carlisle railway, which 
 has a station at Lowgill. The landowners are Mrs. 
 Elizabeth Thompson; Rev. Thomas Airey; the execu- 
 tors of the late William Thompson; Rev. W. C. Wilson; 
 Rev. George Wilson; William Richardson, and others, 
 who possess the manorial rights of their respective 
 estates. 
 
 Beckfoot is a small hamlet in this township. 
 
 DOCKER. 
 
 This township, which is surrounded b}' fells, con- 
 tains a number of dispersed form-houses and a few 
 cottages, four miles north-cast of Kendal. In 1801 it 
 contained 05 inhabitants; in 1811, 71; in 1821, SO; 
 in 1831, 95; in 1811, 82; aud in 1851, 87. Agri- 
 culture is the only employment. The Lancaster and 
 Carlisle railway runs through the township. The 
 rateable value is £1,303 18s. 
 
 The manor was granted to St. Peter's, subsequently 
 called St. Leonard's Hos|ntal, York, by the second 
 William de Lancaster, which grant was confirmed by 
 Gilbert, the seventh baron of Kendal, and also by Ed- 
 ward I. ; the horses and dogs belonging to the said 
 hospital being also sulfered to range Gilbert's forest 
 hero. After the Dissolution, the manor was grunted 
 to Uichurd Wa-iiiington, who conveyed it to the Ducketts 
 of Grayrigg, by whom it was sold to the Lowtliers 
 iu 1U90, aud it is now held by the Earl uf LousJale,
 
 860 
 
 KENDAI. WARD. 
 
 who pays for it a quit-rent to the Duke of Leeds, whose 
 ancestors purchased this aud many other fee-farm rents 
 of the crown in the reign of Charles II. The land- 
 owners are, the Earl of Lonsdale; Kev. N. Hurbersty; 
 John Yeates, Esq.; Thomas Dawson, Esq.; William 
 Farror, Esq.; and others. Docker Hall now serves as 
 a farm-house. 
 
 L.\MCniGG. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £1,623 15s. 7d. 
 The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 124; in 1811, 
 137; in 1821, lOl; in 1831, 176; in 1841, 143; 
 and in 1851, 153. The Lancaster and Carlisle rail- 
 ^vty runs 'through the township, which .consists of a 
 number of dispersed houses four miles and a half east- 
 northcast of Kendal, and contains a long aud lofty fell, 
 called Lambrigg Park. 
 
 In 1282 Thomas de Chenaye granted to Gilbert de 
 Bronolmshead all his lands at Lambrigg, reserving to 
 himself the park only. From the Buniesheads, or 
 Bronolmsheads, Lambrigg was transferred by marriage 
 to the Bellinghams, and from them in a similar manner 
 to the Ducketts, one of whom, Anthony Duckett, Esq., 
 sold it to Sir John Lowther, from whom it has descended 
 to the Earl of Lonsdale, the present lord of the manor. 
 Lambrigg is of the marquis fee, and was held of the 
 king, ill capite, by knights' service. Edward Wilson, 
 Esq.; William Thompson, Esq.; Thomas Farrer, Esq ; 
 John Brunskill, Esq.; and Mrs. Thompson, are the 
 principal landowners. 
 
 Mosedale Hall, the seat and property of WilUam 
 Thompson, Esq., is a neat mansion in this township, 
 comprising extensive views of the surrounding country. 
 
 Lambrigg is a neat Elizabethan structure, the resi- 
 dence of John Brunskill, Esq., erected in 1852. 
 
 WHINFELL. 
 
 Whinfoll township is a iiicturesque district, lying 
 between the Mint aud liorrowdale Beck, from four and 
 a half to six miles north-cast-by-north of Kendal. It 
 is all included in the chapelry of Grayrigg, with the 
 exception of Guest Ford estate, which is in that of Old 
 Hutton. The population in 1801 was 184; in liSll, 
 191; in 1821, 204; in 1831, 214; iu 1841, 187; and 
 in 1851, 181. The rateable value is £1,725. 
 
 The manor appears to have been divided into 
 moieties at a very early period ; and tho Redmans, 
 Stricklands, and Ducketts, occur as owners. In 1723 
 the manor was sold to the tenants, together with 
 Selside, Skelsmcrgh, and Patton, for £1,040 3s. 4d., 
 "with all royalties, deodands, ponds, waifs, and estrays; 
 paying thereout yearly, Os. ll.^d. to the king, and Is. 
 to the Lord Viscount Lonsdale." At the same time it 
 was agreed that the fishery in Whinfell Tarn should 
 remain among the tenants undivided. The landowners 
 arc Edward IVuldell, Esq.; James Macliell, Esq.; 
 Pilchard Wilkinson, Esq. ; Arthur Shepherd, Esq. ; 
 Edward Wilson, Esq. ; the trustees of the late William 
 Thompson, Esq. ; the trustees of — Garnott, Esq. : 
 the Rev. H. J. Swale ; the CathoUc Church, Kendal, 
 and others. 
 
 Besides Whinfell Tarn, which covers twelve acres, 
 there are in the township two other smaller tarns. Flat 
 Tarn aud Pig Tarn. Beacon Hill is a lofty eminence, 
 crowned with a pile of stones, the remains of one of the 
 old beacons. 
 
 CH.VKITIES. 
 
 StepJienson's Chari'ij. — The poor of 'Whinfell are en- 
 titled to a sum of money annually, of the gift of Robert 
 Stephenson. — (See Grayrigg.) 
 
 HELSINGTON CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry is bounded on the north by Underbarrow, on the west by Crosthwaite and Lvth, on the south by 
 Levens, on the south-east by Sedgwick, on the east by Natland, and on the north-east by Nethcrgraveship. It 
 includes part of the village of Brigsteer, and a number of scattered dwellings, extending from one and a half to four 
 miles south of Kendal, on the west side of the river Kent. The commons were enclosed by an act passed in 1837-8, 
 since which time no less than £15,000 have been expended in the drainage and improvement of the land. 
 
 The Roman road from Watercrook to Under- 
 
 The estimated area of the township is 3,072 acres, 
 and the rateable value £2,535 4s. 3d. In 1801 it con- 
 tained 230 inhabitants; in 1811, 229; in 1821, 268; 
 in]831,2D6; in 1841,310; and in 1851, 289; who 
 are principally engaged iu agriculture and in peat moss 
 
 labour. 
 
 barrow passes through part of this township. 
 
 The manor of Helsingtou is part of the Lumley Fee, 
 and in 1341 was held by William de Thweng, at which 
 time it appears that the rent of the free tenants and
 
 HELSINGTON CHAPELRY. 
 
 861 
 
 Other tenants at will amounted to £15 Os. 8J. yearly, i 
 In the reign of Henry ^'1II. it was possessed by a ' 
 family named Bindlose, from whom it was purchased 
 by the Bellinghams, who sold it to Colonel Graham, | 
 and it now belongs to the lion. Mrs. Howard. The 
 landowners are Ivlward Wilson, Esq.; Geo. E. Wilsnii, 
 Esq.; Walter C. Strickland, Esq.; Hon. Mrs. Howard, 
 Richard Wilson, Esq. ; and some smaller proprietors. 
 
 Sizergh Hall, the seat of the ancient family of Strick- 
 land is situate three and a half miles south of Kendal, 
 at the foot of a hill facing the east. It is an autitiuo 
 fortified building, stiinding in an undulating park, 
 delightfully sprinkled wilh wood. Ouly a small portion 
 of the old towers remain ; frequent additions and 
 repairs have given an irregular but picturesque aspect 
 to the whole pile. It contains a considerable collection 
 of carved oak, tapestry, portraits, and armour. There 
 is a portrait of Mary Queen of Scots, by Antonio More, 
 excellently painted, and some portraits by Lely and 
 Romucy. One apartment is called the queen's cham- 
 ber, from a tradition that Catherine Parr once lodged 
 there. A portrait of Charles II., by Vandyke, was 
 presented to the family by King James II. 
 
 Slritkluiibs of Sijcrglj. 
 
 The first of the name of Strickland met with is in 
 the reign of King John, when Gilbert Fitz-Reinfred 
 having been compelled, on account of his involvement 
 with the rebellious barons, to give hostages, who were the 
 sons, daughters, and heirs of the principal mesne lords 
 holding under the btrons of Kendal, including amongst 
 them the son and heir of Sir Walter de Stiickland. 
 In the time of Hugh, bishop of Carlisle, who came to 
 the see towards the beginning of the reign of King 
 Henry III., this Sir Walter had license to keep a 
 domestic chaplain in his family, within the parish of 
 Jlorland, so as it should be of no prejudice to the 
 mother church. Sir Walter Strickland granted to the 
 church of St. Mary, York, and to the prior and monks of 
 Wetheral (which was a cell of the said abbey) four 
 acres of land in the territory of Strickland, moulter 
 free. The great-great-grandson of this Sir Walter, 
 
 Sir Waiter pg Stiuckiand wos, in llio 96tli LJward I., 
 wiUi tlie king at tlio siogc ol Carlavcrok, udJ, in U>o 1st and 0th 
 of Kilwttnl 11., «'a»kiii.;lit of tlio shiro for \Yos[morel»nil. In 
 the mil of EihvarJ HI. Sir Wiillcr obtainod a grant to cncloso 
 }iis wood and diMiioiino lands at Siecrgli, and to iniikL' n park 
 there, and to hold Ihu same sio enclu!>ed to liiiu and bis heirs 
 fur ever. Tlio grnat-graiidson of this Sir Walter, 
 
 Sir TnoMAs df. STRirKL.VND, entered into agreement with 
 Henry V., dated >".Hh Aiiril, 1115, to servo the king in his 
 wars iu Franco during one year, aud had the distinguished 
 
 honour of bearing the banner of St. George at the ever-memo- 
 ruble battle of Agincourt. Ho was subsequeutlyl^Vth Henry VI.) 
 M.P. for Westmoreland. His son and heir, 
 
 Wai.tee Strickland, Esq., appears to have heen a zealous 
 liancasterian, and of the forces he was enabled to raise, with 
 ihuir proper habiliments, we have a muster-roll yet extant, which 
 seems to havo been made out chiefly in respect of the border 
 service. This Walter Strickland was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Sir Thomas SrnicKLAND, Kut., who married Agnes Parre, 
 daughter of William Parre, son of Sir Thomas Parre and his 
 wife, Elizabeth, one of tlie three sisters and co-heirs of Henry 
 Lord Filz-Uugh, and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Walter Strickland, Esq., who married EUzabcth Salkeld, 
 and was succeeded by his son, 
 
 Sir Walter Strickland, Knt., who married, Istly, Agces, 
 daughter of Kichard Redman, but had no issue ; and 2ndly, 
 Catherine, daughter and sole heir of Sir Ralph Newell of 
 Tliornton Briggs, co. York, by whom he had a son and successor. 
 
 Walter Strickland, Esq., of Sizergh and Thornton Briggs, 
 CO. Westmoreland, M.P. 5th Elizabeth. He married AUce, 
 daughter of Nicholas Tempest, Esq., of Holm, co. Durham, 
 and dying 1009, was succeeded by his eldest son. 
 
 Sir Thomas Strickland, K.B., of Sizergh, M.P. co. Westmore- 
 land -13rd Elizabeth and 1st King James. Sir Thomas married 
 Ehziibeth Symou of Bristol, and had a daughter, Alice, married 
 to Sir William Webb, Knt., equerry to Prim-e Henry. He mar- 
 ried, 2udly, Jlai-garet, daughter of Sir Nicholas Curwen, Knt., 
 of Workington, by whom he had issue, 
 
 I. Robert, his successor. 
 II. Thomas, 
 
 III. Walter, from whom descended die Stricklands of Catterick, 
 in Yorkshire. 
 
 II. Dorothy, third wife of John Plcming, Esq., of Rydal. 
 
 n. Margaret, second wile of (jcorgo Preston, Esq., of Holker, 
 Lancashire. 
 
 Ho died in KU.'J, and was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Sir RoBKRT Strickland, Knt., M.P., co. Westmoreland 21st 
 King James I. He was a colonel in the army of Charles 1. 
 and commanded a troop of horse at the battle of Edgeliill whiio 
 his son, Sir Thomas Strickland, led a regiment of foot. Sir 
 Thomas married Margaret, eldest daughter and co-heir of Sir 
 William Alford of Bylton, co. York, by whom he had two sons, 
 
 L Thomas (Sir), his successor. 
 
 II. Walter, married Barbara Belasyse, fourlli daughter of tlio 
 Hon. llLiiry liulasyso, sun and heir of Thomas Viscount 
 Fttucouberg, by whom he had a daughter, 
 
 Dorothy, married to William Grimstone, Esq. 
 
 Sir Robert dying in 1070, was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Sir Thomas Strickland, Knt., who was made a baronet by 
 King Charles I. in person on the field At Edgeliill, 2:)rd October, 
 ICiVi. This gentleman represented the co. Westmoreland iu 
 lliUl. He married, Isily, June, daughter and co-heir of Joha 
 Jloselcy, Esq., of Ulskclfe, CO. York, by whom ho had two 
 surviving daughters, 
 
 I. Alice, married to Sir Widtcr Bhuit, of Soddinglnn. 
 u. Anne, uiiirrieJ to John Middlcton, Esq., of Slockeld, co. York. 
 
 Sir Thomas married, -Jiidly, Winifred, douglitor and heiress of 
 Sir Charles Trenlbum, Knt., of Rochester, co. Stafford, and had 
 issue.
 
 862 
 
 KENDAL WAED. 
 
 1. Walter, boru Jfay, 1610, 
 II. Robert, diiii iinraai-ricd. 
 
 III. Roger, who was pngc to the Prince of Conti, when he went 
 
 from France, to be elected King of Poland. He died 
 unmarried. 
 
 IV. Thomas, in holy orders, Bishop of Xamnr, died 17-13. 
 
 Sir Thomas Strickland, who had been pri\T purse to King 
 Charles II. was one of the privy couucil to King James II. and, 
 following the fortunes of that monarch, died in Irance, 8th 
 January, lOJl. He was succeeded by his eldest son, 
 
 Walter Stricicland, Esq., who married Anne, daughter of 
 Gerard Salvin, Esq., of Cruxdale, co. Diuham, by whom he 
 had issue, 
 
 L Thomas, his successor, boru 2'Jlh June, 1701. 
 
 IL Gerard, born 30tli July, 1701; died 1st September, 1701; 
 
 inarrieil, Istly, Miss Mary Bagual, and had, with two 
 
 daughters, 
 
 1. Gerard, boru 4th October, 1711; married 15th April, 
 177!), Cecilia, relict of Charles Strickland, Esq., of 
 Sizergb, and dying 23rd October, 179J, left issue, 
 
 George, bom ^Srd October, 1780. 
 Gerard, bom 21lli February, 1782. 
 
 Mr. Gerard Strickland, sen., married, 2ndly, Lady Gascoigne, 
 rehct of yir Edward Gascuigue, Burt. 
 
 I. Mary, died unmarried, 8th May, 1717. 
 
 Mr. Strickland was succeeded by his elder son, 
 
 Thomas Steicklasd, Esq., of Sizergh, born 29th June, 1701, 
 who married, Istly, 2nd June, 1728, Mary, daughter of Simon 
 Scroope, Esq., of Danby, by whom he had issue ; and Sndly, 
 Mrs. Archer, widow of John Archer, Esq., of Oxeuholme. He 
 was succeeded at his decease by his eldest son, 
 
 Walter Steickla-sd, Esq., of Sizergh, who married 4th June, 
 175S, Margaret, daughter of Michael James Messenger, Esq., of 
 Fountain Abbey, co. York, but dying without issue in 1701, was 
 •ncceeded by his brother, 
 
 CnABLEs SiRlcKLiXD, Esq., of Sizergh, who married 20th 
 April, 17G2 CeciUa, only daughter of William Towneley, Esq., of 
 Towncley, co. Lancaster (by his wife, Cecilia, daughter and 
 sole suniving heir of Ralph Standish, Esq., of Standish, in the 
 same county, and the Lady I'hilippa Howard, second daughter 
 of Henry Duke of Norfolk), and had issue, 
 
 I. Thomas, his successor. 
 
 II. William. 
 
 III. Charles, died 13th September, 177.5. 
 1. Mary, married 27th February, 178(3, to Edward Stephenson, 
 Esq., of Farley Hill, co. Berks. 
 
 Mr. Strickland died Gth October, 1770, and was succeeded by 
 his eldest son, 
 
 Tbosas Strickland, Esq., of Sizergh, who likewise, upon 
 the decease of his uncle, Edward Towneley Standish of Standish, 
 inherited the Standish estates, and assumed the surname of 
 " Standish." He married 24th Eebruary, 17S9, Anastasia, eldest 
 daughter of Sir John Lawson, Bart., of Brough Hall, co. York, 
 and had issue, 
 
 I. Charles, who inherited the Standisli estates, and continued 
 
 the name of Standish. 
 n. Thomas, of Sizergh. 
 
 I. Ana3ta3iB,bornlltliMay, 1707, and died22ndNovember, 1807. 
 IL Elizabeth, born 1st March, 1800, and died 17th September, 
 
 1813. 
 HI. Monica, married in December, 1827, to Sir John Gerard, Bart , 
 
 of Bryu. 
 IT. Catherine, bora lUih Jaly, and died l!)th March, 1808. 
 
 Mr. Strickland married, 2ndly, Catherine, daughter of Sir 
 Robert Gerard of Bryn, co. Lancaster, but had no issue. He 
 died 4th September, 1813, and was succeeded at Sizergh by bis 
 second son, 
 
 Thomas Strickland, Esq., born 15th March, 1790, who mar- 
 ried, November, ln2t, Mademoiselle Ida de Finguerlin Uisa- 
 hengen, youngest daughter of the Baron Finguerlin, and by her 
 (who married, 2ndly, the Coiute de Ferenzac, and died in 1846) 
 he left at his decease an only son, 
 
 Walter Stricki.and, Esq., of Sizergh, co. Westmoreland, 
 bom Oth September, 1825. 
 
 Arms. — Sa., three escallops, within a bordure, engrailed, arg. 
 
 the chapel. 
 Helsington chapel, dedicated to St. Jobn, is a neat 
 building, erected by subscription iu 1720, and cudowed 
 bj- Joha Jackson, of Holeslack, with the adjacent Scar- 
 house estate, and the " Cliamber Tenement," on con- 
 dition that the iuhabilaiits should subscribe £1 00 
 towards obtaining an augmentation from Queen Anne's 
 Bounty. The sum of i'44 12s. was raised, and the 
 remaining £'58 8s. contributed by Mr. Matsou, the 
 curate, which sums, with k'2Q0 obtained from Queen 
 Anne's Bounty were e.xpeuded in the purchase of Kirk- 
 barrow Field, near Kiiklaud, and land in Eawnrigg, in 
 Barbon. It was augmented in 1702 with £'200, given 
 by the Countess Dowager Gower, and a further sum of 
 ^200 from Queen Anne's Bounty. The Scaifoot estate 
 at Uuderbarrow was purchased with these sums, and the 
 annual revenue of the curacy is now worth about £125 
 per annum. The vicar of Kendal is patron. All the 
 rites of the Church of England are performed here. 
 
 Inci-meents. — William Moore, 1790; William Hution, 1831, 
 James Muckalt, 1838; Charles Butler Harris, 18jI. 
 
 The parsonage is a neat commodious house, erected 
 in 1810, and enlarged in 1851. 
 
 Helsington School is a neat Gothic structure, erected 
 by subscription iu 1853, at a cost of £310, and possesses 
 a small endowment of 13s. 4d. a year, arising from the 
 rent of a shop*t Kendal, left in 1739, by John Jackson, 
 for the education of three poor children. The school 
 is under inspection, and has an average attendance of 
 about twenty scholars. The John Jackson mentioned 
 above, by his will, devised to the clerk of Helsington 
 a small parcel of ground called, Jack Parrock. 
 
 There are marble-mills and a powder-mill on the 
 river Kent, in this to\vnship.
 
 INGS CIIAPELRY. 
 
 863 
 
 INGS CIIAPELRY. 
 
 Ikgs chapelry comprises the greater portion of tbe township of Hugill nnd part of that of Nether Staveley. 
 
 further augmentation of £'12 a year was left to it in 
 1(;C5. by KowlauJ AVilson, Esq., on condition that die 
 curate should give gratuitous instruction to the poor of 
 
 iiCGirx. 
 Hugill township is distant from six to seven miles 
 north-west of Kendal, on tiie Ambleside road and fce 
 river Kent, and contains the small hamlets of Heights, 
 Grassgarth, Ings, riostoii, and Ulthwaite. The rateable 
 value is £1,379 3s. 3d. The population in 1801 was 
 237; in ISll, 213; in 1831, 300; in 1831, 367; 
 in ]84), 383; and in ]S5), 413; who ;ire chiefly 
 employed in agriculture and bobbin turning. The 
 Kendal and Windermere railway runs through the 
 township. For an account of the manor see Staveley. 
 The Earl of Lonsdale and the Hon. Mrs. Howard 
 possess the manorial rights. The landowners arc 
 John H. Wilson, Esq.; the trustees of the late James 
 Braithwaite, Esq.; Messrs. Jenkiuson, Nathan Thomp- 
 son, Thomas Brown, and others. Hugill Hall is now 
 a farm-house. 
 
 THE CHAPEI.. 
 
 Ings chapel, dedicated to St. Anne, is a neat edifice, 
 rebuilt in 1743, by Robert Bateman, who endowed it 
 with £'12 a year, besides bequeathing £8 a year to the 
 school, and £1,000 for the purchase of an estate, and 
 the erection of eight cottages, for the reception of as 
 many poor families. Mention is made of Ings chapel 
 in 165.1. There appears to have been a previous 
 one at Grassgarth, in this township. The chapel was 
 repaired. Sec, in 1842, and now consists of nave, 
 chancel, west gallery, and tower containing three bells. 
 There is a marble tablet to the memory of the late 
 James Braithwaite, Esq., of Hugill. The ancient 
 revenue of Ings chapel was only £2 4s. Id., to which 
 £3 6s. 8d. was added by the king's auditor, and a 
 
 the chapelry. The living has been since augmented 
 with £200, given by Mrs. Mary Foster, and £000 
 obtained in three lots from Queen Anne's Bounty. 
 The income of the living is now about £90 a year. 
 The landowners are the patrons. The registers 
 previous to the year 1813 have been lost. 
 
 Inxcmbents. — John Airey, 1813; Charles B. Harris, 1845; 
 Matthew J. Finch, 1S47 ; Thomas Finton, 1834. 
 
 The parsonage is a neat residence near the chapel. 
 
 The school is endowed with the interest of £1,000 
 left by John Braithwaite, Esq., who died March 1st, 
 1854, and £50 per annum from Bateman's Charity, 
 as below. The average number of scholars in attend- 
 ance is thirty-five. 
 
 CHAEITIES. 
 
 Batcmaii's Climity. — Mr. Bateman, who built the 
 church, left cert;un moneys, which now realise about 
 :Pl0O a year, of which £50 a year is given to the poor 
 of Hugill not in receipt of parish relief. 
 
 Roidand Wihoii's Charity. — Rowland Wilson, by will, 
 dated 1650, devised his lands at Grassgarth, in the 
 parish of Kendal, subject to a yearly payment of £5 4s. ; 
 one-half of which sum he directed should be disposed 
 of in bread at Keudal, and the remainder ia bread at 
 Hugill. 
 
 There are two bobbin-mills and a coni-mill in this 
 township. 
 
 Ings Hall is now a farm-house. 
 
 KENTMERE CIIAPELRY. 
 
 Keststerf. chapflry is bounded on the north by Patterdale, on the west by Gnrbnme Fell, on the south by the 
 chapclries of Ings and Staveley, and on the east by I^ong Sleddale. It consists principally of a narrow vale, shut iu 
 by lofty fells, nnd is distant nine miles north-west-by-norlh of Kendal. It is watered by the river Kent, which rises 
 a little to the north, and formed a lake, or mere, which was drained off several years ago. -V largo reservoir, covering 
 about eight acres of land, is situated here, which supplies, in dry weather, the mills on the river Kent. 
 
 Tho township of Kcntmcre contained in 1801 100 12^'.!, Jfargaret. the eldest, had that which is now 
 
 inhabitants; in 1811, 217; in 1821, 212; in 1631, called the Manjuis Fee; Agnes, tho second, had no 
 
 191; in 1841, 198; and in 18.'')1, 193. I share in Westmoreland; Lucy, tho third sister, had 
 
 In tho partition of the Hrus estate amongst the four I that which is now ca'led the Lumlcy Fee ; and 
 
 sisters and co-heirs of the last Peter lo Bras, about I Ladarina, tlio fourth, had Kentmere. This Ladariua
 
 8G4 
 
 KKXDAr, w,\nri. 
 
 was married to John de Bella-Aqua, and had issue two 
 daughters, co-heiresses : Sibil, married to Miles de 
 Staple ton ; and Jonu, married to Anchcrus, son of Henrv. 
 Miles de Stapleton, hy his wife, Sibil, had a son, 
 Nicholas de Stapleton, between whom andrfoan, his 
 aunt, the inheritance was divided, and hy this division 
 Kcntracre became the property of Nicholas. The 
 manor continued to be held by the Stapletons till 
 1020, in which year it was sold by Gilbert Stapleton 
 tD Nicholas Fisher, Esq., of Stanebank Green, whose 
 descendant, Henry Fisher, Esq., devised the manor 
 to be sckl, and it was purchased, in 1745, by Thomas 
 Wilson of Kendal. The younger son of this last-named 
 gentleman subsequently assumed the name of Fenwick. 
 The manor was afterwards sold to the landowners. 
 Kentmere Hall, now occupied by a farmer, stands at 
 the foot of a huge and rugged mountain, and was 
 formerly the residence of the ancient family of the 
 Gilpins, one of whom, Bernard Gilpin, the "Apostle 
 of the North," as he has been termed, was born here 
 in 1517; and Dr. Airey, who was provost of Queen's 
 College, Oxford, and who lived about the year loOO, 
 was also a native of Kentmere. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Kentmere chapel is situated near the old hall, an3 
 is a small ancient building. The salarv of the curate 
 
 was formerly only £6 a year, arising from a rate of 2s. 
 levied for every 13s. 4d. paid to the lord of the manor. 
 The livitig was augmented before 1757, with fOOO, viz., 
 £400 obtained from Queen Anne's Bounty, i'lOO given 
 by the inhabitants, and £100 by the executors of Dr. 
 Stratford. Of this money £-200 was expended in the 
 purchase of Bonnet-green estate, in Strickland Ketel, 
 and the other £400 in the purchase of Patton-end 
 estate, in Patton, so that its revenue now amounts to 
 £70 a j-ear. 
 
 cHAnrriEs. 
 
 Neirton's Charity. — Robert Newton, by will, in 1700, 
 bequeathed £00, the interest to be applied for the 
 clothing of poor people iu the township. 
 
 Poor Stoek. — Henry Airey, by will, in 1708, gave 
 to the poor of Kentmere £50, the interest to be dis- 
 tributed annually on the anniversary of his decease 
 amongst the poor of the chapelry, with the exception 
 of those of Wray West Quarter. William Birkett, by 
 will, in 1785, left £40, in trust for the poor of Kent- 
 mere." These two legacies, with £30, the donor of 
 which is unknown, make up the sum of £120, the 
 interest of which is distributed on the first Sunday 
 after Old Candlemas, yearly, to poor persons not 
 receiving parish relief. 
 
 LONG SLEDDALE CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry embraces a wild and picturesque district, about three miles iu breadth, and extending from five to eleven 
 miles north of Kendal. It is intersected by the Sprint rivulet, which runs through a deep vale parallel with the 
 road, till it unites with the Kent about half a mile below Burueside Hall. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £1,150. The 
 population in 1801 was 187 ; in 1811, 173 ; in 1831, 
 185 ; in 1831, 199 ; in 1841, 173 ; and in 1851, 17o! 
 Agriculture is the only employ:nent. 
 
 Long Sleddale belonged to the ancient barons of 
 Kendal, who granted '• in fee divers tenements there to 
 several persons." and finally granted the manor to the 
 Thornburghs of Hamsfel and Selside, who sold it to the 
 Bellinghams, from whom it was purchased by Colonel 
 James Grahame, and is now held by the Hon. Mrs. 
 Howard. The tenements have been from time to time, 
 all or most of them, enfranchised. There does not 
 appear to have been a manor-house here, the lords 
 never being resident. Wlsen the Thornburghs held the 
 manor, the tenants attended the court at Selside Hall. 
 Uberry, or Yewbarrow Hall, was the most considerable 
 house in the vale, and seems to have been the residence 
 
 of a family bearing the name of Layburne ; it is now a 
 farm-house. The landowners are the Hon. Mrs. 
 Howard, Richard Wilkinson, Esq. ; Messrs. Henry 
 and George Fothergill, Alexander W. Lodge, Rev. 
 Robert Walker, .Thomas Walker, Michael and John 
 ilattinson, Robert Mattinson, and others. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Long Sleddale chapel stands near the centre of 
 the vale. It is a small building, erected in 1712, when 
 the burial-ground was also consecrated. The living has 
 been several times augmented. In 1713 it received 
 £80 from the heir and four daughters of Henry Holme ; 
 and in 1746, 1773, and 1775, three sums of money of 
 £200 each from the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty, 
 and a subscription of £200, making altogether £800, 
 laid out iu the purchase of land in Long Sleddale,
 
 NATLAND CHAPELRY. 
 
 865 
 
 Selside, and Lambrigg, now let for about £'50 a year. 
 The total income of tlie living is £88. The vicar of 
 Kendal is patron. The registers commence in 1(370. 
 
 iNcuiiuENTs.' — Matthew Monkliouse, 1717 ; Edward Green- 
 wood, 179S ; Robert Walker, 1815. 
 
 There is no parsonage. 
 
 In 1853 the Rev. Miles Walker, brother of the 
 present incumbent, gave i'liOO, on condition that the 
 
 •inhabitants of the township would raise a similar sum, 
 and devote it to the education of ths poor of the cbapelry. 
 The inhabitants subscribed £250, to which tlie master 
 and fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, added £50, 
 thus making up the amount required, which was invested 
 in the Three-percent Consols, and now produces about 
 £•21 per annum. The Hon. Mrs. Howard also sub- 
 scribes £10 a year for the educatiun of poor children. 
 A new school-house is much needed. 
 
 NATLAND CHAPELRY. 
 Tins is a small chapeln,- containing a township and village of its own name, and the Roman station of Galaeum. 
 It is bounded on the north by Netbergravcship, on the west by HeLiugton, and on the south and east by 
 Stainton. 
 
 The area of Natland township is returned with that 
 of the parish ; its rateable value is £o,U05. The popula- 
 tion in 1801 was 205; in 1811,188; in 18-21.244; 
 in 1831, 230; in 1841, 251; and in 1851, 236; 
 nearly two-thirds of whom reside in the village, the 
 remainder in dispersed houses. Agriculture is the 
 only employment. The soil here is rather sandy. The 
 township is intersected by the Lancaster and Carlisle 
 railway. 
 
 Of the Roman occupation of this part of Westmore- 
 land we have abundant evidence at Watcrcrook, sup- 
 posed to be the Galacura of the Notitia. According to 
 Horsley, the station measured six chains from north to 
 south, and eight from east to west, covering an area of 
 about five acres, .\ltars, coins, urns, stones, and the 
 remains of pottery, have been found here ; and Hors- 
 ley discovered a stone monument in the wall of a 
 neighbouring barn, with an inscription to the memory 
 of two freedraen. A lioman coin, of the Emperor 
 Vespasian, was found in the neighbourhood of Water- 
 crook a good many years ago. About a mile and a 
 half from the station, on the summit of a high hill, 
 called Helm, is a place called Casilesteads, supposed to 
 have formed a summer station for the garrison of Gala- 
 eum. Tho inner and outer valluns are still visible. 
 Coneybods, situated on ll'iy Fell, east of Kendal, is sup- 
 posed to have been an exploratory station fur Watcrcrook. 
 
 On the Norman invasion, Natland is conjectured to 
 have become tho habitation of the Nulivi, or bondmen 
 of Kendal Castle. Tho manor is included in the Mar- 
 Huis Fee, and has long been held by the Strickland 
 family, Walter C. Strickland. Ksij., of Sizcrgh, being 
 the present lord. The lajidownors are tho Rev. W. C. 
 Wilson, George E. Wilson, Esq.; Edward Wilson, Esq.; 
 llichard Wilson, Esq.; and W. 1). Crewdson, Esq. 
 
 Tho village of Natland is two miles south of Kendal. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 The chapel, dedicated to St. Mark, is a neat modem 
 edifice, erected, near the site of a former chapel, in 1 825, 
 at a cost of £550, of which £300 was given by three 
 individuals, and £100 by the Society for Building New 
 Churches. In 174i!, 1740, and 1754, the living was 
 augmented with £000 from Queen Anne's Bounty ; and 
 in the latter year with £100 left by Archbishop Bolter, 
 and £liiO left by Bishop Stratford, making a total sum 
 of £800, which was laid out in the purchase of land at 
 Skelsmergh, Old Hutton, and Barbon. The two for- 
 mer estates now let for £53 a year, but tho latter has 
 been sold and the money invested in the funds. It has 
 since received other augmentations, so that the benefice 
 is now worth £113 a year, besides a residence. The 
 tithe corn rent is paid to Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 and the vicar of Kendal, the latter of whom is patron of 
 the living. The registers commence in 1777. 
 
 Inccmdents. — Williiim Townson, George Kendal, Thomas 
 Briggs, Thomas Thoruborrow, Thomas Mackereth, aud Joseph 
 I'uwcett. 
 
 The parsonage is a plain building, purchased about 
 twelve years ago. 
 
 The school for boys and girls is endowed with £40 a 
 year from an estate in die chapelrj-. 
 
 cn.vniTiEs. 
 
 Shipphard's Charily. — Charles Shipphard, by will, in 
 1779, left the sum of £180, upon trust, and directed 
 that the interest should t§ divided amongst tho jwor of 
 the chapelry. This sum was subsciiucntly increased to 
 £300, on account of which £4 a year is distributed as 
 directed. 
 
 Shippluird's Devise. — The same Charles Shipphard, by 
 his will, devised an estate called Crow Park, the rent of 
 which he ordained should be applied for the education 
 of the poor ckildrcu of tho township. 
 
 ini
 
 860 
 
 KENDAL WARD. 
 
 NEW HUTTON CHAPELRY. 
 
 This olinpelry comprises tlie townships of New Hutton, liny, and IIutton-in-the-Hay, wliicli foim a township with 
 Scaltbwuiie liigg. 
 
 NEW EUTTON. 
 
 New Ilutton townsliip coutaiiieJ, in 1801, 125 inha- 
 bitants ; in 1811, JIO; in 18i21, 127; in ls:Jl, 173; 
 in 1811, 118; and iu 1851, 157. The rateable value 
 is .£1,185 15s. 7Jd- 
 
 Nicolsou and Burn toll us, " at first there was only 
 one general name of Hutton. The distinction between 
 Old and New Hutton seems to have eonic in about the 
 beginning of the reign of Edward I." For the descent 
 of the manor, see Old Hutton. New Hutton is held 
 under the Richmond Fee ; the tenants possess the 
 manoriiil rights of their own properties, and pay a quit 
 rent to the Earl of Lonsdale, the lessee of the crown. 
 Tlie landowners are the executors of the late William 
 Thompson, Esq. ; Richard Simpson, Esq. ; Messrs. 
 John Y. Thexton, William AVhitwell, John Sleddall, 
 L. Watson ; the Misses llarrisou, and a number of 
 small proprietors. The commons were enclosed in 1839. 
 
 The township contains the small hamlets of Borrans, 
 Millhohn, and Rawgreen, with several scattered dwell- 
 ings, distant three miles and a half east-south-east of 
 Kendal. 
 
 THE CnAPEL. 
 
 New Hutton chapel, dedicated to St. Stephen, is a 
 modern Gothic structure, erected in 1820, at a cost of 
 about £'}00. It comprises nave, aisle, chancel, tower, 
 and spire. The windows are lancet-shaped ; those at 
 the east end are partly stained. There are tno mural 
 tablets ; one to the memory of the late William Sleddall 
 and bis wife ; the other to the late Ralph Fisher, Esq. 
 The chapel contains near!}' 300 sittings, most of which 
 are free. The living is worth about .£80 a year, arising 
 from an estate at Killington, purchased with i'-iOO 
 subscribed by the inhabitants, and £-200 obtained from 
 the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty, and laud at 
 Grayrigg bought with an augmentation of .£200 re- 
 ceived iu 175G ; together with a grant of £l'd a year 
 from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, received in 1844. 
 The vicar of Kendal is patron. The registers com- 
 mence in 1741. 
 
 Incumbents. — Samuel Simpson, John Simpson, Kalph W. 
 risher, Francis Whalley, and Henry Scambler. The Key. 
 Samuel Simpson held the living for sixty-seven years, from 
 1741 till 1S08, when he deceased, being upwards of ninety years 
 of age. 
 
 New Huttou School possesses an endowment of five 
 guineas a year, arising from a small enclosure in the 
 township of Sedgwick, purchased with £40 left for 
 
 education by Miles Tarn, in 1778; and £15 8s. (Id- 
 given by tlie Rev. Samuel Simpson, the then incum- 
 bent, the rent of which is given to the schoolmaster. 
 The average number of children iu atteudance is about 
 
 twenty. 
 
 CBAIilTIES. 
 
 Wallter's Charihj. — William W.ilker, of Bendrigg, in 
 Old Hutton, in 10;39, left sevi ml messuages, diarged 
 with the following payments : — •' 'i'u twelve poor house- 
 holders dwelling within the lordship of Kiilington, to 
 each 3s. Cd., 42s.; to four poor householders within 
 the lordship of Firbank, each 2s. Od., 10s.; to eight 
 poor householders within the lordship of Old Hutton, 
 each 3s. 4d., £1 6s. 8d. ; to four poor householders 
 within the lordship of New Hutton, each 3s. 4d., 
 13s. 4d. ; and to four poor householders of Lanibrigg. 
 each 23. 6d., 10s." The sum of 13s. 4d. is regularly 
 distributed on account of this charity to four poor 
 householders of this township. 
 
 Ward's Charity. — Thomas Ward, late of Norfold, 
 left by his will, dated February 15th, 1800, the sum 
 of £300, the interest of which he directed should be 
 distributed by the minister and overseers to the poor 
 not in receipt of parish relief, belonging to and living 
 in the three towns of Hutton, near Kendal. The said 
 Thomas Ward also left £50 to the minister of New 
 Hutton Chapelry, which was applied to the purchase of 
 land for the benefit of the chapel. 
 
 SC.\LTHVV.\ITE r.IGG, H.\Y, AND nUTTON-IN-TIIE-n.VT. 
 
 This townsliip extends from Faircross Bank, in the 
 suburb of Kendal, to three miles east of that town. Its 
 rateable value is £4,280. The population in 1801 was 
 250: in 1811, 270 ; in 1821, 348; in 1831,880 : in 
 1841,408; and in 1851, 460. The Lancaster and 
 Carlisle railway runs through the township. The 
 manorial rights are possessed by the Earl of Lonsdale, 
 besides whom Ralph Fisher, Esq. : the executors of 
 the late William Thompson, Esq.; Edward Wilson. Esq.; 
 William Sleddall, Esq.; WUham^ Edmondson, Esq.; 
 Richard Dobinson, Esq., and others, are the landowners. 
 
 Scalthwaite Rigg is included in the parish of Kendal. 
 It includes the village of Mealbank,'which is pleasantly 
 situated on the east bank of the Kent, two and a half 
 miles north-east of Kendal, where there are a corn and 
 snuff mills and a woollen manufactory. There is a neat 
 school, erected by Messrs. Braithwaite and Co., in-]840, 
 for the education of the children of their workpeople.
 
 OLD HCTTON AND HOLMESCALES CHAPELRY. 
 
 867 
 
 SleJJaU IJull, now a farm house, belouging to Edward 
 Wilsou, Esq., was formerly the seat of the ancient 
 family of Sleddall, one of whom was mayor of Kendal in 
 1030. 
 
 Uay is a hamlet about half a mile west of Hutton-in- 
 the-Hay, which is a constabulary in'thc township, three 
 miles east of Kendal. Both jilacesarc in New llutlon 
 chapelry, and iu the manor of Hay, which belongs to 
 the Marquis Fee of Kendal barony. Nicolson and Burn 
 ri-iy " Hay signifies a park or enclosure, and Hutton 
 seems to have come from huts, which were erected in 
 
 Utile hunting grounds and forests for the convenience of 
 the hunters ; it is therefore evident that the huts within 
 the park were called Hutton-iu-the-Uay, to distinguish 
 them from the huts in the open forest ; and this dis- 
 tinction is supposed to have originated when the estates 
 of William de Lancaster were divided between his 
 co-heiresses, Helwise and Alicia." 
 
 Hill Top is a delightfully-situated mansion in the 
 liamlet of Hay, and the residence of Dr. Fleming. 
 lUw Hea<l, an ancient mansion in Hutton-in-the-Uay, 
 is the seat and property of William Sleddall, Esq. 
 
 OLD HUTTON AND HOLMESCALES CHAPELRY. 
 This chapelry comprises the township of Old Hutton and Holmescales, including the hamlets of Bridge End, 
 Clinpel Houses, Ewbank, Middleshaw, and Beckside, and e.^teuds from three and a half to live miles south-east of 
 Kendal. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 308 ; 
 in 1811, arc ; in 1831,424; ia lS;il, 4-a9 ; in 1841, 
 of Old Hutton alone, 434; in 1851, 307; in 1841, of 
 Holmescales alone, 34; in 18.51, 44. The surface of 
 the township is irregular, and the soil is generally of a 
 light, sandy quality. The commous have been enclosed. 
 Holmescales, though united with Old Hutton iu poors' 
 rate, and in the partition of common rights, is a hamlet 
 to the extreme point easterly of Biirton-in-Kendal, and 
 belongs to that parish for eeclesiasticfil purposes. It is 
 five miles south-east of Kendal, and possesses a bobbin 
 mill. At Bridge End, which is five miles from Kendal, 
 is a worsted manufactory ; and at the beck side, about 
 a quarter of a mile from the chapel, is a corn-mill. 
 
 The distinction between Old and New Hutton does 
 not appear to be older than the reign of Edwai'd I. 
 About the time of Richard I., Gilbert, son of Roger 
 Fitz-lleinfred, granted to Thomas, son of Gospatric, 
 Holme, Preston, and Hutton, with the ajipurtenances 
 to hold of him and his heirs by the service of the fourth 
 ]iart of one knight's foe. In the ne.\t generation, 
 William de Lancaster granted and confirmed to Patrick, 
 son of the said Thomas, son of (io.spatric, and his heirs, 
 the charU^r which Gilbert, son of Roger Fitz-lloinfred, 
 father of the said William, granted to the said Thomas, 
 of the lauds in Kendal wliii-li ho hold of the siiiil Gilbert, 
 iu Preston, Holme, and liutton. In the ioth Edward 
 r. John de Culwen granted and confirmod to Patrick de 
 ("lulwen and his heirs all his lands at Old Hutton and 
 Holmescales, with the mill and services of his free 
 tenants there, except the wood of Hutton, and rendered 
 for the same one penny of silver yearly at the Nativity 
 of our Lord, for all services. And iu the 7th Edward 
 
 III. Gilbert de Culweu, lord of Workington, re-leased 
 and quitted claim to Thomas de Culwen, son of Patrick 
 de Culweu, Knt, his uncle, all his lands' of Old Hutton 
 and Holmescales, in Kendal, with the mill and homages 
 of the free tenants there ; to hold to the said Thomas 
 and the heir of his body, rendering to the said Gilbert 
 and his heirs yearly one penny of silver as above. 
 The manor of Old Hutton has long been enfranchised. 
 From some escheats taken about the beginning of the 
 reign of Charles I., the tenements in Old Hutton and 
 Holmescales appear to have been held of the king as of 
 his manor of Kirkby in Kendal called the Richmond 
 Fee, in socage, by payment of certain rents. 
 
 THE CHATEL. 
 
 Old Hutton chapel, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, 
 was erected in lOdS, rebuilt iu 1009, and had a burial 
 ground consecrated in 1 82'2. It is a plain structure, 
 without any architectural pretensions. The benefice, 
 a curacy, iu the patronage of the vicar of Kendal, lias 
 an ancient salary of £i 12s., a piece of land left hf 
 Henry Bateman, and £5 a year for an afternoon 
 sermon, left by Thomas Robinson, in 1706; since 
 which time it has been augmented with £000 of Queen 
 Anne's Bounty, with i'lilO from Dr. Stratford's trustees, 
 and £100 given by various benefactors, all laid out in 
 land, so that its net income is now about £0H a ye.ar. 
 
 The parsonage is a neat and commodious structure, 
 erected in 18;U. It is about a mile from the chapel. 
 
 The Grammar School was founded by I'.dward Milner 
 in 1013. It was rebuilt by the inhabitants in 1753, 
 and possesses a j'early income of i'lO lis. arising from 
 three rent-charges, and from interest of money vested 
 iu the Navy Five-i)cr-cents.
 
 808 
 
 KENDAL WARD. 
 
 CHARITIES. W 
 
 Walker's Charity. — The particulars of the foundation 
 of this charity are given in our report of the charities 
 in New llutton. 14 Cs. 8d. is annually added to tlio 
 rents of Roger Ward's Charity, and disposed of witli 
 them at Whitsuntide, in the manner hereafter men- 
 tioned. 
 
 Eoger Ward's CJiarity. — There is an estate at Old 
 Hutton, supposed to have been given by Roger Ward, 
 which produces about £'-^0 a year. After deducting 
 what is necessary for incidental expenses and repairs, 
 the rent payable to the charity is distributed half-yeariy 
 amongst about thirty poor persons of the township of 
 llutton aud Holraescales. 
 
 Bobinson's Charity.—Thomaa Robiuson, of Greaves, 
 in Old Hutton, by will, dated 1G93, left £5 a year to 
 the minister of Old Hutlon, to preach an afternoon 
 sermon every Sunday in the year, except the winter 
 
 • quarter. He also bequeathed it'yi to be laid out upon 
 lands for ever by the cliurchwardens and overseers, the 
 produce to be laid out in penny loaves and given away 
 every Sunday, to poor persons. He also left two brack- 
 endales, the one on Holmescales Common, the other in 
 Preston Patrick, to bo let by the churchwardens, and 
 the rents divided among such poor housekeepers as 
 should not receive aid from the parish. 
 
 Dawson's Charily. — Joseph Dawson, alderman, of 
 Kendal, left £52, to be distributed weekly in bread. 
 
 Donor Unknown. — The township also possesses tho 
 sum of £''i2, which is applied to different purposes. 
 
 Division of Holmescales. — Hiitloh's Charity. — The 
 division of Holmescales, though it forms a township 
 jointly with Old Hutton, is itself in the parish of 
 Burton. It is consequently entitled to a share of the 
 rents of tho Hinden estate, for au account of which see 
 Burton-iu-Keudal parish. 
 
 SELSIDE-WITH-WHITWELL CHAPELRY. 
 
 This cbapelry is situated between the Mint and Sprint rivulets, and extends from four and a half to six and a half 
 miles north-by-east of Kendal. 
 
 This township contained in 1801 19^ inhabitants; 
 in 1811, 234; in 1821, 291; in 1831, 263; in 1841, 
 335; and in 1851, 2^1; who are principally resident 
 in scattered farm-houses. The rateable value is 
 £1,052 9s. Id. 
 
 Selside and Whitwell, though separate divisions, 
 form only one constablewick, and seem to have been 
 originally one manor. At what date they were first 
 separated we have now no means of ascertaining. 
 They subsequently became united in tho ancient 
 family of Thornburgh. The first account we have of 
 Whitwell is in 1351, in which year we find that Gilbert 
 de Burneshead held of William de Coucy the hamlet 
 of Whitwell, by the service of cornage, wardship, and 
 relief. Tiie heiress of the Burneshead family married 
 a Bellingham, aud one of the daughters and co-heirs of 
 the last Bellingham of Burneshead brought Whitwell 
 in marriage to the Thornburghs. Of Selside we have 
 no account previous to 1375, when Matthew de Red- 
 man held of Joan de Coupland divers tenements in 
 Selside, but the manor appears to have been then held 
 by the Thornburghs. This last-named family, which 
 held Selside and Whitwell till it failed in issue male 
 in. 177-i, produced a number of distinguished men, 
 several of whom were knights of the shire for West- 
 moreland, in the reign of Edward III., Richard H., 
 Henry IV., and Henry V. Tho Thornburghs sold olf 
 
 the manor by degrees, part to the tenants, part to the 
 Wilsons, and part to the Bellinghams, so that a con- 
 siderable portion of it now belongs to the Hon. Mrs. 
 Howard. The landowners are Ralph Kiddell, Es(i. ; 
 Mrs. Fothergill; James Machell, Esq.; the executors 
 of the late William Thompson, Esq. ; and Arthur 
 Shepherd, Esq. 
 
 Selside Hall, the ancient seat of the Thornburghs, 
 and now the property of Ralph Riddell, Esq., serves as 
 a farm-house. 
 
 E.tcept the small hamlet of Gateside, which is five 
 miles uorth-by-east of Kendal, the houses in this town- 
 ship are all scattered, and bear different names. The 
 commons were enclosed in 1825. 
 
 THE CUAPEL. 
 
 The chapel, dedicated to St. Thomas, is a plain 
 building, re-erected in 1838, at a cost of about i;l,0(li>, 
 the whole of which was defrayed by subscription with 
 the exception of £80 obtained from the church com- 
 missioners, and £50 given by Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge. The site for the building, together with the 
 requisite stone and sand, were given by Mr. Riddell. 
 The chapel will accommodate about 300 persons, and 
 with the exception of five pews appropriated to Low- 
 bridge House, Forest Hall, Selside Hall, Kit Cragg, 
 and Northgate Side, are all free. In 1717, the curacy 
 was certified at £8 5s., viz., £4 charged upon the
 
 STA^'ELEY CHAPELRV. 
 
 fifiQ 
 
 estates of the inhabitants, £4 issuing out of land left by 
 Allies Uiikbeck, and 5s. interest of money left liy Thos. 
 Nelson. It was augmented in l~-i-i with two estates 
 called Ilarrod and Stonogarth, in Whinfell, purchased 
 vdih £200 of Queen Anne's Bounty, j£10() given by 
 Lady Mover, i'lOO from ilie trustees of Dr. Stratford, 
 and £100 given by the Kev. William Atkinson, all 
 laid out ill tlie purchase of Beckstones, afterwards 
 exchanged for lirowfoot estate, in Firbank. The total 
 income of the living is £115. The landowners are the 
 patrons. The chapel includes within its jurisdiction 
 the township of Selside and Wliitwell, the township of 
 Fawcett Forest, part of Whinfell, two houses in Skels- 
 mergh, and three houses in Strickland Roger. The 
 register commences in 175^. 
 
 Incdmdbxts. — William Atkinson, 1752; Jacob CLanibre, 
 1701; Joliu Parker, 177;!; Matthew Monkliouse, 1780; Thomas 
 .\irey, 1791; Henry Hulme Airey, 1831. 
 
 The incumbent resides at Browfoot. 
 
 The school possesses an endowment of £59 a year, 
 arising from a bequest made in 1730, by John Kitching, 
 who gave an estate at Biggersbank, upon trust that the 
 rents should be applied for the gratuitous education of 
 the children of the township. Joseph IlarlinK, by will, 
 in ISOvi, Itft £100 to this school, upon condition that 
 four poor hoys of Skelsmergh should be taught by the 
 schoolmaster, free of expense, except only a cockpenny 
 at Shrovetide, which is paid by all the scholars. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Poors' Land. — There is a small parcel of ground, 
 about half an acre, commonly called the Poor Dole. It 
 is not known how it came to the township, but the rent 
 has been distributed, on St. Thomas' Day, together 
 with the communion money, among the poor house- 
 holders of the township, as long as can bo remembered. 
 
 Stephenson's C/ian'ti/.— The poor of this township are 
 entitled to a sum of money, annually, of the gift of 
 llobert Stpplienson, as described in the account of the 
 township of Whinfell and Grayrigg. 
 
 LowbriJgc House, the seat and property of Mrs. 
 Fothergill, is a neat mansion, occupying a pleasant 
 situation at the foot of Bannisdale, six and a half 
 miles north of Kendal. It was erected in 1837, and 
 is Elizabethan in style. 
 
 Mozergh House, the residence of James Machell, 
 Esq., is pleasantly situated four miles and a quarter 
 uorth-by-east of Kendal. It was erected in 1835, and 
 contains some ancient oak furniture, remarkable for 
 the beauty of its carving. 
 
 FAWCETT FOREST. 
 
 This is an extensive but wild and mountainous 
 'district in the parishes of Kendal, Shap, and Orton, 
 and in the chapelry of Selside, distant from five and a 
 half to eight miles north of Kendal. Its population in 
 1801 was 81 ; in 1811,01; in 1821,51; in 1831,01: 
 in 1811, 00; and in 1851, 51. The rateable value is 
 £110. 
 
 Fawcett Forest, anciently Fauside Forest, was given 
 to the abbey of Bylaud by William de Lancaster I. 
 After the suppression of the religious houses, it was 
 purchased by Alan Bellingham, Esq., a younger son of 
 the Bellinghams of Burneshead, who also purchased 
 Helsington and Levens. The last of the Bellingham 
 family sold Fawcett Forest, with other estates, to Colonel 
 James Graham, from whom it has descended to the 
 Hon. Mrs. Howard, besides whom George A. Geldard, 
 Esq., is the principal landowner. 
 
 Forest Hall is the residence of ]\Ir. William Wood, 
 who farms the whole township. It partakes in some 
 degree of the Elizabethan style. 
 
 STAVELE 
 This chapelry includes the township of Over Staveley, 
 
 The rateable valueofStnvelry township is £1,085 18s. 
 In 1801 it contained 3-J I inhabitants: in 1811, 230; 
 in 1821, 312; in 1831, 412: in 1841, 527; and in 
 1851, 732; who are principally resident in the village 
 of Staveley, and many are employed at woollen and 
 bobbin mills ; the remainder as in agricultural districts. 
 Tho Kendal and Windermere railway passes close to 
 the township, and has a station at tho village of Nether 
 Staveley. 
 
 The manor of Staveley and Uugill is part of the 
 
 Y CHAPELRY. 
 
 the chief part of Nether Staveley, and a part of Uugill. 
 
 ' Marquis Fee of Kendal barony. After the death of 
 William de Thweng, in 1340, it was found by inqui- 
 I sition that ho died seised of the park of Staveley, and 
 I of a fullins mill there, as also of tho rents of free 
 tenants and tenants at will at Staveley and at HugilL 
 1 Among the escheats in 1413 it is found that John 
 ' Hotham, Knt., held the ninior of Siaveley. From 
 ' this time till 150U the Hotharas held the manor; they 
 I sold it, or nitlior their part of it, in the latter year to 
 ! tbo Bellinghams. In 1577, after tho death of ALui
 
 870 
 
 KENDAL WARD. 
 
 Beliingliaiii, E>(\., it was found by imiuisitioii that lie 
 died possessed of the manor of Staveley, aud of " divers 
 lands and tenements" in Over Staveley, Nether Stave- 
 ley, ami other jilaces, aud that be held the same of the 
 queen by knight's service. In the same year it was 
 found that William Gilpin held a part of the manor of 
 Over Staveley. In 1595 it was found tliat Robert 
 Bindloss, Esq., and James riellingham, Esq., held of 
 the queen (Elizabeth) as of her barony of Kendal, in 
 free socage, and not in capite, in Nether Staveley, 
 several messuages aud tenements. In 1008 Rowland 
 Philipson held Staveley by fealty and l'2d. rent; and 
 five years later we find Christopher Philipson holding 
 "one capital messuage called Ashes, with twenty-one 
 acres of laud, in Staveley Godmond (so called from 
 Godmond, who had estates there), of the king as of his 
 manor of Kendal called the ilarquis Fee, by the yearly 
 rent of ICd. for all services.'' In 1070 there were , 
 held of Katharine, queen consort of Charles II., in 
 Staveley and Hugill, of the Marquis Fee, "si.x; freehold 
 tenements of the yearly rent of 43. 7d. ; thirteen cus- 
 tomary tenements of the yearly rent of £5 i 7s. 4^d. ; 
 fulling mills and lords' acres of the rent of £1 8s. 4d., 
 and fifteen cottages of the rent of .£1 13s. 4d. Four 
 other tenements in Hugill, pay a free or dry rent of 
 £3 19s. 9d.; Ulthwaite mill in Hugill, Is. 3d." The 
 Earl of Lonsdale and the Hon. Mrs. Howard are the 
 present possessors of the manorial rights aud privileges. 
 The landowners are Edward Wilson, Esq.; John H. 
 Wilson, Esq. ; the executors of Abraham Banks, Esq, ; 
 •Tas. Gandy, Esq. ; R. B. Armstrong, Esq. ; Benjamin 
 Tui-ton, Esq.; the trustees of the late Geo. Mounsey, 
 Esq. ; and others. 
 
 The village of Staveley is on the west side of the 
 Kent, a little above the confluence of that river with 
 the Gowan, four miles and a half north-west of Kendal. 
 In the village are two extensive woollen mills, a corn 
 mill, aud two bobbin mills. Here is also a handsome 
 hotel called the Abbey, erected in 1844. It is finished 
 aud furnished in a superior manner, aud is a great 
 convenience to travellers. Staveley is very ancient. 
 It was a prosperous village at a very early period. 
 We find that as early as 1341, ten years after the 
 establishment of the wooUen manufacture at Kendal, 
 there was a fulling mill here, which was worth 10s. 
 a year. In ]32!l (and Edward III.) a charter was 
 obtained for a weekly market at Staveley, on Friday, 
 and a fair yearly on the eve, day, and morrow of the 
 feast of St. Luke, but they have long been obsolete. 
 Two annual fairs are now held here on the Wed- 
 nesday before Easter for cattle, and the 7th October 
 for sheep. 
 
 TBE CHirnL. 
 
 The chapel, probably dedicated to St. Margaret, is 
 an ancient but commodiojis structure, consisting of 
 nave, chancel, and neat tower containing two bells. 
 There are two mural monuments in the chancel, one 
 of which cotnmeinorates George Jobson, the other is 
 defaced. There are also neat marble tablets to the 
 memory of Thomas F. de Lambert, Esq., and the Rev. 
 Peter Strickland, and his only son Thomas. The 
 ancient salary of this chapel was only .£0 13s. 4d., to 
 which Mr. Henry Nicolson added 10s. a year for a 
 sermon on St. Thomas' Day. It has since been 
 augmented with .£201) obtained from Queen .A.nuc's 
 Bounty, JEIOO given by Lady Moyer, and £100 sub- 
 scribed by the inhabitants, for which two small estates 
 were purchased, one at Pattou aud the other at Natland ; 
 and in 1844 it received a further augmentation of £44 
 from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, so that the 
 living is now worth about £120 a j'ear. The vicar of 
 Kendal nominated the present incumbent, but the 
 payers of chapel salary nominated bis predecessor. 
 The registers commence in 1051. 
 
 Incumbents. — George Myera, 1757 ; Peter Strickland, 1807 ; 
 J. G. Elleray, 1837. 
 
 The parsonage occupies a pleasant situation on the 
 side of Ravenscar, in the township of Hugill. It was 
 erected in 1852, and is in the Elizabethan style. 
 
 The Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists have chapels 
 in the village. 
 
 The school, which was rebuilt in 1841, possesses an 
 endowment arising from the rents of Low Scroggs and 
 Elphow estates, left in ICOG, by George Job.son, for the 
 education of poor children, about sixty of whom attend 
 the school. 
 
 CHAKm. 
 
 Poor Stock. — There is the sum of £50, supposed to 
 have been left by thi-ee persons of the names of Muck- 
 bold, Airey, and Woodburn. The interest is annually 
 distributed on Easter Tuesday, amongst four or five 
 poor householders having no parish relief. 
 
 NETHER STAVELEY. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 131 ; 
 in 1811, 155 : in 1821, 180 ; in 1831, 190 ; in 1841, 
 201; aud in 1851, 299. The rateable value is £2,044. 
 The inhabitants are principally engaged in agriculture, 
 but a few are employed in the bobbin manufacture. 
 The Kendal aud Windermere railway runs through 
 the township, aud has a station here. The manorial 
 rights are possessed by the Hon. Mrs. Howard. 
 The landowners are Richard de Lambert, Esq.; William
 
 BURNESIDK CHAPELRY. 
 
 871 
 
 Wakefield, Esq.; Thomas Atkinson, Esq.; Eicbard. 
 Wilson, Esq. ; the trustees of the late J. G. Roberts, 
 Esq.; P. Iliibbersty, Esq.; nnd some smidler propnctors. 
 This towubliip extends from three and a half to about 
 seven miles north-west of Kendnl. The houses are 
 all scattered except a few near Gowan Bridge, where it 
 
 adjoins the village of Over Staveley and the river Kent. 
 Common Head, the property and residence of Robert 
 de Lambert, Esq., is a handsome structure, pleasantly 
 situated at the foot of a bill bearing tlie same name, 
 and commanding extensive views of the surrounding 
 country. 
 
 BURNESIDE CHAPELRY. 
 This chapelry includes the townships of Strickland Ketel and Strickland Roger. 
 
 The manor of Bunieside, anciently Burnesbead, 
 appears to have been possessed by a family bearing the 
 local name, but only cue of them is recorded, Gilbert 
 de Buruesliead, who occurs in ]2S'^. The family seems 
 to have ended iu a daughter, Margaret, who became 
 the wife of Richard de BcUingbam, one of a Northum- 
 berland family, who thereupon came to reside at Burue- 
 side. From the Belliugliams the manor was purchased 
 by Sir Thomas Clifford, whose son-in-law (as it is 
 
 supposed) sold it to llachell, of Kendal, from 
 
 whom it was bought by Robert Braithwaite, Esq., of 
 Ambleside. The Brailliwaites continued to hold the 
 manor till the middle of the eighteenth century, when 
 Richard Braithwaite, Esq., sold it to Thomas Shepherd, 
 Esq., who sold the estates to the tenants, and the 
 manor to the Lowthers, so that the Earl of Lonsdale 
 is the present lord. Burneside Hall, the ancient 
 manor-house, has long been in ruins, but a portion of 
 it is now occupied as a farmstead. It stands iu the 
 township of Strickland Upger. 
 
 The village of Burneside is situated on both sides of 
 the Kent, which is here crossed by a good bridge, two 
 miles nurtii-by-west of Kendal, in the townships of 
 Stricklau<l Ketel and Strickland Roger. It is a place 
 of considerable antiquity, and derives its name from 
 hum. a brook or stream, in allusion to the river flowing 
 through it. 
 
 TIIR CIIAPCL. 
 
 Bunieside chapel, dedication unknown, is a neat 
 Gothic structure, with a spiral tower, erected in ISdti, 
 near the site of a much older chapel, at a cost of about 
 Xl.flOO, of which L'ftOO was raised by subscription, 
 i'lOO obtained from government, and the remainder 
 from a rate levied upon the occupiers of land. John 
 Bateman, Esq., built tiie spire, ornamented the interior 
 of the cbapol, and gave a painted window. The chapel 
 contains a neat marble tablet to the memory of Janirs 
 Bateman, Esq., of Tolson Ifall. In the time of Charles 
 I. the living was augmented with live marks {1'3 Os. 8d.) 
 
 a 3'ear, out of an estate at Nether Staveley, left by 
 Messrs. Robert and Rowland Kitcbiu. Since then it 
 has received an augmentation of 2ns. a year out of an 
 estate at Strickland Ketel, left by 3Ir. Thos. Atkinson ; 
 .£■100 ill two lots, from Queen Anne's Bounty, to meet 
 subscriptions and benefactions to the same amount, of 
 which i'lOO was given by the executors of Dr. Strat- 
 ford. This money was expended in 1757 in the 
 purchase of au estate at Skelsmergh, and another at 
 Dent, in Yorkshire, the latter of which now produces 
 about £16 a year. The total income of the living is 
 about ,£120 per annum. The cunite is elected by the 
 landowners paying chapel salaiy, and approved of by 
 the vicar of Kendal. The registers commence in 1717. 
 
 I.sccMBE.STS. — William Smitli, 17S4; William Barton, 1777; 
 .Tohn Jackson, 17H1 ; Henry DoJd, 17U1 ; William Kobinsou, 
 1H15; George LondoD, 1854. 
 
 The parsonage is a neat Elizabethan structure, 
 erected in IS.'jO, on ground given by John Bateman, 
 Esq., at a cost of about £600, of which £100 was given 
 by the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty. 
 
 Burneside School possesses an ancient school-stock of 
 £20, together with the following bequests : — Alan 
 Fisher, of llundlow, in Strickland Roger, by will, in 
 1781. gave the sum ofXIioii in trust, directing that the 
 interest should be applied in the purchase of plate for 
 the communion service of Burneside chapel, and the 
 making of an additional room to the school-house ; and 
 for furnishing this additional room he left his books and 
 other things ; and he declared his will to be, that if tlio 
 school and ehapcl should bo united, or, during such 
 time as the master of the school should be curate of tlie 
 chapel, that six poor children of Strickland Roger 
 should be taught gratis; but that none should be 
 taught gratis during sucli time as the cbapol and school 
 should be divided. And he further directed his trustees 
 to pay yearly to a poor widow belonging to Strickland 
 Roger, with not less than two children, the sum of £1, 
 by half yearly payments ; and he further ordered that
 
 872 
 
 KENDAI, WARD. 
 
 out of the profits, bis trustees should pay yearly to the 
 churchwardens of Strickland Roger £2 12s., to be laid 
 out in bread at a shilling a week , and he directed that 
 the residue of the yearly interest of the i'OOO should be 
 given to the schoolmaster at Burncside for the time 
 being. Joseph Hading, by will, in November, 1802, 
 gave £100 to the trustees of Burneside School, upon 
 condition that they should permit the master of the 
 said school to receive the interest ; in consideration of 
 which the trustees and the master were to permit the 
 churchwardens and the overseers of the township of 
 Skelsniergh, to send to Burneside School four poor boys 
 of their township yearly, to be taught reading, writing, 
 and accounts, without paying any quarterage, except a 
 cockpeuny at Shrovetide. These two bequests, with 
 the school-stock of j£20, were laid out in the purchase 
 of £'810 Stock five per cent, producing a j'early divi- 
 ilend of £40 IDs., which is distribntr-d as directed. A 
 new school-liouse was erected in 18")5. The school is 
 under the management of four trustees, vi/,., the incum- 
 bent, George A. Geldard, Esq., Thomas Harrison, Esq., 
 and Stephen Brunskill, Esq. 
 
 CHARITY. 
 
 Great Satlnreij Estate. — liobert and Eou-land Kitchin's 
 Charity. — By indenture, dated July 23rd, 1812, it is 
 recited that a close called Great Satturey had been 
 purchased for £80, and another called Lamb Parrock 
 for £10, and that for £18 some meadow ground, called 
 the Broad Ing, all which closes were purchased with 
 money given by Jlr. Robert Kitchin ; and that part 
 thereof given by Rowland Kitchin, for and to the use 
 of a lecturer, curate, minister, and schoolmaster at 
 Burne,side chapel, and to the poor people of the said 
 chapclry. These lands produce about £29 10s. a year, 
 out of which the minister receives £3 Os. 8d., and the 
 remainder (after deducting incidental expenses) is 
 divided hetvpeen the two townships of Strickland Ketcl 
 and Strickland Roger, and is given away at Christmas 
 to poor persons not receiving parish relief. 
 
 STRICKLAND KETEL. 
 
 The population of this township in 1801 was 209 ; 
 in 1811, 310 ; in 1821, 390 ; in 1831, 386 ; in 1841, 
 466; and in 1851, 409. The rateable value is £3,910 
 ITs. 6d. Agriculture is the principal employment. 
 
 " Strickland," say Nicol.son and Burn, " anciently 
 was always written Stirkland, being no other than the 
 pasture ground of the stirks or steers, and other young 
 cattle. At what precise time the Stirkland was divided 
 into moieties, and so denominated from the several 
 owners, hath not appeared to us. It seems to have 
 
 been about the reign of King Ilcnry I., in the 
 time of Ketel, son of Eldred, son of Ivo de Tailbois, 
 first baron of Kendal. Roger de Lancaster, bastard 
 brother of William de Lancaster, had large possessions 
 given to him by his said brother, but he had not Strick- 
 land Roger, for that continued in the legitimate lino; 
 therefore, Strickland Roger had not its name from him, 
 but from some other probably before his time. The 
 family de Stirkland, which finally settled at Sizergh, 
 had not their name from the Stirkland of which we 
 now speak, but from Stirkland (which in after times 
 was divided into Great and Little Stirkland) in the 
 bottom of Westmoreland. They had indeed certain 
 tenements in Stirkland Ketel, holden under the lords 
 of the manor, but they were never lords of the manor 
 themselves. By an inquisition after the death of Joan 
 de Coupland, in the 49th Edward III., it is found that 
 she held of the crown the hamlet of Stirkland Ketcl, as 
 parcel of the manor of Wyandermere ; and that others 
 held divers lands there of her, as parcel of the manor of 
 Kirkby in Kendal. In the 9th Henry VIII., Sir 
 Thomas Parr, by his will, devised to his wife for life, 
 the manor of Strykelaud Rogers, being of that which 
 was afterwards called the Marquis Fee. And in the 
 14th Elizabeth, William Parr, marquis of Northampton, 
 died seised thereof, and the same was assigned to his 
 widow for dower." The Earl of Lonsdale is now lord 
 of both tliese manors, except a small part which belongs 
 to the Hon. Mrs. Howard. The landowners arc .lames 
 Cropper, Esq. ; Geo. A. Geldard, Esq. ; John Gand}', 
 Esq. ; Allen Chambers, Esq. ; Rowland A. Standish, 
 Esq. ; Henry Bermingham, Esq. ; the trustees of the 
 late William Thompson, Esq. ; John Bateman, Esq. ; 
 William Wakefield, Esq. ; Trinity College, Cambridge ; 
 Messrs. Harrison and Evans, and others. The com- 
 mons were enclosed in 1821. 
 
 Strickland Ketel township contains the chapel and 
 part of the village of Burneside, with the small hamlets 
 of Aikrigg End, Bonuiug Yeat, Cowen Head, Low 
 Green Hill, Plumgarths, and Sparrowmire, besides 
 many detached dwellings from one to four miles north- 
 north-west of Kendal. The residences in this township 
 are Aikrigg End, G. A. Geldart, Esq. ; EUergreen, 
 James Cropper, Esq.; Tolson Hall, William Whitwell, 
 Esq. I Plumgarths, William AVakefield, Esq. Near 
 Tolson Hall is an obelisk, erected by James Bateman, 
 Esq., in commemoration of the battle of Waterloo. 
 
 CHABITIES. 
 
 School. — Wilham Newby, of Strickland Ketel, in 
 1744, left £00 upon trust, that the interest should be 
 applied for the education of six poor children of Strick- 
 land Ketel. This charity appears to have been lost.
 
 UNDERBAEKOW CHAPELEY. 
 
 873 
 
 Poor Stock. — There is belonging to tliis township the 
 sum of £07 Os. 3d., poor stock, the interest of which is 
 given away at Easter amongst the poor of the township. 
 
 STRICKLAND ROGER. 
 
 Tlie rateable value of this township is £1,078 lOs. 2d. 
 In 181)1 it contained 250 inhabitants; in 1811, 309; 
 in 1821, 341; in 1831, 326; in 1841, 412; and in 
 1851, 301; who are principally resident in the village 
 of Burneside. Agriculture is the chief employment, 
 but a. good many are employed in the paper mills of 
 James Cropper, Esq. The Kendal and Windermere 
 railway passes through the township. The account of 
 the manor is given with Strickland Ketel. The land- 
 owners are James Cropper, Esq. ; George A. Geldard, 
 Esq. ; J. Cropper, Esq. ; Mrs. Fothcrgill ; Mrs. Har- 
 rison ; John Brunskill, Esq. ; Messrs. George Dickin- 
 son, Wilson, and others. This township contains part 
 of the village of Burneside, a number of dispersed 
 dwellings, and extends from two to si.'c miles north of 
 Kendal. It is bounded by the river Sprint and Potter 
 Fell. On the former is a woollen mill, and near the 
 
 latter is the hamlet of Garnet Bridge, sis miles north 
 from Kendal, where there is a corn-mill, and also a 
 bobbin manufactory. At Burneside is a school for 
 girls and infants, partly supported by James Cropper, 
 Esq., and attended by about sixty children. There is 
 a paper mill at Burneside, in this township. 
 
 Godmond Ilall, a farm-house, occupies the site of aa. 
 ancient haU, or tower, four miles north-by-west of 
 Kendal. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Atkinson's Gift. — Thomas Atkinson, of Coppackhow, 
 In Skclsmergh, by will, in 17I5, charged a messuage 
 and tenement in Strickland Ketel with the payment of 
 20s. yearly for ever, to be distributed among the poor of 
 Strickland Roger on St. Thomas' Day. 
 
 Poors' Dole. — There is a parcel of ground in Strick- 
 land Ketel, the rent of which has always been dis- 
 tributed to the poor of the township of Strickland Roger. 
 
 Poor Stock. — This consists of two several sums of 
 £40 and £41, the interest of which is distributed 
 among the poor. 
 
 UNDERBARROW CHAPELRY. 
 
 Tins chapelry comprises Underbarrow alone, though Underbarrow and Bradley Field form one township. Bradley 
 Field is attached to the mother church of Kendal. 
 
 The rateable value of this township is £3,855. Its 
 population in 1801 was 370; in 1811, 340; in 1821. 
 TiOl: in 1831, .020; in 1841,515; and in 1851, 505; 
 who are resident in houses dispersed over the town- 
 ship. Agriculture is the only employment. 
 
 Underbarrow has its name from its situation under 
 the barrow, hill, or scar, which extends from north to 
 south all along in this division. Bradley Field consists 
 of a few scattered houses about two miles west-south- 
 west of Kendal, and took its name from a family of the 
 name of Bradley, which came from Bradley, in Lanca- 
 shire. This fiimiiy ended in three coheiresses, one of 
 whom became the wife of William Leybournc, Esq., of 
 Cunswick Hall, in this township, an ancient West- 
 moreland family, who possessed the manor till 1715, 
 wlien John do Leybourne joined the Earl of Derwent- 
 water in his attempt to restore the house W Stuart to 
 the English throne. In consequence of his share in 
 this " rising" the estates of John do I-cybourno became 
 forfeited to the crown; tliey were afterwards purchased 
 by Thomas Crowle, and are now the property of tho 
 Furl of liOiisdalo; besides whom, the executors of the 
 late William Thompson, Esq. ; MissNewby; Thomas 
 103 
 
 H. Bateman, Esq.; the Hon. Mrs. Howard; George 
 Kirkby, Esq. ; Samuel Whenery, Esq. ; — Riddle, 
 Esq. ; Allen Chambers, Esq., and others, are the land- 
 owners. Underbarrow is part of the Marquis Fee and 
 part of the Lumley Fee. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Underbarrow chapel, dedication unknown, is a small 
 plain building, re-erected in 1708 by the inhabitants of 
 Underbarrow alone, for Bradley Field is not included 
 in its jurisdiction, being attached to the parish church. 
 In 173v! the curacy was endowed with tho High Bend- 
 rigg estate, in Killiugton, purchased with £200 of 
 Queen Anne's Bounty, and £200 given by Colonel 
 Graham and Lady Jloyer. It has also a rent-charge 
 of 30s. out of a field in the same township ; and a 
 small estate near the chapel, called Chapel House, out 
 of which 35s. a year is paid to tho poor in considera- 
 tion of £35 poor stock having been included in tho 
 purchase money. Tho present value of tho Uving is 
 about £100 a year. Tho vicar of Kendal is patron. 
 Tho registers commence in J 735. 
 
 iNci'MBENTs. — W. Langhom, 1735; Johu Jackson, 1762; 
 Thoiims Ilorvpy, 17(;o ; Tliomas Hervey, jun., 1808; Robert 
 Taylor, isai ; JoUq Graves, 1838.
 
 874 
 
 KENDAL WARP. 
 
 The parsonage is a plain cottage, a little nortb of the 
 chapel. 
 
 There is a small Methodist chapel in this township. 
 
 Underbarrow school is attended by about thirty 
 children. 
 
 CHAMTIES. 
 
 Besides the Chapel House estate, mentioned above, 
 this township possesses the following charities : — 
 
 Bdldwinson's Charily. — William Baldwinson, pre- 
 vious to 1000, charged certain lands called 'J'he 
 ■Rroom, or Old Close, with the payment of £1, to bo 
 distributed to the poor on St. Thomas's Day, and of 
 £1 10s., to be paid yearly to the curate on the 
 same day. 
 
 Starnthwaite's Chanty. — There is a parcel of ground 
 called Mintsfeet, the rent of wliich is applicable to 
 charitable purposes in this township. The land is 
 supposed to have been given by Peter Stiirnthwaite. 
 The rent is disposed of, with the other charity money, 
 on St. Thomas's Day, as above-mentioned, to the poor 
 of Underbarrow and Bradley Field not receiving parish 
 relief. 
 
 The residences in the township are Tullythwaite 
 House, George Kirkby, Esq.; Thorns, Richard Wilson. 
 Ksq. ; Blake Bank Cottage, Samuel Whincry, Esq. ; 
 High Crag, Heury Kirkby, Esq.; Larch House, John 
 Hudson, Esq. 
 
 AVINSTER CHAPELRY. 
 
 Thts chapelry contains a small hamlet, eight miles west of Kendal, and forms a joint township with Undcrmillbeck, 
 in Windermere parish. Part of Cartmel Fells, being far distsuit from the mother church in Lancashire, pays to the 
 curate of this chapelry, which was anciently included in that of Crook, but has been a distinct chapelry for a number 
 of years. 
 
 with i;-200 of the same bounty, £100 left by Dr. Strat- 
 ford, and jEIOO subscribed; and iu 1S30 with the Hole 
 estate in Crook, purchased with .£900, of which sum 
 X'400 was obtained iu 1801 and 1815 from Queen 
 Anne's Bounty, £300 from a parliamentary grant, 
 £83 by subscription, and the remainder was the before- 
 mentioned £ 11 8, so that the benefice is now worth £90 
 a year. The vicar of Kendal is patron. The registers 
 commence in 1720. 
 
 Incumbents. — John Hudson, ITu'O; Eichard Harrison, 1756; 
 ■\Villiam Elloray, 1789 ; Robert Eigg, 1803; John Long, 1821; 
 William Noble, 184\!; Charles Biiller Harris, 18i7 ; Frederick 
 Uowlett, l55I ; William Adamson, 165C. 
 
 The school is a small, neat building, and is attended 
 by about thirty children. 
 
 High Mill House, the residence of Piers F. Legh, 
 Esq., is pleasantly situated in a secluded vale, near the 
 source of the river Winster. 
 
 On the river Winster, which divides the chapelry 
 from Lancashire, are two corn mills. 
 
 Winster was formerly held of the Philipsons of 
 Calgarth, in Applethwaite. The last Philipson of that 
 place left lour daughters, co-heirs, who sold the manor 
 in 1717 to John Taylor and Miles Birket, both of 
 Winster, who conveyed it to the several tenants respec- 
 tively, subject only to the payment of a free rent to the 
 crown. A lead mine was opened here in 1848, but 
 proved to be unprofitable. 
 
 THE CHATEL. 
 
 AVinster chapel, dedication unknown, is a small 
 edifice, with low tower, containing one bell. The 
 burial ground was consecrated in 1721. The curate's 
 original income was £3 19s., but it has been several 
 times augmented, viz., in 1G17 with land given by a 
 Mr. Knipe, and exchanged in 1801 with William 
 Birkett for £118 and the Garnett House estate in 
 Winster; in 1720 with an estate in Cartmel Fells, 
 purchased with £200 of Queen Anne's Bounty; in 
 1760 with an estate in Dent, Yorkshire, purchased 
 
 WINDERMERE PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by that of Grasmere. on the west and south-west by Lancashire, and on the 
 east by that of Kendal. It is about ten nriles in length and three in breadth, and is a highly interesting district, 
 deriving its name from the lake of Windermere. It comprises the townships of Undcrmillbeck, Applethwaite, 
 Troutbeck, and Ambleside-below-Stock, whose united area is 17,139.
 
 WINDERMERE PARISH. 
 
 875 
 
 UNDERiriLLBKCK. 
 
 The area of this township is 3,925 acres, ami its 
 rateable value £1,898 ITs. OJ. The population in 
 1801 was 500; in 1811, 000; in 1821, 0S9 ; in 18^1, 
 854; in 1811, 1,033; in 1851, 1,421 ; who principally 
 reside in the village of Bowness. Winster, in Kendal 
 parish, is a joint township with Undermillbeck. 
 
 The manor of Undermillbeck, more commonly known 
 as the manor of Windermere, was anciently of con- 
 siderable extent ; for after the death of Joan do Coup- 
 laud, it was found that she died seised of Windermere, 
 " with its members and apperteuances ; to wit, the 
 hamlets of Langden, Louglirigge, Grismer, Hamelside, 
 Troutbeck, Applethwaite, Crosthwaite, Stirkland Ketel, 
 and Hoton." It is of the llichraond Fee. In the 4tli 
 Edward III. Christian de Lindesey obtained a charter 
 of free warren in Windermere; and in the IJlh year 
 of the same king William de Coucy obtained a like 
 charter of free warren there. On a survey of the 
 (Queen's lands, in the 28th Charles II., it was found 
 that ill Undermillbeck there were eighty-one tenements 
 of the Richmond Fee, of the yearly rent in the whole of 
 £13 8s. The Earl of Lonsdale is the present proprietor 
 of the manorial rights and privileges. The landowners 
 are the Rev. Thomas Stiinforth; Thomas Ullock, Esq.; 
 Rev. E. P. Stock ; Rev. T. Fleming ; Rev. George 
 Coventry ; the executors of Thomas Garnett, Esq. ; 
 John Gaudy, Esq.; John Birkett, Esq.; the executors 
 of the late Baroness de Sternberg ; the executors of 
 Garoett and Kew; Rev. Isaac Benson ; Richard Wilson ; 
 and various other owners. 
 
 Bowness, the chief village in this parish, is charm- 
 ingly situated on the edge of a large bay of Windermere, 
 five and a half miles south-by-east of Ambleside, nine 
 miles west-north-west of Kendal, and two from the 
 terminus of the Kendal and Windermere railway. 
 From its admirable position it is much frequented by 
 tfturists, for whose accommodation it possesses two 
 hotels, the Royal and Crown. A circulating library 
 was established here in 18 18, and a mechanics' institu- 
 tion in 1 8.') 1 . A short distance north of the town is 
 the Windermere 1 lydrnpathic Establishment, one of the 
 most attractive in tlie kingdom. In 1858 a constabulary 
 station and magistrates' room were erected. A small 
 market for flesh is held on Wednesday. A fair, held 
 on the 18th of October, has long been obsolete. Bowness 
 can lay claim to considerable antiquity, having been 
 known as a town or village in Saxon times; and ijj the 
 Melrose C bronicle it is mentioned as the place where, in 
 791, Eldred, a thane, slow Elf and Edwin, the sons of 
 Elfwald. Bowness is the port of Windermere, and 
 during the summer mouths is rather a bustling place. 
 
 THE CHUBCH. 
 
 The parish church, a venerable and spacious struc- 
 ture, dedicated to St. Martin, is situated in the centre 
 of the village of Bowness. Seen from the lake, it has 
 a beautiful and picturesque effect. Of the date of its 
 foundation nothing is known with certainty. In ancient 
 times the parish, like that of Grasmcrc, was a chapelry 
 only in the parish of Kendal ; but, through length of 
 time, and little or no communication with the mother 
 church, by reason of the distance, it acquired the 
 reputation of a distinct parish. It is, nevertheless, 
 stated that in token of submission to the mother church, 
 the rector of Windermere pays to this day an annual 
 pension of 10s. 4d. to the viear of Kendal. The 
 church consists of an embattled square tower, carrying 
 a peal of three bells, into which a low recessed arched 
 doorway, not now used, gives access on the western, 
 part; a vestry, of modern addition, at the west end of 
 the aisle ; a nave with north and south aisles ; a 
 porch at the south side, through which it is the 
 principal entrance into the church ; a narrow arched 
 door is near the east end of the same aisle, and a door 
 of a like design near the west end of the north aisle. 
 The south aisle is lighted by four square stone-mullioned 
 windows, while the windows in the north aisle are five 
 in number. There is a clerestory with six windows. 
 The east window is of the latest Perpendicular, and 
 divided by plain stone mullions into seven lights. It 
 is said to have belonged to Furness Abbey. Numerous 
 fragments of its stained glass are still visible. In the 
 interior, the arches dividing the nave from the aisles 
 are pointed, covered with coats of plaister and white- 
 wash. The roof, which is open to the framing, is of 
 oak, black through age, and covered on the outside with 
 lead. In the church is kept, chained to a scat under- 
 neath the reading desk, 'a copy of Erasmus's ''Paraphrase 
 on the New Testament.'' There is also a copy of 
 Jewel's " Defence of the Apologie of the Church of 
 England.' The font, which stands near the principal 
 entrance, is of pale red sandstone, octagonal in form, 
 ornamented with some rude sculpture. On ths vails, 
 especially in the chancel, are many neat and handsome 
 tablets, commi'inorntive of individuals connected by 
 birth or property with the surrounding country, — over 
 two or three of them, funeral hatchments are susjiended. 
 ( )ne of the.se monuments is to the late Dr. Watson, 
 bishop of LlandalV. There are also several mortuary 
 brasses, but none of any particular interest. At th» 
 appropriation of the church of Kendal to the abbey of 
 St. Mary at York, by Ivo de Tailbois, the patronage of 
 Wynandermere chapel, as it was called, was excepted, 
 lu the reign of Edward III. the patronage was in
 
 876 
 
 KENDAL WARD. 
 
 Ingelram de Guisnes and his wife, Christian, who were 
 grantees of the crown, subject to a pension of 38s. 
 •Id. payable to the said abbey. It appears to have be- 
 come subsequently vested in Joan dc Coupland, as by 
 an inquisition, taken in 49th Edward III , after her 
 death, it was found that she held by grant of the king, 
 during bis life, the avdowson of Wyuandermere, then 
 valued at 100s. The patronage afterwards reverted to 
 and remained in the crown till the seventh year of 
 Queen Elizabeth, when it was granted to William 
 Herbert and John Jenkins, to hold of the queen in free 
 socage by fealty as of the manor of East Greenwich. 
 After several mesne conveyances, it was in the last 
 century purchased by Sir William Fleming, of Rydal, 
 and is now exercised by Lady le I'leming. In 1535 
 the living was valued in the King's Book at £2i 6s. 8d. ; 
 it was subsequently certified to the governors of Queen 
 Anne's Bounty at £78. The tithes of the parish have 
 been commuted] for a yearly rent-charge of £87. The 
 rector has a " prescription of so much a boat, in lieu of 
 all the tithes of fish caught in the lake, which is divided 
 into twelve fisheries." The parsonage has upwards of 
 fifty acres of glebe, reaching from the bouse to tlie 
 waterside, now let at about £153 a year. The total 
 income is about £953 a year. The registers commence 
 in 1G70. 
 
 Eectors.— William Barton occurs 175(1 ; G. B. Barton, 1754 ; 
 Giles Moore, 17G6 ; William Barton, 1780 ; Sir Kichard Flem- 
 ing, 1824; Edward P. Stock, 1857. 
 
 The rectory is an ancient house, which, in Nicolson 
 and Burn's time, was known as The Hall, there beins 
 then no other gentleman's house in the village of 
 Bowuess. 
 
 The Wesleyans and Christian Brethren have chapels 
 here. 
 
 Bowness Free School, for the boys of Undermillbeck 
 and Applethwaite townships, is endowed with £50 a 
 year, arising from an estate purchased in the early part 
 of last century with £200 subscribed by the inhabitants 
 of those townships. The school-house is a handsome 
 building, occupying a pleasant and healthful situation 
 on an eminence a little east of Bowness. It was 
 erected in 1836 by the late John Bolton, Esq., of Storr's 
 Hall, who died in 1837, and was interred in Bowness 
 churchyard, where a handsome tablet is raised to his 
 memory. The late John Braithwaite, Esq., of Orrest 
 Head, left £'2,000 to the trustees of this school, the 
 annual proceeds to be applied as an exhibition at St. 
 John's College, Cambridge, tenable for four years, by 
 a youth bom in Applethwaite or Undermillbeck, 
 educated two years in the said school, and nominated 
 by a majority of the trustees. He also bequeathed 
 
 £200 to the same school, one half of the interest of 
 which he directed should be applied towards the salary 
 of a second master for the boys, and the remainder 
 towards the salary of a schoolmistress. He also left 
 £1,000 in trust for the school of Great and Little 
 Langdale, £1,000 for Troutbeck, £1,000 for Birth- 
 waite, and £1,000 for Ings. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 Borwiclcc's Charity. — Knipe's Gift. — Francis Bor- 
 wicke, in 1038, gave £100, the interest to be applied 
 in putting out poor children apprentices, or for the 
 help of poor scholars, or for the poor. This money 
 was subsequently vested in laud. In 1679 William 
 Knipe gave £5 for the use of the poor of .\pplethwaitc 
 and Undermillbeck. The proceeds of this charity are 
 divided amongst the poor of the parish. 
 
 The following charities belong to the township of 
 Undermillbeck : — 
 
 Thomas Dixon's Gift. — Thomas Di.xon, Esq., in 1730, 
 gave a rent charge of '20s. to the poor of this township. 
 
 Shaw's and Robert Di.ron's Gift. — !Mr. Shaw and 
 Robert Dixon gave £14 to the poor of Undermillbeck. 
 The date of 1731 is given to these donations in Bum's 
 " History of Westmoreland." This, together with other 
 charity money, is secured upon the tolls of the turnpike 
 road from Kendal to Ambleside, and the interest is 
 distributed at Easter with Borwicke's money and the 
 communion money. 
 
 Coltinson's, Richard Di.ron's, and Eirkhi/'s Gift.— 
 Thomas CoUinson, of Cleabarrow, gave £5 to the 
 poor of Undermillbeck. Richard Dixon, Esq., gave 
 £17 10s. for the same purpose ; and John Kirkby, Esq., 
 gave £5. The interest of the two first sums to be 
 distributed in bread, and the third sum in money, on 
 St. Thomas' Day. 
 
 Belman's Gift. — Edward Belman, Esq., gave 5s. 
 yearly, charged upon his estate in Undermillbeck, to 
 be distributed iu wheaton bread on St. Thomas' Day.* 
 
 Otley's Gift. — John Otiey, Esq., left a legacy to the 
 poor of Undermillbeck amounting to £32 Gs. lOd. 
 
 Garnett's Charity. — .\nthony Gamett, by will, in 
 1774, bequeathed £G0 to the churchwardens and over- 
 seers, upon trust, that they should lay out the yearly 
 interest in white bread, a proportionable part thereof to 
 be divided every Sunday in the parish church, after 
 service, amongst poor householders. 
 
 Satterthiiaite's Charity. — James Satterthwaite, who 
 died in 1800, by his will, left £100, the yearly interest 
 of which he directed should be divided at Bowness 
 church, amongst the poor of the township of Under- 
 millbeck. The interest is divided on St. Thomas' 
 Day, with Otley's money mentioned above.
 
 AMBLESIDE CHAPELEY. 
 
 877 
 
 The villas in the neighbourhood of Bowuess are 
 Holly Hill, Frederick Clowes, Esq.; The Craig, Mrs. 
 Harrison ; Feruy Green, Mrs. Greaves ; Burneside, 
 G. A. Aufrure, Esq.; Bcllsfield, Baroness A. Sternberg ; 
 Storr's Hall, Rev. Thomas Staiuforth ; Quarry How, 
 
 Thomas Ullock, Esq. 
 
 Undermillbeck township comprises also the hamlets 
 of Cleabarrow, a mile aud a half east-by-south ; Matson 
 Grand, one mile west; and Lindeth, a mile and a half 
 south-south-east. 
 
 AMBLESIDE CUArELUY. 
 
 Tjik chapelry aud township of Ambleside is partly in the parishes of Grasmere and Windermere, in the former of 
 which the chapel is situated. Its total area is 3,244 acres. Its population in 1801 was 538; in 1811, 624; in 
 1821,838; in 1831, l,09j ; in 1841, 1281; and in 1851, 1,592. 
 
 The portion of the chapelry in this parish comprises 
 1,001 acres. Its population was not returned separately 
 previous to 1841, when it was 730 ; and in 1851, 820; 
 who are chielly resident in the village of Ambleside. 
 Many of the inhabitants are engaged in the bobbin 
 raanufiicturc. The township of Ambleside is included 
 iu the Earl of Lonsdale's manor of Windermere. 
 
 THE TOWN OF AMBLESIDE. 
 
 The small market town of Ambleside is situated in a 
 beautiful valley near the upper end of Windermere, 
 and on the left bank of the little river Rothay, fourteen 
 miles north-west frum Kendal, and about 270 north- 
 west-by-north of London. It is built in pleasing 
 irregularity on the side of a hill, commanding pros- 
 pects of the vale, the parks of Rydal, Bratbay, and 
 Windermere, amongst which the various outlets and 
 approiiches wind interestingly, detaining the visitor at 
 every step by new combinations and unexpected beau- 
 ties. From its central situation, the town is frequently 
 made the head quarters of tourists for a considerable 
 time, as within the compass of seven miles are the 
 following lakes : — Windermere, Esthwaitc Water, Klter 
 Water, Coniston, Lydal Water, Grasmere, and UUes- 
 water. It was formerly the site of a Roman station ; 
 ruined walls and traces of fortifications are discernible, 
 and armour and coins have been found. This station, 
 which is supposed to bo llio Alone of the Xolitia, was 
 connected with both north and south by moans of the 
 great Roman roads which ran through the country. 
 Most of the old houses in the town have been rebuilt 
 or altered, so that the town now wears a modern 
 appearance. "In 1050 the Keeper of the Liberties of 
 England granted to tlio Countess of rembroke that 
 within tho villnge of -Vniblesido there sliall bo a market 
 weekly on Wednesday, and two fairs yearly (now held 
 on the Wednesday in Whit Week and on tho 29th of 
 Oetober), with the courts incident thereto." In 1088 
 
 James II. granted a similar charter, in which nine 
 trustees are incorporated with power to collect tolls, 
 itc. Another fair, for sheep, is now held on the 13th 
 of October. A branch of the Ulverstone Savings Bank 
 is kept at the National School ; there is also a branch of 
 tho Kendal Bank. Petty sessions are held at Amble- 
 side every Wednesday, iu the Town Hall, erected in 
 1858 for a county court, on the sito of the old market 
 house. The old market cross is still in existence in 
 the village. The ancient custom of rush-beaiing is still 
 observed here. 
 
 CHUnCHES. 
 
 Ambleside possesses two churches, the old and the 
 new. The old church, which stands at the north end 
 of the town, was rebuilt in 1812, by a rate levied on 
 tho landowners of the chapelry and township. It was 
 made parochial by tho bishop of Chester, in 1075, and 
 endowed by the principal inhabitants with a yearly 
 salary of £14 (afterwards reduced to £12 4s. lid), 
 which they voluntarily charged upon their estates. The 
 living has been since augmented with an estate pur- 
 chased iu 1758, at Grayrigg, with i'OoO, of which i'400 
 was given by the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty in 
 1720 aud 17 10, i'lOO by the executors of Dr. Stratford, 
 £30 by Sir William le Fleming, and £30 by the Rev. 
 Isaac Ivnipo, the rcraaiuing £40 being chapel stock. 
 It has since received a parliamentary grant of £400, 
 and £200 from Queen Auno's Bounty, and another 
 grant of £678 IBs. Od. in 1640; so that the living is 
 now worth about £80 a year. Lady Ic Fleming is the 
 patroness. Service has been discontinued iu this 
 church since the opeuiug of tho new one. 
 
 Tntcmdents. — .lolin Wilson, 17><7 ; .Tolin Prwcs, 1701 : Ji.lin 
 Kiiype occurs about 17Uv! ; Isimc Crckald, 17U'.; ; Johu Uawts, 
 1811; SamuelJ. Fell, 1810. 
 
 St. Mary's Church, opened for ser\-ice in 1854, is in 
 the Early English style, and comprises nave, aisles,
 
 878 
 
 KENDAL WARD. 
 
 chancel, tower, and spire, with a peal of bells. It con- 
 tains Ood sittings, of which 500 are free and unappro- 
 priiitoJ, iu consequence of a grant havini; been received 
 from the Church Building Society. The pulpit and 
 font are of stone. Most of the windows are filled with 
 stained glass. The cast window, the gift of Benson 
 Harrison, Esq., is of five lights, and contains figures of 
 St. Paul ar.d the four Evangelists. There are several 
 memorial windows, one of which is to the memory of 
 the poet Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy. 
 
 There is a Wesleyau chapel at the west end of the 
 town. 
 
 Ambleside School possesses an endowment arising 
 from a beques-t made by John Kelsick, who, by will, 
 dated December 14th, 17"21, left to trustees all his lands 
 and tenements in Ambleside, of the yearly rent of 
 .£1 3s. 11 Jd., upon trust, to apply the rents and profits 
 towards the support of a schoolmaster for the town of 
 Ambleside. The property is now worth £'150 a year, 
 and the school is attended by about eighty boys. 
 
 The National School is in the management of a com- 
 mittee of ladies and the incumbent, and is principally 
 supported by subscription, and an annual collection 
 made iu the church on " Eush-beariug Sunday." 
 
 There is also an infant school. 
 
 CUARITIES. 
 
 Jackson's Gift. — Robert Jackson, in 1658, charged 
 his estate at Ambleside with the payment of i3 a year 
 to the churchwarden and overseer of Ambleside, to 
 distribute out of tlie same every Sjjnday at the chapel, 
 Is. in bread to the poor. 
 
 Brailhuaite's Gift. — Thomas Braithwaite, in 1070, 
 gave certain lands to his sister, charged with the pay- 
 ment (amongst other things) of £'50 to the use of 
 eiglit or ten of the poorest householders born in Arable- 
 side. This money is secured on the tolls of the turn- 
 pike road from xVmbleside to Kendal ; and the interest 
 is given away on Christmas Eve to ten or twelve 
 poor people of xVmbleside, not in receipt of parish 
 relief. 
 
 Mackcrelh's ChariUj. — Jlr. George Mackereth gave 
 £100, the interest whereof is to be laid out on the 
 feast of St. Martin, yearly, in clothes for the poor of 
 Ambleside. This money is secured on the tolls of tho 
 turnpike road leading from Ambleside to Kendal, and 
 the interest is disposed of as mentioned in Mr. Braith- 
 waite's charity. 
 
 APPLETHWAITE CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry comprises the whole lake of Windermere, and 
 east of Troutbeck. 
 
 The area of this township is 6,231 acres ; its rateable 
 value £'4,099 13s. 4d. The number of inhabitants in 
 1801 was 343; in 1811, 350; jn 18:21, 417; in 1831, 
 429 : in 1841, 436 ; and in 1851, GC4. 
 
 Applethwaite is of the Richmond Fee of the barony 
 of Kendal, and on the survey made of the queen's lands 
 in the 28th Charles II., it appeared that in Apple- 
 thwaite there were sixty-two tenants, of the yearly 
 lord's rent in the whole of ii'21 lOs. lOAd. Apple- 
 thwaite manor is now held by the Earl of Lonsdale. 
 
 Calgarth, formerly written Calfgarth, is an ancient 
 house and tenement, long the seat of the Pbilipsons, 
 descended from a younger son of the Northumberland 
 family De Threlwall, or Thirlwall, and who settled 
 here about the middle of the sixteenth century. The 
 family ended in daughters, when the estate was sold ; 
 it is now, together with St. Mary's Holme and Green- 
 field, the property of Richard L. Watson, Esq.; besides 
 whom the Earl of Bradford ; John Wilson, Esq. ; John 
 Robinson, Esq.; the executors of the late John Braith- 
 waite ; Rev. Fletcher Fleming, and others, are the 
 
 a great part of the parish lying north of Bowness, and 
 
 landowners. The commons were enclosed by act of 
 parliament passed in 1830. 
 
 Calgarth Hall, whose style of building was such as 
 prevailed in these parts in the reign of Henry VIII. 
 and Elizabeth, at one time must have been a fine place 
 to behold. Though greatly injured, it is still pic- 
 turesque ; but it has known its troubles, and, having 
 been for a long period in the possession of farmers, for 
 whose accommodation the useful but inelegant ollices 
 of a modern farmery have been erected with part of the 
 materials, it has been deprived of all its pride, and the 
 integrity of its appearance lost iu the additions and 
 alterations of later days. So great indeed has been 
 the curtailment of its original proportions, that it is 
 impossible to make out what its precise form has been. 
 It is said to have been designed somewhat after the man- 
 ner of the venerable halls at Levens and Sizergh. If this 
 be true, thedestructionthathas reduced an edifice, which, 
 even so late as 1774, Dr. Burn, the learned historian 
 of Westmoreland, states was " a fair old building," to 
 its present condition, has indeed been complete. What
 
 Al'PLETHWAITE CHAPELRY. 
 
 879 
 
 is now called the kitchen, and the room over it, are the 
 only portions of the interior existing from which a 
 judfjment may be formed of the care and finish applied 
 to its internal decoration. In the former, which appears 
 to have been one of the principal apartments, the 
 armorial achievements of the Philipsons, or Phillisons, 
 as the name seems sometimes to have been formerly 
 spelled, crested with the fine ostrich plumes of their 
 bouse, and surmounted with their motto, " Fide non 
 Fravde," together with the bearings of Wyvill impaling 
 Canes, into which families the owners of Calgarth 
 intermarried, are represented in stucco over the fire- 
 place, by the coarse skill of some provincial artificer 
 of yore, and still serve to connect their names with 
 the place ^tself. The window likewise retains some 
 fragments of its former display of heraldic honours, 
 for, "glowing with gem-like radiancy in the light of 
 the sun's brilliancy," the arms of the early lords of the 
 place, impaling those of Wyvill, and the device of the 
 Briggs, another Westmoreland family, with whom the 
 Philipsons wore also matrimonially connected, yet 
 appear in tluir proper blazon. The windows formerly 
 bore other armorial cognizances of the f.imily and their 
 alliances, but they have long since disappeared, the 
 only remaining ones being those just alluded to. In 
 the same window, underneath the emblazonry, is this 
 inscription, likewise on painted glass : — 
 
 ROBERT PHIIilSON 
 
 AND JENNET LAIBOB- 
 
 NE. HIS WIPE. HE. DIE- 
 
 D. IN. ANNO. 1539. 
 
 SHE. Df.OE- 
 
 UBER. 1570. 
 
 The room over the kitchen has been nobly ornamented 
 after the fashion of the day, and it still retains, in its 
 dilapidat 'd oak-work and richly -adorned ceiling, choice, 
 though rude ornaments of its ancient splendour. It 
 has a dark polished oak floor, and is wainscoted on three 
 sides with the same tough wood ; which, white and 
 bleached with ago, is elaborately carved in small and j 
 regular intersecting panels, inlaid with scroll work and 
 tracery, and surmounted by an embattled cornice. In 
 this wainscot two or three doors indicate the entrances | 
 to other rooms, whose approaches arc walled up, the 
 rooms themselves having been long since destroyed. , 
 The ceiling is flat, and formed into compartments by I 
 heavy intersected moulded ribs, the intermediate spaces 
 being covered with oruamented work of the most 
 grotesque figures and designs. So late as 1789, 
 when Clarke wrote his " Survey of the Lakes," there 
 was remaining over the fire-place, in what was then 
 
 called the dining-room, two devices remarkably well 
 carved in oak. One exhibited Sampson asleep upon 
 Delilah's lap, while the Philistines were cutting off 
 his hair; the other was a representation of .Teptha, 
 after his rash vow, meeting his daughter. In the 
 room then designated the parlour, there were also upon 
 the coiling several devices modelled in stucco, in which 
 the figure of the wyverne, the crest of the ancient 
 family of Wyvill, was frequently repeated. And even 
 down to so recent a period as 1820 the walls of one of 
 the rooms were covered with various paintings in fresco 
 or distemper of the Blessed Virgin and other saints. 
 
 iSlafsoir of 6:ilgarflj ^arh. 
 
 The Calgarth estate was purdiased from tlie family of Saxdys, 
 by Dr. Eichakd Watson, the celebrated bishop of Llandaff 
 (born at Heversham, Westmoreland, 1737), who added greatly 
 to the natural beauties of the place by adorning it with a new 
 and elegant mansion. His lordship, who married Dorothy, 
 sister of Daniel Wilson, Esq., of Dallam Tower, died at Cal- 
 garth in 181G, and was succeeded by his grandson, Pdchard 
 Luther \\atson, lOsq., the present proprietor, who is son of the 
 late Charles Luther Watson, Esq., lieut.-colonel 3rd Dragoon 
 Guards. 
 
 PiicHAKD LuTHEE Watson, Esq., of Calgarth Par!;, high 
 sheriff of Westmoreland in 1S57, horn 1811; married, 1842, 
 Louisa Anne Cole, and has four daughters, 
 
 I. Lonisa. 
 n. Elizabeth. 
 
 III. Margaret. 
 
 IV. Kose. 
 
 " The village of Windermere," says Miss Martineau, 
 " is like nothing to be seen anywhere else. The new 
 buildings (and all are new) are of the dark grey stone 
 of the region, and are for the most part of a mediasval 
 stylo of architecture. The Ilcv. J. A. Addison, late of 
 ^^'indermere, had a passion for ecclesiastical architec- 
 ture, and his example has been a good deal followed. 
 I'hcrc is the little church of St. Slary, and there are 
 the schools belonging to it, with their steep roofs of 
 curiously-shaped slate, and there is St. Clary's Abbey 
 (new, ioispite of an antique name), and St. Mary's 
 Cottage. And there is the new college of St. Jlary, 
 standing in a fine position between the main road and 
 a descent to the lalie. This college, which may be dis- 
 tinguished by its square tower, was originally intended 
 as a place of education for the sons of the clergy, but 
 having proved unsuccessful in that form, is now estab- 
 lished ou an entirely new basis. It is under the manage- 
 ment of G. Hull i'uekle, M.A., of St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, and B. A. Irving, M.A., of Emmanuel 
 College, Cambridge." The number of boys at present 
 is UO.
 
 880 
 
 KENDAL ■WARD. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Windermere chapel, dedicated to St. Mary the Virgin, 
 is a neat Early English structure, consecrated August 
 8th, 1856. It comprises nave, aisle, and chancel, and 
 contains 450 sittings, one-third of which are free and 
 unappropriated. The east window is of three lights, 
 and filled with stained glass representing the Cruci- 
 fixion and other passages in the life of the Redeemer. 
 The total cost of church and school amounted to j£2,000. 
 The north aisle was erected at the cost of John Gaudy, 
 Esq., and the south at that of the late John Braith- 
 waite, Esq. The living is in the patronage of the 
 bishop of the diocese, and is worth about £170 a year. 
 The Rev. Charles C. Lowndes, the present incumbent, 
 was appointed in 1856. 
 
 The Independents have a cliapel near Troutbeck 
 Bridge, erected iu 1857, at a cost of £550, upon land 
 given by R. H. Fell, Esq. 
 
 The national school possesses au endowment of 
 £1,000, left by the late John Braithwaite, Esq., in 
 1856, the proceeds to be devoted towards the school- 
 master's salary, or otherwise for the benefit of the 
 school, according to the discretion of the trustees. The 
 school is attended by about eighty children. 
 
 CHABITIES. 
 
 Boger Parle's Gift. — There is the sum of I83. 
 received from the treasurer of the tolls of the turnpike 
 road between Kendal and Ambleside, as the interest of 
 £20 poors' money, left by Roger Park. The interest of 
 this money is given away on St. Thomas' Day, to the 
 poor of Applethwaite, with the other charity money, as 
 hereafter mentioned. 
 
 Thomas Duron's Gift. — Thomas Di.xon, in 1730, gave 
 £1 yearly out of his estate at Fallbarrow to the poor of 
 Applethwaite. 
 
 John Wilson's Gift. — John Wilson, by will, dated 
 May 25th. 1798, bequeathed to the churchwardens and 
 overseers of the township of Applethwaite, £30, the 
 interest thereof to be distributed yearly, as /oUows : — 
 5s. in wheaten bread and the remainder in money, to 
 be divided amongst the poor of the township. 
 
 Broun's Gift. — Josiah Brown, in 1801, left £50 to 
 the poor of Applethwaite, to be given in bread. The 
 money is given away in bread eveiy Sunday. 
 
 At Misslett, au estate in this township, is a burial 
 ground belonging to the Society of Friends, who had 
 also a meeting house, now converted into a dwelling. 
 
 Tkoutbeck chapelry occupies a picturesque vale, watered 
 flows southward to Windermere. 
 
 The area of Troutbeck is 5.332 acres, and its rate- 
 able value is £2,239 10s. In 1801 it contained 310 
 inhabitants; in 1811,333; in 1821,335; in 1831, 
 319 ; in 1841, 299 ; and in 1851, 369. 
 
 The singular vaUey of Troutbeck was once a wooded 
 basin, where the terrified Britons took refuge from the 
 Romans, whUe the latter were making their great road 
 from Kendal to Penrith. The road actually ran along 
 the very ridge of the Troutbeck hills. After the 
 Romans and Saxons were gone, the valley was a 
 great park, and the inhabitants were virtually serfs, 
 in danger of the gallows (which had a hill to itself 
 named after it to this day) at the will and pleasure of 
 the one great man. In course of time — that is, a 
 great many centuries ago — the valley was disparked, 
 and divided among the inhabitants — only one very 
 large estate being left, the new park, containing 
 2,000 acres. This was the estate given by Charles I. 
 to Huddleston Phillipson for his services in the civil 
 wars. Troutbeck is included in the Richmond Fee 
 
 TROUTBECK CHAPELRY. 
 
 by a stream which rises at the foot of High-street, and 
 
 of Kendal barony, and iu 28th Charles II. contained 
 forty-eight tenements, of the yearly value of £27 Os. J Od. 
 The Earl of Lonsdale possesses the manorial rights. 
 The landowners are Richard L. Watson, Esq. ; Henry 
 Birmingham, Esq. ; Admiral Wilson ; Samuel Taylor, 
 Esq. ; and others. The valley now contains a string 
 of hamlets: — Town End, Town Head, High Green, 
 Cray, and High Fold ; and its farmsteads and out- 
 buildings show some of the most curious specimens 
 of ancient edifices that are to be seen iu the district. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Troutbeck chapel, which stands near the centre of 
 the township, is dedicated to St. James. It is a small 
 edifice, with tower and one bell, and will seat about 
 126 persons. It was consecrated in 15(32 for the use 
 of the inhabitants of Troutbeck and Applethwaite, and 
 was repaired in 1828. The curacy is in the gift of the 
 rector of Windermere. In 1748, 1756, and 1773 its 
 ancient revenue was augmented with certain sums from
 
 TROUTBECK CHAPELRT. 
 
 881 
 
 Queeu Anne's Bounty, amounting to £000, which, with 
 d£200 given by the Dowager Countess Gower, was 
 expended in the purchase of estates in Yorkshire; 
 one in Dent, and the other at Marthwaite Foot, near 
 Sedbergh. In 1820 the living received another gift 
 from Queen Anne's Bounty amounting to £400, and 
 previously with various donations amounting to £75 
 vested in the Ambleside Turnpike Trust, so that the 
 living is now worth about £50 a year. The registers 
 commence in 1585. 
 
 Incumbents. — William Thompson, 1750 ; Robert Lambert, 
 1792 ; John Fleming, 1799 ; WiUiam SeweU, 1827. 
 
 CHARITIES. 
 
 School. — By articles of agreement, bearing date July 
 29th, 1639, we learn that a school was erected by the 
 
 inhabitants, and 100 marks was subscribed towards the 
 support of the schoolmaster. The sum of £1U7 lis. 
 was subsequently contributed, making a total school 
 stock of £175. In 1850 John Braithwaite, Esq., left 
 £1,000 to this school, which is attended by about 
 thirty children. 
 
 Blrkelt's Charity. — William Birkett, by will, dated 
 December 10th, 1785, bequeathed the sum of £50, on 
 trust, that the interest should be distributed among 
 the poor of the township. 
 
 Mrs. Freeman's Charity. — Mrs. Freeman, in 1S37, 
 left £100 to the poor of the township. 
 
 The residences in the township are Ecclerigg, R. L. 
 Watson, Esq. ; Abbotsholme, Samuel Taylor, Esq. 
 
 ion
 
 Sanskk Wiu^. 
 
 LossDALE Ward is bounded on the north and west by Kendal AVard, on the south hy Lancaster, and on the east by 
 Yorkshire. It is the smallest of the wards of Westmoreland, and is about fourteen miles in length. Its greatest 
 breadth at the southern part is about eight miles ; but its average width for more than seven miles is not more than 
 one mile and a half. The river Lune runs through the entire length of the ward from north to south, and from it 
 the name of the district is derived. The soil here is generally a rich mould, producing excellent crops of corn, grass, 
 and vegetables. Lonsdale Ward comprises the parish of Kirkby Lonsdale, the greater part of that of Burton-in- 
 Kendal, and the township of Dillicar in Grayrigg chapelry, Kendal parish. 
 
 BURTON -IN -KENDAL PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on the north by Kendal parish, on the west by those of Betham and Heversham, on the 
 south br that of Warton in Lancashire, and on the east hy Kirkby Lonsdale. It comprises a long, narrow, and 
 irregularly formed tract of country extending into two of the Westmoreland wards, and into the hundred of South 
 Lonsdale in Lancashire. The parish comprises the townships of Burton, Dalton, Preston Patrick, and Holme. 
 Holmescales, a hamlet in Old Hutton township, for ecclesiastical purposes, is considered to belong to this parish. 
 
 whose brother and heir, Thomas Fenwick, Esq., in 
 
 BURTON-IN-KENDAL. 
 
 The area of this township is ],437 acres, and its 
 rateable value £3,380 18s. Id. The population in 
 1801 was 548 ; in 1811, 574 ; in 1831, 673 ; in 1831, 
 733; in 1841, 790; and in 1851, 791 ; who are prin- 
 cipally resident in the village or town of Burton. 
 Burton is mostly in the Marquis Fee. Richard I. 
 granted to Gilbert son of Roger Fitz-Reinfred two 
 carucates of land in Burton, and four carucates in 
 Preston and Holme. The manor seems to have been 
 then or soon after granted to a family who assumed the 
 local name, one of whom, Roger de Burton, represented 
 the county of Westmoreland in parliament in 1297, 
 after which year we hear no more of the De Burtons. 
 The manor came subsequently to the Harringtons, for 
 in 1488, after the attainder of Sir James Harrington, 
 the inquisition finds that he was seised of a moiety of 
 the manor of Burtou-in-Kendal. This manor appears 
 to have been some time after in the hands of the Mid- 
 dletons of Leighton, whose heir female was mamed to 
 Oldfield, who sold the manor to Thomas Bcnison, Esq., 
 of Hornby, whose daughter and heir carried the same 
 in marriage to John Fenwick, Esq., of Borrow Hall, 
 
 pursuance of an act of parliament for that purpose, 
 sold the same to Thomas Pearson, Esq., who was suc- 
 ceeded in 178'2 by ftliss Pearson, and in 1790 by W. 
 Atkinson, Esq., who, dying in 1820, left it to his wife 
 as tenant for life. Mrs. Atkinson deceased iu July, 
 18.50, when the manor came to Brj-an Walter Atkinson, 
 Esq., the present lord, besides whom the Earl of Lons- 
 dale, Mrs. Williams, and Allen Jackson Sewell, Esq., 
 are the principal proprietors. Courts baron are held 
 annually iu the town. The township was enclosed in 
 1815. 
 
 THE TOWN OF BURTON-IN-KENDAL. 
 
 The market town of Burton-inKendal is situated 
 close to the border of Lancashire, in 54° 11' north lati- 
 tude, 0° 42' west longitude. It is distant thirty-four 
 miles south-south-west from Appleby, 251 miles uorth- 
 west-by-north from London by road, and 2-13 miles by 
 railway rid Lancaster. Burton is a small but neat and 
 regulariy built town. The market-place is a spacious 
 area, with good houses and shops ; a stone cross stands 
 iu the centre of it. The market, which is held on 
 Tuesday, was established in ICGl, and iu the course of
 
 BURTON-IN-KENDAL PARISH. 
 
 883 
 
 the following century had become the most extensive 
 corn market in the county ; but shortly after the open- 
 ing of the Kendal and Lancaster canal, in 1819, the 
 market began to decline, and is now of cumjiarative 
 unimportance. Two fairs were established at the same 
 time as the market, and are held, one on the 23rd of 
 April, and tlie other on Whitsun Monday. The linen 
 and canvas manufacture employ some of the inhabitants, 
 but the trade of the town is inconsiderable in amount. 
 The salubrity of the climate has induced many respect- 
 able families to select Burton as a place of residence. 
 The scenery in the neighbourhood of the town is very 
 interesting. In 1777 the inhabitants expended con- 
 siderable sums in draining a large tract of marshy and 
 mossy ground on the west side of the town. Trunks of 
 large oak and fir trees were found embedded in the 
 moss. 
 
 THE CnXJItCB. 
 
 The parish church, dedicated to St. James, is an 
 ancient but plain edifice, consisting of nave, aisle, 
 chancel, and square tower coutainiug si.x good bells. 
 It was thoroughly repaired and restored in 1844, at a 
 cost of about £1,000. There are two chapels, which 
 serve as places of sepulture for the families residing at 
 Dalton and Preston Halls. The pulpit and reading- 
 desk are of oak, curiously carved, and bear the date 
 1607. On the chapel belonging to Preston Hall is the 
 inscription — "Gloria Deo in K.xcelsis, J. F. F., 1634 ;" 
 and inside that of Daltou Hall are the words — "Soli 
 Deo Gioriffl P. S., Fandator, 1C28." The church con- 
 tains a number of monuments to members of the Par- 
 kinson, Lucas, Cotton, Atkinson, and Waller families. 
 This church, with many others, was given by Ivo de 
 Tailbois, first baron of Kendal, to the abbey of St. 
 Mary at York, and w;is contirmed to that house by his 
 successor, Gilbert, son of Roger Fitz-Reinfred, about 
 the year 1200. In 1359 it was appropriated to the 
 abbey, a pension of 40s. a year being reserved to the 
 archdeacon of Richmond, 3s. 4d. to the archbishop of 
 York, and Ss. 4d. to the dean and chapter of York. In 
 1400 the vicar's revenue was .£20 a year, arising from 
 a house and garden called Kirk Uutts, with all small 
 tithes, oblations, and mortuaries; but out of his income 
 he had to repair the chancel, find candles for the use of 
 the churcli, and pay i'lO 3s. 4d. to the monastery. 
 After the suppression of the religious houses, the rectory 
 and advowson of the vicarage were granted by Queen 
 Elizabeth to the Earl of Lincoln and C. Gough, Esq., 
 "with reservation of a rent to the crown of £9 7s. 8d.; 
 to the schoolmaster of Kendal, X9 Os. 8d. ; to the 
 curate of Hugill, £3 Cs. 8d. : and to the bishop of 
 Chester, £2." The great tithes afterwards belonged 
 
 to the Prestons of Preston Patrick, whose two heiresses 
 carried them in maiTiage, about the middle of the 17th 
 century, to the lords Montgomery and Clifford ; the 
 former having for his share the tithes of Burton, Holme, 
 and D^ton, which were subsequently purchased by 
 Colonel Charteris, of Hornby Castle ; and the latter 
 having the tithes of Preston Patrick and Holmscales, 
 which, about the year 1770, were sold to Mrs. Gibson 
 of Lancaster. B. W. Atkinson is the present impro- 
 priator, having purchased the tithes. Shortly after the 
 dissolution the advowson of the vicarage appears to 
 have been in the hands of the Middletons of Leighton, 
 in Lancashire, the last of whom, Sir George Middleton, 
 Bart., had a daughter and heiress, Mary, who by mar- 
 riage brought the same to the Oldflelds of Somerforth, 
 in Cheshire, who sold the same, together with the manor 
 of Burton and demesne of Claythorpe Hall, to Mr. 
 Beuison of Hornby, from whose daughter it was pur- 
 chased by Mrs. Hutton of Kirkby Lonsdale, who in her 
 turn sold it to Mr. Lancaster of Sedgefield, in the 
 county of Durham. It was afterwards bought by Mr. 
 Thomas Hutton of Kirkby Lonsdale and Mr. Jeffrey 
 Tenant of Bentham, in Yorkshire, but subsequently 
 passed with the heiress of the Hutton family to John 
 Johnstone, Esq. It was next possessed by the Rev. 
 C. Simeon, whose trustees are the present patrons. The 
 vicarage is valued in the King's Book at £15 17s. SJd. 
 It was certified at £30 Os. 8d. in 1725, in which year 
 it received an augmentation of £200 from Queen Anne's 
 Bounty, and £200 from the executrix of Lady Moyer, 
 and other donors, which sums were laid out in the pur- 
 • chase of a house and estate for the vicar, the ancient 
 house and glebe called Kirk Butts having been taken 
 possession of by one of the lords of the manor. In 
 1772 it was augmented with an estate at Yealand 
 Conyers, in Lancashire, purchased with £200 from 
 Queen Anne's Bounty; £100 given by the Rev. John 
 Hutton, then vicar ; and £100 given by the Countess 
 Dowager Gower. On the enclosure of the commons in 
 1815, the tithes of the parish were commuted for au 
 allotment of land for Burton, Holme, and Dalton ; and 
 the sum of £1,400 for Preston Patrick, and £420 for 
 Holmscales. 
 
 VicABs. — John Thexton, 16S5 ; Gerard Brown, 1(163; John 
 Ormenid, 1600; J. Uslierwood, 1091; Tlionias Harbon, 169'J; 
 John BeDisoD, I7'j3; Jolm Uutlou, 1704; liryim Waller, ISOO; 
 Uobcrt Morewood, 1812. 
 
 The vicarage is a neat building, erected by the 
 present vicar in 1844, at a cost of £900. It stands on a 
 gentle eminence south-east of the church. 
 
 There is a Friends' meeting house in the town, but 
 no congregation, the last member dying in 1858.
 
 884 
 
 LONSDALE WAED. 
 
 The national school is a large commodious building, 
 erected by subscription in 1817, on land given by John 
 Hutton, Esq., ancestor of one of the vicars. It is under 
 government inspection. 
 
 CHAMTIES. 
 
 John Hiilton's Charity. — John Ilutton, of Hindon, 
 in the parish of CockfielJ, Durham, gave 20s. a year, 
 for ever, to the poor of Cockfield parish, and 40s. per 
 annum to the poor of the parish of Burton-in-Kendal ; 
 and after leaving other legacies to his relations, h f gave 
 the remainder of his estate at Hindon to the free school 
 at Burton, on condition that the master should be a 
 master of arts, of either Oxford or Cambridge, who 
 should officiate as curate at Preston Patrick chapel. 
 The latter of these conditions not being practicable, tlie 
 proceeds of this charity have been given to the poor of 
 this parish and that of Betham. 
 
 Gmmmar School. — There is in the town of Burton 
 a school of ancient foundation. The earliest endow- 
 ment is an old school stock amounting to ;£! 1 7, the 
 origin of which is unknown, and the following bene- 
 factions have been subsequently bequeathed to it : — 
 Robert Lucas, by wUl, in 1754, left £10, the interest 
 to be paid to the schoolmaster. Rowland Burrow, of 
 Holme, by will, in 1794, left a similar sum for the 
 same purpose. John Lucas, by will, in 1793, left the 
 interest of £40 for the education of two poor boys of 
 the township of Holme. The school also possessed 
 £20 a year from Parkinson's Charity, now lost. The 
 school has not been in existence for several years. 
 
 Tvichships of Burton, Holme, and Daltnn. — John 
 Parkinsons Charity. — John Parkinson, by will, in 
 1795, left £800 on trust, the interest of which he 
 directed should be distributed in the following manner : 
 £20 yearly to the schoolmaster at Burton for the 
 education of twenty poor boys ; £7 yearly to a school- 
 mistress for the education of fourteen poor girls ; to 
 three trustees £1 Is. each for their trouble ; and to 
 the churchwardens £1. This charity has been lost in 
 consequence of the bankruptcy of the person in whose 
 hands the money had been placed. 
 
 Wilson's Charity. — Elizabeth Wilson, in 173], left 
 the interest of £10 to the vicar of Burton. 
 
 John Lucas's Charity for a Sermon. — The John 
 Lucas mentioned above, left the interest of £12 for 
 the preaching of a sermon in the parish church of 
 Burton. This charity was also lost with Parkinson "s 
 Charity. 
 
 Toicnship of Burton. — Poor Stock. — There is the 
 sum of £40, which has existed for at least 160 yeais 
 by the name of poor stock, and the interest of which 
 is carried to the poor rates. 
 
 John Lucas's Charity. — John Lucas above-mentioned 
 bequeathed the sum of £5, on trust, the interest to be 
 distributed to poor housekeepers in the township of 
 Burton. 
 
 Heron Sike and Clawthorp are hamlets in this town- 
 ship; the latter is about a mile north- north-east of 
 Burton. Clawthorp Hall has long been a farm-house. 
 
 DALTON. 
 
 Dalton township, which is one mile cast-by-south of 
 Burton, is to the south of Lonsdale, in Lancashire. 
 Its area is 2,135 acres, and rateable value £1,923. 
 The number of inhabitants in 1801 was 73; in 1811, 
 
 ; in 1821, 151; in 1831, 131; in 1841, 155; 
 
 and in 1851, 100. The soil here is a good loam. 
 The manorial rights are held by Edmund George 
 Hornby, Esq. ; besides whom Bryan W. Atkinson, 
 Esq. ; Rev. Edward G. Kendal ; Edmund Tatham, 
 Esq., are the principal landowners. 
 
 Dalton Hall, the seat of the lord of the manor, is 
 a handsome mansion, erected in 1812, commanding 
 extensive views of the surrounding country. 
 
 gorn^g of Jaltort fall. 
 
 The family of Hornby was settled in the Fylde 
 country, in the north of Lancashire, from a very early 
 period. 
 
 Johannes de Horneby was receiver-general of the duchy 
 rents uader John of Gaunt; and the records in the duchy ofiBce 
 give the seals of the arms such as they have been ever since they 
 were borne by their descendants. In the reign of Jaraes I. Hugh 
 DE HoKXEV, Esq., of Banlifield, in Fylde, was rated to find 
 service and men of arms. He was ruined by the civil wars, and 
 sold Banlifield to the Harrisons. His son, 
 
 Geoffrey Hokney, followed the profession of the law, and 
 settled at roulton-in-the-FylJe, where he acquired considerable 
 property. He was the father of 
 
 Edmund Hokxby, Esq., who married Dorothy, daughter of 
 Geoffrey Eishton, of Antley, co. Lancaster, M.P. for Preston, 
 and sister of Edward Eishton, Esq., of Antley, of good Lanca- 
 shire descent. She died ITd'-i, This Edmund Hornby left 
 issue by Dorothy, his wife, 
 
 I. Geoffrey. 
 II. George, in holy orders, rector of Whittington, died widiout 
 
 issue. 
 I. Anue, wife of Edmund Cole, of Beaumont, near Lancaster, by 
 whom she had a daughter, 
 
 Dorothy, wife of Butler of Kiikland. 
 
 Edmund Hornby had other issue, who died young. The eldest 
 son, 
 
 Geoffrey Hornby, Esq., of Poulton and Scale Hall, near 
 Lancaster, married Susannah, daughter and lieir of Edward 
 SherJIey, of Kirkham, by Ellen, his wife, daughter and co-heir 
 of John Veale, Esq., of Whinney Heyes, in Fjldc, and Susannah
 
 BUr.TON-IN-KENDAL PARISH. 
 
 885 
 
 KishtoD, his wife, and left issue tvo sons, QeofTrey, who died 
 without issue, and 
 
 Edmumd Hornby, Esq., of Poulton and Scale Hall, bom 
 October, 1728, married Margaret, second daughter of John 
 Winckley, Esq., of Preston, by his wife, Elizabeth Starkie, of 
 Huntroyde, co. Lancaster. By her (with three daughters, 
 Margaret, died 1815 ; Susan, died 171)1) ; and Dorothy, died 
 young), he had issue, 
 
 Geoffrey Hornby, only son and heir, some time colonel of 
 a regiment of Lancashire militia ; he afterwards took orders 
 and was rector of Winwick, Lancaster, 178'2. He married, 'J5th 
 April, 1772, Lucy, daughter of James Lord Strange, and sister 
 of Edward, 12th Earl of Derby, and bad issue seven sons and 
 six daughters, 
 
 I. Edmund, his heir. 
 
 II. James John, in holy orders, rector of Winwick , rcnrried, Istly, 
 
 Esther, youngest daughter luid co-heir of Kobert Vernon 
 Atherton, Esq., of Atherton, by Harriet, his wife, dangbter 
 and co-heir of Peter Lee, Esq., of Lyme; and 2ndly, 
 
 Cuiherine, daughter of Boyle, Esq. ; and died leavin g 
 
 issue. 
 
 III. Geoffrey, in holy orders, rector of Bury, Lancashire, married 
 
 tlic lion. Georglana Byng, sister of the late Lord Torring- 
 ton, and has issue. 
 
 IV. Edwurd Thomas Stanley, in holy orders,'died unmarried. 
 V. Piui'ps (Sir), K.C.B., of Little Green. 
 
 VI. George, in holy orders. 
 
 VII. Charles, lieut.-col. Scots Fusilier Guards, now in holy orders. 
 I. Lucy, married to Kev. II. W. Cbampney, rector of Badswortb. 
 II. Charloite, married June :tOtb, 179s, to Edward Lord Stanley, 
 late Earl of Derby, and died in 1817. 
 
 III. Georgiana. 
 
 IV. Frauces Susannah. 
 V. Louisa. 
 
 TI. Henrietta Elizabeth. 
 
 Mr. Hornby died July -Slst, 1812, and was succeeded by his 
 eldest son, 
 
 Edmund Hornby, Esq., of Dalton Hall, J.P. and D.L., high 
 sheriff in 1828 ; born June 17ih, 1773 ; married, August 22nd, 
 170C, Lady Chailotte Stanley, daughter of Edward, 12th Earl of 
 Derby, and has one son, 
 
 Edmund George, late M.P. for Warrington, born Ifith Novem- 
 ber, 1799, married January .'iOlh, 1827, Sorali, daughter of 
 Thomas Yates, Esq., of Irwell House, in Laucosbirc, first 
 cousin to Sir Robert Peel, and has, 
 
 1. Elizabelh Sarah. 
 
 2. Lucy I'rancesca. 
 
 Arms.— Qr, a chevron, between three bugle boma, sa. 
 Crest.— \ bugle horn. 
 
 HOLME AND HOLMESCALES. 
 
 The area of this township is 1,010 acres. The 
 miniber of iuhubitants in 1801 was '2"^0 ; in 1811, 
 •28;J; iu 1821, -120; iu 1831, 019; iu 1811, 032; aud 
 ia 1851, 1,15-1; who priucipiilly reside iu the village 
 of Holiue. 
 
 At the time of the Domesday Survey the manor was 
 part of the possession of Torsin, but subsequently came 
 to the crown. It was granted by Richard I. to Gilbert, 
 the seventh baron of Kendal, who granted it to Thomas, 
 son of Gospatrick, to whose son, Patrick, it was con- 
 firmed by William do Lancaster. It came afterwards 
 to the Tunsdals and Prestons, and iu 1717 was con- 
 veyed, with other adjacent manors, to the family of 
 Charteris, but has since been purchased by the Wilsons 
 of Dallam Tower, the present owners. Ilulme Park 
 was formerly three miles in circumference, aud well 
 stocked with deer. George E. Wilson, Esq., and the 
 Hon. Mrs. Howard, are the principal landowners. 
 
 Holme is a large village on the Lancaster and Kendal 
 canal, two miles uorth-by-west of Burton, and contains 
 some well-built houses and cottages. The linen manu- 
 facture which formerly e.visted here has been discon- 
 tinued for some time. 
 
 TUE CUAPEL. 
 
 Holme chapel, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, is a 
 remarkably neat building, iu the Early English style, 
 situated iu the village. It was erected by subscription 
 in 1839, and consists of nave, chancel, and tower con- 
 taining one bell. In 1843 it was endowed by the 
 Ecclesiastical Commissioners with .£107 a year, and is 
 a curacy in the patronage of the vicar of Burton. The 
 living is now worth £120 a year. The registers com- 
 mence iu 1839. 
 
 Inol-mbexts.— John Wild, 18:10; M. H. Maxwell, 1812; F. 
 B. Ashley, 1844 ; Samuel Moon, 1845. 
 
 The parsonage is a neat commodious building, near 
 the chapel. 
 
 The National School for boys and girls was erected 
 by subscription in 18-44, aided by a grant from the 
 National Society. The average number of children in 
 attendance is twenty-eight. 
 
 CHAIUTIES. 
 
 John Lucas's Charily fur Bread. — John Lucas, by 
 will, in 1793, left the interest of £(J0 for the purchase 
 of bread, to be distributed amongst poor housekeepers 
 of Holme. 
 
 John Lucas's Charily for poor Housekeepers. — The 
 same John Lucas left the interest of £10 for the poor 
 housekeepers of Holme. 
 
 Burrote's and Smallshaw's Charillcs. — Koland Bur- 
 row, by will, in 1794, left £10, the interest of which 
 he directed should bo divided among the poor of this 
 tow-nship. Jacob Smallshaw also left JL'lO for the same 
 purpose.
 
 886 
 
 LONSDALE WAKD. 
 
 PKESTON TATPJCK CHAPELRY. 
 
 Prestox Patrick is a larfje chapelry and township, containing the small hamlets of Gatebeck, Goose Green, 
 Milluess, and Nook, with a uumber of dispersed dwellings extending fioni four to six miles uorih-by-east of Burton, 
 on the east side of the river Bdo. 
 
 The area of Preston Patrick is 3,580 acres; its rate- 
 able value £2,858 13s. lid. The population in 1801 
 was 335; in 1811, 373; in 1821, 308; in 1831, 418; 
 in 1841, 484; and in 1851, 514; who are principally 
 engaged in agriculture; a few, however, are emplo3-ed 
 in a powder works, a bleach works, and a bobbin mill. 
 
 The manor of Preston Patrick received its name 
 from Palricius de Culwen, ancestor of the Curwens of 
 Workington, and grandson of Thomas, son of Gospatric, 
 who gave lands and possessions to the abbey of Preston 
 about the year 1119, which abbey was afterwards 
 removed to Shap. After the dissolution of the 
 monasteries, the lands here belonging to Shap Abbey 
 came into the hands of the crown, and were granted by 
 James I. to Philip Lord Wharton, in whose posterity 
 they continued till the Duke of Wharton sold them to 
 Robert Lowther, Esq., from whom they have descended 
 to the Earl of Lonsdale, the present lord of the manor. 
 The landowners are John Wakefield, Esq. ; Christopher 
 Wilson, Esq. ; the heirs of the late William Thompson, 
 Esq. ; the Earl of Lonsdale ; John Atkinson, Esq. ; 
 and several smaller proprietors. Preston Hall is now 
 used as a farm-house. 
 
 THE CHiPEL. 
 
 Preston Patrick chapel, dedicated to St. Gregory, is 
 a neat Gothic structure, rebuilt in 1832, and consists 
 of nave, chancel, aisles, and tower. It stands on an 
 eminence in the centre of what was formerly a park. 
 There seems to have been a chapel in this township as 
 early as the twelfth century ; the present one was 
 endowed with parochial privileges in 1781. The pat- 
 ronage is vested in the osvners of property in the town- 
 ship charged with the chapel salary. In 1722 the living 
 was augmented with an estate at Nook, purchased with 
 £200 obtained from Queen Anne's Bounty, and £240 
 given by James Graham, Esq., Sir John Mawson, and 
 the inhabitants. It was also augmented in 1773, with 
 fifteen acres of land at Houghgill, in Yorkshire, pur- 
 chased with £200 of Queen Anne's Bounty, and £200 
 given by the Countess Dowager Gower ; and in 1810, 
 \vith rather more than two acres of land at Bentham, in 
 Yorkshire, purchased with an additional £200 from 
 Queen Anne's Bounty. The ancient salary of £3 6s. 8d. 
 is paid out of the tenements in the chapelry. The 
 
 entire income is now £77 7s. 8d. The chapel contains 
 a few mural monuments. 
 
 Incl'mbekts. — J. Tinkler, dieJ 1790 ; Joseph The.\toD, 1790; 
 Samuel Scott, 1811 ; Jefirey Hebden, 1820. 
 
 The parsonage, situated in the hamlet of Nook, is a 
 plain modern building, erected in 1837, at a cost of 
 about £400, of which £200 was obtained from Queen 
 Anne's Bounty, and the remainder by subscription. 
 
 Nook and Gatebeck are hamlets in this township. 
 The principal residences are Lune Head, William 
 Talbot, Esq. ; Long Croft, the Misses Talbot ; Moss 
 Side, John Atkinson, Esq.; and Challen Hall, W. H. 
 Wakefield, Esq. 
 
 This township is divided from that of Preston 
 Richard by a small rivulet, on which are extensive 
 powder works. There ai'e also bleach-mills, two corn- 
 mills, and a bobbin mill. 
 
 cD-iniTres. 
 
 School. — Preston Patrick School was erected in 1780, 
 and on the enclosure of the common in 1814 an allot- 
 ment of twenty acres of laud was assigned to it, which 
 now produces about £10 a year, applied in part payment 
 for the tuition of ten poor children. The average 
 attendance is about thirty-five. There is another school 
 at Gatebeck, partly supported by subscription. 
 
 Poor Panock. — There is a small pieje of ground, 
 containing about a rood, called the " Poor ParroL-k," the 
 rents of which have always been distributed to the poor 
 in charity. This land was sold to the canal company, 
 and the interest amounts to £1 a year. 
 
 Elhahcth ]Vihon's Charity. — Elizabeth Wilson, by 
 will, dated 1731, bequeathed the interest of £5 to be 
 paid yearly to two old women in Preston Patrick, on 
 Good Fiiday, for ever. 
 
 Lord Wharton's Charity. — The lordsliip of Preston 
 Patrick is entitled, conjointly with the lordships of 
 Langdale, Tebay, and Bretherdale, in the parish of 
 Ortou, in this county, to thirty bibles, and a propor- 
 tionate number of religious tracts. Four bibles 
 annually are transmitted to the curate of Preston 
 Patrick, and distributed by him amongst poor children 
 resident there. 
 
 Story's Charity. — William Story, by will, in 1720, 
 left £10 to poor householders of this township; and 
 some unknown person gave £5 for the like purpose.
 
 KIRKBY LONSDALE PARISH. 
 
 887 
 
 KIRKBY LONSDALE PARISH. 
 
 This parish is bounded on tlie north by those of Sedbeigh and Kendal, on the west by Kendal and Burton, on the 
 south by Burton and Lancasliire, and on the cast by Yorkshire. It comprises the greater portion of Lonsdale 
 Ward, and is about ten nniles in length and from four to six in breadth. It is a picturesque and highly interesting 
 district, intersected by the Lune, ■nhich here assumes the character of a fine river, and flows through a fruitful and 
 well-cultivated valley. It is divided into the chapelries and townships of Kirkby Lonsdale, Barbon, Casterton, 
 Firbank, ilutton Hoof, Killington, Lupton, Mansergh, and Middleton, whose uuited area is 35,509 acres. 
 
 been a Roman camp or station. It has been surrounded 
 
 KIUKBY LOKSDALE. 
 
 The area of this township is 3,098 acres, and its 
 rateable value .£7,001 4s. 3d. The population in 1801 
 was l,':i83; in 1811, 1,368; in 18-il, 1,613; in 1831, 
 1,080; in 1841, 1,6-29; and in 18,51, ],075; who 
 reside principally in the town. Agriculture is the 
 principal employment. The soil here is a fertile loam. 
 
 The manor of Kirkby Lonsdale was given by Ivo de 
 Tailbois to the abbey of St. Mary at York, to which it 
 continued annexed till the period of the dissolution, 
 when it was taken possession of by the crown. In 
 1357 it was sold by Queen Mary to Thomas Cams, 
 Esq., of the Middle Temple, and afterwards one of the 
 justices of King's Bench, with the demesne, water 
 mills, and several other lands and tenements in the 
 neighbourhood, to hold of the crown, in eapite, by the 
 service of the fortieth part of a knight's fee. The 
 Carus family sold this manor, in 1586, to William 
 Thornburgh and Thomas Curwen, from whom it passed 
 to the Prestons of Holker, who sold it to Sir John 
 Lowther, ancestor of the present possessor, the Earl of 
 Lonsdale, who has the tolls and control of the market 
 and fair at Kirkby, and holds a court Icet and view 
 of frank pledge annually in October. Tho landowners 
 are the Earl of Lonsdale ; Rev. W. C. Wilson ; A. B. 
 Tomlinsou, Esq.; Robert Abbott, Esq.; John Robin- 
 son, Esq ; Mr. Thompson, and the trustees of the late 
 James Coates, Esq., with several smaller proprietors. 
 
 THE TOWM CI- KIEKBY LCSSDALE. 
 
 Kirkby Lonsdale (that is, the church town in the dale 
 or valley of Lon or Lune) is oti the right bank of the 
 Liine, fifteen and a half miles north-east from Lan- 
 caster, and eleven and a half miles south-west from 
 Kendal. Tho market-place ia in the centre of the 
 town ; tho streets are lighted and well paved. The 
 houses aro well built of freestone and roofed with slate. 
 Until some few years ago a carpet and blanket manu- 
 factory was carried on here, and gavo employment to a 
 number of tho inhabitants, many of whom were also 
 employed in weaving coarse Linen cloth, ginghams, 
 and calicoes. On the north side of the prrscnt 
 vluurago i^ the remains of what is considered to have 
 
 on all sides except the east by a fosse, the Lune pro- 
 tecting the eastern side. The situation of this camp 
 is much higher than that of the surrounding country. 
 A Roman road passed through the adjoining township 
 a short distance to the east. There is little doubt that 
 the town dates its oi'igin from the Anglo-Saxon times. 
 Its name is Danish or Norwegian, given to it by the 
 Northmen when they settled in this part of the country. 
 A charter for a market and fair was granted in ld27. 
 The market day is Thursday. The fair is held on the 
 eve, day, and day after the feast of the Nativity of 
 the Blessed Virgin. Other fairs are held on Maunday 
 Thursday, Ascension Day, and that day week, the 5th 
 of October, and 21st of December. The bridge which 
 crosses the Lune a short distance east of the town is 
 very ancient, and for its curious workmanship is per- 
 haps unique in the north of England. The date of 
 its erection is not known, but it appears to have existed 
 before 1275, as in that year a grant of pontage was 
 made for its repair. This ancient structure is built 
 of white freestone, so truly squared and well executed 
 that the joints are scarcely perceptible. It consists of 
 three strong and lofty semi-circular arches, turned and 
 ribbed with the utmost exactness, about fifty-one feet 
 span, supported by massive piers, and is, according to 
 some, of Roman workmanship. At its cast end is a 
 stone bearing the date 1633. The mills in this neigh- 
 bourhood are singularly situated on a steep declivity, 
 and one above another, so as to receive iu turns the 
 full of water from a brook, iu its descent ijjto the valley, 
 from a small lake of twelve acres and a half, called 
 Ferry Bank Tarn, and distant three miles north-north- 
 west of the town. 
 
 IITK CHTBCH, 
 
 The church, dedicated to St. Mary the Virgin, stands 
 in a spacious burial-ground near the edge of a steep 
 bank rising from the river Lune, and is reached by a 
 llight of forty-six steps. It is a large Norman strac- 
 turc, 120 feet in length by 102 in breadth, and is sup- 
 posed to have been erected shortly after the Con-inest, 
 with the exception of a portion of the eastern end, which 
 appears to have been added subsequently. Much of
 
 888 
 
 LONSDALE WARD. 
 
 the ancient character of the church was destroyed in 
 1809, ivben the leaden roof, battlements, pinnacles, and 
 clerestory were removed, and the church covered with 
 blue slate. Its interior has fared no better than the 
 exterior. The stalls and rood screen have been removed, 
 and the delicate and elaborate workmanship of the 
 capitals of the columns covered with plaster. The 
 pulpit and reading-desk are of oak, beautifully carved ; 
 the former bears the date lOlii. The tower, which was 
 rebuilt from the first story in 1705, is large, square, and 
 embattled, and contains six good bells, hung in 182(5, 
 when the old bells were sold. In Machel's time the 
 porch at the east end of the church contained the 
 remains of a finely executed alabaster monument, sup- 
 posed to represent one of the ]\Iiddletons and his lady. 
 The church contains mural monuments to the memory 
 of the late Wm. Thompson, Esq. (alderman of London 
 and JI.P. for the county of Westmoreland), William 
 Sturgeon, the electrician, and many others. There is 
 also a memorial window of stained glass, commemo- 
 rating the late Mrs. Moore. In the year 1486 a 
 chantry was founded in this church by William ]\lid- 
 dleton, who endowed it with seven marks a year out of 
 lands in Garsdale, in Sedbcrgh parish. The church of 
 Kirkby Lonsdale was given by Ivo de Tailbois along 
 with the manor to St. Mary's Abbey at York. After 
 the suppression of the monastic institutions, the impro- 
 priation and advowson of the vicarage were granted in 
 1553 liy Queen Mary to Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 to which they still belong. In 1 535 the vicarage was 
 valued at £20 15s. 5d. ; it was subsequently certified to 
 the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty at £49 13s. 8d. 
 It is now worth £550 a year, arising from vicarial 
 tithes and glebe lands. The registers commence in 
 1530. 
 
 ViCAT.s. — John Applegarth, 155C ; John Williamson, 1591; 
 
 — Adams, 1016; Thomas Adamson, 1617; Henry Park, ; 
 
 Samuel Sackville, lCi3; Charles Jones, 1637; Geo. Buchanan, 
 I6i0; George Bateman, 1640; Henry Hoyle, 1661; Hiram 
 Waterhouse, 1670; John Briggs, 1076; Tobias Croft, 1739; 
 Marwooil Tlace, 1766 ; Joseph Sharp, 1793 ; John H. Fisher, 
 1831. Vie find that Edward Tatham and John HoUinson were 
 also vicars for a short time. 
 
 The vicarage is a large commodious structure, situated 
 on the north side of the church. It has been much 
 improved by the present vicar. 
 
 The Wesleyans, Independents, and Sandemanians 
 have each a place of worship here. 
 
 On the east of the churchyard is a small building 
 called Abbot's Hall; there is also a place here called 
 the Dean's Biggin, or Building, both of which are 
 supposed to have belonged to the abbey of St. Jlary, 
 
 and to have been the seat of the rural deanery of 
 Kirkby Lonsdale. 
 
 Kirkby Lonsdale Grammar School was founded in 
 1591 by letters patent of Queen Elizabeth, and put 
 under the control of twenty-four feuflfces, or governors, 
 having previously been endowed with £100 by Mr. 
 Godshalfo, and £100 subscribed by the inhabitants, in 
 consideration of which sums .John Tennant granted to 
 the governors a rent charge of £90 a year, out of the 
 manors of Bedale and Scotton, iu Yorkshire. Lady 
 Curwen, heiress of the Cams family, gave the school 
 site, and also certain parcels of land near the Biggins, 
 which, with an allotment given at the enclosure, is now 
 worth about £'25 per annum. This sum, together with 
 of £20, the rent charge is paid to the master. The endow- 
 ment of the school was augmented by a legacy of £120, 
 bequeathed by Henry Wilson in 1638, for the use of an 
 usher, and also £400 secured on the tithes of Tarlcton, 
 for exhibitions for seven poor scholars, four of them from 
 this school, and three from Kendal School, to Queen's 
 College, Oxford, the said scholars to be natives of Cum- 
 berland or Westmoreland. The school is partially 
 entitled to the benefit of three scholarships at Christ's 
 College, Cambridge, founded by Thomas Wilson, by 
 will, dated August 9th, 1626 ; and to three other 
 scholarships at the same college, founded by the will of 
 Thomas Otway, bishop of Ossory, who died in 1692. 
 The governors or feoffees, are the vicar for the time 
 being, and some of the magistrates of the neighbourhood. 
 The school is lofty and spacious. There are seven 
 boarders, twenty day scholars, and six foundation boys. 
 The Rev. Thomas Croft, M.A., is head-master. 
 
 The National School is a handsome Elizabethan 
 structure, erected in 1851, at a cost of £1,000, towards 
 which a government grant of £455 was obtained, the 
 remainder being defrayed by subscription. The site 
 was given by the Rev. Cams Wilson ; and the sum of 
 £200 was raised towards an endowment fund, which is 
 vested in railway debentures. There are separate 
 schools for boys and girls, which are conducted by a 
 master, mistress, and three pupil teachers. 
 
 Kirkby Lonsdale possesses a monthly paper, called 
 the Kirkby Lonsdale Press, established in 1858. There 
 is also a book club, containing about 6,000 volumes, 
 which was established in 1794, and is supported by 
 subscription. 
 
 The Town Hall was erected by a joint stock company 
 in 1854, at a cost of £2,000. It is a large and hand- 
 some building ; the lower portion serves as a market 
 house, while the upper is used as a mechanics' institution, 
 which was established in 1855, and comprises a news- 
 room, reading and class - rooms, and a library of ] ,000
 
 KIRKBY LONSDALE PARISH. 
 
 889 
 
 volumes, with a spacious lecture-room, in which the 
 meetings of the county court are held. Petty sessions 
 for Lonsdale Ward are held every Thursday. 
 
 The Savings Bank occujiics a commodious building 
 in the market-place. It was established in 1818, and 
 is open every Thursday. 
 
 Poor Stock, inchuUng Hi'iinj Wihon's and other 
 Charities. — Henry Wilson, by will, dated 103i^, be- 
 queathed j£3oO to be bestowed on some rent charge or 
 otherwise, and out of the yearly profit, to elect out of 
 the said lordship two poor boys, each to have £10 for 
 placing them apprentices in London ; and also to one 
 poor maid yearly chosen by his trustees to be placed 
 out at London. He also bequeathed to his trustees 
 £50 upon trust, that the same should be a stock for 
 ever, and that the profits thereof should be bestowed 
 upon twenty quarters of coals, or more, for the people 
 dwelling within the lordship of Kirkby Lonsdale, on the 
 feast of St. Andrew yearly. Ho also bequeathed to the 
 trustees £100 upon trust, to bestow the same upon 
 lands, or a rent charge ; the yearly income thereof to 
 be given at Christmas and Easter, by equal portions, 
 to the poorest old men and women, and children 
 within the town and lordship aforesaid. John Jagger, 
 of London, in the year 1714, gave £50 for the use of 
 tho poor of this parish, the interest to be distributed on 
 Christmas Day. The interest of the stock is now given 
 away at Chrismas and Easter, with the other charity 
 money of the township. 
 
 C(iiiterto7i licnt Chanje. — By a deed-poll, dated July 
 30th, 1670, certain premises in Casterton, in this parish, 
 called tho Field Barn grounds, were conveyed to Edward 
 Wilson, Esq., of Dallam Tower, in fee, e.i:cept a rent 
 charge of 40s., heretofore payable to the poor of Kirkby 
 Lonsdale. This rent charge is regularly paid, and is 
 given away with the other charity money as above 
 described. 
 
 Barrett's Charitij. — ,Tohn Borrctt, by will, dated 1738, 
 left £5 a year to bo distributed amongst twenty poor 
 persons not in receipt of parish relief. 
 
 Redmitns Gift. — Elizabeth Redman, by will, dated 
 1750, gave £50 to be put out at interest, and the 
 produce to be applied in the purchase of bibles and 
 " Tho Whole Duty of Man," which she directed should 
 be distributed to poor boys of Kirkby Lonsdale township. 
 
 Preston's Charity. — Richard Preston, by will, in 1802, 
 gave £100 to the churchwardens of Kirkby Lonsdale, 
 to place out at interest, and apply the produce for the 
 benefit and general use of the poor of the parish. 
 
 About half a mile north of the town is Underlej 
 Park, the elegant mansion of Mrs. Thompson, widow 
 of the late AVilliaui Thompson, Esq., M.P. for West- 
 moreland and alderman of London. It stands in a 
 spacious park, and was formerly the property of the 
 Nowells, a Lancashire family, one of whom, Arthur 
 Nowell, Esq., rebuilt it in 1828, in the Gothic stj-le 
 prevalent in the reign of James I. 
 
 Lunefield, the property of the Rev. William Cams, 
 is pleasantly situated above the river, about a quarter of 
 a mile east of the town. It was erected in 1815 by 
 Roger Carus, Esq. 
 
 The other residences are Cressbrook, Humphrey A. 
 Gregg, Esq. ; Springfield, the Rev. Thomas Croft ; 
 Luneville, John Cartmell, Esq. ; The Biggins, A. B. 
 Tomlinson, Esq. 
 
 High Biggins, Low Biggins, Keartswick, and Tarn- 
 side are hamlets iu this township. 
 
 LUPTON. 
 
 The area of this township is 3,439 acres, and its 
 rateable value £2,859. In 1851 it contained 150 
 inhabitants; in 1811, 152: in 1821, 921; in 1831, 
 282 ; in 1841, 285 ; and in 1851, 209. The soil here 
 is a fine fertile loam. 
 
 The manor of Lupton, called in Domesday Survey 
 Lupetun, belonged to the barons of Keudul, and was 
 held under them by the Redmans of Levens, until the 
 reign of Htiiry VII. It came afterwards to the Bel- 
 hngliams, Huttons, and Musgraves, but is now held by 
 tho Earl of Lonsdale. The landowners are Robert 
 Lamplugh Gregg, Esq ; W. R. Gregg, Esq.; H. A. 
 Gregg, Esq. ; William G. Bell, Esq. ; the trustees of 
 the late William Thompson, Esq. ; Edward Wilson, 
 Esq.; R. H. Richardson, Esq.; and Jlrs. Pickard. 
 
 Lupton Row, Lupton Smithy, and Cow Brow, are 
 hamlets in this township, from tsvo and a half to four 
 miles west of Kirkby Lonsdale. There is a com-mill 
 on Lupton Beck. 
 
 Bo.\ Tree, the property of W. G. Bell, Esq., is a 
 handsome house, with a square embattled tower. 
 
 107
 
 890 
 
 LONSDALE WARD. 
 
 BAECON CHAPELRY. 
 
 This cbapeliy comprises only the township of Barbon, which includes the village of that name, and the hamlets of 
 High and Low Beckfoot, with numerous dispersed residences. 
 
 The area of Barbon township is 4,304 acres, and its 
 rateable value j£'2,3'20. The number of inhabitants in 
 1801 was 249; in 1811, 254; in 1821, 348; in 1831, 
 318; in 1841, 315; and in 1851, 322; whose princi- 
 pal employment is agriculture. Kirkby Lonsdale and 
 Kendal arc the markets attended. A Roman road 
 appears to have passed thtough this township. Some 
 time ago a large stone, marked with a cross, and other 
 emblems, was found in a field here ; it now stands oq 
 the summit of a hill near to the spot where it was 
 discovered. 
 
 Barbon and Mansergh are said to have been originally 
 one manor, which was subsequently divided for con- 
 venience' sake, in consequence of their being situated 
 on opposite sides of the river Lune. Be this as it 
 may, the}' formed two manors when Domes^dav Survey 
 ■was made. In that record it is stated that Tostig 
 Earl of Northumberland held Barbon, or Bereburne, 
 as it was then written. It appears to have afterwards 
 come to a family bearing the local name, one of whom 
 Robert de Bereburne, Knt., occurs as a witness to the 
 grant of Skelsmergh by William de Lancaster to Robert 
 de Leyburne. In the reign of Edward I. and Edward 
 H. others of the name occur. In ] 344 the manor of 
 Barbon and divers lands in Middleton were conveyed 
 to Roger Lassels, or Lascelles, and Eleanor his wife, 
 but by whom does not appear in consequence of the 
 illegible condition of the record. Mention is made 
 only of two more members of this family in connection 
 with Barbon, both of whom occur in the reign of 
 Edward III. From this time we hear no more of the 
 manor till J 580, in which year we find it held by the 
 Vaughans, from whom it was purchased about the 
 beginning of the following century by the Middletons, 
 who sold it to the Shuttleworths, who have since con- 
 tinued its possessors; Sir John P. Kay Shuttleworth, 
 Bart., being the present lord of the manor, besides 
 whom Joseph Gibson, Esq., the executors of the late 
 Wilham Thompson, Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 and othei-s, are the landowners. 
 
 The village of Barbon is pleasantly situated on the 
 east side of the Lune, three and a half miles north-by- 
 east of Kirkby Lonsdale. 
 
 THE CHAPEt. 
 
 Barbon chapel is a plain structure, rebuilt in 1815, 
 partly by subscription and partly by a rate levied on the 
 inhabitants of the chapeliy. Previous to 1738 the 
 
 chapel salary was only £2 10s., but in that year it was 
 augmented with £200 from Queen Anne's Bounty, and 
 donations of the inhabitants, with which an estate was 
 purchased at High Beck Foot. It has since received 
 three lots of the same bounty, and several donations, 
 with which three other estates have been purchased, — . 
 one at Over Kellet, in Lancashire, in 1758; and two 
 at Kirkthwaite, in Dent, Yorkshire, in 1772 and 1808. 
 The estate last mentioned is for the joint benefit of the 
 curacies of Barbon and Old and New Hutton. The 
 curate of Barbon has also one-third of the rent of 
 Tarudale Close, purchased with ,£4G 15s., of which 
 £31 3s. 4d. was poor stock; and the interest of £210 
 in the Kirkby Lonsdale Savings Bank, obtained by the 
 sale of land left by John Garnett in 1721, is equally 
 divided between the curate and the schoolmaster. The 
 living is in the patronage of the vicar of Kirkby Lons- 
 dale, and worth £92 12s. Od. a year, £10 of which is 
 given by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. The regis- 
 ter of baptisms commences in 1813, that of marriages 
 in 1839, and that of burials in J 848. 
 
 Incumbents. — Harling Kichardson was curate in 1813 ; P. 
 
 J. ■\Villiains, 1B3C; John A.Addison, 18i0; Benjamin Hopkins, 
 1842. 
 
 There is a small school attached to the chapel. 
 
 CUAMTIES. 
 
 Gamett's Charity. — John Garnett, by will, dated 
 March 15th, 1721, devised a close called Laddera, 
 containing about five acres, to trustees, directing that 
 one half the yearly rents should be given to the poor 
 of Barbon, and the other half to the schoolmaster for 
 teaching four poor children of the township, bom in 
 wedlock. The close above-mentioned was afterwards 
 sold for £105, the interest of which is distributed as 
 directed. 
 
 Tamdales.—In 1733 a close called Tarndales was 
 purchased for £46 15s. 6d., of which £31 3s. 4d. 
 belonged to the poor of Barbon, and the remaining 
 £15 Us. 8d. to the curate. The rent of this land is 
 divided between the poor and the incumbent of Barbon, 
 in proportion to the sums named above. 
 
 Poors' Bent. — In 1741 a close called tlie Hole Close 
 was purchased for £70, said to be the chapel or school 
 money of Barbon. It now produces 9s. a year, which 
 is given to the poor. 
 
 Margaret Haicden's Gift. — Margaret Hawden, in
 
 CASTEETON CHAPELEY, 
 
 891 
 
 1758, left £\0 to the poor of this township. The 
 interest is given away witli the other money at Easter. 
 
 High and Low Beckfoot are hamlets in this township. 
 
 Whelprigg, the residence of Joseph Gibson, Esq., is 
 a handsome mansion in the Elizabethan style, erected 
 in ]S'3i by the present owner. It is situated on a fine 
 eminence about a mile northeast of Kirkby Lonsdale. 
 
 (Sibson of 231^clpngg. 
 
 This family is derived from 
 
 James Gibson, Ksq., son of JosEPn Oibsok, Esq., by Miss 
 Glover, bis wife, who married Maiy Wilson, aud had four sons 
 and two daughters. Of the former, 
 
 W'li.LUM Gibson, married in 1785, Margaret Kobinson, of 
 Eigmadei), and had with other issue, who died young, 
 
 I. Joseph Gibson, Esq., of Whelprigg. 
 
 I. lliiry, .lied in 1803. 
 II. Margaret. 
 III. llannali, married to B. P. Gregson, Esq., of Lancaster. 
 
 Jlr. Gibson was succeeded by his sou, 
 
 Joseph Gibson, Esq., of Whelprigg, J.P., bom July 28th, 
 1SU5; married April 21th, 1811, Anne, third dau^'hter of 
 Keginald Remington, Esq., of Crowtrees, ilelling, CO. Lancaster, 
 and has one daughter, 
 
 I. Catherine. 
 
 Arms. — \z., three storks rising, ppr. 
 Crest. — A stork rising, ppr. 
 
 This chapelry is bounded by Lancashire, Barbou, and the 
 Castcrton, with a number of dispersed dwellings. 
 
 The area of the township is 4,230 acres, and its 
 rateable value is £3,3-27 18s. 2d. It contained in 
 1801, 2GG inhabitants; in 1811, 278; in 1821, 277; 
 in 1831, 302 ; in 1841, 623 ; and in 1851, 570 ; whose 
 chief employment is agriculture. A chapel is supposed 
 to have formerly stood at a place called Chapel Head 
 Close, near St. Columb's, to which saint it is probable 
 the chapel was dedicated. 
 
 Castcrton and Ilutton Roof, though separated by the 
 river, were originally one manor ; but they have long 
 been separate and distinct. The earliest recorded 
 possessor of Castcrton is Ingelram de Gynes and 
 Christian his wife, who occur as owners in 1318. In 
 1351 wo find a third part of the manor of Castcrton 
 held by Gilbert do Burneshead of William de Coney, 
 grandson of Inglcram de Gyues, by cornage, wardship, 
 and rchcf. In 1375, after the death of Joan de Coup- 
 laud, it was found by inquisition that she died seised of 
 the manor of Castcrton. It has since shared the fate 
 of the Ilichraond Fee of the barony of Kendal, and is 
 now held by the Earl of Lonsdale, beside whom, the 
 Rev. AV. C. Wilson; Joseph Gibson, Esq.; George E. 
 Wilson, Esq.; the executors of the late Thomas Rubiu- 
 son, Esq. ; the executors of the late Francis Pearson, 
 Esq. ; and others are the landowners. 
 
 The hamlets of High aud Low Castcrton are about 
 a mile and a half uorth-north-eost of Kirkby Lonsdale. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 The chapel, a neat Gothic structure, dedicated to 
 the Holy Trinity, was erected by subscription in 1833, 
 
 CASTERTON CHAPELRY. 
 
 river Lune, and contains the hamlets of High and Low 
 
 at a cost of £700, exclusive of the site, stone, and lime, 
 which were given by the Rev. W. C. Wilson. It com- 
 prises nave aud chancel, with lancet windows, those at 
 the east end being partly stained. The sittings, 550 
 in number, are all free. At the west end of the chapel 
 is a gallery, containing a fine-toned organ. The living, 
 a curacy in the patronage of the vicar of Kirkby Lons- 
 dale, is worth £80 a year. 
 
 Incumbents. — William Carus Wilson, 1833 ; Henry Shepherd, 
 185C. 
 
 The parsonage is a neat structure, erected in 1837 at 
 a cost of £850, defrayed by the Rev. W. C. Wilson, 
 aided by subscriptions. 
 
 Here is a school for the education of the daughters of 
 poor clergymen, instituted by the Rev. W. C. Wilson, 
 in 1824, at Cowan Bridge,' but removed to this place 
 in 1833; there is also a preparatory school for the 
 younger girls. A school for training servants was 
 instituted by the gentleman just named at Whittington, 
 iu 1837; it is now held here. There are at present 
 (1859) 100 clergymen's daughters and teachers in the 
 school, and tweuty-sLc youuger girls in the preparatory 
 school. 
 
 Castcrton National or Parochial School is under 
 government inspection, and attended by about fifty 
 children. 
 
 cuABrrv. 
 
 Poor Land. — There are some lands in this township, 
 the rents of which are applied to the use of the poor. 
 
 I Sec Mrs. Goskell's " Life of Charlotte Bronte."
 
 892 
 
 LONSDALE WARD. 
 
 They produce about £11 a year, which is giveu away 
 to poor persons hall" yearly, on St. Thomas' Day and 
 Holy Thursday. 
 
 Cabtertou Hall, the seat aud property of the llev. 
 Carus Wilson, is a fine mansion, situated on a gentle 
 
 eminence about a mile east-by-north of Kirkby Lonsdale. 
 
 Castertou Old Hall, in which the Earl of Lonsdale 
 holds his courts, has been partly rebuilt. 
 
 Norwood Cottage and the Grange are neat residences 
 in this township. 
 
 FIRBANK CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapclry, anciently called Frithbank, is a wild mountainous district, on the west side of the Lune, which here 
 forms the boundary of Yorkshire. 
 
 The township of Firbank comprises an area of 3,017 
 acres, and its rateable value is £1,583 12s. Id. In 
 1801 it contained 100 inhabitants; in 1811, 219; in 
 1021,209; in 1831,190; inlH41,199; and in 1851, 
 233. Agriculture is the only emjiloyment. 
 
 Firbank and Killington wore anciently one manor; 
 its history will be found under Killington township. 
 The tenants are all freehold, the manorial rights having 
 been purchased from the mesne lords by the tenants, 
 who therefore hold immediately of the crown as of the 
 Marquis Fee of the barony of Kendal, by the yearly 
 free rent of 6s. 8d. ; this rent is now paid to the crown's 
 lessee, the Earl of Lonsdale, besides whom, Lady le 
 Fleming, Miss Upton, and the executoi-s of the late 
 William Thompson, Esq., are the landowners. 
 
 Firbank is about three miles west of Sedbergh, and 
 ten miles north of Kirkby Lonsdale. 
 
 THE CnAPEL. 
 
 Firbank chapel is a small structure, rebuilt in 1VA2, 
 when thirty additional sittings were added to the 
 accommodation possessed by the old chapel. The 
 windows are lancet-shaped, and there is a small turret 
 
 with one bell. The chapel was endowed by Anthony 
 Wood, with an estate in Lambrigg, together with the 
 sum of £50, and has since received £800 of Queen 
 Anne's Bounty, both of which sums have been laid 
 out in the purchase of land at Firbank, Kentmere, 
 Strickland Ketel, and Strickland Roger. The living, 
 a curacy, in the patronage of the vicar of Kirkby Lons- 
 dals, is now worth about £78 a year. 
 
 Incumbents. — John Wuistell, 1711 ; Christoper Mason, 1801 ; 
 John Garnett, 1808 ; Dr. Robinson, ISiri ; William Clark, 1849. 
 
 The parsonage is a small old house much in need 
 of rebuilding. 
 
 The school is attended by about twenty children. 
 
 CBABITIES. 
 
 Walker's Gift. — The poor of the township are entitled 
 to 10s. yearly, by the will of WilHam Walker. (See 
 New Huttou, Kendal parish.) This sum is distributed 
 about May Day to poor persons not receiving parochial 
 relief. 
 
 Poor Stock. — There is also belonging to this town- 
 ship, a poor stock of £37, the interest of which is given 
 away with the above charity. 
 
 HUTTON ROOF CHARELRY. 
 
 Tuis ch.ipeh-y comprises a romantic district bordering upon Lancashire and Farieton Knot, and possesses several 
 limestone, blueflag, and millstone quarries, most of which are on Button Roof Cragg. 
 
 The area of Hutton Roof is 2,G35 acres ; its rateable 
 
 value is £2,174 7s. 4d. The population in 1801 was 
 179; in 1811, 231; in 1821,257; in 1831,351; in 
 1841, 319; and in 1851, 343; who are engaged in 
 agriculture, and at the stone quarries. 
 
 Hutton Roof and Casterton were originally one manor, 
 but have been separate since the commencement of 
 authentic records. The first mention of Huttou Roof 
 occurs in 1351, in which year it was held of William 
 de Coucy by John de Hutton Roof, by the service of 
 
 cornage, wardship, and rehef. In 1375 it was found 
 by inquisition that Hugh do Moresby then held Hutton 
 Roof of Joan de Couplaud, by homage, fealty, and the 
 service of 8s. a year; and that Simon de Heversham 
 held of her divers tenements there, of the yearly rent 
 of 3s. 4d. In Hutton Roof there was anciently a park 
 (and there is at present a house known as Park House), 
 which in the reign of Henry VI. belonged to Judge 
 Carus. It was afterwards purchased by the Bellinghams 
 aud Piestons, and finally by Colonel Francis Charteris,
 
 KILLINGTON CHAPELRY. 
 
 893 
 
 and is now the property of W. E. Wilson, Esq. There 
 is one field of about sis acres, the manorial rights of 
 ■which belong to the Earl of Lonsdale, and which pays 
 hcriots at the death of the lord or change of tenant. 
 With this exception tbo township is free, paying a quit 
 rent to the Earl of Lonsdale, the lessee of the crown. 
 The landowners are the Earl of Lonsdale ; William R. 
 Gregg, Esq.; Humphrey A. Gregg, Esq.; John Bralley, 
 Esq.; Robert Burrow, Esq.; the executors of the late 
 William Thompson, Esq.; and others. A portion of 
 this township was lield in Catholic times by the abbey 
 of St. Mary at York, to which it was given by Ivo de 
 Tailbois. The commons were enclosed in 1815. 
 
 This township comprises the village of Hutton Roof, 
 and a hamlet called Newbiggin, with several scattered 
 houses, from two and a half to four miles west-by-south 
 •of Kirkby Lonsdale. 
 
 THE CUAPEL. 
 
 The chapel is of very ancient foundation, and its 
 original income was twelve nobles. The present small 
 chapel, built in 17.57, is endowed with three estates, 
 purchased by Queeu Anne's Bounty and benefactions. 
 
 The benefice, a curacy, in the patronage of the vicar of 
 the parish, is now worth £85 a year. The registers 
 commence in 1796. 
 
 Incdmbents. — William Sedgwick, 1790; JohnDobsoD, 1799; 
 J. H. F. Kendal, 1842 ; Eichard Hodgson, 1817 ; William Norris 
 Pempier, 1858. 
 
 The parsonage is a commodious structure, erected in 
 1819, at a cost of i'OOO, defrayed by subscription and a 
 grant from Queen Anne's Bounty. 
 
 The Wesleyan Methodists have a chapel in this 
 township. 
 
 There is a school, erected in 1852 by the late incum- 
 bent ; it is attended by about thirty-five children. 
 
 CBABITIES. 
 
 Schoul. — There is a school at Hutton Roof, which in 
 1773 was endowed by Thomas Chamney with £100. 
 This endowment has been lost, and the only income of 
 the school is £9 a year from the slate quarries. 
 
 Poors' Land. — There is a field in the township, con- 
 taining about an acre of land, the rent of which is given 
 to the poor. 
 
 KILLINGTON CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry comprises a mountainous district, including the hamlets of Killington Hall, Beckside, Fellside, and 
 Hallbeck, with a number of detached bouses, from five to seven miles north of Kirkhy Lonsdale. 
 
 it to the tenants, who are therefore free, paying a quit 
 rent of 63. 8d. a rear to the Earl of Lonsdale, the 
 
 Killington contains 4,875 acres, and its rateable 
 value is £2,100 Gs. 3d. In 1801 it contained 311 
 inhabitants; in 1811, 252; in 1821, 335; in lS31, 
 802; in 1811, 301 ; and in 1851, 275. 
 
 Killington and Firbank form one manor, and, in 
 ancient times, a chapt'lry. The first possessor of the 
 manor on record is VVilliam do Pickering, who held it 
 in the reign of Henry IIL, under Peter de Brus, ren- 
 dering for the same, yearly, a pair of gilt spurs, or 
 sixpence, at the feast of Pentecost, and doing service 
 for the twentieth part of one knight's fee. Thomas de 
 Pickering, son of William, in 1303 obtained a grant of 
 free warren in his esUites at Killington and MiUhope, 
 from Edward I. James Pickering, another of tins 
 family, was knight of tho shire for Westmoreland in 
 1302 and 1305; and in tho reign of Richard II. tho 
 same county was twice represented by Sir James Picker- 
 ing, Knt. Sir Christopher Pickering, the last of his 
 name and family who held Killington, had an only 
 daughter, Ainie, who brought the manor in marriage to 
 John \ aughun, Esq , whose son, Francis Vaughan, sold 
 
 lessee of the crown. Tho landowners are George E. 
 Wilson, Esq. ; Miss Upton ; the executors of the late 
 William Thompson, Esq., and a number of small pro- 
 prietors. Killington Hall, the old manor-house, has 
 long served as a farmstead. 
 
 THE CnirEL. 
 
 Killington chapel is an old building, and has a small 
 bell turret containing two bells. It contains mural 
 monuments to the meraor}- of members of the Morland 
 and Ccoke families, and also to the Rev. J. GoocUer. 
 As above stated, this township was anciently included 
 in the chapelry of Firbank ; hut about 1585, on the peti- 
 tion of tho inhabiuints of both townships to the bishop, 
 they obtained a license to have a curate and chapel, 
 with parochial privileges. The living, a curacy, in tho 
 patronage of tho vicar of Kirkby Lonsdale, is worth 
 £80 7s. 9d. a year, arising from £13 17s. ancient 
 salary, 20s. yearly out of Lord's Holme, 20s. yearly
 
 894 
 
 LONSDALE WARD. 
 
 out of Bendrigg estate in Old Hutton, left by William 
 Walker; an estate in Killington, purchased with X'200 
 of Queen Aunc's Bounty, and the chapel stock ; an 
 estate in Dent, purchased in 1754 with i:-200 more of 
 the same bounty, and £200 left by Dr. Stratford ; and 
 the interest of £5:>, viz., .tin left by Thomas Hebble- 
 thwaite, £10 by Hugh Bowman, and i'.j by Jacob 
 Morland, Esq. The registers commence iu 1019. 
 
 Inccmbents.— William Sinter, 1720; William Pearson, 1779; 
 William Moore, IbOl ; Kobert Williinson, \HU. 
 
 Killington School was founded in lOTO, and pos- 
 sesses an endowment of £9 4s. Gd. a year, arising 
 from an ancient stock of £82, of which £40 was given 
 by Thomas Hebblethwaite, Esq. ; £20 by Thomas 
 Sharp, and £5 by Jacob Morland, Esq. There is also 
 a field called Moss Butts, the rent of which is appro- 
 priated to the school. On the enclosure of Killington 
 Common an allotment was made to the school, in 
 right of Moss Butts, to which the landowners added 
 about twelve acres more. The school is attended by 
 about twenty children. 
 
 CBAIUTIES. 
 
 Ilebblethicaite's Charity. — There is in Firbank an 
 estate, consisting of about fifteen acres, belonging to 
 the poor of Killington. 
 
 Poor House Field. — There is also another estate, 
 situate in Killington, called the Poor House Field, the 
 rent of which is always given to the poor. 
 
 Walker's Gi/t — The poor of this township arc 
 entitled to the sum of £2 annually, by the will of 
 ^Villiam Walker ; for the particulars of which see our 
 account of New Hutton, in the parish of Kendal. 
 
 Poor Stock, dc. — There are three sums of £11 15s., 
 £10, and £18 15s. (id. respectively, belonging to the 
 poor of this township, the interest of which is added to 
 William Walker's Charity, and distributed with it at 
 Candlemas, to poor persons not receiying parish relief. 
 
 Richardson's Gift. — Robert Richardson, in 1810, 
 gave £20 to be placed out at interest, and the produce 
 given annually to si.x poor householders. 
 
 MANSERGH CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry is a wild district containing about twenty scattered dwellings and the Tillage of Old Town, about three 
 miles north-by-west of Kirkby Lonsdale. 
 
 The township comprises an area of 2,.') 68 acres; its 
 rateable value is £2,131. In 1801 it contained 134 
 inhabitants; in 1811, 188; in 1821, 157; in 1831, 
 232; in 1841,232; and in 1851,216; who are chiefly 
 engaged in agriculture. 
 
 Mansergh and Barbon formed originally one manor ; 
 but were deemed separate as early as tlje Domesday 
 Survey, when Mansergh was held by Torfin. It sub- 
 sequently became the property of a family bearing the 
 local name ; one of whom, Thomas de Mansergh, 
 purchased lands in Barbon in 1318. In 1383 John de 
 Mansergh represented Westmoreland in parliament. 
 During this time Ivigmaden Hall, supposed to havo 
 been the ancient manor-house, appears to have been 
 held by the family of De Rigmaden, which has been 
 assumed, and not without reason, to be the same familv 
 as the De JIausergh ; who, probably, assumed the name 
 of their residence. After the Rigmadens, this place 
 became the property of the Wards, who held it for a 
 considerable period, and had possessions also in Killing- 
 ton, Firbank, and other places. The last of this family, 
 Henry Ward, sold the same to ]\Ir. Thomas Godsalve, 
 who occurs as lord of the manor in 10G4. He was 
 succeeded iu 1733, by his son, Thomas Godsalve, who 
 
 died in 1750, when the estates passed to his daughter, 
 the wife of the Rev. Thomas Maudesley. In 1781 
 Miss Mary Wilkinson and Mrs. Margaret Robinson 
 were joint possessors of the manor. In 1788 John 
 Satterthvvaite occurs as lord of the manor. It was sold 
 by his devisees in trust, in the year- 1825, to the late 
 Christopher Wilson, Esq., and by him was devised, in 
 1845, to Edward Wilson, Esq., the present lord. After 
 the purchase of the manor by the late Edward Wilson, 
 he made Riguiadeu his residence ; and the present 
 owner has resided there since the decease of his father. 
 The landowners are Edward Wilson, Esq. ; Robert 
 Baynes Armstrong, Esq. ; Mrs. Thompson ; John 
 Addison, Esq., and several small proprietors. Courts 
 are held when required. 
 
 Rigmaden, the seat of the lord of the manor, is a 
 handsome mansion, delightfully situated on an eminence, 
 fijur miles north of Kirkby Lonsdale, and commands 
 e.xtensive prospects of the vale of the Lune. It was 
 erected in 1825, by the late Christopher Wilson, and 
 contains some fine paintings. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Mansergh chapel, dedicated to St. Peter, was erected 
 in 1720, by Jacob Dawson, on his estate at Nether Hall,
 
 MIDDLETON CHAPELRY. 
 
 895 
 
 the inhabitants paying for their seats, and subscribinf» 
 •with Mr. Dawson i'l:iO, to which Oliver Jfartin added 
 £f^0 : and the governors of Queen Anne's Bounty £'200. 
 The latter afterwards made two more grants of JC200 
 each; Lady Gower, £100; and the curate, in 1777, 
 JEIOO. Those sums, amounting to .£1,000, were laid 
 out in the purchase of estates at Old Button, Dent, and 
 Casterton. The living is in the patronage of the vicar 
 of the parish, and is now worth about £85 a year. 
 
 Incujtbents. — W'm. Sedgwick ; E. GorrcU ; J. Eowlandson. 
 
 The school, which stands near the chapel, was erected 
 in 1839, at the sole expense of the late Mr. AVilson, 
 who also contributed £'20 a year to the master's salary, 
 a payment which is stiU continued by his son. 
 
 cinniTY. 
 James Moore's Gift. — The only charity in this town- 
 ship is five shillings a year, left by James Moore, for 
 the poor of the township. 
 
 MIDDLETOX CHAPELRY. 
 
 This chapelry is bounded on the north and north-west by the river Rother, which divides it from Yorkshire, on the 
 ■west by the Lune, ou the south by the township of Baiboii, and on the east by Yorkshire. It contains a number of 
 detached houses, and the small hamlet of Middleton Head, seven miles north-by-east of Kirkby Lonsdale, and three 
 and a half miles south-west of Sedbergli. 
 
 The area of Middleton is 7,503 acres; its rateable 
 value £3,507. The population in 1801 was 303; in 
 1811, 293; in 1821, 322; in 1831, 280; in 1811, 
 275; and in 1851,275; who are principally engaged 
 in agriculture. On the west side of Middleton Hall a 
 small tumulus is visible; there is another in a field on 
 the east side, and a large one at a place called Fellsidc, 
 near where the old Roman road passes through the 
 township. 
 
 The manor of Middleton is part of the ancient barony 
 of Kendal, and seems to have been given, with divers 
 other possessions, by Ketel, third baron of Kendal, to 
 his son Orme, father of Gospatric. Orme subsequently 
 exchanged this manor with his cousin, William do 
 Lancaster, for the manors of Workington and Lam- 
 plugh, ill C^umberland, reserving to himself and his 
 heirs, the homage of Middleton, and a quit-rent of Od. 
 yearly, or a pair of gilt spurs. Middleton was subse- 
 quently granted to the Prestons, who, in their turn, 
 sub-granted it to others, amongst whom the Kcnnet 
 family occurs. Whether this family of Kennct after- 
 wards assumed the name of Middleton or not, we are 
 not informed, but shortly afterwards wc find the Mid- 
 dletons holding the manor, and it continued in their 
 possession for no less than ton generations, and then 
 ended in two daughters. In the reign of James I. 
 John Middleton, Esq., enfranchised tho tenants, so 
 that tho manor is now held under the Earl of Lonsdale, 
 as lessee of the crown, by the payment of a small quit- 
 rent. Tho landowners arc William I\Ioorc, Esq.; Mrs. 
 Upton ; Joseph Gibson, Esq. ; Thomas Fawcctt, Esq.; 
 Lady lo Fleming ; Messrs. Gibson and Jcukinson, and 
 others. Middleton Hull, tho ancient manor-house, and 
 a building of grout strength, now served as a farmstead. 
 
 Grimeshill, the residence and property of William 
 Moore, Esq., stands in a pleasant situation, on the 
 eastern bank of the Lune, and commands beautiful 
 views of tho vale and surrounding country. 
 
 Jlloort of CHtmcsbill. 
 
 The family is derived from 
 
 William Moore, Esq., of Grimesliill, J.P., and D.L., colonel 
 of the Westmoreland Militia, born October 1st, 1704, son of 
 John Moore, Ksq., of Grimeshill, J. P., colonel of the Westmore- 
 land Militia, by Anne, bis wife, daughter of William Dickenson, 
 Esq., of Arelioline ; was grandson of tiilcs Moore, Esq., D.L., 
 (the son of .luhn Moore, of Grimeshill, who died 1701) by Mary, 
 his wife, second daughter and co heir of JuiiN' MinDLEToN, Esq., 
 the last male descendant of the jrimn.ETONs of MiddletoK 
 Hall. He married June 10th, 1770, Mary, daughter of 
 William Palmer, Esq., of Whitehaven, and by her, who died 
 June .'hd, 1811, left (with other issue, all of whom died without 
 issue) a son and heir, 
 
 John, lieut.-nolonpl of the Westmoreland Local ^[ilitia, bora 
 I'ebrunry lOili, 17sl ; inorriLil, November Htb, I'-d", Eliza, 
 duiipbier of liirlmrd Uiithuriie. F.sq., of Kirkby Lonsdale, 
 anil died during ilic lireiiiue of his father, leaving issue, 
 
 1. William, siicrcssor to his grandfather. 
 
 1. Mary, ninrried, September .'Jth, 18M, the Rev. William 
 
 Lister Iminc, of I'irtou and Croome, Worcestershire, 
 
 and has issue. 
 
 Colonel Mooro died January 2and, 1833, aged 77, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his grandson, 
 
 William Moore, Esq., of Grimeshill, J. P., born Jlny intli, 
 1809; married. May 9th, 1833, Elizabeth, second daughter of 
 Thomas Fawcett, Esq., ot Oato House, Dent, Yorkshire, and had 
 issue, 
 
 I. William MinnLExoN, bom May lOlh, 1K11, caplnin Otii 
 
 Koynl Lniion^birc .Mililiii, lute liciitenaut Iftlh loot. 
 II John Ilelililetbwiiile, born Jidy illi, IKW, lieutenant 
 
 H.E.LC.S., .Mailraa. 
 ui. Thnniim (ieorge Cams, an ofiicer in the armv, born August 
 Oth, IHHS. 
 
 I. Eliza Mar}- Charlotte.
 
 896 
 
 LONSDALE "WARD. 
 
 Mr. Moore served the ofiSce of high-sherifif of the couDty in 1859. 
 
 Arms. — Qaartcrly : 6rst and fourth, or, on a clicv. pcnn, beneath 
 three Moors' heads in profile, coupt-d at the neck, ppr., wreathed 
 about tlie temples, arg. and sa., a pheon of the tield, for Moore ; 
 second and third, gii., a fesse, between tliree mullets in chief, and as 
 many crosses crosslct in base, arg., for Cragg. 
 
 Crest. — A swan, wings elevated, arg., charged on the breast with a 
 pheon, sa., in front of bulrushes, ppr. 
 
 lIuUo. — Aaimum rege. 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 Middleton chapel, dedicated to the Holy Ghost, was 
 rehuilt in 1813, on the site of a previous chapel, which 
 was erected in 1031, on a piece of land given for that 
 purpose by Dr. Bainbridge, who also gave forty shillings 
 towards its erection, a considerable sum in those days. 
 In 1635 it was consecrated, in 1671 made parochial, 
 and in 1712 the burial ground was enlarged by land 
 given by Giles Moore, Esq. The present edifice is a 
 plain unpretending structure, capable of accommodating 
 about 120 persons. A mural tablet commemorates 
 Anne, wife of John Moore, Esq., of Grimeshill, who 
 died in 177'2. The curacy is in the gift of the vicar of 
 Kirkby Lonsdale. It is endowed with two small estates 
 in Middleton, and one in Garside, purchased with £106 
 ancient chapel stock ; £600 of Queen Anne's Bounty, 
 given in 1750, 1756, and 1791 ; £100 left by Dr. 
 Stratford, in 1756; £100 left by Mrs. Pyncombe ; and 
 £100 given by a late curate; and is now worth £116 
 per annum. 
 
 Incuubents. — William Garnett, 1T24; John Knipe, 1784; 
 John A. Addison, 1838 ; J. H. Abbott, 1840. 
 
 A new parsonage is now (1859) in course of erection. 
 
 CHAHITIES. 
 
 The School. — There is a school near the chapel, which 
 possesses an endowment of £8 a year, arising from one- 
 third of the interest of £60 given by John Moore ; the 
 interest of £10 given by Giles Moore, of Berwens, in 
 1762 ; and the interest of £11 secured upon the tolls of 
 the Scdbergh turnpike road. 
 
 John Moore's Charity. — John Moore, of Grimeshill, 
 nearly two centuries ago, gave £60, the interest of 
 which he directed should be divided yearly at Christ- 
 mas and Easter, between the curate, schoolmaster, and 
 poor of Middleton. 
 
 Bainbridge s Gift. — John Bainbridge gave £10, the 
 interest to be yearly applied to buy Bibles and Com- 
 mon Prayer Books to bo given to the poor children of 
 this chapelry. 
 
 Baylies Gift. — John Baylie, in 1712, left a field in 
 Middleton, called Long Barrows, to the poor of Mid- 
 dleton, and directed that the rent should be divided at 
 Christmas and Easter. 
 
 Jeffery Ildudeii's Gift. — Jeffery Hawden, in 1721, 
 gave £10, the interest thereof to be given yearly to 
 poor widows of the township. 
 
 Poors' Land. — This is a part of the field called 
 Carradice Field, or Xicliol Field ; the rent has always 
 been applied to the poor. 
 
 Jolm Handen's Gift. — John Hawden, brother of 
 Jeffery Hawden, in 1747, gave £10, the interest to be 
 distributed to the poor on Good Friday, in bread. 
 
 Marr/aret Hawden s Gift. — M&garet Hawden, widow 
 of John Hawden, gave £10, the interest to be laid out 
 about Whitsuntide in clothes for some poor children of 
 the township, who should be most in need. 
 
 Giles Moore's Gift. — Giles Moore, of Borwens, in 
 1762, gave £20, the interest of which he directed 
 should be distributed yearly to poor householders. He 
 also gave £10, the interest to be applied towards placing 
 poor children of Middleton apprentices. 
 
 Besides Grimeshill and ]\liddleton Plall, this town- 
 ship comprises Hawkin Htill, built by Dr. Buinljridge 
 in the reign of Charles I.; Beckside, in which was 
 born Sir John Otway ; and Abbey, a building belonging 
 to Cockersand Abbey. These are now farm-houses. 
 
 makchesieb: pbinted by GALT, KEREUISH, & KIRBY, 28 new caknon stbeet.
 
 INDEX OF PLACES. 
 
 Pago 
 
 Aballba 2, 5. 
 
 Abbey Fid.I 672. 
 
 Abbey Ton-n 230. 
 
 Ackenthwaite H:il. 
 
 Ad'lin^'liam 000. 
 
 Aslionby 188. 
 
 Aikbank 281. 
 
 Aikpsgate 55*^. 
 
 Aikbeail 2S0. 
 
 Aiktnn ^^.)H. 
 
 Aiiislabb; 504. 
 
 /.Iilinj,'liam 44. 
 
 Aliona ''<, r>. 
 
 AUerby 208. 
 
 ALI.EnDAI.E - ABOVE - DeR. 
 
 WENT Ward 370. 
 
 AlXEIlDAI.E - BELOW - DeII- 
 
 WF.ST Ward IBR. 
 
 AUhallows 202. 
 
 Allonby 210. 
 
 Alone 2, 3. 
 
 Al.slnn 
 
 Alston Town Mn. 
 
 Ambleside 877. 
 
 Amblesi.le-aboveStock . . 824. 
 
 Amboplnnna 118!). 
 
 Annaside 409. 
 
 Anthorn IM. 
 
 Apiatorium HMO. 
 
 Apiilebv ' 71.'). 
 
 Appl.tl'iK-nitp .130. 
 
 Appletbwiiitf 870. 
 
 Arn, or Aira b'l. 
 
 Arbeift - • 
 
 Arkleby 3n.',. 
 
 Arlecdon 370. 
 
 Armalbwiiiie .')04. 
 
 Armalliwaito !>'>>*. 
 
 Arlhur.'t ''J.'". 
 
 Asby New 378. 
 
 Asbv Windervvntb 724. 
 
 Aslibv Coftlsforlb 72(1. 
 
 Asbbv, Little 727. 
 
 Ask.rton 088. 
 
 AKkliiim 774. 
 
 Aspntrift 203. 
 
 AuRill Row 73(1. 
 
 Audberlreo 9112. 
 
 AuMlliwttilo 407. 
 
 Axuludunum 3, A. 
 
 Page 
 
 Baggery 203. 
 
 Bailey 045. 
 
 Baldwin Holme 176. 
 
 Bamboroiigh 12. 
 
 Bamplon 776. 
 
 Bampton, Little 174. 
 
 Bampton, Great 173. 
 
 Banna 3. 
 
 Barbnn 800. 
 
 liarelose 602. 
 
 liarnscar 404. 
 
 Barrow 48. 
 
 Barrock 500. 
 
 Barton 778. 
 
 Barton Church 770. 
 
 Barugh 281. 
 
 Bascadyke 508. 
 
 Bassonthwuito 283. 
 
 Bah'Ie 104. 
 
 Beathwaite Green 835. 
 
 Beaumont 148. 
 
 Beckermet 7, 8. 
 
 Beckermet, St. Bridget . . 458. 
 
 Beckeniet, St. John 462. 
 
 Bei-kfoot, High and Low.. 800. 
 
 Beokfoot 236. 
 
 Beckfoot 859. 
 
 Beckside 803. 
 
 lieckside 807. 
 
 Bei-kside 768. 
 
 Beckhouso 312. 
 
 Bees, St 425. 
 
 Bellbank 046. 
 
 Bellbnnk 604. 
 
 Berwiek-on Tweed 18,00. 
 
 Berrier and Murrali .... 044. 
 
 Belbam 810. 
 
 Bowcnstle 620. 
 
 Bewaldetb and Suittb^garlh, 256. 
 Biglands and Gamblesbv.. 201. 
 
 Birdoswnld 2," 3, 682. 
 
 BirdoswnM flSO. 
 
 Biikbcck Fells 70fi. 
 
 Birkl.y 318. 
 
 Birkl.y 404. 
 
 Birker and Aiislhwaite . . 407 
 
 Birks 772. 
 
 Birkberk Fells 703. 
 
 Blnekbnll 03, 04. 
 
 BInekwell, Iliuh 185. 
 
 Blaokwall, Low 186. 
 
 Page 
 
 Black Dyke 243. 
 
 Blaithwaite (Hi^h & Low) 281. 
 
 Bleatarn 771. 
 
 Blencarn 566. 
 
 lilencogo 214. 
 
 Blencow, Great 528. 
 
 Blencow, Little 545. 
 
 Blennerliasset & Kirkland 257. 
 
 I'.lindbothel 297. 
 
 Blinderake, Isell, and Red- 
 main 362. 
 
 Blittcrlees 243. 
 
 Bolton 200. 
 
 Bolton 300. 
 
 Bolton 804. 
 
 Bolton Gate 200. 
 
 Bolton Highside 200. 
 
 Bolton High 301. 
 
 Bolton Lowsido 210. 
 
 Bolton Low 301. 
 
 Bongate 721. 
 
 BooTLE Waiii) 484. 
 
 Bootlo 485. 
 
 Boot 436. 
 
 Boredale 784. 
 
 Boroughbridgo 88. 
 
 Borrans 806. 
 
 Borrowdale 348. 
 
 Borrowdalo 706. 
 
 Borrowdalo 348. 
 
 Botchergato 143. 
 
 Botcberby 180. 
 
 Bothel and Threapland . . 257. 
 
 Bouslield 764. 
 
 Bowerbank 770. 
 
 Bowerdale 708. 
 
 Bowstead Hill 1.56. 
 
 Bowscale 517. 
 
 Bowes 220. 
 
 newness 140. 
 
 Bowness 875. 
 
 Bow 176. 
 
 Brackenlhwaito 072. 
 
 Bradley 585. 
 
 Bradley Field 873. 
 
 Brampton 757. 
 
 Brampton 647. 
 
 Braylon 206. 
 
 Brnokentbwftite 313. 
 
 Draithwaite 144. 
 
 Braithwaite Little 351. 
 
 Page 
 
 Branthwaite 224. 
 
 Branthwaite 353. 
 
 Breckonhill C27. 
 
 Bremetonacfe (Overborougli) 2. 
 
 Bremetenracum 3, 5. 
 
 Brelberdale 704. 
 
 Bridekirk 285. 
 
 Bridge End 867. 
 
 Bridge Row 835, 
 
 Brierthwaite, orTarnhouse, 
 
 Forest C70. 
 
 Brigham 295. 
 
 Brigsteer 835. 
 
 Brisco 186. 
 
 Broadgate 409. 
 
 Brough 728. 
 
 Brough Sowerby 733. 
 
 Brough Hill 771. 
 
 Brougham 784. 
 
 Brougbton, Great 286. 
 
 Broughton, Little 287. 
 
 Brown Top 250. 
 
 Brownrigg 224. 
 
 Brovonacii' 2, 3. 
 
 Brocklebank 267. 
 
 Brockenthwaite 268. 
 
 Brocavium 2, 784. 
 
 Bromlield 210. 
 
 Brough Head 153. 
 
 Brougbton 56. 
 
 Brownelson l(Jl. 
 
 Brunstock 158. 
 
 Brundholme ;)28. 
 
 Buekbowbank 161. 
 
 Burgh-upon-Sauds 152. 
 
 Burntb\vRite,High A- Low, 185. 
 
 Burnesido 871. 
 
 Burrow Crail, or Barwick 
 
 Rails 407. 
 
 Burrell Green 622. 
 
 Burrells 720. 
 
 Burton 772. 
 
 Burtonin- Kendal 882. 
 
 Burtholme 685. 
 
 Bustnbeck Bound 520. 
 
 Bnttemiere nil. 
 
 Butterwick 773. 
 
 Calder 405. 
 
 Calder Bridge 458. 
 
 Caldbeck 231.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Cal.lbeck, High 224. 
 
 Caldbeck, Low 221. 
 
 Calthwiute SCO. 
 
 Caldbeck Haltcliff 224. 
 
 Caldecote 1-14. 
 
 Calgarlli bVti. 
 
 Calvo 243. 
 
 Caldewgale 145. 
 
 Cambeck Fort 2, 6!)o. 
 
 Camerton !i 1 5. 
 
 Capella,Johnde(iMauorof) 159. 
 
 Cargo 181. 
 
 Cardurnock 151. 
 
 CarlnUon C^O. 
 
 Cardew 102. 
 
 Caelisi.e — Historical, 83; 
 Calbedral, 98 ; Annajs of the 
 Bishops, 104 ; See of Carlisle, 
 114; Frinrs, 115; Ancient 
 EeUi;ioas Houses, 120 ; Pub- 
 lic Schools, 124 ; Keligious, 
 i-c, Societies, 125 ; Charitable 
 Instil HtioDS, 120; Public 
 Buildings, Ac, 12S ; Literary 
 and Scientific Institutions, 
 Newspapers, Ac, 130 ; Courts 
 of Law, 1:12 ; Banks, Markets, 
 Fairs, Ac, 132 ; Railways, 
 Gas, Water Works, <fec., 133 ; 
 Corporation, 134; Bridges, 
 133 ; Members of Parliament, 
 130; Poor law Union, 138; 
 Antiquities, 130; Charities, 
 141 ; Eminent Men, 141 ; 
 Amusements, 141 ; Customs, 
 Ac, 141. 
 
 Cardew Lees 162. 
 
 Cartmel 42. 
 
 Carletou 017. 
 
 Carleton 378. 
 
 Carleton ISO. 
 
 Carlatton 070. 
 
 Caithwaite, East 268. 
 
 Carthwaite, West 268. 
 
 Castlestead 22. 
 
 Castleton 3. 
 
 Castletoa 434. 
 
 Castle Carrock 071. 
 
 Castle Sowerhy 517. 
 
 Castlehead 47. 
 
 Casterton 881. 
 
 Castlerigg 339. 
 
 Castlethwaite 750. 
 
 Castle How 434. 
 
 Catlowdy ''83. 
 
 Catterlen 5*2 . 
 
 Causeway Head 243. 
 
 CeUeron 779. 
 
 Chapel 284. 
 
 Chapel Houses 807. 
 
 Chapel Sucken 40K. 
 
 Chester 95. 
 
 Christ Church, Carlisle, 
 perish of 143. 
 
 Churchhill 206. 
 
 Clawthorpe 884. 
 
 Clealarrow 877. 
 
 Clea Green 208. 
 
 " City," The 348. 
 
 Gleator 372. 
 
 Cliburn 789. 
 
 Page 
 
 Clifton, Great 479. 
 
 Clifton, Little 481. 
 
 Clifton 791. 
 
 Clifton, Great and Little. . 479. 
 
 Clotfocks 479. 
 
 Close Houses 758. 
 
 Coatflatt 705. 
 
 Coatgill 765. 
 
 Coalhill 195. 
 
 Cocciutn (Ribchester) 2. 
 
 Cockermouth 299. 
 
 Coledale, or Portinscale . . 350. 
 
 Coldbeck 708. 
 
 Colby 720. [ 
 
 Congavala 8,5. , 
 
 Corbv, Great 192. ] 
 
 Corby, Little 196,078. 
 
 Comey 487. 
 
 Coupland Beck 773. 
 
 Conlderton 432. 
 
 Cowper 230. 
 
 Cra<-s 2C8. 
 
 Cray 880. 
 
 Crackenthorpe 72 J. 
 
 CrogHn 52L 
 
 Croglin, Litlle 574. 
 
 Crookdake 21:3. 
 
 Cross Canontiv 317. 
 
 Crosby-upon-Eden 157. 
 
 Crosby 318. 
 
 Croft End 178. 
 
 Crofton 252. 
 
 Cross 178. 
 
 CrossfieUl 374. 
 
 Crosslacon 372. 
 
 Crosthwaite 328. 
 
 Crosthwaite, Great 339. 
 
 Crosthwaite and LUh 831. 
 
 Crossbank 768. 
 
 Crosscrake 836- 
 
 Crooklands 836. 
 
 Crook 858. 
 
 Crooked Holme 652. 
 
 Crosby Ravensworth .... 792. 
 
 Crosby Garret 737. 
 
 Culgaith 508. 
 
 Cummersdale 145. 
 
 Cumwhinton and Coathill 195. 
 
 Cumwbitton 673. 
 
 Cunirew 072. 
 
 Cnmdevock 162. 
 
 Cumberland Ward 83. 
 
 CnjiBEiiTAND — Situation, Boun- 
 daries, E.xteDt, Divisions, Ac, 
 57; Surface, 58; Rivers, 59; 
 Lakes, Tarns, A-o.,Cl: Road, 
 Turnpike Trusts, and Bridges, 
 CI; Railways, 63; Climate, 
 Soil, Agriculture, Ac., 66 ; 
 Government of the County, 
 &c., 07 ; County Constabulary, 
 70; Parliamentary Represen- 
 tation, 72 ; Trade, Commerce, 
 Ac ,74; Botany, 79; Charities, 
 82. 
 
 Dacre 523. 
 
 Dale 508. 
 
 Dalton .• 884. 
 
 DaUton, 159. 
 
 Deanscales 354. 
 
 Dean 352. 
 
 Page 
 
 Dearham 354 
 
 Deeplhwaite 831. 
 
 Denton, Nether 674. 
 
 Denton, Upper 075. 
 
 Df.uwent Wahd 283. 
 
 Derby 94. ; 
 
 Dillicar 859. ■ 
 
 Distington 376. 
 
 Docker 859. 
 
 Dockwray 551. 
 
 Dockray 2t:0. 
 
 Dovenby 287. 
 
 Doveng'ill 708. 
 
 Downhall 201. 
 
 Drawd^-kes 183. 
 
 Drigg 377. ' 
 
 Drumburgh 151. 
 
 Drunleaning 201. 
 
 Dryheck 720. < 
 
 Dufton 738. 
 
 Dundraw 215. 
 
 Dungeon GhvU Force .... 52. '■ 
 Dunmaile Raise. .39, 40, 51, .W. \ 
 
 Dumfries 87. 
 
 Durdar 165. 
 
 Dvkesfield 157. : 
 
 Eaglesfield 297. 
 
 Eaglesfield Abbey 144. 
 
 Eamont Bridge 617, 780. 
 
 Easby 651. 
 
 Easton, or Eston 627. 
 
 East Wabd 713. 
 
 EastwoodsiJe 268. 
 
 East Cote 243. 
 
 Easton 152. 
 
 Easedale 52. 
 
 Edenhall 532. 
 
 Egdale 803. 
 
 Egremont 378. 
 
 Ellenborough 2, 350. 
 
 Ellergill 760. 
 
 Elteiwater 825. 
 
 Embieton 311. 
 
 Endmoor 830. 
 
 Ennerdale 433. 
 
 Eskdai.e Ward 025. 
 
 Esk Meals 487. 
 
 Esk 19. 
 
 Eskdale 434. 
 
 Eskrigg 280. 
 
 Etterby 181. 
 
 Evening Hill 2.52. 
 
 Ewebank 809. 
 
 Falkirk 80. 
 
 Farlam 0'"5. 
 
 Faugh and Fenton 678. 
 
 Fawcett Forest 869. 
 
 Fellside 585. 
 
 Fellside 835. 
 
 Fil'side 
 
 Fellside 
 
 Fewsdale 
 
 Firbank 
 
 Fingland 
 
 Flat 
 
 Flimby 
 
 Floating Island 
 
 Floriston 
 
 Fleshes 
 
 Force Cottages 
 
 Foresterfold 
 
 Foulbridge 
 
 Foulshaw 
 
 Frisington, High and Low.. 
 
 893. 
 •i-ll. 
 784. 
 892. 
 152. 
 174. 
 358. 
 47. 
 178. 
 180. 
 835. 
 266. 
 148. 
 822. 
 371. 
 
 Page 
 
 Gabrosentum, or Tun- 
 
 nocelum 3, 5, 149. 
 
 Gaitsgill 766. 
 
 Galacum ,2. 
 
 Galava 2, .3. 
 
 Gale 578. 
 
 Gamblesby (see Biglands 
 
 and Gamblesby) 502. 
 
 Garistown 17S. 
 
 Garth Row 857. 
 
 Garrigill 515. 
 
 Galebeck 880. 
 
 Gatesgill 107. 
 
 Gatehouse Green 436. 
 
 Gateside 808. 
 
 Geltsdale Forest 071. 
 
 Giants' Caves 018. 
 
 Gilcru.'c 359. 
 
 Gilsland 690. 
 
 Gill| 102. 
 
 Gill 550. 
 
 Gilgarran 370. 
 
 Gilshaughlin 790. 
 
 Gilts 793. 
 
 Glanoventa 2, 3, 5. 
 
 Glannibanta . . . . , 5. 
 
 Glassonby 500. 
 
 Glasson 152. 
 
 Glencoin 39. 
 
 Goat 293. 
 
 Goose Green 886. 
 
 Gosforth 389. 
 
 Grange .349. 
 
 Grasmere 823. 
 
 Grayrigg 858. 
 
 Great Salkeld 020. 
 
 Great Corby and Warwick 
 Bridge 102. 
 
 Greta Mills and Briery 
 Cottages 352. 
 
 Green Row 243. 
 
 Grrenside 708. 
 
 Greenholnie 766. 
 
 Greenhead 809. 
 
 Greenrigg 224. 
 
 Green Trees 297. 
 
 Grejstoke 538. 
 
 Greysoutlien 298. 
 
 GrinsJale 108. 
 
 Gullom Holme 755. 
 
 Gutterby 499. 
 
 Hacklhorpe 799. 
 
 Hull 761. 
 
 Hall Foss 497. 
 
 Hall Thwiiitcs 400. 
 
 Hallbeck 89.3. 
 
 Hallbank Gate 077. 
 
 Hale 39a. 
 
 Hanging Land 750. 
 
 Hardendale 809. 
 
 Harrington 393. 
 
 Harrabv l87. 
 
 Harhy Brow 202. 
 
 Harker 178. 
 
 Hartrigg 249. 
 
 Hardrigg 19. 
 
 Har'sop 51. 
 
 Harlsop and Patterdale . . 781. 
 
 Hartley 740. 
 
 Haresceugh, or Harcscow 573. 
 
 Haverbrack 820. 
 
 Hawes 284. 
 
 Ha.vkesdale 162. 
 
 Havton and Melay 200. 
 
 Havton 077. 
 
 Heights 268.
 
 INPEX, 
 
 Page 
 
 Helsington KUU. 
 
 Helton 770. 
 
 Hensiugbaoi 437. 
 
 Henderby Iei7. 
 
 Heron SJ ke HH4. 
 
 Hesket-inthe-Forest O'iO. 
 
 Heskel Newmarket iii5. 
 
 Hesket 225. 
 
 Hesket, Upper and Nether 000. 
 
 Hesket, Hiph 050. 
 
 Hesket, Nether OOS. 
 
 Hethergill litjO. I 
 
 Heversliam 829. ' 
 
 Hewtliwaite )'J. 
 
 High Bij;gius 8"ia. 
 
 High Fold tjbO. i 
 
 High Street a, 40, 01. ' 
 
 High Crosby 158. 
 
 High Green (SSO. ! 
 
 High Head lUfi. 
 
 High Hill :i:i:). ; 
 
 High Scales 7(lfi. 
 
 Higher Scales 745. 
 
 Hilton 72:1. 
 
 Hilbeck 73:). 
 
 Hincaster >-:!:!. 
 
 Hoff 72(1. 
 
 Holborn Hill 407. 
 
 Holme and Holmescales. . 8s5. 
 
 Holme Low 23t. 
 
 Holme East Waver 236. 
 
 Holme St. Cuthberfs 230. 
 
 Holy Trinity, Carlisle, Ec- 
 clesiastical District 145. 
 
 Holme-Cultram 22n. 
 
 Holme Eden IIIU. 
 
 Holme Head US, 14(1. 
 
 Homrook 39H. 
 
 Holme Abbey . . • 229. 
 
 Hornby (i74. 
 
 Houghton 1^3. 
 
 Howrigg 21H. 
 
 Howrigg 2(iK. 
 
 Howbeck 225. 
 
 Howbound 018. 
 
 How H5«. 
 
 How Hill OlH. 
 
 Howgraves 7K4. 
 
 Howton 7h4. 
 
 Hadscales 224. 
 
 Hugill .sii2. 
 
 Huntingdon 13. 
 
 Hunsonby and Winskill . . 503. 
 
 Hiitton John 547. 
 
 Hntton Roof 54!'. 
 
 Hutton Soil 54!). 
 
 Hultoninthe-Fori'st .... 562. 
 Hutton Hoof b'J2. 
 
 Hckirk 266. 
 
 Ings K63. 
 
 Ireby 244. 
 
 Ireby, Low 244. 
 
 Ireby, High 245 
 
 Irming-Btreel 4. 
 
 Trton 3!I5. 
 
 Irthington 67lt. 
 
 Isoa (Carleou) 5. 
 
 Isell 362. 
 
 Isell Old Park 364. 
 
 Itonfield 5611. 
 
 Ivegill, or High Head .. 166. 
 
 .loUnby 050. 
 
 Kaber 745, 
 
 Kearlswick HH'.i 
 
 Keekle Low <37. 
 
 Page 
 
 Kelso 21. 
 
 Kelswick 216. 
 
 Kelton 401. 
 
 Kellelh 76.5. 
 
 Kendal b3-). 
 
 Keutmere H63. 
 
 Kenoal Babonit 811. 
 
 Kr.xDAL Wakd 816. 
 
 Keswick 330. 
 
 Killington 8113. 
 
 KilUngton Hull 897. 
 
 Kinnisidc 434. 
 
 Kingwater 688. 
 
 Iving's -Mealjiirn 802. 
 
 Kirby Lonsdale 887. 
 
 KirbyThore 752. 
 
 Kirkby Stephen 74 1 . 
 
 Kirksteads 171. 
 
 Kirk Cambeck 87. 
 
 Kirkoswald 570. 
 
 Kirk-Aiidrews-upon E-k. . 681. 
 Kirk-.\ndre\vs-upon-Eden. 170. 
 
 Kirbanipton 172. 
 
 Kiikbride 247. 
 
 Kirklinlon 683. 
 
 Kirkoswald 570. 
 
 Kingmoor IG!). 
 
 Kirkland 207. 
 
 Kirkland 402. 
 
 Kirklond 556. 
 
 Kirkland 856. 
 
 Kirkland and Bleucarn . . 566. 
 
 Kirkhouse 677. 
 
 Kirklanl 80. 
 
 Knipc (High and Low) .. 778. 
 Knock 707. 
 
 Lady Hall 409. 
 
 Lnniplugh 399. 
 
 Lamlirigg 860. 
 
 Lancaster 20, 95. 
 
 l.anercost 6K5. 
 
 l.angand's Head 248. 
 
 Langwathby 574. 
 
 Langrigg and Mealrigg . . 216. 
 
 Lavatra' 2. 
 
 Lawrence Holme 280. 
 
 Lealhes 201. 
 
 Legberlliwaiie 46. 
 
 Levington 105, 
 
 I.eviiis 111. 
 
 Liddell (Harony) TJ. 
 
 Lincoln II, 
 
 Lindcth 877. 
 
 l.indisfarce 6. 
 
 Linstock 1 82. 
 
 I.ingley Close Head 161. 
 
 Little Town 350. 
 
 Lodore (Fall of) •. . . 48. 
 
 London 101. 
 
 Long llurgh 106. 
 
 Longcrofl 151. 
 
 Lnnglunds 262. 
 
 Longrigg 174. 
 
 Lossi'Ai.r. Waki 882. 
 
 Lords Island 47. 
 
 Lorton 312. 
 
 Lorton, High and Low ... 313. 
 
 Low Uiggius 889. 
 
 Iaiw Ualstnn 144. 
 
 I .ow Crosby 10«. 
 
 Lowniill..'. 432. 
 
 LowDthwaito (High and 
 
 Low) 282. 
 
 Lowcsnater 367. 
 
 I.aillics 624. 
 
 ouby liU. 
 
 Page 
 
 Langton 722. 
 
 Langdale 765. 
 
 Langdale 824. 
 
 Laversdale C80. 
 
 Lazonby 075. 
 
 Leath Waed 000. 
 
 Leasgill 831. 
 
 Levens 833. 
 
 lycvirgton liarony <)>*3. 
 
 Lineside 627. 
 
 Lockholme 768. 
 
 Longmarton 756. 
 
 Longpark 692. 
 
 Longdates 508. 
 
 Long Sleddale 864. 
 
 Longtown 626. 
 
 Lowside Quarter 432. 
 
 Lowther 795. 
 
 Lowwood 223. 
 
 Luguballiuui 2,6. 
 
 Lund 402. 
 
 LuptOQ 689. 
 
 Magna (Carvoran) 3. 
 
 JIaiden Way 3. 
 
 Mais 3. 
 
 Miiley (see Langrigg and 
 
 Mallersiang 749, 
 
 ilancuiiiura (Manchester) 2. 
 
 -Man, Isle of 20. 
 
 Mansergh 894. 
 
 Marda'.e 809. 
 
 Martindale 783. 
 
 Maryport 319. 
 
 Marslon Moor 19, 00. 
 
 Market Gate .56-5. 
 
 Matson Grand 677. 
 
 MatterJale 550. 
 
 .^ratterdale End 051. 
 
 Maughanby 502. 
 
 JIaulds Meabiirn 794. 
 
 Mawbray, or Malbrey 236. 
 
 Ma ley). 
 
 Mealbank 806. 
 
 Meal House 202. 
 
 Mealrigg 216. 
 
 Measand 778. 
 
 Meathop and Upha 822. 
 
 .Melmerby 578. 
 
 -Melkinthorpe 799. 
 
 Miokkthwaite 254. 
 
 .Middloton 895. 
 
 Middleton Head 895. 
 
 Middleton 432. 
 
 Middle Quarter 6^2. 
 
 Middleton Place 488. 
 
 Middle Quarter U85. 
 
 Middlesliaw 867. 
 
 Middlesccugb and Uraith- 
 
 waite 144, 167. 
 
 Milburne 754. 
 
 .Milburne Grange 755. 
 
 Jlilnthorpe 831. 
 
 Milion 677. 
 
 .Millbcck 339. 
 
 Jlillness 886. 
 
 Millom Above 407. 
 
 .Millom 402. 
 
 Millom Below 406. 
 
 Moat 6H2. 
 
 .Mocki'rkin and Sosgill ... 367. 
 
 Mo«tliwaite 282. 
 
 .M>)Ol'llnUS0 157. 
 
 .Moor Knd 252. 
 
 .Moor Uow 216. 
 
 Moorlhwaito 674. 
 
 Mouk Force , i97. 
 
 Page 
 
 Monk Hill 148. 
 
 Monkhouse HiU 200. 
 
 Morland V99. 
 
 Moresby 418. 
 
 Morbium 2. 
 
 Mosdale, or Mosedale 810. 
 
 Mosedale 225. 
 
 Mosser 815. 
 
 Mosser, High 315. 
 
 Mosser, Low 315. 
 
 Motherbv and Gill 050. 
 
 MousgillRow 736. 
 
 Mumps Hall 675. 
 
 Muncaster, or Mulcaster. . 488. 
 
 Mnngrisdale 651. 
 
 Murrah 044. 
 
 Murton 402. 
 
 Murton (West) 723. 
 
 Murthwaite "68. 
 
 Musgrave, Great 758. 
 
 ilusgrave, Little 738. 
 
 Xatcbv 745. 
 
 Natlaiid 805. 
 
 Naworth 652. 
 
 Naworth 652. 
 
 Neutbead 517. 
 
 1 Nether 683. 
 
 Nether How 224. 
 
 Nethergravesbip 856. 
 
 Netherby 627, 
 
 Nether Graveship 856. 
 
 Nether Wnsdale 439. 
 
 Netherball 19. 
 
 Nethertown 452. 
 
 New Hutton 866. 
 
 Newlands 349. 
 
 Newton Arlosh 236. 
 
 New Mawbray 236. 
 
 Neville's Cross 17. 
 
 New Asbv 371. 
 
 New Sand.slield 148. 
 
 Newbiggin 495. 
 
 Newbigu'in 522. 
 
 Newbiggin 495. 
 
 Newton Reigoy 580. 
 
 Newbiggin 893. 
 
 Newbiggin 759. 
 
 Newby 681. 
 
 Newby 802. 
 
 Newbiggin 768. 
 
 Newtonn 681. 
 
 Newton Arlosh 11. 
 
 Newland 210. 
 
 Newlands 250. 
 
 Newtown, or Town End . . 499. 
 
 Newby 146. 
 
 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 12, 17, 19, 
 20, 21, 108. 
 
 Nichol Forest 688. 
 
 Nixons 648. 
 
 Nook 886. 
 
 I Nythsceugli-witb.Moortb- 
 
 , waito 678. 
 
 I Nostell 104. 
 
 j Nunclose 558. 
 
 Nunnery 605. 
 
 Oddendnlc 793. 
 
 Old Carlisle 206. 
 
 Old Hutton and Holme- 
 scales 867. 
 
 Old rourith 2. 
 
 Old Wall 681. 
 
 Old Scales 315. 
 
 Old Town 860. 
 
 Old Town 894-
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Olenacum aPU. 
 
 Ormatliwftite 339. 
 
 Ormside "Ul. 
 
 Ormesby 219. 
 
 Orton 702. 
 
 Orton 175. 
 
 Orion Little 170. 
 
 Orton Rigg 170. 
 
 Oughterby 174. 
 
 Oughterside and .illerby . . 208. 
 
 OuUon 280. 
 
 Ousbv 5S2. 
 
 Outhgill 750. 
 
 Pfcgnalaich 8. 
 
 Papcastle 293. 
 
 Pardshaw 354. 
 
 Parton and Micklethwaite . 25-1. 
 
 Parsonby 305. 
 
 Parkgate 281. 
 
 Parton, (see I'artoa and 
 
 Mucklethwaite) 422. 
 
 Patterdale 51. 
 
 Patterdale 781. 
 
 Patton 857. 
 
 Peathwath !)3. 
 
 Pelutho 23(i. 
 
 Pendragon Castle 11. 
 
 Penrith *596. 
 
 Penruddock 549. 
 
 Petrinna 2. 
 
 Petriana 095. 
 
 Petteril Crooks 500. 
 
 Ploughlands 174. 
 
 Plumpton Wall . . 2, 5, 11, 576. 
 
 Plumpton Head 017. 
 
 Plumbland 305. 
 
 Plumpton street 501. 
 
 Pooley Bridge 779. 
 
 Ponsonby 422. 
 
 Port Carlisle 151. 
 
 Preston Patrick 8*^0. 
 
 Preston 20. 
 
 Preston Quarter 432. 
 
 Priestwoodside 8. 
 
 Preston Richard 835. 
 
 Powbill 24S. 
 
 Powter How 351. 
 
 Eaisbeck 765. 
 
 Kamp's Holme 47. 
 
 Batten Row 185. 
 
 Eaughton and GatesgiU . . 107. 
 
 Eaugbton Head 521. 
 
 Eaughton Beck 315. 
 
 Eaveuglass 493. 
 
 Eavenstonedale 700. 
 
 Bawgreen 806. 
 
 Rayne 705. 
 
 Eeagill 795. 
 
 Eeathwaite 268. 
 
 Eeilmain 352. 
 
 Eedgill 767. 
 
 Red l>ial 268. 
 
 Redbill 178. 
 
 Beddings 21. 
 
 Eenwick 619. 
 
 Ribton 294. 
 
 Rickerby 182. 
 
 Eidpath 17. 
 
 Eiggendale 778. 
 
 Eigm.iden 894. 
 
 EocklifTe Cburchtown 178. 
 
 Eocklifife Castletown 177. 
 
 Bockliffe 170. 
 
 Eookby 745. 
 
 Kosthiraite ', 349. 
 
 Pago 
 
 Rose 103. 
 
 Rosgill 800. 
 
 RossetGliyll 52. 
 
 Rosley 20«!. 
 
 Uottington 432. 
 
 Rougbill 778. 
 
 Rounthwnite 707. 
 
 Row 5H5. 
 
 Rowrah 402. 
 
 Row Round 520. 
 
 Rowell 831. 
 
 Roxburghshire 3. 
 
 Ruckcroft 008. 
 
 Rutnpiiu (Richborough) .. 8. 
 
 Ruthwell 8. 
 
 Ruthwate 240. 
 
 Rydal and Loughrigg 825. 
 
 Salter and Eskatt 463. 
 
 Snlkeld, Little 503. 
 
 Salkeld, Great 020. 
 
 Salkeld Gate 577. 
 
 Salkeld Dyke 021. 
 
 Sandwith 432. 
 
 Sandwick 784. 
 
 Santon and Melthwaite .. 397. 
 
 Sandford 772. 
 
 Sawbridge 772. 
 
 Scale Houses 020. 
 
 Scales 549. 
 
 Scales 574. 
 
 Scales 554. 
 
 Scales 213. 
 
 Scaleby 091. 
 
 Scaleby Hill 092. 
 
 Scaleby West 092. 
 
 Scaleby East 002. 
 
 Scattergate 721. 
 
 Scalthwaite Rigg, Hay, and 
 
 Hutton-in-the-Hay 800. 
 
 Scarramanwick 674. 
 
 Scotby 190. 
 
 Scoggerbar 497. 
 
 Scuggate 683. 
 
 Scugger Houses 180. 
 
 Seaton 310. 
 
 Seaton 480. 
 
 Seascales and Newton .... 300. 
 
 Seathwaite 319. 
 
 Seatoller 319. 
 
 Seberghara, High Bound. . 248. 
 
 Sebergbara 248. 
 
 Sebergham, Low Bound . . 250. 
 
 Sebergh am Bridge 250. 
 
 Sedgwick 830. 
 
 Selside-with-Whitwell 80S. 
 
 Sella Field 401. 
 
 Setmuithy 310. 
 
 Snap 800. 
 
 Shalkfoot 162. 
 
 Shap Wells 794. 
 
 Shaddongatt' 144. 
 
 Shortgill 750. 
 
 Silloth 239. 
 
 Silecroft 400. 
 
 Sizergh 835. 
 
 Skelsmergh 857. 
 
 Skclton 622. 
 
 SleagiU 803. 
 
 Skirwith 567. 
 
 Smardale 746. 
 
 Smaithwaite 402. 
 
 Snitliegarth 250. 
 
 Sockbridge 779. 
 
 Solport 694. 
 
 Sosgill .367. 
 
 Soulby 1 630. 
 
 Pago 
 
 Siulby 751. 
 
 Soutberby iJound 521). 
 
 Southwaite 750. 
 
 Sowerby J5. 
 
 Spital Sloor 98. 
 
 St. liridgefs Bockermet .. 45S. 
 
 St. Bees 425. 
 
 St. Cuthbert, Carlisle, par- 
 ish of 142. 
 
 St. Helen's 317. 
 
 St. John Beckerniet 462. 
 
 St. John, Tale of 345. 
 
 St. John's, Casllerigg, and 
 Wythburn 340. 
 
 St. Mary, Carlisle, pari.sh of 143. 
 
 Sl Nicholas 93, 98. 
 
 Standing Stones 280. 
 
 Stanwix 179. 
 
 Stainbum 482. 
 
 Stanley Ghyll Force 55. 
 
 Stainton 182. 
 
 Stainton 530. 
 
 Stainton 836. 
 
 Stainmore 735. 
 
 Staffield 573. 
 
 Stapleton 093. 
 
 Staveley 800. 
 
 Stavelcy (Nether) 870. 
 
 Stennerskeugh (High and 
 Low) 768. 
 
 Stock Ghyll 52. 
 
 Stockdalewath Bound 520. 
 
 Stonethwaite 349. 
 
 Stoneraise 185. 
 
 Stoneraise 205. 
 
 Stone Knowle 092. 
 
 Strickland Ketel 872. 
 
 Strickland Roger 873. 
 
 Sunderland 304. 
 
 Swinesdale 225. 
 
 Swindale 800. 
 
 Strickland, Great 803. 
 
 Strickland, Little 805. 
 
 Stndholme 175. 
 
 Sunbiggin 765. 
 
 Swineside 409. 
 
 Talkin 678. 
 
 Tallantire 294. 
 
 Tarnrigg 280. 
 
 Tarnside 889. 
 
 Tarraby 182. 
 
 Tebay 705. 
 
 Temple Sowerby . . 755. 
 
 Thomas Close 505. 
 
 Thornthwaite 35 1 . 
 
 Thornby 201. 
 
 Thornthwaite 808. 
 
 Threlkeld 552. 
 
 Threnpland 257. 
 
 Thrimby 805. 
 
 Thurstonfield 157. 
 
 Thursby 251. 
 
 Thwaites 408. 
 
 Tod Hills 178. 
 
 Torpenhow and Whitrigg... 255. 
 
 Towcett 803. 
 
 Townhead 790. 
 
 Town End 681. 
 
 Town End ., 822. 
 
 Town End 880. 
 
 Town Head 8h0. 
 
 Triermnin 088. 
 
 Troutbeck 880. 
 
 Trough 094. 
 
 Tnnnocelura 5. 
 
 Tyne Head 010. 
 
 Pago 
 
 Ukmanby or Upmanby . . 202. 
 
 Uldale 259. 
 
 Ullock 351,353. 
 
 Ulphu Kirk 56,411. 
 
 Ulpba 410. 
 
 Ulvei-stone 52, 53. 
 
 Unerigg 350. 
 
 Underbarrow 873. 
 
 Undcrmillbeck 875. 
 
 Underskiddaw 328. 
 
 Unthank 101. 
 
 Unthank 503. 
 
 Unthank 624. 
 
 Tpperby 184. 
 
 Utterba'nk 110. 
 
 Vertera 12. 
 
 Vicar's Island 47. 
 
 Virosidum 35. 
 
 Voreda 2, 5, II. 
 
 Wabertliwaite 495. 
 
 Waitby 746. 
 
 Walby 159. 
 
 Walton 094. 
 
 Walton Low 095. 
 
 Wallsend 2. 
 
 Wampool 201. 
 
 Wardle 708. 
 
 Warwick 187. 
 
 Warwick Bridge 192, 196. 
 
 Warrington 20. 
 
 Warwick 21, 187. 
 
 WarneU 240, 250. 
 
 Warcop 709. 
 
 ^Varblebank 200. 
 
 Warthole 305. 
 
 Wasdale Head 435. 
 
 Wastdale 46. 
 
 Wastdnle 809. 
 
 Waterhead 089. 
 
 Watemiillock 554. 
 
 Watendlath 46, 48. 
 
 Watch-cross 2. 
 
 Wath 374. 
 
 Watling-street 3, 4. 
 
 Waverbridge 216. 
 
 Waverton 281. 
 
 Wayrigg 216. 
 
 Weasdale 708. 
 
 Wedholme Hill 280. 
 
 Weddicar 433. 
 
 Westmoreland — Situation, 
 Boundaries, Extent, Popula- 
 tion, Divisions, itc, 099; Sur- 
 face, 700 ; Rivers, Lakes, &c., 
 701; Roads, Turkpike Trusts, 
 and Bridges, 702 ; Climate, 
 Soil, and Agriculture, 704 ; 
 Government, i-c, 705 ; Parlia- 
 mentary Representation, 700 : 
 Trade, 707 ; Tenure of Land, 
 ic, 708. 
 
 WESTMORELASD(BaronyofJ 709. 
 
 West Ward 774. 
 
 West Newton 217. 
 
 West End 153. 
 
 West Hall 089. 
 
 Westlinton 085. 
 
 Westminster 105, 106. 
 
 Westffoodside 268.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Westward '-iO'i. 
 
 Wescoe 554. 
 
 ■VVellieral 188. 
 
 Wetheral 178. 
 
 Wetsleddalo 810. 
 
 Whale 7'J!). 
 
 Wharton 747. 
 
 Wharton 10. 
 
 Whitby Ca.stle 3. 
 
 Whiiifell S60. 
 
 Whitehaven 4-tO. 
 
 Wliittingham 104. 
 
 Whillimoor 373. 
 
 Whinnali 402. 
 
 Page 
 
 Whinnow ~5'). 
 
 Whichara 495. 
 
 Whinfcll 298. 
 
 Wniilbeck 497. 
 
 Whitrit;s 153. 
 
 Whitrigg 255. 
 
 Whitrigg Lees 201. 
 
 Wigton 272. 
 
 Wiggonby 201. 
 
 Wiggonby 175. 
 
 Wilton 39^!. 
 
 ■Windermere 2. 
 
 Winder 402. 
 
 Winder 780. 
 
 Page 
 
 Winder 402. 
 
 Winscales 483' 
 
 Winskill 503. 
 
 Winster 874. 
 
 Winderwatli 790. 
 
 Windermere 874. 
 
 Winton 748. 
 
 Witherslack 71)4. 
 
 Witherslac'k 821. 
 
 WoKerdale 772. 
 
 Woodside 7N9. 
 
 WooJbank 180. 
 
 Woodhouses 170. 
 
 Woodhouses 831. 
 
 Page 
 
 Woodriggs 9. 
 
 Woodside 92,268,281. 
 
 WooJrow 281. 
 
 Workington 463. 
 
 Workington 468. 
 
 Wotobank, or Wodowbank 403. 
 
 Wreay 146. 
 
 Wythbum 348. 
 
 Wjthop 314. 
 
 Yimwaih 780. 
 
 Yearn Gill, or Urn Gill . . 218. 
 York 12,15,17,19. 
 
 INDEX OF FAMILIES. 
 
 Page 
 
 Aglionby, of Nunnery 500. 
 
 Askew, of Glenridding 783. 
 
 Atkinson, of Kampsbeck and Morland BOO. 
 
 Harwis, of Langrigg Hall 817. 
 
 Blamire, of Thackwood and the Oaks 521. 
 
 Blcncowe, of Blencow 545. 
 
 Blenkinsop, of Kilbeck 733. 
 
 Boyvillc, lords of .Millom 401. 
 
 Braddyll family 100. 
 
 lirisco, of Crofton 253. 
 
 lirougliam family 780. 
 
 Browne, of Tallantire 2!)5. 
 
 Carleton, of Carlcton 501.' 
 
 Carlisle family OOs. 
 
 Christian, of Unerigg 357. 
 
 ClifVords 71(1. 
 
 Crackenthorpe, of Newbiggin 7.50. 
 
 Curwen, of Workington 407. 
 
 Dacre family 524. 
 
 Sacres, barons of Grcysloke 540. 
 
 Denton, of Warnell 240. 
 
 Derwcntwater family 339. 
 
 Dixon, of Knolls 183. 
 
 Dykes, of Dykcslicld, See 289. 
 
 Egremont, Lords of 381. 
 
 Fealherstonhaugh, of Kirkoswald. . . . 573. 
 
 Featheratonliaiigh, of Staflield 573. 
 
 Fenton, of Castlerigg 317. 
 
 Ferguson, of Marker Lodge 178. 
 
 I'leming, of Rvdal 826. 
 
 Fletcher, of Cfoa Hall 207. 
 
 Fletcher, of Corkermouth and Hutton 502. 
 
 Fletchers, of iMoresby 418. 
 
 P.ige 
 
 Gibson, of Whelprigg 801. 
 
 Gillbanks, of Whitelield 240. 
 
 Gilsland, Lords of 057. 
 
 Graham, of Kdmond Castle 078. 
 
 Graham, of Netherhy 028. 
 
 Greystoke, Lords of 539. 
 
 Harrison, of Winscales and Stainburn 482. 
 
 Hartley, of Gillfoot 380. 
 
 Hiisell, of Ualemain 520. 
 
 Helbeck, of Hilbeik 733. 
 
 Hodgson, of Houghton House 184. 
 
 Hopes, of lirnmpton Crofts 757. 
 
 Hornby, of Dalton Hall 884. 
 
 Hoskins, of Higham 311. 
 
 Howard, of Corby 101, 
 
 Howiinl, of Greystoke 541. 
 
 Hutton, of Hutton Hall 500. 
 
 Hndleston, of Hutlon .lolm 208. 
 
 Hudleston, lords of I^Iillom 404. 
 
 Hutton, of Overtbwaite 810. 
 
 Irton, of Irton 306. 
 
 Irwin, of Justustown and Caldcr Abbey 401. 
 
 James, of Barrock and West Auckland 501. 
 
 Kendal Barony, Lords of 811. 
 
 Lamplugb, of Tjimplugli 400. 
 
 Lawsons, of limy ton 2(16. 
 
 Lowfliwaite, of ijroadgatu 400. 
 
 Lowlher family 700. 
 
 Lulwidgc, of Uoliurook 308. 
 
 Moresby family 413. 
 
 Mounsey, of Cnsllolown 177. 
 
 Musgravc, of Uaytou 20". 
 
 Pago 
 
 Marshall, of Tatterdalo 782. 
 
 Marshall family 341. 
 
 Machell, of Crackenthorpe 722. 
 
 Moore, of Griinosbill 895. 
 
 Musgrave, of Musgrave, Hartley, and 
 EdenhoH 634. 
 
 Parker, of Tetteril Green 561. 
 
 Penningtons, of Muncaster 490. 
 
 Ponsonby, of Tonsonby and Hale . . 393. 
 PykcriugL's, of Jloresby 417. 
 
 Richmond, of Caltcrlcn 583. 
 
 Kohertson-Walker, of Gilgarran .... 370. 
 llolhery, of Littlethorpe >t, Greta Hall 345. 
 Koughsedge, of Foxghyll 829. 
 
 Salkeld family 202. 
 
 Salmond, of Wnierfoot 530. 
 
 Senhouse, of Nelher Hall 326. 
 
 Skelton, of .\rmath«aite 558. 
 
 Skelton, of I'apoastle 293. 
 
 Spedding, of Sninmcrgrove 438. 
 
 Stauloy, of Dalegarth and I'onsouby 423. 
 
 Stricklands, of Si.:orgh 801. 
 
 Tuftons 712. 
 
 Vane, fff Hutton Hall 503. 
 
 Vnnx, of Catterlen 582. 
 
 Ycteriponts 709. 
 
 Warwick, of Warwick 187. 
 
 Watson, of Calgarth Park 679. 
 
 Walls, of llawkcsdule 184. 
 
 Westmoreland Harony, Lords of 709. 
 
 Wliartons, of Wharlon 747. 
 
 Wilson, of DaUam Tower 820.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 
 
 Par/e 78. 
 CUMBERLAND IRON ORE AND COAL. 
 The following statistics of coal and iron ore produced 
 in and shipped from AVhitehaven and neighbouring 
 ports during the year 1858, are taken from the Mineral 
 Statistics of Great Britain and Ireland (just published), 
 by Robert Hunt, Esq., F.R.S., Keeper of Mining 
 Records, and printed by order of the lords commis- 
 sioners of Her Majesty's treasury : — 
 
 HEMiTITE irtOX MIXES, NEAE WHITEHAVEN", IK 1858. 
 
 Names of Jlines. Names of Owners. 
 
 Ague.!! Pit Fletclier, Miller, and Co. 
 
 Birks H. Attwood and Son. 
 
 Bigrigg Moor, ie . . . . S. and J. Lindow. 
 
 Bigrigg A.Hill. 
 
 Bigrigg AVilson, Peile, and Co. 
 
 Crowgarth A. Hill. 
 
 Cleator T. Ainsworth and Co. 
 
 Eskett P>. Barker. 
 
 Eskett D. and J. H. Robinson, 
 
 Barker, and W. Thobum. 
 Frisington Parks .... Do. do. 
 
 High House S. W. Smith and Co. 
 
 Jack Trees S. and J. Lindow. 
 
 Knockmurton Thomas Carmichael. 
 
 Langhorne Ijord Lonsdale. 
 
 Parkside* Fisher, Dees, Fletcher, and 
 
 Jlusgrave. 
 
 Todholes John Stirling, 
 
 Woodend H. Attwood and Son, 
 
 Salter Nicholson and Co. 
 
 Yatehouse Fletcher, Miller, and Co. 
 
 *96,107 tons of Hematite were produced from those mines. 
 
 HEMATITE IRON" DEE SENT FP.OM THE WHITEHATES DISTRICT 
 IN THE YEAB 1S58. 
 
 Quantity shipped atWhiteharen Tons. 
 
 and at Workington 207,2ri0 
 
 Quality sent from 'Whitehaveft ^. .xt' 
 
 out of the disUict 57,040 
 
 Quantity used at Iron Works at 
 
 Cleator Moor, Workington, i-c. C7,21S 
 
 £. s. 
 113,990 IC 
 
 31,37 
 
 
 
 80,986 8 
 
 Total of the Whitehaven district 331,544 182,3r)9 4 
 Alston Moor— Brown Hematite 3 7,094 1,129 2 
 
 348,638 183,478 G 
 
 THE QUANTITY OF COAL PRODUCED AND SHITrED IN 
 CUMB£BLAND TOK 1858. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Shipped from Maryport 31)0,229 
 
 Shipped from Workington 133,733 
 
 Shipped from Harrington 2,005 
 
 Shipped from Whitehaven 187,020 
 
 Total 622,987 
 
 Coals for land sent by Eailway — 
 
 Coals used at iron furnaces 78,450 
 
 Coals used at collieries and iron mines 3,700 
 
 Coals for local consumption at manufactories in 
 
 principal towns 215,000 
 
 Total produce for Cumberland . . 920,1 37 
 
 THE 
 
 DIS- 
 
 ROMAN REMAINS RECENTLY 
 COVERED AT CARLISLE. 
 
 In February of the present year, 1860, a large stone 
 was discovered while making the excavations for the 
 new premises for the Carlisle Journal, English-street, 
 Carlisle. The slab is of a large size, 5 feet 3 inches 
 long and a foot thick. Unfortunately the upper portion 
 is gone. The stone has suffered from that vengeance, 
 on the part of the Caledonians, on the occasion of a 
 successful onslaught, which so many of the relies of 
 Rome in these parts bear marks of. That part of the 
 inscription, which no doubt told of the occasion of its 
 being cut, is lost; but there can be little doubt that it 
 was to commemorate the erection of some building of 
 importance, probably a temple. The names of the chief 
 officials engaged in the work are also lost, with the 
 exception of the fragments of four letters. Notwith- 
 standing those ravages the stone is of great value, and 
 that part of the inscription that is left gives us informa- 
 tion which we did not possess before. 
 
 The inscription is thus read by Dr. Bruce : — 
 
 ltca[ncs] 
 peaef[ectus] alae avgvstae 
 
 PETBIKAE TOKQ[fATi; MlLLIAnUE CIVIUM BOMANOECM 
 
 'de dicaveeunt (or de dicavit]). 
 
 (This temple) was dedicated to , by Lucanus (?) 
 
 the Prefect of the Petriana Cavalry, sumamed the 
 Augustan, entitled to wear the torque, consistisg of a
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 thousand men, all Roman citizens. The notices which 
 we have previously had of the Ala Petriana have been 
 very scanty. Its name occurs on the Riveliug rescript, 
 along with other troops then in Britain, under the 
 charge of Aul us Platorious Nepos. This rescript belongs 
 to the eighth tribuneship of Hadrian, answering to 
 A.D. 191. In Camden's day a stone — which was lost 
 before Horsley's time — had an inscription, which has 
 been thus read by Horsley : — 
 
 OADVXO 
 VLp[nj9] TllAl[\>ICS] 
 
 eu[eiutvs] al[je] pet[rianj:] 
 
 MARIIVS 
 FiCIEXDUlI rBOCORAVIT. 
 
 Ulpius Trajanus Martius, a veteran of the Petriana 
 cavalry, caused this to be erected to (the memory of j 
 Gadunus. This stone was found at Old Penrith. Last 
 summer, a carving upon the side of an old limestone 
 quarry at Banksburn, near Lanercost, was discovered, 
 which also mentions the Ala Petriana. The inscription 
 may be read : — 
 
 l[UNins] DRTTVS 
 DEC[VRI0] AI,[.i:] I'ET[RIANJ!] 
 
 Junius Brutus, a decuriou (commander of ten men) 
 of the Petriana cavalry 
 
 Lastly, we have in the Notitia list, after the mention 
 of the Tribune of the first .lElian Cohort of Dacians at 
 Amboglanna, the following entry : — 
 
 Pa.KFECTUS ALE PETMAN.E PETRIANIS. 
 
 From this circumstance it has been inferred that 
 Walton House, the station ue.\t west from Amboglanna, 
 is the Petriana of the Notitia. Unfortunately we have 
 met with no stony record of the Ala Petriana at Walton 
 House, though we have three of the Second Cohort of 
 the Tungri, and one of the Fourth Cohort of the Gauls. 
 By comparing the stones found at the various stations 
 with the Notitia list, the names of the stations on the 
 Wall between Wallscnd and Birdoswahl have been 
 ascertained with certainty ; westward of ibis, all is in- 
 volved in comparative doubt. Had this stone been 
 found at Walton House it would have gone fur to con- 
 firm the reasonings of antiquaries that ibis was Petriana. 
 In all probability thi-; ala had not then taken up its 
 position upon the Wall. The Wall at the time this 
 slab was cut was probably only in the process of erection. 
 The letters are clearly cut and well formed ; no ligatures 
 are introduced ; even the letters composing the dip- 
 thongs are not tied together. The style of the lettering 
 indicates an early date, probably not later than tlio 
 Rivcling rescript in the time of Uadriuii. If, as seems 
 
 probable from the size and character of the slab, it was 
 attached to a building erected by the Prefect of the Ala, 
 we may infer that this body of troops were at this time 
 resident in Roman Carlisle. Had the inscription oc- 
 curred on au altar, it might have been made when they 
 were only restiug there for a brief space. This account 
 of the stone is abridged from a paper read by Dr. C. 
 Bruce before the Newcastle Society of Antiquaries. 
 Other antiquities have also been discovered, among 
 which are a most perfect specimen of a Pi,oman hand 
 lamp, and a small male figure, carved in white sandstone. 
 
 rar/e 172. 
 KIRKBAJIPTON PARISH. 
 Drainage: Great improvement has been effected by 
 draining. The ground is for the most part undulating, 
 and running horizontally along the slopes there are, 
 generally, between the superficial and vegetable earth 
 and the clay, at a greater or less depth below it, bands 
 of comparatively loose subsoil, alternating laterally with 
 dense bars impervious to moisture. These bars cause 
 the vegetable earth resting upon them to be more im- 
 pregnated with water than the vegetable earth resting 
 upon the looser subsoils, and the earlier attempts to drain 
 the soil here being made at a time when the different qua- 
 lities of subsoils were imperfectly understood, the drains 
 were made underneath what appeared the wettest parts 
 of the surface of the ground, viz., along the dense bars. 
 Such drains were of course of very little use. In or 
 about the year 1800, however, the late ilr. Thomas 
 Hodgson, of Kirkbampton, having accidentally carried 
 a drain up the ascent in one of his fields, and so cut 
 through ouo of such dense bars therein transversely, 
 observed that the drain so cut was much more effective 
 than the drains he had previously made in the then 
 usual manner, and he, and afterwards his neighbours, 
 acting upon his discovery, introduced tlie present more 
 effectual and more remunerative system of drainage, 
 which has so largely benefited the parish and neigh- 
 bourhood. 
 
 i The moiety spoken of in the account of the church 
 
 j (p. 173) is only a moiety of the tithes of one township, 
 I viz., Bampton Little. The rector has had a modus 
 j and now has rent charges for the other townships, of 
 which no one else had or has any portion. 
 
 KENDAL 
 In the list of mayors of Kendal at page 8-10, the 
 following are omitted :—lt)31, George Forest; 1835, 
 Joseph Swuiusou.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 The receipts and expenditure for the Kendal Poor- 
 kw Union for the year ending Lady iJay, 1859, were 
 
 as follow : — ■ , 
 
 \ - ' 
 
 Keceipts. — From poor rates, ^2,776 Ts. ; receipt/'in aitt of 
 poor rates, £1,030 4s.; total receipts, j£13,80e lis. 
 
 EsPENDiTUKE. — Connected wilh.Relief of the Poor : In main 
 tenance, X2,018 Is. ; out-relief, X5,1'21; maintenance oWimatict) 
 £2iS Is. ; salaries and rations of officers, £I,U5C lis. ; other ex- 
 penses of or immediately connected wi>h relief, .£786 ISs. ; total 
 relief to the poor, iC9,430 8s. — Unconnected with Relief to the 
 Poor : Costs of proceedings at law or in equity, £'iB^ 17s. ; pay-' 
 ments for or towards the county, hundred, or borough rate or 
 police rate, £2,308 4s. ; constables' fespenses, and cost of pro- 
 ceedings before justices, £136 12s. ; payments on account of the 
 registration act, viz., fees to clergyman and registrars, outlay for 
 register offices, book^, acd forms, £113 3s.; vaccination fees, 
 £63 16s. ; expenses allowed in respect of parliamentary or mu- 
 nicipal registration, and cost of jury lists, £57 18s. PaHbj Con- 
 
 nected and partly Unconnected with Relief to the Poor : Jloney 
 expended for all other purposes, £930 l-.2s. ; total expenditure, 
 £18,384 10s. • 
 
 . . ( 
 
 Page 370. — The sale' of the estates 'at Frisington, 
 belonging to the late Baroness de Sternberg, has taken 
 place at Whitehaven. The Frisington Parks estate 
 , was bought for £9,120, by Mr. S. Lindow, of Cleator ; 
 and the Birks estate was purchased by Mr. J. Bi.xon, ■ 
 of Hheda, the price being ±'8,200. 
 
 Page lO, "2nd column, lines 26 and 27, /or "Con- 
 ventional," read " Conventual." 
 
 Page 12, Une~5th from bottom, for " 1153," read 
 "1135," 
 
 Page IT, line 19, for "Haworth," read "Naworth." 
 
 f 
 Page 580, for " ],971 acres," rjead " 971 acres."
 
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