WITH COMPLIMENTS OK A.. Pacific^Coast Agent for Ivison, Blakegaan, Taylor & Co ADDRESS CARE OF CUNNINGHA 327, 329 , John 3v, r ett -* pi TEXT-BOOK OF WESTERN BOTANY, CONSISTING OF COULTER'S MANUAL OF THE BOTANY OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, TO WHICH IS PREFIXED GRAY'S LESSONS IN BOTANY. FOB THB USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES BETWEEN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY : NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. 1885. Copyriqht, 1885, BY IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY EDUCATION DEPT. PUBLISHEES' NOTE. THE issue of Professor COULTER'S Botany of the Kocky Mountains, and of the Great Plains between them and the Mississippi Valley, now for the first time brings this great and increasingly populous district, from Dakota and Montana to New Mexico, within the pale of botanical instruction. To meet the wants of the institutions of learning, as well as of private students, throughout this vast region of sur- passing botanical interest, the publishers have combined into one volume this Eocky Mountain Flora with Gray's Lessons in Botany, as its appropriate introduction, grammar, and lexicon. 541831 GRAY'S LESSONS IN BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY, ILLUSTRATED BY OVER 360 WOOD ENGRAVINGS, FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS, BY ISAAC SPRAGUB. TO WHICH IS ADDED A COPIOUS GLOSSARY, OK DICTIONARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS, BY ASA GKAY, FISHER PROFESSOR OP NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR & CO., NEW YORK AND CHICAGO Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857. by GEORGE E. PUTNAM & M. . the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New Yod> Entered according to Act of Congress, in tie /ear 1868, bv ASA ll AY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Massacnvwette. PREFACE. THIS book is intended for the use of beginners, and for classes in the common and higher schools, in which the elements of Botany, one of the most generally interesting of the Natural Sciences, surely ought to be taught, and to be taught correctly, as far as the instruction proceeds. While these Lessons are made as plain and simple as they well can be, all the subjects treated of have been carried far enough to make the book a genuine Grammar of Botany and Vegetable Physiology, and a sufficient introduction to those works in which the plants of a country especially of our own are described. Accordingly, as respects the principles of Botany (including Vege- table Physiology), this work is complete in itself, as a school-book for younger classes, and even for the students of our higher seminaries. For it comprises a pretty full account of the structure, organs, growth, and reproduction of plants, and of their important uses in the scheme of creation, subjects which certainly ought to be as generally understood by all educated people as the elements of Natural Philosophy or Astron- omy are ; and which are quite as easy to be learned. The book is also intended to serve as an introduction to the author's Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States (or to any similar work describing the plants of other districts), and to be to it what ,1 grammar and a dictionary are to a Classical author. It consequentlv co tains many terms and details which there is no necessity for young stu- dents perfectly to understand in the first instance, and still less to commit to memory, but which they will need to refer to as occasions arise, when they come to analyze flowers, and ascertain the names of our wild plants. To make the book complete in this respect, a full Glossary, or Diction- ary of Term* used in describing Plants, is added to the volume. This con- tains very many words which are not used in the Manual of Bo! any ; but as they occur in common botanical works, it was thought best to in- troduce and explain them. All the words in the Glossary which seemed to require it are accented. IV PREFACE. It is by no means indispensable for students to go through the volume before commencing with the analysis of plants. When the proper season for botanizing arrives, and when the first twelve Lessons have been gone over, they may take up Lesson XXVIII. and the following ones, and pro- ceed to study the various wild plants they find in blossom, in the manner illustrated in Lesson XXX., &c., referring to the Glossary, and thence to the pages of the Lessons, as directed, for explanations of the various distinctions and terms they meet with. Their first essays will necessarily be rather tedious, if not difficult; but each successful attempt smooths the way for the next, and soon these technical terms and distinctions will become nearly as familiar as those of ordinary language. Students who, having mastered this elementary work, wish to extend their acquaintance with Vegetable Anatomy and Physiology, and to con- sider higher questions about the structure and classification of plants, will be prepared to take up the author's Botanical Text-Book, an Introduction to Structural Botany, or other more detailed treatises. No care and expense have been spared upon the illustrations of this volume; which, with one or two exceptions, are all original. They were drawn from nature by Mr. Sprague, the most accurate of living botanical artists, and have been as freely introduced as the size to which it was needful to restrict the volume would warrant. To append a set of questions to the foot of each pa^e, although not un- usual in school-books, seems like a reflection upon the competency or the faithfulness of teachers, who surely ought to have mastered the lesson be- fore they undertake to teach it; nor ought facilities to be afforded for teaching, any more than learning, lessons by rote. A full analysis of the contents of the Lessons, however, is very convenient and advantageous. Such an Analysis is here given, in place of the ordinary table of con- tents. This will direct the teacher and the learner at once to the leading ideas and important points of each Lesson, and serve as a basis to ground proper questions on, if such should be needed. ASA GRAY HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, January 1, 1857. *** Revised August, 1868, and alterations made adapting it to the new edition of Manual, and to Field, Forest, and Garden Botany, to which this work is the propei introduction and companion. A. G. ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS.* WESSON I. BOTANY AS A BRANCH OF NATURAL HISTORY. . . p. 1 1. Natural History, its subjects. 2. The Inorganic or Mineral Kingdom, what it is : why culled Inorganic. 3. The Organic world, or the world of Or- ganized beings, why so called, and what its peculiarities. 4. What kingdoms it comprises. 5, 6. Differences between plants and animals. 7. The use of plants : how vegetables are nourished ; and how animals. 8. Botany, how denned. 9. Physiology, and Physiological Botany, what /icy relate to. 10. Systematic Botany, what it relates to : a Flora, what it is 11. Geographical Botany, Fossil Botany, &c., what they relate to. LESSON II. THE GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. p. 4. 12. The Course of Vegetation : general questions proposed. 13. Plants formed on one general plan. 14. The Germinating Plantlet : 15. exists in miniature in the seed: 16. The Embryo; its parts: 17, 18. how it develops. 19. Opposite growth of Root and Stem : 20. its object or results : 21, 22. the different way each grows. LESSON III. GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED; continued, p. 9. 23. Recapitulation : Ascending and Descending Axis. 24, 25. The Germi- nating Plantlet, how nourished. 26. Deposit of food in the embryo, illustrated in the Squash, &c. : 27. in the Almond, Apple-seed, Beech, &c. : 28. in the Bsan : 29. in the Pea, Oak, and Buckeye : peculiarity of these last. 30, 31. Deposit of food outside of the embryo : Albumen of the seed : various shapes of embryo. 32, 33. Kinds of embryo as to the number of Cotyledons : di- cotyledonous : monocotyledonous : polycotyledonous. 34, 35. Plan of vegeta- tion. 36. Simple-stemmed vegetation illustrated. LESSON IV. THE GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS AND BRANCHES, p. 20. 37, 38. Branching : difference in this respect between roots and stems. 39. Buds, what they are, and where situated : 40. how they grow, and what they become. 41. Plants as to size and duration : herb, annual, biennial, perennial: shrub : tree. 42. Terminal Bud. 43. Axillary Buds. 44. Scaly Buds. 45. Naked Buds. 46. Vigor of vegetation from buds illustrated. 47-49. Plan and arrangement of Branches : opposite : alternate. 50. Symmetry of Branches, * The numbers in the analysis refer to th paragraphs. * Vi ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. what it depends on: 51. how It becomes incomplete: 51-59. how varied. 53 Definite growth. 54. Indefinite growth. 55. Deliquescent or dissolving stems, how formed. 56. Excurrent stems of spire-shaped trees, how produced. 57. Latent Buds. 58. Adventitious Buds. 59. Accessory or supernumerary- Buds. 60. Sorts of Buds recaoitulated and defined. LESSON V. MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS p. 28. 61 -64. Morphology; what the term means, and how applied in Botany. 65.' Primary Root, simple; and, 66. multiple. 67. Rootlets; how roots absorb; time for transplantation, &c. 68. Great amount of surface which a plant spreads out, in the air and in the soil ; reduced in winter, increased in spring. 69. Absorbing surface of roots increased by the root-hairs. 70 Fibrous roots for absorption. 71. Thickened or fleshy roots as storehouse of food. 72, 73. Their principal forms. 74. Biennial roots ; their economy. 75. Perennial thickened roots. 76. Potatoes, &c. are not roots. 77. Secondary Roots, their economy. 78. Sometimes striking in open air, when they arc, 79 Aerial Roots ; illustrated In Indian Corn, Mangrove, Screw Pine, Banyan, c. 80. Aerial Rootlets of Ivy. 81. Epiphytes or Air-Plants, illustrated. 82. Parasitic Plants, illustrated by the Mistletoe, Dodder, &c. LESSON VI. MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. ... p. 36. 83 - 85. Forms of stems and branches above ground. 86 Their direction or habit of growth. 87. Culm, Caudex, &c. 88. Suckers : propagation of plants by division. 89. Stolons : propagation by layering or laying. 90. Offsets. 91. Runners. 92. Tendrils; how plants climb by them : their disk-like tips in the Virginia Creeper. 93. Tendrils are sometimes forms of leaves. 94. Spines or Thorns ; their nature : Prickles. 95 Strange forms of stems. 96. Subter- ranean stems and branches. 97. The Rootstock or Rhizoma, why stem and not root. 98. Why running rootstocks are so troublesome, and so haul to de- stroy. 99-101. Thickened rootstoeks, as depositories of food. 102. Their life and growth. 103. The Tuber. 104. Economy of the Potato-plant. 105. Gradations of tubers into, 106. Corms or solid bulbs : the nature and economy of these, as in Crocus. 107. Gradation of these into, 108. the Bulb : nature of bulbs. 109,110. Their economy. 111. Their two principal sorts. 112 Bulb- lets. 113. How the foregoing sorts of stems illustrate what is meant by mor- phology. 114. They are imitated in some plants above ground. 115. Consoli- dated forms of vegetation, illustrated by Cactuses, &c. 116. Their economy and adaptation to dry regions. LESSON VII. MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES p. 49. 117. Remarkable states of leaves already noticed. 118, 119. Foliage the natural form of leaves: others are special forms, or transformations; why so called. 120. Leaves as depositories of food, especially the seed-leaves ; and, 121. As Bulb-scales. 122. Leaves as Bud-scales. 123. As Spines. 124. As Ten- drils. 125. As Pitchers. 126. As Fly-traps. 127-129. The same leaf serving various purposes. ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. vi LESSON VIII. MoRprfOLOGY OP LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. ... p. 54. 130. Foliage the natural state of leaves. 131. Leaves a contrivance for in- creasing surface : the vast surface of a tree in leaf. 132, 133. The parts of a leaf. 134. The blade. 135. Its pulp or soft part and its framework. 136. The latter is wood, and forms the ribs or veins and veinlets. 137. Division and use of these. 138. Venation, or mode of veining. 139. Its two kinds. 140. Nettcd-veined or reticulated. 141. Parallel-veined or nerved. 142. The so- called veins and nerves essentially the same thing; the latter not like tl;e nerves of animals. 143. How the sort of veining of leaves answers to the num- ber of cotyledons and the kind of plant. 144. Two kinds of parallel-veined leaves. 145, 146. Two kinds of nettcd-veincd leaves. 147. Relation of the veining to the shape of the leaf. 148 - 151. Forms of leaves illustrated, as to general out- line. 152. As to the base. 153. As to the apex. LESSON IX. MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE ; continued, p. 61. 154, 155. Leaves either simple or compound. 156-162. Simple leaves il- lustrated as to particular outline, or kind and degree of division. 163. Com- pound leaves. 164. Leaflets. 165. Kinds of compound leaves. 166, 167. The pinnate, and, 168. the palmate or digitate. 169. As to number of leaflets, &c. 170, Leaflets, as to lobing, &c. 171, 172. Doubly or trebly compound leaves of both sorts. 173. Peculiar forms of leaves explained, such as: 174. Perfoliate: 175. Equitant: 176. Those without blade. 177. Phyllodia, or flattened petioles. 178. Stipules. 179. Sheaths of Grasses ; Ligule. LESSON X. THE ARRANGEMENT OP LEAVES p. 71. 181. Phyllotaxy, or arrangement of leaves on the stem : general sorts of ar- rangement. 182. Leaves arise only one from the same place. 183. Clustered or fascicled leaves explained. 184. Spiral arrangement of alternate leaves. 185. The two-ranked arrangement. 186. The three-ranked arrangement. 187. The five-ranked arrangement. 188. The fractions by which these are expressed. 189. The eight-ranked and the thirteen-ranked arrangements. 190. The scries of these fractions, and their relations. 191. Opposite and whorled leaves. 192. Symmetry of leaves, &c. fixed by mathematical rule. 193. Vernation, or arrangement of leaves in the bud. 194. The principal modes. LESSON XI. THE ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM, OR INFLORESCENCE p. 76. 195. Passage from the Organs of Vegetation to those of Fructification or Re- production. 196. Inflorescence: the arrangement of flowers depends on that of the leaves. 197. They arc from either terminal or axillary buds. 198. In- determinate Inflorescence. 199. Its sorts of flower-clusters. 200. Flower- stalks, viz. peduncles and pedicels, bracts and bractlets, &c. 201. Raceme. 202. Its gradation into (203) a Corymb, and that (204) into (205) an Umbel. 206. Centripetal order of development 207. The Spike. 208. The Hu-' tfii ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. 209. Spadix. 210. Catkin or Ament. 211, 212. Compound inflorescence of the preceding kinds. 213. Panicle. 214. Thyrsus. 215. Determinate In- florescence explained. 216, 217. Cyme: centrifugal order of development 218. Fascicle. 219. Glomerule. 221. Analysis of flower-clusters. 222. Com. bination of the two kinds of inflorescence in the same plant. LESSON XII. THE FLOWER : ITS PARTS OR ORGANS p. 84. 223. The Flower. 224. Its nature and use. 225. Its organs. 226. The Floral Envelopes or leaves of the flower. Calyx and Corolla, together called (227) Perianth. 228. Petals, Sepals. 229. Neutral and "double" flowers, those destitute of, 230. The Essential Organs : Stamens and Pistils. 231,232. The parts of the flower in their su< cession. 233. The Stamen : its parts. 234. The Pistil : its parts. LESSON XIII. THE PLAN or THE FLOWER p. 88. 235. Flowers all constructed upon the same plan. 236. Plan in vegetation referred to. 23*7 - 239. Typical or pattern flowers illustrated, those at once perfect, complete, regular, and symmetrical. 241 . Imperfect or separated flowers. 242. Incomplete flowers. 243. Symmetry and regularity. 244. Irregular flow> ers. 245. Unsymmetrical flowers 246. Numerical plan of the flower. 247. Alternation of the successive parts. 248. Occasional obliteration of certain parts. 24. a - Abortive organs. 250. Multiplication of parts. LE8SON XIV. MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER p 96. 251. Recapitulation of the varied forms under which stems and leaves appear. 252. These may be called metamorphoses. 253. Flowers are altered branches ; how shown. 254. Their position the same as that occupied by buds. 255, 256. Leaves of the blossom are really leaves. 257. Stamens a different modifi- cation of the same. 258. Pistils another modification ; the botanist's idea of a pistil. 259. The arrangement of the parts of a flower answers to that of the leaves on a branch. LESSON XV. MORPHOLOGY OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. . . p. 99. 260. The leaves of the blossom viewed as to the various shapes they assume ; as, 261. by growing together. 262. Union or cohesion of parts of the same sort, rendering the flower, 263. Monopetalous or monosepalous ; various shapes de- fined and named. 265 The tube, and the border or limb. 266. The claw and the blade, or lamina of a separate petal, &c. 267. When the parts are distinct, polyscpalous, and polypetalous. 268. Consolidation, or the growing together of the parts of different sets. 269. Insertion, what it means, and what is meant by the terms Free and Hypogynous. 270. Perigynous insertion. 271, 272. Coherent or adherent calyx, &c. 273. Epigynous. 274. Irregularity of parts. 275. Papilionaceous flower, and its parts. 276. Labiate or bilabiate flowers. 277, 278. Ligulate flowers : the so-called compound flowers. ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. IX LESSON XVI. ^ESTIVATION, OR THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA IN THE BUD. ... p. 108. 279. ^Estivation or Prsefloration defined. 280. Its principal modes illustrated, viz. the valvate, induplicate, reduplicate, convolute or twisted, and imbricated. 282, 283. Also the open, and the plaited or plicate, and its modification, the supervolute. LESSON XVII. MORPHOLOGY OF THE STAMENS p. Ill 284. Stamens considered as to, 285. Their insertion. 286. Their union with each other. 287, 288. Their number. 289. Their parts. 290. The Filament. 291. The Anther. 292, 293. Its attachment to the filament. 294. Its structure. 295. Its mode of opening, &c. 296. Its morphology, or the way in which it is supposed to bo constructed out of a leaf; its use, viz. to produce, 297. Pollen. 298. Structure of pollen-grains. 299. Some of their forms. LESSON XVIII. MORPHOLOGY OF PISTILS p. 116. 300. Pistils as to position. 301. As to number. 302. Their parts ; Ovary, style, and stigma. 303, 304. Plan of a pistil, whether simple or compound. 305, 306. The simple pistil, or Carpel, and how it answers to a leaf. 307. Its sutures. 308. The Placenta. 309. The Simple Pistil, one-celled, 310. and with one style. 311, 312. The Compound Pistil, how composed. 313. With two or more cells : 314. their placentas in the axis : 315. their dissepiments or parti- tions. 316, 317. One-celled compound pistils. 318. With a free central pla- centa. 319, 320. With parietal placentae. 321. Ovary superior or inferior. 322. Open or Gymnospermous pistil : Naked-seeded plants. 323. Ovules. 324. Their structure. 325, 326. Their kinds illustrated. LESSON XIX. MORPHOLOGY OF THE RECEPTACLE p. 124 327. The Receptacle or Torus. 328-330. Some of its forms illustrated. 331. The Disk. 332. Curious form of the receptacle in Nelumbium. LESSON XX. THE FRUIT p. 126. 333. What the Fruit consists of. 334. Fruits which are not such in a strict botanical sense. 335. Simple Fruits. 336, 337. The Pericarp, and the changes it may undergo. 338. Kinds of simple fruits. 339. Fleshy fruits. 340 The Berry. 341. The Pepo or Ground-fruit. 342. The Pome or Apple-fruit. 343 345. The Drupe o r Stone-fruit. 346. Dry fruits. 347. The Achenium : nature of the Strawberry. 348- Raspberry and Blackberry. 349. Fruit in the Com- posite Family : Pappus. 350. The Utricle. 351. The Caryopsis or Grain. 352. The Nut : Cupulo. 353. The Samara or Key-fruit. 354. The Capsule or Pod. 355. The Follicle. 356. The Legume and Loment. 357. The true Capsule. 358,359. Dehiscence, its kinds. 361. The Silique. 362. The Silicic. 363. T> Pyxis. 364. Multiple or Collective Fruits. 365. The Strobile or Cone. X ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. LESSON XXL THE SEED . p. 134. 366. The Seed; its origin. 367. Its parts. 360,369. Its coats. 370. The Aril or Arillus. 371. Names applied to the parts of the seed. 372. The Ker- nel or Nucleus. 373. The Albumen. 374, 375. The Embryo. 376. The Radicle. 377. The Cotyledons or Seed-leaves : the monocotyledonous, dicoty- ledonous, and polycotyledonous embryo. 378. The Plumule. 379. The circle of vegetable life completed. LESSON XXII. How PLANTS GROW p. 138 380, 381. Growth, what it is. 382. For the first formation or beginning of a plant dates farther back than to, 383. the embryo in the ripe seed, which is already a plantlet. 384. The formation and the growth of the embryo itself. 385. Action of the pollen on the stigma, and the result. 386. The Embryonal Vesicle, or first cell of the embryo. 387. Its growth and development into the embryo. 388. Growth of the plantlet from the seed, 389. The plant built up of a vast number of cells. 390. Growth consists of the increase in size of cells, and their multiplication in number. LESSON XXIII. VEGETABLE FABRIC : CELLULAR TISSUE. . . p. 142. 391, 392. Organic Structure illustrated : Cells the units or elements of plants. 393. Cellular Tissue. 394,395,397. How the cells are put together. 396. Inter- cellular spaces, air-passages. 398 Size of cells. 399. Rapidity of their produc- tion. 400. Their walls colorless ; the colors owing to their contents. 401. The walls sometimes thickened. 402. Cells are closed and whole ; yet sap flows from one cell to another. 403. Their varied shapes. LESSON XXIV. VEGETABLE FABRIC : WOOD p. 145. 404. All plants at the beginning formed of cellular tissue only ; and some never have anything else in their composition. 405. Wood soon appears in most plants. 406. Its nature, 408. Wood-cells or Woody Fibre. 409. Hard wood and soft wood. 410. Wood-cells closed and whole ; yet they convey sap. 411. They communicate through thin places : Pine-wood, &c. 412. Bast-cells or fibres of the bark. 413. Ducts or Vessels. 414. The principal kinds. 415 Milk-vessels, Oil-receptacles, &c. LESSON XXV. ANATOMY OP THE ROOT, STEM, AND LEAVES, p. 149. 416. The materials of the vegetable fabric, how put together 417-419. Structure and action of the rootlets. 420. Root-hairs. 421. Structure of the stem. 422. The two sorts of stem. 423. The Endogenous. 423. The Exo- genous : 425. more particularly explained. 426. Parts of the wood or stem itself. 427. Parts of the bark. 428 Growth of the exogenous stem year after year. 429. Growth of the bark, and what becomes of the older parts. 431. Changes in the wood ; Sap-wood. 432. Heart-wood. 433. This no longer liv- ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. x! ing. 434. "What the living parts of a tree are ; their annual renewal. 435. Cambium-layer or zone of growth in the stem ; connected with, 436. new root- lets below, and new shoots, buds, and leaves above. 437. Structure of a leaf: its two parts, the woody and the cellular, or, 438. the pulp ; this contains the green matter, or Chlorophyll. 439, 440. Arrangement of the cells of green pulp in the leaf, and structure of its epidermis or skin. 441. Upper side only endures the sunshine. 442. Evaporation or exhalation of moisture from the leaves. 443 Stomates or Breathing-pores, their structure and use. 444. Their numbers. LESSON XXVI. THE PLANT IN ACTION, DOING THE WORK OF VEGETATION p. 157. 446. The office of plants to produce food for animals. 447. Plants feed npon earth and air. 449. Their chemical composition. 450. Two sorts of material. 451, 452. The earthy or inorganic constituents. 453. The organic constituents. 454. These form the Cellulose, or substance of vegetable tissue ; composition of cellulose. 455. The plant's food, from which this is made. 456. Water, furnishing hydrogen and oxygen. 458. Carbonic acid, furnishing, 457. Carbon. 459. The air, containing oxygen and nitrogen ; and also, 460. Carbonic acid; 461. which is absorbed by the leaves, 462. and by the roots. 463. Water and carbonic acid the general food of plants. 464. Assimilation the proper work of plants. 465 Takes place in green parts alone, under the light of the sun. 466 - 468. Liberates oxygen gas and produces Cellulose or plant-fabric. 469. Or else Starch ; its nature and use. 470. Or Sugar; its na- ture, &c. The transformations starch, sugar, &c. undergo. 471. Oils, acids, &c. The formation of all these products restores oxygen gas to the air. 472. There- fore plants purify the air for animals. 473. While at the same time they pro- duce all the food and fabric of animals. The latter take all their food ready made from plants. 474. And decompose starch, sugar, oil, &c., giving back their ma- terials to the air again as the food of the plant ; at the same time producing ani- mal heat. 475. But the fabric or flesh of animals (fibrinc, gelatine, &c.) contains nitrogen. 476 This is derived from plants in the form of Proteine. Its nature and how the plant forms it. 477. Earthy matters in the plant form the earthy part of bones, &c. 478. Dependence of animals upon plants ; showing the great object for which plants were created. LESSON XXVII. PLANT-LIFE p. 166. 479. Life ; manifested by its effects ; viz. its power of transforming matter : 480. And by motion. 481, 482. Plants execute movements as well as animals. 483. Circulation in cells. 484. Free movements of the simplest plants in their forming state. 485. Absorption and conveyance of the sap. 486. Its rise into the leaves. 487. Explained by a mechanical law; Endosmose. 488. Set in ac- tion by evaporation from the leaves. 489. These movements controlled by the plant, which directs growth and shapes the fabric by an inherent power. 490 - 492. Special movements of a conspicuous sort; such as seen in the bending, twining, revolving, and coiling of stems and tendrils ; in the so-called sleeping and waking states of plants ; in movements from irritation, and striking spon- taneous motions. xii ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. 493. Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants. 494. What they comprise , why so called. 495. To be studied in other works. LESSON XXVIII. SPECIES AND KINDS p. 173. 496. Plants viewed as to their relationships. 497. Two characteristics of plants and animals : they form themselves, and, 498 They exist as Individu- als. The chain of individuals gives rise to the idea of, 499, 500. Species : as- semblages of individuals, so like that they are inferred to have a common an- cestry. 501. Varieties and Races. 502. Tendency of the progeny to inherit all the peculiarities of the parent ; how taken advantage of in developing and fixing races. 503. Diversity and gradation of species ; these so connected as to show all to be formed on one plan, all works of one hand, or realizations of the conceptions of one mind. 504. Kinds, what they depend upon. 505. Genera. 606. Orders or Families. 507. Suborders and Tribes. 508 Classes. 509. The two great Series or grades of plants. 510. The way the various divisions in classification are ranked LESSON XXIX. BOTANICAL NAMES AND CHARACTERS. . . . p. 178. 511, 512. Classification ; the two purposes it subserves. 513. Names : plan of nomenclature. 514, 515. Generic names, how formed. 516. Specific names, how formed. 517. Names of Varieties. 518, 519. Names of Orders, Sub- orders, Tribes, &c. 520, 521. Characters. LESSONS XXX. -XXXII. How TO STUDY PLANTS, pp. 181, 187, 191. 522 - 567. Illustrated by several examples, showing the mode of analyzing and ascertaining the name of an unknown plant, and its place in the system, &c. LESSON XXXIII. BOTANICAL SYSTEMS . . p. 195 568-571. Natural System. 572, 573. Artificial Classification. 574. Arti- ficial System of Linnaeus. 575. Its twenty-four Classes, enumerated and de- fined. 576. Derivation of their names. 577, 578. Its Orders. LESSON XXXIV. How TO COLLECT SPECIMENS AND MAKE AN HERBARIUM p 199. 579-582. Directions for collecting specimens. 583, 584. For drying and preserving specimens. 585, 586 For forming an Herbarium. GLOSSARY, OR DICTIONARY or BOTANICAL TERMS p- 203 FIRST LESSONS IN BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY, LESSON I. BOTANY AS A BRANCH OF NATURAL HISTORY. 1. THE subjects of Natural History are, the earth itself and the beings that live upon it. 2. The Inorganic World, or Mineral Kingdom, The earth itself, with the air that surrounds it, and all things naturally belonging to them which are destitute of life, make up the mineral kingdom, or in- organic world. These are called inorganic, or unorganized, because they are not composed of organs, that is, of parts which answer to one another, and make up a whole, such as is a horse, a bird, or a plant. They were formed, but they did not grow, nor proceed from previous bodies like themselves, nor have they the power of pro- ducing other similar bodies, that is, of reproducing their kind. On the other hand, the various living things, 01 hose which have pos- sessed life, compose , 3. The Organic World, the world of organized beings. Thest consist of organs ; of parts which go to make up an individual, a being. And each individual owes its existence to a preceding one like itself, that is, to a parent. It was not merely formed, but produced. At first small and imperfect, it grows and develops by powers of its own ; it attains maturity, becomes old, and finally dies. It was formed of inorganic or mineral matter, that is, of earth and air, indeed ; but only of this matter under the influence of life : and after life departs, sooner or later, it is decomposed into earth and air again. 1 WHAT IT RELATES TO. ("LESSON Ir 4. The organic world consists of two kinds of beings ; namely, 1. Plants or Vegetables, which make up what is called the Vegetable Kingdom ; and, 2. Animals, which compose the Animal Kingdom. 5. The Differences between Plants and Animals seem at first sight so obvious and so great, that it would appear more natural to inquire how they resemble rather than how they differ from each other. What likeness does the cow bear to the grass it feeds upon ? The c le moves freely from place to place, in obedience to its own will as its wants or convenience require : the other is fixed to the spot of earth where it grew, manifests no wilt, and makes no movements that are apparent to ordinary observation. The one takes its food into an internal cavity (the stomach), from which it is absorbed into the system : the other absorbs its food directly by its surface, by its roots, leaves, &c. Both possess organs; but the limbs or members of the animal do not at all resemble the roots, leaves, blossoms, &c. of the plant. All these distinctions, however, gradu- ally disappear, as we come to the lower kinds of plants and the lower animals. Many animals (such as barnacles, coral-animals, and polyps) are fixed to some support as completely as the plant is to the soil ; while many plants are not fixed, and some move from place to place by powers of their own. All animals move some of their parts freely ; yet in the extent and rapidity of the motion many of them are surpassed by the common Sensitive Plant, by the Venus's Fly-trap, and by some other vegetables ; while whole tribes of aquatic plants are so freely and briskly locomotive, that they have until lately been taken for animals. It is among these microscopic tribes that the animal and vegetable kingdoms most nearly approach each other, so nearly, that it is still uncertain where to draw the line between them. 6. Since the difficulty of distinguishing between animals and plants occurs only, or mainly, in those forms which from their minuteness are beyond ordinary observation, we need not further concern ourselves with the question here. One, and probably the most absolute, difference, however, ought to be mentioned at the outset, because it enables us to see what plants are made for. It is this : 7. Vegetables are nourished by the mineral kingdom, that is, by the ground and the air, which supply all they need, and which they are adapted to live upon ; while animals are entirely nourished by vegetables. The great use of plants therefore is, to take portions of LESSON 1.] BOTANY, WHAT IT RELATES TO. 3 earth and air, upon which animals cannot subsist at all, and to con- vert these into something upon which animals can subsist, that is, into food. All food is produced by plants. How this is done, it is the province of Vegetable Physiology to explain. 8. Botany is the name of the science of the vegetable kingdom in general. 9. Physiology is the study of the way a living being lives, and grows, and performs its various operations. The study of plants in this view is the province of Vegetable Physiology. The study of the form and structure of the organs or parts of the vegetable, by which its operations are performed, is the province of Structural Botany. The two together constitute Physiological Botany. With this de- partment the study of Botany should begin ; both because it lies at the foundation of all the rest, and because it gives that kind of knowledge of plants which it is desirable every one should possess ; that is, some knowledge of the way in which plants live, grow, and fulfil the purposes of their existence. To this subject, accordingly, a large portion of the following Lessons is devoted. 10. The study of plants as to their kinds is the province of Sys- tematic Botany. An enumeration of the kinds of vegetables, as far as known, classified according to their various degrees of resemblance or difference, constitutes a general System of plants. A similar ac- count of the vegetables of any particular country or district is called a Flora of that country or district. 1 1 . Other departments of Botany come to view when instead of regarding plants as to what they are in themselves, or as to their relationship with each other we consider them in their relations to other things. Their relation to the earth., for instance, as respects their distribution over its surface, gives rise to Geographical Botany, or Botanical Geography. The study of the vegetation of former times, in their fossil remains entombed in the crust of the earth, gives rise to Fossil Botany. The study of plants in respect to their uses to man is the province of Agricultural Botany, Medical Botany, and the like. 4 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [LESSON 2. LESSON II. THE GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. 12. The Course of Vegetation, We see plants growing from the seed in spring-time, and gradually developing their parts : at length they blossom, bear fruit, and produce seeds like those from which they grew. Shall we commence the study of the plant with the full-grown herb or tree, adorned with flowers or laden with fruit ? Or shall we commence with the seedling just rising from the ground ? On the whole, we may get a clearer idea of the whole life and structure of plants if we begin at the beginning, that is, with the plantlet springing from the seed, and follow it throughout its course of growth. This also agrees best with the season in which the study of Botany is generally commenced, namely, in the spring of the year, when the growth of plants from the seed can hardly fail to attract attention. Indeed, it is this springing forth of vegeta- tion from seeds and buds, after the rigors of our long winter, clothing the earth's surface almost at once with a mantle of freshest verdure, which gives to spring its greatest charm. Even the dullest beholder, the least observant of Nature at other seasons, can then hardly fail to ask : What are plants ? How do they live and grow ? What do they live upon ? What is the object and use of vegetation in general, and of its particular and wonderfully various forms ? These questions it is the object of the present Lessons to answer, as far as possible, in a simple way. 13. A reflecting as well as observing person, noticing the re- semblances between one plant and another, might go on to inquire whether plants, with all their manifold diversities of form and appearance, are not all constructed on one and the same general plan. It will become apparent, as we proceed, that this is the case; that one common plan may be discerned, which each par- ticular plant, whether herb, shrub, or tree, has followed much more dosely than would at first view be supposed. The differences, wide as they are, are merely incidental. What is true in a general way of any ordinary vegetable, will be found to be true of all, only with great variation in the details. In the same language, though in varied phrase, the hundred thousand kinds of plants repeat the same LESSON 2.] GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. story, are the living witnesses and illustrations of one and the same plan of Creative Wisdom in the vegetable world. So that the study of any one plant, traced from the seed it springs from round to the seeds it produces, would illustrate the whole subject of vege- table life and growth. It matters little, therefore, what particular plant we begin with. 14. The Germinating Plantlet, Take for example a seedling Maple c Sugar Maples may be found in abundance in many places, starting from the seed (i. e. germinating) in early spring, and Red Maples at the beginning of summer, shortly after the fruits of the season have ripened and fallen to the ground. A pair of narrow green leaves raised on a tiny stem make up the whole plant at its first appearance (Fig. 4). Soon a root appears at the lower end of this stemlet ; then a little bud at its upper end, between the pair of leaves, which soon grows into a second joint or ritem bearing another pair of leaves, resembling the ordinary leaves of the Red Maple, which the first did not. Figures 5 and 6 represent these steps in the growth. 15. Was this plantlet formed in the seed at the time of germination, something as the chick is formed in the egg during the process of incu- bation ? Or did it exist before in the seed, ready formed ? To decide this question, we have only to inspect a sound seed, which in this instance requires no microscope, nor any other instrument than a sharp knife, by which the coats of the seed (previously soaked in water, if dry) may be laid open. We find within the seed, in this case, the little plantlet ready formed, and nothing else (Fig. 2) ; namely, a pair of leaves like those of the earliest seedling (Fig. 4), only smaller, borne on a stemlet just like that of the seedling, only much shorter, and all snugly coiled up within the protecting seed-coat. The plant then exists beforehand in the seed, in miniature. It was not formed, but only devel- FIG. 1. A winged fruit of Red Maple, with the seed-bearing portion cut open, to show the seed. 2. This seed cut open to show the embryo plantlet within, enlarged. 3. The embryo taken out whole, and partly unfolded. 4. The same after it has begun to grow ; of the natural size. 1* 6 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [LESSON 2, oped, in germination ; when it had merely to unfold and grow, to elongate its rudimentary stem, which takes at the same time an upright position, so as to bring the leaf-bearing end into the light and air, where the two leaves expand ; while from the opposite end, now pushed farther downwards into the soil, the root begins to grow. All this is true in the main of all plants that spring from! real seeds, although with great diversity in the particulars. At least, there is hardly an excep- tion to the fact, that the plantlet exists ready formed in the seed, in some shape or other. 16. The rudimentary plantlet contained in the seed is called an Embryo. Its little stem is named the Radicle, because it was supposed to be the root, when the difference between the root and stem was not so well known as now. It were better to name it the Caulicle (i. e. little stem) ; but it is not expedient to change old names. The seed-leaves it bears on its sum- mit (here two in number) are technically called Cotyledons. The little bud of undeveloped leaves which is to be found between the co- tyledons before germination in many cases (as in the Pea, Bean, Fig. 17, &c.), has been named the Plumule. 17. In the Maple (Fig. 4), as also in the Morning-Glory (Fig. 28), and the like, this bud, or plumule, is not seen for some days after the seed-leaves are expanded. But soon it appears, in the Maple as a pair of minute leaves (Fig. 5), erelong raised on a stalk which carries them up to some distance above the cotyledons. The plantlet (Fig. 6) now consists, above ground, of two pairs of leaves, viz. : 1. the cotyledons or seed-leaves, borne on the summit of the original stemlet (the radicle) ; and 2. a pair of ordinary leaves, raised on a second joint of stem which has grown from the top of the first. Later, a third pair of leaves is formed, and raised on a third joint of stem, proceeding from the summit of the second (Fig. 7), just as that did from the first ; and so on, until the germi- nating plantlet becomes a tree. FIG. 5. Germinating Red Maple, which has produced its root beneath, and is developing A second pair of leaves above. 6. Same, further advanced. LESSON 2.] GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. 18. So the youngest seedling, and even the embryo in the seed, is already an epitome of the herb or tree. It has a stem, from the lower end of which it strikes root : and it has leaves. The tree itself in its whole vegetation has nothing more in kind. To become a tree, the plantlet has only to repeat itself upwardly by producing more similar parts, that is, new por- tions of stem, with new and larger leaves, in succession, while beneath, it pushes its root deeper and deeper into the soil. 19. The Opposite Growth of Root and Stem began at the beginning of germi- nation, and it continues through the whole life of the plant. While yet buried in the soil, and perhaps in total darkness, as soon as it begins to grow, the stem end of the embryo points towards the light, curving or turning quite round if it happens to lie in some other direction, and stretches upwards into the free air and sunshine ; while the root end as uniformly avoids the light, bends in the opposite direction to do so if necessary, and ever seeks to bury itself more and more in the earth's bosom. How the plantlet makes these movements we cannot explain. But the object of this instinct is obvious. It places the plant from the first in the proper position, with its roots in the moist soil, from which they are to absorb nourishment, and its leaves in the light and air, where alone they can fulfil their office of Digesting what the roots absorb. 20- So the seedling plantlet finds itself provided with all the organs of vegetation that even the oldest plant possesses, namely, root, stem, and leaves ; and has these placed in the situation where each is to act, the root in the soil, the foliage in the light and air. Thus established, the plantlet has only to set about its proper work. 21. The different Mode of Growth of Root and Stem may also be here mentioned. Each grows, not only in a different direction, but in a different way. The stem grows by producing a set of joints, each from FIG. 7. Germinating Red Mapla. further developed. 8 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [LESSON 2, the summit of its predecessor ; and each joint elongates throughout every part, until it reaches its full length. The root is not composed of joints, and it lengthens only at the end. The stem in the embryo (viz. the radicle) has a certain length to begin with. In the pump- kin-seed, for instance (Fig. 9), it is less than an eighth of an inch long : but it grows in a few days to the length of one or two inches (Fig. 10), or still more, if the seed were deeper covered by the soil It is by this elongation that the seed-leaves are raised out of the soil, so as to expand in the light and air. The length they acquire varies with the depth of the covering. When large and strong seeds are too deeply buried, the stemlet sometimes grows to the length of several inches in the endeavor to bring the seed-leaves to the sur- face. The lengthening of the succeeding joints of the stem serves to separate the leaves, or pairs of leaves, from one another, and to ex- pose them more fully to the light. 22. The root, on the other hand, begins by a new formation at the base of the embryo stem ; and it continues to increase in length solely by additions to the extremity, the parts once formed scarcely elongating at all afterwards. This mode of growth is well adapted to the circumstances in which roots are placed, leaving every part undisturbed in the soil where it was formed, while the ever-advan- cing points readily insinuate themselves into the crevices or looser portions of the soil, or pass around the surface of solid obstacles. LESSON 3.] GROWTH OF THE PLANT FKOM THE SEED. 9 LESSON III. GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. Continued. 23. So a plant consists of two parts, growing in a different manner, as well as in opposite directions. One part, the root, grows down- wards into the soil : it may, therefore, be called the descending axis. The other grows upwards into the light and air : it may be called the ascending axis. The root grows on continuously from the ex- tremity, and so does not consist of joints, nor does it bear leaves, or anything of the kind. The stem grows by a succession of joints, each bearing one or more leaves on its summit. Root on the one hand, and stem with its foliage on the other, make up the whole plantlet as it springs from the seed ; and the full-grown herb, shrub, or tree has nothing more in kind, only more in size and number. Before we trace the plantlet into the herb or tree, some other cases of the growth of the plantlet from the seed should be studied, that we may observe how the same plan is worked out under a variety of forms, with certain differences in the details. The mate- rials for this study are always at hand. We have only to notice what takes place all around us in spring, or to plant some common seeds in pots, keep them warm and moist, and watch their germination. 24. The Germinating Plantlel feeds on Nourishment provided beforehand. The embryo so snugly ensconced in the seed of the Maple (Fig. 2, 3, 4) has from the first a miniature stem, and a pair of leaves already green, or which become green as soon as brought to the light. It has only to form a root by which to fix itself to the ground, when it becomes a perfect though diminutive vegetable, capable of providing for itself. This root can be formed only out of proper material : neither water nor anything else which the plantlet is imbibing from the earth will answer the purpose. The proper material is nourish- ing matter, or prepared food, more or less of which is always pro- vided by the parent plant, and stored up in the seed, either in the embryo itself, or around it. In the Maple, this nourishment is stored up in the thickish cotyledons, or seed-leaves. And there is barely enough of it to make the beginning of a root, and to provide for the lengthening of the stemlet so as to bring up the unfolding seed-leaves where they may expand to the light of day. But when this is done, S&F 2 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [LESSON 3. the tiny plant is already able to shift for itself; that is, to live and continue its growth on what it now takes from the soil and from the air, and elaborates into nourishment in its two green leaves, under the influence of the light of the sun. 25. In most ordinary plants, a larger portion of nourishment is provided beforehand in the seed ; and the plantlet consequently is not so early or so entirely left to its own resources. Let us examine ia number of cases, selected from very common plants. Sometimes as has just been stated, we find this 26. Deposit Of Food in the Embryo itself, And we may observe it in every gradation as to quantity, from the Maple of our first illus- tration, where there is very little, up to the Pea and the Horsechestnut, where there is as much as there possibly can be. If we strip off the coats from the large and flat seed of a Squash or Pumpkin, we find nothing but the em- bryo within (Fig. 9) ; and almost the whole bulk of this consists of the two seed-leaves. That these contain a good supply of nourishing matter, is evident from their sweet taste and from their thickness, although there is not enough to obscure their leaf-like appearance. It is by feeding on this supply of nour ishment that the germinating Squash or Pumpkin (Fig. 10) grows so rapidly and so vigorously from the seed, lengthening its stemlet to more than twenty times the length it had in th seed, and thickening it in proportion, sending out at once a number of roots from its lower end, and soon developing th?, plumule (16) from its upper end into a third leaf: meanwhile the two cotyledons, relieved from the nourishment with which their tissue was gorged, have expanded into useful green leaves. 27. For a stronger instance, take next the seed of a Plum or Peach, or an Almond, or an Apple-seed (Fig. 11, 12), which shows FIG. 9. Embryo of a Pumpkin, of the natural size ; the cotyledons a little opened JO The same, when it has germinated- LESSON 3.] GROWTH OP THE PLANT PROM THE SEED. 11 the same thing on a smaller scale. The embryo, which here also makes up the whole bulk of the kernel of the seed, differs from that of the Pumpkin only in having the seed-leaves more thickened, by the much larger quantity of nourishment stored up in their tissue, so large and so pure in- deed, that the almond becomes an article 9 food. Fed by this abundant supply, the seconl and even the third joints of the stem, with their leaves, shoot forth as soon as the stemlet comes to the surface of the soil. The Beech-nut (Fig. 13), with its sweet and eatable kernel, consisting mainly of a pair of seed-leaves folded together, and gorged with nourishing matter, offers another instance of the same sort : this ample store to feed upon enables the germinating plantlet to grow with remarkable vigor, and to develop a second joint of stem, with its pair of leaves (Fig. 14), before the first pair has expanded or the root has ob- tained much foothold in the soil. 28. A Bean affords a similar and more familiar illustration. Here the co- tyledons in the seed (Fig. 16) are so thick, that, although they are raised out of ground in the ordinary way in ger- mination (Fig. 17), and turn greenish, yet they never succeed in becoming leaf- like, never display their real nature of leaves, as they do so plainly in the Ma- ple (Fig. 5), the Pumpkin (Fig. 10), the Morning-Glory (Fig. 8, 26-28), &c. Turned to great account as magazines of food for the germinating plantlet, they fulfil this special office admirably, but FIG. 11. An Apple-seed cut through lengthwise, showing the embryo with its thickened cotyledons, 12. The embryo of the Apple, taken out whole, its cotyledons partly separated FIG. 13. A Beech-nut, cut across. 14. Beginning germination of the Beech, showing the plumule growing before the cotyledons have opened or the root has scarcely formed 15. The ame, a little later, with the second joint lenethened. 12 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. ^LESSON 3. they were so gorged and, as it were, misshapen, that they became quite unfitted to perform the office of foliage. This office is accordingly first performed by the succeeding pair of leaves, those of the plumule (Fig. 17, 18), which is put into rapid growth by the abundant nourishment contained in the large and thick seed-leaves. The latter, having fulfilled this office, soon wither and fall away. 29. This is carried a step farther in the Pea (Fig. 19, 20), a near relativQ of the Bean, and in the Oak (Fig. 21, 22), a near relative of the Beech. The differ- ence in these and many other similar cases is this. The cotyledons, which make up nearly the whole bulk of the seed are exces- sively thickened, so as to become nearly hemispherical in shape. They have lost all likeness to leaves, and all power of ever fulfilling the office of leaves. Ac- cordingly in germination they remain Unchanged within the husk or coats of the seed, never growing themselves, but supplying abundant nourishment to the plumule (the bud for the forming stem) between them. This pushes forth from the seed, shoots upward, and gives rise PIG. 16. A Bean : the embryo, from which seed-coats have been removed : the small stem is seen above, bent down upon the edge of the thick cotyledons. 17. The same in early germination ; the plumule growing from between the two seed-leaves. 18. The germination more advanced, the two leaves of the plumule unfolded, and raised on a short joint of stem. FIG. 19. A Pea: the embryo, with the seed-coats taken off. 30. A Pea in germination. LESSON 3.J GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. 13 to the first leaves that appear. In most cases of the sort, the radicle, or short original stemlet of the embryo be- low the cotyledons (which is plainly shown in the Pea, Fig. 19), lengthens very little, or not at all ; and so the cotyledons remain under ground, if the seed was covered by the soil, as every one knows to be the case with Peas. In these (Fig. 20), as also in the Oak (Fig. 22), the leaves of the first one or two joints are imperfect, and mere small scales; but genuine leaves immedi- ately follow. The Horsechestnut and Buck- eye (Fig. 23, 24) furnish another instance of the same sort. These trees are nearly related to the Maple ; but while the seed- leaves of the Maple show themselves to be leaves, even in the seed (as we have already seen), and when they germinate fulfil the office of ordinary leaves, those of the Buckeye and of the Horsechestnut (Fig. 23), would never be suspected to be the same organs. Yet they are so, only in another shape, exceedingly thickened by the accumulation of a great quantity of starch and other nourishing matter in their substance ; and besides, their contigu- ous faces stick together more or less firmly, so that they never open. But the stalks of these seed-leaves grow, and, as they lengthen, push the radicle and the pumule out of the seed, when the former develops downwardly the root, the latter upwardly the leafy stem and all it bears (Fig. 24). 30. Deposit Of Food outside of the Embryo, Very often the nourish- ment provided for the seedling plantlet is laid up, not in the embryo itself, but around it. A good instance to begin with is furnished by the common Morning-Glory, or Convolvulus. The embryo, taken out of the seed and straightened, is shown in Fig. 26. It consists of a short stemlet and of a pair of very thin and delicate green leaves, having no stock of nourishment in them for sustaining the FIG. 21. An acorn divided lengthwise. 22. The germinating Oak. 2-2 14 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [LESSON 3- earliest growth. On cutting open the seed, however, we find this embryo (considerably crumpled or folded together, so as to occupy less space, Fig. 25) to be surround- ed by a mass of rich, mucilaginous matter (becoming rather hard and solid when dry), which forms the principal bulk of the seed. Upon this stock the embryo feeds in ger- mination ; the seed-leaves absorbing it into their tissue as it is rendered soluble (through certain chemical changes) and dissolved by the wa- ter which the germinating seed im- bibes from the moist soil. Having by this aid & & lengthened its radicle into a stem of consider- able length, and formed the beginning of a root at its lower end, already imbedded in the soil (Fig. 27), the cotyledons now disengage themselves from the seed-coats, and ex- pand in the light as the first pair of leaves (Fig. 28). These immediately begin to elaborate, under the sun's influence, what the root imbibes from the soil, and the new nourishment so produced is used, partly to increase the size of the little stem, root, and leaves already existing, and partly to produce a second joint of stem with its leaf (Fig. 29), then a third with its leaf (Fig. 8) ; and so on. 31. This maternal store of food, deposited in the seed along with the embryo (but not in its substance), the old botanists likened to FIG. 23. Buckeye : a seed divided. 24. A similar seed in gemination. FIG. 25. Seed and embryo of Mornmg-Glory, cut across. 2(>. Embryo of the same, de, tached and straightened. 27. Germinating Morning-Glury. 28. The same further advanced; tts two tfiin seed-leaves expanded. LESSON 3.J GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. 15 the albumen, or white of the egg, which encloses the yolk, and therefore gave it the same name, the albumen of the seed, a name which it still retains. Food of this sort for the plant is also food for animals, or for man ; and it is this albumen, the floury part of the seed, which forms the principal bulk of such important grains as those of Indian Corn (Fig, 38 - 40), Wheat, Rice, Buck- wheat, and of the seed of Four-o'clock, (Fig. 36, 37), and the like. In all these last-named cases, it may be ob- served that the embryo is not enclosed in the albumen, but placed on one side of it, yet in close contact with it, so that the embryo may absorb readily from it the nourishment it requires when it begins to grow. Sometimes the embryo is coiled around the outside, in the form of a ring, as in the Purslane and the Four-o'clock (Fig. 36, 37) ; sometimes it is coiled within the albumen, as in the Potato (Fig. 34, 35) ; some- times it is straight in the centre of the albumen, occupying nearly its whole length, as in the Barberry (Fig. 32, 33), or much smaller and near one cnd ' as m the iris (Fig. 43) ; or some- times so minute, in the midst of the al- bumen, that it needs a magnify ing-glass to find it, as in the But- FIG. 29. Germination of the Morning Glory more advanced : the upper part only ; showing the leafy cotyledons, the second joint of stem with its leaf, and the third with its leaf just developing. FIG. 30. Section of a seed of a Peony, showing a very small embryo in the albumen, near one end. 31. This embryo detached, and more magnified. FIG. 32. Section of a seed of Barberry, showing the straight embryo in the middle of the albumen, 33. Its embryo detached. FIG. 34. Section o* a Potato-seed, showing the embryo coiled in the albumen. 35. Its embryo detached. FIG. 36. Section of the seed of Four-o'clock, showing the embryo coiled round th outside of the albumen. 37 Its embryo detached 16 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [LESSON & tercup or the Columbine, and in the Peony (Fig. 30, 31), where, however, it is large enough to be distinguished by the naked eye. Nothing is more curious than the various shapes and positions oi the embryo in the seed, nor more interesting than to watch its de- velopment in germination. One point is still to be noticed, since the botanist considers it of much importance, namely : 32. The Kinds of Embryo as to the Number of Cotyledons, In all the figures, it is easy to see that the embryo, however various in shape, is constructed on one and the same plan ; it consists of a radicle or stemlet, with a pair of cotyledons on its summit. Botanists there- fore call it dicotyledonous, an inconveniently long word to express the fact that the embryo has two cotyledons or seed-leaves. In many cases (as in the Buttercup), the cotyledons are indeed so minute, that they are discerned only by the nick in the upper end of the little embryo ; yet in germination they grow into a pair of seed-leaves, just as in other cases where they are plain to be seen, as leaves, in the seed. But in Indian Corn (Fig. 40), in Wheat, the Onion, the Iris (Fig. 43), &c., it is well known that only one leaf appears at first from the sprouting seed : in these the embryo has only one cotyle- don, and it is therefore termed by the botanists monocotyledo- nous ; an extremely long word, like the other, of Greek derivation, which means one-cotyle- doned. The rudiments of one or more other leaves are, indeed, commonly present in this sort of embryo, as is plain to see in Indian Corn (Fig. 38 - 40), but they form a bud situated above or within the cotyledon, and enclosed by it more or less completely ; so thaw they evidently belong to the plumule (1 6) ; and these leaves appear 31 the seedling plantlet, each from within its predecessor, and there- fere originating higher up on the forming stem (Fig. 42, 44). This will readily be understood from the accompanying figures, with their explanation, which the student may without difficulty verify for him- FIG. 38. A grain of Indian Corn, flatwise, cut away a little, so as to show the embryo, lying on the albumen, which makes the principal bulk of the seed. FIG. 39. Another grain of Corn, cut through the middle in the opposite direction, divid- ing the embryo through its thick cotyledon and its plumule, the latter consisting of two leaves, one enclosing the other. FIG. 40. The embryo of Corn, taken out whole : the thick mass is the cotyledon ; th narrow body partly enclosed by it is the plumule ; the little projection at its base is the verjr short radicle enclosed in the sheathing base of the first leaf of the plumule- LESSON 3.] GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. 17 self, and should do so, by examining grains of Indian Corn, soaked m water, before and also during germination. In the Onion, Lily, and the Iris (Fig. 43), the monocotyledonous embryo is simpler, consisting apparently of a simple oblong or cylindrical body, in which no distinction of parts is visible : the lower c;nd is radicle, and from it grows the root ; the rest is a cotyledon, which has wrapped up in it a minute plumule, or bud, that shows itself when the seeds sprout in germi- nation. The first leaf which appears above ground in all these cases is not the cotyledon. In all seeds with one coty- ledon to the embryo, this remains in the seed, or at least iis upper part, while its lengthening base comes out, so as to extricate the plumule, which shoots upward, and de- velops the first leaves of the plantlet. These appear one above or within the other in succes- sion, as is shown in Fig. 42 and Fig. 44, the first commonly in the form of a little scale or imperfect leaf; the second or third and the 4l following ones as the real, ordinary leaves of the plant. Meanwhile, from the root end of the embryo, a root (Fig. 41, 44), or soon a whole cluster of roots (Fig. 42) ? makes its appearance. 33. In Pines, and the like, the embryo con- sists of a radicle or stemlet, bearing on its summit three or four, or often from five to ten slender cotyledons, arranged in a circle (Fig. 45), and expanding at once into a circle of as many green leaves in germination (Fig. 46). Such embryos are said to be polycotyledonous, that is, as the word denotes, many- cotyledoned. 34. Plan of Vegetation, The student 42 who has understandingly followed the growth of the embryo in the seed into the seedling plantlet, com posed of a root, and a stem of two or three joints, each bearing ft FIG. 41. Grain of Indian Corn in germination. FIG. 42. The same, further advanced 2* 18 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [LESSON 3, leaf, or a pair (rarely a circle) of leaves, will have gained a cor- rect idea of the plan of vegetation in general, and have laid a good foundation for a knowledge of the whole structure and physiology a of plants. For the plant goes on to grow in the same way throughout, by mere repetitions of what the early germinating plantlet displays to view, of what was contained, in miniature or in rudiment, in the seed itsel So far as vegetation is concerned (leaving out of view for the present the flower and fruit), the full-grown leafy herb or tree, of whatever size, has nothing, and does nothing, which the seedling plantlet does not have and do. The whole mass of stem or trunk and foliage of the complete plant, even of the largest forest-tree, is composed of a succession or multiplication of similar parts, one arising from the summit of another, each, so to say, the offspring of the preceding and the parent of the next. 35. In the same way that the earliest portions of the seedling stem, with the leaves they bear, are successively produced, so, joint by joint in direct succes- sion, a single, simple, leafy stem is developed and carried up. Of such a simple leafy stem many a plant consists (before flowering, at least), many herbs, such as Sugar-Cane, Indian Corn, the Lily, the tall Banana, the Yucca, &c. ; and among trees the Palms and the Cycas (wrongly called Sago Palm) exhibit the same simplicity, their stems, of whatever age, being unbranched columns (Fig. 47). (Growth in diameter is of course to be considered, as well as growth in length. That, and the question how growth of any kind takes place, we will consider hereafter.) But more commonly, as soon as the plant has produced a main stem of a cer- tain length, and displayed a certain amount of foliage, it begins to FIG. 43. Section of a seed of the Iris, or Flower-de-Luce, showing its small embryo In Ihe albumen, near the bottom. FIG. 44. Germinating plantlet of the Iris. FIG. 45. Section of a seed of a Pine, with its embryo of several cotyledons. 46. Early eedling Pine, with its stemlet, displaying its six seed-leaves. LESSON 3.] GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. 19 produce additional stems, that is, branches. The branching plant we will consider in the next Lesson. 36. The subjoined figures (Fig. 47) give a view of some forms of simple-stemmed vegetation. The figure in the foreground on the left represents a Cycas (wrongly called in the conservatories Sago Palm). Behind it is a Yucca (called Spanish Bayonet at the South) and two Cocoanut Palm-trees. On the right is some Corn, and behind it a Banana. 20 GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. (_LESSON 4. LESSON IV. THE GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS AND BRANCHES. 37. WE have seen how the plant grows so as to produce a root, and a simple stem with its foliage. Both the root and stem, how- ever, generally branch. 38. The branches of the root arise without any particular order. There is no telling beforehand from what part, of a main root they will spring. But the branches of the stem, except in some extra- ordinary cases, regularly arise from a particular place. Branches or shoots in their undeveloped state are 39. Bllds, These regularly appear in the axils of the leaves, that is, in the angle formed by the leaf with the stem on the upper side ; and as leaves are symmetrically arranged on the stem, the buds, and the branches into which the buds grow, necessarily par- take of this symmetry. 40. We do not confine the name of bud to the scaly winter-buds which are so conspicuous on most of our shrubs and trees in winter and spring. It belongs as well to the forming branch of any herb, at \ts first appearance in the axil of a leaf. In growing, buds lengthen into branches, just as the original stem did from the plumule of the embryo (16) when the seed germinated. Only, while the original stem is implanted in the ground by its root, the branch is implanted on the stem. Branches, therefore, are repetitions of the main stem. They consist of the same parts, namely, joints of stem and leaves, growing in the same way And in the axils of their leaves another crop of buds is naturally produced, giving rise to another generation of branches, which may in turn produce still another generation ; and so on, until the tiny and simple seedling develops into a tall and spreading herb or shrub ; or into a massive tree, with its hundreds of annually increasing branches, and its thousands, perhaps millions, of leaves. 41. The herb and the tree grow in the same way. The difference is only in size and duration. An Herb dies altogether, or dies down to the ground, after it has ripened its fruit, or at the approach of winter. LESSON 4.] GROWTH OP PLANTS FROM BUDS. 21 An annual herb flowers in the first year, and dies, root and all, after ripening its seed : Mustard, Peppergrass, Buckwheat, &c., are examples. A biennial herb such as the Turnip, Carrot, Beet, and Cabbage grows the first season without blossoming, survives the winter, flowers after that, and dies, root and all, when it has ripened its seed. A perennial herb lives and blossoms year after year, but dies down to the ground, or near it, annually, not, however, quite down to the root : for a portion of the stem, with its buds, still survives ; and from these buds the shoots of the following year arise. A Shrub is a perennial plant, with woody stems which continue alive and grow year after year. A Tree differs from a shrub only in its greater size. 42. The Terminal Bud, There are herbs, shrubs, and trees which do not branch, as we have already seen (35) ; but whose stems, even when they livo for many years, rise as a simple shaft (Fig. 47). These plants grow by the continued evolution of a bud which crowns the summit of the stem, and which is therefore called the terminal bud. This bud is very conspicuous in many branching plants also ; as on all the stems or shoots of Maples (Fig. 53), Horsechestnuts (Fig. 48), or Hickories (Fig. 49), of a year old. When they grow, they merely prolong the shoot or stem on which they rest. On these same shoots, however, other buds are to be seen, regularly arranged down their sides. We find them situated just over broad, flattened places, which are the scars left by the fall of the leaf-stalk the autumn previous. Before the fall of the leaf, they would have been seen to occupy their axils (39) : so they are named 43 Axillary Buds, They were formed in these trees early in the summer. Occasionally they grow at the time into branches : at least, some of them are pretty sure to do so, in case the growing terminal bud at the end of the shoot is injured or destroyed. Otherwise they lie dormant until the spring. In many trees or shrubs (such for example as the Sumach and Honey-Locust) these axillary buds do not show themselves until spring ; but if FIG. 48. Shoot of Horsechestuut, of one year's growth, taken in autumn after the leaves have fallen. 22 GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. [_LESSON 4. searched for, they may be detected, though of small size, hidden under the bark. Sometimes, although early formed, they are con- cealed all summer long under the base of the leaf- stalk, hollowed out into a sort of inverted cup, like a candle-extinguisher, to cover them ; as in the Locust, the Yellow-wood, or more strikingly in the Button- wood or Plane-tree (Fig. 50). 44. Such large and conspicuous buds as those of the Horsechestnut, Hickory, and the like, are scaly ; the scales being a kind of imperfect leaves. The use of the bud-scales is obvious ; namely, to protect the tender young parts beneath. To do this more effectually, they are often coated on the outside with a varnish which is impervious to wet, while within they, or the parts they enclose, are thickly clothed with down or wool ; not really to keep out the cold of winter, which will of course penetrate the bud in time, but to shield the interior against sudden changes from warm to cold, or from cold to warm, which are equally injurious. Scaly buds commonly belong, as would be expect- ed, to trees and shrubs of northern climates ; while naked buds are usual in tropical regions, as well as in herbs everywhere which branch during the summer's growth and do not endure the winter. 45. But naked buds, or nearly naked, also occur in several of our own trees and shrubs ; sometimes pretty large ones, as those of Hob FIG. 49. Annual shoot of the Shagbark Hickory. FIG. 50. Bud and leaf of the Buttonwood, or American Plane-tree. LESSON 4.] GROWTH OP PLANTS FROM BUDS. 23 blebush (while those of the nearly -related Snowball or High Bush- Cranberry are scaly) ; but more commonly, when naked buds occur in trees and shrubs of our climate, they are small, and sunk in the bark, as in the Sumac ; or even partly buried in the wood until they begin to grow, as in the Honey-Locust. 46. Vigor of Vegetation from Buds, Large and strong buds, like those of the Horsechestnut, Hickory, and the like, on inspection will be l)und to contain several leaves, or pairs of leaves, ready formed, folded and packed away in small compass, just as the seed-leaves are packed away in the seed : they even contain all the blossoms of the ensuing season, plainly visible as small buds. And the stems upon which these buds rest are filled with abundant nourishment, which was deposited the summer before in the wood or in the bark. Under the surface of the soil, or on it, covered with the fallen leaves of autumn, we may find similar strong buds of our perennial herbs, in great variety ; while beneath are thick roots, rootstocks, or tubers, charged with a great store of nourishment for their use. As we regard these, we shall readily perceive how it is that vegetation shoots forth so vigorously in the spring of the year, and clothes the bare and lately frozen surface of the soil, as well as the naked boughs of trees, almost at once with a covering of the freshest green, and often with brilliant blossoms. Everything was prepared, and even formed, beforehand : the short joints of stem in the bud have only to lengthen, and to separate the leaves from each other so that they may unfold and grow. Only a small part of the vege- tation of the season comes directly from the seed, and none of the earliest vernal vegetation. This is all from buds which have lived through the winter. 47. This growth from buds, in manifold variety, is as interesting a subject of study as the growth of the plantlet from the seed, and is still easier to observe. We have only room here to sketch the general plan ; earnestly recommending the student to examine at- tentively their mode of growth in all the common trees and shrubs, when they shoot forth in spring. The growth of the terminal bud prolongs the stem or branch: the growth of axillary buds pro- duces branches. 48. The Arrangement of Branches is accordingly the same as of axillary buds ; and the arrangement of these buds is the same as that of the leaves. Now leaves are arranged in two principal ways : they are either opposite or alternate. Leaves are opposite when 24 GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. [LESSON 4. there are two borne on the same joint of stem, as in the Horse- chestuut, Maple (Fig. 7), Honeysuckle (Fig. 132), Lilac, &c. ; the two Iraves in such cases being always opposite each other, that is, on exactly opposite sides of the stem. Here of course the buds in their axils are opposite, as we observe in Fig. 48, where the leaves have fallen, but their place is shown by the scars. And the branches into which the buds grow are likewise opposite each other in pairs. 49. Leaves are alternate when there is only one from each joint of stem, as in the Oak (Fig. 22), Lime-tree, Poplar, Buttonwood (Fig. 50), Morning-Glory (Fig. 8), not counting the seed-leaves, which of course are opposite, there being a pair of them ; also in Indian Corn (Fig. 42), and Iris (Fig. 44). Consequently the axillary buds are also alternate, as in Hickory (Fig. 49) ; and- the branches they form alternate, making a different kind of spray from the other mode, one branch shooting on the one side of the stem and the next on some other. For in the alternate arrangement no leaf is on the same side of the stem as the one next above or next below it. 50. Branches, therefore, are arranged with symmetry ; and the mode of branching of the whole tree may be foretold by a glance at the arrangement of the leaves on the seedling or stem of the first year. This arrangement of the branches according to that of the leaves is always plainly to be recognized ; but the symmetry of branches is rarely complete. This is owing to several causes ; mainly to one, viz. : 51. It never happens that all the budg grow. If they did, there would be as many branches in any year as there were leaves the year before. And of those which do begin to grow, a large portion perish, sooner or later, for want of nourishment or for want of light. Those which first begin to grow have an advantage, which they are apt to keep, taking to themselves the nourishment of the stem, and starving the weaker buds. 52. In the Horsechestnut (Fig. 48), Hickory (Fig. 49), Mag- nolia, and most other trees with large scaly buds, the terminal bud is the strongest, and has the advantage in growth, and next in strength are the upper axillary buds : while the former continues the shoot of the last year, some of the latter give rise to branches, while the rest fail to grow. In the Lilac also, the upper axillary buds are stronger than the lower ; but the terminal bud rarely LESSON 4.] GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. 25 appears at all ; in its place the uppermost pair of axillary buds grow, and so each stem branches every year into two ; making a re- peatedly two-forked ramification. 53. In these and many similar trees and shrubs, most of the shoots make a definite annual growth. That is, each shoot of the season develops rapidly from a strong bud in spring, a bud which gen- erally contains, already formed in miniature, all or a great part of the leaves and joints of stem it is to produce, makes its whole growth in length in the course of a few weeks, or sometimes even in a few days, and then forms and ripens its buds for the next year's similar rapid growth. 54. On the other hand, the Locust, Honey-Locust, Sumac, and, among smaller plants, the Rose and Raspberry, make an indefinite annual growth. That is, their stems grow on all summer long, until stopped by the frosts of autumn or some other cause ; con- sequently they form and ripen no terminal bud protected by scales, and the upper axillary buds are produced so late in the season that they have no time to mature, nor has the wood time to solidify and ripen. Such stems therefore commonly die at the top in winter, or at least all their upper buds are small and feeble ; and the growth of the succeeding year takes place mainly from the lower axillary buds, which are more mature. Most of our perennial herbs grow in this way, their stems dying down to the ground every year : the part beneath, however, is charged with vigorous buds, well pro- tected by the kindly covering of earth, ready for the next year's vegetation. 55. In these last-mentioned cases there is, of course, no single main stem, continued year after year in a direct line, but the trunk is soon lost in the branches ; and when they grow into trees, these commonly have rounded or spreading tops. Of such trees with deliquescent stems, that is, with the trunk dissolved, as it were, into the successively divided branches, the common American Elm (Fig. 54) furnishes a good illustration. 56. On the other hand, the main stem of Pines and Spruces, as it begins in the seedling, unless destroyed by some injury, is carried on in a direct line throughout the whole growth of the tree, by the development year after year of a terminal bud : this forms a single, uninterrupted shaft, an excurrent trunk, which can never be con- founded with the branches that proceed from it. Of such spiry or spire-shaped trees, the Firs or Spruces are the most perfect and 3 26 GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. |_LESSON 4. familiar illustrations (Fig. 54) ; but some other trees with strong terminal buds exhibit the same character for a certain time, and in a less marked degree. 57. Latent Buds, Some of the axillary buds grow the following year into branches ; but a larger number do not (51). These do not necessarily die. Often they survive in a latent state for some years, risible on the surface of the branch, or are smaller and concealed under the bark, resting on the surface of the wood : and when at any time the other buds or branches happen to be killed, these older latent buds grow to supply their place ; as is often seen when the foliage and young shoots of a tree are destroyed by insects. The new shoots seen springing directly out of large stems may sometimes originate from such latent buds, which have preserved their life for years. But commonly these arise from 58. Adventitious Buds, These are buds which certain shrubs and trees produce anywhere on the surface of the wood, especially where it has been injured. They give rise to the slender twigs which often feather so beautifully the sides of great branches or trunks of our American Elms. They sometimes form on the root, which naturally is destitute of buds ; and they are sure to appear on the trunks and roots of Willows, Poplars, and Chestnuts, when these are wounded or mutilated. Indeed Osier- Willows are pollarded, or cut off, from time to time, by the cultivator, for the purpose of producing a crop of slender adventitious twigs, suitable for basket-work. Such branches, being altogether irregular, of course interfere with the natural sym- metry of the tree (50). Another cause of irregularity, in certain trees and shrubs, is the formation of what are called 59. Accessory ur Supernumerary Buds, There are cases where two, three, or more buds spring from the axil of a leaf, instead of the single one which is ordinarily found there. Sometimes they are placed one over the other, as in the Aristolochia or Pipe-Vine, and in the Tartarian Honeysuckle (Fig. 51) ; also in the 51 Honey-Locust, and in the Walnut and Butternut (Fig. 52), where the upper supernumerary bud is a good way out of the axil and above the others. And this is here stronger FIG. 51. Tartarian Honeysuckle, with three accessory buds in one axil. LESSON 4.] GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. 27 than the others, and grows into a branch which is considerably out ot tho axil, while the lower and smaller ones commonly do not grow at all. In other cases the three buds stand side by side* in the axil, as in the Hawthorn, and the Red Mapte (Fig. 53). If these were all to grow into branches, they would stifle or jostle each other. But some of them are commonly flower-buds : in the Red Maple, only the middle one is ^ a leaf-bud, and it does not grow until after those on each side of it have ex- panded the blossoms they contain. 60. Sorts Of Buds, It may be useful to enumerate the kinds of buds which have now been mentioned, referring back to the paragraphs in which the pe- culiarities of each are explained. Buds, then, are either terminal or lateral. They are Terminal when they rest on the apex of a stem (42). The earliest terminal bud is the plumule of the embryo (16). Lateral, when they appear on the side of a stem : of which the only regular kind is the Axillary (43), namely, those which are situated in the axils of leaves. Accessory or Supernumerary (59), when two or more occur in addition to the ordinary axillary bud. 53 Adventitious (58), when they occur out of the axils and without order, on stems or roots, or even on leaves. Any of these kind* may be, either Naked, when without coverings; or scaly, when protected by scales (44, 45). Latent, when they survive long without growing, and commonly without being visible externally (57). Leaf-buds, when they contain leaves, and develop into a leafy Bhoot. Flower-buds, when they contain blossoms, and no leaves, as the FTG. 52. Butternut branch, with accessory buds, the uppermost above the axil. FIG. 53. Red-Maple branch, with accessory buds placed side by side. 28 MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS. [LESSON 5. side-buds of the Red-Maple, or when they are undeveloped blossoms. These we shall have to consider hereafter. Figure 54 represents a spreading-topped tree (American Elm), the stem dividing off into branches ; and some spiry trees (Spruces on the right hand, and two of the Arbor- Vitse on the left) with ex= current siems. LESSON V, MORPHOLOGY (i.e. VARIOUS SORTS AND FORMS) OF ROOTS. 61. Morphology, as the name (derived from two Greek words) denotes, is the doctrine of forms. In treating of forms in plants, the botanist is not confined to an enumeration or description of the shapes or sorts that occur, which would be a dull and tedious business, but he endeavors to bring to view the relations between one form and another ; and this is an interesting study. 62. Botanists give particular names to all the parts of plants, and ulso particular terms to express their principal varieties in form. They use these terms with great precision and advantage in describ- ing the species or kinds of plants. They must therefore be defined and explained in our books. But it would be a great waste of time LESSON 5.] MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS, 29 for the young student to learn them by rote. The student should rather consider the connection between one form and another ; and notice how the one simple plan of the plant, as it has already been illustrated, is worked out in the greatest variety of ways, through the manifold diversity of forms which each of its three organs of vege tation root, stem, and leaf is made to assume. 63. This we are now ready to do. That is, having obtained & 'g neral idea of vegetation, by tracing the plant from the seed and .the bud into the herb, shrub, or tree, we proceed to contemplate the principal forms under which these three organs occur in different plants, or in different parts of the same plant ; or, in other words, tc study the morphology of the root, stem, and leaves. 64. Of these three organs, the root is the simplest and the lea&f varied in its modifications. Still it exhibits some widely different kinds. Going back to the beginning, we commence with 65. The simple Primary Root, which most plants send down frwtt the root-end of the embryo as it grows from the seed ; as we havr seen in the Maple (Fig 5 - 7), Morning-Glory (Fig. 8 and 28) Beech (Fig. 14, 15), Oak and Buckeye (Fig. 22-24), &c. This. if it goes on to grow, makes a main or tap root, from which side^ branches here and there proceed. Some plants keep this mair root throughout their whole life, and send off only small side bra' <*hes ; as in the Carrot (Fig. 58) and Radish (Fig. 59) : and in some trees, like the Oak. it takes the lead of the side-branches for many years, unless accidentally injured, as a strong tap-root. But con>monly the main root divides off very soon, and is lost in the branches. We have already seen, also, that there may be at the beginning 66. Multiple Primary Roots, We have noticed them in the Pump- kin (Fig. 10), in the Pea (Fig. 20), and in Indian Corn (Fig. 42). That is, several roots have started all at once, or nearly so, from the seedling stem, and formed a bundle or cluster (a fascicled root, as it is called), in place of one main root. The Bean, as we observe in Fig. 18, begins with a main root , but some of its branches soon overtake it, and a cluster of roots is formed. 67. Absorption of Moisture by Roots, The branches of roots as they grow commonly branch again and again, into smaller roots or rootlets ; in this way very much increasing the surface by which the plant connects itself with the earth, and absorbs moisture from it. The whole surface of the root absorbs, so long as it is fresh and new ? and the newer the roots and rootlets are, the more freely do they 3* 30 MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS. [LESSON 5. imbibe. Accordingly, as long as the plant grows above ground, and expands fresh foliage, from which moisture much of the time largely escapes into the air, so long it continues to extend and multiply its roots in the soil beneath, renewing and increasing the fresh surface for absorbing moisture, in proportion to the demand from above. And when growth ceases above ground, and the leaves die and fall^ or no longer act, then the roots generally stop growing, and their soft and tender tips harden. From this period, therefore, until growth begins anew the next spring, is the best time for transplant- ing ; especially for trees and shrubs, and herbs so large that they cannot well be removed without injuring the roots very mnch. 68. We see, on considering a moment, that an herb or a tree consists of two great surfaces, with a narrow part or trunk between them, one surface spread out in the air, and the other in the soil. These two surfaces bear a certain proportion to each other ; and the upper draws largely on the lower for moisture. Now, when the leaves fall from the tree in autumn, the vast sur- face exposed to the air is reduced to a very small part of what it was before ; and the remainder, being covered with a firm bark, cannot lose much by evap- oration. In common herbs the whole surface above ground perishes in au- tumn ; and many of the rootlets die at the same time, or soon afterwards. So that the living vegetable is reduced for the time to the smallest compass, to the thousandth or hundred-thou- sandth part of what it was shortly before, and what remains alive rests in a dormant state, and may now be transplanted without much danger of harm. If any should doubt whether there is so great a difference between the summer and the winter size of ss plants, let them compare a lily-bulb with the full-grown Lily, or calculate the surface of foliage which FIG. 55. Seedling Maple, of the natural size, showing the root-hairs. 50. A bit of tba end of the root magnified. LESSON 5.] MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS. 31 a tree exposes to the air, as compared with the surface of its twigs. 69. The absorbing surface of roots is very much greater than it appears to be, on account of the root-hairs, or slender fibrils, which abound on the fresh and new parts of roots. These may be seen with an ordinary magnify ing-glass, or even by the naked eye in many cases ; as in the root of a seedling Maple (Fig. 55), where the surface is thickly clothed with them. They are not root- lets of a smaller sort ; but, when more magnified, are seen to be mere elongations of the surface of the root into slender tubes, which through their very delicate walls imbibe moisture from the soil with great avidity. They are com- monly much longer than those shown in Fig. 56, which represents only the very tip of a root moderately magnified. Small as they are indi- vidually, yet the whole amount of absorbing surface added to the rootlets by the countless numbers of these tiny tubes is very great. 79. Roots intend- ed mainly for ab- sorbing branch free- ly, and are slender or thread-like. When the root is prin- cipally of this character it is said to be fibrous ; as in Indian Corn (Fig. 42), and other grain, and to some extent in all annual plants (41). 71. The Root as a Storehouse of Food. In biennial and many perennial herbs (41), the root answers an additional purpose. In the course of the season it becomes a storehouse of nourishment, and enlarges or thickens as it receives the accumulation. Such roots are said to be fleshy ; and different names are applied to them according \Q FIG. 57 58, 59. Forms of fleshy or thickened root*. 32 MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS. [LESSON 5. their shapes. We may divide them all into two kinds ; 1st, those consisting of one main root, and 2d, those without any main root. 72. The first are merely different shapes of the tap-root ; which is Conical, when it thickens most at the crown, or where it joins the stem, and tapers regularly downwards to a point, as in the Common Beet, the Parsnip, and Carrot (Fig. 58) : Turnip-shaped or napiform, when greatly thickened above ; but abruptly becoming slender below ; as the Turnip (Fig. 57) : and, Spindle-shaped, or fusiform, when thickest in the middle and tapering to both ends ; as the common Radish (Fig. 59). 73. In the second kind, where there is no main root, the store of nourishing matter may be distributed throughout the branches or cluster of roots gener- ally, or it may be accumulated in some of them, as we see in the tuberous roots of the Sweet Potato, the common Peony, and the Dahlia (Fig. 60). 74. All but the last of these illustra- trations are taken from biennial plants. These grow with a large tuft of leaves next the ground, and accumulate nour- ishment all the first summer, and store up all they produce beyond what is wanted at the time in their great root, which lives over the winter. We know very well what use man and other animals make of this store of food, in the form of starch, sugar, jelly, and the like. From the second year's growth we may learn what use the plant itself makes of it. The new shoots then feed upon it, and use it to form with great Sapidity branches, flower-stalks, blossoms, fruit, and seed ; and, having used it up, the whole plant dies when the seeds have ripened. 75. In the same way the nourishment contained in the separate tuberous roots of the Sweet Potato and the Dahlia (Fig 60) is fed upon in the spring by the buds of the stem they belong to ; and as they are emptied of their contents, they likewise die and decay. But meanwhile similar stores of nourishment, produced by the second year's vegetation, are deposited in new roots, which live through the FIG. 60. Clustered tuberous roots of the Dahlia, with the bottom of the stern they talong to. LESSON 5.] MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS. 33 next winter, and sustain the third spring's growth, and so on ; these plants being perennial (41), or lasting year after year, though each particular root lives little more than one year. 76. Many things which commonly pass for roots are not really roots at all. Common potatoes are tuberous parts of stems, while sweet potatoes are roots, like those of the Dahlia (Fig. 60). The dif- ference between them will more plainly appear in the next Lesson. 77. Secondary Roots. So far we have considered only the origimA. or primary root, that which proceeded from the lower end of the first joint of stem in the plantlet springing from the seed, and its subdivisions. We may now remark, that any other part of the stem will produce roots just as well, whenever favorably situated for it ; that is, when covered by the soil, which provides the darkness and the moisture which is congenial to them. For these secondary roots, as they may be called, partake of the ordinary disposition of the organ : they avoid the light, and seek to bury themselves in the ground. In Indian Corn we see roots early striking from the second and the succeeding joints of stem under ground, more abundantly than from the first joint (Fig. 42). And all stems that keep up a connection with the soil such as those which creep along on or beneath its surface are sure to strike root from almost every joint. So will most branches when bent to the ground, and covered with the soil : and even cuttings from the branches of most plants can be made to do so, if properly managed. Propagation by buds depends upon this. That is, a piece of a plant which has stem and leaves, either developed or in the bud, may be made to produce roots, and so become an independent plant. 78. In many plants the disposition to strike root is so strong, that they even will spring from the stem above ground. In Indian Corn, for example, it is well known that roots grow, not only from all those joints round which the earth is heaped in hoeing, but also from those several inches above the soil : and other plants produce them from stems or branches high in the air. Such roots are called 79. Aerial Roots. All the most striking examples of these are met with, as we might expect, in warmer and damper climates than ours, and especially in deep forests which shut out much of the light ; this being unfavorable to roots. The Mangrove of tropical shores, which occurs on our own southern borders ; the Sugar Cane, from which roots strike just as in Indian Corn, only from higher up the stem ; the Pandanus, called Screw Pine (not from its resemblance to a S&F 3 84 MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS [LESSON 5. Pine-tree, but because it is like a Pine-apple plant) ; and the famous Banyan of India, and some other Fig-trees, furnish the most remark- able examples of roots, which strike from the stem or the branches in the open air, and at length reach the ground, and bury them- selves, when they act in the same manner as ordinary roots. 80. Some of our own common plants, however, produce small aerial rootlets ; not for absorbing nourishment, but for climbing. Bj Ihese rootlets, that shoot out abundantly from {he side of the stems and branches, the Trumpet Creeper, the Ivy of Europe, and our Poison Rhus, here called Poison Ivy, fasten themselves firmly to walls, or the trunks of trees, often ascending to a great height. Here roots serve the same purpose that tendrils do in the Grape- Vine and Virginia Creeper. Another form, and the most aerial of all roots, since they never reach the ground, are those of 81. Epiphytes, Of Air-Plants, These are called by the first name (which means growing on plants), because they are generally found upon the trunks and branches of trees ; not that they draw any nourishment from them, for their roots merely adhere to the bark, and they flourish just as well upon dead wood or any other con- venient support. They are called air-plants because they really live altogether upon what they get from the air, as they have no connection with the soil. Hundreds of air-plants grow all around us without attracting any attention, because they are small or hum- ble. Such are the Lichens and Mosses that abound on the trunks or boughs of trees, especially on the shaded side, and on old walls, fences, or rocks, from which they obtain no nourishment. But this name is commonly applied only to the larger, flower-bearing plants which live in this way. These belong to warm and damp parts of the world, where there is always plenty of moisture in the air. The greater part belong to the Orchis family and to the Pine- Apple fimily; and among them are some of the handsomest flowers known. We have two or three flowering air-plants in the Southern States, though they are not showy ones. One of them is an Epidendrum growing on the boughs of the Great-flowered Magnolia : another is the Long-Moss, or Black Moss, so called, although it is no Moss at all, which hangs from the branches of Oaks and Pines in all the warm parts of the Southern States. (Fig 61 represents both of these. The upper is the Epidendrum conopseum ; the lower, the Black Moss, Tillandsia usneoides.) 82. Para&itie Plants exhibit roots under yet another remarkable LESSON 5.J MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS. 85 aspect. For these are not merely fixed upon other plants, as ah% plants are, but strike their roots, or what answer to. roots, into them, and feed on their juices. Not only Moulds and Blights (which are plants of very low organization) live in this predacious way, but many flowering herbs, and even shrubs. One of the latter is the Mistletoe, the seed of which germinates on the bough of the tree where it falls or is left by birds ; and the forming root penetrates the bark and engrafts itself into the wood, to which it becomes united as firmly as a natural branch to its parent stem ; and indeed the parasite lives just as if it were a branch of the tree it grows and feeds on. A most common parasitic herb is the Dodder; which abounds in low grounds everywhere in summer, and coils its long and slender leafless, yellowish stems resembling tangled threads of yarn round and round the stalks of other plants ; wherever they touch piercing the bark with minute and very short rootlets in the form of suckers, which draw out the nourishing juices of the plants laid hold of. Other parasitic plants, like the Beech-drops and Pine-sap, fasten their roots under ground upon the roots of neighboring plants, and rob them of their rich juices. 36 MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [LESSON 6. LESSON VI. MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. 83. THE growth of the stem in length, and the formation o. branches, have been considered already. Their growth in thick- ness we may study to more advantage in a later Lesson. The very various forms which they assume will now occupy our attention, beginning with 84. The Forms of Stems and Branches above ground, The principal differences as regards size and duration have been mentioned before (41); namely, the obvious distinction of plants into herbs, shrubs, and trees, which depends upon the duration and size of the stem. The stem is accordingly Herbaceous, when it dies down to the ground every year, or after blossoming. Suffrutescent, when the bottom of the stem above the soil is a little woody, and inclined to live from year to year. Suffruticose, when low stems are decidedly woody below, but herbaceous above. Fruticose, or shrubby, when woody, living from year to year, and of considerable size, not, however, more than three or four times the height of a man. Arborescent, when tree-like in appearance, or approaching a tree in size. Arboreous, when forming a proper tree trunk. 85. When the stem or branches rise above ground and are ap- parent to view, the plant is said to be caulescent, (that is, to have a caulis or true stem). When there is no evident stem above ground, but only leaves or leaf-stalks and flower-stalks, the plant is said to be acaulescent, i. e. stemless, as in the Crocus, Bloodroot, common Violets, &c., and in the Beet, Carrot, and Radish (Fig. 59), for the first season. There is a stem, however, in all such cases, only it remains on or beneath the ground, and is sometimes very short. Of course leaves an 3 flowers do not arise from the root. These concealed sorts of stem we will presently study. 86. The direction taken by stems, &c., or their mode of growth, LESSON 6.] SUCKERS, STOLONS^ AND OFFSETS. 37 gives rise to several terms, which may be briefly mentioned: such as Diffuse, when loosely spreading in all directions. Declined, when turned or bending over to one side. Decumbent, reclining on the ground, as if too weak to stand- Assurgent or ascending, when rising obliquely upwards. Procumbent or prostrate, lying flat on the ground from the first Creeping, or repent, when prostrate stems on or just beneath the ground strike root as they grow ; as does the White Clover, the little Partridge-berry, &c. Climbing, or scandent, when stems rise by clinging to other ob- jects for support, whether by tendrils, as do the Pea, Grape- Vine, and Virginia Creeper (Fig. 62) ; by their twisting leaf-stalks, as the Virgin's Bower ; or by rootlets, like the Ivy, Poison Ivy, and Trumpet Creeper (80). Twining, or voluble, when stems rise by coiling themselves spirally around other stems or supports ; like the Morning-Glory and the Bean. 87. Certain forms of stems have received distinct names. The jointed stem of Grasses and Sedges is called by botanists a culm ; and the peculiar scaly trunk of Palms and the like (Fig 47) is sometimes called a caudex. A few forms of branches the gardener distinguishes by particular names ; and they are interesting from their serving for the natural propagation of plants from buds, and for suggesting ways by which we artificially multiply plants that would not propagate themselves without the gardener's aid. These are suckers, offsets, stolons, and runners. 88. Slickers are ascending branches rising from stems under ground, such as are produced so abundantly by the Rose, Raspberry, and other plants said to multiply " by the root." If we uncover them, we see at once the great difference between these subterranean branches and real roots. They are only creeping branches under ground. Remarking how the upright shoots from these branches become separate plants, simply by the dying off of the connecting under-ground stems, the gardener expedites the result by cutting them through with his spade. That is, he propagates the plant " by division." 89. Stolons are trailing or reclining branches above ground., which strike root where they touch the soil, and then send up a vigorous shoot, which has roots of its own, and becomes an independent plant when the connecting part dies, as it does after a while. The Currant 4 38 MORPHOLOGY OF STEM8 A.ND BRANCHES. [_I-ESSON but these die in the following winter, if not before, and leave the plants as so many separate individuals. 92. Tendrils are branches of a very slender sort, like runners, not destined like them for propagation, and therefore always destitute of buds or leaves, but intended for climbing. Those of the Grape- Vine, of the Virginia Creeper (Fig. 62), and of the Cucumber and FIG. G2. Piece of the stem of Virginia Creeper, bearing a leaf and a tendril. 63. Tips of a tendril, about the natural size, showing the disks by which they hold fast to walls, &,c. LESSON 6.] RUNNERS, TENDRILS, SPINES. 89 Squash tribe are familiar illustrations. The tendril commonly grows straight and outstretched until it reaches some neighboring support, such as a stem, when its apex hooks around it to secure a hold j then the whole tendril shortens itself by coiling up spirally, and su draws the shoot of the growing plant nearer to the supporting object. When the Virginia Creeper climbs the side of a building or the smooth bark of a tree, which the tendrils cannot lay hold of in tie usual way, their tips expand into a flat disk or sucker (Fig. 62, 63), which adheres very firmly to the wall or bark, enabling the plant to climb over and cover such a surface, as readily as the Ivy does by means of its sucker-like little rootlets. The same result is effected by different organs, in the one case by branches in the form of ten- drils ; in the other, by roots. 93. Tendrils, however, are not always branches ; some are leaves, or parts of leaves, as those of the Pea (Fig. 20). Their nature in each case is to be learned from their position, whether it be that of a leaf or of a branch. In the same way 94. Spines OF Thorns sometimes represent leaves, as in the Bar- berry, where their nature is shown by their situation outside of an axillary bud or branch. In other words, here they have a bud in their axil, and are therefore leaves ; so we shall have to mention them in another place. Most commonly spines are stunted and hardened branches, arising from the axils of leaves, as in the Haw- thorn and Pear. A neglected Pear-tree or Plum-tree shows every gradation between ordinary branches and thorns. Thorns sometimes branch, their branches partaking of the same spiny character: in this way those on the trunks of Honey-Locust trees (produced from adventitious buds, 58) become exceedingly complicated and horrid. The thorns on young shoots of the Honey-Locust may appear some- what puzzling at first view; for they are situated some distance a')ove the axil of the leaf. Here the thorn comes from the upper- most of several supernumerary buds (59). Prickles, such as those of the Rose and Blackberry, must not be confounded with thorns : these have not the nature of branches, and have no connection with the wood ; but are only growths of the bark. When we strip off the bark, the prickles go with it. 95. Still stranger forms of stems and branches than any of these are met with in some tribes of plants, such as Cactuses (Fig. 76). These will be more readily understood after we have considered some of the commoner forms of 40 MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [LESSON 6. 96. Subterranean Stems and Branches, These are very numerous and various ; but they are commonly overlooked, or else confounded with roots. From their situation they are out of the sight of the superficial observer : but if sought for and examined, they will well repay the student's attention. For the vegetation that is carried on under ground is hardly less varied, and no less interesting and im. portant, than that which meets our view above ground. All their ijrms may be referred to four principal kinds ; namely, the Rhizo* ma or Rootstock, the Tuber, the Corm, and the Bulb. 97. The RootstOCk, or Rhizoma, in its simplest form, is merely a creeping stem or branch (86) growing beneath the surface of the soil, or partly covered by it. Of this kind are the so-called creeping, running, or scaly roots, such as those by which the Mint (Fig. 64), tke Scotch Rose, the Couch-grass or Quick-grass, and many other plants, spread so rapidly and widely, " by the root," as it is said. 64 That these are really stems, and not roots, is evident from the way in which they grow; from their consisting of a succession of joints; and from the leaves which they bear on each joint (or node, as the botanist calls the place from which leaves arise), in the form of small scales, just like, the lowest ones on the upright stem next the ground. Like other stems, they also produce buds in the axils of these scales, showing the scales to be leaves ; whereas real roots bear neither leaves nor axillary buds. Placed, as they are, in the damp and dark soil, such stems naturally produce roots, just as the creeping stem does where it lies on the surface of the ground j but the whole appearance of these roots, their downward growth, and their mode of branching, are very different from that of the subter- ranean stem they spring from. 98. It is easy to see why plants with these running rootstocks take such rapid and wide possession of the soil, often becoming great pests to farmers, and why they are so hard to get rid of. They are FIG. 64. Rootstocks, or creeping subterranean branches, of the Peppermint. LESSON 6.] SUBTERRANEAN FORMS : ROOTSTOCKS. 41 always perennials (41) ; the subterranean shoots live over the first winter, if not longer, and are provided with vigorous buds at every joint. Some of these buds grow in spring into upright stems, bearing foliage, to elaborate the plant's crude food into nourishment, and at length produce blossoms for reproduction by seed ; while many oth- ers, fed by nourishment supplied from above, form a new generation of subterranean shoots ; and this is repeated over and over in the course of the season or in succeeding years. Meanwhile as the sub^ terranean shoots increase in number, the older ones, connecting the series of generations into one body, die off year by year, liberating the already rooted side-branches as so many separate plants ; and so on indefinitely. Cutting these running rootstocks into pieces, therefore, by the hoe or the plough, far from destroying the plant, only accelerates the propagation ; it converts one many-branched plant into a great number of separate individuals. Even if you divide the shoots into as many pieces as there are joints of stem, each piece (Fig. Go) is already a plantlet, with its roots and with a bud in the axil of its scale-like leaf (either latent or apparent), and having prepared nourishment enough in the bit of ,, stem to develop this bud into a leafy stem ; and so a single plant is all the more speedily converted into a multitude. Such plants as the Quick- grass accordingly realize the fable of the Hy- dra ; as fast as one of its many branches is cut 65 off, twice as many, or more, spring up in its stead. Whereas, when the subterranean parts are only roots, cutting away the stem com- pletely destroys the plant, except in the rather rare cases where the root produces adventitious buds (58). 99. The more nourishment rootstocks contain, the more readily do separate portions, furnished with buds, become independent plants. It is to such underground stems, thickened with a large amount of starch, or some similar nourishing matter stored up in their tissue, that the name of rhizoma or rootstock is commonly applied ; such, for example, as those of the Sweet Flag or Calamus, of Ginger, of Iris or Flower-de-luce (Fig. 133), and of the Solomon's Seal (Fig. 66). 100. The rootstocks of the common sorts of Iris of the gardens usually lie on the surface of the ground, partly uncovered ; and they bear real leaves (Fig. 133), which closely overlap each other; F'l. 65. A piece of the running rootstock of the Peppermint, with its node or joint, and an axillary bud ready to grow. J,* 42 MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [LESSON 6. the joints (i. e. the internodes, or spaces between each leaf) being very short. As the leaves die, year by year, and decay, a scar left in the form of a ring marks the place where each leaf was attached. Instead of leaves, rootstocks buried under ground com- monly bear scales, like those of the Mint (Fig. 64), which are im- perfect leaves. 101. Some rootstocks are marked with large round scars of a different sort, like those of the Solomon's Seal (Fig. G6), which gave this name to the plant, from their looking something like the impres- sion of a seal upon wax. Here the rootstock sends up every spring an herbaceous stalk or stem, which bears the foliage and flowers, and dies in autumn ; and the seal is the circular scar left by the death and separation of the dead stalk from the living rootstock. As but one of these is formed each year, they mark the limits of a year's growth. The bud at the end of the rootstock in the figure, which was taken in summer, will grow the next spring into the stalk of the season, vhich, dying in autumn, will leave a similar scar, while another bud will be formed farther on, crowning the ever-advancing summit or growing end of the stem. 102. As each year's growth of stem, in all these cases, makes its own roots, it soon becomes independent of the older parts. And after a certain age, a portion dies off behind, every year, about as fast as it increases at the grow- ing end ; death following life with equal and certain step, with only a narrow interval be- tween. In vigorous plants of Solomon's Seal or Iris, the living rootstock is several inches or a foot in length ; while in the short rootstock of FIG. 66. Rootstock of Solomon's Seal, with the bottom of the stalk of the season, and the kud for the next year's growth. FIG. 67. The very short rootstock and bud of a Trillium or Birthroot. LESSON 6.] SUBTERRANEAN FORMS ! TUBERS. 43 Trillium or Birthroot (Fig. 67) life is reduced to a very narrow span, only an inch or less intervening between death beneath and young life in the strong bud annually renewed at the summit. 103. A Tuber is a thickened portion of a rootstock. When slender subterranean branches, like those of the Quick-grass or Mint (Fig. 64), become enlarged at the growing end by the accumulation there of an abundance of solid nourishing matter, tubers are produced, lik those of the Nut-grass of the Southern States (which accordingly be comes a greater pest even than the Quick-grass), and of the Jerusalem Artichoke, and the Potato. The whole formation may be seen at a glance in Figure 68, which represents the subterranean growth of a Potato-plant, and shows the tubers in all their stages, from shoots just beginning to enlarge at the tip, up to fully-formed potatoes. And Fig. 69, one of the forming tubers moderately magnified, plainly shows the leaves of this thickening shoot, in the form of little scales. It is under these scales that the eyes appear (Fig. 70) : and these are evidently axillary buds (43). 104. Let us glance for a moment at the economy or mode of life of the Potato-plant, and similar vegetables, as shown in the mor- FIG. 68. Forming tubers of the Potato. 69. One of the very young potatoes, moderately magnified. 70 Slice of a portion through an eye, more magnified. 44 MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [LESSON ft yihology of the branches, that is, in the different forms they appear under, and the purposes they serve. The Potato-plant has three principal forms of branches : 1. Those that bear ordinary leaves, expanded in the air, to digest what they gather from it and what the roots gather from the soil, and convert it into nourishment. 2. After a while a second set of branches at the summit of the plant bear flowers, which form fruit and seed out of a portion of the nourishment which the leaves have prepared. 3. But a larger part of this nourishment, while in a liquid state, is carried down the stem, into a third sort of branches under ground, and accumulated in the form of starch at their extremities, which become tubers, or deposi- tories of prepared solid food; just as in the Turnip, Carro f , Dahlia, &c. (Fig. 57-60), it is deposited in the root. The use of the store of food is obvious enough. In the autumn the whol plant dies, except the seeds (if it formed them) and the tubers ; and the latter are left disconnected in the ground. Just as that small portion of nourishing matter which is deposited in the seed (3, and Fig. 34) feeds the embryo when it germinates, so the much larger portion deposited in the tuber nourishes its buds, or eyes, when they likewise grow, the next spring, into new plants. And the great supply enables them to shoot with a greater vigor at the beginning, and to produce a greater amount of vegetation than the seedling plant could do in the same space of time ; which vegetation in turn may prepare and store up, in the course of a few weeks or months, the largest quantity of solid nourishing material, in a form most available for food. Taking advantage of this, man has transported the Potato from the cool Andes of South America to other cool cli- mates, and makes it yield him a copious supply of food, especially in countries where the season is too short, or the summer's heat too little, for profitably cultivating the principal grain-plants. 105. All the sorts of subterranean stems or branches distinguished by botanists pass into one another by gradations. We have seen how nearly related the tuber is to the rootstock, and there are many cases in which it is difficult to say which is the proper name to use. So likewise, 106. Th> Corm, Or Solid Bulb, like that of the Indian Turnip and the Crocus (Fig. 71), is just a very short and thick rootstock ; as will be seen by comparing Fig. 71 with Fig. 67. Indeed, it grows so very little in length, that it is often much broader than long, as in the Indian Turnip, and the Cyclamen of our greenhouses. Conns LESSON 6.] SUBTERRANEAN FORMS : BULBS. are usually upright, producing buds on their upper surface and roots from the lower. But (as we see in the Crocus here figured) buds may shoot from just above any of the faint cross lines or rings, which are the scars left by the death and decay of the sheathing bases of former leaves. That is, these are axillary buds. In these extraordinary (just as in ordinary) stems, the buds are either axillary or terminal. The whole mode of growth is just the same, only the corm does not increase in length faster than it does in thickness. After a few years some of the buds grow into new corms at the expense of the old one ; the young ones taking the nourishment from the parent, and storing up a large part of it in their own tissue. When exhausted in this way, as well as by flowering, the old corm dies, and its shrivelled and decaying remains may be found at the side of or beneath the present generation, as we see in the Crocus (Fig. 71). 107. The corm of a Crocus is commonly covered with a thin and dry, scaly or fibrous husk, consisting of the dead remains of the bases of former leaves. When this husk consists of many scales, there is scarcely any distinction left between the corm and 108. The Blllb, This is an extremely short subterranean stem r usually much broader than high, producing roots from underneath, and covered with leaves or the bases of leaves, in the form of thick- ened scales. It is, therefore, the same as a corm, or solid bulb, only it bears an abundance of leaves or scales, which make up the greater part of its bulk. Or we may regard it as a bud, with thick and fleshy scales. Compare a Lily-bulb (Fig. 73) with the strong scaly lids of the Hickory and Horsechestnut (Fig. 48 and 49), and the resemblance will be apparent enough. 109. Bulbs serve the same purpose as tubers, rootstocks, or corms. The main difference is, that in these the store of food for future growth is deposited in the stem ; while in the bulb, the greater part is deposited in the bases of the leaves, changing them into thick scales, which closely overlap or enclose one another, because the etem does not elongate enough to separate them. That the scales FIG. 71. Conn or solid bulb of a Crocus. 72. The same, cut through lengthwise. 46 MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [LESSON 6. of the bulb are the bases of leaves may be seen at once by follow- ing any of the ground-leaves (root-leaves as they are incorrectly called) down to their origin in the bulb. Fig. 75 represents one of them from the White Lily; tie thickened base, which makes a scale, being cut off below, to show its thickness. After having lasted its time and served its purpose as foliage, the green leaf dies, down to the thickened base, which remains as a scale of the bulb. And year after year, as the bulb grows from the centre, to produce the vege- tation and the flowers of the season, the outer scales yield up their store of nourishment for the purpose, and perish. 110. Each scale, being a leaf, may have a bud in its axil. Some of these buds grow into leafy and flowering stems above ground : others grow into new bulbs, feeding on the parent, and at length destroying it, in the same way that corms do, as just described (106). 111. When the scales are broad and enwrap all that is within so as to form a succession of coats, one over another, the bulb is said to be tunicated or coated. The Tulip, Hyacinth, Leek, and Onion afford such familiar examples of coated bulbs that no figure is needed. When the scales are narrow and separate, as in the Lily (Fig. 73), the bulb is said to be scaly. 112. Blllblcts are small bulbs formed above ground on some plants ; as in the axils of the leaves of the common bulbiferous Lily of the gardens, and often in the flower-clusters of the Leek and Onion. They are plainly nothing but bulbs with thickened scales. They never grow into branches, but detach themselves when 75 full grown, and fall to the ground, to take root there and form Tiew plants. 113. From the few illustrations already given, attentive students FIG. 73. Bulb of the Meadow or Canada Lily. 74. Tlie same, cut through lengthwise. FIG. 75. A lower leaf of White Lily, with its base Hnder ground thickened into a Dulh Male. LESSON G.] CONSOLIDATED FORMS OF VEGETATION. 47 can hardly fail to obtain a good idea of what is meant by morphology in Botany ; and they will be able to apply its simple principles for themselves to all forms of vegetation. They will find it very inter- esting to identify all these various subterranean forms with the com- mon plan of vegetation above ground. There is the same structure, and the same mode of growth in reality, however different in ap- pearance, and however changed the form, to suit particular condition?* pr to accomplish particular ends. It is plain to see, already, that the plant is constructed according to a plan, a very simple one, which is exhibited by all vegetables, by the extraordinary no less than by the ordinary kinds ; and that the same organ may appear under a great many different shapes, and fulfil very different offices. 114. These extraordinary shapes are not confined to subterra- nean vegetation. They are all repeated in various sorts of fleshy plants ; in the Houseleek, Aloe, Agave (Fig. 82), and in the many and strange shapes which the Cactus family exhibit (Fig. 76) ; shapes which imitate rootstocks, tubers, corms, &c. above ground. All these we may regard as 115. Consolidated Forms Of Vegetation. While ordinary plants are constructed on the plan of great spread of surface (131), these are formed on the plan of the least possible amount of surface in proportion to their bulk. The Cereus genus of Cactuses, for ex- ample, consisting of solid columnar trunks (Fig. 76, 5), may be likened to rootstocks. A green rind serves the purpose of foliage ; but the surface is as nothing compared with an ordinary leafy plant of the same bulk. Compare, for instance, the largest Cactus known, the Giant Cereus of the Gila River (Fig. 76, in the background), which rises to the height of fifty or sixty feet, with a common leafy tree of the same height, such as that in Fig. 54, and estimate how vastly greater, even without the foliage, the surface of the latte is than that of the former. Compare, in the same view, an Opunti or Prickly-Pear Cactus, its stem and branches formed of a succes- sion of thick and flattened joints (Fig. 76, a), which may be likened to tubers, or an Epiphyllum (d), with shorter and flatter joints, with an ordinary leafy shrub or herb of equal size. And finally, in Melon-Cactuses or Echinocactus (c), with their globular or bulb-like shapes, we have plants in the compactest shape ; their spherical fig- ure being such as to expose the least possible amount of its bulk to the air. 116. These consolidated plants are evidently adapted and designed 48 MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [LESSON 6, for very dry regions ; and in such only are they found. Similarly, bulbous and corm-bearing plants, and the like, are examples of a form of vegetation which in the growing season may expand a large surface to the air and light, while during the period of rest the living vegetable is reduced to a globe, or solid form of the least possible surface ; and this is protected by its outer coats of dead and dry scales, as well as by its situation under ground. Such| giants exhibit another and very similar adaptation to a season of drought. And they mainly belong to countries (such as Southern Africa, and parts of the interior of Oregon and California) which have a long hot season during which little or no rain falls, when, their stalks and foliage above and their roots beneath being early cut off by drought, the plants rest securely in their compact bulbs, filled with nourishment, and retaining their moisture with great tenacity, until the rainy season comes round. Then they shoot forth leaves and flowers with wonderful rapidity, and what was perhaps a desert of arid sand becomes green with foliage and gay with blossoms, almost in a day. This will be more perfectly understood when the nature and use of foliage have been more fully considered. (Fig 76. represents several forms of Cactus vegetation.) WESSON 7-3 MORPHOLOGY OP LEAVES. 49 LESSON VII. MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES. 117. IN describing the sabterranean forms of the stem, we been led to notice already some of the remarkable forms under which leaves occur ; namely, as scales, sometimes small and thin, as those of the rootstocks of the Quick-grass, or the Mint (Fig. 64), sometimes large and thick, as those of bulbs (Fig. 73-75), where they are commonly larger than the stem they belong to. We have seen, too, in the second Lesson, the seed-leaves (or cotyledons) in forms as unlike foliage as possible ; and in the third Lesson we have spoken of bud-scales as a sort of leaves. So that the botanist recog- nizes the leaf under other forms than that of foliage. 118. We may call foliage the natural form of leaves, and look upon the other sorts as special forms, as transformed leaves: by this term meaning only that what would have been ordinary leaves under other circumstances (as, for instance, those on shoots of Mint, Fig. 64, had these grown upright in the air, instead of creeping under ground) are developed in special forms to serve some particular purpose. For the Great Author of Nature, having designed plants upon one simple plan, just adapts this plan to all cases. So, when- ever any special purpose is to be accomplished, no new instruments or organs are created for it, but one of the three general organs of the vegetable, root, stem, or leaf, is made to serve the purpose, and is adapted to it by taking some peculiar form. 119. It is the study of the varied forms under this view that con- stitutes Morphology (61), and gives to this part of Botany such great interest. We have already seen stems and roots under a great variety of forms. But leaves appear under more various and widely different forms, and answer a greater variety of purposes, than do both the other organs of the plant put together. We have to con- sider, then, leaves as foliage, and leaves as something else than foliage. As we have just been noticing cases of leaves that are not foliage, we may consider these first, and enumerate the principal kinds. 120. Leaves as Depositories Of Pood, Of these we have had plenty of instances in the seed-leaves, such as those of the Almond, Apple- & 50 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES. [LESSON 7, seed (Fig. 11), Beech (Fig. 13-15), the Bean and Pea (Fig. 16- 20), the Oak (Fig. 21, 22), and Horsechestnut (Fig. 23, 24) ; where the food upon which the plantlet feeds when it springs irom the seed is stored up in its cotyledons or first leaves. And we have noticed how very unlike foliage such leaves are. Yet in some case?, as in the Pumpkin (Fig. 10), they actually grow into green leaves aa they get rid of their burden. 121. Bulb-Scales (Fig. 73-75) of- fer another instance, which we were considering at the close of the last Lesson. Here a part of the nourish- ment prepared in the foliage of one year is stored up in the scales, or subterranean thickened leaves, for the early growth and flowering of the next year ; and this enables the flowers to appear before the leaves, or as soon as they do ; as in Hyacinths, Snow- drops, and many bulbous plants. 122. Leaves as Bud-scales, &c. True to its nature, the stem produces leaves even under ground, where they cannot serve as foliage, and where often, as on rootstocks and tubers (97-103), they are not of any use that we know of. In such cases they usually appear as thin scales. So the first leaves of the stems of herbs, as they sprout from the ground, are generally mere scales, such as those of an Asparagus shoot ; and such are the first leaves on the stem of the seedling Oak (Fig. 22) and the Pea (Fig. 20). Similar scales, however, often serve an im- portant purpose; as when they form the covering of buds, where they protect the tender parts within (44). That bud-scales are FIG. 77. Leaves of a developing bud of the Low Sweet Buckeye (vEsculus parviflora), showing a nearly complete set of gradations from a scale to a compound leaf of five leaflets. LESSON 7.] SPINES, TENDRILS, AND PITCHERS. 51 leaves is plainly shown, in many cases, by the gradual transition between them and the first foliage of the shoot. The Common Lilac and the Shell-bark Hickory are good instances of the sort. But the best illustration is fur- nished by the Low Sweet Buckeye of the Southern States, which is often cultivated as an ornamental shrub. From one and the same growing bud we may often find all the grada- tions which are shown in Fig. 77. 123. Leaves as Spines occur in several plants. The most familiar instance is that of the Com- mon Barberry. In almost any summer shoot, most of the gradations may be seen between the ordinary leaves, with sharp bristly teeth, and leaves which are reduced to a branching spine or thorn, as shown in Fig. 78. The fact that the spines of the Barberry produce a leaf-bud in their axil also proves them to be leaves. 124. Leaves as Tendrils are to be seen in the Pea and the Vetch (Fig. 20, 127), where the upper part of each leaf becomes a tendril, which the plant uses to climb by ; and in one kind of Vetch the whole leaf is such a tendril. 125. Leaves as Pitchers, or hollow tubes, are familiar to us in the common Pitcher- plant or Side-saddle Flower (Sarrac^nia, Fig. 79) of our bogs. These pitchers are generally half-full of water, in which flies and other insects are drowned, often in such numbers as to make a rich manure for the plant, no doubt ; though we can hardly imagine this to be the design of the pitcher. Nor do we per- ceive here any need of a contrivance to hold water, since the roots of these plants are always well supplied by the wet bogs where they grow. FIG. 78. Summer shoot of Barberry, showing the transition of leaves into spines. FIG. 79. Leaf of Sarracenia purpurea, entire, and another with the upper part cut off. 52 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES. [LESSON 126. Leaves as Fly-traps, Insects are caught in another way, and more expertly, by the most extraordinary of all the plants of this country, the Dionaea or Venus's Fly- trap, which grows in the sandy bogs around Wilmington, North Carolina. Here (Fig. 81) each leaf bears at its summit an appendage which opens aid shuts, in shape something like a steel trap, and operating much like one. For when open, as it commonly is when the sun shines, no sooner does a fly alight on its surface, and brush against any one of the several long bristles that grow there, than the trap suddenly closes, often capturing the intruder, pressing it all the harder for its struggles, and com- monly depriving it of life. If the fly escapes, the trap soon slowly opens, and is ready for another capture. When retained, the insect is after a time moistened by a secretion from minute glands of the inner sur- face, and is apparently digested ! How such and various other movements are made by plants, some as quick as in this case, others very slow, but equally wonderful, must be considered in a future Lesson. 127. Leaves serving both Ordinary and Special Purposes, Let us now remark, that the same leaf frequently answers its gen- eral purpose, as foliage, and some special purpose besides. For example, in the Dio- trea, the lower part of the leaf, and prob- ably the whole of it, acts as foliage, while the appendage serves its mysterious purpose as a fly-catcher. In the Pea and Vetch (Fig. 20, 127), the lower part of the leaf is foliage, the upper a tendril. In the Pitcher-plants of the Indian Archipelago (Nepenthes, Fig. 80) which are not rare in conserva- tories, the lower part of the leaf is expanded and acts as foliage; FIG. 80. Leaf of Nepenthes: leaf, tendri\, and pitcher combined. FIG. 81. Leaves of Dioiuea ; the trap in one of them open, in the others closed. LESSON 7.] THICKENED AND FLESHY LEAVES. 53 farther on, it is contracted into a tendril, enabling the plant to climb ; the end of this tendril is then expanded into a pitcher, of five or six inches in length, and on the end of this is a lid, which exactly closes the mouth of the pitcher until after it is full grown, when the lid opens by a hinge ! But the whole is^only one leaf. 128. So in the root-leaves of the Tulip or the Lily (Fig. 75), while the green leaf is preparing nourishment throughout the grow- ing season, its base under ground is thickened into a reservoir for storing up a good part of the nourishment for next year's use. 129. Finally, the whole leaf often serves both as foliage, to pre- pare nourishment, and as a depository to store it up. This takes place in all fleshy-leaved plants, such as the Houseleek, the Ice- plant, and various sorts of Mesembryanthemum, in the Live-for-ever of the gardens to some extent, and very strikingly in the Aloe, and in the Century-plant. In the latter it is only the green surface of these large and thick leaves (of three to five feet in length on a strong plant, and often three to six inches thick near the base) which acts as foliage ; the whole interior is white, like the interior of a potato, and almost as heavily loaded with starch and other nourish- ing matter. (Fig. 82 represents a young Century-plant, .Agave Americana.) 5* 54 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS ^OLIAGE. [LESSON 8. LESSON VIII. MORPHOLOGY* OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. 130. HAVING in the last Lesson glanced at some of the special or extraordinary forms and uses of leaves, we now return to leaves in their ordinary condition, namely, as foliage. We regard this as the natural state of leaves. For although they may be turned to account in other and very various ways, as we have just seen, still their proper office in vegetation is to serve as foliage. In this view we may regard 131. Leaves as a Contrivance for Increasing the Surface of that large part of the plant which is exposed to the light and the air. This is shown by their expanded form, and ordinarily slight thickness in comparison with their length and breath. While a Melon-Cactus (115, Fig. 76) is a striking example of a plant with the least pos- sible amount of surface for its bulk, a repeatedly branching leafy herb or tree presents the largest possible extent of surface to the air. The actual amount of surface presented by a tree in full leaf is much larger than one would be apt to suppose. Thus, the Wash- ington Elm at Cambridge a tree of no extraordinary size was some years ago estimated to produce a crop of seven millions of leaves, exposing a surface of 200,000 square feet, or about five acres, of foliage. 132. What is done by the foliage we shall have to explain in another place. Under the present head we are to consider ordinary leaves as to their parts and their shapes. 133. The Parts Of the Leaf, The principal part of a leaf is the blade, or expanded portion, one face of which naturally looks toward the sky, the other towards the earth. The blade is often raised on a stalk of its own, and on each side of the stalk at its base there is sometimes an appendage called a stipule. A complete leaf, there- fore consists of a blade (Fig. 83, b), a foot-stalk or leaf-stalk, called the petiole (p), and a pair of stipules (st). See also Fig. 136. 134. It is the blade which we are now to describe. This, as being the essential and conspicuous part, we generally regard as the leaf: and it is only when we have to particularize, that we speak of the blade, or lamina, of the leaf. LE9SON 8.] THEIR VENATION. 55 135. Without here entering upon the subject of the anatomy o! the leaf, we may remark, that leaves consist of two sorts of mate- rial, viz.: 1. the green pulp, or parenchyma; and 2. the fibrous framework, or skeleton, which extends throughout the soft green, pulp and supports it, giving the leaf a strength and firmness which it would not otherwise possess. Besides, the whole surface is cov- ered with a transparent skin, called the epidermis* like that which covers the surface of the shoots, &c. 136. The framework consists of wood, a fibrous and tough material which runs from the stem through the leaf-stalk, when there is one, in the form of parallel threads or bundles of fibres ; and in the blade these spread out in a horizontal direction, to form the ribs and veins of the leaf. The stout main branches of the framework (like those in Fig. 50) are called the ribs. When there is only one, as in Fig. 83, &c., or a middle one decid- edly larger than the rest, it is called the midrib. The smaller divisions are termed veins ; and their still smaller subdivisions, veinlets. 137. The latter subdivide again and again, until they become so fine that they are invisible to the naked eye. The fibres of which they are composed are hollow ; forming tubes by which the sap is brought into the leaves and carried to every part. The arrangement of the framework in the blade is termed the 138. Venation, or mode of veining. This corresponds so complete? ly with the general shape of the leaf, and with the kind of division when the blade is divided or lobed, that the readiest way to study and arrange the forms of leaves is first to consider their veining. 139. Various as it appears in different leaves, the veining is all reducible to two principal kinds ; namely, the parallel-veined and the netted-veined. 140. In netted-veined (also called reticulated) leaves, the veins branch off from the main rib or ribs, divide into finer and finer FM. & Loaf of the Quince ; ft, blade ; j, petiole ; at, stipules. MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [LESSON 8. veinlets, and the branches unite with each other to form meshes of network. That is, they anastomose, as anatomists say of the veins and arteries of the body. The Quince-leaf, in Fig. 83, shows this kind of veining in a leaf with a single rib. The Maple, Basswood, and Buttonwood (Fig. 50) show it in leaves of several ribs. 141. In parallel-veined leaves, the whole framework consists of slender ribs or veins, which run parallel with each other, or nearly go, from the base to the point of the leaf, not dividing and sub dividing, nor forming meshes, except by very minute cross-veinlets, The leaf of any grass, or that of the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 84] will furnish a good illustration. 142. Such simple, parallel veins Linnasus, to distinguish them, called nerves, and parallel-veined leaver are still commonly called nerved leaves $ while those of the other kind are said to be veined ; terms which it is conven- ient to use, although these " nerves " and " veins " are all the same thing, and have no likeness to the nerves of animals. 143. Netted-veined leaves belong to plants which have a pair of seed-leaves or cotyledons, such as the Maple (Fig. 1 -7), Beech (Fig. 15), Pea and Bean (Fig. 18, 20), and most of the illustra- tions in the first and second Lessons. While parallel-veined or nerved leaves belong to plants with one cotyledon or true seed-leaf; such as the Iris (Fig. 134) and Indian Corn (Fig. 42). So that a mere glance at the leaves of the tree or herb enables one to tell what the structure of the embryo is, and to refer the plant to one or the other of these two grand classes, which is a great convenience. For generally when plants differ from each other in some one important respect, they differ correspondingly in other respects as well. 144. Parallel- veined leaves are of two sorts ; one kind, and the commonest, having the ribs or nerves all running from the base to the point of the leaf, as in the examples already given ; while in another kind they run from a midrib to the margin ; as in the com- FIG. 84. A -(parallel-veined) leaf of the Lily of the Valley. LESSON 8.] THEIR FORMS AS TO GENERAL OUTLINE. 57 mon Pickerel-weed of our ponds, in the Banana (Fig. 47), and many similar plants of warm climates. 145. Netted- veined leaves are also of two sorts, as is shown in the examples already referred to. In one case the veins all rise from a single rib (the midrib), as in Fig. 83. Such leaves are called feather-veined or pinnately-veined ; both terms meaning the same thing, namely, that the veins are arranged on the sides of the rib like the plume of a feather on each side of the shaft. 146. In the other case (as in the Button wood, Fig. 50, Maple, &c, ), the veins branch off from three, five, seven, or nine ribs, which spread from the top of the leaf-stalk, and run through the blade like the toes of a web-footed bird. Hence these are said to be palmately or digitately veined, or (since the ribs diverge like rays from a centre) radiate-veined. 147. Since the general outline of leaves accords with the frame- work or skeleton, it is plain that feather-veined leaves will incline to elongated shapes, or at least will be longer than broad ; while in radiate-veined leaves more rounded forms are to be expected. A glance at the following figures shows this. Whether we consider the veins of the leaf to be adapted to the shape of the blade, or the green pulp to be moulded to the framework, is not very material. Either way, the outline of each leaf corresponds with the mode of spreading, the extent, and the relative length of the veins. Thus, in oblong or elliptical leaves of the feather-veined sort (Fig. 87, 88), the principal veins are nearly equal in length ; while in ovate and heart-shaped leaves (Fig. 89, 90), those below the middle are longest; and in leaves which widen upwards (Fig. 91 94), the veins above the middle are longer than the others. 1 48. Let us pass on, without particular reference to the kind of reining, to enumerate the principal 149. Furms of Leaves as to General Outline. It is necessary to give names to the principal shapes, and to define them rather precisely, since they afford the easiest marks for distinguishing species. The same terms are used for all other flattened parts as well, such as the petals of the flowers ; so that they make up a great part of the descriptive language of Botany. We do not mention the names of common plants which exhibit these various shapes. It will be a good exercise for young students to look them up and apply them. 150. Beginning with the narrower and proceeding to the broadest forms, a leaf is said to be S&F t 58 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES A9 FOLIAGE. ^LESSON 8. Linear (Fig. 85), when narrow, several times longer than wide, and of the same breadth throughout. Lanceolate, or lance-shaped, when several times longer than wide, and tapering upwards (Fig. 86), or both upwards and downwards. Oblong (Fig. 87), when nearly twice or thrice as long as broad. Elliptical (Fig. 88) is oblong with a flowing outline, the two ends alike in width. Oval is the same as broadly elliptical, or elliptical with the breadth Considerably more than half the length. Ovate (Fig. 89), when the outline is like a section of a hen's-egg lengthwise, the broader end downward. Orbicular, or rotund (Fig. 102), circular in outline, or nearly so. 151. When the leaf tapers towards the base, instead of upwards, it may be Oblanceolate (Fig. 91), which is lance-shaped, with the more tapering end downwards ; Spatulate (Fig. 92), round- ed above and long and narrow below, like a spatula ; Obovate (Fig. 93), or in- versely ovate, that is, ovate with the narrower end down ; or Cuneate, or cuneiform, that is, wedge-shaped (Fig. 94), broad above and tapering by straight lines to an acute angle at the base. 152. As to the Base, its shape characterizes several forms, such as Cordate, or heart-shaped ( Fig. 90, 99, 8), when a leaf of an ovate form, or something like it, has the outline of its rounded base turned in (forming a notch or sinus) where the stalk is attached. - Reniform, or kidney-shaped (Fig. 100), like the last, only rounder and broader than long. FIG. 85-90. Various forms of feather-veined leaves. FIG- 91. Oblanceolate, 92. spatulate, 93. obovate, 94. wedge-shaped, feather-veined learea. LESSON 8.] THEIR PARTICULAR FORMS. 59 Auriculate, or eared, having a pair of small and blunt projections, or ears, at the base, as in one species of Magnolia (Fig. 96). Sagittate, or arrow-shaped, where such ears are pointed and turned downwards, while the main body of the blade tapers upwards to a point, as in the conv mon Sagittaria or Ar- row-head, and in the Arrow-leaved Polygo- num (Fig. 95). Hastate, or halberd- shaped, when such lobes at the base point outwards, giving the leaf the shape of the halberd of the olden time, as in another Polygonum (Fig. 97). Peltate, or shield-shaped, (Fig. 102,) Is the name applied to a curious modification of the leaf, commonly of a rounded form, where the footstalk is attached to the lower surface, instead of the base, and 100 in n therefore is naturally likened to a shield borne by the outstretched arm. The common Watershield, the Nelumbium, and the White Water-lily, and also the Mandrake, exhibit this sort of leaf. On comparing the shield-shaped leaf of the common Marsh Pennywort (Fig. 102) with that of another common species (Fig. 101), we see at once what this peculiarity means. A shield-shaped leaf is like a FIG. 95. Sagittate, 96. auriculate, 97. halberd-shaped, leavea. FIG. 96 - 103. Various forms of radiate-veined leavea. 60 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVKS AS FOLIAGE. [LESSON 8. kidney-shaped (Fig. 100) or other rounded leaf, with the margins at the base brought together and united. 153. As 10 the Apex, the following terms express the principal variations. Acuminate, pointed, or taper-pointed, when the summit is more or less prolonged into a narrowed or tapering point, as in Fig. 97. Acute, when ending in an acute angle or not prolonged point, aft in Fig. 104, 98, 95, &c. Obtuse, when with a blunt or rounded point, as in Fig. 105, 89, &c. Truncate, with the end as if cut off square, as in Fig. 106, 94. Retuse, with the rounded summit slightly indented, forming a very shallow notch, as in Fig. 107. Emarginate, or notched, indented at the end more decidedly, as in Fig. 108. Obcordate, that is, inversely heart-shaped,, where an obovate leaf is more deeply notched at the end (Fig. 109), as in White Clover and Wood-sorrel ; so as to resemble a cordate leaf (Fig. 99) inverted. Cuspidate, tipped with a sharp and rigid point ; as in Fig. 110. Mucronate, abruptly tipped with a small and short point, like a projection of the midrib ; as in Fig. 111. Aristate, awn-pointed, and bristle-pointed, are terms used when this mucronate point is extended into a longer bristle-form or other slender appendage. The first six of these terms can be applied to the lower as well as to the upper end of a leaf or other organ. The others belong to the apex only. FIG. 103 - 111. Forms of the apex of leaves. LESSON 9.] SIMPLE AND COMPOUND LEAVES. LESSON IX. MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. SIMPLE AND COM- POUND LEAVES, STIPULES, ETC. 154. IN the foregoing Lesson leaves have been treated of in their simplest form, namely, as consisting of a single blade. But in many cases the leaf is divided into a number of separate blades. That is, 155. Leaves are either Simple or Compound, They are sdd to be simple, when the blade is all of one piece : they are compound, when the blade consists of two or more separate pieces, borne upon a common leaf-stalk. And between these two kinds every interme- diate gradation is to be met with. This will appear as we proceed to notice the principal 156. Forms of Leaves as to particular Outline or degree of division. In this respect, leaves are said to be Entire, when their general outline is completely filled out, so that the margin is an even line, without any teeth or notches ; as in Fig. 83, 84, 100, &c. Serrate, or saw-toothed, when the margin only is cut into sharp teeth, like those of a saw, and pointing forwards; as in Fig. 112; also 90, &c. \ 112 113 114 115 116 117 Dentate, or toothed, when such teeth point outwards, instead of forwards ; as in Fig. 113. FIG. 112 - 117. Kinds of margin of leaves. 6 62 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES A.S FOLIAGE. ["LESSON 9. Crenate, or scalloped, when the teeth are broad and rounded ; as in Fig. 114, 101. Repand, undulate, or wavy, when the margin of the leaf forms a wavy line, bending slightly inwards and outwards in succession ; as in Fig. 115. Sinuate, when the margin is more strongly sinuous, or turned inwards and outwards, as in Fig. 116. Incised, cut, or jagged, when the margin is cut into sharp, deep, and irregular teeth or incisions, as in Fig. 117. 157. When leaves are more deeply cut, and with a definite number of incisions, they are said, as a general term, to be lobed ; the parts being called lobes. Their number is expressed by the phrase two- lobed, three-lobed, five-lobed, many-lobed, &c., as the case may be. When the depth and character of the lobing needs to be more par- ticularly specified, as is often the case, the following terms are employed, viz. : Lobed, when the incisions do not extend deeper than about half- way between the margin and the centre of the blade, if so far, and are more or less rounded ; as in the leaves of the Post-Oak, Fig. 118, and the Hepatica, Fig. 122. Cleft, when the incisions extend half-way down or more, and especially when they are sharp, as in Fig. 119, 123. And ths phrases two-cleft, or, in the Latin form, bifid ; three-cleft, or trifid j four-cleft, or quadrifid ; Jive-cleft, or quinquefid, &c. ; or many-ukft^ in the Latin form muliifid, express the number of the segments, or portions. Parted, when the incisions are still deeper, but yet da not quite reach to the midrib or the base of the blade ; as in Fig. 120, 124. And the terms two-parted, three-parted, &c. express the number of such divisions. Divided, when the incisions extend quite to the midrib, as in the lower part of Fig. 121 ; or to the leaf-stalk, as in Fig. 125 ; which makes the leaf compound. Here, using the Latin form, the leaf is said to be Usected, trisected (Fig. 125), &c., to express the number of the divisions. 158. In this way the degree of division is described. We may likewise express the mode of division. The notches or incisions, being places where the green pulp of the blade has not wholly filled up the framework, correspond with the veining ; as we perceive on comparing the figures 118 to 121 with figures 122 to 125. The LESSON 9.] LOBED OR DIVIDED LEAVES. 65 upper row of figures consists of feather-veined, or, in Latin form, pinnately-veined leaves (145); the lower row, of radiate-veined or palmately-veined leaves (146). 159. In the upper row the incisions all point towards the midrib, from which the main veins arise, the incisions (or sinuses) being between the main veins. That is, being pinnately veined, such leaves are pinnately lobed (Fig. 118), pinnately cleft, or pinnatijid (Fig. 119), pinnately parted (Fig. 120), or pinnately divided (Fig. 121), according to the depth of the incisions, as just defined. 160. In the lower row of figures, as the main veins or ribs all proceed from the base of the blade or the summit of the leaf-stalk, so the incisions all point in that direction. That is, palmately-veined leaves are palmately lobed (Fig. 122), palmately cleft (Fig. 123), palmately parted (Fig. 124), or palmately divided (Fig. 125). Some- times, instead of palmately, we say digitately cleft, &c., which means just the same. 161. To be still more particular, the number of the lobes, &c. may come into the phrase. Thus, Fig. 122 is a palmately three* lobed; Fig. 123, a palmately three-cleft; Fig. 124, a palmately three- parted; Fig. 125, a palmately three-divided, or trisected, leaf. The F'G. 118 - 121. Pinnately lobed, cleft, parted, and divided leaves. PIG. 122-125. Palmately or digitately lobed, cleft, parted, and divided leaves. 64 MOKPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. ["LESSON 9. Sugar-Maple and the Buttonwood (Fig. 50) have palmately Jlve- lobed leaves; the Soft White-Maple palmately Jive-parted leaves; and so on. And in the other sort, the Post-Oak has pinnately seven- to nine-lobed leaves ; the Red-Oak commonly has pinnately seven- to nine-cleft leaves, &c., &c. 162. The divisions, lobes, &c. may themselves be entire (without teeth or notches, 156), as in Fig. 118, 122, &c. ; or serrate (Fig. 124), or otherwise toothed or incised (Fig. 121 ) ; or else lobed, cleft, parted, &c. : in the latter cases making twice pinnatijid, twice pal- mately or pinnately lobed, parted, or divided leaves, &c. From these illustrations, the student will perceive the plan by which the bota- nist, in two or three words, may describe any one of the almost endlessly diversified shapes of leaves, so as to convey a perfectly clear and definite idea of it. 163. Compound Leaves, These, as already stated (155), do not differ in any absolute way from the divided form of simple leaves. A compound leaf is one which has its blade in two or more entirely separate parts, each usually with a stalklet of its own : and the stalk- let is often jointed (or articulated) with the main leaf-stalk, just as this is jointed with the stem. When this is the case, there is no doubt that the leaf is compound. But when the pieces have no stalklets, and are not jointed with the main leaf-stalk, the leaf may be considered either as simple and divided, or compound, according to the circumstances. FIG. 126. Pinnate with an odd leaflet, or odd-pinnate. 127. Pinnate with tendril 128. Abruptly pinnate leaf. LESSON 9.] COMPOUND LEAVES. 65 164. The separate pieces or little blades of a compound leaf are called leaflets. 165. Compound leaves are of two principal kinds, namely, the pinnate and the palmate ; answering to the two modes of veining in reticulated leaves (145-147), and to the two sorts of lobed or di- vided leaves (158, 159). 166. Pinnate leaves are those in which the leaflets are arranged on the sides of a main leaf-stalk ; as in Fig. 126 - 128. They answer to the feather-veined (i. e. p innately-veined) simple leaf; as will bo seen at once, on comparing Fig. 126 with the figures 118 to 121. The leaflets of the former answer to the lobes or divisions of the latter ; and the continuation of the petiole, along which the leaflets are arranged, answers to the midrib of the simple leaf. 167. Three sorts of pinnate leaves are here given. Fig. 126 is pinnate with an odd or end leaflet, as in the Common Locust and the Ash. Fig. 127 is pinnate with a tendril at the end, in place of the odd leaflet, as in the Vetches and the Pea. Fig. 128 is abruptly pinnate, having a pair of leaflets at the end, like the rest of the leaf- lets ; as in the Honey-Locust. 168. Palmate (also named digitate) leaves are those in which the leaflets are all borne on the very tip of tUe leaf-stalk, as in the Lupine, the Common Clover (Fig. 136), tLe Virginia Creeper (Fig. 62), and the Horsechestnut and Buckeye (Fig. 129). They answer to the radiate-veined or palmately- veined simple leaf; as is seen by comparing Fig. 136 with the figures 122 to 125. That is, the Clover- leaf of three leaflets is the same as a palmately three-ribbed leaf cut into three separate leaflets. And such a simple five-lobed leaf as that of the Sugar-Maple, if more cut, so as to separate the parts, would pro- duce a palmate leaf of five leaflets, like that of the Horsechestnut or Buckeye (Fig. 129). 169. Either sort of compound leaf may have any number of leaf- lets ; though palmate leaves cannot well have a great many, since they are all crowded together on the end of the main leaf-stalk. FIG. 129. Palmate leaf of five leaflets, of the Sweet Buckeye. 6* 66 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [LESSON 9. Some Lupines have nine or eleven ; the Horsechestnut has seven, the Sweet Buckeye more commonly five, the Clover three. A pin- nate leaf often has only seven or five leaflets, as in the Wild Bean or Groundnut; and in the Common Bean it has only three; in some rarer cases only two ; in the Orange and Lemon only one! The joint at the place where the leaflet is united with the petiole alone distinguishes this last case from a simple leaf.* 170. The leaflets of a com- pound leaf may be either entire (as in Fig. 126-128), or ser- rate, or lobed, cleft, parted, &c. : in fact, they may pre- sent all the variations of simple ^ leaves, and the same terms equally apply to them. 171. When this division is carried so far as to separate what would be one leaflet into two, three, or several, the leaf becomes doubly or twice com- pound, either pinnately orpal- mately, as the case may be. For example, while some of the leaves of the Honey-Locust are simply pinnate, that is, once pinnate, as in Fig. 128, the greater part 130 * When the botanist, in describing leaves, wishes to express the number o leaflets, he may use terms like these : Unifoliolate, for a compound leaf of a single leaflet ; from the Latin unum, ono. andfoliolum, leaflet. Bifoliolate, of two leaflets, from the Latin bis, twice, an&foliolum, leaflet. Trifoliolate (or ternate), of three leaflets, as the Clover; and so on. When he would express in one phrase both the number of leaflets and the way the leaf is compound, he writes : Palmately bifoliolate, trifoliolate, plurlfollolate (of several leaflets), &c., or else Pinnately bi-, tri-, quadri-, or plari-fuliolate (that is, of two, three, four, five, or several leaflets), as the case may be. FIG. 130. A twice-pinnate (abruptly) leaf of the Hon&v-Locnst, 9.] PERFOLIATE LEAVES, ETC. 67 are bipinnate, i. e. twice pinnate, as in Fig. 130. If these leaflets were again divided in the same way, the leaf would become thrice pinnate, or trlpinnate, as in many Acacias. The first divisions are called pinnae ; the others, pinnules ; and the last, or little blades, leaflets. 172. So the palmate leaf, if again compounded in the same way, becomes twice palmate, or, as we say when the divisions are in' threes, twice ternate (in Latin form biternate) ; if a third time com* pounded, thrice ternate or triternate. But if the division goes still further, or if the degree is variable, we simply say that the leaf is decompound ; either palmately or pinnately so, as the case may be. Thus, Fig. 138 represents a four times ternately compound, in other words a ternately decompound, leaf of our common Meadow Rue. 173. So exceedingly various are the kinds and shapes of leaves, that we have not yet exhausted the subject. We have, however, mentioned the principal terms used in describing them. Many others will be found in the glossary at the end of the volume. Some peculiar sorts of leaves remain to be noticed, which the student might not well understand without some explanation ; such as 174. Perforate Leaves, A common and simple case of this sort is found in two species of Uvularia or Bellwort, where the stem appears to run through the blade of the leaf, near one end. If we look at this plant in summer, after all the leaves are formed, we may see the meaning of this at a glance. For then we often find upon the same stem such a series of leaves as is given in Fig. 131 : the low- er leaves are perfoliate, those next above less so ; then some (the fourth and fifth) with merely a heart-shaped clasping base, and finally one that is merely sessile. The leaf, we perceive, becomes perfoliate by the union of the edges of the base with each other around the stem ; just as the shield-shaped leaf, Fig. 102, comes from the union of the edges of the base of such a leaf as Fig. 101. Of the same sort are the upper leaves of most of FIG. 131. Leaves of Uvularia (Bellwort) ; the lower ones perfoliate, the others merely clasping, or the uppermost only sessile. 68 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [LESSON 9. the true Honeysuckles (Fig. 132) : but here it is a pair of oppo- site leaves, with their contiguous broad bases grown together, which makes what seems to be one round leaf, with the stem running through its centre. This is seen to be the case, by comparing together the upper and the lowest leaves of the same branch. Leaves of this sort are said to be c.onnate-perfoliate. 175. Equitant LeaVCS. While ordinary leaves spread horizontally, and present one face to the sky and the other to the earth, there are some that present their tip tc the sky, and their faces right and left to the horizon. Among these are the equitant leaves of the Iris or Flower-de-Luce. On careful inspection we shaU find that each leaf was formed folded together length- wise, so that what would be the upper surface is within, and all grown together, ex- cept next Uie bottom, where each leaf covers the next younger one. It was from their strad- dling over each other, like a man on horseback (as is seen in the cross-section, Fig. 134), that Linnaeus, with his lively fancy, called these equitant leaves. 176. Leaves with no distinction of Petiole and Elade, The leaves of Iris just mentioned show one form of this. The flat but narrow leaves of Jonquils, Daffodils, and the like, are other in- stances. Needle-shaped leaves, like those of the Pine (Fig. 140), Larch (Fig. 139), and Spruce, and the awl-shaped as well as the scale-shaped leaves of Junipers, Red Ce- FIG. 132. Branch of a Yellow Honeysuckle, with connate-perfoliate leaves. FIG. 133. Rootstock and equitant leaves of Iris. 134. A section across the cluster of leaves at the bottom. LESSON 9.J PHILLODIA, STIPULES, ETC. 69 dar, and Arbor- Yitae (Fig. 135), are different examples. These last are leaves serving for foliage, but having as little spread of surface as possible. They make up for this, however, by their immense numbers. 177. Sometimes the petiole expands and flattens, and takes the place of the blade ; as in numerous New Holland Acacias, some of which are now common in greenhouses. Such counterfeit blades are called phyllodia, meaning leaf-like bodies. They may be known from true blades by their standing edgewise, their margins being directed upwards and downwards ; while in true blades the faces look upwards and downwards ; excepting in equitant leaves, as al- ready explained, and in those which are turned edgewise by a twist, such as those of the Callis- temon or Bottle-brush Flower of our greenhouses, and other Dry Myrtles of New Holland, &c. 178. Stipules, the pair of appendages which is found at the base of the peti- ole in many leaves (133), should also be considered in respect to their very varied forms and appearances. More commonly they appear like little blades, on each side of the leaf-stalk, as in the Quince (Fig. 83), and more strikingly in the Hawthorn and in the Pea. Here they remain as long as the rest of the ieaf, and serve for the same purpose as the blade. Very commonly they serve for bud-scales, and fall off when the leaves expand, as in the Fig-tree, and the Magnolia (where they are large and conspicuous), or soon FIG. 135. Twig of Arbor- Vitae, with its two sorts of leaves: viz. some awl-shaped, the others scale-like ; the latter on the brauchlets, a. FIG. 136. Leaf of Red Clover : st, stipules, adhering to the base of p, the petiole : b, blade of three leaflets. FIG. 137. Part of stem and leaf of Prince's-Feather (Polygonum orientale) with the united *hea thing stipules forming a sheath- 70 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [LESSON 9. afterwards, as in the Tulip-tree. In the Pea the stipules make a very conspicuous part of the leaf; while in the Bean they are quite small ; and in the Locust they are reduced to bristles or prickles. Sometimes the stipules are separate and distinct (Fig. 83): often they are united with the base of the leaf-stalk, as in the Rose and the Clover (Fig. 136) : and sometimes they grow together by both margins, so as to form a sheath around the stem, above the leaf, as in the Buttonwood, the Dock, and almost all the plants of the Polygonum Family (Fig. 137). 179. The sheaths of Grasses bear the blade on their summit, and therefore represent a form of the petiole. The small and thin ap- pendage which is commonly found at the top of the sheath (called a ligule) here answers to the stipule. FIG. 138. Ternately -decompound leaf of Meadow Rue (Thalictrum Cornuti). LESSON 10.] ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES. 71 LESSON X. THE ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES. 180. UNDER this head we may consider, 1. the arrangement of leaves on the stem, or what is sometimes called PHYLLOTAXY (from two Greek words meaning leaf-order) ; and 2. the ways in which they are packed together in the bud, or their VERNATION (the word meaning their spring state). 181. Phyllotaxy, As already explained (48, 49), leaves are ar- ranged on the stem in two principal ways. They are either Alternate (Fig. 131, 143), that is, one after another, only a single leaf arising front each node or joint of the- stem ; or Opposite (Fig. 147), when there is a pair of leaves on each joint of the stem ; one of the two leaves being in this case always situ- ated exactly on the opposite side of the stem from the other. A third, but uncommon arrangement, may be added ; namely, the Whorled, or verticillale (Fig. 148), when there are three or mor% leaves in a circle (whorl or verticil) on one joint of stem. But this is only a variation of the opposite mode; or rather the latter ar- rangement is the same as the whorled, with the number of the leaves reduced to two in each whorl. 182. Only one leaf is ever produced from the same point. When two are borne on the same joint, they are always on opposite sides of the stem, that is, are separated by half the circumference ; when in whorls of three, four, five, or any other number, they are equally distributed around the joint of stem, at a distance of one third, one fourth, or one fifth of the circumfer- ence from each other, according to their number. So they always have the greatest possible divergence from each other. Two or more leaves be- longing to the same joint of stem never stand side by side, or one above the other, in a cluster. 183. What are called clustered or fascicled leaves, and which FIG. 139. Clustered or fascicled leaves of the Larch, ?2 ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES ON THE STEM [LESSON 10. appear to be so, are always the leaves of a whole branch which remains so very short that they are all crowded together in a bundle or rosette ; as in the spring leaves of the Barberry and of the Larch (Fig. 139). In these cases an examination shows them to be nothing else than alternate leaves, very much crowded on a short spur ; and some of these spurs are seen in the course of the season to lengthen into ordinary shoots with scattered alternate leaves. So, likewise, each cluster of two or three needle-shaped Laves in Pitck Pines (as in Fig. 140), or of five leaves in White Pine, answers to a similar, extremely short branch, springing from the axil of a thin and slender scale, which represents a leaf of the main shoot. For Pines produce two kinds of leaves ; 1. primary, the proper leaves of the shoots, not as foliage, but in the shape of delicate scales in spring, which soon fall away ; and 2. secondary, the fascicled leaves, from buds in the axils of the former, and these form the actual foliage. 184. Spiral Arrangement of Leaves, If we examine any alternate-leaved stem, we shall find that the leaves are placed upon it in symmetrical order, and in a way per- fectly uniform for each species, but different in different plants. If we draw a line from the insertion (i. e. the point of attachment) of one leaf to that of the next, and so on, this line will wind spirally around the stem as it rises, and in the same species will always have just the same number of leaves upon it for each turn round the stem. That is, any two successive leaves will always be separated from each other by just an equal portion of the circumference of the stem. The distance in height between any two leaves may vary greatly, even on the same shoot, for that d spends upon the length of the internodes or spaces between each leaf; but the distance as measured around the circumference (in other words, the angular divergence, or angle formed by any two successive leaves) is uniformly the same. 185. The greatest possible divergence is, 0f course, where the second leaf stands on exactly the opposite side of the stem from the first, the third on the side opposite the second, and therefore over the FIG. 140. Piece of a branchlet of Pitch Pine, with three leaves in a fascicle or bundle, in the axil of a thin scale which answers to a primary leaf. The bundle is surrounded at the frasc by a short sheath, formed of the delicate scales of the axillary bud. LESSON 10.' IN A SPIRAL ORDER. 73 first, and the fourth over the second. This brings all the leaves into two ranks, one on one side of the stem and one on the other ; and is therefore called the two-ranked arrangement. It occurs in all Grasses, in Indian Corn, for instance ; also in the Spiderwort, the Bellwort (Fig. 131) and Iris (Fig. 132), in the Basswood or Lime- tree, &c. This is the simplest of all arrangements. 186. Next to this is the three-ranked arrangement, such as we see in Sedges, and in the Veratrum or White Hellebore. The plan of it is shown on a Sedge in Fig. 141, and in a diagram or cross- section underneath, in Fig. 142. Here the second leaf is placed one third of the way round the stem, the third leaf two thirds of the way round, the fourth leaf accordingly directly over the first, the fifth over the second, and so on. That is, three leaves occur in each turn round the stem, and they are separated from each other by one third of the circumference. 187. The next and one of the most com- mon is the Jive-ranked arrangement ; which is seen in the Apple (Fig. 143), Cherry, Poplar, and the greater part of our trees and shrubs. In this case the line traced from leaf to leaf will pass twice round the stem before it reaches a leaf situated di- rectly over any below (Fig. 144). Here the sixth leaf is over the first ; the leaves stand in five perpendicular ranks, equally distant from each other ; and the distance between any two successive leaves is just two fifths of the circumference of the stem. 188. The five-ranked arrangement :s expressed by the fraction {. This fraction denotes the divergence of the successive leaves, i. e. the angle they form with each other : the numerator also expresses the number of turns made round the stern by the spiral line in complet- ing one cycle or set of leaves, namely L' ; and the denominator gives the number of leaves in each cycle, or the number of perpendicular FIG. 141. Piece of the stalk of a Sedge, with the leaves cut away, leaving their bases : the leaves are numbered in order, from I to 6. 142. Diagram or cross-section of the all in one plane ; tha leaves similarly numbered. 7 74 ARRANGEMENT OP LEAVES ON THE STEM. [LESSON 10. ranks, namely 5. In the same way the fraction J stands for the two-ranked mode, and for the three-ranked : and so these different sorts are expressed by the series of fractions , , f . And the other cases known follow in the same numerical progression. 189. The next is the eight-ranked arrange- ment, where the ninth leaf stands over the first, and three turns are made around the stem to reach it ; so it is expressed by the fraction |. This is seen in the Holly, and in the common Plantain. Then comes the thirteen-ranked ar- rangement, in which the fourteenth leaf is over the first, after five turns around the stem. Of this we have a good example in the common Houseleek (Fig. 146). 190. The series so far, then, is , , f , f , T 5 ^ ; the numerator and the denomi- nator of each fraction being those of the two next pre- ceding ones added together. At this rate the next higher should be / T , then , and so on; and in fact just such cases are met with, and (commonly) no others. These higher sorts are found in the Pine Fam- ily, both in the leaves and the cones (Fig. 324), and in many other plants with small and crowd- ed leaves. But the number of the ranks, or of leaves in each cycle, can here rarely be made out by direct inspection: they may be ascer- tained, however, by certain simple mathematical computations, which are rather too technical for these Lessons. V H FIG. 143. Shoot with its leaves 5-ranked, the sixth leaf over the first ; as in the Apple-tree. FIG. 144. Diagram of this arrangement, with a spiral line drawn from the attachment of. one leaf to the next, and so on ; the parts on the side turned from the eye are fainter. FIG. 145. A ground-plan of the same ; the section of the leaves similarly numbered ; a dotted line drawn from the edge of one leaf to that of the next completes the spiral. FIG. 146. A young plant of the Houseleek, with the leaves ^not yet expanded) numbered, nd exhibiting the 11J- ranked arrangement LESSON 10.] ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES IN THE BUD. 75 191. The arrangement of opposite leaves (181) is usually very simple. The second pair is placed over the intervals of the first ; the third over the intervals of the second, and so on (Fig. 147) ; the successive pairs thus crossing each other, commonly at right angles, so as to make four upright rows. And whorled leaves (Fig. 148) follow a similar plan. 192. So the place of every leaf on every plant is fixed beforehand by unerring mathematical rule. As the stem grows .on, leaf after leaf ap- pears exactly in its predes- tined place, producing a per- fect symmetry ; a symme- try which manifests itself not in one single monotonous pattern for all plants, but in a definite number of forms exhibited by different spe- cies, and arithmetically ex- pressed by the series of frac- tions, , -, f, |, ^73-, ^ 8 T , &c., according as the formative energy in its spiral course up the developing stem lays down at corresponding intervals 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, or 21 ranks of alternate leaves. 193. Vernation, sometimes called Pr&foUation, relates to the way in which leaves are disposed in the bud (180). It comprises two things ; 1st, the way in which each separate leaf is folded, coiled, or packed up in the bud ; and 2d, the arrangement of the leaves in the bud with respect to one another. The latter of course depends very much upon the phyllotaxy, i. e. the position and order of the leaves upon the stem. The same terms are used for it as for the arrange- ment of the leaves of the flower in the flower-bud : so we may pass them by until we come to treat of the flower in, this respect. 194. As to each leaf separately, it is sometimes straight and open in vernation, but more commonly it is either bent, folded, or rolled up. When the upper part is bent down upon the lower, as the young blade in the Tulip-tree is bent upon the leafstalk, it is said to be inflexed or reclined in vernation. When folded FIG. 147. Opposite leaves of the Spindle-tree or Burning-bush. FIG. 148. Whorled or verticillate leaves of Galium or Bedstraw. 76 ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM. [LESSON 11. by the midrib so that the two halves are placed face to face, it is conduplicate (Fig. 149), as in the Magnolia, the Cherry, and the Oak : when folded back and forth like the plaits of a fan, it is plicate or plaited (Fig. 150), as in the Maple and Currant. If rolled, it may be so either from the tip downwards, as in Ferns and the Sundew (Fig. 154) r when in unrolling it resembles the head of a crosier, and is said to be circinate ; or it may be rolled up parallel with the axis, either from one edge into a coil, when it is convolute (Fig. 151), as in the Apricot and Plum, or rolled f.om both edges towards the midrib; sometimes inwards, when it is involute (Fig. 152), as in the Violet and Water-Lily ; sometimes outwards, when it is revolute (Fig. 153), in the Rosemary and Azalea. The figures are diagrams, representing sections through the leaf, in the way they were represented by Linna3us. 158 LESSON XL THE ARPANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM, OR INFLO RESCENCE. 195. THUS far we have been considering the vegetation of the plant, and studying those parts, viz. root, stem, and leaves, by which it increases in size and extent, and serves the purpose of its indi- vidual life. But after a time each plant produces a different set of organs, viz. flowers, fruit, and seed, subservient to a different purpose, that is, the increase in numbers, or the continuance of the LESSON 11.] INDETERMINATE INFLORESCENCE. 77 species. The plant reproduces itself in new individuals by seed. Therefore the seed, and the fruit in which the seed is formed, and the flower, from which the fruit results, are named the Organs of Reproduction or Fructification. These we may examine in succes- sion. We begin, of course, with the flower. And the first thing to consider is the 196. Inflorescence, or the mode of flowering, that is, the situation and arrangement of blossoms on the plant. Various as this arrange- ment may seem to be, all is governed by a simple law, which is easily understood. As the position of every leaf is fixed beforehand by a mathematical law which prescribes where it shall stand (192), so is that of every blossom ; and by the same law in both cases. For flowers are buds, developed in a particular way ; and flower- buds occupy the position of leaf-buds, and no other As leaf-buds are either terminal (at the summit of a stem or branch, 42), or axillary (in the axil of a leaf, 43), so likewise 197. Flowers are either terminal or axillary. In blossoming as in vegetation we have only buds terminating (i. e. on the summit of) stems or branches, and buds from the axils of leaves. But while the same plant commonly produces both kinds of leaf-buds, it rarely bears flowers in both situations. These are usually either all axil- lary or all terminal ; giving rise to two classes of inflorescence, viz. the determinate and the indeterminate. 198. Indeterminate Inflorescence is that where the flowers all arise from axillary buds; as in Fig. 155, 156, 157, &c. ; and the reason why it is called indetermi- nate (or indefinite) is, that while the axillary buds give rise to flowers, the terminal bud goes on to grow, and continues the stem indefinitely. 199. Where the flowers arise, as in Fig. 155, singly from the axils of the ordinary leaves of the plant, they do not form flower- clusters, but are axillary and solitary. But when several or many flowers are produced near each other, the accompanying leaves are usually of smaller size, and often of a different shape or character: then they are called bracts ; and the flowers thus brought together FIG. 156 Moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia) of the gardens, with axillary flowers- 7* 78 ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM. [LESSON 11. form one cluster or inflorescence. The sorts of inflorescence of the indeterminate class which have received separate names are chiefly the following : viz. the Raceme, the Corymb, the Umbel, the Spike, the Head, the Spadix, the Catkin, and the Panicle. 200. Before illustrating these, one or two terms, of common oc- currence, may be defined. A flower (or other body) which has no stalk to support it, but which sits directly on the stem or axis it pro- ceeds from, is said to be sessile. If it has a stalk, this is called its peduncle. If the whole flower-cluster is raised on a stalk, this is called the peduncle, or the common peduncle (Fig. 156, p) ; and the stalk of each particular flower, if it have any, is called the pedicel or partial peduncle (p 1 ). The portion of the general stalk along which flowers are dis- posed is called the axis of inflorescence, or, when cov- ered with sessile flowers, the rhachis (back-bone), and sometimes the receptacle. The leaves of a flower- cluster generally are termed bracts. But when we wish particularly to distinguish them, those on the peduncle, or main axis, and which have a flower in their axil, take the name of bracts (Fig. 156, b) ; and those on the pedicels or partial flower-stalks, if any, that ofbractlets (Fig. 156, b'). 201. A Raceme (Fig. 156, 157) is that form of flower- cluster in which the flowers, each on their own foot- stalk or pedicel, are arranged along a common stalk or axis of inflorescence ; as in the Lily of the Valley, Currant, Choke-Cherry, Barberry, &c. Each flower comes from the axil of a small leaf, or bract, which, m however, is often so small that it might escape notice, and which sometimes (as in the Mustard Family) disappears alto- gether. The lowest blossoms of a raceme are of course the oldest, and therefore open first, and the order of blossoming is ascending, from the bottom to the top. The summit, never being stopped by a terminal flower, may go on to grow, and often does so (as in the common Shepherd's Purse), producing lateral flowers one after an- other the whole summer long. 202. All the various kinds of flower-clusters pass one into another FIG. 156, A Raceme, with a general peduncle (p), pedicels (p'), bracts (i), and bract- tets (*') LESSON ll.J RACEME, CORYMB, UMBEL, ETC. 79 by intermediate gradations of every sort. For instance, if we lengthen the lower pedicels of a raceme, and keep the main axis rather short, it is converted into 203. A Corymb (Fig. 158). This is the same as a raceme, except that it is flat and broad, either convex, or level-topped, as in the Hawthorn, owing to the lengthening of the lower pedicels while the uppermost remain shorter. 204. The main axis of a corymb is short, at least in comparison with the lower pedicels. Only suppose it to be so much contracted that the bracts are all brought into a cluster or circle, and the corymb becomes 205. An Umbel (Fig. 159), as in the Milkweed and Primrose, a sort of flower-cluster where the pedicels all spring apparently from the same point, from the top of the peduncle, so as to resemble, when spreading, the rays of an umbrella, whence the name. Here the pedicels are sometimes called the rays of the umbel. And the bracts, when brought in this way into a cluster or circle, form what is called an involucre. 206. For the same reason that the order of blossoming in a ra- ceme is ascending (201), in the corymb and umbel it is centripetal, that is, it proceeds from the margin or circumference regularly to- wards the centre ; the lower flowers of the former answering to the outer ones of the latter. Indeterminate inflorescence, therefore, is said to be centripetal in evolution. And by having this order of 1 blossoming, all the sorts may be distinguished from those of the other, or the determinate class. In all the foregoing cases the flowers are raised on pedicels. These, however, are very short in many instances, or are wanting altogether; when the flowers are sessile (200). They are so in PIG. 157. A raceme. 158 A corymj), 159. An umbel 80 ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM. [LESSON 11. 207. The Spike, This is a flower-cluster with a more or lesa lengthened axis, along which the flowers are sessile or nearly so; as in the Mullein and the Plantain (Fig. 160), It is just the same as a raceme, therefore, without any pedicels to the flowers. 208. The Head is a round or roundish cluster of flowers which are sessile on a very short axis or receptacle, as in the Button-ball, Button-bush (Fig. 161), and Red Cloven It is just what a spike would become if its axis were shortened ; or an umbel, if its pedicels were all shortened until the flowers became sessile or apparently so. The head of the Button-bush (Fig. 161) is naked ; but that of the Thistle, of the Dandelion, the Cichory (Fig. 221), and the like, is surrounded by empty bracts, which form an involucre. Two particular forms of the spike and the head have received particular names, namely, the Spadix and the Catkin. 209. A Spadix is nothing but a fleshy spike or head, with small and often imperfect flowers, as in the Calla, the Indian Turnip (Fig. 162), Sweet Flag, &c. It is commonly covered by a peculia? enveloping leaf, called a spathe. FIG. 160. Spike of the common Plantain or Ribwort. FIG. 161. Head of the Button-bush (Cephalanthus). FIG. 162. Spadix and spathe of the Indian Turnip ; the latter cut through below. LESSON 11.] DETERMINATE INFLORESCENCE. 81 210. A Catkin or Ament is the name given to the scaly sort of spike of the Birch and Alder, the Willow and Poplar, and one sort of flower-clusters of the Oak, Hickory, and the like ; on which ac- count these are called Amentaceous trees. 211. Sometimes these forms of flower-clusters become compound. For example, the stalks which, in the simple umbel such as hai been described (Fig. 159), are the pedicels of single flowers, may themselves branch in the same way at the top, and so each become the support of a smaller umbel ; as is the case in the Parsnip, Cara- way, and almost the whole of the great family of what are called Umbelliferous (i. e. umbel-bearing) plants. Here the whole is termed a compound umbel; and the smaller or partial umbels take the name in English of umbettets. The general involucre, at the base of the main umbel, keeps that name ; while that at the base of each umbellet is termed a partial involucre or an involucel. 212. So a corymb (Fig. 158) with its separate stalks branching again, and bearing smaller clusters of the same sort, is a compound corymb , of which the Moun- tain Ash is a good example. A raceme where what would be the pedicels of single flowers become stalks, along which flowers are disposed on their own pedicels, forms a compound raceme, as in the Goat's-beard and the False Spikenard. But when what would have been a raceme or a corymb branches irregularly into an open and more or less compound flower-cluster, we have what is called 213. A Paniele (Fig. 163); as in the Oat and in most common Grasses. Such a raceme as that of the diagram, Fig. 156, would be changed into a panicle like Fig. 16o, by the production of a flower from the axil of each of the bractlets &. 214. A ThjTSUS is a compact panicle of a pyram- idal or oblong shape ; such as a bunch of grapes, 163 or the cluster of the Lilac or Horsechestnut. 215. Determinate Inflorescence is that in which the flowers are from terminal buds. The simplest case is where a stem bears a soli- tary, terminal flower, as i.i Fig. 163". This stops the growth of FIG. 163. A Panicle S&F 5 82 ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWER3 ON THE STEM. [LESSON 11. the stem ; for its terminal bud, being changed into a blossom, can no more lengthen in the manner of a leaf-bud. Any further growth b a b c b c a e b c 164 must be from axillary buds developing into branches. If such branches are leafy shoots, at length terminated by single blossoms, the inflorescence still consists of solitary flowers at the summit of the stem and branches. But if the flowering branches bear only bracts in place of ordinary leaves, the result is the kind of flower-cluster called 216. A Cyme, This is commonly a flat-topped or con- vex flower-cluster, like a corymb, only the blossoms are from terminal buds. Fig. 164 illustrates the simplest cyme in a plant with opposite leaves, namely, with three flowers. The middle flower, , terminates the stem ; the two others, b 5, terminate short branches, one from the axil of each of the uppermost leaves; and being later than the middle one, the flowering proceeds from the centre outwards, or is centrifugal; just the op- posite of the indeterminate mode, or that where all the flower-buds are axillary. If flowering branches appear from the axils below, the lower ones are the 166 later, so that the order of blossoming continues centrif- ugal or descending (which is the same thing), as in Fig. 166, mak- ing a sort of reversed raceme ; a kind of cluster which is to the true raceme just what the flat cyme is to the corymb. 217. Wherever there are bracts or leaves, buds may be produced from their axils and appear as flowers. Fig. 165 represents the case where the branches, b b, of Fig. 1 64, each with a pair of small PIG. ]63o. Diagram of an opposite-leaved plant, with a single terminal flower. 164 Same, with a cyme of three flowers , a, the first flower, of the main axis ; b b, those of branches 165. Same, with flowers of the third order, c e. 166. Same, with flowers only of the second order from all the axils ; the central or uppermost opening first, and so on downwards. LESSON 11.] SORTS OF FLOWER-CLUSTERS. 83 leaves or bracts about their middle, have branched again, and pro- duced the branchlets and flowers c c, on each side. It is the con- tinued repetition of this which forms the full or compound cyme, such as that of the Laurustinus, Hobblebush, Dogwood, and Hy- drangea (Fig. 167). 218. A Fascicle, like that of the Sweet- William and Lychnis of the gardens, is only a cyme with the flowers much crowded, as it were, into a bundle. 219. A Glomerule is a cyme still more compacted, so as to form a sort of head. It may be known from a true head by the flowers not expanding centripetally, that is, not from the circumference to- wards the centre, or from the bottom to the top. 220. The illustrations of determinate or cymose inflorescence have been taken from plants with opposite leaves, which give rise to the most regular cymes. But the Rose, Cinquefoil, Buttercup, and the like, with alternate leaves, furnish equally good examples of this class of flower-clusters. 221. It may be useful to the student to exhibit the principal sorts of inflorescence in one view, in the manner of the following Analysis of Flower-Clusters, I. INDETERMINATE OR CENTRIPETAL. (198.) Simple ; and with the Flowers borne on pedicels, Along the sides of a lengthened axis, RACEME, 201- Along a short axis ; lower pedicels lengthened, CORYMB, 203- Clustered on an extremely short axis, UMBEL, 205. Flowers sessile, without pedicels (206), Along an elongated axis, SPIKE, 207 . On a very short axis, HEAD, 208. with their varieties, the SPADIX, 209, and CATKIN, 210. Branching irregularly, PANICLE, 213. with its variety, the THYRSUS, 214 I. DETERMINATE OR CENTRIFUGAL. (215.) Open, mostly flat-topped or convex, CYME, 216 Contracted into a bundle, FASCICLE, 218- Contracted into a sort of head, GLOMERULE, 219- 222. The numbers refer to the paragraphs of this Lesson. The various sorts run together by endless gradations in different plants. The botanist merely designates the leading kinds by particular names. Even the two classes of inflorescence are often found com- bined in the same plant. For instance, in the whole Mint Family, 84 THE FLOWER. [LESSON 12: the flower-clusters are centrifugal, that is, are cymes or fascicles ; but they are themselves commonly disposed in spikes or racemes, which are centripetal, or develop in succession from below up- wards. LESSON XII. THE FLOWER: ITS PARTS OR ORGANS. 223, HAVING considered, in the last Lesson, the arrangement oi flowers on the stem, or the places from which they arise, we now direct our attention to the flower itself. 224. Nature and Use Of the Flower, The object of the flower is the production of seed. The flower consists of all those parts, or organs, which are subservient to this end. Some of these parts are neces- sary to the production of seed. Others serve merely to protect or support the more essential parts. FIG. 1G7. Cyme of the Wild Hydrangea (with neutral flowers in the border). LESSON 12.] ITS PARTS OR ORGANS* 85 225. The Organs Of the Flower are therefore of two kinds ; namely, first, the protecting organs, or leaves of the flower, also called the floral envelopes, and, second, the essential organs. The latter are situated within or a little above the former, and are enclosed by them in the bud. 226. The Floral Envelopes in a complete flower are double ; that is, they consist of two whorls (181), or circles of leaves, one above or within the other. The outer set forms the Calyx ; this more com monly consists of green or greenish leaves, but not always. The inner set, usually of a delicate texture, and of some other color than green, and in most cases forming the most showy part of the blos- som, is the Corolla. 227. The floral envelopes, taken together, are sometimes called the Perianth. This name is not much used, however, except in cases where they form only one set, at least in appearance, as in the Lily, or where, for some other reason, the limits between the calyx and the corolla are not easily made out. 228. Each leaf or separate piece of the corolla is called a Petal ; each leaf of the calyx is called a Sepal. The sepals and the petals or, in other words, the leaves of the blossom serve to protect, support, or nourish the parts within. They do not themselves make a perfect flower. 229. Some plants, however, naturally produce, besides their per- fect flowers, others which consist only of calyx and corolla (one or both), that is, of leaves. These, destitute as they are of the essential organs, and incapable of producing seed, are called neutral flowers. We have an example in the flowers round the margin of the cyme of the Hydrangea (Fig. 167), and of the Cranberry-Tree, or Snowball, in their wild state. By long cultivation in gardens the whole cluster has been changed into showy, but useless, neutral flowers, in these 'and some other cases. What are called double flowers, such as full Roses (Fig. 173), Buttercups, and Camellias, are blossoms which, under the gardener's care, have developed with all their essential organs changed into petals. But such flowers are always in an unnatural or monstrous condition, and are incapable of maturing seed, for want of 230. The Essential Organs, These are likewise of two kinds, placed one above or within the other ; namely, first, the Stamens or fertil- izing organs, and, second, the Pistils, which are to be fertilized and bear the seeds. 8 ' 86 THE FLOWER. [LESSON 12. 231. Taking them in succession, therefore, beginning from below, or at the outside, we have (Fig. 168, 169), first, the calyx or outer circle of leaves, which are individually termed sepals (a) ; secondly, the corolla or inner circle of delicate leaves, called petals (b) ; then a set of stamens (c) ; and in the centre one or more pistils (d). The end of the flower-stalk, or the short axis, upon which all these parts stand, is called the Torus or Receptacle. 232. We use here for illus- tration the flower of a spe- cies of Stonecrop (Sedum ter- iiatum), which is a com- mon plant wild in the Middle States, and in gardens almost everywhere, because, al- though small, it exhibits all the parts in a perfectly simple and separate state, and so answers for a sort of pattern flower, better than any larger one that is common c and well known. 233. A Stamen consists of two parts, namely, the Filament or stalk (Fig. 170, a), and the Anther (b). The latter is a the only essential part. It is a case, commonly with two lobes or cells, each opening lengthwise by a slit, at the proper time, and discharging a pow- der or dust-like substance, usually of a yellow color. This powder is the Pollen, or fertilizing matter, to produce which is the sole office of the stamen. 234. A Pistil is distinguished into three parts ; namely, beginning from below, the Ovary, the Style, and the Stigma. The Ovary is the hollow case or young pod (Fig. 171, a), containing rudimentary seeds, called Ovules (c?). Fig. 172, representing a pistil like that ot FIG. 168. Flower of a Stonecrop : Sedum ternatum. FIG. 1G9. Two parts of each kind of the same flower, displayed and enlarged. FIG. 170. A stamen : a, the filament; 6, the anther, discharging pollen. FIG. 171. A pistil divided lengthwise, showing the interior of the ovary, a, and it* ovules, d ; ft, the style ; c, stigma. FIG. 172. A pistil, enlarged ; the ovary cut across to show the ovules within. FIG. 173. " Double " Rose ; the essential organs all replaced by petals. LESSON 12.] IT8 PARTS OR ORGANS. 87 Fig. 169, d, but on a larger scale, and with the ovarj cut across, shows the ovules as they appear in a transverse section. The style (Fig. 171, b) is the tapering part above, sometimes long and slender, sometimes short, and not rarely altogether wanting, for it is not an essential part, like the two others. The stigma (c) is the tip or some other portion of the style (or of the top of the ovary when there is no distinct style), consisting of loose tissue, not cov- ered, like the rest of the plant, by a skin or epi- dermis. It is upon the stigma that the pollen falls ; and the result is, that the ovules contained in the ovary are fertilized and become seeds, by having an embryo (16) formed in them. To the pistil, therefore, all the other organs of the blos- som are in some way or other subservient : the stamens furnish pollen to fertilize its ovules ; the corolla and the calyx form coverings which pro- tect the whole. 234 a . These are all the parts which belong to any flower. But these parts appear under a variety of forms and combinations, some of them greatly disguising their natural appearance. To understand the flower, therefore, under whatever guise it may assume, we must etudy its plan. 8 PLAN OF THE FLOWER. ' LESSON 13. LESSON XIII. THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. %tl. THE FLOWER, like every other part of the plant, is formed jbpon a plan, which is essentially the same in all blossoms ; and the student should early get a clear idea of the plan of the flower. Then the almost endless varieties which different blossoms present will be at once understood whenever they occur, and will be regarded with a higher interest than their most beautiful forms and richest colors are able to inspire. 236. We have already become familiar with the plan of the vege- tation; with the stem, consisting of joint raised upon joint, each bearing a leaf or a pair of leaves ; with the leaves arranged in sym- metrical order, every leaf governed by a simple arithmetical law, which fixes beforehand the precise place it is to occupy on the stem ; and we have lately learned (in Lesson 11) how the position of each blossom is determined beforehand by that of the loaves ; so that the shape of every flower-cluster in a bouquet is given by the same sim- ple mathematical law which arranges the foliage. Let us now con- template the flower in a similar way. Having just learned what parts it consists of, let us consider the plan upon which it is made, and endeavor to trace this plan through some of the various forms which blossoms exhibit to our view. 237. In order to give at the outset a correct idea of the blossom, we took, in the last Lesson, for the purpose of explaining its parts, a perfect, complete, regular, and symmetrical flower, and one nearly as simple as such a flower could well be. Such a blossom the botanist regards as 238. A Typical Flower 5 that is, a pattern flower, because it well ex- emplifies the plan upon which all flowers are made, and serves as ,what is called a type, or standard of comparison. 239. Another equally good typical flower (except in a single re- spect, which will hereafter be mentioned), and one readily to be ob- tained in the summer, is that of the Flax (Fig. 174). The parts differ in shape from those of the Stonecrop ; but the whole plan is evidently just the same in both. Only, while the Stonecrop has ten stamens, or in many flowers eight stamens, in all cases just twice LESSON 13.] PERFECT AND IMPERFECT FLOWERS. as many as there are petals, the Flax has only five stamens, 01 just as many as the petals. Such flowers as these are said to be Perfect, because they are provided with both kinds of essential organs (230), namely, stamens and pistils ; Complete, because they have all the sorts of organs which any flower has, namely, both calyx and corolla, as well as stamens and pistils ; Regular, because all the parts of each set are alike in shape and size ; and Symmetrical, because they have an equal number of parts of each sort, or in each set or circle of organs. That is, there are five sepals, five petals, five stamens, or in the Stonecrop ten stamens (namely, two sets of five each), and five pistils. 240. On the other hand, many flowers do not present this perfect symmetry and reg- ularity, or this completeness of parts. Accord- ingly, we may have 241. Imperfect, or Separated Flowers; which are those where the stamens and pistils are in separate blossoms ; that is, one sort of flowers has stamens and no pistils, and another has pistils and no sta- mens, or only imperfect ones. The blossom which has stamens but no pistils is called a staminate or sterile flower (Fig. 176) ; and the corresponding one with pistils but no stamens is called a pistil- late or fertile flower (Fig. 177). The two sorts may grow on distinct plants, from different roots, as they do in the Willow and Poplar, the Hemp, and the Moonseed FIG. 174. Flowers of the common Flax : a perfect, complete, regular, and symmetrical blossom, all its parts in fives. 175. Half of a Flax- flower divided lengthwise, and enlarged. FIG. 176. Staminate flower of Moonseed (Menispermum Canadense). 177. Pistillat* flower of the came. 8* 90 PLAN OF THE FLOWER. [LESSON 13. (Fig. 176, 177) ; when the flowers are said to be dioecious (from two Greek words meaning in two households). Or the two may occur on the same plant or the same stem, as in the Oak, Walnut, Nettle, and the Castor-oil Plant (Fig. 178); when the flowers are said to be mo- no2cious (that is, in one household). A flower may, however, be perfect, that is, have both stamens and pistils, and yet be incomplete. 242. Incomplete Flowers are those in which one or both sorts of the floral envelopes, or leaves of the blossom, are wanting. Some- times only one sort is wanting, as in the Castor-oil Plant (Fig. 178) and in the Anem- one (Fig. 179). In this case the missing sort is always supposed to be the inner, that is, the corolla ; and accordingly such flowers are said to be apetalous (meaning without petals). Occasionally both the corolla and the calyx are wanting, when the flower has no proper cover- ings or floral envelopes at all. It is then eaid to be naked, as in the Lizard's- tail (Fig. 180), and in the Willow. 243. Our two pattern flowers (Fig. 168, *74) are regular and symmetrical (239). We commonly expect this to be the case in living things. The corresponding parts of plants, like the limbs or members of ani- mals, are generally alike, and the whole arrange- ment is symmetrical. This symmetry pervades the blossom, especially. But the student may often fail to perceive FIG 178. Monoecious flowers, i. e. one staminate (s) and one pistillate (p) flower, of the O-sfor-oil Plant, growing on the same stem. FIG. 179. Apetalous (incomplete) flower of Anemone Pennsylvania. FIG. 180. A naked (but perfect) flower of the Lizard's-tail. LESSON 13. J IRREGULAR AND UNSYMMETRICAL FLOWERS 91 it, at first view, at least in cases where the plan is more or less obscured by the leaving out (obliteration) of one or more of the members of the same set, or by some in- equality in their size and shape. The latter circumstance gives rise to 244. Irregular Flowers, This name is given to blossoms in which the different members of the same sort, as, for exam- ple, the petals or the stamens, are unlike in size or in form. We have familiar cases of the sort in the Larkspur (Fig. 1 184), and Monkshood (Fig. 185, 186); also in the Vio- let (Fig. 181, 182). In the latter it is the corolla principally which is ir- regular, one of the petals being larger than the rest, and extended at the base into a hollow protuberance or spur. In the Larkspur (Fig. 183), both the calyx and the corolla par- take of the irregularity. This and the Monkshood are likewise good ex- amples of 245. Unsymmetrical Flowers, Wa call them unsymmetrical, when the different sets of organs do not agree in the number of their parts. The irregular calyx of Larkspur (Fig. 183, 184) consists of five sepals, one of which, larger than the rest, is prolonged behind into a large spur; but the corolla is made of only four petals (of two shapes); FJG. 181. Flower of a Violet. 182. Its calyx and corolla displayed : the five smaller p*rts are the sepals ; the five intervening larger ones are the petals. FIG. 183, Flower of a Larkspur. 184. Its calyx and corolla displayed ; the five larget pieces are the sepals ; the four smaller, the petals. 92 PLAN OF THE FLOWER. [LESSON 13. the fifth, needed to complete the symmetry, being left out. And the Monkshood (Fig. 185, 186) has five very dissimilar sepals, and a corolla of only two, very small, curiously-shaped petals ; the three need^ ed to make up the symmetry being left out. For a flower which is unsymmet rical but regular, we may take the com mon Purslane, which has a calyx o. only two sepals, but a corolla of five petals, from seven to twelve stamens, and about six styles. The Mustard, and all flowers of that family, are un- symmetrical as to the stamens, these being six in number (Fig. 188, while the leaves of the blossom (sepals and petals) are each only four (Fig. 187). Here the stamens are irregular also, two of them being shorter than the other four. 246. Numerical Plan of the Flower, Although not easy to make out in all cases, yet generally it is plain to see that each blossom is based upon a particular number, which runs through all or most of its parts. And a prin- cipal thing which a botanist notices when examin- ing a flower is its numerical plan. It is upon this that the symmetry of the blossom depends. Our two pattern flowers, the Stonecrop (Fig. 168) and the Flax (Fig. 174), are based upon the number five, which is exhibited in all their parts. Some flowers of this same Stonecrop have their parts in fours, and then that number runa throughout ; namely, there are four sepals, four petals, eight stamens (two sets), and four pistils. The Mustard (Fig. 187, 188), Radish, FIG. 185. Flower of a Monkshood. 186. Its parts displayed : the fiye larger pieces are th' sepals ; the two small ones under the hood are petals ; the stamens and pistils are in t* lentre. FIG. 187. Flower of Mustard. 188. Its stamens and pistil sepaiate and enlarged. LESSON 13.] THE RELATIVE POSITION OF ITS PARTS. 93 &c., also have their flowers constructed on the plan of four as to the calyx and corolla, but this number is interfered wkh in the stamens, either by the leaving out of two sta- mens (which would complete two sets), or in some other way. Next to five, the most common number in flowers is three. On this number the flowers of Lily, Crocus, Iris, Spiderwort, and Trillium (Fig. 189) are constructed. In the Lily and Crocus the leaves of the flower at first view appear to be six in one set ; but the bud or just- opening blossom plainly shows these to consist of an outer and an inner circle, each of three parts, namely, of calyx and corolla, both of the same bright color and delicate texture. In the Spiderwort and Trillium (Fig. 189) the three outer leaves, or sepals, are green, and dif- ferent in texture from the three inner, or the petals ; the stamens are six (namely, two sets of three each), and the pistils three, though partly grown together into one mass. 247. Alternation of Parts, The symmetry of the flower is likewise shown in the arrangement or relative position of successive parts. The rule is, that the parts of successive circles alternate with one another. That is, the petals stand over the intervals between the sepals ; the stamens, when of the same number, stand over the intervals between the petals ; or when twice as many, as in the Trillium, the outer set alternates with the petals, and the inner set, alternating with the other, of course stands before the petals ; and the pistils alter- nate with these. This is shown in Fig. 189, and in the diagram, or cross-section of the same in the bud Fig. 190. And Fig. 191 is a similar diagram or ground-plan (in the form of a FIG. 189. Flower of Trillium erectum, or Birthroot, spread out a little, and viewed from above. FIG. 190. Diagram or ground-plan of the same, as it would appear in a cross-section o< the bud ; the parts all in the same relative position FIG. 191. Diagram, or ground-plan, of the Flax -flower, Fig. 174. 04 PLAN OF THE FLOWER. ^LESSON 13. section made across the bud) of the Flax blossom, the example of a pattern symmetrical flower taken at the beginning of this Lesson, with its parts all in fives. 248. Knowing in this way just the position which each organ should occupy in the flower it is readily understood that flowers often become unsymmetrical through the loss of some parts, which belong to the plan, but are obliterated or left out in the execution. For ex ample, in the Larkspur (Fig. 183, 184), as there are five sepals, there should be five petals likewise. We find only four ; but the vacant place where the fifth belongs is plainly rec- ognized at the lower side of the flower. Also the similar plan of the Monkshood (Fig. 186) equally calls for five petals ; but three of them are entirely obliterated, and the two that remain are reduced to slender bodies, which look as unlike or- dinary petals as can well be imagined. Yet their position, answer- ing to the intervals between the upper sepals and the side ones, reveals their true nature. All this may perhaps be more plainly shown by corresponding diagrams of the calyx and corolla of the Larkspur and Monkshood (Fig. 192, 193), in which the places of the missing petals are indicated by faint dotted lines. The oblitera- tion of stamens is a still more common case. For example, the Snapdragon, Foxglove, Gerardia, and almost all flowers of the large Figwort family they belong to, have the parts of the calyx and corolla five each, but only four stamens (Fig. 194) ; the place on the upper side of the flower where the fifth stamen belongs is vacant. That there is in such cases a real obliteration of the miss- ing part is shown by the 249. Abortive Organs, or vectiges which are sometimes met with ; bodies which stand in th e place of an organ, and represent it, although wholly incapable of fulfilling its office. Thus, in the Fig- wort family, the fifth stamen, which is altogether missing in Gerardia (Fig. 194) and most others, appears in the Figwort as a little scale, and in Pentstemon (Fig. 195) and Turtlehead as a sort of filament without any anther ; a thing of no use whatever to the plant, but FIG. 192. Diagram of the calyx and corolla of a Larkspur. 193. Similar diagram ol Monkshood. The dotted lines show where the petals are wanting ; one in the former, three \u the latter. LESSON 13. ABORTIVE ORGANS* 95 very interesting to the botanist, since it completes the symmetry of the blossom. And to show that this really is the lost stamen, it now arid then bears an anther, or the rudiment of one. So the flower of Catalpa should likewise have five stamens ; but we seldom find more than two good ones. Still we may generally discern the three others, as vestiges or half-obliterated stamens (Fig. 196). In separated flowers the rudiments of pistils are often found in the sterile blossom, and rudimentary sta- mens in the fertile blossom, as in Moon- seed (Fig. 177). 250. Multiplicatic" of Paris, Quite in the opposite way, the simple plan of the flower is often more or less obscured by [ _, an increase in the number of parts. In the White Water-Lily, and in many Cactus-flowers (Fig. 107), all the parts are very numerous, so that it is hard to say upon what number the blos- som is constructed. But more com- moHv so-ne of the sets are few and definite in the number of their parts. The Buttercup, for instance, has five sepals and five petals, but many sta- mens and pistils ; so it is built upon the plan of five. The flowers of Mag- nolia have indefinitely numerous stamens and pistils, and rather numerous floral envelopes ; but these latter are plainly distinguishable into sets o three ; namely, there are three sepals, and six petals in two circles or nine in three circles, showing that these blossoms are con- structed on the number three. FIG. 194. Corolla of a purple Gerardia laid open, showing the four stamens ; the cross shows where the fifth stamen would be, if present. FIG. 195. Corolla, laid open, and stamens of Pentstemon grandiflorus of Iowa, &c., with a sterile filament in the place of the fifth stamen, and representing it. FIG. 196. Corolla of Catalpa laid open, displaying two good stamens and three abortive Vestiges of stamens 96 MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER. ^LESSON 14 LESSON XIV. MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER. 251. IN all the plant till we came to the blossom we found nothing bat root, stem, and leaves (23, 118). However various or strange their shapes, and whatever their use, everything belongs to one of these three organs, and everything above ground (excepting the rare case of aerial roots) is either stem or leaf. We discern the stem equally in the stalk of an herb, the trunk and branches of a tree, the trailing or twining Vine, the straw of Wheat or other Grasses, the columnar trunk of Palms (Fig. 47), in the flattened joints of the Prickly-Pear Cactus, and the rounded body of the Melon Cactus Ipig. 76). Also in the slender runners of the Strawberry, the tendrils of the Grape-vine and Virginia Creeper, the creeping subterranean shoots of the Mint and Couchgrass, the tubers of the Potato and Artichoke, the solid bulb of the Crocus, and the solid part or base of scaly bulbs ; as is fully shown in Lesson 6. And in Lesson 7 and elsewhere we have learned to recognize the leaf alike in the thick seed-leaves of the Almond, Bean, Horsechestnut, and the like (Fig. 9-24), in the scales of buds (Fig. 77), and the thickened FIG. 197. A Cactus-flower, viz. of Mamillaria caespitosa of the Upper Missouri. LESSON 14.] ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES IN THE BUD. 97 scales of bulbs (Fig. 73-75), in the spines of the Barberry and the tendrils of the Pea, in the fleshy rosettes of the Houseleek, the strange fly-trap of Dionaea (Fig. 81), and the curious pitcher of Sar racenia (Fig. 79). 252. Now the student who understands these varied forms or metamorphoses of the stem and leaf, and knows how to detect the real nature of any part of the plant under any of its disguises, may readily trace the leaf into the blossom also, and perceive that, as to their morphology, 253. Flowers are altered Branches, and their parts, therefore, altered leaves. That is, certain buds, which might have grown and length- ened into a leafy branch, do, under other circumstances and to ac- complish other purposes, develop into blossoms. In these the axis remains short, nearly as it is in the bud ; the leaves therefore remain close together in sets or circles ; the outer ones, those of the calyx, generally partake more or less of the character of foliage ; the next set are more delicate, and form the corolla, while the rest, the sta- mens and pistils, appear under forms very different from those of ordinary leaves, and are concerned in the production of seed- This is the way the scientific botanist views a flower ; and this view gives to Botany an interest which one who merely notices the shape and counts the parts of blossoms, without understanding their plan, has no conception of. 254. That flowers answer to branches may be shown first from their position. As explained in the Lesson on Inflorescence, flowers arise from the same places as branches, and from no other ; flower- buds, like leaf-buds, appear either on the summit of a stem, that is, as a terminal bud, or in the axil of a leaf, as an axillary bud (196). And at an early stage it is often impossible to foretell whether the bud is to give rise to a blossom or to a branch. 255. That the sepals and petals are of the nature of leaves is fevident from their appearance ; persons who are not botanists com- monly call them the leaves of the flower. The calyx is most gen- erally green in color, and foliaceous (leaf-like) in texture. And though the corolla is rarely green, yet neither are proper leaves always green. In our wild Painted-Cup, and in some scarlet Sages, common in gardens, the leaves just under the flowers are of the brightest red or scarlet, often much brighter-colored than the corolla itself. And sometimes (as in many Cactuses, and in Carolina All- spice) there is such a regular gradation from the last leaves of the 9 98 MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER. [LESSON 14. plant (bracts or bractlets) into the leaves of the calyx, that it is im- possible to say where the one ends and the other begins. And if sepals are leaves, so also are petals ; for there is no clearly fixed limit between them. Not only in the Carolina Allspice and Cactus (Fig. 197), but in the Water-Lily (Fig. 198) and a variety of flowers with more than one row of petals, there is such a complete transition between calyx and corolla that no one can surely tell hosf many of the leaves belong to the one and how many to the other. 256. It is very true that the calyx or the corolla often takes the form of a cup or tube, instead of being in separate pieces, as in Fig. 194 196. It is then composed of two or more leaves grown together. This is no objection to the petals being leaves ; for the same thing takes place with the ordinary leaves of many plants, as, for instance, in the upper ones of Honeysuckles (Fig. 132). 257. That stamens are of the same general nature as petals, and therefore a modification of leaves, is shown by the gradual transitions that occur between the one and the other in many blossoms ; es- pecially in cultivated flowers, such as Roses and Camellias, when they begin to double, that is, to change their stamens into petals. Some wild and natural flowers show the same interesting transitions. The Carolina Allspice and the White Water-Lily exhibit complete gradations not only between sepals and petals, but between petals and stamens. The sepals of the Water-Lily are green outside, but white and petal-like on the inside ; the petals, in many rows, grad- ually grow narrower towards the centre of the flower ; some of these are tipped with a trace of a yellow anther, but still are petals ; the next are more contracted and stamen-like, but with a flat petal-like filament ; and a further narrowing of this completes the genuine sta- men. A series of these stages is shown in Fig. 198. 258. Pistils and stamens now and then change into each other in some Willows ; pistils often turn into petals in cultivated flowers ; and in the Double Cherry they occasionally change directly into small green leaves. Sometimes a whole blossom changes into a cluster of green leaves, as in the " green roses " which are occa- sionally noticed in gardens, and sometimes it degenerates into a leafy branch. So the botanist regards pistils also as answering to leaves. And his idea of a pistil is, that it consists of a leaf with its margins curved inwards till they meet and unite to form a closed cavity, the ovary, while the tip is prolonged to form the style and bear the stigma ; as will be illustrated in the Lesson upon the PistiL LESSON 15.] THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 259. Moreover, the arrangement of the parts of the flower answers to that of leaves, as illustrated in Lesson 10, either to a succes- sion of whorls alternating with each other in the manner of whorled leaves, or in some regular form of spiral arrangement. LESSON XV. MORPHOLOGY OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 260. HAVING studied the flower as a whole, we proceed to con- sider more particularly its several parts, especially as to the principal differences they present in different plants. "We naturally begin with the leaves of the blossom, namely, the calyx and corolla. And first as to 261. The Growing together Of Parts, It is this more than anything else which prevents one from taking the idea, at first sight, that the flower is a sort of very short branch clothed with altered leaves. For most blossoms we meet with have some of their organs grown together more or less. We have noticed it as to the corolla of Ge- rardia, Catalpa, &c. (Fig. 194-196), in Lesson 13. This growing FIG. 198. Succession of sepals, petals, gradations between petals and stamens, and trua stamens, of the Nymphaea, or White Water-Lily. THE CALYX AND COROLLA. [LESSON 15. together takes place in two ways : either parts of the same kind, or parts of different kinds, may be united. The first we may call simply the union, the second the consoli- dation, of parts. 262. Union or Cohesion with one another of parts of the same sort. We very com- monly find that the calyx or the corolla is a cup or tube, instead of a set of leavesc Take, for example, the flower of the Stra- monium or Thorn-Apple, where both the calyx and the corolla are so (Fig. 199) ; likewise the common Morning-Glory, and the figures 201 to 203, where the leaves of the corolla are united into one piece, but those of the calyx are separate. Now there are numerous cases of real leaves growing together much in the same way, those of the common Thorough- wort, and the upper pairs in Woodbines or Honeysuckles, for example (Fig. 132) ; so that we might expect it to occur in the leaves of the blossom also. And that this is the right view to take of it plainly appears from the transitions everywhere met with in different plants, between a calyx or a corolla of separate pieces and one forming a perfect tube or cup. Figures 200 to 203 show one complete set of such gradations in the corolla, and Fig. 204 to 206 another, in short and open corollas. How many leaves or petals each corolla is formed of may be seen by the number of points or tips, or of the notches (called sinuses) which answer to the inter- vals between tLem. 263. When the parts are united in this way, whether much or little, the corolla is said to be monopetalous, and the calyx mono- sepalous. These terms mean " of one petal," or " of one sepal " ; that is, of one piece. Wherefore, taking the corolla or the calyx as a whole, we say that it is parted when the parts are separate almost to the base, as in Fig. 204 ; cleft or lobed when the notches do not extend below the middle or thereabouts, as in Fig. 205 ; FTG. 199. Flower of the common Stramonium ; both the calyx and the corolla with then parts united into a tube. LESSON 15.] UNION OP PARTS. '',' /A i, J0V toothed or dentate, when only the tips are separate as short points entire, when the border is even, without points or notches, as in the common Morning-Glory, and very nearly so in Fig. 203 ; and so on ; the terms being just the same as those applied to leaves and all other flat bodies, and illustrated in Lessons 8 and 9. 264. There is a set of terms applied particularly to calyxes, corollas, or other such bodies of one piece, to express their general shape, which we see is very various. The following are some of the principal : Wheel-shaped, or rotate ; when spreading out at once, without a tube or with a very short one, something in the shape of a wheel or of its diverging spokes, as in the corolla of the Potato and Bitter- sweet (Fig. 204, 205). Salver-shaped, or salver-form ; when a flat-spreading border is raised on a narrow tube, from which it diverges at right angles, 204 like the salver represented in old pictures, with a slender handle beneath. The corolla of the Phlox (Fig. 208) and of the Cypress- Vine (Fig. 202) are of this sort FIGo 200. Corolla of Soapwort (the same in Pinks, &c.\ of 5 separate, long-clawed petal*. F[G. 201. Flower of Gilia or Ipomopsis coronopifolia ; the parts answering to the claw of the petals of the last figure here all united into a tube. FIG. 202. Flower of the Cypress-Vine ; the petals a little farther united into a five-lobed spreading border. FIG. 203. Flower of the small Scarlet Morning-Glory, the five petals it is composed o. perfectly united into a trumpet-shaped tube, with the spreading border nearly even (or entire). FIG. 204. Wheel-shaped and five-parted corolla of Bittersweet (Solanum Dulcamara). FIG. 205. Wheel-shaped and five-cleft corolla of the common Potato. FIG. 206. Almost entire and very open bell-shaped corolla of a Ground Cherry (Physalis) 9* 102 THE CALYX AND COROLLA. [LESSON 15. Bell-shaped, or campanulate ; where a short and broad tube widens upward, in the shape of a bell, as in Fig. 207. Funnel-shaped, or funnel-form ; gradually spreading at the sum- mit of a tube which is narrow below, in the shape of a funnel or tunnel, as in the corolla of the common Morning-Glory, and of the Stramonium (Fig. 199). Tubular ; when prolonged into a tube, without much spreading at the border, as in the corolla of the Trumpet Honeysuckle, the calyx of Stramonium (Fig. 199), &c. 210 211 265. In most of these cases we may distinguish two parts ; namely, the tube, or the portion all in one piece and with its sides upright or nearly so ; and the border or limb, the spreading portion or summit. The limb may be entire, as in Fig. 203, but it is more commonly lobed, that is, partly divided, as in Fig. 202, or parted down nearly to the top of the tube, as in Fig. 208, &e. 266. So, likewise, a separate petal is sometimes distinguishable into two parts ; namely, into a narrowed base or stalk-like part (a? in Fig. 200, where this part is peculiarly long), called the claw, and a spreading and enlarged summit, or body of the petal, called the lamina or blade. 267. When parts of the same set are not united (as in the Flax> Cherry, &c., Fig. 212 - 215), we call them distinct. Thus the sepals or the petals are distinct when not at all united with each other. As a calyx with sepals united into one body is called monosepalous (263, that is, one-sepalled), or sometimes monophyllous, that is, one-leaved ; so, on the other hand, when the sepals are distinct, it is said to be PIG. 207. Flower of the Harebell, with a campanulate or bell-shaped corolla. 208. Of a Phlox, with salver-shaped corolla. 209. Of Dead-Nettie (Lamium), with labiate ringent (or gaping) corolla. 210. Of Snapdragon, with labiate personate corolla. 211. Of Toad-Flax, tvith a similar corolla spurred at the base. LESSON 15.] CONSOLIDATION OF PARTS. V , /,\ \ W& polysepalous, that is, composed of several or many sepals. And a corolla with distinct petals is said to be polypetalous. 268. Consolidation, the growing together of the parts of two or more different sets. In the most natural or pattern flower (as explained in Lessons 13 and 14), the several parts rise from the receptacle or axis in succes- sion, like leaves upon a very short stem ; the petals just above or within the sepals, the stamens just above or within these, and then the pistils next the summit or centre. Now when contiguous parts of different sorts, one within the other, unite at their base or origin, it obscures more or less the plan of the flower, by consolidating organs which in the pattern flower are entirely separate. 269. The nature of this con- solidation will be at once un- derstood on comparing the fol- lowing series of illustrations. Fig. 212 represents a flower of the common Flax, cut through lengthwise, so as to show the attachment (or what the bot- anist calls the insertion) of all the parts. Here they are all inserted on, that is grow out of, the receptacle or axis of .'he blossom. In other words, here is no union at all of the parts of contiguous circles. So the parts are said to be free. And the sepals, petals, and stamens, all springing of course fron. beneath the pistils, which are on the very summit of the axis, are said to be hypogynous (a term composed of two Greek words, mean- ing "under the pistil"). PIG. 212. A Flax-flower, cut through lengthwise. FIG. 213. Flower of a Cherry, divided in the same way. FIG. 214. Flower of the common Purslane, divided lengthwise. THE CALYX AND COROLLA. [LESSON 15. 270. Fig. 213 is a flower of a Cherry, cut through lengthwise in the same way. Here the petals and the stamens grow out of, that is, are inserted on, the calyx ; in other words they cohere or are consolidated with the base of the calyx up to a certain height. In such cases they are said to be perigynous (from two Greek words, meaning around the pistil). The consolidation in the Cherry is con- fined to the calyx, corolla, and stamens : the calyx is still free from the pistil. One step more we have in 271. Fig. 214, which is a similar section of a flower of a Purslane. Here the lower part of the calyx (carrying with it of course the petals and stamens) is coherent with the surface of the whole lower half of the ovary. Therefore the calyx, seeming to rise from the mid- dle of the ovary, is said to be half superior, instead of being inferior, as it is when entirely free. It is better to say, however, calyx half-adherent to the ovary. Every gradation occurs between /? such a case and that of a calyx altogether free or inferior, as we see in different Purslanes and Saxifrages. The consol- idation goes farther, 272. In the Apple, Quince, Hawthorn (Fig. 215), &c. Here the tube of the calyx is consolidated with the whole surface of the ovary ; and its limb, or free part, therefore appears to spring from its top, instead of underneath it, as it naturally should. So the calyx is said to be sup&rior, or (more properly) adherent to, or coherent with, the ovary. In most cases (and very strikingly in the Evening Primrose), the tube of the calyx is continued on more or less beyond the ovary, and has the petals and stamens consolidated with it for some dis- tance ; these last, therefore, being borne on the calyx, are said to be perigynous, as before (270). FIG. 215. Flower of a Hawthorn, divided lengthwise. FIG. 216. Flower of the Cranberry., divided lengthwise. LESSON 15.] IRREGULARITY OP PARTS. 105 273. But if the tube of the calyx ends immediately at the summit of the ovary, and its lobes as well as the corolla and stamens are as it were inserted directly on the ovary, they are said to be epigynous (meaning on the pistil), as in Cornel, the Huckleberry, and the Cran- berry (Fig. 216). 274. Irregularity Of Parts in the calyx and corolla has already been noticed (244) as sometimes obstructing one's view of the real plan of a flower. There is infinite variety in this respect ; but what has already been said will enable the student to understand these irreg- ularities when they occur. We have only room to mention one or two cases which have given rise to particular names. A very common kind, among polypetalous (267) flowers, is 275. The Papilionaceous flower of the Pea, Bean, and nearly all that family. In this we have an 217 irregular corolla of a peculiar shape, which Linnasus likened to a butterfly (whence the term, papilio being the Latin name for a but- terfly) ; but the resemblance is not very obvious. The five pet- als of a papilionaceous corolla (Fig. 217) have received different names taken from widely different objects. The upper and larger petal (Fig. 218, s), which is gen- erally wrapped round all the rest in the bud, is called the standard or banner. The two side petals (w) are called the wings. And the two anterior ones (&), the blades of which commonly stick together a little, and which en- close the stamens and pistil in the flower, from their forming a body shaped somewhat like the keel, or rather the prow, of an ancient boat, are together named the keel. 276. The Labiate or bilabiate (that is, two-lipped) flower is a very common form of the monopetalous corolla, as in the Snapdragon FIG. 217. Front view of the papilionaceous corolla of the Locust-tree. 218. The parts o. the same, displayed S&F 6 106 THE CALYX AND COROLLA. [LESSON 15. (Fig. 210), Toad-Flax (Fig. 211), Dead-Nettie (Fig. 209), Catnip, Horsemint, &c. ; and in the Sage, the Catalpa, &c., the calyx also is two-lipped. This is owing to unequal union of the different parts of the same sort, as well as to diversity of shape. In the corolla two of the petals grow together higher than the rest, sometimes to the very top, and form the upper lip, and the three remaining ones join on the other side of the flower to form the lower lip, which therefore is more or less three-lobed, while the upper lip is at most only two- lobed. And if the calyx is also two-lipped, as in the Sage, since the parts of the calyx always alternate with those of the corolla (247), then the upper lip has three lobes or teeth, namely, is com- posed of three sepals united, while the lower has only two ; which is the reverse of the arrangement in the corolla. So that all these flowers are really constructed on the plan of five, and not on that of two, as one would at first be apt to suppose. In Gerardia, &c. (Fig. 194, 195), the number five is evident in the calyx and corolla, but is more or less obscured in the stamens (249). In Catalpa this num- ber is masked in the calyx by irregular union, and in the stamens by abortion. A different kind of irregular flower is seen in rv 277. The Ligulate or strap- VV \N^\ /Vv ol ^n si*^, shaped corolla of most com- pound flowers. What was called the compound flower of a Dandelion, Succory (Fig. 221), Thistle, Sunflower, As- ter, Whiteweed, &c., consists of many distinct blossoms, closely crowded together into a head, and surrounded by an involucre (208). People who are not botanists commonly take the whole for one flower, the involucre for a calyx, and corollas of the outer or of all the flowers as petals. And this is a very natural mistake when the flowers around the edge have flat and open or strap-shaped corollas, while the rest are regular and tubular, but small, as in the Whiteweed, Sunflower, &c. Fig. 219 represents such a case in a Coreopsis, with the head, or so-called compound flower, cut through ; and in Fig. 220 we see one of the perfect flowers of the centre or disk, with a reg- ular tubular corolla (a), and with the slender bract (b) from whose PIG. S19. Head of flowers (th so-called compound flower ") of Coreopsis, divided lanitthwise. LESSON 15.] SO-CALLED COMPOUND FLOWERS. 107 axil it grew ; and also one belonging to the margin, or ray, with a strap-shaped corolla (c), borne in the axil of a leaf or bract of the involucre (d). Here the ray-flower consists merely of a strap- shaped corolla, raised on the small rudiment of an ovary ; it is therefore a neutral flower, like those of the ray or margin of the cluster in Hydrangea (229, Fig. 167), only of a different shape. More commonly the flowers with a strap-shaped corolla are pis- tillate, that is, have a pistil only, and produce seed like the others, as in Whiteweed. But in the Dandelion, Succory (Fig. 221, 222), and all of that tribe, these flowers are perfect, that is, bear both stamens and pistils. And moreover all the flowers of the head are strap-shaped and alike. 278. Puzzling as these strap-shaped corollas appear at first view, an attentive inspection will generally reveal the plan upon which they are constructed. We can make out pretty plainly, that each one consists of five petals (the tips of which commonly appear as five teeth at the extremity), united by their contiguous edges, except on FIG. 220. A slice of Fig. 219, more enlarged, with one tubular perfect flower (a) left standing on the receptacle, with its bractlet or chaff (6), one ligulate, neutral ray-flower (c)k and part of another: d, section of bracts or leaves of the involucre. FIG. 222. Head of flowera of Succory, cut through lengthwise and enlarged 108 THE CALYX AND COROLLA. [LESSON 16. one side, and spread out flat. To prove that this is the case, we have only to compare such a corolla (that of Coreopsis, Fig. 220, c, or one from the Succory, for instance) with that of the Cardinal-flower, or of any other Lobelia, which is equally split down along one side ; and this again with the less irregular corolla of the Woodbine, par- tially split down on one side. LESSON XVI. ESTIVATION, OR THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE CALYX AND CO ROLLA IN THE BUD. 279. ESTIVATION or Prcefloration relates to the way in which the leaves of the flower, or the lobes of the calyx or corolla, are placed with respect to each other in the bud. This is of some importance in distinguishing different families or tribes of plants, being generally very uniform in each. The aestivation is best seen FIG. 221. Compound flowers, i. e. heads of flowers, of Succory. LESSON 16.] THEIR ARRANGEMENT IN THE BUD. 109 by making a horizontal slice of the flower-bud when just ready to open ; and it may be expressed in diagrams, as in Fig. 223, 224. 280. The pieces of the calyx or the corolla either overlap each other ki the bud, or they do not. When they do not, the aestivation is commonly Valvate, as it is called when the pieces meet each other by their abrupt edges without any infolding or overlapping ; as the calyx of the Linden or Basswood (Fig. 223) and the Mallow, and the corolla of the Grape, Virginia Creeper, &c. Or it may be Induplicate, which is valvate with the margins of each piece pro- jecting inwards, or involute (like the leaf in Fig. 152), as in the calyx of Virgin's-Bower and the corolla of the Potato, or else Reduplicate, like the last, but the margins projecting outwards instead of inwards ; these last being mere vari- ations of the valvate form. 281. When the pieces overlap in the bud, it is in one of two ways : either every piece has one edge in and one edge out ; or some pieces are wholly outside and others wholly inside. In the first case the aestivation is Convolute or twisted, as in the corolla of Geranium (most com- monly, Fig. 224), Flax (Fig. 191), and of the Mallow Family. Here one edge of every petal covers the next before it, while its other edge is covered by the next behind it. In the second case it is Imbricated or imbricate, or breaking joints, like shingles on a roof, as in the calyx of Ge- ranium (Fig. 224) and of Flax (Fig. 191), and the corolla of the Linden (Fig. 223). In these cases the parts are five in number ; and the regular way then ' is (as in the calyx of the figures above cited) to have two pieces en tirely external (1 and 2), one (3) with one edge covered by the first, while the other edge covers that of the adjacent one on the other side, and two (4 and 5) wholly within, their margins at least being covered by the rest. That is, they just represent a circle of five leaves spirally arranged on the five-ranked or f plan (187, 188, and Fig. 143-145), only with the stem shortened so as to bring the parts close together. The spiral arrangement of the parts of FIG. 223. Section across the flower-bud of Linden. FIG. 224. Section across the riower-bud ol Geranium : the sepals numbered in their order 10 110 ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS IN THE BUD. ^LESSON 16. the blossom is the same as that of the foliage, an additional evi- dence that the flower is a sort of branch. The petals of the Linden, with only one outside and one inside, as shown in Fig. 223, exhibit a gradation between the imbricated and the convolute modes. When the parts are four in number, generally two opposite ones overlap the other two by both edges. When three in number, then one is outer- most, the next has one edge out and the other covered, and the third is within, being covered by the other two; as in Fig. 190. This is just the three-ranked (J) spiral arrangement of leaves (186, and Fig. 171). 282. In the Mignonette, and some other flowers, the aestivation is open ; that is, the calyx and corolla are not closed at all over the other parts of the flower, even in the young bud. 283. When the calyx or the corolla is tubular, the shape of the tube in the bud has sometimes to be considered, as well as the way the lobes are arranged. For example, it may be Plaited or plicate, that is, folded lengthwise ; and the plaits may either be turned outwards, forming projecting ridges, as in the corolla of Campanula ; or turned inwards, as in the corolla of the Gentian, &c. When the plaits are wrapped round all in one direc- tion, so as to cover one another in a convolute manner, the aestivation is said to be Supervolute, as in the corolla of Stramonium (Fig. 225) and the Morning-Glory ; and in the Morning-Glory it is twisted besides. FIG. 225. Upper part of the corolla of a Stramonium (Datura meteloides), in the bud. triulerneath is a cross-section of the same. LESSON 17.] THE STAMENS. Ill LESSON XVII. MORPHOLOGY OF THE STAMENS. 284. THE STAMENS exhibit nearly the same kinds of variation in different species that the calyx and corolla do. They may be dis- tinct (that is, separate from each other, 267) or united. They may be free (269), or else coherent with other parts : this concerns 285. Their Insertion, or place of attachment, which is most com- monly the same as that of the corolla. So, stamens are Hypogynous (269), when they are borne on the receptacle, or axis of the flower, under the pistils, as they naturally should be, and as is shown in Fig. 212. Perigynous, when borne on (that is coherent below with) the calyx ; as in the Cherry, Fig. 213. Epigynous, when borne on the ovary, appar- ently, as in Fig. 216. To these we may add Gynandrous ( from two Greek words, answer- ing to " stamens and pistil united "), when the stamens are consolidated with the style, so as to be borne by it, as in the Lady's Slipper (Fig. 226) and all the Orchis Family. Also Epipetalous (meaning on the petals), when they are borne by the corolla ; as in Fig. 194, and in most monopetaious blossoms. As to 286. Their Union With each Other, the stamens may be united by their filaments or by their anthers. In the former case they are Monadelphous (from two Greek words, meaning " in one brother- hood "), when united by their filaments into one set, usually into a ring or cup below, or into a tube, as in the Mallow Family, the Passion flower, and the Lupine (Fig. 228). Diadelphous (in two brotherhoods), when so united in two sets, as in the Pea and almost all papilionaceous flowers (275) : here the stamens are nine in one set, and one in the other (Fig. 227). FIG. 226. Style of a Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium), and stamens united with it : a, a, the anthers of the two good stamens ; st,, an abortive stameii, what should be ifcs anther changed into a petal-like body ; stiff., tho etigaia. 112 THE STAMENS. [LESSON 17. Triadelphous, in three sets or parcels, as in the common St. Johns- wort ; or Polyadelphous, when in more numerous sets, as in the Loblolly Bay, where they are in five clusters. On the other hand, stamens are said to be Syngenesious, when united by their an- thers (Fig. 229, 230), as they are in Lobelia, in the Violet (slightly), and in what are called compound flowers, such as the Thistle, Sunflower, Coreopsis (Fig. 220), and Suc- cory (Fig. 222). In Lobelia, and in the Squash and Pumpkin, the stamens are united both by their anthers and their filaments. 287. Their Number in the flower is sometimes expressed by terms compounded of the Greek numerals and the word used to signify stamen ; as, monandrous, for a flower having only one stamen ; diandrous, one with two stamens ; triandrous, with three stamens ; te- trandrous, with four stamens ; pentandrous, with five stamens ; and so on, up to polyan- drous (meaning with many stamens), when there are twenty or a larger number, as in a Cactus (Fig. ]97). All such terms may be found in the Glossary at the end of the book. 288. Two terms are used to express particular numbers with un- equal length. Namely, the stamens are didynamous when only four in number, two longer than the other two, as in the Mint, Catnip, Gerardia (Fig. 194), Trumpet-Creeper, &c. ; and tetradynamous, when they are six, with four of them regularly longer than the other two, as in Mustard (Fig. 188), and all that family. 28&. Their Parts. As already shown (233), a stamen consists of two parts, the Filament and the Anther (Fig. 231). 290. The Filament is a kind of stalk to the anther : it is to the anther nearly what the petiole is to the blade of a leaf. Therefore it is not an essential part. As a leaf may be without a stalk, so the anther may be sessile, or without a filament. When present, FIG. 227. Diadelphous stamens of the Pea, &c. 228. Monadelphous stamens of the Lupine. FIG. 229. Syngenesious stamens of Coreopsis (Fig. 220, a), &c. 230. Same, with the tub* of anthers split down on one side and spread open. LESSON 17.] THEIR STRUCTURE AND PARTS. 113 the filament may be of any shape ; but it is commonly thread-like, as in Fig. 231, 234, &c. 291. The Anther is the essential part of the stamen. 6 '"' It is a sort of case, filled with a fine powder, called Pollen, which serves to fertilize the pistil, so that it may perfect seeds. The anther may be considered, first, as to 292. Its Attachment to the filament. Of this there are three ways ; namely, the anther is Innate (as in Fig. 232), when it is attached by its base to the very apex of the filament, turning neither inwards nor outwards ; or Adnate (as in Fig. 233), when at- tached by one face, usually for its whole length, to the side of the fila- ment ; and Versatile (as in Fig. 234), when fixed by its middle only to the very point of the filament, so as to swing loosely, as we see it in the Lily, in Grasses, &c. 293. In both the last-named cases, the anther either looks inwards or out- wards. When it is turned inwards, or is fixed to that side of the filament which looks towards the pistil or centre of the flower, the anther is incumbent or introrse, as in Magnolia and the Water-Lily. When turned outwards, or fixed to the outer side of the filament, it is extrorse, as in the Tulip-tree. 294. Its Structure, &c. There are few cases in which the stamen bears any resemblance to a leaf. Nevertheless, the botanist's idea of a stamen is, that it answers to a leaf developed in a peculiar form and for a special purpose. In the filament he sees the stalk of the leaf; in the anther, the blade. The blade of a leaf consists of two similar sides ; so the anther consists of two lobes or cells, one iwiswer- ing to the left, the other to the right, side of the blade. The two lobes are often connected by a prolongation of the filament, which answers to the midrib of a leaf this is called the connective. It is very con- spicuous in Fig. 232, where the connective is so broad that it separates the two cells of the anther to some distance from each other. FIG. 231. A stamen : a, filament ; b, anther discharging pollen. FIG. 232. Stamen of Isopyrum, with innate anther. 233. Of Tulip-tree, with adnate (and extrorse) anther. 234 Of Evening Primrose, with versatile anther. 10* 114 THE STAMENS. [LESSON 17. 295. To discharge the pollen, the anther opens (or is dehiscent) at maturity, commonly by a line along the whole length of each cell, and which answers to the margin of the leaf (as in Fig. 231) ; but when the anthers are extrorse, this line is often on the outer face, and when introrse, on the inner face of each cell. Sometimes the anther opens only by a chink, hole, or pore at the top, as in the 285 ass Azalea, Pyrola or False Wintergreen (Fig. 235), &c. ; and sometimes a part of the face separates as a sort of trap-door (or valve), hinged at the top, and opening to allow the escape of the pollen, as in the Sassafras, Spice-bush, and Barberry (Fig. 236). Most anthers are really four-celled when young ; a slender partition running lengthwise through each cell and dividing it into two compartments, one answering to the upper, and the other to the lower, layer of the green pulp of the leaf. Oc- casionally the anther becomes one-celled. This takes place mostly by confluence, that is, the two cells running together into one, as they do slightly in Fentstemon (Fig. 237) and thoroughly in the Mallow Family (Fig. 238). But sometimes it occurs by the obliteration or disappear- ance of one half of the anther, as in the Globe Ama- ranth of the gardens (Fig. 239). 296. The way in which a stamen is supposed to be constructed out of a leaf, or rather on the plan of a leaf, is shown in Fig. 240, an ideal figure, the lower part representing a stamen with the top of its anther cut away ; the upper, the corresponding upper part of a leaf. The use of the anther is to produce 297. Pollen, This is the powder, or fine dust, commonly of a yel- low color, which fills the cells of the anther, and is discharged during blossoming, after which the stamens generally fall off or wither away. FIG. 235. Stamen of Pyrola ; the anther opening by holes at the top. FIG. 236. Stamen of Barberry ; the anther opening by uplifted valves. FIG. 237. Stamen of Pentstemon pubescens ; anther-cells slightly confluent. FIG. 238. Stamen of Mallow j the two cells confluent into one, opening round the margin FIG. 239. Anther of Globe Amaranth, of only one cell ; the other cell wanting. FIG. 240 Diagram of the lower part of an anther, cut across above, and the upper part of a leaf, to show how the one answers to the other. LESSON 17.J POLLEN. Under the microscope it is found to consist of grains, usually round or oval, and all alike in the same species, but very different in different plants. So that the plant may sometimes be recognized from the pollen alone. 298. A grain of pollen is made up of two coats ; the outer coat thickish, but weak, and frequently adorned with lines or bands, 01 studded with points ; the inner coat is extremely thin and delicate^ but extensible, and its cavity is filled with a thickish fluid, often x rendered turbid by an immense number of minute grains that float in it. When wet, the grains absorb the water and swell so much that many kinds soon burst and discharge their contents. 299. Figures 241 - 250 represent some common sorts of pollen, magnified one or two hundred diameters, viz. : A pollen-grain of the Musk Plant, spirally grooved. One of Sicyos, or One-seeded Cucumber, beset with bristly points and marked by smooth bands. One of the Wild Balsam- Apple (Echinocystis), grooved lengthwise. One of Hibiscus or Rose-Mallow, studded with prickly points. One of Succory, many-sided, and dotted with fine points. A grain of the curious compound pollen of Pine. One from the Lily, smooth and oval. One from Enchanter's Nightshade, with three small lobes on the angles. Pollen of Kalmia, composed of four grains united, as in all the Heath family. A grain from an Evening Primrose, with a central body and three large lobes. The figures number from left to right, beginning at the top. 116 THE PISTILS. [LESSON 1& LESSON XVIII. MORPHOLOGY OF PISTILS. 300. THE PISTIL, when only one, occupies the centre of the flower ; when there are two pistils, they stand facing each other in the centre of the flower ; when several, they commonly form a ring or circle ; and when very numerous, they are generally crowded in rows or spiral lines on the surface of a more or less enlarged or elongated receptacle. 301. Their number in a blossom is sometimes expressed, in Sys- tematic Botany, by terms compounded of the Greek numerals and the Greek word used to signify pistil, in the following way. A flower with one pistil is said to be monogynous ; with two, digynous ; with three, trigynous ; with four, tetragynous ; with five, pentagynous, and so on ; with many pistils, polygynous, terms which are explained in the Glossary, but which there is no need to commit to memory. 302. The Parts Of a Pistil, as already explained (234), are the jpvary, the Style, and the Stigma. The ovary is one essential part : e contains the rudiments of seeds, called Ovules. The stigma at the summit is also essential : it receives the pollen, which fertilizes the ovules in order that they may become seeds. But the style, the tapering or slender column commonly borne on the summit of the ovary, and bearing the stigma on its apex or its side, is no more neces- sary to a pistil than the filament is to the stamen. Accordingly, there is no style in many pistils : in these the stigma is sessile, that is, rests Jirectly on the ovary. The stigma is very various in shape and appearance, being sometimes a little knob (as in the Cherry, Fig, 213), sometimes a small point, or small surface of bare, moist tissue (as in Fig. 254-256), and sometimes a longitudinal crest or line (as in Fig. 252, 258, 267, 269), and also exhibiting many other shapes. 303. The pistil exhibits an almost infinite variety of forms, and many complications. To understand these, it is needful to begin with the simple kinds, and to proceed gradually to the complex. And, first of all, the student should get a clear notion of 304. The Plan or Ideal Structure of the Pistil, or, in other words, of the way in which a simple pistil answers to a leaf. Pistils are either LESSON 18.] SIMPLE PISTILS. 117 simple or compound. A simple pistil answers tc a sin^K itaf. A compound pistil answers to two or more leaves combined, just as a monopetalous corolla (263) answers to two or more petals, or leaves of the flower, united into one body. In theory, accordingly, 305. The Simple Pistil, OF Carpel (as it is sometimes called), consists of the blade of a leaf, curved until the margins meet and unite, form- ing in this way a closed case or pod, which is the ovary. So that the upper face of the altered leaf answers to the inner surface of the ovary, and the lower, to its outer surface. And the ovules are borne on what answers to the united edges of the leaf. The tapering sum- mit, rolled together and prolonged, forms the style, when there is any ; and the edges of the altered leaf turned outwards, either at the tip or along the inner side of the style, form the stigma. To make this perfectly clear, compare a leaf folded together in this way (as in Fig. 251) with a pistil of a Garden Pasony, or Larkspur, or with that in Fig. 252 ; or, later in the season, notice how these, as ripe pods, split down along the line formed by the united edges, and open out again into a sort of leaf, as in the Marsh- Marigold (Fig. 253). In the Double- flowering Cherry the pistil occasion ally is found changed back again into a small green leaf, partly folded, much as in Fig. 251. 306. Fig. 172 represents a simple pistil on a larger scale, the ovary cut through to show how the ovules (when numerous) are attached to what answers to the two margins of the leaf. The Stonecrop (Fig. 168) has five such pistils in a circle, each with the side where the ovules are attached turned to the centre of the flower. 307 The line or seam down the inner side, which answers to the united edges of the leaf, and bears the ovules, is called the ventral or inner Suture. A corresponding line down the back of the ovary, and which answers to the middle of the leaf, is named the dorsal or outer Suture. 308. The ventral suture inside, where it projects a little into the FIG. 251. A leaf rolled up inwards, to show how the pistil is supposed to he formed. FIG. 252. Pistil of Isopyrum biternatum cut across, with the inner suture turned towarda the eye. FIG. 253. Pod or ripe pistil of the Caltha, or Marsh-Marigold, after opening. 118 THE PISTILS. [LESSON 18. cavity of the ovary, and bears the ovules, is called the Placenta. Obviously a simple pistil can have but one placenta ; but this is in its nature double, one half answering to each margin of the leaf. And if the ovules or seeds are at all numerous, they will be found to occupy two rows, one for each margin, as we see in Fig. 252, 172, in the Marsh-Marigold, in a Pea-pod, and the like. 309. A simple pistil obviously can have but one cavity or cell; except from some condition out of the natural order of things. But the converse does not hold true : all pistils of a single cell are not simple. Many compound pistils are one-celled. 310. A simple pistil necessarily has but one style. Its stigma, however, may be double, like the placenta, and for the same reason (305) ; and it often exhibits two lines or crests, as in Fig. 252, or it may even be split into two lobes. 311. The Compound Pistil consists of two, three, or any greater number of pistil-leaves, or carpels (305), in a circle, united into one body, at least by their ovaries. The Culti- vated Flax, for exam- ple (Fig. 212), has a compound pistil com- posed of five simple ones with their ovaries united, while the five styles are separate. But in. one of our wild species of Flax, the styles are united into one also, for about half their length. So the Common St. John's wort of the fields has t compound ovary, of three united carpels, but the three styles are separate (Fig. 255), while some of our wild, shrubby species have the styles also combined into one (Fig. 256), although in the fruit they often split into three again. Even the ovaries may only partially combine with each other, as we see in different species of Saxifrage, some having their two pistils nearly separate, while in others they > FIG. 254. Pistil of a Saxifrage, of two simple carpels or pistil-leaves, united at the bas Wily, cut across both above and below. FIG. 255. Compound pistil of common St. John's-wort, cut across: styles separate. FIG. 256. The same of shrubby St. John's-wort ; the three styles united into one- LESSON 18.] COMPOUND PISTILS. 119 are joined at the base only, or else below the middle (as in Fig. 254), and in some they are united quite to the top. 312. Even when the styles are all consolidated into one, the stig- mas are often separate, or enough so to show by the number of their lobes how many simple pistils are combined to make the compound one. In the common Lily, for instance, the three lobes of the stigma, as well as the three grooves down the ovary, plainly tell us that the pistil is made of three combined. But in the Day-Lily the three lobes of the stigma are barely discernible by the naked eye, and in the Spiderwort ^Fig- 257) they are as perfectly united into one as the ovaries and styles are. Here the number of cells in the ovary alone shows that the pistil is compound. These are all cases of 313. Compound Pistils wiih two or more Cells, namely, with as many cells as there are simple pistils, or carpels, that have united to compose the organ. They are just what would be formed if the simple pistils (two, three, or five in a circle, as the case may be), like those of a Paeony or Stonecrop, all pressed together in the centre of the flower, were to cohere by their contiguous parts. 314. As each simple ovary has its placenta, or seed- bearing line (308), at the inner angle, so the resulting compound ovary has as many axile placentae (that is, as 2S7 many placenta? in the axis or centre) as there are pistil-leaves in its composition, but all more or less consolidated into one. This is shown in the cross-sections, Fig. 254-256, &c. 315. The partitions (or Dissepiments, as they are technically named) of a compound ovary are accordingly part of the walls or the sides of the carpels which compose it. Of course they are double, one layer belonging to each carpel ; and in ripe pods they often split nto the two layers. 316. We have described only one, though the commonfistj kind of compound pistil. There are besides 317. One-CClled Compound Pistils, These are of two sorts, those with axile, and those with parietal placentae. That is, first, where the ovules or seeds are borne in the axis or centre of the ovary, and, secondly, where they are borne on its walls. The first of these cases, or that FIG. 237. Pistil of Spiderwort (Tradescantia) : the three-celled oyary cut across. 120 THE PISTILS. [LESSON 18. 318. With a Free Central Placenta, is what *r< Snd in Purslane (Fig. 214), and in most Chickweeds (Fig. 258, 259) and Pinks. The difference between this and the foregoing case is only that the delicate partitions have very early vanished ; and traces of them may often be detected. Or sometimes this is a variation of the mode 319. With Parietal Placenta?, namely, with the ovules and seeds borne on the sides or wall (parietes) of the ovary. The pistil of the Prickly Poppy, Bloodroot, Violet, Frost-weed (Fig. 261), Gooseberry, and of many Hypericums, are of this sort. To understand it perfectly, we have only to imagine two, three, or any number of carpel-leaves (like that of Fig. 251), arranged in a circle, to unite by their contiguous edges, and so form one ovary or pod (as we have endeavored to show in Fig. 260) ; very much as in the Stramonium (Fig. 199) the five petals unite by their edges to compose a mono- petalous corolla, and the five sepals to form a tubular calyx. Here each carpel is an open leaf, or partly open, bearing ovules along its margins ; and each placenta consists of the contiguous margins of two pistil-leaves grown together. 320. All degrees occur between this and the sev- eral-celled ovary with the placentce in the axis. Com- pare, for illustration, the common St. John's-worts, Fig. 255 and 256, with Fig. 262, a cross-section of the ovary of a different species, in which the three large placentae meet in the axis, but scarcely unite, and with Fig. 263, a similar section of the ripe pod of the same plant, showing three parietal placentas borne on imperfect partitions projecting a little way into the general cell. Fig. 261 is the same in plan, but with hardly any trace of partitions ; that is, the united edges of the leaves only slightly project into the cell. FIG. 258. Pistil of a Sandwort, with the ovary divided lengthwise ; and 259, the same divided transversely, to show the free central placenta. FIG. 260. Plan of a one-celled ovary of three carpel-leaves, with parietal placentae, cut across below, where it is complete ; the upper part showing the top of the three leaves it is composed of, approaching, but not united. FIG. 2CL Cross-section of the ovary of Frost-weed (Heliantheimun), with three parietal Vlacentse,, bearing ovules. LESSON 18.] OPEN PISTILS. 121 321. The ovary, especially when compound, is often covered by- and united with the tube of the calyx, as has already been explained (272). We describe this by saying either " ovary adherent," or " calyx adherent," &c. Or we say " ovary inferior" when the tube of the calyx is adherent throughout to the surface of the ovary, so that its lobes, and all the rest of the flower, appear to be borne on its summit, as in Fig. 215 and Fig. 216; or "half- inferior? as in the Purslane (Fig. 214), where the calyx is adherent part way up ; or "superior" where the calyx and the ovary are not combined, as in the Cherry (Fig. 213) and the like, that is, where these parts are free. The term " ovary superior," therefore, means just the same as "calyx inferior"; and " ovary inferior," the same as " calyx superior." 322. Open or Gymnospermons Pistil, This is what we have in the whole Pine family, the most peculiar, and yet the simplest, of all pistils. While the ordinary simple pistil in the eye of the botanist represents a leaf rolled together into a closed pod (305), those of the Pine, Larch (Fig. 264), Cedar, and Arbor- Vitae (Fig. 265, 266) are plainly open leaves, in the form of scales, each bearing two or more ovules on the inner face, next the base. At the time of blossoming, these pistil-leaves of the young cone diverge, and the pollen, so abundantly shed from the staminate blossoms, falls di- rectly upon the exposed ovules. Afterwards the scales close over each other until the seeds are ripe. Then they separate again, that the seeds may be shed. As their ovules and seeds are not enclosed in a pod, all such plants are said to be Gymnospermous, that is, naked-seeded. FIG. 262. Cross-section of the ovary of Hypericum graveolens. 2G3. Similar section of the ripe pod of the same. FIG. 264. A pistil, that is, a scale of the cone, of a Larch, at the time of flowering > inside view, showing its pair of naked ovules. FIG. 265. Branchlet of the American Arbor- Vitse, considerably larger than in nature, terminated by its pistillate flowers, each consisting of a single scale (an open pistil), together forming a small cone. FIG. 266. One of the scales or pistils of the last, removed and more enlarged, the Lia:d exposed to view, showing a pair of ovules on its base. 11 122 THE PISTILS. [LESSON 18: 323. Ovules (234). These are the bodies which are to become seeds. They are either sessile, that is, stalkless, or else borne on a stalk, called the Funiculus. They may be produced along the whole length of the cell, or only at some part of it, generally either at the top or the bottom. In the former case they are apt to be numerous ; in the latter, they may be few or single (solitary, Fig. 267 - 269). As to their direction, ovules are said to be Horizontal, when they are neither turned upwards nor down- wards, as in Fig. 252, 261 ; Ascending, when rising obliquely upwards, usually from the side of the cell, not from its very base, as in the Buttercup (Fig. 267), and the Purslane (Fig. 214) ; Erect, when rising upright from the base of the cell, as in the Buck- wheat (Fig. 268) ; Pendulous, when hanging from towards the top, as in the Flax (Fig. 212); and Suspended, when hanging perpendicularly from the very sum- mit of the cell, as in the Anemone (Fig. 269), Dogwood, &c. All these terms equally apply to seeds. 324. An ovule consists of a pulpy mass of tissue, the Nucleus or kernel, and usually of one or two coats. In the nucleus the embryo is formed, and the coats become the skin or coverings of the seed. There is a hole ( Orifice or Foramen) through the coats, at the place which answers to the apex of the ovule. The part by which the ovule is attached is its base ; the point of attachment, where the ripe seed breaks away and leaves a scar, is named the Hilum. The place where the coats blend, and cohere with each other and with the nucleus, is named the C/ialaza. We will point out these parts in illustrating the four principal kinds of ovule. These are not difficult to understand, although ovules are usually so small that a good mdg- nifying-glass is needed for their examination. Moreover, their names, all taken from the Greek, are unfortunately rather formidable. 325. The simplest sort, although the least common, is what is called the Orthotropous, or straight ovule. The Buckwheat affords a good FIG. 267. Section of the ovary of a Buttercup, lengthwise, showing its ascending ovule. (TIG. 2C8. Section of the ovary of Buckwheat, showing the erect ovule. FIG. 269. Section of tb* ovary of Anemone, showing its suspended ovule LESSON 18.] OVULES. 123 instance of it : it is shown in its place in the ovary in Fig. 268, also detached in Fig. 270, and a much more magnified diagram of it in Fig. 274. In this kind, the orifice (/) is at the top, the chalaza and the hilum (c) are blended at the base or point of attachment, which is at the opposite end ; and the axis of the ovule is straight, If such an ovule were to grow on one side more than on the other and double up, or have its top pushed round as it enlarges, it would become a Campylotropous or curved ovule, as in Cress and Chickweed (Fig. 271). Here the base remains as in the straight kind, but its apex with the orifice is brought round close to it. Much the most com- mon form of all is the Anatropous or inverted ovule. This is shown in Fig. 267, and 273 ; also a much enlarged section lengthwise, or diagram, in Fig. 275. To understand it, we have only to suppose the first sort (Fig. 270) to be inverted on its stalk, or rather to have its stalk bent round, applied to one side of the ovule lengthwise, and to grow fast to the coat down to near the orifice (f) ; the hilum, therefore, where the seed-stalk is to break away (A), is close to the orifice ; but the chalaza (c) is here at the top of the ovule ; between it and the hilum runs a ridge or cord, called the Rhaphe (r), which is simply that part of the stalk which, as the ovule grew and turned over, adhered to its surface. Lastly, the Amphitropous or half-anatropous ovule (Fig. 272) differs from the last only in having a shorter rhaphe, ending about half-way between the chalaza and the orifice. So the hilum or attachment is not far from the middle of one side, while the chalaza is at one end and the orifice at the other. 326. The internal structure of the ovule is sufficiently displayed in the subjoined diagrams, representing a longitudinal slice of two FIG. 270. Orthotropous ovule of Buckwheat: c, hilum and chalaza ; /, orifice. FIG. 271. Campylotropous ovule of a Chickweed : c, hilum arid chalaza ; /, orifice. FIG 272. Amphitropous ovule of Mallow : /, orifice ; A, hilum ; r, rhaphe ; c, chalaza. FIG. 273. Anatropous ovule of a Violet ; the parts lettered as in the last. 124 THE RECEPTACLE. [LESSON 19. ovules ; Fig. 274, an orthotropous, Fig. 275, an anatropous ovule. The letters correspond in the two ; c, the chalaza ; f, the orifice ; r, rhaphe (of which there is of course none in Fig. 274) ; p, the outer coat, called primine ; s, inner coat, called secundine ; n, nu- cleus or kernel. LESSON XJX. MORPHOLOGY OF THE RECEPTACLE. 327. THE RECEPTACLE (also called the Torus) is the axis, or stem, which the leaves and other parts of the blossom are attached to (231). It is commonly small and short (as in Fig. 169) ; but it sometimes occurs in more conspicuous and remarkable forms. 328. Occasionally it is elongated, as in some plants of the Caper family (Fig. 276), making the flower really look like a branch, hav- ing its circles of leaves, stamens, &c., separated by long spaces or internodes. 329. The Wild Geranium or Cranesbill has the receptacle pro- longed above and between the insertion of the pistils, in the form of a slender beak. In the blossom, and until the fruit is ripe, it is concealed by the five pistils united around it, and their flat styles covering its whole surface (Fig. 277). But at maturity, the five small and one-seeded fruits separate, and so do their styles, from the beak, and hang suspended from the summit. They split off elasti- LESSON 19.] THE RECEPTACLE. 125 cally from the receptacle, curving upwards with a sudden jerk, which scatters the seed, often throwing it to a considerable distance. 330. When a flower bears a great many pis- tils, its receptacle is gen- erally enlarged so as to give them room ; some- times becoming broad and flat, as in the Flow- ering Raspberry, some- times elongated, as in the Blackberry, the Mag- nolia, &c. It is the re- ceptacle in the Straw- berry (Fig. 279), much enlarged and pulpy when ripe, which forms the eatable part of the fruit, and bears the small seed-like pistils on itS surface. In the Rose (Fig. 280), instead of being convex or conical, the receptacle is deeply con' cave, or urn-shaped. Indeed, a Rose-hip may bd likened to a strawberry turned inside out, like the finger of a glove reversed, and the whole covered by the adherent tube of the calyx, which remains beneath in the strawberry. 331. A Disk is a part of the re- ceptacle, or a growth from it, en- larged under or around the pistil. It is hypogynous (269), when free from all union either with the pistil or the calyx, as in the Rue and the Orange (Fig. 281). It is perigy- nous (270), when it adheres to the base of the calyx, as in the Bladder-nut and Buckthorn (Fig. 282, FIG. 276. Flower of Gynandropsis , the receptacle enlarged and flattened where it bears the sepals and petals, then elongated into a slender stalk, bearing the stamens (in appearance, but they are monadelphous) above its middle, and a compound ovary on its summit. FIG. 277. Young fruit of the common Wild Cranesbill. FIG. 278. The same, ripe, with the five pistils splitting away from the long beak or recep. tacle, and hanging from its top by their styles. FTG. 279. Longitudinal section of a young strawberry, enlarged. FIG. 280. Similar section of a young Rose-hip. FIG. 281. Pistil of the Orange, with a large hypogynous disk at its base. 11* 126 THE FRUIT. [LESSON 20. 283). Often it adheres both to the calyx and to the ovary, as in New Jersey Tea, the Apple, &c., consolidating the whole together. In such cases it is sometimes carried up and expanded on the top of the ovary, as in the Parsley and the Ginseng families, when it is said to be epigynous (273). 332. In Nelumbium, a large Water-Lily, abounding in the wa- ters of our Western States, the singular and greatly enlarged receptacle is shaped like a top, and bears the small pistils immersed in separate cavities of its flat upper surface (Fig. 284). LESSON XX. THE FRUIT. 333 THE ripened ovary, with its contents, becomes the Fruit. When the tube of the calyx adheres to the ovary, it also becomes \ part of the fruit : sometimes it even forms the principal bulk of it, as in the apple and pear. 334. Some fruits, as they are commonly called, are not fruits at all in the strict botanical sense. A strawberry, for example (as we have just seen, 330, Fig. 282), although one of the choicest fruits in the common acceptation, is only an enlarged and pulpy receptacle, bearing the real fruits (that is, the ripened pistils) scattered over its FIG. 282. Flower of a Buckthorn, with a large perigynous disk. 283. The same, divided. PIG. 284. Receptacle of Nelumbium, in fruit. LESSON 20.] ITS KINDS. 127 surface, and too small to be much noticed. And mulberries, figs, and pine-apples are masses of many fruits with a pulpy flower-stalk, &c. Passing these by for the present, let us now consider only 335. Simple Fruits. These are such as are formed by the ripening of a single pistil, whether simple (305) or compound (311). 336. A simple fruit consists, then, of the Seed-vessel (technically called the Pericarp}, or the walls of the ovary matured, and the seeds^ contained in it. Its structure is generally the same as that of tha ovary, but not always ; because certain changes may take place after flowering. The commonest change is the obliteration in the growing fruit of some parts which existed in the pistil at the time of flowering. The ovary of a Horsechestnut, for instance, has three cells and two ovules in each cell ; but the fruit never has more than three seeds, and rarely more than one or two, and only as many cells. Yet the vestiges of the seeds that have not matured, and of the wanting cells of the pod, may always be detected in the ripe fruit. This oblitera- tion is more complete in the Oak and Chestnut. The ovary of the first likewise has three cells, that of the second six or seven cells, each with two ovules hanging from the summit. We might there- fore expect the acorn and the chestnut to have as many cells, and two seeds in each cell. Whereas, in fact, all the cells and all the ovules but one are uniformly obliterated in the forming fruit, which thus becomes one-celled and one-seeded, and rarely can any vestige be found of the missing parts. 337. On the other hand, a one-celled ovary sometimes becomes several-celled in the fruit by the formation of false partitions, com- monly by cross-partitions, as in the jointed pod of the Sea-Rocket and the Tick-Trefoil (Fig. 304). 338. Their Kinds. In defining the principal kinds of simple fruits which have particular names, we may classify them, in the first place 9 into, 1. Fleshy Fruits; 2. Stone Fruits-, and 3. Dry Fruits. The first and second are of course indehiscent ; that is, they do not split open when ripe to discharge the seeds. 339. In fleshy fruits the whole pericarp, or wall of the ovary, thickens and becomes soft (fleshy, juicy, or pulpy) as it ripens. Of this the leading kind is 340. The Berry, such as the gooseberry and currant, the blueberry and cranberry, the tomato, and the grape. Here the whole flesh is equally soft throughout. The orange is merely a berry with '4 leathery rind. 128 THE FRUIT. [LESSON 20. 341. The Pepo, or Gourd-fruit, is the sort of berry which belongs to the Gourd family, mostly with a hard rind and the inner portion softer. The pumpkin, squash, cucumber, and melon are the prin- cipal examples. 342. The Pome is a name applied to the apple, pear, and quince ; fleshy fruits like a berry, but the principal thickness is calyx, only the papery pods arranged like a star in the core really belonging to the pistil itself (333). 343. Secondly, as to fruits which are partly fleshy and partly hard, one of the most familiar kinds is 344. The Drupe, or Stone-fruit ; of which the cherry, plum, and peach (Fig. 285) are familiar examples. In this the outer part of the thickness of the pericarp becomes fleshy, or softens, like a berry, while the inner hardens, like a nut. From the way in which the pistil is con- structed (305), it is evident that the fleshy part here answers to the lower, and the stone to the upper, side of the leaf; a leaf always consisting of two layers of green pulp, an upper and an under layer, which are considerably different (439). 345. Whenever the walls of a fruit are separable into two layers, the outer layer is called the Exocarp, the inner, the Endocarp (from Greek words meaning "outside fruit" and " inside fruit''). But in a drupe the outer portion, being fleshy, is likewise called Sarcocarp (which means "fleshy fruit"), and the inner, the Putamen or stone. The stone of a peach, and the like, it will be perceived, belongs to the fruit, not to the seed. When the walls are separable into three layers, the o.uter layer is named either exocarp or Epicarp ; the middle one is called the Mesocarp (i. e. middle fruit) ; and the inner- most, as before, the Endocarp. 346. Thirdly, in dry fruits the seed-vessel remains herbaceous in texture, or becomes thin and membranaceous, or else it hardens throughout. Some forms remain closed, that is, are indehiscent (338) ; others are dehiscent, that is, split open at maturity in some regular way. Of indehiscent or closed dry fruits the principal kinds are the following. 347. The AcheniUffl, or Ahem, is a small, one-seeded, dry, indehis- FIG. 285. Longitudinal section of a peach, showing the flesh, the stone, and the seed LESSON 23.J ITS KINDS. 129 cent frnit, such as is popularly taken for a naked seed : but it is plainly a ripened ovary, and shows the re- mains of its style or stigma, or the place ass from which it has fallen. Of this sort re the fruits of the Buttercup (Fig. 286, 287), the Cinque-foil, &.nd the Strawberry (Fig. 279, 288) ; that is, the real fruits, botanically speaking, of the latter, which are taken for seeds, not the large juicy receptacle on the surface of which they rest (330). Here the akenes are simple pistils (305), very numerous in the same flower, and forming a head of such fruits. In the Nettle, Hemp, &c., there is only one pistil to each blossom, 348. In the raspberry and blackberry, each grain is a similar pistil, like that of the strawberry in the flower, but ripening into a miniature stone-fruit, or drupe. So that in the strawberry we eat the receptacle, or end of the flower-stalk; in the rasp- berry, a cluster of stone-fruits, like cherries on a very small scale ; and in the blackberry, both a juicy receptacle and a cluster of btone-fruits covering it (Fig. 289, 290). 349. The fruit of the Composite family is also an achenium. Here the surface of the ovary is covered by an adherent calyx-tube, as is evident from the position of the corolla, apparently standing on its summit (321, md Fig. 220, a). Sometimes the limb or divisions of the calyx are entirely wanting, as in Mayweed (Fig. 291) and White.weed. Sometimes the limb of the calyx forms a crown or cup on the top of the achenium, as in Succory (Fig. 292) ; in Coreopsis, it often takes the form of two blunt teeth or scales ; in the Sunflower (Fig. 293), it consists of two FIG. 286. Achenium of Buttercup. 287. Same, cut through, to show the seed within. FIG. 288. Slice of a part of a ripe strawberry, enlarged ; some of the achenia shown cut through. FIG. 289. Slice of a part of a blackberry. 290 One of the grains or drupes divided, mow enlarged ; showing the flesh, the stone, and the seed, as in Fig. 285. S&F 7 130 THE FRUIT. [LESSON 2(X thin scales which fall off at the touch ; in the Sneezeweed, of about five very thin scales, which look more like a calyx (Fig. 204) ; and in the Thistle, Aster, Sow-Thistle (Fig. 295), and hundreds of others, it is cut up into a tuft of fine bristles or hairs. This is called the Pappus ; a name which properly means the down like that of the Thistle ; but it is applied to all these forms, and to every other under which the limb of the calyx of the " compound flowers " appears. In Lettuce, Dandelion (Fig. 296), and the like, the achenium as it matures tapers upwards into a slender beak, like a stalk to the pappus. 350. A Utricle is the same as an achenium, but witk a thin and bladdery loose pericarp ; like that of the Goosefoot or Pigweed (Fig. 297). When ripe it bursts open irregularly to discharge the seed ; or sometimes it opens by a circular line all round, the upper part falling off like- a lid ; as in the Amaranth (Fig. 298). 351. A Caryopsis, OF Grain, differs from the last only in the seed adhering to the thin pericarp throughout, so that fruit and seed are in- corporated into one body; as in wheat, In- dian corn, and other kinds of grain. 352. A Nut is a dry and indehiscent fruit, commonly one-celled and one-seedci, with a hard, crus- taceous, or bony wall, such as tne cocoanut, hazelnut, chestnut, and the acorn (Fig. 21, 299). Here the involucre, in the form of a cup at the base, is called the Cupule. I the Chestnut it forms the bur ; in the Hazel, a leafy husk. PIG. 091. Achenium of Mayweed (no pappus). 292. That of Succory (its pappus a shal low cup). 293. Of Sunflower (pappus of two deciduous scales). 294. Of Sneezeweed (Hele' nium), with its pappus of five scales. 295. Of Sow-Thistle, With its pappus of delicate downj hair?. 29fi. Of the Dandelion, its pappus raised on a long beak. IG. 297. Utricle of the common Pigweed (Chenopodium album). PIG. 298. Utricle (pyxis) of Amaranth, opening all round (circumcisniU,, PIG. 209. Nut (acorn) of the Oak, with its cup (or cupule). LESSON 20.] ITS KINDS. 131 353. A Samara, or Key-fruit, is either a nut or an achenium, or any other indehiscent fruit, furnished with a wing, like that of the Mapls (Fig. 1), Ash (Fig. 300), and Elm (Fig. 301). 354. The Capsule, or Pod, is the general name for dry seed-vessels which split or burst open at maturity. But several sorts of pod are distin- guished by particular names. Two of them belong to simple pistils, namely, the Follicle and the Legume. 355. The Follicle is a fruit of a simple pistil opening along the inner suture (307). The pods of the Paeony, Col- umbine, Larkspur, Marsh-Marigold (Fig. 302), and Milkweed are of this kind. The seam along which the follicle opens answers to the edges of the pistil-leaf (Fig. 251, 253). 356. The Legume or true Pod, like the Pea-pod (Fig. 302 303), is similar to the follicle, only it opens by the outer as well as the inner or ventral suture (307), that is, by what answers to the midrib as well as by what answers to the united margins of the leaf. It splits therefore into two pieces, which are called valves. The le- gume belongs to plants of the Pulse family, which are accordingly termed Leguminosa, that is, leguminous plants. So the fruits of this family keep the name of legume, whatever their form, and whether they open or not. A legume divided across into one-seeded joints, which separate when ripe, as in Tick-Trefoil (Fig. 304), is named a Lament. 357. The true Capsule is the pod of a compound pistil. Like the ovary it resulted from, it may be one-celled, or it may have as many cells as there are carpels in its composition. It may discharge its seeds through chinks or pores, as in the Poppy, or burst irregularly in some part, as in Lobelia and the Snapdragon ; but commonly it splits open (or is dehiscent) lengthwise into regular pieces, called valves. FIG. 300. Samara or key of the White Ash. 301. Samara of the American Elm FIG. 30a Follicle of Marsh-Marigold (Caltha palustris). 'FIG. 303. Legume of a Sweet Pea, opened. FIG 304. Loment or jointed legume of Tick-Trefoil (Desino(7iuin,J. 132 THE FRUIT. [LESSON 20. 358. Dehiscence of a pod resulting from a compound pistil, when regular, takes place in one of two principal ways, which are best shown in pods of two or three cells. Either the pod splits open down the middle of the back of each cell, when the dehiscence is loculicidal, as in Fig. 305 ; or it splits through the partitions, after which each cell generally opens at its inner angle, when it is septicidal, as in Fig. 306. These names are of Latin derivation, the first meaning "cutting into the cells"; the second, "cut- ting through the partitions." Of the first sort, the Lily and Iris (Fig. 305) are good examples ; of the second, the Rhododen- dron, Azalea, and St. John's-wort. From the structure of the pistil (305-311) the student will readily see, that the line down the back of each cell answers to the dorsal suture of the carpel ; so that the pod opens by this when loculicidal, while it separates into its component carpels, which open as follicles, when septicidal. Some pods open both ways, and so split into twice as many valves as the carpels of which they are formed. 359. In loculicidal dehiscence the valves naturally bear the par- titions on their middle ; in the septicidal, half the thickness of a partition is borne on the margin of each valve. See the diagrams, Fig. 307 309. A variation of either mode sometimes occurs, as shown in the diagram, Fig. 309, where the valves break away from the partitions. This is called septifragal dehiscence ; and may be seen in the Morning- Glory. 360. Three remaining sorts of pods are distinguished by proper names, viz. : FIG. 305. Capsule of Iris (\rith loculicidal dehiscence), below cut across. FIG. 306. Pod of a Marsh St. John's-wort, with septicidal dehiscence. ^ FIG. 307. Diagram of septicidal j 308, of loculicidal ; and 308, of septifragal dehiscenc*. LESSON 20.] MULTIPLE FRUITS. 133 361. The Siliujie (Fig. 310), the peculiar pod of the Mustard fam- ily ; which is two-celled by a false partition stretched across between two parietal placenta. It generally opens by two valves from below upwards, and the placentae with the partition are left behind when the valves fall off. 362. A Silide or Pouch is only a short and broad silique, like that of the Shepherd's Purse, of the Candy-tuft, &c. 363. The Pyxis is a pod which opens by a circular hori- zontal line, the upper part forming a lid, as in Purslane (Fig. 311), the Plantain, Hen- bane, &c. In these the dehiscence extends all round, or is circumcissile. So it does in Fig. 298, which represents a sort of one- 31 seeded pyxis. In JefFersonia or Twin-leaf, the line does not separate quite round, but leaves a portion to form a hinge to the lid. 364. Multiple OF Collective Fruits (334) are, properly speaking, masses of fruits, resulting from several or many blossoms, aggre- gated into one body. The pine-apple, mulberry, Osage-orange, and the fig, are fruits of this kind. This latter is a peculiar form, how- ever, being to a mulberry nearly what a Rose-hip is to a strawberry (Fig. 279, 280), namely, with a hollow receptacle bearing the flowers concealed inside ; and the whole eatable part is this pulpy common receptacle, or hollow thickened flower-stalk. 365. A Strobile, or Cone (Fig. 314), is the pe- culiar multiple fruit of Pines, Cypresses, and the like ; hence named Goniferce, viz. cone- bearing plants. As already shown (322), these cones are made of open pistils, mostly in the form of flat scales, regularly overlying each other, and pressed together in a spike or head. sl * 31S Each scale bears one or two naked seeds on its inner face. When the cone is ripe and dry, the scales turn back or diverge, and the seed peels off and falls, generally carrying with it a wing, which was a part of the lining of the scale, and which facilitates the dispersion of the seeds by the wind (Fig. 312, 313). In Arbor- Vita3, the scales FIG. 310. Silique of Spring Cress (Cardamine rhomboidea), opening. FIG. 311. The pyxis, or pod, of the common Purslane FIG. 312. Inside view of a scale from the cone of Pitch-Pine ; with one of the seeda (Fig. 313) detached ; the other in its place on the scale. 12 134 THE SEED. [LESSON 21. of the small cone are few, and not very unlike the leaves (Fig. 265). In Cypress they are very thick at the top and narrow at the base, so as to make a peculiar sort of closed cone. In Juniper and Red Ce- dar, the few scales of the very small cone become fleshy, and ripen into a fruit which might be taken for a berry. LESSON XXI. THE SEED. 366. THE ovules (323), when they have an embryo (or unde- veloped plantlet, 16) formed in them, become seeds. 367. The Seed, like the ovule from which it originates, consists of its coats, or integuments, and a kernel. 368. The Seed-coats are commonly two (324), the outer and the inner. Fig. 315 shows the two, in a seed cut through lengthwise. The outer coat is often hard or crustaceous, whence it is called the Testa, or shell of the seed ; the inner is thin and delicate. 369. The shape and the markings, so various in dif- ferent seeds, depend mostly on the outer coat. Sometimes it fits FIG. 314. Cone of Pitch-Pine (Pinus rigida). PIG. 315. Seed of Basswood cut through lengthwise : a, the hilum or scar j 6, the outer coat ; c, the inner ; d, the albumen ; e. the embryo. LESSON 21.] ITS COATS OR COVERINGS. 135 the kernel closely ; sometimes it is expanded into a wing, as in the Trumpet-Creeper (Fig. 316), and occasionally this wing is cut up into shreds or tufts, as in the Catalpa ; or instead of a wing it may bear a coma, t r tuft of long and soft hairs, such as we find in the Milkweed or Silk weed (Fig. 317). The object of wings or downy tufts is to render the seeds buoyant, so that they may be widely dispersed by the winds. This is clear, not only from their evident adap- tation to this purpose, but also from the interesting fact that winged and tufted seeds are found only in fruits that split open at maturity, never in those that remain closed. The coat of some seeds is beset with long hairs or wool. Cotton, one of the most important vegetable products, since it forms the principal clothing of the larger part of the human race, consists of the long and woolly hairs which thickly cover the whole surface of the seed. Certain seeds have an additional, but more or less incomplete covering, outside of the real seed-coats, called an 370. Aril, OF ArillllS, The loose and transparent bag which encloses the seed of the White Water-Lily (Fig. SIT 318) is of this kind. So is the mace of the nutmeg ; and also the scarlet pulp around the seeds of the Waxwork (Celastrus) and Strawberry -bush (Euonymus), so ornamental in autumn, after the pods burst. The aril is a growth from the ex- tremity of the seed-stalk, or the placenta, 371. The names of the parts of the seed and of its kinds 3I8 are the same as in the ovule. The scar left where the seed- stalk separates is called the Hilum. The orifice of the ovule, now closed up, and showing only a small point or mark, is named the Micropyk. The terms orthotropous, anatropous, &C. FIG. 31G. A winged seed of the Trumpet-Creeper. FIG. 317. Seed of Milkweed, with a coma or tuft of long silky hairs at one end. FIG. 318. Seed of White Water- Lily, enclosed in its aril. FIG. 319. Seed of a Violet (anatropous) : a, hilum ; 6, rhaphe; c, chalaza. FIG. 320. Seed of a Larkspur (also anatropous) ; the parts lettered as in the last. FIG. 321. The same, cut through lengthwise: a, the hilum; c, chalaza; d, outer seed- coat ; e, inner seed-coat 5 /, the albumen ; g-, the minute embryo. FIG. 322. Seed of a St. Juhii's-wort, divided lengthwise; here the whole kernel Li embryo. 136 THE SEED. [LESSON 21. apply to seeds just as they do to ovulea (325) ; and so do those terras which express the direction of the ovule or the seed in the cell ; such as erect, ascending, horizontal, pendulous, or suspended (323) : therefore it is not necessary to explain them anew. The accompanying figures (Fig. 319-322) show all the parts of the most common kind of seed, namely, the anatropous. 372. The Kerne], or Nucleus, is the whole body of the seed within the coats. In many seeds the kernel is all Embryo ; in others a large part of it is the Albumen. 373. The Albumen of the seed is an accumulation of nourishing matter (starch, &c.), commonly surrounding the embryo, and des- tined to nourish it when it begins to grow, as was explained in the earlier Lessons (30-32). It is the floury part of wheat, corn (Fig. 38, 39), buckwheat, and the like. But it is not always mealy in texture. In Poppy-seeds it is oily. In the seeds of Prcony and Barberry, and in the cocoanut, it is fleshy ; in coffee it is corneous (that is, hard and tough, like horn) ; in the Ivory Palm it has the hardness as well as the general appearance of ivory, and is now largely used as a substitute for it in the fabrication of small objects. However solid its texture, the albumen always softens and partly liquefies during germination ; when a considerable portion of it is transformed into sugar, or into other forms of fluid nourishment, on which the growing embryo may feed. 374. The Embryo, or Germ, is the part to which all the rest of the seed, and also the fruit and the flower, are subservient. When the embryo is small and its parts little developed, the albumen is the more abundant, and makes up the principal bulk of the seed, as in Fig. 30, 321, 325. On the other hand, in many seeds there is no albumen at all ; but the strong embryo forms the whole kernel ; as in the Maple (Fig. 2, 3), Pumpkin (Fig. 9), Almond, Plum, and Apple (Fig. 11, 12), Beech (Fig. 13), and the like. Then, what- ever nourishment is needed to establish the plantlet in the soil is stored up in the body of the embryo itself, mostly in its seed-leaves. And these accordingly often become very large and thick, as in the almond, bean, and pea (Fig. 16, 19), acorn (Fig. 21), chestnut, and horsechestnut (Fig. 23, 24). Besides these, Fig. 25, 26, 30 to 37, 43, and 45 exhibit various common forms of the embryo ; and also some of the ways in which it is placed in the albumen ; being sometimes straight, and sometimes variously coiled up or packed away. LESSON 21.] THE EMBRYO. 137 375. The embryo, being a rudimentary plan tie t, ready formed in the seed, has only to grow and develop its parts to become a young plant (15). Even in the seed these parts are generally distinguish- able, and are sometimes very conspicuous ; as in a Pumpkin-seed, for example (Fig. 323, 324). They are, first, 376. The Radicle, or rudimentary stemlet, which is sometimes long and slender, and sometimes very short, as we may see in the numer- ous figures already referred to. In the seed it always points to the micropyle (371), or what answers to the foramen of the ovule (Fig. 325, 326). As to its po- sition in the fruit, it is said to be inferior when it points to the base of the pericarp, superior when it points to its summit, &c. The base or free end of the radicle gives rise to the root ; the other extremity bears 377. The Cotyledons or Seed-Leaves, With these in various forms we have already become familiar. The number of cotyledons has also been explained to be impor- tant (32, 33). In Cora (Fig. 40), and in all Grasses, Lilies, and the like, we have a Monocotyledonous embryo, namely, one fur- nished with only a single cotyledon or seed-leaf. Nearly all the rest of our illustrations exhibit various forms of the Dicotyledonous embryo ; namely, with a pair of cotyledons or seed- leaves, always opposite each other. In the Pine family we find a Polycotyledonous embryo (Fig. 45, 46) ; that is, one with several, or more than two, seed-leaves, arranged in a circle or whorl. 378. The Plumule is the little bud, or rudiment of the next leaf or pair of leaves after the seed-leaves. It appears at the summit of the radicle, between the cotyledons when there is a pair of them, as in Fig. 324, 14, 24, &c. ; or the cotyledon when only one is wrapped round it, as in Indian Corn, Fig. 40. In germination th plumule develops upward, to form the ascending trunk or stem of the plant, while the other end of the radicle grows downward, and becomes the root. FIG. 323. Embryo of the Pumpkin, seen flatwise. 324. Same cut through and viewed edgewise, enlarged ; the small plumule seen between the cotyledons at their base. FIG. 325. Seed of a Violet (Fig. 319) cut through, showing the embryo in the section, edgewise ; being an anatropous seed, the radicle of the straight embryc points down to the base near the hilum. FIG. 326. Similar section of the orthotropous seed of Buckwheat. Here the radicle points directly away from the hilum, and to the apex of the seed; also the thin cotyledons happen MI this plant to be bent round into the same direction. 12* 140 HOW PLANTS GROW. [LESSON 22. 385. The pollen (297) which falls upon the stigma grows there in a peculiar way : its delicate inner coat extends into a tube (the pollen-tube), which sinks into the loose tissue of the stigma and the interior of the style, something as the root of a seedling sinks into the loose soil, reaches the cavity of the ovary, and at length penetrates the orifice of an ovule. The point of the pollen- x tube reaches the surface of the embryo-sac, and in some unexplained way causes a particle of soft pulpy or mucilaginous matter (Fig. 328) to form a mem- branous coat and to expand into a vesicle, which is the germ of the embryo. 386. This vesicle (shown detached and more mag- nified in Fig. 329) is a specimen of what botanists call a Cell. Its wall of very delicate membrane encloses a mucilaginous liquid, in which there are often some minute grains, and commonly a larger soft mass (called its nucleus). 387. Growth takes place by this vesicle or cell, after enlarging to a certain size, dividing by the for- mation of a cross partition into two such cells, co- hering together (Fig. 330) ; one of these into two more (Fig. 331); and these repeating the process by partitions formed in both directions (Fig. 332); forming a cluster or mass of cells, essentially like the first, and all proceeding from it. After increasing in number for some time in this way, and by a continuation of the same process, the em- bryo begins to shape it- self; the upper end forms the radicle or root-end, while the other end shows a notch between two lobes (Fig. 333), these lobes become the cotyledons or seed-leaves, and the embryo as it exists in the seed is at length completed (Fig. 336) FIG. 329. Vesicle or first cell of the embryo, with a portion of the summit of the embryo, sac, detached. 330. Same, more advanced, divided into two cells. 331. Same, a little far- ther advanced, consisting of three cells. 332. Same, still more advanced, consisting of a little mass of young cells. FIG. 333. Forming embryo of Buckwheat, moderately magnified, showing a nick at the 0nd where the cotyledons are to be. 334. Same, more advanced in growth. 335. Same, etill farther advanced. 336. The completed embryo, displayed and straightened out; the as shown in a section when folded together in Fig. 326. LESSON 22.] GROWTH OP THE PLANTLET. 141 388. The Growth of the Plantlet when it springs from the seed is only a continuation of the same process. The bladder-like cells of which the embryo consists multiply in number by the repeated division of each cell into two. And the plantlet is merely the ag- gregation of a vastly larger number of these cells. This may be clearly ascertained by magnifying any part of a young plantlet. The young root, being more transparent than the rest, answers the purpose best Fig. 56, on page 30, repre- sents the end of the rootlet of Fig. 55, magnified enough to show the cells that form the surface. Fig. 337 and 338 are two small bits of the surface more highly magnified, showing the cells still larger. And if we make a thin slice through the young root both lengthwise and crosswise, and view it under a good microscope /Tr ig. 340), we may per- ceive that the whole interior is made up of just such cells. It is the same with the young stem and the leaves (Fig. 355, 357). It is essentially the same in the full-grown herb and the tree. 389. So the plant is an aggregation of countless millions of little vesicles, or cells (Fig. 339), as they are called, essentially like the cell it began with in the formation of the embryo (Fig. 329) ; and this first cell is the foundation of the whole structure, or the ancestor of all the rest. And a plant is a kind of structure built up of these individual cells, something as a house is built of bricks, only the bricks or cells are not brought to the forming plant, but are made in it and by it ; or, to give a better comparison, tie plant is constructed much as a honeycomb is built up of cells, only the plant constructs itself, and shapes its own materials into fitting forms. 390. And vegetable growth consists of two things ; 1st, the ex- pansion of each cell until it gets its full size (which is commonly not more than ^^ of an inch in diameter) ; and 2d, the multiplication FIG. 337. Tissue from the rootlet of a seedling Maple, magnified, showing root-hairs, 838. A small portion, more magnified. FIG. 333. A regularly twelve-sided cell, like those of Fig. 840, detached. 140 HOW PLANTS GROW. [LESSON 22. 831 385. The poJlen (297) which falls upon the stigma grows there in a peculiar way : its delicate inner coat extends into a tube (the pollen-tube), which sinks into the loose tissue of the stigma and the interior of the style, something as the root of a seedling sinks into the loose soil, reaches the cavity of the ovary, and at length penetrates the orifice of an ovule. The point of the pollen- tube reaches the surface of the embryo-sac, and in some unexplained way causes a particle of soft pulpy or mucilaginous matter (Fig. 328) to form a mem- branous coat and to expand into a vesicle, which is the germ of the embryo. 386. This vesicle (shown detached and more mag- nified in Fig. 329) is a specimen of what botanists call a Cell. Its wall of very delicate membrane encloses a mucilaginous liquid, in which there are often some minute grains, and commonly a larger soft mass (called its nucleus). 387. Growth takes place by this vesicle or cell, after enlarging to a certain size, dividing by the for- mation of a cross partition into two such cells, co- hering together (Fig. 330) ; one of these into two more (Fig. 331); and these repeating the process by partitions formed in both directions (Fig. 332); forming a cluster or mass of cells, essentially like the first, and all proceeding from it. After increasing in number for some time in this way, and by a continuation of the same process, the em- bryo begins to shape it- self; the upper end forms the radicle or root-end, while the other end shows a notch between two lobes (Fig. 333), these lobes become the cotyledons or seed-leaves, and the embryo as it exists in the seed is at length completed (Fig. 336) FIG. 329. Vesicle or first cell of the embryo, with a portion of the summit of the embryo, sac, detached. 330. Same, more advanced, divided into two cells. 331. Same, a little far- ther advanced, consisting of three cells. 332. Same, still more advanced, consisting of a little mass of young cells. FIG. 333. Forming embryo of Buckwheat, moderately magnified, showing a nick at the nd where the cotyledons are to be. 334. Same, more advanced in growth. 335. Same, Btill farther advanced. 336. The completed embryo, displayed and straightened out; the i as shown in a section when folded together in Fig. 326. LESSON 22.] GROWTH OF THE PLANTLET. 141 388. The Growth of the Plantlet when it springs from the seed is only a continuation of the same process. The bladder-like cells of which the embryo consists multiply in number by the repeated division of each cell into two. And the plantlet is merely the ag- gregation of a vastly larger number of these cells. This may be clearly ascertained by magnifying any part of a young plantlet. The young root, being more transparent than the rest, answers the purpose best. Fig. 56, on page 30, repre- sents the end of the rootlet of Fig. 55, magnified enough to show the cells that form the surface. Fig. 337 and 338 are two small bits of the surface more highly magnified, showing the cells still larger. And if we make a thin slice through the young root both lengthwise and / {/ \\ crosswise, and view it under a good microscope /T ^ig. 340), we may per- ~~ sas ceive that the whole interior is made up of just such cells. It is the same with the young stem and the leaves (Fig. 355, 357). It is essentially the same in the full-grown herb and the tree. 389. So the plant is an aggregation of countless millions of little vesicles, or cells (Fig. 339), as they are called, essentially like the cell it began with in the formation of the embryo (Fig. 329) ; and this first cell is the foundation of the whole structure, or the ancestor of all the rest. And a plant is a kind of structure built up of these individual cells, something as a house is built of bricks, only the bricks or cells are not brought to the forming plant, but are made in it and by it ; or, to give a better comparison, tae plant is constructed much as a honeycomb is built up of cells, only the plant constructs itself, and shapes its own materials into fitting forms. 390. And vegetable growth consists of two things ; 1st, the ex- pansion of each cell until it gets its full size (which is commonly not more than ^^ of an inch in diameter) ; and 2d, the multiplication FIG. 337. Tissue from the rootlet of a seedling Maple, magnified, showing root-hairs. 38. A small portion, more magnified. FIG. 333. A regularly twelve-sided cell, like those of Fig. 840, detached. 142 VEGETABLE FABRIC. [LESSON 23. of the cells in number. It is by the latter, of course, that the prin- cipal increase of plants in bulk takes place. LESSON XXIII. VEGETABLE FABRIC t CELLULAR TISSUE. 391. Organic Structure, A mineral such as a crystal of spar, or a piece of marble may be divided into smaller and still smaller pieces, and yet the minutest portion that can be seen with the mi- croscope will have all the characters of the larger body, and be capable of still further subdivision, if we had the means of doing it, into just such particles, only of smaller size. A plant may also be divided into a number of similar parts : first into branches ; then each branch or stem, into joints or similar parts (34), each with its leaf or pair of leaves. But if we divide these into pieces, the pieces are not all alike, nor have they separately the properties of the whole ; they are not whole things, but fragments or slices. 392. If now, under the microscope, we subdivide a leaf, or a piece of stem or root, we come down in the same way to the set of similar things it is made of, to cavities with closed walls, to Cells, as we call them (386), essentially the same everywhere, however they may vary in shape. These are the units, or the elements of which every part consists ; and it is their growth and their multiplication which FIG. 340. Magnified view, or diagram, of some perfectly regular cellular tissue, formed of twelve-shied cells, rut crosswi e and lengthwise. LESSON 23.] CELLULAR TISSUE. 143 make the growth of the plant, as was shown in the last Lesson. We cannot divide them into similar smaller parts having the prop erties of the whole, as we may any mineral body. We may cut them in pieces ; but the pieces are only mutilated parts of a cell. This is a peculiarity of organic things (2, 3) : it is organic structure. Being composed of cells, the main structure of plants is called 393. Cellular Tissue, The cells, as they multiply, build up the tissues or fabric of the plant, which, as we have said (389), may be likened to a wall or an edifice built of bricks, or still better to a honeycomb composed of ranges of cells (Fig. 340). 394. The walls of the cells are united where they touch each other ; and so the partition appears to be a simple membrane, although it is really double ; as may be shown by boiling the tissue a few minutes and then pulling the parts asunder. And in soft fruits the cells separate in ripening, although they were perfectly united into a tissue, when green, like that of Fig, 340. 395. In that figure the cells fit together perfectly, leaving no interstices, except a very small space at some of the corners. But in most leaves, the cells are loosely heaped together, leaving spaces or passages of all sizes (Fig. 356) ; and in the leaves and stems of aquatic and marsh plants, in particular, the cells are built up into narrow partitions, which form the sides of large and regular canals or passages (as shown in Fig. 341). These passages form the holes or cavities so conspicuous on cutting across any of these plants, and which are always filled with air. They may be likened to a stack of chimneys, built up of cells in place of bricks. 396. When small and irregular, the interstices are called inter- cellular spaces (that is, spaces between the cells). When large and regular, they are named intercellular passages or air-passages* 397. It will be noticed that in slices of the root, stem, or any tissue where the cells are not partly separate, the boundaries of the cells are usually more or less six-sided, like the cells of a honeycomb ; and this is apt to be the case in whatever direction the slice is made, whether crosswise, lengthwise, or obliquely. The reason of this is easy to see. The natural figure of the cell is globular Cells which are not pressed upon by others are generally round or roundish (except when they grow in .some particular direction), as we see in the green pulp of many leaves. When a quantity of spheres (such, for instance, as a pile of cannon-balls) are heaped up, each one in the ioterior of the heap is touched by twelve others. If the spheres be 144 VEGETABLE FABRIC. [LESSON 23. soft and yielding, as young cells are, when pressed together they will become twelve-sided, like that in Fig. 339. And a section in any direction will be six-sided, as are the meshes in Fig. 340. 398. The size of the common cells of plants varies from about the thirtieth to the thousandth of an inch in diameter. An ordinary size is from -gfa to -5^ of an inch ; so that there may generally be from 27 to 125 millions of cells in the compass of a cubic inch ! 399. Now when it is remembered that many stems shoot up at the rate of an inch or two a day, and sometimes of three or four inches, knowing the size of the cells, we may form some conception of the rapidity of their formation. The giant Puff-ball has been known to enlarge from an inch or so to nearly a foot in diameter in a single night ; but much of this is probably owing to expansion. We take therefore a more decisive, but equally extraordinary case, in the huge flowering stem of the Century-Plant. After waiting many years, or even for a century, to gather strength and materials for the effort, Century-Plants in our conservatories send up a flow- ering stalk, which grows day after day at the rate of a foot in twenty- four hours, and becomes about six inches in diameter. This, sup- posing the cells to average ^^ of an inch in diameter, requires the formation of over twenty thousand millions of cells in a day ! 400. The walls of the cells are almost always colorless. The green color of leaves and young bark, and all the brilliant hues of flowers, are due to the contents of the cells, seen through their more or less transparent walls. 401. At first the walls are always very thin. In all soft parts they remain so ; but in other cases they thicken on the inside and harden, as we see in the stone of stone-fruits, and in all hard wood (Fig. 345) Sometimes this thickening continues until the cell is nearly filled up solid. 402. The walls of cells are perfectly closed and whole, at least in all young and living cells. Those with thickened walls have thin places, indeed ; but there are no holes opening from one cell into another. And yet through these closed cells the sap and all the juices are conveyed from one end of the plant to the other. 403. Vegetable cells may vary widely in shape, particularly when not combined into a tissue or solid fabric. The hairs of plants, for example, are cells drawn out into tubes, or are composed of a row of cells, growing on the surface. Cotton consists of simple long hairs on the coat of the seed ; and these hairs are single cells. The hair- LESSON 24.] "WOOD. 145 like bodies which abound on young roots are rery slender projec- tions of some of the superficial cells, as is seen in Fig. 337. Even the fibres of wood, and what are called vessels in plants, are only peculiar forms or transformations of cells. LESSON XXI\. VEGETABLE FABRIC : WOOD. 404. CELLULAR TISSUTC, such as described in the last Lesson, makes up the whole structure of all very young plants, and the whole of Mosses and other vegetables of the lowest grade, even when full grown. But this fabric is too tender or too brittle to give needful strength and toughness for plants which are to rise to any considerable height and support themselves. So all such plants have also in their composition more or less of 405. Wood, This is found in all common herbs, as well as in shrubs and trees ; only there is not so much of it in proportion to the softer cellular tissue. It is formed very early in the growth of foe root, stem, and leaves ; traces of it appearing in large embryos even while yet in the seed. 406. Wood is likewise formed of cells, of cells which at first are just like those that form the soft parts of plants. But early in their growth, some of these lengthen and at the same time thicken their walls ; these are what is called Woody Fibre or Wood- Cells ; others grow to a greater size, have thin walls with various markings upon them, and often run together end to end so as to form pretty HO. 341. Part of a slice across the stem of the Oalla, or rather Richardia Africana, magnified 13 146 VEGETABLE FABRIC. [LESSON 24. large tubes, comparatively ; these are called Ducts, or sometimes Vessels. Wood almost always consists of both woody fibres and ducts, variously intermingled, and combined into bundles or threads which run lengthwise through the root and stem, and are spread out to form the frame- work of the leaves (136). In trees and shrubs they are so numerous and crowded together, that they make a * solid mass of wood. In herbs they are fewer, and often scattered. That is all the difference. 407. The porosity of some kinds of wood, which is to be seen by the naked eye, as in mahogany and Oak-wood, is owing to a large sort of ducts. These * generally contain air, except in very 6 young parts, and in the spring of the year, when they are often gorged with gap, as we gee in a wounded Grape- vine, or in the trunk of a Sugar-Maple at that time. But in woody plants through the season, the sap is usually carried up from the roots to the leaves by the 408. Wood-Cells, or Woody Fibre. (Fig. 342-345.) These are email tubes, commonly between one and two thousandths, but in Pine-wood sometimes two or three hundredths, of an inch in diam- eter. Those from the tough bark of the Basswood, shown in Fig. 342, are only the fifteen-hundredth of an inch wide. Those of But- ton wood (Fig. 345) are larger, and are here highly magnified be- sides. They also show the way wood-cells are commonly put to- gether, namely, with their tapering ends overlapping each other, spliced together, as it were, thus giving more strength and tough- ness to the stem, &c. FIG. 342. Two wood-cells from the inner or fibrous bark of the Linden or Basswood. 343. Some tissue of the wood of the same, viz. wood-cells, and below (rf) a portion of a epirally marked duct. 344. A separate wood-cell. All equally magnified. FIG. 345. Some wood-cells of Buttonwood, highly magnified : a, thin spots in the walls, looking like holes ; on the right-hand side, where the walls are cut through, the* &) are seeu in profile. LESSON 24.] WOOD. 147 409. In hard woods, such as Hickory, Oak, and Button wood (Fig. 345), the walls of these tubes are very thick, as well as dense ; while in soft woods, such as White-Pine and Bass wood, they are pretty thin. 410. Wood-cells, like other cells (at least when young and living), have no openings ; each has its own cavity, closed and independent They do not form anything like a set of pipes opening one into an- other, so as to convey an unbroken stream of sap through the plant,, in the way people generally suppose. The contents can pass from 01 s cell to another only by getting through the partitions in some way or other. And so short are the individual wood- cells generally, that, to rise a foot in such a tree as the Bass wood, the sap has to pass through about two thousand partitions ! 411. But although there are no holes (ex- cept by breaking away when old), there are plenty of thin places, which look like perfora- tions; and through these the sap is readily trans- ferred from one cell to another, in a manner to be explained further on (487). A V Some of them are exhibited in Fig. 345, both as looked directly down upon, when they appear as dots or holes, and in profile where the cells are cut through. The latter view shows what they really are, namely, very thin places in the thickness of the wall ; and also that a thin place in one cell exactly corresponds to one in the contiguous wall of the next cell. In the wood of the Pine family, these thin spots are much larger, and are very conspicuous in a thin slice of wood under the microscope (Fig. 346, 347) ; forming stamps impressed as it were upon each fibre of every tree of this great family, by which it may be known even in the smallest fragment of its wood. 412. Wood-cells in the bark are generally longer, finer, and tougher than those of the proper wood, and appear more like fibre?. For example, Fig. 344 represents a cell of the wood of Basswood, of average length, and Fig. 342 one (and part of another) of the fibrous bark, both drawn to the same scale. As these long cells form the principal part of fibrous bark, or bast, they are named Bast- cells or Bast-fibres. These give the great toughness to the inner bark of Basswood (i. e. Bast-wood) and of Leatherwood ; and they FIG. 346. A bit of Pine-shaving, highly magnified, showing the large circular thin spote of the wall of the wood-cells. 34T. A separate wood-cell, more magnified, the varying thick- ttess of the wall at these spots showing as rings. 148 VEGETABLE FABRIC. [LESSON 24. furnish the invaluable fibres of flax and hemp ; the wood of the stem being tender, brittle, and destroyed by the processes which separate for use the tough and slender bast-cells. 413. Ducts (Fig. 348-350) are larger than wood-cells, some of them having a calibre large enough to be seen by the naked eye, when cut across (407), although they are usually much too small for this. They are either long single cells, or are formed of a row of cells placed end to end. Fig. 349, a piece of a large dotted duct, and two of the ducts in Fig. 350, show this by their joints, which mark the boundaries o^ the several cells they are composed of. 414. The walls of ducts under the microscope display various kinds of markings. In what are called Dotted Ducts (Fig. 348, 349), which are the commonest and the largest of all, their cut ends making the visible porosity of Oak- wood, the whole wall is apparently riddled with holes; but until they become old, these are only thin places. Spiral Ducts, or Spiral Vessels, also the varieties of these called Annular or Banded Ducts (Fig. 350), are marked by a delicate fibre spirally coiled, or by rings or bands, thickening the wall. In the genuine spiral duct, the thread may be uncoiled, tearing the trans- parent wall in pieces ; as may be seen by breaking most young shoots, or the leaves of Strawberry or Amaryllis, and pulling the broken ends gently asunder, uncoiling these gossamer threads in abundance. In Fig. 355, some of these various sorts of ducts or vessels are shown in their place in the wood. 415. Milk- Vessels, Turpentine- Vessels, Oil-Receptacles, and the fke, ire generally canals or cavities formed between or among the cells, and filled with the particular products of the plant. FIG. 348. Part of a dotted duct from a Grape-vine. 349. A similar one, evidently com- posed of a row of cells. 350. Part of a bundle of spiral and annular ducts from the stem of Polygonum orieutale, or Princes' Feather. All highly magnified. WESSON 25.] ANATOMY OF THE ROOT. 149 LESSON XXV. ANATOMY OF THE ROOT, STEM, AND LEAVES. 416. HAVING in the last preceding Lessons learned what the materials of the vegetable fabric are, we may now briefly consider how they are put together, and how they act in carrying on the plant's operations. 417. The root ai;d the stem are so much alike in their internal structure, that a description of the anatomy of the latter will answer for the former also. 418. The Structure of the Rootlets, however, or the tip of the root, demands a moment's attention. The tip of the root is the newest part, and is constantly renewing itself so long as the plant is active (67). It is shown magnified in Fig. 56, and is the same in all rootlets as in the first root of the seedling. The new roots, or their new parts, are mainly concerned in imbibing moisture from the ground ; and the newer they are, the more, actively do they absorb. The ab- sorbing ends of roots are entirely composed of soft, new, and very thin-walled cellular tissue ; it is only farther back that some wood- cells and ducts are found. The moisture (and probably also air) presented to them is absorbed through the delicate walls, which, like those of the cells in the interior, are destitute of openings or pores visible even under the highest possible magnifying power. 419. But as the rootlet grows older, the cells of its external layer harden their walls, and form a sort of skin, or epidermis (like that which everywhere covers the stem and foliage above ground), which greatly checks absorption. Roots accordingly cease very actively to imbibe moisture almost as soon as they stop growing (67). 420. Many of the cells of the surface of young rootlets send out a prolongation in the form of a slender hair-like tube, closed of course at the apex, but at the base opening into the cavity of the cell. These tubes or root-hairs (shown in Fig. 55 and 56, and a few of them, more magnified, in Fig. 337 and 338), sent out in all direc- tions into the soil, vastly increase the amount of absorbing surface which the root presents to it. 421. Structure of the Stem (also of the body of the root). At the beginning, when the root and stem spring from the seed, thej consist 13* 150 ANATOMY OF ENDOGENOUS [LESSON 25. almost entirely of soft and tender cellular tissue. But as they grow, wood begins at once to be formed in them. 422. This woody material is arranged in the stem in two very different ways in different plants, making two sorts of wood. One sort we see in a Palm-stem, a rattan, and a Corn-stalk (Fig. 351) ; the other we are familiar with in Oak, Maple, and all our common kinds of wood. In the first, the wood is made up of separate threads, scattered here and there throughout the whole diameter of the stem. In the second the wood is all collected to form a layer (in a slice across appearing as a ring) of wood, between a central cellular part which has none in it, the Pith, and an outer cellular part, the Bark. This last is the plan of all our Northern trees and shrubs, and of the greater part of our herbs. The first kind is 423. The Endogenous Stem ; so named from two Greek words mean- ing " inside-growing," because, when it lasts from year to year, the new wood which is added is interspersed among the older threads of wood, and in old stems the hardest and oldest wood is near the surface, and the youngest and softest towards the centre. All the plants represented in Fig. 47, on p. 19, (ex- cept the anomalous Cycas,) are examples of En. dogenous stems. And all such belong to plants with only one cotyledon or seed-leaf to the em- bryo (32). Botanists therefore call them Endoge- nous or Monocotyledonous Plants, using sometimes one name, and sometimes the other. Endogenous stems have no separate pith in the centre, no distinct bark, and no layer or ring of wood between these two ; but the threads of wood are scattered throughout the whole, without any particular order. This is very different from 424. The Exogenous Stem, the one we have most to do with, sinoe all our Northern trees and shrubs are constructed on this plan. It belongs to all plants which have two cotyledons to the embryo (or more than two, such as Pines, 33) ; so that we call these either Exogenous or Dicotyledonous Plants (16), accordingly as we take the name from the stem or from the embryo. 425. In the Exogenous stem, as already stated, the wood is all collected into one zone, surrounding- a pith of pure cellular tissue in the centre, and surrounded by a distinct and separable bark, the FIG. 351. Section of a Corn-stalk (an endogenous stem), both crosswise and Jeneth'vise LESSON 25.] AND EXOGENOUS STEMS. 151 outer part of which is also cellular. This structure is very familiar in common wood. It is really just the same in the stem of an herb, only the wood is much less in quantity. Compare, for instance, a cross-section of the stem of Flax (Fig. 352) with that of a shoot of Maple or Horsechestnut of the same age. In an herb, the wood at the beginning consists of separate threads or little wedges of wood; but these, however few and scattered they may be, ait all so placed in the stem as to mark out a zone (or in the cross-section a ring) of wood, dividing the pith within from the bark without. 426. The accompa- nying figures (which are diagrams rather than exact delinea- tions) may serve to illustrate the anat- omy of a woody exogenous stem, of one year old. The parts are explained in the references be- low. In the centre is tlaePith. Surround- ing this is the layer of Wood, consisting both of wood-cells and of ducts or vessels. From the pith to the bark on all sides run a set of narrow plates of cellular tissue, called Medullary Rays : these make the silver-grain of wood. On the cross-section they appear merely as narrow lines; but in wood cut lengthwise parallel to them, their faces show as glimmer- FtG. 352. Cross-section of the stem of Flax, showing its bark, wood, and pith. PIG. 353. Piece of a stem of Soft Maple, of a year old, cut crosswise and lengthwise. FIG. 354. A portion of the same, magnified. FIG. 355. A small piece of the same, taken from one side, reaching from the bark to the pith, and highly magnified : a, a small bit of the pith ; 6, spiral ducts of what is called th medullary sheath ; c, the wood ; rf, d, dotted ducts in the wood ; e, and in growth the plant moves 15 170 PLANT-LIFE. [LESSON 27. the particles of matter, arranges them, and shapes the fabric in a manner which we cannot at all explain by any mechanical laws. The organs are not shaped by any external forces ; they shape themselves, and take such forms and positions as the nature of each part, or the kind of plant, requires. 490. Special Movements, Besides growing, and quite independent of it, plants not only assume particular positions, but move or beid one part upon another to do so. Almost every species does this, ;. well as what are called sensitive plants. In springing from the seed, the radicle or stem of the embryo, if not in the proper positioi? already, bends itself round so as to direct its root-end downwards, and the stern-end or plumule upwards. It does the same when covered so deeply by the soil that no light can affect it, or when growing in a perfectly dark cellar. But after reaching the light, the stem bends towards that, as every one knows ; and bends towards the stronger light, when the two sides are unequally ex- posed to the sun. It is now known that the shoot is bent by the shortening of the cells on the more illuminated side ; for if we split the bending shoot in two, that side curves over still more, while the opposite side inclines to fly back. But how the light causes the cells to shorten on that side, we can no more explain, than we can tell how the will, acting through the nerves, cuuses the contraction of the fibres of the muscles by which a man bends his arm. We are sure that the bending of the shoot has nothing to do with growth, because it takes place after a shoot is grown ; and the del- icate stem of a young seedling will bend a thousand times faster than it grows. Also because it is yellow light that most favors growth and the formation of vegetable fabric, while the blue and violet rays produce the bending. Leaves also move, even more freely than steins. They constantly present their upper face to tl a light ; and when turned upside down, they twist on their stalks, or curve round to recover their original position. The free ends of twining stems, as of Hop, or Morning Glory, or Bean, which appar- ently hang over to one side from their weight, are in fact bent over, and, the direction of the bend constantly chanes, until it reaches a neighboring support, when, by a continuation of the same move- m^nt, it twines around it. Most tendrils revolve in the same way, sometimes even more rapidly; while others only turn from the LESSON 27.] MOVEMENTS. 171 light ; this is especially the case with those that cling to walls 01 trunks by sucker-like disks, as Virginia Creeper, p. 38, fig. 62. When an active tendril comes into contact with a stem or any such extraneous body, it incurves at the point of contact, and so lays hold of the support : the same contraction or tendency to curve affecting the whole length of the tendril, it soon shortens into a coil, part coil- ing one way, part the other, thus drawing the shoot up to the sup- porting body ; or, if the tendril be free, it winds up in a simple coil. This movement of tendrils is so prompt in the Star-Cucumber (Sic- yos) in Echinocystis, and in two sorts of Passion-flower, that the end, after a gentle rubbing, coils up by a movement rapid enough to be readily seen. In plants that climb by their leaf-stalks, such as Maurandia and Tropaeulum, the movements are similar, but much too slow to be seen. 491. The so-called sleep of plants is a change of position as night draws on, and in different ways, according to the species, the Locust and Wood-Sorrel turning down their leaflets, the Honey Locust raising them upright, the Sensitive Plant turning them for- wards one over another ; and the next morning they resume their diurnal position. One fact, among others, showing that the changes are not caused by the light, but by some power in the plant itself, is this. The leaves of the Sensitive Plant close long before sunset; but they export again before sunrise, under much less light than they had wh^n they closed. In several plants the leaves take the nocturnal position when brushed or jarred, in the common Sensi- tive Plant very suddenly, in other sorts less quickly, in the Honey Locust a little too slowly for us to see the motion. The way in which blossoms open and close, some when the light increases, some when it diminishes, illustrates the same thing. The stamens of the Barberry, when touched at the base on the inner side, as by an insect seeking for honey, or by the point of a pin, make a sudden jerk forward, and in the process commonly throw some pollen upon the stigma, which stands a little above their reach. 492. In many of these cases we plainly perceive that a useful end is subserved. But what shall we say of the Venus's Fly-trap of North Carolina, growing where it might be sure of all the food a plant can need, yet provided with an apparatus for catching insects, and actually capturing them expertly by a sudden motion, in the manner already described (126, Fig. 81) ? Or of the leaflet* of the 172 CRYPTO GAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [LESSON 27. Desmodium gyrans of the East Indies, spontaneously falling and rising by turns in jerking motions nearly the whole day long ? We can only say, that plants are alive, no less than animals, and tkat it is a characteristic of living things to move. * # * CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 493. IN all the foregoing Lessons, we have had what may be called plants of the higher classes alone in vi^w. There are others, composing the lower grades of vegetation, to which some allusion ought to be made. 494. Of this sort are Ferns or Brakes, Mosses, Liverworts, Lichens, Sea- weeds, and Fungi or Mushrooms. They are all classed together under the name of Flowerless Plants, or Crypto- gamous Plants; the former epithet referring to the fact that they do not bear real blossoms (with stamens and pistils; nor seeds (with an embryo ready-formed within). Instead of seeds they have spores, which are usually simple cells (392). The name Cryptogamous means, of hidden fructification, and intimates that they may have something answering to stamens and pistils, although not the same ; and this is now known to be the ca e with most of them. 495. Flowerless plants are so very various, and so peculiar in each family, that a volume would be required to illustrate them. Curious and attractive as they are, they are too difficult to be studied botanically by the beginner, except the Ferns, Club-Mosses, and Horse-tails. For the study of these we refer the student at once to the Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, and to the Field, Forest, and Garden Botany. The structure arid physiology of these plants, as well as of the Mosses, Liverworts, Lichens, Sea- weeds, and Fungi, are explained in the Structural Botany, or Botanical Text-Book, and in other similar works. When the student has become prepared for the study, nothing can be more interesting than these plants of the lowest orders. LESSON 28.] SPECIES AND KINDS. 173 LESSON XXVIII. SPECIES AND KINDS. 496. UNTIL now, we have been considering plants as to their structure and their mod* 1 , of life. We have, as it were, been read- ing the biography of an individual plant, following it from the tiny seedling up to the mature and fruit-bearing herb or tree, and learning how it grows and what it does. The botanist also considers plants as to their relationships. 497. Plants and animals, as is well known, have two great pecu- liarities : 1st, they form themselves ; and 2d, they multiply them- selves. They reproduce themselves in a continued succession of 498. Individuals (3). Mineral things occur as masses, which are divisible into smaller and still smaller ones without alteration of their properties (391). But organic things (vegetables and ani- mals) exist as individual beings. Each ow'es its existence to a parent, and produces similar individuals in its turn. So each indi- vidual is a link of a chain ; and to this chain the natural-historian applies the name of 499. Species, All the descendants from the same stock therefore compose one species. And it was from our observing that the sev- eral sorts of plants or animals steadily reproduce themselves, or, in other words, keep up a succession of similar individuals, that the idea of species originated. So we are led to conclude that the Cre- ator established a definite number of species at the beginning, which have continued by propagation, each after its kind. 500. There are few species, however, in which man has actually observed the succession for many generations. It could seldom be proved that all the White Pine trees or White Oaks of any forest came from the same stock. But observation having familiarized us with the general fact, that individuals proceeding from the same stock are essentially alike, we infer from their close resemblance that these similar individuals belong to the same species. That is, we infer it when the individuals are as much like each other as those are which we know to have sprung from the same stock. 501. We do not infer it from every resemblance ; for there is the resemblance of kind, as between the White Oak and the Red Oak, 15* 174 SPECIES AND KINDS. [[LESSON 28. and between the latter and the Scarlet Oak : these, we take for granted, have not originated from one and the same. stock, but from three separate stocks. Nor do we deny it on account of every difference ; for even the sheep of the same flock, and the plants raised from peas of the same pod, may show differences, and such differences occasionally get to be very striking. When they are pretty well marked, we call them Varieties. The White Oak, for example, presents two or three varieties in the shape of the leaves, although they may be all alike upon each particular tree. The question often arises, practically, and it is often hard to answer, whether the difference in a particular case is that of a variety, or is specific. If the former, we may commonly prove it to be so by finding such intermediate degrees of difference in various individuals as to show that no clear line of distinction can be drawn between them ; or else by observing the variety to vary back again, if not in the same individual, yet in its offspring. Our sorts of Apples, Pears, Potatoes, and the like, show us that differences which are permanent in the individual, and con- tinue unchanged through a long series of generations when propa- gated by division (as by offsets, cuttings, grafts, bulbs, tubers, &c.), are not likely to be reproduced by seed. Still they sometimes are so : and such varieties are called Races. These are strongly marked varieties, capable of being propagated by seed. Our different sorts of Wheat, Indian Corn, Peas, Radishes, &c., are familiar examples : and the races of men offer an analogous instance. 502. It should be noted, that all varieties have a tendency to be reproduced by seed, just as all the peculiarities of the parent tend to be reproduced in the offspring. And by selecting those plants which have developed or inherited any desirable peculiarity, keeping them from mingling with their less promising brethren, and selecting again the most promising plants raised from their seeds, we may in a few generations render almost any variety transmissible by seed, so long as we take good care of it. In fact, this is the way the cultivated or domesticated races, so useful to man, have been fixed and preserved. Races, in fact, can hardly, if at all, be said to exist independently of man. But man does not really produce them. Such peculiarities often surprising enough now and then originate, we know not how (the plant sports, as the gardeners say) ; they are only pre- erved, propagated, and generally further developed, by the culti- LESSON 28.] CLASSIFICATION. 175 valor's skilful eare. If left alone, they are likely to dwindle and perish, or else revert to the original form of the species. 503. Botanists variously estimate the number of known species of plants at from seventy to one hundred thousand. About 3,850 species of the higher classes grow wild in the United States east of the Mississippi. So that the vegetable kingdom exhibits a very .great diversity. Between our largest and highest-organized trees, such as a Magnolia or an Oak, and the simplest of plants, reduced to a single cell or sphere, much too minute to be visible to the naked eye, how wide the difference ! Yet the extremes are con- nected by intermediate grades of every sort, so as to leave no wide gap at any place ; and not only so, but every grade, from the most complex to the most simple, is exhibited under a wide and most beautiful diversity of forms, all based upon the one plan of vegeta- tion which we have been studying, and so connected and so an- swering to each other throughout as to convince the thoughtful botanist that all are parts of one system, works of one hand, realiza- tions in nature of the conception of One Mind. We perceive this, also, by the way in which the species are grouped into 504. Kinds, If the species, when arranged according to their re- semblances, were found to differ from one another about equally, that is, if No. 1 differed from No. 2 just as much as No. 2 did from No. 3, and No. 4 from No. 5, and so on throughout, then, with all the diversity in the vegetable kingdom there is now, there would yet be no foundation in nature for grouping species into kinds. Species and kinds would mean just the same thing. We should classify them, no doubt, for convenience, but our classification would be arbitrary. The fact is, however, that species resemble each other in very un- equal degrees. Some species are almost exactly alike in their whole Slracture, and differ only in the shape or proportion of their parts* these, we say, belong to one Genus. Some, again, show a more gen* eral resemblance, and are found to have their flowers and seeds con- structed on the same particular plan, but with important difference* in the details ; these belong to the same Order or Family. Then, taking a wider survey, we perceive that they all group themselves under a few general types (or patterns), distinguishable at once by their flowers, by their seeds or embryos, by the character of the seedling plant, by the structure of their sterna and leaves, and by their general appearance : these great groups we call Classes. Finally, we distinguish the whole into two great types or grades j 176 SPECIES AND KINDS. f_Li;SSON 28. the higher grade of Flowering plants, exhibiting the full plan of vegetation, and the lower grade of Flowerless plants, in which vegetation is so simplified that at length the only likeness between them and our common trees or Flowering plants is that they are both vegetables. From species, then, we rise first to 505. Genera (plural of Genus). The Rose kind or genus, the Oak genus, the Chestnut genus, &c., are familiar illustrations. Ea^l genus is a group of nearly related species, exhibiting a particular plan. All the Oaks belong to one genus, the Chestnuts to another, the Beech to a third. The Apple, Pear, and Crab are species of one genus, the Quince represents another, the various species of Haw- thorn a third. In the animal kingdom the common cat, the wild cat, the panther, the tiger, the leopard, and the lion are species of the cat kind or genus ; while the dog, the jackal, the different species of wolf, and the foxes, compose another genus. Some genera are represented by a vast number of species, others by few, very many by only one known species. For the genus may be as perfectly represented in one species as in several, although, if this were the case throughout, genera and species would of course be identical (504). The B^ech genus and the Chestnut genus would be just as distinct from the Oak genus even if but one Beech and one Chestnut were known ; as in- deed was the case formerly. 506. Orders or Families (the two names are used for the same thing in botany) are groups of genera that resemble each other ; that is, they are to genera what genera are to species. As familiar illustra- tions, the Oak, Chestnut, and Beech genera, along with the HazeJ genus and the Hornbeams, all belong to one order, viz. the Oak Fam- ily ; the Birches and the Alders make another family ; the Poplars and Willows, another; the Walnuts (with the Butternut) and the Hickories, another. The Apple genus, the Quince and the Haw- horns, along with the Plums and Cherries and the Peach, the Raspberry, with the Blackberry, the Strawberry, the Rose, and many other genera, belong to a large order, the Rose Family. 507. Tribes and Suborders, This leads us to remark, that even the genera of the same order may show very unequal degrees of resem- blance. Some may be very closely related to one another, and at the same time differ strikingly from the rest in certain important partic- ulars. In the Rose Family, for example, there is the Rose genus itself, with the Raspberry genus, the Strawberry, tha Cinquefoil, &c. near it, but by no means so much like it as they are like each LESSON 28.] ORDERS, CLASSES, ETC. 177 other : this group, therefore, answers to what is called a Tribe ; and the Rose itself stands for another tribe. But we further observe that the Apple genus, the Hawthorns, the Quince, and the June- berry, though of the same order, and nearly related among them- selves, differ yet more widely from the Rose and its nearest relations ; and so, on the other hand, do the Plum and Cherry, the Peach and the Almond. So this great Rose Family, or Order, is composed of three groups, of a more marked character than tribes, groups which might naturally be taken for orders ; and we call them Sub- orders. But students will understand these matters best after a few lessons in studying plants in a work describing the kinds. 508. Classes. These are great assemblages of orders, as already explained (515). The orders of Flowering Plants are numerous, no less than 134 being represented in the Botany of the Northern United States ; but they all group themselves under two great classes. One class comprises all that have seeds with a inono- cotyledonous embryo (32), endogenous stems (423), and generally parallel-veined leaves (139) ; the other, those with dicotyledonous embryo, exogenous stems, and netted-veined leaves ; and the whole aspect of the two is so different that they are known at a glance. 509. Finally, these two classes together compose the upper Series or grade of Flowering or Pho&nogamous Plants, which have their counterpart in the lower Series of Flowerless or Gryptogamous Plants, composed of three classes, and about a dozen orders. 510. The universal members of classification are CLASS, ORDER, GENUS, SPECIES, always standing in this order. When there are more, they take their places as in the following schedule, which comprises all that are generally used in a natural classification, proceeding from the highest to the lowest, viz. : Series, CLASS, Subclass, ORDER, or FAMILY, Suborder, Tribe, Subtribe, GENUS, Subgenus or Section, SPECIES, Variety. S&F 9 178 BOTANICAL NAME8. [LESSON 29. LESSON XXIX. BOTANICAL NAMES AND CHARACTERS. 511. PLANTS are classified, i. e. are marshalled under their re- spective classes, orders, tribes, genera, and species, and they are characterized, that is, their principal characteristics or distinguish- ing marks are described or enumerated, in order that, First, their resemblances or differences, of various degrees, may be clearly exhibited, and all the species and kinds ranked next to those they are most related to ; and Secondly, that students maj' readily ascertain the botanical names of the plants they meet with, and learn their peculiarities, properties, and place in the system. 512. It is in the latter that the young student is chiefly interested. And by his studies in this regard he is gradually led up to a higher point of view, from which he may take an intelligent survey of the whole general system of plants. But the best way for the student to learn the classification of plants (or Botany as a system), is to use it, in finding out by it the name and the peculiarities of all the wild plants he meets with. 513. Names, The botanical name of a plant, that by which a botanist designates it, is the name of its genus followed by that of the species. The name of the genus or kind is like the family name or surname of a person, as Smith, or Jones. That of the species answers to the baptismal name, as John, or James. Accordingly, the White Oak is called botanically Quercus alba ; the first word, or Quercus, being the name of the Oak genus ; the second, alba, that of this particular species. And the Red Oak is named Quercus rubra ; the Black- Jack Oak, Quercus nigra ; and so on. The bo- tanical names are all in Latin (or are Latinized), this being the common language of science everywhere ; and according to the usage of that language, and of most others, the name of the species comes after that of the genus, while in English it comes before it. 514. Generic Names, A plant, then, is named by two words. The generic name, or that of the genus, is one word, and a substantive. Commonly it is the old classical name, when the genus was known to the Greeks and Romans ; as Quercus for the Oak, Fagus for the LESSON 29.] BOTANICAL NAMES. 179 Beech, Corylus, the Hazel, and the like. But as more genera be- came known, botanists had new names to make or borrow. Many are named from some appearance or property of the flowers, leaves, or other parts of the plant. To take a few examples from the pages of the Manual of the Botany of the Rocky Mountains, in which the derivation of the generic names is not explained. Myosurus, p. 5, means mouse-tail. Delphinium, p. 1 0, is from del- phin, a dolphin, and alludes to the shape of the flower, which was thought to resemble the classical figures of the dolphin. Vesicaria, p. 25, is named from its bladdery pods. Trifolium, p. 54, refers to the tri-foliolate leaf. Myriophylhim, p. 99, means a plant with very many leaves, or many-parted leaves. 515. Other genera are dedicated to distinguished botanists or promoters of natural science, and bear their names : such are Par- rya, p. 19, which commemorates one of our best known Rocky Mountain botanists, Dr. C. C. Parry, and Ivesia, p. 86, named after Lieutenant Ives, in command of an exploring expedition over the Rocky Mountains. Others bear the name of the discoverer of the plant in question ; as, Purshia, p. 80, dedicated to Pursh, an early collector, who was one of the first to send this peculiar rosaceous plant to the botanists of Europe ; and Claytonia, p. 38, first made known by the early Virginian botanist Clayton. 516. Specific Names, The name of the species is also a single word, appended to that of the genus. It is commonly an adjective, and therefore agrees with the generic name in case, gender, &c. Sometimes it relates to the country the species inhabits ; as, Clayto- nia Caroliniana, first made known from the Carolinas ; Viola Can- adensis, from Canada, &c. More commonly it denotes some obvious or characteristic trait of the species ; as, for example, in Petaloste- mon, p. 58, one species is named violaceus, from its violet-purple flowers, while another is named candidus, because its petals are white ; a species of Mitella, p. 93, is called trifida, meaning three- parted, referring to its three-parted petals. Some species are named after the discoverer, or in compliment to a botanist who has made them known ; as Berberis Fendleri, named after the botanist Fend- ler, one of the first to find this species ; Silene Douglasii, p. 32, named for the early botanist Douglas; and Viola Nuttallii, in compliment to Mr. Nuttall. Such names of persons are of course written with a capital initial letter. Occasionally some old sub- stantive name is used for the species; as Agrimonia Eupatoria, 180 BOTANICAL NAMES AND CHARACTERS. [LESSON 29. p. 87, and Ranunculus Flammula, p. 6. These are also written with a capital initial, and need not accord with the generic name in gender, &c. 517. The name of a variety, when it is distinct enough to require any, is made on the same plan as that of the species, and is written after it ; as, Ranunculus Flammula, variety reptans, p. 6 (i. e. the creeping variety), and R. affinis, variety cardiophyllus, p. 8, or the variety with cordate radical leaves. 518. Names of Groups. The names of tribes, orders, and the like, are in the plural number, and are commonly formed by prolonging the name of a genus of the group taken as a representative of it. For example, the order of which the Buttercup or Crowfoot genus, Ranunculus, is the representative, takes from it the name of Ranun- culacea (Rocky Mt. Manual, p. 2) ; meaning Plantce Ranuncidacece when written out in full, that is, Ranunculaceous Plants. This order comprises several tribes ; one of which, to which Ranunculus itself belongs, takes the name of Ranunculece; another, to which the genus Clematis, or the Virgin's-Bower, belongs, takes accord- ingly the name of Clematidece; and so on. So the term Rosacece (meaning Rosaceous plants) is the name of the order of which the Rose (Rosa) is the well-known representative ; and Rosece is the name of the particular tribe of it which comprises the Rose. 519. A few orders are named on a somewhat different plan. The great order Leguminosce, for instance (Rocky Mt. Manual, p. 50), is not named after any genus in it ; but the fruit, which is a legume (356), gives the name of Leguminous Plants. So, likewise, the order Umbettiferce (Rocky Mt. Manual, p. 112) means Umbellif- erous or Umbel-bearing Plants ; and the vast order Composite (Rocky Mt. Manual, p. 129) is so named because it consists of plants whose blossoms are crowded into heads of the sort which were called "compound flowers" by the old botanists (277). 520. Characters, The brief description, or enumeration in scien- tific terms, of the principal distinctive marks of a species, genus, order, or other group, as given in botanical works, is called its Character. Thus, in the Manual already referred to, at the be- ginning, the character of the first great series is given; then that of the first class, of the first subclass, and of the first division under it. Then, after the name of the order, follows its character (the ordinal character) : under the name of each genus (as, 1. Clematis, p. 2) is added the generic character, or description of what essen- LESSON 30.] HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. 181 tially distinguishes it ; and finally, following the name of each spe- cies, is the specific character, a succinct enumeration of the points in which it mainly differs from other species of the same genus. See, for illustration, Clematis Fremontii, p. 2, where the sentence immediately following the name is intended to characterize that species from all others like it. 521. Generally, where we have several species of a genus, the species are arranged under sections, and these often under subsec- tions, for the student's convenience in analysis, the character or description of a section applying to all the species under it, and therefore not having to be repeated under each species. But these details are best understood by practice in the actual studying of plants to ascertain their name and place. And to this the student is now ready to proceed. LESSON XXX. HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. ,522. HAVING explained, in the two preceding Lessons, the gen- eral principles of Classification, and of Botanical Names, we may now show, by a few examples, how the student is to proceed in applying them, and how the name and the place in the system of an unknown plant are to be ascertained. 523. We suppose the student to be provided with a hand magni- fying-alass, and, if possible, with a simple microscope, i. e. with a magnifying-glass, of two or more different powers, mounted on a support, over a stage, holding a glass plate, on which small flowers or their parts may be laid, while they are dissected under the mi- croscope with the points of needles (mounted in handles), or divided by a sharp knife. Such a microscope is not necessary, except for very small flowers ; but it is a great convenience at all times, and is indispensable in studying the more difficult orders of plants. 524. We suppose the student now to have a work in which the plants of the country or district are scientifically arranged and de- scribed : if in the Southern Atlantic States, Dr. Chapman's Flora of the Southern States ; if north of Carolina and Tennessee, Gray's Manual of the Botany of the United States, fifth edition; if on the plains west of the Mississippi, or in the Eocky Mountains, Coulter's 182 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [LESSON 30. Manual of Rocky Mountain Plants ; or, as covering the whole ground as to common plants, and including also all the common cultivated plants, Gray's Field, Forest, and Garden Botany, which is particularly arranged as the companion of the present work; that containing brief botanical descriptions of the plants, and this the explanation of their general structure, and of the technical terms employed in describing them. To express clearly the distinctions which botanists observe, and which furnish the best marks to know a plant by, requires a good many technical terms, or words used with a precise meaning. These, as they are met with, the student should look out in the Glossary at the end of this volume. The terms in common use are not so numerous as they would at first appear to be. With practice they will soon become so familiar as to give very little trouble. And the application of botanical de- scriptive language to the plants themselves, indicating all their varieties of form and structure, is an excellent discipline for the mind, equal, if not in some respects superior, to that of learning a classical language. 525. The following illustrations and explanations of the way to use the descriptive work are for the Manual of Rocky Mountain Plants. This and the Lessons, bound together in a single compact volume, will serve the whole purpose of all but advanced students, teachers, and working botanists. Thus equipped, we proceed to 526. The Analysis of a Plant, A Buttercup will serve as well as any. Some species or other may be found in blossom throughout nearly the whole spring and summer; and, except at the very be- ginning of the season, the fruit, more or less developed, may be gathered with the blossom. To a full knowledge of a plant the fruit is essential, although the name may almost always be ascer- tained without it. This common yellow flower being under exam- ination, we are to refer the plant to its proper class and order or family. The families are so numerous, and so generally distinguish- able only by a combination of a considerable number of marks, that the student must find his way to them by means of a contrivance called an Analytical Key. This Key begins on page ix. 527. It takes note of the most comprehensive possible division of the plants considered in this Manual, namely, " those with flow- ers and seeds," and " those without true flowers or seeds." To the first of these, the great series of PH^ENOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS, the plant under examination obviously belongs. LESSON 30.] HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. 183 528. We should now look at the flower more particularly, so as to make out its general plan of structure, which we shall need to know all about as we go on. We observe that it has a calyx of five sepals, though these are apt to fall soon after the blossom opens ; that the five petals are borne on the receptacle (or common axis of the flower) just above the sepals and alternate with them ; that there are next borne, a little higher up on the receptacle, an indefinite number of stamens ; and, lastly, covering the summit or centre of the receptacle, an in- definite number of pistils. A good view of the whole is to he had by cutting the flower directly through the middle, from top to bottom (Fig. 358). If this be done with a sharp knife, some of the pistils will lie neatly divided, or may be so by a second slicing. Each pistil, we see, is a closed ovary, containing a single ovule (Fig- 359) ascending from near the base of the ceil, and is tipped with a very short broad style, which has the stigma running down the whole length of its inner edge. The ovary is little changed as it ripens into the sort of fruit termed an akene (Fig. 360) ; the ovule becoming the seed and fitting the cell (Fig. 361). Reverting to the key, on p. ix, we find that the series to which our plant belongs has two classes, one with " pistil a closed ovary containing the ovules"; the other (p. xvi.) with "ovules naked upon a scale or bract," etc. The latter is nearly restricted to the Pine Family. The examination already had makes it quite clear that our plant belongs to the first class, ANGIOSPEIIMJE. 529. This class is divided into two subclasses, those with "leaves netted-veined ; flowers usually 4 or 5-merous," to which might be added the dicotyledonous embryo, but that in the present case is beyond the young student's powers, even if the fruit were at hand ; FIG. 358. A flower of a Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus) cut through from top to bottom, and enlarged. FIG 359. A pistil taken from a Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus), and more magnified ; its ovary cut through lengthwise, showing the ovule. 360. One of its pistils when ripened into a fruit (acttenium or akene). 361. The same, cut through, to show the seed in it. 184 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [LESSON 30. and (p. xv.) those with " leaves mostly parallel- veined ; flowers usually 3-merous, never in fives." The netted veined leaves, and the number 5 iu both calyx and corolla, certify at once that the plant belongs to the first subclass, DICOTYLEDONS. 530. We have here no less than 75 orders under this subclass. To aid the unpractised student in finding his way among them, they are ranked under three artificial divisions ; the Polypetalous, the GamopetalouS) and the Apetalous. The plant in hand being fur- nished, in the words of the key, " with both calyx and corolla, the latter of wholly separate petals," is to be sought under I. POLY- PETALOUS DIVISION. Fully half the families of the class rank under this division. The first step in the key is to the sections A and B ; to the first of which, having "stamens more than 10, and more than twice the number of the petals," our plant must pertain. Under A there are two groups indicated by the numerals 1 and 2, to the first of which, " Stamens on the receptacle, free from the ovary and calyx," our plant evidently belongs. Under this we proceed by successive steps, their gradations marked by their position on the page, leading down to the name of the order or family, to which is appended the number of the order as it appears in the lineal arrangement of the Manual. The propo- sitions of the same grade, two or more, from which determination is to be made, not only stand one directly under the other, but begin with the same word or phrase, or with some counterpart. The propositions under 1, to which we are now directed, are two, beginning with the word "Pistils" and "Pistil." The one which applies to the flower in hand is, clearly, the first : " Pistils few to many distinct carpels," and this line leads out at once to the order Ranunculacece, the first order in the book. 531. Turning to that order, page 2, a perusal of the brief account of the marks of the RANUNCULACE^E or CROWFOOT FAMILY as- sures us that the key has led us safely and readily to a correct result. Knowing the order, we have next to ascertain the genus. Here are eleven genera to choose from ; but their characters are analyzed under tribes and subsections (* , H-, -H-, etc.) so as to facilitate the way to the desired result. Of the three tribes we reject the first and third en account of their characters of petals and fruit. With Tribe II., " Sepals imbricate, often petal-like : the fruit a head or spike of akenes," our plant agrees as far as the LESSON 30.] HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. 185 description goes. It also agrees with the subsection " # * * Petals generally broad and conspicuous: akenes numerous in a head," and restricts our choice in this case to the fifth genus, RANUNCULUS. The arrangement of the species of Ranunculus is to be found, under the proper number, 5, on page 6 and the following. The first section contains aquatic species ; ours is terrestrial, and in all other particulars answers to 2. Three subsections, indicated by asterisks, depend upon leaf char- acters, and as our plant evidently has not all the leaves undivided, nor even undivided radical leaves, the third subsection is selected, " * * * Some or all 'the leaves cleft or divided." The three choices which follow, indicated by daggers, lead us to the third (p. 8), "-- - Leaves all temately divided." Under this we find five species, by the reading of whose characters we decide that the plant is, for example, No. 18, R. repens, L. It might have been some other species of the genus, but having ascertained the genus from any one species, the student would not fail to recognize it again in any other, at a glance. 532. The L. at the end of the name is the recognized abbrevia- tion of the name of Linnaeus, the botanist who gave it. Then comes the specific character, and after this, the region where the plant grows. There may also be included after the specific char- acter a reference to the place of its first publication, and perhaps another name it has formerly borne, called its synonym. 533. One of the largest and most showy orders of Polypetalse is that to which the Clovers, Lupines, Vetches, etc. belong, and as a second illustration in this group of plants, and also to show the relation which native and introduced species hold to each other in this Manual, we will take the ordinary Red Clover, which follows man wherever he goes, along with its humbler relative, the White Clover. 534. Taking a plant of the Red Clover, with well-developed heads of flowers, we proceed to the examination. Turning to our Analytical Key (p. ix.), we readily determine that our plant is a Phasnogam, an Angiosperm, and a Dicotyledon. But now the question is asked whether it is Polypetalous, Gamopetalous, or Apetalous. Plainly it is not the last, as sepals and petals are both present. A careful examination of the flower shows some such structure as is shown in Figs. 217 and 218, page 105, in which the two upper petals are blended together to form the standard 186 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [LESSON 30. or banner; 'the two side petals on stems (claws) of their own, and peculiarly shaped, called wings; the two lower petals also clawed and cohering by their edges to form a little boat-shaped body, the keel. Pressing open this keel it is found to contain the stamens and pistil. It will be further observed that ail five petals blend below to form a tube, and thus refer our Clover to Division II., GAMOPETAL^E (p. xii.). This will serve to emphasize the fact that the division of Dicotyledons into Polypetalae, Gamo- petalge, and Apetalse is purely an artificial classification (572), for most of the relatives of our plant belong to the POLYPETALAE, and there our order is placed in the Manual. 535. Under GamopetaltE we select the second group, B, that with superior ovaries ; and under 13 we choose 1 , in which the stamens are more numerous than the lobes of the corolla, for we find ten stamens and but five petals. Between the two orders left to choose from, the first is evidently the one which accords with our plant, that with " pistil single and simple : leaves compound." 536. Accordingly we turn to the order LEGUMINOS^E, page 50, and find it subdivided into three suborders. A reading of their characters decides in favor of Suborder I. PAPILIONACE^E. Two choices (marked by asterisks) are now presented, dependent upon stamen characters. Examining our stamens we find that nine of the ten are united by their filaments below into a tube, while the tenth is about free. The stamens, being thus thrown into two groups, are said to be diadelphous (Fig. 227, p. 112). This discovery decides in favor of the group under * # . Under this the reniform an- thers, the three leaflets wh ; ch are toothed, and the flowers in a head (capitate), lead us to the fourth genus, TKIFOLIUM. 537. Turning to page 54, we find 12 Clovers grouped into three divisions, among which our three leaflets and heads without invo- lucres decide in favor of the second, marked * * . The habit of our plant being plainly caulescent (85), we are left to decide between species 2, 3, and 4. Reading the descriptions of these, we find that our plant does not correspond with any of them, but the reference to foot-note 2 at our group heading leads us to find in this same group two additional species, T. pratense and T. repens, and our plant plainly suits the description of the first. We thus learn that the plant is called Trifolium pratense, and that it does not belong to our native flora. LESSON 31.] HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. 187 LESSON XXXI. HOW TO STUDY PLANTS: FURTHER ILLUSTRATIONS. 538. BEGINNERS should not be discouraged by the slow progress they must needs make in the first trials. By perseverance the various difficulties will soon be overcome, and each successful anal- ysis will facilitate the next. Not only will a second species of the same genus be known at a glance, but commonly a second genus of the same order will be recognized as a relative at sight, by the family likeness. Or if the family likeness is not detected at the first view, it will be seen as the characters of the plant are studied out. 531). For the sake of an example in the Gamopetalae, we take a common Monkey-flower, whose yellow blossoms are to be found almost everywhere in the Rocky Mountain region. 540. A glance shows that the plant belongs to Series I., PII^NO- GAMIA or FLOWERING PLANTS, while its closed ovary containing ovules refers it to ANGIOSPERMJE. Its netted- veined leaves and five-rnerous flowers make it plainly a DICOTYLEDON. The corolla being tubular below, theoretically regarded as formed of five united petals, refers it to (p. xii.) Division II., GA- MOPETAL^E. The student is sometimes puzzled at first to tell how many petals enter into the composition of a gamopetalous flower. Frequently the distinct and regular lobes above make this very apparent, but in the case before us the first impulse would be to say that the corolla is made up of two blended petals, for it is a two-lipped affair. An examination of each lip shows that the upper is two- lobed, and the lower three-lobed, making five blended petals, already suggested by the five teeth of the calyx. The two subdivisions of GAMOPETALAE, marked A and B, de- pend upon the relative position of the ovary and other flower parts, and, as our flower has a decidedly superior ovary, a choice is made of B. There are three choices under B (1, 2, and 3), which depend upon the number and position of the stamens with reference to the petals. In our flower there are but four stamens, which charac- ter would place it in the section marked 3. It would be well, 188 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [LESSON 31. however, to split down the corolla tube and note that the insertions of these four stamens are alternate with the blended petals. Under 3, of course, we select " * * With ordinary green herb- age " ; and under this the second choice, "!--- Corolla irregular : stamens four." 541. Four choices are now presented to us, dependent upon the character of the ovary. A surface examination of the ovary, accompanied by a careful cross-section, will show an entire ovary, which is two-celled, and contains very many small ovules. Such a combination of characters can only be found under the first divis- ion, and accordingly we select the order SCUOPHULAKIACEJE, the fifty-sixth of the Manual, p. 271. 542. We find here 16 genera, grouped into two sections, I. and II. An examination of a fully developed bud will at once show that the " upper lip of the corolla is external in the bud." and that our plant belongs to one of the first 8 genera. The form of the corolla (not saccate or produced at base), no rudiment of a fifth stamen, the solitary pedicels in the axils of the leaves or bracts, and the splitting capsules, all point to the third group, marked with three asterisks. Under this there are three sets of characters, marked by daggers, under the first of which our plant must belong, for it has a barely 5-toothed calyx, a decidedly bilabiate corolla, and four stamens. Hence it is to be referred to the genus MIMULUS, the sixth of the order, and a perusal of the generic characters confirms our choice. 543. Turning to page 279, we find the seven species of Mimulus arranged in two groups, and as our plant is ' * * Neither viscid nor glandular," we select the second. The yellow corolla, and oblique calyx with unequal teeth, at once refer us to the group marked > -i , under which we find a choice to be made between two species. It is very probable that a reading of the specific characters will lead to a selection of M. luteus, for it is exceedingly common, but allowance must be made for its extreme variability. 544. All the characters displayed by a variable species cannot be compressed into a single description, and hence, if the Mimulus in hand satisfies M. luteus more nearly than any other species, it is safe to call it by that name. 545. After several analyses of this kind, the student will be able to pass rapidly over most of the preliminary steps, and should be LESSON 31.] HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. 189 able to recognize the class and division at a glance. Presently the characters of the great families will begin to fix themselves, and many plants should soon be referred directly to their pioper orders without need of the Analytical Key. 546. Probably the most difficult plants the beginner will be tempted to analyze are the Compositae, the order to which belong the Dandelion, Sunflowers, Asters, Golden-rods, Thistles, Sage- brush, Groundsels, etc., all those plants with so-called " compound flowers " (277). With many of these forms the difficulty is more imaginary than real, and while in some of the larger genera cer- tain groups of species are very perplexing, most of the species and all the genera can be determined by an ordinarily sharp-sighted observer. To avoid hard places is an exceedingly bad habit to form in analysis, and no group of plants furnishes a better field for careful and satisfactory work than the great family of Compositae, which forms so large and so brilliant a part of our flora. It is ad- visable then for the beginner early to form the habit of regarding the Compositae as proper objects for his study as any of the other orders. 547. To aid in familiarizing the path through the somewhat for- midable looking Key to the 83 genera of this great order, we will select a very common and early blooming species, the Common Groundsel, or Golden Ragwort, or Squaw-weed, as it is variously called. It grows almost everywhere, in dry, or swampy, or rocky places, and its naked corymbs of bright yellow flowers, and vari- ously shaped and cut leaves, those at the root often differing widely from those on the stem in size and character, make it easily recognized. 548. With this Golden Ragwort in hand, the student should first bisect vertically the so-called "flower," when he will discover some such arrangement as is figured on page 106, in which the real flowers are shown to be collected in a head, and this sur- rounded by a circle of involucral (205) bracts. It will be noticed that the flowers are of two kinds, the outermost resembling petals (ligulate), the inner ones tubular (277). The ovary (ripened into an akene) is observed to be inferior and surmounted by the copious hairs of the pappus (349), but no chaff (Fig. 220 b) will be found, and hence the receptacle is said to be naked. 549. Turning now to the Analytical Key (p. ix.), we at once decide that our plant belongs to Series I., PH^ENOGAMIA, under it 190 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [LESSON 31. to Class I., ANGIOSPERIMLE, and then to Subclass I., DICOTYLE- DONS. The tubular corollas in our head of flowers at once lead us to Division II., GAMOPLTAL^E (p. xii.). 550. Under Gamopetalas two choices are presented, marked A and B. In our plant the ovaries are most decidedly inferior, and under A we meet four choices, based on the number of stamens. Examining the tubular flowers, we find at the summit of the tube five small spreading teeth, which indicate that we are dealing with a five-lobed corolla. Carefully slitting the tube we find five sta- mens which cling together by means of their anthers, an arrange- ment called syngenesious (286). All this easily determines a choice of the second section, " Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, 5, syngenesious." Under this are two choices, and, as our flowers are "in an involucrate head," we are directed to tho order COMPOSITE, page 129. 551. It will usually be entirely unnecessary to use this Analyti- cal Key for Composite, as the flowers of this order are so charac- teristic that it can be at once recognized, and the student can turn directly to the family as presented in the Manual, beginning at page 129. 552. In the " Key to the Tribes " it will be noticed that our ten tribes are grouped in two series, TUBULIFLOR^E and LIGULI- FLOR^E. As our plant has tubular flowers, and the second series demands that all the flowers shall be ligulate, the choice falls on TUBULIFLOR.E, containing nine of the ten tribes. These nine tribes are grouped under two headings, both beginning ' Heads homogamous," etc. In the first, the heads are "discoid" (without rays), and "never yellow," which at once brings us to the second group (p. 130). Under this seven tribes are arranged, character- ized by various combinations of characters. Our anthers are surely not caudate, which character enables us to discard Tribes IV. and IX., in both of which also the heads are discoid. In Tribe V. the receptacle is chaffy ; in Tribe VI. the receptacle is naked, but the pappus is not abundant and soft-hairy as in our plant ; while in Tribe VII. the pappus is far from agreeing with ours. This leaves Tribes III. and VI II., between which the copious capillary pappus, simple involucre, and naked receptacle decide in favor of the latter, making our plant a species of the SENKCIONIDE^E. 553. Turning to page 139, we find that the supplementary tribe LKSSOX 31.] H^W TO STUDY 1'LANTS. 191 characters as given there confirm our choice. Tlie five genera of Senecionidese are arranged in four groups, indicated by asterisks, all based chiefly upon the character of the involucre. No charac- ters agree with our plant until we reach " * * * # Involucre of numerous or several coimivent-erect herbaceous equal bracts, many- flowered: herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves." The choice now lies between the two genera Arnica and Senecio, and the copious soft pappus and alternate leaves indicate the latter. The character of the involucre of Arnica also refers our plant to Senecio in a negative way. Accordingly we turn to the 70th genus, SENECIO, page 20G, and find under it 21 species. 554. The first grouping of species, marked by asterisks, depends upon the size of the heads, and as ours do not by any means measure half an inch in height, the second group is selected (p. 207). Then follow two choices, indicated by daggers, the second of which, " H *- Heads erect, mostly radiate," agrees with the plant in hand. The four groups that follow, under double daggers, <--> on page 207, ++ ++ and *-+ -H- -n- on page 208, and .n* ++ -H- .H. 011 p ; ,g e 211, being carefully read, lead us to select the third, * +* ++ ++ Stems either few-leaved or with the upper leaves reduced in size ; the inflorescence therefore naked : none with narrow linear leaves." Under this two choices are marked by parallels, but the first is at once rejected on account of the character of its leaves. Under = = (p. 209) three groups are in- dicated by the letters a, b, and c. Our plant is too slender and low, and its leaves too deeply cut, for the first ; while it is too tall for the second, besides being entirely unlik& it in habit. We ac- cordingly select the third division, c, and under it find two choices based upon leaf characters. As none of our leaves are *' pinnately divided," we decide upon the group marked 1, and must now make a choice of three species, 17. 18, or 19. The great probability is that the choice will fall upon number 18, or one of its varieties, and so, by this long but comparatively easy route, we find that our plant is Senecio aureus, L., the commonest of all the Golden Rag worts. Many other species of this genus are found on the plains, and in the highest mountains up to their very summits, but the genus should now always be easily recognized by such characters as are furnished by its involucre, pappus, alternate leaves, etc. 555. As an example of the other series of Composite, no more common or simple plant could be selected than the Dandelion. 192 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [LESSON 31. Sectioning the head of flowers vertically, as before, and turning to page 130, we find that Series II., LIGULIFLOK^E, requires all the corollas to be ligulate, as iu Figs. 221 and 222, which exactly agrees with our Dandelion. 556. The single tribe of this series, CicnoRiACE^:, is presented on page 140, containing 12 genera. The first grouping depends upon the nature of the pappus, and as every one knows that the pappus of a Dandelion is of hair-like (capillary) bristles, the second group is selected, "* * Pappus of capillary bristles, scabrous, never plumose nor chaffy." In the three choices that follow, our plant accords with the second, for in Dandelion the pappus is by no means deciduous, nor are the akenes flattened, but it has " Akenes not flattened : pappus persistent." Then follow two choices based upon the akene having a beak or not. Turning to Figure 296, page 130, we find a representation of our Dandelion pappus, showing it raised away from the akene on a long beak. This determines us to select " -M- ++ Beak to the akenes distinct arid slender," etc. 557. Three genera are thus presented for our selection. In the first (Troxiinon) there is an imbricated involucre and a ten-ribbed akene, but in Dandelion the involucre is composed of a single series of nearly equal narrow bracts, with some small ones at the base, and the akenes are only four or five-ribbed. In Pyrrhopappus the pappus is not white, hence our choice must be Taraxacum. 558. Turning to page 222, we find but one species, and upon reading it we are satisfied that it accords exactly with our plant, which must be Taraxacum officinale, Weber. 559. The old specific name Dens-leonis, which is meant to be translated by our common name Dandelion, has disappeared, and it will be noticed that it follows the specific description we have just read as a synonym, that is, a former name of the plant which has been discarded. The name officinale was substituted for Dens- leonis because it was found to be an older name for the same plant ; and when two or more botanists each give a name to the same species, the law of nomenclature agreed upon requires us to retain the oldest name and make synonyms of the rest. LESSON 32.] HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. 193 LESSON XXXII. HOW TO STUDY PLANTS : FURTHER ILLUSTRATIONS. .560. THE foregoing illustrations have both been taken from the subclass Dicotyledons. We will take one from Monocotyledons, selecting a very common and beautiful Lily-like plant of the plains and foot-hills, the " Beautiful Grass," or " Sego" of the natives. 561. With specimens in hand, and the Manual open at the Ana- lytical Key (p. ix.), seeing at once that the plant is a PH^ENOGAM, and also an ANGIOSPERM, we proceed to determine the subclass. Nothing in Subclass I. accords with our plant, while its parallel- veined leaves and flowers in threes agree exactly with Subclass II., MONOCOTYLEDONS (p. xv.). Dissection of a matured seed would onfirm this decision by revealing an embryo with but one coty- ledon. 562. The superior ovary at once fixes our choice upon the group B, " Ovary superior or nearly so," etc. Five propositions are now presented, unusually dissimilar in their wording, but well characterizing the groups to which they lead. Beginning with the last, the stems of our plant are not hollow, and there are neither sheaths nor glumes. The fourth group does not answer, on account of its calling for " no evident perianth." In the third, the perianth is glumaceous ; in the second, the carpels are distinct and the plants mostly aquatic, which plainly is not the case with ours. Choice must thus be mttde of the first group, with " Carpels united into a compound ovary : perianth corolla-like : terrestrial plants." Under this, the choice between " woody climbers " and " herbs " is easily made. Under the latter, the fact that our plant has a perianth with divisions colored somewhat alike and neither of them deliquescent, and that the stems come from a bulb, determines the selection of the order LILIACE^, No. 79, p. 345. 563. Under this order we find 21 genera, arranged in three great groups, I., II., and III. The deciduous perianth, hypogy- nous stamens with extrorse anthers, and absence of styles, would lead us to choose group II., under which the bulb or corm and capsular fruit would decide in favor of the group marked with a single asterisk. 194 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [LESSON 32. Two sets of characters are now presented, indicated by daggers. In our flower the outer perianth-segments are decidedly smaller, and the stigmas are sessile, so that no hesitation is felt in determining upon the only genus in that group, CALOCHORTUS. 564. Turning to page 352, we find but two species within the range of our Manual, the choice between which can be readily made. It will be seen that 0. Nuttallii was first described by Torrey and Gray in one of the Pacific Railroad Reports, arid that (7. Gunnisoni was first characterized by Mr. Watson in his Botany of the Fortieth Parallel, known as King's Expedition. 565 Whenever the student has fairly studied out one species of a genus, he will be likely to know the others when he sees them. And when plants of another genus of the same order are met wiih, the order may generally be recognized at a glance, from the family resemblance. For instance, having first become acquainted with the Crowfoot Family in the genus Ranunculus, we recognize it at once in the Anemones, in Caltha and Trollius, and even in the Larkspurs and Columbines, although these belong to as many different genera. Having examined Mitnulus, we immediately recognize the Figwort Family in the Foxgloves and Gerardias ; while our knowledge of Calochortus will be suggestive of all the Lily Family. 566. So the study of one plant leads naturally and easily to the knowledge of the whole order or family of plants it belongs to; which is a great advantage, and a vast saving of labor. For although we have about ninety orders of Flowering Plants, repre- sented in our Botany of the Rocky Mountains by over 2,000 species, yet half of these species belong to nine or ten of these orders ; and more than four fifths of the species belong to forty of the orders. One or two hundred species, therefore, well examined, might give a good general idea of our whole botany. And students who will patiently and thoroughly study out twenty or thirty well-chosen examples will afterwards experience little difficulty in determining any of our Flowering Plants and Ferns, and will find the pleasure of the pursuit largely to increase with their increasing knowledge. 567. And the interest will be greatly enhanced as the student, rising to higher and wider views, begins to discern the System of Botany, or, in other words, comprehends more and more of the Plan of the Creator in the Vegetable Kingdom. LESSON 33.] NATURAL SYSTEM. 195 LESSON XXXIII. BOTANICAL SYSTEMS. 568. Natural System, The System of Botany consists of the orders or families, duly arranged under their classes, and having the tribes, the genera, and the species arranged in them according to their re- lationships. This, when properly carried out, is the Natural System ; because it is intended to express, as well as we are able, the various degrees of relationship among plants, as presented in nature; to rank those species, those genera, &c. next to each other in the classi- fication which are really most alike in all respects, or, in other words, which are constructed most nearly on the same particular plan. 5G9. Now this word plan of course supposes a planner, an in- telligent mind working according to a system : it is this system, therefore, which the botanist is endeavoring as far as he can to exhibit in a classification. In it we humbly attempt to learn some- thing of the plan of the Creator in this department of Nature. 570. So there can be only one natural system of Botany, if by the term we mean the plan according to which the vegetable creation was called into being, with all its grades and diversities among the species, as well of past as of the present time. But there may be many natural systems, if we mean the attempts of men to interpret and express the plan of the vegetable creation, systems which will vary with our advancing knowledge, and with the judgment and skill of different botanists, and which must all be very imperfect. They will all bear the impress of individual minds, and be shaped by the current philosophy of the age. But the endeavor always id to make the classification a reflection of Nature, as far as any system can be which has to be expressed in a series of definite propositions, and have its divisions and subdivisions following each other in some single fixed order.* * The best classification must fail to give more than an imperfect and con- siderably distorted reflection, not merely of the plan of creation, but even of our knowledge of it. It is often obliged to make arbitrary divisions where Nature shows only transitions, and to consider genera, &c. as equal units, or groups of equally related species, while in fact they may be very unequal, to assume, on 106 BOTANICAL SYSTEMS. [LESSON 33. 571. The Natural System, as we receive it, and as to that portion of it which is represented in the botany of our country, is laid before the student in the Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. The orders, however, still require to be grouped, according to their natural relationships, into a considerable number of great groups (or alliances) ; but this cannot yet be done throughout in any easy way. So we have merely arranged them somewhat after a custom^ ary order, arid have given, in the Artificial Key, a contrivance for enabling the student easily to find the natural order of any plant. This is a sort of 572. Artificial Classification, The object of an artificial classifica- tion is merely to furnish a convenient method of finding out the name and place of a plant. It makes no attempt at arranging plants ac- cording to their relationships, but serves as a kind of dictionary. It distributes plants according to some one peculiarity or set of pecu- liarities (just as a dictionary distributes words according to their first letters), disregarding all other considerations. 573. At present we need an artificial classification in Botany only as a Key to the Natural Orders, as an aid in referring an unknown plant to its proper family ; and for this it is very needful to the student. Formerly, when the orders themselves were not clearly made out, an artificial classification was required to lead the student down to the genus. Two such classifications were long in vogue. First, that of Tournefort, founded mainly on the leaves of the flower, the calyx and corolla : this was the prevalent system throughout the first half of the eighteenth century ; but it has long since gone by. It was succeeded by the well-known artificial system of Linnaeus, which has been used until lately ; and which it is still worth while to give some account of. 574. The Artificial System Of LinnffiUS was founded on the stameng Had pistils. It consists of twenty-four classes, and of a variable number of orders, which were to take the place temporarily of the natural classes and orders ; the genera being the same under all classifications. paper at least, a strictly definite limitation of genera, of tribes, and of orders, although observation shows so much blending here and there of natural groups, sufficiently distinct on the whole, as to warrant us in assuming the likelihood that the Creator's plan is one of gradation, not of definite limitation, even perhaps *o the species themselves. LESSON 33.] ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM OF LINNAEUS. 197 575. The twenty-four classes of Linnaeus were founded upon something about the stamens. The following is an analysis of them. The first great division is into two great series, the Phce* nogamous and the Cryptogamous, the same as in the Natural System. The first of these is divided into those flowers which have the sta- mens in the same flower with the pistils, and those which have not ; and these again are subdivided, as is shown in the following tabular view. Series I. PH^ENOGAMIA ; plants with stamens and pistils, i. e. with reaj flowers. I Stamens in the same flower as the pistils : * Not united with them, H- Nor with one another. w. Of equal length if either 6 or 4 in number. One to each flower, Class 1. MONANDRIA. Two " 2. DlANDRIA. Three " 3. TRIANDRIA. Four " 4. TETRANDRIA. Five " 5. PENTANDRIA. Six 6. HEXANDRIA. Seven " " 7. HEPTANDRIA. Eight " 8. OCTANDRIA. Nine " 9. ENNEANDRIA. Ten " 10. DECANDRIA. Eleven to nineteen to each flower, 11. DODECANDRIA. Twenty or more inserted on the calyx, 12. ICOSANDRIA. " " " on the recepti wle, 13. POLYANDRIA. w. -w Of unequal length and either 4 or 6. Four, 2 long and 2 shorter, 14. DIDYNAMIA. Six, 4 long and 2 shorter, 15. TETRADYNAMI^ H- - United with each other, By their filaments, Into one set or tube, 16. MONADELPHIA Into two sets, 17. DIADELPHIA. Into three or more sets, 18. POLYADELPHI. By their anthers into a ring, 19. SYNGENESIA. # # United with the pistil, 20. GYNANDRIA. li. Stamens and pistils in separate flowers, Of the same individuals, 21. MON Epi-, in composition : upon ; as kpicarp : the outermost layer of a fruit ; p. 128. Epidermal: relating to the Epidermis, or the skin of a plant ; p. 152, 155. Epiyceous : growing on the earth, or close to the ground. Epigynous: upon the ovary ; p. 105, 111. Epipetalous: borne on the petals or the corolla. Epiphyllous : borne on a leaf Epiphyte : a plant growing on another plant, but not nourished by it ; p. 34. Epiphytic or Epiphytal : relating to Epiphytes ; p. 34. Epispenn : the skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat. Euds, p. 20, 27. Leaflet: one of the divisions or blades of a compound leaf; p. 64. Leaf-like: same as foliaceous. Leathery : of about the consistence of leather ; coriaceous. Legume: a simple pod, dehiscent into two pieces, like that of the Pea, p. 131, fig. 303 ; the fruit of the Pea Family (Leguminosie), of whatever shape. Legumine, p. 165. Leguminous : belonging to legumes, or to the Leguminous Family. Lenticular: lens-shaped; i. e. flattish and convex on both sides. GLOSSARY. 221 Le'pidote : leprona ; covered with scurfy scales. Liber: the inner, fibrous bark of Exogenous plants; p. 152. Ligneous, or Lignose : woody in texture. Ligulate: furnished with a ligule; p. 106. Ligule: the strap-shaped corolla in many Composite, p. 106, fig. 220; the little membranous appendage at the summit of the leaf-sheaths of most Grasses. Limb: the blade of a leaf, petal, &c. ; p. 54, 102. Linear : narrow and flat, the margins parallel ; p. 58, fig. 85. >Lineate : marked with parallel lines. Lineolate : marked with minute lines. Lmgulate, Linguiform : tongue-shaped. Lip: the principal lobes of a bilabiate corolla or calyx, p. 105 ; the odd and peculiar petal in the Orchis Family. Lobe: any projection or division (especially a rounded one) of a leaf, &c. Locellus (plural locelli) : a small cell, or compartment of a cell, of an ovary or anther. Ldcular : relating to the cell or compartment (loculus) of an ovary, &c. Loculicidal (dehiscence) : splitting down through the middle of the back of each cell ; p. 132, fig 305. Locusta : a name for the spikelet of Grasses. Lament: a pod which separates transversely into joints; p. 131, fig. 304. Lomentdceous : pertaining to or resembling a loment. Ltirate : thong-shaped. Lunate : crescent-shaped. Lunulate : diminutive of lunate. Lyrate : lyre-shaped ; a pinnatifid leaf of an obovate or spatulate outline, the end-lobe large and roundish, and the lower lobes small, as in Winter- Cress and Radish, fig. 59. Mace: the aril of the Nutmeg; p. 135. Maculate : spotted or blotched. Male (flowers) : having stamens but no pistil. Mdmmose : breast-shaped. Marcescent : withering without falling off". Marginal: belonging to the edge or margin. Marginate : margined, with an edge different from the rest. Masked: see personate. Median : belonging to the middle. Medullary: belonging to, or of the nature of pith (medulla) ; pithy. Medullary Rays: the silver-grain of wood; p. 151. Medullary Sheath : a set of ducts just around the pith ; p. 151. Membranaceous or Membranous : of the texture of membrane ; thin and. more or less translucent. Mentecoid: crescent-shaped. Mericarp : one carpel of the fruit of an Umbelliferous plant. Merismatic: separating into parts by the formation of partitions within. Me'socarp : the middle part of a pericarp, when that is distinguishable into three layers; p. 128. Mesophloeum : the middle or green bark. 19* 222 GLOSSARY. Micropyle: the closed orifice of the seed ; p. 135. Midrib: the middle or main rib of a leaf; p. 55. Milk-Vessels: p. 148. Miniate : vermilion-colored. Mitriform : mitre-shaped ; in the form of a peaked cap. Monadeiphous : stamens united by their filaments into one set; p. 111. Mondndrous (flower) : having only one stamen; p. 112. Moniliform : necklace-shaped ; a cylindrical body contracted at intervals. Monochlamydeous : having only one floral envelope, i. e. calyx but no corolla, is Anemone, fig. 179, and Castor-oil Plant, fig. 178. Monocotyledonous (embryo) : with only one cotyledon; p. 16, 137. Monocotyledoncus Plants, p. 150, 192. Monoecious, or Monoicous (flower) : having stamens or pistils only ; p. 90. Mondgynous (flower) : having only one pistil, or one style; p. 116. Monope'talous (flower) : with the corolla of one piece; p. 101. Monophyllous : one-leaved, or of one piece ; p. 102. Monose'palous : a calyx of one piece; i. e. with the sepals united into one body; p. 101. Monospe'rmous : one-seeded. Monstrosity : an unnatural deviation from the usual structure or form. Morphology : the department of botany which treats of the forms which an organ (say a leaf) may assume ; p. 28. Mucronate: tipped with an abrupt short point (mucro) ; p. 60, fig. 111. Mucrdnulate : tipped with a minute abrupt point ; a diminutive of the last. Multi-, in composition : many ; as Multangular: many-angled. Multictpital : many-headed, &c Multifarious: in many rows or ranks. Multijid: many-cleft; p. 62. Muliildcular : many-celled. Multise'rial : in many rows. Multiple Fruits, p. 133. Muricate : beset with short and hard points. Muriform : wall-like ; resembling courses of bricks in a wall. Muscology: the part of descriptive botany which treats of Mosses (i. e. Musci). Muticous : pointless ; beardless ; unarmed. Mycelium : the spawn of Fungi ; i. e. the filaments from which Mushrooms, &c. originate. Ndpiform: turnip-shaped; p. 31, fig. 57. Natural System: p. 195. Naturalized: introduced from a foreign country, but growing perfectly wild ana propagating freely by seed. Navtcular: boat-shaped, like the glumes of most Grasses. Necklace-shaped: looking like a string of beads ; see moniliform. Nectar : the honey, &c. secreted by glands, or by any part of the corolla. Nectariferous : honey-bearing ; or having a nectary. Nectary : the old name for petals and other parts of the flower when of unusual shape, especially when honey-bearing. So the hollow spur-shaped petals of Columbine were called nectaries; also the curious long-clawed petals of Monkshood, fig. 186, &c. GLOSSARY. 223 Needle-shaped: long, slender, and rigid, like the leaves of Pines ; p. 68, fig. 140. Nerve: a name for the ribs or veins of leaves, when simple and parallel ; p. 56. Nerved: furnished with nerves, or simple and parallel ribs or veins ; p. 56, fig. 84. Netted-veined : furnished with branching veins forming network; p. 56, fig. 83. Nodding (in Latin form, Nutant) : bending so that the summit hangs downward. Node: a knot ; the "joints " of a stem, or the part whence a leaf or a pair of leaves springs ; p. 40. Nddose: knotty or knobby. Ntidulose: furnished with little knobs or knots. Normal : according to rule ; the pattern or natural way according to some law Notate : marked with spots or lines of a different color. Nucajnentaceous : relating to or resembling a small nut. Nuciform : nut-shaped or nut-like. Nucule : a small nut. Nucleus: the kernel of an ovule (p. 122) or seed (p. 136) of a cell ; p. 140. Nut : a hard, mostly one-seeded indehiscent fruit ; as a chestnut, butternut, acorn; p. 130, fig. 299. Nutlet : a little nut ; or the stone of a drupe. Ob- (meaning over against) : when prefixed to words, signifies inversion; as, Obcom pressed : flattened the opposite of the usual way. Obcdrdafe: heart-shaped with the broad and notched end at the apex instead of the base; p. 60, fig. 109. Obldnceolate : lance-shaped with the tapering point downwards ; p. 58, fig. 91. Oblique : applied to leaves, &c. means unequal-sided. Oblong: from two to four times as 'long as broad, and more or less elliptical in outline ; p. 58, fig. 87. Olrfvate: inversely ovate, the broad end upward ; p. 58, fig. 93. Obtuse: blunt, or round at the end ; p. 60, fig. 105. Obverse: same as inverse. Obwlute (in the bud) : when the margins of one leaf alternately overlap those of the opposite one. Ochreate: furnished with ochrece (boots), or stipules in the form of sheaths; as in Polygonum, p. 69, fig. 137. Ochroleucous : y el lo wish -white ; dull cre"am-color. Octo-, eight, enters into the composition of Octdgi/nous : with eight pistils or styles. Octdmerous: its parts in eights. Octdndrous: with eight stamens, &e. Offset: short branches next the ground which take root ; p. 38. One-ribbed, One-nerved, &c. : furnished with only a single rib, &c., &c. Opaque, applied to a surface, means dull, not shining. Ope'rculate: furnished with a lid or cover (operculum), as the capsules of Mosses. Opposite : said of leaves and branches when on opposite sides of the stem from each other (i. e. in pairs) ; p. 23, 71. Stamens are opposite the petals, &c, when they stand before them. Orbicular, Orbicnlate: circular in outline or nearly so; p. 58. Organ : any member of the plant, as a leaf, a stamen, &c. ; p. 1. Organs of Vegetation, p. 7 ; of Reproduction, p. 77. Organized, Organic: p. 1, 158, 159, 162. Organic Constituents, p. 160. Organic Structure, p. 142. 224 GLOSSARY. OrtMropom or Orthotropal (ovule or seed) : p. 122, 135, fig. 270, 274. Osseous: of a bony texture. Oval: broadly elliptical; p. 88. Ovary : that part of the pistil containing the ovules or future seeds ; p. 86, 116. Ovate : shaped like an egg with the broader end downwards, or, in plane sur- faces, such as leaves, like the section of an egg lengthwise ; p. 58, fig. 89. Ovoid: ovate or oval in a solid form. Ovule: the body which is destined to become a seed ; p. 86, 116, 122. Palea (plural palece] : chaff; the inner husks of Grasses ; the chaff or bracts on the receptacle of many Compositae, as Coreopsis, fig. 220, and Sunflower. Paleaceous : furnished with chaff, or chaffy in texture. Palmate : when leaflets or the divisions of a leaf all spread from the apex of the petiole, like the hand with the outspread fingers ; p. 167, fig. 129, &c. Palmately (veined, lobed, &c.) : in a palmate manner; p. 57, 63, 65. Panduriform : fiddle-shaped (which see). Pdnicle : an open cluster ; like a raceme, but more or less compound ; p. 81, fig. 163. Panided, Paniculate : arranged in panicles, or like a panicle. jPa/?qg,:of about the consistence of letter-paper. Papilionaceous : butterfly-shaped ; applied to such a corolla as that of the Pea and the Locust-tree; p. 105, fig. 217. Papilla (plural papillce) : little nipple-shaped protuberances. Papillate, Papillose : covered with papillae. Pappus : thistle-down. The down crowning the achenium of the Thistle, and other Composite, represents the calyx ; so the scales, teeth, chaff, as well as bristles, or whatever takes the place of the calyx in this family, are called the pappus; fig. 292-296, p. 130. Parallel-veined, or nerved (leaves) : p. 55, 56. Pardphyses : jointed filaments mixed with the antheridia of Mosses. Parenchyma : soft cellular tissue of plants, like the green pulp of leaves. Parietal (placentae, &c.) : attached to the walls (parietes) of the ovary or pen- carp ; p. 119, 120. Parted: separated or cleft into parts almost to the base; p. 62. ^irtial involucre, same as an involved : partial petiole, a division of a main leaf stalk or the stalk of a leaflet : partial peduncle, a branch of a peduncle par- tial umbel, an umbellet, p. 81. Patent : spreading ; open. Patulous : moderately spreading. Pauci-, in composition : few ; as pauciftorous, few-flowered, &c. Pear-shaped: solid obovate, the shape of a pear. Pectinate : pinnatifid or pinnately divided into narrow and close divisions, liko the teeth of a comb. Pedate : like a bird's foot ; palmate or palmately cleft, with the side divisions again cleft, as in Viola pedata, &c. Pedately cleft, lobed, &c. : cut in a pedate way. Pe'dicel: the stalk of each particular flower of a cluster; p. 78, fig. 156. Pe'dicellate, Pedicdled: furnished with a pedicel. GLOSSARY. 225 Peduncle : a flower-stalk, whether of a single flower or of a flower-cluster ; p. 78. Pe'dancled, Pedunculate : furnished with a peduncle. Peltate : shield-shaped : said of a leaf, whatever its shape, when the petiole is attached to the lower side, somewhere within the margin ; p. 59, fig. 102, 178. Pendent : hanging. Pendulous : somewhat hanging or drooping. Penicillate : tipped with a tuft of fine hairs, like a painter's pencil ; as the stig* mas of some Grasses. Penta- (in words of Greek composition) : five ; as Pentdgynous : with five pistils or styles ; p. 116. Pentdinerous : with its parts in fives, or on the plan of five. Pentdndrous : having five stamens ; p. 112. Pentdstichous : in five ranks. Pepo: a fruit like the Melon and Cucumber; p. 128. Perennial: lasting from year to year; p. 21. Perfect (flower) : having both stamens and pistils ; p. 89. Perftiliate: passing through the leaf, in appearance ; p. 67, fig. 131, 132. Perforate : pierced with holes, or with transparent dots resembling holes, as an Orange-leaf. Perianth : the leaves of the flower generally, especially when we cannot readily distinguish them into calyx and corolla ; p. 85. Pericarp : the ripened ovary ; the walls of the fruit , p. 127. Pericdrpic : belonging to the pericarp. Pe'richwth : the cluster of peculiar leaves at the base of the fruit-stalk of Mosses. Perichce.tial : belonging to the perichaeth. Perigonium, Pvrigone ; same as perianth. Periyynium : bodies around the pistil ; applied to the closed cup or bottle-shaped body which encloses the ovary of Sedges, and to the bristles, little scales, &c. of the flowers of some other Cyperacese. Perigynous : the petals and stamens borne on the calyxj p. 104, 111. Peripherie : around the outside, or periphery, of any organ. Pe'risperm : a name for the albumen of a seed (p. 136). Peristome : the fringe of teeth, &c. around the orifice of the capsule of Mosses. Persistent : remaining beyond the period when such parts commonly fall, as the leaves of evergreens, and the calyx, &c. of such flowers as remain during the growth of the fruit. Personate : masked ; a bilabiate corolla with a projection, or palate-, in the throat, as of the Snapdragon ; p. 106, fig. 210, 211. Petal: a leaf of the corolla; p. 85. Petaloid : petal-like ; resembling or colored like petals. Pe'tiole : a footstalk of a leaf; a leaf-stalk, p. 54. Petioled, Petiolate : furnished with a petiole. Petidlulate : said of a leaflet when raised on its own partial leafstalk. Phcendgamous, or Phanerogamous: plants bearing flowers and producing seeds; same as Flowering Plants ; p. 177, 182. Phyllddium (plural phyllodia] : a leaf where the blade is a dilated petiole, as in New Holland Acacias ; p. 69. Phyttotdxis, or Phyllotaxy : the arrangement of leaves on the stem ; p. 71. Physiological Botany, Physiology, p. 3. 8&F 11 226 GLOSSARY. Phyton : a name used to designate the pieces which by their repetition make up a plant, theoretically, viz. a joint of stem with its leaf or pair of leaves. Piliferous: bearing a slender bristle or hair (pilum), or beset with hairs. Pilose : hairy ; clothed with soft slender hairs. Pinna : a primary branch of the petiole of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf, as fig. 130, p. 66. Pinnule : a secondary branch of the petiole of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf; p. 66. Pinnate (leaf) : when the leaflets are arranged along the sides of a common pe- tiole ; p. 65, fig. 126 - 128. Pinnately lobed, cleft, parted, divided, &c., p. 63. Pinndtijid : same as pinnately cleft ; p. 63, fig. 1 1 9. Pistil: the seed-bearing organ of the flower ; p. 86, 116. Pistillidium : the body which in Mosses, Liverworts, &c. answers to the pistil. Pitchers, p. 51, fig. 79, 80. Pith : the cellular centre of an exogenous stem ; p. 150, 151. Pitted : having small depressions or pits on the surface, as many seeds. Place'nta : the surface or part of the ovary to which the ovules are attached ; p. 118. Plaited (in the bud) ; p. 76, fig. 150 ; p. 110, fig 225. Plane: flat, outspread. Plicate : same as plaited. Plumose: feathery; when any slender body (such as a bristle of a pappus) is beset with hairs along its sides, like the plumes or the beard on a feather. Plumule : the little bud or first shoot of a germinating plantlet above the cotyle-. dons ; p. 6, fig. 5 ; p. 137. Pluri-, in composition : many or several ; as Plurifoliolate : with several leaflets ; p. 66. Pod: specially a legume, p. 131 ; also applied to any sort of capsule. Pddosperm : the stalk of a seed. Pointless: destitute of any pointed tip, such as a mucro, awn, acumination, &c. Pollen : the fertilizing powder of the anther ; p. 86, 114. Pollen-mass : applied to the pollen when the grains all cohere into a mass, as in Milkweed and Orchis. Poly- (in compound words of Greek origin) : same as multi- in those of Latin origin, viz many ; as Polyadelphous : having the stamens united by their filaments into several bun. dies; p. 112. Polydndrous : with numerous (more than 20) stamens (inserted on th& recep- tacle) ; p. 112. Polycotyle'donous : having many (more than two) cotyledons, as Pines; p. 17, 137, fig. 45, 46. Polygamous : having some perfect and some separated flowers, on the same or on different individuals, as the Red Maple. Polygonal : many-angled. Polygynous : with many pistils or styles ; p. 116. Pofymerous : formed of many parts of each set. Polymorphous : of several or varying forms. Polypetdous ; when the petals are distinct or separate (whether few or many); p. 103. GLOSSARY. 227 : : many-leaved ; formed of several distinct pieces, as the calyx of Sedum, fig. 168, Flax, fig. 174, &c. Polysfyalous : same as the last when applied to the calyx ; p. 103. Polyspermous : many-seeded. Pome: the apple, pear, and similar fleshy fruits ; p. 128. Porous : full of holes or pores. Pouch : the silicic or short pod, as of Shepherd's Purse ; p. 133. Prcefloration : same as (estivation; p. 108. Prcefoliation : same as vernation; p. 75. Prcemdrse : ending abruptly, as if bitten off. Prickles : sharp elevations of the bark, coming off with it, as of the Rose ; p. 39. Prickly : bearing prickles, or sharp projections like them. Primine: the outer coat of the covering of the ovule ; p. 124. Primordial : earliest formed ; primordial leaves are the first after the cotyledons. Prismatic : prism-shaped ; having three or more angles bounding flat or hollowed sides. Process : any projection from the surface or edge of a body. Procumbent : trailing on the ground ; p. 37. Produced : extended or projecting, as the upper sepal of a Larkspur is produced above into a spur; p. 91, fig. 183. Proliferous (literally, bearing offspring) : where a new branch rises from an older one, or one head or cluster of flowers out of another, as in Filago Germanica, &c. Prostrate : lying flat on the ground. Prdteine: a vegetable product containing nitrogen ; p. 165. Protoplasm : the soft nitrogenous lining or contents of cells ; p. 165. Priiinose, Pruinate : frosted ; covered with a powder like hoar-frost. Puberulent : covered with fine and short, almost imperceptible down. Pubescent : hairy or downy, especially with fine and soft hairs or pubescence. Pulverulent, or Pulveraceous : dusted ; covered with fine powder, or what looks like such. Pulvinate : cushioned, or shaped like a cushion. Punctate : dotted, either with minute holes or what look as such (as the leaves of St. John's-wort and the Orange), or with minute projecting dots. Pungent : very hard, and sharp-pointed ; prickly-pointed. Putdmen: the stone of a drupe, or the shell of a nut ; p. 128. Pyramidal : shaped like a pyramid. Pyre'ne, Pyre'na : a seed-like nutlet or stone of a small drape. Pyxis, Pyxidium : a pod opening round horizontally by a lid ; p. 133, fig. 298, 311. Quadri-, in words of Latin origin : four ; as Quadrangular: four-angled. Quadrifoliate : four-leaved. Quddrifid: four-cleft; p 62. Quate'rnate : in fours. Qmnate : in fives. Quincuncial : in a quincunx ; when the parts in estivation are five, two of them outside, two inside, and one half out and half in, as shown in the calyx, fig. 224. Quintuple: five-fold. 228 GLOSSARY. Race: a marked variety which may be perpetuated from seed ; p. 174. Raceme : a flower-cluster, with one-flowered pedicels arranged along the sides of a general peduncle ; p. 78, fig. 156. Racemose : bearing racemes, or raceme-like. Rachis : see rhachis. Radial: belonging to the ray. Radiate, or Radiant: furnished with ray-flowers ; p. 107 Radical: belonging to the root, or apparently coming from the root. Rddicant : rooting, taking root on or above the ground, like the stems of Trum- pet-Creeper and Poison-Ivy. Rddicels : little roots or rootlets. Radicle : the stem-part of the embryo, the lower end of which forms the root ; p. 6, fig. 4, &c. ; p. 137. Rameal : belonging to a branch. Ramose: full of branches (rami). Rdmulose: full of branchlets (ramuli). Raphe : see rhaphe. Ray : the marginal flowers of a head (as of Coreopsis, p. 107, fig. 219) or cluster (as of Hydrangea, fig. 167), when different from the rest, especially when ligulate, and diverging (like rays or sunbeams) ; the branches of an umbel, which diverge from a centre ; p. 79. Receptacle: the axis or support of a flower; p. 86, 124; the common axis or support of a head of flowers ; fig. 230. Reclined : turned or curved downwards ; nearly recumbent. Recurved: curved outwards or backwards. Reduplicate (in aestivation) : valvate with the margins turned outwards, p. 109. Reftexed : bent outwards or backwards. Refracted: bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the bend. Regular : all the parts similar ; p. 89. Re'niform: kidney-shaped ; p. 58, fig. 100. Repdnd." wavy-margined ; p. 62, fig. 115, Repent: creeping, i. e. prostrate and rooting underneath. Re'plum : the persistent frame of some pods (as of Prickly Poppy and Cress), after the valves fall away. Reproduction, organs of: all that pertains to the flower and fruit; p. 76. Resupinate : inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed. Reticulated: the veins forming network, as in fig. 50, 83. Retrqftexed : bent backwards ; same as rejlexed. Refuse : blunted ; the apex not only obtuse, but somewhat indented ; p. 60, fig. 107. Revolute : rolled backwards, as the margins of many leaves ; p. 76. Rhachis (the backbone) : the axis of a spike, or other body; p. 78. Rhaphe : the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an anatropous ovule (p. 123) or seed ; fig. 273, r, 319 and 320, b. Rhdphides : crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of plants. Rhizdma : a rootstock ; p. 40, fig. 64 - 67. Rhombic : in the shape of a rhomb. Rhomboidal : approaching that shape. Rib : the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces, of the framework of a leaf, p- 55 ; or any similar elevated line along a body. GLOSSARY. 229 Ring : an elastic band on the spore-cases of Ferns. Rinyent : grinning; gaping open; p. 102, fig. 209. Root, p. 28. Root-hairs, p. 31, 149. Rootlets : small roots, or root-branches ; p. 29. Rootstock : root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground ; p. 40. Rosaceous : arranged like the petals of a rose. Rostellate: bearing a small beak (rostellum). Rtistrate : bearing a beak (rostrum) or a prolonged appendage. Rtisulate : in a regular cluster of spreading leaves, resembling a full or double rose, as the leaves of Houseleek, &c. Rdtate: wheel-shaped : p. 101, fig. 204, 205. Rotund : rounded or roundish in outline. Rudimentary : imperfectly developed, or in an early state of development. Rugose : wrinkled, roughened with wrinkles. Ruminated (albumen) : penetrated with irregular channels or portions filled with softer matter, as a nutmeg. Runcinate : coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned towards the base of the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion. Runner : a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the joints, as of a Strawberry, p. 38. Sac : any closed membrane, or a deep purse-shaped cavity. Sagittate: arrowhead-shaped; p. 59, fig. 95. Salver-shaped, or Salver-form : with a border spreading at right angles to a slen- der tube, as the corolla of Phlox, p. 101, fig. 208, 202. Samara : a wing-fruit, or key, as of Maple, p. 5, fig. 1, Ash, p. 131, fig. 300, and Elm, fig. 301. Sdmaroid: like a samara or key-fruit. Sap: the juices of plants generally. Ascending or crude sap; p. 161, 168. Elaborated sap, that which has been digested or assimilated by the plant ; p. 162, 169. Sdrcocarp : the fleshy part of a stone-fruit, p. 128. Sarmentdceous : bearing long and flexible twigs (sarments), either spreading or procumbent. Saw-toothed : see serrate. Scabrous : rough or harsh to the touch. Scaldriform : with cross-bands, resembling the steps of a ladder. /Scales : of buds, p. 22, 50 ; of bulbs, &c., p. 40, 46, 50. Scaly : furnished with scales, or scale-like in texture ; p. 46, &c. Scandent: climbing; p. 37. Scape : a peduncle rising from the ground, or near it, as of the stemless Violets, the Bloodroot, &c. Scdpiform : scape-like. Scar of the seed, p. 135. Leaf-scars, p. 21. Scdrious or Scariose : thin, dry, and membranous. Sctfbifonn: resembling sawdust. 20 230 GLOSSARY. Scdrpioid or Scorpioidal : curved or circinate at the end, like the tail of a scor- pion, as the inflorescence of Heliotrope. Scrobiculate : pitted ; excavated into shallow pits. Scurf, Scurfiness : minute scales on the surface of many leaves, as of Goosefoot, Buffalo-berry, &c. Scutate : buckler-shaped. Scutettate, or Scutelliform : saucer-shaped or platter-shaped. Se'cund : one-sided ; i. e. where flowers, leaves, &c. are all turned to one side. Secundine : the inner coat of the ovule ; p. 124. Seed, p. 134. Seed-coats, p. 134. Seed-vessel, p. 127. Segment : a subdivision or lobe of any cleft body. Segregate : separated from each other. Semi- (in compound words of Latin origin) : half; as Semi-adherent, as the calyx or ovary of Purslane, fig. 214. Semicordate: half- heart-shaped. Sendlunar: like a half-moon. Semiovate: half-ovate, &c. Seminal : relating to the seed. Seminiferous ; seed-bearing. Sempervirent : evergreen. Sepal : a leaf or division of the calyx ; p. 85. Sepaloid : sepal-like. Sepaline : relating to the sepals. Separated Flowers : those having stamens or pistils only ; p. 89. Septate: divided by partitions (septa). Septenate : with parts in sevens. Septicidal : where a pod in dehiscence splits through the partitions, dividing each into two layers ; p. 132, fig. 306. Septiferous : bearing the partition. Septifragal : where the valves of a pod in dehiscence break away from the par- titions ; p. 132. Septum (plural septa) : a partition, as of a pod, &c. Serial, or Seriate : in rows ; as biserial, in two rows, &c. Sericeous : silky ; clothed with satiny pubescence. Serdtinous : happening late in the season. Serrate, or Serrated: the margin cut into teeth (serratures) pointing forwards/ p. 61, fig. 112. Serrulate: same as the last, but with fine teeth. Sessile : sitting ; without any stalk, as a leaf destitute of petiole, or an anther destitute of filament. Seta : a bristle, or a slender body or appendage resembling a bristle. Setaceous: bristle-like. Setiform : bristle-shaped. Setigerous : bearing bristles. Setose: beset with bristles or bristly hairs. Sex: six; in composition. Sexangnlar: six-angled, &c. Sheath : the base of such leaves as those of Grasses, which are Sheathing: wrapped round the stem. Shield-shaped: same as scutate, or as peltate, p. 59. Shrub, p. 21. Sigmoidi curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek sigma. Silicidose: bearing a silicic, or a fruit resembling it. Sificle: a pouch, or short pod of the Cress Family; p. 133. Silfqtu: a longer pod of the Cress Family ; p. 133, fig. 310. GLOSSARY. 231 Siliquose : bearing siliqucs or pods which resemble siliques. Silky : glossy with a coat of fine and soft, close-pressed, straight hairs. Silver-grain of wood , p. 151. Silvery : shining white or bluish-gray, usually from a silky pubescence. Simple : of one piece ; opposed to compound. Sinistrorse: turned to the left. Sinuate : strongly wavy ; with the margin alternately bowed inwards and out- wards; p. 62, fig. 116. Sinus : a recess or bay ; the re-entering angle or space between two lobes or pro jections. Sleep of Plants (so called), p. 170. Soboliferous : bearing shoots from near the ground. Solitary : single ; not associated with others. Sorus (plural sori) : the proper name of a fruit-dot of Ferns. Spadix: a fleshy spike of flowers ; p. 80, fig. 162. S}xithaceous : resembling or furnished with a Spathe: a bract which inwraps an inflorescence; p. 80, fig. 162. Spdtulate, or Spathulate : shaped like a spatula ; p. 58, fig. 92. Special Movements, p. 170. Species, p. 173. Specific Character, p. 181. Specific Names, p. 179. Spicate : belonging to or disposed in a spike. Spiciform : in shape resembling a spike. Spike : an inflorescence like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile ; p. 80, fig. 160. Spikelet : a small or a secondary spike ; the inflorescence of Grasses. Spine: a thorn; p. 39. Spindle-shaped- tapering to each end, like a radish ; p. 31, fig. 59. Spinescent : tipped by or degenerating into a thorn. Spinose, or Spiniferous: thorny. Spiral arrangement of leaves, p. 72. Spiral vessels or ducts, p. 148. Sjwrdngia, or Spdrocarps : spore-cases of Ferns, Mosses, &c. Spore: a body resulting from the fructification of Cryptogamous plants, in them taking the place of a seed. Sp6mle: same as a spore, or a small spore. Spur: any projecting appendage of the flower, looking like a spur, as that of Larkspur, fig. 183. Squamate, Squamose, or Sqnamaceous: furnished with scales (squamai). Sqiuamellate or Squdmulose : furnished with little scales (squamellce or squamulce). Squdmiform : shaped like a scale. Squarrose : where scales, leaves, or any appendages, are spreading widely from the axis on which they are thickly set. Squdrrulose : diminutive of squarrose ; slightly squarrose. Stalk : the stem, petiole, peduncle, &c., as the case may be- Stamen, p. 86, 111. Staminate : furnished with stamens; p. 89. Stamineal: relating to the stamens Staminddium. an abortive stamen, or other body resembling a sterile stamen. Standard: the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla; p. 105, fig. 217, 218, s- Starch : a well-known vegetable product ; p. 163. 232 GLOSSARY. Station : the particular place, or kind of situation, in which a plant naturally occurs. Stellate, Stellular: starry or star-like; where several similar parts spread out from a common centre, like a star. Stem, p. 36, &c. Stemless : destitute or apparently destitute of stem. Sterile : ban-en or imperfect ; p. 89. Stigma : the part of the pistil which receives the pollen ; p. 87. Stiymdtic, or Stigmatose : belonging to the stigma. Stipe (Latin stipes) the stalk of a pistil, &c., when it has any ; the stem of a Mushroom. Stipel : a stipule of a leaflet, as of the Bean, &c. Stipulate: furnished with stipcls, as the Bean and some other Leguminous plants. Stipitate: furnished with a stipe, as the pistil of Cleome, fig. 276. Stipulate: furnished with stipules. Stipules: the appendages one each side of the base of certain leaves ; p. 69. Stolons : trailing or reclined and rooting shoots ; p. 37. Stolomferous : producing stolons. Stomate (Latin stoma, plural stomata) : the breathing-pores of leaves, &c. ; p. 156. Strap-shaped: long, flat, and narrow; p 106. Striate, or Striated: marked with slender longitudinal grooves or channels (Latin striae}. Strict : close and narrow ; straight and narrow. Strigillose, Strigose : beset with stout and appressed, scale.-like or rigid bristles. Strobildceous : relating to, or resembling a Strdbile : a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, as that of the Hop and of the Pine; fig. 314, p. 133. Strdphiole : same as caruncle. Strophiolate : furnished with a strophiole. Struma : a wen ; a swelling or protuberance of any organ. Style: a part of the pistil which bears the stigma ; p. 86. Stylopddium : an epigynous disk, or an enlargement at the base of the style, found in Umbelliferous and some other plants. Sub-, as a prefix : about, nearly, somewhat ; as subcordate, slightly cordate : fub~ serrate, slightly serrate : subaxillary, just beneath the axil, &c., &c. Suberose: corky or cork-like in texture. Subclass, p. 177, 183. Suborder, p. 176. Subtribe, p. 177. Subulate : awl-shaped ; tapering from a broadish or thickish base to a sharp point ; p. 68. Succulent : juicy or pulpy. Suckers: shoots from subterranean branches; p. 37. Siiffrut¢ : slightly shrubby or woody at the base only ; p. 36. Sugar, p. 163. Sulcate: grooved longitudinally furrows. Supernumerary Buds: p. 26. Supe'rvolute : plaited and convolute in bud; p. 110, fig. 225. Supra-axillary : borne above the axil, as some buds ; p. 26, fig. 52. Supra-decompound: many times compounded or divided. GLOSSARY. 233 Surculose : producing suckers, or shoots resembling them. Suspended: hanging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from, the very summit of the cell which contains them ; p. 122, fig. 269. Sutural: belonging or relating to a suture. Suture: the line of junction of contiguous parts grown together; p. 117. Sword-shaped: vertical leaves with acute parallel edges, tapering above to a point; as those of Iris, fig. 133. Symmetrical Flower: similar in the number of parts of each set; p. 89. Syndntherous, or Syngenesious: where stamens are united by their anthers ; p. 1 1 2, fig. 229. Syncdrpous (fruit or pistil) : composed of several carpels consolidated into one. System, p. 195. Systematic Botany: the study of plants after their kinds; p. 3. Taper-pointed: same as acuminate ; p. 60, fig. 103. Tap-root : a root with a stout tapering body ; p. 32. Tawny : dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown. Taxdnomi/ : the part of Botany which treats of classification. Tegmen : a name for the inner seed-coat. Tendril: a thread-shaped body used for climbing, p. 38: it is either a branch, as in Virginia Creeper, fig. 62 ; or a part of a leaf, as in Pea and Vetch, fig. 127. Terete : long and round ; same as cylindrical, only it may taper. Terminal : borne at, or belonging to, the extremity or summit. Terminology : the part of the science which treats of technical terms ; same as glossology. Te'rnate: in threes; p. 66. Ternately: in a ternate way. Testa : the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed ; p. 134. Tetra- (in words of Greek composition) : four; as, Tetractfccous : of four cocci or carpels. Tetradynamous : where a flower has six stamens, two of them shorter than th other four, as in Mustard, p. 92, 112, fig. 188. Tetrdf/onal: four-angled. Tetrdgynous: with four pistils or styles ; p. 116. Tetrdinerons : with its parts or sets in fours. Tetrdndrous: with four stamens ; p. 112. T/ieca : a case ; the cells or lobes of the anther. Thorn: see spine; p. 39. Thread-shaped: slender and round, or roundish like a thread ; as the filament of stamens generally. Throat : the opening or gorge of a monopetalous corolla, &c., where the border and the tube join, and a little below. Thyrse or Thyrsus: a compact and pyramidal panicle; p. 81. To'mentose : clothed with matted woolly hairs (tomentum). Tongue-shaped: long, flat, but thickish, and blunt. Toothed: furnished with teeth or short projections of any sort on tne margin - used especially when these are sharp, like saw-teeth, and do not point for, wards ; p. 61, fig. 113. Top-shaped: shaped like a top, or a cone with its apex downwards. 20* 234 GLOSSARY. Tdrose, Tdrulose: knobby; where a cylindrical body is swollen at interrals. Torus: the receptacle of the flower; p. 86, 124. Tree, p. 21. Tri-, in composition : three ; as Triadelphous : stamens united by their filaments into three bundles; p. 112. Tridndrous : where the flower has three stamens ; p. 112. Tribe, p. 176. Trichdtomous : three-forked. Tric6ccous : of three cocci or roundish carpels. Tricolor ; having three colors. Tricdstate : having three ribs. Tricuspidate : three-pointed. Tridentate: three-toothed. Triennial : lasting for three years. Trifdrious : in three vertical rows ; looking three ways. Trfftd: three-cleft; p. 62. Trifoliate : three-leaved. Trifdliolate : of three leaflets ; p. 66. Trifurcate : three-forked. Trigonous : three-angled, or triangular. Trigynous: with three pistils or styles ; p. 116. Trijugate: in three pairs (jugi)- Trildbed, or Trilobate : three-lobcd ; p. 62. Trildcular: three-celled, as the pistils or pods in fig. 225-227. Trimerous: with its parts in threes, as Trillium, fig. 189. Trine'rvate : three-nerved, or with three slender ribs. Tricecious : where there are three sorts of flowers on the same or different indi- viduals ; as in Red Maple. Tripartite : separable into three pieces. Tripartite : three-parted ; p. 62. Tripetalous : having three petals ; as in fig. 189. Triphyllous : three-leaved ; composed of three pieces. Tripmnate: thrice pinnate ; p. 66. Tripinndtifid : thrice pinnately cleft ; p. 64. Triple-ribbed, Triple-nerved, &c. : where a midrib branches into three near the base of the leaf, as in Sunflower. frique'trous : sharply three-angled ; and especially with the sides concave, like a bayonet. Triserial, or Triseriate: in three rows, under each other. Tristichous : in three longitudinal or perpendicular ranks. Tristigmdtic, or Tristigmatose : having three stigmas. Trisulcate ; three-grooved. Trite'rnate: three times ternate ; p. 67. Trivial Name : the specific name. Trochlear : pulley-shaped. Trumpet-shaped: tubular, enlarged at or towards the summit, as the corolla or Trumpet-Creeper. Truncate : as if cut off at the top ; p. 60, fig. 106. Tube, p. 102. Trunk : the main stem or general body of a stem or tree. Tuber: a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided with eye (buds) on the sides ; as a potato, p 43, fig. 68. fubercle : a small excrescence. Tuberded, or Tubercufate : bearing excrescences or pimples. Tuberous: resembling a tuber. Tuberiferous : bearing tubers. Tubular: hollow and of an elongated form; hollowed like a pipe. GLOSSARY. 235 Tumid : swollen ; somewhat inflated. Tunicate : coated ; invested with layers, as an onion ; p. 46. Turbinate: top-shaped. Turgid: thick' as if ollen. Turio (plural turimes) : young shoots or suckers springing out of the ground ; as Asparagus-shoots. Turnip-shaped : broader than high, abruptly narrowed below ; p. 32, fig. 57. Twin : in pairs (see geminate}, as the flowers of Liimsea. Twining : ascending by coiling round a support, like the Hop ; p. 37. Typical : well expressing the characteristics of a species, genus, &c. Umbel: the umbrella-like form of inflorescence ; p. 79, fig. 159. Umbellate : in umbels. Umbelliferous : bearing umbels. Umbellet : a secondary or partial umbel ; p. 81. Umbilicate : depressed in the centre, like the ends of an apple. Umbonate : bossed ; furnished with a low, rounded projection like a boss (urnbo)- Umbrdculiform ; umbrella-shaped, like a Mushroom, or the top of the style of Sarracenia. Unarmed : destitute of spines, prickles, and the like. Uncinate : hook-shaped ; hooked over at the end. Under-shrub : partially shrubby, or a very low shrub. Undulate : wavy, or wavy-margined ; p. 62. Unequally pinnate : pinnate with an odd number of leaflets; p. 65. Unguiculate: furnished with a claw (unguis) ; p. 102, i. e. a narrow base, as the petals of a Rose, where the claw is very short, and those of Pinks (fig. 200), where the claw is very long. Uni-, in compound words : one ; as Uniflorous : one-flowered. Unifdliate : one-leaved. Unifdliolate : of one leaflet ; p. 66. Unijugate : of one pair. Unildbiate: one-lipped. Unilateral: one-sided. Unil6cular: one-celled, as the pistil in fig. 261, and the anther in fig. 238, 239. Unidvulate: having only one ovule, as in fig. 213, and fig. 267-269. Unise'rial : in one horizontal row. Unisexual: having stamens or pistils only, as in Moonseed, fig. 176, 177, &c. Univalved: a pod of only one piece after dehiscence, as fig. 253. Urceolate : urn-shaped. Utricle : a small, thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of Goosefoot ; p. 130, fig. 350 Utricular : like a small bladder. Vdginate: sheathed, surrounded by a sheath (vagina). Valve: one of the pieces (or doors) into which a dehiscent pod, or any simfta* body, splits; p. 131, 114. Valvate, Valvular : opening by valves. Valvate in aestivation, p. 109. Variety, p. 174, 177. Vascular: containing vessels, or consisting of vessels, such as ducts ; p. 146, 148. Vaulted: arched; same as, fornicate. Vegetable Physiology, p. 3. Veil : the calyptra of Mosses. Veins : the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves, &c. ; p. 55. 236 GLOSSARY. Veined, Veiny: furnished with evident veins. Veinless: destitute of veins. Veinlets : the smaller ramifications of veins. Velate : furnished with a veil. Velutinous : velvety to the touch. Venation : the veining of leaves, &c. ; p. 55. Venose : veiny ; furnished with conspicuous veins. Ventral: belonging to that side of a simple pistil, or other organ, which looks towards the axis or centre of the flower ; the opposite of dorsal ; as the Ventral Suture, p. 117. Ve'ntricose : inflated or swelled out on one side. Venulose : furnished with veinlets. Vermicular : shaped like worms. Vernation : the arrangement of the leaves in the bud ; p. 75. Ve'rnicose : the surface appearing as if varnished. Ve'micose : warty ; beset with little projections like warts. Versatile: attached by one point, so that it may swing to and fro, as the anthers of the Lily and Evening Primrose ; p. 113, fig. 234. Vertex : same as the apex. Vertical, : upright ; perpendicular to the horizon, lengthwise. Verticil: a whorl ; p. 71. Verticillate : whorled; p. 71, 75, fig. 148. Vesicle: a little bladder. Embryonal Vesicle, p. 139. Vesicular: bladdery. Vessels: ducts, &c. ; p. 146, 148. Ve'xillary, Vexillar: relating to the Vexillum: the standard of a papilionaceous flower; p. 105, fig. 218, . Villose: shaggy with long and soft hairs (villosity.) Vimineous : producing slender twigs, such as those used for wicker-work. Vine : any trailing or climbing stem ; as a Grape-vine. Vire'scent, Viridescent : greenish; turning green. Virgate : wand-shaped, as a long, straight, and slender twig. Viscous, Viscid: having a glutinous surface. Vitta (plural vittce) : the oil-tubes of the fruit of Umbelliferae. Vduble: twining, as the stem of Hops and Beans ; p. 37. Wavy : the surface or margin alternately convex and concave ; p. 62. Waxy : resembling beeswax in texture or appearance. Wedge-shaped: broad above, and tapering by straight lines to a narrow basR p. 58, fig. 94. Wheel-shaped: see rotate; p. 102, fig. 204, 205. Whorl, Whorled: when leaves, &c. are arranged in a circle round the stew p. 71, 75, fig. 148. Wing: any membranous expansion. Wings of papilionaceous flowers, p. 105 Winged: furnished with a wing; as the fruit of Ash and Elm, fig. 300, 301. Wood, p. 145. Woody: of the texture or consisting of wood. Woody Fibre, or Wood-Cells, p. 146. Woolly : clothed with long and. entangled soft hairs ; as the leaves cf Mullein. THE END. MANUAL OF THE BOTANY OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION. MANUAL OF THE BOTANY (PMNOGAMIA AND PTERIDOPHYTA) OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION, FROM NEW MEXICO TO THE BRITISH BOUNDARY. BY JOHN M. COULTER, PH.D., PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN WABASH COLLEGE, AND EDITOR OF THK BOTANICAL GAZETTE, IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY: NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. 1885. Copyright, 1885, BY JOHN M. COULTER. PREFACE. THIS manual is intended to do for its own range what has been for a long time so admirably done for the Northeastern States by Dr. Gray's Manual. About ten years ago it was the writer's privilege to assist Professor Porter in the preparation of the Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado, a first attempt to bring together in convenient shape, for a restricted region, the scat- tered material of our Western collectors. The demand even then for a book by no means complete or conveniently arranged was unexpected, and in the wonderful development of the decade since then lies the confidence that a more convenient book covering a greater range will be welcome to many. The difficulties attending the naming of Western plants, owing to the fact that descriptions are scattered through numerous and often inaccessible publications, can only be appreciated by those who have attempted it. From this fact, a great stimulus to the study of systematic botany has been lacking, collectors have been almost entirely professional, and a thousand possible streams of information have been reduced to a score. West of the Mississippi Valley prairie region, which is but the continuation of more eastern conditions, there are three well-defined floras. One is that of the Pacific slope ; another is Mexican in character, extending from the Great Basin to Arizona, New Mexico, Western Texas, and southward into Mexico ; the third is the Rocky Mountain region, extending eastward across the plains to the prairies. The first region is well provided for in the two volumes of the Botany of California. The second, in the Great Basin, has VI PREFACE. Sereno Watson's Botany of the 0th Parallel, and in its Ari- zona and New Mexican section, Dr. Eothrock's Botany of the Wheeler Survey. The third region is that which this manual attempts to provide for, its only predecessor being the Synop- sis of the Flora of Colorado, already referred to. Essentially, therefore, the range includes Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Western Dakota, Western Nebraska, and Western Kansas, the hundredth meridian representing very nearly the eastern boundary. While this is true, the larger part of contiguous floras also will be found described, so that the western part of the Indian Territory, Northwestern Texas, Northern New Mexico and Arizona, and Eastern Utah and Idaho, may be included for all except their own peculiar plants. In Utah, our range is naturally carried westward by the Uinta and Wah- satch Mountains, whose plants are intended to be included. This edition only claims to be a compilation, an orderly arrangement and sifting of scattered material. The chief reason is, that first editions are necessarily incomplete, and that materials for the satisfactory presentation of a flora most quickly come from the provocation of an incomplete edition. The author will therefore esteem it the surest evidence of the usefulness of this book, if in the abundance of correc- tions called forth a more complete edition may be attempted at an early day. It is unnecessary to give all the sources of descriptions and information, as it would simply be a catalogue of the very numerous contributions to western botany. The professional botanist will notice that descriptions have been chiefly obtained from the Botany of California, Botany of King's Expedition, and Eaton's Ferns of North America, all constantly influenced by Gray's Manual ; and that the presentation of Gamopetalse is little more than a culling from Dr. Gray's recent volumes of the Synoptical Flora of North America. As in most cases de- scriptions and synoptical arrangement could be obtained from the writings of Dr. Gray, Mr. Watson, and Professor Eaton, little more is attempted in this edition than to adapt these descriptions to the spirit of the work with as little change as PREFACE. Vll possible. To Dr. Gray is due, not only the thought which grew into this book, but also a constant encouragement and patient criticism which have developed anything of merit it possesses. Mr. Watson has also responded generously to ev- ery demand made upon him ; while to Messrs. M. S. Bebb and L. H. Bailey, Jr. is due the relief of some original work, the former being our well-known authority in the difficult genus Sal-ix, and the latter an ardent and most successful student of the perplexing genus Car ex. At the time of his death, Dr. George Engelmann had in preparation the groups with which his name is so closely connected, and their presentation shows the lack of his master hand. In general, the ordinal sequence adopted by Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plantarum has been followed, but Gymno- sperms have been transferred to the end of Phsenogams, and Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons subordinated to Angio- sperms. This change has been made simply because it better expresses relationships which have long been recognized. The term "Cryptogam" has been discarded as the correlative of Phsenogam, and Pteridophyta (Vascular Cryptogams) is used as the name of the second great series of plants. The orders and ordinal sequence of the Pteridophyta are thought best to express their relationships. Introduced plants are placed in foot-notes, that they may be separated as far as possible from our native plants, and their relation to the flora thus emphasized. To save space, there is no attempt to give any but the most important references and synonymy, while geographical range is reduced to its lowest terms, and collectors' names almost entirely omitted. For the most part no characters have been repeated, and the student is warned that generic characters especially must be sought for through analytical keys. The professional botanist will note a glaring inconsistency in this respect, the genera of some families being grouped by means of a few very salient characters, while those of others are presented with almost full descriptions, only certain supple- mentary statements being left to head the descriptions of Vlll PEEFACE. species. It is sufficient to say that the two methods hold the relation to each other of former and latter in the preparation of this book. In groups of species certain contrasting characters have been italicized, according to the method of Gray's Manual. This is done to facilitate the work of the student, but with the mental reservation that its abuse may more than offset its advantage. Ten years' experience as a teacher has shown that the ordinary student will fix his attention upon the itali- cized characters to the neglect of the description as a whole. The student is here warned that the specific descriptions in this book have been so much reduced that no unimportant characters are intended to be given. JOHN M. COULTER. WABASH COLLEGE, CRAWFORDSVILLE, INDIANA, January 1, 1885. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. SERIES I. PH^ENOOAMIA OR FLOWERING PLANTS. Those with, flowers and seeds. CLASS I. ANGIOSPERM^E. Pistil a closed ovary containing the ovules. SUBCLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS. Embryo with two cotyledons. Leaves netted- veined. Flowers usually 4 or 5-merous. DIVISION I. POLYPETAL^E. Calyx and corolla both present: the latter of separate petals. A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the petals. 1. Stamens on the receptacle, free from tJie ovary and calyx. Pistils few to many distinct carpels RANUNCULACE^E, 1 Pistil compound : cells, placentae, or stigmas more than one. Petals more numerous than sepals, Very numerous, small and persistent : aquatic. . . NTMPH^JACE^, 3 Twice as many (4 or 6), and both usually caducous. PAPAVERACE^E, 4 Five to sixteen : sepals persistent. . . . PORTULACACE^E, 12 Petals same number as sepals, Four, and both deciduous. . . . . . CAPPARIDACE^E, 7 Five, and the calyx persistent. Sepals valvate in the bud : stamens monadelphous. MALVACEAE, 15 Sepals imbricated in the bud : leaves entire and pellucid-punctate. HYPERICACE^E, 14 2. Stamens on the (free or adnate) calyx. Leafless mostly prickly fleshy plants : ovary 1-celled. . . CACTACE^E, 34 Leafy fleshy plants : ovary 3 or more-celled. . . . FICOIDEJS, 35 Leafy fleshy herbs : ovary 1-celled PORTULACACE^E, 12 Not fleshy. Leaves opposite, simple : sepals and petals 4 or 5. . . SAXIFRAGACE^J, 27 Leaves alternate, with stipules ROSACEJE, 26 Leaves alternate, without stipules, rough. . . . LOASACE.E, 32 X ANALYTICAL KEY. JB. Stamens 1 or less, or at most not more than twice the petals. 1. Ovary or ovaries superior or mainly so. * Pistils more than one, and distinct. Pistils same number as petals and as sepals : leaves fleshy. CRASSULACE^E, 98 Pistils not same number as petals or sepals. Stamens on the receptacle RANUNCULACE^;, 1 Stamens on the calyx. Stipules persistent : leaves alternate ROSACEJE, 26 Stipules none or indistinct. .... SAXIFRAGACE^E, 27 * * Pistil only one. <- Pistil simple, as shown by the single style, stigma, and cell. Anthers opening by uplifted valves or transversely. . BERBERIDACE^E, 2 Anthers opening lengthwise or at the top. Flowers irregular, or leaves twice pinnate : fruit a legume. LEGUMINOSJE, 25 Flowers irregular : leaves simple POLYGALACE^E, 9 Flowers regular : leaves mostly stipulate : fruit a drupe or akene ROSACE^E, 26 *- -i- Pistil compound, as shown by the number of cells or placenta;, styles or stigmas. Ovary 1-celled, with (2 to 4, rarely more) parietal placentae. Petals (long-clawed) and teeth of long-tubular calyx 4 or 5 FRANKENIACE.E, 10 Petals and sepals or lobes of the cleft calyx 5. Corolla irregular : lower petal spurred. . . . VIOLACE^E, 8 Corolla regular or nearly so : styles or stigmas entire. SAXIFRAGACE^;, 27 Petals 4 : bract-like sepals 2 : flower irregular. . . FUMARIACE.E, 5 Petals and sepals each 4 : stamens 6. ... CAPPARIDACE^E, 7 Ovary and pod 2-celled : 2 parietal placentae : stamens tetra- dynamous CRUCIFERYE, 6 Ovary and capsule 1-celled, several to many-seeded on a central placenta, Truly so ; the partitions wanting or very incomplete. Sepals 2 : leaves often alternate. > . PORTULACACE.E, 12 Sepals or calyx-lobes 5 or 4 : leaves all opposite. CARYOPHYLLACE^S, 1 1 Apparently so ; the partitions at length vanishing. Stipules between the opposite leaves. . . . ELATINACE^E, 13 No stipules LYTIIRACE.E, 30 Ovary and fruit 1-celled, with a single seed on a stalk from the base. Shrubs : styles or stigmas 3 : fruit drupe-like. ANACARDIACE^E, 24 Herbs : style at most 2-cleft : fruit a utricle. ILLECEBRACE^), 63 Ovary more than 1-celled : seeds attached to the axis, or base, or summit. Flowers very irregular: ovary 2-celled: cells 1-seeded. POLYGALACE.E, 9 Flowers regular or nearly so. No green foliage Monotropeae, etc., in ERICACEAE, 45 Foliage pellucid-punctate: strong-scented shrubs. . RCTACE.E, 19 Foliage not pellucid-punctate. Anthers opening by terminal chinks or pores. . . ERICACEAE, 45 ANALYTICAL KEY. xi Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens as many as the petals, and opposite them. Calyx-lobes valvate in the bud. . . . RHAMNACE^E, 21 Calyx-lobes small or obsolete : petals valvate. . VITACE^:, 22 Stamens when just as many as petals alternate with them. Strong-scented shrub : leaves opposite, 2-folio- late. ZYGOPHYLLACE.3E, 17 Strong-scented herbs : leaves lobed or compound. GERANIACE^E, 18 Herbs, not strong-scented. Ovules 1 to 4 in each cell. Leaves all simple and entire. . . . LINAGES, 16 Leaves all opposite, compound, and leaflets entire. ZYGOPHYLLACE^E, 17 Leaves alternate or opposite, the latter with divisions or leaflets not entire. . GERANIACE^E, 18 Ovules numerous. Stamens on the calyx : styles 2 or 3. SAXIFRAGACE.S, 27 Stamens on the receptacle : leaves opposite, simple. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, 2 or 5 ELATINACE^E, 13 Cells fewer than the sepals, 3. Mollugo, in FICOIDE^E, 35 Shrubs or trees with opposite simple leaves. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. . . CELASTKACEJE, 20 Leaves palmately veined, lobed. . . . SAPINDACE^E, 23 Shrubs or trees with opposite compound leaves. Stamens 4 to 8. . . . . . SAPINDACE.E, 23 Stamens 2 or rarely 3. . . ,-, ^ . OLEACE.E, 47 2. Ovary and fruit inferior or mainly so. Tendril-bearing herbs : flowers monoecious or dioecious. CDCURBITACE.E, 33 Aquatic herbs : flowers dioecious or monandrous. HALORAGE.E, 29 Shrubs or herbs, not tendril-bearing nor dioecious, nor umbelliferous. Stamens as many as the small or unguiculate petals and opposite them. RHAMNACE^J, 21 Stamens if of the number of the petals alternate with them. Styles 2 to 5, distinct or united below. Fruit a few-seeded pome ROSACES, 26 Fruit a many-seeded capsule SAXIFRAGACE.E, 27 Fruit a 1-celled many-seeded berry. . Ribes, in SAXIFRAGACE^E, 27 Style 1, undivided : stigmas 1 to 4. Flowers in cymes or a glomerate cluster. . CORNACE^J, 38 Flowers racemose, spicate, or axillary. Ovary 1-celled : herbage scabrous. . , . LOASACE.E, 32 Ovary 2 to 5-, mostly 4-celled. . . . ONAGRACE^;, 31 Herbs : flowers in umbels : styles 2 : fruit dry. . . UAIBELLIFER^E, 36 Herbs or shrubs : flowers in umbels : styles 4 or 5 : fruit berry-like ARALIACE^, 37 XI 1 ANALYTICAL KEY. DIVISION II. GAMOPETAL.E. Petals more or less united into ene piece. A. Ovary inferior, or mostly so. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla, 8 or 10, dis- tinct ERICACEAE, 45 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, 5 (or 4), syngenesious. Flowers in an involucrate head. COMPOSITE, 42 Flowers separate, racemose or spicate LOBELIACE^D, 43 Stamens as many as the corolla lobes (at least 4), distinct, Nearly or quite free from the corolla : leaves alternate : no stipules. CAMPANDLACE.E, 44 Inserted on the corolla : leaves opposite or whorled, With stipules, or else in whorls, quite entire. . . RUBIACE/E, 40 Without stipules, opposite CAPRIFOLIACE.E, 39 Stamens only 3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Leaves opposite : stamens distinct. . . . VALERIANACE^E, 41 Leaves alternate : stamens often united. . . . CUCURBITACEJE, 33 B. Ovary superior (free), or mostly so. 1. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. Pistil single and simple : leaves compound. . . . LEGUMINOS^E, 25 Pistil compound, with one undivided style ERICACEAE, 45 2. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. Style 1 : ovary and capsule several to many-seeded. . . PRIMULACE.E, 46 3. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them, or fewer. * No green herbage. Corolla regular : stamens free : seeds very many and minute. Monotropeae, in ERICACEAE, 45 Corolla regular : stamens on the tube : fruit 2-celled. Cuscuta, in CONVOLVULACE^E, 54 Corolla irregular : stamens didynamous : capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. OROBANCHACE.E, 57 * * With ordinary green herbage. i- Corolla regular or nearly so : stamens not didynamous. Corolla scarious and veinless : stemless herbs. . . PLANT AGINACE.E, 61 Corolla more or less veiny. Stamens 2 or 3 : parts of the corolla 4 or 5. . . . OLEACE.E, 47 Stamens 5 (or 4), as many as the corolla-lobes. Pollen in solid waxy masses : fruit a pair of folli- cles ASCLEPIADACE^E, 49 Pollen powdery. Ovaries 2 : fruit a pair of follicles. . . . APOCYNACE.E, 48 ANALYTICAL KEY. xiil Ovary 4-lobed, forming 4 separate or separable seed- like nutlets. ...... BORRAGINACE^E, 53 Ovary single and entire. Style 3-cleft at apex : capsule 3-celled : corolla convolute POLEMONIACEJE, 51 Styles or stigmas 2 or 1 . Ovules and seeds at most 4, large, with large embryo and little or no albumen : peduncles axillary. CONVOLVULACE.E, 54 Ovules few or numerous : embryo small, in albumen. Leaves all opposite or whorled and entire : capsule 1-celled : corolla convolute. . . GENTIANACE^;, 50 Leaves various, mainly alternate. Styles 2 (or 1 and 2-cleft) : capsule 1 to 2- celled HYDROPHYLLACE^E, 52 Style 1 : stigma usually 1 : capsule or berry 2-celled, rarely more SOLANACE^E, 55 See also Limosella, in ... SCROPHULARIACE-S:, 56 -i- H- Corolla irregular : stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or 2: style 1. Ovary and capsule 2-celled : seeds small, mostly indefi- nite SCROPHULARIACE2E, 56 Ovary and capsule 1-celled, with many-seeded placenta? in the axis LENTIBULARIACE^E, 58 Ovary 4-parted, in fruit as many seed-like nutlets. . . LABIATE, 60 Ovary undivided : fruit splitting into 2 or 4 one-seeded nutlets. . . VERBENACEJG, 59 DIVISION III. APETAL^E. Corolla, (and sometimes calyx) wanting. A. Flowers not in aments. 1. Ovary and fruit superior, 1-celled and l-ovuled, or carpels distinct if more than one. Stipules sheathing the stem at the nodes. . . . POLYGONACE^, 66 Stipules not sheathing the stem or none. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate : flowers perfect : fruit a tailed akene. Cercocarpus, in ROSACES, 26 Leaves alternate : flowers unisexual : fruit a utricle. CHENOPODIACE^:, 65 Leaves opposite. Fruit an akene : leaves small and narrow. Coleogyne, in ROSACES, 26 Fruit a simple samara : leaves pinnate. Fraxinus, in OLEACE^E, 47 Herbaceous, or sometimes woody at base. Fruit a utricle : seed lenticular : embryo annular or spiral. Flowers with scarious persistent sepals and bracts : no stipules AMARANTACE^:, 64 XIV ANALYTICAL KEY. Bracts herbaceous or none : no stipules. . CHENOPODIACE^E, 65 Stipules scarious ILLECEBRACE^E, 63 Fruit a more or less triangular akene : embryo curved. Flowers perfect, on jointed pedicels, involucrate. POLYGONACE^E, 66 Akene not triangular : embryo straight. Flowers unisexual : filaments incurved in bud : leaves simple URTICACE.E, 73 Submerged : flowers axillary, naked : leaves sessile, filiformly dissected CERATOPHYLLACE.E, 72 Carpels several and distinct, 1 to several-ovuled : calyx usually corolla-like. .... RANUNCULACE,E, 1 2. As in (1), but ovary and fruit enclosed by the calyx and apparently inferior. Shrubs, with scurfy opposite entire leaves : flowers dioecious : fruit baccate. ELJEAGNACE^E, 67 Herbs : calyx corolla-like : fruit an akene. Leaves simple, opposite, entire, without stipules: flowers involucrate NYCTAGINACE.E, 62 Leaves compound, alternate, stipulate ROSACES, 26 3. Ovary and fruit superior, of 2 or more carpels. Fruit 2 to 4-celled, usually lobed : cells 1 to 2-ovuled. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed : juice milky : mostly herbaceous. EUPHORBIACE.E, 70 Fruit 4-celled, 4-lobed, compressed, indehiscent : styles 2 : small aquatic, with opposite entire leaves. CALLITRICHACE^:, 71 Fruit fleshy, 3-celled, 3-lobed : shrubs with alternate simple leaves RHAMNACE^E, 21 Fruit a double samara : trees with opposite pinnate leaves. SAPINDACE^E, 23 Cruciferous herb : pod small, obcompressed. Lepidium, in CRUCIFER^E, 6 Fruit capsular, 1 -celled or more, several-ovuled: low herbs with opposite leaves. Capsule 3 to 5-celled : succulent. . . . . . FICOIDE.E, 35 Capsule 1 -celled : placentae central. Style and stigma 1 : stamens alternate with the sepals. Glaux, in PRIMULACE.E, 46 Styles or stigmas 3 or more: stamens opposite the sepals . . CARYOPHYLLACE^:, 11 4. Ovary and fruit inferior. Fruit many-seeded: capsule (^ inferior) 1 -celled: leaves cordate SAXIFRAGACE^;, 27 Fruit mostly 1 -seeded. Flowers perfect : fruit nut-like : herbs with alternate entire leaves SANTALACEJE, 69 Dioecious parasites on trees, with opposite leaves and jointed stems : berry with glutinous pulp. . . . LORANTHACEJE, 68 Aquatic herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves. . HALORAGE^E, 29 ANALYTICAL KEY. XV 13. Flowers unisexual, at least the staminate in aments. Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves. Monoecious : male flowers in aments ; female solitary or few : ovary inferior : leaves simple, with caducous stipules. Anthers 2-celled : nut in a cup-like or spiny involucre. CUPULIFERJE, 74 Anther cells separate : nut in a foliaceous or tubular invo- lucre Corylus in CUPULIFER.E, 74 Monoecious or dioecious, flowers all in aments : ovary superior. Fruit a 1 -seeded nutlet: bracts thickened and rigid in fruit: nut winged or angled. . . . Betuleae, in CUPULIFER.E, 74 Fruit a many-seeded capsule : dioecious : bracts herbaceous : seeds comose. SALICACE^E, 75 SUBCLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONS. Embryo with a single cotyledon. Leaves mostly parallel- veined. Flowers usually 3-merous, never in fives. Mostly herbaceous. A. Ovary inferior: perianth conspicuous, colored : terrestrial : flowers perfect. Flowers irregular : stamens and style coherent ; anthers 1 or 2 : leaves alternate, sheathing ORCHIDACEJE, 76 Flowers regular : stamens 3, perigynous : leaves equitant. . IRIDACE^, 77 Flowers regular : stamens 6, perigynous : leaves not equitant. AMARYLLIDACE^E, 78 B. Ovary superior or nearly so : perianth regular or none. Carpels united into a compound ovary : perianth corolla-like, rarely partly herbaceous : terrestrial plants. Woody climber, with tendrils : anthers 1-celled. . , ^ SMILACE^E, 80 Herbs : anthers 2-celled. Perianth mostly of similarly colored lobes or divisions : steins from a bulb, corm, or rhizome. . . . LILIACE^E, 79 Perianth of 3 green sepals, and 3 ephemeral deliquescent petals : stems from fibrous roots. . . COMMELIN^CEJE, 81 Carpels distinct or solitary : aquatic or marsh herbs. Perianth none : seed albuminous : fruit utricular or nut-like. Flowers monoecious in heads or on a crowded spadix : leaves linear. ' . TYPHACEJE, 83 Small floating disk-like plants. .... LEMNACEJB, 84 Perianth herbaceous, petaloid, or none : albumen none. Carpels few : perianth none or in fertile flowers herbaceous. NAIADACEJE, 86 Carpels numerous in a whorl or head : 3 sepals herbaceous, 3 petaloid. ALISMACE^, 85 Perianth of 6 similar glumaceous segments : capsule 3-valved. Rushes or sedge-like JUNCACE^E, 82 Flowers in the axils of scales or glumes, spicate, without evi- dent perianth. Stems solid : sheaths closed : scales single : anthers basifixed CYPERACE.E, 87 Culms hollow, terete : sheaths split : glumes in pairs : anthers versatile. . GRAMINEJE, 88 XVI ANALYTICAL KEY. CLASS II. GYMNOSPERM.E. Ovules naked upon a scale or bract, or within open integuments. Mouoacious or dioecious trees or shrubs. Male flowers in aments: female subsolitary, the ovule within a double integument with small terminal orifice : nearly naked dioscious shrubs. GNETACE^S, 89 Female flowers in aments, becoming dry cones or berry-like : ovules naked at the base of a scale : from shrubs to trees of the largest size ; with needle or scale-like leaves. . . CONIFERS, 90 SERIES II. PTERIDOPHYTA, or the FERN GROUP. Plants without true flowers or seeds, but reproducing by spores ; and with a distinct axis containing fibro- vascular bundles. Stems solid, leafy : sporangia in the axils of simple leaves or bracts. Leaves long and grass-like from a corm-like trunk: spores of two kinds . * . ISOET^C, 91 Small leaves imbricated upon a moss-like stem : sporangia in terminal spikes. Spores of two kinds : leaves with ligules. . . SELAGINELL^, 92 Spores of one kind : leaves without ligules. . LYCOPODIACE^E, 93 Stems solid, subterranean, bearing long-petioled often com- pounded leaves (fronds). Aquatics: leaves circinately developed: sporangia in fruits borne on the stem or petioles. .... RIIIZOCARPE.E, 94 Terrestrial : leaves erect in vernation : sporangia in special spikes or panicles OPHIOGLOSSACE^, 95 Terrestrial : leaves circinate in vernation : sporangia on the under surface or margins of the leaves. . . . FILICES, 96 Stems hollow, jointed, and striate : leaves reduced to a toothed sheath at the joints: sporangia in a terminal spike or cone. . . . . . . . . . EQUISETACE.E, 97 BOTANY OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, SERIES I. PH^ENOGAMIA OR FLOWERING PLANTS. PLANTS bearing true flowers, that is, having stamens and pistils and producing seeds which contain an embryo. CLASS I. ANGIOSPEKM.E. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary which contains the ovules and forms the fruit. SUBCLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Leaves netted- veiued. Flowers usually 4- or 5-merous. DIVISION I. POLYPETAL.E. Perianth consisting usually of both, calyx and corolla ; the petals not united with each other, sometimes wanting. KANUNCULACE.E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) ORDER 1. BANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants with very diverse characters ; generally distinguished by the few or numerous sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils being distinct and free. The flowers are regular or irregular. The sepals are very commonly petal-like, and the petals are often want- ing. The fruits are akenes, dry pods, or berries. The leaves vary from simple to much compounded, usually on the palmately veined type, with petioles dilated at base, and without stipules. Tribe I. Sepals valvate, petal-like. Petals none or very small. The fruit a head of akenes, tailed with feathery or hairy or rarely naked styles. Leaves opposite. 1. Clematis. Half-woody, climbing by the petioles, or erect and herbaceous. Tribe II. Sepals imbricate, often petal-like. The fruit a head or spike of akenes. * Petals none. Akenes in a head. 2. Anemone. Sepals indefinite in number. Leaves on the stem opposite or whorled on or below one-flowered peduncles. 3. Thalictrum. Flowers mostly dioecious, panicled. Leaves alternate. * * Petals slender. Akenes numerous in a long slender spike. 4. Myosurus. Flowers solitary on a scape. Sepals spurred at base. * * * Petals generally broad and conspicuous. Akenes numerous in a head. 5. Ranunculus. Petals with a little pit or scale at the base inside. The akene diners from all others of the order in having the ovule erect. Tribe III. Sepals imbricate. Petals none, small, or irregular. Fruit a pod or berry. Leaves alternate. * Fruit consisting of pods (follicles), 1 to 15 in number. *- Flowers regular. Pods 5 to 15. 6. Caltha. Sepals petal-like. Petals none. Pods 5 to 12. Leaves simple. 7. Trollius. Petals many, minute and stamen-like, hollowed near the base. Pods 8 to 15. Leaves palmately divided. 8. Aquilegia. Sepals deciduous. Petals 5, all spurred backward. Pods 5. Leaves ternately compound. *- -i- Flowers irregular. Pods 1 to 5. 9. Delphinium. Upper sepal produced backward into a spur. 10. Aconitum. Upper sepal arched into a hood. * * Fruit a berry of one carpel. 11. Actrea. Sepals caducous. Petals small. Leaves ternately compound. The flowers are in a single raceme. 1. CLEMATIS, L. VIRGIN'S-BOWER. Sepals 4 or rarely more. A genus which is readily recognized by its few petal-like valvate sepals, and long-tailed akenes. * Petals none. H Stem erect. 1. C. Fremontii, Watson. Stems slant, clustered, 6 to 12 inches high, leafy and usually branched, more or less villous-tomentose, especially at the nodes : leaves simple, 3 to 4 pairs, thickish and with the veinlets conspicuously KANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3 reticulated, broadly ovate, entire or few-toothed : flowers terminal, nodding ; the thick purple sepals an inch long, tomentose upon the margin, recurved at the tip : akenes silky ; the tails less than an inch long, naked above, silky at base. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 339. This species was discovered by Fremont, but with locality unknown. It has been rediscovered in Kansas by Dr. Louis Watson and others, and is the western representative of C. ochroleuca. 2. C. Douglasii, Hook. Stem simple or branching, more or less villous, woolly at the joints : leaves from pinnate to 2 or 3-pinnatifid ; the leaflets linear or linear-lanceolate: sepals thick, deep purple within, paler externally, woolly at the apex, and spreading : akenes silky ; the tails an inch or more in length. From Colorado to Washington Territory. Var. Scottii. A form with leaflets ovate or lanceolate, and tips of sepals more reflexed and probably less woolly. C. Scottii, Porter, Fl. Col. 1. Col- orado and northward. -- - Stem climbing, more or less woody. 3. C. ligusticifolia, Nutt. Nearly glabrous: stems sometimes very long : leaves pinnate and ternate, mostly 5-foliolate ; the leaflets oblong, acute, mostly somewhat lanceolate-cuneate, incisely toothed and trifid : flowers white, in paniculate corymbs, dioecious : sepals thin, equalling the stamens. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 9. From New Mexico to the Saskatchewan and Oregon, and also in California. Climbing over bushes and producing a great abundance of white flowers. * * Some of the outer filaments enlarging to small petals: stems woody. 4. C. alpina, Mill., var. OCCidentalis, Gray. Trailing, nearly glabrous : leaves biternately divided; segments ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, frequently 3-lobed, irregularly toothed : sepals purplish-blue, thin : anther- bearing petals linear: akeues glabrous. Powell's Geol. Black Hills, p. 531. The C. alpina, var. Ochotensis, of the various Western reports. From New Mexico to the Wahsatch and Teton Mountains. 5. C. verticillaris, DC. Climbing: leaves trifoliolate, with leaflets about as in the last, but oftener entire : the flowers 2 to 3 inches across, with the thin bluish-purple sepals widely spreading. From California to Maine, and from the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains to British America. 2. ANEMONE, L. WIND-FLOWER. Sepals colored and petal-like. Style short and stigma lateral. Akenes compressed, pointed or ending in long feathery awns. Perennial herbs with radical leaves. * Akenes with long bearded tails. 1 . A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, Gray. Villous with long silky hairs : flower erect, developed before the leaves; which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments deeply once or twice cleft into narrowly linear and acute lobes : sepals 5 to 7, purplish or whitish. From the mountains eastward into Illinois and Wisconsin. 4 BANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) * * Akenes without tails. - Akenes very numerous in a dose head, densely villous. w- Low (3 to 12 inches high) or slender plants, with simple stems. 2. A. decapetala, L. Stem 3 to 6 inches high from a round tuber : root- leaves once or twice 3-parted or cleft : involucre (mostly sessile and far below the flower) 3-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft : sepals 10 to 20, oblong- linear, purple or whitish: head of fruit oblong. A. Caroliniana, Walt. From Colorado to Arizona and New Mexico, and across the continent to the Carolinas. 3. A. parviflora, Michx. Stem 3 to 12 inches high from a slender root- stock : root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divisions crenate-incised or lobed : involucre 2 to 3-leaued, distant from the flower : sepals 5 or 6, oval, white : head of fruit globular. Mountains of Colorado, and northward to the Arctic Sea. n- +* Taller (6 inches to 2 feet), commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles : sepals 5 to 8, silky or downy beneath, oval or oblong. 4. A. multifida, Poir. Silky-hairy (6 to 12 inches high) : principal involucre 2 to 3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved peduncles ; leaves of the secondary involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals red, sometimes greenish-yellow or whitish : head of fruit spherical or oval. Across the continent in northern latitudes, and southward in the mountains through Colorado. 5. A. eylindrica, Gray. Taller, and clothed with silky hairs : flowers 2 to 6, on very long and upright naked peduncles : leaves of the involucre long-petioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower-stalks, 3-divided, their divisions wedge-shaped, the lateral 2-parted, the middle one 3-cleft, lobes cut and toothed at the apex : sepals greenish-white : head of fruit cylindrical. From Colorado to Bitter Root valley and thence eastward across the continent. < H Akenes fewer, pubescent only. 6. A. dichotoma, L. Hairy, rather low : involucres sessile ; the primary ones 3-leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn ; their leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and toothed : radical leaves 5 to 7-parted or cleft : sepals 5, obovate, white : carpels orbicular. A. Pennsylvania, L. Common on the foothills of Colorado, northward and eastward. 7. A. nemorosa, L. Smooth or somewhat villous : stem perfectly simple from a filiform rootstock, slender, leafless, except the involucre of 3 long- petioled trifoliolate leaves ; their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, toothed or cut, or the lateral ones 2-parted ; a similar radical leaf in sterile plants soli- tary from the rootstock : sepals 4 to 7, oval, white or pinkish : carpels oblong, with a hooked beak. Northern United States and British America. -t- <- i- Akenes glabrous. 8. A. narcissiflora, L. Villous : leaves palmately 3 to 5-parted ; seg- ments cuneiform, incisely many-cleft, lobes linear : involucre somewhat similar, sessile, leaflets 3 to 5-cleft : pedicels several, umbelled, leafless, RANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5 1-flowered: flowers white: carpels roundish-oval. Alpine. In Colorado at 13,000 feet altitude, and thence through British America. 3. THALICTRUM, L. MEADOW-RUE. Sepals 4 to 7, either greenish or petal-like. Pistils 4 to 15. Perennial herbs with leaves 2 or 3 times ternately compound, the leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles. The dioecious species are easily recognized by combining that character with the much compounded leaves, and all of our species can be distinguished from Anemone by their alternate leaves and inconspicuous flowers. * Flowers perfect. 1. T. alpinum, L. Stem simple, 2 to 8 inches high, slightly pubescent: leaves mostly radical ; leaflets roundish, about J inch long, somewhat lobed, crenately toothed : /lowers nodding in a simple raceme : stigmas thick and pubescent : carpels ovate, sessile. Colorado and northward throughout British America. 2. T. sparsiflorum, Turcz. Stem 1 to 3 feet high : upper leaves sessile : Jlowers on long pedicels in a loose panicle : filaments clavate : carpels strongly compressed, semi-obovate, short-slip itate, thrice shorter than the persistent style. Subalpine. Colorado and far northward ; also in California. # # Flowers dioecious. 3. T. Comuti, L. Stem 2 to 4 feet high: stem-leaves sessile (without general petiole) or nearly so ; leaflets roundish or oblong and more or less 3-lobed, pale and usually minutely pubescent beneath, the margin mostly revolute and the veining conspicuous: panicles compound: flowers white, greenish, and purplish : filaments thickened upwards. Possibly includes T. purpurascens, L. Colorado, and in the Atlantic States. 4. T. Fendleri, Engelm. Rather low and slender, occasionally somewhat pubescent : leaves petioled or the uppermost sessile ; leaflets usually small : Jlowers in an open panicle : anthers setosely acuminate : akenes slightly glandu- lar-puberulent, oblong to ovate, acuminate, 2 or 3 lines long. PI. Fendl. 5. Colorado and New Mexico, and westward to Utah and Nevada. 5. T. OCCidentale, Gray. Like the last, but stouter, the leaflets larger and akenes few in a head (1 to 6), narrowly oblong (3 or 4 lines long), and narrowed at each end. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 372. From California to Wash- ington Territory, and extending into Western Montana. 4. MYOSURUS, L. MOUSETAIL. Sepals 5. Petals 5, linear, on a slender claw with a pit at its summit. Stamens 5 to 20. Very small annual herbs, with a tuft of linear or spatulate entire radical leaves, and solitary flowers on simple scapes. The long slender spike of akenes and linear radical leaves give the plant the appearance of a diminutive plantain. 1. M. minimus, L. Scapes 2 to 6 inches high : leaves usually shorter : akenes blunt, on slender spikes 1 or 2 inches long. From California through Colorado to the Ohio Valley. 6 KANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) M. ARISTATUS, Benth., may be found where our boundary touches Utah v and Southern Idaho. It is characterized by its akeiies being beaked with a divergent persistent style nearly equalling the akeue. 5. RANUNCULUS, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP. Sepals usually 5. Petals 3 to 15. Akenes mostly flattened, pointed. Mostly perennial herbs. Flowers either solitary or somewhat corymbed, usually yellow and often showy. The leaves are various, and those of the stem alternate. 1. Aquatic herbs with the submersed leaves, if any, finely divided : petals white, the claw yellow : akenes transversely wrinkled, ^ 1. R. aquatilis, L , var. trichophyllus, Chaix. Stems long and coarsely filiform : leaves all submersed and cut into numerous soft capillary segments, which usually collapse when withdrawn from the water: akenes in a close globular head. Common throughout the continent in stagnant or slow- flowing waters. Var. stagnatilis, DC. Leaves all under water, the divisions and sub- divisions short, spreading in one roundish plane, rigid, keeping their form without collapsing when withdrawn from the water. The R. divaricatus of Gray's Manual and the Western reports. Rarer than the former, but with the same range. 2. Terrestrial herbs, but often growing in wet places, mostly erect : sepals green, rarely yellow : petals yellow : akenes neither wrinkled nor hispid. * All the leaves undivided, the margins entire. ^ 2. R. Flammula, L., var. reptans, Gray. Glabrous throughout : stems filiform, creeping and rooting at the joints : leaves mostly lanceolate and acute at each end : petals half longer than the sepals : akenes few in a small globu- lar head, plump ; beak very short and curved. Found in Colorado, but most common northward, where it extends across the continent. * 3. R. alismsefolius, Geyer. Glabrous throughout : stems nearly or quite erect, 6 to 1 6 inches high, rather stout : leaves broadly lanceolate, blunt at apex : petals conspicuously nerved, nearly twice as long as the sepals : akenes slightly flattened, pointed with a nearly or quite straight beak, crowded in a compact ovate head. The form called var. montanus, Watson, is the typical form. Rocky Mountains and westward. The Eastern species bearing this name is 7?. ambigens, Watson. 4. R. Macauleyi, Gray. Leaves Ungulate, the truncate apex 3-toothed ; radical ones (early ones oblong) tapering into a petiole; cauline ones sessile: sepals very dark villous outside : petals golden : carpels tapering into a short subulate style : fruit unknown, though head of akeiies probably oblong. Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 45. Mountains in San Juan Co., Colorado. The flowers resemble those of R. nivalis, but the remarkable foliage readily distinguishes it from every other species. * * Radical leaves undivided : stem leaves, if any, toothed or lobed : glabrous perennials, 3 to 6 inches high. 5. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. Flowering stems or scapes leafless, 1 to 7-flowered : leaves broadly ovate or ovate-cordate, coarsely crenate, clustered at KANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7 the root and at the joints of the long filiform rooting runners : petals longer than the sepals : the akenes striate-veined on the sides, enlarging upwards, with a short oblique beak: head oblong. Across the continent in marshy ground. 6. R. glaberrimus, Hook. Stems 1 to 3-flowered : radical leaves broadly oval, either entire or with 3 large blunt teeth at the apex ; stem-leaves cuneate at the base, 3-clefl to the middle : sepals half as long as the petals : akenes plump, tipped with a short curved beak : head globular. From Colorado to Wyoming and Washington Territory ; also in California. # # * Some or all the leaves cleft or divided. t- Primary root-leaves crenate or toothed. 7. R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Dwarf (3 to 6 inches high), hairy : root- leaves roundish or rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate ; lowest stem-leaves similar or 3 to 5-lobed ; the upper 3 to 5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear : petals large, exceeding the calyx : akenes orbicular with a minute beak. S. W. Colo- rado to British America and eastward to Illinois and Michigan. 8. R. abortivus, L. Glabrous, 6 inches to 2 feet high : primary root- leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenate, the succeeding ones often 3-lobed or 3-parted ; those of the stem and branches 3 to 5-parted or divided, their divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-form, mostly toothed : petals shorter than the refiexed sepals : akenes with a minute curved beak. From the mountains eastward across the continent. Most variable as to foliage. H- H- Root-leaves lobed, cleft, or parted. w- Style straight or wanting. 9. R. hyperboreilS, Rottb., var. natans, Regel. Stem filiform, creep- ing: leaves glabrous, petioled, deleft; the lobes oval-oblong, divaricate, the lateral ones somewhat 2-cleft : heads of akenes globose, compact : style wanting. In swamps at middle elevations, Colorado and northward. 10. R. nivalis, L. Stem about 1 : flowered : radical leaves on long petioles, dilated, lobed, the lobes somewhat ovate ; cauline ones nearly sessile, palmate : calyx very hirsute, shorter than the obovate entire petals : style as long as the glabrous ovaries. In the mountains of British America. Var. Eschscholtzii, Watson. Radical leaves 3-parted, the divisions lobed, ciliate : style shorter than the akenes. Colorado, Yellowstone Park, and north- ward in the mountains. 11. R. sceleratus, L. Glabrous: stem thick and hollow, a foot high: root-leaves 3-lobed ; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed ; the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly entire : petals scarcely exceeding the sepals : akenes barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads. From Colorado northward, and across the continent. In drying, the numerous akenes are soon deciduous from the receptacle. -W- -w- Style curved. = Stem usually l-flowered. 12. R. pygmseus, Wahl. Stem 1 to 2 inches high : leaves glabrous, 3 to 5-cleft ; radical ones petioled : sepals glabrous, longer than the somewhat refiexed petals : heads oblong : akenes subglobose, pointed with a short hooked style. Mountains of Colorado and far northward. 8 KANUNCULACEJS. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 13. R. adoneus, Gray. Low, sparsely villous, becoming glabrous : stems branching from the base, 1 to 3-leaved above, sometimes sannentose-decum- bent and 2 to 3-flowered : leaves twice pedately parted, segments narrowly linear : petals golden-yellow, twice exceeding the subvillous sepals : akenes crowded in an oval head, turgid, with the rather long ensiform beak scarious- winged on each edge. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 56. High altitudes close to the snow, Colorado and northward. = = Stems bearing more than one flower. a. Dwarf (2 to 3 inches high). 14. R. digitatus, Hook. Very glabrous : leaves few, petioled, digitately lobed, the 3 to 5 segments narrowly lanceolate or oblong-spatulate, obtuse : flowers 2 or 3, terminal, with reflexed sepals and 7 to 1 1 oblong cuneate pet- als : akenes beaked with a subulate recurved style. In the Wahsatch, N. Utah, and northward into British America. b. A foot or two high. 15. R. affinis, R. Br. Radical leaves petioled, usually pedately multijid ; cauline ones subsessile, digitate, with broadly linear lobes : akenes with re- curved beaks in oblong-cylindrical heads, more or less pubescent. Colorado and northward. Var. leiocarpllS, Trautv. Lower leaves usually lobed or crenate : flowers small : carpels smooth or somewhat pubescent. Colorado. Var. cardiophyllus, Gray. Hirsutely pubescent: radical leaves round- cordate, undivided or many-cleft ; cauline ones palmately many-cleft : flowers an inch in diameter. Same range as the species. 16. R. Nelsoni, Gray. Sparingly pilose : the simple radical leaves often 3 to 4 inches in diameter, more or less deeply 3-lobed ; the uppermost rarely parted ; the lower usually cordate in outline : petals not more than 3 lines long, exceeding the sepals : akenes pilose (sometimes glabrous), in a small head, rigid, more or less scattered, bearing a very much hooked style of the same length. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 374. About Yellowstone Lake and far north- ward. H -t- -i- Leaves all ternately divided. 17. R. PennsylvanicUS, L. Hirsute with rough spreading bristly hairs : stem stout, erect : divisions of the leaves stalked, somewhat ovate, unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute : petals pale, not exceeding the sepals : akenes not margined, pointed with a sharp straight beak, in oblong heads. Colorado and northward, and in the Atlantic States. 18. R. repens, L. Low, hairy or nearly glabrous : stems ascending and some of them forming long runners : divisions of the leaves all (or at least the terminal one) stalked, broadly wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variously cut : petals obovate, much larger than the spreading sepals : akenes strongly margined, pointed by a stout straightish beak, in globular heads. Across the continent. 19. R. macranthus, Scheele. Stem erect, taller, more or less hirsute with spreading hairs : leaves ternately or more frequently bi-ternately divided, segments usually stalked, laciniately lobed and toothed : flowers large, with the sepals strictly reflexed : akenes crowded in subglobose heads, about equalling the KANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 9 broad subulate beaks. R. repens, var. macranthus, Gray. In the Uinta Moun- tains, and from Oregon to Nevada and Texas. The largest of the genus sometimes reaching a height of 5 feet. 20. K. Nuttallii, Gray. Smooth, 6 to 8 inches high : radical leaves bi-ter- nateli/ divided, segments 3 to 5-parted, lobes oblong or linear, sometimes 2 to 3-cleft : petals spatulate, a little longer than the broader sepals which are also yellow : akenes rather few, in a globose head, cylindrical-oblong, grooved, many- nerved, tipped with a long, slender, incurved sti/le. Colorado and Wyoming, along the eastern foothills. 21. R. multifldus, Pursh. Stems floating or immersed, with the divisions of the leaves long and filiform ; or rooting in the mud and the leaves round- re.niform and more or less deepbj lobed and toothed : petioles short, broadly stipulate- dilated at base : flowers large, the petals with conspicuous obovate scales : akones in a small globose head, beaked by a short straight style. Colorado and northward, and across the continent. i -H- -H- -i Leaves pinnatelij divided. 22. R. orthorhyncus, Hook. More or less villous, the stems often slender, 1 or 2 feet high : divisions of the leaves variously lobed and cut, the segments often narrow : sepals reflexed : petals bright yellow or purple-tinged outside : akenes large, flattened, in a close globose head, with a slender straight beak as long as the ovary. In the Bitter-root Mountains, northward and westward. 6. C ALT HA, L. MARSH MARIGOLD. Sepals 5 to 12, deciduous. Pods each with several seeds, and when ripen- ing spreading and flattened. Glabrous perennial herbs, easily recognized by their undivided leaves and showy petal-like sepals. 1. C. leptosepala, DC. Leaves round- to oblong-ovate (longer than broad), with a somewhat narrowed and quadrate base, usually very obscurely crenate above and rather coarsely and often acutely serrate below : flowers solitary, very rarely 2, the second flower subtended by a petioled leaf : sepals white or often tinged with blue. From New Mexico to Alaska. An excel- lent pot-herb. 7. TR OL LI US, L. GLOBE-FLOWER. Sepals 5 to 15, petal-like. Pods sessile, many-seeded. Smooth perennials, with large solitary terminal flowers and palmately parted and cut leaves. 1 T. laxus, Salisb. Flowers pale greenish-yellow or nearly white : petals much shorter than the stamens. Associated with the preceding, but less common. Var. albiflorus, Gray. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, and flowers white. Near snow-banks. " The pure white and broader sepals, lower stature, and alpine station, distinguish this from the ordinary form," Colorado, Parry. 8. AQUILEGIA, L. COLUMBINE. Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals all alike, with a short spreading lip. Pods erect, many-seeded. Perennials, Avith the leaflets of the 2 to 3 ternately compound leaves lobed. Recognized by its large showy flowers and prominent spurs. 10 RANUKCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) * Caulescent : spur longer or shorter than the calyx. 4- Spur straight. M- Flowers red and yellow. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Spurs much longer than the sepals: flowers 2 inches long, scarlet, yellow inside (or rarely all over), nodding so that the spurs turn upwards ; limb or lip of the petals distinct : stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. Along subalpine rivulets and eastward across the continent. 2. A. formosa, Fisch. Like the preceding or stouter : spurs shorter, not longer than the elongated sepals. Colorado and northward, thence westward into Oregon. M- -H- Flowers never red. 3. A. COBruloa, James. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, glabrous : leaves mostly radical, glaucous beneath, the leaflets deeply cleft : flowers 2 to 2 inches in diameter, pale blue, sometimes ochroleucous, pinkish, or white : spur very slender: sepals rhomboid-ovate, longer than the limb of the petals. On shaded slopes throughout the Rocky Mountains. A very beautiful and showy plant. 4. A. chrysantha, Gray. Usually taller and more slender : peduncles often pubescent: flowers bright yellow throughout: spurs even more slender: sepals lanceolate-oblong, longer but not broader than the limb of the petals. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 621. Colorado and southward. H Spur hooked at the tip. 5. A. flavescens, Watson. Plant 2 to 3 feet high, glabrous except the pubescent peduncles and carpels : flowers yellow, the sepals frequently tinged with scarlet : spurs shorter than the spreading or reflexed oval or oblong- ovate sepals: limb large and dilated: stamens long exserted. Bot. King's Rep. 10. Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. 6. A. brevistyla, Hook. Stems & to 8 inches high, spreading : leaves bi-ternate ; leaflets 3-lobed, crenate : flowers small, blue, about 6 lines long, including the spur : sepals oblong-ovate : petals a little exceeding the stamens* A. vulgaris, var. brevistyla, Gray. Colorado and northward into British America. * * Acaulescent: spur shorter than the calyx: flowers blue. 7. A. Jonesii, Parry. Minutely soft-pubescent : scape 1 to 3 inches high, naked, 1 -flowered : leaves all crowded and the persistent scale-like dilated bases of their petioles imbricated on the stout ascending branches of the rootstock; the partial petioles short or wanting, so that the 9 small obovate entire leaflets are in a dense cluster: pods reticulated, smooth. Am. Nat. viii. 211. Summit of Phlox Mountain, Wyoming, Parry. 9. DELPHINIUM, L. LARKSPUR. Sepals 5, petal-like. Petals 2 or 4, irregular ; when 4, the upper 2 developed backwards into a spur which is enclosed in the spur of the calyx. Pods many-seeded. Erect herbs usually with palmately lobed, cleft, or dissected leaves, and racemose flowers, which are blue shading to white. EANUNCULACE^E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 11 * Not glandular pubescent. 1. D. azureum, Michx. Stem slender, branching, often slightly pubes- cent : leaves deeply 3 to 5-parted, the divisions 2 to 3 times deft, the lobes all narrowly linear: flowers sky-blue or whitish, in a strict not dense raceme: spur ascending, usually curved upwards. Colorado, Wyoming, and eastward across the plains. 2. D. Menziesii, DC. Glabrous below, at least at the very base, pubes- cent above with spreading hairs, especially the inflorescence: leaves 5-parted, divisions 2 to 3-cle/l : flowers large, deep-blue, in a loosely few- to many-flowered simple raceme : upper petals veined with purple : spur long and slender : ovaries somewhat tomentose. Wyoming, Montana, and northwestward. 3. D. bicolor, Nutt. Very similar, but the whole plant glabrous through- out, including the ovaries, or occasionally somewhat tomentose-pubescent ; and the flowers are uniformly smaller. The D. Menz/'esii of Fl. Colorado and D. Menziesii, var. Utahense, of Bot. King's Rep. 12. Foothills of Colorado and northward. Closely resembles the eastern Z). income. 4. D. SCOpulorum, Gray. Pubescent with a flne hoary tomentum or glabrous : stem leafy : leaves orbicular in outline, 3 to 5-parted, the divisions deeply 2 to 3-cleft, the segments many-lobed or laciniate : flowers sparingly pilose without, in a many-flowered strict raceme : spur longer than the sepals : pods pubescent, on stout pedicels. PI. Wright, ii. 9. Rocky Mountains from New Mexico to British America. * * Glandular pubescent. 5. D. OCCidentale, Watson. Known by the stiff glandular spreading pubescence, which extends rarely to the ovaries and fruit : flowers numerous, dull or dark blue, very variable in size, often in compound racemes : seeds light colored and somewhat spongy. D. elatum, var.(?) occidental, Watson. Alpine or subalpine, from Colorado to Oregon. 10. ACONITTJM, L. ACONITE. MOXKSHOOD. WOLFSBANE. Sepals 5, petal-like. Petals 2 to 5 ; the upper 2 with long claws and irregu- lar spur-like blades concealed within the hood ; the lower 3 very minute or obsolete. Pods many-seeded. Herbs with palmately lobed leaves. 1. A. Columbianum, Nutt. Stem stout, 3 to 6 feet high : more or less pubescent above with short spreading yellowish viscid hairs : divisions of the leaves broadly cuneate and laciniately toothed or lobed : flowers purple or white in a loose terminal raceme : the hood varying much in breadth and in length of beak. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 34. A. nasutum, Hook. A. Fischeri of Bot. Calif, i. 12. Colorado, Wyoming, and westward to the Sierra Nevada. 11. ACTJEA, L. BAtfEBERRY. Sepals 4 to 6, petal-like. Petals 4 to 10. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Berry with many seeds, which are packed horizontally in 2 rows. Perennial herbs with 2 to 3 ternately compound leaves. 1. A. spicata, L., var. arguta, Torr. Smooth, 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets larger and more serrated than in the next: petals oblong, obtuse: berries 12 BERBERIDACE.E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) either white or red, in a loose, rather elongated raceme. From the mountains westward. Var. rubra, Ait. Raceme ovate: petals rhombic-spatulate, much shorter than the stamens : berries cherry-red. From the mountains eastward to the Atlantic. ORDER 2. BEKBEKIDACE.E. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) Our species are shrubs with alternate simple or compound leaves and no stipules ; the flower parts are distinct and free, and are opposite to each other instead of alternate ; the anthers open by uplifted valves. Sepals and petals imbricated and deciduous. Pistil one, simple ; style short or none. 1. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY. Sepals 6, colored like the petals, with 3 or 6 closely appressed hractlets. Petals 6, yellow. Stamens 6. Stigma circular and peltate. Fruit a berry with 1 to 3 seeds. Shrubs with yellow wood and the flowers in clustered bracteate racemes. 1. B. repens, Lindl. A low shrub less than a foot high : leaflets 3 to 7, ovate, acute : racemes few, terminating the stems. Throughout the Rocky Mountains. This is the B. Aquifolium of Fl. Colorado and the various Western Reports. B. Aquifolium ranges farther west, especially in Oregon and Wash- ington Territory, and is a much larger shrub, with clusters of racemes. 2. B. Fendleri, Gray. Much taller (3 to 6 feet), with branches smooth and shining as if varnished : leaves entire or irregularly spinulose-serrate : racemes pendulous, densely-flowered : calyx with conspicuous red bracts. PI. Fendl. 5. S. W. Colorado, southward, and westward to S. California. ORDER 3. NYUIPKMEACEJE. (Wiw^ER-LiLY FAMILY.) Aquatic herbs, with horizontal trunk-like rootstocks or sometimes tubers ; the leaves (in ours) deeply cordate ; flowers with all the parts distinct and free, solitary and axillary on long peduncles; stamens numerous. 1. NUPHAR, Smith. YELLOW POND-LILY. SPATTER-DOCK. Sepals 5 to 1 2, persistent, usually yellow within and partly green without. Petals and stamens short and numerous, densely crowded around the ovary. Ovary 8 to 20-celled, crowned by a radiate stigma, the cells many-seeded. In shallow water, sending up large leathery leaves which are usually upright, but sometimes floating. 1. N. advena, Ait. Emersed and erect leaves thick, varying from roundish to ovate or almost oblong in outline, the sinus open, or closed, or narrow : sepals 6 : petals like the stamens, thick and fleshy, truncate : fruit ovoid. Abundant in the Yellowstone Park, and extending northward and eastward across the continent. FUMARIACE^. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 13 2. N. polysepalum, Engelm. Larger: leaves 6 to 12 inches long, rounded above, deeply cordate at base : sepals 8 to 12 : petals dilated and unlike the stamens, often tinged with red : fruit globular. Mountain lakes in Colo- rado, westward and northward. ORDER 4. PAPAVERACE^E. (POPPY FAMILY.) Herbs, usually with milky or orange-yellow juice ; sepals 2 or 3, caducous; petals twice as many, in two sets; stamens indefinite; ovary 1 -celled, with parietal placentae; seeds numerous. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Petals imbricated and commonly crumpled in the bud. 1. Papaver. Ovary incompletely several-celled by the projecting placentae. Stigmas united into a radiate crown. Pod opening by chinks or pores under the edge of the stigma. 2. Argemone. Ovary strictly 1-celled. Pod opening by valves, and with the leaves prickly. 1. PAPAVER, L. POPPY. Sepals 2. Stigma 4 to 20-rayed. Pod short and turgid. Herbs with a white juice, and nodding flower-buds. 1. P. nudicaule, L. Scape 1-flowered, 2 to 3 inches high, naked, hispid as well as the calyx with brownish hairs : leaves lance-ovate in outline, deeply pinnatifid : petals lemon-yellow : pod obovate, hispid. P. alpinum of the Fl. Colorado. Alpine. Colorado and in Arctic America. 2. ARGEMONE, L. PRICKLY POPPY. Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Stigma 3 to 6-rayed. Pod oblong; seeds crested. Well marked by the prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves sessile, sinuate-lobed, with prickly teeth. Flower-buds erect. 1. A. platyceras, Link & Otto. Erect, 1 to 2J feet high, hispid throughout or armed with rigid bristles or prickles : lower leaves attenuate to a winged petiole ; the upper sessile or auriculate-clasping : flowers white : pod oblong. A^hfspida, Gray. Colorado to Mexico and westward. It is doubtful whether A. Mexicana occurs in Colorado, but it ranges farther south. ORDER 5. FlIMARIACE^E. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) Tender herbs, with watery juice, dissected compound leaves, perfect irregular hypogynous flowers with rjarts in twos, except the diadelphous stamens which are 6, ovary 1-celled, seeds, etc. as in Papaveracece, to which order Bentham &. Hooker have united it. 1. Dicentra. Corolla heart-shaped (in ours) at the base. 2. Corydalis. Corolla 1-spurred at the base. 14 FOMAUIACEJE. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 1. DICENTRA, Borkh. Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Petals 4, in two sets ; the outer pair larger, saccate at base, the tips spreading ; the inner much narrower, spoon-shaped, the hollowed tips lightly united at the apex, thus forming a cavity which con- tains the anthers and stigma. Middle anther in each set 2-celled, lateral ones 1-celled. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod 1-celled. Glabrous perennials with the fleshy root surmounted by a bulb-like cluster of fleshy grains and ternately or pinnately compound leaves. 1. D. uniflora, Kellogg. The 3 to 7 divisions of the leaves piunatifid into a few linear-oblong or spatulate lobes : scape 2 to 3 bracted, 1 -flowered : flowers flesh-colored, ^ inch long, the divergent or reflexed tips of the outer petals equalling or exceeding the erect gibbous-saccate base ; inner ones not crested, the blade broadly hastate : pod abruptly beaked with the short style. Alpine. Wahsatch and Teton Mountains, and westward in the Sierra Nevada. 2. CORYDALIS, DC. Corolla one-spurred at the base on the upper side. Otherwise as in Dicentra. * Corolla golden-yellow ; spur shorter than the rest of the flower. 1 . C. aurea, Willd. Stems low or decumbent : racemes simple : the slightly decurved spur not half the length of the rest of the flower : tips of the outer petals blunt, c restless and naked on the back: pods usually pendent: seeds smooth and even, turgid, marginless, partly covered by the scale-shaped aril. From Colorado northward and eastward. Var. OCcidentalis, Gray. Spur longer : pods erect : seeds lenticular with acute margins, More common in our range than the type. Colorado to Montana, and eastward to Missouri and Texas. Var. micrantha, Engelm. Flowers small, nearly spurless, on short pedi- cels : pods ascending. From the Western Mississippi States to the Uinta Mountains. 2. C. Clirvisiliqua, Engelm. Differs from the last in having longer 4-angular pods ascending on vert/ short pedicels : the acute-margined seeds muri- ca t e . C. aurca, var. curvisiliqua, Gray. Common in the mountains of Colorado and southeastward. * * Corolla white or cream-color ; spur longer than the rest of the flower. 3. C. Brandegei, Watson. Tall and stout (5 feet high) : leaves twice or thrice pinnately divided ; the lanceolate leaflets i to 1 inch long, acute or acuminate : hood not crested, the margins folded back and not projecting beyond the obtuse summit : pod oblong-obovate, obtuse, reflexed. Mountains of S. Colorado and in the Wahsatch. Formerly referred to C. Caseana, which has a more westerly range. 4. C. Cusickii, Watson. Leaves Bipinnately divided ; the oblong-oval leaf- lets acute at each end, half-inch long : the broad margins of the hood produced beyond its acute- apex and folded back over the narrow and somewhat crisped or erose crest : pod acute. Extending from Oregon into the Bitter Boot Mountains. CRUCIFEK.E. (MUSTABD FAMILY.) 15 ORDER 6. CRUCIFER.E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) Herbs, with a pungent watery juice, cruciform corolla, tetradynamous stamens, and a 2-celled pod with 2 parietal placente. Sepals 4, decid- uous. Petals 4. Ovary 2-cellcd by a partition which stretches across from the placentae, rarely 1 -celled. Style undivided or none; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit a silique or silicle, the two valves falling away from the partition, which persists and is called the replum, in a few genera indehisceut. Ovules few or numerous. Flowers generally 111 racemes and without bractlets. Leaves alternate, without stipules. The mature pods are necessary for analysis. I. Pod dehiscent, 2-valved. * Pod strongly compressed parallel with the broad partition : cotyledons accumbent (i. e. the radicle and cotyledons appearing in cross-section thus 08). t- Pod short ; valves nerveless or faintly 1-nerved : flowers white or yellow. 1. Draba. Pod ovate to oblong or linear, few to many-seeded ; valves flat or convex. Seeds wingless. Low, flowers racemose. - - Pod elongated. ** Valves nerveless ; replum thickened ; seeds wingless : flowers white : leaves all petioled. 2 Cardamine. Pod moderately beaked or pointed. Stems leafy, with elongated racemes. H- -H- Valves 1-nerved ; replum thin ; seeds flat, often winged or margined : flowers white to purple (sometimes yellowish in Streptanthus) : cauline leaves (if any) sessile. 8. Parrya. Anthers linear. Petals broadly obovate. Seeds in one or two rows. Scape naked. 4. Arabia. An there short, scarcely emarginate at base. Petals with a flat blade and claw. Calyx short or narrow, rarely colored. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows. 5. Streptanthus. Anthers elongated, sagittate at base. Petals often without a dilated blade, more or less twisted or undulate, the claw channelled. Calyx dilated and usually colored. Seeds in one row. * * Pod terete or 4-anglecl, slightly or not at all compressed ; seeds not margined. *- Pod long-linear (1 to 4 inches) ; valves 1-nerved ; seeds in ] row, oblong, somewhat flat- tened, cotyledons incumbent (i. e. the radicle and cotyledons appearing in cross- section thus oX>). Stout biennial.; or perennials. H- Flowers greenish-yellow to purple : anthers sagittate. 6. Caulanllms. Petals with a broad claw, somewhat dilated above and undulate, little longer than the broad sepals, greenish-yellow or purple. Filaments included. Stigma nearly sessile, somewhat 2-lobed. Pod sessile, 3 inches long or more. 7. Thely podium. Petals with narrow claw and flat linear to rounded limb, much ex- ceeding the narrow sepals, usually pink to purple. Filaments often exserted. Style short ; stigma mostly entire. Pod sessile or short-stipitate. H- -H- Flowers yellow. 8. Stanleya. Pod somowhat terete, long-stipitate. Stigma sessile, entire. Anthers not sagittate, spirally coiled. Leaves entire or pinnatifid. 9. Erysimum. Pod 4-angled, sessile. Stigma 2-lobed. Anthers sagittate, Dot coiled. Leaves narrow, entire or repandly toothed. - -- Pod linear, mostly less than 1 inch long ; valves 1 to 3-nerved ; seeds in 1 or 2 rows, globose to oblong : flowers usually yellow (white or pinkish in Smelowskia) : at least the lower leaves pinuatifid. 1 1 Brassica, an introduced genus, may be looked for in this group, differing from the other genera in its nearly terete pod with a long stout beak, globose seeds with the cotyledons infolding the radicle, and long sagittate anthers. See foot-note, p. 23. 16 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 10. Barbarea. Pod somewhat 4-angled, pointed. Seeds oblong ; cotyledons nearly ac- cumbent. Anthers short, oblong. Leaves lyrately-phmatifid. A smooth marsh perennial 11. Sisymbrium. Pod nearly terete, short-pointed or obtuse. Seeds oblong; cotyle- dons incumbent. Anthers linear-oblong, sagittate. Mostly annual, with finely dis- sected or entire leaves. 12. Smelowskia. Pod short, 4-angled, pointed at each end. Alpine perennials with narrowly pinnatifid leaves ; otherwise as Sisymbrium. - 4- -- Pod oblong-cylindric to globose ; valves strongly convex, nerveless ; seeds in 2 rows, cotyledons accumbent.l 13. Nasturtium. Pod oblong or short-linear. Flowers white or yellow. Smooth or somewhat hispid. 11. Vesicaria. Pod ovate to globose. Seed flattened. Flowers yellow. Densely stellate- canescent. # # * Pod more or less flattened contrary to the partition, which is narrower than the valves ; seeds not winged. i- Valves 1-nerved or obtusely carinate, not winged ; cells several-seeded ; cotyledons in- cumbent : flowers white. 15. Subularia. Pod ovoid, slightly compressed. A dwarf stemless aquatic, smooth, with tufted subulate leaves. 16. Capsella. Pod obcordate or oblong, much compressed. Nearly smooth annuals. *- - Valves acutely carinate or winged ; cells few (1 to 5)-seeded ; cotyledons accumbent (mostly incumbent in Lepidium) : flowers white. 17. Thlaspi. Po^d cuneate-oblong ; valves sharply carinate ; cells 2 to 4-seeded. A smooth alpine perennial with entire leaves. 18. Lepidium. Pod orbicular or obovate, 2-winged at the summit; cells 1 to 2-seeded. --- Valves inflated, nerveless ; cells several-seeded ; cotyledons accumbent : flowers yellow. 19. Physaria. Pod didymous ; cells nearly globular. Stellate-cancscent perennials with entire leaves. II. Pod of 2 indehiscent cells, separating at maturity from the persistent axis. 8 20. Biscutella. Cells flat, nearly orbicular, 1-seeded. Flowers rather large. Stigma dilated OT conical, nearly sessile. 1. DRAB A, L. WHITLOW-GRASS. Sepals equal. Filaments mostly flattened, without teeth : anthers rounded or oval. Leaves entire or toothed. * Stems scape-like, leafless (or perhaps 1 or2-leaved). 1. D. Stellata, Jacq. Scape with a single leaf, pubescent: leaves oblong- oval, tomentose with a short stellate pubescence : flowers white : pedicels puberulent : pods oblong. Uinta and Teton Mountains, and far northward. Var. nivalis, Regel. Scape naked or sometimes with one or two leaves, pubescent : leaves oblanceolate to obovate, canescent with a stellate pubescence : pods narrowl/i oblong, and, with the pedicels, becoming glabrous. D. nemorosa, var. alpina, of the Fl. Colorado. High peaks about Mt. Lincoln, Colorado, and in Arctic America. Var. Johannis, Regel. Scape naked or with a single leaf, glabrous : leaves ovate, with a shoi't woollij pubescence : pods long, linear, and with the pedi- 1 Camelina, an introduced genus, is distinguished by its pear-shaped pod, 1-nerved valves, incumbent cotyledons, and small yellow flowers. See foot-note, p. 25. 2 Raphanus, an introduced genus, is known by its elongated 1-celled or transversely- jointed pod, which is attenuated above. See foot-note, p. 27. CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 17 eels glabrous. D. muricella, Wahl. ? of Bot. King's Exp. 21; D. nivalis of Hayd. Rep. 1870. Uinta Mountains and far northward. 2. D. crassifolia, Grah. Scape naked or with a single leaf, 1 to 3 inches high: leaves lanceolate-linear, entire or somewhat serrate, ciliate with simple hairs : flowers small, yellow or white : petals a little exceeding the sepals, retuse : pods ovate-elliptical, glabrous. Alpine, from Colorado northward, and in California. 3. D. alpina, L. Bather rigid : scape naked, mostly somewhat hirsute : leaves spat ulate-lanceol ate, more or less pilose with branching hairs : petals yellow, more than twice the length of the sepals : pods somewhat corymbed, oblong- elliptical. Alpine, Colorado, Uintas, and northward to Arctic America. Var. glacialiS, Dickie. Dwarf: leaves more rigid, linear or narrowly oblanceolate, more or less strongly carinate, stellate pubescent, not ciliate : pods short-ovate, pubescent. D. glacialis of Hayd. Hep. 1871, 1872. Peaks about Yellowstone Lake and far northward. # * Stems leafy. t- Flowers white. 4. D. incana, L. Hoary pubescent, seldom branching at the base : leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spatulate: pods oblong-lanceolate , often pubescent, on short erect pedicels. Var. eonf lisa, Poir. Leaves sparingly toothed : pods pubescent. Moun- tains of Colorado and in British America. 5. D. CUneifolia, Nutt. Hirsute-pubescent throughout with branching hairs, usually branching at base, leafy below or only at base : leaves obovate or spatulate with a narrow or cuneate base, sparingly toothed toward the apex : pods linear-oblong, somewhat pubescent with short ascending hairs, on spread- ing pedicels. Southern Colorado, eastward, and probably westward. 1- -- Flowers yellow (white in one variety of No. 7). -* Pods glabrous (except in one variety of No. 7). 6. D. Stenoloba, Ledeb. Somewhat vilfous with spreading hairs, glabrous above : stems erect, with divergent or decumbent branches near the base : leaves oblanceolate, rather thin, rarely and sparingly toothed ; the cauline few and sessile : petals bright or pale yellow : pods linear, in an elongated raceme on spreading scattered pedicels ; style none. D. nemorosa, var. lutea, of Bot. King's Exp. 22. Colorado mountains, the Uintas and Wahsatch, and west- ward to California. 7. D. nemorosa, L. Leaves oblong or someichat lanceolate, more or less toothed : racemes elongated : petals emarginate, small : pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontal or widely spreading pedicels. Var. leiocarpa, Lindb. Often with stem nearly or quite leafless, and petals sometimes pinkish-white : sepals sparsely hirsute : pedicels scarcely ex- ceeding or even shorter than the glabrous pods. D. nemorosa, var. lutea, of Fl. Colorado and Hayd. Eep. 1871. Colorado and throughout Yellowstone Park. Var. hebecarpa, Lindb. Pubescent : stem branched : pods pubescent, one third the length of the pedicels. D. nemorosa of Bot. King's Exp. 22 and Hayd. Rep. 1871. In the mountains from Colorado to Arctic America. 2 18 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 8. D. chrysantha, Watson. Sterns decumbent or erect from a branch- ing rootstock, which becomes covered with the persistent bases of dead leaves, sparingly pubescent with simple hairs : basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, mostly entire; the cauline oblauceolate to lanceolate : flowers bright yellow: pod oblong, acute at each end and beaked by a slender style. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 364. In the high mountains of Colorado and southward into Arizona. *-* -W- Pods not glabrous. 9. D. montana, Watson. Hoary-villous with simple or branching rigid hairs, rather stout, erect, simple or sparingly branched, becoming a span high or less : leaves rosulate and rather crowded at and above tlie base of the stem, oblanceolate, sparingly toothed : pods linear-oblong, obtusish, roughly puberulent, nearly erect upon spreading pedicels; style none. Wheeler's Rep. vi. 63. Colorado. 10. D. aurea, Vahl. More or less canescently stellate pubescent and usually somewhat villous with branching hairs : stems 3 to 18 inches high, solitary or several from the same root, simple or branched : leaves oblanceolate, petioled ; the upper sessile, oblong to oblong-ovate, entire or sometimes sparingly toothed : petals yellow fading to white : pods linear-lanceolate, attenuate upward into a short style, puberulent, often somewhat twisted. [From Colorado to British America. Var. stylosa, Gray. Style as long as in the next. Southwestern Colorado. 11. D. Streptocarpa, Gray. A span high, with simple or simply forked, long, rigid, shaggy, spreading hairs : radical leaves rosulate, spatulate-lanceolate, attenuated into a large-margined petiole ; cauline very entire, sessile : racemes often paniculate: petals golden-yellow: pods linear or oblong-ovate, minutely or strongly hispid-ciliatc, usually much twisted with often 3 or 4 turns ; style long. In the mountains of Colorado to the very summit, the alpine forms being much dwarfed. 12. D. ventosa, Gray. Depressed and ccspitose, canescently tomentose throughout, the pubescence stellate : leaves crowded on the mostly tufted branches, spatulate-oblong or obovate, entire : peduncle in fruit exserted be- yond the leaves: petals golden-yellow: pod oval or orbicular, tomentulose-hirsute, tipped with a short distinct style. Am. Naturalist, viii. 212. " On a high rocky peak overlooking Snake and Wind River valleys," Parry. 2. CARD AMI WE, L. BITTER CRESS. X Sepals equal. Pod linear, seeds in one row. Growing in wet places, usually with running rootstocks or small tubers ; leaves all petioled, simple or pinnate. 1. C. COrdifolia, Gray. Stem I to 3 feet high, erect, simple, leafy to the top : leaves cordate, sparingly repand-dentate or angular-toothed, ciliate, 2 to 4 inches across ; lowest orbicular ; upper triangular-cordate : flowers rather large : pods erect. C. rhomboidea of Hayd. Rep. 1871. From New Mexico and Colorado to Oregon. 2. C. Breweri, Watson. Stem 6 to 18 inches high, flexuons, decumbent at base, usually simple : leaflets 1 or 2 pairs, rounded or oblong, the terminal much CBUCIFEK^S. (MUSTAED FAMILY.) 19 the largest, eutire or coarsely sinuate-toothed or lobed, often cordate at base ; radical leaves mostly simple and cordate-reniform : pods obtuse or scarcely beaked with a short style, ascending. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 339. C. pau- cisecta of Hayd. Rep. 1870, 1871, 1872. From Wyoming to California and Oregon. 3. C. hirsuta, L. Stem 3 to 12 inches high, erect or ascending from a spreading duster of root-leaves : leaflets 3 to 7 pairs, rounded ; those of the upper leaves oblong or linear and often confluent: flowers small: pods erect or ascending in line with the pedicels ; <*tyle very short or almost none. From Colorado to Alaska and eastward across the continent. 3. PARRYA, R. Br. Style rather short; lobes of the stigma connate. Seeds flat, orbicular, with a broad membranous border. Low herbs, with thick perennial roots and numerous scapes with racemed flowers. 1. P. nudicaulis, Regel. Rootstock fusiform: scape 4 to 6 inches high : leaves broadly lanceolate, incisely toothed : petals rose-color or purple, retuse : pods broadly linear, erect, slightly incurved, somewhat constricted between the seeds, which are slightly corrugated. Var. aspera, Regel. Pilose with glandular hairs. Var. glabra, Regel. Whole plant glabrous. Both varieties are included in the P. macrocarpa of Bot. King's Exp. 14 and Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 88. Near the summit of one of the highest peaks of the Uintas ( Watson). 4. ARAB IS, L. ROCK CRESS. Anthers short, hardly emarginate at base. Stigma entire or somewhat 2-lobed. Pod linear. Seeds flat and usually winged. Erect, with perpen- dicular roots and undivided leaves, the cauline usually clasping and auricled at base. * Biennials : pods erect or ascending: flowers small, white or nearly so. 1. A. perfoliata, Lam. Glaucous: stem stout, usually simple, 2 to 4 feet high, mostly glabrous but often hirsute toward the base : lower leaves spatu- late, sinnate-pinnatijid or toothed ; the cauliiie entire, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the sagittate base : petals little exceeding the sepals : pods erect and usually appressed, narrowly linear; style short: seeds in two rows, narrowly winged or wingless. Across the continent and far northward. 2. A. hirsuta, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves often rosulate at the base ; the cauline ovate to oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasping by a somewhat sagittate or cordate base : petals greenish-white, longer than the sepals: pedicels and pods strict!,// upright ; style scarcely any : seeds in one row, wingless. Colorado and northward, and east- ward across the continent. 3. A. Spathulata, Nutt. Hirsute, dwarf and somewhat cespitose, about 4 inches high : root thick, crowned with vestiges of former leaves and stems : leaves spatulate-oblong, entire ; radical leaves on rather long petioles : petals about twice the length of the sepals : pedicel about half the length of the pod, which is rather short, diverging, pointed with a distinct slender style : seeds with 20 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) a narrow margin. Along the Platte and westward to W. Nevada and Oregon. 4. A. lyrata, L. Low, diffuse or spreading from the base, mostly glabrous, except the lyrate-pinnatifid root-leaves; cauline leaves scattered, spatulate or linear with a tapering base: petals much longer than the yellowish sepals: pods ascending or spreading: seeds marginless. From Colorado northward and eastward. * * Mostly perennials: pods usual.li/ erect or ascending Jlowers mostly larger and deeper-colored. 5. A. Drummondii, Gray. Scarcely glaucous, I to 2 feet high : stem- leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear and sagittate, or the lowest spatulate : petals white or rose-color, fully twice the length of the sepals : pedicels and pods loosely erect or ascending or spreading: -seeds wing-margined. Throughout the whole Rocky Mountain region and eastAvard across the continent. Very variable. 6. A. Lyalli, Watson. Bright green or glaucous and glabrous, sometimes villous below, rarely more or less canescent with stellate pubescence : stems slender from a branching base, 2 to 15 inches high : radical leaves oblanceolate, entire ; cauliuo oblong-lanceolate, clasping by a sagittate base : petals light pink, twice longer than the sepals : style none : seeds in 2 rows, narrowly winged. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 122. A. Drummondii, var. alpina, of Fl. Colorado nnd Hayd. Rep. 1871, 1872. Alpine and subalpine. Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, and westward. 7. A. canescens, Nutt. Densely and finely stellate-pubescent, 2 to 6 inches high, tufted : leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate to broadly spatulate, entire ; cauline oblong and clasping : petals pale-purple : pods glabrous, tipped by a thick nearly sessile stigma, more or less spreading or rejlcxed on short pedicels : seeds in 1 row, broadly winged. Wyoming to Nevada and California. * * * Perennial: pods reflexed or recurved: style none. 8. A. Holboellii, Hornem. More or less stellate-pubescent, rarely hirsute or even glabrous : stem \ to 2 feet high, simple or branching : lower leaves spatulate, entire or denticulate : petals twice longer than the sepals, white or rose-color or rarely purple, becoming reflexed. A. retrofracta, Grah. From the Sierra Nevada to New Mexico and Arctic America, and eastward to the Saskatchewan. 5. STBEPTANTHUS, Nutt. Anthers elongated, sagittate; longer filaments sometimes connate. Stigma simple. Pod linear. Seeds flat, broadly winged. Ours is a perennial, with stem-leaves clasping by a broad auriculate base. 1. S. COrdatUS, Nutt. Glabrous or glaucous: stem simple, 1 to 2 feet high, rather stout : leaves thick, usually repandly toothed toward the apex, the teeth often setosely tipped ; lower leaves spatulate-ovate or obovate ; eauline cordate to oblong or ovate-lanceolate : petals about half longer than the sepals, greenish-yellow to purple : pods nearly straight, loosely spreading. Mountains of Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming, and west to the Sierra Nevada. CKUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 21 6. CAUL A NTH US, Watson. Sepals large, nearly equally saccate at base. Anthers linear, curved. Ours are stout perennials, with lyrate and entire leaves and greenish-yellow flowers. 1. C. hastatUS, Watson. Glabrous, simple or somewhat branched: leaves petioled, very variable; radical ones lyrate or entire, the terminal leaflet ovate, hastate, or truncate at base, the lateral leaflets very small ; cauline ovate-oblong, entire, hastate, rounded or cuneate at base : flowers in a loose virgate raceme, reflexed : sepals narrow, distant: petals (sometimes nearly wanting) equalling the sepals, toothed on the sides : pods spreading. Bot. King's Exp. 28, with plate. On shaded slopes in the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains. 7. THELYPODIUM, Endl. Sepals narrow, equal at base. Anthers linear, curved. Mostly stout and coarse biennials. * Leaves entire. 1. T. integrifolium, Endl. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, attenuated upward and sending out numerous branches toward the summit: radical leaves petioled, oblong-elliptical ; cauline lanceolate, sessile, uppermost nearly linear : flowers crowded, pale rose-color : pedicels almost horizontal : pod short, abruptly pointed, on a short stipe. From New Mexico to the Upper Missouri and Oregon ; also in California. 2. T. linearifolium, Watson. Stem 1 foot or more high, often branched from the base, erect, paniculate at the top : leaves linear, or the lower lance- olate, sessile : sepals turning purplish : petals rose-purple : pods erect, on spreading pedicels, very slender, teretish, apiculate with a very short style. Bot. King's Exp. 25. Streptanthus linear if olius, Gray. Wyoming, Colorado, and southward. 3. T. sagittatum, Endl. Stems weak, rarely erect, 12 to 18 inches high: radical leaves long-petioled, lanceolate; cauline sagittate and clasping: sepals purplish : petals pale pink : pods somewhat torulose, acuminate with the rather long style, spreading. W. Wyoming, S. W. Montana, to Utah and Nevada. 4. T. Nuttallii, Watson. Resembling the last but stouter and more erect, 3 to 5 feet high : radical leaves ovate : sepals and petals bright purple, rarely whitish. Bot. King's Exp. 26. Streptanthus sagittatus, Nutt. Wyoming and Montana to Oregon and California. * * At least the radical leaves toothed. 5. T. Wrightii, Gray. Stem 2 to 3 feet high : leaves lanceolate, repand- dentate or denticulate, all narrowed into a short petiole : flowering racemes short and dense ; pedicels divaricate : petals scarcely exceeding the sepals : pods widely spreading, on a very short stipe. Colorado and southward. 22 CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 8. STANLEYA, Nutt. Sepals narrow, spreading, yellow. Petals with long connivent claws. Fila- ments much elongated. Stout perennials with large flowers in elongated racemes. 1. S. pinnatifida, Nutt. Stems 2 to 3 feet high, decumbent at base: lower leaves lyrate-pinnatijid ; upper leaves entire, lanceolate, narrowed at base to a slender petiole : pods somewhat torulose, twice longer than the stipe. S. mtegrifolia, James. From Arizona and New Mexico to the head-waters of the Missouri, eastward to Western Iowa, and westward to California. 2. S. tomentosa, Parry. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, very stout, white-villous or hirsute throughout: radical and lower leaves as in the last; upper ones entire and hastate, passing into lanceolate and finally subulate bracts : raceme very dense and thick, cylindrical, becoming 1 to 1^ feet long, with pale cream- colored flowers. Am. Naturalist, viii. 212. " Owl Creek, Wyoming, on dry slopes," Parry. 3. S Viridiflora, Nutt. Stems 2 to 4 feet high, simple, erect, glabrous : radical leaves obovate or lanceolate, entire or with a few runcinate teeth towards the base ; cauliue lanceolate, clasping : sepals and petals greenish-yellow : pods torulose. N. Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and northward. 9. ERYSIMUM, L. Sepals erect, the alternate ones strongly gibbous at base. Petals long- clawed, with a flat blade. Leaves not clasping ; the flowers often large, yellow or orange, or occasionally purple. * Flowers small : pods small and short. 1. E. cheiranthoides, L. Minutely roughish, slender, branching: leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed : pods very obtusely angled, ascending on slender divergent pedicels. From Colorado to Arctic America and westward. ' * * Flowers showjj : pods elongated. 2. E. asperum, DC. Canescent with short oppressed hairs: stems soli- tary and simple, rarely branched above : leaves oUanceolate or narrowly spatu- late ; the cauline linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly repand : petals light yellow to deep orange or purple : pods ascending on stout spreading pedicels. From Mexico to British America, and from California to Texas arid Ohio. Var. Arkansanum, Gray. Minutely roughish-hoary : leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed : pods nearly erect on very short pedicels, exactly 4-sided. On the plains and in the mountains of Colorado and eastward. 3. E. pumillim, Nutt. Somewhat scabrous: stems 2 to 4 inches high: leaves linear, all entire : flowers pale yellow : pods flatly 4-sided, very long, erect, on very short pedicels. E. asperum, var. pumilum, and Hesperis Pallasii of Fl. Colorado. Alpine in Colorado, also in the foothills of Nevada. 4. E. parviflorum, Nutt. Canescent and scabrous : stem low and simple : leaves all linear or somewhat lanceolate, almost wholly entire, densely clustered at the base of the stem : flowers small, sulphur-yellow : pods erect. E. asperum, var. inconspicuum, of Bot. King's Exp. 24 and Bot. Calif, i. 39. Nevada to the Saskatchewan. CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 23 10. B ABB ARE A, R. Br. WINTER CRESS. Valves somewhat earinate. Seeds iu one row, turgid, margiuless. Erect and brandling, with angled stems. 1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. Stem 1 to 3 feet high: lower leaves lyrate- pinuatifid, with a larger rounded terminal lobe and 1 to 5 pairs of lateral ones ; upper leaves obovate, more or less pinuatifid at base : pods erect, often appressed. From Oregon eastward. 11. SISYMBBIUM, 1 L. HEDGE MUSTARD. Sepals scarcely gibbous at base. Seeds not margined. Erect herbs, with small flowers, the leaves not clasping or auriculate, rarely entire. * Leaves pinnate or bipinnate. 1. S. canescens, Nutt. Canescent with short branching hairs: stems to 2^ feet high : leaves 1 to 2-piimate, with the segments more or less deeply pinnatifid or toothed : pods acute at each end and pointed with the very short style, shorter than the slender spreading pedicels : seeds in two rows. Very common on the plains and in the mountains. From Colorado to Arctic America, westward to California, and eastward to New York and Pennsyl- vania. 2. S. incisum, Engelm. Pubescence short, more or less glandular : steins 1 to 4 feet high : leaves pinnate, with the segments linear to ovate-oblong, more or less deeply pinnatifid, sometimes entire : pods pointed at both ends, mostly exceeding the spreading pedicels : seeds in one row. S. Calif or nicum, Watson in Bot. King's Exp. 23. Oregon and Washington Territory, east- ward to Winnipeg Valley and southward to New Mexico. * * Leaves entire or toothed. 3. S. glaucum, Nutt. Glaucous, about 1 foot high: radical leaves small, spatulate ; cauline ovate, sagittate and clasping, rather acute : .floiccrs very small, pale purple : pods erect : seeds in one or two rows. South Park, Colorado, and northwestward to Oregon. 4. S. virgatum, Nutt. Canescently hirsute with simple and stellate hairs : stem about a span high, virgately branched from the base : leaves lanceolate- linear, clasping ; lower ones denticulate or entire : flowers larger, pale purple : pods erect : seeds in two rows. On the Platte and its tributaries. 5. S. linifolium, Nutt. Glabrous and glaucous, 1 to l feet high: leaves narrowly oblanceolate or linear : flowers light yellow : pods ascending on short spreading pedicels, with short thick styles : seeds in one row. S.juncenm of Hayd. Rep. 1871, 1872. W. Wyoming and northwestward through Montana and Idaho. 1 BRASSICA is an allied genus, represented in our range by the following introduced species : B. Sinapistrum, Boiss. Known by its rough spreading hairs, lower leaves nstially with a large coarsely toothed terminal lobe, upper leaves often undivided, and the pods more than a third occupied by the stout 2-edged beak. Around settlements iu S. Montana and Idaho, and uudoubtedly elsewhere. 24 CKUCIFER^E. (MUSTAKD FAMILY.) 12. SMELOWSKIA, C.A.Meyer. Dwarf alpine perennials, distinguished from Sisymbrium by the short 4-angled pods. 1. S. calycina, C. A. Meyer. Densely white-tomentose to nearly gla- brous, cespitose, the much-branched rootstock thickly covered with the sheath- ing bases of dead leaves : leaves mostly radical and with long slender petioles, pinnate or piniiatifid ; segments linear to oblong : pod beaked with a short style and broad stigma, ascending on spreading pedicels : seeds in one row. From Colorado to California and Oregon, and northward. 13. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. WATEK-CBESS. Growing in water or in moist places, smooth or nearly so, with the leaves piunatifid or lyrate. * Flowers small, yellow or yellowish. 1. N. ObtUSUm, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so: stems much branched: leaves pinnately parted or divided, often lyrate, decurrent; segments oblong- roundish, obtusely toothed or repand : racemes elongated in fruit : pods ovate to linear-oblong, twice the length of the pedicels ; style short. From Colorado to the headwaters of the Yellowstone and eastward. Growiug in the spray of the Lower Falls of the Yellowstone. Var. (?) alpinum, Watson. Dwarf: leaves oblong, entire or with a few teeth or coarsely lyrate-pinnatijid : pods mostly shorter than the pedicels. Bot. King's Exp. 15. Uinta Mountains. 2. N. palustre, DC. Stout, glabrous, erect, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves lanceolate, lyrately-pinnatijid, petioled : pods oblong, equalling the spreading pedicels, tipped by the prominent style. E. California to Colorado, thence northward and eastward. Var. hispidlim, Fisch. & Meyer. Someivhat hispid: pods shorter, globose- oblong. The more common form. 3. N. CUrvisiliqua, Nutt. Smooth, usually erect, | to 1 foot high : leaves narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, pinnalijid with oblong usually toothed lobes, rarely only sinuate-toothed : pods rather slender on pedicels of about the same length, both often strongly curved; style prominent or none. W. Wyo- ming and Idaho to Washington Terr, and California. 4. N. sinuatum, Nutt. Stems diffuse, slender, decumbent, smooth or slightly roughened, from perennial creeping or subterranean shoots : leaves lanceolate, usually narrow, regularly sinuate-pinnatijid with numerous linear- oblong nearly entire lobes : pods linear, tipped with the long style, becoming curved, as also the slender pedicel. From New Mexico to the Upper Missis- sippi and westward to the Sierra Nevada. * * Flowers white. 1 5. N. trachycarpum, Gray. Nearly glabrous, erect, branching: leaves lyrate-subpinnatifid : pods oblong-linear, papillose-roughened, curved- 1 N. officinale, R. Br., is a smooth procumbent aquatic rooting at the joints, with pinnate leaves and sinuate leaflets, and with spreading pedicels and a short thick style. Intro- duced in the streams about Denver and Salt Lake City, and doubtless elsewhere. CRUCIFER^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 25 ascending on stout pedicels, soon recurved, shorter than the long subulate style. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 54. S. W. Colorado on the San Juan, etc., Brandegee. 14. V E S I C A III A, 1 Tourn. BLADDER-POD. Low densely stellate-canescent herbs, with large yellow flowers, entire or sinuately toothed leaves, and long slender styles. * Pod smooth. 1. V. Fendleri, Gray. Low, spreading from a thick woody caudex : leaves linear or linear-spatulate, crowded, mostly entire : raceme densely many-flowered : pod membranaceous. PL Fendl. 9. V. stenophylla, Gray, of Fl. Colorado, 6. Southern Colorado and southward. * * Pod hairy. 2. V. Ludoviciana, DC. Stem simple or somewhat branched above : radical leaves spatulate, entire; cauline linear : pod olwate, globose, a little longer than the style. Colorado and Wyoming. 3. V. montana, Gray. Stems spreading, leafy: radical leai'es subocate, petioled, sometimes 1 or 2-toothed ; cauline spatulate: fruiting raceme elongated: > pod oval or ellipsoidal, a little longer than the style and a little shorter than the upwardly curving spreading pedicel. Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming, also in California and Oregon. 4. V. alpina, Nutt. Dicarf and ccspitose : leaves linear-spatulate, entire : flowers in short corymbose racemes, large for the size of the plant : pod inflated beloic, compressed at the summit, shorter than the stt/le, densely clothed with stellate hairs. W. Wyoming and S. W. Montana. 15. SUBULARIA, L. AWLWORT. A dwarf stemless aquatic, smooth, with tufted subulate leaves, few minute white flowers, and no style. 1. S. aquatica, L. Scapes 1 to 3 inches high: leaves usually shorter than the scapes : flowers scattered : petals not exserted : pods obtuse, about equalling the pedicels. In great abundance at the head of Yellowstone Lake, Parry. The next stations to the east are in New Hampshire and Maine. 16. CAP SELL A, Momch. SHEPHERD'S PURSE. Slender and mostly smooth annuals, with small white flowers and simple or pinnate leaves. 2 1. C. divaricata, Walp. Glabrous, very slender and diffusely branched : ^ radical leaves pinnate or pinnatifid with few lobes ; the upper oblanceolate to linear, entire: pods elliptic-oblong, on very slender spreading pedicels. Colorado, W. Wyoming, and westward. 1 Camclina saiiva, Crantz., is an annual, with lanceolate arrow-shaped leaves, and large margined pods Known as " False Flax," and introduced in Colorado, etc. 2 C. Bursa-pastoris, Ma-nch, is usually somewhat hirsute at base, with radical leaves mostly runcinate-pinnatifld, cauline lanceolate and auricled at base, and pods cuneate- Jr triangular, truncate above. - Naturalized wherever civilized man is found. 26 CRUCIFEE^E. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 17. THLASPI, L. PENNYCRESS. Pod usually emargiriate. Style rather long. Seeds somewhat turgid. Low glabrous herbs with simple stems; lower leaves rosulate, entire or toothed, the cauline oblong, auricled and clasping; flowers white or pinkish. 1 . T. alpestre, L. Radical leaves petioled, ovate or obovate : pods acutely margined but not winged. T. cochleariforme, DC., of Ilayd. Hep. 1872; T. Fendleri, Gray, of Hayd. Rep. 1870. From New Mexico to British America and westward. 18. LEPIDITJM, L. PEPPERGRASS. Low herbs with piunatifid or toothed leaves and small white flowers. # Petals none: stamens 2 or 4. 1. L. intermedium, Gray. Erect and branching, puberulent or gla- brous : lower leaves toothed or pinnatifid ; the upper often entire, oblanceolate or linear : pod smooth or rarely puberulent, very shortly winged with some- what divergent obtuse teeth, on spreading pedicels. L. ruderale of Hayd. Rep. 1870. From Texas to Hudson's Bay, and westward to S. California and the Columbia Valley. Forms with small petals are reported from Utah, New Mexico, Texas, etc. * * Petals conspicuous : stamens 6. 1 2. L. montanum, Nutt. Decumbent, brauches many from a long some- what woody root, spreading in a circular manner : radical leaves more or less bipinnatifid ; upper leaves triftd or entire: pods indistinctly reticulated, elliptical, sliytily emarginate, wingless, with a conspicuous style. Plains from New Mexico to the British boundary, and in California, 3. L. alyssoides, Gray. Stems diffuse, branches minutely puberulent : leaves narrowly linear, mucrotndate, attenuate at base, very entire, lowest often piuuately lobed : racemes dense, corymbose : pods ocate, shortly winged above with acutish teeth, scarcely emargiuate, with a very short style. In dry valleys and on hillsides from N. Nevada through Colorado to Mexico. 4. L. Fremontii, Watson. Glabrous and glaucous, diffusely branched, from a somewhat woody base : leaves linear, entire or sparingly lobed : racemes rather short and few-flowered: pods rounded, abruptly cuneate at base, sliylitly emarginate with short very obtuse teeth. Bot. King's Exp. 30, with plate. S. Colorado and through S. Utah to Nevada and California. 19. PHYSARIA, Nutt. Low and stellately canescent plants, distinguished by the inflated, nearly globular cells of the didymous pod. 1. P. didymocarpa, Gray. Decumbent, diffusely branched: radical leaves broadly spatulate, occasionally lyrate ; cauline oblanceolate: flowers showy : pods deeply emarginate above and below, the cells usually approxi- mate, but sometimes divergent. From Colorado to British America and westward to the Sierra Nevada. i L. sativvm, L., has leaves variously divided and cut, with very numerous round-oval winged pods, and flowers sometimes rose-color. Introduced in Colorado, Utah, and else- where. CAPPARIDACE^E. (CAPER FAMILY.) 27 20 BISCUTELLA, 1 L. Erect stellate-pubescent branching herbs, with entire or pinnatifid leaves, and yellow or purplish flowers. 1. B. Wislizeni, Benth. & Hook. A foot or more high, covered throughout with a fine, but dense, stellate pubescence : leaves linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, entire, slightly undulate or deeply piunatifid : each half of the pod roundish. Dithynm Wislizeni, Engelra., of the various Western reports. S. W. Colorado, Brandeyee, to Arizona and Texas. ORDER 7. CAPPARIDACEJE. (CAPER FAMILY.) Herbs, with alternate leaves and perfect hypogynous flowers, sepals and petals as in Cruciferce, stamens 6 or more, nearly equal in length, pod one-celled with 2 parietal placentae and kidney-shaped seeds, the embryo incurved rather than, folded. * Stamens 8 to 32. 1. Polanisia. Flowers whitish or purple. Pod elongated. * * Stamens 6. 2. Cleome. Flowers yellow or pink-purple. Pod oblong or linear, many-seeded. 3. Cleomella. Flowers yellow. Pod rhomboidal, 2-horaed or globular, few-seeded. 1. POLANISIA, Raf. Sepals sometimes united at base. Petals with claws and emarginate. Pod compressed or cylindrical, many-seeded. Annual herbs, ill-scented and mostly glandular, with 3-foliolate petioled leaves, and flowers in leafy bracted racemes. 1. P. trachysperma, Torr. & Gray. Leaves with 3 lanceolate leaflets; floral bracts mostly simple : petals witli slender claws as long as the sepals : stamens 12 to 16, exserted : pod very rarely on a short slender stipe : seeds finely pitted and often warty. P. uniylandu/osa of the Fl. Colorado and Bot. King's Ex p. Colorado and Wyoming to the Columbia Ilivcr, and eastward to Kan- sas and Texas. 2. P. graveolens, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets : flowers small : calyx and filaments purplish: petals yellowish-white: stamens about 11, scarcely exceeding the pa -ds: pod slightly stipitate. Upper Arkansas Valley, Colorado, and eastward across the continent. 2. CLEOME, L. Sepals sometimes united at base. Pod stipitate, many-seeded. Erect branching animals, with palmately 3 to 7-foliolate leaves, flowers in bracteate racemes, and pods pendent on spreading pedicels. 1 Raphanus sativus, L. , is more or less hispid, with purple or rose-colored flowers, and an inflated long-pointed pod. The common Radish, running wild in cultivated grounds. 28 VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 1. C. lutea, Hook. Smooth or slightly pubescent, 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets 5, linear- to oblong-lanceolate : flowers showy, bright yellow, corymbose, the raceme elongated in fruit : stamens . much exserted : pod equalling or much longer than the stipe. C. aurea, Nutt. Abundant in the valleys of Colorado and Wyoming, and westward to Nevada and Oregon. 2. C. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat glaucous, 2 to 3 feet high : leaflets 3, lanceolate (the lowest oblong) : flowers large, showy, reddish-purple, rarely white, the raceme sometimes nearly a foot long : pods compressed, much longer than the stipe. From Colorado to the Upper Missouri and eastward. 3. C. SonorSB, Gray. Glabrous: leaflets 3, linear: flowers purplish: pod turgid, somewhat longer than the stipe, which is much shorter than the pedicel. PL Wright, ii. 16. S. Colorado (Brandegee) and southward. 3. CLEOMELLA, DC. Like Cleome, but the pod few-seeded, small and ovoid-globose or rhom- boidal. Erect branching annuals, with yellow racemose flowers and 3-folio- late leaves. 1. C. angUStifolia, Torr. Branching above: leaflets oblong-linear: pod many times longer than the style, shorter than the stipe, dilated-rhomboid : seeds transversely rugulose. Colorado and southward. Distributed in the earlier Colorado collections by mistake under the name of C. tenui folia. 2. C. OOCarpa, Gray. Diffuse: leaflets oblong-linear : raceme frequently densely flowered : pod with a somewhat shorter style, much shorter than the stipe, ovate : seeds 1 or 2, smooth. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 72. On the borders of the Mesa Verde, S. W. Colorado ; also in Nevada. ORDER 8. VIOLACEJE. (VIOLET FAMILY.) Herbs, distinguished by the irregular one-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 stamens, adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, which has a single club-shaped style, a one-celled ovary with 3 parietal placenta?. Flowers perfect, with persistent sepals. Each of the 3 valves of the capsule, after dehiscence, in drying firmly folds together lengthwise and l>y its increasing pressure projects the obovate seeds. 1. Viola. Sepals atiricled. Lower petal spurred at base. 2. lonidium. Sepals not auricled. Lower petal unguiculate, the claw dilated and shortly gibbous or concave. 1. VIOLA, L. VIOLET. Anthers often coherent, the connectives of the two lower bearing spurs which project into the spur of the petal. Mostly perennial herbs with alter- nate leaves, foliaceous persistent stipules, and 1-flowered axillary peduncles. The later flowers are often cleistogamous. VIOLACE^E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 29 # Stemless, the leaves and scapes all from a subterranean rootstock : Jloivers purplish or violet (sometimes white). 1. "V". pallistris, L. Smooth: -roolafock slender: leaves round heart-shaped and kidney-form, slightly crenate : flowers small, pale lilac, with purple streaks, nearly beardless : spur very short and obtuse. Mountains of Colorado and Utah, and far northward ; also in the White Mountains of N. H. 2. V. CUCUllata, Ait. Rootstock thick and branching, dentate : leaves long-petioled, smooth or pubescent, cordate with a broad sinus; the lowest often reniform and the later acute or acuminate, crenately toothed, the sides rolled inward when young: flowers deep or pale violet or purple (sometimes white : the lateral and often the lower petals bearded : spur short and thick. A very variable species, ranging across the continent, but sparingly reported from the Rocky Mountain region of Colorado and Wyoming. 3. V. delphinifolia, Nutt. Rootstock short and very thick, erect, not scaly : leaves all pa I mate I. y or pedately 5 to 7 -parted ; divisions 2 to 3-cleft into linear lobes : flowers pale or deep lilac -purple or blue : lateral petals bearded. From Colorado across the plains to the Mississippi States. * * Leafy-stemmed, perennial from short rootstocks. t- Leaf-bearing from base to sttmmit, erect or ascending. w- Flowers ichite or purple. 4. V. canina, L., var. sylvestris, Regel. Low (3 to S inches high): stems mostly simple, from the base at length producing creeping branches : leaves heart-shaped or the lowest kidney-form, crenate; stipules fringe-toothed : petals light violet, the lateral ones slightly bearded : spur cylindrical, half the length of the petals : stigma beaked. The most common American variety of this very variable and widely distributed species. From Colorado northward and eastward. Var. adunca, Gray. Leaves ovate, often somewhat cordate at base, ob- scurely crenate : spur as long as the sepals, rather slender, hooked or curved. Rocky Mountains and westward. Var. longipes, Watson. Very similar, but the stout obtuse spur is nearly straight. Bot. Calif, i. 56. Same range as the last. 5. V. Canadensis, L. Upright, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves cordate, pointed, serrate ; sti/mles entire : petals white or whitish inside, the upper ones mostly tinged with purple beneath, sometimes entirely purple ; the lateral ones bearded : spur very short : stigma beakless. Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, and eastward. ++ *-* Flowers ydlow, more or less veined or tinged with purple. 6. V. aurea, Kellogg. More or less pubescent, 2 to 6 inches high : leaves ovate to lanceolate, cuneate or sometimes truncate at base, coarsely crenate ; stip- ules foliac(ons, lanceolate, Jaciniate: peduncles a little longer than the leaves: the upper petals more or less tinged with brown on the outside, the others veined with purple : capsule nearly globular, pubescent. Var. venosa, Watson. Alpine and more slender : flowers smaller : leaves often purple-veined. Bot. Calif, i. 56. V. Nitttal/ii, var. venosa, of Hayd. Rep. 1872. The species belongs to the Sierra Nevada and westward, while the variety ranges eastward to the Wahsatch and Uintas. 30 POLYGALACE^E. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 7. V. Nuttallii, Pursh. From densely pubescent to nearly glabrous: leaves oblong-ovate to oblong, attenuate into the long petiole, entire or obscurely sinuate ; stipules mostly narrow, entire : peduncles usually shorter than the leaves : capsule ovate, smooth. From Colorado to the Upper Missouri and Washington Territory ; also in California. - *- Stems naked Mow, two-leaved above. 8. V. biflora, L. Stem weak, 2-leaved and 2-flowered : leaves rcniform, very obtuse, crenate ; stipules ovate, very entire : flowers very small, yellow : petals marked with brown lines : spurs short. Colorado. 2. IONIDIUM, Vent. Petals very unequal, the two upper shorter, the lower one very large. Stamens approximate, the anterior ones each furnished with a nectarifer- ous gland at the base* Leaves opposite or alternate; peduncles axillary, solitary. 1. I. lineare, Torr. Somewhat pubescent: leaves entire or remotely serrulate ; the lower varying from lanceolate to oblong or obovate ; the upper linear ; stipules linear : peduncles articulated, bibracteolate : flowers small. From Colorado eastward and southward across the plains. ORDER 9. POLYOAL.ACE.!:. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) Herbs with simple entire leaves and no stipules, remarkable for the seemingly papilionaceous flowers, monadelphous or diadelphous stamens coherent with the petals, and one-celled anthers opening at the top. 1. POLYGALA, Tourn. MILKWORT. Sepals 5, very unequal, the 2 lateral large and petal-like. Petals 3, united to each other and to the stamen-tube, the middle one hooded above and often crested or beaked. Stamens 6 or 8. Ovary 2-celled: style long, curved, dilated above. Capsule membranaceous, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, often notched above. Seed carunculate at the hilum. Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby, with racemose or spicate flowers. 1. P. verticillata, L. Slender, 6 to 10 inches high: stem-leares whorled in fours, sometimes in fives; those of the branches scattered, linear : spikes pe- duncled, dense, slender; the bracts falling with the Jloicers, which are small, arrenish-tehite or barely tinged with purple, the crest of the keel conspicuous : the 2-lobed caruncle half the length of the seed. Colorado and eastward across the plains. 2. P. alba, Nutt. Smoothish, one foot high, leafy half-way to the sum- mit: leaves linear to oblanceolate, margins slightly revolute: flowers deciduous, leaving the rarhis roughened after their fall, white : seed with caruncle extended into two ear-like lobes nearly as long as the seed. Plains of the Upper Missouri. 3. P. acanthoclada, Gray. Somewhat shrubby, 2 feet high, subcinereous- pubf scent, armed with slender spines: leaves linear-spatulate : flowers subaxillary, scattered, white ; pedicels bibracteolate at base : keel short boat-shaped, with a boss on the back. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 73. S. W. Colorado and S. E.Utah. CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) 31 Low perennial herbs or undershrubs, with opposite entire leaves and no stipules ; distinguished from Silenece mainly by the parietal placentae and oval or oblong anatropous seeds with a straight embryo. 1, FKANKENIA* L. Calyx tubular or prismatic, 4 or 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, clawed and bear- ing a crown. Stamens 6. Ovary 1-celled : style 2 to 4-cleft into filiform divisions. Capsule included in the persistent calyx. Leaves small, mostly crowded, and also fascicled in the axils : flowers small, solitary and sessile in the forks of the stem or becoming cymose-clustered on the branches, white. 1. F. Jamesii, Torr. Much branched from a woody base, 6 to 10 inches high : leaves linear, strongly revolute on the margins, the fascicled ones shorter : limb of petals erose-denticulate at tip. S. Colorado. ORDER 11. CARYOPIIYLLACEJG. (PINK FAMILY.) Herbs, with regular and mostly perfect flowers, 4 or 5 persistent sepals, 4 or 5 petals (sometimes wanting), the distinct stamens com- monly twice as many, ovary one-celled with a free central placenta, the seeds reniform. Steins usually swollen at the nodes. Leaves opposite. Styles 2 to 5, mostly distinct. Fruit a capsule opening by valves, or by teeth at the summit. Stipules none in our genera. Tribe I. Sepals united. Petals with a conspicuous claw, usually with an appendage (crown) at the base of the blade, borne with the stamens on a stipe under the ovary. Capsule dehiscent at the toothed summit. Flowers comparatively large. SiLENE.fi. 1 1. Silene. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 3, 2. Ijychnia. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Styles 4 or 5. Tribe II. Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without crown or distinct claw, inserted with the stamens on the margin of a disk under the sessile ovary, sometimes incon- spicuous or wanting. ALSINE^ * Styles (when of the same number) opposite the sepals. 3. Cerastium. Capsule cylindric, opening at the toothed apex. Petals emarginate or bifid. Styles usually 5. 4. Stellaria. Capsule short, splitting to the base. Petals 2-deft or none. Styles mostly 3. 5. Arenarla. Differs from the last chiefly in the entire petals, these rarely wanting. * * Styles alternate with the sepals and of the same number. 6. Sagina. Capsule 4 or 5-valved. Petals entire or wanting. Styles 4 or 5. 1. SILENE, L. CATCIIPLT. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved. Petals entire, notched, or bifid. Capsule usually 6-toothed. Annual or mostly perennial herbs. 1 Saponana, an introduced genus, has a terete calyx, petals not crowned, and two styles. S. Vac.caria, L., is a smooth annual, with ovate-lanceolate leaves, pale red flowers in cor- ymbed cymes, and calyx enlarged and wing-angled in fruit. Vaccaria vulgaris of Gray's Manual Very generally introduced. 32 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) # Annual: flowers in naked panicles : petals entire or obcordate, crowned. 1. S. antirrhina, L. Glabrous, with a part of each joint viscid, erect, slender : leaves lanceolate or linear : flowers iu a dichotomous panicle, on long pedicels : calyx becoming expanded by the enlarging ovary : petals pink. From S. Colorado to British America and eastward across the continent ; also in California. * * Perennial : petals bifid. - Peduncles l-Jlotvered: stems spreading or decumbent. 2. S. Menziesii, Hook. Glandular-puberuleut : stems dichotomously branched, leafy : leaves ovate-lanceolate or -oblong : peduncles lateral and terminal, equalling the leaves : petals without a crown : seeds minutely tuber- culate. at length nearly black and shining. From New Mexico to Slave Lake and westward to California. -t -i- Peduncles 3- to many-flowered: stems erect. 3. S. multicaulis, Nutt. Minutely pubescent : stems numerous, about a foot high, rigid : leaves linear-oblanceolate ; upper ones very small : flowers in threes on shortish peduncles, pale red : calyx ovate-cylindrical : seeds brown, margined with a scaly crest. From the western slopes of the mountains to the Pacific. 4. S. Douglasii, Hook. Minutely pubescent: stem simple, very slender, 2 to 3 feet hiyli : leaves remote, linear, elongated : flowers few on slender peduncles, rose-color or nearly white: calyx obovate, at length inflated and membranaceous, pubescent. Montana to Washington Territory and southward to California and the Wahsatch. 5. S. Scouleri, Hook. Stem stout: leaves distant, narrow: racemes sub- compressed, narrow, few-flowered : calyx somewhat dilating, the teeth broad- lanceolate, slightly ciliate : petals white or pinkish, the broad bifid limb with notched lobes and appendages; claws aurided, woolly-ciliate as well as the filaments. In the mountains from New Mexico to British America. * * * Perennial, dwarf, tufted, smooth: flowering shoots \-flowered: petals notched or entire, crowned. 6. S. acaulis, L. Tufted like a moss : leaves linear, crowded : flowers almost sessile, or rarely on a naked peduncle : petals purple or rarely white. Alpine summits of the whole Kocky Mountain range, and northward to Arctic America : also in the White Mountains of N. H. 2. LYCHNIS, L. COCKLED Calyx more or less inflated, capsule 5 to 10-toothed, and styles as many as calyx-lobes ; otherwise nearly as in Silene. Ours are perennials with linear to oblanceolate leaves. * Stems \-flowered: seeds with a loose membranous margin: dwarf and cespitose, alpine. 1 . L. montana, Watson. Glandular-pubescent above, nearly glabrous below : petals included or nearly so, the. emarginate blade not broader than the very narrow claw; appendages very small: seeds rather broadly margined. The L. attain of the Fl. Colorado and other Western reports. Mountain peaks of Colorado, and in the Uintas. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 33 2. L. Kingii, Watson. Pubescent throughout : petals exserted, the short and flat blade rather deeply emarginate ; appendages entire or toothed ; claw ciliate, rather broadly auricled : filaments ciliate. L. Ajanensis ? of Bot. King's Exp. 37. Peaks of the Uintas and in N. W. Wyoming. # * Flowers rarely solitary : seeds tuberculate. 3. L. Drummondii, Watson. Rather stout, finely glandular-pubescent above: leaves narrowly oblanceolate : flowers few, on stout often elongated pedicels : petals included or nearly so, white or purple, the entire or emarginate blade narrow -r than the auricled claw ; appendages minute. Siiene Drummondii of the earlier Reports. Colorado, Wyoming, and northward. 4. L. Parryi, Watson. Slender, finely glandular-pubescent above : leaves linear : flowers with the lateral pedicels mostly short : petals long-exserted, pur- plish, the broad blade clejl to the middle and with a short narrow lobe on each side ; appendages quadrate or ovate, crenate ; claw broadly auricled. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 248. N. W. Wyoming, Parry. 3. CERASTIUM, L. MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. Stamens 10. Capsule often incurved, thrice the length of the calyx. Mostly pubescent or hirsute low herbs : flowers white, in terminal leafy or scariously bracted dichotomous cymes. 1. C. nutans, Raf. Annual, viscid-pubescent, erect : leaves narrowly oblong or linear-lanceolate, clasping, the lowest spatulate : cyme open, rather many- flowered : pedicels often nodding or reflexed in fruit : petals sli(/htly longer than the sepals : capsule curved. Across the continent and southward into northern Mexico. 2. C. alpinum, L. Silky-hirsute, decumbent, few-flowered : leaves elliptical- ovate: peduncles more or less elongated: petals bifid, twice the length of the hairy sepals : capsule nearly twice as long as the calyx. Var. Behringianum, Regel. Petals and capsule half longer than the calyx, shorter than the pedicels : stems 2 to 4-jlowered. C. vulyatum, var. Behringianum, of Fl. Colorado, Hayd. Rep. 1872, and Bot. King's Exp. Mountains of Colorado and W. Wyoming. 3. C. arvense, L. Perennial, downy with reflexed hairs, cespitose : leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, clasping : cyme few-flower r-d : pedicels erector nodding: petals nearly twice longer than the sepals : capsule little exceeding the calyx, nearly straight. Colorado and northward through Utah, Montana, and Wyoming, and across the continent. 4. S TELL ARIA, L. CHICKWEED. Stamens 10 or fewer. Styles 3, or rarely 2, 4, or 5. Capsule globose to oblong. Low herbs, mostly diffuse : leaves rarely subulate : flowers white, solitary or cymose : stems mostly 4-angled. * Bracts small and scarious. i- Petals none. 1. S. Umbellata, Turcz. Glabrous : stems very slender, ascending from slender creeping rootstocks, which are covered with orbicular scales : leaves 3 34 CARYOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.) elliptic or oblong-lanceolate : flowers in a simple or compound open umbel- like few-rayed cyme: pedicels elongated. Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 59. Mountains of Colorado and northward. -i Petals equalling or surpassing the calyx. 2. S. longifblia, Mubl. Stem erect, weak, often with rough angles : leaves linear, acutish at both ends, spreading : cymes naked and at length lateral, pedun- cled, many-flowered ; the slender pedicels spreading. From Oregon to British America and across the continent. 3. S. longipes, Goldie. Shining or somewhat glaucous, very smooth: leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, broadest at the base : cyme ter- minal, few-flowered ; the long pedicels erect. Colorado and northward, thence eastward to Wisconsin and Maine. Var. Iseta, Torr. & Gray. Branches erect from creeping stems, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves erect, rigid, carinate : sepals rather obtuse. With the last, in the mountains. Var. Edwardsii, Torr. & Gray. Branches an inch or two high: leaves ovate-lanceolate (the lowest sometimes ovate), sometimes sparsely ciliate at the base : sepals acutish. Mountains of Colorado. * * Bracts foliaceoiis. t- Petals shorter than the sepals, or none. 4. S. borealis, Bigelow. Erect or spreading : leaves elongated, lance-linear, finely Sfrrulate, the intramarginal nerve very indistinct : flowers in dichotomous cymes : seeds smooth. Abundant in the mountains of Colorado and north- ward, and across the continent. 5. S. Obtusa, Engelm. Like the last, but prostrate; leaves triangular-ovate, smooth-edged, 1-nerved, and the delicate reticulated veins uniting into distinct intramarginal nerves : seeds (under the lens) cotx-red with oblong-linear pectinate tubercles. Bot. Gazette, vii. 5. W. Colorado on the tributaries of the Gun- nison River, Brandegee ; also in British Columbia. i- -t- Petals exceeding the sepals (sometimes wanting in No. 6). 6. S. crassifolia, Ehrhart. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid : leaven rather fleshy, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong : flowers terminal or in the forks of the stem or of leafy branches : seeds rugose-roughened. Colorado, Montana, and eastward to the Ohio valley. 7. S. Jamesii, Torr. Somewhat viscfdly pubescent, rather stout : leaves linear to ovate-lanceolate : pedicels divaricate : seeds smooth. New Mexico, Colorado, and westward. 5. ARE NAB I A, L. SANDWORT. Styles 3. Capsule globose or short-oblong. Mostly low annuals or peren- nials, usually tufted : with sessile leaves, often subulate and more or less rigid : flowers white, cymosely panicled or capitate. 1. The 3 valves of the capsule 2-cleft or parted: seeds not appendaged at the hilum : cespitose perennials, mostly scarious-bracted. ARENARIA proper. * Petals exceeding the sepals. 1. A. COHg8Sta, Nutt. Smooth and glaucous : leaves very narrowly subu- late, scabrous on the margin, often pungent : flowers in I to 3 dense subuinbellate CAKYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) 35 fascicles, with large dilated membranous bracts : petals nearly twice as long as the sepals : stigmas capitellate. Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, to Washington Territory. Var. subcongesta, Watson. Flowers less densely fascicled and some- what cymose. Bot. Calif, i. 69. A. Fendleri, var. subcongesta, of Bot. King's Exp. and Fl. Colorado. Colorado, S. Idaho, and westward. 2. A. capillaris, Poir., var. nardifolia, Regel. More or less glandular- pubescent above : leaves linear-subulate, pungent : flowers few in an open cyme ; bracts smtilf, lanceolate : petals half longer than the sepals. Watson in Bot. Calif, i. 69. A. nardifolia, Ledeb., and A. formosa, Hook., in Bot. King's Exp. 39. From the British boundary southward to the Wahsatch and California. * # Petals about equalling the calyx. 3. A. saxosa, Gray. Slightly-hispid pubt-scent : leaves lanceolate : raceme many flowered, somewhat ci/mose : sepals with a distinct almost keel-like hispid midrib. PI. Wright, ii. 18. S. Colorado and southward. 4. A. pungens, Nutt. Pubescent throughout, cespitose : leaves linear- subulate, pungent, crowded : flowers in an open cyme, leafy-bracted : sepals acuminate, pungent : seeds very few, smooth. W. Wyoming, Teton Moun- tains, and westward to California. 5. A. Franklinii, Dougl. Of similar habit, but stouter and less pubescent: stems leafy at base : flowers fascicled in a rather dose cyme : sepals smooth and shining, scariously margined, as also the large bracts. From Colorado to the sources of the Missouri and westward to Oregon. Var. minor, Hook. & Am. With shorter leaves, bracts, and sepals ; the last two membranaceous. W. Wyoming, Parry. 6. A. Fendleri, Gray. Stems numerous from a perennial caudex, glabrous below, more or less glandular-pubescent abore, imbricately many-leaved at base : leaves long, somewhat flattened, serrulate-scabrous, smooth except on the mar- gins : cymes strict and few-flowered : sepals acuminate, with a broad scarious margin: seeds papillose-scabrous. PI. Fendl. 13. Montana, Colorado, and southward. Var. glabrescens, Watson. Nearly glabrous throughout: sepals shorter, acute : leaves short. Bot. King's Exp. 40. Colorado and westward to Nevada. Var. diflfusa, Porter. Branches of the cyme elongated, lax and widely spread- ing : flowers numerous. Fl. Colorado, 13. Ute Pass, Colorado, Porter. 2. The 3 valves of the capsule entire: seeds not appendaged at the hifum. Ours are all cespitose, not more than 3 inches in height, usually 1 to few-flowered, and with petals commonly exceeding the sepals. ALSINE. 7. A. verna, L. Erect, pubescent or glabrous : leaves linear-subulate, nerved, erect : cyme erect : sepals ovate, acute, mostly a little longer than the petals. Mountains of Colorado, Uintas, Teton Range, and northward to Arctic America. Var. hirta, Watson. Leaves minutely hirsute, obtuse. Bot. King's Exp. 41. With the last. 36 CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (PINK FAMILY.) 8. A. biflora, var. carnosula, Watson. Stems creeping; branches mostly 1-flowered : leaves narrowly linear, nerveless : sepals linear, very obtuse, cucullate at the summit : petals much longer than the sepals and capsule. Bibl. Index, i. 94. A. a/pina of the Fl. Colorado. Colorado. Var. obtlisa, Watson. Leaves obtuse, carinate, serrulate-c/'liate, obscurely 3-nerved: peduncles glandular-pubescent: petals about half longer than the oblong sepals. Watson, 1. c. A. arctica of Hayd. Rep. for 1870-72, and A. arctica, var. obtusa, of Bot. King's Exp. and Fl. Colorado. Abundant in the mountains of Colorado, the Uintas, about Yellowstone Lake, and north- ward throughout the Arctic regions. 9. A. stricta, VVatson. Leaves subulate-triquetrous, rather obtuse, scarcely equalling the flower or exceeding the calyx, mostly shorter than the internodes, with manifest lateral nerves : peduncles 1-flowered : petals sometimes wanting. Watson, 1. c. Alsine stricta, Wahl. A. /?oss of Hayd. Rep. 1870 and Fl. Colorado. A. stricta, Michx., of the Eastern Flora, becomes A . Michauxii, Hook. Colorado, Wyoming, and northward. 3. Parts of the flower sometimes in fours: valves of the, capsule bijid : young ovary S-celled: seed appendaged at the hilum ivith a small caruncle. MCEHRINGIA. 10. A. lateriflora, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent : leaves oval or oblong, obtuse: peduncles usually 2-flowered, soon becoming lateral: sepals oblong, obtuse: petals exserted. From Colorado to Alaska, and eastward across the continent. 11. A. macrophylla, Hook. Stems ascending, mostly simple, puberu- t lent above : leaves 3 to 4 pairs, narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, bright * green : flowers few on slender pedicels : sepals ovate-oblong, acuminate : petals included. From the Bitter Root Mountains to Washington Territory and California; also in New Mexico. 6. S A GIN A, L. PEARLWORT. Low green herbs, with subulate or filiform glabrous leaves, and small terminal usually long-pedicelled flowers. 1. S. decumbens, Torr. & Gray. Stems decumbent, ascending: leaves somewhat secund, mucronate : peduncles much longer than the leaves : petals as long as the sepals: stamens 5 to 10. Including S. subulata, Torr. & Gray, of Gray's Manual, where the species is credited to Wimmer. Rocky Mountains and eastward. 2. S. LinnSJi, Presl. Densely matted and decumbent, an inch or two high : leaves somewhat fascicled, pungent : flowers on long pedicels, at length nodding : >JT sepals exceeding the petals: stamens 10. Spergula saginoides, L. From New Mexico to Arctic America. 3. S. nivalis, Lindb. Cespitose, stems very short, scarcely % inch high: leaves mucronate : peduncles short, strict : sepals with membranous margins, scarcely equalling the petals. Uinta Mountains, Watson. PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 37 ORDER 12. PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) More or less succulent herbs, with simple and entire leaves (either opposite or alternate) and regular but un symmetrical perfect flowers; sepals (except in Lewisia) 2 ; petals 2 to 5 or more ; stamens opposite the petals or numerous ; ovary one-celled, in fruit becoming capsular j style 2 to 8-cleft ; stipules none or scarious or reduced to hairs. Flowers open only in sunshine or bright daylight. * Sepals 2, united below and adherent to the ovary, the free upper portion at length deciduous. 1. Portulaca. Stamens 7 to 20. Flowers solitary, yellow (in ours). Capsule opening by a lid. * * Sepals 2, distinct, persistent (deciduous in Talinum) : ovary free. - Style 3-cleft : capsule 3-valved : sepals equal. 2. Talinum. Stamens 10 to 30. Petals 5. Seeds numerous. 3. Calandrinia. Stamens more than 5. Petals 5 or more. Seeds mostly smooth and shining. 4. Claytonia. Stamens 5. Petals 5. Seeds smooth and shining. i- t- Style 2-cleft : capsule 2-valved : sepals unequal, hyaline. 5. Spraguea. Stamens 3. Petals 4. Stems simple, scape-like. 6. Calyptridium. Stamen 1. Petals 2. Stems branching, leafy. * * * Sepals 4 to 8, distinct, much imbricated. 7. Leuisia. Stamens many. Style 3- to 8-cleft. Petals 8 to 16. Scapes 1-flowered. 1. PORTULACA, Tourn. PURSLANE. Petals 4 to 6. Style deeply 3- to 8-cleft. Fleshy diffuse or ascending annuals, with axillary or terminal ephemeral yellow (in ours) flowers. 1. P. retusa, 1 Engelm. Stems somewhat ascending, sometimes covering a space several feet in diameter : leaves flat, obovate to spatulate : sepals obtuse, broadly carinate-winged : seeds tuberculate. S. W. Colorado and southward. 2. TALINUM, Adans. Distinguished from Calandrinia by the deciduous sepals, the style less deeply 3-cleft, the capsule 3-celled at base when young, and the seeds on a globular stalked placenta. 1. T. teretifolium, Pursh. Leafy stems low, tuberous at the base: leaves linear, cylindrical : peduncle long and naked, bearing an open cyme of pink flowers. In the mountains of Colorado and eastward. 3. CALANDRINIA, HBK. Low succulent herbs, with radical leaves (in ours) and white to reddish ephemeral flowers in bracteate racemes or panicles, or few upon short scape- like stems. 1 P. oleracea, L., is prostrate, not so green, with larger leaves, acute sepals, and seeds more finely tuberculate. Common Purslane or Pig-weed ; naturalized near dwellings. 38 PORTULACACE.E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 1. C. pygmsea, Gray. Smooth, with a thick fusiform root : leaves linear, with broad scariously winged underground petioles : scapes mostly simple, an inch or two high, with a pair of small scarious bracts : sepals glandular- dentate : petals red. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 623. Talinum pygmceum, Gray. Alpine region, Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming to the Sierra Nevada in California and Cascade Mountains in Washington Territory. 2. C. Nevadensis, Gray. Very similar, but somewhat larger; with a pair of larger leafy bracts and entire somewhat longer sepals, white petals and ' more numerous ovules. In the Wahsatch ( Watson), probably in the Uintas, and westward. 4. CLAYTONIA, L. SPRING-BEAUTY. Seeds few, black and shining. Low glabrous succulent herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and white or rose-colored flowers in loose ter- minal or axillary and simple or compound naked racemes, or sometimes um- bellate, not ephemeral. * Annuals, u-ith fibrous roots. H- Stems simple, bearing a single pair of leaves which are often connate. 1. C. perfoliata, Donn. Radical leaves long-petioled, broadly rhomboidal or deltoid or deltoid-cordate, obtuse; the cauline pair more or less united, usually "jC forming a single somewhat orbicular perfoliate leaf, concave above : racemes usually nearly sessile and loosely flowered, the short pedicels often secund. From the Uintas and the Wahsatch to California, and thence northward to Alaska. 2. C. COrdifolia, Watson. Stem from a slender running rootstock: radical leaves broadly cordate, acutish; cauline pair sessile, ovate, acute: racemes /V few-flowered, with slender pedicels : petals thrice longer than the rounded sepals. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 365. N. W. Montana (Watson), to Idaho and Oregon. t- - Stems usually branching, leafy. 3. C. Chamissonis, Esch. Stems weak and slender, erect or decum- bent, stoloniferous and rooting at the joints : leaves opposite, oblariceolate or ,y^ spatulate : racemes few-flowered ; the flowers very variable in size, on slender pedicels : petals white. C. aquatica, Nutt. Abundant in Colorado and north- ward to the British boundary and westward. In the spray of the Lower Falls of the Yellowstone. * * Perennials, from a deep-seated tuber. 4. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Radical leaves very few, spatulate ; cauline - ones a single pair, ovate-lanceolate or oval, subspatulate at the base or ab* ruptly decurrent into a petiole : pedicels slender, nodding : flowers in a loose raceme : sepals and petals very obtuse, the latter pale rose-color with deeper veins. In the Rocky Mountains and eastward to the Atlantic. Var. sessilifolia, Torr. Radical leaf narrow ; cauline sessile, lanceolate to linear : raceme nearly sessile and cymose, with a single scarious bract at base: sepals acutish. C. Caroliniana, var. lanceolata, of Bot. King's Exp., El. Colorado, and the Hayden Reports. Colorado and northward, and west- ward to the Sierra Nevada. ELATINACE^E. ( WATER-WORT FAMILY.) 39 * * * Perennial, with a thickened candex. 5. C. megarrhiza, Parry. Root fusiform, very large : leaves fleshy; radical ones petioled ; cauline lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sessile : racemes secuud : flowers large, profuse, white witli pinkish veins : petals obovate, subemarginate. Parry in Herb. Gray. C. arctica, var. megarrhiza, of Bot. King's Exp. and Fl. Colorado. High alpine, growing in crevices of the rock, its large purple tap-root penetrating to a great depth. Mountains of Colorado and the Uiiitas. 5. SPRAGUEA, Torr. Sepals orbicular-cordate. A glabrous biennial ; with mostly radical fleshy leaves and ephemeral flowers in dense scorpioid spikes umbellate-clustered ou a scape-like peduncle. 1. S. umbellata, Torr. Stems several from a thickened root, 2 to 12 inches high : radical leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, on thick petioles ; the cauline similar but smaller, frequently scariously stipulate : an involucre of scarious bracts subtending the dense capitate umbel of nearly sessile spikes : flowers light rose-color : sepals very conspicuous, about equalling the petals. Wyoming (Parry), Yellowstone Park (Coulter), and westward. Usually in dry rocky or sandy localities. 6 CALYPTRIDIITM, Nutt. Sepals broadly ovate or orbicular. Petals somewhat coherent at the apex. Smooth prostrate diffusely branched annuals; with alternate succulent leaves and small ephemeral flowers in axillary or terminal, clustered or com- pound, scorpioid spikes. 1. C. roseum, Watson. Leaves obloug-spatulate, attenuate at base; radical leaves few or none : petals minute : capsule not exceeding the calyx. Bot. King's Exp. 44, t. 6. W. Wyoming (Parry) and westward to California. 7. LEWI SI A, Pursh. Sepals broadly ovate, unequal, persistent. Petals large and showy. Style parted nearly to the base. Low acaulescent fleshy perennials, cespitose, with thick fusiform roots. 1. L. rediviva, Pursh. Leaves densely clustered, linear-oblong, sub- terete, smooth and glaucous : scapes but little longer, jointed at the middle, and with 5 to 7 subulate scarious bracts verticillate at the joint : petals rose- colored or white. Arizona, Utah, Wyoming, Montana (in the Bitter Root Mountains), and westward. The specific name refers to the fact that the roots are wonderfully tenacious of life. ORDER 13. ELATINACEJE. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.) Low annuals, with membranous stipules between the opposite dotless leaves, regular and mostly symmetrical flowers (2 to 5-merous), with 40 MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) free sepals, hypogynous petals and stamens, and distinct styles bearing capitate stigmas, the ovary 2 to 5-celled with axile placenta becoming capsular in fruit. 1. E L A T I N E, L. WATER-WORT. Parts of the flower in twos, threes, or fours. Sepals membranaceous, obtuse. Ovary globose. Small prostrate glabrous plants, growing iu water or wet places, with entire leaves and usually solitary flowers. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 361. 1. E. triandra, Schkuhr. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, gradu- ally attenuate at base : petals, stamens, and carpels most frequently 3, with 2 sepals : almost the seeds of the next, or more slender, less marked. On the Platte River, in Nebraska or Colorado (Hall) ; also in Illinois. 2. E. Americana, Arn. Leaves obovate, very obtuse : flowers with their parts ojlener in twos, sometimes in threes : seeds cylindraceous, somewhat curved, the crustaceous coat many- (20 to 30-) latticed in 9 to 10 lines. Col- orado and Oregon, also on the Atlantic border. ORDER 14. HYPERICACE2E. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) Herbs (in ours), with opposite entire leaves punctate with translucent or dark-colored glandular dots, no stipules, and perfect flowers with 5 petals and numerous stamens, the fruit a many-seeded capsule. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals convolute, glandular-punctate. Stamens very nu- merous in 3 bundles. Styles 2 to 5. 1. H Y P E R I C U M, L. ST. JOHN'S-WORT. In our species the capsule is 3-celled by the union of the placenta with the axis, septicidal, and the flowers yellow with black dots. I. H. Scouleri, Hook. Stems erect from a running rootstock, simple or sparingly branched : leaves ovate to oblong, clasping : flowers in an open cyme : styles elongated. Colorado, Utah, southward and westward. ORDER 15. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) Mostly berbs, with mucilaginous juice, and alternate leaves with stip- ules; distinguished by the valvate calyx, convolute petals, their bases or short claws united with each other and with the base of a column of numerous monadelphous stamens, these with reuiform 1 -celled anthers. Calyx 5-parted, often surrounded by an involucel. Petals 5. Pistils a ring of ovaries around a projection of the receptacle. Leaves most commonly palmately ribbed. Peduncles axillary. Flowers often large and showy. In all of ours the stamineal tube is anther-bearing at the top. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 41 * Styles stigmatio down the inner side : carpels iudehiscent : ovules solitary, ascending. 1 1. Callirrhoe. Bractlets 3, or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked. 2. Sidalcea. Bractlets none. Filaments in a double series, those of the outer series united in 5 clusters. Carpels fewer, beakless. * * Stigmas capitate : carpels mostly dehiscent at least at the apex. 3. Malvastrum. Bractlets 1 to 3. Ovule solitary, ascending. 4. Sphreralcea. Bractlets 1 to 3. Ovules 2, the lower ascending, the upper pendulous. 5. Abutilon. Bractlets none. Ovules 3 or more in each cell. 1. CALLIRRHOE, Nutt. Petals wedge-shaped (usually red-purple). Carpels 10 to 20, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1 -seeded cell by a narrow projection. 1. C. involucrata, Gray. Hirsute: stem branching, procumbent : leaves deeply 3 to ^-parted, covered with stellate hairs, segments linear-lanceolate, laciuiately 3 to 5-toothed : peduncles erect, 1-flowered, longer than the leaves : flowers few in a loose panicle, scarlet : brackets linear-lanceolate : carpels hairy, not wrinkled. Loup Fork of the Platte, S. E. Colorado, and southward. 2. C. alCBBOideS, Gray. Strigose-pubescent : stems slender : lower leaves triangular heart-shaped, incised ; the upper 5 to 7-parted, laciniate ; the upper- most divided into linear segments : flowers corymbose, rose-color or white : involu- cel none : carpels crested and strongly wrinkled on the back. Valley of the Platte, southward and eastward to Kentucky and Tennessee. 2. SIDALCEA, Gray. Carpels 5 to 9, beakless. Herbs, with rounded and mostly lobed or parted leaves, the usually purple flowers in a narrow terminal raceme or spike. 1. S. malvaeflora, Gray. Lower leaves 7 to 9-lobed ; cauline more narrowly and deeply 5 to 7-lobed ; segments linear, somewhat toothed : pedicels at first shorter, at length longer than the subulate bracts : flowers purple or white : carpels 7, pointless. From Mexico to Colorado and Oregon. 2. S. Candida, Gray. Lower leaves orbicular, 7-lobed, segments coarsely 3 to 5-toothed or incised ; upper leaves 7-lobed or parted ; the segments lance- olate, entire : pedicels shorter than the bracts : flowers white or cream-color: carpels 9 or 10, cochleate-reniform, mucronate. On water-courses in the mountains of Colorado and southward. 3. MALVASTRUM, Gray. FALSE MALLOW. Stamineal tube simple. Carpels 5 or more. Herbaceous tufted peren- nials ; the flowers in narrow naked or leafy subpaniculate racemes. 1. M. COCCineum, Gray. Low and hoary: leaves b-parted or pedate: i Malva, an introduced genus, has 3 distinct bractlets, obcordate petals, and carpels rounded, beakless. M. rotundifolia, L., has procumbent stems, round heart-shaped crenate obscurely- lobed leaves on very long petioles, whitish petals twice the length of the sepals, and pu- bescent carpels. The common Mallow. Commonly naturalized along waysides and in cultivated ground. 42 LINAGES. (FLAX FAMILY.) spikes or racemes of showy pink-red flowers. Common on the plains from Colorado to British America, and eastward to Iowa and Minnesota. 2. M. Mlinroanum, Gray. Taller, grayish or hoary-pubescent : leaves broadly ovate, usually cordate at base, 3 to 5-lobed or deeply cleft : flowers scar- let. Utah, Montana, and westward. 4. SPHJERALCEA, St. Hilaire. Differing from Malvaslrum only in the two-ovuled cells of the ovary. 1. S. angustifolia, Spach. Slender, erect, hoary-pubescent : leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate, usually subcordate or rounded at base, crenate or coarsely toothed : flowers small. S. Colorado and southward. 2. S. rivulariS, Torr. Taller, scabrous with a stellate pubescence: leaves cordate, deeply 5 to 7-lobed, coarsely serrate : racemes leafy below, naked above ; the flowers clustered OIL short peduncles, light purple or nearly white. S. aceri folia of the Hay den Reports for 1870-72 and Bot. King's Exp. W. Wyoming, northward and westward. 5. ABUTILON, Tourn. INDIAN MALLOW. Herbs, usually soft-tomentose : flowers mostly axillary, yellow (in ours). 1. A. parvulum, Gray. Cinereous-tomentose : stems slender, spread- ing, paniculate above ; brarichlets pilose with spreading hairs : leaves small, cordate, dentate, sometimes 3-lobed, canescent, tomentose beneath : peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, longer than the leaf. Ledges of rock near Canon City, Colorado ( Greene), and southward. ORDER 16. L,INACE^E. (FLAX FAMILY.) Herbs, with the regular and symmetrical hypogynous flowers 4 to 6- (5 in ours) merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, the stamens monadelphous at the base, and the pod 8 to 10-seeded, having twice as many cells as there are styles. 1. LINUM, L. FLAX. Styles often united into one below ; ovary globose. Seeds flattened, ovate, the coat mucilaginous when wetted. Herbs (sometimes shrubby at base) with tough fibres in the bark, sessile entire alternate leaves, no stipules, and cymose or pauicled flowers. * Petals blue. 1. L. perenne, L. Branching above, leafy: leaves linear to linear- -* lanceolate, acute : flowers large, in few-flowered corymbs or scattered on the leafy branches : capsule exceeding the sepals, the prominent false partitions long-ciliate. Common on dry soils throughout our whole range, thence northward and westward. # * Petals yellow : sepals glandular-margined. 2. L. rigidum, Pursh. Stems angled, much branched : leaves linear, pungently-acute, rigid, with scabrous margins : pedicels thickened at the end and GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 43 forming an exterior cup-shaped calyculus : petals sulphur-yellow : styles united almost to the top: capsule shorter than the sepals. From S. Colorado to the Missouri River. 3. L. Kingii, "Watson. Stems panicled above, shrubby at base: leaves linear or narrowly oblong, obtuse: styles distinct: capsule somewhat exceeding the sepals. Bot. King's Exp. 49. Mountains of Utah. ORDER 17. ZYGOPHYL,L,ACE^. Distinguished from allied orders by the opposite compound leaves, with interposed stipules and entire dotless leaflets. Sepals 5, distinct. Petals hypogynous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens (in ours) twice as many as the petals and inserted with them. Ovary 5 to 12-celled, with a single terminal style. Fruit dry. Ours are herbs or shrubs, with solitary flowers on lateral or terminal naked peduncles, and ovary sur- rounded at the base by a disk. 1. Trlbulus. Leaves abruptly pinnate, 6 to 10-foliolate. Fruit tuberculate. Herbs. 2. Larrea. Leaves 2-foliolate. Fruit densely hairy. Heavy-scented shrubs. 1. TRIBULTJS, L. Sepals mostly persistent. Petals fugacious. Disk annular, 10-lobed. Stamens 10, the alternate filaments a little shorter and with a gland at base on the outer side. Ovary 5 to 12-celled. Fruit lobed, separating into roughly tuberculate carpels. Loosely branched and hairy prostrate herbs, with ap- parently axillary white or yellow flowers. 1. T. maximus, L. Leaflets ovate-oblong, more or less oblique: sepals very hairy, linear, acuminate : fruit beaked by a stout style. Kallstroemia maxima, Torr. & Gray. Fremont County, Colorado (Brandegee), to S. Cali- fornia and Texas. 2. LARREA, Cav. CREOSOTE-BUSH. Sepals deciduous. Petals unguiculate. Disk 10-lobed. Filaments winged below with a bifid scale on the inner side. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit globose, shortly stipitate, separating into 5 hairy one-seeded carpels. Evergreen heavy-scented shrubs, with nodose branches, and yellow flowers. 1. L. Mexicana, Moric. Diffusely branched, 4 to 10 feet high, densely leafy, of a yellowish hue : leaves nearly sessile ; the thick resinous leaflets inequilateral, with a broad attachment to the rachis : sepals silky : scales a little shorter than the filament, somewhat lacerate: fruit beaked by a slender style. S. Colorado to California and Texas. ORDER 18. OEBANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) Leaves generally with stipules, either lobed or compound. Flowers on axillary peduncles, regular (in ours) and the parts in fives. Stamens mostly 10, often somewhat monadelphous. Ovary 5-celled ; with a cen- tral axis. 44 GERANIACE^E. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) Tribe I. Five glands of the receptacle alternate with the petals. Ovary deeply 5-lobed, the carpels separating elastically at maturity from the long-beaked and indurated central axis from below upward : the styles forming long tails which become revolute upwards or spirally twisted. GERANIE^E. 1. Geranium* Fertile stamens 10. Tails of the carpels not bearded. 2. Erodium. Fertile stamens 5. Tails of the carpels bearded inside. Tribe II. No glands alternate with the petals. Ovary not lobed, becoming in fruit a 5-celled loculicidal capsule. Leaves compound, with entire leaflets. Juice sour. OXALIDE^E. 3. Oxalis. Leaves in ours 3-foliolate. 1. GERANIUM, L. CRANESBILL. Annual or perennial herbs, with enlarged joints, palmately lobed and mostly opposite leaves, scarious stipules, and 1 to 3-flowered peduncles. * Annual or biennial : Jiowers small. 1. G. Carolinianum, L. Decumbent or ascending, diffusely branched, pubescent: leaves palmately 5 to 7-parted, the divisions cleft into oblong- linear lobes : petals rose-color, equalling the awned sepals : carpels hairy. Across the continent. Var. longipes, Watson. Peduncles usually solitary, and, with the pedi- cels, much elongated. Bot. King's Exp. 50. Colorado and southward. * * Perennial: Jiowers large. 2. G. Fremontii, Torr. Rather stout, more or less pubescent through- out, with a short, close, glandular pubescence, sparsely intermixed with longer, pilose hairs: upper leaves deeply 3 to 5-cle/l; radical ones 7 -cleft, segments 3-lobed or incised : petals light or deep purple. From Colorado to Wyoming and Idaho. Much that is called by this name is G. ccespitosum, James. Var. Parryi, Engelm. Stems and peduncles plainly glandular-villose : leaves less deeply cut, ultimate lobes or teeth o>;ate, somewhat obtuse. Gray's Peak, Colorado. 3. G. Richardson!, Fisch. Mey. Taller but not so stout nor so hairy, with the pubescence usually fine and oppressed, or somewhat glandular and spreading upon the pedicels : leaves 5 to 7-cleft nearly to the base, the broad lobes more or less incisely toothed: petals purple or sometimes white. In the mountains from New Mexico to British America and westward. 4. G. incisum, Nutt. Closely resembling the last, but more villous and alandular-pubescent : leaves rather more narrowly and laciniatdy cut : petals usually deep purple. From California through Montana to the Saskatchewan. 5. G. CSBSpitOSUm, James. More slender and more diffusely branched : radical leaves smaller, reniform, deeply 5 to 7-cleft, pubescent : flowers purple. New Mexico and northward. Includes many of the forms which have been called G. Fremontii. 2. ERODIUM, L'Her. STOKKSBILL. Sterile stamens scale-like. Tails of the carpels becoming spirally twisted. Leaves pinnate, peduncles umbellately 4 to 8-flowered, with a 4-bracted invo- lucre ; petals small. KUTACE^E. (RUE FAMILY.) 45 1. E. cieutarium, L'Her. Hairy, much branched from the base : leaf- lets laciuiately piunatifid with narrow acute lobes : peduncles exceeding the leaves : petals bright rose-color : pedicels at length reflexed, the fruit still erect. E. Utah and throughout the whole region west of the Kocky Moun- tains. Known as " Alfilaria," " Pin-clover," and " Pin-grass." 3. OXALIS, L. WOOD-SORREL. Low, often acaulescent, with obcordate leaflets and peduncles umbellately or cymosely few to many-floAvered. 1. O. violacea, L. Acaufescent, nearly smooth, leaves and scapes from a scaly bulb : scapes longer than the leaves, umbellately flowered : petals violet : capsule few-seeded. Colorado, and common eastward. 2. O. COrniculata, L. Caulescent, more or less villous, from running root- stocks : stems sometimes 2 or 3 feet high : petals yellow : capsule many-seeded. Var. stricta, Sav. Without stipules. 0. stricta, L. Colorado and east- ward across the continent. ORDER 19. RUTACEJE. (RUE FAMILY.) Shrubs or small trees, with pellucid or glandular-dotted aromatic leaves, definite hypogynous stamens, and few seeds. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted outside of a hypogynous disk. Stipules none. 1. Ptelea. Leaves 3-foliolate. Fruit orbicular, indeluscent, broadly winged. Stamens 4 or 5. 2. Thamnosma. Leaves simple, alternate. Fruit a 2-lobed coriaceous capsule. Sta- mens 8. 1. PTELEA, L. SHRUBBY TREFOIL. HOP-TREE. Flowers polygamous. Ovary with a short thick stipe, 2-celled ; cells 2-ovuled, the lower ovule abortive : style short. Shrubs or small trees ; flowers small, greenish-white, in terminal cymes or compound corymbs. 1. P. angUStifolia, Benth. A shrub 5 to 25 feet high, with chestnut- colored punctate bark : leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire, becoming smooth and shining with age : fruit emarginate at base and often above ; the stipe narrow. S. Colorado to California and Texas. 2. THAMNOSMA, Torr. Disk cup-shaped, crenate or lobed. Ovary stipitate, 2-celled ; cells 5 or 6-ovuled: style elongated. Low glandular desert shrubs, strongly scented ; leaves linear ; flowers solitary. 1. T. Texana, Torr. Woody only at base, the slender stems 3 to 15 inches high : flowers on short naked pedicels : petals yellow tinged with purple. Rutosma Texanum, Gray. S. W. Colorado and southward. 46 KHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) ORDER 20. CELASTRACE^E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) Shrubs, with simple leaves, no stipules, and small dull-colored perfect regular flowers, the stamens as many as the petals and inserted on the margin of a broad disk which lines the calyx-tube. Sepals and petals imbricated. Stamens alternate with the petals. Seeds arillate. 1. PACHYSTIMA, Kaf. Calyx with a short tube and 4 rounded lobes. Petals 4. Ovary free, 2-celled : style very short. Capsule small, coriaceous, 1 to 2-seeded. Seeds enclosed in a white many-cleft membranaceous aril. Low evergreen shrubs ; leaves smooth, opposite, very shortly petioled, serrate or serrulate ; flowers green, in one to few-flowered axillary cymes. 1. P. Myrsinites, Raf. Leaves ovate to oblong or oblanceolate, cuneate at base: fruit smooth. In the mountains from New Mexico to British America and westward to California. In dense clumps on wooded slopes. The only other species known (P. Canbyi) grows at a single station in the Alleghany Mountains of Virginia. ORDER 21. RHARINACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) Shrubs or small trees, with simple undivided leaves, small arid often caducous stipules, and small regular flowers. Sepals valvate in the bud ; a conspicuous disk lining the short tube of the calyx. Petals clawed, mostly involute, each around a stamen in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens perigynous and alternate with the sepals. In ours the fruit is berry-like or dry, containing 2 to 4 separating seed-like nut- lets, and the leaves are alternate. 1. Ilhamims. Calyx and disk free from the ovary ; calyx-lobes erect or spreading. Petals small, short-clawed, or none. Filaments very short. Fruit berry-like, with 2 to 4 mostly indehiscent nutlets. 2. Ceanothus. Calyx and disk adnate to the base of the ovary ; calyx-lobes connivent. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Filaments exserted. Fruit diy, with 3 dehiscent nutlets. 1. RHAMNUS, L. BUCKTHORN. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 4 to 5-cleft. Petals on the margin of the disk. Leaves pinnately veined, with small deciduous, stipules, and greenish flowers axillary cymose or racemose. 1. Seeds and nutlets deeply siilcute or concave on the back : flowers mostly dioecious, solitary or fascicled in the axils. RHAMNUS proper. 1. R. alnifolia, L'Her. A shrub 2 to 4 feet high: leaves deciduous, - ovate-oblong, crenately serrate : petals wanting : fruit black, obovate, 3-lobed. W. Wyoming, westward, and eastward across the continent. KHAMNACE^E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 47 2. Seeds and nutlets convex on the back : flowers mostly perfect, in pedunculate cymes. FRANGULA. 2. R. Caroliniana, Walter. Thornless shrub or small tree: leaves oblong, obscurely serrulate, deciduous : flowers in one form umbelled, in another solitary in the axils: fruit globose, 3-seeded. Frangula Caroliniana, Gray. From the mountains eastward across the continent. 3. R. Californica, Esch. A spreading shrub, with the young branches c p somewhat tomentose : leaves ovate-oblong to elliptical, denticulate or nearly entire, evergreen : peduncles with numerous mostly abortive flowers in snbumbel/ate fascicles : ' fruit blackish purple with thin pulp, 2 to 3-lobed and 2 to 3-seeded. Frangu/a Californica, Gray. S. W. Colorado to California. 4. R. Purshiana, DC. Sometimes 20 feet high ; young branches tomen- tose : leaves elliptic, denticulate, deciduous, somewhat pubescent beneath : flowers rather large, in a somewhat umbellate cyme : fruit black, broadly obovoid, 3-lobed and 3-seeded. N. Idaho and westward in the Pacific States. 2. CEANOTHUS, L. NEW JERSEY TEA. Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-cleft. Shrubs or small trees, sometimes spines- cent, with petioled leaves and showy thyrsoid or cymose white (in ours) flowers. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 333. Ours all belong to the first sec- tion of the genus, in which the leaves are all alternate and 3-nerved, glandular- toothed or entire, and the fruit not crested. * Branches not spiny: inflorescence thyrsoid : leaves usually large, glandular-serrate. 1. C. velutinus, Dougl. A shrub 2 to 3 feet high, usu'ally glabrous : leaves thick, broadly ovate or elliptical, resinous and shining above, sometimes velvety beneath : flowers in a loose thyrse : peduncles usually short. Colorado, Utah, and northwestward. Var. IsevigatUB, Torr. & Gray. Leaves mostly glabrous beneath. More common than the type ; ranging from Colorado northwestward to the British boundary. 2. C. ovatus, Desf. A shrub 2 to 3 feet high : leaves narrowly oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, glandular-serrulate, nearly glabrous : thyrse umbel-like? the pedicels elongated and closely approximated. Includes C. ocalis, Bigel. Colorado and Wyoming. 3. C. sanguineu.8, Pursh. A shrub4 to 12 feet high: stem and branches reddish : leaves broadly ovate or obovate, subcordate, serrate : thyrsoid corymbs /L in lateral panicles, on very short peduncles. Includes C. Oreganus, Nutt. Along the Missouri and its tributaries. * * Branches mostly spinose, grayish : flowers in simple clusters : leaves small, entire. 4. C. Fendleri, Gray. A shrub one or two feet high, widely and intri- cately branched : leaves oval or elliptic, silky-canescent beneath, smoothish and green above : flowers in clusters, dense, sessile, glabrous. Colorado and southward. 48 SAPINDACE^E. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) ORDER 22. VITACEJE. (VINE FAMILY.) Woody plants, mostly climbing by tendrils, branchlets articulated and often thickened at the nodes, usually palmately veined or lobed or com- pound alternate leaves, panicled cymose or thyrsoid inflorescence, small greenish or whitish flowers, and fruit a berry. Flowers very commonly polygamous or dioecious. Calyx minute, truncate, or 4 to 5-toothed, caducous or early deciduous. Petals 4 or 5, valvate. Stamens the same number and opposite. Ovules in pairs or solitary in the cells of the ovary. 1. Vitis. Calyx filled with an adnate fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens. Leaves simple. 2. Ampelopsis. Disk none. Leaves palmately compound. 1. VITIS, Tourn. GRAPE. Petals thick and caducous. Stamens distinct. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the leaves, the former almost always at least once forked. 1. V. riparia, Michx. Leaves usually iucisely 3-lohed, the lobes long- pointed : panicles small, rather simple : berries mostly with bloom : seeds obtuse or somewhat obcordate and with an inconspicuous rhaphe. V. cordi- folia, var. riparia, Gray. Colorado ; common in the Atlantic States. 2. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. VIRGINIA CREEPER. Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before the fall. Leaves with 5 oblong-lanceolate sparingly serrate leaflets. Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks or walls by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips. 1. A. quinquefolia, Michx. A woody vine in low rich grounds, climb- ing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by its disk-bearing tendrils : berries small and blackish. Colorado (Meehan), and throughout the At- lantic and Mississippi Valley States. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn. ORDER 23. SAPINDACEJE. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) Ours are all trees of the MAPLE FAMILY, which has compound or lobed opposite leaves without stipules, polygamous or dioecious regular flowers, sometimes without petals, each cell of the 2-celled fruit producing a wing and becoming a samara. 1. Acer. Leaves palmately lobed or rarely divided. Flowers polygamous. 2. Neguudo. Leaves pinnate. Flowers dioecious, apetalous. ANACARDIACE.E. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 49 1. ACER, Tourn. MAPLE. Calyx colored, usually 5-lobed. Petals as many or none. Stamens 3 to 12, usually 8, inserted with the petals upon a lobed disk. Fruit divaricately 2-winged above, separable at maturity, each 1-seeded. Flowers in umbel- like corymbs or fascicles. 1 . A. grandidentatum, Nutt. Leaves cordate or truncate at base, rather deeply 3-lobed, with broad round sinuses ; lobes rather acute, coarsely sinuate- dentate : the umbel-like corymb nearly sessile, few-flowered, the pedicels long and nodding. Utah and northward along the western slopes of the moun- tains. Rarely attains a foot in diameter and 30 to 40 feet in height. 2. A. glabrum, Torr. Shrub 6 to 10 feet high : leaves subreniform, orbicu- lar in outline, 3-lobed or more usually 3-parted ; segments short and broad, acutely incised and toothed, somewhat 3-lobed, middle one cuneate : the umbel- like corymb pedunculate: sepals about 8. Includes A. tripartitum, Nutt. From New Mexico to Wyoming and westward. Along water-courses among the mountains. 2. WE GUN DO, Mcench. BOX-ELDER. Petals and disk none. Fruit as in Acer. Sterile flowers on clustered capillary pedicels, the fertile in drooping racemes. 1. N. aceroides, Moench. Leaflets very veiny, ovate, pointed, toothed : fruit smooth, with large rather incurved wings. In the valleys from New Mexico northward. A tree with light green twigs and delicate drooping clusters of greenish flowers a little earlier than the leaves. ORDER 24. ANACARDIACE^. (CASHEW FAMILY.) Shrubs or trees with a resinous juice, alternate leaves without stipules, and small regular flowers commonly polygamous or dioecious. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. The free ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, but the styles often 3. Fruit a dry drupe. 1. RHTJS, L. SUMACH.^ Sepals and petals usually 5. Stamens inserted under the edge of a disk lining the base of the calyx. Leaves simple or pinnate. * Leaflets 11 to 31 : flowers in a terminal thyrsoid panicle. 1. R glabra, L. Shrub 2 to 12 feet high: leaflets whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate : fruit globular, clothed with acid crimson hairs ; the stone smooth. Colorado, Utah, Idaho, and eastward across the continent. Not poisonous. * * Leaflets 3. 2. R. Toxicodendron, L. Climbing by rootlets over rocks or ascending trees: leaflets rhombic-ovate, rather downy beneath, variously notched, sinu- ate, or cut-lobed : flowers in loose and slender axillary panicles : fruit globular, glabrous, whitish or dun-colored ; the stone striate. Colorado, Utah, Wyo- ming, and eastward. Poisonous to the touch. 4 50 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 3. B. aromatica, Ait., var. trilobata, Gray. A shrub 2 to 5 feet high, diffusely branched, strongly scented : leaflets cuneate-obovate or rhomboidal, coarsely toothed above and often 3-lobed : flowers in clustered scaly bracted spikes like catkins, preceding the leaves, yellowish : fruit flattish, somewhat viscid. R. trilobata, Nutt. Common throughout the Rocky Mountains to the Upper Missouri, and westward. ORDER 25. UEGUJJIINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) Plants with irregular or sometimes regular flowers, mostly 10 mon- adelphous or diadelphous stamens, and a single simple free pistil becoming a legume in fruit. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. SUBORDER I. PAPILIONACE.E. Flower irregular. Calyx mostly 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 petals (rarely fewer) ; one (standard) superior, larger and always external, covering in the bud the two lateral ones (wings), and these covering the inferior pair, which together form the keel, this in turn enclosing the stamens and pistil. Style generally iuflexed or incurved. * Stamens distinct. - Leaves digitately 3-foliolate. 1. Tliermopsis. Stipules conspicuous, and yellow flowers in racemes. - <- Leaves unequally pinnate. 2 Sopliora. Pod thick, large, several-seeded, often transversely constricted. Leaves coriaceous. 9. Amorplia. Pod small, 1 to 2-seeded. Petal one. Stamens monadelphous at the very base. # * Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 and 1). - Anthers of two forms : filaments strictly monadelphous : leaves digitate, of more than 3 entire leaflets. 3. Lupinus. Calyx 2-lipped. Standard with recurved sides: keel falcate. Pod large, straight. - *- Anthers reniforni. H- Leaflets 3 (rarely 5 to 7), denticulate or serrulate : stamens diadelphous or nearly so : pods small and enclosed in the calyx. 1 4. Trifolium. Flowers capitate. Corolla persistent, united with the filaments. w- ++ Leaves unequally pinnate (very rarely digitate or simple) ; leaflets entire : no tendril. = Flowers in axillary umbels or solitary : stamens diadelphous. 5. Hosackia. Corolla yellow or partly white or turning reddish : claw of the standard usually remote from the others. Pod linear, several-seeded. = = Flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads, never umbellate, a. Herbage glandular-dotted : stamens mostly monadelphous : pod usually indehiscent 6. Psoralea. Herbs, with 3 to 7-foliolate leaves and axillary spikes or racemes. Pod one- ovuled, one-seeded. 1 Medicago is an introduced genus, with small flowers in axillary racemes or spikes, petals free and deciduous, and the pod spirally coiled or curved. See foot-note, p. 54. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 51 7. Dalea. Shrubby or herbaceous, with pinnate or palmate leaves and terminal spikes or heads. Wings and keel inserted on and articulated with the stamen tube. Pod 2 to 6-ovuled, mostly one-seeded. 8. Petalostemon. Herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves and terminal spikes or heads. Stamens 5 ; the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit. Pod 1 to 2-seeded. 9. Amorpha. Shrubs, with pinnate leaves and terminal racemes or spikes. Wings and keel of the corolla wanting. Stamens monadelphous only at base, otherwise distinct. Pod 1 to 2-ovuled, 1 to 2-seeded. 6. Shrubs or shrubby : herbage not glandular : leaves pinnate : pod flat, 2-valved: stamens diadelphous. i 10. Peteria. Racemes terminal or opposite the leaves. Pod narrow, many-seeded. Leaflets not stipellate. 11. Robinia. Pod thin, margined on one edge. Leaflets stipellate. c. Herbage glandular or glutinous and more or less punctate : leaves unequally pinnate : stamens diadelphous ; anthers confidently one-celled. 12. Glycyrrhiza. Flowers, etc. of Astragalus. Pod prickly or muricate, short, one- celled. d. Herbage neither glandular nor dotted : stamens diadelphous ; anthers 2-celled : leaves pinnate. 13. Astragalus. Pods mostly bladdery or turgid, or more or less 2-celled by intrusion of the dorsal suture. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp appendage. 14. Oxytropis. Keel tipped with a point ; otherwise as in Astragalus. H- -H- -H- Herbs with odd-pinnate leaves and no tendril : pod transversely 2 to several-jointed, the reticulated one-seeded joints iridehiscent. 15. Hedysarum. Stamens diadelphous (5 and 1). w- -H- -H. -H- Leaves abruptly pinnate, terminated by a tendril or bristle : stamens diadelphous : peduncles axillary : pod 2-valved. 16. Vicia. Stamen-tube oblique at the summit. Style filiform, hairy around and below the apex. 17. Lathyrus. Stamen-tube nearly truncate. Style dorsally flattened toward the apex, hairy on the inner side, usually twisted half round. SUBORDER II. CJESALPINI^E. Flower more or less irregular. PeHgynous disk lining the tube or base of the calyx. Petals imbricated in the bud, the one corresponding to the standard within the lateral ones. Stamens 10 or fewer, distinct. In ours the corolla is yellow and not at all papilionaceous. 18. Cassia. Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate. Anthers either 10 and unequal, or some of the upper ones imperfect, abortive, or wanting. 19. Hoifmanseggia. Leaves abruptly or unequally bipinnate, and dotted with black glands. Stamens 10, with anthers all perfect and filaments hairy. Racemes opposite the leaves. SUBORDER III. MIUIOSE,*:. Flowers regular, small, and numerous in spikes or heads. No disk. Calyx and corolla valvate in the bud. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, hypogynous. Leaves usually twice pinnate. 20. Schrankia. Petals united below into a cup. Pod covered with small prickles or rough projections, 52 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 1. THERMOPSIS, R. Br. Calyx campanulate, cleft to the middle. Standard shorter than the oblong wings, the sides reflexed : keel nearly straight, equalling the wings. Pod linear to oblong-linear, much compressed, shortly stipitate or nearly sessile, straight or incurved. Stout perennial herbs with erect clustered stems ; stipules free, leaflets entire. 1. T. rhombifolia, Richardson. Stems angular, nearly smooth : stipules as long as the petioles; leaflets obovate-cuneiform, silky-puberulent, at length nearly glabrous : bracts oval: pod alcate, recurved or pendulous, glabrous, 10 to 14-seeded. From Colorado northward, at the head-waters of the Platte, Missouri, and Saskatchewan. 2. T. montana, Nutt. Somewhat silky-pubescent, at length glabrous : stipules exceeding the petioles ; leaflets oblonq-obovate to oblong, sparingly villous beneath, smooth above: bracts mostly lanceolate : pod straight, erect, pubescent, 10 to 12-seeded. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 388. T. fabacea of Hayd. Rep. 1872. T. fabacea, var. montana, of Bot. King's Exp., Hayd. Rep. 1870 and 1871, and Fl. Colorado. From New Mexico to Washington Territory and east- ward to the borders of Nebraska and Dakota. 2. SOPHORA, L. Calyx-tube campanulate ; teeth short. Petals nearly equal ; standard broad. Pod stipitate, terete or somewhat compressed. Ours are herbs ; leaves with numerous entire leaflets ; stipules small or obsolete ; flowers white, in terminal racemes. 1. S. sericea, Nutt. Low. 6 to 12 inches high, more or less silky-canes- cent: leaflets about 21, elliptic or cuneate-oval : racemes short, at first scarce exserted beyond the leaves : calyx gibbous at base. High plains of Colorado and northward along the plains of the Platte and the Missouri. 3. LUPINUS, L. LUPINE. Wings united above, enclosing the keel. Stigma bearded. Pod 2-valved, compressed, coriaceous. Generally herbaceous ; stipules adnate to the petioles. Flowers in terminal racemes, verticillate, or scattered, bracteate. 1. Ovules several: cotyledons petioled in germination. LUPINUS proper. Ours are all herbaceous perennials, with oblong pods. # Dwarf and cespitose : racemes usually short and dense : pods 3 to 4-seeded. 1. L. CCCSpitOSUS, Nutt. Nearly stemless, silky-hirsute : raceme sessile, shorter than the leaves ; bracts setaceous, deciduous : petals pale blue. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 379. From the mountains of W. Colorado and Utah north- ward to the head-waters of Snake and Yellowstone Rivers. 2 L. aridus, Dougl. Pubescence villous, both loose and appressed : leaflets oblanceolate : peduncles shorter than the leaves ; bracts nearly equalling the calyx: petals purple; the standard elliptical. Sources of the Missouri, to Washington, Oregon, and California. In low valleys. 3. L. minimus, Dougl. Appressed silky-villous : leaflets obovate or oblanceolate : peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves ; bracts linear : petals LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 53 purple ; the standard orbicular. From N. W. Wyoming to Washington Ter- ritory and California. 4. L. Lyallii, Gray. Stems from a spreading woody caudex: pubescence dense, villous, appressed : leaflets obovate : racemes very short, the peduncles muck exceeding the leaves ; bracts short : petals purple ; the standard elliptical. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 334. Bitter Root Mountains, and in the Cascades of Washington Territory. * # Stems talfer, erect or ascending, and racemes elongated. <- Flowers large : leaflets 7 to 10, glabrous above or nearly so : ovules 5 to 8. 5. L. Burkei, Watson. Stout, erect, the short and si/ky pubescence closely appressed: lower leaves long-petioled ; leaflets about equalling the petioles : raceme usually short and dense ; bracts villous : flowers purple or sometimes white : calyx with spreading pubescence : keel nearly semicircular : pod 8-seeded. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 525. L. poly/rftylltts, of Bot. King's Exp. and Hayd. Rep. 1871 and 1872. Head-waters of Yellowstone and Snake Rivers, to N. Nevada. 6. L. Sitgreavesii, Watson. Puberulent and somewhat silky villous with spreading hairs : raceme open, shortly peduncled : calyx appressed-silky : stan- dard rounded, naked : ovules 5. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 527. In the mountains from the S. Sierra Nevada to S. Colorado and New Mexico. 7. L. Plattensis, Watson. Appressed silky-vil/oits throughout, with a some- what glaucous hue : leaflets spatulate : raceme loose, shortly peduncled : petals pale blue, with a conspicuous darker spot upon the standard. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 369. L. ornattts, Bougl., var. glabratus, Watson. The L. ornatus of the Hayden Reports. Common on the Upper Platte and northward. - -t- Flowers smaller (3 to 5 lines long) : ovules 2 to 6. w- Lower petio'es elongated: leaflets not glabrous above : racemes mostly dense. 8. L. leucophyllus, Dougl. Leafy, densely silky-tomentose throughout and somewhat villous : leaflets 7 to 10, oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong ; the upper petioles about equalling the leaves : racemes sessile or nearly so, densely flowered : pedicels stout : petals blue or pink ; the standard densely villous. Head-waters of the Platte and Missouri Rivers, to Washington Territory and N. California. - -M- Stems slender: pubescence short, silky, appressed: petioles and peduncles mostly short : flowers sub verticil late or scattered, on short slender pedicels. 9. L. parviflorus, Nutt. Stems 2 or 3 feet high : pubescence scanty, the calyx and pedicels silky: leajlets 5 to 11, oblanceolate to obovate, glabrous above, the lower leaves shorter than (he petioles : standard naked. Mountains of Central Colorado, to the sources of Snake River, and westward to Central California and the Columbia River. 10. L. laxiflorus, Dougl. Stems 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets 6 to 8, nar- rowly oblanceolate, silky on both sid<-s, at least half as long as the pttioles : calyx narrowed and saccate at base: standard somewhat pubescent. Wahsatch Moun- tains, westward to N. California and Vancouver Island. 11. L. argenteus, Pursh. Hoary with thick pubescence: stem 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets 5 to 8, linear-lanceolate, smooth above or nearly so, about equal- ling the petioles : calyx gibbous but not spurred at base : petals blue or cream- 54 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) colored; standard very broad. From Central Colorado to Montana, and westward along the plains of Snake and Columbia Rivers. Var. decumbens, Watson. Stem stouter and more leafy : raceme dense. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 532. L. decumbens, Torr. L. laxiflorus, of Hayd. Rep. 1872. L. laxiflorus, var. tene/ius, of Hayd. Rep. 1871. From Montana and Wyoming southward into New Mexico and Arizona. Var. argophyllus, Watson. More silky-pubescent ; the leaflets nearly equally so on both sides, longer than the petioles : flowers larger : calyx decidedly spurred. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 532. S. Colorado and New Mexico. 2. Ovules 2 (rarely 3 or 4) : cotyledons broad and clasping after germination, usually long persistent. Erect annuals : leaflets cuneate-oblong or -obovate : bracts persistent : pod ovate. PLATYCARPOS, Watson. 12. L. pusillus, Pursh. Rather stout, 3 to 10 inches high, hirsute with long spreading hairs : leaflets mostly 5, nearly smooth above, about half as long as the petioles : racemes spicate, nearly sessile, 2 or 3 inches long : petals purple or rose-color : pod very hirsute. From the Upper Missouri to the Columbia and southward east of the Sierras, to Arizona and New Mexico. 13. L. Kingii, Watson. Resembles the last, but more slender and villous with soft white hairs : racemes very short, few-flowered, on long slender peduncles : pods and seeds smaller. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 534. L. Sderi, Watson. Utah, Colorado, and southward along the Rio Grande. 4. TBIFOLIUM, 1 L. CLOVER. Herbs with palmately compound leaves, stipules adnate to the petiole, flowers in capitate racemes, spikes, or umbels, peduncles axillary or only apparently terminal. Watson Rev. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 127. * Leaflets 5 to 7 : heads not involucrate, terminal and axillary : flowers sessile : calyx-teeth filiform, plumose : low or dwarf perennials. 1. T. megacephalum, Nutt. Stout, somewhat villous : leaflets cuneate- oblong to obovate, obtuse, toothed : flowers very large (1 inch long), purplish, in spicate heads : calyx half as long, the teeth very much longer than the tube : pod stipitate, smooth. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 315. Head-waters of the Mis- souri, to Washington Territory and N. E. California. * * Leaflets 3 : heads not involucrate, terminal : flowers sessile or nearly so : perennial or biennial. - Caulescent, often tall: calyx-teeth very narrow, shorter than the corolla. 2 2. T. eriocephalum, Nutt. Villous with spreading hairs, or the stem and leaves rarely glabrous : leaflets narrowly oblong or sometimes broader, 1 Medicago sativa, L., has leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, the leaflets obovate-oblong, and purple flowers. Known as " Lucerne," and introduced into Wyoming, Utah, and westward. 2 T. pratense, L., the common Red Clover, is becoming introduced and may be known by its oval or obovate leaflets often notched at the end and marked above with a pale spot, broad bristle-pointed stipules, ovate sessile heads of rose-purple flowers, and scarcely hairy calyx. T. repens, L., the White Clover, is also introduced, and may be known by its creeping stems, axillary peduncles, inversely heart-shaped or merely notched leaflets, narrow stip- ules, long petioles and peduncles, the short pedicels reflexed when old, and the white flowers turning brownish in fading. LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 55 serrulate : flowers in dense ovate spikes, at length reflexed, ochroleucous : calyx- teeth very villous, lax, nearly equalling the petals : ovary hairy. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 313. S. W. Colorado, N. California, Oregon and Idaho. 3. T. longipes, Nutt. Slender: stem usually glabrous, the leaflets and calyx sparingly villous : leaflets narrowly oblong to linear, serrulate : heads ovate, looser than in the last, not reflexed: flowers ochroleucous or tinged with purple : calyx-teeth straight, more or less hairy, shorter than ihe corolla. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 314. From N. Arizona and Colorado to the British boundary, and west to the Pacific. Var. ( 1 ) latifolium, Hooker. Often low : leaflets broader : flowers pedicellate in loose heads. With the species. 4. T. Kingii, Watson. Glabrous tkrottahout : leaflets oblong to oblanceolate, very acute, sharply denticulate : peduncles exceeding the leaves : heads naked, the purplish flowers at length reflexed; the rachis often produced above the head, with a few spinescent bracts : calyx-teeth about one third the length of the corolla. Bot. King's Exp. 59. T. Haydeni, Porter in Hayd. Rep. 1871. From Montana through Idaho and Utah to N. E. California. <- <- Dwarf, cespitose, acaulescent or nearly so. - Glabrous : flowers large : ovary smooth, linear, 4 to 1-ovuled. 5. T. nanum, Torr. Leaflets small, oblanceolate, serrulate, strongly veined : . peduncles very short, radical : flowers 1 to 3, dark purple : calyx-teeth broad, acute, shorter than the tube : ovary 4 to 5-ovuled. Mountains of Colorado and Utah. 6. T. Brandegei, Watson. Leaflets elliptic-oblong, thin, entire : peduncles about equalling the leaves : flowers spicate in a loose naked head, purplish : calyx- teeth lanceolate, acuminate, a little longer than the tube : ovary stipitate, 1-ovuled. Proc. Am. Acad, xi. 130. S. W. Colorado and N. W. New Mexico. w- - Pubescent : flowers small : ovary obovate, densely villous, 2-ovuled, at length exserted from the calyx. 7. T. gymnocarpon, Nutt. Leaflets ovate-oblong to oblanceolate, ser- rate : peduncles shorter than the leaves : flowers 2 to 6, in rather close heads, on short pedicels : calyx-teeth equalling the tube. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 320. Bot. King's Exp. 62, t. 8. W. Wyoming and the Wahsatch. # # # Leaflets 3 : heads subtended by a mostly monophyllous usually many-cleft involucre, axillary : flowers in whorls, sessile or nearly so, not reflexed. t- Low or dwarf perennials, acaulescent or nearly so: flowers rather large: invo- lucre parted, somewhat scarious. 8. T. Pairyi, Gray. Glabrous, often stout : leaflets oblong to oblanceolate, sharply dentate : bracts 5 to 7, oblong, obtuse : flowers 20 or more in a head : calyx- teeth broadly subulate, equalling the tube: corolla rose-purple. Am. Jour. Sci. u. xxxiii. 409. Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. 9. T. dasyphyllum, Torr. & Gray. Cespitose: leaves, peduncles, and calyx more or less silky : leaflets linear-lanceolate, entire : head globose, on a long radical peduncle : bracts very small, unequal, lanceolate : calyx-teeth linear, much longer than the tube. Mountains of Colorado, and the Uintas. 10. T. andinum, Nutt. Cespitose, silky-can escent : leaflets rigid, cuneate- oblong, entire, strongly veined : peduncles radical, about equalling the leaves : 56 LEGUMINOSJ3. (PULSE FAMILY.) heads hemispherical: involucre of 2 broadly stipuled 3-foliolate leaves: ovary one-ovukd. Watson, Bot. King's Exp. 60, t. 8. W. Wyoming and N. E. Utah. - -- Slender annuals, glabrous : lobes of the involucre laciniately and sharply toothed. 11. T. involucratum, Willd. Branching from the base : leaflets mostly I oblanceolate, acute at each end, spinulosely-serrulate : flowers in close heads, purple tipped with white : calyx-teeth thin : ovules several. From Mexico to the British boundary, and from Colorado and New Mexico to the Pacific. 12. T. pauciflomm, Nutt. Very slender : stems ascending or decum- bent: leaflets obovate or oblanceolate or sometimes linear, usually obtuse or refuse, serrulate : heads rather few-flowered : involucre small : flowers little ex- ceeding the calyx, deep purple or light rose-colored : calyx-teeth rigid, setosely acuminate: ovules two, T. variegatum, Nutt., in Bot. King's Exp. and Hayd. Rep. 1872. From Washington Terr, and Montana to S. California and Utah. 5. HOSACKIA, Douglas. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, usually shorter than the tube. Petals free from the stamens, nearly equal ; keel somewhat incurved. Pod sessile, partitioned between the seeds. Herbaceous: leaves (in ours) 1 to 5-foliolate; stipules minute and gland-like. Watson in Bot. King's Exp. 432. 1. H. Wrightii, Gray. Perennial: ashy-puberulent, busby-branched, very leafy : leaflets 3 to 5, apparently palmate and sessile, the lowest oblong, the rest flliform-linear : peduncles short, rarely equalling the leaf, 1 to 2-flowered : calyx- teeth setaceous-subulate, about equalling the tale: keel not f alcatel y-attenuate, mostly very obtuse. S. W. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. 2. H. Purshiana, Benth. Annual: more or less silky-villous or sometimes glabrous: leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 3 (or 1, rarely 4), varying from ovate to lanceolate : peduncles exceeding the leaves, one-flowered : calyx-teeth linear, much longer than the tube, about equalling the corolla : keel attenuated upward, falcate, mostly acute. From Washington Terr, to Northern Mexico, eastward to the Upper Missouri, Arkansas, and N. Carolina. 6. PSOEALEA, L. ^ Two upper calyx-lobes often connate. Keel united with the wings. Sta- mens mostly diadelphous. Pod sessile, thick and often wrinkled. Perennial herbs : leaves (in ours) digitate, the leaflets entire; stipules not adnate to the petiole : flowers white or purplish. * Flowers in panicled racemes. 1. P. tenuiflora, Pursh. Slender, much branched and bushy, minutely hoary-pubescent when young : leaflets varying from linear to obovate-oblong : lobes of the calyx and bracts ovate, acute : pod glandular. P. floribunda, Nutt. From Texas to Arizona, northward to the Missouri River and eastward into Illinois. LEGUMINOS^J. (PULSE FAMILY.) 57 * * Flowers in interrupted spikes : peduncles and lower tooth of the calyx elongated. 2. P. argophylla, Pursh. Silvery silky-white all over, divergently branched : leaflets elliptical-lanceolate: lobes of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. From N. Wisconsin to the Saskatchewan and Upper Missouri, and in Colorado. 3. P. campestriS, Nutt. Like the last but much less hirsute and silvery, with short white appressed hairs, and more branching : stipules linear ; leaflets linear or oblong-linear, rather obtuse, nearly glabrous above : bracts 3-flowered, broadly ovate. Plains of the Platte. 4. P. digitata, Nutt. Canescent, diffusely branched : stipules lanceolate, reflexed ; leaflets cuneate-oblong and oblong-linear with an abrupt rigid point, smooth and minutely dotted above, hirsute beneath : bracts obcordate or reni- form : lobes of the calyx ovate: pod hirsute, not wrinkled. S. E. Colorado and southeastward along the Red River into Arkansas. * * * Flowers in capitate or oblong dense spikes. *- Root tuberous. 5. P. esculenta, Pursh. Roughish-hairy all over : stem stout : leaflets obo- vate or lanceolate-oblong : spikes oblong, long-pedunded : lobes of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. High plains from the Saskatchewan to Louisiana and Texas. 6. P. hypogsea, Nutt. Acaukscent : hirsute with whitish appressed hairs : leaflets linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, nearly glabrous above: spikes capi- tate, on peduncles much shorter than the petioles : lobes of the calyx linear, acuminate, the lowest lanceolate, elongated. Sandy plains of N. Colorado (Greene), and along the Platte. -i- *- Root not tuberous. 7. P. lanceolata, Pursh. Glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs : stipules linear-lanceolate ; leaflets linear to oblong-obovate, acute : peduncles about equal- ling the leaves : calyx very small, its teeth short, obtuse, nearly equal : ovary very silky : pod very glandular. Washington Terr, to N. Arizona and eastward to the Saskatchewan and Nebraska. 8. P. CUSpidata, Pursh. Canescent with appressed pubescence: stipules subulate ; leaflets obovate or elliptical-oblong, pubescent : peduncles much longer than the leaves : calyx large, somewhat inflated, gibbous at the base, conspicuously dotted, teeth triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower one produced : pod hid in the large calyx. From S. E. Colorado to Texas and Arkansas. 7. DALEA, L. Calyx (in ours) deeply cleft, with plumose teeth. Standard cordate, its claw free. Pod ovate, compressed, included in the calyx. Leaflets small, entire, sometimes stipellate. * Glabrous : flowers not yellow : leaflets 4 to 20 pairs, dotted. 1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Erect annual, 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets 10 to 20 pairs, linear-oblong : flowers light rose-color, in cylindrical spikes: bracts 58 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) conspicuous, ovate, pubescent, deciduous : calyx very villous, with long slender teeth. From Colorado to S. Arizona and eastward to the Mississippi from Texas to Illinois. 2. D. laxiflora, Pursh. Erect, 3 to 4 feet high : branches slender and spreading : leaflets 4 to 5 pairs, linear-oblong : spikes panided, few-flowered : flowers distant, white : bracts very broad, almost orbicular, glandular, -coriaceous, glabrous, slightly cuspidate : calyx-teeth beautifully plumose. From Colorado to the plains of the Missouri, and southeastward to Arkansas and Texas. 3. D. formosa, Torr. Suffruticose, much branched : leaflets very small, about 5 pairs, cuneate-oblong, retuse, dotted with black glands beneath : spikes loose, few-flowered, on short peduncles : flowers large and showy, bright purple : bracts ovate, silky-villous on the margin. On the Platte (James), and southward. # # Not glabrous: flowers yellow (deep purple in No. 7). t- Leaves palmately trifoliolate, not dotted. 4. D. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Stems several from one root, 4 to 9 inches high, somewhat woody at base : whole plant silky-pubescent : leaflets obovate, very obtuse : spikes oblong, sessile, dense and broad ; bracts ovate, acuminate, villous. S. Colorado and southeastward. M- -t- Leaves pinnately compound, with 2 to G pairs of leaflets. 5. D. aurea, Nutt. Stem pubescent, erect, 2 feet high : leaflets 3 to 4 pairs, oblong-obovate and linear-oblong, more or less silky-pubescent : spikes ovate, very compact, on long peduncles : bracts rhombic-ovate, as long as the calyx. On the plains from the Missouri River to Texas. 6. D. rilbescens, Watson. Like the last but more slender, the leaves tri- foliolate, and the flowers smaller, the yellow petals becoming purplish. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 369. D. nana, Torr., var. elutior, Gray. S. E. Colorado, southward and eastward. 7. D. lanata, Spreng. Decumbent, canescently tomentose throughout: the stems 1 to 3 feet long : leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, obovate-cuneate, emarginate : spikes usually opposite the leaves. From Nebraska, Arkansas, and Indian Territory to Texas, New Mexico, S. Colorado, and Utah. 8. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER. Similar to the last, but with only 5 stamens and the flowers always in dense bracteate cylindrical spikes. * Smooth or nearly so : leaflets 5 t o 9 : spikes globose to cylindrical. 1. P. violaceUS, Michx. Leaflets 5, narroivly linear: spikes globose- ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old : bracts pointed, not longer than the si/ky- hoan/ calyx : corolla rose-purple. Prairies from the Saskatchewan to Texas, and from Colorado to Indiana. 2. P. can-didus, Michx. Leaflets 7 to 9, lanceolate or linear-oblong : spikes oblong, cylindrical when old : bracts awned, longer than the nearly glabrous calyx: corolla white. With the last. 3. P. macrOStachyuS, Torr. Leaflets 5 to 7, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, dotted beneath : spikes cylindrical, elongated : bracts as long as the flower : calyx silky-villous : corolla nearly white. From Colorado to Oregon. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 59 * * Soft downy or silky-villous all over : leaflets 13 to 17 : spikes cylindrical. 4. P. villosus, Nutt. Leaflets linear or oblong : spikes 1 to 5 inches long, short-peduncled : corolla rose-color. Along the Upper Missouri and Missis- sippi to N. Wisconsin. 9. AMORPHA, L. FALSE INDIGO. LEAD PLANT. Standard erect, folded together. The flowers purple or violet, small, in dense clustered terminal spikes. * Pods 1-seeded : leaflets small, crowded. 1. A. canescens, Nutt. Whitened with hoary down, 1 to 8 feet high: leaflets 15 to 25 pairs, elliptical, smoothish above with age. From British America to Texas and from Colorado to Indiana. 2. A. microphylla, Pursh. Very low, marly glabrous: leaflets some- what ovate-elliptical, rigid: spikes solitary and aggregated. Along the Platte to the mountains and northward to the plains of the Red River. * * Pods 2-seeded : leaflets scattered. 3. A. fruticosa, L. Rather pubescent or smoothish: leaflets 8 to 12 pairs, oval. Along rivers from Colorado northeastward to British America and eastward to Pennsylvania and Florida. 10. PETE HI A, Gray. Calyx tubular at base, gibbous above. Standard open at the apex, with reflexed sides, narrowed into a long claw. Ovary stipitate. 1 . P. scoparia, Gray. Rigid, branching, glabrous : leaflets numerous, very small, entire ; stipules small, subulate : flowers scattered, yellowish. PI. Wright, i. 50. S. W. Colorado and southward. 11. ROB INI A, L. LOCUST. Calyx slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded, turned back. Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules : flowers showy, in hanging axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year. 1. R. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high : stipular prickles subrecurved, sharp arid stout : leaflets elliptical or oblong : peduncles and the short crowded racemes hispid with straight glanduliferous hairs : calyx finely hispid : corolla rose-color : pods glandular-hispid. S. Colorado and south- ward. 12. GLYCYRRHIZA, L. LIQUORICE. Flowers nearly as in Astragalus. Ovary sessile : style short and rigid. Pod compressed, and often curved. Erect perennial herbs : flowers in dense axillary pedunculate spikes, with caducous bracts : root large and sweet. 1 G. lepidota, Pursh. Somewhat glandular-puberulent, or the younger leaves slightly silky : leaflets 6 to 8 pairs, oblong-lanceolate : spike short : flowers ochroleucous : pod thickly beset with hooked prickles. From Colo- rado to New Mexico, westward into Nevada and N. California, and northward to Washington Territory, and across the continent to Hudson's Bay. 60 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 13. ASTRAGALUS, Tourn. RATTLE-WEED. Corolla and its slender-clawed petals usually narrow. Herbs, or a few woody at base : with rather small flowers, chiefly in simple axillary spikes or racemes : the peduncle commonly elongated. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 188. AVatson, Bot. King's Exp. 435. SERIES I. Pod completely or imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, the ventral suture being not at all or less deeply inflexed. ASTRA- GALUS, L. Artificial Key. Pod succulent, becoming thick and fleshy, sessile Nos. 1, 2, 3 Pod not 2-celled, inflated, not mottled, sessile ; plant hirsute-canescent ... 27 Pod completely 2-celled, bladdery-inflated, often mottled, sessile ; plant nearly glabrous 4 Pod coriaceous, cartilaginous, or chartaceous, not bladdery-inflated, 1. Conspicuously stipitate, the stipe about equalling or surpassing the calyx, Notsulcate 20,21 Deeply sulcate. Pod glabrous, pendent 14, 15, 16 Pod black-hairy 24 2. Short-stipitate, Notsulcate 22 Sulcate, Incurved, mottled 25 Straight, Completely 2-celled 11, 13 Incompletely 2-celled 23, 26 3. Sessile. Completely 2-celled, Glabrous 5, 7 Pubescent or hoary 8, 9, 10, 12 Villous or woolly 6 Incompletely 2-celled. Stems a span or more high 18, 19 Stems not rising so high, or none at all. Pod straight or nearly so 17, 28 Pod curved 29, 30, 31, 32 Systematic Synopsis. 1. Pod plum-shaped, succulent, becoming thick and fleshy, indehiscent, not stip- itate, completely 2-celled. Perennials, with low leafy stems : stipules distinct, nearly free : racemes short, spike-like. * Ovary and pod glabrous. 1. A. caryocarpus, Ker. Grayish with an oppressed pubescence: flowers violet: pod globose or ovate, usually pointed. Plains from the Saskatchewan to Texas. 2. A. MexicanilS, A.DC. Taller, greener, less pubescent : flowers lighter- colored or white: calyx softly white-villous or tomentose: pod ovate-globose, scarcely pointed. From Colorado to Missouri and S. Texas. # * Ovary hoary-hirsute : pod sometimes becoming glabrate. 3. A. Plattensis, Nutt. Loosely villous : flowers ochroleucous or pur- plish above : pod ovate, acuminate, or oblong and somewhat curved. From Colorado to Nebraska and Illinois, and southward to Texas and N. Alabama. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 61 2. Pod ovate or globose, membranous, inflated, nearly glabrous, sessile, completely %-celled and more or less didymous by the intrusion of both sutures, many- seeded. Stipules distinct, adnate : flowers spicate. 4. A. diphysus, Gray. Nearly glabrous throughout: leaflets 6 to 11 pairs, obovate or oblong : flowers blue or purple, occasionally white : pod curved-acuminate, frequently mottled. S. W. Colorado, southward, and westAvard in the Great Basin. 3. Pod cartilaginous or coriaceous, sessile, oblong, turgid, terete, sulcate at both sutures, at length incurved, completely 2-celled. Subacaulescent, shining with a soft silky-villous often yellow pubescence : peduncles long, scape-like : spikes dense : flowers violet. 5. A. mollissimUS, Torr. Pod narrow-oblong, 5 to 9 lines long, gla- brous, subdidymous : ovary also glabrous. From Colorado to Nebraska and W. Texas. 6. A. Bigelovii, Gray. Pod oval-oblong, 6 lines long, densely woolly, but slightly sulcate. From S. W. Colorado to Texas and Mexico. 4. Pod coriaceous, turgid, oblong, terete, scarcely sulcate and only on the back, nearly straight, sessile, completely 2-celled. Tall, with oppressed gray pu- bescence or glabrate : spikes dense : flowers whitish, ochroleucous or purplish : stipules distinct or united, free. 7. A. Canadensis, L. Leaflets 10 to 14 pairs, elliptical or oblong, ob- tuse : pod and ovary glabrous. From Colorado to the head-waters of the Columbia and Saskatchewan, and eastward to the Atlantic States. 8. A. Mortoni, Nutt. Differs from the last in the somewhat pubescent ovary and pod, and the latter more decidedly sulcate dorsally and less crowded in the matured spike, and the lea/Jets 6 to 8 pairs. A. Canadensis, var. Mortoni, Watson. Head-waters of the Missouri and Platte, westward into Utah, Nevada, and California. 5. Pod coriaceous, oblong or ovate, straight or slightly curved, usually more or less compressed-triangular, dorsally sulcate (cross-section obcordate), completely 2-celled, pubescent. Caulescent, grayish short-pubescent or glabrate : stipules more or less sheathing. 9. A. adsurgens, Pall. Rather stout: spikes at length oblong or cylin- drical : flowers purplish : pod sessile. From Colorado to Oregon, Nebraska, and the Saskatchewan. 10. A. terminalis, Watson. Slender: leaves long-petiolate : raceme an inch long, open, long-pedunculate: flowers nearly sessile, reflexed, purplish: pod sessile, straight, erect. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 370. S. Montana. 11. A. hypoglottis, L. Slender : flowers capitate, violet: pod silky-vil- lous, very shortly stipitate. From S. Colorado northward along the mountains and Red River Valley to Alaska and the Arctic Circle. 12. A. ventorum, Gray. Stems flexuous, 4 to 6 inches high, simple: leaflets broadly obovate : raceme loose, short-peduncled, equalling the leaves : flowers light yellow: pod sessile, slightly curved. Watson in Am. Naturalist, viii. 212. Wind River, Wyoming, Parry. 62 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 6. Pod coriaceous, obovoid, straight, short-stipitate, dorsally sulcate, ventral suture rather prominent, completely 2-celled. Low, caulescent : flowers very small, white or cream-color, tinged with purple. 13. A. Brandegei, Porter. Canescent with minute appressed hairs : branching from a somewhat woody base : leaflets linear : racemes on long peduncles, loosely few-flowered : pod hairy. Fl. Colorado, 24. Banks of the Arkansas near Canon City, Colorado, Brandegee. 7. Pod exsert-stipitate, pendent, very glabrous, straight or falcate, narrow, more or less triangular, very deeply sulcate dorsally, the suture intruded to the middle or beyond. Stems erect, stout, sulcate, very leafy : flowers in long crowded racemes, rather large. 14. A. Drummondii, Dougl. Softly villous : calyx scarcely gibbous at base, black-hairy: corolla white: pod long-linear, terete, cross-section obcordately 2-lobed. From Colorado to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. 15. A. SCOpulorum, Porter. Pubescent with appressed hairs: calyx gib- bous at. base, pilose with blackish hairs : corolla yellow or ochroleucous : pod oblong, becoming arcuate with age, sharply 3-angled, the dorsal suture with an acute sulcus on each side. Fl. Colorado, 24. A. subcompressus, Gray. Cen- tral and Southern Colorado. 1 6. A. r aceniOSUS, Pursh. Appressed pubescent, glabrate : calyx strongly gibbous at base, whitish-puberulent : corolla white : pod lance-oblong, cross-section somewhat equally triradiate. From Colorado to Nebraska and Idaho. 8. Pod sessile, coriaceous, obcom pressed, ivith the impressed dorsal suture more or less approaching the ventral, but not 2-celled. Low or prostrate, with a fine hoary pubescence : flowers spicate, deep yellow. 17. A. flavus, Nutt. Diffuse: stipules sheathing the stem and base of the petiole, oblique : leaflets linear : pod half-included, hoary, ovate, straight. W. Wyoming, Parry, and westward. 9. Pod 2 to 3 lines long, sessile, elliptic-ovate, always wholly one-celled, the ventral suture thick and prominent. Subcinereous : stems slender, rather rigid, a foot high or more : lea/lets 5 to 8 pairs, linear : racemes spike-like : flowers purple to whitish. 18. A. gracilis, Nutt. Stems virgate: leaflets nearly filiform: racemes dense, elongated, long-peduncled : flowers pale purple or whitish : pods spreading, coriaceous, strongly concave on the back, white-hairy, at length glabrous, trans- versely rugose-veined. From Colorado to Nebraska and Missouri. 19. A. microlobus, Gray. Stems diffuse: leaflets shorter, linear or oblong-linear : racemes rather short and usually loosely flowered : flowers deep purple : pods reflexed, thick-cartilaginous, puberulent, finely rugulose, a little flattened on the back, the ventral suture very thick. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 203. From the Rocky Mountains to Missouri and Nebraska. 10. Pod stipitate, coriaceous or nearly membranous, scarcely or not at all obcom- pressed, 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled. Caulescent, slender: flowers in short often spike-like racemes, or few in small heads, purple to white, spreading, * Pod membranous, glabrous or pubescent, slightly more compressed laterally, 1-celled with a very narrow rudimentary septum from the straight dorsal suture, the ventral suture gibbous. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 63 +- Pod long-stipitate, not sulcate, cross-section oval : flowers white or bluish, keel violet. 20. A. aboriginum, Rich. Hoar //-pubescent or subvillous : stems numer- ous, rigid : leaflets 3 to 6 pairs, linear or oblong-lanceolate : pod semi-elliptic. Mountains of Colorado, northward throughout W. British America. 21. A. glabriusculus, Gray. Like the last: glabrous or with short scattered hairs : leaflets thinner, green, linear-lanceolate : pod lanceolate-subfal- cate, the stipe 2 to 3 times longer than the calyx. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 204. Mountains of Colorado and British America. <- -H- Pod short-stipitate, cross-section obovate, pubescent with more or less nigres- cent hairs : flowers white. 22. A. Robbinsii, Gray, var. OCCidentalis, Watson. Pod much com- pressed, tapering at base to a very short stipe, with no indication of a dorsal sulcus. Bot. King's Exp. 70. S. W. Colorado and Nevada. * # Pod more coriaceous, black- or rarely cinereous-pubescent, more or less triangu- lar and semi 2-celled, the dorsal suture sulcate-impressed. - Pod lens-shaped, the cross-section obcordate, tJie ventral suture a little the more gibbous. 23. A. oroboides, Hornem., var. Americanus, Gray. Subcinereous- puberulent : steins 1 to 1 feet high : leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, oblong and oval or often linear-oblong : flowers in a long secuud raceme, the wings exceeding the keel : pod with gray pubescence ; stipe very short. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 205. In the Rocky Mountains from Colorado northward into British America, thence eastward to Labrador. *- -t Pod triangular, more impressed, the cross-section deeply obcordate, rather straight or incurved, gibbous on the back. 24. A. alpinus, L. Hairy-pubescent or glabrous: leaflets 6 to Impairs, oval or oblong : racemes short or subcapitate, many-flowered : wings little if at all exceeding the rather large keel: pod straight or recurved, black-villous or -pubescent ; stipe usually exceeding the calyx. Colorado, Wyoming, and north- ward to Arctic America; also in Maine and Vermont. 25. A. sparsiflorus, Gray. Slightly appressed-pilose, glabrate : leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, obovate or subrounded : peduncles 3 to 10-flowered: the emargi- nate or bifid banner and the wings much exceeding the incurved keel : pod in- curved, mottled; stipe very short. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 60. Colorado. 11. Closely resembling the last, but villous or canescent, lower, and with yellow- ish flowers: pod semi-ovate or oblong, turgid, coriaceous, subtriangular, with the back gibbous and more or less impressed, the ventral suture prominent. 26. A. lotiflorus, Hook. Heads few-flowered: corolla little exceeding the calyx: the cross-section of the pod obovate, retuse, or usually broadly ob- cordate toward the base. From Colorado and Wyoming to Texas, Nebraska, and Hudson's Bay. 12. Pod sessile, mostly thick coriaceous and obcompressed, the impressed dorsal suture more or less approaching the ventral, not 2-celled, pubescent. Low, white-silky or hoary : flowers spicate or subcapitate, usually violet or purplish. 64 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) # Annual or biennial, many-stemmed : flowers rather small: pod inflated, mem- branous, incurved. 27. A. pubentissinms, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf, hirsute-canescent : leaf- lets oblong or obovate : flowers few: pod villous, ovate-lunate, strongly in- curved. Colorado and W. Wyoming. * * Perennial, short-stemmed or scarcely caulescent, usually prostrate or matted : flowers rather large : pod thick-coriaceous, obcompressed-triangular, trans- versely rugulose. 28. A. Missouriensis, Nutt. Subcaulescent, hoary-silky with a short very closely appressed pubescence : peduncles scape-like, capitately or spicately few-flowered : pod nearly straight, blackish, elliptic. From New Mexico to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. 29. A. Short! anus, Nutt. Usually subacaulescent, silky-canescent with a very closely appressed pubescence : leaflets obovate or ovate : pod strongly arcuate, thick, puberulent, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-linear. Includes A. cyaneus of most of the western reports. From Colorado to Nebraska and westward ; also southward into New Mexico. 30. A. Parryi, Gray. Stems short, villous, with loose spreading hairs: flowers loosely subcapitate, whitish or yellowish, the keel tinged with purple : pod arched or at length circinate, pubescent, oblong-lanceolate, strongly obcompressed and rugulose, both sutures sulcately impressed, contiguous. Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii. 410. From Colorado to N. W. Texas. 31. A. iodanthus, Watson. Canescent with an appressed hairy pubes- cence, or usually nearly glabrous with scattered hairs upon the petioles and margins of the leaves: stems decumbent: leaflets obovate or orbicular: spikes short., dense : pod strongly arcuate or hamate, nearly glabrous, mottled, linear-oblong, irregularly folded. Bot. King's Exp. 70. Colorado (Coulter) and Nevada. 32. A. glareoSUS, Dougl. Depressed, villous-silky with white incumbent hairs: flowers 3 to 6: pod incurved, silky-pubescent becoming subglabrous, oblong- ovate, attenuate above. Wyoming and S. Idaho. SERIES II. Pod one-celled, neither suture being inflexed or the ventral more intruded than the dorsal. PHACA, L. A. Leaves pinnate with many or rarely with few or abortive leaflets, or simple. Artificial Key. Leaflets prickly pointed and rigid, persistent No. 61 Leaflets not prickly pointed. Pod inflated, Stipitate, Mottled 36 Not mottled. Stipe very short 37 Stipe equalling or exceeding the calyx 38, 39 Sessile. Annual; pod 7 to 12 lines long 34,35 Perennial ; pod 2 to 4 lines long 40, 41, 42, 43 Pod coriaceous or cartilaginous, not bladdery inflated, Exsert-stipitate, Deeply sulcate 44,45 Not deeply sulcate 53 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 65 Short-stipitate, Glabrous 50, 52 Puberulent 49, 51 Sessile, Glabrous 46, 47, 60 Puberulent or pubescent. Stems a span or more high 56, 57, 58 Cespitose 54, 55, 59 Woolly or villous 33, 48 Systematic Synopsis. 13. Pod very woolly, short, turgid, coriaceous, incurved, sessile. Very soft- woolly : stems short, prostrate, from a stout perennial root : flowers usually one inch long, loosely subcapitate. 33. A. Purshii, Dougl. Nearly acaulescent, rarely 6 inches high, canes- cent with a long and dense woolly pubescence : leaflets lanceolate or oblong : flowers ochroleucous, with the keel sometimes purplish. W. Wyoming to California and Oregon. 14. Pod membranous, inflated, globose, egg-shaped or semi-ovate, usually large, finely reticulated, glabrous or glabrate. * Annual: pod sessile, not mottled : flowers small, ochroleucous or purplish. Low, leaflets linear or linear-oblong, gray with strigulose hairs. 34. A. triflOFUS, Gray. Cinereous-pubescent, very much branched from the base, branches ascending, 6 to 12 inches high : flowers 3 to 15: pod oval, obtuse or acutish. PI. Wright, ii. 45. S. Colorado and southward into Mexico. 35. A. Geyeri, Gray. Somewhat simple, 3 to 6 inches high, subcanescent, with an appressed hairy pubescence : leaflets glabrous above : flowers 3 to 5 : pod ovate-lunate with an incurved acumination. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 214. Wyo- ming, Idaho, and W. Nevada. * * Annual or perennial : pod stipitate. -- Pod mottled: stipe equalling the calyx: flowers few, rather small. 36. A. pictus, Gray. Hoary with a loose silky pubescence : leaflets 3 to 7 pairs, narrowly linear or filiform, most of them usually abortive : pod ovoid, scarcely pointed, pendent. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 214. From Nebraska to Idaho and New Mexico. In sandy places. Var. filifolius, Gray. Leaves usually imperfect ; leaflets very few, mostly attenuated, the terminal one or the filiform rachis produced, persistent. Loc. cit. 215. On the plains of Colorado and southward. -i- -t- Pod not mottled. H- Nearly stemless, few-flowered : leaflets 4 to 6-paired : pod with a very short stipe. 37. A. megacarpus, Gray. Glabrous: leaflets broadly oval or ovate: scape much shorter than the leaves : flowers ochroleucous or whitish : pod ovate-oblong, acuminate, very obtuse at base. Loc. cit. 215. "Plains of the Rocky Mountains" (Nuttatt). 5 66 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) w- -H. Caulescent, rather tall, leafy: leaflets 7 to ^-paired: racemes or spikes mostly many-flowered: pod with a stipe equalling or exceeding the calyx. 38. A. frigidus, Gray, var. Americanus, Watson. Subglabrous : leaflets ovate- or elliptic-oblong: peduncles equalling the leaves: flowers white: pod oblong, acute at each end, black-hairy or glabrous. Bibl. Index, i. 193. A. frigidus of Bot. King's Exp., Hayd. Rep. 1871, and Fl. Colorado. In the mountains from Colorado to the Arctic regions. 15. Pod membranous, lanceolate-cylindric, straight, exsertly-stipitate, glabrous : flowers rather large: leaflets few or almost none. 39. A. lonchocarpus, Torr. Ashy-puberulent, glabrate : stem fistulous, branched : leaflets filiform-linear, remote, the leaf sometimes reduced to the flattened-filiform rachis : racemes loosely many-flowered : flowers white, pen- dent : pod very sharply acuminate at each end. Pac. R. Rep. iv. 80. S. Colo- rado to New Mexico and Utah. 16. Pod membranous or chartaceous, small, globose or ovate, inflated, sessile. Diffuse or procumbent, mostly small and slender : flowers small and usually few. 40. A. microcystis, Gray. Ashy-pubescent, from a woody root : leaflets 4 t o 6 pairs, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse : racemes 5 to 1 2-flowered : corolla violet or whitish : pod globose-ovate, 3 lines long, thin membranous, gray-pubes- cent. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 220. W. Wyoming (Parry) and Washington Territory. 41. A. leptaleus, Gray. Nearly glabrous: leaflets 7 to 11 pairs, lance- linear or oblong, often acute : peduncles 2 to 4-flowered : corolla white : pod ovate or oval, 4 lines long, chartaceous, puberulent. Loc. cit. Colorado. 42. A. jejunus, Watson. Dwarf, minutely hoary-pubescent: steins 1 to 2 inches long, crowded, from a many-branching caudex, covered with numerous imbricated stipules, which are membranous, sheathing, truncate and ciliate: leaflets 4 to 7 pairs, linear: peduncles 2 to 3-flowered : corolla ochroleucous or tinged with violet : pod gibbous dorsal.li/, obtuse, 4 lines long, membranous, gla- brous. Bot. King's Exp. 173, t. 13. Bear River Valley, near Evanston ( Watson). 43. A. humillimus, Gray. Habit of the last, but much more dwarf and condensed : stems scarcely an inch long, with the scarious coalescent stipules imbri- cate and petioles persistent and spinescent: leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, oblong, canescent, with revolute margins : peduncles 1 to 3-flowered : corolla pale : pod ovate, 2 lines long, coriaceous, with a white pubescence. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 57. Often choked in drifting sand. Mesa Verde, S. W. Colorado (Brandegee). 17. Pod coriaceous, shortly exsert-stipitate, straight, narrowly oblong, semi-ci/lin- dric, the deeply concave ventral surface divided by the salient obtuse suture. 44. A. bisulcatus, Gray. Strig ul ose- puberulent : stem over a foot high, stout: leaflets oblong, often narrower : flowers violet, in dense spike-like racemes, middle- sized : calyx-teeth scarcely shorter than the tube. Pac. R. Rep. xii. 42, t. 1 . From Colorado to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. 45. A. HaydenianilS, Gray. Smaller, pubescence more cinereous : spike elongated, virgate : flowers much smaller : calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube : corolla white, keel tinged with purple at the end: pod rugulose with transverse veins; stipe not exceeding the calyx. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 56. Colorado. LEGUMLNOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 67 18. Pod thick-cartilaginous with a sabfleshy epicarp, subovate or oblong, turgid, sessile, neither suture intruded, but both thick and prominent. Perennial, a foot high, stem and leaves rather rigid : leaflets nearly filiform, not jointed to the rachis, persistent. 46. A. pectinatus, Dougl. Ashy-puberulent, glabrate : branches striate, angled : flowers white, the banner elongated : pod pendulous, glabrous, cuspi- date, the dorsal suture very thick. From Colorado to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. 47. A. Grayi, Parry. Distinguished from the last by the broader leaflets, quite strongly veined, and by the somewhat thinner ascending pod: Jlowers light yellow. Watson in Am. Nat. viii. 212. W. Wyoming (Parry). 13. Pod coriaceous, ovate or oblong, rarely cylindrical, turgid, not sulcate and neither suture intruded. Ours are perennials and the pods are sessile or scarcely stipitate. * Nearly acaulescent, silvery-silky, large-flowered. 48. A. Wewberryi, Gray. Stems very short, crowded from a deep elon- gated root: leaflets 3 to 7, either broad- or uarrow-obovate, approximate: peduncles few-flowered : corolla ochroleucous : pod villous, the broad point laterally compressed, subincurved. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 55. A. Chamcduce, Gray, in part. On the borders of Utah, Arizona, and S. W. Colorado. * * Glabrous or pubescent, stems ascending or erect : pod very shortly stipitate or sessile : calyx gray- or dark-pubescent. 49. A. Fendleri, Gray. Glabrous or appressed puberulent, erect: leaflets oblong or linear-oblong : racemes loosely purple-flowered: pod straight, minutely puberulent, very shortly sfcipitate. PL Wright, ii. 44. Colorado and New Mexico. 50. A. Hallii, Gray. Subcinereous-pubescent, glabrate, ascending : leaflets narrow-oblong, subcuneate, refuse : flowers violet, in a dense head-like raceme : pod straight, glabrous, with stipe a line long. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 224. Colorado to New Mexico. 51. A. flexUQSUS, Dougl. Ashy-puberulent, ascending : leaflets oblong- or cuneate-linear, obtuse or retuse : racemes mostly elongated, loose : corolla white or purplish : pod cylindric, puberulent, straight or subincurved, stipe very short but evident. From Colorado to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. 52. A. Patterson!, Gray. Robust, a foot or two high, appressed-puberu- leitf, sometimes glabrous : leaflets oblong, thickish : peduncles racemosely many- flowered : corolla white, the keel sometimes purplish at the tip : pod glabrous, abruptly contracted within the calyx, becoming somewhat stipe-like. Loc. cit. xii. 55. S. W. Colorado and Utah. 20. Pod vetch-shaped, flattened or less compressed, straight, margined by the nerve-like sutures, coriaceous or chartaceous, sometimes stipitate. Perennials, with the leaves pinnate with many or few leaflets, or in some species simple. * Flowers in peduncled racemes or spikes: pod many (1 to 2Q)-ovuled. *- Stipules connate, at least the lower ones : pod exsert-stipilate. Caulescent : leaves pinnate, with many leaflets. 53. A. multiflorus, Gray. Somewhat glabrous : stems slender : stip- ules dark-colored; leaflets 6 to 10 pairs, linear or narrowly oblong: pedun- 68 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) cles not exceeding the leaves, loosely few-flowered : flowers ochroleucous, tinged with purple : pod oblong, reflexed. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 226. From Colorado to the plains of Nebraska, northward to lat. 65, and westward to Utah, Nevada, and S. California. -i - Stipules as before : pod sessile. Caulescent. w- Calyx-teeth very slender, exceeding the tube. Low, from a woody caudex : the stipules all more or less connate. 54. A. pauciflorilS, Hook. Dwarf, cinereous-pubescent, matted-decum- bent, with crowded leaves : leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, oblong or lanceolate : peduncles 2 to b-flowered : corolla violet : pod linear-oblong, silky-puberulent, 4 to 5 lines long. From the head-waters of the Yellowstone northward in the mountains of British America. 55. A. tegetarius, Watson. Dwarf, cespitose, canescent ivith a silky pubescence : stems 2 to 6 lines long, numerous, procumbent : leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, linear: peduncles 1 to 3- flowered : corolla ochroleucous: pod ovate-oblong, pubescent, 2 to 3 lines long. Bot. King's Exp. 76, t. 13. Nevada, Idaho, and Montana. Var. implexus, W. M. Canby. Leaflets in 2 pairs, crowded on the stems : stipules tipped with a short straight point : flowers violet, the keel deep purple : pods mostly smaller, 1 or 2 lines long. Fl. Colorado, Appx. South Park, Colorado. M. -H- Calyx-teeth short or about equalling the tube. . Slender, rather rigid, branched: upper stipules nearly distinct: leaflets linear to oblong, or none: Jlowers in loose long-peduncled racemes, ochroleucous or purplish. 56. A. Campestris, Gray. Minutely pubescent or qlabrate : stipules mem- branous, large ; leaflets 5 to 9 pairs : flowers subcapitate or scattered, the keel with a long and narrow inflexed tip : pod oblong-linear, puberulent. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 229. Mountains of Colorado and northward through Montana. 57. A deciimbens, Gray. Cinereous- or silky-pubescent : stems diffuse or ascending : petioles sometimes someichat flattened, mostly irith 7 to 13 leaflets: racemes 5 to 10-flowered : keel with a short inflexed tip: pod broad-linear, straight or falcate, hoary puberulent. Loc. cit. Mountains of Colorado and northward. 58. A. junceus, Gray. Minutely pubescent or subglabrous : stems usually solitary, erect: stipules small: petioles slender, sometimes 6 inches long, usually naked, or with 1 to 5 pairs of linear leaflets : peduncles 3 to 7-flowered, flowers distant: keel strongly incurved: pod oblong-linear, straight or subfalcate, pubescent. Loc. cit. 230. Includes A diversifolius, Gray. Gravelly plains, from Colorado northward through Wyoming and Montana, and westward into Utah and Nevada. i- -i- *- Stipules scarious, connate : pod short, sessile. Acaulescent, cespitose, silky- canescent: leaves simple, lanceolate- or spatulate-linear : scapes exceeding the leaves, many-flowered: corolla purple or rose-color. 59. A. CSBSpitOSUS, Gray. Racemes spike-like : pod oblong or broad- lanceolate, scarcely curved. Loc. cit. Plains of the Platte from W. Nebraska to the mountains. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 69 * * Cushioned: flowers scarcely exserted from among the simple leaves: pod many- ovuled, margined with rather strong sutures. 60. A. Simplicifolius, Gray. Leaves hoary with an appressed silky pubescence, linear- or spatulate-lanceolate, crowding the extremities of the usually short branches : scapes 2 to 3-flowered : flowers purple, the keel strongly arched: pod half-included in the calyx, glabrous. Loc. cit. 231. Sources of the Platte. W. Wyoming (Parry). * * * Caulescent, often depressed : flowers subsessile in the axils of the leaves : pods 3 to -i-ovuled, usually 1-seeded, ovate, sessile : leaves pinnate, with few leaflets 61. A. Kentrophyta, Gray. Intricately branched from a long root, broadly depressed-cespitose, hoary with a short silky pubescence : leaflets 2 to 3 pairs, linear-subulate, usually rigid and divaricate, pungent : flowers 1 to 3, ochroleucous or tinged with violet : pods compressed, pubescent, acuminate, somewhat incurved. Proc Acad. Philad. 1863, 60. From Montana and Wyoming to New Mexico and westward into Nevada. B. Leaves apparently palmately 3-foliolate. 21. Pod conical-ovate, acuminate, not stipitate nor compressed, coriaceous, some- what included in the calyx, neither suture intruded. Perennial, cespitose from a much-branched ivoody caudex, low, silvery-silky, with crowded leaves : leaflets crowded. 62. A. triphyllus, Pursh. Acaulescent, glossy silky: stipules glabrous: primary leaves sometimes 5-foliolate with cuneate oblanceolate leaflets, the rest with 3 longer lanceolate leaflets, long-petioled, exceeding the sessile crowded flowers : cal;jx-teeth half shorter than the tube : corolla ochroleucous or white : pod villous, included. From Nebraska to the Saskatchewan. 63. A. tridactylicus, Gray. Resembling the last in habit and leaves, but stipules villous, flowers pale purple, calyx-teeth equalling the tube, pod puberu- lent, exposed by the falling away of the calyx. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 527. Moun- tains of Colorado. 64. A. sericoleilCUS, Gray. Very broadly cespitose, silky-hoary: the branches covered with villous stipules : leaves all 3-foliolate, not equalling the 2 to ^-flowered flli form peduncles; leaflets oblauceolate or cuneate-oblong : calyx- teeth about equalling the tube : corolla purple : pod hoary, half included in the calyx. Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii. 410. From the sand-hills of N. Colorado to N. Nebraska. 14. OXYTROPIS, DC. Like Astragalus, but distinguished by a subulate beak at the tip of the keel. Mostly low perennials, with tufts of numerous very short stems from a hard and thick root or rootstock, covered with scaly adnate stipules : pinnate leaves of many leaflets : naked scapes bearing a head or short spike of flowers. Rev. Oxyt., Gray in Proc. Amer. Acad. xx. 1 . Stipules free from the petiole and from each other : leafy-stemmed or depau- perate plants nearly stemless. 1. O. deflexa, DC. Loosely soft-pubescent or silky : taller forms over a foot high : leaflets crowded in 12 to 16 pairs, lanceolate to oblong, i to inch 70 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) long: peduncles much surpassing the leaves : flowers rather small (about inch long), iii a short and close or in fruit lengthened and open spike : pod oblong-lanceolate, not stipitate, 1-celled, much surpassing the calyx. In the mountains from British America to S. Colorado and westward to Utah. Sub- alpine forms are often depauperate and almost stemless. 2. Stipules adnate to the petiole, imbricated on the short branches of the caudex which bears the scapes and leaves : no other ascending stems. # Most of the numerous leaflets as if verticillate or fascicled in threes or fours or more along the rachis: scape spicately several to many-flowered: pod ovate, 2-celled, hardly surpassing the very villoas caljjx. 2. O. SplendenS, Dougl. Silvery silky-villous, 6 to 12 inches high: flowers erect-spreading : pod erect. Whole length of the Rocky Mountains, and plains along their eastern base, to the Saskatchewan. * * Leaflets simply pinnate. *- Pod wholly enclosed in the bladdery ovate-globose calyx, turgid-ovate, one-celled : peduncles weak, 1 to ^-flowered. 3. O. multieeps, Nutt. Matted cespitose, subcaulescent, 1 to 3 inches high, canescently silky : leaflets 3 to 4 pairs : flowers purple : pod short-stipi- tate. Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, S. Wyoming and Colorado. Nuttall's specimens are larger-leaved and less cespitose than those of subse- quent collectors distributed as var. minor, Gray. -i - Pod nearly or quite enclosed in and completel // filling the distended and often split fructiferous cali/x, turgid, pubescent, half two-celled : scapes capitately few to several-flowered, surpassing the leaves, a span high : flowers over ^ inch long. 4. O. liana, Nutt. Silvery with oppressed silky pubescence: leaflets 3 or 4 or rarely 6 pairs, narrowly lanceolate : flowers purple or whitish : pod turgid- oblong, somewhat coriaceous, the acuminate tip barely projecting out of the undivided lightly villous calyx. Torr. & Gray, Fl. May be 0. argentea, Pursh, Fl. ii. 473. Mountains of Wyoming and Montana. 5. O. lagopus, Nutt. White silky with looser and more villous hairs: leaf- lets 4 or 5 pairs, lanceolate or obJong: flowers bright violet: pod ovate, thin-mem- branaceous and almost bladdery, obtuse, abruptly tipped with the persistent style, slightly surpassing the calyx which soon splits down one side. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 17. Mountains of Wyoming and Montana. H- -)- -- Poo? well surpassing the calyx ; this at length split down one side or re- maining unchanged. w- Bladdery-inflated and membranaceous, ovate, one-celled: scapes or peduncles few-flowered, in fruit usually decumbent: very low and depressed-tufted plants. 6. O. podocarpa, Gray. Villous, or in age glabrate: leaflets 5 to 11 pairs, linear-lanceolate (3 or 4 lines long) : peduncles 2-flowered, not surpassing the leaves: flowers comparatively large (7 or 8 lines long), violet : pod large (often an inch long), broadly ovate, puberulent, short-stipitate, neither suture at all introflexed. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 234. 0. Hallii, Bunge. Alpine and subalpine, from S. Colorado to British America and perhaps to the Arctic regions. 7. O. oreophila, Gray. Silky-canescent: leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, lanceolate to oblong (2 to 4 lines long) : scapes commonly surpassing the leaves, capitately 4 to LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 71 8-Jlo>vered : flowers only 4 or 5 lines long, apparently purple: pod hardly % inch long, oblong-ovate, cinereous-pubescent, not at all stipitate, the ventral suture moder- ately introflexed. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 3. A species of S. California and Utah, collected on Aquarius Plateau, Utah, by L. F. Ward; probably to be found within our southwestern boundaries. w- -M- Pod oblong or narrower, not bladdery -inflated, coriaceous, nearly or quite 2-celled : scape 1 to 3-Jlotcered. 8. O. Parryi, Gray. Silky-canescent : leaves and scapes about a span high : leaflets 7 to 9 pairs, oblong-lanceolate (2 or 3 lines long) : calyx short, cinereous-pubescent : pod nearly inch long, terete with a strong ventral groove, gravish-pubescent, not at all stipitate. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 4. 0. arctica of Hall & Harbour's collection, no. 143. 0. Uralensis, var. pumila, of Western Reports. Mountains of Colorado near the limit of trees. M- -M- -M- Pod nearly terete, turgid, but not bladder y-membranaceous, not stipitate or rarely obscurely so : scape capitately or spicately several to many-flowered. = More or less glandular viscid, at least the calyx and commonly the pod. 9. O. viscida, Nutt. Leaflets numerous and small (2 to 4 lines long), thickish, oval or oblong, often pubescent when young, at maturity green and glabrate : flowers in a dense oblong head or at length in a short spike, less than ^ inch long : calyx villous and with sessile glands usually evident : pod small (3 to 5 lines long), puberulent, oblong, thin-chartaceous, half 2 celled, the small beak or point straight. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 341. In the mountains from British America to Colorado ; common in Wyoming. == = Not glandular nor viscid : leaves more or less silky at least when young. 10. O. monticola, Gray. Loosely silky-villous, at least the scapes (5 to 9 inches high) and calyx: leaflets sometimes glabrate, oblong or lanceolate (3 to 7 lines long) : spike oblong or cylindraceous, dense even in fruit : flower hardl// ^ inch long : pod ovate-oblong, between membranaceous and chartaceous, ^ to ^ inch long, tipped with a straight point, one-celled with no introflexion of the ventral suture, or nearly half 2-celled, silky-canescent. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 6. 0. campestris of Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. in part. Mountains of Wyoming, Dakota, and northward. 11. O. Lamberti, Pursh. Commonly taller as well as larger (the scapes often a foot or more high), silky- and mostly silvery -pubescent, sometimes glabrate in age : leaflets from oblong-lanceolate to linear (4 to 16 lines long) : spike sometimes short-oblong and densely flowered at least when young, often elongated and sparsely flowered : flowers mostly large (often an inch long, but sometimes much smaller), variously colored : pod either narrowly or broadly oblong, sericeous pubescent, firm-coriaceous, \ inch or more long, imperfectly 2-celled. Includes 0. campestris of Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. in part. Common along the Great Plains from the Saskatchewan and Minnesota to New Mexico, Texas, etc., and in the foothills. Var. sericea, Gray, is a robust mountain form, canescent with the silky pubescence; the leaflets mostly broad (3 or 4 lines), and the cylindraceous pods nearly or quite an inch long. 0. sericea, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 339. Var. Bigelovii, Gray, is a marked form, with pods of the preceding form, but more slender, of thinner texture, and short-stipitate ; leaflets green 72 LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) and glabrate, narrow. The 0. Lamberti of Torr. in Pacif . K. Rep. iv. 80. On the Upper Canadian River, Colorado, Bigelow. 15. HEDYSARUM, Tourn. Keel nearly straight, obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings. Pod flattened, the separable joints roundish and equal-sided. Peren- nial herbs. 1. H. Mackenzii, Richard. Stems 2 feet high, minutely pubescent, simple or branched : leaflets 11 to 17 (usually 11), canescently pubescent, nearly glabrous above : racemes loosely 7 to 30-Jlowered, elongating in fruit : flowers large, light purple : pod 2 to 4-jointed, minutely pubescent. From Colorado northward to the Arctic regions. 2. H. boreale, Nutt. Leaflets 13 to 21, nearly glabrous: raceme of many de/lexed purple flowers: pod 3 or 4-jointed, smooth, reticulated. From W. Wyo- ming (Parry) northward throughout British America to the Arctic Circle. 16. VI CIA, Tourn. VETCH. TAKE. Wings adherent to the middle of the short keel. Style inflexed. Pod flat, smooth. Seeds globular. Herbs, with angular stems, more or less climb- ing : leaflets entire or toothed at the apex : stipules semi-sagittate : flowers solitary or in loose peduncled axillary racemes. * Perennial : peduncles 4 to 8-Jloivered. 1. V. Americana, Muhl. Usually rather stout, 1 to 4 feet high, gla- . brous : leaflets 4 to 8 pairs, very variable, linear to ovate-oblong, truncate to /- acute : peduncles 4 to 8-flowered : flowers purplish : pod oblong, 3 to 6- seeded. Throughout the whole of our range and extending to Washington Territory and New Mexico and eastward across the continent. Var. truncata, Brewer. Usually somewhat pubescent : leaflets truncate and often 3 to 5-toothed at the apex. Bot. Calif, i. 158. V. truncata, Nutt. From Colorado and northwestward to Washington Territory. Var. linearis, Watson. Leaves all linear. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 134. Latkyrus linearis, Nutt. From the Rocky Mountains westward to California, being the common western form of the species. * # Slender annuals : peduncles 1 or 2-Jlowered. 2. V. exigua, Nutt. A span to two feet high, more or less pubescent : i' leaflets about 4 pairs, linear, acute : peduncles rarely 2-flowered : flowers pur- plish : pod linear-oblong. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 272. S. Colorado and New Mexico, westward to California. 3. V. micrantha, Nutt. Stem 2 to 3 feet long, strongly angled, gla- brous, climbing : leaflets 2 to 6 pairs (usually 2 pairs), oblong-elliptical, obovate or linear-oblong, obtuse or emarginate, mucronate : peduncles at first much shorter than the leaves : flowers pale, blue at the tip : pod sabre-shaped, ses- sile. Loc. cit. 271. From Colorado to Texas and Louisiana. 17. LA THY HITS, L. EVERLASTING PEA. Nearly as in Vicia except the characters given in the synopsis of genera. All of ours have long peduncles. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 133. LEGUMINOS^E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 73 1 . Rachis of the leaves tendril-bearing : pod sessile. Ours are perennials, with semi-sagittate stipules having lanceolate lobes, and purple or purplish flowers. # Leaflets 8 to 12 : peduncles rather many-flowered. 1. L. venosus, Muhl. Stout, climbing, usually somewhat downy: leaf- lets oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse : calyx densely pubescent to nearly glabrous : pod smooth. Throughout the Eastern States and extending northwestward to Washington Territory. # * Leaflets 4 t o 8 : peduncles 2 to ^-flowered. 2. L. paluster, L. Slender, glabrous or somewhat pubescent : stem often winged: leaflets narrowly oblong to linear: flowers smaller (6 lines long). Common everywhere throughout the northern portions of both hemispheres. Var. myrtifolius, Gray. Stipules usually broader and larger; leaflets ovate to oblong, shorter (an inch long or less). PI. Fendl. 30. L. myrtifolius, MuhL L. venosus, var. 8, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 274. L. polyphyllus, Watson, Bot. King's Exp. 78. The L. pubescens, Nutt., of Fl. Colorado. With the species. 2. Rachis not tendril-bearing or rarely so: pod shortly stipitate. In ours the peduncles are 2 to ^-flowered. 3. L. polymorphllS, Nutt. Usually low, finely pubescent or glabrous, glaucous: leaflets 6 to 12, thick and strongly nerved, narrowly oblong, acute : flowers very large, purple : pod 3 or 4 lines broad ; funiculus remarkably nar- row and hilum short. Colorado and New Mexico to Central Arizona. 4. L. ornatllS, Nutt. Resembling the last except the leaves are nar- rower and shorter, the pod somewhat broader, and the funiculus broader. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 277. Mountains of Colorado and Utah. 18. CASSIA, L. SENNA. Calyx-tube very short. Anthers erect, opening by two pores or chinks at the apex. Pod usually curved, many-seeded, often with cross-partitions between the seeds. Herbs, with flowers in terminal or axillary (in ours) clusters. 1. C. Chamsecrista, L. Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch, 10 to 15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base, a cup-shaped gland beneath the lowest pair : flowers on slender pedicels, in small clusters above the axils, 2 or 3 of the showy petals often with a purple spot at the base : four of the anthers yellow, the others purple. Throughout the Eastern States and westward across the plains to Colorado. 19. HOFFMANSEGGIA, Cav. Sepals united into a short obconic base. Petals obovate, on short claws, spreading, one or more of them often glandular at base. Filaments thickened or dilated toward the base. Pod oblong or linear, often falcate, compressed, dry, 2-valved. Low perennial herbs or suffrutesceut plants, often dotted with black glands. 1. H. Jamcsii, Torr. & Gray. Canescenthj-pubescent, much branched from a shrubby base: pinnae 5, abruptly 10 to 16-foliolate : leaflets oval, nearly 74 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) glabrous above : flowers nodding or reflexed : tfie upper petal smallest, marked with reddish spots : pod 1 inch long, more or less lunate, scabrous, 2 to 3-seeded, sprinkled (as well as the leaves, calyx, and petals) with sessile black (/lands. Fl. i. 393. Plains of E. Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. 2. H. drepanocarpa, Gray. Minutely cinereous-pubendent, wholly desti- tute of (/lands: stems numerous, from a thick woody root: pinnae 5 to 11, 8 to 20-foliolate ; leaflets crowded, subfalcate, nerveless : petals broadly obovate, nearly alike, naked and glabrous : pod 1 1 to 2 inches long, strong!.// falcate, gla- brous or minutely puberuleut undel* a lens, 9 to 10-seeded. PI. Wright, i. 58. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. 20. SCHRAWKIA, Willd. SENSITIVE BRIAR. Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Pod long and narrow, 4-valved. Perennial herbs, the procumbent stems and petioles prickly : leaves sensitive and of many small leaflets, the axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose-colored flowers. 1. S. uncinata, Willd. Prickles hooked: partial petioles 4 to 6 pairs: leaflets elliptical, reticulated with strong veins beneath : pod oblong-linear, nearly terete. Throughout the S. E. States and westward across the plains to Colorado and Dakota. ORDER 26. ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with mostly alternate leaves, usually evident stipules, usually perigynous mostly numerous stamens, distinct free pistils from one to many, or coherent with each other and the calyx- tube, and anatropous seeds destitute of albumen or nearly so. SUBORDER I. AMYGDAL.E^E. Carpels solitary, or rarely 5, becoming drupes, entirely free from the calyx, this or its lobes deciduous. Ovules 2, pendulous, but seed almost always solitary. Style terminal. Trees or shrubs, with bark exuding gum, and mostly (as well as the seeds) yielding the flavor of prussic acid. Stipules free, deciduous. 1. Prunus. Flowers perfect. Carpel solitary. SUBORDER II. ROSACE^E PROPER. Carpels free from the persistent calyx, becoming akenes, or follicles, or drupe-like in fruit. Stipules commonly adnate to the petiole. Calyx dry and open, or sometimes strictly enclosing the fruit, or fleshy and pome-like. Tribe I. SPIR^ACE^E. Carpels few, rarely solitary, becoming two to several-seeded follicles. Calyx open. * Carpels alternate with the calyx-lobes when of the same number. +- Seeds with membranous testa and no albumen : stipules none. ROSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 75 M- Calyx persistent in fruit : stamens perigynous : carpels several-seeded. 2. Spiraea. Carpels cartilaginous, 1-valved, distinct. Flowers perfect, rarely polyga- mous. Leaves simple, serrate or incised. H- -H- Calyx marcescent in fruit : stamens hypogynous : carpels few-seeded. 3. Aruncus. Carpels cartilaginous, 1-valved, distinct. Flowers dioacious. Leaves re- peatedly ternately divided. i- >- Seeds with shining stony testa : albumen very distinct : stipules membranaceous, caducous. 4. Physocarpus. Follicles membranaceous, inflated, 2-valved, distinct, often stipitate. Flowers perfect, corymbose. Leaves lobed. * * Carpels opposite to the calyx-lobes when of the same number. 5. Chamaebatiaria. Follicles coriaceous, 1-valved, connate at base, several-seeded. Albumen distinct. Flowers perfect Leaves small, coriaceous, stipulate, bipinnately dissected. * * * Carpel becoming an akene. 6. Holodiscus. Carpels alternate with the calyx-lobes, with densely silky styles and 2 collateral pendulous ovules. Akenes membranous, woolly, 1-seeded. Leaves lobed, without stipules. Tribe II. RUBE^I. Carpels several or numerous on a spongy receptacle, becoming drupelets in fruit. Calyx open, without bractlets. Stamens numerous. Ovules 2 and pendulous, but seed solitary. 7. Rubus. Carpels indefinitely numerous, berry-like in fruit. Perennial herbs or soft- woody shrubs with biennial stems. Tribe III. POTENTII^E^E. Carpels numerous, several, or solitary, 1-ovuled, be- coming dry akenes. Calyx not enclosing or at least not constricted over the fruit. Seed erect or ascending. * Shrubs: carpels mostly solitary : style not elongated in fruit: stigma decurrent: calyx imbricated, without bractlets. Flowers solitary in ours. 8. Purshia. Petals 5. Leaves 3-cleft. Radicle inferior. 9. Coleogyne. Calyx 4-parted, colored. Petals none. Leaves opposite, small, narrow, entire. Radicle, superior. * * Trees or shrubs : carpels solitary or numerous : styles elongated and plumose in fruit : calyx imbricated, without bractlets (except in Fallugia) : seed erect. 10. Cercocarpus. Flowers solitary, axillary, small. Petals none. Carpels solitary, rarely 2. Calyx-tube long-cylindrical ; the limb deciduous. Leaves simple, entire or toothed. 11. Cowania. Flowers solitary, short-peduncled, terminal, showy. Petals 5. Carpels 5 to 12. Calyx short and turbinate. Leaves cuneate, lobed. 12. Fallugia. Flowers somewhat panicled, on long peduncles, showy. Petals 5. Carpels numerous. Calyx turbinate. Leaves with linear lobes. * * * Herbs : carpels few to many : calyx concave or campanulate, valvate in the bud, bracteolate. i- Seed erect from the base of the cell : radicle inferior : style strictly terminal, persistent. 13. Dryas. Like Geum, but petals 8 or 9. 14. Geum. Carpels very numerous on a dry receptacle : the elongated style in fruit mostly geniculate or plumose. Petals 5. *- -t- Seed suspended or ascending : radicle superior : style small, naked, not geniculate. 15. Fragaria. Carpels very numerous, in fruit on a large fleshy scarlet receptacle. Styles lateral. Leaves 3-foliolate. 16. Potentilla. Petals yellow, rarely white, sessile. Stamens usually 20 or more ; fila- ments narrow or filiform. Carpels mostly numerous, on a dry receptacle. Leaves pinnate or digitate ; leaflets toothed or cleft, not confluent. 17. Sibbaldia. Petals yellow, sessile, minute and narrow. Stamens 5 ; filaments very short, filiform. Carpels 5 to 10, on a dry receptacle. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets 3-toothed. 76 KOSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) 18. Ivesia. Petals yellow, with claws, or spatulate. Stamens 20; filaments filiform. Carpels 1 to 15, on a dry villous receptacle. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets cleft or parted, often small and very numerous and closely imbricated. 19. Chamserhodos. Petals white, obovate. Stamens 5 ; filaments short, subulate. Carpels 5 to 10, on a dry villous receptacle. Leaves many-cleft ; the segments linear. Tribe IV. POTERIE.^2. Carpels 1 to 3, in fruit akenes, completely enclosed in the dry and firm calyx-tube, the throat of which is constricted or sometimes nearly closed. Seed suspended. Ours are herbs with pinnate leaves and solitary ovule. 20. Agrimoiiia. Calyx turbinate, surrounded by a margin of hooked prickles. Petals yellow. Stamens 5 to 12. Flowers in long racemes. 21. Poterium. Calyx-lobes 4, imbricate, deciduous, petaloid ; the tube 4-angled, naked. Petals none. Flowers in dense heads. Tribe V. ROSE^E. Carpels many, in fruit bony akenes, enclosed and concealed in the globose or urn-shaped fleshy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petals conspicuous. Stamens numerous. 22. Rosa. Erect shrubs, with pinnate leaves. SUBORDER III. POITIE^E. Carpels 2 to 5, enclosed in and mostly adnate to the fleshy calyx-tube, in fruit becoming a pome. A pair of ovules in each carpel. Styles often united below. Trees or shrubs, with stipules free from the petiole or nearly so. 23. Cratsegus. Ovary 2 to 5-celled ; the fruit drupaceous, of 2 to 5 bony 1-seeded stones, either separable or united into one. Branches usually thorny. 24. Pyrus. Ovary 2 to 5-celled ; the fruit a proper pome, with papery or cartilaginous and undivided 2-seeded cells or carpels. 25. Amelanchier. Ovary 5-celled ; the cells 2-ovuled and 2-seeded, but in fruit each divided into two by a partition from the back. Styles 3 to 5. Otherwise like Pyrus. 26. Peraphyllum. Ovary usually 2- (incompletely 4-) celled. Styles 2. Otherwise like Amelanchier. 1. P RUN US, Tourn. PLUM, CHERRY, &c. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15 to 25, inserted with the petals. Leaves simple, usually serrulate: flowers white, fascicled in the axils, or in terminal racemes. * Flowers in umbel- or corymb-like dusters from lateral scaly buds in early spring, preceding or coe'taneous with the leaves. 1. P. Americana, Marshall. (WILD YELLOW or RED PLUM). Tree thorny, 8 to 20 feet high : leaves ovate, or somewhat ohovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate, very veiny, glabrous when mature : fruit nearly destitute of bloom, roundish ovnl, yellow, orange, or red; the stone turgid, more or less acute on both margins , pleasant-tasted, but with a tough and sour skin. Colorado. Very common throughout the East. 2. P. Chicasa, Michx. (CHICKASAW PLUM.) Stem scarcely thorny: leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous: fruit nearly destitute of bloom, globular, red ; the stone ovoid, almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures^ one of them minutely grooved. Perhaps native only west of the Mis- sissippi from Arkansas southward, but introduced eastward, and westward to Colorado. ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 77 3. P. Pennsylvanica, L. (WILD RED CHERRY.) Tree 20 to 30 feet high, with light red-brown bark : leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides: fruit globose, light red, very small, with thin and sour flesh ; stone globular. From Colorado north- ward, and eastward to Newfoundland and Virginia. 4. P. emarginata, Walpers, var. mollis, Brewer. Becoming a small tree 25 feet high, with bark like that of an ordinary Cherry-tree, more or less woolly-pubescent : leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, mostlij obtuse, crenately serru- late, narrowed to a short petiole, with usually one or more glands near the base of the blade, more or less woolly-pubescent on the under side: fruit globose, black, bitter and astringent ; stone with a thick grooved ridge upon one side. Bot. Calif, i. 167. Bitter Root Mountains and westward into Oregon and California. * # Flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches, hence appearing after the leaves, late in spring. 5 P. demissa, Walpers. (WILD CHERRY.) An erect slender shrub 2 to 12 feet high : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, abruptly acuminate, mostly rounded or somewhat cordate at base, sharply serrate, usually more or less pubes- cent beneath, with 1 or 2 glands at base : fruit purplish-black, or red, sweet and edible, but somewhat astringent ; stone globose. From the Rocky Mountains westward to the coast. 6. P. Virginiana, L. (CHOKE CHERRY.) Leaves rarely at all pubes- cent, more frequently somewhat cuneate at base: fruit dark red, very astringent and scarcely edible ; the stone more ovoid and acutish : otherwise like the last, but more diffuse in habit, and preferring stream banks and moist localities. This species appears to be distributed throughout the whole of North Amer- ica except in the region west of the Rocky Mountains. 2. S PI 11-33 A, L. MEADOW-SWEET. Petals 5, rounded, nearly sessile. Stamens numerous. Carpels usually 5 or more. Perennial herbs or mostly shrubs : flowers white or rose-colored, in compound corymbs or spikes. We follow the arrangement of Dr. Maxi- mowicz in recognizing the four following genera as distinct from Spiraea. Bot. Calif, ii. 443. * Erect shrubs : petals rose-colored or purplish : flowers in compound corymbs. 1. S. betulifolia, Pallas. Glabrous or finely pubescent, with reddish bark : leaves broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, acutely and unequally serrate or incised, on short petioles or nearly sessile : flowers pale purple, the fastigiate corymbs often leafy-bracted : ovules 5 to 8. S. cori/mbosa, Raf. Head- waters of the Missouri, eastward in the Alleghany Mountains, westward to N. California, and northward to Alaska. Var. rosea, Gray. Corolla rose-red. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 381. W. Wyoming, Idaho, and westward to Oregon and California. * # Low herbaceous perennials, woody at base : petals white : flowers in dense cylindrical spikes on scape-like stems. 2. S. C8espitosa, Nutt. Cespitose, on rocks : leaves rosulate on the short tufted branches of the woody spreading rootstock, oblanceolate or linear- 78 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) spatulate, silky on both sides; those of the scape scattered and narrower: calyx-lobes silky : filaments and styles exserted : carpels 3 to 8, somewhat villous or glabrous, 2-seeded. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 418. W. Wyoming to Montana and Oregon, and southward to New Mexico. 3. AH UNO US, L. GOAT'S-BEARD. Herbaceous : the small white flowers in numerous filiform panicled spikes. 1. A. Sylvester, Kost. Smooth, branching, 3 to 5 feet high: leaves large ; leaflets thin, sparingly villous beneath, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, ^ sharply and laciniately doubly toothed, the terminal one broadest : panicle large and compound, pubescent : filaments long-exserted : carpels 3 to 5, smooth. Spiraea Aruncus, L. Ranges across the continent. 4. PHYSOCARPUS, Maxim. NINE-BARK. Carpels 1 to 5, divergent. Ovules 2 to several. Diffuse shrubs: flowers large, white. 1. P. opulifolia, Maxim. A shrub 3 to 10 feet high, with ash-colored shreddy bark : leaves ovate or often cordate, 3-lobed and toothed, on slender petioles, nearly glabrous: flowers on long slender pedicels in simple umbel-like hemispherical tomentose corymbs : carpels 2 to 5, glabrous. Spiraea opuli- . y- folia, L. Neiiiia opulifetiorrBeuih. & Hook. From California northward to British America and eastward across the continent. 2. P. Torreyi, Maxim. A small shrub, differing from the last in its smaller leaves, its finer pubescence, and the leaves sometimes densely ichite- tomentose beneath, its fewer and smaller flowers on short pedicels, fewer stamens, and especially the densely tomentose ovaries, which are fewer (1 or 2) and be- come less inflated. Spiraea opulifolia, var. paucijlora, Hook., and in Fl. Colorado var. parvifolia. Neillia Torreyi, Watson. In the mountains of Colorado and westward to Nevada. 5. CHAMJEBATIARIA, Maxim. Flowers large, white, in a leafy terminal racemose panicle. A stout, diffusely branched, glandular-pubescent shrub. 1. C. Millefolium, Maxim. More or less tomentose: leaves narrowly i lanceolate in outline, scattered or fascicled at the ends of the branches, with very numerous (about 20) pinnae and minute oblong obtuse leaflets (about 6 pairs) : the erect acute lobes of the calyx nearly equalling the orbicular petals: carpels 5, pubescent. Spiraea Millefolium, Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv. 83, t. 5. From W. Wyoming ( Coulter) to California. 6. HOLODISCUS, Maxim. Petals white, broadly oblong, about equalling the 5-parted calyx. A dif- fuse shrub, with grayish brown bark : flowers in loose spreading panicles. L, 1. H. discolor, Maxim. Pubescent, 4 feet high or more : leaves broadly ovate, truncate at base or cuneate into a slender petiole, more or less silky- ROSACES. (HOSE FAMILY.) 79 tomentose beneath, nearly smooth above, pinnatifidly toothed or lobed, the lobes often dentate : panicle much branched, tomeutose. Spiraea discolor, Pursh. Var. dumosa, Maxim. Only 1 to 3 feet high : leaves usually small, cune- ate into a short margined petiole, often white tomentose beneath : panicle mostly smaller and less diffuse. Spiraea dumosa, Nutt. S. discolor, var. dumosa, Watson. Colorado and New Mexico and thence to the Sierra Nevada and Oregon. 7. RUB US, L. RASPBERRY. BLACKBERRY. Petals 5, conspicuous. Styles nearly terminal. Erect or trailing, often prickly : leaves simple or pinnately 3 to 7-foliolate : flowers white or reddish, in panicles or corymbs, or solitary : fruit usually edible, red, purple, or purplish- black. Ours are all true Raspberries, having fruit with a bloom separating from the receptacle when ripe. The Blackberries, having fruit black, shining and persistent on the receptacle, are not known to occur within our range. * Leaves simple: prickles none (except in No. 3) : flowers large : fruit and recepta- cle flat and broad. 1. R. Nutkanus, Mopino. (SALMON-BERRY.) Stems 3 to 8 feet high; bark green and smooth or more or less glandular-pubescent, becoming brown and shreddy : leaves palmately and nearly equally 5-lobed, cordate at base, unequally serrate, 4 to 12 inches broad, glabrous or somewhat tomentose, the veins beneath as well as the petioles and peduncles usually more or less hispid with gland-tipped hairs : flowers white, an inch or two broad : calyx densely tomentose : carpels very numerous, tomentose : fruit red, large, and pleasantly flavored. From Colorado northward, westward to the coast, and eastward to Upper Michigan. 2. R. deliciosus, James. Shrub 3 to 4 feet high; branches, young leaves, and calyx tomentose-pubescent or puberulent, not glandular : leaves reniform- orbicular, rugose, more or less 3 to 5-lobed, finely serrate-toothed: flowers 2 inches across: sepals with a dilated acumination: petals white : fruit purplish, large, smooth, " flavor not agreeable to the human palate." Canons of Colorado. 3. R. nivalis, Dougl. Low, not more than 6 inches high, frutescent : leaves cordate, 3-lobed, sharply toothed, glabrous, the petioles and veins of the leaves armed with recurved prickles: peduncles short, 2-flowered : petals red(l) : fruit red. In the Bitter Root Mountains and northward. Probably a species of the next section with the leaflets confluent. * * Leaflets 3 to 5 : petals small, erect, white. t- Stems annual, herbaceous, not prickly : fruit of few separate grains. 4. R. triflorua, Richardson. Stems ascending or trailing : leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin, smooth: peduncle 1 to 3-flowered : fruit small, red. Colorado and northward into British America and eastward to the New Eng- land and Middle States. - <- Stems biennial and woody, prickly: receptacle oblong: fruit hemispherical. 5. R. strigOSUS, Michx. (WiLD REI> RASPBERRY.) Stems upright, and with the stalks, etc. beset with stiff' straight bristles, glandular when young, 80 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) somewhat glaucous : leaflets oblong-ovate, cut-serrate, whitish-downy under- neath, the lateral ones sessile : petals as long as the sepals : fruit light red. From New Mexico and Colorado northward to British America and thence eastward to the New England and Middle States ; also in Nevada. 6. B. OCCidentalis, L. (BLACK RASPBERRY. THIMBLEBERRY.) Glau- cous all over: stems recurved, armed like the stalks, etc. with hooked prickles, not bristly : leaflets 3, ovate, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened-downy under- neath, the lateral ones somewhat stalked: petals shorter than the sepals: fruit, purple-black. From Oregon eastward to Missouri and thence throughout the Eastern States, especially to the north. 8. PUBSHIA, DC. Calyx funnel-shaped. Petals exceeding the calyx-lobes, yellow. Stamens about 25, in one row. Carpels sometimes 2, narrowly oblong. Fruit pubes- cent, attenuate at each end, exserted. Diffusely branched : leaves mostly fascicled, cuneate : flowers terminal on the short branchlets. 1. P. tridentata, DC. Usually 2 to 5 (rarely 8 or 10) feet high, with brown or grayish bark ; the young branches and numerous short branchlets pubescent : leaves cuneate-obovate, 3-lobed at the apex, petioled, white-tomen- tose beneath, greener above : calyx tomeutose with some glandular hairs : petals spatulate-obovate. Arizona and New Mexico, and northward through- out the Rocky Mountain region to the British boundary; westward to the Sierras. 9. COLEOGYNE, Torr. Calyx with a membranaceous margin, colored within. Stamens numerous, inserted upon the base of a tubular torus which includes the ovary. Style lateral, very villous at base, twisted, exserted, persistent. Fruit glabrous, in- cluded. Diffusely branched, somewhat spinesceut : leaves coriaceous : flowers terminal on the short branchlets, subtended by 1 or 2 pairs of 3-lobed bracts, yellow, showy. 1. C. ramosissima, Torr. The short rigid branches opposite and spines- cent; bark gray: leaves approximate upon the branchlets, linear oblanceolate, puberulent with appressed hairs attached by the middle : tube of the torus membranaceous, dilated below and narrowed to the shortly 5-toothed apex, densely white-villous within : akene somewhat compressed, the obtuse apex incurved. PL Frem. 8, t. 4. From S. Colorado to Arizona and Nevada, and in California. 10. CEBCOCABPUS, HBK. MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY. Stamens 15 to 25, in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx. Fruit coria- ceous, linear, terete, villous, included in the enlarged calyx-tube. Leaves evergreen. 1. C. ledifolius, Nutt. A shrub or small tree, 6 to 15 feet high: leaves narrowly lanceolate with margins more or less revolute, thick-coriaceous and somewhat resinous, entire, more or less tomentose, but glabrous above, acute : ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 81 flowers sessile, tomeutose : limb of the calyx deeply toothed : tail of the akene at length 2 or 3 inches long. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 427. W. Wyoming and through the Wahsatch to the Sierras and northward. 2. C. parvifolius, Nutt. A shrub usually 2 to 10 feet high (sometimes 15 to 20 feet) : leaves cuneate-obovate, less coriaceous, serrate towards the obtuse or rounded summit, more or less silky above, densely hoary-tomentose beneath : flowers on short slender pedicels : limb of the calyx with short teeth : tail of the akene often 4 inches long. From New Mexico to Wyoming and westward to the coast. 11. COWANIA, Don. CLIFF ROSE. Petals obovate, spreading. Stamens numerous, in 2 rows, inserted with the petals at the throat of the calyx-tube. Carpels densely villous. Fruit coria- ceous, narrowly oblong, striate, nearly included in the dilated calyx-tube. Leaves small, toothed or pinnatifid, coriaceous, glandular-dotted. 1. C. Mexicana, Don. A much branched shrub, 1 to 6 feet high ; the trunk with abundant shreddy light-colored bark : leaves approximate upon the short branchlets, cuneate-obovate in outline, pinnately 3 to 7-lobed, dark green above, tomentose beneath : flowers yellow, the calyx-tube attenuate into a short glandular-hairy pedicel : tail of the akeue at length 2 inches long or more. N. Utah and S. Colorado to Central Mexico. 12. FALLUGIA, Endlicher. Calyx-tube villous within ; the 5 lobes with alternate linear bractlets. Sta- mens numerous, inserted in a triple row upon the margin of the calyx-tube. Carpels densely villous, inserted upon a small conical receptacle. Fruit coria- ceous, narrowly oblong, exserted. A low undershrub : leaves pinnately lobed, margin revolute : flowers white. 1. F. paradoxa, Endlicher. Much branched with somewhat virgate slender branches ; epidermis white, persistent : leaves scattered or fascicled, somewhat villous, cuneate and attenuate into a linear base, pinnately 3 to 7- cleft above. From Colorado to California and southward into Mexico. 13. DRY AS, L. Calyx open, flattish, 8 to 9-parted. Petals large, white or yellowish. Dwarf and matted slightly shrubby plants, with simple toothed leaves and solitary large flowers. 1. D. octopetala, L. Leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely crenate-toothed, obtuse at each end, clothed with a white tomentum beneath, the veins promi- nent, the margins revolute : sepals linear. Alpine. High peaks of Colorado and northward throughout British America to Greenland. 14. GEUM, L. AVENS. Calyx-lobes usually with 5 alternate bractlets. Carpels on a conical or clavate receptacle. Akenes small, compressed. Perennial herbs: leaves mostly radical, lyrate or pinnate ; stipules adnate to the sheathing petioles : flowers rather large, solitary or corymbose. 6 82 EOSACE^. (ROSE FAMILY.) 1. Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the upper part deciduous, the lower naked and hooked, becoming elongated : calyx-lobes reflexed. In ours the petals are golden-yellow, broadly obovate, exceeding the calyx. 1. G. macrophyllum, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (1 to 3 feet high): root-leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large and round heart-shaped; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2 to 4, minute, the terminal roundish, deleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded : receptacle of the fruit nearly naked. From the Sierra Nevada to the Atlantic, and northward i to Sitka. 2. G. Strictum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3 to 5 feet high) : root-leaves interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of .the stem-leaves 3 to 5, rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute: receptacle of fruit downy. From Colorado northward, and eastward to the Atlantic. 2. Style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper joint plumose : flowers large : calyx erect or spreading. 3. G. rival, L. Stems nearly simple : root-leaves lyrate and interrupt- edly pinnate ; those of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed : calyx brown purple : petals dilated-obovate, retuse, contracted into a claw, purplish orange : head of fruit stalked in the calyx. Colorado, W. Montana, and northward ; also eastward to Newfoundland. 3. Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight : head of fruit sessile : flowers large : calyx erect or spreading. Flowering stems simple and bearing only bracts or small leaves. 4. G. triflorum, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy: root-leaves interruptedly pinnate; the leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong wedge-form, deeply cut-toothed : flowers 3 or more on long peduncles : bractlets linear, longer than the purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals : styles very long, strongly plumose in fruit. In the mountains from the Sierra Nevada north- ward and eastward to Arctic America and Labrador. 5. G. Rossii, Seringe. Slightly pubescent above: root-leaves interrupt- edly pinnate, rather glabrous, minutely ciliate ; leaflets ovate or cuneiform, 2 to 3-lobed, incised or entire: scape l-flowered : calyx-lobes shorter than the roundish yellow petals: styles glabrous, not exserted in fruit. Alpine. High peaks of Colorado and W. Montana, and northward through Arctic America. Var. humile, Torr. & Gray. More pubescent, almost silky when young, somewhat larger: leaflets more numerous and crowded : scape sometimes 2-flow- ere d. Fl. i. 424. Colorado, Nevada, and northward to Unalaska. 15. PEAGABIA, Tourn. STRAWBERRY. Petals 5, white, spreading. Stamens many in one row. Acaulescent sto- loniferous perennials : leaves palmately trifoliolate ; the leaflets obovate-cune- ate, coarsely toothed: flowers feAV, cymose upon short erect scapes. 1. F. Virginiana, Dtichesne. Akenes imbedded in the deeply pitted fruit- , ing receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck : calyx becoming erect after flowering and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructified : leaflets of a flrm or coriaceous texture : the hairs of the scape and especially of the pedicels silky and appressed. The species seems to be confined to the Atlantic States. ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 83 Var. Illinoensis, Gray. A coarser or larger plant, perhaps a distinct species : the flowers more inclined to be polygamo-dicecious : the villous hairs of the scape and pedicels widely spreading. The common form in the mountains and extending eastward to the Atlantic States. Yar. glauca, Watson. Differs from the type in the perfectly smooth and glaucous surface of the leaf, Bot. King's Exp. 85. In the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains. 2. P. veSCelj !/ Akenes superficial on the glabrous conical or hemispherical fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits) : calyx remaining spreading or reflexed : hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels appressed : leaflets thin, even the upper surface strongly marked by the veins. Throughout the United States and Arctic America. 16. POTENT ILL A, L. FIVE-FINGER. Petals 5, obcordate or broadly obovate. Styles lateral or nearly terminal, short, deciduous. Akenes small, turgid, crustaceous. Herbaceous or rarely woody : flowers cymose, or axillary and solitary. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 549. * Styles thickened and glandular toward the base : carpels glabrous, sessile : in- florescence cymose. <- Style attached below the middle of the ovary : disk thickened : stamens 25 to 30 : perennial herbs with glandular -villous pubescence and pinnate leaves. 1. P. arguta, Pursh. Stem erect and stout, 1 to 4 feet high, simple below : radical leaves 7 to 1 1 foliolate ; leaflets rounded, ovate, or subrhom- boidal, incised or doubly serrate : cyme strict and rather close; calyx densely pubescent : stamens mostly 30. New Mexico and northward to N. Idaho, thence eastward to the New England States and Canada. 2. P. glandulosa, Lindl. Resembling the last, but usually more slender and branched, 1 to 2 feet high, and for the most part less pubescent : leaflets more frequently 5 to 9: cyme panided, with elongated branches and more slender pedicels : calyx much less tomentose : stamens usually 25. P. fissa, Nutt. In the mountains, from New Mexico and Colorado northward, and thence west- ward to California and Washington Territory. H- -t- Style terminal: disk not thickened : flowers small : leaves pinnate or ternate. w- Annual or biennial: leaflets incisely serrate, not white-tomentose : stamens 5 to 20. 3. P. Norvegica, L. Erect, stout, % to 2 feet high, at length dichoto- mous above, hirsute: leaves ternate; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate : cyme leafy and rather loose: calyx large: stamens 15, rarely 20 : akenes rugose, or nearly smooth : receptacle large, oblong. Throughout N. America, espe- cially northward. 4. P. rivalis, Nutt. More slender, usually diffusely branched : pubescence softly-villous, sometimes nearly wanting : leaves pinnate, with 2 pairs of closely approximate leaflets, or a single pair and the terminal leaf 3-parted ; upper leaves ternate ; leaflets cuneate-ovate to -lanceolate, coarsely serrate : cymes loose, less leafy : calyx small: petals minute: stamens 10 to 20 : akenes usually 84 KOSACE^E. (ROSE FAMILY.) smooth : receptacle short. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 437. From the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains. Var. millegrana, Watson. Leaves all ternate : stems erect or weak and ascending: akenes often small and light-colored. Rev. Pot. 553. P. mille- grana, Engelm. Eastern slope of the Sierras and eastward to New Mexico and the Missouri. 5. P. supina, L. Stems decumbent at base or erect : pubescence scanty, villous, spreading: leajiets pinnate! if 5 to 11, obovate or oblong: ci/mes loose, leafy : petals equalling the sepals : stamens 20 : akenes strongly gibbous by the thickening of the very short pedicel. P. paradoxa, Nutt. From the Missouri to New Mexico, and eastward to the Mississippi, Ohio, and the Great Lakes. *+ + Herbaceous perennials, more or less white-tomentose : leaflets incisely-pinnati- Jid: bractlets and sepals nearly equal: stamens usually 25. 6. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Silky-tomentose : leaflets 5 to 9, white- tomen- tose beneath, short-pubescent and greener above, the segments linear, slightly or not at all revolute: cyme fastigiate but rather open, the pedicels erect. From Colorado and New Mexico northward, thence eastward to the New England coast and Canada. Var. strigosa, Pursh. Smaller : leajiets mostly tomentose on both surfaces, deeply pectinate-divided or pinnatifid, with revolute margins: cyme short and close. From Colorado northward, and along the Missouri. Var. glabrata, Watson. Leaves subglabrous on both sides, the lobes of the leaflets silky-tufted at the apex. Rev. Pot. 554. Mountains of Colorado, Nevada, and northward into British America. * # Styles filiform, not glandular at base: inflorescence cymose. - Style terminal: carpels glabrous: disk not thickened: stamens 20: herbaceous perennials, with conspicuous flowers. w- Leaves pinnate (sometimes digitate in Nos. 7 and 11) : bractlets shorter than the sepals. 7. P. Hippiana, Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silky throughout, the upper surface of the leaves a little darker: stems branching above into a diffuse cyme : leaves occasionally digitate in reduced alpine specimens ; leaflets 5 to 11, diminishing uniformly down the petiole, incisely toothed at least towards the apex: carpels 10 to 30. From New Mexico and Arizona to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. Var. pulcherrima, Watson. Leaflets 5 to 9, approximate, crowded, or digitate, the upper surface green and pubescent or subglabrous. Rev. Pot. 555. P. pulcherrima, Lehm. In the mountains from New Mexico to British America. 8. P. eflfusa, Dougl. Tomentose throughout with scattered villous hairs: stems diffusely branched above: leaflets 5 to 11, interruptedly pinnate, the alternate ones often smaller, coarsely incised-serrate or dentate : carpels 10. From Colo- rado northward into British America. 9. P. crinita, Gray. Appressed silky-villous, not at all tomentose: stems decumbent: leaflets 9 to 15, mostly folded and f alcatel y recurved, coarsely ser- rate, villous beneath, scarcely so or glabrous above : carpels 25 to 30. PI. Fendl. 41. S. W. Colorado and New Mexico. ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 85 10. P. Plattensis, Nutt. Subalpine: pubescence appressed silky-villous throughout, scant ij or nearly wanting: steins decumbent: leaflets 7 to 13, usually crowded and often alternate, deeply incised -pinnat/Jid into 3 to 7 linear segments : flowers few, in an open cyme : carpels 25 to 40. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 439. P. diversifolia, var. pinnatisecta of Bot. King's Exp. 87. Mountains of Colo- rado and Nevada, and in the Uintas. 11. P. dissecta, Pursh. Low, alpine, more or less silky-villous, with some- what spreading hairs, or nearly glabrous : stems decumbent or ascending : leaflets 5 to 7, or rarely but 3, often glaucous, closely pinnate, or as frequently digitate, the upper one incisely pinnatifid or serrate, the lowest often but trifid: flowers few, in an open cyme : carpels 10 to 20 or more. P. diversifolia, Lehm. From Colorado to California and British America. The following varieties occur with the type. Yar. glaiicophylla, Lehm. Glaucous-green: leaves digitate, nearly gla- brous on both sides. Var. milltisecta, Watson. Canescent with a not very dense silky pubes- cence : leaves digitate or nearly so, the leaflets digitately or pinnately divided and the segments linear. Bot. King's Exp. 86. Var. (?) decurrens, Watson. Leaflets but 3 or with 1 to 2 additional distant pairs of smaller ones, the terminal leaflet truncately 3-toothed, the upper pair 2 to 3-toothed, conspicuously decurrent : stem \-flowered, 3 inches high, gla- brous throughout, excepting the villous calyx and tufted apices of the leaves. Eev. Pot. 557. From peaks of the Uiutas. M- -w- Leaves digitately 5 to 1-foliolate (rarely pinnate in No. 12) : tomentose or villous. 12. P. gracilis, Dougl. Villous and more or less tomentose: stems 2 to 3 feet high: leaflets mostly 1, incisely serrate or pinnatifid, tomentose beneath, green above and subvillous or appressed silky: carpels 40 or more. From New Mexico to Utah and California, and thence northward to the Saskatche- wan and Alaska. Var. flabelliformis, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets very deeply pinnatifid. Fl. i. 440. Var. fastigiata, Watson. Cyme shorter and more compact, more densely pubescent : often low. Rev. Pot. 557. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Var. rigida, Watson. Villous, but without tomentum : usually tall and stout. Loc. cit. P. Nuttallii, Lehm. 13. P. humifusa, Nutt. Densely white-tomentose and silky-villous: stems decumbent, 2 to 4 inches long, slender : leaflets 5, green and appressed silky above, only the rounded or truncate apex serrate with 3 to 5 teeth : carpels 15 to 20. From the mountains of Colorado to the Saskatchewan. *H- -M- -M. Leaves ternate : low, arctic or alpine, few-flowered. 14. P. nivea, L. Pubescence silky-villous, densely white-tomentose on the under side of the leaves : leaflets coarsely incised-serrate or pinnatifid, the terminal one sessile or petiolulate : carpels few or many. From Colorado northward. Var. dissecta, Watson. Leaves digitately or pinnately 5-foliolate, the leaflets deeply pinnatifid : stems 1 to 2 inches high, 1 to 3-flowered. Rev. Pot. 559. In the Uintas and mountains of Montana and British America. 86 ROSACES. (KOSE FAMILY.) H- *- Style attached below the middle of the ovary : carpels on short pedicels, and, with the receptacle, densely villous: disk not thickened: more or less woody perennials. 15. P. fruticosa, L. Shrubby, much branched, 1 to 4 feet high : pubes- cence silky-villous: leaves pinnate; leaflets 5 to 7, crowded, oblong-lanceolate, entire, usually white beneath and the margins revolute. From Colorado westward to N. California, northward to the Arctic Circle, and eastward to New Jersey and Labrador. * * * Styles filiform, attached to the middle of the ovary : peduncles axillary, solitary, \-flowered.' carpels glabrous : stems creeping or decumbent : herbaceous perennials. 16. P. Anserina, L. Spreading by slender many -jointed runners, white- tomentose and silky-villous: leaves all radical, pinnate; leaflets 7 to 21, with smaller ones interposed, sharply serrate, silky-tomentose at least beneath. From California, New Mexico, Illinois, and Pennsylvania northward to the Arctic Ocean and Greenland. 17. SIBBALDIA, L. Petals linear-oblong. Styles lateral. Dwarf and cespitose arctic or al- pine perennials : leaves thick ; the leaflets few-toothed at the truncate summit : flowers cymose. 1. S. procumbens, L. Somewhat villous : stems creeping, leafy at the extremities : leaflets cuneate : peduncles usually shorter than the leaves : akenes on very short hairy stipes. Mountains of Colorado and California, and the White Mountains, and northward to Alaska and Greenland. 18. IVESIA, Torr. & Gray. Calyx campanulate. Akenes fixed by the middle. Herbaceous peren- nials : flowers in cymes or open panicles. 1. I. Gordon!, Torr. & Gray. Viscid-pubescent or often somewhat hir- sute, or glabrate : stems 3 to 10 inches high from a thick resinous caudex : leaflets obovate, with oblong or spatulate segments; cauline leaves one or two, pinnatifid. Pac. R. Rep. vi. 72. Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, and west- ward to California. 19. CHAMJERHODOS, Bunge. Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-cleft ; the base lined with a membranous disk, which is very densely bearded at the margin. Stamens opposite the petals, inserted with them into the sinuses of the calyx above the disk. Styles arising near the base of the ovaries. Small, erect and branching glandular- pubescent herbs : inflorescence dichotomously cymose. 1. C. erecta, Bunge. Stem slender, two inches to a foot high, panicu- lately branched above : radical leaves rosulate, ternately or biternately many- cleft ; the upper cauline ones 3 to 5-cleft. Colorado and northward into British America. ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 87 20. A GRIM ONI A, Tourn. AGRIMONY. Tall perennial herbs : leaves interruptedly pinnate : flowers in slender spi- cate racemes, with 3-cleft bracts : fruit pendulous. 1. A. Eupatoria, L. Leaflets 5 to 7, with minute ones intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed : petals twice the length of the calyx. Colorado; common throughout the Eastern States. 21. POTERIUM, L. BURNET. Stamens 2 to 4 or more : filaments often elongated. Ours is an annual: leaflets deeply pinnatifid, petiolulate : flowers small, perfect in ours. 1. P. annuum, Nutt. Glabrous, slender, 6 to 15 inches high: leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, ovate to oblong, with linear segments : flowers greenish, the heads ovoid or oblong: fruit shorter than the bracts. From the Upper Missouri southward into the Indian Territory ; also in California and Wash- ington Territory. 22. ROSA, Tourn. ROSE. Calyx without bractlets. Stamens on the thick margin of the silky disk, which nearly closes the mouth of the calyx. Ovaries several, hairy. Usually prickly : leaves with mostly serrate leaflets : flowers corymbose or solitary, showy. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 324. # Sepals connivent and persistent after flowering. t- No infrastipular spines ; acicular prickles often present : fruit globose. 1. R. blanda, Ait. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, with usually few prickles or none : stipules dilated, naked and entire, or slightly glandular-toothed ; leaflets 5 or 7 (rarely 9), cuneate at base and short!.;/ petiolulate, simply and coarsely toothed, glabrous above, paler and glabrous or more or less pubescent beneath, not resinous : flowers corymbose or solitary : sepals entire, hispid. R. fraxini- folia, Gmelin. Within our range at its northeastern boundary, and extending from thence to Newfoundland. 2. R Sayi, Schwein. Stems 1 or 2 feet high, thickly covered with prickles: stipules dilated, glandular-ciliate and resinous ; leaflets 3 to 7, usually sessile and obtuse or subcordate at base, more or less doubly toothed, glabrous or slightly pubescent above, resinous beneath: flowers solitary (rarely 2 or 3) : outer sepals with lateral lobes, not hispid. Abundant in the mountains from Colorado to British America, thence eastward to Lake Superior. 3. R. Arkansana, Porter. Stems to 6 feet high, more or less densely prickly : stipules narrow, more or less glandular-toothed ; leaflets 7 to 11, nearly sessile or often petiolulate, somewhat cuneate at base, simply and coarsely toothed, glabrous or more or less pubescent beneath, usually not resinous : flowers corym- bose: outer sepals with one or more lateral lobes, usually not hispid. Fl. Colo- rado, 38. R. blanda, var. setigera, Crepin. Abundant in the mountains from New Mexico and W. Texas to British America, and eastward to the Upper Mississippi. 88 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) *- *- Infrastipular spines present, often with scattered prickles : leaflets 5 or 7. + Sepals entire. 4. R. Nutkana, Presl. Stems stout, 1 to 4 feet high, armed with stout straight or recurved spines : stipules dilated, glandular-ciliate ; leaflets rounded at base, usually resinous beneath, the teeth more or less glandular-serrulate: flowers solitary (rarely 2 or 3), 2 or 3 inches broad: fruit globose, 6 lines broad. From N. Utah (in the Wahsatch) and Idaho to Oregon and northward. Unarmed forms and others with slender spines are reported from W. Mon- tana ( Watson). 5. R. Fendleri, Crepin. Stems often tall (6 or 8 feet high, or less), with rather slender straight or recurved spines : stipules mostly narrow and usually naked ; leaflets cuneate at base and often petiolulate, usually glaucous, finely pubescent beneath or glabrous or somewhat resinous, the teeth usually simple: flowers smaller, corymbose or often solitary : fruit globose, 4 lines broad. From W. Texas and New Mexico to the Sierra Nevada, and northward into British America. w- H-+ Outer sepals laterally lobed. 6. R. Woodsii, Lindl. Stems \ to 3 feet high, with slender straight or recurved spines : stipules narrow or dilated, entire ; leaflets obtuse or usually cuneate at base, glabrous or pubescent above, villous or pubescent or glabrous beneath, simply toothed or resinous and serrulate-toothed : flowers corymbose or solitary, \\ to 2 inches broad, on very short naked pedicels: fruit globose, 4 or 5 lines broad. From Missouri and Colorado to W. Montana and the Saskatchewan. On the plains and in the valleys. * * Sepals spreading after flowering and deciduous : infrastipular spines present. 7. R. gymnocarpa, Nutt. Stem slender and weak, 2 to 10 feet high, with straight slender spines : stipules narrow, glandular-ciliate ; leaflets 5 to 9, glabrous, doubly glandular-toothed, sessile or nearly so : flowers solitary or few : sepals 3 or 4 (rarely 6) lines long, entire, deciduous (with the few distinct styles) from the very contracted top of the naked oblong-obovate to globose fruit. In the Pacific States, but extending eastward into N. W. Montana and N. Idaho. 23. CRAT.S1GUS, L. THORN. Calyx-tube pitcher-shaped ; the limb 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading. Sta- mens 5 to 20. Shrubs or small trees : leaves simple, toothed, or lobed : flowers corymbose, mostly white. 1. C. rivularis, Nutt. Spines few, short and stout : leaves rather rigid, lanceolate-ovate, simply serrate, only the upper ones of the shoots broader, doubly serrate or rarely slightly incised ; with narrow, glandular-incised stip- ules : calyx-lobes usually glandular : fruit black : nutlets 3 lines long or over, usually strongly ridged on the back. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 4G4. Mountains of Colorado and Utah, and westward to the Pacific. C. DOUGLASII, Lindl., with broader, thinner, doubly serrate leaves, broad stipules, and smaller black-purple fruit, is reported from Montana, but proba- bly occurs only west of our range. SAXIFRAGACEJ2. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 89 C. COCCINEA, L., with bright coral-red fruit, and glabrous throughout, has been reported from S. W. Colorado. C. TOMENTOSA, L., var. PUNCTATA, Gray, with fruit dull red and yellowish with whitish dots, and leaves villous-pubesceut when young, has been reported from Weber River Valley, Utah. The last two species, belonging to the section ERYTHROCARPA, are very- common east, but their occurrence within our range is so doubtful that for the present they are excluded. 24. PYRUS, L. PEAR, APPLE, &c. Calyx pitcher-shaped or turbiuate ; limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading, ses- sile or uuguiculate. Stamens 20. Styles distinct, woolly at base. Ours is a shrub, with pinnate, serrate, deciduous leaves, and white flowers in flat compound cymes. 1. P. sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. A shrub 4 to 8 feet high, nearly glabrous : the leaf-buds and inflorescence usually sparingly villous : / leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, oblong, acute : fruit berry-like, red. From Colorado to California, northward into British America and thence eastward to the Atlantic. 25. AMELANCHIER, Medicus. JUNE-BERRY. SERVICE- BERRY. Calyx-tube campanulate ; the limb 5-parted. Petals 5, oblong, ascending. Stamens 20, short. Shrubs or small trees : leaves simple, serrate : flowers white, racemose : fruit purplish, edible. 1. A. alnifolia, Nutt. A shrub 3 to 8 feet high, glabrous throughout or . often more or less woolly-pubescent : leaves broadly ovate or rounded, occa- *^ sionally oblong-ovate, often somewhat cordate at base, serrate usually only towards the summit : petals narrowly oblong. A. Canadensis, var. alnifolia, Torr. & Gray. From the Rocky Mountains to California, and eastward into the Mississippi Valley. 26. PERAPHYLLUM, Nutt. Flowers solitary or in sessile 2 to 3-flowered corymbs; petals orbicular, spreading. 1. P. ramosissimum, Nutt. A shrub 2 to 6 feet high, very much branched, with grayish bark and short rigid branchlets : leaves narrowly oblanceolate, attenuate into a very short petiole, somewhat silky-pubescent, sparingly denticulate: flowers appearing with the leaves, pale rose-color: styles elongated, tomentose : fruit globose, fleshy and edible. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 474. S. W. Colorado to Utah, California, and Oregon. ORDER 27. S4XIFBAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) Herbs, shrubs, or sometimes small trees, distinguished from most Rosacea by albuminous seeds and small embryo; usually by definite stamens, not more than twice the number of the calyx-lobes ; commonly 90 SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) "by the want of stipules ; sometimes by the leaves being opposite j and in most by the partial or complete union of the 2 to 5 carpels into a compound ovary, with either axile or parietal placentae. Seeds usually indefinitely numerous. Petals and stamens perigynous. Styles inclined to be distinct. Tribe I. Herbs. Leaves mostly alternate and without distinct stipules. Styles or tips of the carpels distinct and soon divergent. Fruit capsular. SAXIFRAGES. * Ovary with 2 or rarely more cells and placentae in the axis, or of as many distinct carpels. 1. Saxifraga. Stamens 10 (rarely more). Petals 5. Calyx-tub' mostly free. 2. Boykinia. Stamens 5. Petals 5. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary. * * Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae alternate with the styles or stigmas : no sterile filaments. 3. Tellima. Stamens 10, included. Petals 3 to 7-parted into narrow divisions, conspicu- ous. Styles 2 or 3, very short. 4. Tiarella. Stamens 10, and styles 2, both long, filiform and exseited. Petals entire, inconspicuous and almost filiform. Capsule very unequally 2-valved to the base. 5. Mitella. Stamens 5 (in ours), very short. Petals pinnatifid or 3-cleft into capillary di visions. Styles very short. Capsule depressed. 6. Chrysosplenium. Stamens 8 or 10, very short. Petals none. Styles 2. Capsule obcordate, flattened. 7. Heuchera. Stamens 5, and styles 2, both commonly slender. Petals entire, small, sometimes minute or none. Capsule ovate, 2-beaked, fully half inferior. * * * Ovary 1-celled, with 3 or 4 parietal placentas directly under as many obtuse sessile stigmas : a cluster of united sterile filaments alternate with the stamens. 8. Parnassia. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, large. Stamens 5. Flower solitary. Tribe II. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple: no stipules. Fruit capsular. H YD RAN- GIER. * Stamens 20 or more : ovary inferior. 9. Philadelphia. Ovary 4 to 5-celled. Petals convolute in the bud. * * Stamens 8 or 10 : ovary superior or nearly so. 10. Jamesta. Calyx-tube adnate to the base of the 1-celled ovary and incompletely 3 to 5-celled capsule. Petals 5. Styles 3 to 5. 11. Fendlera. Calyx -tube half adherent to the 4-celled ovary and capsule. Petals 4. Filaments 2-lobed. Styles 4. Tribe III. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple : stipules adnate to the petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry. 12. Ribes. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary : placentae 2, parietal. 1. SAXIFRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE. Calyx 5-lobed or parted, free, or its tube more or less coherent with the lower part of the ovary. Petals entire. Stigmas mostly depressed-capitate or reniform. Either stemless or short-stemmed : petioles commonly sheath- ing at base : the small flowers in cymes, cymose panicles, or clusters, some- times solitary. * Stem more or less leafy. H- Calyx free from the ovary : leaves opposite. 1. S. oppositifolia, L. Leaves fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches : flowers solitary, large : petals purple, obovate, much longer than the 5-cleft calyx. From the Teton Mountains northward and throughout Arctic America ; also found in Vermont. SAXIFKAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 91 t- - Calyx adherent to the ovary below : stem leaves alternate. w- Sepals distinct or coherent at base. = Petals yellow. 2. S. HirculllS, L. Leaves lanceolate, nerved, not dilate: pedicels and upper part of the 1 to 6-flowered stem more or less hairy, not glandular : sepals usually ciliate, much shorter than the very large petals. From Colorado to the Arctic Sea. 3. S. flagellaris, Willd. Glandular-pubescent, 1 to 5-flowered : stolons from the axils of the radical leaves long and filiform, naked and rooting at the ends : leaves obovate-spatulate, ciliate ; the lower much crowded ; the upper oblong or linear : flowers large : sepals very glandular. From the high mountains of Colorado to the Arctic regions. 4. S. aizoides, L. Low, 3 to 5 inches high, in tufts, with few or several corymbose flowers : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, fleshy, distantly spinulose- ciliate : petals spotted with orange. " Alpine rivulets on the Rocky Moun- tains" (Drummond), throughout Arctic America, and found in some of the Atlantic States. 5. S. chrysantha, Gray. Dwarf, cespitose, shoots creeping: leaves rosu- late, imbricated, oblong-ovate, thick, very smooth : stem filiform, few-leaved, slightly glandular-pubescent, 1 to 2 inches high, 1 to 3-flowered : calyx segments refiexed. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 83. The S. serpylli folia of Fl. Colorado and Hayd. Hep. 1871. High alpine regions of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. = = Petals white or cream-color. 6. S. CSBSpitOSa, L. Dwarf '(1 to 2 inches high), cespitose: leaves glandu- lar-pubescent, 3 to 5-cleft, segments broadly linear and obtuse ; the upper leaves linear and entire : flowering stems with a few scattered leaves, glandular, 1 to 4-flowered. Mountains of Colorado and extending northward to lat. 56. 7. S. cemua, L. Glabrate or glandular-pubescent: stems granulate at base, weak, 2 to 5 inches high : lower leaves reniform, broadly toothed or lobed ; the upper ones bearing little bulbs in their axils : flowers often solitary, terminal, pendulous : petals retuse. Mountains of Colorado and northward through- out the Arctic regions. 8. S. bronchialis, L. Stems slender, producing short branchlets : leaves linear, rather coriaceous, finely ciliate, mucronate-pointed, crowded below: flowers corymbose on a long, slender, bracted peduncle : petals marked with numerous purplish spots. From Colorado northward to the N. W. Coast. M. -w Sepals coherent at least to the middle : petals not yellow. 9. S. rivularis, L. Small: stems weak, 3 to 5-floivered: lower leaves rounded, 3 to 5-lobed, on slender petioles, the upper lanceolate : petals white, ovate. Mountains of Colorado and northward ; also in the White Moun- tains. 10. S. adscendens, L. Glandular-pubescent: stems 1 to 3 inches high, erect : leaves cuneate-ovate, 3 to 5-toothed at the apex, the earlier spatulate and entire, radical ones crowded : branchlets 3-flowered : petals pinkish or yellowish white. Mountains of Colorado. 11. S. Jamesii, Torr. Glandular-puberulent : stems 2 to 6 inches high from a thick caudex, 5 to 10-flowered : radical leaves reni form-cordate, smooth- ish, crenately-toothed or -lobed ; cauline few, the uppermost bract-like, cuneiform : 92 SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) raceme compound : petals purple, orbicular. Mountains of Colorado and northward in the Tetou Range and the National Park. - -t- -i Calyx wholly adherent. 12. S. debilis, Engelm. Glabrous or very sparingly glandular-pubes- cent: stems weak, ascending, 2 to 4-flowered, 2 to 4 inches high: radical leaves small, crenately lobed ; cauline 3-lobed or entire : petals white or pink- ish, ovate, obtuse. Mountains of Colorado and northward into Wyoming. * * Stemless : petals white. *- Calyx free from the ovary, or nearly so: sepals almost distinct, reflexed. 13. S. punctata, L. Villous-pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaves long- petioled, reniform or orbicular, equally and deeply dentate : scape slender, naked, 1 to l^feet high, the peduncles and pedicels of the usually open panicle glandu- lar : petals oval or orbicular. Colorado, Utah, and northward into British America. 14. S. Stellaris, L., var. comosa, Poir. Leaves wedge-shaped, more or less toothed: scape 4 to 5 inches high, bearing a small contracted panicle: many or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves : petals un- equal, lanceolate and tapering into the claw. Mt. Evans, Colorado (Greene); also in Maine and far northward. - <- Calyx adherent to the ovary at base. w- Sepals erect. 15. S. nivalis, L. Leaves ovate or obovate, attenuate into a broad petiole, unequally crenate-deutate : scape 2 to 5 inches high, capitately or sub- cori/mbosel// several to many-jlowered : petals oblong: capsules purple. Colo- rado and northward to Arctic America. 16. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Like the preceding, but larger and more open : scape a span to afoot high, at length loosely many-flowered in a paniculate cyme : petals obovate. In the Rocky Mountains and Coast Ranges ; also com- mon in the Atlantic States. M- -M. Sepals spreading, or at length reflexed. 17. S. integrifolia, Hook. Leaves from ovate or obovate to lanceolate- spatulate, 1 to 5 inches long, denticulate or entire, narrowed at base into a very short and margined petiole : scape 1 to 3 feet high, viscid : flowers in small clusters usually in a narrow thyrsiform panicle : petals obovate or broadly spatulate. S. hieracifolia of Hayd. Rep. for 1871 and 1872. From Colorado northward to the Yellowstone and westward to the Sierras. 2. BOYKINIA, Nutt. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals entire, the base contracted into a short claw. Perennial, with creeping rootstocks, leafy simple stems, and paniculate or corymbose cymes of white flowers : the leaves all alternate, round-reniform, palmately lobed and incised or toothed, the teeth with callous-glandular tips, and the petiole mostly with stipule-like dilatations or appendages at base. 1. B. major, Gray. Stem 2 or 3 feet high : leaves 4 to 8 inches in diam- eter, 5 to 9-cleft : petioles abruptly appendaged at base, the lower with scari- SAXIFKAGACE^:. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 93 ous, the upper with foliaceous and rounded stipules. In the Sierras from California to Oregon and extending into the Bitter-Root Mountains. 3. TELLIMA, R. Br. Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed ; the base of the tube coherent with the base or lower half of the ovary. Perennials : with palmately- divided leaves, few on the simple stems ; their petioles with stipule-like dila- tations at base : flowers in a simple terminal raceme ; petals white or pink. In ours the slender or filiform rootstock and sometimes even the few-flowered raceme bear clusters of small grain-like bulblets. 1. T. parviflora, Hook. Roughish-hirsute or scabrous-pubescent, a span to afoot high : divisions of the leaves narrowly cuneate and once or twice 3-cleft : *""' calyx obconlcal or at length almost clavate : petals deeply 3-cleft into linear or oblong divisions: ovary and capsule fully half- inferior. Colorado, Utah, and northward through the Yellowstone region to British America. 2. T. tenella, "Watson. Small and slender, 2 to 9 inches high, roughish with a minute glandular pubescence: leaves smaller than the preceding (^ inch in diameter): calyx campanulate: petals 3 to ^-parted or even irregularly 7 '-parted into mostly linear divisions : ovary and capsule free except the base. Bot. King's Exp. 95. Colorado and the Teton Mountains, thence west to the Sierras. 4. TIARELLA, L. Calyx 5-parted ; the base almost free from the ovary, the lobes more or less colored. Perennial, low or slender : with palmately lobed or divided alter- nate leaves, and a terminal raceme or panicle of small white flowers. 1. T. unifoliata, Hook. Somewhat pubescent or hairy : flowering stems a span to a foot or more long : leaves thin, cordate, either rounded or some- what triangular, 3 to 5-lobed and the lobes crenate-toothed ; the radical ones slender- petioled ; the cauline mostly one, smaller, and short-petioled, or some- times 2 or 3 similar to the radical. From California to British Columbia and extending into N. W. Montana. 5. MI TELL A, Tourn. MITRE-WORT. Calyx 5-cleft, short, coherent with the base of the ovary. Low and slender perennials : with round heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or run- ners ; those on the scape opposite, if any : flowers small, in a simple slender raceme or spike. 1. M. pentandra, Hook. Leaves all radical, cordate, slightly lobed, crenately sen-ate : calyx adherent nearly to the summit of the ovary : petals pectinate-pinnatijid : stamens opposite the petals : stigmas 2-lobed. From Colorado to the Yellowstone and the Bitter-Root Mountains. 2. M. triflda, Graham. Leaves as in the last, but dentate : calyx adhe- rent to the middle of the ovary : petals 3 to 5-parted : stamens opposite the calyx- I lobes : stigmas entire. By mistake in Fl. Colorado this species was described under the name M. pentandra. From Colorado to British America, and also in California. 94 SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 6. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the blunt lobes 4 or 5, yellow within. Stamens inserted on a conspicuous disk. Low and small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small corymbose flowers. 1. C. alternifolium, L. Flowering stems erect : leaves alternate, reni- form-cordate, doubly creuate or somewhat lobed. Colorado and northward. 7. HE TJ CHER A, L. ALUM-ROOT. Calyx 5-cleft, bell-shaped. Perennials : with the round heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the scapes, if any, alternate : petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base: flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish or purplish. * Stamens and styles exserted. 1. H. rubescens, Torr. Scape usually naked, glabrous or some\vhat scabrous, 8 to 15 inches high: leaves nearly glabrous, suborbicular, cordate at base, slightly lobed, crenate-dentate, the teeth ciliate : panicle loosely many- flowered, often somewhat reddish : petals linear, more or less rose-colored or white. From New Mexico and S. W. Colorado to the mountains of Nevada and the Wahsatch. * * Stamens and styles included (at least at first). -i- Generally hirsute : flowers rather large. 2. H. hispida, Pursh. Scapes 2 to 4 feet high, hispid or hirsute with long spreading hairs, scarcely glandular: leaves rounded, slightly 5 to 9-lobed : panicle very narrow : stamens at first included, but soon exserted, longer than the spatulate petals. Along the Missouri to the mountains, and northward and eastward. 3. H. cylindrica, Dougl. Commonly hirsute and above glandular-pubes- cent : leaves round-reniform or cordate-ovate, crenately doubly toothed and com- monly lobed : scape 10 to 24 inches high: the greenish fiowers in a cylindrical spike or thyrsus: petals inconspicuous or none. National Park, Montana, and westward into Nevada, Oregon, etc. H- H- Puberulent or glabrous : fiowers small. w- Panicle glomerate, spicale. 4. H. bracteata, Seringe. Small, 3 to 6 inches high : scapes numerous from a thick woody caudex : radical leaves roundish-subcordate, incisely lobed, lobes crenately toothed : petals attenuate, scarcely broader than the filaments : styles and stamens at length exserted. Mountains of Colorado. n- -M- Panicle loose, racemose. 5. H. Hallii, Gray. Minutely glandidar-puberulent : scapes 4 to 8 inches high, naked or with 1 to 3 minute subulate bracts : petals narrowly spatulate, obtuse, exsert. Colorado. 6. H. parvifolia, Nutt. Scabrous-puberulent : scape naked, 6 inches to 2 feet high : leaves roundish-cordate, crenately 5 to 7-lobed : petals minute, cadu- cous : seeds muricate or hispid under a lens. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 581. From New Mexico northward through Montana. SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 95 8. PARNASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS. Perennial smooth herbs, with the leaves entire and chiefly radical, and the large solitary flowers terminating the long naked stems. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. # Petals sessile, entire. 1. P. parviflora, DC. Leaves ovate or oblong, tapering at the base : petals little longer than the calyx : sterile filaments about 5 in each set. Along streams in the mountains and eastward to Lake Michigan. 2. P. palustris, L. Leaves heart-shaped : flower nearly an inch broad : petals rather longer than the calyx, few-veined : sterile filaments 9 to 15 in each set. Montana and Wyoming, eastward to Lake Superior, and throughout British America. * # Petals contracted into a short claw, fringed. 3. P. fimbriata, Banks. Leaves from reniform to cordate-ovate : the margin of the petals fringed below the middle or towards the base : sterile filaments 5 to 9 in each set and united below into a fleshy carinate scale, or sometimes a dilated scale destitute of bristle-like filaments. From Colorado to California and northward to British America. 9. PHILADELPHUS, L. SYRINGA. MOCK ORANGE. Calyx-limb 4 to 5-parted. Petals rounded or obovate, large. Styles 3 to 5, united below or nearly to the top. Seeds with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends. In ours the leaves are entire, and the showy white flowers 1 to 3, terminal. 1. P. microphyllus, Gray. Branches slender, erect: leaves small, 6 to 9 lines long, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, shining above, pale and minutely pilose beneath, narrowed at base into a very short petiole : calyx 4-cleft, gla- brous without, tomeutulose within : styles united to the apex. PL Feiidl. 54. S. Colorado and southward. 10. JAMESIA, Torr. & Gray. Calyx-lobes sometimes bifid. Petals 5, obovate. Alternate stamens shorter; filaments linear, flattened acuminate. Capsule included. Seeds striate-reticu- late. Low, diffusely branching, 2 to 3 feet high: leaves ovate, mucronately serrate, canescent beneath, as well as the petioles, calyx, and branchlets, with a soft hairy pubescence : flowers cymose, in terminal panicles. 1. J. Americana, Torr. & Gray. Cymes often longer than the leaves, 5 to 10-flowered : petals white, glabrous or softly hairy within: calyx-lobes shorter than the petals, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Fl. i. 593. Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. 11. FENDLERA, Eng. & Gray. Calyx-tube 8-ribbed. Petals ovate-deltoid, unguiculate, emarginate. Sta- mens 8 : filaments 2-forked at the apex, the lobes divaricate and extended beyond the cuspidate anther. Capsule crustaceous. Seeds reticulate, winged below. Erect shrub. 96 SAXIFRAGACE.E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 1. P. rupicola, Eng. & Gray. Pubescent or glabrate, branches terete, striate : leaves deciduous, subsessile, oblong, very entire, 3-nerved at base : flowers 1 to 3, terminal on the short branchlets, peduncled, white. PL Wright, i. 77. S. W. Colorado and southward. 12. BIBES, L. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY. Calyx 5-lobed, often colored. Petals 5, small. Styles 2, distinct or united. Berry crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx. Low, sometimes prickly, with palmately-lobed leaves, often clustered in the axils; the small flowers from the same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. 1. Mostly thorny under the fascicles, and sometimes scattered-prickly or bristly along the branches : leaves plaited in the bud : calyx mostly recurved or reflexed at flowering-time. GOOSEBERRY. * Calyx-tube campanulate to cylindraceous : peduncle 1 to ^flowered. t- Flowers yellow or yellowish: leaves seldom ^ inch in diameter: anthers oval- oblong. 1. B. leptanthum, Gray. Much branched and rigid, 1 to 4 feet high, with comparatively large single or triple thorns : leaves roundish, 3 to 5-cleft, and ,, the lobes crenately-incised or toothed: peduncles very short, 1 to 2-flowered : berry glabrous. PI. Fendl. 53. New Mexico, Colorado, and in the Sierras. -- -i- Flowers greenish, white, or dull purplish : leaves mostly an inch or two in diameter : anthers shorter, mostly didymous. -+ Ovary and berry unarmed and glabrous : berry pleasant. 2. B. divaricatum, Dougl., var. irriguum, Gray. Nearly glabrous or soft-pubescent : stems 5 to 12 feet high, with widely spreading branches ; the thorns single or triple : leaves nervose-veiny at base, 3 to 5-lobed, the lobes in- cisely toothed : the 2 to \-flowered peduncle and pedicels slender, drooping : calyx livid purplish or greenish white : petals fan-shaped, white: berry dark purple. R. irriguum, Dougl. From Colorado and Idaho to Nevada and Oregon. 3. B. OXyacanthoides, L. Mostly glabrous, 2 to 4 feet high; thorns single or triple, small : leaves usually deeply 5-lobed, the lobes incised and * coarsely toothed : the 2 to ^-flowered peduncles very short: calyx greenish-white or flesh-colored : stamens and 2-cleft style scarcely longer than the bell-shaped calyx: berry small, purple. R. hirtellum, Michx. From Colorado north- ward throughout British America ; also in California and the N. Atlantic States. 4. B. rotundifolium, Michx. Leaves smooth or downy : peduncles slen- der, 1 to 3-Jlowered : stamens and 2-parted style slender, longer than the narrow cylindrical calyx : fruit smooth. The Upper Missouri, and extending east- ward to the Atlantic States. M- -M- Berry armed with long prickles like a burr, or rarely smooth. 5. B. Cynosbati, L. Spines small or obsolete : leaves pubescent : sta- mens and undivided style not longer than the broad calyx : berry large. Near the sources of the Platte, and thence through the N. Atlantic States to Canada. SAXIFRAGACE^E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 97 # * Calyx-tube saucer-shaped, expanding immediately above the ovary : peduncles racemosely 5 to \5-flowered : anthers vert/ short, pointless: berry small and currant-like, beset with some scattered gland-tipped bristles. 6. R. lacustre, Poir. Young stems clothed with bristly prickles, and with weak thorns : leaves heart-shaped, 3 to 5-parted, with the lobes deeply cut. From California and the Rocky Mountains to the N. Atlantic States and Labrador. Var. parvulum, Gray. Smaller and nearly glabrous. The commoner western form. 2. Thornless and prickless : leaves plaited in the bud : berry unarmed (except in No. 7). CURRANT. * Calyx dilated immediately above the ovary, rotate or saucer-shaped, 5-parted. 7. R. prostratum, L'Her. Stems reclined : leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5 to 7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate : racemes erect, slender, /lowers greenish : pedicels and the pale red fruit glandular bristly. From Colorado northward throughout British America, and in the Atlantic States. 8. R. Htldsonianum, Richards. Resembles the last, but the flowers are white, and crowded in the erect raceme, and the berry is darker and smooth. The R. bracteosum of King's and Hayden's Reports, not of Douglas. Montana, Wyoming, and thence through British America to Hudson's Bay. 9. R. cereum, Dougl. Minutely pubescent, usually resinous dotted and more or less glutinous, sometimes glabrous : leaves rounded or reuiform, ob- scurely or more decidedly 3-lobed, crenately toothed or incised : racemes drooping : pedicels hardly any or shorter than the bract : calyx waxy-white, sometimes greenish or pinkish : berry reddish, sweetish. From New Mexico to Washington Territory and Dakota. Var. pedicellare, Gray. Pedicels slender and longer than the bract. Montana. # * Calyx prolonged above the ovary into a campanulate or cylindrical tube : fruit and foliage more or less glandular: bracts conspicuous. - Flowers dull white or greenish, or sometimes purplish-tinged : racemes somewhat corymb-like and few-flowered : berry black, smooth. 10. R. viscosissimum, Pursh. Pubescent and viscid-glandular: leaves cordate-rounded : racemes ascending ; bracts rather shorter than the pedicels. Idaho and Montana ; also in California. 11. R. floridum, L. Leaves sprinkled with resinous dots, slightly heart- shaped, sharply 3 to 5-lobed : racemes drooping, downy : bracts longer than the pedicels. On the Platte in Colorado, and common in the Atlantic States. *- - Flowers rose-red, or varying to white : racemes drooping, many-flowered : berry blackish, somewhat hispid-glandular, tough and not juicy. 12. R. sanguineum, Pursh. Two to twelve feet high, varying from nearly glabrous to tomentose-canescent, either almost glandless or glandular : leaves rounded-cordate. Var. variegatum, Watson. Low, nearly glabrous : raceme short and dense, ascending, barely glandular : calyx rose-color : petals white. R. Wolfi, Rothrock. Mountains of Colorado ; also in California. 7 98 CRASSULACE^:. (ORPINE FAMILY.) 3. Thornless and prickless : leaves convolute in the bud : calyx-tube elongated : berry naked and glabrous. 13. R. aureum, Pursh. Five to twelve feet high, glabrous or almost so, glandless : leaves 3 to 5-lobed : racemes short, 5 to 10-flowered, with mostlv foliaceous bracts : flowers golden-yellow, spicy-fragrant : tube of the salver- form calyx 3 or 4 times longer than the lobes : berry yellowish turning black- ish. Colorado and northward, westward to the Pacific coast ; also common in cultivation throughout the Atlantic States. Known as the Buffalo or Missouri Currant. ORDER 28. CRASSULACE^E. (ORPINE FAMILY.) Succulent or fleshy plants, mostly herbaceous, and not stipulate, with completely symmetrical as well as regular flowers, with all the parts distinct, the carpels becoming follicles in fruit. 1. Tillsea. Parts of the flower each 3 to 5 : the stamens only as many. Small annuals, with opposite leaves and minute axillary flowers. 2. Sedum. Parts of the flower each 4 to 7 : stamens twice as many. Low annual or per- ennial herbs, with cymose conspicuous flowers. 1. TILLSEA, L, Seeds longitudinally striate. Glabrous : leaves entire : flowers white or reddish. 1. T. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stems diffuse, dichotomous, about an inch high : leaves oblong-linear, somewhat connate : flowers on pedicels at length as long as the leaves : carpels 12 to ^Q-seeded. Fl. i. 558. S. W. Colo- rado to Texas and Louisiana. 2. T. angustifolia, Nutt. Stems decumbent, rooting at base, diffusely branched, an inch long : leaves linear, connate, a line or two long : flowers sessile or on very short pedicels: carpels 8 to 12-seeded. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 558. From Colorado to Oregon. 2. S E D IT M, L. STONE-CROP. Sepals united at base. Flowers rarely dioecious, in cymes, often secund. * Flowers mostly dioecious, in a regular compact compound cyme, deep purple or becoming so: leaves serrate, flat. 1. S. Rhodiola, DC. Stems 1 to 10 inches high, from a thick fragrant root, leafy : leaves alternate, oblong-oblanceolate : cyme sessile : flowers on short naked pedicels, usually 4-merous. From Colorado northward to the Arctic coast, and eastward across the continent. * * Flowers perfect, in a simple terminal cyme, rose-color or nearly white : leaves entire, flat. 2. S. rhodanthum, Gray. Stem* a half to a foot high, from a thick root : leaves scattered, oblong or oblanceolate : flowers large, mostly 4-merous. Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Montana. HALORAGEJ3. ( WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.) 99 # # * Flowers perfect, secund upon the branches of a forked cyme, mostly yellow or yellowish : leaves very fleshy, entire. H- Leaves narrowed toward the base, obtuse. 3. S. debile, Watson. Stems weak, 2 to 4 inches high, from very slender running rootstocks : leaves rounded or obovate : flowers on rather long pedi- cels, in small cymes. Bot. King's Exp. 102. In the Wahsatch and Uiutas; also mountains of Nevada and N. California. -i- -i- Leaves broadest at base, acute. 4. S. Stenopetalum, Pursh. Stems 3 to 6 inches high, simple or some- times branched : leaves narrowly lanceolate : flowers bright yellow, nearly sessile. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 560. Very common on both sides of the mountains from Colorado to Montana and into Oregon. 5. S. Douglasii, Hook. Stems 3 to 4 inches high, branching at base, from a stout proliferous rootstock : leaves lanceolate or the lowermost linear- subulate, membranaceous when dry : flowers sometimes polygamous, sessile : follicles at length divaricately spreading from their united bases. National Park, W. Montana, Oregon, and California. ORDER 29. HALORAGE^E. (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.) Aquatic herbs, with inconspicuous and often apetalous flowers sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, calyx adnate to the ovary in fertile ones, the fruit indehiscent and nut-like. 1. Hlppuris. Leaves linear, in whorls of 8 or 12. Flowers perfect. Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen and cell of the ovary one. 2 Myriophyllum. Immersed leaves pinnately dissected. Flowers monoecious or polyga- mous. Parts of the flower in fours. 1. HIPPURIS, L. MARE'S TAIL. Calyx-tube globular. Smooth : with erect simple leafy stems : leaves entire : flowers solitary. 1. H. vulgaris, L. Stems a foot or two high : leaves usually a half to an inch long, but often much longer, especially the submerged ones : calyx hardly a half-line long. In shallow ponds throughout the northern part of the con- tinent, and southward in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. 2. MYRIOPHYLLUM, L. WATER-MILFOIL. Limb of the calyx 4-lobed in the sterile flowers, wanting or minutely toothed in the others. Petals 2 to 4, minute or wanting in the pistillate flowers. Stamens 8 (in ours). Ovary 4-celled : stigmas recurved and plumose. Smooth leafy herbs : leaves whorled in threes or fours : upper flowers usually staminate, the lower pistillate, and the intermediate ones perfect. 1. M. spicatum, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except the floral ones or bracts; these ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than the flowers, which thus form an interrupted spike. In the Atlantic States and across the continent. 100 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 2. M. Verticillatum, L. Like the last, but floral leaves much longer than the flowers and pectinate pinnatijid. Snake River ( Coulter) ; in the Atlantic States and northward. ORDER 30. L.YTHRACE.E. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) Herbs with simple and entire leaves, calyx tubular or campanulate and free from the ovary and capsule, but enclosing it, the petals and definite stamens borne in its throat, a single style, and numerous small seeds on a central placenta. Distinguished from Haloragece and Ona- gracece by the free ovary, and from the former also by the numerous seeds. 1 A mm an ilia. Calyx barely 4-angled, short. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4 or 8. Capsule globular, bursting irregularly. Leaves opposite. 2. !Lythrum. Calyx striate, cylindrical. Petals commonly 6 (4 to 7). Stamens as many or twice as many. Capsule oblong or cylindraceous. 1. AMMANNIA, Houston. Calyx 4-toothed, with as many intermediate small tooth-like processes. Petals as many, small and fugacious, or none. Low and smooth annuals, with 4-angled stems, sessile leaves, and small axillary flowers. 1. A. latifolia, L. Stems erect: leaves linear-lanceolate, with a broad auricled base : flowers 1 to 5 in each axil, mostly closely sessile. Milk River, N. Montana; also in Nevada, California, and the S. Atlantic States. 2. LYTHRUM, L. LOOSESTRIFE. * Calyx 4 to 7-toothed, with intermediate tooth-like processes. Petals oblong- obovate, often conspicuous. Erect slender herbs, with angled sterns, and axillary mostly solitary flowers. 1. L. alatum, Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial, smooth: branches with margined angles : leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, the upper scattered, not longer than the flowers, which are small and nearly sessile in the axils : proper calyx-teeth often shorter than the intermediate processes : petals purple. From Colorado to the N. Atlantic States, and southward. ORDER 31. O1VAG RACEME. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) Herbs, with perfect symmetrical flowers, the parts being most com- monly in fours, the calyx-tube adnate to the ovary and its lobes often colored, the petals borne on its throat or at the sinuses, the cells of the ovary usually of the same number, the stamens as many or twice as many, and styles always single. Leaves simple, but sometimes lobed or divided, either alternate or opposite : no stipules. Flowers often showy. In ours the limb of the calyx is deciduous. ONAGEACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMKOSE FAMILY.) 101 * Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded (the cells rarely only several-seeded). Parts of the flower in fours. - Seeds comose at the apex : lower leaves often opposite : stamens 8. 1. Zausehneria. Calyx-tube continued much beyond the ovary, funnel-form. 2. Epilobium. Calyx 4-partecl nearly down to the ovary, or with a short and campanu- late tube beyond it. *- - Seeds not comose : leaves all alternate. H- Anthers attached near the middle and versatile : petals generally yellow or white or some- times changing to rose-color. 3. Gayophytum. Calyx-tube not produced beyond the ovary ; this and the membranous capsule only 2-celled. The stamens opposite the petals usually sterile. 4. CEnothera. Calyx-tube produced beyond the ovary into a linear or obconical tube. Anthers all uniform. Petals without claws. H- -H- Anthers attached at or near the base, remaining erect ; those opposite the petals much shorter, or sterile, or rarely wanting : petals never yellow. 5. Clarkia. Calyx-tube above the ovary obconical ; its lobes reflexed. Petals with claws, either lobed or entire. Capsule coriaceous. * * Fruit dry and iridehiscent, 1 to 4-seeded. Parts of the flower in fours, or rarely threes. In ours the stamens are 8, and the anthers are attached by the middle. G. Stenosiplion. Alternate stamens a little shorter. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves scattered. 7. Gaura. Stamens nearly equal : filaments with a scale-like appendage on the inside next the base. Ovary 4-celled. Leaves alternate. * * * Fruit indehiscent, bur-like, 1 to 2-seeded. Parts of the flower in twos throughout. 8. Circeea. Leaves opposite. 1. ZAUSCHNERIA, Presl. Calyx-tube deeply colored above the ovary, with a small globose base and 4-lobed limb, appendaged with 8 small scales, 4 erect and 4 deflexed. Petals obcordate or 2-cleft, scarlet. Stamens exserted. Style long and exserted. Capsule linear, obtusely 4-angled. Low decumbent perennial, somewhat woody at base : leaves sessile : the large scarlet Fuchsia-like flowers in a loose spike. 1. Z. Calif ornica, Presl. More or less villous and often tomentose: leaves narrowly lanceolate to ovate, entire or denticulate : capsule attenuate to the slender base, sometimes shortly pedicellate. From New Mexico to the Wahsatch and N. W. Wyoming, and thence to California. 2. EPILOBIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB. The alternate stamens shorter : anthers fixed near the middle. Capsule linear, 4-sided. Perennial or annual : leaves alternate or opposite, nearly sessile, denticulate or entire, often fascicled : flowers rose-color, purple, or white, very rarely yellow. * Flowers large : stamens and style declined : stigma-lobes spreading : leaves scattered. 1. E. spicatuin, Lam. Stem erect, simple, often 4 to 7 feet high: leaves lanceolate, sessile, nearly entire, the veins anastomosed near the edge : flowers in a long spicate raceme, bracteate, purplish-lilac : style hairi/ at the base, at first deflexed. E. angustifolium, L. Common across the continent. 102 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 2. E. latifolium, L. Differing from the last in its short ascending occa- sionally branched stem : ovate-lanceolate, somewhat pubescent, rather thick and ^ rigid leaves, veins not apparent : vert] large axillary and terminal flowers on short pedicels : somewhat erect glabrous style. Mountains of Colorado to Arctic America. # * Flowers small, white: stamens and style erect, the latter much exserted: stigma thick, with 4 spreading lobes : leaves opposite. 3. E. SUffruticosum, Nutt. Stems decumbent, much branched : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, somewhat canescent : flowers axillary near the ends of the branches : capsule clavate, narrowed at each end, on a very short pedi- cel. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 488. Wahsatch Mountains near Ogden, Utah, and northwestward to Oregon and Washington Territory. * * * Flowers small : stamens and style erect, the latter included : stigma clavate or cylindrical : lower leaves commonly opposite, the upper often alternate. *- Herbaceous perennials. 4. E. alpinum, L. Low, 2 to 6 inches high, nearly glabrous : stems ascend- ing from a stolouiferous base, simple : leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, nearly entire, on short petioles: flowers few or solitary, drooping in the bud: petals purple: pods glabrous. Throughout the northern part of the continent; in the Rocky Mountains as far south as Colorado. 5. E. affine, Bong. Stem erect, 6 inches to a foot high, simple, glabrous : leaves sessile, partly clasping, irregularly denticulate : flowers sessile : petals 2-cleft. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 489. W. Montana and northward. 6. E. palustre, L., var. lineare, Gray. Erect, 1 to 2 feet high, branched above, minutely hoary pubescent : leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, nearly en- tire : flower-buds somewhat nodding : petals purplish or white : pods hoary. E. palustre, var. albijlorum, Lehm. Colorado and northward, thence across the continent to New England. 7. E. COloratum, Muhl. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, glabrous or nearly so: leaves lanceolate to ovate-oblong, denticulate; the middle ones sometimes ^ decurrent ; the lower slightly petioled : flower-buds erect : petals purplish, emarginate or 2-cleft : pods minutely pubescent. Includes E. tetragonum of the Western reports. From Colorado northward, and eastward throughout the N. United States. 8. E. Origanifolium, Lam. Stem generally simple, terete, 6 to 12 inches high, with two pubescent lines : leaves more or less petioled ; the lower rounded, ' the middle ones oval and equally pointed at each end, the upper acuminate : flow- ers large, varying from dark purple to pure white : capsules sometimes nod- ding. In the Sierras from California northward, and extending into the Bitter-Root Mountains. H- - Annuals. 9. E. paniculatum, Nutt. " Glabrous or pubescent above : stem erect, L 10 inches to 10 feet high, dichotomous above: leaves narrowly linear, ob- scurely serrulate, mostly alternate and fascicled ; the uppermost subulate : flowers few, terminating the spreading filiform and almost leafless branches : petals obcordate. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 490. From Colorado through Mon- tana and Washington Territory. ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 103 3. GAYOPHYTUM, A. Juss. Calyx-lobes reflexed. Petals white or rose-colored. Very slender branch- ing annuals, with linear entire leaves, and very small axillary flowers. 1. G. ramosissimum, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, or the inflorescence puberulent, diffusely much branched : flowers line long, mostly near the ends of the branches : capsule oblong, 2 or 3 lines long, on pedicels of about the same length or shorter, often deflexed, 3 to 5-seeded. Fl. i. 513. Colorado and northward, and westward to Oregon and California. 2. G. racemosum, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, or more or less canescent with short appressed pubescence, the elongated branches mostly simple : flowers \ line long, axillary the whole length of the branches : capsules linear, sessile or very shortly pedicelled, 8 to 10 lines long, usually many-seeded. Fl. i. 514. Colorado and northward, thence westward to Washington Territory and California. 4. GS NO THEE, A, L. EVENING PRIMROSE. Calyx-lobes reflexed. Petals obcordate or obovate. Stamens 8. Capsule coriaceous or somewhat woody to membranaceous. Herbs, or sometimes woody at base : flowers axillary, spicate, or racemose. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 573. 1. Stigma lobes linear, elongated : calyx-tube linear, slightly dilated at the throat : anthers linear, # Caulescent: flowers in a leafy spike, erect in the bud, yellow : capsules sessile, coriaceous : seeds in two rows. - Capsules oblong, slightly attenuate above : seeds with more or less margined angles, nearly smooth. 1. GE. biennis, L. Erect, rather stout, 1 to 5 feet high, usually simple: calyx-tube 1 to 2% inches long : capsule f to 1 inch long. Common every- where and very variable. Var. grandiflora, Lindl. Petals equalling the calyx-tube. Same < range, but less common eastward. +- <- Capsules linear: seeds not margined, minutely tuberculate. 2. CE. rhombipetala, Nutt. Spike elongated, dense : calyx silky- canescent : petals rhombic-ovate. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 493. Probably within the eastern limits of our range, and thence to the Indian Territory and northward to Minnesota. * * Caulescent : flowers nodding in the bud, white turning to rose-color : capsules sessile, mostly linear : seeds in a single row. 3. CE. pinnatifida, Nutt. Annual or biennial : calyx-tips not free, throat naked : seeds oval, not angled, finely pitted. Along the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains from Dakota^ to the Indian Territory and New Mexico. 4. CE. trichocalyx, Nutt. Annual : calyx very villous ; the tips not free, throat naked : seeds lance-linear, smooth. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 494. (E. del- toidea, Torr. From W. Wyoming to California, and thence to Arizona and New Mexico. 104 ONAGRACE^E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 5. CE. albicaulis, Nutt. Perennial: stems white and shreddy : calyx-tips free, throat naked : seeds smooth, lance-linear. A very variable species. From ^K T ew Mexico and Colorado to Washington Territory and British America. 6. CE. COronopifolia, Torr. & Gray. Perennial : calyx-tips short, free, throat very villous : capsule oblong : seeds ovate, angled, tuberculate. Fl. i. 495. From Nebraska to the Uintas, and southward to New Mexico. * * * Acaulescent, or nearly so : flowers erect in the bud, white or rose-color: capsules mostly sessile, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtusely or sharply angled, large and rigid. 7. CE. CcBSpitOSa, Nutt. Capsule oblong, ribbed, often doubly crested on the angles : calyx-tube 2 to 7 inches long : petals f to If inches long. (E. marginata, Nutt. From the Upper Missouri to Nebraska and southward to Nevada, New Mexico, etc. 8. CE. triloba, Nutt. Capsule ovate, persistent, strongly winged, net-veined : calyx-tips free, the tube 2 to 4 inches long : petals % to 1 inch long. From British Columbia to Mexico, and westward to California. Var. (?) parviflora, Watson. Flowers very small, about an inch or two long, fertilized in the bud and rarely fully opening : fruit abundant, forming at length a densely crowded hemispherical or cylindrical mass, nearly 2 inches in diameter and often 2 or 3 inches high. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 251. Plains of Kansas and Nebraska. 9. CE. brachycarpa, Gray. Capsule ovate, winged, more or less corky, smooth: calyx-tube 2 to 4 inches long: petals 1$ inch long, purplish: seed-testa thickened. PI. Wright, i. 70. ? (E. marginata, var. purpurea, of the various reports. From Montana to Nevada, New Mexico, and W. Texas. * * * * Caulescent : flowers axillary : capsule ovate to orbicular, strongly angled and broadly winged. 10. CE. canescens, Torr. Low: capsule ovate, 3 to 4 lines long: petals white and rose-color, 6 lines long : calyx-tube & to 8 lines long. From the head- waters of the Platte to New Mexico. 11. CE. Missouriensis, Sims. Capsule 1 to 3 inches long, with wings nearly as broad: calyx-tube 2 to 5 inches long: petals 1 to 2^ inches long, yellow: seeds strongly crested. From Missouri to Colorado and Texas. 2. Stigma capitate : calyx-tube linear, persistent : flowers erect in the bud, yellow: anthers oblong: capsules sessile, linear to ovate: seeds in two rows: mostly acaulescent. 12. CE. breviflora, Torr. & Gray. Subpubescent : leaves deeply pinna- tifid : calyx-tube 3 to 6 lines long : petals 3 lines long. Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and westward. 3. Stigma discoid : calyx-tube more broadly dilated above : flowers erect in the bud, yellow, axillary : anthers oblong-linear : capsule mostly sessile, linear- ci/lindric. 13. CE. Hartwegi, Benth. Low, 3 to 15 inches high : leaves numerous, linear to lanceolate, mostly entire : calyx-tube 1 to 2 inches long, the tips free and linear: petals 4 to 12 lines long: capsule 8 to 10 lines long. ONAGRACE.E. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 105 Var. lavandulaefolia, Watson. Taller, pubescent throughout: leaves mostly linear and shorter : calyx-segments less attenuated above. (E. la- vandulce folia, Torr. & Gray. From Kansas and Colorado to Mexico. 14. CE. serrulata, Nutt. Leaves linear to lanceolate, denticulate: the free cali/x-tips short : capsules 9 to 1 5 lines long. From New Mexico and Texas northward to British America. 4. Stigma capitate : calijx-tube obconic or short funnefform : flowers in crowded bracteate or leaf if spikes : anthers oblong : capsule linear^ sessile, attenuated above, curved and contorted. 15. CE. strigulosa, Torr. & Gray, var. pubens, Watson. Pubescence hirsute and spreading, sometimes nearly smooth : petals 1 to 2 lines long, yel- low, usually turning red : capsule very narrow!// linear, often short-pedicelled. Includes CE. dentala, Torr. & Gray. From the Wahsatch westward through the Pacific States. 16. CE. andilia, Nutt. Dwarf, 1 to 3 inches high, canescently puberulent : flowers a line long, yellow : capsule fusiform, 3 to 6 lines long. From E. Oregon to Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, and Utah. 5. As in 4, but capsules linear to clavate, pedicelled and obtuse : caulescent : flowers in loose, naked racemes : seeds oblong-lanceolate. 17. CE. SCapoidea, Nutt. Puberulent or nearli/ glabrous: leaves low on the stem, usually lyrately-pinnatifid : cali/x-tips not free : capsule 4 to 12 lines long. From W. Wyoming and S. Idaho to S. Utah and Colorado. 18. CE. brevipes, Gr. Like the last, but stouter: villous, not puberu- lent: calyx-tips free, thick: capsule 1 to 3 inches long. Var. parviflora, Watson. Of a much more branching habit : the leaves more distinctly pinnate : inflorescence more slender : flowers pale yellow, the petals 2 to 3 lines long. Am. Nat. ix. 271. S. W. Colorado and S. Utah. 5. CLARKIA, Pursh. Petals purple or violet. Anthers oblong or linear. Stigma with 4 broad lobes. Capsule linear, attenuate above, somewhat 4-angled. Seeds angled or margined. Annuals, with erect brittle stems: leaves on short slender petioles, the uppermost sessile : flowers showy, nodding in the bud, in terminal racemes. 1. C. pulchella, Pursh. Leaves linear-lanceolate to linear: petals 3-lobed, attenuate to a long claw which has a spreading tooth on each side : perfect sta- mens with a linear scale on each side at base ; alternate stamens rudimentary and flliform : capsule S-angled. Bitter-Root Valley, W. Montana, to Idaho, Oregon, and Washington Terr. 2. C. rhomboidea, Dougl. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate: pet- als entire, rhomboidal, with a short broad claw which is often broadly toothed : anthers all perfect ; filaments with hairy scales at the base : capsule ^-angled. From the Wahsatch to California and Washington Terr. 6. STENOSIPHON, Spach. Tube of the calyx filiform or almost capillary, much prolonged beyond the ovary, recurved or declined after flowering. Petals unguiculate, unequal. 106 LOASACE^E. Fruit (very small) coriaceous, ovate, convex externally, flattish within, about 8-ribbed. A tall perennial herb, with virgate branches: linear-lanceolate, sessile, entire leaves, gradually reduced to bracts : flowers white, sessile, crowded in long and strict virgate spikes. 1. S. virgatUS, Spach. Spikes in fruit sometimes nearly one foot long: bracts subulate, longer than the ovary : calyx pubescent, 4 to 5 lines long : petals rather large in proportion : ovary tomentose-pubescent. From Colo- rado to Arkansas and Texas. 7. GAURA, L. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the obconic or clavate ovary. Petals with claws. Style hairy below. Fruit obtusely 4-angled and ridged upon the sides. Leaves sessile: flowers in spikes or racemes, white or rose-colored, turning to red. 1 . G. biennis, L. Soft-hairy or downy, 3 to 8 feet high : leaves oblong- lanceolate, denticulate : fruit oval or oblong, ribbed, downy. Idaho and east- ward to the Atlantic. 2. G. parviflora, Dougl. Clothed, besides the long soft-villous hairs, with a minute slightly glandular pubescence, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves ovate-lanceo- late, repand-denticulate, clothed on both sides with a soft velvet n pubescence : spikes virgate, dense:' fruit oblong-clavate, ^-nerved, obtusely angled above. From Washington Terr, to Texas. 3. G. COCCinea, Nutt. Canescent, puberulent or glabrate, 6 to 12 inches high, very leafy : leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear, repand-denticulate or entire : flowers in simple spikes, rose-color turning to scarlet : fruit elliptical, terete, 4-sided above. Colorado to Montana and eastward to Arkansas and the Saskatchewan. 8. CIRC JEA, L. ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. Calyx-tube slightly prolonged above the ovoid ovary, the base nearly filled by a cup-shaped disk. Petals obcordate. Fruit pear-shaped, covered with hooked bristles. Low slender erect herbs: leaves thin, petiolate : flowers small, white, in terminal and lateral racemes : fruit on slender spreading or deflexed pedicels. 1. C Pacifica, Ascherson Magnus. Mostly glabrous : leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at base, repandly denticulate : calyx white, with a very small tube : fruit a line long. The C. alpina of Fl. Colorado. From Colo- rado to the Saskatchewan and westward to California and Washington Terr. ORDER 32. LOASACE^E. Herbaceous plants with either stinging or jointed and rough-barbed hairs, no stipules, calyx-tube adnate to a one-celled ovary, parietal pla- centae, and a single style. Stamens usually very numerous, some of the outer occasionally petaloid. Flowers perfect, often showy. LOASACE^E. 107 1. MENTZELIA, L. Calyx-tube cylindrical or turbiuate : the limb 5-lobed. Petals 5 or 10. Stamens inserted below the petals on the throat of the calyx. Ovary trun- cate at the summit : style 3-cleft, the lobes often twisted. Capsule opening usually irregularly at the apex. Erect, the stems becoming white and shin- ing : leaves alternate, mostly coarsely toothed or pinnatifid : flowers cymose or solitary, orange or golden yellow to white. # Seeds few, oblong, not ivinged : petals 5, not large : filaments all filiform : leaves petioled, cut-toothed or angled. 1. M. oligosperma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive, 1 to 3 feet high, much branched, branches brittle : leaves ovate and oblong : petals yellow, wedge- oblong, pointed: capsule about 9-seeded. From the mountains eastward across the plains to Illinois and Texas. # # Seeds few to many, irregularly angled or somewhat cubical, not winged: petals 5, not large : filaments all filiform : capsule linear : leaves sessile, sin- uately toothed or pinnatifid. 2. M. albicaulis, Dougl. Slender, 3 inches to a foot high or more: leaves linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid with numerous narrow lobes, upper leaves broader : flowers mostly approximate near the ends of the branches : petals spatulate or obovate : capsule linear-clavate : seeds numerous, rather strongly tuberculate, irregularly angled with obtuse margins. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 534. From New Mexico and Colorado to Oregon and California. 3. M. dispersa, Watson. Very similar, but the leaves sinuate-toothed, sometimes entire, rarely pinnatifid, the uppermost often ovate : seeds somewhat cubical and very nearly smooth. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 115. M. albicaulis, var. integrifolia, Watson. From Colorado through Idaho to Washington Terr, and California. # # * Seeds numerous, suborbicular-winged or narrowly-margined : petals 5 or 10, often large and showy : outer filaments often petaloid : capsule broad, oblong : leaves as in the last. -t- Flowers vespertine, yellowish white. 4. M. ornata, Torr. & Gray. Rough with short-barbed hairs : leaves oblong-lanceolate, the segments rather acute : flowers very large, terminating the branches, bracteolate: petals 10, about 2 inches long: filaments all filiform: capsule 5 to 7 -valued at the summit : seeds scarcely margined. Fl. i. 534. Along the Missouri and its tributaries ; also in S. W. Colorado. 5. M. nuda, Torr. & Gray. Rough with minute barbed pubescence: leaves somewhat lanceolate, the segments obtuse : flowers about half the size of the last, not bracteolate : petals 10: exterior filaments petaloid and often sterile: capsule 3-ralved at the summit : seeds plainly winged. Loc. cit. 535. *- *- Flowers expanding only in bright sunshine, bright yellow: leaves lanceolate. 6. M. laevicaillis, Torr. & Gray. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high : flowers sessile I on short branches, very large: calyx-tube naked: petals acute at each end, 2 to ^ 2^ inches long: seeds very minutely tuberculate. Loc. cit. W. Wyoming and Montana to the Columbia River and S. California. 7. M. pumila, Torr. & Gray. Rather stout, 8 to 10 inches high: lower leaves somewhat petioled : flowers small, solitary or three together, terminating 108 CUCURBITACE^E. (GOURD FAMILY.) the loose flowering branches, slightly pedicellate, with I or 2 bracts at base : outer filaments flat. Loc. cit. M. Wrightii of Fl. Colorado. S. Colorado, southward and westward. 8. M. Chrysantha, Engelm. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, branching : leaves ovate-lanceolate, the lower narrowed towards the base : flowers subsessile : petals 6 to 9 lines long, acute, often less than 10, the innermost smaller and antheriferous : seeds narrowly margined but not winged. Brandegee's Fl. S. W. Col. 237. Differs from M. pumila in its larger flowers and seeds not winged. Near Canon City, Colorado, and S. Utah. 9. M. milltiflora, Gray. Stems scabrous, pubescent, a span to a foot high : leaves attenuate below : flowers more numerous, subtended by 1 or 2 bracts : petals deep yellow, abruptly pointed, 6 to 9 lines long. PI. Fendl. 48. Colorado and southward. ORDER 33. CUCURBIT AC E^E. (GOURD FAMILY.) Herbs, mostly tendril-bearing and climbing, rather succulent, with alternate and palmately veined or lobed leaves and no proper stipules, flowers monoecious or dioecious, with petals more commonly united into a cup or tube and also blended with tbe calyx. Sterile flowers with two 2-celled anthers and one \ -celled ; the cells usually long and con- torted. Fertile flowers with the calyx -tube adnate to a 1 to 3-celled ovary. 1. Cucurbita. Flowers all solitary, large, yellow. Corolla 5-cleft. Fruit smooth, inde- hiscent, 1-celled, many-seeded. 2. E chin ocyst is. Sterile flowers in compound racemes, small, greenish white. Corolla 6-parted. Fruit prickly, bursting at the top, 2-celled, 4-seeded. 1. CUCURBITA, L. PUMPKIN, SQUASH, ETC. Flowers monoecious. Calyx-tube and corolla campanulate. Sterile flowers with the stamens at the base. Fertile flowers with 3 rudimentary stamens : ovary oblong, with 3 placentas. Fruit fleshy, often with a hard rind. Seed ovate or oblong, flattened. Mostly prostrate and rooting at the joints : leaves cordate : tendrils compound. 1. C. perennis, Gray. Koot fleshy, very large, 6 inches to 3 feet thick, yellow inside : leaves cordate-ovate or triangular, undivided or subsinuate- repand, margin denticulate : fruit globose, yellow, 2 or 3 inches in diameter. PI. Lindh. 193. From Colorado to Texas and Mexico, and westward to California. 2. ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr. & Gray. WILD BALSAM-APPLE. Flowers monoecious. Petals united at the base into an open spreading corolla. Fruit fleshy, at length dry. Tall climbing plants, nearly smooth, with 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, fertile flowers in small clusters or solitary, from the same axils as the sterile. CACTACE^E. (CACTUS FAMILY.) 109 1. E. lobata, Torr. & Gray. Root annual : leaves deeply and sharply 5-lobed : fruit oval, 2 inches long : seeds flat, dark-colored. Colorado and eastward, in rich soil, to New York and Canada. ORDER 34. CACTACEJE. (CACTUS FAMILY.) Green fleshy and thickened persistent mostly leafless plants, of pecu- liar aspect: globular or columnar, tuberculated or ribbed, or jointed and often flattened, usually armed with bundles of spines from the areola. Flowers with numerous sepals, petals, and stamens, usually in many rows, the cohering bases of all of which coat the inferior one-celled many-ovuled ovary, and above it form a tube or cup, nectariferous at base. Style one, with several or numerous stigmas. Fruit a pulpy or rarely dry one-celled berry. 1. No leaves proper : spines never barbed. Flower-bearing and spine-bearing areolae distinct. Tube of the sessile solitary flowers well developed, often long. Seeds brown or black, mostly small. CACTE/E. 1. Mamillaria. Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles. Flowers from between the tubercles. Ovary naked. 2. Ecliiiiocaetus. Globose or oval plants, stouter than the last, usually ribbed : bundles of spines on the ribs. Flowers from the youngest part of the ribs close above the nascent bunches of spines. Ovary covered with sepals. 3. Cereus. Oval or columnar plants, sometimes tall, ribbed or angled : bundles of spines on the ribs. Flowers close above the bundles of full grown (older) spines. Ovary covered with sepals. 2. Leaves small, subulate, early deciduous. Sessile and solitary flowers from the same areolse as the always barbed spines. Tube of the flowers short, cup-shaped. Seeds larger, whitish, covered with a bony arillus. OPUNTIE/E. 4. Opuntia. Branching or jointed plants : joints flattened or cylindrical. 1. MAMILLARIA, Haw. Flowers about as long as wide : the tube campanulate or funnel-shaped. Ovary often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, the succulent berry exsert. Seeds yellowish-brown to black. 1. M. vivipara, Haw. Simple or cespitose: the almost terete tubercles bearing bundles of 5 to 8 reddish- brown spines, surrounded by 15 to 20 grai/ish ones in a single series, all straight and very rigid : fowers purple, with lance- subulate-petals and fringed sepals : berry oval, green: seed pitted, light brown. A variable species, ranging across the plains and along the eastern slopes of the mountains. 2. M. Missouriensis, Sweet. Smaller, globose, simple, with fewer (10 to 20) weaker ash-colored spines :' flowers yellow : berries scarlet, subgJobose : seeds globose, pitted. M. Nuttallii, Eng. Common along the eastern slopes of the mountains and upon the plains. Var. csespitosa, Watson. Cespitose, with 12 to 15 straight white spines : berry shorter than the tubercles, red. Bibliog. Index, i. 403. M. Nuttallii, var. ccespitosa, Eng. Eastern slopes of the mountains of Colorado and southward. 110 CACTACE.E. (CACTUS FAMILY.) 2. ECHINOCACTUS, Link & Otto. Flowers about as long as wide. Ovary covered with few (in ours) sepaloid scales, which are naked or woolly in their axils. Fruit succulent or dry, covered with the persistent scales, sometimes enveloped in copious wool, and usually crowned with the remnants of the flower. Seed obliquely obovate, black. 1. E. Simpsoni, Eng. Simple, globose or depressed, with ovate tubercles bearing about 20 outer ash-colored spines and 5 to 10 stouter darker inner ones, all straight and rigid : flowers yellowish green to purplish : berry dry, with few black tuberculated seeds. From the eastern slopes of the Colorado moun- tains westward to Utah and Nevada. 2. E. Whipplei, Eng. & Big. Simple, globose or ovate, with 13 to 15 compressed and interrupted ribs : 7 to 1 1 outer spines and 4 inner ones ; the ivory- white upper ones longest, broadest, recurved or twisted ; the lower shorter, darker and terete; the lowest middle one hooked : flowers yellow : seeds large, minutely tuberculated. From S. Colorado westward to S. California. 3. CEBEUS, Haw. Flowers about as long as wide or elongated. Scales of the ovary distinct, with naked or woolly axils, or almost obsolete and the axils spiny. Berry succulent, covered with spines or scales or almost naked. Seeds black. Fruit often edible. Our species all belong to ECHINOCERECS, which in- cludes low and usually cespitose plants, with numerous oval or cylindric heads, short flowers, green stigmas and spiny fruit, the seeds covered with confluent tubercles. 1. C. viridiflorus, Eng. Ovate or at length cylindrical, simple or sparingly branched, 1 to 2 inches high : ribs about 13 : areolaa ovate-lanceolate : spines strictly radiating, 12 to 18, with 2 to 6 superior setaceous ones, the rest lateral' and longer, the lower frequentltj purplish brown, the others white, central one often wanting, when present stouter, solitary, and variegated : flowers lateral towards the apex, yellow, becoming green : berries elliptical, small. PI. Fendl 50. Common in Colorado and southward. . 2. C. Fendleri, Eng. Ovate-cylindrical, 3 to 8 inches high : ribs 9 to 12 : areolae rather crowded : spines very variable, always bulbous at base, radial ones 7 to 10, straight or curved, white and brown, lower ones stronger, central one stout, curved above, dark brown, often elongated : flowers lateral below the top, large, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, of a deep purple color: berry 1 to 1 inches long, edible. PI. Fendl. 50. S. Colorado and southward. 3. C. gonacanthus, Eng. & Big. Ovate, simple or sparingly branched from the base, 7-ribbed : areolce large, orbicular, distant: spines robust, angled, straight or variously curved ; radial ones 8, yellowish, often blackish at base and apex, the upper one much larger than the others, nearly equalling the central one, which is remarkably stout, angular, and channelled : flowers scarlet, open day and night. Pac. R. Rep. iv. 33, t. 5. S. Colorado and southward. 4. C. phCBniceus, Eng. Heads 2 to 3 inches high, generally forming dense hemispherical masses a foot or more in diameter: ribs 9 to 11 : areolce ovote- orbiculate, somewhat crowded: spines setaceous, straight, radial ones 3 to 12, CACTACE^E. (CACTUS FAMILY.) Ill upper ones a little shorter, central ones 1 to 3, bulbous at base, terete, a little stronger, lowest one longest. Pac. R. Rep. iv. 34, t. 4. S. Colorado and southward. 5. C. conoideus, Big. Heads 3 to 4 inches high, few from one base, of unequal height, ovate, acutish towards the apex, conoid : ribs 9 to 11: radial spines 10 to 12, slender, rigid, upper ones 2 to 5 lines long, lateral ones 6 to 15 lines, upper central spines hardly longer than the lateral ones, lower one 1 to 3 inches long, angular and often compressed. Pac. R. Rep. iv. 36. S. Colorado and southward. 6. C. paucispinus, Eng. Stem 5 to 9 inches high, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, ovate-cylindrical, sparingly branching or simple : ribs 5 to 7 : areoloe remote: spines strong, 9 to 16 lines long, dark-colored, radial ones 3 to 6, central wanting or rare, stout, subangled. Pac. R. Rep. iv. 34. S. Colorado and southward. 4. OPUNTIA, Tourn. Petals spreading or rarely erect. Berry succulent or sometimes dry, marked with bristly or spiny areolse, truncate. Articulated much-branched plants, of various shapes, low and prostrate, or erect and shrub-like. 1. Joints compressed: rhaphe forming a prominent bony margin around the seed. * Fruit pulpy. 1. O. Camanchica, Eng. & Big. Large, prostrate, extensively spread- ing : joints ascending, 6 to 7 inches long, suborbiculate : areolse remote, numer- ous, armed : bristles straw-colored or brownish, few : spines 1 to 3, compressed, brownish, paler at the apex, 1 to 3 inches long, upper ones elongated, suberect, the others deflexed : berry large, ovate, widely umbilicate : seeds angled, deeply notched at the hilum. Pac. R. Rep. iv. 40. S. Colorado and southward. 2. O. Rafinesquii, Eng. Joints deep green, prostrate, broadly obovate or orbicular : leaves spreading : bristles bright red-brown : spines few and small with a single strong one: flowers sulphur-yellow, mostly with a red centre: berry narrowed at the base, with a funnel-shaped umbilicus. Pac. R. Rep. iv. 43. From Colorado eastward across the plains to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Var. (1) fusiformis, Eug. & Big. Roots forming fusiform tubers: bristles stout and yellowish brown : flowers smaller and with fewer sepals : seed larger and thicker. Pac. R. Rep. iv. 43. From the Missouri southward across the plains. * * Fruit dry and prickly. 3. O. Missouriensis, DC. Prostrate : joints broadly obovate and tuber- culate, 2 to 4 inches long : leaves minute ; their axils armed with a tuft of straw- colored bristles and 5 to 10 slender radiating spines I to 2 inches long: flowers light yellow. Frequent on the plains and in the mountains, and extending eastward to Wisconsin. 4. O. rutila, Nutt. Prostrate, with thick obovate or elongated joints, 2 to 4 inches long, sometimes thick and almost terete : areolce close, armed with numer- ous slender reddish or gray flexible spines : flowers purple : berry deeply umbili- cate : seeds large, flat, broadly margined, ivory-white. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 155. S. Wyoming to Utah and westward. 112 UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 5. O. fragilis, Haw. Joints small, ovate, compressed or tumid or even terete, 1 to l inches long, fragile : larger spines 4, cruciate, mostly yellowish brown, with 4 to 6 smaller white radiating ones below ; bristles few : flowers yel- low : fruit with 20 to 28 clusters of bristles, only the upper ones with a few short spines. From the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone to New Mexico. 2. Joints cylindrical, more or less tuberculated : seed not margined. 6. O. arborescens, Eng. Arborescent, 5 to 6 feet high (much higher farther south) : branches numerous, verticillate, horizontal or pendulous : joints verticillate : tubercles cristate, prominent : spines 8 to 30, divaricately stellate : berry sub-hemispherical, tuberculate-cristate, yellow, unarmed. Wisliz. Rep. 6. Abundant from Central Colorado southward. ORDER 35. FICOIDE^. A miscellaneous group, chiefly of fleshy or succulent plants, with mostly opposite leaves and no stipules ; differing from Caryopliyllacea and Portulacacece by having distinct partitions to the ovary and capsule ; the stamens sometimes numerous, as in Caclacete ; petals wanting in ours. 1. Sesnvium. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5 to 60. Capsule circumscissile. Suc- culent. 2. Mollugo. Sepals 5. Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule 3-valved. Not succulent. 1. SESUVIUM, L. SEA PURSLANE. Calyx-tube turbiuate ; the lobes apiculate on the back near the top, mem- branously margined. Styles 3 to 5. Capsule ovate-oblong. Smooth branch- ing mostly prostrate herbs : leaves opposite, linear to spatulate, entire : flowers axillary and terminal, solitary or clustered. 1. S. Portlllacastrum, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceo- late : flowers sessile or pedicellate : calyx-lobes more or less purple : stamens many. From California through Nevada and Colorado to New Mexico. 2. MOLLUGO, L. CARPET-WEED. Stamens hypogynous. Styles 3. Seeds longitudinally sulcate on the back. Low and much branched, glabrous : leaves spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, entire, opposite and apparently verticillate : flowers mostly on long pedicels and axillary. 1. M. verticillata, L. Prostrate: pedicels umbellately fascicled at the nodes : capsule oblong-ovoid : seeds reniform, shining. From Colorado to Arizona and New Mexico ; also in California and the Atlantic States. ORDER 36. UMBEIJLIFER,E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) Herbs, with small flowers in umbels, five epigynous stamens and petals, and two styles; the calyx adnate to the 2-celled ovary, which UMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 113 contains one ovule in each cell ; and the fruit splitting into a pair of dry seed-like indehiscent carpels. Stem commonly hollow. Leaves mainly alternate, mostly compound, often decompound, the petiole expanded or sheathing at base. Umbels usually compound, forming umbellets. The bracts under the general umbel form an involucre, under an umbellet an involucel. The enlarged base of the styles is the stylopodium, which is often surrounded by an epigynous disk. Each carpel has usually 5 longitudinal ribs : in the intervals are usually one or more longitudinal oil-tubes, or vittce. The face by which the two carpels cohere is the commissure : a slender prolongation of the axis between them is the carpophore ; this is apt to split into two branches, a carpel suspended from the tip of each. I. Umbels irregularly compound, the flowers capitate in the umbellets. Oil-tubes obscure. 1. Sanicula. Leaves lobed and incised. Flowers polygamous, mostly yellow. Fruit covered with hooked prickles or tubercles. II. Umbels regularly compound. Fruit without prominent secondary ribs and not fur- nished with hooked or barbed prickles. 1 Oil-tubes rarely wanting. * Fruit more or less compressed laterally, broadly ovate or subglobose to elliptic-oblong, not broadly winged. t- Seed with sides moderately incurved : carpophore 2-cleft : flowers yellow or white. 2. Musenium. Fruit ovate or ovate-oblong : ribs 5, filiform, slightly prominent : oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals. 3. Orogenia. Fruit ovoid : ribs 5, the 3 dorsal ones filiform, the lateral thickened, corky and involute : oil-tubes obscure, 3 in each interval. t- -- Seed nearly terete or but slightly concave on the face. H- Fruit not prominently ribbed : carpophore bifid or 2-parted. Involucre and involucels usually present. Flowers white. 4. Carum. Fruit ovate or oblong : ribs filiform : oil-tubes solitary. 5. Berula. Fruit nearly globose, emarginate at base, with thickened epicarp : oil-tubes numerous and contiguous : leaflets ovate-oblong to linear, laciniately toothed. H- -H- Fruit with 5 strong ribs : carpophore 2-parted. = Involucre none : flowers yellow: leaves all simple. 6. Bupleurum. Fruit ovoid-oblong, with or without oil-tubes : leaves entire. = = Involucres and involucels usually present : flowers white : leaves pinnate to pinnately decompound. 7. Cicuta. Fruit broadly ovate, with thick obtuse wings : oil-tubes solitary. 8. Slum. Fruit globular : ribs wing-like : oil-tubes 1 to 3 in the intervals. * * Fruit somewhat compressed laterally, linear-oblong, with broad commissure, not winged : seed sulcate or reuiform in section : carpophore 2-parted, persistent : flowers white. 9. Osmorrhiza. Fruit narrowly attenuate at base, hispid on the acutish angles : oil-tubes very obscure : seed sulcate on the face or somewhat involute : umbels nearly naked : leaflets ovate, cleft and toothed. 10. Glycosma. Similar, but fruit not attenuate at base, very rarely hispid : seed broadly sulcate. 1 The introduced genus Daucus has the secondary ribs most prominent and armed with barbed or hooked prickles, and solitary oil-tubes under the wings or ribs. See foot-note, p. 121. 8 UMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) * * * Fruit more or less compressed dorsally, oblong to orbicular. i- Fruit somewhat compressed dorsally : the dorsal ribs rather narrowly winged ; the lateral wings broader, distinct : seed sulcate and concave. 11. lagusticum. Dorsal ribs narrowly winged : oil-tubes several in the intervals, obscure : seed rcniform in section : flowers white or yellow. 12. Thaspium. Dorsal ribs strong and winged : oil-tubes solitary in the intervals : seed orbicular and somewhat angled in section : flowers yellow. 4- H- Fruit much flattened dorsally. w- Lateral wings broad, distinct ; the dorsal more or less prominent : seed concave on the face or nearly flat. 13. Angelica. Dorsal wings narrower than the lateral: oil-tubes solitary: stout herbs, with white flowers and naked or nearly naked umbels. 14. Archangelica. Similar, but with stouter ribs, and 2 to 3 or more oil-tubes in each interval adhering to the loose seed. 15. Cymopterus. Dorsal wings as broad as the lateral ones : oil-tubes one to several in the intervals : low perennial herbs : flowers yellow or white : involucres present. H- Lateral wings coherent till maturity ; dorsal ribs filiform : seed nearly flat on the. face. 16. Peucedanum. Lateral wings thin : oil-tubes as long as the fruit : involucre none : low perennials : flowers yellow or white, not radiate. 17. Heracleum. Lateral wings thin : oil-tubes solitary, clavate, not reaching the base of the fruit : involucre deciduous : stout, pubescent perennials, with white, often radiate flowers. 18. Archemora. Lateral wings thin, broad : oil-tubes solitary : involucre nearly none : smooth perennials, with white flowers and rather rigid leaves. 19. Ferula. Lateral wings corky, as thick as the fruit ; dorsal ribs filiform : oil-tubes very numerous, mostly obscure. 20. Polytaenia. Lateral wings corky, tumid, thicker than the fruit ; back nearly ribless : oil-tubes two in the intervals. 1. SANICULA, Tourn. SANICLE. BLACK SXAKEKOOT. Calyx-teeth foliaceous, persistent. Fruit subglobose or obovoid : ribs obso- lete : oil-tubes numerous. Seed hemispherical. Smooth perennials, with nearly naked stems : leaves palmately divided ; the lobes more or less pin- natifid or incised : umbels involucrate with sessile leafy usually toothed bracts ; the bracts of the involucels small and entire. 1. S. Marylandica, L. Stem 2 to 3 feet high : leaves all 5 to 7-parted : sterile flowers numerous, on slender pedicels : styles elongated and conspicu- ous, recurved. Colorado and W. Montana ; common throughout the Atlantic States. 2. MUSEWIUM, Nutt. Calyx-teeth persistent. Petals obovate, with mflexed point. Perennial, dwarf, rather foatid, resiniferous herbs, with fusiform roots and a short caudex, or branching dichotomously from the base : leaves 2 to 3-pinnatifid : involucre none ; involucels unilateral, of a few rather rigid narrow leaflets. 1. M. divaricatum, Nutt. Decumbent : stem short, dichotomously branching from the base : leaves, except the radical, opposite, glabrous, shining, bipinnatijid ; divisions confluent with the winged rhachis : /lowers yellow: fruit somewhat glabrous ; oil-tubes filled with a strong terebinthine oil. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 642. " Naked and arid hills of the Upper Missouri," Nuttall. UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 115 Var. Hookeri, Torr. & Gray. Rhachis narrow: fruit scabrous. Loc. cit. M. trachyspermum, Nutt. From the Saskatchewan to the Upper Missouri, the Platte, and S. W. Montana. 2. M. tenuifolium, Nutt. Acaulescent, erect and somewhat cespitose, of glaucous hue: leaves trip innately divided; segments linear: flowers white: fruit nearly glabrous; oil-tubes with a more aromatic oil than in the former species. Loc. cit. " Rocky Mountains," Nutlall. 3. OROGENIA, Watson. Calyx-teeth minute. Commissure with 2 to 4 oil-tubes : carpophore aduate to the carpels and forming a thick corky midrib dividing the hollowed face of the commissure longitudinally. Dwarf, scarcely caulescent, glabrous : root tuberous : leaves radical, 1 to 2-ternate, with entire linear segments : umbel with few very short unequal rays. 1. O. linearifolia, Watson. Stem an inch or two above ground and very slender : leaves 2 or 3, upon filiform petioles, equalling the stem : umbels with 2 or 3 rays ; umbellets 3 to 5-flowered : involucre none ; involucels of 1 to 3 linear leaflets exceeding the rays. Bot. King's Exp. 120, pi. 14. Wahsatch Mountains, on damp shaded ridges. 4. CAKUM, L. Calyx-teeth small. Stylopodium conical. Smooth, erect, slender biennial herbs or acaulescent, with tuberous or fusiform fascicled roots : leaves mostly simply pinnate with a few leaflets. 1. C. Gairdneri, Benth. & Hook. Stem I to 4 feet high, from a tuberous root: leaves few, with 3 to 7 linear entire leaflets ; the lower leaves rarely pin- nate with entire or toothed divisions ; upper leaves usually simple : involucre of a single linear leaflet, or often wanting ; involucels of several linear bracts : flowers white. From Washington through Idaho to Wyoming, and thence to S. California. A common article of food among the Indians, who call it "yamp." 2. C. (?) Hatlii, Watson. Acaulescent from a stout caudex branching at the summit: leaves pinnate or pinnatisect; leaflets or segments oblong or sub- ovate in outline, pinnately 3 to 7-lobed and few toothed: scape very simple, naJced, surpassing the leaves, 10 inches high: involucel deeply parted : flowers yel- low. Bibl. Index, i. 416. Seseli Hallii, Gray. Musenium Greenei, Gray. Colorado. 5. BE HULA, Koch. Calyx-teeth minute. Stylopodium conical and styles short. Commissure broad. Seed terete. A smooth perennial aquatic : leaves pinnate : involucre and involucels of several leaflets. 1. B. angustifolia, Koch. Erect, to 3 feet high, the stem stout and angled : leaflets about 6 pairs, ovate-oblong to linear, often laciniately lobed at base, and the upper ones especially more or less deeply cut-toothed : involucre and involucels of 6 to 8 entire linear-lanceolate leaflets. Sium angustifolium, L. From Colorado northward, and eastward across the continent ; also in California. 116 UMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 6. BUPLEURUM, Tourn. THOROUGH-WAX. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit somewhat twin. Herbs with simple entire leaves. 1. B. ranunculoides, L. Radical leaves linear-lanceolate; cauline ones clasping, cordate-oblong, striate : involucre about 3-leaved, unequal ; leaflets of the involucel 5, ovate, mucronate. Head-waters of Madison, Gallatin, and Snake Rivers. 7. CICUTA, L. WATER HEMLOCK. Calyx-teeth small, acute. Stylopodium depressed. Commissure narrow. Smooth, tall branching marsh perennials, with stout hollow stems : umbels many-rayed : roots thick and fascicled, very poisonous : flowering in summer. 1. C. maculata, L. Stout, 3 to 6 feet high : lower leaves on petioles 1 or 2 feet long, bipinnate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate : invo- lucre usually wanting ; involucels of & to 8 narrow lanceolate leaflets : flowers white : fruit broadly ovate. Across the continent from the Atlantic to Washington Territory and the Sierras. 2. C. (?) trachypleura, Watson. Stem a foot or more high, striate, 1 to 3-leaved, bearing 2 to 3 umbels on long peduncles : leaves ternatelt/ decom- pound, segments flli form : involucre and involucels of I to 3 small subulate leaflets: flowers yellow: fruit twin-ovate. Bibl. Index, i. 417. Thaspium track i/pleu- rum, Gray. Colorado. 8. SIUM, L. WATER PARSNIP. Calyx-teeth obsolete (in ours). Stylopodium depressed and styles short. Commissure narrow. Smooth perennial aquatics, with angled stems : leaves pinnate and leaflets serrate : involucre and involucels of several bracts : flowers white. 1. S. cicutsefolium, Gmelin. Tall: leaflets linear, lanceolate, or ob- long-lanceolate, tapering to a sharp point. S. lineare, Michx. From Colo- rado to the Saskatchewan and the Atlantic ; also along the Pacific slope. 9. OSMORRHIZA, Raf. SWEET CICELY. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Carpels 5-angled. Seed terete, sulcate on the face or with margins contiguous and enclosing a central cavity. Perennials, with 'thick aromatic roots, more or less hirsute : leaves large, 2 to 3-teruately com- pound : involucre small or none. 1. O. mida, Torr. Rather slender, 2 or 3 feet high, more or less pubes- cent with spreading hairs : umbel long-peduncled, 3 to 5-rayed, usually naked : style and Stylopodium very short. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 93. From Colorado westward and along the coast from California to Alaska. Closely allied to the Eastern 0. brevistylis. 2. O. longistylis, DC. Branching, 2 or 3 feet high : leaflets sparingly pubescent or smooth with age, short-pointed : style slender, nearly as long as the ovary. From Dakota eastward across the continent. UMBELLIFEK^:. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 117 10. GLYCOSMA, Nutt. Stylopodium depressed : seed semiterete or angled, with rather a broad sulcus. Involucre and involucels wanting. 1. G. OCCidentale, Nutt. Rather stout, 2 feet high or more, finely puberulent throughout, excepting the inflorescence : leaves 2-ternate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, serrate. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 639. Myrrhis occidentalis, Benth. & Hook. Head-waters of Snake and Yellowstone Rivers to Oregon and California. 11. LIGUSTICUM, L. LOVAGE. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium usually conical ; margin of the disk undulate. Fruit with a broad commissure. Smooth perennials, usually tall : leaves pinnately or ternate and pinnately decompound : umbels many- rayed, naked or involucrate. * Flowers white. 1. L. apiifolium, Benth. & Hook. Stems 2 to 4 feet high, leafy or naked, with 2 to 4 umbels on long peduncles : leaves pinnately decompound, the segments iucisely lobed ; cauline leaves ternate, upon a short dilated sheath : fruit 1\ lines long, with a conical stylophore : seed with a central longi- tudinal ridge on the concave face. Probably the Conioselinum Canadense of Hayd. Rep. 1872. Colorado and northward into Montana, but more abundant westward. 2. L. SCOpulorum, Gray. Very similar, but the fruit larger, 4 lines long, more broadly winged and ovate, and the seed more depressed, almost reni- form in section. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 347. Colorado, alpine and subalpine. 3. L. filicinum, Watson. Rather slender, 1^ feet high: leaves broadly triangular in outline, ternate, the divisions bipinnate, and the segments deeply pin- natifid with linear acute lobes : sti/lophore obscure : seed obscurely ridged on the back. Loc. cit. xi. 140. L. apiifolium, of Bot. King's Exp. In the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains and Wyoming. * * Flowers yellow. 4. L. montanum, Benth. & Hook. Very smooth : stem slender, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves 2-ternately divided ; leaflets cuneiform, trifid ; lobes oblong or lanceolate, sometimes linear, entire, or the larger ones incised. Colorado and Arizona. 12. TH AS PI TIM, Nutt MEADOW-PARSNIP. Calyx-teeth obsolete or short. Perennial herbs, with 1 to 2-ternately divided leaves (or the root-leaves simple) : umbels with no involucre and minute few-leaved involucels. 1. T. trifoliatum, Gray. Glabrous, stems somewhat branched : root- leaves or some of them round and heart-shaped ; stem-leaves simply ternate or quinate, or 3-parted ; the divisions or leaflets ovate-lanceolate or roundish, mostly abrupt or heart-shaped at the base, crenately toothed : flowers deep yellow. Manual, 195. Colorado and northward into Montana, and east- ward to the Atlantic States. 118 UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 13. ANGELICA, L. Calyx-teeth obsolete or minute. Stylopodium depressed Fruit ovate, with a very broad commissure. Usually tall and stout perennials (ours are glabrous or nearly so) : leaves pinnate or compound, the toothed segments usually broad umbels many-rayed. # Involucre, and involucels none. 1. A. pinnata, Watson. Stem rather slender, 2 to 3 feet high : leaves simply pinnate, with a tendency to be bipinnate in the lower pair of leaflets ; leaflets 1 to 6 inches long, ovate to narrowly lanceolate, sharply and somewhat unequally serrate, occasionally entire. Bot. King's Exp. 126. Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains. 2. A. Lyallii, Watson. Stout, 4 or 5 feet high : leaves ternate-q innate ; the leaflets lanceolate, mostly cuneate at base, unequally dentate. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 374. From Montana to Oregon and the British boundary. * * Involucre and involucels conspicuous. 3. A. Dawsoni, Watson. Rather slender, 1 to 3 feet high : radical leaves biternate, the lanceolate leaflets 1 or 2 inches long, sharply and finely serrate, the terminal one sometimes deeply 3-cleft: cauline leaves (1 or 2 or none) similar : umbel solitary, the conspicuous involucre of numerous foliaceous lacerately toothed bracts nearly equalling the rays ; involucels similar. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 369. Rocky Mountains near the British boundary, and proba- bly in N. Montana. 14. ARCHANGELICA, Hoffm. Calyx-teeth short. Seed becoming loose in the pericarp. Much like Angelica. 1. A. Gmelini, DC. Stem a little downy at the summit, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves 2 to 3-ternately divided ; leaflets ovate, acute, cut-serrate, gla- brous : fruit oblong. Colorado to Oregon and Behring's Straits ; also along the New England coast. 15. CYMOPTERUS, Raf. Calyx-teeth prominent or often small or obsolete. Stylopodium depressed. Fruit ovate or elliptical, obtuse or retuse. Low and often cespitose, with a thickened root : leaves piunately and finely decompound, with small narrow segments : umbels usually with both involucre and iuvolucels. # Flowers yellow. 1. C. alpinus, Gray. Caudex cespitose: leaves pinnatisect ; pinnae 3 to 5, approximate, 3 to 7-parted ; segments linear lanceolate, very entire, or the lower 2 to 3-cleft : scape 2 to 4 inches high, bearing a subcapitate iimbel a little longer than the leaves : involucels 5 to 7-parted ; segments equalling the golden flowers : wings of the fruit somewhat erose ; oil-tubes 1 or 2 in the intervals, 4 on the commissure. Am. Jour. Sci., n. xxxiii. 408. High alpine, from Colorado to Mentana. 2. 'C. terebinthinus, Torr. & Gray. Shortly caulescent, 6 to 18 inches high, leafy at base: leaves rather rigid, thrice pinnate: leaflets a line long or UMBELLIFER.E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 119 less, linear-oblong, entire, or 1 to 2-toothed : involucre a single linear leaflet or wanting ; involucels of several short bracts : oil-tubes 2 to 4 in the intervals, 4 to 10 on the commissure. Fl. i. 624. C. foeniculaceus, Torr. & Gray. Colo- rado and northward, thence westward to California and Washington. * * Flowers white. <- Peduncles shorter (sometimes longer in No. 3) than the leaves. 3. C. montanus, Torr. & Gray. Root long and fleshy: stem 2 to 6 inches high: leaves glaucous, ovate in outline, bipinnatelt/ divided ; segments rather few and distant : involucre and involucel somewhat companulate, scarious, about 5-parted : flowers polygamous : fruit with membranous wings ; oil-tubes 4 on the commissure. Loc. cit. Colorado, northward and westward. 4. C. glomeratUS, Raf. Root thick and fusiform: stem 3 to 8 inches high ; caudex bearing the leaves and peduncles at the summit : leaves on long petioles, ternatebj divided and bipinnat ifid : leaflets of the palmately 5 to 1 -parted involucre coherent at base and partly adnate to the rays of the umbellets : fruit with thickened and somewhat spong>/ wings ; oil-tubes 3 to 4 in the intervals, about 8 on the commissure. Colorado and northward, also eastward along the Missouri and Arkansas Rivers. 5. C. campestris, Torr. & Gray. Root tuberous: plant about 2 inches high: leaves 3-parted, the divisions remote, bipinnat i Jid : involucels minute: fruit with somewhat thickened and spongy wings, the alternate ones obsolete ; oil- tubes 6 on the commissure. Loc. cit. " Plains of the Platte near the Rocky Mountains" (Nuttall). i- <- Peduncles equalling the leaves or longer. 6. C. (?) anisatus, Gray. Acaulescent, cespitose from a much-branched caudex, glabrous: leaves narrow, on long petioles, somewhat rigid, pinnate; leaflets 6 to 10 pairs, pinnately parted; segments entire or laciniately lobed, linear, pungently acute: involucre usually none; involucels of 6 to 8 linear leaflets : fruit irregularly winged ; calyx-teeth conspicuous ; oil-tubes one in each narrow interval, 2 to 4 on the commissure. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 63. Colorado, Nevada, and the Wahsatch. 7. C. bipinnatus, Watson. Cespitose, the short branches of the root- stock covered with the crowded remains of dead leaves, glaucous, rough-puberu- lent : leaves pinnate ; leaflets 4 or 5 pairs, subequal, 3 to 5 lines long or less, pinnately divided; segments linear, entire or cleft into short linear lobes: scape 4 to 6 inches high, much exceeding the leaves : involucels of several linear- lanceolate leaflets : fruit nearly sessile, 1 i or 2 lines long ; wings thin, but some- what corky, narrow; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the rather broad intervals. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 368. C. foeniculaceus of Hayd. Rep. 1871. Resembling C. alpinus. Mountains of Montana, Hat/den, Watson, Canby. 16. PEUCEDANUM, L. Calyx-teeth obsolete or slightly prominent. Disk and stylopodium small and depressed. Perennials, with fusiform or tuberous roots, caulescent or acaulescent : umbels mostly involucellate : leaves pinnate to decompoundly dissected. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 121. 120 UMBELLIFER^E. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) * Leaves not finely dissected (rarely bipinnate), the segments large or broad or elongated : flowers yellow : fruit glabrous. -t Acaulescent, glabrous : fruit oblong : leaves pinnate or bipinnate ; leaflets narrowly linear. 1. P. graveolens, Watson. Scape 6 to 18 inches high, a little exceed- ing the leaves : fruit 4 or 5 lines long, narrowly margined : oil-tubes about 2 in the intervals, 4 on the commissure. Bot. King's Exp. 128. Mountains of Utah and Colorado, subalpine. *- - Caulescent : oil-tubes solitary : leaflets linear, entire. 2. P. simplex, Nutt. Finely puberulent, often tall : leaves ternate or biternate: fruit orbicular, 3 to 6 lines long, .emarginate at each end; wings broader than the body ; ribs prominent. From S. W. Montana to N. Arizona. 3. P. ambiguum, Nutt. Glabrous, often low : leaves 1 to 2-pinnate with long leaflets, the upper often more dissected : fruit narrowly oblong, 4 lines long, narrowly winged ; oil-tubes 2 on the commissure. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 626. W. Montana to Oregon and Washington. Root much used by the Indians. * * Leaves ample, very finely dissected ivith short filiform segments : flowers yellow : fruit glabrous. t- Acaulescent, usually tomentose: fruit orbicular or broadly elliptical. 4. P. fOBnicillaceum, Nutt. Sometimes even glabrous : involucels gamophyllous, 5 to 7-cleft : fruit 2 or 3 lines in diameter; ribs prominent; oil-tubes 1 to 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure. Loc. cit. 627. From the Saskatchewan to Nebraska and the Indian Territory. -i- H- Caulescent, glabrous: fruit oblong. 5. P. bicolor, Watson. Stem short : peduncle elongated : rays few, very unequal : involucel of a few linear bractlets : fruit narrowing from near the base, narrowly winged; ribs filiform; oil-tubes obscure. Bot. King's Exp. 129. Wahsatch Mountains. * * * Leaves smaller, much or finely dissected icith small segments: flowers yellow : fruit pubescent : low, acaulescent. 6. P. villosum, Nutt. More or less densely pubescent : leaves of very numerous crowded narrow segments : umbels dense in flower : fruit oval, 3 or 4 lines long; oil-tubes several in the intervals. From Nebraska to W. Nevada and S. Utah. * * * # Leaves much dissected with small segments : flowers white : fruit glabrous: usually low, somewhat caulescent or scarcely so. 7. P. macrocarpum, Nutt. More or less pubescent : involucels conspicu- ous: fruit 4 to 10 lines long, 2 or 3 wide; calyx-teeth evident; ribs filiform; oil- tubes rarely 2 or 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissure. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 627. From the Saskatchewan to Washington Territory and N. California. 8. P. nudicaule, Nutt. Nearly glabrous : involucels small : fruit ellip- tical, 2 or 3 lines long; calyx-teeth obsolete; ribs prominent; oil-tubes always solitarv, 2 to 4 on the commissure. Loc. cit. Nebraska and N. Colorado. ARALIACE^E. (GINSENG FAMILY.) 121 17. HERACLEUM, L. Cow PARSNIP. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Disk undulate ; stylopodium conical. Fruit orbicular or elliptical ; oil-tubes 2 on the commissure : seed flat and thin. Leaves ample, compound : umbels many-rayed : involucels many-leaved. 1. H. lanatum, Michx. A very large strong-scented plant, 4 to 8 feet high, woolly : stem grooved : leaves 1 to 2-ternately compound ; leaflets somewhat heart-shaped. From Colorado to British America and eastward to the Atlantic ; also in California. 18. ARCHEMORA, DC. COWBANE. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, flattish ; ribs approximated and equidistant on the convex back ; oil-tubes 4 to 6 on the commissure. Leaves pinnate, with 3 to 9 lanceolate or linear leaflets : involucels of numerous small leaflets. 1. A. Fendleri, Gray. Boot fasciculate-tuberose; tubers 3 to 4, about an inch long : stem simple, 1 to 2 feet high : leaflets of the radical and lower cauline leaves ovate or oblong, all incisely serrate throughout : fruit hardly 2 lines long. PI. FendL 56. Colorado and New Mexico. 19. FERULA, L. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Disk small and stylopodium depressed. Fruit oblong-elliptical or nearly orbicular. Smooth, nearly acaulescent peren- nials, with thick fusiform roots : leaves pinnately decompound : flowers yellow, in many-rayed umbels. 1. F. multifida, Gray. Stems l to 2 feet high, stout, naked or with 1 or 2 leaves : segments of the 3 to 4-pinnate leaves incisely pinnatifid, with narrow or linear lobes : flowers dull yellow or brownish. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 348. In the Wahsatch, W. Montana, Idaho, and Oregon. 20. POLYT^INIA, 1 DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, very flat ; many oil-tubes in the corky margin. A smooth herb, with 2-pinnate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft : iuvolucels bristly : flowers bright yellow. 1. P. Nuttallii, DC. Plant 2 or 3 feet high, with rather a stout sulcate stem which is usually scabrous and leafy : leaves mostly on long petioles, the segments pinnately incised or toothed : fruit 3 lines long, entire at each end. Plains of the Platte and eastward to Indiana and Louisiana. ORDER 37. ARALIACE^E. (GINSENG FAMILY.) Like UmbettifertBj but the umbels not regularly compound, steins apt to be woody, styles and carpels more than two, and the fruit fleshy (berry-like or drupaceous). 1. Aralia. Petals imbricated. Ovary 2 to 5-celled. Pedicels jointed. Ours not prickly. 2. Fatsia. Petals valvate. Ovary 2 to 3-celled. Pedicels not jointed. Very prickly throughout. 1 The introduced Dawctts Carota, L., may be known by its bristly stem, pinnatifid invo- lucre which equals the dense and concave umbel, white or cream-colored flowers, the central one of each umbellet being abortive and dark purple. 122 CORNACE^E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 1. ARAL I A, L. SPIKENARD. Calyx 5-toothed or entire. Petals 5, ovate. Stamens 5. Disk depressed or rarely conical. Ovary 2 to 5-celled : styles free or connate at base, at length divaricate. Fruit laterally compressed, becoming 3 to 5-angled. Perennial herbs or shrubs : leaves alternate, digitate or compound, with serrate leaflets : umbels mostly simple, solitary, racemed or panicled. 1. A. racemosa, L- Herbaceous: stem widely branched: leaves very large, quiuately or pinnately decompound ; lea/lets cordate-ovate, doubly serrate : umbels very numerous in a large compound panicle. Base of the Rocky Mountains, Dr. James, and from Canada to Georgia. 2. A. nudicaulis, L. Stem somewhat woody, short, scarcely rising out of the ground, bearing a single long-stalked leaf and a shorter naked scape, with 2 to 7 umbels : leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, serrate, 5 on each of the 3 divisions. In the Rocky Mountains, and from Canada to the Southern States. 2. FAT SI A, Dene. & Planch. Woody plant, with very large leaves palmately lobed, and the capitate um- bels in a long raceme. 1. F. horrida, Benth. & Hook. Stem stout and woody, 6 to 12 feet long, creeping at base, leafy at the summit, and very prickly throughout, making the forests in places almost impassable. Cascade and Coast Ranges, from the Columbia northward, and extending into the Bitter-Root Mountains. ORDER 38. CORNACEJE. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with simple and entire mainly opposite leaves, no stipules, and flowers in cymes or involucrate heads ; petals and stamens 4 and epigynous ; calyx adherent to the 1 to 2-celled ovary, which becomes a 1 to 2-seeded drupe or berry. 1. COB, WITS, L. DOGWOOD. CORNEL. Flowers perfect. Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals oblong or ovate, val- vate. Style slender : stigma capitate or truncate. Shrubs or perennial herbs : flowers white or greenish. 1. C. Canadensis, L. Stems low and simple, 5 to 1 inches high, from a slender creeping trunk: leaves scarcely petioled, the tipper crowded into an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval : Jlowers greenish, in a head or close cluster, which is surrounded by a large and showi/, 4-leaved, corolla-like, white or rarely pinkish involucre : fruit bright red. Colorado and northward, thence eastward across the continent. 2. C. Stolonifera, Michx. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high ; branches, especially the osier-like annual shoots, bright red-purple, smooth : leaves ovate, rounded at the base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close straight pubes- cence on both sides, whitish underneath : Jlowers white, in open and fat spreading ci/mes: involucre none: fruit white or lead-color. C. pubescens of Fl. Colorado and King's and Hayden's Reports. Same range as the last. CAPKITOLIACE^S. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 123 DIVISION II. GAMOPETAL.E. Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter more or less gamopetalous, that is, with petals united. ORDER 39. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, the calyx- tube adnate to the 2 to 5-celled ovary, the stamens mostly as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, inserted on its tube or base. Flowers commonly 5-merous. * Corolla regular, short, rotate or open-campanulate : style short or hardly any ; stigmas 3 to 5 : fruit baccate-drupaceous : inflorescence terminal and cymose. i- Herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster. 1. Adoxa. Calyx with hemispherical tube adnate to above the middle of the ovary: limb about 3-toothed. Corolla rotate, 4 to 6-cleft. Stamens a pair below each sinus of the corolla, each with a peltate one-celled anther. Ovary 3 to 5-celled. Fruit greenish, maturing 2 to 5 cartilaginous nutlets. -- *- Shrubby to tree-like : stamens as many as corolla-lobes : inflorescence compound- cymose : anthers 2-celled : calyx 5-toothed. 2. Sainbucus. Leaves pinnately compound. Corolla rotate or nearly so. Ovary 3 to 5- celled, forming small baccate drupes. 3. Viburnum. Leaves simple, sometimes lobed. Corolla rotate or open-campanulate. Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe. * * Corolla commonly more or less irregular, elongated or at least campanulate: style elongated ; stigma mostly capitate. t- Herbaceous, creeping, with long-pedunculate geminate flowers and dry one-seeded fruit, but a 3-celled ovary. 4. Linnsea. Calyx with a 5-parted limb, constricted above the globular tube. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Style exserted. t- - Shrubs, with scaly winter buds, erect or climbing : fruit two to many-seeded. 5. Symphoricarpos. Calyx with a globular tube and 4 to 5-toothed limb. Corolla regu- lar, not gibbous, from short-campanulate to salverform, 4 to 5-lobed. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit a globose berry-like drupe, containing two small and seed-like bony nutlets. 6. Lonicera. Calyx with ovoid or globular tube and a short 5-toothed or truncate limb Corolla from campanulate to tubular, more or less gibbous at base ; the limb irregular and commonly bilabiate, sometimes almost regular. Ovary 2 to 3-celled. Fruit a few to several-seeded berry. 1. ADOXA, L. MOSCHATEL. An anomalous genus in this order. Cauline leaves a single pair: a very small herb, a span or less high, with musky odor. 1. A. Mosehatellina, L. Glabrous and smooth : radical leaves once to thrice ternately compound ; cauline pair of leaves 3-parted or of 3 obovate and 3-cleft or parted leaflets : flowers small, greenish-white or yellowish, 4 or 124 CAPRIFOLIACE.E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 5 in a slender-pedunculate glomerule : corolla of the terminal one 4 to 5-cleft, of the others 5 to 6-cleft. Subalpine, Arctic America to Colorado and east- ward in the Northern States. 2. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. ELDER. Plants with large pith to the vigorous shoots, serrate leaflets, small flowers in hroad cymes, and red or black berry-like fruits. Stems with warty bark. * Compound cymes thyrsoid-paniculate ; the axis continued and sending off several pairs of branches : pith of year-old shoots deep yellow-brown. 1. S. racemosa, L. Stems 2 to 12 feet high; branches spreading: leaves from pubescent to nearly glabrous ; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-oblong to ; >. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, thickly and sharply serrate : thyrsiform cyme ovate or oblong : flowers dull white, drying brownish : fruit scarlet. S. pubens, Michx. In cool districts, across the continent. 2. S. melanocarpa, Gray. Glabrous, or young leaves slightly pubes- cent : leaflets 5 to 7, rarely 9 : cyme convex, as broad as high : flowers white : , fruit black, without bloom : otherwise much like preceding. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 76. Ravines of the Rocky Mountains of Montana to Oregon, and south to New Mexico and California. * * Compound cymes depressed, 5 -rayed ; external rays once to thrice 5-rayed : pith of year-old shoots bright white. 3. S. Canadensis, L. Plants 5 to 10 feet high, glabrous, except some fine pubescence on midrib and veins of leaves beneath : leaflets (5 to 11) mostly 7, ovate-oval to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower not rarely bifid or with a lateral lobe ; stipels not uncommon, narrowly linear, and tipped with a callous gland : fruit dark purple, becoming black, with very little bloom. From the S. Rocky Mountains eastward to Canada and Florida. 3. VIBURNUM, L. Shrubs or small trees, with tough and flexible branches, simple leaves, and terminal depressed cymes of white flowers. In our species the drupes are light red, globose, acid and edible, with the stone very flat, orbicular, and even, and the leaves palmately veined. 1. V. pauciflorum, Pylaie. Glabrous or pubescent, 2 to 5 feet high, straggling : leaves of roundish or broadly oval outline, unequally dentate, many /. of them either obsoletely or distinctly 3-lobed, about 5 -nerved at base : cymes small, terminating short and merely 2-leaved lateral branches, involucrate with slender subulate caducous bracts, destitute of neutral radiant flowers. Mountains of Colorado, northward and eastward in cold or mountainous regions. 4. LINN -33 A, Gronov. TWIN-FLOWER. A trailing and creeping evergreen, with filiform branches, purplish rose- colored sweet-scented flowers which are sometimes almost white. 1. L. borealis, Gronov. Somewhat pubescent : leaves obovate and rotund, i- to 1 inch long, crenately few-toothed, somewhat rugose-veiny, tapering into a short petiole : peduncles filiform, terminating ascending short leafy branches, CAPRIFOLIACE^E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 125 bearing at summit a pair of small bracts, and from axil of each a filiform one-flowered pedicel : pedicels similarly 2-bracteolate at summit, and a pair of larger ovate glandular-hairy inner bractlets subtending the ovary : flowers nodding. From the mountains of California, Colorado, and Maryland, northward to the Arctic Circle. 5. SYMPHOBICARPOS, Dill. SNOWBEERY. INDIAN CURRANT. Low and branching shrubs, erect or diffuse, not climbing ; with small and entire short-petioled leaves, and 2-bracteolate small white or pinkish flowers. Fruit in ours white, and the style glabrous. * Short-flowered : corolla urceolate- or open-campanulate, only 2 or 3 lines long : flowers in terminal and upper axillary dusters, or solitary in some axils. 1. S. OCCidentalis, Hook. Robust, glabrous, or slightly pubescent: leaves oval or oblong, thickish (larger 2 inches long) : axillary flower-clusters not rarely pedunculate, sometimes becoming spicate and an inch long : corolla 3 lines high, 5-cleJl to beyond the middle, within densely villous-hirsute with long beard-like hairs : stamens and style more or less exserted. Mountains of Colo- rado and Montana, northward and eastward. " Wolf-berry." 2. S. racemoSUS, Michx. More slender and glabrous : leaves round-oval to oblong, smaller : axillary clusters mostly few-flowered, or lowest one-flow- ered : corolla 2 lines high, 5-lobed above the middle, moderately villous-bearded within, narrowed at base : stamens and style not exserted. Across the conti- nent. " Snowberry." Var. pauciflorus, Robbins. Low, more spreading: leaves commonly only an inch long : flowers solitary in the axils of upper ones, few and loosely spicate in the terminal cluster. Mountains of Colorado to those of Oregon, Vermont, and northward. * # Longer-flowered : corolla from oblong-campanulate to salverform, 5-lobed only at summit, 4 to 6 lines long : flowers mostly axillary. 3. S. oreophilus, Gray. Glabrous or sometimes with soft pubescence : leaves oblong to broadly oval, ^ to f inch long : corolla tubular or funnelform, its tube almost glabrous within, 4 or 5 times the length of the lobes : nutlets of the drupe oblong, flattened, attenuate and pointed at base. Bot. Calif, i. 279. S. montanus, Gray. Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona, to California and Oregon. 6. L ONI CERA, L. HONEYSUCKLE. WOODBINE. Erect or climbing shrubs ; with leaves mostly entire, and the inflorescence various. * Flowers in pairs (or threes) from the axils of the leaves, the ovaries of the two either distinct or connate : stems erect and branching : corolla rather short. - Bracts at the summit of the peduncle very small, subulate : bractlets minute, rounded : berries red. 1. L. Utahensis, Watson. Leaves oval or elliptical-oblong, rounded at both ends, very short-petioled, glabrous or nearly so from the first, or soon 126 RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) glabrate, reticulate-venal ose at maturity, 1 or 2 inches long : peduncles seldom over a half-inch long : corolla honey-yellow or ochroleucous, occasionally tinged with purple, f to f inch long ; the tube gibbous at base, pilose-pubes- cent within. Bot. King's Exp. 133. Mountains of Utah, Montana, Oregon, and northward. H- -t- Bracts oblong to ovate or cordate and foliaceous ; in fruit enlarging and enclosing or surrounding the two globose dark purple or black berries : bractkts conspicuous and accrescent. 2. L. involucrata, Banks. Pubescent, sometimes glabrate, 2 to 10 feet high : leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long, petioled : peduncles 1 or 2 inches long, sometimes 3-flowered : corolla yellowish, viscid- pubescent, a half-inch or more long : bractlets 4 or united into 2, viscid- pubescent. Mountains of Colorado and California to Alaska, and extending eastward into Canada. # * Flowers in variously disposed terminal or axillary clusters, commonly verticil- late : stems twining : uppermost pair or two of leaves connate into an oval or orbicular disk: corolla with more or less elongated tube: berries orange or red. 3. L. ciliosa, Poir. Leaves ovate or oval, glaucous beneath, usually ciliate, otherwise glabrous: whorls of flowers single and terminal, or rarely 2 or 3, and occasionally from the axils of the penultimate pair of leaves, either sessile or short-peduncled : corolla glabrous or sparingly pilose-pubes- cent, yellow to crimson-scarlet ; limb slightly bilabiate ; lower lobe 3 or 4 lines long. From the mountains of Arizona and California to those of Montana and British Columbia. ORDER 40. RUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) Shrubs or (ours) herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by in- terposed stipules, or verticillate without apparent stipules, the calyx adnate to the 2 to 4-celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla, and inserted on its tube. * Leaves opposite, with entire interpetiolar stipules. 1. Kelloggia. Flowers generally 4-merous. Calyx with obovate tube and minute teeth. Corolla between funnelform and salverform. Stamens and style more or less exserted. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit small, dry and coriaceous, beset with hooked bristles, separat- ing at maturity into 2 closed carpels. * * Leaves verticillate, without stipules. 2. Galium. Flowers 4-merous, sometimes dioecious. Calyx with globular tube and obso- lete limb. Corolla rotate ; lobes commonly with inflexed acuminate or mucronate tip. Stamens with short filaments. Style 2-cleft or styles 2. Ovary 2-celled, 2-lobed. Fruit didymous, dry (in ours), jointed on the pedicel, separating into two closed car- pels, or only one maturing. 1. KELLOGGIA, Torr. A single Californian species, most nearly allied in our flora to Mitchella. I 1. K. galioides, Torr. Slender and jrlabrous or puberulent perennial, a span to a foot high : leaves opposite, lanceolate, sessile, with small and en- (MADDER FAMILY.) 127 tire or 2-dentate interposed stipules : fruit and paniculate inflorescence as in Galium: corolla white or pinkish, 2 or 3 lines long. Mountain woods, mostly under coniferous trees, California and Arizona to Washington Territory and N. W. Wyoming. 2. GALIUM, L. BEDSTBAW. CLEAVERS. Herbs (occasionally with suffrutescent base) with sessile leaves and small flowers variously arranged. * Woody at base: leaves 4 in the whorls ; their margins, midrib, and angles of stem destitute of retrorse hispidness or roughness : fruit hirsute with long and straight (not at all hooked) bristles: flowers dioecious: stems low and diffuse. 1. G. Matthewsii, Gray. Glabrous and smooth, paniculately much branched, woody at base: leaves rigid, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, vein- less, with stout midrib, 2 or 3 lines long or more, some of the upper cuspi- date-acute : flowers (of fertile plant) naked-paniculate : corolla barely a line in diameter : bristles of immature fruit rigid, not longer than the body. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 80. S. W. Colorado, New Mexico, and E. California. * * Wholly herbaceous : margins and midribs of the leaves and angles of the stem often retrorse hispid or rough : bristles on the fruit more or less hooked or none : flowers not diozcious. *- Fruit beset with hooked bristles : leaves 6 or 8 in a whorl. 2. G. Aparine, L. Stems 1 to 4 feet long, retrorsely hispid on the angles, . as also on the margins and midrib of the oblanceolate or almost linear cuspidate- acuminate leaves : peduncles rather long, 1 to 3 in upper axils or terminal, bearing either solitary or 2 or 3 pedicellate white flowers : fruit not pendulous, granulate-tuberculate and the tubercles tipped with bristles. From Texas to California and northward ; eastward mainly as an introduced plant. Var. Vaillantii, Koch. Smaller, more slender : leaves seldom an inch long : flowers usually more numerous : fruit smaller, hirsute or hispidulous. Texas to California, Montana, and British Columbia. 3. G. triflorum, Michx. Diffusely procumbent, smoothish: herbage sweet- scented in drying : stems a foot to a yard long : leaves in sixes, elliptical-Ian- t~ ceolate to narrowly oblong (inch or two long), scabrous or not on the margins and midrib beneath: cymes once or twice 3-rai/ed : pedicels soon divaricate: corolla yellowish white to greenish, its lobes hardly surpassing the bristles of the ovary. Across the continent. t- -i- Fruit without hooked bristles : leaves 4 to 6 in a whorl. + Flowers very numerous and collected in a terminal and ample thyrsi form panicle : leaves in fours , 3-nerved, blunt. 4. G. boreale, L. Erect, a foot or two high, mostly smooth and gla- brous, very leafy : leaves from linear to broadly lanceolate, often with fasci- C. cles of smaller ones in the axils : flowers in a terminal panicle ; the uppermost leaves being reduced to pairs of small oblong or oval bracts : fruit small, his- pidulous, or at first canescent and soon glabrous and smooth. From New Mexico and California north to Arctic regions and east to Canada. 128 VALERIANACE^E. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) w- -w- Flowers few in number and scattered. 5. G. bifolium, Watson. Smooth and glabrous, a span or two high, sparingly branched, slender: leaves oblanceolate to nearly linear, 4 in the whorls, the alternate ones smaller, or uppermost nearly reduced to a single pair : ^ flowers on solitary naked peduncles : fructiferous peduncles about the length of the leaves, horizontal, and the minutely hispidulous fruit decurved on the naked tip. Bot. King Exp. 134. Mountains of W. Colorado and S. Montana to California. 6. G. trifidum, L. Weakly erect, branching, 5 to 20 inches high, smooth and glabrous, except the retrorsely scabrous angles of the stem and usually more hispidulous and sparse roughness of the midrib beneath and margins of the leaves: these in sixes, Jives, or not rarely fours, linear or oblan- ceolate, or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 4 to 7 lines long : peduncles slender, scat- tered, one to several-flowered ; flowers often 3-merous, as commonly 4-merous : fruit smooth and glabrous. From Texas to California, northward and east- ward. Var. pusillum, Gray, is the smallest form, a span or two high : leaves only in fours, 3 or 4 lines long, narrow, in age often reflexed : peduncles 1-flowered. In the mountains of Colorado and California, and northward. Var. latifolium, Torr. The larger and broadest-leaved form : leaves |^ 6 or 7 lines long, often 2 lines wide : cymules few to several-flowered. Canada to Texas and California. ORDER 41. VAL.ERIANACEJE. (VALERIAN FAMILY.) Herbs with opposite leaves and no stipules, the calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, which has one fertile one-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones, stamens 1 to 3, distinct, fewer than the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube. Corolla tubular or fuunelform, mostly 5- lobed : flowers in terminal cymes. 1. VALEBIANA, Tourn. Calyx-limb of 5 to 15 setiform lobes, which are inrolled and inconspicu- ous until fruiting. Stamens 3. Roots of peculiar scent. Leaves various. Flowers white or rose-colored. # Erect from a large fusiform perpendicular stock branching below into deep and thickened roots : leaves thickish, nervosely veined, not serrate. 1. V. odulis, Nutt. Glabrous or glabrate, a foot or at length 3 feet or more high : radical leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, tapering into a margined petiole, entire or some sparingly lacmiate-pinnatifid ; cauline rarely none, commonly 1 to 3 pairs, sessile, and pinnately parted into 3 to 7 linear or lan- ceolate divisions, or terminal one spatulate : flowers potygamo-dioecious, yel- lowish white, sessile in the cymules, which form an elongated thyrsiform naked panicle. Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona, northward and eastward. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 129 # * Erect from creeping or ascending rootstocks, which emit slender roots : leaves thinnish, loosely vein//, often with some simple and some divided and margins either entire or dentate on same plant ; the radical ones on slender naked peti- oles : corolla white to light rose-color. 2. V. sylvatica, Banks. Stems from 8 to 30 inches high. : radical leaves mostly simple and ovate to oblong, occasionally some 3 to 5-foliolate ; cauline more or less petioled, 3 to \\-foliolate or parted, the divisions entire or rarely few-toothed : fruiting cymes open, at length thyrsoid-pauiculate : corolla 2 or 3 lines long. V. dioica, var. sylvatica, Gray. Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona, northward and eastward. 3. V. Sitchensis, Bong. More robust, from thicker and branching as- cending rootstocks : leaves larger ; cauliue short-petioled, only 3 to 5-foliolate ; the divisions orbicular to oblong-ovate, or in the upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, not rarely dentate or repand: cymes contracted: corolla funnelform, 4 lines long. Northern Rocky Mountains and northward. ORDER 42. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Flowers in a close head on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with (5 or 4) stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1- celled ovary, the limb (pappus) crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, etc., or even absent. Corolla strap-shaped (ligulate) or tubular. Style 2- cleft. Fruit an akene. The flowers are perfect, monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous. Strap-shaped marginal flowers are the rays ; heads with prominent rays and tubular flowers are radiate ; and a head com- posed entirely of strap-shaped corollas is ligulate. The tubular flowers compose the disk, and a head with no rays is discoid. A head with all its flowers alike as to sex is homogamous, when unlike heterogamous. The leaves of the involucre are scales ; and the bracts or scales which are often found upon the receptacle among the flowers are chaff, and when this is wanting the receptacle is naked. Key to the Tribes. Ser. I. TUBULIFLOR^J. Corollas tubular and regular in all the hermaph- rodite flowers. Heads homogamous and discoid : flowers all hermaphrodite and never yellow : anthers not caudate at base. Style -branches elongated, filiform-subulate, hispidulous throughout ; stig- matic lines only near the base : leaves alternate. I. VERNONIACEJE. Style-branches elongated, more or less clavate-thickened upward and ob- tuse, minutely papillose-puberulent, stigmatic only below the middle. II. EUPATORIACEJE. 130 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Heads homogamous or heterogamous, discoid or radiate : flowers not rarely yellow : style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers with stigmatic lines extending either to the naked summit or to a more or less distinct pubescent or hispidulous tip or appendage. Anthers not caudate at base : style-branches in hermaphrodite flowers flat- tened and with a distinct (but sometimes very short) terminal appendage : disk-corollas generally yellow : rays of same or different color. III. ASTEROIDE^:. Anthers caudate : style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers slender, destitute of any terminal appendage, the stigmatic lines extending quite to (or vanishing near) the naked obtuse or truncate summit : leaves alternate : heads in our genera discoid IV. IXULOIDE^. Anthers not caudate : style-branches with truncate or variously appendicu- late pubescent or hispid tips : involucre not scarious : receptacle chaffy : pappus various or none, never of fine capillary bristles. V. HELIANTHOIDEJE. Anthers not caudate : receptacle naked : pappus from chaffy to setiform or none : herbage often punctate with resinous or pellucid dots or glands : otherwise nearly as preceding VI. HELENIOIDE.E. Anthers not caudate : receptacle naked or sometimes chaffy : involucre of dry and scarious bracts : style-branches mostly truncate : pappus coroni- form, or of short scales, or none VII. ANTHEMIDE^:. Anthers not caudate : receptacle naked : involucre little or not at all im- bricated, not scarious. Pappus of numerous soft-capillary bristles. VIII. SENECIONIDE^E. Anthers conspicuously caudate, and with elongated appendages at tip: style-branches short or united, destitute of appendage, stigmatic quite to the obtuse summit, mostly smooth and naked : involucre much imbri- cated : receptacle densely setose or fimbrillate, or favose : akenes thick and hard : pappus usually plurisetose. Heads never truly radiate. IX. CYNAEOIDE^E. Ser. II. LIGULIFLORJE. Corollas all ligulate and flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle naked or chaffy : anthers not caudate : style-branches filiform, naked, stigmatic only toward the base. Herbage with milky juice. X. ClCHOEIACE^E. Tribe I. VERNONIACE^E. Corollas tubular, 5-lobed. 1. Vemonia. Heads several to many-flowered. Involucre of dry or partly herbaceous much imbricated bracts. Receptacle plane, naked. Corolla regularly 5-cleft into narrow lobes. Akenes mostly 10-costate, with truncate apex. Pappus double ; the inner of rigid capillary bristles, outer a series of small scales. Tribe II. EtTPATORIACE^. Receptacle in most cases naked. Leaves either opposite or alternate. # Akenes 5-angled : scales of the involucre mostly lax, from thin-membranaceous to herba- ceous, nerveless or few-nerved, either imbricated or equal and about in one row. 2. Eupatorlum. Heads few to many-flowered. Receptacle flat. Pappus wholly of scabrous capillary bristles which are mostly in one row, and indefinitely numerous. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 131 * * Akenes 10-costate or striate : scales of the involucre regularly imbricated ; the outer ones successively shorter. t- Scales of the involucre not herbaceous, conspicuously striate-nerved : corolla slender, 5-toothed at summit ; the teeth mostly glandular : pappus a single series of bristles : leaves mostly not entire. 3. Kulmia. Pappus conspicuously plumose. Scales of the involucre narrow, in few series. Leaves nearly all alternate. 4. Brickellia. Pappus from barbellate or subplumose to merely scabrous. Leaves opposite or alternate. t- - Scales of the involucre somewhat herbaceous or partly colored, not conspicuously striate : corollas narrow, with gradually dilated throat and elongated lanceolate or linear spreading (rose-colored) lobes: pappus about a single series of capillary or stouter bristles: leaves punctate , entire. 5. Liatris. Heads few to many-flowered. Involucre spirally imbricate. Akenes slender or tapering from apex to base, pubescent. Pappus of firm and mostly equal bristles, from plumose to barbellate. Leaves alternato. Herbs, with heads in a terminal spike or raceme, sometimes becoming paniculate. Tribe III. ASTE BOIDE^E. Heads with ligulate ray-flowers pistillate or rarely neu- tral, or with the flowers all hermaphrodite and tubular, or even dioecious. Receptacle seldom chaffy. Pappus various, sometimes none. Leaves mostly alternate. * Disk wholly of hermaphrodite flowers, of the same color as the ray (if present), mostly yellow ; their corollas tubular with more or less ampliate throat and 4 or 5-lobed limb : receptacle not chaffy, flat or merely convex : involucre closely imbricated, mostly in several series. - Pappus chaffy : heads radiate, small, paniculate or cymose-clustered : scales of the invo- lucre mostly coriaceous, the outer successively shorter. 6. Gutierrezia. Involucre oblong-clavate or turbinate to campanulate. Receptacle from flat to conical, commonly alveolate o Hmbrillate. Style-appendages mostly slender. Rays 1 to 8. Akenes short, obovate or oblong, terete or 5-angled. t- -i- Pappus of a few (2 to 8) elongated awns or rigid caducous bristles : heads radiate or rayless, solitary at the end of the branches. 7. Grindelia. Heads many-flowered, hemispherical or at first globose : the scales nu- merous and narrow, imbricated in many series, firm and rigid, with more or less herbaceous tips. Style-appendages lanceolate or linear. Akenes short and thick, compressed or turgid, or the outer triangular, truncate, glabrous. -- -i- -t- Pappus double : the inner of numerous capillary scabrous bristles : the outer com- posed of minute short bristles or scales, which are sometimes even obsolete : heads mostly radiate, middle-sized, terminating the stem and branches. 8. Chrysopsis. Heads many-flowered, with rays numerous or wanting. Involucre cam- panulate or hemispherical, of narrow regularly imbricated scales. Style-appendages from linear-filiform to slender-subulate. Akenes from obovate to linear-fusiform, compressed or turgid. *-!--- Pappus of numerous capillary scabrous bristles, simple, in one or more series : receptacle more or less alveolate and the alveoli often dentate : style-appendages from ovate-lanceolate to filiform : flowers yellow. 8. Chrysopsis. Species with outer pappus obscure or wanting would be sought here. 9. Aplopappus. Heads usually many-flowered, radiate, rarely discoid. Disk-corollas narrow, 5-toothed. Involucre usually (but not always) broad: the bracts with or without herbaceous tips. Akenes from turbinate to linear. 10. Bijelovia. Heads 3 to 30-flowered, destitute of rays, small. Involucre narrow: the bracts ehartaceous or coriaceous, mostly destitute of foliaceous or herbaceous tips. Akenes narrow, terete or angled, hardly compressed, mostly at least 5-nerved. Pappus of somewhat equal bristles. Inflorescence not racemiforro. 132 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 11. Solidago. Heads few- or several-, rarely many-flowered ; mostly radiate, small, com- monly in racemiform or spiciform clusters, sometimes fastigiate-cymose or in a thyrsus. Involucre narrow : its bracts mostly not herbaceous-tipped. Akenes terete or angu- late, 5 to 12-nerved or costate. Pappus of equal elongated bristles. * * Disk of hermaphrodite and mostly fertile flowers ; their corollas mostly yellow : the ray not yellow, occasionally wanting: receptacle naked, flat or barely convex. *- Pappus a single series of long awns or of coarse and rigid bristles, or in the conspicuous ray chaffy. 12. Townsendia. Involucre broad, many-flowered, imbricated : the bracts lanceolate, with scarious margins and tips, outer usually shorter and inner more membranaceous. Receptacle broad. Style-appendages lanceolate. Akenes obovate or oblong, much compressed, and with thickish margins, those of the ray sometimes triangular. Awns or bristles of the pappus scabrous, i- H- Pappus of numerous capillary bristles, with or without a short outer series. 13. Aster. Involucre from hemispherical to campanulate, sometimes oblong or turblnate, imbricated in several or few series of unequal bracts, mostly in part herbaceous. Rays numerous, not very narrow. Style-appendages from slender-subulate to ovate- acute, commonly lanceolate. Akenes mostly compressed, 2 to 10-nerved, and the pappus mostly simple and copious, rarely distinctly double. Leafy-stemmed herbs, the greater part perennials. 14. Erigeron. Differs from Aster in the more naked-pedunculate heads, simpler involucre of narrow and erect .equal bracts, which are never coriaceous, nor foliaceous or with distinct herbaceous tips, narrower and usually very numerous rays often occupying more than one series, very short and roundish style-appendages, small 2-nerved akenes, and more scanty or fragile pappus, in many with a conspicuous short outer series. - -i- +- Corolla of the numerous female flowers reduced to a filiform or short and narrow tube, wholly destitute of ligule. 15. Conyza. Heads small, many-flowered. Bracts of the campanulate involucre narrow, in 1 to 3 series. Female flowers much more numerous than the hermaphrodite ; their filiform or slender tubular corolla truncate or 2 to 4-toothed at the apex. Pappus a sin- gle series of soft capillary bristles, sometimes an added outer series of short bristles. * * * Heads discoid and unisexual : corolla of the fertile flowers filiform : pappus of capil- lary bristles. 16. Baccliaris. Heads completely dioecious, many-flowered. Involucre regularly imbri- cated. Receptacle mostly flat and naked, rarely chaffy. Flowers of the male heads with tubular-funnelform 5-cleft corolla : the female with corolla reduced to a slender truncate or minutely toothed tube. Akenes 5 to 10-costate. Pappus of the male flowers a series of scabrous and often tortuous bristles : of the fertile flowers of usually more numerous and fine bristles, and often elongated in fruit. Shrubby or herbaceous. Tribe IV. INULOIDE^E. Female flowers ligulate or filiform. Style-branches fili- form or flattish. Pappus capillary or none. Involucre commonly dry or scarious. Ours do not have conspicuous rays, and are all floccose-woolly herbs. * Involucre of few scarious bracts : receptacle chaffy ; a bract subtending each female flower or akene : anthers sometimes only acutely sagittate or auriculate : the short style or style-branches not truncate. 17. Evax. Akenes from obcompressed to terete, sometimes minutely papillose or puberu- lent. Bracts of the female flowers from scarious to chartaceous. Hermaphrodite flowers sometimes fertile, destitute of pappus. Receptacle from barely convex to subulate. * * Involucre of numerous more or less scarious bracts which are often colored or petaloid at the summit : receptacle not chaffy : anther-tails slender : style or style-branches mostly truncate. 18. Antennaria. Heads dioecious, many-flowered. Involucre imbricated in many series. Male flowers with mostly undivided style and a rather scanty pappus of clavellate COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 133 or apically barbellulate or crisped bristles. Female flowers with oblong or narrower and terete or flattish akenes, and a copious fine-capillary pappus, the soft and naked bristles of which are commonly united at base, so as to fall in a ring. Low peren- nials. 19. Anaphalis. Heads dioecious, but usually with a few hermaphrodite sterile flowers in the centre of the female heads. Pappus of male flowers of bristles little if at all thicker at the apex : of the female flowers not united at base but falling separately. Otherwise as in the preceding ; the female plant differing from the following only in the sterility of the few central flowers. 20. Gnaphalium. Heads heterogamous. fertile throughout, of few or many series of female surrounding a smaller number of hermaphrodite flowers. Involucre imbricated in many series : the scarious and commonly partly woolly bracts with or without col- ored papery tips or appendages. Style of hermaphrodite flowers 2-cleft. Pappus of numerous merely scabrous capillary bristles, in a single series. Tribe V. HEL,IANTHOIDEvE. Female flowers ligulate and radiate, or the heads sometimes homogamous by their absence : disk-flowers all with regularly 4 to 5-toothed corolla. Leaves mostly opposite. * Ray-flowers ligulate and fertile, the ligule mostly deciduous ; disk -flowers hermaphrodite- sterile : akenes usually coriaceous ; the style mostly entire : receptacle chaffy through- out, except in No. 24. - Involucre double ; exterior of 4 or 5 herbaceous or foliaceous plane bracts ; interior of a single series of small bracts, which completely and permanently enclose the obovate or oblong more or less compressed smooth and glabrous akenes with a pericarp-like acces- sory covering, at length deciduous together : pappus none. 21. Melampodium. Fructiferous bracts commonly indurated, naked or unarmed. Receptacle convex or conical. Akenes more or less obovate and incurved. *- -i- Involucre broad, of plane or barely concave bracts ; innermost subtending obcom- pressed (mostly much flattened) akenes, but not enclosing nor embracing them. H- Ray-flowers and akenes in more than one series, and with elongated exserted deciduous ligules : the akenes falling free, or with only the subtending bract. 22. Silphium. Heads large, many-flowered. Involucre of thickish more or less folia- ceous imbricated bracts ; the innermost small and chaffy. Receptacle comparatively small, the central part somewhat turbinate in age : its chaffy bracts linear, flat, or involute around the abortive ovaries. Corollas of the ray with a long and spreading ligule on a very short tube ; of the disk cylindrical-tubular. Akenes very flat and broad, imbricated in 2 or 3 series, completely free from the subtending bract and from those of adjacent male flowers, surrounded by a winged margin which is produced more or less beyond the summit on each side into a callous tooth or auricle. Pappus none or sometimes a pair of short rigid awns or teeth, with which the wing is con- fluently united. ++ -H- Ray-flowers and akenes in a single series, with very short or even obsolete ligules : akenes with 2 or 3 bracts of sterile flowers attached to their base on the inner side, which they take with them, and commonly also the subtending involucral bract, when they fall : heads small. 23. Partlienium. Fertile flowers 5, with obcordate or 2-lobed almost sessile concave ligule, or a truncate emarginate cup. Bracts of the involucre chartaceous or partly herbaceous, and the inner more scarious : those of the usually conical receptacle cuneate, tomentose at summit, partly enclosing the sterile flowers. Akenes oval or obovate, commonly pubescent, surrounded by a filiform callous margin, which is firmly coherent at base with the bases of the bracts of the contiguous pair of sterile flowers and of the subtending bract, at length tearing away from the akene ; the sum- mit bearing the marcescent corolla. Pappus of two chaffy awns or scales, or some- times hardly any. 24. Parlhenice. Fertile flowers 6 to 8. with ligule obsolete or reduced to 2 or 3 small teeth : sterile flowers 40 or 50, with funnelform corolla. Involucre of 5 somewhat herbaceous oval exterior bracts, and of G or 8 somewhat larger orbicular-obovate and COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) more scarious interior ones, these subtending the fertile flowers. Receptacle convex, with linear-oblong or spatulate chaffy bracts subtending the outer series of sterile flowers, but mostly minute or wanting to the inner flowers. Akenes oblong-obovate, glabrous, wingless, but acute-margined, with an incurved apiculation inserted by a very small base, falling away at maturity with the involucral and two receptacular bracts, but these readily separating. Pappus none, and corolla deciduous. * * Fertile flowers apetalous, or with corolla reduced to a tube or ring around the base of the 2-parted style ; disk-flowers staminate, anthers slightly united and their short ter- - ninal appendage inttexed, the abortive style hairy only at the somewhat enlarged and depressed summit, the ovary a mere rudiment : pappus none (or a vestige in Nos. 26 and 27) : heads small ; the flowers whitish or greenish. t- Head androgynous (rarely all male in No. 27), having few female flowers at the margin ; the more numerous male flowers all or most of them subtended by slender and com- monly spatulate chaffy bracts : involucre open. H- Akenes turgid, mostly obovate or pyriform, marginless. 25. Iva, Female flowers 1 to 5, with or without the tube or cup representing a corolla. Akenes more or less obcompressed, glabrous, puberulent, or glandular : the terminal areola small. 26. Oxytenia. Female flowers abor.t 5, wholly destitute of corolla. Involucre of about 5 dilated-ovate and rather rigidly acuminate bracts. Receptacle convex, small : the 10 to 20 sterile flowers subtended by slender chaffy bracts with cuneate-dilated tips. Akenes (immature) very villous, nearly pyriform, with large terminal areola bearing around the base of the style a fleshy annular disk. Lower part of the disk-flowers and their chaff beset with some villous hairs. H- -H- Akenes flattened, obcompressed, wing-margined. 27. Dicoria. Feinale flowers one or two, wholly destitute of corolla : male flowers 6 to 12, with mere rudiments of ovary and style. Involucre of 5 oval or oblong herbaceous bracts ; and within one or two larger and broad thin-scarious bracts, subtending the fertile flowers, or these wanting in male heads. Receptacle small, flat, with a few narrow and hyaline chafl'y bracts. Filaments rnonadelphous up to the lightly con- nected anthers. Akenes much surpassing the outer involucre, oblong, anteriorly flat, convex or somewhat angled dorsally, abruptly bordered by a thin-scarious pectinate- dentate wing or edge. Pappus rudimentary, of several small and setiform bracts. i- -i- Heads unisexual, monoecious ; the fertile with solitary or 2 to 4 completely or nearly apetalous female flowers in a closed nutlet-like or bur-like involucre, only the style- branches ever exserted ; the sterile of numerous male flowers in an open involucre, the heads in a raceme or spike : akenes turgid-obovoid or ovoid, wholly destitute of pappus : flowers greenish or yellowish. H- Involucre of the sterile heads gamophyllous : the receptacle low, and abortive style with dilated apex radiately fimbriate. 28. Ambrosia. Involucre of the male flowers from depressed-hemispherical to turbinate, ft to 12-lobed or truncate, herbaceous. Receptacle flat or flattish, usually with some filiform chaff among the outer flowers. Involucre to the solitary fertile flower nut- like, apiculate or beaked at the apex, and usually armed with 4 to 8 tubercles or short spines in a single series below the beak. Sterile heads spicate or racemose above the fewer fertile ones. 29. Franseria. Heads of male flowers as Ambrosia, or sometimes intermixed with the female. Fertile involucre 1 to 4-flowered, 1 to 4-celled, a single pistil to each cell, 1 to 4-rostrate, more or less bur-like, being armed over the surface with several or numer- ous prickles or spines (the spiny free tips of component bracts) in more than one series. Leaves mostly alternate. H- Involucre of the sterile heads polyphyllous : the. receptacle cylindraceous. 30. X a ut hi inn. Involucre of the globular sterile heads one or two series of small narrow bracts : receptacle distinctly chaffy, a cuneate or linear-spatulate chaffy bract partly enclosing each male flower: filaments monadelphous. Fertile heads a closed and ovoid bur-like 2-celled and 2-flowered involucre, 1 to 2-beaked at the apex, the surface COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 135 clothed with uncinate-tipped prickles : each flower a single pistil, maturing a thick ovoid akene, the two permanently enclosed in the indurated prickly involucre. Leaves alternate. * * * Ray-flowers ligulate and fertile ; the ligule with very short tube or none, persistent on the akeue and becoming papery in texture : disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, numerous, subtended or embraced by chaffy bracts ; the corolla cylindraceous : leaves opposite and heads singly terminating the stem or branches. +- Leaves all or mostly entire, sessile : akenes of the disk compressed, all or some of them toothed or awued from the summit of the angles or edges. 31. Zinnia. Involucre campanulate or cylindraceous: its closely appressed-imbricated bracts dry and tirm, broad, with rounded summit often margined. Receptacle becoming conical or cylindraceous : the chaffy bracts couduplicate arouud the disk-flowers. Lobes of the disk-corolla mostly velvety-villous. Pappus when present of erect awns or chaffy teeth. Rays showy. t- +- Leaves commonly serrate, slender-petioled : akenes not compressed. 32. Heliopsis. Involucre short, of nearly equal oblong or lanceolate bracts. Receptacle from high-convex to conical : the pointless chaffy bracts partly embracing the disk- flowers. Ligules large : disk-corollas glabrous. Akeues obtusely 4-angular, with broad truncate summit, wholly destitute of pappus. * * * * Ray-flowers ligulate and either fertile or neutral, or even wanting, the ligule not persistent: disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, subtended and sometimes enwrapped by the chaff: pappus a cup or crown, of teeth or awns from the 2 to 4 principal angles, or of a few stout bristles, or none. -- Receptacle high, from conical to columnar or subulate, at least in fruit. 33. Echinacea. Involucre imbricated in 2 or 3 or more series : its bracts lanceolate. Disk at first only convex, becoming ovoid and the receptacle acutely conical : chaffy bracts of the latter persistent, carinate-concave, acuminate into a rigid and spinescent cusp. Ligules rose-colored or rose-purple. Disk-corollas cylindraceous, with 5 erect teeth and almost no proper tube. Akenes acutely quadrangular, somewhat obpy- ramidal, with a thick coroniform pappus more or less extended into triangular teeth at the angles. 34. Rudbeckia. Involucre looser, spreading, more foliaceous. Disk from hemispheri- cal or globose to columnar, and receptacle from acutely conical to cylindrical : its chaffy bracts not spinescent, but sometimes soft-pointed. Ligules yellow or partly brown-purple. Disk-corollas with a short but usually a manifest proper tube. Akenes 4-angled, prismatic. Pappus a coriaceous and often 4-toothed crown, some- times none. 35. Liepaehys. Akenes short and broad, compressed, acutely margined or sometimes winged at one or both edges, on a slender-subulate receptacle. Pappus a chaffy tooth over one or both edges, or none. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle conduplicate, with thickened and truncate summit, embracing and hardly surpassing the akenes, at length deciduous with them. Corollas of the disk with hardly any proper tube. Ligules, involucre, &c. of Rudbeckia. t- - Receptacle from flat to convex, or in certain species conical : akenes not winged nor very flat, when flattened not margined or sharp-edged. M- Rays fertile : receptacle flat or merely convex : ray akenes commonly triquetrous or ob- compressed : pappus persistent or none. 36. Balsamorrhiza. Akenes destitute of pappus, oblong : of the disk quadrangular and often with intermediate nerves. Involucre broad : the outer bracts foliaceous, sometimes enlarged. Chaff linear-lanceolate- Tuberous-rooted low herbs. 37. Wyethia. Akenes prismatic, large, 4-angled, or in the ray 3-angled and in the disk often flattened, also with intermediate salient nerves. Pappus a lacerate chaffy crown, or cut into nearly distinct scales, commonly produced at one or more of the angles into chaffy rigid awns or teeth. Involucre campanulate or broader, more or less im- bricated : outer bracts often foliaceous. Chaff lanceolate or linear, partly embracing the akenes. Thick-rooted and large-headed herbs, witli alternate leaves. 136 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Rays sterile, rarely wanting : akenes quadrangular-compressed or more turgid : chaffy bracts of the convex or conical receptacle embracing the akenes. 33. Gymnolomia* Pappus none or a minute denticulate ring : the truncate apex of the short akenes commonly at length covered by the base of the corolla, the tube of which is usually pubescent. 39. Helianthus. Pappus deciduous, of two scarious and pointed scales, mostly no in- termediate ones. Akenes usually glabrous or glabrate. Tube of the disk-corollas short, and the throat elongated. .(-(-- Receptacle flat, convex, or sometimes becoming conical : akenes of the disk either flat-compressed and margined or thin-edged, or if turgid some of them winged : pappus not caducous. 40. Helianthella. Rays neutral, rarely wanting. Pappus of delicate scales between the two chaffy teeth or awns which surmount the two acute margins of the akene, or these obsolete in age. Ovary often wing-margined, but mature akene not so. 41. Verbesina. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, imbricated. Rays fertile, sometimes neutral or none. Akenes usually winged and flat, 2-awned, or in the ray 1 to 3-awned, with no intermediate scales, and even the awns sometimes wanting. Leaves apt to be decurrent as wings on the stem. * * # * * Akenes obcompressed or sometimes terete, and the subtending chaffy bracts flat or hardly concave; otherwise as in the last section: heads many-flowered: leaves mostly opposite : style-tips of the disk-flowers produced into a cusp or cone : invo- lucre double : receptacle flat or merely convex : rays in ours neutral. +- Akenes never with retrorsely barbed awns. 42. Coreopsis. Involucre of two distinct series of bracts, all commonly united at the very base ; outer foliaceous, narrower, and usually spreading ; inner erect or incurved after blooming, each series commonly 8 in number. Rays about S. Akenes flat, or- bicular to Jiuear-oblong, winged or wingless, truncate or emarginate at summit, bearing 2, rarely 3 or 4 naked awns, scales, or teeth, or sometimes destitute of pappus. - - Awns of the pappus when present retrorsely barbed or hispid. 43. Bidens. Bracts of the involucre distinct, or united only at the common base. Akenes neither winged nor beaked, 2 to 5-awned : the awns retrorsely hispid. Rays neutral, yellow or white, sometimes wanting. 44. Thelesperma. Bracts of the inner involucre united into a cup ; outer of shorter and narrow bracts, connate at base with the inner. Chaff of the flat receptacle white- scarious. Rays about 8, cuneate-obovate. Disk-corollas with long and slender tube, and abrupt campanulate or cylindrical throat. Anthers wholly exserted. Akenes slightly obcompressed or terete, narrowly oblong to linear, marginless, beakless : the abrupt summit crowned with a pair of persistent and stout awns or scales, or some- times pappus wanting. Leaves opposite. ****** Ray-flowers ligulate and fertile, each subtended by a bract of the mostly one- seried involucre which more or less encloses its akene ; disk-flowers hermaphrodite, but some or all of them sterile, their style-branches subulate and hispid : chaff always present between ray and disk flowers : pappus none to the ray-akeues, chaffy or else none to the disk-flowers : commonly glandular- viscid and heavy-scented herbs. 45. Madia. Heads many to several-flowered. Involucre ovoid or oblong, few to many- angled by the salient narrow backs of the involucral bracts. Receptacte flat or con- vex, bearing a single series of bracts enclosing the disk-flowers as a kind of inner involucre, either separate or connate into a cup. Ray-flowers 1 to 20, with cuneate or oblong 3-lobed ligules : their akenes laterally compressed, and enclosed in condu- plicate-infolded involucral bracts. 46. L,ayia. Heads many-flowered, broad : ray-flowers 8 to 20, with 3-lobed or toothed ligules. Bracts of the involucre flattened on the back below, with abruptly dilated thin margins infolded so as to enclose the ray-akene. Receptacle broad and flat, bearing a series of thin chaffy bracts between the ray- and disk-flowers. Akenes of the ray obcompressed, almost always smooth, destitute of pappus ; those of the disk similar or more linear-cuneate, mostly pubescent, bearing a pappus of 5 to 20 bristles, or scales, or rarely none. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 137 Tribe VI. HEL.ENIOIDE-.E. Diak-flovvers hermaphrodite and fertile. Bracts of the involucre not scarious. Differing chiefly from the last tribe in entire absence of chaff. * Involucre of narrow equal erect bracts : ligules persistent and becoming papery on the usually striate-nerved akenes : herbage more or less white-woolly ; no oil-glands. 47. Kitldellia. Heads with 3 or 4 ray- and 5 to 12 disk-flowers, all fertile. Involucre of 4 to 10 linear-oblong coriaceous woolly bracts, and a few smaller scarious ones within, sometimes an additional narrow outer one. Receptacle small, fiat. Ligules as broad as long, abruptly contracted at base into a short tube, truncate and 2 to 3-lobed. Disk-corollas with short externally glandular-bearded teeth. Pappus of 4 to 6 hyaline scales. * * Involucre of narrow equal erect bracts, in only one series : ray-flowers female or none, the ligule deciduous ; disk-corollas 4-toothed : akenes flat, with only marginal nerves, usually much ciliate : plants not floccose-tomentose, and with no oil-glands. 48. Pericome. Head many-flowered, homogamous. Involucral bracts lightly connate by their edges into a campanulate cup. Disk-corollas with viscous-glandular tube and much exserted anthers. Akenes strongly villous-ciliate. Pappus a lacerate-ciliate crown, and sometimes a pair of short awns, one from each angle of the akene. Yellow- flowered, with long-acuminate leaves. * * * Involucre hardly at all imbricated, its bracts when broad nearly equal or in a single series : ligules not persistent : disk-flowers numerous, mostly with 5 teeth : akenes few- nerved or angled, or more numerously striate-angled when turbinate or pyriform : n6 oil-glands, i- Receptacle flat or convex: akenes from linear to obpyramidal, mostly quadrangular, rarely 5-angled : flowers all fertile. H- Involucre mostly hemispherical ; the bracts from oblong or oval to broader, not colored or scarious-tipped. 49. Eriophyllum. Involucre of one or sometimes two series of oblong permanently erect bracts, either distinct or sometimes partially united into a cup, at least in fruit concave at centre, partially receiving the akenes. Receptacle from convex or rarely conical to plane. Ray-flowers usually with broad ligules, very rarely none. Akenes narrow, from clavate-linear to cuneate-oblong, mostly 4-angled. Pappus of nerveless and mostly pointless scales. Floccose-tomentose or rarely glabrate herbs. 50. Bahia. Involucre hemispherical or obovate and lax or open in fruit ; the plane bracts distinct to and commonly narrower at the base, not embracing akenes. Receptacle mostly flat. Female flowers with exserted ligules, or rarely none. Akenes narrow, quadrangular. Pappus of several scarious scales. Not floccose-tomentose. H- +* Involucre broadly campanulate or turbinate ; its bracts from linear-lanceolate and spatulate to obovate or broader, at least the tips membranaceous and colored or petaloid. 51. Hymenopappus. Involucre broadly campanulate ; its bracts 6 to 12, equal, obovate to broadly oblong, thin. Ray-flowers none. Corolla with reflexed or widely spread- ing lobes. Akenes obpyramidal, 4 to 5-angled, with attenuate base, the faces 1 to 3- nerved, the nerves at maturity sometimes as prominent as the angles. Pappus of 10 to 20 thin-scarious and mostly hyaline obtuse scales. 52. Polypteris. Involucre from broadly campanulate to turbinate ; its bracts from spatu- late to linear-lanceolate, commonly in two series and equal. Rays in our species evolute into a palmate ligule and fertile. Corolla of the disk -flowers with long lobes. Stamens wholly exserted. Akenes from linear and downwardly attenuate to clavate- obpyramidal, 4-sided, minutely pubescent. Pappus of 6 to 12 equal hyaline-scarious scales. H- *+ -H- Involucre hemispherical or campanulnte ; its bracts linear, erect, herbaceous to the tip, inclined to embrace the akenes : heads discoid, or with an inconspicuous ligule. 53. Chaenactis. Receptacle flat. Akenes slender, linear-tetragonal or more compressed, pubescent. Pappus of hyaline nerveless scales. Leaves mostly cleft. or compound. 138 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) - H- Receptacle from convex to oblong: involucre of more than one series of bracts: akenes short, obpyramidal or turbinate, 5 to 10-costate or angled, mostly silky-villous or hirsute : disk-flowers all fertile. H- Receptacle destitute of awn-like fimbrillse among the flowers. 54. Actinella. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, or sometimes broader ; its bracts in two or more series, erect, often rigid ; outer sometimes united. Receptacle from conical to convex. Rays fertile. Pappus of 5 to 12 thin and mostly hyaline scales. Mostly low herbs, and bitter-aromatic. 55. Helenium. Bracts of the involucre spreading, subulate or linear. Rays fertile or sterile, rarely none. Disk-corollas with 4 to 5-toothed limb ; the teeth obtuse, glandu- lar-pubescent. Pappus of usually 5 or 6 thin scarious scales. Leaves commonly impvessed-punctate, mostly decurrent. H- -H- Receptacle (from convex to globular) beset with setiform or subulate fimbrillse among the flowers. 56. Gaillardla. Involucre broad ; the bracts in 2 or 3 series, all but the short inner series foliaceous and lax. Ray-flowers neutral ; ligules 3-toothed or 3-cleft. Disk-corolla3 with 5 ovate-triangular to subulate teeth, which are beset with jointed hairs. Akenes turbinate, 5-costate, covered with long villous hairs. Pappus conspicuous, longer than the akene, of 5 to 10 hyaline-scarious scales with a costa mostly excurrent into an awn. * * * * Involucre of the small heads composed of a few equal connivent bracts in a single series, sometimes one or two small additional ones at base: ligules small, not per- sistent : akenes terete, oblong or linear, 8 to 10-striate-costate : leaves opposite : no oil- glands. 57. Flaveria. Heads one to several-flowered : the flowers all fertile, homogamous and tubular, or one female and short-ligulate. Disk-corollas 5-toothed. Involucre of 2 to 5 mostly carinate-concave bracts. Pappus none. # # * * * Involucre a series of equal bracts, either distinct or united into a cup or tube, dotted or striped with oil-glands: rays when present fertile; ligules not persistent: akenes mostly narrow and striate : pappus various : mostly glabrous and smooth herbs or undershrubs, strong-scented, the herbage like the involucre commonly dotted with some oil-glands. 58. Dysodia. Pappns multisetose-polyadelphous, i. e. all or most of the 10 or more scales resolved, except a basal portion, into several or indefinitely numerous capillary, but rather stiff bristles. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, usually with a series of loose accessory bracts, the proper bracts generally more or less gamophyllous. 59. Hymenatlierum. Pappus of several or numerous scales, either 1 to 5 aristate or pointed, or partly resolved into as many bristles, or some or all of them entire and even truncate. Involucre campanulate, gamophyllous high up, with or without some loose accessory bracts. Akenes mostly terete, and striate. 60. Pectls. Heads radiate, several to many-flowered. Involucre naked at base, or nearly so, cylindrical or campanulate, of few or several equal cariuate bracts in a single series. Disk-corollas 5-lobed, one or two sinuses often deeper, thus becoming bilabiate. / Akenes linear, terete or angled. Pappus of few or numerous bristles or awns, some- times chaffy-dilated at base, or of scales. Opposite-leaved herbs. Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDE^E. Akenes usually small and short, with no pappus or a chaffy crown, or a circle of scales. Strong-scented or bitter-aromatic herbs or under- shrubs, with alternate leaves. Distinguished from the former tribe chiefly by the scarious involucre. * Receptacle with chaffy bracts : heads radiate. 61. teucampyx. Involucre broadly hemispherical ; its bracts broadly oval, equal, in 2 or 3 series of 4 or 5 each, their margins white-scarious. Ray-flowers 8 or 10, fertile; ligule cuneatc-obovate, ample, on a slender glandular tube. Akenes large, obovate- trigonous, with narrowed base and rounded summit, lightly 5-nerved, glabrous, slightly incurved. Pappus an obscure crown, soon obsolete. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 189 62. Achillea. 1 Involucre with imbricated bracts as in the last, but campanulate or obo- vate. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle menibranaceous, like the innermost bracts of the involucre. Rays few or several, short and broad. Akenes oblong or obovate, obcom- pressed, glabrous, destitute of pappus. * * Receptacle destitute of bracts or chaff. - Heads radiate, pedunculate, solitary at the summit of the branches, or sometimes corym- bose. 63. Matricaria. 2 Receptacle conical or ovoid, or rarely lower when young. Akenes 3 to 5-ribbed or nerved on the face or sides, rounded on the back. - - Heads discoid. 64. Tanacetum. Heads corymbosely cymose or glomerate, rarely solitary, many-flowered ; female flowers with tubular 3 to 5-toothed corolla. Akenes 5-ribbed or 3 to 5-angular, with broad truncate summit, bearing a coroniform pappus or none. Anther-tips broad and mostly obtuse. 65. Artemisia. Heads paniculately disposed, few to many-flowered, small, heterogamous, the female flowers with small and slender tubular corolla, and the hermaphrodite either sterile or fertile ; or homogamous, with the flowers all hermaphrodite and fer- tile. Anther-tips slender and pointed. Akenes obovate or oblong, destitute of pappus. Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDE^E. Involucre mostly one or two series of equal bracts, sometimes unequal or imbricated, with or without accessory ones at base. Leaves usually alternate. Chiefly distinguished by the copious capillary pappus, simple in- volucre, and naked receptacle. * Involucre a series of soft herbaceous bracts : heads subdioecious, racemosely or corym- bosely disposed, whitish flowered : herbs with ample mostly radical leaves. 66. Petasites. Akenes narrow, 5 to 10-costate, with elongating soft and white pappus. * * Involucre lax (not erect-connivent), of much overlapping bracts (4 or 5), many- (at least 20-) flowered : herbs with opposite leaves. 67. Haploesthes. Heads radiate ; flowers all fertile. Involucre short-campanulate, of similar rather fleshy orbicular or broadly oval bracts, the outer strongly overlapping the inner. Ligules of the rather few and short ray-flowers oval. Akenes linear, terete, striate-costate, glabrous. Pappus a single series of rather rigid and scabrous whitish bristles. * * * Involucre of 4 to 6 firm and concave close and strongly overlapping bracts, 4 to 9- flowered : shrubs, with alternate leaves. 63. Tetradymia. Heads homogamous. Involucre cylindrical to oblong. Corollas with lanceolate or linear spreading lobes. Anthers wholly exserted. Akenes terete, short, obscurely 5-nerved, from extremely long-villous to glabrate or even glabrous. Pappus of fine and soft minutely scabrous capillary long bristles, white or whitish. * * * * Involucre of numerous or several connivent-erect herbaceous equal bracts, many- flowered : herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves. 69. Arnica. Heads conspicuously radiate, or the rays rarely wanting. Involucre cam- panulate, of several thin-herbaceous oblong-lanceolate to linear equal bracts in a single 1 The Old- World genus Anthemis has a naturalized species within our range and may be characterized as follows : Anthemis. Involucre hemispherical, many-flowered, of comparatively small imbricated bracts, the outer successively shorter. Chaffy bracts of receptacle sometimes hyaline, some- times aristiform. Akenes terete or 4 to 10-angled or ribbed, not flattened, glabrous ; the truncate summit naked, or with a very short coroniform or auriculate pappus. Heads comparatively large See p. 198. 2 The following Old- World genus has a naturalized species within our borders : Chrysanthemum. Receptacle from flat to hemispherical. Akenes (at least of the disk) 5 to 10-ribbed or nerved all round. See p. 199. 140 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) or somewhat double series. Corollas of the disk-flowers with a commonly elongated hirsute tube. Akenes linear, more or less 5 to 10-costate or angled. Pappus a single series of numerous rather rigid capillary bristles, from scabrous to barbellate. Leaves chiefly opposite. 70. Senecio. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or by the absence of ray homogamous and discoid. Corollas yellow. Pappus of soft-capillary and merely scabrous very numer- ous bristles. Leaves alternate. Tribe IX. CYNABOIDEvE. Heads homogamous and tubiflorous, the flowers all hermaphrodite, the corolla lobes long and narrow. Leaves alternate, the teeth or mar- gins often prickly. 71. Cnicus. 1 Involucre of numerous much imbricated and often prickly-tipped bracts. Receptacle densely villous-setose. Bristles of the pappus long- and soft-plumose, connate into a ring at base and falling from the akene in connection. Leaves more or less prickly. Tribe X. CICHOBIACE^E. Ligule 5-toothed at the truncate apex. Receptacle almost always plane. Herbs, mostly with milky and bitter juice, and alternate leaves. In ours the pappus is always present and the receptacle naked. * Pappus chaffy or partly so, or bristle-like, or plumose. 72. Krigia. Heads several to many-flowered. Bracts of the involucre thin-herbaceous, equal. Akenes short-columnar, many-ribbed, terete or somewhat angular, with broad truncate summit. Pappus double; outer of pointless thin scales; inner of delicate naked bristles. Flowers yellow. 73. Steplianomeria. Heads 5 to 12-flowered, rarely 3 to 20-flowered. Involucre cylin- draceous or oblong, of several appressed and equal plane membranaceous bracts and some short calyculate ones, not rarely with 2 or 3 of intermediate length, thus be- coming imbricate. Akenes 5-angled or ribbed, sometimes with intermediate ribs. Pappus a series of plumose bristles, or rarely chaffy awns. Flowers pink or rose color. 74. Microseris. Heads several to many-flowered, on naked simple scapes or peduncles. Corollas mostly with a hairy tube. Akenes 8 to 10-costate, with a basal callosity which is hollowed at the insertion. Pappus simple white ; its bristles or awns naked, with chaffy base, or plumose. Flowtrs yellow. * * Pappus of capillary bristles, scabrous, never plumose nor chaffy. i- Akenes not flattened : pappus deciduous, mainly all together, soft and white. 75. Malacothrix. Involucre many-flowered, either imbricated or only calyculate. Re- ceptacle sometimes with or sometimes without delicate capillary bristles interposed among the flowers. Akenes short, oblong or columnar, glabrous, terete and striately 5 to 15-costate, or 4 to 5-angled by the prominence of stronger ribs, with broad trun- cate apex having an entire or denticulate border or sharp edge. Pappus a series of soft and scabrous bristles, and commonly 1 to 8 outer and stronger ones which are more persistent and smoother. i- Akenes not flattened : pappus persistent, or bristles falling never in connection. H- Beak to the akenes none. = Flowers yellow. 76. Hieracium. Involucre several to many-flowered, of narrow equal bracts and some short calyculate ones. Akenes oblong or columnar, smooth and glabrous, mostly 10- ribbed or striate, either terete or 4 to 5-angular, commonly of same thickness to the truncate top, but in several species tapering to a narrower summit. Pappus of rather 1 The following Old-World genus has a naturalized species within our range : Arctium. Involucre globular ; bracts slender-subulate or aristiform and spreading above the broader appressed base, hooked at tip. Receptacle densely setose. Pappus of numer- ous short and rigid or chaffy bristles, separately deciduous. Leaves never prickly. See p. 212. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 141 rigid scabrous fragile bristles, dirty or tawny, rarely white and soft. Perennials, commonly with hispid or hirsute, or often glandular pubescence. 77. Crepis. Involucre few to many-flowered, somewhat imbricated, or more commonly a series of equal bracts and some short calyculate ones. Akenes from columnar to fusiform, 10 to 20-costate. Pappus of copious white and usually soft capillary bristles. Annuals or perennials. = = Flowers from whitish or cream-color to violet or rose-red. 78. Prenanthes. Heads 5 to 30-flowered, mostly nodding. Akenes terete or 4 to 5-angled, commonly striate, with truncate summit. Pappus of copious rather rigid capillary bristles, in one section from whitish to ferruginous. Leafy-stemmed perennials, with paniculate or thyrsoidly disposed heads ; leaves dilated. 79. Lygodesmia. Heads 3 to 12-flowered, erect. Akenes terete, obscurely few-striate or angled, commonly linear or slender-fusiform. P.ippus of copious and usually unequal capillary bristles, either soft or rigidiilous, from sordid-whitish to white. Stems mostly rush-like and striate ; leaves narrow-linear or reduced to scales. . Flowers rose-colored. H- -H- Beak to the akenes distinct and slender : heads erect. 80. Troximon. Heads many-flowered, solitary, terminating simple naked scapes. Invo- lucre campanulate or oblong, more or less imbricated. Akenes 10-costate or 10- nerved, smooth, not muricate nor sculptured. Pappus white or whitish. Flowers yelloAv, orange, or rarely purple. 81. Taraxacum. Heads many-flowered, solitary, terminating simple and fistulous naked scapes. Involucre campanulate or oblong, a single series of nearly equal narrow bracts, a little connate at base, and several or numerous calyculate bracts at the base. Akenes oblong-obovate to fusiform, 4 to 5-costate or angled, muricate or spinulose, the summit abruptly contracted into a filiform beak. Pappus soft and capillary, dull white, no woolly ring at its base. Flowers yellow. 82. Pyrrhopappus. Heads and involucre nearly of the last, terminating scapose or leafy stems or branches. Akenes oblong or linear-fusiform, about 5-costate or sulcate, muriculate-rugulose, tapering abruptly into a long filiform beak. Pappus copious, soft and capillary, fulvous or rufous, its base usually surrounded by a soft-villous ring. Flowers yellow. *- -i- - Akenes flattened : pappus of copious fine and soft capillary bristles : leafy-stemmed plants, with more or less paniculate heads. 83. L,actuca. 1 Involucre cylindraceous, or in fruit somewhat conoidal, several to many- flowered. Akenes obcompressed, and with a beak or narrowed summit, which is more or less expanded at apex into a pappiferous disk. Pappus of bright white or rarely sordid bristles, falling separately. 1. VERNONIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED. Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately-veined leaves, and usually purple or rose-colored flowers, sometimes varying to white. 1. V. fasciculata, Michx. Glabrous, or nearly so, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves thickish, from linear to oblong-lunceolate, conspicuously spinulose-denticu- late : heads numerous and crowded on the branches of the compound cyme : invo- lucre (3 or 4 lines high) 20 to 30-flowered; its bracts all obtuse, or some of the uppermost abruptly mucronate-acute. From Dakota to Texas within the eastern limits of our range, and eastward to the Mississippi States. 1 The following Old-World genus has several species naturalized within our range : Sonchus. Involucre campanulate or broader, in age usually broadened and fleshy-thick- ened at base, and becoming conical. Akenes obcompressed, destitute of beak or neck or dilated pappiferous disk. Pappus of very soft and fine flaccid bristles, which fall more or less in connection, and commonly one or more stronger ones, which fall separately. 142 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 2. V. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous or nearly so, a foot or two high : leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, like those of narrowest forms of the last, but smaller and less or obsoletely denticulate : heads few or numerous in a loose and open corymbiform cyme, all pedunculate: involucre (4 or 5 lines high) 15 to 25-flowered ; its bracts all or mostly obtuse. Fl. ii. 94. Plains of Ne- braska and Arkansas to W. Texas and E. New Mexico. 2. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. THOROUGHWORT. Herbs or shrubby, commonly with opposite leaves, mostly resinous- atom- iferous and bitter ; the small heads corymbosely cymose or paniculate. # Involucre imbricated, the outer bracts successively shorter: herbs. < Heads 5 to \Q-flowered: leaves verticillate. 1. E. purpureum, L. From pubescent to nearly glabrous: stem simple, 3 to 9 feet high : leaves commonly 3 to 6 in a whorl, from oval-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, reticulate-veiny, the base narrowed into a short petiole : cymes polycephalous, compound-corymbose and numerous : involucre whitish and flesh-colored : flowers dull flesh-color or purple, rarely almost white. From the Sierra Nevada, eastward across the continent. Known as "Joe-Pye Weed" and "Trumpet Weed." Varies exceedingly; the commonest form being Var. maculatum, Darl. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, often roughish-pubescent, commonly purple, striate or sulcate : leaves somewhat rugose : inflorescence more compact. -t- - Heads 10 to 20-Jlowered : leaves opposite. 2. E. Bruneri, Gray. Minutely puberulent, a foot or two high : leaves acutely serrate, ovate-oblong, 2 or 3 inches long, very short-petioled : paniculate rather slender peduncles bearing 3 or more sessile or short-peduncled heads : in- volucre campauulate, at least 20-flowcred, of comparatively few obscurely striate obtuse bracts ; the outer oval, puberulent ; inner ones scarious and glabrous, flesh-color : akenes glabrous. Synopt. Fl. i. 96. Damp ground, in the Rocky Mountains at Fort Collins, N. Colorado, Dr. Bruner. 3. E. perfoliatum, L. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, villous-pubescent, fasti- giately branched above, stout : leaves lanceolate, connate-perfoliate, tapering gradually to an acuminate apex, finely and closely crenate-serrate, rugose, soft- pubescent, or almost tomentose beneath, 4 to 8 inches long : heads small but very numerous, in dense compound-corymbose cymes, mostly \Q-flowcred: bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, with slightly scarious acutish tips, From Dakota, within the N. E. limit of our range, to Louisiana and eastward across the continent. Known as " Thoroughwort " and " Boueset." * * Involucre of bracts all of the same length or nearly so, in one or two series : leaves opposite and petioled : shrubs. 4. E. ageratifolmm, DC. Shrub 3 to 7 feet high, with slender and spreading mostly herbaceous branches, green and nearly glabrous : leaves deltoid-ovate, coarsely and rather obtusely dentate, 2 or 3 inches long, slender- petioled : heads pedicelled, numerous in corymbiform cymes, 10 to 30-flowered : involucral bracts 8 to 12, narrowly lanceolate or linear. E. Berlandieri, DC. From S. Colorado to Texas. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 143 3. KUHNIA, L. Perennials, with mostly alternate leaves, more or less sprinkled with resin- ous atoms, usually with scattered or cymose-clustered heads of 10 to 30 whitish or at length purple flowers; pappus mostly tawny. 1. K. eupatorioides, L. Stem herbaceous, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves from oblong-lanceolate to linear, irregularly few-toothed or upper ones entire, the lower narrowed at base and sometimes short-petioled : pubescence minute or soft and cinereous, or hardly any : heads more or less cymose-clustered. From Montana to Texas and eastward to Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Very variable. Var. COrymbulosa, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high, stouter, some- what cinereous-pubescent or tomentulose : leaves rather rigid and sessile, from oblong to lanceolate, coarsely veiny : heads rather crowded. From Dakota and Nebraska to Texas and eastward to the Mississippi States. 4. BRICKELLIA, Ell. Herbs or uudershrubs, with opposite or alternate veiny leaves and heads of white, ochroleucous, or even flesh-colored flowers. * Heads 30 to 40-Jlowered, ^ to f inch long: leaves slender-petioled, at least the lower ones opposite : perennial herbs. 1. B. grandiflora, Nutt. Puberulent or almost glabrous: stem 2 or 3 feet high, paniculately branched : the numerous heads pauiculate-cymose and drooping : leaves broadly or narrowly deltoid-cordate, coarsely dentate- serrate and witli an entire gradually acuminate apex, the larger 4 inches long : bracts papery and scarious-margined when dried : pappus white, inclined to be deciduous. In the mountains from New Mexico and Arizona to Montana and Oregon. Var. minor, Gray, is a smaller form, with leaves only an inch or two long, heads proportionally small, involucre fewer-flowered. Clear Creek, Colo- rado, to California in the Sierra Nevada, and Arizona. * * Heads 9 to 25-flowered, not over inch long : leaves distinctly petioled, mostly alternate : stems shrubby at base. 2. B. Wrightii, Gray. Usually much branched from a woody base, 2 to 4 feet high, puberulent : leaves broadly deltoid-ovate or rounded-cordate and obtuse, more or less crenate-dentate, to l inches long: heads glomerate-panicu- late, the clusters shorter than or little surpassing the subtending leaves : in- volucre often purple. PI. Wright, ii. 72. From Colorado and Arizona to W. Texas. 3. B. microphylla, Gray. Glandular-puberulent or pubescent and viscid, a foot or two high from a partly woody base, paniculately much branched ; the short leaf i/ branchlets terminated by 1 to 3 heads: leaves subcordate or ovate to oblong, when old somewhat scabrous, sparingly denticulate or nearly entire, the larger ^ inch long, those of flowering branchlets a line or two long: heads nearly i inch long, about 15-flowered. PL Wright, i. 85. From S. W. Colorado to California and Oregon. 144 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 5. LI A THIS, Schreb. BLAZING STAR. Herbs, with simple virgate very leafy stems from a tuberous or mostly glo- bose and corm-like stock, bearing spicate heads of rose-purple flowers ; the leaves all alternate, narrow, entire, rigid, mostly glabrous. # Pappus very plumose: heads 16 to 60-JJowered. 1. L. squarrosa, Willd. Pubescent or partly glabrous : stem stout, 6 to 20 inches high : leaves all linear and rigid ; the lower grass-like : heads few, or sometimes numerous in a leafy spike or raceme, the larger an inch or more long: bracts of the involucre much imbricated, all herbaceous and acuminate, or with foliaceous or herbaceous lanceolate rigid and somewhat pungent tips ; these usually squarrose-spreadiug and prolonged. Within the eastern limit of our range and extending eastward across the continent. Var. intermedia, DC. Heads narrow : bracts of the involucre erect or little spreading, less prolonged. Same range as the type, perhaps extending a little farther west. * * Pappus plainly plumose to the naked eye : heads 4 to B-flowered. 2. L. punctata, Hook. Stems a span to 30 inches high from a thick and branching or sometimes globular stock, stout : leaves all narrowly linear, as well as bracts commonly punctate, rigid : head oblong or cylindraceous, thickish, from \ to \ inch long, mostly numerous and crowded in a dense spike : bracts of the involucre oblong, abruptly or sometimes more gradually cuspidate-acuminate, often Ian uginous-ciliate. On the plains from the Sas- katchewan to Montana and southward to Texas and New Mexico. # * * Pappus minutely barbellate, not plumose : heads 25 to 4Q-Jloicered. 3. L. scariosa, Willd. Pubescent or glabrate : stem stout, 1 to 5 feet high : leaves spatulate- or oblong-lanceolate and tapering into a petiole, 4 to 6 inches long ; upper narrowly lanceolate ; uppermost small, linear, sessile : heads racemose or spicate, few or numerous (3 to 50), about an inch high and wide or much smaller : iuvolucral bracts broadest and rounded at sum- mit, there either herbaceous or scarious edged and tinged with purple (rarely white-scarious). From the Rocky Mountains eastward across the continent. Extremelv variable. 6. GUTIERREZIA, Lag. Ours is a suffruticose plant, with narrow entire and alternate leaves, small heads of yellow flowers, and pappus of ray and disk similar, consisting of chaffy scales which vary from narrowly oblong to linear-subulate. 1. G. Euthamise, Torr. & Gray. Bushy, from glabrous to puberulent, 6 to 18 inches high, with mostly strict and fastigiately polycephalous branches: leaves narrowly linear, verging to filiform : heads mostly clavate-oblong, few to several-flowered, not over 2 lines long, some short-pedunculate, others 3 to 5 in a glomerule: flowers of disk and ray not numerous: akenes sericeous- pubescent. From the Saskatchewan and Montana to New Mexico and California. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 145 7. GRIN DEL I A, Willd. GUM-PLANT. Herbs of coarse habit; with sessile or partly clasping and usually ser- rate rigid leaves, and rather large heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches ; the narrow rays numerous, occasionally wanting. Heads more or less viscid, especially before blooming, but the herbage glabrous (in ours). # Akenes squarely truncate and even at the summit, not toothed: pappus-awns 2 or 3. 1. G. squarrosa, Dunal. Commonly only a foot or two high and branched from the base : leaves rigid ; cauline from spatulate- to linear-oblong and with half-clasping base, acutely and often spinulosely serrate or denticu- late ; sometimes radical and even cauline laciniate-pinnatifid : involucre strongly squarrose with the spreading and recurving short-filiform tips of the bracts : outer akenes commonly corky-thickened and with broad truncate summit, those toward the centre narrower and thinner-walled. On the plains, from the Saskatchewan to Texas and westward to the Sierra Nevada. Var. nuda, Gray. Rays wanting. With the radiate form in Colorado and New Mexico. * * Akenes narrow, excisely truncate or bidentate at summit : pappus awns mostly 2. 2. G. nana, Nutt. Rather low and slender, 6 to 30 inches high, the larger plants corymbosely and freely branched above : leaves thinnish, lanceo- late and linear, or the lower spatulate, entire or spinulose serrate : heads small : bracts of the involucre with slender and squarrose soon revolute tips, as in the last : rays 1 6 to 30. From N. W. Wyoming to Oregon and Wash- ington Territory ; replacing G. squarrosa in the Northwest. 8. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER. Herbs, with pubescence from hispid to silky, leaves entire or few-toothed, yellow flowers in middle-sized heads terminating the stem and branches. Our single species includes a multitude of forms, the more marked of which are given as varieties. 1. C. villosa, Nutt. A foot or two high : leaves from oblong to lanceo- late, rarely few-toothed, usually cinereous or canescently strigose or hirsute and sparsely hispid along the margins and midrib, an inch or two long : heads mostly terminating leafy branches, sometimes rather clustered, naked at base or leafy- bracteate : involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high ; its bracts com- monly strigulose-canescent, sometimes almost smooth, acute : akenes oblong- obovate, villous : outer pappus of chaffy bristles. On open ground from the Saskatchewan to Alabama and westward across the continent. Var. hispida, Gray. Small and low, with hirsute and hispid pubescence, not canescent : heads particularly small : involucre not canescent, sometimes glabrous. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65. Saskatchewan to W. Texas and Arizona. Var. discoidea, Gray. Heads destitute of rays : involucre somewhat canescent : otherwise nearly as the last. Synopt. Fl. i. 123. Canons, W. Mon- tana, Watson. 10 146 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Var. foliosa, Eaton. Canescent with appressed sericeous pubescence, mostly soft and destitute of hispid bristles; but stem often hirsute or villous: leaves short, oblong or elliptical : heads small, rather numerous and clustered. Bot. King Exp. 164. Mountains of Wyoming to Utah and Arizona. Var Rutteri, Rothrock. Most like the preceding, equally sericeous- canescent with usually longer soft hairs : heads of double the size, fully ^ inch high and wide, solitary or few in a cluster, foliose-bracteate : rays 30 to 40, inch long.. Wheeler Rep. vi. 142. S. Arizona ; also Colorado, where the leaves are slightly cauescent. 9. APLOPAPPUS, Cass. A large and polymorphous genus ; mostly herbaceous, some suffruticose : the flowers all yellow, and occasionally rayless, thus making them undistin- guishable from the following genus. * Involucre ofjirm well-imbricated or rigid bracts: rays numerous, several, or wanting: pappus commonly fuscous or rufous, and more or less rigid. Heads rayless: akenes senccous-canescent : leaves coriaceous, dentate. 1 . A. Nllttallii, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous from a woody stock, a span to a foot high : leaves from spatulate-oblong to almost lanceolate : heads few terminating the branches, one third inch high : involucre hemispherical ; the bracts with slightly spreading greenish tips. From New Mexico and Arizona to Idaho and the Saskatchewan. < -t- Heads conspicuously radiate, large and showy: rays very numerous, % to 1 inch long: akenes wholly glabrous: leaves coriaceous, entire. - Stems equably and very leafy up to the sessile or subsessile heads. 2. A. Fremonti, Gray. A foot or less high, simple or fastigiately branched above : leaves lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, obscurely 3 to 5-nerved ; lower narrowed and upper partly clasping at base: involucre (inch or less high) broadly campanulate ; its bracts broadly lanceolate, conspicuously and often cuspidately acuminate : rays inch long : akenes obovate, strtate-nerved, almost as long as the rigid pappus. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65. Colorado. Var. "Wardi, Gray. Dwarf, fascicled stems only a span high: leaves proportionally small, linear-lanceolate, destitute of lateral nerves : heads one-half smaller, 2 or 3 in a terminal glomerule : akenes double the length of the scanty pappus. Synopt. Fl. i. 128. Wyoming, L. F. Ward. -H. +-. Stems simple, above with decreasing or sparse leaves and solitary or few naked and usually pedunculate heads, at base a tnft of ample lanceolate- or spatulate-oblong radical leaves. 3. A. croceus, Gray. Stem stout and erect, commonly a foot or two high, and with radical /eaves afoot or less long (including the petiole) : cauliue leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate, partly clasping : head mostly solitary : invo- lucre a full inch in diameter ; its bracts orate, to spatulate-oblong, very obtuse, lax, inner with scarious erose-denticulate margins : rays saffron-yellow, sometimes inch long : akenes narrowly oblong, nearly the length of the pappus. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65. Mountains of Colorado. 4. A. integrifollUS, T. C. Porter. Stems several from the caudex, ascending, a foot or less high : radical leaves 3 to 8 inches (including short COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 147 petiole or tapering base); cauline lanceolate, or small uppermost linear: heads solitary or 2 or 3 in axils, smaller than in foregoing : iuvolucral bracts narrow!// oblong to linear-lanceolate, some loose outer ones usually equalling the disk and more foliaceous : rays bright yellow, half-inch long : immature akenes oblong. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 79. Mountain meadows, Wyoming, and Montana. t- *- *- Heads conspicuously radiate, smaller : rays to barely \ inch long: akenes silky pubescent or villous. ++ Mostly simple stems with a tuft of radical leaves: leaves coriaceous, entire or', spinulose-serrate, the cauline diminished upwards: rajs 20 to 50: pappus pale, rather soft and fine. 5. A. uniflorus, Torr. & Gray. Stems a span to barely a foot high, ascending or erect, sometimes 5 to ^-leaved, sometimes rather scapiform or upper leaves reduced and bract-like, bearing a solitary head, rarely one or two from lower axils : leaves lanceolate or sometimes broader ; radical 2 or 3 inches long and usually petioled : involucre commonly inch high and the linear or oblong-linear bracts all of same length, rather loose, outer all foliaceous. A. uni- florus & A. inuloides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 241. From the Saskatchewan to Montana, Utah, and Colorado. 6. A. lanceolatUS, Torr. & Gray. Habit of the preceding: stems gen- erally more leafy and bearing 3 to 15 heads; these when few subcorymbose, when more numerous racemosely or paniculately disposed : involucre in the type fully inch high ; its bracts rather closely imbricated in 3 or 4 unequal series, lanceolate, acutish, with short green tips and whitish coriaceous base ; outer successively shorter, occasionally some of them longer and more herba- ceous. Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 160. From the Saskatchewan to British Columbia and N. Nevada. Var. Vaseyi, Parry. Heads a third or quite half smaller, disposed to be racemose and involucre closer. Saskatchewan to Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. M. -M. Very dwarf from a multicipital caudex, leafy up to the small heads : leaves all narrow and entire : rays 7 to 10 : pappus scanty, somewhat fulvous. 7. A. multicaulis, Gray. Very dwarf, tufted, tomentulose, but early glabrate and smooth : stems 1 to 3 inches high from a ligneous caudex, simple or forked, bearing 3 or 4 leaves and few heads : leaves narrowly linear, or the lowest obscurely spatulate, an inch long : bracts of the involucre large and rather few (9 to 14), from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, marked with a green spot below the slender cusp, or the outermost with a larger foliaceous tip. Am. Nat. viii. 213. On rocks, mountains of N. W. Wyoming. w- -w- -w- Branching and leafy : leaves not rigid, dentate or pinnatifid, the teeth and tips bristle-tipped: rays conspicuous, 15 to 30: pappus rather rigid, its bristles very unequal in size and strength. 8. A. rubiginosus, Torr. & Gray. One to three feet high, viscid-glan- dular and pubescent: leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong, incisely pinnatifid or dentate with salient narrow teeth: heads somewhat cymosely paniculate, 5 or 6 lines high, usually naked pedunculate : bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, 148 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) with slender spreading green tips: rays deep golden-yellow. Fl. ii. 240. From S. Texas to the plains of Colorado as far as the mountains. 9. A. SpinuloSUS, DC. Canescently puberulent or glabrate : stems a span to a foot high, cymosely branching at summit : leaves pinnately and ihe lower often bipinnately parted into rather numerous lobes ; lobes and teeth, as well as appressed involucral bracts setaceous-tipped. Plains, from the Saskatchewan to Texas and westward to Dakota, Colorado, and Arizona. * * Bracts of the involucre from ovate to lanceolate or even linear, not rigid, all of equal or about equal length : rays several or numerous : pappus soft and white or whitish : leaves all entire. H- Heads cymose or glomerate at the summit of a leafy stem : involucre campanu- late: rays 12 to 20, small and narrow: akenes short and glabrous or nearly so. 10. A. Parryi, Gray. Green and almost glabrous, puberulent, and some- what viscid above : stems 6 to 1 8 inches high : leaves oblong-obovate and spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate, thinuish, 2 to 4 inches long : heads nearly | inch high, rather numerous : involucral bracts oblong, obtuse, pale, and in about three moderately unequal ranks: flowers pale yellow. Am. Jour. Sci. ii. xxxiii. 10. Mountains of Colorado to the Wahsatch. H H Dwarf: heads solitary, terminating simple stidulous: akenes densely pubescent or villous: leaves generally with bristle-tipped teeth. - Leaves at most incisely dentate. 38. A. Coloradoensis, Gray. A span or less high, forming a tuft of short few-leaved stems on a strong tap-root, canescently pubescent, not at all glandular : leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, about an inch long, coarsely den- tate, the teeth tipped with conspicuous bristles : heads solitary, broadly hemi- spherical, inch high : involucral bracts small and numerous, well imbricated, subulate-lanceolate : rays 35 to 40, violet-purple, barely inch long : akenes densely canescent-villous, the length of the comparatively rigid pappus. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76. Common in South Park, Colorado, and at the San Juan Pass. 39. A. canescens, Pursh. Commonly a foot or two high and loosely much branched, bearing numerous paniculate heads, sometimes dwarf and with simple contracted inflorescence, pale and cinereous-puberulent or minutely canescent, or greener and glabrate : leaves lanceolate to linear, or the lower spatulate, from entire to irregularly dentate, or occasionally laciniate, the rigid teeth mostly with mucronate tip : involucre of rigid usually well-imbricated bracts : rays violet, 4 or 5 lines long : akenes narrow, canescent. Fl. ii. 547. Machver anther a canescens and M. pulverulenta of the Western Reports. A polymorphous species. From Arizona to Texas and northward to British Columbia and the Saskatchewan. Var. latifolius, Gray. Green, minutely soft-pubescent, 2 feet or more high : leaves thinnish, nearly membranaceous, comparatively large, some- times spatulate-oblong, and over inch wide : heads large and few : involucre hemispherical ; tips of its bracts mostly attenuate-subulate and squarrose- 168 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) spreading, canescent and obscurely glandular. Synopt. Fl. i. 206. Machce- ranthera canescens, var. latifolia, Gray. New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado. Var. viSGOSUS, Gray. Canescent or cinereous : leaves narrow, rather rigid ; the upper mostly entire, the lower coarsely dentate : involucre cam- panulate or turbinate, squarrose ; the prominent foliaceous tips of the bracts viscid-glandular, either spreading or recurved. Loc. cit. Wyoming to California. -i- - Leaves 1 to 3-pinnately cleft or parted: involucre hemispherical, its bracts mostly looser: stem diffusely branched. 40. A. tanacetifolius, HBK. Pubescent or viscid, very leafy, a foot or two high : lowest leaves 2 to 3-pinnately parted ; uppermost simply pin- natifid or on the flowering branchlets entire : heads ^ inch high : bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, with slender mostly linear-subulate spreading foliaceous tips, or the outermost almost wholly foliaceous : rays numerous, inch long or more, bright violet: akenes rather broad, villous. Machce- ranthera tanacetifolia, Nees. From Nebraska to Texas and westward to Arizona and California. 14. ERIGERON, L. FLEABANE. Heads disposed to be solitary and long-pedunculate ; rays variously colored J disk-flowers yellow, not changing to purple: akenes generally 2-nerved. 1. Rays elongated and conspicuous, wanting in a few species, occasionally abortive in one or two : no rayless female flowers between the proper raij and disk. EUERIGERON. * Commonly dwarf from a mullicipilal caudex, alpine or snbafpine, with rather large and mostly solitary heads: involucre loose and spreading, and copiously lanate: rays about 100, narrow: leaves entire. 1. E. unifloniS, L. Stems an inch to a span or two high, few-leaved, often naked and pedunculiform at summit : radical leaves spatulate or oblan- ceolate, inch or two long ; cauline lanceolate to linear : involucre usually hirsute as well as lanate, occasionally becoming naked ; the linear acute bracts rather close, or merely the short tips spreading : rays purple or sometimes white, 2 or 3 or rarely 4 lines long. Alpine, from Colorado and California north- ward and across the continent in high latitudes. 2. E. lanatUS, Hook. Stems about a span high, scapiform or few-leaved : radical leaves spatulate to obovate, about inch long, tapering into a narrowed base or into a slender margined petiole ; some primary ones occasionally pal- mately 3-lobed ; cauline one or two, small and linear, or hardly any : head not larger than that of the last, and involucre similar, but densely soft-lanate : rays rather broader, 3 lines long, ivhite. Alpine in Montana and British Columbia. 3. E. grandiflorus, Hook. Stems a span or two high, rather stout, usually several -leai^ed : radical leaves obovate-spatulate, an inch or so long; cauline oblong to lanceolate, usually inch or less long: heads larger: invo- lucre inch high, very woolly ; its linear and attenuate-acuminate bracts squar- rose-spreading or the tips recurved : rays violet or purple, 4 to ^ inch long. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 169 Rocky Mountains, in or near the alpine region, from British Columbia to Colorado. Var. elatior, Gray. A foot or two high, leafy up to the I to 4 pedunculate heads, pubescent, but hardly hirsute : leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long ; cauline closely sessile by a broad base : involucre fully inch high : rays inch long. Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii. 237. Subalpine and lower, in the mountains of Colorado. * * Perennials from a rootstock or caudex, neither stoloniferous nor flagelliferous : involucre from hispid or villous to glabrous, but not lanate. *- Comparatively tall and large (afoot or more high), leafy-stemmed, glabrous to soft-hirsute: leaves rather large, entire or occasionally toothed: heads rather large, with numerous rays: mountain forms. - Rays 50 to 70, comparatively broad : involucre rather loose : heads solitary or on larger plants few and corymbosely disposed: pappus simple. 4. E. salsuginosus, Gray. Stem 12 to 20 inches high, the summit or peduncles more or less pubescent : no bristly or hirsute hairs : leaves very smooth and glabrous, bright green, tlnckish ; radical and lower cauline spatulate to nearly obovate, with base attenuate into a margined petiole ; upper cauline ovate-oblong to lanceolate, sessile, conspicuously mucronate ; uppermost small and bract-like : bracts of the involucre loose or even spreading, linear-subulate or attenuate, viscidulous, at most pubenilous : disk over inch in diameter : rays purple or violet, $ inch or more long. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 93. Alpine, from New Mexico and California to the far north. Var. glacialis, Gray. A span high, few-leaved, monocephalous : leaves smaller. Synopt. Fl. i. Pt 2. 209. Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains. 5. E. Coulteri, Porter. Stem 6 to 20 inches high, equally leafy, bearing solitary or rarely 2 or 3 slender-pedunculate heads: leaves membranaceous, obovate to oblong, either entire or serrate with several sharp teeth, pilose-pubes- cent to glabrous, cauline hardl// mucronate: disk about inch wide: involucre less attenuate and spreading, obscurely viscidulous but hirsute ivith spreading hairs : rays rather narrowly linear, ^ inch or more long, white, varying to pur- plish. Fl. Colorado, 61. Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and California. M- *-+ Rays 100 or more and narrow: involucre closer: pappus more or less dou- ble, but the exterior minute : stems erect, tufted, generally leafy to the summit and bearing few to several heads : leaves entire : mountain forms but not alpine. 6. E. macranthus, Nutt. From hirsute-pubescent to nearly glabrous, more leafy than the next : stem 10 to 20 inches high : leaves from lanceolate to ovate ; upper often reduced in size : involucre glabrous or nearly so, but com- monly minutely glandular : rays J inch long : short outer pappus sometimes nearly chaffy. Mountains from Wyoming to New Mexico and Utah. 7. ^E. glabellus, Nutt. From partly glabrous to copiously hirsute, disposed to be naked above: stems 6 to 20 inches bigh : leaves lanceolate or the lowest somewhat spatulate ; upper linear-lanceolate and gradually reduced to subu- late bracts : heads considerably smaller : involucre strigosely hirsute or pubescent : rays violet, purple, and rarely white, J to % inch long : outer pappus setulose. From Colorado and Utah northward and eastward. 170 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Var. mollis, Gray. Somewhat cinereous with a soft and short spreading pubescence, a foot or two high, leafy to the top : leaves oblong-lanceolate : cinereous pubescence of the involucre soft and spreading. Proc. Acad. Philad 1863, 64. Mountains of Colorado. - *-Low, rarely afoot high, conspicuously hispid or hirsute with spreading bristly hairs: leaves entire, narrow: involucre close: rays numerous, occasionally wanting: pappus conspicuously double. M- Sparingly branched stems from the crown of a tap-root, more or less leaf;/ : heads middle-sized : disk ^ to ^ inch in diameter : involucre hispid : rays 50 to 80, occasionally wanting in the second species. 8. E. pumilus, Nutt. Radical and lower cauline leaves from spatulate- linear to lanceolate, a line or two wide ; upper linear : rays white, 4 lines long : outer pappus of sJiort bristles little or not at all thicker than the inner ones and more or less intermixed with them. Dry plains, Dakota to Colo- rado, and in the mountains to Utah. 9. E. COncinnus, Torr. & Gray. Like the preceding, but usually with more dense and shaggy hirsuteness and less rigid leaves : stems not rarely some- what copiously branched : rays violet or blue, rarely white : outer pappus con- spicuous and chaffy. Fl. ii. 174. In arid regions from New Mexico and Arizona to Wyoming and British Columbia. Var. aphanactis, Gray. Discoid, the rays being nearly destitute of ligule or wanting. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 540. Colorado to Nevada and California. *- -w- More branched and leafy, over a span high ; with smaller heads, fewer rays, and somewhat naked involucre more imbricated. 10. E. Brandegei, Gray. A very imperfectly known plant, green, sparsely hispidulous-hirsute : radical leaves spat ulate-li near ; cauline linear and small, or upper minute : bracts of involucre short-linear, almost naked : rays 30 or more, white : outer pappus of coriaceous chaffy scales, which are commonly confluent with the scanty bristles of the inner. Synopt. Fl. i. Pt. 2. 210. Adobe plains, S. W. Colorado, on the borders of New Mexico, Brandegee. H- - H- Dwarf, cespitose from a multicipital caudex, with monocephalous flower- ing stems: radical leaves dissected: pappus simple. 11. E. compositUS, Pursh. From hirsute to glabrate, with slender margined petiole setose-ciliate : radical leaves much crowded on the crowns of the caudex, usually 1 to 3-ternately parted into linear or short and narrow spatulate lobes, the few on the erect flowering stems 3-lobed or entire and linear : involucre 3 or 4 lines high, sparsely hirsute : rays from 40 to 60, not very narrow, white, purple, or violet, mostly 3 or 4 lines long. Alpine re- gions, from S. Colorado and California to British Columbia and northward. Var. discoideus, Gray. Rays wanting or abortive : head commonly smaller. Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii. 237. Same range as the type. Var. trifidus, Gray. Small blade of leaves simply 3 to 5-fid : the lobes from oblong to obovate. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90. E. trifidus, Hook. Mountains, N. Colorado to British Columbia. Var. pinnatisectus, Gray. Usually a large form : numerous violet- purple rays 5 lines long : leaves pinnately parted into 9 to 1 1 linear and entire or rarely 2 to 3-cleft divisions. Loc. cit. Mountains of Colorado. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 171 ----- Dwarf or low species, alpine, entire-leaved, cespilose from a multi- cipital caudex, no fine pubescence, monocephalous : leaves few on the simple stems, at least the radical broader than linear : rays numerous and not very narrow: pappus simple or nearly so. -. Involucre glabrous but pruinose-glandular, brownish purple : smooth and green. 12. E. leiomerus, Gray. A span high, smooth and very glabrous: leaves bright green, mainly radical and spatulate, very obtuse, from 2 to 6 lines wide ; cauline only 2 or 3 and smaller involucre 3 lines high, close ; the bracts lanceolate and not attenuate : rays about 40, linear, violet, 3 or 4 lines long. Synopt. Fl. i. 211. Aster glacialis in Bot. King Exp. Moun- tains of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. w- -w- Involucre hirsute or pubescent, greenish. 13. E. ursinus, Eaton. A span or two high, loosely cespitose: leaves duller green, mostly smooth and glabrous, but their margins more or less hir- sute-ciliate, spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate ; cauline ones lanceolate or linear and acute: involucre (3 lines high) and naked summit of flowering stem hirsute- pubescent: rays 40 or 50, purple, narrowly linear, 3 lines long. Bot. King Exp. 148. Alpine and subalpiue, mountains of Wyoming to S. Colorado, Utah, and California. 14. E. radicatus, Hook. A span high or less, densely tufted: leaves all spatulate-hnear or somewhat wider, broadest a line or two wide, hirsute or hirsutely ci/iate, or sometimes almost naked, then glabrous ; no glandular rough- ness: involucre more or less villous-pubescent, barely 3 lines high: rays white or purple, 2 or 3 lines long. Alpine or subalpine, from British America to Wyoming, S. Colorado, and Utah. 15. E. glandulosus, Porter. Cespitose from a stout caudex, a span to a foot high, rigid, granu/ose-g/andu/ar or glandular-scabrous, and with sparse or hispid hairs, especially on the margins of the leaves: leaves thickish, spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long : head 4 or 5 lines high : involucre glandular or viscid as well as pubescent: rays 40 or 50, violet or purple, 4 to 6 lines long. Fl. Colorado, GO. Mountains of Colorado. i- *-- M- H- None truly alpine ; with entire leaves, not hispidly hirsute : invo- lucre close, disposed to be imbricated and rigid: rays not very numerous or wanting. ++ A span or two high : leaves only few and narrow on the simple or sparingly branched steins ; but radical ones with obovate or spatulate blade | inch long : rays IS to 30, pale violet or purple: akenes compressed, 2 to 3-nerved: pappus nearly simple. 16. E. tener, Gray. Canescent with very fine pubescence : stems several from a caudex, weak and ascending, bearing single or 2 or 3 heads : involucre minutely canesceut ; its narrow and close bracts unequal, somewhat in 2 or 3 ranks : rays 25 to 30. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 91. High mountains of Utah and California to those of Wind River, Montana. w. -w. A span to near a foot high, cespitose, silvery-canescent, with simple and monocephalous stems: leaves from narrowly spatulate to linear: rays 40 or 172 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 50, white or purple changing to white : akenes slender and nearly terete, 8 to 10-nerved or striate: pappus double; the outer subulate and conspicuous. 17. E. canus, Gray. Silvery appressecl pubescence obviously strigulose under a lens, that of the involucre loose and spreading : stems 4 to 9 inches high, leafy : linear cauliue leaves gradually diminishing upward ; radical spatulate-lanceolate or narrower : head 4 lines high : rays narrow, 3 lines long : akenes glabrous. PI. Fendl. 67. N. New Mexico and Colorado ; also on the Platte in Wyoming. *-* *- *- Either low or comparatively tall, leafy -stemmed or somewhat scape-like: akenes compressed, 2 or 3-nerved. = Leaves all narrowly linear to filiform, the broadest not over a line wide : involucre 3 or 4 lines high, of equal bracts. 18. E. OChroleuGUS, Nutt. Low, a span or two high, somewhat cespi- tose, from pubescent to glabrate: stems usually simple, naked above and mostly monocephalous : leaves rather rigid, the radical 2 or 3 inches long : involucre hirsute-pubescent : rays 40 to 60, " ochroleucous," white or purplish : outer pappus setulose. Gravelly soil, N. Wyoming and Montana to Idaho. = = Leaves from narrowly linear to oblong. a. Stems naked above, mostly simple and monocephalous, a span or two high : pappus simple. 19. E. Eatoni, Gray. Stems several from the crown of a strong tap root, slender and weak, diffuse, 3 to 9 inches long, simple or with 2 or 3 monocephalous branches: leaves all linear, thickish, minutely pubescent; radical about 2 inches long and the broadest 2 lines wide : heads only 3 lines high : bracts of the sparsely hirsute involucre little unequal : rays seldom over 20, at most 3 lines long, white or purplish. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 91. E. ochroleucus, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 152. Mountains of Colorado, Wyo- ming, and Utah. b. Steins more leafy and disposed to branch, but sometimes monocephalous: pubescence cinereous : outer pappus setulose, sometimes obscure or none. 20. E. CSBSpitOSUS, Nutt. Low, a span to rarely a foot high, many- stemmed and ascending or spreading from a stout caudex, from cinereous to canescent with dense and fine short pubescence : stems of smaller plants monocephalous : radical leaves spatulate to lanceolate, and cauliue lanceolate- oblong to linear, to 2 inches long : heads short-peduncled, 3 or 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre rather unequal : rays 40 or 50, linear, 3 or 4 lines long, ivhite, sometimes tinged with rose-color. From the Saskatchewan to New Mexico and westward. 21. E. COrymboSUS, Nutt. Taller, oflen a foot or two high, erect from creeping rootstocks, soft-cinereous with mostly spreading short pubescence : radical leaves narroAv-lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, largest 3 or 4 inches long and 3 or 4 lines wide, 3-nerved ; cauline linear and narrow : heads some- times solitary, usually several and cort/mbosely disposed on short slender pedun- cles : involucre 3 lines high, canescently pubescent: rays 30 to 50, mostly narrow and 3 to 5 lines long, blue or violet, apparently sometimes white. Mountains of Montana to those of Washington Territory and California. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 173 c. Stems leafy, mostly branched above and bearing few or several heads: pubes- cence not cinereous nor spreading, either strigose or none : pappus simple. 22. E. decumbens, Nutt. Slender, commonly low or spreading, 6 to 18 inches high, strigulose-pubescent or puberulent, or glabrate: leaves linear or sometimes linear-spatulate (radical not rarely 4 to 6 inches long and only a line or two wide) : involucre minutely hirsute or pubescent : rays 15 to 40, white, purplish, or violet-tinged Mountains, from Montana and Utah to Oregon and California. * * * Perennial by sloloniform creeping rootstocks, or creeping leafy stems or stolons: rays very numerous (100 or more) and narrow: low ground forms. 23. E. PhiladelphicUS, L. Soft hirsute, a foot or two high, spreading hy rosulate offsets borne on apex of stoloniform creeping rootstocks : stem striate- anyled, erect, corymbosely branching above and bearing several small heads : leaves oblong, or lowest spatulate; upper cauline half-clasping, obtuse, spar- ingly and coarsely serrate or entire : peduncles thickened under the head : rays pink, almost filiform : pappus simple. Across the continent. 24. E. flagellaris, Gray. More or less cinereous with appressed pubescence : stems slender, diffusely decumbent and flagelliform but leafy, some prostrate, many at length rooting at the apex and proliferous: leaves small, entire; radical spatulate and petioled ; those of the branches becoming linear : solitary peduncles 2 to 5 inches long: rays white or purplish: pappus double. PL Feudl. 69. From the Upper Platte to Colorado, New Mexico, and W. Texas. * * * * Mostly cinereous-pubescent or strigose annuals, leafy-stemmed and very branching, often diffusely : heads conspicuously radiate and mostly paniculate : low grounds and plains. - Akenes narrow, little compressed, with a broad and whitish truncate apex and a simple capillary pappus : rays 40 to 70 : leaves always entire. 25. E. Bellidiastrum, Nutt. Diffusely or loosely branched, a span or two high, cinereous-pubescent : leaves spatulate-linear or the lowest hroader, an inch or less long : heads paniculate, short-peduncled : rays light purple. Nebraska to New Mexico. *- H- Akenes compressed, 2-nerved: pappus double: inner often fragile or decidu- ous : rays mostly more numerous : leaves sometimes toothed or lobed. 26. E. diver gens, Torr. & Gray. Diffusely branched and spreading, a foot or less high, cinereous-pubescent or hirsute : leaves linear-spatulate or the upper linear and lowest broader and sometimes laciniately toothed or lobed: heads 2 or 3 lines high : rays white or purplish, very numerous : involucre hir- sute : inner pappus of rather scanty bristles ; outer of short subulate scales. M. ii. 175. From Nebraska to W. Texas and westward to the coast. 27. E. StrigOSUS, Muhl. Pubescence appressed, often strigose : stem erect, seldom over 2 feet high, leafy, branched above, bearing cymose or paniculate heads : leaves lanceolate and the upper entire ; lower from spatulate-lanceolate to oblong, often serrate : rays mostly white, not excessively numerous nor very narrow : involucre with few or no bristly hairs : outer pappus a shwt crown of dis- tinct or partly united slender scales, persistent after the fragile inner pappus has fallen. From Canada to the Saskatchewan and Texas, and westward to Oregon and California. 174 COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Var. Beyrichii, Gray. A slender form, with minute or even cinereous pubescence, smaller heads, and rays from white to pale rose-color. Synopt. Fl. i. 219. Within the eastern limits of our range. 2. Rays inconspicuous or slender, numerous, sometimes not exceeding the disk : within them a series of rat/less Jiliform female Jbwen (commonly none in No. 29) : leaves entire or nearly so: /jappus simple. TRI MORPHIA. 28. E. acris, L. More or less hirsute pubescent, varying towards glabrous (not glandular) : cauline leaves mostly lanceolate, the lower and radical spatu- late : involucre hirsute : rays slender, equalling or moderately surpassing the disk and pappus, purple: Jiliform female flowers numerous. In the mountains of Colorado and northward to British Columbia, thence across the continent. Var. DrOBbachensiS, Blytt. Somewhat glabrous, or even quite so: involucre also green, naked, at most hirsute only at the base, often minutely viscidulous : slender rays somewhat slightly exserted, sometimes minute and filiform and shorter than the pappus. Same range as the type. Var. debilis, Gray. Sparsely pilose : stems a span to a foot high, slender, 1 to 3-cephalous : leaves bright green ; radical obovate or oblong ; cauline spatulate to lanceolate, short : involucre sparsely hirsute or upper part glabrate, the attenuate tips of the bracts spreading : rays in flower rather conspicuously surpassing the disk. Synopt. Fl. i. 220. Mountains of N. Montana, northward and eastward. 29. E. armeriaefolius, Turcz. Sparsely hispid-hirsute or the leaves gla- brous and most of the narrowly linear and elongated cauline bristly-ciliate: inflorescence more racemose and strict : involucre sparsely hirsute : rays filiform, extremely numerous, slightly surpassing the disk, whitish, no Jiliform rayless flowers seen. From the mountains of California and Colorado to the Sas- katchewan. 3. Rays of the small (2 lines high) and narrow seemingly discoid (and thyrsoid-paniculate) heads inconspicuous, little if at all surpassing the disk or pappus : leaves more or less hispid-ciliate. C^NOTUS, in part. 30. E. Canadensis, L. From sparsely hispid to almost glabrous : stem strict, 1 to 4 feet high, with numerous narrowly paniculate heads, or in depauper- ate plants only a few inches high and with few scattered heads : leaves linear, entire, or the lowest spatulate and incised or few-toothed : rays white, usually a little exserted and surpassing the style-branches. Waste grounds, throughout the continent. 31. E. divaricatus, Michx. Low, a span to a foot high, diffusely much branched, somewhat f astigiate : leaves all narrowly linear or subulate, entire : rays purplish, rarely surpassing the style-branches of the pappus. Fl. ii. 123. Open grounds from Colorado to the Mississippi Valley. 15. CONYZA, Less. 1. C. Coulteri r Gray. A foot or two high, commonly branched, bearing numerous small heads in a mostly crowded thyrsoid leafy panicle, viscidly pubescent or partly hirsute : cauline leaves linear-oblong, the lower spatulate- oblong and with partly clasping base, from dentate to laciniate-pinnatifid, an COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 175 inch or two long : involucre 1 or 2 lines high, hirsute with rather soft spread- ing hairs, considerably shorter than the soft pappus : flowers whitish. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 355. W. Texas and Colorado to Arizona and California. 16. BACCHARIS, L. More or less shrubby : with alternate simple leaves, and the branches striate, bearing small heads of white or yellowish flowers. 1. B. Wrightii, Gray. Herbaceous from a woody base, very smooth and glabrous, a foot or two high, diffusely branching, sparsely leaved : slender branches terminated by solitary heads : leaves linear, small ; uppermost linear- subulate: involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high; Its bracts lanceolate, gradu- ally acuminate, conspicuously scarious-margined, with a green back : pappus very copious and pluriserial, soft, elongating in fruit, fulvous or purplish, four times the length of the scabrous-glandular 8 to 10-nerved akene. PL Wright, i. 101. W. Texas to S. Colorado and Arizona. 2. B. salicina, Torr. & Gray. Branching shrubs, 3 to 12 feet high, gla- brous or nearly so, usually viscous, with a resinous exudation: leaves mostly subsessile,//w/z oblong to linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, rarely entire : heads or glomerules pedunculate : involucre campanulate, about 3 lines high ; its bracts ovate and acutish : pappus more or less copious, but mostly unisenal, conspicu- ously elongating in fruit, white, soft and flaccid: akenes 10-nerved. Fl. ii. 258. Colorado to Texas. 3. B. glutinosa, Pers. Stems herbaceous above but woody toward the base, 3 to 10 feet high: branches somewhat striate-angled : leaves elongated-lan- ceolate, serrate with few or several scattered teeth on each side, more or less distinctly 3-uerved from near the base, 3 or 4 and the larger 5 or 6 inches long : heads mostlv 3 lines long, numerous and corymbosely cymose at the summit of comparatively simple stems or branches : involucre stramineous : pappus not very copious, nor flaccid, and elongated hardly at all in fruit: akene 5-nerved. From S. California to S. Colorado and Texas. 17. EVAX, Gartn. Dwarf and depressed annuals, floccose-woolly. In ours the heads are small and aggregated in terminal foliose-involucrate glomerules. 1. E. prolifera, Nutt. Rather stout: stem often a span high, simple and erect, or with ascending branches from the base, bearing numerous small spatulate leaves and a capituliform glomerule, half an inch in diameter; whence proceed 1 to 3 nearly leafless branches similarly terminated, sometimes again proliferous : fructiferous bracts scarious, oval or oblong, mainly naked ; those embracing staminate flowers more herbaceous and woolly-tipped, of firmer or more herbaceous texture : staminate flowers each on a filiform stipe repre- senting an abortive ovary. Diaperia prolifera, Nutt. Dry ground, Colorado to Dakota and Texas. 18. ANTENNA HI A, Gartn. EVEBLASTING. Mostly low, canescently and often floccosely woolly herbs, with whitish or purplish flowers : bracts of the involucre pearly white, rose-color, or brownish, never yellow. 176 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1. Bristles of the male pappus hardly at all thickened but minutely barbellate near the apex: akenes pul>erulent : bracts of the involucre brownish. 1. A. dimorpha, Torr. & Gray. Depressed, cespitose from a stout mul- ticipital caudex, bearing rosulate clusters of spatulate leaves : heads solitary and subsessile at the crown, or raised on a sparsely-leaved stem of an inch or less in height: male head 4 lines high, with broad and obtuse involucral bracts ; female becoming i to inch long, the inner bracts narrow and long- attenuate into a hyaline acuminate tip : pappus of the fertile flowers of long and fine smooth bristles. Fl. ii. 431. Dry hills, from Wyoming to California and British Columbia. 2. Bristles of the male pappus stouter, with thickish and clavate or scarious- dilated tips. * Not surculose-stolomferous : stems simple from the subterranean branching cau- dex, leaf t/, naked at summit, and bearing a cluster of broad heads : inner bracts of the male involucre all with conspicuous ivory-white papery obtuse tips ; those of the female with hardly any tips and more scarious : herbage silver y- lanate. 2 A. luzuloides, Torr. & Gray. Closely silky-woolly : stems slender, a span to a foot high ; leaves all narrowly linear, or some of the lowest narrowly lanceolate-spatulate, small uppermost linear-subulate : heads small (2 lines, or the female barely 3 lines long), several or numerous : involucre glabrous nearly or quite to the base ; the inner bracts in the female heads obtuse : akenes gland- ular : the spatulate and as it were petaloid tips of the male pappus obtuse. Fl. ii. 430. From Wyoming to Oregon and British Columbia. 3. A. Carpathica, R. Br. Floccosely white-ivoolly, rather stout : lower leaves spatulate-lanceolate and the upper linear : heads broad, 3 or 4 lines long : involucre conspicuously woolly at base, more or less livid, except the white tips: to the bracts of the male ; the inner bracts of the female commonly acutish and thin-scarious : akenes smooth and glabrous. In the Northern Rocky Mountains, and extending south to Oregon ; represented in the lower Rocky Mountains as far south as New Mexico, by the Var. pulcherrima, Hook. Stems 6 to 18 inches high: leaves mostly larger, the radical often half an inch or even almost an inch wide : heads more numerous, often in a compound cyme : bristles of the male pappus with more strongly and abruptly or even scariously dilated tips. # * Surculose-proliferous by either subterranean or leafy shoots or stolons. i- Heads in a ci/mose cluster, sometimes solitary : involucre woolly at base. 4. A. alpina, Gaertn. Somewhat cespitose : radical, shoots few and short : flowering stems 1 to 4 inches high, bearing 2 to 5 heads, sometimes a single head : radical leaves spatulate, inch long : involucre 3 lines high, livid-broicn- ish; the inner of the male heads with whitish oblong tips, of the female tvholly livid and scarious and from acutish to acuminate : akenes glandular. High mountains of Colorado and California, and far northward. 5. A. dioica, Gsertn. Freely surculose and forming broad mats : flowering stems 2 to 8 or even 12 inches high, bearing few or numerous heads : radical leaves from obovate to spatulate, half -inch to nearly an inch long, rarely glabrate above : bracts of the involucre in both sexes with colored (white or rose-colored) COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 177 and obtuse papery tips : akenes smooth and glabrous or sometimes minutely glandular. Throughout the mountain region at all elevations and north- ward, thence eastward across the continent. Var. congesta, DC., has heads sessile in a rosulate tuft of leaves termi- nating depressed stems, like the sterile creeping ones. Alpine on Sierra Blanca, S. Colorado, and similar but taller forms from the mountains of Wyoming, etc. 6. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. Freely surculose by long and slender sparsely leafy stolons : flowering stems more scapiform, 6 to 18 inches hiyh, bear- ing small linear or lanceolate leaves and a cluster of several heads : radical, leaves from roundish ovate to obovate and spatulate, the larger an inch or two long, soon glabrate and green above, silvery-canescent beneath with a com- pletely pannose coating, 3 to 5-uerved : invo'iicre very woolly at base ; inner bracts of the male heads with oval or oblong obtuse ivory-white tips, of the larger (4 to 6 lines long) female heads with white or whitish narrow and acute tips : akenes minutely glandukr. From New Mexico to Washington Terri- tory and eastward across the continent. +-- * Heads Jooseli/ paniculate : involucre almost glabrous. 7. A. racemosa, Hook. Stoloniferous as in the last, lightly woolly, becoming glabrate : flowering steins G to 20 inches high, slender, sparsely leafy, bearing few or numerous raceinosely or paniculately disposed heads : leaves thin ; the radical broadly oval, an incli or two long ; lower cauline ob- long ; upper small and lanceolate : involucre scarious, brownish ; the male 2 or 3 lines long, of obtuse bracts, the inner white-tipped ; female 3 or 4 lines long, of narrow and mostly acute bracts : akenes glabrous. From the moun- tains of Wyoming to the Cascades and the British border. 19. ANAPHALIS, DC. EVERLASTING. 1. A. margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. Commonly afoot or two high, in tufts, very leafy, the white floccose wool rarely becoming tawny : leaves 2 to 5 inches long, from rather broadly to linear-lanceolate, soon glabrate and green above, the broader ones indistinctly 3-nerved : heads numerous, corym- bosely cymose: bracts of the involucre very numerous, almost wholly pearly white, radiating in age. Antennaria margaritacea, R. Br. Higher moun- tains of Colorado and California and far northward ; across the continent in its cooler portions. 20. GNAPHALIUM, L. CUDWEED. EVERLASTING. Floccose woolly herbs : with sessile and sometimes decurrent entire leaves, and cymosely clustered or glomerate heads of whitish or yellowish flowers. Ours belong to the section in which the bristles of the pappus are not united, but fall separately. * Involucre woolly only at base, the scarious bracts from white to brownish straw- color : more or less fragrant herbs, erect, a foot or two high : akenes smooth and glabrous. I- Or. Sprengelii, Hook. & Am. Stems usually stout, 6 to 30 inches high : leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest spatulate, densely white-woolly, 12 178 COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) or sometimes thinly floccose, the short decurrent bases or adnate auricles rather broad, slightly if at all glandular or heavy-scented: heads in single or few close glomerules terminating the stem or branches : involucre hemispherical, white or yellowish, becoming rusty -tinged. G. luteo-album, var. Sprengelii, Eaton. From Texas and Colorado to S. California and N. Oregon. 2. G. decurrens, Ives. Stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high, corymbosely branched above and bearing cymosely crowded glomerules of broad heads : leaves very numerous, lanceolate or the upper linear, obviously adnate-decurrent, the upper face becoming naked and green in age and with the stem glandular-pubes- cent or viscid, white-woolly beneath, strongly balsamic-scented: involucre cam- panulate, white, becoming rusty-tinged. Am. Jour. Sci. i. 380. From Texas and New Mexico to Washington Territory and British Columbia, and eastward to New England. # * Involucre less imbricated, more involved in wool, the scarious tips of the nearly equal bracts inconspicuous and dull-colored: heads glomerate and feafy-bracte- ate, only a line or so in length : low and branching annuals, a few inches or rarely a foot high : akenes either smooth or scabrous. 3. G. paluatre, Nutt. Loosely floccose with long wool, erect, at length diffuse or weak : leaves 3 to 5 lines wide, spatulate or the uppermost oblong or lanceolate : tips of the linear involucral bracts white, obtuse. In moist grounds from New Mexico to Wyoming and westward. 4. G. strictum, Gray. Appressed-woolly : stem strict and simple, a span to a foot high, sometimes branching or with ascending stems from the base : leaves all linear, seldom a line wide : heads in spicately disposed glomerules in the axils or on short lateral branches : involucral bracts with brownish or some- what whitish tips, obtuse. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 110. Rocky Mountain region, from Wyoming to New Mexico and Arizona. 21. MELAMPODIUM, L. Branching herbs, with opposite mostly sessile leaves, and pedunculate heads terminating the branches or in the forks. In our species the rays are con- spicuously exserted and white, and the fructiferous bracts hooded. 1. M. cinereum, DC. Branched from the base, a span to a foot high, cinereous or even silvery-canescent with a close pubescence, or greener : leaves linear or the lower lanceolate or spatulate, entire or undulate, or even sinuate- pinnatifid: ligules 5 to 9, cuneate-oblong, 2 to 3-lobed at apex, 3 to 6 lines long : bracts of the involucre ovate, appressed, slightly united at base : fruc- tiferous bracts nearly terete, somewhat incurved, muricate with sharp tubercles ; its hood about the length of the body and very much wider, nearly smooth, its truncate and usually even margin commonly incurved. From S. and E. Colorado to Arizona, Texas, and W. Arkansas. 22. SILPHIUM, L. ROSIN-WEED. Tall and coarse perennials : with resinous juice, large leaves, and ample pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. Our species is the " Compass-Plant," with alternate deeply pinnatifld or bipinnatifid leaves, and large heads (sessile or nearly so) racemosely disposed along the naked summit, and very rough herbage. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 179 1. S. laciniatum, L. Stem 3 to 6 and even 12 feet high : radical leaves a foot or two long, loiig-petioled, once or twice pinnately parted or below divided, the divisions and lobes lanceolate to linear ; cauline with petiole sim- ply dilated at base, or with stipuliform and sometimes palmatifid appendages ; upper sessile and reduced to bracts : involucre inch or more high and broad : rays numerous, inch or two long, bright yellow. Prairies, from Dakota to Texas and eastward to Wisconsin and Alabama. 23. PARTHENIUM, L. Ours is an acaulescent cespitose perennial, with the ligule wanting. 1. P. alpinum, Torr. & Gray. Densely tufted on a thick branching cau- dex, depressed, rising only 1 or 2 inches : leaves crowded, silvery-canescent with a fine appressed pubescence, and villous in the axils, spatulate-linear, barely an inch long, entire : heads solitary and nearly fe^sile among the leaves : pappus a pair of oblong-lanceolate membranaceous scales. Mountains of Wyoming. 24. PARTHENICE, Gray. Allied to both Parthenium and fva. 1. P. mollis, Gray. Annual, with odor of Artemisia, 4 to 6 feet high, paniculately branched, minutely cinereous throughout, wholly destitute of any coarser pubescence: leaves all alternate, ovate, some of the larger (10 or 12 inches long) subcordate, acuminate, irregularly or doubly dentate, long-peti- oled : heads small, 2 lines broad, numerous in loose axillary and terminal somewhat leafy panicles : flowers greenish-white. S. Colorado to Arizona. 25. IV A, L. Herbs or shrubs . with entire or serrate leaves, at least the lower ones oppo- site, and small spicatety or racemosely or paniculately disposed or scattered and commonly nodding heads. * Heads crowded in narrow spike-like clusters which are aggregated in a naked panicle : leaves lomj-petioled. 1. I. xanthiifolia, Nutt. Tall and coarse, 3 to 5 feet high, pubescent, at least when young : leaves mainly opposite, broadly ovate, ample, coarsely or incisely serrate, acuminate, 3-ribbed at base, puberulently scabrous above: panicles axillary and terminal : outer involucral bracts 5, broadly ovate and herbaceous ; inner of as many membranaceous dilated-obovate or truncate ones, which are strongly concave at maturity and half embrace the obovate- pyriform aud glabrate akenes. From New Mexico to Idaho and the Sas- katchewan. * * Heads spicately or racemosely disposed in the axils of leaves or foliaceous bracts, and nodding. 2. I. Ciliata, Willd. Rather stout, 2 to 6 feet high, strigose and hispid : leaves nearly all opposite, ovate, acuminate, sparsely serrate, the base abruptly contracted into a hispid petiole : spikes strict, 3 to S inches long , their bracts lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, foliaceous, surpassing the at length deflexed heads, hispid-ciliate, as are the 3 or 4 herbaceous and unequal distinct or partly united bracts of the involucre From New Mexico to Nebraska and eastward. 180 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 3. I. axillaris, Pursh. Stems or branches nearly simple, ascending, a foot or tico Iiiyh : leaves from obovate or oblong to nearly linear, obtuse, entire, ses- sile, rarely over an inch long, even the uppermost usually much surpassing the mostly solitary heads in their axils ; bracts of the involucre connate into a 4 or 5-lobed or sometimes parted, or merely crenate cup. From New Mexico to Dakota and the Saskatchewan, and westward. 26. OXYTENIA, Nutt. Shrubby species, with Artemisia-like habit. 1. O. acerosa, Nutt. Shrubby, but soft-woody, 3 to 5 feet high, canes- cent, with erect branches sometimes leafless and rush-like : leaves when present alternate, pinnately 3 to 5-parted into long filiform divisions, or uppermost entire : heads numerous, 2 lines long, in dense panicles. Dry plains, S. W. Colorado to S. E. California. 27. DIG OKI A, Torr. & Gray. 1. D. Brandegei, Gray. Strigulose-canescent, diffusely and alternately branched leaves, of the branches oblong-lanceolate or partly spatulate, ob- tuse, mostly entire, an inch or less long and with slender petiole : heads sparse, racemose-paniculate ; fertile flower solitary ; its dilated-cuneate hyaline subtending bract hardly surpassing the outer involucre : akene naked and exserted, bordered with pectinate callous teeth connected by an indistinct sca- rious margin. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76. Sandy bottoms of the San Juan, near the boundary between Colorado and Utah. 28. AMBROSIA, Tourn. RAGWEED. Coarse herbs . with mostly lobed or dissected opposite and alternate leaves, and dull inconspicuous flowers : sterile heads racemose or spicate and with no bracts : fertile flowers usually glomerate in axils below. # Involucre of sterile heads 3-ribbed : no chaff on the receptacle : leaves palmate! y cleft, ample, petioled. 1. A. trifida, L. Tall and stout, 3 to 12 feet high or more, roughish hispid or almost glabrous : leaves all opposite, very deeply 3-lobed or the lower 5-lobed ; the lobes acuminate, serrate : sterile racemes long and dense : fertile heads clustered and as if involucrate by short bracts : fruit very thick, with 5 to 7 strong ribs or angles terminating above in spiuous tubercles around the base of the conical beak. From the plains of Colorado eastward across the continent. * # Involucre of sterile heads not ribbed : receptacle ivith some chaff : leaves most!// 1 to 3-pinnatiJid or dissected. 2. A. artemisiajfolia, L. Variously pubescent or hirsute, paniculately branched, a foot or tico hiyh, or taller : leaves thirmish, bipinnaiifid or pinnately parted with the divisions irregularly pinnatijid or sometimes nearly entire, on the flowering branches often undivided : sterile heads pedicelled : fruit short- beaked, armed with 4 to 6 short acute teeth or spines. A weed in waste and COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 181 cultivated grounds across the continent, known variously as " Roman Worm- wood," "Ragweed," and " Bitter- weed." 3. A. psilostachya, DC. From slender running rootstocks, stouter, 2 to (jfeet high, with strigose and some loose hirsute pubescence : leaves thickish; upper simply and lower twice pinnatijid ; the lobes mostly lanceolate and acute : sterile heads commonly short-pedicelled : fruit mostly solitary in the axils below, rugose-reticulated, obtusely short-pointed, either wholly unarmed or with four short either blunt or acute tubercles. From the Saskatchewan to Texas and westward across the continent. 29. FRANSERIA, Cav. Ours are herbaceous, with chiefly alternate leaves, and the spines of the fruiting and 1 to 2-flowered involucre comparatively few. # Fruiting involucre seldom over a, line long, in the same plant bearing either 1 or 2 flowers. 1 . F. tenuifolia, Gray. Erect, 1 to 5 feet high, leafy to the top, hispid, variously pubescent, or glabrate : leaves mostly 2 to 3-pinnately parted or dis- sected into narrowly oblong or linear lobes, the terminal elongated : sterile racemes commonly elongated and paniculate : fertile heads in numerous glom- erules below, in fruit minutely glandular, usually 2-flowered, armed with 6 to 18 short and stout incurving spines, their tips almost always hooked, and an excavated cartilaginously bordered areola above each. PI. Fendl. 80. From Colorado to California, Texas, and southward. * * Fruiting involucre 3 or 4 lines long at maturity, and longer stout or broad spines : stems low. 2. F. Hookeriana, Nutt. Diffusely spreading from an annual root, freely branched, hirsute-pubescent or hispid : leaves of ovate or roundish outline, 1 to 3 inches broad, and bipinnatiftd, or the upper oblong and pinnatifid: sterile racemes solitary or paniculate : fruiting involucre armed with fiat and thin lanceolate-subulate smooth and glabrous long and straight spines, \-fiowered. From the Saskatchewan to Texas and westward across the continent. 3. F. discolor, Nutt. A foot or less high, erect from perennial slender creeping root-stocks : leaves canescently tomentose beneath, green and glabrate above. interruptedli/-pinnat(fid, oblong in outline, comparatively large, the lowest often 6 inches long ; the lobes usually short and broad : sterile racemes commonly solitary : fruiting involucre 2-flowered, canescent, armed with rather short conical- subulate very acute and straight spines. Plains, Nebraska to Wyoming, Colo- rado, and New Mexico. 4. F. tomentosa, Gray. A foot high, rather stout, erect, from an appar- ently perennial base, canescent with a dense sericeous tomentum: leaves very white beneath, cinereous above, pinnate/ 1/ 3 to 5-cIeft or parted; the terminal division large, oblong or broadly lanceolate, serrate ; upper lateral similar but smaller ; lowest commonly very small and entire: fruiting involucre 3 lines long, 2- fiowered, nearly glabrous ; the short spines conical -subulate, very acute, and the very tip usually uncinate-incurved. PI. Feudl. 80. Along streams or river- beds, Kansas and E. Colorado. 182 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 30. XANTHIUM, Tourn. COCKLE-BUR. CLOT-BUR. Coarse annuals : with branching stems, alternate and usually lobed or toothed leaves, and mostly clustered heads, botli sexes in terminal and larger axillary clusters, the male uppermost ; the lower axillary clusters of few or solitary female heads. 1. X. Canadense, Mill. Stem often punctate with brown spots: leaves cordate or ovate, 3-ribbed from the base, with dentate margins and often in- cised or lobed, on long petioles : fruiting involucre about an inch long, densely beset with rather long prickles, the two stout beaks at maturity usually hooked or incurved, the surface and base of the prickles more or less hispid. X. strumarium, var. Canadense, Torr. & Gray. From Texas to the Saskatche- wan and westward. 31. ZI1TNIA, L. With opposite and mostly entire sessile leaves, single heads terminating the branches, and showy flowers. In ours the leaves are narrow and rigid, connate- sessile and crowded, and the nkenes 2 to 4-aristate. 1. Z. grandiflora, Nutt. Scabrous: stems or branches a span or more high from a stout woody base : leaves linear, 3-nerved at base : involucre nar- row, 4 lines long : ligules 4 or 5, at maturity 5 to 8 lines long, dilated-obovate or roundish, light yellow or sulphur-color, becoming white. Plains and bluffs, E. Colorado to Texas and Arizona. 32. HELIOPSIS, Pers. With loosely branching stems, veiny and mostly serrate 3-ribbed leaves on naked petioles, and pedunculate showy heads with numerous yellow rays. 1. H. lajvis, Pers. Smooth and glabrous or nearly so throughout, 3 or 4 feet high : leaves bright green, thinnish, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate from a truncate or slightly cuneate-decurrent base, acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate with numerous teeth, 3 to 5 inches long : heads somewhat corymbose : rays broadly linear, an inch long : akenes wholly glabrous and smooth. Near Canon City, Colorado, Brandegee ; chiefly a form of the Atlantic States. 33. ECHINACEA, Moanch. Perennial herbs, with rather stout erect stems, undivided leaves, the lower long-petioled, and solitary large heads on long peduncles terminating the stem and few branches. Rays from flesh-color to rose-purple, much elongating with age. 1. E. angustifolia, DC. Hispid, a foot 01 two high, mostly simple: leaves from broadly lanceolate to nearly linear, entire, 3-nerved, all attenuate at base, the lower into slender petioles : bracts of the involucre in only about 2 series. Within the eastern limit of our range and extending eastward. 34. RUDBECKIA, L. CONEFLOWER. With alternate leaves, either simple or compound, and showy pedunculate heads terminating stem and branches : rays yellow, even sometimes wanting, the lisk from fuscous to purplish black. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 183 * Disk from hemispherical to ovoid, black or dull brown : akenes small, quadran- gular, wholly destitute of pappus : leaves undivided : involucre soon reflexed. 1. R. hirta, L. Rather stout, 1 to 3 feet high, rough-hispid and hirsute: leaves from oblong to lanceolate, sparingly serrate or nearly entire, 2 to 5 inches long, the lower narrowed into margined petioles : rays when well devel- oped an inch or two long, golden yellow, sometimes deeper colored toward the hase: disk at first nearly black, in age dull brown, becoming ovoid in f ru it. Dry and open ground, from Colorado to the Saskatchewan and east- ward across the continent. # # Disk from r/Iobular to cylindrical, yellowish or brownish : akenes comparatively large, somewhat compressed, with a crown-like pappus: involucre loose and foliaceous but not usually rejlexed. H- Rays few or several, inch or two long, drooping, pure yellow : disk dull yellowish ; the tip of the chaffy bracts canescent : pappus a short 4-toothed or nearly entire crown: nearly all the leaves cleft or divided: stems branching. 2. R. laciniata, L. Glabrous and smooth, sometimes minutely scabrous, at least on the margins and upper face of the leaves : stem 2 to 7 feet high, branching above : leaves veiny, broad, incisely and sparsely serrate ; radical commonly piunately 5 to 7-foliolate or nearly so, and divisions often lacini- ately 2 to 3-cleft ; lower cauline 3 to 5-parted, upper 3-cleft, and those of the branches few-toothed or entire Moist ground, from Montana to Arizona and New Mexico, and eastward across the continent. t- -t- Rays wanting : disk brownish ; the tip of the chaffy bracts puberufent : re- ceptacle bodkin-shaped : scarious cup-shaped pappus very conspicuous : stems stout, simple. 3. R. OCCidentalis, Nutt. Nearly glabrous and smooth, or somewhat scabrous-puberulent : leaves undivided, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, or irregularly and sparingly dentate, 4 to 8 inches long ; upper sessile by a rounded or subcordate base ; lower abruptly contracted into a short winged petiole, rarely a pair of obscure lateral lobes: disk in age becoming l inch long, and akenes 2 lines long. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 355. Mountains of Wyoming to Idaho and Oregon. 4. R. montana, Gray. Smoother, somewhat glaucous, tall and very stout: leaves 8 to 12 inches long, pinnately parted into 3 to 9 oblong-lanceolate divisions, or the lanceolate uppermost cauline with 2 to 4 narrow lateral lobes : disk cylindraceous or cylindrical, at length often 3 inches long and an inch in diameter : akenes with the deep coroniform pappus 3 or 4 lines long. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217. Mountains of Colorado. 35. LEPACHYS, Raf. Herbs, with piunately parted leaves, and terminal long-peduncled showy heads, the drooping rays yellow or partly brown-purple : truncate inflexed tips of the chaff pubescent : disk yellowish, becoming darker. 1 L. columnaris, Torr. & Gray. Scabrous, 1 or 2 feet high, branching from the base : divisions of the cauline leaves 5 to 9, from oblong to narrowly linear, sometimes 2 to 3-cleft : rays commonly an inch or more long, normally 184 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) all yellow : disk at length columnar, an inch or more long. Plains, from the Rocky Mountains to the Saskatchewan and Texas. Var. pulcherrima, Torr. & Gray. A part or even the whole upper face of the ray brown-purple. From Arizona to Texas and Nebraska. 36. BALSAMORBHIZA, Hook. Low; with thick, deep and balsamic roots ; a tuft of radical leaves mostly on long petioles ; and short simple few-leaved flowering stems or naked scapes, bearing large and mostly solitary heads of yellow flowers. * Leaves entire or nearly so; the principal ones cordate or with cordate base and long-pet ioled. 1. B. sagittata, Nutt. Silvery-canescent, and the involucre white-woolly : radical leaves from cordate-oblong to hastate, 4 to 9 inches long, the base 2 to G inches wide, on petioles of greater length ; the few and inconspicuous cauline from linear to spatulate : scape at length a foot or more high : rays 1 to 2 inches long. Mountains of Colorado to Montana and British Columbia. Used for food by the Indians. * * Leaves neither entire nor cordate, varying from Jacinialely dentate to bipin- nately divided: heads solitary on a naked scape or one bearing a pair of small opposite leaves towards the base. 2. B. macrophylla, Nutt. Green, not at all canescent, glabrate, except the ciliate margins of the leaves, usually minutely glandular-viscidulous : leaves ample, ovate or oblong in outline, a span to a foot long, some with only one or two lobes or coarse teeth, most of them pinnate! y parted into broad 1 1/ lanceo- late and commonly entire lobes : scapes a foot or two high : bracts of the invo- lucre from narrowly lanceolate to spatulate and foliaceous, an inch or two long, nearly equal, either half or fully the length of the rays. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 350. Rocky and Wahsatch Mountains, Wyoming to Utah. 3. B. Hookeri, Nutt. Canescent with fine sericeous or more tomentose pu- bescence, but not at all hirsute : scapes and leaves a span to a foot high ; the latter lanceolate or elongated-oblong in outline, pinnately or bipinnateli/ parted into lanceolate or linear divisions or lobes, or some of them only pinnatifid or incised : involucre from canescently puberulent to lanate; its bracts from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, either unequal and well imbricated or sometimes the outer- most foliaceous and enlarged. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 301 . West of our range, but represented by Var. incana, Gray. Densely whife-tomentose : leaves often of broader out- line. Synopt. Fl. i. 266. D. incana, Nutt. Wyoming and Montana to N. California. 37. WYETHIA, Nutt. Stout and mostly low ; with ample undivided pinnately veined alternate leaves (mostly entire), and large heads of mostly yellow flowers. # Rays from pale yellow or dull straw-color to white. 1. W. helianthoides, Nutt. A span to a foot and a half high, simple and Avith a single large head, or rarely 3 or 4, hirsute : leaves from oval to COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 185 broadly lanceolate, denticulate or entire, 4 to 8 inches long, mostly narrowed at base into a short margined petiole : heads an inch high : bracts of the invo- lucre narrowly lanceolate, numerous : rays nearly 2 inches long : akenes 4 lines long, either prismatic-quadrangular or flattish, 12-nerved: pappus some- times minute, chaffy coroniform and cleft into few or several teeth. Northern Rocky Mountains, in moist valleys, S. W. Montana to E. Oregon. * * Rays bright yellow. t- Glabrous and smooth throughout, usually balsamic-viscid: leaves lanceolate to oblong. 2. W. amplexicaulis, Nutt. A foot or two high, robust : leaves mostly lanceolate-oblong, entire or denticulate ; radical often a foot or more long ; upper cauline partly clasping by a rounded or somewhat narrowed base : heads solitary or several, short peduncled : involucral bracts broadly lanceolate, one or two outer ones occasionally foliaceous and larger : rays l inches long: akenes with a conspicuous crown cleft into acute teeth, and sometimes a small awn. From Colorado to Montana and British Columbia. Called " Pe-ik " by the Indians. t- - Hirsuteltj pubescent or scabrous : leaves elongated-lanceolate or linear. 3. W. Arizonica, Gray. Hirsutely pubescent, a foot high, bearing a sin- gle or few heads : leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, or the upper and sessile cauline broader: involucre of rather foliaceous and erect bracts: rays 8 to 12: pappus a ver y narrow crown, extended into 3 or 4 stout subulate teeth, or into 1 or 2 short awns. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 655. S. Colorado to S. Utah and Arizona. 4. W. SCabra, Hook. Very scabrous, a foot or two high, rigid : cauline leaves linear, thick, 4 to 6 inches long, inch wide, sessile, attenuate-acute : involucral bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 series, all the outer with an appressed base, which is acuminate into a longer subulate filiform spreading \iery hispid- scabrous appendage : rays several, inch long : akenes acutely angled, the 3 or 4 angles extended into a pappus of as many short blunt teeth, which are barely confluent at base. New Mexico and S. Colorado to Utah and Wyoming. 38. GYMNOLOMIA, HBK. With erect branching stems, alternate or opposite leaves, and heads of yellow flowers ; resembling small-flowered species of Helianthus. 1. G. multiflora, Benth. & Hook. A foot to a yard high, pubescent or scabrous, sometimes also hispid, often much branched : leaves from narrowly linear to lanceolate, either alternate or mainly opposite, entire or obscurely denticulate: rays 10 to 15, golden yellow: disk hemispherical, in age little more elevated and receptacle obtusely conical ; its bracts linear, obtuse or the inner acute : akenes smooth. Heliomeris multiflora, Nutt. Very polymor- phous. From Arizona to Wyoming and W. Texas. 39. HELIANTHUS, L. SUNFLOWER. Usually tall or coarse ; with a part or all the leaves opposite and simple ; heads peduncled and terminating the stems or branches, with yellow rays, and either yellow or purple disk-flowers. 186 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1. Annuals: receptacle flat or nearly so: all but the lower leaves usually alter- nate, pet ioled, 3-ribbed: involucre spreading ; its bracts attenuate : disk brown- ish or dark purple. 1. H. annuus, L. Robust, when well developed tall, hispid, hispidulous, or scabrous : stem often spotted or mottled : leaves ovate and the lower cordate, serrate, the larger 6 to 12 inches long, the blade of the cauliue ones longer than their petiole : bracts of the involucre from broadly ovate to oblong, aristiform- acuminate, below hispidly ciliate : disk in the wild plant commonly an inch or more in diameter. Includes H. lenticularis, Dougl., and many other forms. From the Saskatchewan to Texas and westward. The " Common Sunflower," extensively cultivated everywhere and thus becoming very tall and with enor- mous heads. Fruit used by the Indians for food and oil. 2. H. petiolaris, Nutt. A foot to a yard high, more slender, loosely branching, strigose-hispidulous, rarely hirsute : leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, entire or sparingly denticulate, I to 3 inches long, cuneately attenuate or the lower abruptly contracted into a long and slender petiole : bracts of the involucre lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, with acute and mucronate or some- times more attenuate tips, seldom at all ciliate: disk \ inch or more in diame- ter. About the same range as the last. 2. Perennials : receptacle convex, or at length low-conical : lower leaves almost always opposite. * Involucre loose, becoming more or less squarrose; its bracts almost equal, Jilif or in- attenuate : disk usually dark purple or turning brownish : all but the lower leaves long-linear or filiform. 3. H. orgyalis, DC. Stem smooth and glabrous, often 10 feet high, very leafy to the top : leaves mostly alternate, from long-linear, 8 to 16 inches long, commonly 2 to 4 lines wide, or the lowest lanceolate, to almost filiform, slightly papillose-scabrous, the lower narrowed into a petiole and sometimes serrulate : bracts of the involucre filiform-attenuate, those of the receptacle entire : akenes oblong-obovate with a rounded summit, 3 lines long. Dry plains, Nebraska to Texas, west to S. E. Colorado. # # Involucre closer, of more imbricated and unequal ovate or oblong but not folia- ceous bracts: leaves from lanceolate to ovate: herbage not tomentose nor con- spicuously cinereous. 4. H. rigidus, Desf. A foot or two (rarely 6 to 8 feet) high, rigid, spar- ingly branched : leaves very firm-coriaceous and thick, both sides hispiduloits- scabrous, shagreen-like, entire or serrate ; lower oblong and ovate-lanceolate, attenuate at base into short winged petioles ; upper mostly lanceolate : heads comparatively large, showi/ ; disk f inch high, dark purple or brownish : invo- lucre pluriserially imbricated ; its bracts mainly ovate, obtuse or acutish, rigid, appressed, densely and minutely ciliate. Plains and prairies from Michigan to Texas and west to E. Colorado. 5. H. pumilus, Nutt. Hispid and scabrous throughout : stems simple, a foot or two high, bearing 5 to 1 pairs of leaves and a few rather short- peduncled heads : leaves mostly ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire or nearly so, 1^ to 4 inches long, rigid, abruptly contracted at base into a short margined petiole : invo- lucre less than half-inch high, white hirsute or scabro-hfspidulous ; its bracts COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 187 imbricated in about 3 series, oblong-lanceolate, acutish: disk yellow. Eastern Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains, from Wyoming to Colorado. * # * Involucre looser and the bracts disposed to be more taper-pointed, or folia- ceous: dish i/elloiv or yellowish. - Stems smooth or somewhat scabrous: leaves mostly lanceolate or narrower: involucral bracts linear-subulate, loose or soon squarrose-spreading. 6. H. grosse-SerratUS, Martens. Stem veri/ smooth and glabrous, com- monli/ glaucous, 6 to 10 feet high, bearing numerous rather cymosely disposed and short-peduncled heads : leaves slender-petioled, thinnish, oblong-lanceolate or narrower, or some of the cauline almost deltoid-lanceolate, gradually acu- minate, sharply serrate, or upper merely denticulate, slightly scabrous above, whit'sh and sojl-puberulent beneath ; larger cauline commonly 8 to 10 inches and the petiole an inch or two long: deep yellow oblong rays over an inch long. Dry plains, from Texas to Dakota and as far east as Ohio. 7. H. Maximilian!, Schrader. Hispidnlous-scabrous: stem stout, 2 or 3 (and even 10 to 12) feet high, below mostly rough-hispid : leaves almost all alter- nate, thickish, becoming rigid, very scabrous above, lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, mostly subsessile, all entire or sparingly denticulate : involucre of more rigid bracts : rays numerous, often inch and a half long, golden yel- low. Prairies and plains west of the Mississippi, and from the Saskatchewan to Texas. 8. H. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, 2 to 4 feet high, commonly simple, smooth and glabrous : leaves lanceolate or the upper linear, 3 to 6 inches long, 3 to 9 lines wide, short-petioled or subsessile, serrulate or entire : bracts of the involucre naked or somewhat hirsute at base : palese of the pappus long and narrow. Fl. ii. 324. In wet soil, W. Wyoming and Utah to Oregon, Washington Territory, and British Columbia. i- - Stems pubescent or hirsute : leaves ovate or subcordate : involucral bracts lanceolate, loose, hirsute-ciliate. 9. H. tuberOSUS, L. Stem 5 to 10 feet high, branching at summit: leaves mostly alternate on the branches, acuminate, dull green, minutely pu- bescent and occasionally cinereous beneath, soon scabrous above : bracts of the involucre attenuate-acuminate : rays often inch and a half long, 12 to 20 : bracts of the receptacle hirsute-pubescent on the back : akenes more or less pubescent at summit and margins, mostly long and slender. The "Jerusa- lem Artichoke," widely cultivated for its fleshy tubers, and found under various forms, especially in the E. United States. An indigenous form coming within our range is Var. SUbcanescens, Gray. Mostly dwarf, about 2 feet high, compara- tively small-leaved, rough-hispidulous or scabrous, but the lower face of the leaves whitish with soft and fine pubescence. Synopt. Fl. i. 280. Plains of Minnesota, Dakota, etc. 40. HELIANTHELLA, Torr. & Gray. Leafy-stemmed : leaves lanceolate to ovate, with tapering base, opposite or alternate : rays broad, yellow : disk yellow or purplish-brown : akenes flat, from cuneate-obovate and emarginate to slightly obcordate. 188 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) * Chaffy bracts of the receptacle soft and scarious : akenes with some long villous hairs on the margins and sometimes on the faces. - Heads showy, large or middle-sized, solitary, or some later ones axillary : bracts of the involucre loose and lanceolate-attenuate or linear, more or less foliaceous, conspicuously hirsute- dilate, : disk yellowish. 1. H. quinquenervis, Gray. Somewhat hirsutely pubescent or almost glabrous : stems solitary or scattered, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves mostly opposite, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 9 inches long, uppermost sessile, lower ones tapering into margined petioles, and the lowest (a foot or more long) into longer petioles : head mostly long-peduncled, ample, the disk a full inch in diameter: rays 15 to 20, pale yellow, commonly inch and a half long: pappus of 2 slender awns, of half the length of the akene, and nearly thrice the length of the squamellve, which form a conspicuous finely dissected fringe. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 10. H. unifiora of the Fl. Colorado and Bot. King's Exp. Moun- tains from Dakota and Montana to S. Colorado. 2. H. Parryi, Gray. Hispidukms-hirsute : stems numerous from a thick- ened root, a foot high, rather slender : leaves mostly alternate, more rigid, lanceo- late and an inch or two long, or the lowest and radical oblong- spatulate and of double the size : heads and rays barely half the size of the preceding : pappus of fimbriately dissected squamellm only, or with a pair of slender awns not surpass- ing these. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68. Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico. H- H- Heads small : involucre more imbricated : rays few and hardly surpassing the dark purple disk. 3. H. micro cephala, Gray. Hispidulous-scabrous : stems numerous from a greatly thickened root, a foot or less high, slender, somewhat panicu- lately or corymbosely branched at summit and bearing several heads : leaves rigid, all but the lower alternate ; radical lanceolate-spatulate ; upper cauline nearly linear and sessile, an inch long : involucral bracts linear-oblong, mostly obtuse : rays not over 3 lines long : pappus of several slender squamell* inter- mixed with the long hairs, two marginal ones often extended and awn-like. Proc. Am. Acad, xix. 10. Borders of Colorado and adjacent New Mexico and Utah. * * Ghaffij bracts of the receptacle Jirm-chartaceous : stems afoot or two high. 4. H. uniflora, Torr. & Gray. Minutely pubescent or glabrate : leaves more commonly opposite, sometimes all alternate, oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long ; lower short-petioled : involucre pubescent or slightly hirsute : rays a full inch long : akenes more or less ciliate : pappus a pair of long awns and rather conspicuous squamellae. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 10. H. multi- caulis of Bot. King's Exp. Mountains of Montana and E. Idaho to S. Utah. 41. VERBESINA, L. Flowers yellow or rarely white. Ours belongs to Ximenesia, in which the heads are broad, the involucre of spreading linear and foliaceous equal bracts, and the disk and receptacle merely convex : the rays are numerous and con- spicuous. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 189 1. V. encelioides, Benth. & Hook. A foot or two high, freely branch- ing, pale and cinereous or sometimes canescent : leaves mostly alternate, and the upper face green, from ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, variously serrate or laciniate-dentate, most with winged petioles, and commonly with auriculate-dilated appendage at base: disk three fourths inch in diameter: rays 12 to 15, an inch long, deeply 3-cleft at summit: akenes obovate, mostly broadly winged and with short awns. Ximenesia encelioides, Cav. From S. Colorado and Arizona to Texas. 42. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED. Pedunculate heads terminating the branches : rays mostly showy, yellow, party-colored, or rose-colored. In ours the akene is wingless. 1. C. tinctoria, Nutt. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves opposite and all 1 to 2-pinnately divided into lanceolate or linear divisions: outer involucre short and close: rays to f inch long, either yellow with crimson-brown base or nearli/ all crimson brown: disk-flowers dork purple or brown : akenes moderately incurved : pappus none or an obscure border. From Colorado and Arizona to the Saskatchewan and Texas. 2. C. involucrata, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent or glabrous, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves opposite and all pinnately 3 to 7-divided or parted ; the divisions serrate, incised, or again cleft : bracts of the outer involucre 1 2 to 20, mostly surpassing the inner, slender, hispid on the back and margins : rays sometimes an inch long, golden yellow: disk-flowers dull yellow: akenes straight, with 2 short acute teeth. Plains of E. Colorado to Texas and W. Illinois. 43. B I DENS, Tourn. BUR-MARIGOLD. Leaves opposite, simple or compound : heads of mostly yellow flowers soli- tary or paniculate. 1. Akenes flat, from obovate to cuneiform, not at all contracted at summit, 2 to 4- awned: outer involucre fol iaceous and spreading. * Heads erect, rayless, or rarely with 1 to 5 small rat/s : disk greenish yellow : leaves mostly petioled and divided. 1. B. frondosa, L. Glabrous or somewhat hairy, branching, 2 to 6 feet high : leaves except the uppermost pinnately 3 to 5-divided into lanceolate or broader sharply serrate petiolulate leaflets : outer involucre often very leafy : akenes obovate or oblong, more or less hairy, 2-awned. Shady or moist rich ground, common everywhere. The common " Stick-tight." * * Heads commonly with conspicuous rays: leaves all sessile and undivided; upper pairs somewhat connate round the stem : margins of the cuneate akenes and the rigid awns retrorsely hispid. 2. B. cernua, L. Stem glabrous or setulose hispid, from a span to a yard high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and irregularly sharply serrate : heads conspicuously nodding after anthesis, commonly surpassed by the foliaceous outer involucre : rays ovate or oval, little surpassing the disk or wanting: akenes usually 4 awned. Across the continent, especially in the more northern lati- tudes. In wet grounds. 190 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 3. B. chrysanthemoides, Michx. Glabrous, often decumbent at base, a foot or two high : leaves lanceolate, rather minutely and evenly serrate: heads rather large, little or not at all nodding : outer involucre seldom surpassing the inner, conspicuously surpassed by the oval or broadly oblong rays : akeues 2 to 4-awned. Wet grounds, across the continent ; on the plains around Denver. 2. Akenes narrow, linear-tetragonal ; the outer shorter and more truncate than the inner, which generally taper upward : outer involucre seldom foliaceous or enlarged : leaves (in ours) all once to thrice 3 to 5-nately parted or divided, and the rays inconspicuous or none. 4. B. bipinnata, L. Primary and secondary divisions of the leaves rather ovate or deltoid-lanceolate in circumscription, and the lobes mostly acute : akenes oil slender, the inner ones 5 to 9 lines long, outermost moderately shorter and thicker : awns 3 or 4, sometimes only 2. A common weed in waste ground throughout the continent. Commonly known as " Spanish Needles." 5. B. tenuisecta, Gray. A foot or two high, branched from the base, sparsely hirsute or glabrous : leaves 2 to 3-ternately or pinnately dissected into narrow linear lobes : heads on naked rather long and stout peduncles, many- flowered, 4 or 5 lines high in flower : akenes glabrous, 2-atvned ; inner 5 lines long, with tapering summit ; outermost 3 lines long, stouter and with broad summit and usually short awns : rays yellow, mostly surpassing the disk. PI. Feudl. 86. Along water-courses, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. 44. THELESPERMA, Less. Smooth and glabrous perennials: with opposite usually finely dissected leaves, and pedunculate heads : the rays golden yellow. * Lobes of the disk-corollas linear or lanceolate, longer than the throat : pappus evident: chaff of receptacle falling with and partly embracing the akenes. 1. T. ambiguum, Gray. A foot high, spreading by creeping rootstocks, rather rigid and naked above : leaves bipinnately divided into narrowly linear or filiform lobes : bracts of the outer involucre 8, subulate-linear, almost equalling or half the length of the inner, which are connate to or above the middle : rays broad, over % inch long, rarely wanting : disk usually purple turning brownish : outer akenes becoming coarsely papillose ; the stout pappus-scales not longer than the width of the akvne. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 16. T. jttifolium of most of the Western Reports. From Montana to Colorado, New Mexico, and W. Texas. 2. T. gracile, Gray. More rigid, a foot or two high, from a deep root, less branched, naked above : leaves once or twice 3 to 5-nately divided or parted into filiform-linear or broader lobes, or some upper ones filiform and entire: bracts of the outer involucre 4 to 6, very short, ovate or oblong; of the inner one connate to above the middle, the edges of their lobes slightly scari- ous : disk mostly yellow, scarcely brownish after anthesis : akenes less papillose or roughened, the breadth of the summit exceeded by the subulate awns : rays itsu- ally none, rarely present and 2 or 3 lines long, Loc. cit. Plains, Nebraska and Wyoming to W. Texas and Arizona. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 191 * * Lobes of disk-corollas ovate or oblong, decidedly shorter than the throat : pappus shorter and coroniform or obsolete : very leafy below, sending up long and naked peduncles : outer involucre short. 3. T. subnudum, Gray. Rather stout : leaves thickish and rigid, once or twice ternately parted into linear or lanceolate lobes: peduncles 4 to 10 inches long : head inch high : rays sometimes none, sometimes ample : pap- pus a minute 4 to 5-toothed naked crown, or obsolete. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 72. Green River, Wyoming, Parr// ; mainly in New Mexico, N. Arizona, and S. Utah. 45. MADIA, Molina. TARWEED. Glandular and viscid herbs, mostly heavy-scented : with entire or merely toothed leaves, some or all of them alternate : heads axillary and terminal. Ours belongs to the Eumadia, in which the rays are few and inconspicuous or none and the pappus none. 1. M. glomerata, Hook. A foot or so high, rigid, very leafy, hirsute, glandular only toward the inflorescence : leaves narrowly linear : heads glom- erate : rays 2 to 5 or sometimes none, not surpassing the about equal number of disk-flowers : akenes narrow, those of the disk 4 to 5-angled ; of the ray somewhat curved and 1-nerved on each face. Mountains of Colorado, to the Saskatchewan, the Sierras of California, Oregon, and Washington Ter- ritory. 46. LAYIA, Hook. & Arn. Branches terminated by showy heads of (in ours) white flowers : pappus of 10 to 20 stout bristles, which are plumose below the middle : herbage hispid or hirsute, somewhat viscid, above beset with scattered stipitate blackish glands. 1. L. glandulosa, Hook. & Am. A span to a foot or more high, dif- fusely branched : lower leaves lanceolate or linear, laciniate-pinnatifid or incised, upper narrow and entire : rays 8 to 13, large and conspicuous (bright white or tinged with rose), to inch long, 3-lobed: villous hairs of the pap- pus bristles copious, the outer straight and erect, the inner soon crisped and interlaced into a woolly mass. Barren ground, from New Mexico through S. W. Colorado to Idaho, and westward. 47. RIDDELLIA, Nutt. Low and corymbosely branched woolly herbs : with alternate and spatulate or linear leaves, the cauline entire : small heads of yellow flowers : bracts of the involucre distinct, but connected by the intricate wool so as to seem connate. 1. R. tagetina, Nutt. Loosely or somewhat villosely lanate, sometimes glabrate in age, rather widely branched : radical and even lower cauline leaves often laciniate-pinuatifid : heads numerous, mostly cymosely clustered and short-peduncled : scales of the pappus oblong-lanceolate, entire, usually obtuse, or f the length of the disk-corolla. W. Texas to E. Colorado and Arizona. 192 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 48. PEBICOME, Gray. The name refers to the coma of long hairs all round the margin of the akenes. 1. P. caudata, Gray. Rather tall, widely branching, strong-scented, very minutely puberuleut : leaves opposite, long-petioled, green and minutely some- what resinous-atomiferous, triangular-hastate, 2 to 5 inches long, with sparingly crenate-dentate or entire margins, caudately long-acuminate, as also in less degree are the basal angles : heads numerous in terminal corymbiform cymes, half-inch or less high ; flowers golden yellow, conspicuously longer than the glabrous involucre: pappus a crown of hyaline scales which are more or less connate and fimbriate-lacerate at summit, the fringe dissected into bristles or hairs somewhat simulating those of the margin of the akene. PL Wright, ii. 82. Rocky canons, etc., S. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. 49. EBIOPHYLLUM, Lag. Mostly floccose herbs : with alternate or partly opposite leaves, and pedun- cled heads : flowers golden yellow. In ours the heads are mostly solitary or scattered and conspicuously pedunculate. 1. E. csespitosum, Dougl. Floccosely white-woolly, many-stemmed from the root : leaves in age with upper face often jrlabrate ; lower ones from spatulate or cuneate to roundish in outline, from incisely 3 to 5-lobed to pin- nately parted or the upper varying to linear and entire : involucral bracts 8 to 12, oblong or oval : tube of disk-corollas mostly hirsute-glandular and longer than the pappus, which is variable, sometimes very short, sometimes obsolete. Bahia lanata, DC. Common from Montana to British Columbia and thence southward. Very variable, one form within our range being Var. integrifolium, Gray. Low, often dwarf, cespitose-tufted, 3 to 10 inches high : leaves from narrowly spatulate or oblanceolate and entire to more dilated and 3-lobed at summit, or at base and on sterile shoots cuneate and incisely lobed: involucre of 6 bracts: pappus about equalling the very glandular but not hirsute corolla-tube. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 25. Bahia integrifolia, DC. Mountains of Wyoming, Montana, and westward. 50. BAHIA, Lag. Sometimes canescent but not woolly : with opposite or sometimes alternate leaves, and rather small pedunculate heads of yellow flowers terminating the branches. * Scales of the pappus 4 to 8, obovate or spatulate, with rounded or truncate scari- ous summit: leaves dissected or cleft, mostly opposite. 1. B. oppositifolia, Nutt. A span or two high, fastigiately branched and many-stemmed, very leafy up to the short-peduncled heads, cinereous with fine close pubescence: leaves petioled, palmately or pedately 3 to 5-parted into linear divisions little broader than the margined petiole : bracts of the involucre oblong or oval, comparatively close : rays 5 or 6, oval, hardly sur- passing the disk-flowers : akenes slender, glandular : pappus half the length of the corolla-tube. Sterile hills and plains, Nebraska to Colorado and New Mexico. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 193 * * Scales of the pappus about 10, linear-lanceolate, and with a distinct rib: leaves all alternate and entire. 2. B. nudicaulis, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent and glabrate, upper part of the scapiform stem and involucre minutely glandular, a span or two high : leaves nearly all radical, oval or spatulate-oblong, tapering into a slender peti- ole : heads solitary or few and somewhat corymbosely paniculate, nearly inch high: involucre of about 10 oblong bracts: rays 6 to 9, oblong: pappus fully half the length of the cuneate-linear sparsely hairy akene; the thin margins of the palea of the pappus erose. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 27. Wind River Mountains, N. W. Wyoming, Parry. 3. B. oblongifolia, Gray. Smaller: stems sparsely leafy almost to the 3-cepha/ous naked inflorescence : leaves narrowly oblong : head only 4 lines high, narrow: palese of the pappus firmer, smoother, and with entire edges, little shorter than the glabrate akene Loc. cit. On the San Juan and Rio Colorado, S. E. Utah or adjacent Colorado. * * * Leaves once or twice palmate) y or pedately divided : akenes mostly hirsute along the slender attenuate base. +- Leaves mainly opposite : ray? none pappus of broad and very obtuse scales. 4. B. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. A span or more high, minutely puberu- lent : leaves 3 to "-parted into narrow linear divisions ; uppermost little shorter than the slender peduncles: involucre of about 10 sparingly pubescent spatu- late bracts . disk-corollas small, with glandular tube, almost equalled by the obovate scales of the pappus, which are much thickened at and near the base. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 27. New Mexico and S. Colorado. -i- *- Leaves mainly alternate: rays 16 to 20, obovate-obhnq, yellow: pappus none. 5. B. chrysanthemoides, Gray. Taller and stouter, 1 to 4 feet high, puberulent or below glabrous, above with the flowering branches and short peduncles glandular pubescent and viscid : leaves 1 to 3-ternately divided or parted ; the lobes from oblong and obtuse to nearly linear : heads 5 or 6 lines high and broad : bracts of the involucre 16 to 20, crowded, from oblong-lan- ceolate to obovate-oblong, most of them conspicuously acuminate. Proc. Am Acad. xix. 28. Villanova chrysanthemoides, Gray. Along mountain- water-courses, Colorado to S Arizona. 51. HYMENOPAPPTJS, L'Her. Mostly floccose-tomentose and with sulcate-angled erect stems, alternate mostly 1 to 2-pinnatifid or parted leaves, and cymose or solitary pedunculate heads of white or yellow flowers. * Flowers white ; the tube long and slender and stamens much exserted : pappus of very small scales forming a crown, or obsolete : akenes puberulent : involucre of partly white-petal oid bracts. 1 H. COrymbosus, Torr. & Gray. Slender and glabrate, naked above : lower leaves 2-pinnately and the small upper ones mostly simply parted into narrowly linear acute divisions and lobes : heads 3 or 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre shorter than the flowers, obovate-oblong, the petaloid summit 13 191 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) only greenish white: akenes puberulent. Fl. ii. 372. Prairies, Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas, extending westward to within the eastern limits of our range. * # Flowers dull white to yellow : pappus conspicuous, of spatulate or narrow scales which have a manifest rib : akenes villous : involucre greener, less peta- hid. 2. H. tenuifolius, Pursh. Lightly tomentose, or soon glabrate and green, leafy : leaves rather rigid, once or twice pinnately parted into very narrowly linear or filiform divisions, their margins soon revolute : heads only 3 or 4 lines high, numerous and cymose : involucre rather erect and close ; its bracts oblong-obovate, greenish with whitish apex and margins : corolla dull white : akenes long-villous. Fl. ii. 742. Plains, from Nebraska to Arkansas, Texas, and Utah. 3. H. filifolius, Hook. Tomentose- canescent, or somewhat denudate and glabrate, naket above : stems a span to a foot high, sometimes scapiform : leaves nearly as in the last, or of more filiform rigid divisions : heads a third to half inch high, few or solitary : bracts of the involucre oblong or obovate-oblong, largely green or else white-woolly, the tips whitish or purplish-tinged : corolla yel- lowish white or sometimes clear yellow: akenes very long-villous. Probably the //. tenuifolius of Fl. Colorado as well as of Bot. King's Exp. From Nebraska and Montana to New Mexico and S. California. 52. POLYPTERIS, Nntt. Herbs more or less scabrous-pubescent : with undivided and mostly entire petiolate leaves, all or the upper alternate : loosely cymose or paniculate and pedunculate heads of rose-purple flowers. In ours the rays are palmately 3-cleft. 1. P. Hookeriana, Gray. Stout, I to 4 feet high, above glandular- pubescent and somewhat viscid : leaves from narrowly to broadly lanceolate : involucre many-flowered, broad, ^ inch or more high, of 12 to 16 lanceolate bracts in two series, the outer looser and often wholly herbaceous, inner with purplish tips : ray-flowers 8 to 10, the rose-red rays \ inch long, but sometimes reduced or abortive : pappus of the disk of thin scales attenuate at apex into a slender point or short awn, nearly the length of the akene. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 30. Sandy plains, from Nebraska to Texas, and extending within the eastern limits of our range. 53. CH^SNACTIS, DC. With alternate mostly pinnately dissected leaves, pedunculate solitary or cymose heads of yellow or (in ours) white or flesh-colored flowers, and pappus mostly of entire or merely erose persistent scales (in ours 8 to 14). 1. C. Douglasii, Hook. & Arn. Canescent with a fine somewhat floccose tomentum, or sometimes glabrate, a span to a foot or more high : leaves mostly of broad outline and bipinnately parted into crowded short and very obtuse divisions and lobes : heads from ^ to f inch long, in larger plants several or numerous and corymbosely cymose : scales of the pappus from linear-ligulate COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 195 to narrowly oblong and from ^ to f the length of the corolla. From Mon- tana to New Mexico and westward. Var. alpina, Gray. Dwarf, 3 to 5 inches high, consisting of a rosette or thick tuft of leaves with very approximate divisions, and naked or scapiform stems, bearing mostly solitary heads, surmounting the subterranean branches of a multicipital perennial caudex or rootstock. Synopt. Fl. i. 341. Alpine region of the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming, California, and north to Washington Territory. 54. ACTINELLA, Pers., Nutt. Low mostly herbaceous plants : with punctate and often resinous-atomifer- ous, aromatic herbage : leaves all alternate and narrow or with narrow lobes : the heads of yellow flowers commonly slender-pedunculate. 1 . Involucre of numerous herbaceous or nearly membranous nearly equal and similar bracts, distinct to thz base: heads mostly solitary on long or scapiform peduncles, rarely sessile in the cluster of leaves. * Leaves mostly quite entire, all on the crowns of the caudex, which bear a simple scapiform peduncle (or none): involucre villous-lanate : scales of the pappus usually produced at apex into an awn. 1. A. scaposa, Nutt. Loosely villous and glabrate, rather sparsely cespitose, the branches of the caudex being slender and often ascending : scape a span to afoot high, occasionally leafy along the base: leaves linear to lanceolate or some of the earlier ones spatulate, not rarely laciniate-lobed. From Texas and New Mexico, but extending into Colorado under the foUowing form : Var. linearis, Nutt. Leaves all narrowly linear and entire, more rigid. 2. A. acaulis, Nutt. Densely cespitose, the branches of the caudex short, thick, and crowded, cancscently villous or sericeous, sometimes more naked : leaves thickish, all entire, from spatulate to nearly linear, commonly short, \ inch to 2 inches long, densely crowded on the caudex : scape % inch to 6 inches high: rays 3 to 5 inches long (rarely wanting). Mountains and the bordering plains and hills, Dakota to Montana, and south to New Mexico and Arizona. Var. glabra, Gray. Leaves green, spatulate-linear, from sparingly villous or glabrate to nearly glabrous, even to the base and axils. Man. 363. Rocky hills and bluffs, Wyoming to New Mexico and Utah. 3. A. depressa, Torr. & Gray. Pulvinate-cespitose : leaves densely crowded on the very thick dense branches of the caudex, spatulate-linear, inch long, either sericeous-canescent or glabrate : head strictly sessile, im- mersed among the lonq-villous bases of the leaves. PI. Fendl. ] 00. Mountains of W. Colorado or E. Utah. * * Leaves all quite entire, crowded on the caude,; also scattered along the sim- ple or sparingly branched stems: peduncles slender: heads, etc., as in the last group. 4. A. leptoclada, Gray. A span or two high, slender, sparsely and loosely silky-villoiis, glabrate, the linear leaves and lower part of the stems not rarely glabrous. Pacif. R. Rep.iv. 107. New Mexico and S. W. Colo- rado. 196 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) * * * Leaves mostly parted or dissected into narrow linear lobes, crowded on the thick comparatively simple caudez and scattered on the short flowering stems : heads large : involucre very woolly : scales of the pappus attenuate into a subu- late but hardly awned point. 5. A. Brandegei, Porter. Leaves glabrate, with 2 or 3 lobes toward the upper part, or some entire, narrowly linear, only 2 or 3 on the somewhat scapiform simple flowering stem (a span or more in height) : head therefore conspicuously pedunculate, $ inch high and wide : involucral bracts lanceolate : rays \2 to 16, 3 or 4 lines long. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 373. A. grand! flora, var. glabrata, Porter, Fl. Colorad. 76. Alpine region of the mountains of S. Colorado. 6. A. grandifiora, Torr. & Gray. A span or two high, very stout, Jloc- cose-woolly, somewhat glabrate in age : stem simple or branching below, leafy : leaves with petiole scarious-dilated at base, lower ones 2 to 3-ternately or guinately parted, upper with 3 to 5 simple lobes : involucre about an inch broad, very woolly; its bracts linear: rays 30 or more, over ^ inch long. Alpiue regions, from Montana to Colorado. 2. Involucre double or of two distinct series of coriaceous or rigid oppressed bracts, the outer connate at base : leafy-stemmed and branching. 1. A. Richardsonii, Nutt. A span to a foot high, in tufts from a mul- ticipital caudex, puberulent or nearly glabrous, woolly in the axils of radical leaves, polycephalous : upper leaves mostly once and lower twice ternately parted into long and simple filiform-linear lobe?, rather rigid : involucre 2 or 3 lines high, 6 to 9-angled ; the 6 to 9 bracts of the outer strongly carinate, united for the lower quarter or third : rays broadly or sometimes narrowly cuneate, 2 to 4 lines long. Plains, Saskatchewan and E. Oregon to Utah and New Mexico. 55. HELENIUM, L. SNEEZE-WEED. Herbs, with alternate simple leaves, commonly resinous-atomiferous and punctate, and with pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. * Leaves not decurrent, entire : rays long and narrow : bracts of the involucre numerous in two series, tardily reflexed in fruit : heads comparatively few and large. 1. H. Hoopesii, Gray. Slightly tomentose or pubescent when young, soon glabrate : stem stout, 1 to 3 feet high, leafy, bearing several or sometimes solitary large heads : leaves thickish, oblong-lanceolate, or the lower spatulate with long tapering base : rays becoming an inch long, tardily reflexed : disk ^ to f inch high, hemispherical : scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate, long attenuate-acuminate, a little shorter than the corolla. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65. Mountains of Montana to New Mexico, Arizona, and California. * * Stem winged by the decurrent serrate or denticulate leaves : rays cuneate or oblong, soon drooping : involucre small and simple, of linear or subulate bracts, soon re flexed: heads more numerous (corymbose) and smaller. 2. H. autumnale, L. Nearly glabrous or minutely pubescent : stem very leafy, narrowly winged, 2 to 6 feet high : leaves lanceolate to ovate- oblong : heads about \ inch in diameter, usually equalled by the rays : pappus COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 197 commonly or the length of disk-corolla. From Arizona to British Columbia and eastward across the continent. 56. GAILLARDIA, Fougeroux. Herbs, with alternate leaves, and ample showy heads on terminal peduncles. Ours are more or less pubescent or hirsute and leafy-stemmed, with yellow rays and disk-flowers apt to turn brown, villous akenes, and scales of the pap- pus slender-awned. 1. G. aristata, Pursh. More or less hirsute, often 2 feet or more high : leaves lanceolate or broader, or lower spatulate, from entire to laciniate-dentate or sinuate-pinnatifid : rays in the largest heads l inches long : lobes of disk-corolla subulate-acute and tipped with a cusp: pappus aristate. From New Mexico and S. Colorado to Oregon, British Columbia, and the Saskatchewan. 2. G. pinnatiflda, Torr. Cinereous-pubescent: peduncles scapiform or from short leafy stems, 5 to 10 inches long: some or even all the leaves pinna- tifid, sometimes linear or with linear lobes, sometimes spatulate and sinuate or even entire : teeth of the disk-corolla short and broad, obtuse, pointless: pappus- scales lanceolate. On the plains, Colorado and Arizona to W. Texas. 57. FLAVERIA, Juss. Glabrous herbs ; with small and fascicled or glomerate heads of yellowish or yellow flowers, and opposite sessile leaves; akenes mostly smooth and glabrous. 1. F. angustifolia, Pers. Erect, a foot or two high : leaves from linear to lanceolate, serrulate or entire, sessile by broadish or little contracted base : heads in subsessile or short-pedunculate or leafy-involucrate chiefly terminal glomerules: involucre of mostly 3 bracts, 3 to 5-flowered or some only 2- flowered. Alkaline soil, E. Colorado and New Mexico to W. Texas. 58. DYSODIA, Cav. FETID MARIGOLD. Herbs, mostly strong-scented, with alternate or opposite leaves, and solitary or somewhat paniculate heads of yellow flowers. Ours has an involucre with accessory bracts, pubescent akenes, and opposite pinnately divided leaves. 1. D. chrysanthemoides, Lag. Much-branched and ill-scented annual, leafy up to the subsessile or short-pedunculate small heads : leaves 1 to 2-pin- nately parted into linear lobes : involucre purplish-tinged or greenish, of 8 or 10 scarious-tipped oblong bracts, and some linear loose accessory ones : rays few and inconspicuous, not surpassing the disk. From Arizona and Colorado to Minnesota and Louisiana, and now spreading eastward to the Atlantic States. 59. HYMENATHERUM, Cass. Low herbs, mostly pleasant-scented ; with alternate or opposite leaves, and rather small radiate heads of yellow flowers. Our species is wholly glabrous. 1. H. aureum, Gray. A span or two high, erect or diffuse, much branched, bearing numerous short-ped uncled heads : leaves mostly alternate, 198 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) pinnately parted into 7 to 9 linear-filiform pointless divisions : involucre 3 lines high : rays about 12, oblong, 3 lines long: pappus of 6 or 8 quadrate or oblong and erose-truncate scales, in length little exceeding the breadth of the akene. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 42. Plains of Colorado to W. Texas. 0. PECTIS, L. Mostly low and spreading herbs, usually glabrous and scented ; with narrow opposite leaves conspicuously dotted with round oil-glands; small heads of yellow flowers ; and slender rigid bristles fringing at least the base of the leaves. 1. P. angustifolia, Torr. A span or two high, lemon-scented: leaves narrow-linear : heads subsessile or short-peduncled, fastigiate or cymose at the end of the branches : bracts of the involucre about 8, linear, at length with involute margins : pappus a crown of 4 or 5 mostly connate scales, and not rarely one or two slender usually short awns. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 214. Dry ground, Colorado and Arizona to Texas. 61. LEUCAMPYX, Gray. Named from the circle of bracts of the head being white-bordered. 1. L. Newberryi, Gray. Perennial herb, a foot or two high, flocculent- woolly, glabrate in age : leaves 2 to 3-pinnately parted into filiform-linear seg- ments : heads few or several at the naked summit of the stem : involucre nearly | inch broad : rays inch long, obscurely 3-lobed at summit, at first yellow, soon changing to cream-color or white : akenes 2 lines long, turning black. FL Colorado, 77. S. W. Colorado, and W. New Mexico. 62. ACHILLEA, 1 Vaill. YARROW. Herbs ; with small and corymbosely cymose heads of white, yellow, or even rose-colored flowers ; disk commonly yellow. 1. A. Millefolium, L. From villous-lanate to glabrate: stems simple, a foot or two high : leaves elongated and narrow in outline, sessile, bipinnately dissected into numerous small and linear to setaceous-subulate divisions : heads numerous, crowded in a fastigiate cyme : involucre oblong ; its bracts pale or sometimes fuscous-margined, or even wholly brownish : rays 4 or 5, about the length of the involucre, white, occasionally rose-color. Common throughout the Northern hemisphere. Called either " Yarrow " or " Milfoil." Exceedingly variable. 1 The Old- World genus Anthemis has several species naturalized in this country, one of which is an excessively common weed at the East, and becoming abundant within our range. It may be characterized as follows : A. Cotula, L. Stem rather low : herbage unpleasantly strong-scented : leaves finely 3-pinnately dissected : receptacle conical : rays mostly neutral and white or abortive : akenes 10-ribbed, rugose or tuberculate. Known as "Mayweed" or "Dog-FenneL" Maruta Cotula, DC. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 199 63. MATBICARIA, 1 Toura., L. Herbs, with finely once or thrice dissected leaves, and pedunculate heads, the rays white (or wanting) and the disk-flowers yellow. 1. M. discoidea, DC. Annual, somewhat aromatic, glabrous, a span to a foot high, very leafy : leaves 2 to 3-pinuately dissected into short and narrow linear lobes : heads all short-peduncled : bracts of the involucre broadly oval, white-scarious with greenish centre, hardly half the length of the well-devel- oped greenish-yellow ovoid disk : akenes oblong, somewhat angled, with an obscure coroniform margin at summit, this occasionally produced into one or two conspicuous oblique auricles of coriaceous texture. From W. California to Montana and far northward ; becoming naturalized in the Atlantic States. 64. TANACETUM, Touru. TANSY. Strong-scented, alternate-leaved, yellow-flowered perennials. Ours are low, with stems rather slender and naked above, bearing rather small (2 lines broad) globular heads, and leaves simply or pedately 3 to 5-cleft. 1 . T. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Silvery-canescent, loosely cespitose, a span high : leaves short, mostly broad-cuneate with tapering base, obtusely 3 to 5- lobed at the broad summit ; those of the flowering stems usually oblong or linear and entire : heads few, somewhat paniculate or loosely clustered, some of them slender-pedunculate: involucre very scarious. Fl. ii. 415. Mountains of N. Wyoming. 2. T. capitatum, Torr. & Gray. Silvery-canescent, densely cespitose, a span high : leaves simply or pedately 3 to 5-parted into linear lobes, or some of them only 3-cleft at summit : flowering stems scapiform or 2 to 4-leaved : heads 10 or more, sessile in a globose glomerule. Loc. cit. Mountains of N. Wyoming. 65. ARTEMISIA, Tourn., L. WORMWOOD. SAGE-BRUSH. Herbs and low shrubs, bitter-aromatic; with alternate leaves and small paniculate heads, commonly nodding ; the flowers yellow or whitish, usually sprinkled Avith resinous globules. 1. Heads heterogamous ; the disk-flowers hermaphrodite but sterile, their ovary abortive, and style mostly entire : receptacle not hairy. DRACUNCULUS. * Akenes and /lowers beset with long cobwebby and crisped hairs : spinescent under shrub. 1. A. spinescens, Eaton. Stout and densely branched, rigid, 4 to 18 inches high, villous-tomentose : leaves small, pedately 5-parted and the divis- 1 The following species of the Old- World genus Chrysanthemum has become extensively naturalized, its broad heads and conspicuous white rays making it very prominent. It may be characterized as follows : C. Leucanthemum, L. Glabrous, a foot or two high, simple or sparingly branched : cau- line leaves spatulate, and the upper gradually narrower, becoming small and linear, pinnately dentate or incised, partly clasping at base ; radical broader, petioled : head broad and flat : rays inch long : pappus none. Known as " Ox-eye Daisy " or " Whiteweed." Leucanthe- mum vulgare, Lam. 200 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) ions 3-lobed ; lobes spatulate : heads globose, racemosely glomerate on short and leafy branchlets, which persist as slender spines : bracts of the involucre 5 or 6, broadly obovate : female flowers 1 to 4 ; hermaphrodite-sterile flowers 4 to 8. Bot. King Exp. 180. Whole desert region of Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho. * * Akenes nearly glabrous : no spines. *- Leaves dissected. 2. A. Canadensis, Michx. A foot or two high: glabrous or mostly with at least the radical and sometimes all the leaves either sparsely or canescently silky-pubescent : leaves mostly 2-p innately divided into narrow linear or almost filiform but plane lobes, of thickish texture : heads 1 or 2 lines long, very nu- merous in a compound oblong or pyramidal virgate panicle : involucre greenish, glabrous or rarely pubescent. Across the continent to the north, and extend- ing southward in the Rocky Mountain region to New Mexico and Arizona. 3. A. borealis, Pall. A s/*zn or two high from a stout caudex : stems simple : leaves silky-pubescent or silky-villous ; radical and lower 1 to 2-ternateli/ or pinnately divided into linear lobes ; uppermost linear and entire or 3-parted : heads 2 lines broad, comparatively few, crowded in a narrow (rarely compound) spiciform thyrsus with leaves interspersed: involucre pilose or glabrate, pale- fuscous to brownish. In the alpine region of Colorado, and far northward across the continent. 4. A. pedatifida, Nutt. Cespitose, with a stout lignescent caudex, very dwarf, canescent throughout with a fine and close pubescence : leaves chiefly crowded in radical tufts and on the base of the (inch or two high) rather naked flowering stems, once or twice 3-parted into narrowly spatulate or nearly linear obtuse entire divisions: heads (hardly 2 lines broad) few, loosely spicately or racemosely disposed, canescently pubescent. Dry ground, in the mountains of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. -- 4- Leaves entire or 3-cleft or -parted : the whole plant or at least the base some- what woody. 5. A. dracunouloides, Pursh. Glabrous: stems 2 to 4 feet high, either virgately or paniculately branched : leaves mostly entire, narrowly or sometimes more broadly linear, some 3-cleft : heads very numerous in a compound and crowded or open and diffuse panicle, many -flowered. On plains, from Sas- katchewan to Texas, and westward across the continent. 6. A. filifolia, Torr. Minutely canescent, even to the 3 to ^-flowered invo- lucre, 1 to 3 feet high, with virgate rigid branches, very leafy : leaves all slender filiform, commonly 3-parted ; the upper and those in axillary fascicles entire : heads very small, crowded in an elongated leafy panicle. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 211. Plains, from Nebraska to New Mexico and W. Texas. 2. Heads heterogamous ; the dislc-ftowers hermaphrodite and fertile, with 2-cleft style. EUARTEMISIA. Ours have the akenes obovoid or oblong and wholly destitute of pappus. * Receptacle beset with long woolly hairs. 7. A. SCOpulorum, Gray. Herbaceous, a span or two high from a stout multicipital caudex, silky-canescent : stems simple, bearing 3 to 12 spicately or racemosely disposed hemispherical (rarely solitary) heads : radical and few lower COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 201 caullne leaves pinnately 5 to ^-divided, and divisions 3-parted into spatulate-linear lobes; uppermost simply 3 to 5-parted or entire : involucre 2 lines broad, vil- loits ; its bracts brown-margined : corollas hirsute at summit. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 66. Alpine region, mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. 8. A. frigida, Willd. Herbaceous from a suffrutescent base, silky-canes- cent and silvery, about a foot high : stems simple or branching, bearing numerous racemosely disposed heads in an open panicle : leaves mainly twice ternateiy or quinateli/ divided or parted into linear crowded lobes, and usually a pair of sim- ple or 3-parted stipuliform divisions at base of the petiole : heads globular, barely 2 lines in diameter : involucre pale, canesc.ent, its outer bracts narrow and herbaceous : corollas glabrous. From Minnesota to Texas and west- ward to New Mexico, Nevada, and Idaho. * * Receptacle not r,'ilous. *- Annual and biennial. 9. A. biennis, Willd. Wholly glabrous, inodorous and nearly insipid : stem strict, 1 to 3 feet high, leafy to the top, bearing close glomerules of small heads in the axils from toward the base of the stem to the somewhat naked and spiciform summit : leaves 1 to 2-piunately parted into lanceolate or broadly linear laciniate or incisely toothed lobes; or the uppermost small, sparingly pinnatifid and less toothed. Open grounds from California and Oregon to Hudson's Bay; also now spreading to the eastern seaboard farther south. -t- (- Perennials. w- Heads many- flowered, broad (2 to 5 lines), several or numerous and loosely racemose or paniculate on mostly simple stems : alpine and subalpine, with dis- sected leaves and no cottony tomentum. 10. A. Norvegica, Fries. Rather stout, 5 to 25 inches high, from villous or pubescent to glabrate : leaves twice 3 to 1 -parted into linear or lanceolate or more dilated segments : heads 4 or 5 lines broad, loosely racemose or racemose- paniculate, most of them long-peduncled : bracts of the involucre broadly brown- margined : corollas loosely pilose, rarely almost glabrous. Mostly A. arctica of the Western Reports. From the high mountains of S. Colorado and S. California far northward. 11. A. Parryi, Gray. Rather stout, a foot or less high, wholly glabrous, leafy up to the loosely paniculate inflorescence of numerous short-peduncled heads : leaves 2 to 3-pinnate!'/ parted into mostly linear thickish lobes : involucre 2 or 3 lines broad, its bracts greenish with brownish margins and with the corollas glabrous. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 361. Mountains of Colorado, at Saugre de Cristo Pass. ** + Heads comparatively small (1 to 3 lines high and broad), 12 to many- flowered, variously paniculate : flowers glabrous : herbs, mostly whitened (at least when young and on the lower surface of the leaves) with cottony tomentum. = Tall, with numerous amply paniculate heads, strict stems, and undivided elon- gated-lanceolate or linear leaves, 3 to 7 inches long. 12. A. serrata, Nutt. Sfems 6 to 9 feet high, very leafy : leaves green and glabrous above, white-tornentose beneath, lanceolate or uppermost linear, all serrate with sharp narrow teeth, pinnately veined, the earliest sometimes pin- 202 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) nately incised : heads rather few-flowered, less than 2 lines long, greenish, hardly pubescent. Prairies, Dakota to Illinois. 13. A. longifolia, Nutt. Stem 2 to 5 feet high: leaves entire, at first to- mentulose, but usually glabrate above, white-tomentose beneath, linear or linear-lanceolate (1 to 5 lines wide) : heads usually canescent, 2 or 3 lines long. Minnesota and Nebraska to Montana. = =s Not BO tall : leaves more or less cleft or divided, or when entire compara- tively short, not filiform nor narrowly linear. a. Involucre from canescent to woolly, 1 2 to 20-Jlowercd. 14. A. LudOViCiana, Nutt. A foot to a yard high, simple or U'ith virgate branches, sometimes paniculate, completely and somewhat jlocculently white-tomen- tose, or upper face of leaves sometimes early glabrate and green : leaves from linear-lanceolate to oblong, sometimes nearly all undivided and entire ; com- monly the lower with a few coarse teeth or incisions, or 2 to 3-cleft, or irregularly 3 to 5-parted into lanceolate or linear entire lobes : heads glomerately paniculate, not over 2 lines long : involucre icoollij-tomentose. Including also var. gnapha- lodes, Torr. & Gray. Across the continent from the west to Michigan and Illinois. 15. A. Mexicana, Willd. Paniculately branched, 2 to 4 feet high, less tomentose: leaves narrow-lanceolate to linear, commonly attenuate, some 3 to 5-cleft or parted ; radical cuneate, incisely pinnatifid or trifid : heads very nu- merous in an ample loose panicle, many pedicellate, 1 to 2 lines long : involucre arachnoid-canescent or glabrate, largely scarious. A. Ludoviciana, var. Mexi- cana, Gray. Dry plains, from S. Nevada, S. Colorado, and Arizona to Texas and Arkansas. b. Involucre glabrous, 20 to W-fiowered. 16. A. franserioideS, Greene. Glabrous throughout, or minutely and obscurely puberulent : stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves compara- tively ample, green above, pale and barely cinereous beneath; lower bipinnately and upper simply pinnately parted into lanceolate-oblong obtuse entire or 2 to 3- cleft divisions and lobes : heads numerous, loosely racemose on the branches of the leafy elongated panicle, 2 or 3 lines broad. Bull. Torr. Club, x. 42. Moun- tains of S. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. 17. A. discolor, Dougl. A foot high, mostly slender, glabrous or gla- brate except the lower face of the leaves : these white with close cottony tomen- tum, 1 to 2-pinnately parted into narrow linear or lanceolate entire or sparingly laciniate divisions and lobes : heads glomerate in an interrupted spiciform or virgate panicle, 1 or 2 lines high. Mountains of British Columbia and Montana to Utah, Nevada, and California. Var. incompta, Gray. Stouter, with coarser or less dissected leaves, having mostly broader lobes, or the upper entire. Synopt. M. i. 373. A. in- compta, Nutt. Mountains from Wyoming and Montana to California and Washington Territory. = ==== Rather low: leaf-divisions narrowly linear or filiform : heads 15 to 20- fiowered, in a narrow thyrsoid or spiciform panicle. 18. A. Wright!!, Gray. Cinereous or canescent, or radical shoots some- times white-tomentose, 10 to 20 inches high, very leafy up to the panicle: COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 208 leaves pinnately 5 to 7-parted into very narrow linear and by revolution fili- form entire divisions : involucre minutely cinereous-canescent, becoming glabrate. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 48. Plains of Southern Colorado and New Mexico. w. -w. *-. Heads small and narrow, very few-flowered : flowers glabrous : stems woody at base. 19. A. Bigelovii, Gray. Silvery-canescent throughout, a foot high: leaves from oblong- to linear-cuneate, mostly 3-toothed at the truncate apex, about \ inch long : heads very numerous and crowded in the oblong or virgate thyrsiform panicle, tomentose-canescent, containing only one or two hermaph- rodite and as many female flowers, all fertile. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 110. Rocky banks, Colorado, on the Upper Canadian and Arkansas. 3. Heads homogamous, the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile: receptacle not hairy. SERIPHIDIUM. Ours are the true " Sage-brushes" being rather shrubby, canescent or silvery with a fine or close tomentum, and heads not nodding. 20. A. arbllSCllla, Nutt. Dwarf, a span or rarely a foot high, with a stout base and slender flowering branches : leaves short, cuneate or flabelliform, 3-lobed or parted, with the lobes obovate to spatulate-linear, sometimes again 2-lobed ; those subtending the heads usually entire and narrow : panicle strict and com- paratively simple and naked, often spiciform and reduced to few rather scat- tered sessile heads : involucre 5 to 9-flowered. High mountains and elevated plains, from Wyoming and Utah to Idaho and California. 21. A. tridentata, Nutt. Larger, I to & (or even 12) feet high, much branched : leaves cuneate, obtusely 3-toothed or 3-lobed, or even 4 to 7-toothed, at the truncate summit, uppermost cuneate-linear : heads densely paniculate: involucre 5 to 8-flowered, its outer or accessory tomentose-canescent bracts short and ovate. From Montana to Colorado and westward. Immensely abundant ; the characteristic " Sage-brush," or " Sage-wood." 22. A. trifida, Nutt. A foot or two high, sometimes lower, much branched : leaves 3-cleft and 3-parted ; the lobes and the entire upper leaves nar- rowly linear or slightly spatulate-dilated : heads numerous in the contracted leafy panicle, or spicately disposed on its branches : involucre 3 to 5-flowered, rarely 6 to 9-flowered, its outer or accessory bracts oblong to short-linear or lanceolate. Wyoming and Utah to Washington Territory and California. 23. A. cana, Pursh. A foot or two high, freely branched, silvery canes- cent : leaves lanceolate-linear or narrower, somewhat tapering to both ends, an inch or two long, entire, rarely with 2 or 3 acute teeth or lobes, margins not revolute : heads glomerate in a leafy contracted panicle, 6 to S-flowered, rarely 5-flowered, usually with one or two linear subulate accessory bracts. Plains, Saskatche- wan to Montana, Dakota, and Colorado. 66. PETASITES, Tourn. BUTTER-BUR. SWEET COLTSFOOT. Perennial herbs, with thickish and creeping rootstocks, sending up scapiform simple flowering stems and ample radical leaves on strong petioles, cottony- tomentose or glabrate ; the flowers whitish or purplish. 204 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 1. P. sagittata, Gray. Leaves from deltoid-oblong to reniform-hastate, from acute to rounded-obtuse, repand-dentate, very white-tomentose beneath, when full grown 7 to 10 inches long : heads short-racemose becoming corym- bose. Bot. Calif, i 407. Wet ground, in the mountains of Colorado and northward ; across the continent in northern latitudes. 67. HAPLOESTHES, Gray. The name refers to the few (4 or 5) bracts of the involucre. 1. H. Greggii, Gray. Somewhat fleshy, herbaceous or suffrutcscent, a foot or two high, fastigiately branched, glabrous, leafy up to the loose cymes of a few slender-pedunculate naked heads : leaves all opposite, very narrowly linear or filiform, entire ; the lower connate at base : heads 2 or 3 lines high : flowers yellow : ligules 1 or 2 lines long. PI. Feudl. 109. Saline soil, S. E. Colorado to W. Texas. 68. TETRADYMIA, DC. Low and rigid shrubs, sometimes spinescent, canescently tomentose ; with alternate and sometimes fascicled narrow and entire leaves, cymose or clus- tered heads of yellow flowers, and a copious white pappus. # Involucre 4-flowered, of 4 or 5 bracts : pappus extremely copious : afcenes either vert/ villous or glabrous : undershrubs, a foot or two high. 1. T. Canescens, DC. Permanently canescent with a dense close tomentum, unarmed, fastigiately branched : leaves from narrowly linear to spatulate-lancco- latc, an inch or less long : heads ^ to f inch long, most of them short-pedun- culate. Hills and plains, N. Wyoming and British Columbia to New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Var. inermis, Gray. A form with shorter and crowded branches, shorter leaves more inclined to spatulate and lanceolate, and smaller heads. Bot. Calif, i. 408. The commonest form. 2. T. glabrata, Gray. Whitened with looser at length deciduous tomentum, unarmed: branches more slender, spreading: leaves at length naked and green, primary ones slender-subulate, cuspidate, on young shoots oppressed, half- inch long ; those of fascicles in their axils spatulate-linear, fleshy, pointless : heads mostly short-pedunculate: involucre often glabrate. Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 122. From Colorado and Utah to California and Oregon. 3. T. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Pubescence and foliage of T. canescens, var. inermis, bearing rigid divergent spines in place of primary leaves : leaves of the axillary fascicles mostly spatulate: heads more glomerate. Fl. ii. 447. Utah and Wyoming. # # Involucre 5 to 9-Jlowered, of 5 or 6 broader bracts : proper pappus less copi- ous, reduced nearly or quite to a single series of bristles, which are covered by a false pappus of extremely long very soft and white woolly hairs which densely clothe the akene : shrubs 2 to 4 feet high, at least the branches densely white- tomentose. 4. T. spinosa, Hook. & Am. Branches divaricate, rigid, bearing rigid and straight or recurved spines in place of primary leaves : secondary leaves COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 205 fascicled in the axils, small, fleshy, linear-clavate, glabrous or glabrate : heads scattered, pedunculate, fully inch long : pappus of comparatively rigid capil- lary bristles, a little surpassing the wool of the akene. From S. Wyoming to Arizona, S. E. California, and E. Oregon. 69. ARNICA, L. Perennial herbs; with erect stems, simple or branching, opposite leaves, and comparatively large long-pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. * Radical leaves cordate at base, on slender or sometimes winged petioles ; cauline all opposite, in 1 to 3 pairs, dentate or denticulate. 1. A. COrdifolia, Hook. A foot or two, or when alpine a span or two high, pubescent, or the stems hirsute and peduncles villous : lower cauline as well as radical leaves long-petioled, deeply cordate, yet sometimes only ovate ; upper cauline small, sessile : heads few, in smaller plants solitary : involucre inch long, pubescent or villous : rays commonly an inch long : akenes more or less hirsute. From the mountains of Colorado to those of California and British Columbia. Var. eradiata, Gray. An ambiguous form; with smaller and rayless heads, and oblong-ovate at most subcordate leaves. Synopt. Fl. i. 381. Montana and E. Oregon. 2. A. latifolia, Bong. Minutely pubescent or commonly glabrous, with smaller heads than the preceding : only radical leaves cordate or subcordate and petioled ; cauline 2 or 3 pairs, equal, ovate or oval, usually sharply dentate, closely sessile by a broad base, or lowest with contracted base : akenes commonly gla- brate or glabrous. Pine woods, mountains of Colorado and Utah to Oregon, British Columbia, and Alaska. * * No cordate leaves ; radical leaves petioled, tapering or abrupt at base. -i- Leafy to the top: cauline leaves seldom less than 4 pairs, and the upper not conspicuously diminished. 3. A. Chamissonis, Less. From tomentose or villous-pubescent to nearly glabrous: leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, denticulate or dentate, acute or ob- tuse ; lowest tapering into a margined petiole, upper broad at base and somewhat clasping: akenes hirsute-pubescent. Including A. mollis, Hook.; also A. lati- folia in part, of the Western Reports. Mountains of Colorado and Utah to those of California and far northward. 4. A. longifolia, Eaton. Many-stemmed in a tiift, minutely puberulent: cauline leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, entire or denticulate, somewhat nervose, 3 to 6 inches long, lower with narrowed bases connate-vagi- nate : heads corymbosely disposed, short-peduncled : akenes minutely glandu- lar, not hairy. Bot. King Exp. 186. Wahsatch Mountains and westward. 5. A. foliosa, Nutt. Tornentose-pubescent, strict : leaves lanceolate, denticu- late, nervose ; upper partly clasping by narrowish base, lower with tapering bases connate : heads short-peduncled, rarely solitary : akenes hirsute-pubescent or glabrate. A. Chamissonis of the Western Reports, in part. From the Sas- katchewan to Oregon and southward along the mountains to N. California and Colorado. 206 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) <- - Less leafy: cauline leaves I or 2 (rarely 3) pairs, and the upper mostly small. 6. A. Parry i, Gray. A foot or less high, slender, simple, somewhat hir- sutely pubescent and above glandular : leaves membranaceous, commonly den- ticulate ; radical oval to ovate-oblong, 1 to 3 inches long, abruptly or cuneately contracted at base into a short margined petiole ; cauline remote : involucre hir- sute and glandular, inch or less high : heads rayless, occasionally some outermost corollas ampliate : akenes glabrous or with a few sparse hairs. Am. Nat. viii. 213. A. angustifolia, var. eradiata, Gray. Mountains from Colorado to Wyoming and westward. 7. A. alpina, Olin. A span to 18 inches high, pubescent, hirsute, or at summit villous, strict, simple and monocephalous, occasionally 3-cephalous : leaves thickish, from narrowly oblong to lanceolate, or the radical oblong -spatulate and small uppermost linear, entire or denticulate, 3-nerved ; bases of the cau- liue hardly at all connate : heads conspicuously radiate : akenes hirsute-pubescent, rarely glabrate. A. angustifolia, Vahl. In the mountains of Colorado and California; across the continent in high latitudes. 70. SENECIO, Tourn. GROUNDSEL. A very large genus; with alternate leaves aud heads of yellow flowers. Ours all belong to the section of perennials having the pubescence (if any) of a tomentose or floccose kind and never viscid nor hirsute. * Heads an inch or distinctly over inch high, very many-flowered. H- Heads radiate. -* Alpine species. 1. S. Soldanella, Gray. Apparently glabrous from the first, a span high, somewhat succulent: leaves mostly radical and long-petioled, from round-reni- form to spatulate-obovate, denticulate or entire ; cauline one or two or none : head solitary, erect, two thirds to nearly a full inch high : involucral bracts lan- ceolate and a very few calyculate ones: rays 6 to 10, oblong, a quarter-inch long. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67. High alpine, in the mountains of Colorado. 2. S. amplectens, Gray. Lightly floccose-woolly at first, soon glabrate, a foot or so high, few to several-leaved, terminated by one or two long-pedun- culate nodding heads : leaves thinner than in the foregoing, from denticulate to conspicuously and sharply dentate ; radical obovate to spatulate, tapering into a winged petiole ; cauline as large or larger, oblong or narrower, half-clasping or more, the upper by a broad base : involucre over half-inch high, of linear bracts and a few loose calyculate ones : ra>/s linear, inch long or more, acute or acutely 2 to 3-toothed at tip. Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii. 240. Alpine and subalpine region, mountains of Colorado. Var. taraxacoides, Gray. Only a span or two high, with fewer and smaller cauline leaves ; these and the radical commonly spatulate and with tapering base, not rarely laciniately subpinnatifid : head smaller, even down to half-inch, and with rays of only the same length. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67. High alpine, in the mountains of Colorado and Nevada. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 207 + -M- Not alpine, with leafy stems afoot or so high. 3. S. megacephalus, Nutt. About a foot high, loosely floccose-woolly, tardily glabrate, leafy : leaves entire, lanceolate, or the radical spatulate-lan- ceolate and tapering into a petiole, and uppermost cauline attenuate, thickish : heads 1 to 3, short-ped uncled, 8 lines to an inch high : involucre calyculate by some very loose and subulate elongated accessory bracts : rays over inch long. From the mountains of Idaho to the Rocky Mountains near the Brit- ish boundary. -i- +- Heads rayless, nodding : some sparse crisped hairs in place oftomentum. 4. S. Bigelovii, Gray. Robust, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy up to near the racemiform or simply paniculate inflorescence, at length glabrate : leaves from elongated-oblong to lanceolate, denticulate or dentate, acute or acuminate; radical and lower cauline 3 to 6 inches long, abrupt at base and naked-peti- oled, or tapering into a winged petiole or partly clasping base ; upper lanceo- late with partly clasping base : heads in small plants few or solitary. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 111. Includes also var. Hallii, Gray. Mountains of Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. * # Heads middle-sized or small, half-inch or less, *- Nodding, rayless: leafy-stemmed. 5. S. ceriums, Gray. Quite glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves lanceolate or the larger oblong-lanceolate, entire, denticulate, rarely with a few scattered coarser teeth, all tapering at base into a barely margined petiole, or upper into a narrowed not clasping base : heads (4 to almost 6 lines long) several or numerous in the panicle, most of them decidedly nodding: flowers pale yellow. Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii. 10. Mountains of Colorado, wholly below the alpine region. -i- - Heads erect, mostly radiate. +* Stems numerously and nearly equably leafy to the top: leaves from entire to laf.iniate-dentate, never divided or dissected, nor narrowly linear : glabrous or very early glabrate. = Low, alpine: heads subsolitary, radiate. 6. S. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. Many-stemmed from a thickish caudex, a span to a foot high : leaves thickish, from rounded-obovate or spatulate to oblong, 1 to 2 inches long, obtuse, obtusely or acutely dentate, sometimes even pinnatifid-dentate ; lower abruptly contracted into a winged petiole ; upper- most sessile by broadish base : heads | inch high : rays 3 to 5 inches long. Fl. ii. 445. Alpine regions, from the British boundary to S. Colorado, Utah, and California. Var. OCCidentalis, Gray. More slender, with rounder leaves and heads longer-peduncled ; in high alpine stations becoming very dwarf, and flowering almost from the ground. Bot. Calif, i. 618. Mountains of N. Wyoming, Montana, and California. = = Rather low, with numerous cymosely paniculate and small heads, always rayless. 7. S. rapifolius, Nutt. About a foot high: leaves ovate or oblong, throughout very sharply and unequally dentate, rather fleshy ; radical tapering 208 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) into a petiole, cauline mostly clasping by a broad subcordate base : beads 3 lines high, about 15-flowered: involucral bracts 8 to 10, narrowly oblong. Rocky Mountains, Wyoming, about the sources of the Platte. = ==== Tall, with corymbosely cymose and radiate heads : leaves nearly mern- branaceous. 8. S. triangularis, Hook. Rather stout : stem simple, 2 to 5 feet high, bearing several or somewhat numerous heads in a corymbiform open cyme : leaves all more or less petioled and thickly dentate with more or less salient teeth, deltoid-lanceolate, or the lower triangular-hastate or deltoid-cordate, and uppermost lanceolate with cuneate base: rays 6 to 12. From the Saskatche- wan to Washington Territory and southward in the mountains to Colorado and California. 9. S. serra, Hook. Strict, 2 to 4 feet high, very leafy, sometimes simple and bearing rather few heads, commonly branching at summit, then bearing numerous corymbosely paniculate smaller heads : leaves 4 to 6 inches long, all lanceolate and tapering to both ends, sessile by a narrow base, or the lowest oblong- spatulate and tapering into a short petiole, tisttaUy with the whole margin thickly serrate or serrulate with very acute salient teeth : rays 5 to 8. In the Western Reports principally under the name of S. Andinus. Mountains of Colorado to Idaho and Wyoming. Var. integriusculus, Gray. Heads smaller, 3 or 4 lines high, and nar- rower, fewer-flowered : leaves minutely serrate or denticulate, or the upper entire, sometimes all entire or nearly so, generally shorter and smaller, or broader and not acuminate. Synopt. Fl. i. 387. S. Andinus, Nutt. From Wyoming to Oregon and California. -* *+ Stem not numerously but somewhat equably leafy up to the inflorescence : leaves all entire or denticulate : involucre fleshy-thickened. 10. S. CrassulllS, Gray. A foot or less high, glabrous: stem 5 to 7- leaved, bearing 3 to 8 pedunculate rather large and thick heads : leaves ob- long-lanceolate, apiculate-acute, 2 to 5 inches long ; radical and lowest cauline spatulate or obovate-oblong, narrowed into a short winged petiole ; upper sessile by partly clasping or decurrent base : involucre 40 to 50-flowered, of 12 fleshy-thickened but thin-edged bracts, the base also thickened, the whole becoming conical and multangular in fruit : rays about 8. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54. S. integerrimus, Gray, in part ; S. lugens, var. Hookeri, Eaton, in part. Subalpine, mountains of Colorado to Utah and Wyoming. w- -w- -M. Stems either Jew-leaved or with the upper leaves reduced in size ; the inflo- rescence therefore naked : none with narrow linear leaves, Tall and simple-stemmed, with a flbrous cluster of roots : leaves fleshy coria- ceous, all entire or barely denticulate. 11. S. hydrophilus, Nutt. Very glabrous or smooth : stem robust, 2 to 4 feet high, strict : leaves lanceolate ; radical oblanceolate and stout-petioled, sometimes a foot long; upper CMuline sessile or partly clasping : heads numer- ous in a branching cyme: bracts 8 to 12: disk-flowers 15 to 30; rays 3 to 6 and small, or none. In water or very wet ground, from Colorado and Cali- fornia to Montana and British Columbia. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 209 = = Plants mostly in clumps or tufts, or from tufted or creeping rootstocks. a. Stems mostly robust, generally a foot to 3 or 5 feet high, bearing numerous heads in a cyme : rays 8 to 12, conspicuous : leaves from entire to dentate, none really cordate nor with permanent tomentum. None truly alpine. 12. S. integerrimus, Nutt. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the radical elon- gated-oblong, quite entire or denticulate; upper ones reduced and bract-like, attenuate-subulate from a dilated base : heads several, umbellately cymose, com- monly inch high : involucral bracts narrow, acute or acuminate. Dakota to Wyoming and the Saskatchewan. 13. S. lugens, Richards. Lightly floccose-woolly when young, iu the typical form early glabrate and bright green : stem 6 inches to 2 feet high, few- and small-leaved and naked above, terminated by a cyme of several or rather numerous heads : radical and lower cauline leaves spatulate, varying to oval or oblong, either gradually or abruptly contracted at base into a winged or margined short petiole, usually repand- or callous-denticulate ; upper cauline lan- ceolate or reduced and bract-like : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, with obtuse or acutish commonly blackish tips: rays 10 or 12, conspicuous. In- cludes var. Hookeri and var. Parryi. Through the whole Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and westward to California. Var. foliosus, Gray. Floccose wool usually persistent up to flowering, and vestiges remaining to near maturity : stem seldom over a foot high, stouter, more leafy to near the inflorescence: leaves comparatively large, oblong to broadly lanceolate : heads often very numerous and crowded in the corymbiform cyme, then narrower: tips of involucral bracts conspicuously blackish. Bot. Calif, i. 413. S. lugens, var. exaltatus, Eaton. Mountains of Colorado and Utah. Var. exaltatus, Gray. Lightly floccose when young, and not rarely with looser and more persistent scattered hairs : stem stout, 1 to 3 or even 4 or 5 feet high : leaves thickish ; radical longer-petioled, from spatulate-lanceolate to obovate or ovate, the broader ones abrupt and sometimes even subcor- date at base ; cauline occasionally laciniate-deutate : heads mostly numer- ous in the cyme. Loc. cit. S. exaltatus, Nutt. Wet ground, British Columbia and Idaho to California, extending within the western limits of our range. b. Stems low, only 2 to 6 inches high, scap/form : leaves clustered on the rootstock or caudex, entire or crenate ; those of the scape reduced to mere bracts. Chiefly alpine or subalpine. 1 . Leaves thick and coriaceous, tapering into a petiole, crowded on the multicipital caudex. 14. S. wernerisefolius, Gray. Woolly and canescent, tardily glabrate : leaves quite entire, erect or ascending, from spatulate-linear (2 or 3 inches long, including the petiole-like base) to elongated-oblong and short-petioled, the mar- gins sometimes revolute : scape a span high, rather stout, bearing 2 to 8 heads ; these 4 or 5 lines high : rays 10 or 12, oblong, 2 lines long, rarely few or want- ing. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54. S. aureus, var. wernericefolius, Gray. Moun- tains of Colorado, alpine. 14 210 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 15. S. petrjBUS, Klatt. Glabrous or early glabrate: leaves from orbicular- obovate or oval (J to | inch long) to cuneate-oblong, entire or 3 to 7 -crenate-toothed at the broad summit, abruptly petioled : scapes 1 to 3 inches high, bearing solitary or several clustered heads ; these 4 or 5 lines high : rays 6 to 10, golden yellow, 3 lines long. S. aureus, var. alpinus, Gray. Alpine region of the mountains of Colorado, Utah, and California. 2. Leaves round-cordate, crenate, purple-tinged beneath, slender-petioled, more or less clustered at the base of the scape : plants very glabrous. 16. S. renifolius, Porter. Two inches high from filiform creeping root- stocks : leaves thickish, resembling those of Ranunculus Cymbalaria, rounded- subcordate or reniform, only about inch wide, coarsely 5 to 7-crenate : scape or peduncle little surpassing the leaves, bearing a solitary comparatively large ( inch long) head: rays about 8, oblong, 4 lines long. Fl. Colorad. 83. High alpine region on Whitehouse Mountain, in Central Colorado, at 13,000 feet, J. M. Coulter. C. Stems afoot or two high or less, bearing some leaves and corymbosely cijmose heads. Mostly not alpine : usually some floccose tomentum. 1. Leaves from entire or serrate to pinnati fid in the same species, none pinnateli/ divided : rays sometimes wanting. 17. S. canus, Hook. Permanently tomentose-canescent, or at length floccu- lent, but rarely at all glabrate : stems from a span to 2 feet high : leaves some- times all undivided or even entire, the radical and lower from spatulate to oblong, % to l inches in length, slender-petioled, sometimes laciniate-toothed or pin- natifid: akenes very glabrous. From Dakota to Colorado and west to Cali- fornia and British Columbia. 18. S. aureus, L. Very early glabrate, usually quite free from wool at flowering and a foot or two high from small rootstocks : radical leaves mostly rounded and undivided, and cauline lanceolate and pinnatijid or facilitate : most polymorphous species, of which the typical form is bright green, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves thin ; principal radical ones roundish, cordate or truncate at base, crenate-dentate, 1 to 3 inches in diameter, on long slender petioles; lower cauline similar, with 2 or 3 lobes on the petiole, or lyrately divided or lobed ; others more laciniate-pinnatifid and lobes often incised ; uppermost sparse and small, with closely sessile or auriculate-dilated incised base : akenes quite glabrous. Very abundant, across the continent. The following are the principal forms within our range. Var. BalsamitaJ, Torr. & Gray. Less glabrate, not rarely holding more or less wool until fruiting: depauperate steins a span or two, larger fully 2 feet high : principal or earliest radical leaves oblong, sometimes oval, com- monly verging to lanceolate, inch or two long, serrate, contracted 'into slender petioles; the succeeding lyrately pinnatijid: heads usually rather small and numerous : akenes almost always hispudulous-pubescent on the angles. From Texas to Colorado and British Columbia and eastward to Canada. Var. COmpactUS, Gray. A span or two high, in close tufts, rather rigid, when young whitened with fine tomentum, glabrate in age : radical leaves oblanceolate or attenuate-spatulate, entire or 3-toothed at apex, or pinnatijid-den- tate, an inch or more long, thick and firm at maturity ; cauline lanceolate or COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 211 linear, entire or pinnatifid: heads rather numerous and crowded in the cyme, rather small : ovaries papillose-hispid ulous on the angles Synopt. Fl. i. 391. From Colorado to N. W. Texas ; mostly in saline soil. Var. borealis, Torr &. Gray. A foot down to a span high, at summit bearing either numerous or few heads ; these not rarely rayless : leaves thick- ish ; radical, from roundish with abrupt or even truncate base to cuneate-obovate and cuneate-spatulate, % to 1 inch long, slender-petioled ; cauline seldom much pinnatifid : akenes glabrous. Mountains of Colorado, California, and north- ward, where it extends across the continent. Var. croceus, Gray. A span to a foot or two high, glabrous or early glabrate : leaves somewhat succulent ; radical oblong to roundish, sometimes It/rate ; cauline very various : heads usually numerous in the cyme : flowers saffron-colored or orange, at least the ravs, or these sometimes wanting. Proc. Acad. Philacl. 1863, 68. Mountains of Colorado to Montana, Nevada, and California. Var. subnudus, Gray. Wholly glabrous or glabrate, slender, a span or two high, bearing 2 or 3 small cauline leaves and a solitary head, or riot rarely a pair: radical leaves few, spatulate or obovate, sometimes roundish, half-inch or less long, occasionally lyrate ; cauliue incised or sparingly pinnatifid : rays conspicuous. Synopt. Fl. i. 391. Wyoming to British Columbia and Cali- fornia. 19. S. Fendleri, Gray. Very canescent with floccose wool, in age tardily glabrate: stems rather stout, 5 to 15 inches high, leafy, the larger plants branching : leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower ; radical sometimes almost entire, more commonly like the cauline sinuatelij pectinate-pinnatijid or even pinnately parted, the short oblong divisions incisely 2 to 4-lobed : akenes glabrous. PI. Fendl. 108. Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico. 2. Leaves mostly once pinnately divided or parted and again lobed or incised. 20. S. eremophilus, Richards. Stems freely branching, leafy up to the inflorescence: leaves mostly oblong in outline, laciniately-pinnatifid or pin- nately parted, the lobes usually incised or dentate : heads in corymbiform cymes, short-ped uncled : bracts commonly purple-tipped : rays 7 to 9 : akenes minutely papillose or glabrous. In the Rocky Mountains, from New Mexico to the Mackenzie River. -M. -M. .w 4H- Stems leaf i/, numerously or somewhat equably so up to the top: leaves all pinnately lobed or parted or entire, their divisions (or the whole leaf) linear to filiform. 21. S. Douglasii, DC. Lignescent and sometimes decidedly shrubby at base, many-stemmed, a foot or two or even 5 or 6 feet high, either white- tomentose or glabrate and green : leaves thickish, sometimes all entire and elongated-linear, more commonly pinnately parted into 3 to 7 linear or nearly filiform entire divisions : heads several or numerous and cymose, from | to inch high : rays 8 to 18 : akenes canescent with a fine strigulose pubescence. S. longilobiis, Benth. ; S. filifolius, Nutt. Plains and hills, Nebraska to Texas and westward to California. 212 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 71. C NIC US, 1 Tourn., L., partly. PLUMED THISTLE. Stout herbs; with sessile leaves, commonly with prickly teeth and tips, and large or middle-sized heads : the flowers red or purple, rarely white or yellowish. Cirsium, DC. * Bracts of the ovoid or hemispherical involucre appressed-imbricated and the outer successively shorter, all with loose and dilated fimbriate or lacerate white- scarious tips. 1. C. AmericaiTllS, Gray. A foot or two high, branching above: branches bearing solitary or scattered naked heads : leaves white-tomentose beneath, lanceolate or broader, sinuately piunatifid, or some merely dentate, others pinnately parted, weakly prickly : heads erect, an inch high : principal bracts of the involucre naked-edged or merely fimbriate-ciliate below, and the dilated scarious apex as broad as long, fimbriate-lacerate, tipped with a barely exserted cusp ; innermost with lanceolate nearly entire scarious tips : flow- ers ochroleucous : stronger pappus-bristles dilated-clavellate at tip. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56. Lower mountains of Colorado and New Mexico to California. * * Bracts of the involucre mostly loose, not appressed-imbricated nor rigid, taper- ing gradually from a narrow base to a slender-prickly or muticous apex ; outer not very much shorter than the inner, wholly destitute of dorsal glandular ridge or spot : pappus-bristles not clavellate-tipped. 2. C. Pavryi, Gray. Green, lightly arachnoid and villous when young, 2 feet or so high : leaves lanceolate, sinuate-dentate., not decurrent, moderately prickly: heads several and spicately glomerate or more racemosely panicu- late, more or less bracteose-leafy at base : accessory and outer proper bracts or some of them pectinately Jimbriate-ciliate down the sides, innermost ivith more or less dilated or margined mostly lacerate-fimbriate tips : corollas pale yellow ; the lobes longer than the throat : pappus of fine soft bristles, none of them obviously clavellate. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 47. Mountains of Colorado and Utah. 3. C. eriocephalllS, Gray. Loosely arachnoid-woolly and partly gla- brate, very leafy : leaves pinnalifid into very numerous and crowded and numer- ously prickly short lobes, the base decurrent on the stern into prickly wings : heads several, sessile, and crowded in a leaf-subtended at first nodding glomerule ; the subtending leaves and the involucral bracts densely long-woolly, all very slender- prickly : corollas light yellow or yellowish. Alpine region of the Rocky mountains of Colorado. * * Bracts of the involucre moderately unequal or the lower not rarely about equalling the upper, more rigid and imbricated at base, but most of them with 1 The naturalized genus Arctium, " Burdock," may be known by the hooked tips of its involucral bracts forming a bur, otherwise unarmed ; large mostly cordate leaves ; and rather small heads of pink or purplish flowers. The species is A. Lappa, L., and is 3 to 5 feet high, with cymose heads, leaves green and glabrous above but whitish with cottony down beneath, and in the larger forms with the bur an inch or more in diameter, its bracts all spreading and glabrous. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 213 more or less herbaceous spinescent-tipped spreading upper portion, and no glandular dorsal ridge. 4. C. Eatoni, Gray. A foot or so high, mostly simple, loosely arachnoid- woolly or glabrate : leaves pinnatifid or pinnately parted into short lobes, mostly very prickly, either green and glabrate, or remaining whitish-woolly beneath : heads an inch high, few or several and sessile in a terminal cluster: involucre from arachnoid-ciliate to glabrate or apparently glabrous ; its principal bracts erect, with broadish appressed base, abruptly attenuate into the subu- late-acerose slightly herbaceous spinesceut portion, outermost little shorter than the inner: corolla whitish. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56. Cirsium folio- sum and C. Drummondu in part, of the Western Reports. Mountains of Colo- rado, Utah, and Nevada. 5. C. Neo-MexicamiS, Gray. Stout, 2 to 4 feet high,- herbage and commonly squarrose involucre copiously while-woolly : leaves from sinuate- dentate to pinnatifid, not very prickly: heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches, often 2 inches high and broad: principal bracts of the involucre with spinescent rigid tips % to 1 inch long: corolla from white to pale-pur- ple. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 45. Plains of S. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. * * # * Bracts of the involucre regularly and chiefly oppressed-imbricated in numerous ranks ; the outer successively shorter, not herbaceous-tipped or appendaged. -- Flowers from rose-purple to white : involucre glabrous or early glabrate, the light arachnoid wool caducous ; its bracts coriaceous, not at all glandular on the back, outer tipped with a short weak prickle or cusp, innermost wholly unarmed. 6. C. Drummondii, Gray. Green and somewhat vilhus-pubescent, or when young lightly arachnoid-woolly, either stemless and bearing sessile heads in a cluster on the crown, or caulescent and even 2 or 3 feet high, with solitary or several loosely disposed heads : leaves from sinuate or almost entire to pinnately parted, moderately prickly : larger heads fully 2 inches high : involucral bracts weak-prickly pointed, innermost with more scarious and sometimes obviously dilated and erose-fimbriate tips : corollas either white or sometimes rose- purple. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40. From the mountains of Colorado and California to the far north. Var. acaulescens, Gray. Smaller, with heads (solitary or several on the crown, encircled by the radical leaves) only inch and a half long, or less, and proportionally narrow : outer involucral bracts with a longer but rather weak prickle. Mountains of Colorado to California. 7. C. SCariosus, Gray. White with cottony tomentum, at least the lower face of the leaves: stem about a foot high : leaves of lanceolate outline, mostly pinnately parted into lanceolate long-prickly lobes ; upper face sometimes villous, sometimes only cottony and early glabrate : heads 2 or 3 in a sessile cluster, or solitary on short leafy branches : innermost bracts of involucre commonly with more conspicuous erose or entire scarious tips : corollas pale or white. Synopt. Fl. i. 402. Mountain plains, Wyoming and Utah. 214 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) t- -i- Flowers usually rose or flesh-colored : involucral bracts closely oppressed, coriaceous, commonly ivit/i a glandular or viscid ridge, short line or a broader spot on the back near the summit : heads naked, solitary or scattered. = Leaves pinnately parted into narrow and linear mostly entire divisions. 8. C. Pitcheri, Torr. A foot or two high, with herbage persistently white-tomentose throughout : lower leaves a foot or so long, with divisions either entire or some again pinnately parted into shorter lobes, weakly prickly- tipped ; the winged rhachis not wider than the divisions : heads few or soli- tary, 2 inches high : involucre glabrate ; the bracts rather small, viscid down the back, tipped with small short prickle : corollas ochroleucous. Extending into Dakota and the northeastern limit of our range from the shores of the Great Lakes. = Leaves from undivided to pinnately parted, the lobes lanceolate or broader, disposed to be white-Lornentose above as well as below: prickle on cusp of invo- lucral bracts more or less rigid. 9. C. OChrocentrus, Gray. Resembles the next, usually taller, even to 6 or 8 feet high, the white tomeutum mostly persistent : leaves commonly but not always deeply pinnat ijid and armed with long yellowish prickles: heads 1 or 2 inches high : principal bracts of the involucre broader and flatter, the viscid line on the back narrow or not rarely obsolete, tipped with a prominent spreading yellowish prickle: corollas purple, rarely white. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 57. Plains, W. Texas to Colorado and Arizona. 10. C. undulatus, Gray. A foot or two high, persistently white-tomen- tose: leaves rarely pinnately parted, moderately prickly : heads commonly l^inch high : principal bracts of the involucre mostly thickened on the back by the broader glandular-viscid ridge, comparatively small and narrow, tipped icith an evident spreading short prickle : corollas rose-color, pale purple, or rarely white. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 42. Plains, from Oregon to the Great Lakes and southward to New Mexico. Var. canescens, Gray, is a form with smaller heads, sometimes not over an inch high, the leaves varying from ciliately spinulose-dentate to deeply pinnatifid. New Mexico and S. Utah to Minnesota. = = = Leaves in the same species from undivided to pinnately parted, the lobes from ovate to lanceolate, upper face soon glabrate and green : involucral bracts tipped with weak prickles or sometimes hardly any. 11. C. altissimus, Willd. Stem branching, 3 to 10 feet high : leaves in the typical form ovate-oblong or narrower, sometimes with merely spinulose- ciliate slightly toothed margins, sometimes laciuiate-cleft or sinuate, or lower ones deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, weakly prickly : heads l^ to 2 inches high: invo- lucral bracts firm-coriaceous, abruptly tipped with a spreading setiform prickle, the short outermost ovate or oblong : roots fascicled and not rarely tuberous- thickened below the middle, in the manner of Dahlia. East of our range, but represented by V:ir. filipendulus, Gray. Smaller, 2 or 3 feet high : roots tuberiferous : leaves commonly deeply pinnatifid: heads few, only 1| inch high. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56. Prairies and thickets, Texas and Colorado. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 215 12. C. Virginianus, Pursh. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, simple or branching : leaves narrow, varying as in the last : heads more naked-peduncu- late, only an inch long: involucral bracts small and narrow, thinner, tapering into a very weak short spreading bristle-like prickle, sometimes hardly any : flowers rose-purple. From Colorado to Texas and Virginia. 72. KRIGIA, Schreb. Low herbs ; with rather large heads of yellow flowers terminating slender naked peduncles or scapes. Ours belongs to the Cynthia, in which the involucral bracts are 9 to 18 and thin, and pappus of 10 to 15 oblong scales and 15 or 20 slender capillary bristles. 1. K. amplexicaulis, Nutt. Caulescent, not tuberiferous, glaucous: stem a foot or two high, 1 to 3-leaved, bearing one or two or few somewhat umbellate heads on moderately long peduncles : leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, entire, repand and denticulate, or radical somewhat lyrately lobed; these contracted into winged petioles; cauline partly clasping by a broad base. Cynthia VHrginica, Don. From Colorado to New York and Georgia. 73. STEPHANOMERIA, Nutt. Mostly smooth and glabrous ; with branching or rarely virgate and often rigid or rush-like stems, small or merely scale-like leaves on the flowering branches, and usually paniculate heads of rose-colored or flesh-colored flowers. In ours the heads are ^ to J inch high, mostly 5-flowered and with about the same number of involucral bracts. # Perennials, paniculately branched from thick and tortuous roots, with striate and rush-like branches, small-leaved or nearly leafless above : pappus bristles not at all dilated at base, but plumose below the middle. 1. S. runcinata, Nutt. Comparatively stout and rigid, a foot or two high, with spreading branches: heads mostly 4 or 5 lines high and scattered along the branches : lower leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, commonly lanceolate ; upper linear or reduced to scales : pappus dull white, plumose only to near the base. Plains, from Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas, Arizona, and California. 2. S. minor, Nutt. More slender and with ascending branches bearing usu- ally terminal and smaller heads: cauline leaves all slender, often filiform : pappus white, very plumose down to base. Plains and mountains, from the borders of British America to those of Mexico. * * Annuals or biennials : bristles of the ichite or whitish pappus plumose above but naked below the middle, at base more or less dilated. 3. S. exigua, Nutt. A foot or two high, with slender branches and branchlets : radical and lower cauline leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, those of the branches mainly reduced to short scales : bristles of the pappus 9 to 18, their more or less dilated or chaffy bases commonly a little connate. From Wyoming to Texas and westward to Nevada and E. California. 216 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 74. MICBOSERIS, Don. Glabrous or merely puberulent, acaulescent or stibcaulescent ; with heads of yellow flowers terminating naked scapes or elongated simple peduncles. * Pappus of 15 to 20 white and soft plumose bristles with chaffy base: akenes linear-columnar, of same diameter from base to summit : stems more or less branching and leaf-bearing. 1. M. nutans, Gray. Slender, a foot or so high : fusiform roots either fascicled or solitary : leaves from entire and spatulate-obovate to pinuately parted into narrow linear lobes : heads 8 to 20-flowered, slender-peduncled : involucre of 8 to 10 linear-lanceolate gradually acuminate principal bracts: bristles of pappus several times longer than the oblong scale at the base. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 208. From British Columbia and Montana to S. W. Colorado and California. * * Pappus of 20 to 24 narrowly linear-lanceolate silvery-white scales, occupying two or more series, very gradually attenuate into a slender awn : akenes attenu- ate-fusiform. 2. M. troximoides, Gray. Acaulescent or nearly so : leaves tufted on the caudex, rather fleshy, narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire or undulate, 4 to 6 inches long : scapes a span to a foot high : involucre inch high : pappus ^ inch or more long, its almost setiform scales \ line wide below. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 211. Hills and open plains, Montana and Idaho to Washington Ter- ritory and California. 75. MALACOTHRIX, DC. Leafy -stemmed or scapose ; with pedunculate heads of yellow or white flowers, sometimes becoming purplish tinged. In ours the involucre is of narrow bracts and short-peduncled on the leafy spreading branches. 1. M. sonchoides, Torr. & Gray. A span to a foot high : lower leaves oblong, piunatifid, with short and dentate lobes, rhachis of the principal leaves also dentate: akenes linear-oblong, 15-striate-ribbed, somewhat angled by 5 moderately stronger ribs, the summit with a 1 5-denticulate white border. Fl. ii. 486. Plains of W. Nebraska to New Mexico and westward. 76. HIERACIUM, Tourn. HAWKWEED. Perennial herbs : often with toothed but never deeply lobed leaves : heads paniculate, rarely solitary : flowers yellow, or white in one species. 1. Involucre of the comparatively large heads irregularly more or less imbri- cated : pappus of copious and unequal bristles : akenes columnar, truncate. In ours the stems are leafy to the top, the cauline /cares all closely sessile, 1. H. limbellatum, L. A foot or two high, strict, bearing a few some- what umbellately disposed heads: leaves narrowly or sometimes broadly lanceo- late, nearly entire, sparsely denticulate, occasionally laciniate-dentate, all narrow at base : involucre usually livid, glabrous or nearly so ; outermost bracts loose or spreading. From Lake Superior to the Rocky Mountains, and northward. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 217 2. H. Canadense, Michx. Taller, robust, with corymbosely or panicu- lately cymose heads: leaves from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute, sparsely and acutely dentate or even laciniate, at least the upper partly clasping and broad or broad ish at base : involucre usually pubescent when young, glabrate, occa- sionally glandular ; the narrow outermost bracts loose : pappus sordid. Across the continent near the British boundary and northward. 2. Involucre a series of equal bracts and a few short ones : pappus of more or less scanty equal bristles: akenes in some species slender or tapering to the summit. * Hirsute with long and whitish or yellowish shaggy denticulate hairs commonlt/ from a small papilla, commonly but not always on the involucre also: flowers yellow. 3. H. longipilum, Torr. Stout, leafy to near the middle of the stem, and with linear-lanceolate or subulate bracts up to the narrow panicle : pubes- cence mainly glandular-setose and most abundant , the bristles upright, com- monly \ to 1 inch long, fulvous or rufous : leaves spatulate-oblong or upper lanceolate, thickish, the radical commonly present in a tuft at flowering time : involucre 20 to 30-flowered, and with short peduncles more or less tomentu- lose as well as glandular, in a narrow almost virgate panicle : akenes fusiform : pappus at maturity fuscous. Woods and prairies, from Nebraska to Texas, within the eastern limit of our range, and eastward to Michigan. 4. H. Scouleri, Hook. Robust, a foot or two high: hairs long and soft setose, whitish or yellowish: leaves lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long : panicle irregular or branching : involucre somewhat furfuraceous and glandular, also sparsely or copiously beset with long bristly hairs : akenes columnar and short : pappus whitish. From Montana to Oregon and south to the Wahsatch. * * Dark-hirsute and somewhat glandular (also whitish with short tomentum) on the involucre: leaves and lower part ofscapiform stems not even pilose : Jlowers yellow : pappus sordid. 5. H gracile, Hook. Pale green, in tufts : leaves nearly all in radical clusters, obovate- to oblong-spatulate and attenuate into petioles, entire or repand-denticulate : stems or scapes slender, 8 to 18 inches high, cinereous above, bearing few or several racemosely disposed livid heads, the lower linear-bracteate : involucre usually blackish-hairy at base : akenes short co- lumnar. Includes //. triste, mostly, of the Western Reports. Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and northward. Var. detonsum, Gray. A span to nearly a foot high, with rather smaller heads : dark hirsute hairs wholly wanting, or only some smaller ones on the involucre. Synopt. Fl. i. 427. H. triste, var. detonsum, Gray. Mountains of Colorado and California to those of British Columbia. * * * Not bristly (occasionally scattered bristles on the involucre and panicle), but at least the radical leaves and base of stem sparsely or thickly setose-hirsute with long spreading hairs. +- Flowers white : stems leafy : akenes linear-columnar, not at all narrowed upward : pappus sordid : leaves entire or denticulate. 6. H. albiflorum, Hook. A foot to a yard high, smaller plants with 218 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) simple and larger with compound open cyme : leaves oblong, thin, upper with usually narrowed sessile base, lower tapering into petiole : involucre of linear-lanceolate bracts, pale or livid, mostly glabrous or nearly so, not rarely a few bristly hairs. From Colorado and Utah to California and British Columbia. i- -i- Flowers yellow: stems rather scapose (2 to several-leaved): leaves entire or slightly denticulate. 7. H. cynoglossoides, Arvet. Stem a foot or less high (either from naked base or more commonly a radical tuft of leaves), simple, 2 to several- leaved, bearing few or several cymosely disposed heads, setose-hirsute or hispid at base : leaves lanceolate to spatulate-oblong, at least the lower con- spicuously setose-hirsute ; upper sometimes glabrous : involucre glandular, some- times as also peduncles glandular-hispidulous : akenes rather short-columnar: pappus whitish. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 68. If. Scouleri, Hooker, partly. N. W. Wyoming and Montana to Oregon and California. 8. H. Fendleri, Schultz Bip. Subscapose, not rarely one or two leaves toward base of the simple or paniculately branching stem, sparsely setose- hirsute : radical leaves spatulate or broader ; cauline verging to lanceolate, reduced above to linear bracts : heads few and racemiform-paniculate, or more numerous and corvmbosely disposed : involucre puberulent or glabrate, with or without scattered setose hairs : akenes tapering from near the base to summit, sometimes reddish, at length commonly blackish : pappus copious, soft, sordid- whitish. Colorado and New Mexico. 77. CBEPIS, L. Annuals or (ours) perennials, with soft white pappus and narrow-necked or beaked akenes (some truncate or merely tapering upwards) : leaves entire or inclined to be pinnatifid : flowers all yellow. * Low or depressed, branched from the base, wholly glabrous, bearing numerous clustered heads: involucre of narrowly linear obtuse equal bracts: akenes nar- row, 10-striate, having at summit a disk bearing the pappus. 1. C. nana, Richards. Forming depressed tufts on creeping rootstocks : leaves chiefly radical, obovate to spatulate, entire, repand-dentate, or lyrate, commonly equalling the clustered scapes or stems : heads in fruit nearly ^ inch high : akenes linear, unequally ribbed, obscurely contracted under the moderately dilated pappiferous disk. Alpine mountain summits in Colorado and California, thence far northward. 2. C. elegans, Hook. Many-stemmed from a tap-root, diffusely branched : leaves entire or nearly so ; radical spatulate, cauline from lanceolate to linear : heads smaller : akenes linear-fusiform, minutely scabrous on the equal narrow ribs, attenuate into a short slender beak, which is discoid-dilated at summit. From Montana and Dakota to the Saskatchewan. * * More robust and taller, with scapiform or few-leaved stems and larger heads: akenes thicker, not dilated-discoid at the insertion of the pappus. *- No canescent putrescence: foliage mostly glabrous: involucre many-flowered; COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219 its bracts narrow, acute, little thickened below after flowering: pappus not remarkably copious: leaves mostly radical. 3. C glauca, Torr. & Gray. Usually scapose, 1 to 2 feet high, glances- cent or glaucous : radical leaves from obovate-spatulate to lanceolate, from entire to laciniate-pinnatijid : involucre 4 lines high, glabrous or nearly so, as also the peduncles : akenes oblong, with slightly narrowed summit, strongly and evenly 10-ribbed. Fl. ii. 438. Moist ground, from the Saskatchewan and Nebraska to Utah and Nevada. 4. C. runcinata, Torr. & Gray. Not, glaucous or slightly so, 1 to 2 feet high: radical leaves obovate-obloug to oblong-lanceolate, from repand to run- cinatR-pinnatiJid with short lobes or teeth ; cauline none, or small and narrow at the forks : involucre - inch high or smaller, pubescent, often hirsute, some- times (with peduncles and upper part of scape) glandular-hispidulous : akenes narrowly oblong, moderately narrowed upward, somewhat evenly 10-ribbed. Loc. cit. In subalpine swamps, from Colorado and Utah to Montana and the Saskatchewan. t- -i- Cinereous-pubescent, at least the foliage : bracts of the involucre at length with more or less thickened or keeled midrib, at least at base : leaves usually laciniate-pinnatijid. w. Principal bracts of the involucre and flowers 5 t o 8 : no hirsute pubescence: pappus moderately copious and soft. 5. C. acuminata, Nutt. Minutely cinereous below, but green : stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high, 1 to 3-leaved, bearing a fastigiate or corymbiform cyme of numerous small heads : leaves elongated, slender-petioled, oblong- lanceolate in outline, laciniate-pinnatifid, tapering to both ends, the apex usually into a lanceolate or linear tail-like prolongation : involucre i to ^ inch long, rarely over 6-flowered, smooth and glabrous: akenes at maturity fusi- form, considerably longer than the pappus, lightly striate-costate, moderately attenuate at summit. Dry ground, Montana and Wyoming to E. Oregon, Utah, and California. 6. C. intermedia, Gray. Habit and foliage of the preceding, or less tall, more ciuereous-puberulent, usually with fewer heads: involucre \ inch or more long, cancscentltj puberulent ; its bracts in age more carinate by thick- ened midrib: akenes acutely 10 costate at maturity, oblong-fusiform, slightly attenuate upward, longer than or equalling the pappus. Synopt. Fl. i. 432. C. acuminata, Gray, Bot. Calif., partly. Rocky Mountains in Colorado to the Sierra Nevada, California, and north to Washington Territory. Var. gracilis, Gray. A very slender form, with rhachis and apical pro- longation as well as lobes of the leaves attenuate-linear. Loc. cit. C. occi- dentalis, var. gracilis, Eaton. w .M. Principal bracts of involucre 9 to 24 and flowers 10 to 30 : pappus exceed- ingly copious and harsher. 7. C. OCCidentalis, Nutt. Often hirsute as well as canescent, rather robust, a span to a foot or so high, commonly leafy-stemmed and branching : leaves oblong-lanceolate or broader in outline, variously laciniate-pinnatifid or incised, apex seldom much prolonged : involucre ^ to inch high, canescent : akenes longer than the pappus, usually with tapering summit and acute ribs. 220 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Plains of Nebraska and Wyoming to Washington Territory, and south to the mountains of Colorado and California. 78. PRENANTHES, Vaill. Perennial herbs, with loosely paniculate heads, few-nerved akenes, and soft bright white pappus. Ours belong to the subgenus Nabalus, with more con- tracted inflorescence, dull-colored flowers, more nerved akenes, and stiffer sordid pappus. 1. P. racemosa, Michx. Stems simple, 1 to 5 feet high, leafy up to the inflorescence, with the leaves glabrous and glaucous: leaves ordinarily only denticulate; radical and lower leaves spatulate-oblong to obovate, tapering into winged petioles ; upper cauline lanceolate to ovate, partly clasping, the broader ones by a cordate or auriculate base : heads not at all drooping, crowded in an elongated thyrsus, a span to 2 feet long : involucre loosely hirsute : flowers pur- plish: akeues about 15-nerved, somewhat angled by 4 or 5 of the stronger nerves. Nabalus racemosus, DC. From Colorado to the Saskatchewan, thence eastward across the continent. 2. P. alata, Gray. A foot or two high, the larger plants branching : leaves hastate-deltoid, sharply and irregularly dentate, abruptly contracted or some of tbe upper cuneately decurrent into winged petioles, or small uppermost narrower and sessile by a tapering base : heads someivhat pendulous, loosely and somewhat corymbosely paniculate: involuere of 8 to 10 greenish bracts : flowers purplish : akenes slender, at lea?t sometimes with a tapering summit. Synopt. Fl. i. 435. Nabalus alatus, Hook. From the far north to Oregon, represented in the mountains of N. Montana by Var. sagittata, Gray. Leaves sagittate or hastate, with basal lobes mostly slender and prolonged : heads in a virgate panicle : involucre pale green, very glabrous : immature akenes not tapering to the summit. Loc. cit. 79. LYGODESMIA, Don. Mostly smooth and glabrous ; with usually rush like rigid or tough stems, linear or scale-like leaves, and terminal or scattered heads which are always erect : the flowers pink or rose-color. # Erect perennials, with striate-angfed junciform stems and branches, and terminal solitary heads: akenes slender, terete, almost filiform, slightly taper inq to sum- mit : pappus soft and copious, whitish or sordid. 1. L. juncea, Don. Fastigiately much branched from the deep-rooted base, about afoot high: leaves persistent, small, somewhat nervose; lower lancfo- late-linear from a broadish base, inch or two long ; upper reduced to small subu- late scales : involucre at most ^ inch long, 5-flowered : ligules j or \ inch long. Plains of the Saskatchewan and Minnesota to New Mexico and Nevada. 2. L. grandiflora, Torr. & Gray. Stems separate or few from the root, simple below, a span to a foot high ; tbe larger plants leafy, corymbosely branched above, and bearing few or numerous short-pedunculate heads : leaves all entire, of firm and thickish texture, linear-attenuate, 2 to 4 inches long, only COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 221 the very uppermost reduced to scales: involucre fully f inch long, 5 to 10- flowered: ligules of equal length, showy, rose-red. Fl. ii. 485. Gravelly hills, W. Wyoming and Utah. * # Paniculately branched annuals: pappus white and soft. 3. L. rostrata, Gray. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, striate, leafy, corym- bose-paniculate : leaves narrowly linear, attenuate to both ends, entire, ob- scurely 3-nerved ; cauline 3 to 7 inches long, barely 2 lines wide ; uppermost slender-subulate : heads numerous, on scaly-bracteolate erect peduncles : invo- lucre 8 to 9-flowered, of as many very narrowly linear bracts : rays small and narrow, probably purplish : akenes slender-fusiform, distinctly attenuate at summit, longer than the soft rather dull-white pappus. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 217. L.juncea, var. rostrata, Gray. Plains, from the Saskatchewan to Wyo- ming and Colorado. 80. TROXIMON, Nutt. Acaulescent or nearly so; with a cluster of sessile or subsessile radical leaves, and simple scapes bearing a head of yellow or rarely purple flowers. Includes both Troximon and Macrorhynchus of the Western Reports. 1. Akenes beakless, or tapering gradually into a short and thicJcish beak, on winch the nerves or ribs of the body are prolonged to the apex: pappus some- what rigid. EUTROXIMON. 1. T. cuspid atum, Pursh. Glaucescent, somewhat tomentose when young, a span to a foot high : leaves entire, elongated linear-lanceolate and up- wardly linear-attenuate, mostly ciliate : involucre about an inch high ; its bracts in 2 or 3 series, all tapering to a slender acumination, glabrous : akenes becoming 3 or 4 lines long, rather shorter than the unequal pappus, beakless. Prairies, from Dakota to Wisconsin and W. Illinois. 2. T. glaucum, Nutt. Usually a foot or two high, rather stout, pale or glaucous, either glabrous or with loose pubescence : leaves linear to lanceolate, from entire to sparingly dentate or sometimes laciniate, 4 to 12 inches long: invo- lucre commonly an inch high and many-flowered ; its bracts lanceolate or broader; outer series shorter, often pubescent or even villous: akenes with the stout nerved beak 5 or 6 lines long, longer than the pappus. Macrorhi/nchus glaucus, Eaton. Grassy plains, Saskatchewan and Dakota to British Columbia, and mountains of Utah and Colorado. Var. parviflorum, Gray. A small and slender form : leaves only 2 to 6 inches long : scape a span to a foot high : head smaller and narrower. Synopt. Fl. i. 437. T. parciflorum, Nutt. Plains of Nebraska and Wyoming to the mountains of New Mexico. Var. laciniatum, Gray. Dwarf (a span or two high), with the small heads of the preceding variety, varying to larger, glabrous or glabrate, when young often cinereous-pubescent throughout : rays sometimes purplish exter- nally or in fading : leaves mostly of lanceolate outline and laciniate-pinnatifid. Bot. Calif, i. 437. Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico to California. Var. dasycepliaru.nl, Torr. & Gray. Commonly robust, with large and broad heads : the involucre inch broad as well as high, and from villous to cinereous-pubescent, sometimes early glabrate : receptacle not rarely bearing 222 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) a few chaffy bracts among the flowers : leaves from elongated-lanceolate to oblong-spatulate, from entire to laciniate or rarely pinuatifid : scape from a span to 2 feet high. Mountains of Colorado to the Sierra Nevada and Wash- ington Territory, northeastward to Dakota and the Arctic regions. 2. AJcenes with a slender and mostly filiform nerveless beak and soft pap- pus. MACRORHYNCHUS. 3. T. aurantiacum, Hook. Loosely soft-pubescent and glabrate : leaves from linear-lanceolate to spatulate, thinnish, entire, or sparingly laciniate-den- tate, occasionally pinnatijid : scape from a span to a foot or more high : invo- lucre 7 to 9 lines high ; its bracts from broadly to narrowly lanceolate and acute, or outer and looser ones oblong and obtuse : flowers orange, commonly changing to brownish red or purple : akenes thickish, 3 or 4 lines long, and the jftrm beak only 2 or 3 lines long: pappus somewhat rigidulous. Macro- rhynchus troximoides, Torr. & Gray. Northern Rocky Mountains to British Columbia and Oregon, and mountains of Colorado. Var. purpureum, Gray. Leaves apparently thickish, laciniate, and with the purple-tinged involucre very glabrous or glabrate : " flowers purple." Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 72. New Mexico, and in the mountains of Colorado. 4. T. gracilens, Gray. Resembles slender forms of preceding : leaves mostly entire, flaccid, from lanceolate to nearly linear, or some narrowly spatu- late: scape 10 to 18 inches high: head and iuvolucral bracts narrow: flowers deep orange : akenes fusiform-linear, 3 or 4 lines long ; the very slender beak 4 or 5 lines long: pappus soft, but not flaccid. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 71. Moun- tains in N. Wyoming to Oregon and Washington Territory. 81. TARAXACUM, HaJler. DANDELION. Perennials, sending up in the spring, from a rosulate cluster of runcinate- pinnatifid or lyrate radical leaves, naked fistulous scapes, which elongate with and after the blooming of the showy head of yellow flowers : involucre re- flexed at maturity : fruit, with the expanded pappus raised on the elongated beak, displayed in a globose body. 1. T. officinale, Weber. Root vertical: leaves from spatulate-oblong to lanceolate, from irregularly dentate to runcinate-pinnatifid : akenes oblong- obovate or narrower, abruptly contracted into a conical or pyramidal apex, which is prolonged into a filiform beak of twice or thrice the length of the iikene. In the ordinary form of the fields the involucral bracts are obscurely or not at all corniculate, and the calyculate bracts are linear, elongated, and recurved ; leaves usually lobed. T. Dens-leonis, Desf. Common everywhere in fields and yards. Var. alpinum, Koch. Outer involucral bracts ovate to broadly lanceo- late, spreading, none conspicuously corniculate. Labrador to British Colum- bia, and southward along higher mountains to Colorado and California. Var. lividum, Koch. Outer involucral bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, all apt to be dark-colored in drying, obscurely or not at all corniculate : leaves from denticulate to ruucinate-dentate, sometimes pinnatifid. T. palustre, DC. Rocky Mountains, from New Mexico to the Arctic coast. COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 223 Var. scopulorum, Gray. Minute : leaves and scape an inch or less long : head 3 or in fruit even 5 lines high, narrow, few-flowered : outer involucral bracts lanceolate, rather loose ; inner somewhat corniculate. T. kevigatum, Gray. Highest alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. 82. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. With leafy or (in ours) scapiforra stems, undivided or pinnatifid leaves, and rather large slender pedunculate heads of golden yellow flowers. Our species is monocephalous. 1. P. scaposus, DC. Hirsutulous-pubescent, low and simple: globular tuber sending up a slender caudex, bearing at the surface of the ground a cluster of pinnatifid leaves and scapes of a span or two high: the latter sim- ple and naked, sometimes a bract or small leaf near the base : head seldom an inch high in fruit : calyculate bracts of involucre short and small, subulate ; principal ones obscurely corniculate at tip: flowers citron-yellow: pappus fulvous. P. grandijlorus, Nutt. Prairies of Arkansas to E. Colorado. 83. LACTTJCA, 1 Tourn. LETTUCE. Mostly tall herbs, with milky juice, leafy stems, and paniculate heads of yellow, blue, or whitish flowers: involucre glabrous and smooth. Includes Mulgedium. * Akenes fiat, orbicular to oblong, abruptly produced into a filiform beak of softer texture. 1. L. Ludoviciana, DC. Glabrous, leafy to the open panicle, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves all oblong and auriculate-clasptng, 3 or 4 inches long, sinuate-pin- natifid, somewhat spinulosely dentate, more or less bnstly-ciliate, more or less hispidulous-setose on the midrib beneath : flowers yellow : akcnes oblong-oval, about equalled by the filiform beak. From Dakota and Wyoming to Iowa and Texas. 2. L. pulchella, DC. A foot or two high, very glabrous, glaucescent, leafy up to the open panicle : leaves from linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, entire or runcinate-dentate, or some lower ones pinnatifid ; cauline sessile, with 1 The Old World genus Sonchus, Tourn., (" Sow-Thistle,") with leafy stems, yellow flmvers, and white pappus, has become extensively naturalized in the east, and the follow- ing species have appeared within our range : * Coarse annuals ; with nmcinately or lyrately pinnatifid leaves, beset with soft spinulose serratures; upper cauline auriculate-clasping : heads corymbose-paniculate : akenes flat, thin-edged, oblong-obovate S. oleraceus, L., has leaves with soft and hardly spinulose teeth ; auricles of the cauline ones acute ; akenes striate-nerved and transversely rugulose-scabrous. S. asper, Vill. , has teeth of the leaves longer and more prickly ; auricles of the clasp- Ing base rounded ; and akenes smooth, 8-nerved on each side. * * Strong-rooted perennial, with deep yellow flowers, and thickish akenes. S. arvensis, L., has stems 2 feet high and naked at the summit ; leaves as before, den- ticulate-spinulose, cauline partly clasping ; peduncles and involucre more or less glandular- bristly ; heads almost twice as long (1 inch high) ; akenes oblong, about 10-ribbed and rugulose on the ribs. 224 LOBELIACE.E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) base not auriculate-clasping : flowers bright blue or violet-purple : akenes lanceolate- oblong, barely 2 Hues long, striate-nervose ; the tip of short (no longer than the breadth of the body) beak soft and usually whitish. Mulgedium pulchellum, Nutt. From New Mexico to California, British Columbia, and eastward. * * Akenes thickish, oblong, with some strong ribs and nerves, contracted at the summit into a short but manifest neck. 3. L. leUGOphsea, Gray. Stem 3 to 12 feet high, stout, leafy up to the pyramidal rather crowded panicle : leaves ample, sinuately or runcinately pinnatifid, coarsely and irregularly or doubly dentate ; upper cauline sessile by a mostly narrowed but auriculate or partly clasping base : involucre oblong, 5 lines high : flowers bluish to yellowish or whitish : pappus sordid or fus- cous. Mulgedium leucophazum, DC. Across the continent from Oregon to the mountains of Carolina and northward. ORDER 43. LOBE LI AC E^. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, scattered flowers, irregular 5-lobed corolla, and the 5 stamens free from the corolla and united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their an- thers. Calyx-tube adherent to the 2-celled, many-seeded capsule: style one. 1. Lobelia. Corolla open down to the base on one side. 2. Laurentia. Corolla with a closed tube. Capsule wholly inferior. 1. LOBELIA, L. Calyx-tube 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube and somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the lower lip spread- ing and 3-cleft. Capsule 2-celled, opening at the top. Flowers axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes. 1. L. cardinalis, L. Stem tall, simple, 2 to 4 feet high, smoothish: leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed: raceme elongated, rather one-sided: flowers large, deep red ; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. Colorado, and throughout the States eastward. The intense red of the flower varies to rose-color and even white. Known as " Cardinal Flower." 2. L. syphilitica, L. Stems simple, 2 to 3 feet high, leafy to the top, somewhat hairy : leaves thin, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, irregularly serrate: flowers in a long spike-like raceme, light blue, rarely white: sinuses of the calyx with deflexed auricles. From Colorado to Dakota and throughout the States eastward. 2. LAURENTIA, Micheli. Calyx-tube turbinate or oblong. Corolla with its tube as long as the limb, which is like that of Lobelia. Capsule short, 2-valved at the summit. Low herbs, resembling small species of Lobelia, excepting the closed tube of the corolla. Flowers blue. CAMPANULACEJ3. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 225 1. L. carnosula, Benth. Annual, rooting in the mud, glabrous, 1 to 5 inches high : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile, to inch long : flowers axillary and above corymbose or racemose, long-pedicelled. Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 444. Portcrella carnulosa, Torr., of Hayd. Rep. 1872, 488. Muddy borders of ponds and streams from the Californian Sierras to Utah and Wyoming. ORDER 44. CAIWPANULACEJE. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) Like the Lobeliacete, but the corolla regular bell-shaped, the stamens usually distinct and the capsule (in ours) 3-celled. Flowers generally blue and showy. 1. Specularia. Calyx-tube more or less elongated and narrow. Corolla short and broad, rotate when expanded. Capsule prismatic or elongated. 2. Campanula. Calyx-tube short and broad. Corolla generally bell-shaped. Capsule mostly short. 1. SPECULARIA, Heister. VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS. Flowers dimorphous ; the earlier ones smaller, with undeveloped corolla, and a 3 or 4-lobed calyx. The calyx-lobes of the later corolliferous flowers 5. Capsule with valvular openings either near the summit or near the middle. Annuals, with leafy slender stems, and sessile flowers. Corolla blue or purplish. 1. S. leptocarpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous: stems a span or two high, virgate, mostly simple or branched from the base : leaves lanceolate : capsule nearly cylindrical, ^ to f inch long, inclined to curve and rarely to twist, opening by one or two uplifted valves near the summit; the low- est also often splitting longitudinally from the summit: seeds oblong. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 82. Arkansas to W. Texas and Colorado. 2. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Stems 8 to 20 inches high, very leafy through- out, hirsute or hispid on the angles : leaves round-cordate and clasping, mostly crenate, veiny : flowers single or clustered in the axils : capsule oblong or somewhat obconical ; the 2 or 3 valvular openings at or below the middle ; the capsule not disposed to split: seeds lenticular. From Colorado to Utah and Oregon, also throughout the States eastward. 2. CAMPANULA, Tourn. BELL-FLOWER, HAREBELL. Flowers all alike and corolliferous. Filaments dilated at base. Capsule opening on the sides or near the base by 3 to 5 small uplifted valves or per- forations. Flowers blue or white. Ours have naked sinuses to the calyx. # Capsule opening near or at the summit, erect: low and usually \-flowered alpine. or subalpine plants. 1. C. Uniflora, L. Chiefly glabrous, 1 to 4 inches high, from a stout several-headed rootstock: leaves small, an inch or less long, thickish, entire or nearly so ; the lowest spatulate or oblong, obtuse ; uppermost linear : flowers 4 to 6 lines in length, mostly horizontal : calyx-tube nearly as long as the lobes, 15 226 ERTCACE^l. (HEATH FAMILY.) which are from half to fully as long as the deeply campanulate bluish corolla : capsule cylindraceous or clavate, ^ inch long. On bare alpine slopes in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, and extending into the arctic regions. 2. C. planiflora, Eugelm. Glabrous, from a few inches to a span high, from a filiform rootstock bearing similar subterranean stolons : leaves 1 to 2 inches long, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, the lowest ones sometimes broader, all more or less dentate or denticulate : /lowers larger, erect : calyx-lobes several times longer than the tube and exceeding the tube of the shallow, wide open, reddish-purple corolla : capsule ovate or turbinate, as long as the calyx-lobes or shorter. Bot. Gaz. vii. 5. C. Langsdorffiana of the Rocky Mountain Floras. C. Scheuchzeri, Gray, Fl. N. Am., as to Colorado forms. In subalpine meadows, Colorado. The large shallow corolla is four times wider than deep. # * Capsule opening near or at the base : taller, usually several to many-flowered, and in lower ground : rootstocks filifoi-m. 3. C. rotundifolia, L. Stems diffuse or erect, a foot or two long, 1 to 9-flowered, smooth : radical leaves slender-petioled, orbicular or cordate ; cauline leaves linear : /lower-buds erect : calyx~lobes setaceous-subulate : corolla bright blue, campanulate, i to 1 inch long: capsule nodding. A subarctic species, ranging southward in the mountains to Mexico. 4. C. aparinoides, Pursh. Stem almost filiform, a foot or two high, equally leafy to the top, its sharp angles rough with short retrorse bristles : so also the midrib beneath and the margins of the lanceolate or linear sessile leaves: floirer-buds drooping: calyx-lobes triangular: corolla pale blue or whitish, deeply cleft, the lobes 2 lines long or less: capsule erect. Wet grassy grounds from Colorado to the Saskatchewan and eastward. ORDER 45. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so, the stamens as many or twice as many as the 4 to 5 lobes or petals of the corolla, free or nearly free from it, anthers 2-celled, commonly appen- daged or opening by terminal chinks or pores, style one, ovary 3 to 10-celled. SUBORDER I. VACCINIE.E. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, which forms a berry crowned with the calyx-teeth. Corolla always gamopetalous and epigynous. Shrubby or suffrutescent, with scaly buds and alternate leaves. 1. Vaccinium. Ovary 4 to 5-celled, or by false partitions from the back of these cells 8 to 10-celled, wholly inferior: ovules numerous. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube. SUBORDER II. ERICINEJE. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla gamopetalous or rarely polypeta- lous, hypogynous. Shrubs or small trees. * Fruit fleshy, either a berry or drupe. 2. Arctostaphylog. Corolla urn-shaped. Stamens twice as many as the corolla lobes, included. Drupe berrylike, 5 to 10-seeded. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 227 * * Fruit a loculicidal capsule, 5-celled and many-seeded. (In ours the calyx becomes fleshy in fruit, enclosing the small capsules, and hence the fruit resembles a berry.) 3. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, its lobes imbricated. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped to cam- panulate. Stamens 10 filaments dilated towards the base : anthers usually awned. Capsule deeply umbilicate. * # * Fruit a septicidal capsule : anthers destitute of awns or appendages. - Corolla gamopetalous : flowers not from scaly buds, the bracts being leaf-like or coria- ceous : capsule globular. 4. Bryanthus. Corolla from campanulate to ovoid, 4 to 6-lobed. Stamens 8 to 10, straight. Leaves heath-like, alternate but crowded. 5. Kalmia. Corolla crateriform or saucer-shaped, 5-lobed, with 10 pouches below the limb. Stamens 10 : the short anthers lodged in the corolla pouches in bud, so that in blooming the filaments are strongly recurved. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, flat. +- *- Corolla polypetalous or very nearly so : flowers from large scaly buds, the scales of bracts caducous : capsule oval or oblong. 6. Ledum. Calyx 5-lobed or parted, small. Petals oval or obovate, widely spreading. Stamens 5 to 10. Leaves evergreen. SUBORDER III. PVROLINEJE. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous, hypogynous. Anthers erect and extrorse in bud, with an ernarginate or 2-horaed base, where each cell opens by a pore ; but inverted in anthesis so that the real base with its pores becomes apical. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Ours are herbs or nearly so, with broad evergreen leaves and a scape naked or nearly so. 7. Moneses. Flowers solitary, 4 or 5-merous. Petals widely spreading, orbicular. Sta- mens 8 or 10 : anthers conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight. Valves of the capsule not woolly on the edges. 8. Pyrola. Flowers in a raceme, 5-merous. Petals concave or incurved and more or less converging. Stamens 10, often declined. Style often declined or turned downward. Valves of the capsule cobwebby on the edges. SUBORDER IV. HIONOTROPE-flE. Flowers nearly as in Suborders II. and III., but the plants herba- ceous, root-parasitic, scaly, entirely destitute of green foliage. 9. Pterospora. Corolla gamopetalous, 5-toothed. Anthers 2-celled, 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise. 10. Monotropa. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate narrow petals. Anthers kidney-shaped, the cells more or less confluent, opening across the top. 1. VACCINIUM, L. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY. Ours all belong to EUVACCINIUM, which has a corolla from ovate to globular and more or less urn-shaped, 4 to 5-toothed, rose-color or nearly white : anthers 2-awned on the back, included : ovary and berry 4 to 5-celled, with no false partitions: leaves deciduous: flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or 2 to 4 together, developing with or soon after the leaves. 228 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) * Flowers solitary or 2 to 4 in a fascicle, from a distinct scaly bud, more com- monly 4-merous and S-androus : leaves entire, sessile or nearly so: limb of the calyx deeply 4 to 5-parted: berries blackish-blue with a bloom. 1. V. occidental, Gray. A foot or more high, glabrous : leaves glau- cescent, obscurely veiny, from oval to obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish : flower mostly solitary from the scaly bud : berry small, barely 3 lines in diameter. Bot. Calif, i. 451. In the Uinta Mountains and west- ward in the Sierra Nevada. * * Flowers solitary in the earliest axils, usually 5-merous and 10-androus: calyx less or very slightly lobed. *- Dwarf and cespitose : branches not angled. 2. V. csespitosum, Michx. Glabrous or nearly so, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves from obovate to cuueate-oblong, thickly serrulate, bright green both v sides, reticulate-veiny (f to 1 inch long) : berry proportionally large, blue with a bloom, sweet.- From the Colorado mountains to Alaska, and east- ward in Labrador and the White Mountains. Var. CUneifolium, Nutt. A span to near a foot high, bushy : leaves spatulate-cuneate and with rounded apex, passing in one form to spatulate- lanceolate and acute ; the earliest not rarely entire. Mountains of Colorado . to California, British Columbia, and Lake Superior. *- >- Low : branches sharply angled and green : leaves small. 3. V. Myrtillus, L. A foot or less high, glabrous : leaves ovate or ' oval, thin, shining, serrate, conspicuously reticulated-veiny, and with a promi- nent narrow midrib (^ to $- inch long) : limb of calyx almost entire: corolla globular-ovate : berries black, nodding. From Colorado and Utah north- ward to Alaska. Known as " Whortleberry " or " Bilberry." Var. microphyllura, Hook. A diminutive form, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves 2 to 4 lines long : corolla proportionally small, a line long : berries at first "light red." Colorado, Utah, and in the Sierras and northward. 2. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. BEARBEERY. MANZANITA. Shrubs with alternate leaves, and small mostly white or rose-colored flowers variously clustered. 1. A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. Depressed-trailing or creeping, green: leaves coriaceous and evergreen, oblong-spatulate, retuse, an inch or less long, taper- ing into a petiole : flowers rather few in simple small clusters, 2 lines long : ovary and reddish fruit glabrous : nutlets 1 -nerved on the back. From New Mexico to Pennsylvania, California, and northward. Often called " Kinni- kinnick," as .well as " Bearberry." 3. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN. Shrubs or almost herbaceous ; with broad evergreen leaves, shining above, and usually spicy-aromatic in flavor, axillary white or rose-colored nodding flowers in early summer. 1. G. Myrsinites, Hook. Cespitose-procumbent or depressed, a few Cinches high : leaves orbicular or ovate, denticulate with minute bristle-tipped ERICACEJE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 229 teeth (| to l inches long) : pedicels solitary in the axils, very short : corolla depressed-campanulate, little exceeding the calyx : apex of anthers obscurely 4-pointed : fruit scarlet, with pine-apple flavor. In the mountains from Colorado and Utah to British America and westward. 4. BRYANTHUS, Steller, Gmelin. Heath-like alpine evergreens ; with much crowded linear-obtuse leaves (| inch or less long). In ours the flowers are racemose-clustered at the sum- mit of the branches, the pedicels glandular and subtended by foliaceous and rigid bracts, and the almost smooth leaves have strongly revolute thickened margins. 1. B. empetriformis, Gray. A span or more high: pedicels some- what umbellate : corolla rose-color, 2 or 3 lines long, campanulate, barely 5-lobed ; the lobes much shorter than the tube : stamens included : style either included or exserted. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 377. Mountains of W. Wyoming, Montana, and northwestward. 5. KALMIA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL. Leaves evergreen and entire : the showy flowers umbellate-clustered, rose- colored, purple or white : limb of the corolla in bud strongly 10-keeled from the pouches upward, the salient keels running to the apex of the lobes and to the sinuses. 1. K. glauca, Ait. Shrub 1 or 2 feet high, glabrous, mostly glaucous, branchlets 2-edged : leaves all opposite or rarely in threes, almost sessile, ob- *- long or linear-oblong, or appearing narrower by the usual strong revolution of the edges, glaucous-white beneath : flowers in spring in a simple terminal umbel or corymb, lilac-purple, ^ to inch in diameter. Bogs, Colorado and northward, thence eastward across the continent. The forms extending southward into the Colorado mountains are depauperate alpine forms a span high and with leaves barely i inch long (var. microphylla, Hook.). 6. LEDUM, L. LABRADOR TEA. Low shrubs, with alternate persistent leaves, which are entire and more or less resinous-dotted, slightly fragrant when bruised : flowers white, devel- oped in early summer from terminal or sometimes lateral buds ; pedicels recurved in fruit. 1. L. glandulosum, Nutt. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, stout : leaves oblong or oval, or approaching lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long), glabrous both sides, pale or whitish and minutely resinous-atomiferous beneath : infloj-escence often compound and crowded : capsules oval, retuse. From California northward and eastward into British America, occurring in the northwestern border of our range. 7. MONESES, Salisb. Cells of the anther oblong, abruptly constricted under the orifice into a conspicuous short-tubular neck. 230 ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 1. M. uniflora, Gray. Herb with 1-flowered scape 2 to 4 inches high, a cluster of roundish and serrulate thin leaves at base, on a short stem or the ascending summit of a filiform rootstock : corolla white or tinged with rose- color, about inch in diameter. Deep moist woods, Colorado and Utah to Oregon, Pennsylvania, and northward. 8. PYR.OLA, Tourn. WINTERGREEN. SHIN-LEAF. Acaulescent evergreens ; with a cluster of round or roundish leaves, and some scarions scales on the ascending summit of slender subterranean root- stocks : scape more or less scaly-bracted, bearing a raceme of white, greenish, or purplish nodding flowers, in summer. * Style straight, much narrower than the expanded depressed 5-rayed stigma : anthers not narrowed below the openings. 1. P. minor, L. Leaves orbicular, thiunish, obscurely serrulate or creuu- late, an inch or less long : scape a span high, 7 to 15-flowered : petals white or flesh-colored, orbicular, naked at the base, globose-connivent : stigma peltate, large, obscurely 5-lobed : hypogynous disk none. Mountains from New Mexico to Oregon and northward, thence eastward across the continent. 2. P. secunda, L. Inclined to be caulescent from a branching base : leaves thin, ovate, serrulate or crenate, 1 or 2 inches long : scape a span long, bearing numerous flowers in a secund spike-like raceme : petals greenish white, oblong, each with a pair of tubercles on the Itase, equally connivent : stigma pel- tate, large, 5-lobed : hypogynous disk 10-lobed. Mountains of Colorado, Cali- fornia, and far northward and eastward. * * Style strongly declined or decurved and toward the apex more or less curved upward, longer than the concave somewhat campanulate-connivent or partly spreading petals : stigma much narrower than the truncate and usually exca- vated apex of the style, which forms a ring or collar : anthers more or less contracted under the terminal orifices. 3. P. chlorantha, Swartz. Leaves small (^ to 1 inch in diameter), orbicular or nearly so, coriaceous, not shining, shorter than the petiole: scape 4 to 8 inches high, 3 to 10-flowered : calyx-lobes very short and obtuse or rounded, appressed to the greenish-white corolla : anther-cells with distinctly beaked tips. Mountains of Colorado, northward and eastward. 4. P. elliptica, Nutt. Leaves oval or broadly oblong, 1| to 2 inches long, membranaceous, acute or merely roundish at base, longer than their petioles, pli- cately serrulate: scape a span or more high, loosely several to many-flowered : calyx-lobes ovate and acute, short : corolla greenish ichite : anther-tips hardly at all beaked. Mountains of New Mexico to British Columbia, the N. Atlantic States, and Canada. 5. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves generally orbicular or broadly oval, 1^ to 2 inches long, obscurely crenulate or entire, coriaceous, shining above, mostly shorter than the slender petioles: scape a span to a foot high, several to many- flowered, scaly-bracteate : calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, usually or $ the length of the white or flesh-colored petals. Dry woods, from California, New Mexico, and Georgia, northward to the arctic regions. ERICACEAE. (HEATH FAMILY.) 231 Var. uliginosa, Gray. Calyx-lobes shorter, usually broadly ovate, some- times obtuse * leaves from subcordate to obovate, generally dull : flowers rose- colored or purple. Cold bogs, nearly across the continent to the north. 6. P. picta, Smith. Leaves firm-coriaceous, dull, commonly veined or blotched with white above, pale or sometimes purplish beneath, 1 to 2 inches long, from broadly ovate to spatulate or narrowly oblong, all longer than the petiole, the margins quite entire or rarely remotely denticulate : scapes a span or more high, 7 to 15-flowered : bracts few and short : calyx-lobes ovate, not half the length of the greenish-white petals. Wyoming and S. Utah to California and northward. 9. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. PINE-DROPS. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla globular urn-shaped. Stamens 10, in- cluded. Disk none. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed. Seeds innumerable, broadly winged from the apex. 1. P. andromedea, Nutt. A chestnut-colored or purplish herb, glandu- lar and clammy-pubescent : simple stem 1 to 3 feet high, bearing small and scattered lanceolate scales : raceme long and many-flowered : corolla white, i inch long, somewhat viscid. Under pines and oaks from Colorado to Cali- fornia northward, and eastward across the continent. 10. MO NOT HO PA, L. INDIAN PIPE. PINE-SAP. Sepals of 2 to 5 lanceolate bract-like scales. Petals scale-like and fleshy, gibbous or saccate at base. Stamens 8 to 12. Disk 8 to 12-toothed, the teeth deflexed. Stigma funnelform, with obscurely crenate margin. Cap- sule ovoid. White, tawny, or reddish scaly and fleshy herbs, the clustered stems rising from a thick and matted mass of fibrous rootlets, one to several- flowered. * Plant inodorous, one-flowered : scales passing into an imperfect or irregular calyx of 2 to 4 loose sepals or perhaps bracts: anthers opening af flrst bi/ 2 transverse chinks, at length 2-valved ; the valves almost equal and equally spreading: edge of the stigma naked. 1. M. uniflora, L. Smooth, a span or so high, waxy-white (blackish in drying), rarely flesh color: flower nodding, inch long: petals 5, rarely 6. Damp woods, nearly throughout the continent. "Indian Pipe." * * Plant often scented, commonly pubescent, at least above, raccmosety 3 to several-flowered : terminal flower earliest and usually 5-merous and the lateral 3 to 4-merous : sepals less bract-like, as many as the petals; the latter saccate at base : anthers more remform ; the cells completely confluent into one, which opens by very unequal valves, the larger broad and spreading, the other remain- ing erect and contracted : stigma glandular or hairy on the margin. 2. M. Hypopitys, L. A span or at length a foot high, tawny or flesh- colored : scales and bracts entire or slightly erose : flowers less than inch long ; the lateral 4-petalous and 8-androus. Under coniferous trees from Oregon to Canada and Florida. ' Pine-sap." 232 PKIMULACE^S. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) ORDER 46. PRIUIITl^ACEJE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) Herbs with simple leaves and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as many as the lobes of the gamopetalous corolla and inserted opposite them, a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds. Style and stigma one. * Ovary wholly free. i- With scapes or tufted : flowers chiefly 5-merous, umbellate or solitary : capsule dehiscent by valves : lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud. H- Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone, monadelphous. 1. Dodecatheon. Corolla 5-parted, with very short tube and dilated thickened throat, the long and narrow divisions reflexed. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla : anthers lanceolate or linear. ++ ++ Stamens included, distinct, with short filaments and short blunt anthers : corolla salverform or funnelform. 2. Primula. Corolla with tube surpassing or at least equalling the calyx, and spreading mostly obcordate or emarginate lobes. Capsule many-seeded. Leaves all radical 3. Douglasia. Corolla with tube equalling or surpassing the calyx, somewhat inflated above ; lobes entire. Ovary 5-ovuled. Capsule 1 or 2-seeded. Leaves imbricated or crowded on tufted stems. 4. Androsace. Corolla with tube shorter than the calyx ; the throat constricted. Ovules and seeds numerous or few. Flowers small. - i- Leafy-stemmed : corolla (wanting in Glaux) rotate or somewhat so, and the divisions convolute or sometimes involute in the bud : leaves entire. + Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose : flowers 5-merous. 5. Steironema. Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply parted the divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose-denticulate above, each separately involute or convolute around its stamen. Filaments distinct or nearly so on the ring at the base of the corolla: anthers linear and arcuate in age: sterile filaments 5, interposed between the fertile ones. Capsule 10 to 20-seeded. Flowers nodding on slender peduncles. Leaves opposite, without dots. 6. Glaux. Corolla none. Calyx with 5 petaloid lobes. Stamens on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes : filaments slender : anthers cordate-ovate. Capsule 5-valved at apex, few-seeded. Leafy throughout : leaves mainly opposite. Flowers solitary, axillary, nearly sessile. H- .H- Capsule circumscissile, globose : seeds numerous. 7. Centunculus. Corolla with a globular tube and a 4 to 5-lobed limb, shorter than the calyx ; lobes acute. Stamens on the tube of the corolla: filaments short and subu- late : anthers ovate or cordate. * * Ovary connate at base with the calyx. 8. Samolus. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla perigynous, nearly campanulate. Fertile sta- mens 5, on the tube of the corolla, with short filaments and cordate anthers. Sterile filaments 5 in the sinuses of the corolla. Capsule ovate or globular, 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. Caulescent, alternate-leaved, with racemose flowers. 1. DODECATHEON, L. SHOOTING-STAR. AMERICAN COWSLIP. Flowers few or numerous in an umbel terminating a naked scape : corolla from pink-purple to white. Calyx erect in fruit, enclosing the lower part of the capsule. PRIMULACE.E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 233 1. D. Meadia, L. Leaves crowded on a thickish crown, generally -spatu- late-oblong or oblauceolate and entire or nearly so, sometimes repand, obtuse, below tapering into a more or less margined petiole : scape from a span to 2 feet high : flowers few to many in an umbel ; bracts of the involucre linear or subulate, small; pedicels slender and nodding with the flowers, erect in fruit. Throughout the continent and exceedingly variable, especially west- ward. Var. alpinum, Gray. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, to l inch long, entire, mucronate : scape 2 to 10 inches long, 1 to 4-flowered. Synopt. Fl. ii. 57. From the Rocky Mountains to the Sierras. Var. frigidum, Gray. Leaves from obovate to oblong, very obtuse, mostly entire, 1 to 2 inches long, with a slender petiole : scape a span or two high, few to several-flowered : lobes of the calyx longer than the tube, from broadly lanceolate to almost ovate, shorter than the capsule. Synopt. Fl. ii. 57. Rocky Mountains, Sierras, and far northward. Var. latilobum, Gray. Leaves thin, ovate or oval, repand or undulate- toothed, long-petioled : scape a span to a foot high, one to several-flowered : calyx-lobes not longer than the tube, ovate or triangular-ovate, about half the length of the capsule. Synopt. Fl. ii. 58. Wahsatch Mountains to Wash- ington and British Columbia. 2. PRIMULA, L. PRIMROSE. Flowers sometimes dimorphous. Perennial plants, mostly with fibrous roots from a short crown, glabrous or nearly so. * Flowers small ; tube of the salver form corolla not over 2 or 3 lines long and little surpassing the calyx ; throat with more or less of a callous ring or processes. 1. P. farinosa, L. More or less white mealy on the leaves, calyx, etc., at least when young: leaves from cuneate-lanceolate to obovate-oblong or spatulate, denticulate, an inch or less lon^, tapering into a short margined petiole : scape 3 to 9 inches high : umbel few to several-flowered, close : corolla from flesh-color to lilac, with yellowish eye ; the lobes cuneate-obcordate, rather distant at base. From Colorado northward, thence eastward to Maine and Labrador. * * Flowers larger ; tube of the corolla from 3 to 6 lines long ; throat open and unappendaged : leaves clustered on the short erect subterranean crown. 2. P. angUStifolia, Torr. Small: scape \-fowered, 1 or 2 inches high, equalling the lanceolate-spatulate obtuse entire short-petioled leaves: involucre of 1 or 2 minute bracts : lobes of the lilac-purple corolla obovate, emarginate (3 or 4 lines long) ; the tube hardly exceeding the narrow teeth of the oblong calyx. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 34. Alpine in Colorado and New Mexico. 3. P. Parryi, Gray. Large : leaves rather succulent, spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, 4 to 12 inches long, often denticulate: scape a span to afoot high, 5 to \2-flowered: bracts of the involucre subulate : calyx ovoid-campanulate, gland- ular, commonly reddish; the lanceolate-subulate lobes as long as the tube: corolla crimson-purple with yf-llow eye; the round obovate lobes (5 lines long) emarginate or obcordate. Amer. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiv. 257. Along alpine brooks from Colorado to Arizona and Nevada. ' 234 PRIMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 3. DOUGLASIA, Lindl. Depressed and tufted herbs : the stems branching, persistent : the leaves small, linear, imbricated or rosulate on the branches, or some of them scat- tered and alternate. In ours the flowers are solitary, terminating the leafy shoots, and the tube of the corolla barely equals the calyx. 1. D. montana, Gray. Pulvinate-cespitose, 1 or 2 inches high, nearly glabrous : leaves subulate, minutely somewhat ciliate, 2 lines long, somewhat interruptedly imbricate-clustered : pedicel 1 to 2-bracteolate near the calyx : corolla-lobes cuueate-obovate, 2 lines long. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 371. Moun- tains about Helena, Montana, and Owl Creek Mountains, Wyoming. 4. ANDBOSACE, Tourn. Small annuals or perennials of various habit : flowers umbellate, white. # Perennials, proliferous! y branched at base and cespitose: leaves rosulate-imbri- cated at the base of the many -flowered scapes: capsule usually feiv-seeded. 1. A. Chamsejasme, Host. Leaves in more or less open rosulate tufts, from lanceolate to oblong-spatulate or ovate, carinate 1 -nerved, their margins (at least), the scape (1 to 3 inches high) and the somewhat capitate umbel villous with many- jointed hairs : corolla white with yellowish eye. Alpine from Colorado and northward to the Arctic coast. * # Annuals, acaulescent, with slender root, an open rosulate circle of leaves, and naked scapes, bearing an involucrate umbel : capsule many-seeded, *- Calyx-tube obpyramidal in fruit, ivhitish with conspicuous green teeth, which mostly surpass the capsule. 2. A. OCCidentalis, Pursh. Minutely pubescent, not over 3 inches high: radical leaves and those of the conspicuous involucre oblong-ovate or spatulate, entire, sessile : scapes diffuse : bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong : lobes of the calyx as long as the tube : lobes of the corolla oblong, shorter than the calyx. From New Mexico to the head-waters of the Missouri and eastward to the Mississippi. 3. A. septentrionallS, L. Almost glabrous : leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, narrowed at base, from irregidarly denticulate to laciniate-toothcd : scapes erect, 2 to 1 inches high : bracts of the small involucre subulate : lobes of the calyx mostly shorter than the tube : lobes of the corolla obovate, rather longer than the calyx. High alpine to much lower, from New Mexico and Nevada to the Arctic coast. Var. SUbulifera, Gray. Lobes of the calyx slender-subulate, as long as the tube, surpassing the corolla. Synopt. Fl. ii. 60. Mountains near Boulder City, Colorado, and San Bernardino, California. - - Calyx-tube hemispherical in fruit ; the short teeth barely greenish and rather shorter than the capsule. 4. A. filiformis, Retz. Glabrous : leaves and scapes (1 to 4 inches high) nearly as in the preceding or more capillary : flowers less than a line and globose capsule only a line long : calyx-teeth broadly triangular, shorter than the very small corolla Mountains from Colorado and Utah to Wyoming. PRIMULACE^E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 285 5. STEIRONEMA, Raf. Perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles: leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming whorls on the flowering branches : flowers yellow. 1. S. ciliatum, Raf. Stem erect, 2 to 4 feet high, mostly simple: leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, gradually acuminate, 2 to 5 inches long, and mostly with a rounded or snbcordate base, minutely ciliate ; the long petioles hir- sutely ciliate. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 62. Lysimachia ciliata, L. New Mexico to British Columbia and eastward across the continent. 2. S. lanceolatum, Gray. Stem erect, 1 to 2 feet high, simple or panicu- lately branched, somewhat angled : leaves lanceolate or linear, 1 to 2 inches long, tapering info a short and margined ciliate petiole or attenuated base ; the radical and sometimes lowest cauline from oblong to orbicular, small : divisions of the corolhi conspicuously erose and cuspidate-acuminate. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 62. Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt. Dakota and Nebraska to Louisiana and eastward. Var. hybridum, Gray. Cauline leaves mostly petioled, from oblong to broadly linear. Synopt. Fl. ii. 62. The commoner form westward. 6. GLAUX, Tourn. SEA-MILKVVORT. Flowers dimorphous. A low and leafy fleshy perennial. 1. G. maritima, L. Glabrous and glaucous or pale, perennial by slender running rootstocks : stems a span or less high, erect or spreading : leaves from oval to oblong-linear, i to ^ inch long, entire, sessile: calyx-lobes oval, **" purplish or white. Salt marshes along both sea-coasts ; also in subsaline soil in the interior west of the Mississippi. 7. CENTUNCULUS, Dill. CHAFPWEBD. Very small glabrous annuals, with mainly alternate leaves, and solitary in- conspicuous flowers in their axils. 1. C. minimus, L. Stems ascending, 2 to 6 inches long: leaves ovate, obovate, or spatulate-obloug, contracted or tapering at base, all but the lowest sessile: calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate. From Illinois to Texas and west- ward to Oregon. 8. SAMOLUS, Tourn. BROOKWEED. WATER PIMPERNEL. Low and glabrous herbs; with entire leaves, and small white flowers in simple or panicled racemes. 1- S. Valerandi, L., var. Americanus, Gray. Stem erect, slender, leafy, becoming diffusely branched : leaves obovate : racemes often panicled ; bracts none; bractlets on the middle of the slender, spreading pedicels. Wet places, across the continent. 236 OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) ORDER 47. OLEACE^E. (OLIVE FAMILY.) Trees or shrubs, rarely almost herbaceous, with mostly opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, usually a 4-cleft (or sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular 4-cleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous corolla, sometimes apeta- lous ; the stamens generally 2, rarely 3 or 4 ; the ovary 2-celled, with one or two pairs of ovules in each cell. * Fruit entire, dry, indehiscent, winged (a samara): seed suspended : leaves pinnate. 1. Fraximis. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, sometimes perfect. Calyx very small, 4-cleft or irregularly toothed, or entire, or wanting. Petals none, or 4 and either separate or united in pairs at the very base. Fruit by abortion mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded ; the wing mainly terminal. * * Fruit fleshy and indehiscent (a drupe), not lobed : seed suspended or pendulous : leaves simple. 2. Forestiera. Flowers apetalous, dioecious or polygamous. Calyx minute, 4-parted or toothed, sometimes wanting. Drupe 1-seeded. * * * Fruit a didyinous or 2-parted at length membranaceous capsule, circumscissile at or near the middle : seeds ascending or erect : leaves mostly alternate and entire. 3. Menodora. Calyx 5 to 15-cleft, persistent; the lobes mostly linear. Corolla from rotate to salverform ; limb 5 to 6-parted. Ovary emarginate, with 4 ovules in each celL Seeds usually a pair in each cell, large, with a thickened and spongy outer coat. 1. FRAXINUS, Tourn. ASH. Trees, with rather light tougli wood, petioled odd-pinnate leaves of 3 to 15 toothed or entire leaflets, and small flowers in crowded panicles, which in ours are from the axils of last year's leaves. The oblong seed fills the cell of the samara or key-fruit. Ours are apetalous and dioecious, with a minute calyx or none, and the fruit winged only from the summit or upper part of the terete body, which tapers gradually from summit to base and is more or less margined upward by the decurrent wing. 1. F. pubescens, Lam. (RED ASH.) Tree of middle or large size : inner face of the outer bark of the branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh : young parts velvety-pubescent, commonly permanently so : leaflets 1 to 9, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, entire or sparsely serrate or denticulate, the lower face pale or whitish, and with the petioles more or less pubes- cent: fruit 1-J to 2 inches long; its body more than half the length of the linear or spatulate wing. From Dakota to Canada and southward ; quite rare within our range. 2. F. viridis, Michx. f. (GREEN ASH.) Small or middle-sized tree, glabrous : leaflets 5 to 9, like the last, but smaller, sometimes more sharply serrate and bright green both sides, or barely pale beneath : fruit nearly as in the last or with a rather more decurrent wing. From Dakota and Canada to Florida and Texas. 2. FORESTIERA, Poir. Shrubs, with inconspicuous flowers, in early spring, from imbricated-scaly axillary buds, and small dark-colored drupes. Fascicles or panicles very APOCYNACE.E. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 237 short, few-flowered ; the staminate sessile and in a sessile globular scaly glom- erule. Branches minutely warty. 1. P. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Shrub 6 to 10 feet high, glabrous : leaves spatulate- oblong, obtuse or obtusely acuminate, short-petioled, obtusely or obsoletely serrulate, an inch long fertile flowers in sessile fascicles : drupe ob- tuse, short-oblong or ovoid. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 63. S. Colorado to New Mexico and Texas. 3. MENODORA, Humb. & Bonpl. Low shrubby or nearly herbaceous plants, with conspicuous yellow flowers terminating the branches, or becoming lateral. In ours the corolla is nearly rotate, with a bearded throat. 1. M. scabra, Gray. Herbaceous from a woody branching base, a span to a foot high, flax-like, whole herbage or at least the lower part puberulent- scabrous : leaves linear or the lower oblong, chiefly entire, 4 to 10 lines long : flowers rather numerous : calyx-lobes 7 to 15, slender, linear or subulate : lobes of the bright yellow corolla obovate, much longer than the tube. Am. Jour, ci. ii. xiv. 43. W. Texas to S. Colorado and Arizona. ORDER 48. APOCYNACE^E. ("DOGBANE FAMILY.) Plants with milky or acrid juice, entire (mostly opposite) leaves, reg- ular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute and twisted in the bud, and the filaments distinct and inserted on the corolla. In ours the anther-cells are produced into a sterile appendage at base, connivent around the stigma and adherent to it by a point at the base of the polliniferous portion ; the ovaries are 2 and united only by the common style or stigma, in fruit becoming follicles containing comose seeds. 1. APOCYNUM, Tourn. DOGBANE. INDIAN HEMP. Calyx small, deeply 5-cleft, the tube by means of a thickish disk adnate to the back of the ovaries below. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, toward the base bearing 5 small triangular-subulate appendages alternate with the sta- mens. Filaments very short smd broad : anthers sagittate. Follicles slender, terete. Seeds numerous, with a long coma at apex. Pale perennial herbs, with very tough-fibrous bark and opposite mucronate-tipped leaves : flowers small, in terminal cymes, white or rose-color : follicles 2 to 7 inches long. 1. A. androsaemifolium, L. One to three feet high, glabrous, or rarely sof t-tomentose, branched above ; brandies widely spreading : leaves ovate or roundish, distinctly petioled : cymes loose, spreading : corolla flesh-color, open- campanulate with revolute lobes ; the tube exceeding the ovate acute cali/x-lobes. Across the continent. 2. A. cannabinum, L. Erect or ascending, glabrous or sometimes soft-pubescent : branches ascending, leafy to the top : leaves from oval to oblong 238 ASCLEPIADACEJH}. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) and even lanceolate, from short-petioled to sessile, icith a rounded or obscurely cor- date base : cymes erect, densely flowered : corolla greenish-white or slightly flesh-color, smaller than in the former, with almost erect lobes and tube not longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes. Same range as last. Exceedingly variable. ORDER 49. ASCMEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) Plants with milky juice, and opposite or whorled (rarely scattered) entire leaves ; general structure of flowers and fruit as in Apocynacete ; but differing in the connection of the anthers with the stigma, the co- hesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses, etc. A corona (crown), of 5 parts or lobes, between the corolla and filaments, is adnate either to the one or the other. The tube of monadelphous filaments is called the column. Ours all belong to the CynanchefE, which have anthers tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect scarious membrane ; the polliniferous cells lower than the top of the stigma ; and the pol- linia suspended, attached in pairs (one of each adjacent cell of different anthers) to the corpuscle or gland. * Hoods (the cucullate or hollowed nectariferous appendages of the crown) cristate- or corniculate-appendaged within. 1. Asclepiodora. Corolla rotate-spreading in an thesis. Hoods basilar, inserted over the whole very short column, spreading and arcuate-assurgent, little surpassing the anthers, slipper-shaped and the rounded apex fornicate, hollow and with a thickish fleshy back, traversed by a salient crest which near the apex divides the cavity. Anther-wings narrowed at base, angulate above the middle if at all. Leaves com- monly alternate. 2. Asclepias. Corolla almost always reflexed in anthesis. Hoods involute or compli- cate, not fornicate, bearing a horn or crest-like process from the back or toward the base within, either sessile next the corolla or elevated on a column which is shorter than the anthers. Anther-wings widening down to the base, usually triangular, the salient base being truncate or semi-hastate, or broadly rounded. Leaves opposite or varying to alternate or vcrticillate. * * Hoods wholly destitute of crest or appendage within. 3. Acerates. Hoods involute-concave or somewhat pitcher-shaped. Anther-wings widened or augulate if at all near or above the middle, thence narrowed to the base. Otherwise as Asclepias. Leaves alternate or scattered. 1. ASCLEPIODORA, Gray. Low and stout perennial herbs, often decumbent: flowers large: corolla lobes ovate, greenish : follicles usually bearing some scattered soft-spirmlose projections, on recurved or sigmoid pedicels. Distinguished from Asclepias by the hood bearing a crest instead of a horn. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66. 1. A. decumbens, Gray. Scabrous-puberulent : leaves from lanceolate to linear, tapering to the apex : umbel solitary : corolla depressed-globular in bud, hardly twice the length of the yellowish or dark-purplish hoods, which overtop the somewhat depressed anther-column : anther-wings salient, espe- ASULEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 239 cially at the broader and strongly angulate upper portion: pollinia pear- s'.iaped, short-caudicled. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66. Acerates decumbens, Decaisue. From Utah through S. Colorado and New Mexico to Texas and Arkansas. 2. ASCLEPIAS, L. MILKWEED. SILKWEED. Herbs, from deep and thickish perennial roots : flowers umbellate ; the peduncles terminal and lateral, usually between the petioles: follicles soft- echinate, warty or naked. 1. Hoods sessile, not attenuate at base; the horn or crest conspicuous: anther- wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate and salient at base. * Corolla and hoods orange-color: follicles naked, erect on a de flexed pedicel: leaves mostly irregularly alternate, seldom opposite: juice of stem not milky. 1. A. tuberosa, L. Hirsute or roughish-pubescent, 1 or 2 feet high, very leafy to the top : leaves from lanceolate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, ses- sile or slightly petioled : umbels several and mostly cymose at the summit of the stem : hoods narrowly oblong, erect, deep bright orange, much surpassing the anthers, almost as long as the purplish- or slightly greenish-orange oblong corolla lobes, nearly equalled by the filiform-subulate horn : follicles cinereous- pubescent. From S. Colorado and Arizona to Texas, thence eastward to Florida and Canada. Known commonly as " Butterfly-weed " or " Pleurisy- root." * * Corolla and crown greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged : leaves opposite or sometimes whorled, or the upper rarely alternate or scattered. *- Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes and densely tomentose, large (3 to 5 inches long) and ventricose, erect on dejlexed pedicels: leaves large and broad, short-petioled, transversely veined: stems stout and simple, 2 to 5 feet high. 2. A. Speciosa, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose : leaves from sub- cordate-oval to oblong, thickish : pedicels of the many-floAvered dense umbel and the calyx densely tomeutose : flowers purplish, large : corolla-lobes ovate-oblong : hoods spreading, the dilated body and its short inflexed horn not surpassing the anthers, but the centre of its truncate summit abruptly produced into a lanceolate-ligulate thrice longer termination : column hardly any : wings of the anthers notched and obscurely corniculate at base. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 218. From Nebraska and Arkansas westward across the continent. *- Follicles wholly unarmed and smooth throughout, either glabrous or tomentulose-pubescent. w- Erect or ascending on dejlexed or decurved pedicels. = Umbel solitary on the perfectly simple strict stem, elevated on a naked terminal peduncle : leaves all closely sessile, broad, transversel 1 / veined. 3. A. Obtusifolia, Michx. Glabrous and pale or glaucous, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves undulate, oblong or elliptical, 3 to 5 inches long, with rounded or retuse apex and cordate-clasping base: peduncle 2 to 12 inches long: 240 ASCLEPIADACE^E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) umbel loosely many-flowered : corolla dull greenish-purple : column as high as broad : hoods flesh-color, erosely truncate and somewhat toothed at the broad summit, hardly exceeding the anthers, shorter than the falcate-subulate incurved horn : anther-wings bicorniculate at base. From Dakota to Texas and eastward across the continent. = = Umbels mostly more than one : peduncle not overtopping the leaves, some- times none. a. Leaves broad (from orbicular to oblong-lanceolate), large: hoods broad, little if at all overtopping the anthers : stems stout, a foot or more in height. 4. A. Jamesii, Torr. Puberulent when young, soon green and glabrous : leaves about 5 pairs, approximate, very thick and large, orbicular or broadly oval, often emarginate and with a mucro, subcordate at base, nearly sessile, copi- ously transversely veined : umbels 2 or 3, all or mostly lateral, densely many- flowered : flowers greenish : column very short but distinct : hoods barely equalling the anthers, broad, with a truncate entire summit, which is equalled by the upper margin of the falciform triangular crest, the apex of which extends into a short subulate horn partly over the top of the sligmatic disk. Bot. Mex. Bound. 162. Plains of Colorado to Arizona and Texas. 5. A. arenaria, Torr. Lanuginous-tomentose, in age glabrate : stems thickly leaved : leaves smaller, coriaceous when old, obovate or oval and retuse or the lower ovate, with rounded or subcordate base, somewhat undulate, dis- tinctly petioled : umbels all lateral, rather densely many-flowered : corolla greenish white : column nearly half the length of the anthers : huods about as broad as high, surpassing the anthers, truncate at base and summit, the latter oblique and notched on each side near the inner angle, which forms an obtuse tooth ; horn with included ascending portion or crest broadly semilunate as high as the hood; the abruptly incurved apex subulate-beaked, horizontally exserted, or the slender termination ascending. Bot. Mex. Bound. 162. On sandbanks, S. E. Colorado to New Mexico. b. Leaves narrow (lanceolate or linear), green, and nearly glabrous, the veins oblique : stems branching, a span or two high : hoods obtuse : column hardly any : follicles when young tomentose-canescent. 6. A. brachystephana, Engelm. Stems 6 to 10 inches high, very leafy, cinereous-puberulent or tomentose when young, the inflorescence more floccose- tomentose : leaves from lanceolate with a broader rounded base to linear, short-petioled, very much surpassing the (3 to 8) few-flowered umbels : flowers lurid-purplish : hoods only half the length of the anthers, erect, strongly angulate- toothed at the front ; the tip of the erect subulate horn exserted. Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 163. Dry sandy soil, from Wyoming and Colorado to Arizona and Texas. 7. A. uncialis, E. L. Greene. Stems an inch or two high : flowers like the last, but the hoods only a little shorter than the anthers, the back rounder, and the triangular anterior lobes or auricles not projecting, while a short Jleshy process takes the place of the subulate horn. Bot. Gazette, v. 64. Wyoming, Colo- rado, and New Mexico. c. Leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly pubescent or puberulent : stems a foot or more high : hoods obtuse, 2 or 3 times the length of the anthers, not tapering to ASCLEP1ADACE.E. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 241 base, entire at summit, involute-concave; the falcate or subulate horn free at or below the middle of the horn, and incurved or inflexed over the stigmatic disk. 8. A. OValifolia, Decaisne. Tomentulose-pubescent : stem rather slender : leaves thinnish, from ovate or oval to ovate lanceolate, mostly acute, rounded at base, distinctly petioled, the midrib and veins slender, the veinlets reticulated : umbels few, loosely 10 to 1 8-flowered, on peduncles which seldom equal the pedi- cels: corolla greenish-white with purplish outside : hoods oval or broadly oblong in outline, not auriculate at base, the inner margins below the middle extended into a large acute tooth or lobe ; the horn broad and rather short : anther-wings rounded and mostly entire. From Dakota to the Saskatchewan and N. Illinois. 9. A. Hallii, Gray. Puberulent-glabrate: stem stout: leaves thickish, ovate- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate with rounded base and rather acute apex, short-petioled, the stout midrib and straight veins prominent underneath : umbels few and corymbose, many-flowered, on peduncles somewhat longer than the pedi- cels : corolla greenish-white and purplish : hoods elongated-oblong in outline, entire, kastately 2-gibbous above the narrower base, a little surpassing the sickle- shaped horn : anther-wings unappendaged at base. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 69. A. ovalifolia of Fl. Colorado, 114. Colorado. w- -M- Follicles erect on erect pedicels : leaves usuallij verticillate, filiform, glabrous. 10. A. verticillata, L. Stems a foot or two high, slender, very leafy : leaves mostly in whorls of 3 to 6, or some scattered, filiform-linear, with revo- lute margins : umbels numerous, small, many-flowered, on peduncles longer than the pedicels: corolla greenish- white : hoods white, broadly ovate and entire, with somewhat auriculate involute base, barely equalling the anthers, much shorter than their elongated-subulate falcate-incurved horn. In dry soil, from New Mexico and Colorado to Nebraska, and eastward across the continent. Var. pumila, Gray. A span or more high, many -stemmed from a fasci- cled root : leaves much crowded, filiform : peduncles seldom longer than the pedicels. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71. From New Mexico to Nebraska and Kansas. 2. Anther-wings widening to the broadly rounded base and conspicuously au- riculate-notched just above it: hoods sessile, ivith a narrow wholly adnate inter- nal crest terminating in a minute horn : pollinia shoii, and thick, arcuate-obovate. 11. A. Stenophylla, Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous: stems slender, 1 or 2 feet high, simple : leaves long and narrowly linear, with sca- brous and more or less revolute margins and a strong midrib; the upper alternate and the lower opposite: umbels several, 10 to 15 flowered: flowers greenish : hoods whitish, erect, equalling the anthers, conduplicate-concave, the base of each inner margin appendaged by a cuneate erosely truncate lobe, the apex 2-lobed and the narrow internal crest exserted in the sinus in the form of an intermediate tooth : interior crown of 5 very small 2-lobed pro- cesses between the bases of the anthers: follicles long-acuminate, erect on the ascending pedicel. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 72. Acerates angustifolia, Decaisne. From Colorado and N. Texas to Nebraska and W. Arkansas. 16 242 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 3. ACERATES, Ell. GREEN MILKWEED. Perennial herbs, resembling Asdepias, but distinguished by the total absence of horn or crest to the hoods. Flowers small, greenish or barely tinged with purple. * Mass of anthers and stigma globular, not equalled by the hoods: column below the hoods evident : leaves mainly alternate-scattered, vert/ numerous. 1. A. auriculata, Engelm. Glabrous up to the inflorescence : stem 2 or 3 feet high, slender : leaves linear-filiform, with scabrous margins : umbels several, lateral : column below the hoods very short : hoods oval or quadrate, emarginately or sometimes 3-crenately truncate, the involute margins at base appendaged with a pair of remarkably large and broad auricles : anther-wings narrow and of equal breadth from top to bottom. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1 60. From Colorado to New Mexico and S. Texas. * * Mass of anthers and stigma longer than broad, almost equalled by the hoods, the short insertion of which covers tJte very short column : leaves often opposite, mostly broader. 2. A. viridiflora, Ell. Tomentose-puberulent : stem 1 or 2 feet high : leaves oval or oblong and obtuse or retuse, or sometimes narrower and acute : umbels 2 to 5 or sometimes solitary, dense, mostli/ lateral and subsexsife : pedicels little over twice the length of the reflexed narrowly oblong lobes of the greenish corolla : hoods somewhat fleshy, with small auricles at base much involute and concealed, alternated by as many short and roundish or gland-like small internal teeth : anther-icings semi-rhomboid above, with a much longer tarring base. From Colorado to the Saskatchewan and eastward across the continent. 3. A. lanuginosa, Decaisne. Hirsute rather than woolly : stems a span or two high, terminated bi/ a single pedunculate umbel: leaves frequently alter- nate or scattered, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, with roundish base: pedi- cels 3 or 4 times t/ie length of the oblong lobes of tJie greenish corolla : hoods purplish, obtuse and entire, involute auricles at base obscure if any : the alter- nating internal teeth or lobes small and emarginate: antlier-wings broadest and obtusely angulate below the middle. From the head- waters of the Missouri to Wisconsin and N. Illinois. ORDER 50. GFNTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and simple leaves without stipules, regular flowers with the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, a one-celled ovary with two parietal placentse, or nearly the whole ovary wall ovuliferous ; the fruit a many- seeded capsule. Flowers cymose or simply terminal. In all ours the lobes of the corolla are convolute in the bud. * Style distinct and slender, deciduous : anthers twisting in age. 1. Erythrsea. Parts of the flower 5 or 4. Corolla salverform. Anthers oblong or linear, commonly exserted, twisting spirally iu one or two turns after antbesis. Capsule from oblong-ovate to fusiform. GENTIANACE2E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 243 * * Style short and persistent, or none : anthers remaining straight. t- Corolla without nectariferous pits or large glands. 2. Gentiana. Calyx commonly with a membranous tube. Corolla furmelform, campanu- late, or salverform ; the sinuses with or without plaits or appendages. Stamens on the tube of the corolla. Style very short or none. Seeds very numerous, not rarely covering the inner wall of the ovary. 3. Pleurogyne. Calyx deeply 4 to 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4 to 5-parted ; the divisions acute, a pair of scale-like appendages on their base. Stamens on the base of the corolla. Style none : stigmas decurrent down the sutures. Seeds extremely numer- ous, near the two sutures. +- +- Corolla with one or two nectariferous pits, spots (glands), or an adnate scale to each lobe : calyx 4 to 5-parted. 4. Swertia. Corolla rotate, 5- (rarely 4-) parted. Style none or very short Capsule ovate. Leaves sometimes alternate. 5. Frasera. Corolla rotate, 4-parted ; the lobes bearing a single or double fringed gland, and sometimes a fimbriate crown at base. Stamens on the very base of the corolla: filaments often monadelphous at base. Capsule coriaceous, commonly flattened. Leaves verticillate or opposite. 1. ERYTHR-ZEA, Kenealm. CENTAURY. Low herbs : the flowers usually small and with broad stigmas. 1. E. Douglasii, Gray. Slender, a span to a foot high, loosely and paniculately branched, usually sparsely flowered : leaves from oblong to linear, mostly acute : flowers all on strict and slender peduncles or pedicels : lobes of the pink corolla oblong, obtuse, at most 2 lines long, nearly half the length of the tube. Bot. Calif, i. 480. Wyoming to Utah and westward to Cali- fornia and Oregon. 2. GENTIANA, Tourn. GENTIAN. Herbs, with conspicuous flowers of various colors, in summer or autumn. Herbage and roots very bitter. 1 . Corolla destitute of extended plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses. GEN- TIANELLA. * Flowers large or middle-sized, solitary, mostly 4-merous : corolla companulate- funnelform, its lobes usually fimbriate or erase, not crowned: a row of glands between the bases of the Jilaments. (FRINGED GENTIANS.) -i- Flower on a naked and usually long peduncle terminating the stem or branches, not bracteate at base : Jilaments naked : calyx with acutely carinate lobes, the tube sharply angled by the decurrent keels. 1. G. crinita, Froel. A foot or two high, often paniculate-corymbose, leafy : leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or subcordate partly clasping base : corolla 2 inches long, sky-blue, rarely white ; its lobes cuneate- obovate, stronglij Jimbriate around the summit, less so down the narrowing sides: capsule conspicuously stipitate. Head-waters of the Missouri to Canada, thence southward to Georgia. 2. G. Serrata, Gunner. Stem 3 to 18 inches high : leaves linear or lance- olate-linear : corolla 1 to l inches long, sky-blue or rarely white; its lobes oblong or spatulate-obovate, eroseli/ Jimbriate or toothed around the summit and sides, or sometimes either part nearly bare : capsule short-stipitate. G. detonsa, 244 GENTIANACE^E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) Fries. From Nevada to Colorado, the Saskatchewan, and northward, thence eastward to New York and Canada. - -H- Flower 2-bracteate under or near the calyx: filaments ciliate-bearded below the middle : calyx hardly at all angled or carinate. 3. G. barbellata, Engelm. Stems single or in pairs from the slender fusiform root or caudex, 2 to 5 inches high : leaves rather thick and fleshy, obtuse, with roughish callous margins ; the radical spatulate or slender-peti- oled ; the 2 or 3 cauline pairs spatulate-linear, or the uppermost narrowly linear and connate at base : corolla bright blue, 1 to 1^ inches long, twice the length of the calyx ; the lobes oblong, erose-denticulate above, conspicuously fringed along the middle : capsule not stipitate. Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 216. Alpine region of the Colorado mountains. * # Flowers smaller, 4 to 5-merous : corolla somewhat funnelform or salverform when expanded ; the lobes entire, their base mostly crowned with setaceous flla- ments : capsule seldom stipitate. i- Peduncles elongated and naked from a rery short stem, one-flowered. 4. G. tenella, Rottb. An inch to a span high : leaves oblong or the lowest spatulate : calyx deeply 5- (or 4-) parted : corolla 2| to 4 lines long, double the length of the calyx, blue ; its lobes ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, little shorter than the tube: fimbriate crown conspicuous at the throat. High alpine regions in Colorado and northward to the arctic regions. - -t- Peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on a comparatively elongated stem. 5. G. heterosepala, Engelm. A span or two high, racemosely few- flowered : leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong : calyx very unequally 5-parted ; two of the lobes large and foliaceous, ovate, acute, equalling the tube of the pale blue corolla (4 to 6 lines long) ; the other three linear-subulate and shorter : setce of the crown copious, united below into a membrane on the base of eack corolla lobe. Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 215. In the mountains of New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah. 6. G. Amarella, L. From 2 to 20 inches high : leaves from lanceolate to narrowly oblong, or the lowest obovate- spatulate : calyx 5-cleft below the middle ; the lobes lanceolate or linear, equal or one or two of them longer, all shorter than the mostly blue corolla, which is inch or more long. Var. acilta, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted : crown usually of fewer and sometimes very few setce. G. Amarella of the Western Reports. Throughout British America and southward along the mountains to New Mexico and California. Var. stricta, Watson. Stem (sometimes 2 to 4 feet high) and branches strict, remotely leafy : leaves thickish, the cauline lanceolate-linear : flowers numerous, commonly 4-merous, smaller: calyx less deeply cleft: corolla whitish, little longer than the unequal calyx ; setae, of the crown sometimes very few or even wanting. Bot. King's Exped. 278. 2. Corolla plicate at the sinuses, the plaits more or less extended into thin-mem." branaceous teeth or lobes : no crown nor glands. PNEUMONANTHE. # Dwarf: haves small and with ichite cartilaginous or scarious margins: flowers solitary and terminal : calyx narrow, 4 to 5-toothed : corolla salverform when GENTIAN AC E^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 245 expanded; the lobes or plaits in the sinuses broad and emarginate: anthers cordate. 7. G. humilis, Stev. Stems single or numerous, 1 to 5 inches long, erect or ascending : leaves glaucescent and broadly white-margined ; the radical orbicular or ovate and rosulate ; cauline linear-oblong, erect, connate-sheathing, 2 or 3 lines long : corolla whitish or dull-colored ; its tube little exceeding the calyx ; the limb inch in diameter : capsule clavate-obovate, at length exserted on a long and stout stipe much beyond the /lower. Grassy banks in the moun- tains from Colorado to Wyoming. 8. G. prostrata, Haeuke. Stems weaker than in the preceding, and when elougated the lateral ones often procumbent : leaves ovate, less erect, greener, and less white-margined: Jlower 4-merous : corolla azure-blue, in fruit enclosing the linear-oblong rather short-stipitate capsule. Alpine regions from Colorado northward. * * Flowers comparatively large, mostly short-peduncled or sessile : anthers linear or oblong: usually a pair of bracts under the Jlower. (- Dwarf, 1 to 3-Jlowered: cauline leaves only 2 to 4 pairs. 9. G. frigida, Heenke. Stems 1 to 5 inches high : leaves linear, varying to lanceolate or spatulate, thickish, the pairs connate-sheathing at base : calyx- tube obconical: corolla funnelform, l inches long, yellowish white or tinged with blue, purplish-dotted ; the lobes short and broad ; the plaits entire and broad but slightly extended at summit. Including var. algida, Pall. Alpine regions of Colorado, Utah, and northward. - -i- Low: stems several from the same caudex: cauline leaves 6 to 16 pairs, more or less connate or even sheathing at base; the uppermost involucrate around the sessile terminal Jlower or 3 to 5-J!.owered cluster : corolla blue, 1 to l inches long ; the lobes broadly ovate, and the appendages at the sinuses 2-cleft or lacerate. 10. G. calycosa, Griseb. A span or more high : leaves ovate; the low- est pairs usually smaller and with connate-sheathing base, the upper hardly so ; the involucrate uppermost leaves somewhat exceeding the calyx of the com- monly solitary Jlower : calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, or even subcor date, about the length of the tube : corolla oblong-funnelform, its appendages in the sinuses triangular-subulate, laciniate, or 2-cleft at the tip. California and Oregon to Montana, Wyoming, and northward. 11. G. Parryi, Engelm. A span or more high : leaves glaucescent, thick- ish, ovate, varying to oblong-lanceolate, most of the pairs with a somewhat sheathing base ; the involucrate uppermost 2 or 3 concealing the calyx and some- times almost equalling the corolla of the 1 to 5jlowers: lobes of the calyx short- linear, more or less shorter than the tube : appendages at the sinuses of the corolla narrow, deeply 2-cleft. Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 218. Alpine and subalpiue regions of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. H_ M_ ^_ Stems rather taller, many-leaved : flowers not involucrate : the laciniate- toothed or cleft appendages at the sinuses of the corolla sometimes almost equal- ling the lobes. 12. G. afB.nis, Griseb. Stems clustered, a span or more high : leaves from oblong or lanceolate to linear : flowers from numerous and thyrsoid- racemose to few or rarely almost solitary : bracts lanceolate or linear : calyx- 246 GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) lobes linear or subulate, unequal and variable, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the shorter sometimes minute : corolla an inch or less long, rather narroivhj fnnnelform; its lobes ovate, acutish or mucronulate-pointed , spreading. From the mountains of New Mexico and California to British Columbia and the Saskatchewan. 13. G. Bigelovii, Gray. Very similar to the last, but the corolla is oblong, with shorter lobes, and bears salient crenulate or roughened ridges which in the bud externally border the infolded plicae : the stipe is shorter and broader and completely fistulous. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 87. G. affinis in part. Colorado to Arizona. 14. G. ForWOOdii, Gray. Resembling G. affinis, but the corolla decidedly smaller (f- inch long), narrow, and with shorter and rounder lobes, these little sur- passing the plical appendages: stems 6 to 12 inches high and equably leafy to the very top : calyx subcampanulate, with no vestige of lobes or teeth. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 86. High meadows of the Wind River Mountains, Wyoming. 3. PLEUROGYNE, Eschsch. Small annuals of cold regions, with blue or whitish flowers, and distin- guished by the remarkable decurrent stigmas. 1. P. TOtata, Griseb. Stems 2 to 10 inches high, the smaller simple and 1-flowered ; the larger either simple and racemosely several-flowered or fasti- giately much branched : leaves linear or lanceolate, or the radical ones short and spatulate : sepals similar to the upper leaves : lobes of the corolla bearing at base a pair of glandular and scale-like processes. In subalpine regions of Colorado and northward throughout British America. 4. SWERTIA, L. Simple-stemmed perennials, occasionally with alternate leaves, the lower tapering into a margined petiole : inflorescence thyrsoid : flowers blue, varying to white. 1. S. perennis, L. A span or more high: lowest leaves oblong or obovate-spatulate (2 to 4 inches long) ; upper cauline few and narrower, ses- sile : inflorescence racemiform or narrowly paniculate, few to many-flowered : sepals narrowly lanceolate : lobes of the corolla bearing at base a pair of nectariferous pits which are crested with a fringe. Colorado, Utah, and northward. 5. PRASERA, Walt. Large and stout herbs ; with single erect stem from a thick bitter root, the broader leaves commonly nervose, inflorescence thyrsoid with copious flowers and dark-dotted corolla. 1. P. speciosa, Dougl. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, very leafy : leaves in 4's and 6's ; the radical and lowest cauline obovate or oblong, 6 to 10 inches long ; the upper lanceolate and at length linear : flowers very numerous in a long leafy thyrsus : lobes of the greenish-white or barely bluish and dark-dotted corolla oval-oblong, bearing a pair of contiguous and densely long-fringed glands about the middle, and a distant transversely inserted and setaceously multifid scale-like crown near the base. In the mountains from Wyoming to Oregon, and southward to New Mexico and California. POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 247 ORDER 51. POLCITIOWIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5- androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a 3-celled ovary and a 3-lobed style : the pod few to many-seeded, its 3 valves usually breaking away from the central column. 1. Phlox. Corolla strictly salverform, with slender tube and narrow orifice. Stamens unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla : filaments very short : anthers mostly included. Leaves opposite and entire. 2 Gilia. Corolla from campanulate t< funnelform or salverform, with an open orifice. Stamens equally or unequally inserted : filaments not declined, naked at base. Leaves various. 3. Polemoninm. Corolla from funnelform to nearly rotate. Stamens equally inserted : filaments more or less declined and usually pilose-appendaged at base. Leaves all alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted. 1. PHLOX, L. PHLOX. Cauline leaves sessile and opposite, or some of the upper alternate : flowers cymose, showy, and variously colored. Our Rocky Mountain forms are some- what suffrutescent, chiefly with narrow or minute and thickish-margined leaves, and branches or peduncles mostly one flowered. * Densely cespitose and depressed, mostly forming cushion-like evergreen mats or tufts : the short leaves crowded up to the solitary and usually sessile flowers, and also fascicled. - Leaves more or less beset or ciliate with cobweb-like or woolly hairs, M. Very short, broadish or scale-like, soft, barely mucronate, appressed-imbricated : plants very depressed, moss-like, forming pulvinate tufts: lobes of the corolla entire. 1. P. bryoides, Nutt. Copiously Innate: leaves very densely appressed- imbricated in 4 strict ranks on the loosely tufted branches, scale-like, ovate- or triangular-lanceolate, minute (l lines long), with rather inflexed mar- gins : tube of the corolla considerably longer than the calyx ; its cuneate lobes barely 1^ lines long. PI. Gamb. 153. Alpine summits in Wyoming and nor tli ward. 2. P. mtlSCOides, Nutt. Like the preceding, more resembling some canes- cent moss : the branches much tufted, very short : leaves less strictly 4-ranked and less lanafe, ovate-lanceolate : tube of the corolla not surpassing the calyx. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 42. Mountains at the sources of the Missouri. H- -M- Leaves subulate or acerose, somewhat rigid, less oppressed : plants forming broad mats 2 to 4 inches high. 3. P. Hoodii, Richards. Sparsely or loosely lanate, becoming glabrate : leaves rather rigid, erect, somewhat loosely imbricated : tube of the (white?) corolla not exceeding the calyx ; its lobes obovate, entire. From the mountains of S W. Wyoming northward. 248 POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 4. P. canescens, Torr. & Gray. More lanate and cauescent : leaves im- bricated, soon recurved-spreading above the appressed base : tube of the white corolla at length exceeding the calyx ; the obovate lobes entire or emarginate. Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 8. From Wyoming and Colorado to the mountains of New Mexico and California. < Leaves rigid, destitute of woolly or cobwebby hairs, the margins naked or ciliate with rigid or rather soft hairs : plants either densely or loosely tufted : the leaves mostly less crowded. 5. P. C38SpitOSa, Nutt. Leaves linear-subulate or oblong-linear, commonly much crowded, hispid-ciliate, otherwise glabrous or with some short glandular- ^ tipped hairs: corolla with tube somewhat exceeding the calyx. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 41. Mountains of Colorado, Montana, and westward. Occurs under several dwarfed forms. 6. P. Douglasii, Hook. Less densely tufted, either pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaves acerose or narrowly linear subulate, less rigid and usually less i- crowded, ojlen spreading, their margins hirsutely ciliate next the base or naked : flowers subsessile or short-peduncle d : corolla (purple, lilac, or white) with tube exceeding the calyx. From Montana to Utah, Colorado, and westward. Var. longifolia, Gray. A rigid form, of more arid regions, and long and narrow less fascicled leaves. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 254. W. Nebraska to Oregon and California. * * Loosely tufted or many-stemmed from a merely woody-persistent base, with linear or lanceolate spreading leaves, which are little if at all fascicled in the axils : flowers slender-peduncled. 7. P. longifolia, Nutt. Nearly glabrous or pubescent, much branched or many-stemmed, 3 to 8 inches high : leaves mostly narrowly linear, 1 to 2 inches long : calyx more or less angled by the white-membranaceous replicate 1^ sinuses : lobes of the rose-colored or white corolla obovate- or oblong-cuneate, entire or retuse : style long and slender. Jour. Philad. Acad. vii. 41. From Colorado to Montana and westward. Var. brevifolia, Gray. A depressed or dwarf form ; with leaves 3 to 4 lines long, rigid and with more cartilaginous margins, at least the lower lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 254. 8. P. nana, Nutt. Glandular and roughish-pubescent, loosely and copi- ously branching, a span or more high : leaves linear, 1 to 2 inches long, those of the branches often alternate : flowers scattered or somewhat corymbose : calyx not at all angled: lobes of the rose-red or white corolla ample and broadly cuneate-obovate or roundish, entire or nearly so : style eery short. PI. Gamb. 153. From S. Colorado to New Mexico and Texas. 2. G I L I A, Ruiz & Pav. A large and variable genus, broken up into many ill-defined sections, which are sometimes considered genera. Includes Collomia, Nutt., formerly separated by its unequally inserted stamens and solitary ovules, but both characters have failed. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 261; Ibid. xvii. 223, foot-note. POLEMONIACEJS. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 249 A. Stamens usually unequally inserted: leaves mostly alternate, and pinnalely incised or divided: seed-coat usually developing spiral threads when wetted. * Leaves sessile and entire : ovules solitary : more or less viscid-pubescent or glandular plants, 1. G. linearis, Gray. Branching and in age spreading, a span or two high : flowers capitate-crowded and leaf y-br acted : calyx obconical; its lobes tri- angular-lanceolate : corolla from lilac-purple to nearly white, very slender. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223. Collomia linearis, Nutt. From Colorado and California northward throughout British America. 2. G. gracilis, Hook. At length corymbosely much branched and spreading, 2 to 6 inches high : leaves lanceolate or linear or the lowest oval or obovate : flowers rather loosely cymose or scattered : calyx rounded at base ; its lobes subulate-linear : corolla purple or violet ; its narrow tube yellowish : the mucilage-cells of the seed-coat wholly destitute of spiracles ! Collomia gra- cilis, Dougl. From Arizona and New Mexico northward through Colorado to British Columbia. * * Cauline leaves very numerous, simply pinnately parted into narrowly linear divisions: inflorescence thyrsiform or panicled : ovules numerous in each cell: slightly if at all viscid plants. 3. G. longiflora, Don. Glabrous, loosely paniculate-branched : divisions of the leaves long and slender: flowers somewhat corymbose- on slender pedun- cles: corolla white, strictly salverform, showy; the tube often 1^- inches long, with narrow orifice ; lobes orbicular or ovate. Collomia longiflora, Gray. W. Nebraska and Colorado to Texas and Arizona. 4. G. aggregata, Spreng. Somewhat pubescent: stems 2 to 4 feet high, leafy, sometimes loosely branching : leaves thickish, with narrowly linear mucrouulate divisions : thi/rsoid narrow panicle loose or interrupted ; the flowers sessile in small mostly short-pedunculate clusters : calyx commonly glandular : corolla from scarlet to pink-red (rarely white), with narrow tube; the lobes ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, widely spreading, soon recurved. Collomia aggregata, Porter. From W. Nebraska to Oregon, and southward to Cali- fornia, New Mexico, and W. Texas. Var. attenuata, Gray. Corolla-lobes lanceolate, tapering gradually from the very base into a slender acumination : calyx-lobes equally slender. Synopt. Fl. ii. 145. Middle Park, Colorado. K. Stamens equally inserted : seed-coat sometimes developing spiral threads. * Leaves either opposite or palmately divided, or both ; their divisions from na.r- rowly linear to filiform. - Leaves opposite : flowers small, in a head or dense cluster. 5. G. nudicaulis, Gray. Very glabrous, an inch to a span high, at length branching from the base : stem leafless from the cotyledons up to the inflorescence, which is a close head or glomerule subtended by an involucre of several entire ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate foliaceous bracts : corolla salver- form, white, pink, or yellow ; tlie tube 3 or 4 lines long and thrice the length of the calyx: ovules 10 to 16 in each cell. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 266. Sandy plains, from Colorado to Nevada and Oregon. In spring. 250 POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 6. G. Nuttallii, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent or the leaves glabrate, more or less woody at base : stems or branches a span to a foot high, terminated by a dense leafy cluster of flowers : leaves 3 to 7 parted : the divisions narrowly linear, mucronate : corolla white with a yellow more f unnelform throat ; ike tube not longer than the calyx: ovules a pair in each cell. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 267. Mountains of Colorado and Utah to Arizona and the Sierras of California. - -i- Leaves all alternate and much fascicled in the axils: Jlowers showy, solitary or few in a cluster at the summit of the branches. 7. G. pUD gens, Benth. Stems woody, tufted, very leafy : branches and mostly erectish or little spreading leaves viscid-pubescent, puberulent, or glabrate : leaves 3 to 7-parted, acerose or subulate, rigid and pungent : corolla rose or white: ovules 8 or 10 in each cell. From the Upper Platte and Columbia to Arizona and California. Var. C8BSpitOsa, Gray. A low and dense form, imitating Phlox Doug- lasii in growth. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 267. Scott's Bluffs, Wyoming. # * Leaves alternate and pinnately incised, cleft, or divided (rarely entire), occasionally some of the lowermost opposite. t- Flowers capitate-clustered, leafybracted; bracts and calyx-lobes acerose-pungent or cuspidate. - Calyx lobes and the mostly multijid bracts rigid and acerose-pungent : leaves, at least some of them, more than once pinnately-parted. 8. G. intertexta, Steud. Erect or widely branched, low and rather stout, neither viscid nor glandular : stem retrorsely pubescent : leaves mainly glabrous, with divaricate acerose-spinescent divisions sparingly divided or simple: Jlowers densely -glomerate: tube of the calyx and base of the bracts strongly ciilous with white spreading hairs ; its lobes equalling the white corolla (3 or 4 lines long) : ovules and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. From the Rocky Mountains west- ward to California and Oregon. 9. G. minima, Gray. Depressed, often forming broad tufts, ^ to 2 inches high, glabrate : leaves acicular and with simpler and fewer divisions than the preceding : tube of the calyx white-hairy in the broad sinuses, as long as the un- equal lobes, which equal or exceed the white corolla (1 lines long) : ovules 1 to 3 in each cell. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 269. In very dry regions from Dakota to Colorado and Oregon. 10. G. BreWGri, Gray. Erect or at length much branched and diffusely spreading, an inch to a span high, very minutely glandular-puberulent all over: Jlowers less glomerate : leaves with mostly simple acicular-subulate divisions : calyx- lobes similar to these, narrowly subulate, about equalling the yellow corolla (3 or 4 lines long), 3 or 4 times the length of the tube : ovules 1 or 2 in each cell Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 269. From Wyoming to Utah, Nevada, and California. w- -w. Calyx-lobes and bracts cuspidate but not pungent : leaves simply pinnatijid or entire. 11. G. spicata, Nutt. Stems rather stout, erect, simple, or several from the fusiform root, a span or two high : capitate flower-dusters crowded in an elongated virgate and spike-like thyrsus: leaves thickish, almost filiform, some POLEMONIACE.E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 251 about 3-cle/l, occasionally all entire, barely mucronate : corolla-lobes shorter tban the tube : anthers subsessile in the throat : ovules 4 to 6 in each cell. Mountains of Colorado, to Utah and Wyoming. Var. capitata, Gray. A dwarf form : leaves nearly all entire : thyrsus short and capituliform : filaments as long as the anther. Alpine region, from the Black Hills of Dakota to Colorado. 12. G. COngesta, Hook. Stems erect or spreading, 3 to 12 inches high, from a tufted base, bearing single terminal or Jew and corymbose capituliform cymes : leaves with 3 to 7 mucronate divisions, or some of them entire : lobes of the corolla nearly as long as the tube, which does not exceed the usually aristulate-tipped calyx-lobes : exserted filaments at length as long as the anthers : ovules 2 to 4 in each cell. From Wyoming and Colorado to Oregon and California. Var. crebrifolia, Gray. Depressed ; the tufted stems 2 or 3 inches long, crowded with small entire leaves, and terminated by a single capitate cluster. Mountains of Colorado and Utah. 13. G. iberidifolia, Benth. Leaves more rigid and the lobes cuspidate- tipped, as also the bracts : capitate cymes corymbose : filaments shorter : ovules solitary in each cell. North Platte, Wyoming, and Nebraska. 14. G. pumila, Nutt. About a span high : stems loosely woolly, at least when young, leafy : leaves narrowly linear, entire or most of them 2 to 4-parted into diverging linear lobes, mucronate : flowers cymulose-glomerate and leafy- bracted : tube of the corolla slender, about twice the length of the aristulate-tipped calyx-lobes: filaments slender, inserted in the sinuses, exserted, shorter than the lobes of the corolla : ovules about 6 in each cell. From W. Nebraska to W. Texas and west to the Sierra Nevada. 15. G. polycladon, Torr. About a span high: stems puberulent or sparsely pubescent, diffuse, very few-leaved: leaves pinnatifid or incised ; the lobes short, oblong, abruptly spinulose-mucronate, those subtending the cymose cluster longer than the flowers : floAvers cymulose-glomerate and leafy-bracted : tube of the corolla hardly exceeding the aristulate-mucronate calyx-lobes : anthers in the throat, on very short filaments: ovules 2 in each cell. Bot. Mex. Bound. 147. W. Texas to Utah and Nevada. - H- Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate, inconspicuously bracted or ebracteate, never yel- low, ovules 6 in each cell. w- Corolla rose-red : anthers subsessile in the throat. 16. G. Haydeni, Gray. Almost glabrous, slightly glandular above, a span or more high, effusely much branched, somewhat corymbose : radical leaves pinnatifid ; those of the branches linear and subulate, bract-like, entire : calyx-lobes subulate, shorter than the tube : corolla-tube inch long, several times longer than the obovate lobes. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 79. On the San Juan in S. W. Colorado or adjacent Utah, Brandegee. + -M. Corolla bluish or white : filaments slender and much exserted. 17. G. Stenothyrsa, Gray. Stem simple, virgate, very leafy up to the racemiform narrow thyrsus : leaves pinnately cleft into short oblong lobes : bracts small and entire . stamens moderately exserted : corolla somewhat funnelform, white, nearly inch long. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276. Uinta Mountains, Fremont. 252 POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 18. G. pinnatifida, Nutt. Stem simple or loosely branching, a span to 2 feet high : inflorescence, open-paniculate, often compound : leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrowly oblong lobes; these sometimes again 1 or 2-lobed : stamens conspicuously exserted : corolla strictly salverform, 2 or 3 lines long, pale blue or violet, or the narrow tube white. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276. In the mountains from S. Wyoming through Colorado to New Mexico. - *-- Flowers scattered or somewhat crowded, occasionally yellow : ovules one to many in each cell. w. Corolla very small (2 lines or less), salverform, white: leaves filiform, entire, or sometimes 3-parted : ovules solitary in the cells : not viscid-glandular. 19. G. minutiflora, Benth. Glabrous, or minutely gland ular-puberulent above : stem erect, a foot or two high, with many virgate and rigid slender branches : upper leaves all reduced to minute subulate appressed bracts ; the lower longer and some of them 3-parted: flowers term'uiating and also sparsely spicately disposed along the branchlets, 2 lines long. Wyoming (on the Upper Platte) and Idaho. 20. G. tenerrima, Gray. Minutely and sparsely glandular, low, effusely much branched; branches filiform: leaves entire : flowers loosely panicled, on slender divergent pedicels, minute. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 277. Bear River Valley, Utah. M. *+ Corolla larger (3 to 12 lines), funneJform, purplish or yellow: leaves once or twice pinnately divided: ovules few or numerous in the cells: viscid-glandular. 21. G. inconspicua, Dougl. A span to a foot or more high, usually with slight woolly pubescence when young, and viscid-glandular, branching from the base : leaves mostly pinnatifid or pinnately -parted, or the lowest bipinnatifld, with short mucronate-cuspidate lobes ; the uppermost becoming small, subulate and entire : flowers either somewhat crowded and subsessile or at length loosely panicled and some of them slender-pedicellecl : corolla violet or purplish (3 to 5 lines long), narrowly funnelform. From Wyoming to Texas and westward. 22. G. Brandegei, Gray. Very viscid with glandular pubescence, pleas- antly odoriferous, cespitose : stems a span to near a foot high, simple : leaves all pinnate, elongated-linear in outline, the radical crowded, the cauline scat- tered; leaflets very small and numerous, from oval to oblong-linear, some simple, others 2-parted and so appearing verticillate : flowers several in a short and racemiform leafy thyrsus: corolla golden yellow, trumpet-shaped, an inch or less long. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 85. On the face of cliffs in S. W. Colorado, Brandegee. Var. Lambornii, Gray. Corolla lurid-yellowish or greenish. Synopt. Fl. ii. 149. Alpine region of Sierra Blanca, S. Colorado. 3. POLEMONIU M, Tourn. GREEK VALERIAN. JACOB'S LADDER. Inflorescence racemiform, thyrsiform, or cymulose-paniculate : flowers blue or white, rarely purplish, usually showy. * Corolla narrowly funnelform ; its tube exceeding the calyx and longer than the limb : filaments naked or nearly so and not dilated at base : leaflets very small POLEMONIACE^E. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 253 and crowded, so as seemingly to be verticillate : inflorescence capitate-congested or spier form. 1. P. conferttim, Gray. A span or more high, glandular-pubescent and viscid, musky fragrant : leaflets 1 to 3 lines long, mostly 2 to 3 divided ; the divisions from round-oval to oblong-linear : flowers densely crowded, honey- scented : corolla deep blue, to 1 inch long : ovules about 3 in each cell. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 73. Alpine regions from Colorado to California and northward. Var mellitum, Gray. Usually a taller form : inflorescence more lax and leafy, becoming spiciform or racemose : corolla pale or sometimes white, an inch long, more narrowly funnelform. With the type in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. * * Corolla campanulate-funnelform ; its tube not exceeding the calyx and shorter than the ample Limb: filaments usually dilated and pdose-appendaged at base: leaflets simple and entire, sometimes confluent: inflorescence open. *- Low, about a span high from cespitose-branching and mostly thickened root- stocks : flowering stems only 1 to 3-leaved : leaflets seldom % inch long. 2. P. viSGOSUm, Nutt. Dwarf and with thick densely tufted rootstocks, viscid-puberufent : leaflets very numerous and crowded or even imbricated, ovate or roundish, at most 1| lines long : flowers in a rather close cymulose cluster : corolla blue or whitish, its lobes about the length of the included tube : filaments not appendaged at base. High summits towards the sources of the Platte, Nuttall. 3. P. humile, Willd. More slender, and from somewhat creeping root- stocks, more or less viscid-pubescent: leaflets 15 to 21, from round-oval to oblong, 2 to 6 lines long : flowers rather few in the clusters : corolla blue or pur- plish, its ampler lobes much longer than the short included tube : filaments pilose at the dilated base : ovules 2 to 4 and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. Var. pulchellum, Gray. Viscid pubescence mostly minute, or the leaflets often near!.'/ glabrous and naked: flowers smaller: the lobes of the corolla only 2 or 3 lines long, violet or lavender blue, in some forms nearly white. Synopt. Fl. ii. 150. P. pulchellum, Bunge. Mountains of Colorado and the Sierra Nevada, northward to the Arctic coast. i- - Taller, afoot or more high, from slender rootstocks or roots: leaves and leaf- lets larger. 4. P. CSeruleum, L- Either glabrous or viscid-pubescent : stem mostly strict and virgate, 1 to 3 feet high, 5 to 10-leaved: leaflets from linear lanceolate to oblong-ovate, 9 to 20 lines long : flowers numerous in a naked and narrow thyr- sus or panicle: corolla blue, an inch or less in diameter: stifle and stamens usually protruding. From the Colorado mountains to California, and far northward ; very much less abundant in the N. Atlantic States. 5. P. foliosiSSimum, Gray. Very viscid-pubescent throughout and strong- scented: stem very leafj throughout: leaflets from lanceolate to ovate-lanceo- late: flowers corymbose-C'/mvse, smaller: corolla commonly white or cream-color, sometimes violet, twice the length of the calyx : style and stamens not protrud- ing Synopt. Fl. ii. 151. P. cazruieum, var. foliosissimum, Gray. Mountains of New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, and westward. 254 HYDROPHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) ORDEII 52. HYDRO PHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-mcrous and 5-androus flowers : the ovary entire and 1 -celled with 2 parietal (4 to many-ovuled) placentae, or rarely 2-celled : style 2-cleft or 2 sepa- rate styles: fruit a 2-valved, 4 to many-seeded pod. Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one-sided cymes or racemes. * Style more or less 2-cleft : ovary 1-celled. and mostly hispid, at least at the apex. H- Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentae. 1. Hydrophyllum. Stamens and style mostly conspicuously exserted. Leaves alter- nate. Calyx with or without a small appendage at each sinus. Corolla campanulate ; the tube within bearing a linear longitudinal appendage opposite each lobe, with in- folded edges, forming a nectariferous groove Filaments bearded at the middle. 2. Ellisia. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Lower and sometimes all the leaves oppo- site. Calyx destitute of appendages at the sinuses, usually much enlarged under the fruit. Corolla campanulate , the internal appendages minute or obsolete, t- t- Ovary with narrow parietal placentae, in fruit projecting inward more or less. 3. Phacelia. Calyx naked at the sinuses, deeply 5-parted. Stamens equally inserted low down on the corolla. Inflorescence scorpioid. Leaves al), or all but the lowest, alternate. * * Styles 2. distinct to the base : ovary more or less completely 2-celled, and in ours nearly glabrous. 4. Nama. Corolla funnelform or somewhat salverform. Filaments and styles more or less included ; the former commonly unequal and often unequally inserted. Ovules and seeds numerous, on transverse lamelliform placentae, which approximate or cohere in the axis of the ovary, but separate in the loculicidal dehiscence. Low herbs, with (in ours) entire leaves. 1. HYDBOPHYLLUM, Tourn. WATERLEAF. Herbs with petioled ample and lobed or divided alternate leaves, and cymose clusters of violet-blue or white flowers. Our species have fleshy hori- zontal rootstocks, the calyx naked at the sinuses, leaves pinnatifid or pinnate, and the peduncle elongated, surpassing the petiole. 1. H. occidentals, Gray. Pubescent, hirsute, or sparingly hispid, a foot or two high : leaves elongated-oblong in outline, pinnately parted or divided info I / 7 to 15 divisions; divisions oblong, 1 or 2 inches long, mostly incised or few- cleft, obtuse : cymes mostly dense or capitate : calyx deeply parted, its divis- ions lanceolate: corolla violet-purple, varying to white, inch long. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 314. Var. Fendleri, Gray. Pubescence mainly hirsute or hispid: divisions of the leaves inclined to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, inciseli/ serrate : cyme rather open : corolla white or nearly so. Shady ravines, from New Mexico to Colorado. 2. H. Virginicum, L. Stem (1 or 2 feet high) and bright green leaves almost glabrous, or with short scattered hairs : leaves ovate in general outline, r 3 to 5-parted or divided ; divisions (2 to 4 inches long) ovate-lanceolate or HYDKOPHYLLACE^E. (\VATERLEAF FAMILY.) 255 rhomboid -ovate, acuminate or acute, coarsely incised-toothed ; the lowest commonly 2-cleft and the terminal one often 3-lobed : peduncle usually once or twice forked : cyme at length open : calyx 5-parted to the very base into narrow linear and spreading hispid-ciliate divisions : corolla nearly white or sometimes deep violet, about | inch long. Across the continent. 2. ELLISIA, L. Plants with tender somewhat hirsute herbage : peduncles solitary or race- mose : corolla whitish, mostly small in comparison with the stellate calyx. In ours the leaves are once pinnately parted, and the upper mostly alternate. 1. E. Nyctelea, L. A span to a foot high, at length very diffuse: leaves on naked or barely margined petioles; the divisions 7 to 13, lanceolate, acute, mostly 1 to 3-toothed or lobed : peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo- site the leaves, or some of the later ones racemose and secund : calyx-lobes acuminate, longer than the capsule : corolla rather shorter than the calyx. Upper Arkansas, Colorado, to the Saskatchewan, and eastward across the continent. 3. PHACELIA, Juss. Corolla blue, purple, or white, never yellow, except the tube of certain species ; the tube with or without internal folds : calyx-lobes more or less enlarging in fruit : seed-coat reticulated or pitted. 1. A pair of ovules to each placenta: seeds as man// or by abortion fewer : lobes of the campanulate corolla entire (or rareltf erose-dentate) ; the tube with 10 laminate appendages in pairs at the base of the stamens. EUPHACELIA. * Leaves all simple and entire, or some of the lower pinnately 3 to 5-parted or divided: capsule ovate, acute: seeds densely alveolate-punctate. 1. P. circinata, Jacq. f. Hispid and the foliage strigose, and either green or canescent, a span to 2 feet high : leaves from lanceolate to ovate, acute ; the lower tapering into a petiole and commonly some of them with one or two pairs of smaller lateral leaflets : inflorescence hispid ; the dense spikes thyrsoid-congested : corolla whitish or bluish : filaments much ex- serted, sparingly bearded. On dry ground, from New Mexico and Cali- fornia to Dakota and British Columbia. * * Leaves pinnately toothed, lobed, or compound, and the lobes or divisions toothed or incised : capsule globular or ovoid, obtuse : seeds with excavated ventral face divided by a salient ridge. - Calyx, etc. not setose-hispid. 2. P. integrifolia, Torr. A span to 2 feet high, strict, viscid-pubescent or hirsute, very leafy : leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sessile or the lower short-petioled with a commonly subcordate base, simply or mostly doubly cre- nate-toothed, sometimes incised : spikes crowded, at first thyrsoid : corolla whitish or bluish : stamens and style long exserted. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 222. Dry soil, Colorado to Texas, Arizona, and Utah. 256 HYDROPHYLLACL^E. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 3. P. glandlllosa, Nntt. Viscid-pubescent and glandular, softly if at all hirsute, a span to a foot or more high : leaves irregularly and interruptedly twice, pinnatifid, or below divided; the numerous lobes small, somewhat incised, obtuse : corolla bluish, purplish, or white, with lobes shorter than the tube : stamens and style moderately or conspicuously exserted. Gravelly soil, Colorado to Arizona and Texas. Var. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Lobes of the corolla either slightly or conspicuously erose-denticulate. P. Neo-Mexicana, Thurber. t- -*- Calyx more or less setose-hispid. 4. P. Popei, Torr. & Gray. Viscid-pubescent and hispid with spread- ing hairs, a span to a foot high : leaves bipinnately parted or pinnatifid ; the divisions pinnatifid, with 5 to 9 short, obtuse lobes : calyx-lobes a little longer than the globose capsule : corolla white, campanulate, its lobes entire : sta- mens at length much exserted. Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 172. Colorado and south- ward. Included under P. glandulosa, Nutt., in Synopt. Fl. ii. 160, but restored in Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 87. 2. Ovules and seeds several (6 to 12) or more numerous on each placenta: appendages of the mostly campanulate corolla in the form of 10 vertical salient lamellce. EUTOCA. 5. P. sericea, Gray. A span to a foot high from a branching caudex, silky-pubescent or canescent, or the simple virgate stems and inflorescence villous-hirsute, rather leafy to the top : leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrow-oblong numerous and often again few-cleft or pinnatifid divisions, silky- canescent or sometimes greenish ; the lower petioled ; the uppermost simpler and nearly sessile : short spikes crowded in a naked spike-like th i/rsus : corolla violet-blue or whitish: stamens long exserted: capsule a little longer than (lie calyx. Mountains of Colorado, Nevada, and northward. 6. P. Menziesii, Torr. A span to a foot high, at length paniculate- branched, hispid or roughish-hirsute : leaves mostly sessile, linear or lanceolate and entire, or some of them deeply cleft ; the lobes few or single, linear or lanceolate, entire : spikes or spike-like racemes thi/rsoid-paniculate, at length elongated and erect : corolla bright violet or sometimes white : stamens about the length of the corolla : capsule shorter than the calyx. Watson, Bot. King Exp. 252. Montana to Utah and westward. 4. NAMA, L. Low herbs : the corolla purple, bluish, or white. In ours the corolla is short-funnelform and hardly exceeding the calyx, the flowers are in the forks of the stem, and the leaves are entire. 1. N. dichotomum, Ruiz & Pav., var. angustifolium, Gray. Erect, a span high, minutely pubescent, glandular : stem repeatedly forked and with a nearly sessile flower in each fork : leaves narrow, linear or nearly so : sepals narrowly linear : seeds marked with about 5 longitudinal rows of large pits, from 4 to 6 in each row. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 284. Colorado and New Mexico. BOllRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 257 ORDER 53. BORRAGIIV iCEJE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) Chiefly rough-hairy horbs, with alterrmte entire leaves, and symmetri- cal flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla, 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a deeply 4-lobed ovary (occa- sionally undivided), which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, each with a single seed. Flowers mostly on one side of the branches of a re- duced cyme, imitating a scorpioid spike or raceme. A. Ovary undivided (or only laterally 4-lobed) and surmounted by the style. 1. Coltlenia. Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions narrow. Corolla short-funnel form or nearly salverfonn ; the lobes rounded, imbricated or sometimes partly convolute in the bud. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted : ovary (in ours) laterally 4-lobed. Fruit separating at ma- turity into 4 one-seeded nutlets, or by abortion fewer. 2 Heliotropium. Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salverfonn or funnelform, plaited and mostly imbricated in the bud. Anthers connivent, sometimes cohering by pointed tips. Style entire or none : stigma peltate-annular, forming a complete ring, surmounted usually by an entire or 2-lobed tip or appendage : ovary 4-celled. Fruit 2 or 4-lobed, separating into two 2-celled and 2-seeded carpels or more com- monly into 4 one-seeded nutlets. B. Ovary 4-parted from above into 1-celled 1-ovuled divisions surrounding the base of the undivided style ; stigma terminal, not annular. * Nutlets obliquely attached by more or less of the ventral face or angle, or by the base or prolongation of it, to t- The more or less elevated gynobase which supports the style, not stipitate. 3. Echinospermum. Nutlets armed (either along a distinct margin or more or less over the whole back) with glochidiate prickles, forming burs. Calyx reflexrd or open in fruit. Corolla white or blue ; the throat closed with prominent fornicate appen- dages. 4. Omphalodes. Nutlets ascending or subhorizontal, with depressed back surrounded by a wing or margin which at maturity is reflexed, and its pectinate or spinulose teeth when present not glochidiate (disk sometimes so), somewhat supra-basal or ventral in attachment. Corolla rotate or very short funnelform, bright blue. 5. Krynitzkia. Nutlets erect, convex on the back and naked, wholly unappendaged (rarely with a narrow plane border), attached by the inner side above the middle or more or less towards the base. Corolla rotate or funnelform, white, and mostly small +- t~ Nutlets sessile or obscurely stipitate on a flat or merely convex receptacle. 0. Mertensia. Corolla from tubular-funnelform or trumpet-shaped to almost campanulate, witli open throat, bearing obvious or obsolete transverse folds for crests. Stigma entire. Nutlets attached by a small or short scar just above the base to a barely or sometimes strongly convex gynobase. Orten smooth and glabrous, with blue or rarely white flowers, mostly bractless. * * Nutlets sessile and directly (usually centrally) attached by the very base to a plane gynobase. 7. Myosotis. Corolla short-salverform or almost rotate ; its throat contracted by trans- verse crests ; the rounded lobes convolute in the bud. Nutlets small, smooth and shining, thin-crustaceous. Racemes mainly ebracteate. 8. Lithospermum. Corolla salverform, funnelform, or sometimes approaching campanu- late, either naked or with pubescent lines or intruded gibbosities or low transverse crests at the throat. Nutlets ovoid, bony, either polished and white or dull and rough. Flowers all subtended by leaves or bracts. 17 258 BORRAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 9 Onosmodium. Corolla tubular or oblong-funnelform, with open and wholly unap- pendaged throat; the lobes erect or hardly spreading ; the sinuses more or less in- flexed. Style filiform or capillary, very long: stigma exserted before the corolla opens. Nutlets ovoid or globular, bony, smooth and polished, white. Flowers all subtended by leafy bracts. 1. COLDENIA, L. Low herbaceous plants, canescent or hispid : with small and mostly white flowers sessile and usually in clusters : leaves entire, petioled, veined. 1. C. Nuttallii, Hook Prostrate annual, repeatedly and divergently dichotomous : leaves ovate or rhomboid-rotund, 2 to 4 lines long and on longer petioles, with 2 or 3 pairs of strong and somewhat curving veins, and margins somewhat revolute : flowers densely clustered in the forks and at the ends of the naked branches : filaments iuserted nearly in the throat of the pink or whitish corolla, the tube of which bears 5 short obtuse scales near the base : nutlets marked with a linear and rhaphe-like ventral scar. Dry plains, from Wyoming to Washington Territory, and southward to Arizona and California. 2. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. HELIOTROPE. Low herbs or undershrubs : the flowers almost always small. In ours the corolla is large, white, and not appendaged * Fruit didifinous, solid: anthers slightly cohering by their minutely bearded tips : sti/le long and filiform ; cone of the stigma truncate and bearded with a pencil- late tuft of strong bristles : flowers scattered. 1. H. COnvolvulaceum, Gray. Low spreading annual, strigose-hirsute and hoary, much branched : leaves lanceolate or sometimes nearly ovate and sometimes linear, short-petioled : flowers generally opposite the leaves and terminal, short-peduncled : limb of the corolla ample, angulate-lobed ; the tube strigose-hirsute, about twice the length of the sepals, Sandy plains, Nebraska to W. Texas and westward. * * Fruit 4-lobed : anthers free: stifle none; stigma umbrella-shaped, not sur- mounted by a cone: flowers in distinct unilateral scorp/oid spikes. 2. H. Curassavicum, L. Wholly glabrous and glaucous, diffusely spreading, a span to a foot high : leaves succulent, oblanceolate, varying from nearly linear to obovate : spikes mostly in pairs or twice forked, densely flowered : corolla white, with a yellow eye : stigma as wide as the glabrous ovary, flat. Along the sea-coasts, also in the interior in saline soils. 3. ECHINOSPERMUM, Lehm. STICKSEED. Either pubescent or hispid : with racemose or spicate flowers, usually small, bluish or whitish. The nutlets are troublesome burs. * Racemes panicled, leafy-bracteate only at base, minutely bracteate or bractless above: pedicels recurved or deflexed in fruit: calyx-lobes shorter than the fruit, and at length reflexed under it: scar of the nutlets ovate or triangular : plants pubescent or hirsute, but not hispid. In ours the corolla is rotate. 1. E. floribundum, Lehm. Rather strict, 2 feet or more high, or some- | times smaller: leaves from oblong- to linear-lanceolate; the lowest tapering into BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 259 margined petioles : racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict: nutlets with elongated triangular hack naked, merely scabrous; and the margin armed with a close row of flat subulate prickles, their bases often confluent. E. deftexum, var. floribundum, Watson. From New Mexico and California northward to British America. 2. E. ciliatlim, Gray. A foot or more high, canescently hirsute, the hairs on the lower part of the stem retrorse: leaves toiuentose-hirsute, ciliate, sessile, lin- ear; the lower 4 inches long and 2 lines wide ; the upper an inch long : racemes subcorymbose : fruit unknown. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 225. Cynoglossum ciliatum, Dougl. Tributaries of the Columbia and eastward to the Rocky Mountains, Douglas. * * Spikes leafij-bracteate : pedicels erect or merely spreading : calyx-lobes mostly exceeding the fruit, becoming foliaceous and often unequal: scar of the nutlets long and narrow: plants with rough or hispid pubescence: leaves linear, lan- ceolate, or the lower somewhat spatulate. 3. E. Redowskii, Lehm. Erect, a span to 2 feet high, paniculately branched : nutlets irregularly and minutely muricately tuberculate ; the mar- gins armed with a single row of stout flattened prickles, which are not rarely confluent at base. Var. occidentale, Watson. Less strict, at length diffuse, and the tuber- cles of the nutlets sharp instead of blunt 01 roundish. Bot. King Exp. 246. From Arizona and Texas northward. Var. cupulatum, Gray. Prickles of the nutlet broadened and thickened below and united into a wing or border, which often indurates and enlarges, forming a cup, with margin more or less incurved at maturity, sometimes only the tips of the prickles free. Bot. Calif, i. 530. From Nevada to Texas and Nebraska. With the preceding form. 4. OMPHALODES, Tourn. Ours are dwarf cespitose alpine or mountain perennials with bright blue flowers, forming the section Eritrichinm. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 263. 1. O. nana, Gray, var. aretioides, Gray. Densely cespitose in pulvinate tufts, rising an inch or two above the surface, densely viflous with long soft white hairs which are sometimes papillose-dilated at base : leaves varying from ovate to lanceolate : flowers terminating very short densely leafv shoots, or more racemose on developed few-leaved stems : nutlets with a pectinate-toothed or spinulose dorsal border. Loc. cit. Eritrichium nanum, Schrad., var. areti- oides, Herder. E. villosum, var. aretioides, Gray. Highest alpine, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, and northward. 2. O. Howard!, Gray. Densely cespitose, sericeons-canescent with op- pressed pubescence: leaves spatulate-Jinear, 5 to 8 lines long, mostly crowded on the tufted branches of the caudex ; the flowering stems 3 to 4-leaved : cyme either dichotomous or simple racemiform, few-flowered : nutlets shining, naked, with angnlate-margined dorsal border. Loc. cit. EchinOspermum cilia- turn, Gray, var. Howardi, Gray. Ct/noglossum Howardi, Gray. Mountains of Montana and westward to the Cascades, Howard, Canby, Tweedy. 260 BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 5. KRYNITZKIA, Fisch. & Meyer. Annnal herbs or some perennials, with white and mostly small flowers. Includes Eritrichium Krynitzkia, and Eueritrichium Myosotidea, Gray, Synopt. Fl. ii. 191. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. xx. 264. 1. Nutlets more or less ovate, rugose, sometimes keeled dorsally or ventraily, attached at the base by a very small areola either to a depressed or little ele- vated gynobase: low and mostly diffuse or spreading annuals, sparsely or minutely hirsute : leaves linear: flowers very small (a line long). MYOSO- TIDEA. 1. K. Californica, Gray. Slender, more or less hirsute: stems flower- ing from near the base : flowers almost sessile, most or all the lower accom- panied by leaves or bracts, at length scattered : nutlets transversely rugose and minutely scabrous or smooth ; the scar almost basal. Loc. cit. 266. Eritrichium Californicum, DC. Spring i or muddy ground, from Wyoming and New Mexico to California and Oregon. Var. subglochidiata, Gray. Slightly succulent: lower leaves inclined to spatulate : nutlets when young minutely more or less hirsute or hispid, especially on the crests of the rugosities, some of these little bristles becoming stouter and appearing ,glochidiate under a lens. Bot. Calif, i. 526. Wyo- ming and Colorado to California. 2. Nutlets nevzr rugose, angulate or sulcate ventraily, with convex back neither keeled nor angulate, attached from next the base to the middle or even to the apex to the elevated gynobase : corolla small, its short tube not exceeding the calyx; throat either naked or with appendages not exserted: annuals, with flowers scorpioid-spicate. EUKRYNITZKIA. * Calyx early circumsctssile ; the 5-cleJl upper portion falling away, leaving a membranaceous base persistent around the fruit: nutlets ovate-acuminate, smooth or minutely punctilulate-scabrous, attached by a narrow groove (with transverse basal bifurcation) for nearly the whole length to the subulate gyno- base : corolla with naked and open throat. 2. K. circuinscissa, Gray. Depressed-spreading, very much branched, an inch to a span high, whitish-hispid throughout : narrow linear leaves ( to inch long) and very small flowers crowded, especially on the upper part of the branches. Loc. cit. 275. Eritrichium circumscissurn, Gray. Dry plains, Wyoming and Utah to California and Washington Territory. * * Calyx not circumsctssile, 5-parted, conspicuously and often pungently hispid ; the ivhole calyx (or short pedicel) often inclined to disarticulate at maturity, forming a sort of bur loosely enclosing the nutlets. *- Sepals never very narrow, with a strong rigid rib : nutlets mostly dull : diffusely branching rough-hispid herbs. 3. K. crassisepala, Gray. A span high, very rough-hispid : leaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate : persistent calyx very hispid with yellowish or fulvous bristles ; its lobes greatly thickened below in fruit : nutlets ovate, acute, dissimilar, 3 of them muricate-granulate and one larger and smooth or nearly so, fixed to the conical-pyramidal gynobase from base to middle. Loc. cit. 268. Eritrichium crassisepalum, Torr. & Gray. From New Mexico and W. Texas to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. BORRAGINACE^E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 261 4. K. Patterson!, Gray. About a foot high, rough-hispid : leaves nar- rowly spatulale or linear : calyx hispid with pungent bristles ; its lobes linear- lanceolate, less thickened: nutlet (usually only one maturing) ovate-acuminate, smooth, attached from base to middle to the subulate-pyramidal gynobase. Loc. cit. 268. At the base of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Patterson, Hooker fr Gray. 5. K. Fendleri, Gray. Erect, hardly a foot high, paniculately branched, rather rigid : as in the last, but leaves linear, sepals narrowly linear, nutlets more attenuate upwards and attached almost to the apex to the narrowly subulate gyno- base. Loc. cit. 268. Heretofore confounded with K. (Eritrichium) leiocarpa. From the Saskatchewan to Colorado and New Mexico. - -*- Sepals narrow, neither thickened nor with prominent rib: nutlets very smooth, shining: erect slender herbs, somewhat hispid. 6. K Watsoni, Gray. A foot high : sepals of fruiting calyx scarcely 2 lines long, lanceolate, sparsely setose-hispid : nutlets (a line long) narrow, subtriquetrous, about oblong-lanceolate in outline, attached almost the whole length to the filiform-subulate gynobase. Loc. cit. 271. Wahsatch Moun- tains, Utah, Watson. A part of Eritrichium leiocarpum, Bot. King Exped. 3. Nutlets triquetrous or three-angled, with acute lateral angles, attached to a mostly subulate gynobase : generally biennial or perennial herbs : corolla with throat appendages prominent or exserted. PSEUDOKRYNITZKIA. Ours are stout, with rather broad leaves, and flowers thyrsoid-congested. # Fruit depressed-globose. 7. K. Jamesii, Gray. A span or two high, branched from the hard or woody base, canescently silky-tomentose and somewhat hirsute, becoming even hispid in age : leaves oblanceolate or the upper linear : spikes somewhat panicled or thyrsoid-crowded : fruiting calyx mostly closing over the fruit, which consists of four very smooth and shining broadly triangular ( globe) nutlets. Loc. cit. 278. Eritrichium Jamesii, Torr. From Texas to S. Cali- fornia and northward to Wyoming. # * Fruit more or less pyramidal. -i- Tube of the corolla not longer than the cali/x and little if any longer than the lobes: a ring of 10 small scales or glands above the base within. 8. K. virgata, Gray. Very hispid, not at all canescent: stem strict, a foot or two \\ig\\, flowering for most of its length in short and dense nearly sessile clusters, which are generally much shorter than the elongated linear subtending leaves, and forming a long virgate leafy spike : nutlets broad ovate, sparingly papillose on the back. Loc. cit. 279. Eritrichium glomeratum, var. virgatum, Porter. Eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. 9. K. glomerata, Gray. Grayish-hirsute and hispid, a foot or more high : leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate : inflorescence thyrsiform and mostly dense : calyx very setose-hispid : nutlets ovate, more or less tuberculate-rugose on the back. Loc. cit. 279. Eritrichium glomeratum, DC. From Arizona and New Mexico to the Saskatchewan and Washington Territory. 10. K. sericea, Gray. Barely a span high, pubescence less hispid and generally canescent, at least the lower leaves, these spatulate : thyrsus spiciform: pubescence and bristles of the calyx either whitish or tawny yellow : nutlets 262 BORRAGINACEJE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) oblong-ovate, somewhat rugose-tuberculate on the back. Loc. cit. 279. Eritrichium glomeratum, var. humile, Gray. Alpine and subalpine, from Colo- rado and Utah to Montana and Oregon. *- *- Tube of the salverform corolla longer than the calyx and 2 or 3 times the length of the lobes : ne ring inconspicuous, its glands indistinct : silky-canes- cent, and with contracted thyrsoid inflorescence. 11. K. fulvocanescens, Gray. A span or so high, cespitose : leaves linear-spatulate or oblanceolate, silky-strigose or even tomentose ; the lower with bright white and soft hairs ; the upper and the thyrsoid glomerate in- florescence and calyx with fulvous-yellow more hirsute hairs and some hispid bristles: nutlets ovate, more or less papillose or tuberculate -rugose on the back. Loc. cit. 280. Eritrichium fulvocanescens, Gray. Mountains of Texas and New Mexico to those of Nevada and Wyoming. 6. MERTENSIA, Roth. LUNGWORT. Either glabrous or with some pubescence : the leaves usually broad, and the lowermost petioled : the flowers usually showy, blue, purple, or rarely white, paniculate-racemose or cymose. In our species the corolla has a con- spicuously 5-lobed limb, with small crests in the throat. # Filaments enlarged, as broad as the anthers, always inserted in the throat of the corolla : style long and capillary, generally somewhat exserted. - Tube of the corolla twice or thrice tlie length of the limb and of the calyx. 1. M. oblongifolia, Don. A span or so high, smooth or nearly so: leaves mostly oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, rather succulent : flowers in a somewhat close cluster : lobes of the calyx lanceolate or linear, mostly acute. From British Columbia southward, through the mountains of Montana to Utah and Arizona. H- H- Tube of the corolla little or not twice longer than the throat and limb. 2. M. Sibirica, Don. Stems tall, 1 to 5 feet high ; pale and glaucescent, glabrous and smooth or nearly so, very leafy : leaves ample, veiny ; cauline leaves oblong- or lanceolate-ovate, hirsute-ciliate ; the upper with very acute or acuminate apex; the lowest ovate or subcordate (3 or 4 inches long): short racemes pauicled : calyx-lobes oblong or oblong-linear, obtuse, commonly ciliolate, ^ or % the length of the tube of the bright light-blue corolla. From the moun- tains of Colorado westward to the Sierra Nevada, and far northward. 3. M. paniculate, Don. Greener, roughish and more or less pubescent: size and leaves about as in the last : racemes loosely panicled : calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear and mostly acute, hispid-ciliate or hirsute, equalling or only \ shorter than the tube of the purple-blue corolla. From Nevada and Utah to Hudson's Bay and northward. 4. M. lanceolata, DC. Either glabrous or hirsute-pubescent, simple or paniculately branched : stems a span to a foot high : leaves pale or glaucescent, from spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear, 1 or 2 inches long, obtuse or barely acute : racemes at length loosely panicled : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute or obtuse, ciliate or hirsute or glabrous, more or less shorter than the tube of the blue BOKRAGINACE.E. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 263 corolla, which is hairy near the base within. From Dakota and Wyoming to New Mexico. Var. Pendleri, Gray. A commonly hirsute form, with calyx 5-cleft only to the middle. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 52. * * Filaments narrower than the anthers, inserted either on the margin of the throat or about the middle of the tube : style included. 5. M. alpina, Don. A span or more high, either nearly glabrous or pu- bescent : leaves oblong, somewhat spatulate or lanceolate, rather obtuse ; the cauline sessile (1 or 2 inches long): flowers in a close or at length loose cluster : calyx-lobes equalling or rather shorter than the tube of the corolla : anthers nearly sessile. High elevations in mountains of Colorado and Utah. 7. MYOSOTIS, L. FORGET-ME-NOT. Low and spreading pubescent herbs, with sessile stem leaves and small blue flowers in bractless racemes. In ours the calyx is beset with hairs, some of them bristly and having minutely hooked tips. 1. M. sylvatica, Hoffm. Hirsute-pubescent, either green or cinereous : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate ; the radical conspicuously petioled : pedicels as long as the calyx or longer : calyx-lobes erect or slightly closing in fruit : nutlets more or less margined and carinate ventrally at the apex. Var. alpestris, Koch. Stems tufted, 3 to 9 inches high : racemes more dense : pedicels shorter and thicker, seldom longer than the calyx. In high alpine regions in the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming, and northward. 8. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. CROMWELL. Herbs with reddish roots, sessile leaves, and axillary or subaxillary or leafy- bracted flowers: stamens with very short filaments, and nutlets (in ours) white, smooth and polished. * Flowers rather small: corolla greenish-yellow, short; its tube hardly if at all longer than the calyx, nearly naked at the fhroat. 1. L. pilosum, Nutt. Soft-hirsute and pubescent, pale or canescent: stems numerous from a stout root, a foot high, mostly simple, very leafy : leaves linear and linear-lanceolate, mostly tapering from near the base to apex : flowers densely crowded in a leafy thyrsus : corolla campanulate-funnel- form, almost 4 inch long, silky outside. From British Columbia and Mon- tana to Utah and California. * * Flowers mostly showy : corolla yellow, much exceeding the calyx ; pubescent crests in the throat apparent. Plants with long and deep red roots (Puccoox). *- Corolla light yellow : later floral leaves reduced to bracts, not surpassing the calyx. 2. L. nmltiflomm, Torr. Minutely strigose-hispid : stems virgate, a foot or two high : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate : flowers numerous, short- pedicelled, the latter spicate : corolla narrow (5 or 6 lines long), with very short rounded lobes and tube fully twice the length of the calyx ; the crests or folds in the throat inconspicuous. In the mountains from Colorado to Arizona and Texas. 264 CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) <- - Corolla bright and deep yellow or orange ; the tube from | to twice longer than the calyx, and the crests at the throat little if at all projecting or arch- ing: floral leaves orfoliaceous bracts large, much surpassing the calyx. 3. L. canescens, Lehra. More or less canescent when young : stem hir- sute, a span to a foot or more high : leaves oblong-linear or the upper varying to ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, softly silky-pubescent, greener with age but not rough: corolla orange-yellow, and glandular ring at the base naked: flowers nearly sessile. From Arizona and New Mexico to the Saskatchewan, Upper Canada, and Alabama. " Puccoon " of the Indians. 4. L. hirtum, Lehm. Hispid or hirsute and at length rough, a foot or two high : leaves lanceolate or the lower linear and floral ovate-oblong : corolla bright orange; the ring at the base within bearing 10 vert/ hirsute lobes or teeth: flowers mostly pedicelled. From Colorado to Minnesota and Florida. --- Corolla bright yellow, salverform; its tube in well-developed flowers 2 to 4 times the length of the calyx ; the crests in the throat conspicuous and arching. 5. L. angUStifolium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, a span to a foot or more high, minutely scabrous-strigose and somewhat cinereous : leaves all linear : flowers pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts ; the earlier and conspicuous kind with corolla tube an inch or less in length ; the later ones, and those of diffusely branching plants, with inconspicuous or small and pale corolla, without crests in the throat, probably cleistogenous. From Utah and Arizona to Texas, Wisconsin, and the Saskatchewan. 9. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. Rather stout and coarse, rough-hispid or hirsute, with leafy-bracteate flowers crowded in scorpioid spikes or racemes ; the bracts resembling leaves : corolla greenish-white or yellowish-green; a glandular 10-lobed ring adnate to the base of the tube within. In ours the corolla is seldom twice the length of the calyx, and the leaves are pinnately nervose-ribbed. 1. O. Carolinianum, DC. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high, shaggy-hispid : leaves ovate-lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5 to 9-ribbed, generally hairy both sides : flowers nearly sessile : corolla lobes very hairy outside. Colora<|o and eastward. Var. molle, Gray. A foot or two high : the pubescence shorter and less spreading or appressed : leaves mostly smaller (2 inches long), when young softly strigose-canescent beneath. Synopt. Fl. ii. 206. 0. molle, Michx. From Utah to Texas, Illinois, and the Saskatchewan. ORDER 54. CONVOLVULACEJE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular 5-androus flowers; a calyx of 5 imbricated sepals; a 5- plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2-celled ovary, with a pair of ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition. In ours the ovary is entire. CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 265 Tribe I. Plants with ordinary foliage, not parasitic. 1. Ipomoea. Style undivided, terminated by a single capitate or globose stigma. Corolla from salverform or funnelform to nearly campanulate. 2. Convolvulus. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at the apex : stigmas 2, from linear-fili- form to subulate or ovate. Corolla from funnelform to campanulate. 3. volvulus. Styles 2, distinct or sometimes united- below, each 2-cleft : stigmas linear- filiform or somewhat clavate. Corolla from funnelform to almost rotate. Tribe II. Leaflets parasitic twining herbs, destitute of foliage and of all green color. 4. Cuscuta. Corolla imbricated in the bud, appendaged below the stamens. 1. IPO MCE A, L. MORNING-GLORY. Calyx not bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger : limb of corolla entire, or barely angulate or lobed. 1. I. leptophylla, Torr. Very glabrous : stems erect or ascending (2 to 4 feet high ) from an immense root, with recurving slender branches : leaves linear (2 to 4 inches long), short-petioled, acute : peduncle short, 1 or 2-flow- ered : outer sepals shorter : corolla pink-purple, funnelform, about 3 inches long : seeds rusty-pubescent. Frem. Hep. 95. Plains of Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas and New Mexico. 2. CONVOLVULUS, L. BINDWEED. Twining or prostrate, with small or large flowers. Includes Calystegia. * Stigmas from ovate or oval to oblong, vert/ flat : solitary flower involucellate by a pair of persistent broad bracts, which are close to the calyx and enclose or exceed it. 1. C. sepium, L. Glabrous or pubescent, freely twining: leaves slender- petioled, deltoid-hastate and triangular-sagittate (2 to 5 inches long), acute or acuminate ; the basal lobes or auricles either entire or angulate 2 to 3-lobed : peduncles mostly elongated : bracts cordate-ovate or somewhat sagittate, com- monly acute : corolla broadly funnelform, 2 inches long, white or tinged with rose-color. Calystegia sepium, R. Br. From Utah to Canada and the N. At- lantic States. Var. AmericamiS, Sims. Corolla pink or rose-purple : bracts obtuse. From Oregon to Canada and Carolina. Var. repens, Gray. Corolla from almost white to rose-color : bracts from very obtuse to acute : herbage from minutely to tomentose-pubescent : sterile and sometimes flowering stems extensively prostrate : leaves more narrowly sagittate or cordate, the basal lobes commonly obtuse or rounded and entire. Synopt. Fl. ii. 215. Calystegia sepium, var. pubescens, Gray. From New Mexico to Texas, Dakota, and eastward. # # Stigmas filiform or narrowly linear : no bracts at or near the base of the calyx. 2. C. incanus, Vahl. Cinereous or canescent with a close and short silky pubescence : stems filiform, 1 to 3 feet long, mainly procumbent : leaves polymorphous; some simply lanceolate- or linear-sagittate or hastate, obtuse and mucronate, entire, and with the narrow elongated basal lobes entire or 2 266 CONVOLVULACE^E. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) to 3-toothed ; some pedate, having narrowly 2 to 3-cleft lateral lobes or divis- ions ; some more coarsely 3 to 5 -parted, with lobes entire or coarsely sinuate- dentate : peduncles 1 to 2-flowercd, as long as the leaf : corolla white or tinged with rose, - inch long, the angles salient-acuminate. Includes C. lobatus, Eng. & Gray. S. Colorado and Arkansas to Texas and Arizona. 3. EVOLVULUS, L. Low and small rather suffrutescent plants, with erect or diffuse or prostrnto (never twining) stems, entire leaves, one to few-flowered peduncles, and sm: 11 purple or blue almost rotate corolla. Our species has both sides of the leaves, stems, and calyx densely silky-villous. 1. E. argenteus, Pursh. Stems numerous from a lignescent base, rather stout and rigid, erect or ascending, a span or so high, very leafy : dense pubes- cence sometimes silvery-canescent, usually fulvous or ferruginous : leaves from spatulate and obtuse to linear-lanceolate and acute: pedicels very short. Plains and prairies, from Nebraska to Wyoming, Colorado, and southward. 4. C US CUT A, Tourn. DODDER. Flowers 5- (rarely 4-) merous : calyx cleft or parted : corolla globular-urn- shaped, bell-shaped, or somewhat tubular : stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla above as many scale-like lacerate appendages: ovary globular, 2 celled, 4-ovuled : styles (in ours) distinct and terminated by peltate-capitate stigmas : embryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled, destitute of cotyledons. Leafless thread-like stems } r ellowish or reddish in color, bearing a few minute scales instead of leaves : flowers small, cymose-clustered, mostly white. * Capsule indehiscent. 4- Calyx gamosepafous. w- Ovary and capsule depressed-globose: flowers in dense or globular clusters: corolla with a short and wide tube, in age remaining at the liase of the capsule : styles mostly shorter than the ovary. 1. C. arvensis, Bey rich. Stems pale and slender, low : flowers scarcely a line long : calyx-lobes obtuse, mostly very broad : those of the corolla acu- minate, longer than the tube, with inflexed points : scales large, deeply fringed. In rather dry soil, on various low plants, across the continent. The var. pentagona, found in Colorado, has a large and angled calyx. w- -W- Ovary and capsule pointed; the latter enveloped or capped by the marces- cent corolla : flowers in paniculate cymes. = Acute tips of corolla-lobes inflexed or corniculate. 2. C. decora, Choisy. Stems coarse: flowers fleshy and more or less papillose : lobes of the calyx triangular, acute : those of the broadly cam- pan ulate corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, spreading: scales large, deeply fringed : capsule enveloped bj the remains of the corolla. Var. pulcherrima, Eugelm. A larger form, with coarse stems, and conspicuous flowers 1| to 2 lines long and wide: anthers and stigmas yellow or deep purple. On herbs and low shrubs in wet prairies, principally Legumi- SOLANACE.E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 267 nosce and Compositor. Across the continent, principally through its southern borders. 3. C. inflexa, Engelm. Like the last: flowers of the same structure, but only a line long, generally 4-merous ; corolla deeper, with erect lobes, finally capping the capsule : scales reduced to a few teeth. Open woods and dry prai- ries, on shrubs (hazels, etc.) or coarse herbs, from Arkansas to Dakota and eastward. = = Obtuse lobes of the corolla spreading. 4. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high : corolla-lobes mostly shorter than the deeply campauulate tube : scales copiously fringed : capsule globose, umbonate. In wet shady places from the Rocky Moun- tains eastward, most abundant in the Atlantic States, and everywhere very variable. *- - Calyx of 5 distinct and largely overlapping sepals, surrounded by 2 to 5 or more similar bracts : scales of corolla large and deeply fringed : capsule mostly one-seeded, capped by the marcescent corolla : flowers on bracteolate pedi- cels, in loose panicles. 5. C. cuspidata, Engelm. Stems slender : flowers l to 2^ lines long, thin, membranaceous when dry : bracts and sepals ovate-orbicular : oblong lobes of the corolla cuspidate or mucrouate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube : styles many times longer than the ovary, at length exserted. Prairies, on Ambrosia, Ina, Leguminosce, etc., from Colorado to Texas and Nebraska. # # Capsule more or less regularly circumscissile, usually capped by the remains of the corolla : styles capillary and lobes of the corolla acute. 6. C. umbellata, HBK. Stems low and capillary : flowers l to 2 lines long, few together in umbel-like clusters, usually shorter than their pedicels : acute calyx-lobes and lanceolate-subulate lobes of the corolla longer than its shallow tube : scales deeply fringed and exceeding the tube. Dry places, on low herbs (Portulaca, etc.), from S. E. Colorado to Texas and Arizona. ORDER 55. SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) Herbs, with alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels ; the corolla variously arranged in the bud, and mostly plaited. Stamens mostly equal and all perfect, inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. * Fruit a berry. t~ Anthers longer than their filaments, either connivent or connate into a cone or cylinder : corolla rotate : calyx mostly unchanged in fruit. 1. Solatium. Anther-cells opening at the apex by a pore or short slit, and sometimes also longitudinally dehiscent. t- *- Anthers unconnected, mostly shorter than their filaments, destitute of terminal pores, dehiscent longitudinally. 2. Chamaesaracha. Calyx herbaceous and closely investing the fruit or most of it, not angled. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate. Berry globose, its summit usually more or less naked. Pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit. 268 SOLANACEJB. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 3. Physalis. Calyx becoming much enlarged and membranaceous-inflated, completely and loosely enclosing the fruit, reticulate-veiny and 5-angled or 10-costate. Corolla rotate or rotate-campanulate, 5-angulate or obscurely 5-lobed. Berry juicy. Pedicels solitary. * * Fruit a capsule. 1 4. Nicotiana. Corolla funnelform or salverfortn. Filaments mostly included. Ovary normally 2-celled, with large and thick placentae, bearing very numerous ovules and seeds. The fruit more or less invested by the persistent calyx, septicidal and also usually loculicidal at summit : the valves or teeth becoming 4. 1. S O L A N U M, Tourn. NIGHTSHADE, etc. Herbs of various habit : flowers cymose, mostly after the scorpioid manner. * Fruit naked, i. e. not enclosed in the enlarged calyx : stamens all alike, and anthers blunt. H- Tuberiferous perennial, pinnate-leaved. 1. S. Jamesii, Torr. A span or so in height: leaflets 5 to 9, varying from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, smoothish ; the lowest sometimes much smaller, but no interposed small ones: peduncle cymosely few to several- flowered: corolla white, at length deeply 5-cleft. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 227. Mountains of Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona. Very closely allied to S. tuberosum, var. boreale, Gr., of New Mexico and southward, the S. Fendleri of the earlier reports. i- - Annuals, simple-leaved, never prickly, but the angles of the stem sometimes rough. 2. S. triflorum, Nutt. Green, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous, low and much spreading : leaves oblong, deeply pinnatijid, Avith wide rounded sinuses ; the lobes 7 to 9, lanceolate, entire, or sometimes 1 or 2-toothed : peduncles lateral, 1 to ^-flowered: pedicels nodding: corolla small, white, a little longer than the 5-parted calyx : berries preen, as large as a small cherry. On the plains from New Mexico to the Saskatchewan, chiefly as a weed in cultivated ground. 3. S nigrum, L. Low, green and almost glabrous, or the younger parts pubescent : leaves mostly ovate with a cuneate base, irregularly sinuate- toothed, repand, or sometimes entire, acute or acuminate : flowers in small pedun- * culate umbel-like lateral cymes: calyx much shorter than the corolla, which is white or bluish : berries usually black when ripe, only as large as peas. Found everywhere, especially in damp or shady ground, and including many varieties. * * Fruit enclosed by the close-fitting and horridly prickly calyx and even adher- ing to it: stamens and especially the style much declined: anthers tapering upwards, dissimilar ; the lowest one much longer and larger, and with an 1 The genus Datura, containing several introduced species within our range, may be recognized by its prismatic 5-toothed calyx, funnelform corolla, and prickly mostly 4-celled 4-valved capsule. They are rank weeds, with ovate leaves, and large and showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem. Known as " Jamestown Weed " or " Thorn Apple." For species see p. 270, foot-note. SOLANACE^. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 269 incurved beak: leaves 1 to 3-pinnatifid : annuals, armed with straight prickles. 4. S. heterodoxum, Dunal. Pubescent with glandular-tipped simple hairs, with a very few 5-rayed bristly ones on the upper face of the irregu- larly or interruptedly bipinnatifid leaves ; their lobes roundish or obtuse and repand : corolla violet, l inches or less in diameter, somewhat irregular, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate-acuminate : four anthers yellow and the large one tinged with violet. On the plains from Colorado to New Mexico and Texas. 5. S. rostratum, Dunal. Somewhat hoary or yellowish with a copious wholly stellate pubescence, a foot or two high : leaves nearly as in the last or less divided, some of them only once pinnatifid : corolla yellow, about an inch in diameter, hardly irregular, the short lobes broadly ovate. On the plains from Nebraska to Texas and westward to the mountains. 2. CHAM-EJSABACHA, Gray. Depressed plants ; with narrow entire or pinnatifid leaves tapering into margined petioles, filiform naked pedicels, the calyx close-fitting in fruit, almost globose. 1. C. Coronopus, Gray. Green, almost glabrous, or beset with some short and roughish hairs, diffusely very much branched : leaves lanceolate or linear with cuueate-attenuate base, varying from nearly entire to laciuiate- piunatifid : peduncles elongated : calyx more or less hirsute, the hairs often 2-forked at tip : corolla yellowish : berry nearly white. Bot. Calif, i. 540. Withania (?) Coronopus, Torr. From S. Colorado to Texas and Arizona. 3. PHYSALIS, L. GROUND CHERRY. Herbs, with entire, toothed, or lobed leaves, and solitary or sometimes 2 or 3 drooping or nodding pedicels r the flowers white, yellow, or violet-purple : berries greenish, red, or yellow. # Young parts sparsely (or on stalks and calyx densely) scurf y-granuliferous, otherwise quite glabrous: some leaves sinuate-pinnatijid : corolla flat-rotate. 1. P. lobata, Torr. Low and small, diffusely branched: leaves oblong- spatulate or obovate, from repand to sinuate-pinnatifid, the base cuneately tapering into a margined petiole : corolla violet, the centre with a 5 to 6-rayed white woolly star. On the plains, from Colorado to Arizona and Texas. * * Notgranulose-scurf//: leaves never pinnatifid : corolla mostly rotately spread- ing from a somewhat campanulate throat or base, greenish white or yellow. - Annuals, glabrous or nearly so, the pubescence if any minute, and neither viscid nor stellate: anthers violet: berry greenish yellow : stem and branches conspicuously angular. 2. P. angulata, L. Erect, or at length declined or spreading, 2 to 4 feet long : leaves mostly ovate-oblong and with somewhat cuneate base, coarsely and laciniately toothed : corolla 3 to 6 lines broad, with no distinct eye : fruiting calyx at first ovate- pyramidal and 10-angled, the 5 principal angles sharply keeled, at full maturity nearly replete and globose-ovate. From Colorado eastward to the Atlantic States. 270 SOLANACE^E. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) - -t- Strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular simple hairs : fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal and carinately 5-angled at maturity, loosely enveloping the green or at length yellow berry : leaves ovate or cordate. 3. P. pubescens, L. Annual, a foot or two high, with at length widely spreading branches : leaves varying from nearly entire to coarsely and obtusely repand-toothed, sometimes becoming nearly glabrous except on the midrib and veins : corolla about % inch in diameter when expanded, dull yellow ivith a purplish brown eye: anthers violet: pedicels 3 to 5 lines long: fruiting calyx mostly pubescent and viscid. From California to Colorado and Texas, thence eastward to New York and Florida. 4. P. Virginiana, Mill. Perennial, a foot or so high, from slender and deep creeping subterranean shoots, at length spreading or decumbent, pubescent or hirsute-villous with many-jointed hairs : leaves either repandly or saliently few-toothed or some nearly entire : corolla from f to 1 inch in diameter, dull sulphur-yellow with a brownish centre : anthers yellow: pedicels $ to 1 inch long. P. viscosa of Gray's Manual. From Colorado eastward across the continent. *- -i- H- Perennials, not viscid, the pubescence more or less stellular, mostly low : anthers almost always yellow. 5. P. Pendleri, Gray. Pruinose-puberulent ; the pubescence microscopically minute and partly simple, partly branched or stellular, sometimes a little glandu- lar : stems a span to a foot high from a deep tuberous stock, much branched : leaves small, from deltoid-ovate or slightly cordate to ovate-lanceolate, with abrupt base, and from repand-undulate to coarsely sinuate-toothed : corolla ^ inch in diameter. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 65. S. Colorado and New Mexico. 6. P. lanceolata, Michx. More or less hirsute-pubescent ivith short and stiff tapering hairs, most of which are simple, a few 2 to 3-forked, varying to nearly glabrous : stems a span to a foot high, angled, somewhat rigid : leaves pale green, varying from oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, acute at base or tapering into a short petiole, and from sparingly angulate-few-toothed to undulate or entire : corolla ochroleucous with more or less dark eye, to f inch in diame- ter. P. Pennsylvania, Gray Man., in part. On the plains from New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah, eastward to Florida and Lake Winnipeg. Var. Isevigata, Gray. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or with some extremely short and pointed appressed rigid hairs on young parts, calyx, etc., or on the margin of the leaves. From Nebraska to Texas and westward to New Mexico and Arizona. 4. NICOTIAN A, 1 Tourn. TOBACCO. Heavy-scented and usually viscid-pubescent herbs; with mostly entire leaves, and paniculate or racemose flowers. 1 The two introduced species of Datura may be distinguished as follows : D. Stramonium, L., the common Jamestown (vulgarized to "Jimson") Weed, is green and glabrous, 1 to 4 feet high ; has sinuately and laciniately angled and toothed leaves, a white corolla about 3 inches long, and an erect capsule thickly armed with short stout prickles. D. discolor, Bernh., probably from Mexico, is low and more or less cinereous-pubescent ; has leaves like the last, but the white corolla is tinged with purple and perhaps smaller, and the nodding globose capsule and its stout large prickles are pubescent. SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWOKT FAMILY.) 271 1. N. attenuata, Torr. A foot or two high: leaves all on naked and mostly slender petioles and acute or merely obtuse at base ; the lower ovate or oblong ; the upper from oblong-lanceolate and attenuate-acuminate to linear- lanceolate or linear : corolla dull white or greenish, slender salverform, not en- larged at the throat ; the tube 1 to 1 inches long ; the obscurely 5-lobed limb 4 to 6 lines in diameter: filaments equally inserted low down on the tube. In dry ground, from Colorado to Nevada and California. 2. N. quadrivalvis, Pursh. A foot high, rather stout: leaves oblong or the uppermost lanceolate, and the lower ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, mostly sessile: flowers few: corolla white, tubular-funnel form and open- mouthed ; the tube barely an inch long ; the 5-lobed limb 1 1 inches or more in diame- ter: filaments unequally inserted in the upper part of the tube: capsule 4-celled. A native of Oregon, but cultivated by the Indians to the Missouri : their most prized tobacco-plant. ORDER 56. SCROPHITLARIACE^E. (FiGWORT FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs with didynamous or diandrous stamens inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or 'less irregular corolla : fruit a 2-celled and usually many-seeded pod. Style single : stigma entire or 2-lobed. I. Leaves prevailingly opposite, at least the lower: upper lips or lobes of the corolla ex- ternal in the bud. ANTIRRHINIDE^K. * Corolla bilabiate and more or less tubular ; the base of the tube gibbous or spurred on the lower side, and the lower lip often with an intrusion (palate) at the throat: stamens 4, with 2-celled anthers : capsule opening by irregular perforations or chinks : inflo- rescence simple and racemose. 1. Liinaria. Corolla with a spur at base and a prominent palate nearly closing the throat. # * Corolla more or less bilabiate and tubular, not saccate or otherwise produced at base anteriorly : stamens 4, with usually a rudiment of the fifth present : capsule dehiscent by valves : inflorescence normally compound. t- Corolla gibbous or saccate on the upper or posterior side of the tube : ovules and seeds few or solitary in the cells : calyx deeply 5-cJeft : flowers solitary or umbelliform-verti- cillate. 2. Collinsia. Corolla deeply bilabiate ; its upper lip 2-cleft, with lobes more or less erect ; lower larger and 3-lobed ; its lateral lobes pendulous-spreading; middle one condu- plicate into a keel-shaped sac which encloses the 4 declined stamens and style. Ante- rior pair of filaments inserted higher than the other : anther-cells confluent at the apex. A gland at base of corolla represents the fifth stamen. Leaves undivided. t- t- Corolla-tube not gibbous posteriorly : ovules and seeds indefinitely numerous : calyx deeply 5-parted or of distinct sepals : inflorescence mostly thyrsoidal. 3. Scrophularia. Corolla short ; the tube ventricose and globular or oblong ; lobes 5, unequal, 4 erect and the fifth reflexed or spreading. Sterile stamen represented by a scale on the upper side of the corolla : anthers transverse and confluently 1-celled. 4. Pentstemon. Corolla from ventricose campanulate to elongated-tubular ; the limb either obscurely or strongly bilabiate. Sterile stamen represented by a conspicuous and elongated filament : anther-cells either united or confluent at apex. 4- -- Corolla-tube not gibbous : ovules and seeds rather numerous : calyx not deeply cleft : inflorescence simply spicate. 5. Chionophila. Calyx funnelform. Corolla tubular, with slightly dilated throat and bilabiate limb ; upper lip erect, barely 2-lobed, the sides somewhat recurved ; lower 272 scuopHULARiACEJi;. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) with convex densely bearded base forming a palate, and 3-lobed. Sterile filament small and short : anther-cells divaricate and confluent. * * * Corolla from bilabiate to almost regular, not saccate or otherwise produced at base : antheriferous stamens 2 or 4, with no rudiments of the fifth: capsule dehiscent, many-seeded : inflorescence simple ; the pedicels solitary in the axil of bracts or leaves. f- Calyx prismatic and barely 5-toothed : corolla more or less bilabiate : stamens 4. 6. Miimilus. Corolla with either elongated or short tube; upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-lobed ; a pair of palatine r'dges running down the lower side of the throat. Anthers generally approximate in pairs ; their cells divergent. - -i- Calyx 5-parted or deeply 4 to 5-lobed : corolla bilabiate : antheriferous stamens 2. 7. Gratiola. Corolla with cylindraceous tube and lips of nearly equal length ; the upper entire or lobed ; the lower 3-cleft The posterior pair of stamens antheriferous ; the anterior pair sterile rudiments. - - i- Calyx and corolla both 5-lobed and nearly regular : stamens 4, nearly equal : no sterile filament 8. Limosella. Calyx campanulate. Corolla between rotate and campanulate. Anthers one-celled by confluence. II. Leaves various : lower lip or lateral lobes of the corolla extesnal in the bud. * Corolla little if at all bilabiate ; the lobes all plane, the lateral or one of them external : stamens 2, exserted : anther-cells contiguous at apex and often confluent : hypogynous disk mostly conspicuous : none parasitic. 9. Synthyris. Corolla from oblong- to short-campanulate, 4-cleft, more or less irregular, occasionally wanting. Sepals 4. Anther-cells parallel or divergent below, not conflu- ent at apex. Capsule emarginate. 10. Veronica. Corolla (in ours) rotate with very short or hardly any tube ; its lobes 4 (sometimes 5), one usually smaller. Anther-cells more or less confluent. Capsule compressed, from emarginate to obcordate or 2-lobed. * * Corolla little or not at all bilabiate ; the lobes all plane, the anterior one external : stamens 4, conspicuously didynamous, shorter than the corolla ; anther-cells distinct to the very apex : most of them partially root parasitic ; the foliage turning black in drying. 11. Gerarclia. Corolla from campanulate to funnelform ; the throat enlarged ; limb 5-parted, and with the 2 posterior lobes olten rather smaller or more united. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Anthers more or less approximate in pairs. * * * Corolla manifestly bilabiate ; the upper lip erect and concave or galeate, entire or emarginate, rarely 2-cleft ; the lower 3-cleft, external in the bud : stamens 4 and didy- namous, or rarely 2, ascending under the upper lip ; anther-cells distinct : some of them partially root -parasitic. i- Anther-cells unequal or dissimilar ; the outer one affixed by its middle ; the other pendu- lous from its upper end, mostly smaller, sometimes sterile or deficient: leaves alternate or only the lowest opposite. 12. Castilleia. Calyx tubular, laterally flattened, more or less cleft anteriorly or pos- teriorly, or both. Corolla tubular, more or less laterally compressed, especially the elongated and conduplicate or carinate-concave and entire upper lip ; lower lip short and small, 3-toothed, 3-carinate or somewhat saccate below the teeth ; the tube usually enclosed in the calyx. Stamens 4, all with 2-eelled anthers. 13. Orthocarpus. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft, or cleft anteriorly and posteriorly and the divisions 2-cleft or parted. Corolla mostly with slender tube ; upper lip little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1 to 3-saccate lower one. Sta- mens 4 : the smaller anther-cell sometimes wanting. 14. Cordylanthus. Calyx spathaceous, diphyllous, or by the absence of the anterior division monophyllous. Corolla tubular, with lips commonly of equal length ; the upper as in Orthocarpus ; the lower 3-crenulate or entire. Stamens 4, or sometimes the shorter pair wanting: anther-cells either ciliate or minutely bearded at base and apex. Style hooked at tip. SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.) 273 - t- Anther-cells equal, parallel and alike in all 4 stamens. 15. Pedicularis. Calyx various, cleft anteriorly and sometimes posteriorly. Corolla with cyliudraceous tube and narrow throat, strongly bilabiate ; upper lip compressed laterally, fornicate or conduplicate ; lower erect at base, 2-cristate above, 3-lobed ; the lobes spreading or reflexed, the middle one smaller. Capsule compressed and often oblique or falcate, rostrate. Leaves mainly alternate or verticillate. 16. Rhinanthus. Calyx ventricose-compressed, 4-toothed, inflated in fruit Corolla with cylindraceous tube ; galeate upper lip ovate, obtuse, compressed, entire at apex, but with a minute tooth on each side below it ; lower lip shorter, with 3 spreading lobes. Capsule orbicular, compressed. Leaves opposite. 1. LIN ARIA, Tourn. TOAD-FLAX. Herbs : calyx 5- parted : leaves entire and mostly linear : flowers in a naked terminal raceme. 1. L. Canadensis, Dumont. Flowering stems nearly simple, 6 to 30 inches high : leaves flat, alternate on the erect flowering stems, smaller and oblong and mainly opposite or whorled or procumbent shoots or suckers from the base : pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform and curved spur of the small blue corolla. Across the continent, in sandy soil. 2. COLLINSIA, Nutt. Low; with simple opposite sessile leaves, or the upper verticillate: flowers solitary or umbelliform-verticillate : corolla often 2-colored. 1. C. parviflora, Dougl. About a span high, at length diffuse or spread- ing: leaves oblong or lanceolate; the upper narrowed at base and entire; the floral often in whorls of 3 to 5 : pedicels solitary or above 2 to 5 in the whorl : calyx-lobes lanceolate or triangular-subulate, usually almost equalling the blue (or partly white) corolla: gland small, capitate, short- stipitate. From Arizona and Utah to Washington Territory and Michigan. 3. SCROPHTJLARIA, Tourn. FIGWORT. Usually tall and homely herbs ; with opposite leaves and loose cymes of small flowers in a narrow terminal thyrsus. 1 . S. nodosa, L. Nearly glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high : thyrsus elongated and open : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, with a rounded or subcordate base, sharply and often doubly serrate : rudiment of fifth stamen orbicular. Var. Marilandica, Gray. Taller, sometimes 5 feet high : leaves larger and thinner, acuminate, often ovate-lanceolate, seldom at all cordate, mostly simply serrate. Synopt. Fl. ii. 258. From Oregon and Utah eastward across the continent. 4. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. BEARD-TONGUE. Usually with simple stems or branched from the base : the leaves opposite, rarely verticillate : inflorescence from thyrsiform to almost simply racemose, and the flowers mostly showy. 18 274 SCBOPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 1. Anther-cells soon divaricate or divergent, united and often confluent at the apex, dehiscent for their whole length or nearly. * Anthers densely comose with very long wool, peltately explanate in age : low and suffruticose, with coriaceous leaves. 1. P. Menziesii, Hook. From a few inches to a foot high : leaves com- monly ovate, obovate, or oblong, to 1 inch long, rigidly serrulate or some entire, glabrous or when young pubescent : inflorescence mostly glandular or viscid-pubescent, racemose : pedicels almost all 1 -flowered: corolla violet-blue to pink-purple, an inch or more long, tubular-funnelform and moderately bila- biate : sterile filament short and slender, hairy at apex or nearly naked. On rocks and in the mountains, from Wyoming to California and northward. * # Anthers glabrous (rarely villous) ; the cells dehiscent from the base towards but not to the apex : corolla tubular, red: sterile filament mostly glabrous : herbs glabrous and usually glaucescent : leaves all entire ; the cauline sessile or partly clasping: thyrsus elongated, loosely-flowered. 2. P. barbatUS, Nutt. Usually tall, 2 to 6 feet high : leaves lanceolate or the upper linear-lanceolate ; the lowest oblong or ovate : sepals ovate : corolla strongly bilabiate, an inch long, from light pink-red to carmine ; base of the lower lip or throat usually bearded with long and loose or sparse yellowish hairs. Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico. Var. Torreyi, Gray. A tall and usually deep scarlet-red-flowered form, with few or no hairs in the throat. -Bot. Mex. Bound. 114. From Colorado and New Mexico to W. Texas. Var. trichander, Gray, is like a low form of var. Torreyi, except that the anthers are beset with long woolly hairs. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 94. S. W. Colorado, Brandegee. 3. p. Eatoni, Gray. A foot or two high : leaves from lanceolate to ovate ; the upper partly clasping : peduncles very short, 1 to 3-flowered : corolla obscurely bilabiate, an inch long, bright carmine-red ; its lobes all nearly alike. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 395. From the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, to Ne- vada and Arizona. * # * Anthers with the diverging or divaricate and distinct cells dehiscent from base nearly or quite to the apex, but not confluent, not peltately explanate after dehiscence, either glabrous, hirsute, or pilose : herbs with simple stems and closely sessile glabrous entire cauline leaves : inflorescence never glandular- pubescent or viscid: flowers showy: corolla blue or violet. 4. P. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. A span or more high, minutely and densely pruinose-pubescent : cauline leaves lanceolate or the lowest and radi- cal spatulate : thyrsus spiciform, virgate, rather densely flowered : sepals oblong- ovate, acute, with irregular scarious margins : corolla very obscurely bilabiate, f unnelform, f to inch long, ivith throat but little dilated : anthers hirsute : sterile filament with dilated bearded apex. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 60. "On the Uinta plains," Utah, Fremont. Var. subglaber, Gray. Merely puberulent below, glabrous above: upper leaves oblong-lanceolate : sepals conspictiously acuminate. Synopt. Fl. ii. 262. In the mountains near Fort Hall, Idaho, etc. SCROPHTJLARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 275 5. P. strictUS, Benth. Glabrous, or minutely pruinose, more or less glau- cous : stem slender, 6 to 20 inches high : radical leaves from oval to spatulate ; cauline narroAvly lanceolate or linear ; floral reduced to small subulate bracts of the elongated narrow and loose thyrsus : sepals ovate or oval, obtuse : corolla about an inch long; the throat strongly ampliate: anthers either thickly or sparsely comose with very long flexuous hairs : sterile filament naked or with some similar slender hairs. Mountains of W. Wyoming to S. W. Utah. 6. P. glaber, Pursh. Glaucous or glaucescent and very glabrous : stems a foot or two high : leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceo- late : thyrsus elongated and man y- flowered : sepals from orbicular-ovate and merely acute to ovate-lanceolate or strongly acuminate from a broadish base : corolla 1 to 1^ inches long, the throat ampliate: anthers from glabrous to sparsely hirsute. From Nebraska and Dakota to Colorado, Arizona, and west to Oregon and California. Var. alpinus, Gray. A span high: cauline leaves from narrowly to broadly lanceolate : thyrsus shortened and few-flowered. Alpine regions from the Yellowstone to Pike's Peak. Var. cyananthus, Gray. Usually tall : leaves all broad ; the cauline ovate or subcordate and ovate-lanceolate : thyrsus dense : sepals much acumi- nate or narrow : anthers and sterile filament from hirsute to nearly glabrous. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 60. P. cyananthus, Hook. Wyoming and Colorado to the Wahsatch in Utah. # * * * Anthers dehiscent from base to apex and confluent, glabrous, explanate after dehiscence : herbs or rarely suffrutescent at base. +- Glabrous throughout even to pedicels and calyx : leaves all entire, from linear to ovate, glaucous or pale: stems simple and erect: thyrsus virgate or con- tracted: corolla less than an inch long. - Corolla abruptly campanulate-inflated, rather strongly bilabiate. 7. P. secundiflorus, Benth. Afoot or two high, including the elongated and racemiform strict many-flowered thyrsus: cauline leaves narrowly lanceo- late; radical spatulate: peduncles 1 to 3-flowered: sepals ovate or oblong, with somewhat scarious but entire margins: corolla with narrow proper tube nearly twice the length of the calyx: sterile filament glabrous or minutely bearded at the dilated tip. Mountains of Colorado. 8. P. Hallii, Gray. Resembling the last, but lower: leaves thickish, linear and linear-spatulate : thyrsus short and more spiciform, 5 to 15-Jlowered, obscurely viscid : sepals broadly ovate and with widely scarious erose margins : corolla with thickish and inconspicuous proper tube shorter than the calyx : sterile filament short-bearded from apex downward. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 71. Mountains of Colorado, at 10,000 to 12,000 feet. M. 4-*. Tube of corolla gradually and moderately dilated into the funnelform throat ; lobes obscurely bilabiate. 9. P. acuminatus, Dougl. Glaucous, 6 to 20 inches high, generally stout and rigid, leafy : leaves coriaceous ; radical and lowest cauline obovate or oblong ; upper cauline from lanceolate to broadly ovate, or the upper cordate-clasp- ing, these mostly acute or acuminate : thyrsus strict, interrupted, leafy below, naked above : sepals ovate and acute or lanceolate : corolla lilac or changing 276 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) to violet : sterile filament mostly bearded at the dilated tip. From the Sas- katchewan and Upper Missouri to Oregon, New Mexico, and W. Texas. 10. P. CSSrilleus, Nutt. Like the last, but low: leaves all from, lanceolate to narrowly linear : thyrsus spiciform and usually dense : sepals lanceolate- acuminate : corolla blue, varying occasionally to rose-lilac or white : sterile filament much bearded above. Plains of Dakota and Montana to Colorado, -i- -i- Puberulent or pubescent and above viscid or glandular : leaves from oblong to lanceolate-linear, entire or the margins undulate : thyrsus racemiform : corolla ample, purplish ; its tube little if any longer than the sepals, abruptly dilated into the campanulate or broadly funnelform throat. 11. P. Jamesii, Benth. Pruinose-puberulent : leaves all narrowly or linear-lanceolate : corolla abruptly dilated into a broadly cyathiform-campanulate throat, a little hairy within : sterile filament moderately bearded. Prairies, S. Colorado to New Mexico and W. Texas. 12. P. cristatUS, Nutt. Pubescent, or above viscid-villous : leaves from linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong : corolla more funnelform, being less ab- ruptly dilated ; its lower lip long-villous within : sterile filament more exserted, inordinately yellow-bearded. From Dakota to Nevada and S. Colorado. - -t- -i- Puberulent or inscid-pube scent, at least the inflorescence, or sometimes glabrous : leaves various : corolla from 4 lines to an inch long, not abruptly campanulate-ventricose above : sepals usually narrow or acuminate. +- Leaves from ovate to lanceolate, undivided: stems erect or ascending: thyrsus mostly many-flowered. = Corolla hardly at all bilabiate, funnelform, icith widely spreading lobes, whitish or tinged with purple. 13. P. albidus, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent, 6 to 10 inches high : leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrow, entire or sparingly denticulate : thyrsus strict, leafy below, of approximate few to several -flowered clusters : sepals densely viscid- pubescent, 3 or 4 lines long : corolla with shorter tube, the rather ample limb about as broad. On the plains from Dakota to Colorado and Texas. 14. P. deustus, Dougl. Completely glabrous, or the calyx obscurely glandular, a span to a foot high in tufts from a woody base, rigid : leaves coriaceous, from ovate to oblong-linear or lanceolate, irregularly and rigidly dentate or acutely serrate, or some of them entire : thyrsus virgate or more paniculate, mostly many-flowered : corolla narrowly or broadly funnelform, half-inch or less long. In the interior from California to British Columbia and eastward into Montana. = = Corolla more plainly bilabiate ; lower lip usually somewhat bearded or pubescent within. is. P. confertus, Dougl., var. caeruleo-purpureus, Gray. Gla- brous throughout, or the inflorescence and calyx viscid-pubescent or puberu- lent, from 2 inches to 2 feet high : leaves from oblong or oblong-lanceolate to somewhat linear, usually entire : thyrsus spiciform, interrupted, naked, of 2 to 5 dense verticillate flower clusters, or in the low mountain forms with capituli- form inflorescence : pedicels very short : sepals variable, usually broad, com- monly very scarious and erose, sometimes with a long herbaceous acumination : corolla narrow, 4 to 6 lines long, blue-purple and violet ; lower lip conspicu- SCEOPHULAKIACE2E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 277 ously bearded within. Mountains of Colorado and northward, thence west- ward to Oregon and through the Sierra Nevada. 16. P. Watsoni, Gray. Glaucescent and glabrous throughout, or inflo- rescence and calyx puberulent, but not viscid, a foot or more high : cauliue leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire or denticulate : contracted thyrsus rather loose : pedicels longer than the calvx : sepals broadly ovate or orbicular, somewhat scarious-margined : corolla narrowly funnelform, 6 to 8 lines long, violet-purple or partly white ; lower Up almost glabrous within. Syiiopt. Fl. ii. 267. P. Fremonti, var. Parryi, Gray. Moun- tains of W. Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona. 17. P. humilis, Nutt. Glabrous or viscid-pubescent above, a span or two high : leaves glaucescent, from oblong to lanceolate ; the cauline commonly denticulate : thyrsus strict and virgate, 2 to 4 inches long : pedicels short : sepals ovate or lanceolate and acuminate : corolla narrowly funnelform, half-inch long, deep-blue or partly white ; lower lip somewhat hairy within. In the mountains from S. Colorado to the British boundary and westward. Var. brevifolms, Gray. A low and diffuse tufted form, with weak stems: leaves at most half-inch long; cauline elliptical-oblong; the radical oval or rotund : corolla light blue. Synopt. Fl. ii. 267. In the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah at 9,000 or 10,000 feet elevation. 18. P. gracilis, Nutt. A foot or less high, glabrous or merely puberu- lent up to the more or less viscid-pubescent strict thyrsus: stems slender: cauline leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, sometimes denticulate ; the radical spatulate or oblong: cymes of the thyrsus pedunculate : sepals lanceolate, acute, marginless: corolla tubular-funnel form or almost cylindraceous, lilac-purple or sometimes whitish, to 1 inch long ; the throat open. P. pubescens, var. gracilis, Gray. From Colorado to Wyoming and the Saskatchewan. 19. P. glauCUS, Graham. Glabrous up to the inflorescence, more or less glaucous : stems dwarf or ascending, a span to a foot high : leaves thickish, oblong-lanceolate or the radical oblong-ovate, entire or denticulate : thyrsus short and compact, either simple or compound, villous-pubescent and viscid or glandular : corolla dull lilac or violet-purple, less than an inch long, swollen above the short tube, gibbous ; the throat widely open ; the broad lower lip sparsely villous- bearded within. Mountains of Wyoming, Utah, and far northward. Var. Stenosepalus, Gray. Sometimes over a foot high : thyrsus com- paratively small and glomerate : sepals attenuate-lanceolate : corolla dull whitish or purplish. Mountains of Colorado and Utah. ** *-* Leaves from linear-spatulate to obovate, entire : stems low-cespitose spreading, leafy to the summit, few- flowered. = Leaves green and mostly glabrous, ^ to ^ inch wide. 20. P. Harbourii, Gray. Tufted nearly simple stems 2 to 4 inches high, puberulent : leaves about 3 pairs, thickish, obovate, oval, or the upper- most ovate, these sessile by a broad base : thyrsus reduced to 2 or 3 crowded short-pedicelled flowers : sepals villous and somewhat viscid : corolla little bilabiate, with rather broad cylindraceous throat and tube ; lower lip bearded within. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 71. High alpine region of the Colorado Mountains. 278 SCKOPHULAKIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) = = Leaves cinereous or canescent, 1 or 2 lines wide: flowering along the short stems in the axils of the leaves: short peduncles 1 to 3-fiowered. 21. P. pumilus, 'Nutt. Canescent with a dense and Jine short pubescence: stems an inch or two high, erect or ascending, very leafy : leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate : corolla with regularly fuunelform throat, glabrous within: sterile filament sparsely short-bearded, or more abundantly at the tip. Mountains of Montana, Wt/eth. 22. P. CSeSpitOSUS, Nutt. Minutely cinereous-puberulent, spreading, form- ing depressed broad tufts 2 to 4 inches high : leaves from narrowly spatulate to almost linear : peduncles mostly securtd and horizontal, but with the flower upturned : corolla tubular-funnelform, and the lower side biplicate, the narrow folds sparsely villous within : sterile filament strongly and densely bearded. Mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. H-f -w -t-t- Leaves from narrowly linear-lanceolate with tapering base or linear- spatulate to filiform, entire : stems or branches racemosly several to many- fiowered. 23. P. laricifolius, Hook. Arn. Glabrous: stems or tufted branches simple from an underground woody base : leaves very slender, when dry fili- form, much crowded in subradical tufts and scattered on the filiform flower- ing stems: short peduncles alternate: flowers few, loosely racemose: corolla tubular-funnelform, half -inch long; the small limb obscurely bilabiate: sterile filament longitudinally bearded. Wyoming and Oregon. 24. P. ambigUUS, Torr. Glabrous, a foot or two high, diffuse and often much branched: leaves filiform, or the lowest linear and the floral slender- subulate : inflorescence loosely paniculate : peduncles slender, opposite, the upper one-flowered : corolla rose-color and flesh-color becoming white ; the rotately expanded limb oblitjue but obscurely bilabiate ; lobes orbicular-oval ; throat somewhat hairy : sterile filament glabrous, sometimes imperfectly auther- iferous. Plains of E. Colorado and New Mexico to S. Utah and Arizona. 2. Anthers sagittate or horseshoe-shaped : the cells confluent at the apex, and there dehiscent by a continuous cleft, which extends down both cells only to the middle : the base remaining closed and saccate. In ours the sterile filament is glabrous. * Corolla blue to purple, ventricose-funnelform, short-bilabiate, to 1^ inches long: inflorescence, calyx, etc. glabrous. 25. P. Kingii, Watson. Hardly glaucous : stems a span or so high from the depressed woodi/ base, leafy to the top, erect or ascending: leaves oblanceo- late or lanceolate-linear, mostly narrowed to the base : thyrsus strict, 1 to 5 inches long: corolla f inch long, purple. Synopt. Fl. ii. 272. Uiuta and Wahsatch Mountains and westward. 26. P. azureus, Benth. Glaucous, rarely pruinose-puberulent : stems erect or ascending, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves from narrowly to ovate- lanceolate .or even broader : thyrsus virgate, loose, usually elongated : corolla from 1 to l inches long, azure-blue to violet, the base sometimes reddish ; the expanded limb sometimes an inch in diameter. Var. Jaffrayanus, Gray. A low form : leaves oblong or oval, or the upper ovate-lanceolate or ovate, very glaucous: peduncles 1 to 5-flowered: SCEOPHULA1UACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 279 flowers large. Bot. Calif, ii. 567. From the Wahsatch Mountains westward to California. Var. ambigUUS, Gray. A rather tall form, paniculately branched and slender, with lanceolate and linear leaves all narrowed at base, pale and glau- cescent, and the corolla violet-blue, an inch or less long : sepals remarkably small. Synopt. Fl. ii. 272. P, heterophyllus, Watson. Canons of the Wah- satch Mountains and westward. * * Corolla scarlet-red, tubular-funnelform, conspicuously bilabiate, an inch long. 27. P. Bridges!!, Gray. A foot or two high from a woody base, gla- brous up to the virgate secund thyrsus, or puberulent : leaves from spatulate- lanceolate to linear ; the floral reduced to small subulate bracts : peduncles, L* pedicels, and sepals glandular-viscid : lips of the narrow corolla fully a third the length of the tube ; the upper erect and 2-lobed ; the lower 3-parted and its lobes recurved. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 379. S. W. Colorado, Brandegee, and westward into S. California. 5. CHIONOPHILA, Benth. A high alpine dwarf perennial, with entire leaves mostly in a radical tuft and a dense spike of cream-colored flowers. 1. C. James!!, Benth. Glabrous or nearly so : leaves thickish, spatulate or lanceolate, tapering into a scarious sheathing base ; those on the scape-like flowering stems one or two pairs, or occasionally alternate, linear : spike few to many-flowered, mostly secund, bracteate : corolla over a half-inch long, dull cream-color. Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii. 254. Alpine regions of the Colorado mountains. 6. MIMITLUS, L. MONKEY-FLOWER. Flowers usually showy and axillary, or becoming racemose by the reduction of the upper leaves to bracts. * Viscid or glandular-pubescent. t- Leaves sessile or nearly so, entire or few-toothed : corolla rose-purple or yellow. 1. M. nanus, Hook. & Arn. From an inch to a span or more high : leaves from obovate or oblong to lanceolate : calyx-teeth broadly lanceolate or triangular^ a quarter of the length of the tube : corolla i to f inch long, funnelform, with I/ widely spreading limb and throat gradually narrowed downward into the in- cluded or partly exserted tube : stigma peltate- funnel form : capsules with taper- ing apex rather exceeding the calyx. Ranging chiefly west of our limit, but extending eastward into Wyoming. 2. M. rubellus, Gray. From 2 to 10 inches high, branched from the base : leaves from spatulate-oblong to linear, | to jf inch long, commonly equalling the pedicels; the lower sometimes obovate or ovate : .calyx-teeth short and ob- tuse : corolla 3 or 4 lines long, from a third to twice the length of the calyx, yellow or rose-color, sometimes yellow varying or changing to crimson-purple ; the throat broad and open: stigma bilamellar. From New Mexico and Ari- zona to Colorado and Washington Territory. 280 SCROPHUlrARIACE^E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.) -i- -t- Leaves petloled, denticulate or serrate : corolla narrow, light yellow. 3. M. floribundus, Dougl. About a span high, flowering from almost tlie lowest axils, the lateral branches diffusely spreading : leaves ovate and the lower subcordate, an inch long or less ; the upper shorter than the somewhat racemose pedicels : calyx short-campanulate, becoming ovate or oblong and truncate in fruit ; the teeth short and triangular : corolla 3 to 6 lines long : cap- sule globose-ovate, obtuse. From the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming to California and Oregon. 4 M. moschatUS, Dougl. More villous and viscid, musk-scented: stems spreading and creeping, a foot or so long : leaves oblong-ovate, an inch or two long, mostly exceeding the pedicels : calyx short-prismatic, becoming obloug- campanulate in fruit; the teeth broadly lanceolate and acuminate: corolla usually | inch lon<: : capsule ovate, acute. From W. Wyoming to California and Brit- ish Columbia. Known as the " Musk Plant." * # Neither viscid nor glandular. +- Corolla rose-red : calyx oblong-prismatic ; the short teeth nearly equal. 5. M. Lewisii, Pursh. Slender, 2 to 4 feet high, with minute or fine pubescence : leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, denticulate : corolla 1| to 2 inches long ; the roundish lobes all spreading : stamens included. Through- out the Sierra Nevada and extending eastward into Montana and Utah. i- -t- Corolla yellow : calyx campanulate, oblique at the orifice ; the posterior tooth largest. 6. M. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Diffuse and creeping, glabrate : leaves roundish and often reniform, from denticulate to nearly entire, 4 to 12 lines long, all but the uppermost with margined petioles : flowers all axillary and slender- pedicelled : corolla light yellow, 4 to 6 lines long : fructiferous calyx campanu- late, 3 lines long : seeds shining, almost smooth. In water or wet places, in the mountains from Arizona to Montana and eastward to Illinois and Michigan. 7. M. luteilS, L. Glabrous or puberulent : stems erect ; the larger forms 2 to 4 feet high : leaves ovate, oval-oblong, roundish, or subcordate ; the upper cauline and floral smaller, closely sessile, not rarely connate-clasping ; all usually acutely dentate or denticulate; lower sometimes lyrately laciniate: inflores- cence chiefly racemose or terminal: corolla deep yellow, commonly dark-dotted within, and the protuberant base of lower lip blotched with brown-purple or copper-color, sometimes 1 to 2 inches long : calyx ventricose-campanulate, a half-inch or less long : seeds rather dull, longitudinally striate-reticulate. Throughout the Rocky Mountains and westward. Immensely variable. Var. alpinus, Gray. A span or so high : stem 1 to 4-flowered : some leaves rather distinctly pinnate-veined above the middle. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 71. From the Colorado mountains and California Sierras to Alaska. Var. depauperatllS, Gray. Includes reduced or depauperate forms, 2 to 10 inches high, with leaves 3 to 6 lines long, fruiting calyx 2 or 3 lines long, and corolla 3 to 7 lines long. Bot. Calif, i. 567. Rocky Mountains and westward. SCEOPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWOKT FAMILY.) 281 7. GR ATI OLA, L. HEDGE HYSSOP. Soft-herbaceous and diffusely branching plants, from a creeping base, growing in wet soil : pedicels solitary and axillary, with a pair of foliaceous bractlets close to the calyx and equalling it. 1. G. Virginiana, L. Viscid-puberulent or more pubescent, or below nearly glabrous, divergently branched from the base, a span or less high : leaves commoulv glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, acute, from entire to denticu- late-serrate, mostly narrow at base : corolla 4 or 5 lines long, with yellowish tube barely twice the length of the calyx ; lobes nearly white, the two upper emarginate. Across the continent. 8. LI MO SELL A, L. MUDWORT. Small, glabrous plants, with fibrous roots and a cluster of entire fleshy leaves at the nodes of the stolons, and short scape-like naked pedicels from the axils, bearing a small and white or purplish flower. 1. L. aquatica, L. Tufts an inch or two high : clustered leaves longer than the pedicels, when scattered on sterile shoots alternate, in the typical form with a spatulate or oblong blade on a distinct petiole ; this in mud rather short, in water elongating to the length of 2 to 5 inches. From Hudson's Bay to S. Colorado, and westward to the Sierras. 9. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. Leaves largely radical and petioled ; those of the simple stem or scape and the bracts alternate : flowers small, purplish or flesh-color, in a simple spike or raceme. In ours the flowers are in a dense spike terminating a stouter leafy scape or stem. * Leaves laciniately cleft or divided, all radical: corolla cylindraceous, 1-deft to the middle. 1. S. pinnatifida, Watson. Tomentulose-pubescent and glabrate : leaves slender-petioled, from round-reniform to oblong in outline, from palmately to pinnately 3 to 7-parted or below divided, and the divisions again laciniately cleft or parted : scape sparingly bracteate, a span high : spike narrow : corolla whitish. Bot. King Exp. 227. In the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah and probably extending eastward in the mountains. * * Leaves undivided, merely crenate or crenulate : scape or stem leafy-bracteate. - Corolla mostly 2-parted, rarely 3-parted, and stamens inserted on its very base. 2. S. alpina, Gray. A span or only an inch or two high, early glabrate except the very lanuginous inflorescence : radical leaves oval or subcordate, an inch or so long on a longer petiole : base of scape naked : bracts and lanceolate sepals very long-woolly-villous at margins : corolla violet-purple ; its broad upper lip twice the length of the calyx, the 2 to 3-parted lower one small and included. Am. Jour. Sci. u. xxxiv. 251. In the alpine region of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. 282 SCROPHTJLARIACE^E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.) 3. S. plantaginea, Benth. A foot or less high, rather stout : tomentulose- pubescent when young : radical leaves oblong, rarely cordate, usually obtuse at base, 2 to 4 inches long : scape very leafy-bracteate : spike 3 to 5 inches long : bracts and ovate sepals glabrate and villous-ciliate : corolla purplish ; its upper lip little exceeding the calyx, twice the length of the 2 to 3-lobed lower one. Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico, in subalpine woods. *- -t- Corolla wanting : stamens inserted on the outside of the hypogynous disk. 4. S. rubra, Benth. A span to a foot or more high, rather stout, more or less pubescent, and the spike tomentose, 2 to 5 inches long : radical leaves ovate or obscurely cordate, 1 to 3 inches long ; the cauline similar, but small and sessile: sepals oblong. From Montana and N. Utah westward into Oregon and Washington Territory. 10. VERONICA, L. SPEEDWELL. BROOKLINE. Leaves opposite or verticillate or the upper alternate, as are the bracts: flowers small, racemose, spicate, or solitary in the axils, never yellow. * Perennials, stoloniferous or creeping at base: racen.es in the axils of the opposite leaves. t- Capsules turgid, orbicular : seeds merely compressed : racemes commonly from opposite axils : corolla pale blue, often purple- striped. 1. V. Anagallis, L. Glabrous, or inflorescence glaridular-puberulent : leaves sessile by broadish somewhat clasping base, and tapering gradually to the apex, oblong-lanceolate, entire or obscurely serrate. Across the continent, mainly to the northward. 2. V. Americana, Schwcin. Glabrous : leaves all or mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, truncate-subcordate at base, usually obtuse : pedicels more slender. About the same range as the last. -i- -i- Capsules strongly compressed contrary to the partition : seeds very Jlat : racemes from alternate or sometimes from opposite axils : corolla mostly pale blue. 3. V. SCUtellata, L. Glabrous : stem slender, a span or two high : leaves sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, remotely denticulate : racemes several, filiform, flexuous : flowers scattered or filiform and widely spreading pedicels : capsule deeply emarginate at apex and slightly at base. Across the northern part of the continent. * * Low perennials, with ascending or erect flowering stems terminated by a single raceme: cauline leaves above passing into bracts. 4. V. alpina, L. A span or rarely a foot high, hirsute-pubescent or gla- brate: leaves sessile, ovate to oblong, crenulate-serrate or entire, ^ to 1 inch long: raceme spiciform or subcnpitate, dense, or interrupted below : corolla blue or violet : capsule elliptical-obovate, emarginate. Alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, and White Mountains, and also far northward. 5. V. serpyllifolia, L. Glabrous or puberulent : stems creeping or "branching at base, with flowering summit ascending 3 to 9 inches high : leaves oval or roundish, entire or crenulate, half-inch or less long ; the lower short-petioled ; the upper sessile and passing into bracts of the leafy spiciform raceme : corolla SCROPHULAEIACE2E. (F1GWORT FAMILY.) 283 usually bluish or pale with blue stripes : capsule oblately orbicular and obcor- date. Throughout the continent. # * * Low annuals: flowers in the axils of ordinary or bract-like commonly alternate leaves, very short-pedicelled. 6. V. peregrina, L. Glabrous, or above minutely pubescent or glandu- lar : stem and branches erect, a span or two high : leaves thickish ; lowest petioled and oblong or oval, dentate ; the others sessile, from oblong to liuear-spatulate ; uppermost more bractlike and entire : capsule orbicular and slightly obcordate. Throughout the continent. " Neckweed." 11. GERARDIA, L. Erect and branching herbs ; with mainly opposite leaves, the uppermost reduced to bracts of the racemose or paniculate showy flowers. Our species belong to the section with purple or rose-colored flowers and linear or filiform cauliue leaves, the herbage blackening in drying. 1. G. aspera, Dougl. Stems and tranches strict: leaves rather erect, strongly hispidulous-scabrous, all filiform-linear: pedicels mostly equalling and sometimes moderately exceeding the calyx, erect: calyx-lobes deltoid-subulate or triangular-lanceolate from a broad base, about half the length of tlie tube : anthers obscurely if at all rnucronulate at base. On the plains within the eastern limit of our range, and extending eastward to Wisconsin and Illinois. 2. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. Smooth or usually so, about a foot high, panicu- lately much branched, but the inflorescence racemose : leaves mostly narrowly linear, equalling the lower but mostly shorter than the uppermost pedicels: calyx- teeth very short : corolla about a half -inch long : anthers woolly, and cuspidate- mucronate at base. Var. macrophylla, Benth. Stouter: larger leaves l to 2 inches long and almost 2 lines wide, scabrous : pedicels ascending : calyx-teeth usually larger : corolla little over a half-inch long. From Colorado to W. Iowa and "YV. Louisiana. 12. CAST ILL El A, Mutis. PAINTED-CUP. Herbs with alternate entire or laciniate leaves, passing above into usually more incised and mostly colored conspicuous bracts of a terminal spike : the flowers solitary in their axils, red, purple, yellowish, or whitish ; but the corolla almost always duller-colored than the calyx or bracts. # Annuals with virgate stems, mostly tall and slender : leaves and bracts all linear- lanceolate and entire ; the latter or at least the upper ivith red linear tips. 1. C. minor, Gray. A foot or two high, pubescence villous or soft- hirsute : flowers all pedicellate, the lower rather remote in the leafy spike : calyx gibbous and broadest at base, wholly green, about equally cleft before and behind to near the middle : corolla narrow and straight, ^ to f inch long, yellow; galea (upper lip) very much longer than the small lip, much shorter than the tube. Bot. Calif, i. 573. C. qffinis, var. minor, Gray. In wet ground, from Nebraska to W. Nevada and New Mexico. 284 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIG WORT FAMILY.) # * Perennials. *- Calyx deeper cleft before than behind, mostly colored red, as are a part of the bracts : corolla large, an inch or two long ; its galea about equalling the tube. 2. C. linarisefolia, Benth. Mostly tall and strict, 2 to 5 feet high, glabrous below, the spike somewhat pubescent or villous : leaves linear, entire, or some of the upper sparingly laciniate, and the uppermost and bracts 3-parted : calyx over an inch long, mostly red or crimson, sometimes pale ; the anterior fissure very much deeper than the posterior ; the long upper lip acutely 4-toothed : corolla 1 or 2 inches long; its narrow falcate galea much exserted In the mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, and southward and westward. - - Calyx about equally cleft before and behind : floral leaves or bracts more or less dilated and petaloid-colored (red or crimson, varying to yellowish or whitish). *-*. Pubescence never tomentose nor cinereous-tomentulose. = Galea equalling or longer than the tube of the corolla ; the lip very short. 3. C. parviflora, Bong. A span to 2 feet high, villous-hirsute, at least above : leaves variously laciniately cleft into linear or lanceolate lobes, or some- times the cauline mainly entire and narrow : calyx-lobes oblong and 2-cleft at apex or to below the middle : corolla an inch or less long ; only the upper part of the narrow galea exserted ; the small lip not protuberant. From Dakota and Colorado westward and northward. 4. C. miniata, Dougl. A foot or two high, mostly simple and strict, glabrous or nearly so except the inflorescence : leaves lanceolate or linear, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, entire : spike dense and short : bracts mostly bright red, rarely whitish, seldom lobed : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-cleft : corolla over an inch long ; the galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube ; veri/ short lip protuberant and callous. C pallida, var. miniata, Gray. Extending south- ward from Alaska and British Columbia along the higher mountains of Colorado, Utah, and California. Exceedingly variable. = = Galea decidedly shorter than the tube of the corolla and not over twice or thrice the length of the lip. 5. C. pallida, Kunth. A foot or so high, strict, commonly villous with /weak cobwebby hairs, at least the dense and short leafy-bracted spike, or below glabrous : leaves mainly entire ; the lower linear ; upper lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate : bracts oval or obovate, partly white or yellowish, equal- ling the corolla : calyx cleft to or below the middle and again more or less 2-cleft : galea 2 to 4 lines long, barely twice the length of the lip, its base not exserted from the calyx. Var. septentrionalis, Gray. A span to 2 feet high, sometimes almost glabrous : bracts greenish-white, varying to yellowish, purple, or red : lip smaller, from half to hardly a third the length of the galea. Bot. Calif, i. 575. Mountains of Colorado and Utah, also in the White and Green Moun- tains, and far northward. Var. OCCid entails, Gray. Dwarf and narrow-leaved form, 2 to 6 inches high : bracts comparatively broad, mostly incised or cleft, the tips and flowers whitish : lip about half the length of the rather broad galea. Bot. Calif. SCIIOPHULARIACE2E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 285 loc. cit. High alpine region of the Colorado mountains, also in the Sierra Nevada. Var. Haydeni, Gray. More slender, 3 to 5 inches high : linear leaves sometimes with one or two slender-subulate lobes : bracts merely ciliate-pubes- ceut, laciniately 3 to 5-cleft into linear lobes, bright crimson : lip not half the length of the galea. Synopt. Fl. ii. 297. Alpine region of the Sierra Blauca, S. Colorado. M- -4-n. Tomentulose or cinereous-puberulent, or the stem only lanate-tomentose : bracts, etc. conspicuously petaloid: corolla more exserted, an inch long or over; galea shorter than the tube. 6. C. Integra, Gray. A span to a foot high : stem rather stout, tomen- tose: leaves cinereous-tomcntulose, linear, l to 3 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide, entire : bracts of the short spike red or rose-color, entire or sometimes incised: corolla 1 inches long; galea rather broad; lip strongly tri-callous, its lobes very short. Bot. Mex. Bound. 119. In dry ground, from Colorado to Arizona and Texas. -t- -t- -t- Calyx deeper cleft before than behind : corolla either slender or small, with galea much shorter than its tube and lip comparatively long : bracts and calijx if colored at all. yellowish: leaves or their divisions narrowly linear, rather rigid. ++ Lip of corolla half the length of the short galea, more or less trisacculate and little if at all callous below the narrow lobes: flowers yellowish or greenish white: clefts of the calyx moderately unequal: leaves mostly 3 to 5-clefl and the divisions sometimes again 2 to 3-cleft : bracts similar, not even their tips colored. 7. C. SGSSiliflora, Pursh. A span or two high, very leafy, cinereous- pubescent : leaves 2 or more inches long, with slender lobes, rarely entire : lobes of the tubular calyx slender : corolla exserted, about 2 inches long : lip with linear- lanceolate lobes ven/ much longer than the obscurely saccate base. On the prairies from Wisconsin and Illinois to Dakota, W. Texas, and New Mexico. 8. C. breviflora, Gray. Barely a span high, more pubescent: lower leaves often entire arid upper only 3 to 5-parted, an inch or so long : bracts of the dense spike more dilated : lobes of the ovoid-oblong calyx lanceolate: corolla little exserted, less than an inch long ; lip with somewhat callous or saccate keels about the length of the oblong obtuse lobes. Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii. 338. ** *+ Lip of corolla very short, globular-saccate and callous, and with very short ovate lobes. 9. C. flava, Watson. A foot high, with numerous slender stems, cinere- ous-puberuleut, at least above, and the elongated spike more pubescent : leaves entire or the upper with one or two lobes : bracts 3-cleft and with dilated base ; the upper and calyx yellowish: corolla hardly an inch long; narrow galea little shorter than the tube. Bot. King Exped. 230. Mountains of Wyo- ming and E. Utah. 13. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. Low herbs, with mainly alternate entire or 3 to 5-parted and laciniate leaves ; the upper passing into bracts of the dense spike and not rarely colored, as also 286 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) the calyx-lobes : the corolla yellow, or white with purple or rose-color, often much surpassing the calyx. * Corolla with lip rather obscurely saccate, and with conspicuous mostly erect lobes; the galea broadish, obtuse. 1. O. pallescens, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, not hairy: leaves 3 to 5-parted into linear lobes, or the lower entire : bracts similar with dilated base, or the upper with shorter obscurely whitish or yellowish lobes : calyx deeply 2 cleft, with broad lobes merely 2-cleft at apex : corolla yellowish, over a half-inch long. Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiv. 339. From the mountains of N. W. Wyoming to E. Oregon. * * Corolla with simply saccate lip inconspicuously or obsolete!;/ 3-toothed, and moderateli/ smaller ovate-triangular galea ; its small tip or mucro usually some- what inflexed or uncinate, - Bracts strikingly different from the leaves, much dilated, entire or the lower 3 to b-lobed, the summit of the middle lobe purple : corolla yellow. 2. O. linearifolius, Beuth. Strict, branching at summit, sparsely hir- sute or hispid, especially the margins of the 3 to 5-lobed bracts : calyx half the length of the corolla, its lobes with a pair of elongated subulate teeth : corolla | inch long, narrow ; galea with small unciuate tip a little surpassing tbe lip. 0. tcniiifolius of the Synopt. Fl., in part. From the mountains of Mon- tana to Oregon. i- - Bracts herbaceous, not colored, less or little different from the leaves, all 3-. (rarely 5-) cleft. 3. O. luteUS, Nutt. Pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid : stem strict, a span to a foot high : leaves from linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft, about equalling tbe flowers: corolla golden yellow, less than a half-inch long, 2 or 3 times the length of the calyx; tip of galea obtuse and straight. Plains, from N. Minnesota to Colorado and westward. 4 O. Tolmiei, Hook. & Arn. Puberulent, a span or two high, loosely branched : leaves narrowly lanceolate-linear, chiefly entire : bracts of tbe small and short spikes little dilated, often 3-cleft, the upper shorter than the flowers : corolla bright yellow, half-inch long, 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx ; minute tip of galea inftexed. In the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah and northward. 14. CORDYLANTHUS, Nutt. Branching annuals, with alternate and narrow leaves, either entire or 3 to 5 parted, and mostly dull-colored flowers in small terminal heads or clusters, or more scattered along the branches : the bracts and calyx not colored. * Calyx diphyllous: corolla 2-lipped at summit: Jlowers short-ped uncled or sub- sessile. 1. C. ramOSUS, Nutt. A span or two high, diffusely much branched, cinereous-puberulent : leaves filiform, all but the lower usually 3 to 7-parted : flowers few in the small terminal heads or upper axils : corolla dull yellow, barely a half-inch long. Dry regions from Wyoming to W. Nevada and Oregon. SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 287 * Calyx monophyllous ; the anterior division wanting : flowers strictly sessile in the axil of a clasping bract or leaf. 2. C. Kingii, Watson. A foot or less high, diffusely branched, viscid- pubescent or vilkms : leaves 1 or 2 inches long, mostly 3 to 5-parted into lin- ear-filiform divisions : flowers loosely glomerate or somewhat scattered at the summit of the slender branchlets : corolla less than an inch long, purplish. Bot. King Exped. 233. S. W. Colorado to Utah and Nevada. 15. PEDICUIiAKIS, Tourn. LOUSEWORT. Leaves commonly pinnately cleft or dissected, mainly alternate : flowers in a terminal bracteate spike, rarely in a raceme or scattered. * GaJea produced into a filiform porrect or soon upturned beak; throat with a tooth on each side; tube of corolla nearly included, in the 5-toothed calyx: leai'es lanceolate in outline, pinnately parted; the divisions acutely serrate or pinnatifid: spike dense and many-flowered, naked: corolla dull rose-red or crimson-purple. 1 . P. Grcenlandica, Retz. Glabrous : spike 1 to 6 inches long : calyx- teeth short : beak of the galea half-inch or more long, twice the length of the rest of the corolla, decurved on the accumbent lower lip. Wet ground, from New Mexico to British Columbia and Hudson's Bay. * * Galea of the s/iort white corolla produced into a slender elongated-subulate circmate-incurved beak, nearly reaching the apex of the broad lower lip: calyx cleft in front : whole plant glabrous. 2. P. racemosa, Dougl. A foot or so high, simple or sometimes branch- ing, leafy to the top : leaves lanceolate, undivided, minutely and doubly crenu- late, 2 to 4 inches long: flowers short-pedicelled, in a short leafy raceme or spike, or the lower in remote axils and uppermost with bracts hardly surpass- ing the 2-toothed calyx : slender beak of the galea hamate-deflexed. From Colorado and Utah to California and British Columbia. * * * Galea falcate, and with a conical or thick-subulate beak, edentulate: leaves simply pinnatifid: flowers half-inch long. 3. P. Parryi, Gray. Glabrous, or the inflorescence slightly puhescent : stem a span or two high, very leafy at base : leaves linear-lanceolate in outline, deeply pinnately parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, closely callous -serrate ; uppermost reduced to linear bracts: spike dense, l to 4 inches long: corolla ochroleucous or more yellow ; galea strongly falcate, with decurved beak, of about the length of the width of the galea. Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiii. 250. In the mountains from Colorado and Utah to Wyoming and Montana. * * * * Galea falcate, arcuate, or with the apex more or less incurved, or ante- riorly curvilinear; the beak very short and thick or commonly none: stems simple, leafy. - Not alpine : leaves pinnatifid : spike short and dense : cucullate summit of the galea incurved. 4. P. Canadensis, L. Hirsute-pubescent and glabrate, a span to a foot high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather deeply pinnatifid ; lobes short-oblong, obtuse, incisely and the larger doubly dentate : spike leafy bracteate : corolla 2j>8 SCROPHULAKIACE^E. (FIGWOilT FAMILY.) ochroleucous or tinged or variegated with purple, less than an inch long: tip of galea emarginate-truucatc and below conspicuously cuspidate-biden- tate. From the Colorado mountains to Canada and Florida. -- -t- Not alpine, tall or slender. M. Leaves undivided: galea bidentulate at tip. 5. P. crenulata, Benth. Villous-pubescent, at length glabrate : stems a foot or less high: leaves oblong-linear or narrower, obtuse, }% to 3 inches long, closely crenate and the broad crenatures minutely crenulate : spike short and dense : corolla whitish or purplish, f inch long, like that of the last, but the teeth at the apex of galea less conspicuous. In the Colorado Moun- tains. *- -M- Leaves all pinnately parted and the lower divided, ample ; divisions lacini- ate-serrate or pinnatijid: spike naked: galea almost straight, cucullate at summit. 6. P. bracteosa, Benth. Glabrous, or the dense cylindraceous and usually pedunculate spike somewhat pilose : stem 1 to 3 feet high : bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than the flowers : cali/x-lobes equalling the tube: corolla less than an inch long, pale yellow ; galea much longer and larger than the lip. From the mountains of Colorado and Utah to British Columbia. 7. P. procera, Gray. Puberulent: stem robust, l to 4 feet high: leaves pinnately divided into lanceolate and irregularly pinnatifid segments : bracts lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, mostly longer than the JJoivers, serrate or denticu- late, or the upper entire : spike 8 to 1 5 inches long : cali/x-lobes much shorter than the tube : corolla about 1 inches long, sordid yellowish and greenlsh-striate ; galea hardly longer than the ample lip. Am. Jour. Sci. n. xxxiv. 251. Moun- tains of Colorado and New Mexico. - *- H- Alpine: stem few-leaved, a span or so high. 8. P. SCOpulorum, Gray. Glabrous, except the arachnoid-lanate dense oblong spike : calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, entire, very much shorter than the tube : galea of the reddish-purple (f inch long) corolla with its somewhat produced apex obliquely truncate, edentulate or produced on each side into an obscure triangular tooth. Synopt. Fl. ii. 308. P. Sudetica, var. Colo- rado Rocky Mountains, at 12,000 to 14,000 feet. 16. RHINANTHUS, L. YELLOW-RATTLE. Herbs, with erect stem, opposite leaves, and mostly yellow subsessile flowers in the axils, the upper ones crowded and secund in a leafy-bracted spike. Seeds when ripe rattle in the inflated dry calyx. 1. R. Crista-galli, L. About a foot high, glabrous, or slightly pubes- cent above : leaves from narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate ; bracts more incised and the acuminate teeth setaceous-tipped : corolla barely half-inch long, only the tip exserted ; transverse appendages of the galea trans- versely ovate, as broad or broader than long : seeds conspicuously winged. Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains southward to New Mexico and far northward. OROBANCHACE^E. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) 289 ORDER 57. OBOBANCHACEJE. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of green foliage, with alternate scales in place of leaves. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous as to perianth, with didynamous stamens, solitary in the axils of bracts or scales, some- times on scapiform peduncles, sometimes collected in a terminal spike. 1. APHYLLON, Mitchell. CANCER-ROOT. Flowers pedunculate or pedicellate : calyx 5-cleft : corolla somewhat bila- biate ; upper lip more or less spreading, mostly 2-lobed ; lower spreading : stamens included : style deciduous. Brownish or whitish, low, commonly viscid-pubescent or glandular plants; with violet-purplish or yellowish flowers. * Peduncles or scapes long and slender from the axils of fleshy loose scales, not bracteolate : corolla with elongated somewhat curved tube, and widely spreading somewhat equally 5-lobed hmb, only obscurely bilabiate. 1. A. uniflomm, Gray. Scaly stem short and nearly subterranean, bearing few scapes a span high : calyx-lobes mostly much longer than the tube, subulate, usually attenuate : corolla violet-tinged, the flower an inch long ; the lobes obovate and rafher large. Damp woods ; from Newfoundland to Texas, aud westward across the continent. 2. A. fasciculatum, Gray. More pubescent and glandular : stem often emergent and mostly as long as the numerous fascicled peduncles, not rarely shorter : calyx-lobes broadly or triangular-subulate, not longer than the tube, very much shorter than the dull yellow or purplish corolla ; lobes of the latter oblong and smaller. From Lake Michigan to Arizona and westward across the continent; on Artemisia, Eriogonum, etc. Var. luteum, Gray. A very caulescent and short-ped uncled form, with sulphur-yellow corolla, and whole plant light yellow. Synopt. Fl. ii. 312. Wyoming, Parry. On grasses. * * Caulescent, and the inflorescence thyrsoid or spicate : pedicels or calyx 1 to 2-bracteolate : corolla manifestly bilabiate. 3. A. multiflorum, Gray. Whole plant viscidly pruinose-puberulent, a span or two high : flowers nearly sessile or the lower ones short-pedicelled : calyx bibracteolate, almost 5-parted into linear-lanceolate lobes, fully half the length of the ample (inch or more long) purplish corolla: anthers very woolly. Gravelly plains and pine woods, W. Texas to Arizona, extending into S. Colorado. 4. A. Ludovicianum, Gray. Rather less pubescent : spikes more fre- quently compound : calyx less deeply and somewhat unequally 5-cleft : corolla about half smaller ; upper lip sometimes almost entire: anthers (before dehis- cence) glabrous or nearly so. Phelipoza Ludoviciana, Walp. From the Sas- katchewan to Texas and westward. 19 290 VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) ORDER 58. UENTIBULARIACEJE. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) Herbs, growing in water or wet soil, with scapes or scapiforra pedun- cles simple and one to few-flowered, calcarate corolla always and calyx usually bilabiate, a single pair of stamens, conflueutly one-celled anthers contiguous under the broad stigma. 1. UTRICULARIA, L. BLADDERWORT. Calyx 2-parted or deeply 2-lobed ; lobes mostly entire, nearly equal : upper lip of strongly bilabiate and more qr less personate corolla erect : filaments thick, strongly arcuate-incurved, the base and apex contiguous. Ours are aquatic, with the dissected leaves, branches, and even roots, bearing little bladders, which are furnished with a valvular lid, and commonly tipped with a few bristles at orifice, and yellow flowers. The scapes are leafless, emersed from submersed or floating leafy stems, which are free swimming and mostly rootless in deep water. * Pedicels recurved in fruit. 1. U. VUlgaris, L. Stems long and rather stout, densely lea ft/: leaves 2 I -to 3-pinnately divided, very bladdery : scapes afoot or less long, 5 to IG-flowered: corolla half-inch or more broad, with sides of lips reflexed ; palate prominent : spur conical, porrect toward the slightly 3 -lobed lower lip. From Newfound- land to the Saskatchewan and Texas, and westward across the continent. 2. U. minor, L. Leaves scattered on the filiform stems, repeatedly dichoto- . mous, small, setaceous : scapes slender, 3 to 7 inches high, 2 to 8-floivered: corolla pale yellow, 2 or 3 lines broad, riugent ; palate depressed : spur very short and obtuse. Across the continent. * # Pedicels erect in fruit. 3. U. gibba, L. Branches delicate, root-like: leaves sparse, sparingly dissected, capillary, sparingly bladder-bearing: scape filiform, l to 3 inches high, 1 to 2-flowered : corolla 3 lines broad ; the lips broad and rounded : spur thick and conical, shorter than the lower lip and approximate to it. In a subalpine pond in Colorado, Greene. Also in the Atlantic States. ORDER 59. VERBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, with chiefly opposite or verticlllate leaves, no stip- ules, bilabiate or almost regular corolla, mostly didynamous stamens, single style with one or two stigmas, an undivided 2 to 4-celled ovary. In ours the inflorescence is simple, commonly spicate or capitate with flowers alternate, and the leaves are simple. 1. Verbena. Calyx narrow, tubular, plicately 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla salverform ; the limb somewhat equally or unequally 5-lobed. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets. 2. Lippia. Calyx ovoid, oblong-campanulate or compressed and bicarinate, 2 to 4-cleft or toothed. Limb of corolla oblique or bilabiate, 4-lobed Fruit separating into 2 nutlets. VEKBENACE^E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 291 I. VERBENA, Tourn. VERVAIN. Some mere weeds, others ornamental, and many spontaneous hybrids. # Flowers small or comparatively so, in narrow spikes : anthers unappendaged. t Bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers. 1. V. hastata, L. Tall, 3 to 6 feet high: pubescence short, sparse and hir- sute or scabrous: leaves oblong-lauceolate ; gradually acuminate, coarsely or inciselij serrate, petioled, some of the lower commonly hastate 3-lohed at base : spikes numerous in a panicle, dense, naked at base or more or less pedunc/ed : corolla blue. In waste grounds and along roadsides, across the continent. 2. V. Stricta, Vent. Erect, rather stout, a foot or two high: pubescence softer and denser: leaves cinereous with dense soft hirsute-villous pubescence, thick- ish, rugose-veiny, ovate or oblong, nearly sessile, vert/ sharp!// and densely mostly doubly serrate, rarely incised : spikes comparatively thick, dense both in flower and fruit, canescent, most!// sessile or leafy-braded at base : corolla blue, 4 or 5 lines long From New Mexico to Dakota and eastward to Texas and Ohio. -t- H- Bracts rigid and somewhat foliaceous, exceeding the flowers. 3. V. bracteosa, Michx. Much branched from the base, diffuse or de- cumbent, hirsute : leaves cuneate-oblong or cuneate-obovate, narrowed mostly into a short margined petiole, pinnately incised or 3-cleft, and coarsely dentate : spikes terminating the branches: lowest bracts often pinnatifid or incised; the others lanceolate, acuminate, entire, rigid : corolla purplish or blue, very small. Across the continent. * * Floicers more showy, at flrst depressed-capitate, becoming spicate in fruit: anthers of the larger stamens appendaged l/ a gland on the connective: tube of corolla at the upper part lined with reflexed bristly hairs. 4. V. bipinnatifida, Nutt. A span to a foot high, hispid-hirsute, root- ing from subterranean branches : leaves 1 ^ to 4 inches long, bipinnatefi/ parted, or ^-parted into more or less bipinnatifld divisions : bracts setaceous-attenuate, mostly surpassing the calyx : limb of the bluish-purple or lilac corolla 4 or 5 lines broad ; lobes obcordate : commissure of the nutlets usually retrorseli/ scabrous or hispidulous. Plains and prairies, from Arkansas and Texas to the mountains of Colorado. 5. V. Aubletia, L. A foot or less high, branching and ascending from a creeping or rooting base, soft-pubescent, hirsute, or glabrate : leaves 1 or 2 inches long, ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, with truncate or broadly cuneate base tapering into a margined petiole, inciselt/ lobed and toothed, often more deeply 3-cleft : bracts subulate or linear-attenuate, shorter than or equal ling the calyx: limb of the reddish-purple or lilac (or white) corolla $ or inch broad: commissure of the nutlets minutely ichite-dotted or nearly smooth. From the Rocky Mountains eastward across the continent. 2. LIP PI A, L. In ours the flowers are capitate or in short dense spikes, subtended and imbricated by broad bracts ; the peduncles chiefly axillary. 292 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 1. L. Clineifolia, Steud. Diffusely branched, procumbent (not creeping), minutely canesceut throughout : leaves rigid, cuneate-liuear, sessile, incisely 2 to 6-toothed above the middle: peduncles mostl;/ shorter than the leaves: bracts rigid, broadly cuiieate, abruptly acuminate from the truncate or retuse dilated summit: calyx-lobes emarginate : corolla white (?). On the plains from Nebraska to New Mexico and Arizona. 2. L. lanceolata, Michx. Creeping extensively, some branches ascend- ing, minutely and sparsely strigulose : leaves thinner, varying from obovate and lauceolate-spatulate to ovate, narrowed at base mostly into a petiole, above sharply serrate: peduncles much exceeding the leaves: bracts rnucronate or pointless : calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate : corolla bluish-white. From E. Colorado and Texas to Peunsvlvauia and Florida. ORDER 60. LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) Chiefly herbs, with aromatic foliage, square steins, opposite leaves, more or less bilabiate corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary, which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, surround- ing the base of the single style. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed or entire : the lower 3-lobed. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, these often aggregated in terminal spikes or racemes. Tribe I. Stamens 4, ascending, mostly exserted from the upper side of the corolla : calyx 5 to 10-nerved. AJUGOIDE.E. 1. Teucrium. Corolla deeply cleft between the two small lobes of the upper lip, which are united one on each side with the lateral lobes of the declined lower lip ; middle lobe much larger. Stamens exserted from the cleft: anthers confidently one-celled. Tribe II. Stamens not declined ; the posterior pair shorter or wanting ; anthers 2-celled ; the cells distinct or confluent, short : corolla less strongly bilabiate and the lobes flat- ter than in succeeding tribes ; upper lip not galeate or concave. * Corolla about equally 4-lobed, small and short, hardly irregular, but the upper lobe broader than the others and emarginate : stamens erect, straight and distant : flowers capitate-glomerate, and the clusters sometimes confluent-spiked. ^ 2. Mentha. Stamens 4, similar and nearly equal. Calyx 5-toothed. Upper lobe of corolla sometimes emnrginate. 3. L,ycopus. Stamens only 2 with anthers ; the upper pair sterile rudiments, or else wanting. Calyx 4 to 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Upper lobe of corolla entire. * * Corolla more or less evidently bilabiate ; the upper lip erect, entire or emarginate, or 2-cleft in No. 5 ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft. i- Stamens 4, didynainous, distant and straight, often divergent, never convergent nor curved : calyx 10 to 15-nerved : flowers capitate-vertidllastrate, or sometimes sparser. 4. Pycnanthemum. Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular; the 5 teeth equal, or the 3 upper more or less united. Corolla with entire or barely emarginate upper lip, and 3-cleft lower one. Stamens little unequal: anther-cells parallel. 5. Monardella. Calyx tabular, narrow ; the 5 teeth equal or nearly so. Corolla with 2-cleft upper lip. and 3-parted lower one. Stamens strongly or moderately unequal, exserted : anther-cells often divergent or divaricate. Flowers densely capitate- verticillastrate. LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 293 t- *- Stamens ascending or arcuate, often more or less converging and sometimes ascend- ing parallel under the erect upper lip of the corolla ; anther-cells oblique or divaricate : calyx 12 to 15-nerved. 6. Calamintlia. Calyx oblong or tubular, often gibbous, bilabiate ; the upper lip 3-toothed or 3-cleft, the lower 2-parted. Corolla with a straight tube mostly ex- ceeding the calyx, and a commonly enlarging throat. Stamens 4, ascending parallel under or beyond the upper lip, or conniving in pairs. 7. Hedeoma. Calyx from tubular to oblong, usually gibbous, more or less bilabiate or unequally 5-toothed, mostly 13-striate, hairy or villous-bearded in the throat. Antheriferous stamens 2, ascending parallel under the upper lip; the posterior pair either none or sterile. Tribe III. Antheriferous stamens only 2, straight or commonly parallel-ascending ; the anther with narrow cells, which are either widely separated on the upper and lower ends of a linear or filiform connective, or the lower cell wanting or deformed, or the two cells confluent into one linear cell : corolla bilabiate. MONABDE^G, 8. Salvia. Calyx bilabiate. Corolla with upper lip erect, straight or falcate, usually concave: the lower spreading, its middle lobe often emarginate. Connective com- monly linear or filiform, transverse and articulated on the short filament. 9. Monarda. Calyx elongated-tubular, mostly 15-nerved, regular or nearly so, almost equally 5-toothed. Corolla with slender tube or dilated at the throat ; the upper lip erect, entire or emarginate ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger or longer, retuse or emarginate. Anther-cells contiguous and divaricate, more or less connate or confluent at their junction, so as to imitate a single linear cell. Tribe IV. Stamens 4, both pairs fertile ; the posterior (inner or upper) pair surpassing the anterior : corolla distinctly bilabiate : calyx usually 15-nerved ; the upper teeth or lip commonly larger or longer. NEPETE/K. 10. Lopbanthus. Stamens divergent or distant, exserted ; the upper pair usually de- clined ; the lower or shorter pair ascending : the anther-cells parallel or nearly so. Corolla with tube not exceeding the oblique, 5-toothed calyx ; upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed at the apex ; lower spreading, its broad middle lobe crenate. 11. Dracocepbalum. Anthers more or less approximate in pairs ; their cells divaricate or divergent : filaments not exserted. Calyx equal at throat, 5-toothed ; the upper tooth very much larger than the others. Corolla with dilated throat ; upper lip some- what concave, emarginate or 2-lobed ; lower spreading, with middle lobe large. Tribe V. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel ; the anterior (lower or outer) pair longer and with anthers mostly 1-celled by abortion ; those of the posterior pair 2-celled : corolla bilabiate ; but with the. small lateral lobes more connected with the galeate upper lip ; lower lip therefore of a single lobe : calyx bilabiate ; its lips entire. SCUTELLARINE^E. 12. Scutellaria. Calyx gibbous, with a crest-like or hump-shaped projection on the back, closed after the corolla falls, not inflated. Corolla with long exserted tube. Anthers ciliate-pilose. Tribe VI. Stamens 4 ; parallel and ascending under the concave and commonly galeate upper lip of the bilabiate corolla ; the anterior (lower or outer) pair longer : anthers 2-celled or confluently somewhat 1-celled. Calyx 5 to 10-nerved, veiny. STACHYDE^:. 13. Physostegia. Calyx nearly regular, and equally 5-toothed ; the tube campanulate or oblong, hardly nerved or veined, moderately inflated in fruit. Corolla gradually inflated upward ; upper lip erect, rounded, entire ; lower somewhat spreading, 3- parted, its roundish middle lobe emarginate. Filaments villous. Flowers simply opposite in the spikes, one under each bract. 14. Stacbys. Calyx tubular-campanulate or turbinate, 5 to 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, sometimes the upper teeth larger. Corolla with cylindrical tube, riot dilated at throat ; upper lip erect, more or less concave, entire or emarginate ; lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens more or less deflexed to the sides of the throat or contorted after anthesis : filaments naked : anthers approximate in pairs. 294 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 1. TEUCRIUM, L. GERMANDER. Herbs: less aromatic than most genera, with leaves variously cut and flowers spicate or solitary and axillary. * Leaves undivided: flowers in naked terminal spikes or racemes: calyx moder- ately 5-lobed ; two lower teeth triangular-subulate; three upper ovate. 1. T. OCCidentale, Gray. Loosely pubescent, branched, a foot or two high : leaves 1 or 2 inches long, ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate, sharply serrate : corolla 4 or 5 lines long, purple, rose or cream-color : calyx villous with viscid hairs. Synopt. Fl. ii. 349. T. Canadense of the Western Reports. Nebraska to New Mexico and California. * * Leaves multijid or incised: Jlowers solitary and axillary, the uppermost leaves more or less bract-like : calyx almost 5-parted into subulate-lanceolate equal lobes. 2. T. laciniatum, Torr. Glabrous or hirsute-pubescent, much branched, a span or so high : leaves pinnately 3 to 7-parted into narrow linear entire or 2 to 3-lobed or toothed divisions, rather rigid ; the floral much crowded, 3-parted: corolla 6 to 10 lines long, pale blue or lilac, with spatulate lower lobe much surpassing the calyx. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 231. Plains of Colo- rado to Arizona and W. Texas. 2. ME NTH A, 1 Tourn. MINT. Odorous herbs, mostly spreading by slender creeping rootstocks : flowers small, whitish or purplish, in ours glomerate in the axils of leaves. 1 . M. CanadensiS, L. Villous-hairy : stem often simple : leaves varying from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute, generally taper- ing into the petiole : inflorescence consisting of distant sessile verticillastrate glomerules in the axils of the leaves, the uppermost axils flowerless : calyx hairy ; the short teeth triangular-subulate. Wet places, throughout the con- tinent, chiefly towards the north. Odor of Pennyroyal. Var. glabrata, Benth., has leaves and stem almost glabrous, the former sometimes very short-petioled, and a sweeter scent, as of Monarda. Same range. 3. LYCOPUS, Tourn. WATER HOREHOUND. BUGLE-WEED. GYPSY-WORT. Mint-like, but bitter and only slightly aromatic ; with sharply toothed or lobed leaves, and small white or whitish flowers in their axils, in sessile capi- tate-verticillastrate glomerules, the uppermost axils flowerless. * Stoloniferous ; long filiform runners produced from the base of the stem: calyx- teeth mostly 4. 1. L. VirginicUS, L. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent : stem obtusely angled, 6 to 24 inches high : leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate 1 Doubtless some of the common introduced species have become established within our range. LABIAT^E. (MINT FAMILY.) 295 in the middle, acuminate at both ends, tapering into a short petiole : bracts very short : calyx-teeth ovate or lanceolate-ovate, obtuse or barely acutish : sterile stamens minute rudiments. From British Columbia and Oregon to Florida and Labrador. 2. L. lucidus, Turcz. Stem strict, stout, 2 or 3 feet high, hirsute-pubes- cent or glabrate, acutely angled above : leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, acute or acuminate, very sJiarply and coarsely serrate with triangular-subulate ascending teeth, sessile or nearly so by an obtuse or acute base, coarsely punctate : outer bracts conspicuous, very acute : calyx-teeth attenuate- subulate : sterile stamens clavate-tipped rudiments. Var. Americanus, Gray. Leaves dull, often minutely puberulent both sides: calyx-teeth less rigid. Bot. Calif, i. 592. From the Saskatchewan to Arizona and California. * * Not stoloniferous, but rootstocks more or less creeping : calyx-teeth 5, cuspidate, rigid, 3. L. Sinuatus, Ell. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, acutely 4-angled, gla- brous, roughish or minutely pubescent: leaves oblong or lanceolate, 1| or 2 inches long, acuminate, irregularly incised or laciniate-pinnatifid, or some of the upper merely sinuate or iucisely toothed, tapering at base mostly into a slender petiole: rudiments of sterile stamens slender, conspicuous, with a globular or subclavate tip. L. Europosus, var. sinuatus, Gray. Across the continent. 4. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. MOUNTAIN MINT. BASIL. Erect herbs, pleasantly aromatic, branching above ; flowers small, whitish or purplish, often purple-dotted. In ours the flowers are in small and numer- ous glomerules which are capitate and densely fastigiate-cymose, copiously imbricated with short appressed bracts. 1. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Stem somewhat pubescent: inflorescence villous-canescent : leaves lanceolate or almost linear, nervose-veined, obtuse at base, nearly sessile, entire : bracts ovate or lanceolate : calyx-teeth ovate- deltoid, acute. Within the eastern limit of our range, and extending from thence eastward across the continent. 6. MONARDELLA, Benth. Flowers in terminal and solitary verticillastrate heads, subtended or in- volucrate by broad often membranaceous and colored bracts: corolla from whitish or flesh-color to rose-purple. L M. odoratissima, Benth. Cinereous-puberulent or minutely tomen- tulose, or nearly glabrous, but pale : a span to a foot high : leaves from nar- rowly oblong to broadly lanceolate, entire or nearly so, short-petioled, or the upper subsessile, both sides alike : bracts thin-membranaceous and colored (whitish or purple) : calyx-teeth hirsute. Sierra Madre Range in Colorado, and thence westward and northward. Odor of Pennyroyal. 296 LABIAT^E. (MINT FAMILY.) 6. CALAMINTHA, Tourn., Moench. CALAMINT. Our species belongs to a section with flowers verticillastrate-capitate, and involucrate with conspicuous setaceous-subulate rigid bracts. 1. C. Clinopodium, Benth. Herbaceous, hirsute : leaves ovate, obtuse, almost entire, petioled : heads globular, many-flowered : teeth of the narrow tubular calyx and bracts very hirsute, nearly equalling the light purple narrow corolla. Indigenous from the Rocky Mountains to the Great Lakes, but in- troduced eastward. " Basil." 7. HE DEO MA, Pers. AMERICAN PENNYROYAL. Our species belong to the section with pedicellate flowers cymulose in the axils of the leaves, the uppermost of which are often bract-like : throat of the calyx in fruit closed with a ring of hair. Pungently sweet-aromatic, with small and whitish or purplish flowers. 1. H. hispida, Pursh. Mostly low: leaves all similar, linear, entire, thickish, nearly sessile, crowded, almost glabrous, but the margins somewhat hispid-ciliate : bracts mostly equalling the calyx, rigid : calyx with teeth about equal, bilabiate ; the lips about half the length of the oblong gibbous hispid tube ; the teeth of the upper subulate, of the lower more aristiform or hispid, equalling the bluish corolla. Extending into Dakota and southward from the plains west of the Mississippi. 2. H. Drummondi, Benth. Cinereous pubescent or puberulent, a span or two high, copiously branched : leaves from oblong to linear, obtuse, subsessile or narrowed into a very short petiole : subulate bracts not longer than the pedi- cels : calyx hirsute or hispid, in age more or less curved, not plainly bilabiate ; the subulate-setaceous teeth at length all couuivent ; the lower nearly twice the length of the upper: corolla from little exserted to double the length of the calyx. Prom Texas to Arizona and extending northward to Colorado and Nebraska. 8. SALVIA, L. SAGE. In ours the throat of the calyx is naked : the anterior portion of the con- nective deflexed, linear or gradually somewhat dilated downward, closely approximate or connate, and destitute of an anther-cell : corolla blue or pur- plish varying to white. 1. S. azurea, Lam. Glabrous or puberulent, 1 to 5 feet high: lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate or serrate ; upper narrower, often linear, entire : inflorescence spiciform, interrupted, sometimes thyrsoidal or paniculate-branched : calyx obscurely bilabiate : corolla deep blue, with promi- nently exserted tube ; upper lip very concave or galeate and pubescent ; the lower longer and much larger, siuuately 3-lobed and emargiuate : style bearded above. Var. grandiflora, Benth. Cinereous-puberulent : denser inflorescence and calyx tomentulose-sericeous. S. Pitcheri, Torr. From Colorado to Texas and Kansas. 2. S. lanceolata, Willd. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, branched from the base, 5 to 12 inches high : leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse, irregu- LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 297 larly serrate with obtuse appressed teeth or nearly entire : inflorescence vir- gate-spiciform, interrupted, floral bracts very small: calyx deeply bilabiate: corolla smalL 4 lines long, hardly at all exserted ; lower lip little prolonged: style glabrous or nearly so. Plains, Nebraska to Texas and Arizona. 9. MONABDA, L. HORSE-MINT. Aromatic erect herbs, usually tall ; with the large verticillastrate-capitate glomerules single, or in upper axils, and iuvolucrate by numerous sometimes colored outer bracts and floral leaves. # Heads solitary and terminal, or sometimes 2 or 3 as if proliferous : stamens and style conspicuously exserted from the linear and mostly acute upper lip of the corolla: leaves ovate-lanceolate, acutely more or less serrate. 1. M. fistulosa, L. Soft-pubescent with short hairs, or somewhat hairy, or glabrate : stem mostly with obtuse angles : bracts whitish or rarely pur- plish, the inner mostly hirsute-ciliate : calyx conspicuously and densely bearded at the throat : corolla pubescent, at least on the upper lip, purple or purplish-dotted, an inch or more long. Nearly across the continent. A polymorphous species. Var. media, Gray. Corolla deep purple. Synopt. Fl. ii. 374. Alleghany and Rocky Mountains. Var. mollis, Benth. Corolla from flesh-color to lilac, glandular, and its upper lip hairy outside or more bearded at the tip : leaves paler, soft pubes- cent beneath : throat of the calyx mostly filled with dense beard. Extend- ing to the Saskatchewan, British Columbia, and Arizona. * * Heads commonly in the axils of all the upper pairs of leaves, or interrupted- spicate, follose-bracteate : upper face of the floral leaves often canescent and purple-tinged : corolla with shorter tube, more dilated throat ; the upper arch- ing seldom surpassed by the stamens : leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparsely serrate or denticulate. 2. M. punctata, L. Stem commonly 2 feet high : floral leaves and bracts (either whitened or purplish or both) often slender acuminate, mostly muticous : calyx-teeth lanceolate- or triangular-subulate, rigid, soon stellate- spreading : corolla yellowish with copious brown-purple spots. From Colorado to Florida and New York. 3. M. Citriodora, Cerv. Usually rather robust, the larger forms 2 or 3 feet high : bracts narrowly oblong, colored as in the last, with spreading or recurving and slender aristate tips: calyx-teeth slender-aristiform, at length usually spreading : corolla white or pinkish, not spotted, but more or less punc- tate. M. aristata, Nutt. Plains of Nebraska to Texas, E. Colorado, and Arizona. 10. LOPH ANT HITS, Benth. Mostly tall and coarse herbs : with serrate petioled leaves, the lower usually subcordate and the upper ovate, and small flowers in dense and sessile verticil- lastrate glomerules, which are crowded into a terminal spike : floral leaves 298 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) reduced to short ovate and acuminate bracts : calyx-teeth more or less colored. 1. L. anisatUS, Benth. Glabrous or very minutely puberulent, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves ovate, often subcordate, canescent beneath, anisate-scentcd when crushed: spike short and narrow, interrupted, sometimes leafy below and paniculate : calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate and merely acute, tinged with purple or violet : corolla blue. Plains, from the Saskatchewan to Nebraska and westward to the mountains. 2. L. urticifolius, Benth. Like the last, but leaves green both sides, mostly crenate and more or less cordate, sweet-aromatic : calyx-teeth lanceo- late, subulate-acuminate : corolla light violet or purplish. Western slopes of the mountains to Oregon and California. 11. DEACOCEPHALUM, Tourn. DRAGON-HEAD. Herbs, peculiar for the small and included corolla. 1. D. parviflorum, Nutt. Rather stout, 6 to 20 inches high, some- what pubescent : leaves lanceolate or oblong, petioled, incisely dentate, or the lower pinnatifid-incised ; the lower floral similar : flowers numerous in sessile glomerules crowded in a thick terminal leafy-bracted head or short spike in- terrupted at base : bracts pectinate-laciniate and the teeth aristate : corolla bluish, slender, hardly exceeding the calyx. New York to British Columbia, and southward along the mountains to New Mexico. 12. SCUTELLARIA, L. SKULLCAP. Flowers mostly blue, solitary in the axils of the leaves, or in spikes or racemes from the reduction of the floral leaves to bracts. * Flowers small (| inch long), in axillary and sometimes also terminal racemes. 1. S. lateriflora, L. Glabrous, a foot or two high, leafy: leaves thin, oblong-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rounded at base, slender petioled ; the lower floral ones of the terminal racemes similar : lips of the corolla short, equal in length. From Oregon to New Mexico and eastward across the continent. * # Flowers solitary in the axils of the cauline leaves, or some occasionally imperfectly racemose, violet-blue. 2. S. resinosa, Torr. Barely a span high, branched from the base, mi- nutely pubescent and resinous atomiferous, somewhat viscid : leaves uniform, oval or oblong, obtuse, mostly sessile, 5 to 10 lines long, nervose-veined : corolla pubescent, an inch long, with slender tube and ampliate throat. Plains of Nebraska, Wyoming, and Colorado. 3. S. galericulata, L. Nearly glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender, 1 to 3 feet high, simple or paniculately branched above: leaves ovate-lanceolate, broadest next the subsessile subcordate base, 2 inches or less long, all but the upper appressed-serrate : corolla puberulent, ^ to inch long ; lower lip nearly erect and surpassing the upper. From British Columbia to Arizona and eastward across the continent. PLANTAGINACE.E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 299 13. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. FALSE DRAGON-HEAD. Almost glabrous herbs : with lanceolate and callose-denticulate or serrate leaves; the upper ones sessile, lowest tapering into a petiole, floral reduced to bracts of the simple or panicled spikes. Flowers cataleptic (remaining in whatever position they may be turned). Corolla showy rose or flesh-color, often variegated. 1. P. parviflora, Nutt. Stems rather slender, leafy, a foot or two high : leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, denticulate : spikes short, 1 to 4 inches long : calyx short-campanulate, inflated-globular in fruit and with short mostly obtuse teeth : corolla inch long. Saskatchewan and Wyoming to Oregon and British Columbia. 14. STACHYS, Tourn. WOUNDWORT. Flowers verticillastrate-capitate or clustered, or sometimes few or solitary in the axils of the floral leaves, forming usually an interrupted spicate inflo- rescence. In ours the corolla is purple or rose-red, not over inch long ; the tube not exceeding the calyx-teeth. 1. S. palustris, L. From densely soft-pubescent to roughish-hirsute, leafy : stem 1 to 3 feet high, hirsute or hispid : leaves ovate-lanceolate, ere- nate-serrate, 1^ to 3 inches long, sessile or nearly so by a broad or subcordate base, sometimes almost velvety-tomeutose beneath : clusters of the spike mostly approximate, 6 to 10-flowered. Across the continent. ORDER 61. PLANTAOHVACE.E. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) Chiefly acaulescent herbs with one to several-ribbed or nerved radical leaves, simply spicate inflorescence, and regular 4-merous flowers, and the corolla scarious and veinless. 1. PLANTAGO, Tourn. PLANTAIN. RIBWORT. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, each subtended by a bract : corolla salverform with a short tube, or nearly rotate : stamens 4 or sometimes 2, on the tube of the corolla : ovary 2-celled, with one or more ovules in each cell : capsule circumscissile toward the base : scape from the axils of the radical leaves, mostly bearing a single simple spike or head of greenish or whitish small flowers. * Stamens 4 : flowers all perfect : corolla remaining expanded, never closed over the fruit. <- Leaves 3 to S-nerved or ribbed, van/ ing from glabrous to pubescent, from lanceo- late to almost rotund. 1 1. P. major, L. Leaves ovate or oval, rarely subcordate, several-ribbed: spike commonly dense, obtuse at apex : sepals rotund-ovate or obovate ; the 1 The introduced P. lanceolate/., L., may be known by its oblong-lanceolate 3 to 5-ribbed leaves, tapering into a slender petiole, usually much shorter than the slender and angled 300 PLANTAGINACE^. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) exterior one and the bract more or less carinate : capsule ovoid, very obtuse, circumscissile near the middle and near the level of the summit of the sepals. Introduced to the east, but also native from Lake Superior westward and northward. " Common Plantain." 2. P. eriopoda, Torr. Usually a mass of yellowish wool at the croicn : leaves oblanceolate to oval-obovate, fleshy-coriaceous, 3 to 7-nerved, 3 to 5 inches long, with a short or stout petiole : spike cylindrical, dense or sometimes sparsely-flowered : sepals roundish-obovate, scarious except the midrib : cap- sule ovoid, slightly exceeding the calyx. From Colorado to California and northward to Wyoming and the Saskatchewan. - -i- Leaves 1 to 3-nerved, silky-pubescent or lanate,from narrowly linear to oblanceotate. 3. P. Patagonica, Jacq. Silky-Ianate or glabrate : leaves acute or callous-pointed, tapering below into a petiole, entire or sparingly denticulate : scape terete, 3 to 12 inches high including the dense spike : flowers heterogo- nous, often cleistogamous : sepals very obtuse : corolla with broad cordate or ovate lobes : filaments in the long-stamened individuals capillary and much exserted : in the other forms included. Dry plains, from the Mississippi westward across the continent. Exceedingly variable, including many forms that have been described as species. The following are the principal forms which abound west of the Mississippi : Var. gnaphalioides, Gray, is the commoner form, canescently villous, the wool often floccose and deciduous : leaves from oblong-linear or spatulate- lanceplate to nearly filiform : spike very dense. 1 to 4 inches long, varying to capitate and few-flowered, lanate : bracts oblong or linear -lanceolate, or the lowest deltoid-ovate, hardly longer than the calyx. Var. spinulosa, Gray, is a canescent form with aristately prolonged and rigid bracts. Var. nuda, Gray, has sparse and loose pubescence, green and soon glabrate rigid leaves, and short bracts. Var. aristata, Gray, is loosely villous and glabrate : leaves green : bracts attenuate-prolonged to twice or thrice the length of the flowers. * # Stamens 2 : flowers subdicecious or dicecio-cleistogamous : corolla in the fertile plant remaining dosed or closing over the maturing capsule and forming a kind of beak : leaves linear or filiform. 4. P. pusilla, Nutt. Somewhat cinereous-puberulent : leaves about an inch long and half a line wide : spike filiform or slender, at length sparse- flowered, J to 3 inches long : capsule short-ovoid, about a line long, little exceeding the bract and calyx. From the Atlantic States west to Nebraska ; also in the Great Basin and Oregon. scape ; its spike at first capitate, in age cylindrical, dense ; the bract and sepals broadly ovate, brownish. Generally in cultivated fields. "Ripple- or Rib-grass," "English Plantain." NYCTAGINACE^E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 301 DIVISION III. APETAL^E. Floral envelope consisting only of a calyx (often petaloid), or wholly wanting. ORDER 62. NYCTAGINACEjE. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) Herbs, with mostly opposite and entire leaves, sterns tumid at the joint, a delicate tubular or funnel-form calyx which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the 1 -celled, 1-seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp ; the stems few, slender and hypogynous ; the embryo coiled around outside the mealy albumen. * Involucre calyx-like, 3 to 5-cleft or -parted, 1 to 12-flowered : perianth tubular to funnel- form or campanulate. 1. Mirabilis. Involucre 5-lobed, not changed in fruit. Fruit not angled nor winged, and scarcely or not at all ribbed. Stamens usually 5. 2. Oxybaphus. Involucre 5-lobed, 1 to 5-fiowered, in fruit becoming enlarged, thin and reticulated. Fruit several -ribbed or angled. Stamens usually 3. 3. Allionia. Involucre deeply 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Fruit with a double line of tubercles on the back, surrounded by a rigid winged margin , toothed and inflexed. Stamens usually 3. * * Involucre of 5 or more distinct bracts, subtending a many-flowered head. 4. Abronia. Perianth salver-form, including the stameus and style. Fruit wing-angled. 1. MIRABILIS, L. FOUR-O'CLOCK. Stamens as long as the perianth : filaments united at base. Stigma capitate, granulate. Fruit globose to ovate-oblong. Perennial herbs, with opposite leaves nearly equal in the pairs: peduncles solitary in the axils or paniculate : flowers nearly sessile in the involucres. # Involucre usually G-ftoivered : flowers large: calyx long-tubular or funnelform : stamens 4 to 5. 1. M. multiflora, Gray. Stout and spreading : leaves broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often somewhat cordate at base but decurrent upon the peti- ole : involucre glabrous, campanulate, 5-cleft : flowers pale rose-color to purple, with the tube somewhat greenish, l to 2 inches long, fruit marked towards the base by ten shallow furrows and as many intermediate dark lines. Bot. Mex. Bound. 173. From Colorado to the llio Grande and westward to S. California. * * Involucre 3-jlowered . flowers rather small: calyx broad-funnelform from a short tube: stamens 3. 2. M. OXybaphoides, Gray. Slender, procumbent, diffuse : leaves all deeply cordate, on rather long petioles, lowest reuiform, upper ones acumi- nate : involucre deeply 5-cleft, very viscid-glandular as well as the peduncles in the loose panicle. S. Colorado and southward. 302 NYCTAGINACE^. (FOUB-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 2. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. Calyx with a very short tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in the bud. Style filiform : stigma capitate. Herbs, with very large and thick perennial roots, and mostly clustered small flowers. Ours all have pubescent fruit and involucres 3 to 5-flowered. 1. O. nyctagineus, Sweet. Nearly smooth: stem repeatedly forked: leaves all petioled, varying from ovate or somewhat heart-shaped to lanceolate : fruit rather hirsute. From Illinois, Wisconsin, and the Upper Missouri to Texas and New Mexico. Var. Cervantesii, Gray. Branches and involucres viscid-pubescent or vil- lous : leaves much thicker, cordate or subcordate at base. Bot. Mex. Bound. 174. S. Colorado and southward. Var. oblongifolius, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, not cordate. Loc. cit. Near Denver and southward. 2. O. hirsutus, Sweet. One foot high, very densely pilose, with long, spreading, articulated hairs : leaves lanceolate, the lower short-petioled : involucre pubescent-tomentose : fruit hirsute. From the Saskatchewan to Colorado and W. Texas. 3. O. angustifolius, Sweet. One to six feet high, glabrous except the peduncles and involucres which are pubescent : leaves linear, usually elongated, glaucous : fruit hoar //-pubescent. From Iowa and Minnesota to S. Idaho and southward to W. Texas and Mexico. 3. ALLIONIA, L. Perianth with an oblique 4 to 5-lobed limb. Fruit ovate, compressed, smooth and convex on the inner side. Annual or perennial herbs, with oppo- site very unequal leaves, and axillary pedunculate flowers. 1. A. incarnata, L. Stems slender, brandling, prostrate: pubescence viscid, short or floccose : leaves ovate: lobes of the involucre concave: peri- anth rose-colored or white. From S. Colorado to Texas, and westward to S. California. 4. ABRONIA, Juss. Tube of the perianth elongated, and the limb of 5 (or 4) obcordate or emar- ginate segments. Stamens unequal, adnate to the tube. Fruit coriaceous or indurated, 1 to 5-winged, mostly reticulately veined, enclosing a smooth cylindrical akene. Often prostrate, and usually more or less viscid-pubescent, with thick opposite unequal leaves, and elongated axillary and terminal pedun- cles : flowers usually very fragrant and showy. * Wings (if any] coriaceous, lateral and not completely encircling the fruit. 1. A. fragrans, Nutt. Stems ascending : leaves oblong or ovate, truncate or more or less cuneate at base : peduncles elongated : bracts of the involucre large, broadly ovate, white and scarious : fruit narrowly 1 to 2-winged, not crested. From Iowa to Salt Lake Valley and southward to Arizona and New Mexico. ILLECEBRACS^S. 303 * # Wings membranous, orbicular, wholly encircling the fruit, strongly net-veined. 2. A. micrantha, Torr. Prostrate : peduncles shorter than the petioles : flowers small and inconspicuous, reddish green, the limb scarcely 2 lilies broad : fruit orbicular with 3 thiii wings, emarginate above and below, the body rather broad and with a light spongy exterior. On the plains from the Saskatchewan to the Arkansas and S. W. Colorado. Often confounded with the next, which is of more southern range. 3. A. Cydoptera, Gray. Stouter : flowers large and showy, upon elongated peduncles : fruit with firmer and more prominently veined wing, emarginate at neither end, the firm smooth narrow body usually 3 -nerved between the wings. S. Colorado to New Mexico and W. Texas. ORDER 63. ILI^ECEBRACE^E. An order related to both CaryopTiyllacece and Amarantacea, but placed by Bentham and Hooker with the latter. Distinguished from the scari- ous-stipulate Caryophyllaceo? by the solitary or sometimes geminate ovules, undivided or 2-cleft style, and one-seeded utricular or akene-like fruit: the petals wholly wanting or reduced to mere filaments; these and the stamens usually more perigynous. 1. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. WHITLOW-WORT. Sepals 5, linear or oblong concave, awned at the apex. Stamens 5. Tufted herbs, with dry and silvery stipules. * Flowers terminal, solitary and sessile. 1. P. pulvinata, Gray. Matted-cespitose from a woody root, forming dense cushion-like tufts : stipules broadly ovate, entire, pointless : leaves thick, oblong, obtuse, equalling the stipules, and with them densely covering the short stems : flowers immersed among the leaves : sepals oval, awned a little below the apex. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1863, 58. Alpine. Uinta Mountains, Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and southward. 2. P. sessiliflora, Nutt. Very densely cespitose from a woody root, much branched and crowded, branches very dense : stipules 2-cIe/l : leaves imbricated, linear-subulate, the lowest erect, obtuse, the upper longer, recurved, spreading, acute or mucronate, longer than the stipules : sepals oblong-linear, with divergent awns rather shorter. Colorado and northward to the headwaters of the Missouri and the Saskatchewan. * # Flowers in crowded dichotomous cymes. 3. P. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Very minutely scabrous-pubescent, cespi- tose, much branched from the base : stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or setose : leaves longer, linear-subulate, obtuse, about the length of the inter- nodes : cymes few-flowered, with a central subsessile flower in each division : sepals linear-oblong, with very short cusps. Fl. i. 170. Colorado. 304 AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) ORDER 64. AUIARANTACEJG. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) Herbs with entire leaves destitute of stipules, small flowers which are usually subtended by scarious bracts and have a persistent perianth of 1 to 5 more or less scarious sepals (sometimes wanting in Acnida), hypogynous stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them or fewer, a 1 -celled ovary containing a single ovule, utricular in fruit. Flowers perfect or unisexual, solitary or clustered, commonly 3-bracteate. * Anthers 2-celled : flowers unisexual : leaves alternate. 1. Ainarantus. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all witli a calyx of 3 or 5 (sometimes fewer) sepals. 2. Acnida. Flowers dioecious. Calyx none in the fertile flowers. * * Anthers 1-celled : flowers perfect : leaves opposite. 3. Cladothrix. Flowers minute, solitary or few in the axils. Filaments united at base into a cup. Densely stellate-tomentose, with petiolate leaves. 4. Froelichia. Flowers spicate. Filaments united into a tube. Hairy or woolly, with sessile leaves. 1. AMARANTHS, Tourn. AMARANTH. Sepals distinct or united at base. Stigmas 2 or 3, linear and sessile. Utricle ovate, 2 to 3-beaked, circumscissile. Annual weeds, with leaves thin and strongly veined, decurrent upon the slender petiole and apiculate with a short setaceous mucro : flowers green or purplish, in axillary or spiked clusters or spikelets. Staminate flowers usually mingled with the more numerous pistil- late ones. * Sepals distinct, oblong-lanceolate, erect : flowers monoecious. t- Floivers in naked terminal and axillary mostly panicled spikes : sepals 5 : stems usually stout and erect, with long-petioled leaves. 1 . A. retrofleXUS, L. Roughish and more or less pubescent : dull green, leaves large, ovate to rhombic-ovate: flowers green, in thick erect or scarcely spreading crowded spikes : bracts lanceolate, attenuate to a rigid awn. From Mexico to British America. 2. A. Wrightii, Watson. Glabrous, erect and slender, reddish : leaves small and thin, on slender petioles, oblong to narrowly lanceolate : spike erect, narrow, and rather leafy : bracts solitary, subulate, awned as in the last. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 275. Colorado, in the Upper Arkansas Valley, and New Mexico. -i- H- Flowers in very small axillary spikes or clusters : sepals 3 : steins low or prostrate, with smaller leaves. 3. A. albus, L. Erect or ascending, diffusely branched from the base : leaves oblong-spatulate to obovate, obtuse or retuse: bracts subulate, rigid, punqently awned, the lateral ones very much smaller or wanting : sepals slightly shorter than the rugose utricle: seed small, a third of a line broad. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 274. Throughout the United States as an introduced weed, but doubtless indigenous within our range. AMARANTACE^E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 305 4. A. blitoides, Watson. Like the last, but prostrate or decumbent : spike- lets usually contracted : bracts ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, nearly equal : utricle not rugose : seed nearly a line broad. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 273. From Mexico to N. Nevada and Iowa. Known on the plains as "Rolling" or "Tumble Weed." * * Sepals (5) of the fertile flowers more or less dilated above and spreading, distinct or united at base : flowers sometimes dioecious : perianth deciduous with the fruit. 5. A. Torreyi, Benth. Bracts scarcely as long as the flowers: sepals obovate-spatulate, rounded above and entire or retuse or emargiuate ; sepals of the male flowers (which are mingled with the pistillate ones or on distinct plants) oblong-lanceolate, acute. Amblogyne Torreyi, Gray. Colorado, New Mexico, and southward. 2. ACNIDA, L. WATER-HEMP. Flowers 2 to 3-bracted. Staminate flowers of 5 thin oblong and mucronate- tipped sepals, longer than the bracts, and as many stamens with oblong an- thers ; the cells of the latter united only at the middle. Pistillate flowers with lanceolate awl-pointed bracts longer than the ovary : stigmas 2 to 5, bristle-awl-shaped. Fruit (in ours) a thin and membranaceous utricle, smooth and even. An annual glabrous herb, mostly tall, with lanceolate or oblong- ovate leaves, on long petioles, and small clusters of greenish flowers, usually crowded into elongated and panicled interrupted spikes. 1. A. tubercillata, Moq. Stigmas very long, divergent, plumose-hispid. Montelia tamariscina, Gray. Low grounds and moist sandy shores from Colorado to Vermont. 3. CLADOTHRIX, Nutt. Flowers 3-bracted ; bracts concave, hyaline. Perianth of 5 erect equal oblong rigid-scarious sepals, somewhat pilose with verticillately branched hairs. Anthers large, oblong. Utricle ovate-globose, indehiscent. Low annual, or erect and woody at base, with small rounded entire petiolate leaves. 1. C. lanuginosa, Nutt. Prostrate or ascending, diffusely branched: leaves round-obovate to rhomboidal, more or less attenuate at base, often in threes : flowers mostly in pairs : sepals twice longer than the broader hairy- tipped bracts. Bot. Calif, ii. 43. Alternanthera (?) lanuginosa, Torr. From S. California eastward through S. Colorado to Arkansas and Texas. 4. FRCEIiICHIA, Momch. Flowers 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2 to 5- crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, enclosing the indehis- cent thin utricle. Tube of filaments bearing 5 oblong anthers and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. Herbs with spiked, scarious-bracted flowers. 1. P. Floridana, Moq. Root annual: stem leafless above, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath : spikelets crowded into an in- terrupted spike : calyx very woolly. Colorado and eastward to Illinois. 306 CHENOPODIACE^. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) ORDER 65. CHEIVOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) Herbs or shrubs, often succulent or scurfy, usually with simple and alternate leaves, without stipules; the small and sessile commonly clus- tered flowers either naked or with herbaceous (not scarious) bracts, a perianth of 5 or fewer usually herbaceous and persistent sepals ; stamens as many as the sepals and opposite, distinct, with 2-celled anthers; ovary ] -celled, an akene or utricle in fruit. Flowers perfect or unisexual. Bracts often enclosing the fruit. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 82. 1. Flowers perfect, without bracts ; the perianth persistent : seed free, mostly with crustaceous testa. * Seeds horizontal (sometimes vertical in Chenopodiwrri). 1. Kochia. Perianth 5-cleft, at length transversely winged, enclosing the fruit. Testa membranous. Perennial, with terete leaves and axillary flowers. 2. Cycloloma. Perianth 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal continuous mem- brariaceous wing. Annual, much-branched, with sinuate-toothed petioled leaves and small panicled clusters of sessile flowers. 3. Chenopodium. Perianth usually 5-cleft or -parted, nearly covering the fruit. Sta- mens 5, 1, or none. Annuals, mostly mealy or glandular, with clustered or solitary axillary or terminal flowers. Seeds often vertical * * Seeds vertical. 4. Monolepis. Sepal 1, bract-like. Stamen 1. Fruit naked. Low annuals ; flowers densely clustered in the axils. 2. Flowers monoecious or dioecious; the staminate with 3 to 5-cleft perianth; the pis- tillate without perianth, enclosed in a pair of more or less united bracts : seed free, vertical. * Bracts compressed : testa mostly coriaceous. 5. Atriplex. Fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and sides often muricate. Radi- cle from inferior to superior. * * Bracts obcompressed, completely united, not muricate : testa membranous. 6. Grayia Pericarp naked, very entire, orbicular, flattened, wing-margined. Radicle inferior. Flowers dioecious. Shrubby, frequently spinescent, nearly glabrous. 7. Suckleya. Pericarp naked, subhastate, with crested margins and 2-toothed apex. Radicle superior. Flowers monoecious. 8. Eurotia. Pericarp conical, densely hairy, turgid, not winged, with a bifid apex. Radi- cle inferior. Flowers dioecious. Low and shrubby, white-toinentose. 3. Flowers perfect, without bracts : sepals 1 to 3, hyaline, marcescent : pericarp adhe- rent to the vertical seed. 9. Corispermum. Fruit compressed-elliptic, acutely margined, not muricate. Flowers spicate. Low annual. 4. Flowers mostly perfect, immersed by threes in the depressions of a close cylindrical spike : seeds vertical : fleshy saline plants, with jointed stems and scale-like leaves. 10. Salicornia. Flower-clusters decussately opposite. Perianth saccate, becoming spongy. Branches opposite. 5. Embryo spiral (annular in all other sections) : leaves fleshy, terete : stems not articu- lated. 11. Sarcobatus. Flowers unisexual ; the staminate in aments, without perianth ; the pistillate axillary, solitary, with saccate perianth. Fruit, transversely winged. Saline shrub, somewhat spinescent 12. Stiseda. Flowers perfect, axillary. Perianth 5-cleft or -par;ed. Saline herbs, or woody at base. CHENOPODIACE.E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 307 1. KOCHIA, Roth. Perianth subglobose. Stamens 5, usually exserted. Ovary depressed: styles 2, filiform. Pericarp membranous. Woody at the base, with scattered linear terete leaves, and the flowers solitary or few in the axils of the virgate leafy stems. 1. K. Americana, Watson. Branching at base: stems villous-tomen- tose or nearly glabrous : flowers 1 to 3 in the axils, mostly with abortive stamens : perianth densely white-tomentose ; lobes of the membranous wing cuneate-rounded, nerved and somewhat crenulate : ovary tomentose above. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 93. K. prostrata of American authors. W. Wyoming to N. W. Nevada and southward to Arizona. 2. CYCLOLOMA, Moquin. WINGED PIGWEED. Calyx with concave lobes strongly keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 3. 1. C. platyphyllum, Moq. More or less arachnoid-pubescent; whole plant light green or often deep purple. From Colorado to the head-waters of the Missouri and eastward to the Mississippi. 3. CHE NO PODIUM, L. GOOSEFOOT. PIGWEED. Lobes of the perianth usually somewhat keeled or crested, becoming dry, or rarely at length fleshy. Styles 2, rarely 3 or 4. Pericarp membranous, closely investing the seed. Flowers, when in clusters, in interrupted spikes or pani- cled. Many are introduced weeds. Includes Blitum, Tourn., and Teloxys, Moquin. 1. Not pubescent or glandular, nor aromatic, sometimes somewhat mealy : fruit- ing calyx dry : seed lenticular, horizontal. * Pericarp closely persistent: leaves more or less sinuate-dentate (except in No. 1) : seed large (f line broad). 1 1. C. Olidum, Watson. Farinose, heavy -scented : leaves rather thick, oblong to ovate, often slightly hastate, entire : flowers ratber large, in close clusters rather looselij panicled. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 96. New Mexico and Arizona to Colorado and N. Utah. 2. C. hybridum, L. Glabrous throughout or only the inflorescence mealy, rather stout and erect : leaves thin, somewhat triangular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled with 2 or 3 large teeth on each side: racemes dif- fusely and loosely panicled : seed with acutish margin. A very common weed everywhere, but apparently indigenous within our range in the mountains from New Mexico and Colorado to Washington Territory. 3. C. glailClllll, L. Glaucous-mealy, low and spreading; upper surface of the leaves smooth : leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, sinuate-dentate : flowers clustered in axillary spikes shorter than the leaves : seed sharp-edged. Proba- 1 C. album, L., a species introduced everywhere, is mealy and pale, sometimes green, with leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate, all or only the lower more or less angulate- toothed. It is usually known as "Pigweed " or " Lamb's Quarters." 308 CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) bly indigenous in Colorado, and on the Saskatchewan ; introduced in the Eastern States. * * Pericarp separating readily from the seed : leaves entire or hastately lobed : seed smaller. 4. C. Premontii, Watson. Erect, slender, more or less mealy : leaves broadly triangular-hastate, truncate or cuneate at base : flowers often small, white-mealy, scattered in small clusters upon the slender open-panicled branchlets, or sometimes more contracted. Bot. King Exped. 287. New Mexico and Colorado, and westward to S. California. Var. incanum, Watson. Densely farinose, low and rather stout : flowers crowded in close contracted panicles. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 94. Colorado and New Mexico. 5. C. leptophyllum, Nutt. Densely mealy or often nearly glabrous : leaves linear, entire : flowers in small dense clusters in dense or interrupted spike- lets. From the Sierras to Dakota and New Mexico ; also along the Atlantic sea-coast. Var. SUbglabmm, Watson. Nearly glabrous, loosely branched and panicled, the clusters feiv-flowered and scattered on the branchlets. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 95. Sandhills of the Platte. Var. oblongifolium, Watson. Rather stout, densely mealy : leaves oblong, often slightly hastate : flowers in dense clusters in short close spikes. Loc. cit. Colorado and New Mexico. 2. More or less glandular-puberulent, aromatic, not mealy : seed very small, not exceeding the dry perianth, horizontal. 6. C. cornutum, Benth. & Hook. Diffusely branched : leaves thin, lanceolate, repand-dentate or coarsely sinuate-pinnatifid : flowers minute and solitary, axillary and terminal upon the repeatedly dichotomous nearly naked branches : calyx resinous-dotted. Teloxys cornuta, Torr. From S. E. Cali- fornia to Arizona, Colorado, and Northern Mexico. 3. Glabrous : calyx becoming more or less fleshy in fruit and often colored : seed subglobose, mostly vertical: flowers in crowded clusters, axillary or in spikes. 7. C. rubrum, L. Stout, erect, branching : leaves triangular-hastate to lanceolate, cuneate at base, sparingly sinuate-dentate, the upper narrowly lanceo- late and entire : flower-clusters densely spicate upon the leafy branchlets : sepals 2 to 5, rather fleshy : stamens 1 or 2, or 5 in the terminal flowers. Blitum maritimum, Nutt. B. polymorphum, C. A. Meyer. B. rubrum, Reich. From New Mexico northward, westward to California, and eastward. Var. liuniile, Watson. Smaller, prostrate or ascending : leaves ovate to lanceolate, often hastate, much smaller (an inch long or less), rarely toothed: flowers in axillary or somewhat spicate clusters. Bot. Calif, ii. 48. Colo- rado to Nevada and Washington Territory. 8. C. capitatum, Watson. Similar, but with leaves more broadly trian- gular, often somewhat hastate, more acutely sinuate-toothed : flower-clusters large, in interrupted terminal naked spikes and solitary in the axils of the upper leaves : calyx becoming fleshy in fruit, and the clusters red and berry-like. Bot. CHENOPODIACE^. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 309 Calif, ii. 48. Blitum capitatum, L. From New Mexico to Washington Ter- ritory and the Saskatchewan, also eastward. Sometimes called " Strawberry Elite." 4. MONOLEPIS, Schrad. Flowers polygamous. The single sepal becoming dry in fruit. Styles 2. Pericarp membranous, persistent upon the vertical flattened seed. Low saline annuals, glabrous or somewhat mealy, with small alternate petioled fleshy leaves. 1. M. chenopodioides, Moq. Branched from the base : leaves lanceo- late-hastate or sometimes narrowly spatulate, entire or sparingly sinuate-den- tate, cuneate or attenuate at base ; lower petioles elongated : flower-clusters often reddish : pericarp fleshy, becoming dry and minutely pitted. From Arizona to N. E. California, the Saskatchewan, and Texas. 5. ATBIPLEX, Tourn. Staminate flowers without bracts. The erect bracts of the pistillate flowers becoming enlarged and enclosing the fruit. Styles 2. Pericarp thin and membranous. Herbs or shrubs, mealy or scurfy : leaves rarely opposite : flowers usually clustered, axillary or in simple or panicled spikes, the sexes distinct or mingled in the clusters. Obione, Moquin. For satisfactory determination of the species well-matured fruiting bracts are necessary. # Annuals, somewhat succulent and mealy : leaves triangular-hastate, large : bracts nearly distinct, triangular or hastate, foliaceous-margined. 1. A. patllla, L. Dark green : leaves lanceolate-hastate, the lower ones opposite, entire or sparingly sinuate-toothed, petioled, the upper lanceolate to linear : flowers in naked and usually somewhat interrupted spikes, the lower clusters axillary : fruiting bracts ovate-triangular or rhombic-hastate, united at base, with a broad herbaceous entire or toothed margin. Across the con- tinent in salt or brackish localities. Very variable, the following varieties being the best defined within our range. Var. hastata, Gray. The lower leaves at least broadly triangular-hastate, entire or toothed with shallow sinuses. Ranging southward to Central Colorado. Var. subspicata, Watson. A low form, usually quite scurfy: leaves lanceolate -hastate, to 1 inch long. Ranging farther north than the last, from the Missouri to the Saskatchewan. * * Annuals, not succulent, mealy or scurfy : leaves smaller : bracts more or less united, not triangular or hastate, nor greatly enlarged. - Bracts ovate, entire and not foliaceous nor appendaged. 2. A. Endolepis, Watson. Leaves thin, lanceolate, sessile, entire : male flowers in short terminal and axillary spikes, lobes of the calyx with a fleshy crest upon the back ; pistillate flowers solitary in the lower axils, ses- sile: bracts pubescent. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 110. Upper Missouri and head-waters of the Yellowstone. 310 CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) *- *- Bracts small, ovate-oblong, truncate, usually few-toothed. 3. A. saccaria, Watson. Low (3 to 5 inches high), diffusely branched, densely scurfy : leaves subcor date-ovate, very shortly petioled or sessile : flowers axillary : bracts pedicelled and often deflexed, the truncate summit entire or suberose. Loc. cit. 112. S. Wyoming (Dr. Gray). 4. A. Wolfii, Watson. Low, branching, scurfy-canescent and reddish : leaves linear, sessile: flowers very small, in androgynous axillary clusters: bracts sessile, 3-toothed. Loc. cit. Central Colorado ( Wolf). *---- Bracts orbicular, tooth-crested, with an acuminate foliaceous apex. 5. A. Powellii, Watson. Erect, slender, grayish : leaves lanceolate, entire or subdenticulate : flowers androgynous, axillary : bracts with a broad terminal entire lobe, the margin below it gash-toothed, the sides doubly or triply tooth-crested. Loc. cit. S. W. Colorado and Arizona. *- - H Bracts rhombic- orbicular, indurated, usually conspicuously appendaged and the foliaceous margin toothed and undulate: leaves triangular and subhas- tate, the lower opposite. 6. A. argentea, Nutt. Diffusely branched and leafy, grayish scurfy or nearly glabrous : leaves petioled : male spikes short and dense : bracts shortly- pedicelled. Obione argentea. From Colorado to the Upper Missouri and N. E. California. 7. A. expansa, Watson. Like the last, but stouter, more divaricately and distantly branched, with thinner leaves, sessile, and the male spikes elongated, slender and leafless toward the apex. Loc. cit. 116. S. Colorado and New Mexico to S. California. * * * Perennials, shrubby, densely appressed-scurfy. - Bracts with a toothed margin and the sides muricate. 8. A. Nuttallii, Watson. Branching from the shrubby base : leaves oblong-spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate, entire : bracts ovate, strongly con- vex, united, the sides more or less crested. Loc. cit. 116. A. canescens, Nutt. Obione canescens, Moq. From Colorado to N. Nevada and the Sas- katchewan. H- H- Bracts with free dilated entire margins, thick and scurfy, and the sides not muricate. 9. A. COnfertifolia, Watson. Diffusely-branched, somewhat spinescent : leaves ovate to obovate, cuneate at base, entire : flower clusters small, axillary : bracts cuneate-orbicular, united at base. Loc. cit. 119. Obione confertifolia, Torr. From S. Idaho and Wyoming to New Mexico and southward. *- -i- - Bracts connate and indurated, not scurfy or muricate, with 4 distinct broadly dilated wings. 10. A. canescens, James. Leaves oblanceolate to narrowly oblong or linear, entire : flowers mostly dioecious, in panicled spikes : the bracts form- ing a thick and indurated body, shortly pedicellate and with a narrow bifid apex, the broad wings somewhat decurrent upon the pedicel. Watson, loc. cit. 120. From N. Nevada to Colorado, New Mexico, and S. California. CHENOPODIACE.E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 311 6. GRAYIA, Hook. & Arn. Calyx mostly 4-parted. Bracts with a small naked orifice at the apex, net- veined. Slightly scurfy or mealy undershrubs : leaves alternate, entire : flowers small, in axillary clusters or terminal spikes. 1. G. polygaloides, Hook. & Arn. Erect, 1 to 3 feet high, the branches frequently spinescent: leaves glabrous or at first with the young branches some- what mealy, oblanceolate or spatulnte to obovate : staminate flowers in axillary clusters ; the pistillate mostly spicate : fruiting bracts glabrous, emarginate, white or pinkish, adherent below to the pedicel of the ovary : styles slender, at first exserted. On alkaline soil eastward of the Sierras from the Columbia to Wyoming, Utah, and S. E. California. 2. G. Brandegei, Gray. Lower and unarmed, more mealy : leaves linear- spatulate: fruiting bracts smaller, slightly mealy, retuse at base, sometimes 3-winged ; wings somewhat undulate : ovary sessile, style short, included. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 101. S. W. Colorado. 7. SUCKLEYA, Gray. An annual, with branching prostrate stems, suborbicular leaves on long petioles, and flowers in axillary clusters. 1. S. petiolaris, Gray. Leaves acutely repand-dentate, pale green on both sides, nearly glabrous : bracts of the sessile fruit deltoid : male flowers tetramerous. Obione Suckleyana, Torr. Near Denver (Meehan). 8. EUROTIA, Adamson. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens with slender exserted filaments. Styles 2, some- what hairy, exserted. Stellately tomentose undershrubs : leaves entire : flowers in small axillary and somewhat spicate clusters. 1. E. lanata, Moq. White-tomentose throughout: leaves linear to nar- rowly lanceolate, with revolute margins : calyx-lobes hairy : fruiting bracts lanceolate, nearly covered by four dense spreading tufts of long silvery-white hairs, and beaked above with two short horns. From New Mexico to Oregon and the Saskatchewan. Known as " White Sage " or " Winter Eat." 9. CORISPERMUM, Ant. Jussieu. BUG-SEED. Perianth usually of one sepal, erose or lacerate at the apex. Stamens 1 to 5, unequal. Low, branching, pale green : leaves sessile, mostly narrow : flowers spicate, solitary in the axils of reduced bracts. 1. C. hyssopifolium, L. Somewhat floccose- or villous-pubescent, at least when young : leaves linear, cuspidate : spikes short and close, becoming more or less elongated: central stamen longest, the lateral ones partly de- veloped or wanting. From New Mexico to the Arctic regions, and from California to the Great Lakes. 312 CHENOPODIACE^E. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 1O. SALICOBNIA, Tourn. GLASSWORT. SAMPHIRE. Calyx a fleshy rhomboidal sac with an anterior opening, adherent by a nar- row line to the rhachis. Stamens 1 or 2, exserted in flower. Styles 2 or 3, short. Low fleshy leafless saline plants, mostly herbaceous : spikes cylindrical. 1. S. herbacea, L. Erect or at length spreading, green: spike very thick and fleshy : scales obscure and very blunt, making a truncate barely emarginate termination of the joints of stem or elongated spike. In salt marshes from Colorado and Utah to the Saskatchewan and along the Atlantic coast. 11. SARCOBATUS, Nees. GREASEWOOD. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, without bracts. Stamens 2 to 5, irregu- larly arranged under a stipitate peltate scale ; anthers fleshy. Perianth adhe- rent at the contracted somewhat 2-lipped apex to the base of the stigmas, laterally margined by a narrow erect slightly 2-lobed border, which at length becomes a broad circular horizontal membranous veined wing. Style lateral, terminated by two thick exserted unequal stigmas. A rigidly and divaricately branched shrub : leaves linear. 1. S. vermiculatUS, Torr. Erect and scraggy, 2 to 8 feet high, leafy; branches with a smooth white bark : staminate spikes terminal, the persistent scales spirally arranged, rhombic-ovate. Common in the Great Basin, and to the Upper Missouri, head-waters of the Platte, and southward. The com- monest of the several shrubs called " Greasewood." 12. SU-EIDA, Forskal. SEA ELITE. Flowers minutely bracteolate. Lobes of the calyx unappendaged or more or less strongly keeled or crested, or at length somewhat winged. Testa shining, black, and crustaceous. Flowers axillary along the branches, clus- tered or solitary, sessile. * Herbaceous annuals. 1 . S. diffusa, Watson. Erect, diffusely branching : leaves subterete ; the floral ones similar but shorter, usually rather distant on the branchlets : clusters 2 to 4-flowered : calyx cleft to below the middle, not carinate or appendaged. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 88. S. maritima of Bot. King Exped. From the Upper Missouri to California, Mexico, and Texas. 2. S. depressa, Watson. Low and mostly decumbent, branching from the base : leaves linear, broadest at base; the floral ones oblong- to ovate-lanceolate or ovate, rather crowded on the branchlets : calyx cleft to the middle, one or more of the lobes strongly carinate or crested. Bot. King Exped. 294. From Colo- rado to Nevada and the Saskatchewan. Var. erecta, Watson. Erect, with very narrow leaves and narrower bracts. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 90. S. maritima of Fl. Colorado. Same range as the type, but extending into S. California. * * Woody-based perennials. 3. S. Torreyana, Watson. Erect, with herbaceous leafy branches : leaves linear, subterete, the floral ones similar : calyx rather large, deeply cleft : seed finely tuberculate. Loc. cit. 68. S.fruticosa of Bot. King Exped. From N. Colorado to Nevada, S. California, and Mexico. POLYGONACE.E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 313 ORDER 66. POL.YGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) Herbs, with alternate and entire leaves, or sometimes verticillate, and stipules in the form of sheaths above the swollen joints of the stem or none; flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1 -celled ovary bearing 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single erect seed ; stamens mostly 4 to 9. Flowers rather small, the perianth of 3 to 6 segments, the inner ones or all usually petatoid ; fruit an akene. * Flowers involucrate : stamens 9 : styles 3, with capitate stigmas : herbs or woody at base, with alternate or verticillate leaves, without stipules. 1. Eriogonum. Involucre several-flowered, with 4 to 8 pointless teeth. Flowers ex- serted. Akene mostly 3-angled. Annuals or perennials. 2. Oxytheca. Involucre few-flowered, herbaceous, with 3 to 5 straight acute or usually awned lobes. Flowers on exserted pedicels. Akene lenticular. Bracts ternate. Annuals. * * Flowers without involucre : stamens 4 to 8 : styles 2 or 3 : herbs with alternate leaves and scarious sheathing stipules ; juice usually acid, acrid or pungent. 3. Oxyria. Sepals 4, the outer smaller and spreading. Stigmas 2, tufted. Akene orbicu- lar-winged. Leaves reniform. 4. liumcx. Sepals 6, the outer spreading, the inner enlarging and appressed to the trian- gular akene. Stigmas 3, tufted. 5. Polygonnm. Sepals 4 to 6, equal, appressed to the triangular or lenticular akene. Styles 2 or 3 : stigmas capitate. 1. EBIOGO3STUM, Michx. Involucre campannlate, turbinate or oblong. Perianth 6-parted, colored, enclosing the akene. Herbaceous or somewhat woody, with radical or alter- nate or verticillate leaves. 1 . Involucres more or less broadly turbinate, not nerved or angled, 4 to S-toothed or lobed : bracts foliaceous, rarely somewhat ternate. * Akenes membranously winged. 1- E. alatum, Torr. Loosely silky-villous throughout, or the leaves nearly glabrous except on the margin and midrib : leaves alternate, long, ob- lanceolate : involucres pedunculate, solitary, with 5 erect teeth : flowers a line long, yellow, nearly glabrous, abrupt at base : akene winged the whole length. From Arizona and Texas to Nebraska. * * Akenes not winged. -- Flowers glabrous. 2. E. umbellatum, Torr. Tomentose : leaves glabrate above or gla- brous, oblanceolate or spatnlate : involucres deeply lobed ; lobes becoming reflexed : umbel simple, of 2 to 10 naked rays, on naked (rarely l-bracted) pedun- cles. From Colorado to Oregon and California. Var. monocephalum, Torr. & Gray. A reduced dwarf alpine form, the naked or bracteate peduncle bearing a solitary involucre : leaves small. 3. E. heracleoides, Nutt. Similar, but the peduncle usually verticillate- bracted: leaves narrower, mostly somewhat revolute or undulate: umbel 6- (1-11-) 314 POLYGONACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) rayed, usually some or all of the rays once or twice divided. From Colorado to Nevada and Washington Territory. * - Flowers not glabrous. w- Leafy : flowers not attenuate at base. 4. E. salsuginosum, Hook. Low, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, di- or trichotomously divided : leaves spatulate-oblaiiceolate, the bracts becoming linear : involucres divided : flowers pubescent, yellow : sepals narrow, closely appressed to the acutely triangular glabrous akene. From S. W. Colorado to Utah and W. Wyoming. ++ -M. Naked or nearly so: flowers attenuate at base. = Bracts conspicuous : akenes glabrous or nearly so. 5. E. Jamesii, Benth. Rather slender, herbaceous, with branching cau- dex, a foot high or less, white-tomentose : leaves and bracts oblong-oblanceolate, the latter shortly petiolate : involucres solitary, sessile, with 5 erect teeth, on a naked peduncle: flowers whitish* silky. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Var fiav6SCens, Watson. Stouter : flowers -yellow or yellowish. Dis- tinguished from the next by the strictly solitary sessile involucres. 6. E. flavum, Nutt. Tomeutose throughout, a span high or less: leaves oblanceolate : umbel of 3 to 9 rays, simple, on a naked peduncle: flowers yellow, very silky. Colorado to Washington Territory and the Saskatchewan. 7. E. CaeSpitOSUm, Nutt. DwarJ \ densely matted : leaves ovate- to oblong- spatulate, tomentose on both sides : involucres solitary on naked peduncles : flowers yellow, pubescent. From Wyoming to Nevada. 8. E. sph3eroceph.alum, Dougl. Similar, but larger and much more diffused : leaves linear-spat ulate, often revolute : peduncles with a ivhorl of ob- lanceolate bracts sometimes subtending a 2 to 4-rayed umbel, the lateral rays also bracteate : flowers yellow, pubescent. Nevada and California to Wash- ington Territory, and extending thence eastward into Montana. = = Bracts small: akenes densely villous. 9. E. acaule, Nutt. Very dwarf and densely matted and tomentose: leaves crowded, oblong : peduncles naked, % inch high, bearing a head of 1 to 5 nearly sessile involucres: flowers pubescent. S. W. Colorado to S. Idaho. 10. E. lachnogynum, Torr. Cespitose and densely tomentose: leaves oblong-lanceolate : the slender naked peduncle a foot high, sparingly dichotomous above : involucres solitary, sessile or long pedunculate : flowers densely tomen- tose. S. Colorado and New Mexico. 2 Involucres campanulate or short-turbinate, not nerved or angled, with 5 rounded erect teeth, pedunculate in diffuse repeatedly di- or trichotomous panicles : bracts not foliaceous, all ternate : flowers not attenuate at base : ovary glabrous. * Leaves tomentose. -*- Stems simple, leafy, naked above. 11. E. annTlum, Nutt. Tall and stout : leaves narrowly oblanceolate or oblong, attenuate to a short petiole, mostly flat : inflorescence cymose : involu- cres densely white-tomentose : flowers white : sepals very unequal, the outer oblong-obovate. Colorado to Texas and Mexico. POLYGON ACEJE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 315 - -f- Branching : leaves radical or at least the peduncles leafless. M- Densely white-tomentose. 12. E. tenellum, Torr. Tall : branches of the woody caudex short and crowded or elongated : leaves ovate or rounded, tomentose on both sides : inflorescence rather sparingly branched, glabrous : flowers white or pinkish : outer sepals broadly obovate or orbicular, the inner linear-oblong. S. Colo- rado to Texas and Mexico. w- *-+ Glabrous : involucres turbinate-campanulate. 13. E. cernuum, Nutt. Leaves broadly ovate, acute: pedicels deflexed: outer sepals oblong or broader above, refuse. New Mexico and Colorado to Oregon. 14. E. reniforme, Torr. Low and slender : leaves reniform or cordate- orbicular, densely white-tomentose on both sides : bracts smooth, the margins ciliate : pedicels long and filiform, rarely deflexed, all in the forks or termi- nating the branches : Jlowers rose-colored, glabrous. S. W. Colorado to S. California. 15. E. Thomasii, Torr. Low and very slend er : leaves rounded and ovate, small : bracts minute, glabrous : pedicels as in the last : Jlowers yellowish, often reddish, slightly hispid or glabrous : outer sepals often much dilated below. S. W. Colorado to S. California. * * Leaves not tomentose. H- Leaves all radical or nearly so. 16. E. inflatum, Torr. Glabrous, diffusely branching, the stem and internodes often inflated : leaves rounded, usually cordate and mostly undulate, pubescent : Jlowers yellowish, pubescent. S. W. Colorado to Arizona, Nevada, and S. California. 17. E. Gordon!, Benth. A similar species, but glabrous throughout, or the petioles slightly pubescent : Jlowers glabrous, light rose-color. Colorado. 18. E. glandulosum, Nutt. Beset with short-stipitate glands: leaves small, obovate, somewhat villous : involucres glabrous : Jlowers slightly hispid. Collected by Dr. Gambel in Colorado or New Mexico. H- H Leaves developed at the nodes in the axils of ordinary triangular bracts. 19. E. divaricatuin, Nutt. Low, grayish-pubescent, branching from the base, branches terete : leaves thickish, all rounded or the upper oblong, petiolulate : involucres very small and few-flowered : flowers whitish, mi- nutely glandular : sepals nearly equal. W. Wyoming to S. W. Colorado. 3. Involucres cjlindric-turbinate, more or less strongly 5 to 6-nerved, and often becoming costate or angled, with as many short erect teeth, sessile in heads or clusters, or scattered in ci/mes or along virgate panicled branches : bracts ternate, connate at base, more or less rigid : flowers not attenuate at base. # Outer sepals broad and somewhat cordate, the inner much narrower: ovary scabrous above. 20. E. ovalifolium, Nutt. Low, densely tomentose and cespitose, with a short closely branched caudex : leaves round or rarely oblong : bracts very small : involucres in a single close head : flowers rose-colored, white, or yel- low : outer sepals oblong, becoming orbicular, the inner spatulate, often retuse. From Colorado to N. California and British America. 316 POLYGONACE.E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) * * Sepals similar and nearly equal: akenes smooth or nearly so. <- Involucres capitate, heads solitary : dwarf and cespitose, alpine or subalpine, densely white-tomentose. 21. E. pauciflorum, Nutt. Caudex short-branched : tomentose through- out, or the linear-oblanceolate revolute leaves glabrous above : involucres broadly turbinate, nearly glabrous, thin, with broad somewhat scarious teeth : flowers white, glabrous. Colorado. 22. E. chrysocephalum, Gray. Caudex more diffusely branched, woody : tomentose throughout, the narrowly oUanceolate leaves sometimes gla- brate above: involucres narrower and rather moreflrm, shortly toothed, somewhat tomentose: flowers yellow, glabrous. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 101. Wahsatch Mountains. 23. E. multiceps, Nees. Rather diffusely branched at base, densely white-tomentose throughout : leaves narrowly oblanceolate : involucres rigid, narrowly turbinate, with very short teeth : flowers rose-colored, pubescent. Ne- braska to Colorado. t- - Involucres mostly solitary, in a repeatedly di- or trichotomous corymb-like cyme. 24. E. microthecum, Nutt. Low and rather slender, woody and diffusely much-branched, leafy below, more less white-tomentose : leaves usually narrow, revolute, becoming glabrate above : involucres often peduncu- late : inner sepals emargiuate. From Nebraska to New Mexico, the Sierra Nevada, and Oregon. Var. effusum, Torr. & Gray. With very diffuse and repeatedly divided inflorescence. More common eastward. 25. E. COrymbOSUm, Benth. Stouter and more rigid, usually densely tomentose : leaves broader and less revolute : umbel stiff and broadly cymose : involucres mostly sessile. Including E. microthecum, var. Fendlerianum, Benth. Same range as last. 26. E. brevicaule, Nutt. Less woody and more shortly branched at base, glabrous or glabrate above the white-tomentose base : leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate, attenuate to a very short petiole, often revolute, sometimes gla- brate above : flowers yellow. Idaho and Wyoming to New Mexico. -i- -i- *- Involucre sessile and solitary upon the few strict branches of the once or twice forked panicle. 27. E. racemosum, Nutt. White-tomentose, sparingly or not at all branched at base, stout, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves large, ovate to oblong, on long petioles : lower bracts somewhat foliaceous : involucres approximate, tomentose : flowers white or rose-colored. S. W. Colorado to Utah and New Mexico. 2. OXYTHECA, Nutt. Flowers, bracteoles, etc., as in Eriogonum. Slender diffusely branched (re- peatedly dichotomous) annuals, the slender internodes more or less covered with small stipitate glands : leaves rosulate at the base : segments of the glandular-pubescent perianth similar and equal. 1. O. dendroidea, Nutt. A foot high or less, the scape-like stem POLYGONACEJS. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 317 usually 1 or 2 inches high : leaves linear-oblanceolate, hirsute : bracts un- equal : involucres in the forks on slender pedicels, the rest more nearly ses- sile : flowers light rose-color. From Wyoming to Nevada. 3. OXYRIA, Hill. MOUNTAIN SORREL. Flowers perfect. The two inner sepals erect, appressed, and unchanged in fruit. Stamens 6. Perennial alpine and arctic herbs, erect, with long- petioled round-reniform mostly radical leaves, and small obliquely truncate sheaths : flowers small and greenish, in narrowly panicled racemes. 1. O. digyna, Campdera. Rather stout and fleshy, 3 to 18 inches high, glabrous : flowers in scarious-bracted fascicles, on short capillary pedicels : sepals often reddish, the outer narrower and carinate. At high altitudes in cold wet places among rocks throughout the northern hemisphere. 4. RUM EX, L. DOCK. SORREL. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious. Inner sepals somewhat colored and becoming reticulated (valves) in fruit. Stamens 6. Coarse perennial herbs : stems leafy, with obliquely truncate cylindrical naked sheaths : flowers small, fascicled or verticillate in paniculate racemes. 1 . Flowers perfect or polygamous : vnlves enlarged, often bearing a grain-like callosity on the back : leaves never hastate, pinnately many-veined, rarely very acid. DOCKS. * Valves wholly without grains, mostly very large (3 lines long or more), entire or denticulate : pedicels long, jointed near the base : glabrous. 1. R. V6I1OSUS, Pursh. Stems erect, afoot high or less, from running rootstocks, stout and leafy, with conspicuous dilated stipules : leaves on short but rather slender petioles, ovate or oblong to lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long, only the lowest acute or somewhat cordate at base : panicle nearly sessile, short, dense in fruit : valves entire, cordate-orbicular with a deep sinus, 9 to 12 lines in diameter, bright rose-color. From Colorado and Nevada to British Columbia and the Saskatchewan. 2. R. OCCidentalis, Watson. Tall and rather slender, often 3 to 6 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, the lowest sometimes ovate, usual!)/ narrowing gradually upward from the truncate somewhat cordate base, not decurrent on the slender often elongated petiole, oflen a foot long or more : panicle narrow, elon- gated, nearly leafless : valves broadly cordate, with a very shallow sinus, 3 lines in diameter, often denticulate near the base. Proc. Amer. Acad. xii. 253. R. longifolius of authors, not of DC. From New Mexico and Colorado to Labrador and Alaska. * * Valves smaller, one or more of them grain-bearing. 3. R. salicifolius, Weinman. Slender, often low, 1 to 5 feet high, usu- ally branching and decumbent at base, glabrous: leaves narrowly or linear- lanceolate, or the lowest oblong, 3 to 6 inches long, attenuate into a short peti- ole, not undulate, glaucous : panicle usually open, the flowers crowded upon the branches : valves ovate-rhomboidal to broadly deltoid, entire or denticulate, usually with very large callosities. Across the continent and northward to Alaska. 318 POLYGON ACE^E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 4. R. maritimus, L. Simple or diffusely branched, the low stems erect or procumbent, minutely pubescent : leaves linear lanceolate, usually truncate or cordate at base, 1 to 4 inches long, mostly on short petioles, somewhat wavy- margined: flowers in numerous dense verticils along the slender branches : valves ovate-lanceolate, with 2 or 3 long-awned teeth on each side, all grain-bearing. From the Sierra Nevada eastward across the continent. 2. Flowers dioecious or polygamous in naked panicles : valves not grain-bearing : leaves often hastate, sparingly veined : stems erect and slender, glabrous. 1 5. R. paucifolillS, Nutt. Roots thickened : leaves narrowly to linear- lanceolate, or the lowest broader, attenuate to a slender petiole, not very acid : flowers reddish, in loose fascicles ; pedicels filiform, jointed at base : valves enlarged in fruit, cordate-ovate, entire, twice longer than the akene. From Utah and Montana to the Sierra Nevada and Washington Territory. 5. POLYGONUM, L. KNOTWEED. Flowers perfect. Annual or perennial leafy herbs, rarely woody at base : sheaths naked, ciliate, or foliaceous-margined : flowers small, in axillary, spi- cate, or racemose fascicles. 1. Flowers in axillary fascicles or spicate with foliaceous bracts: leaves and bracts jointed upon a vert/ short petiole adnate to the naked 2-lobed or lacerate sheath : perianth 5 to 6-parted, more or less herbaceous, dose-appressed to the akene: stamens 3 to 8, the three inner filaments broad at base: styles 3 : akene triangular. AVICULARIA. * Flowers in the axils of leaves or in loose virgate spikes : sepals herbaceous or colored only on the margin. H- Branches leafy to the summit: sheaths short and mostly scarious, at length lacerate. 2 1. P. erectUEQ, L. Rather stout, erect or ascending, glabrous, usually tinged with yellow : leaves oblong or oval : flowers often yellowish, on more or less ex- serted pedicels : sepals and stamens 5, rarely 6 : akene very broadly ovate to lanceolate, dull and granular to nearly smooth and shining. From Colorado to Nevada and Oregon and the Eastern States. 2. P. minimum, Watson. Very low and slender, ascending, rarely 6 inches high, usually more or less scabrous-puberulent : stems nearly terete, reddish : leaves ovate to oblong, sometimes all narrowly lanceolate : flowers in all the axils, usually small, erect on slender exserted pedicels, often tinged with rose- color: stamens 5 to 8: akene smooth and shining. Bot. King Exped. 315. P. Torreyi, Watson, Am. Nat. vii. 664. From the Wahsatch and Uintas to California and Oregon. 1 R. Acetosella, L., is the common "Sorrel" of fields and gardens, spread everywhere from Europe. It can be distinguished from R. pauciflonis by its slender running roots, more hastate and very acid leaves with the lobes often toothed at base, pedicels very short and jointed at the top, and the valves not enlarged nor exceeding the small akene. 2 P. aviculare, L., may be known by its prostrate or spreading habit, sessile lanceolate or oblong leaves, dull broadly ovate akene which is minutely granular under a lens. Intro- duced from Europe and growing everywhere about yards and roadsides. Variously called " Knot-grass," " Goose-grass," or " Door-weed." POLYGONACE^J. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 319 t- -t- Branches slender and virgate, angled, terminating in more or less open spikes, the narrow leaves diminishing upward and becoming bract-like, 3. P. ramosissimum, Michx. Erect or ascending, usually 2 to 4 feet high, often branching only above, glabrous, the whole plant yellowish : sheaths loose, becoming lacerate to the base : leaves lanceolate to linear : flowers and fruit as in P. erectum, the sepals more frequently 6, stamens 3 to 6, and akene usually smooth and shining. From the Sierra Nevada eastward across the continent. 4. P. tenue, Michx. Erect and slender, to l^feet high, glabrous and somewhat glaucous, sometimes slightly scabrous at the nodes : sheaths with a close somewhat herbaceous base, sparingly scarious and lacerate above: leaves linear to lanceolate, usually much reduced above : flowers often solitary and usually dis- tant, soon reflexed, the sepals margined with white or rose-color : stamens 8 : akenes ovate, black and shining. From Arizona to British Columbia and eastward across the continent. The following varieties occur in the Rocky Mountains : Var. latifolium, Engelm. With broader leaves and more numerous flowers. Var. microspermum, Engelm. A low slender form, with minute flowers and fruit. * * Low and slender : /lowers in short dense spikes, with imbricated bracts : sepals colored : leaves linear. 5. P. imbricatum, Nutt. Stem 1 to 8 inches high, smooth or slightly scabrous at the nodes, often diffusely branched : sheaths rather large, 2-parted or lacerate above the short scarions base : bracts with sometimes a scarious margin : flowers nearly sessile, rose-colored or white : stamens 3 or 5 : akene minutely tuberculate-striate or smoothish. Alpine and subalpine, from Colo- rado to California and Oregon. It has usually been referred to P. coarctatum. 2. Flowers fascicled, in usually dense spikes, with small scarious bracts: leaves not jointed on the petiole : sheaths cylindrical and truncate, scarious, entire, naked or ciliate-fringed or margined : perianth colored, 5-parted, oppressed to the lenticular or triangular akene: stamens 4 to 8; filaments filiform. PERSICARIA. * Sheaths and bracts not ciliate nor fringed : sepals not punctate : style 2-cleft, and akene flattened or lenticular. 6. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, smooth below, the branches above and especially the peduncles beset with bristly-stalked glands: leaves lanceolate, roughish on the midrib and margins : spikes oblong, obtuse, erect, thick : flowers bright rose-color : stamens mostly 8, somewhat exserted. Colorado and eastward to the Atlantic States. 7. P. incarnatum, Ell. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, nearly glabrous, the pedun- cles, etc. often minutely rough with scattered sessile glands : leaves rough on the margins and midrib, elongated-lanceolate : spikes linear, nodding, becoming slender: flowers smaller than in the last, lighter rose-color shading to white: stamens 6 and styles 2, both included. Colorado and eastward to the Atlantic States. 8. P. lapathifolium, Ait., var. incanum, Koch. Lower, with shorter and less pointed leaves, which are lanceolate, obtuse, and white-downy beneath : 320 POLYGONACE.E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) sheaths often somewhat hairy or ciliolate : spikes shorter, oblong and blunt. In the Wahsatch, on the Saskatchewan, and eastward to New York. Rare. 9. P. nodOSUm, Pers. Often stout, 1 to 4 feet high, branching, mostly gla- brous, often sparingly and minutely glandular on the peduncles : leaves rather narrowly lanceolate, cuneate at base and shortly petioled, somewhat scabrous with short prickly hairs on the midrib and margins: spikes axillary and termi- nal, oblong and erect or often linear and nodding : flowers white or light rose- color: stamens 6 and styles 2, included. Colorado and New Mexico to Arizona, California, and Oregon. 10. P. amphibium, L. Aquatic, stout and glabrous or nearly so, not branching above the rooting base : leaves floating, thick, smooth and shining above, usually long-petioled, elliptical to lanceolate, cuneate or cordate at base : sheaths leaf-bearing at about the middle : spike terminal, dense, ovate or oblong, \ to 1 inch long, on a usually short peduncle : flowers bright rose-color : the 5 stamens and 2-cleft style exserted. From the Sierra Nevada eastward across the continent. In shallow water or on muddy banks the stems become erect, the petioles shorter, and the whole plant more strigose-pubescent. 11. P. Mllhlenbergii, Watson. In muddy or dry places, scabrous with short appressed or glandular hairs, especially upon the leaves and upper part of the simple stem : leaves thinner and longer, rather broadly lanceolate, nar- rowly acuminate, usually rounded or cordate at base : spikes more elongated, 3 inches long, often in pairs : flowers and fruit nearly as in the last. P. am- phibium, var. terrestre, of Gray's Manual. Across the continent. * * Sheaths and bracts bristly ciliate or the sheaths sometimes foliaceously margined. 12. P. Hartwrightii, Gray. Closely allied to the two preceding species, growing usually in the mud, the ascending stems rooting at the base and very leafy, more or less rough hairy, at least on the sheaths and bracts : leaves rather narrow, on very short petioles, not punctate, adnate to the middle of the sheath : flowers bright rose-color : sepals not glandular-dotted : style 2-cleft, and akene somewhat flattened. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 294. From California and Utah eastward through the Northern States. 13. P. Hydropiper, L. Smooth, 1 to 2 feet high, juice very acrid: leaves punctate : spikes nodding, usually short or interrupted : floicers most.lt/ greenish : sepals conspicuously dotted : stamens 6 : style 2 to 3-parted : akene dull, minutely striate, either flat or obtusely triangular. Ranging across the continent northward, where it is probably indigenous. 3. Glabrous alpine or subalpine herbs, ivith thick creeping rootstocks and simple stems: flowers in dense spike-like racemes: leaves not jointed on the petiole: sheaths obliquely truncate, naked, as well as the scarious ovate or lanceolate bracts : perianth colored, deeply 5-cleft, at length appressed to the triangular akene: stamens 8, with flliform filaments : styles 3, long. BISTORTA. 14. P. Bistorta, L. Stems a foot or two high : leaves few, the radical ones on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate to linear, acute at each end, the cau- line much reduced, mostly obtuse at base and sessile upon the sheath, the margin often slightly revolute : flowers rose-colored to white, on slender pedi- cels, in very dense ovate to oblong spikes and usually long-pedunculate : stamens 321 and styles exserted : akene smooth and shining. Throughout the northern hemisphere ; frequent in meadows and on stream-banks in the mountains. The leaves vary much, from cordate and oblong {var. oblong i folium, Meisn.) to very narrow and attenuate at base (var. linearifolium, Watson). 15. P. viviparum, L. A similar species, but mostly dwarf and more exclusively alpine : flowers smaller, nearly sessile in linear spikes 1 to 3 inches long, at least the lower ones replaced bij sessile bulblets a line long. Same range as the last. 4. Herbs with fibrous roots, mostly twining or climbing, and with cordate or sagittate leaves : flowers in loose panicles or racemes or in terminal or axillary clusters : perianth green with colored margins, ^-parted, enlarging or keeled in fruit: stamens mostly 8 : stiles or stigmas 3. 1 TINARIA. 16. P. dumetorum, L., var. scandens, Gray. Smooth, twining high over bushes, with cordate or slightly halberd-shaped acute leaves, and flowers in slender axillary sparingly leafy racemes : perianth long-attenuate to the slender reflexed pedicel; the outer sepals strongly winged upon the keel: akene acutely triangular. From the Atlantic States to the Upper Missouri, Colorado, and Washington Territory. ORDER 67. EL^EAGNACE^E. Shrubs, the foliage scurfy throughout with scarious silvery or brown scales, with regular flowers perfect or dioecious, the perianth herbaceous or colored within, its tube lined with a prominent disk bearing the stamens, enclosing the 1-celled ovary, and becoming pulpy or spongy without and bony within ; fruit a membranous akene, closely covered by the drupe-like calyx-tube. Flowers solitary or variously clustered in the axils of the branchlets. 1. Elseagnus. Flowers perfect. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate. 2. Shepherdia. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite. 1. EL-ffilAGNUS, L. Calyx-limb cylindric-campanulate or tubular below, parted above into 4 deciduous lobes, colored within. Disk glandulose. Stamens adnate to the calvx and alternate with its lobes. Fruit drupe-like, with an oblong, 8-striate stone. Leaves entire and petioled, and flowers axillary and pedi- cellate. 1. E. argentea, Pursh. A stokmiferous unarmed shrub, 6 to 12 feet high, the younger branches covered with ferruginous scales : leaves broad or narrowly elliptic, silvery-scurfy and more or less ferruginous : flowers numer- 1 P. Convolvulus, L., is low twirrng or procumbent and minutely scabrous, leaves hal- berd-cordate acuminate, flowers few in axillary fascicles or small interrupted racemes on very short pedicels, outer sepals sharply keeled. Introduced from Europe, very common in the Eastern States, aud found in Colorado and Montana. 21 322 LOKANTHACEJ5. eras, deflexed, silvery withont, pale yellow within, fragrant, the tube broadly oval, the limb funnelform : fruit globose-ovoid, dry and mealy, edible. From Utah to the Upper Missouri and eastward to Minnesota and Canada. 2. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. BUFFALO-BERET. Starainate perianth 4-parted, the lobes spreading. Stamens alternate with as many lobes of a thick disk ; filaments free. Pistillate flowers with oblong- tubular perianth; limb 4-cleft, erect, the throat closed by the lobes of the disk. Fruit berry-like, with a smooth shining compressed seed. Flowers small (the staminate larger), shortly pedicellate. 1. 8. arg6n tea, Nutt. Somewhat spiny shrub, 5 to 18 feet high : leaves silvery on both sides, mostly oblong, obtuse, cuneate at base : fruit a smooth ovoid scarlet berry, acid and edible, nearly sessile. East of the Sierra Nevada to the Saskatchewan, and southward in the mountains to New Mexico. 2. S. Canadensis, Nutt. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high, the branchlets, young leaves, yellowish flowers, etc., covered with rusty scales: leaves elliptical or ovate, nearly naked and green aboi:e, silvery downy as well as scurfy with rusty scales beneath : fruit yellowish-red, insipid. From the Columbia River eastward across the continent, and in the mountains southward to New Mexico. ORDER 68. tORANTHACEJE. Evergreens, parasitic on shrubs or trees, dull yellowish-green or brownish, with dichotomous branches and swollen joints, the opposite thick and coriaceous exstipulate and entire leaves reduced to mostly con- nate scales : flowers dioecious, of 2 to 5 sepals coherent at base : anthers as many as the sepals and inserted upon them: ovary inferior, 1-celled: fruit a berry with glutinous endocarp. Flowers small and inconspicu- ous, greenish. 1. Phoradendron. Flowers globose, mostly 3-lobed. Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 pores or slits : pollen-grains smooth. Berry globose, pulpy and semi-transparent. 2. Arceuthobium. Flowers mostly compressed ; the staminate usually 3-parted, the pistillate 2-toothed. Anthers a single orbicular cell, opening by a circular slit ; pollen spinulose. Berry compressed, fleshy. 1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. MISTLETOE. Flowers immersed in the rhachis of jointed spikes. Parasitic on branches of various kinds of trees : spikes single or in pairs in the axils of opposite leaves, the lowest joint sterile, the others bearing solitary or several flowers on each side. Flowering in February or March, and maturing its fruit the next winter. 1. P. juniperinum, Engelm. Glabrous, stout, densely branched, 6 to 9 inches high : branches terete, the ultimate branchlets quadrangular : scales broadly triangular connate or distinct, ciliate : Btaminate spikes of a single SANTALACE.E. 323 6 to 8-flowered joint : pistillate spikes 2-flowered : berry whitish or light red. PL Fendl. 58. On different species of Juniperus. S. W. Colorado to New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California. 2. ABCEUTHOBIUM, Bieb. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or several from the same axil. Para- sitic on Conifers, glabrous, with rectangular branches and connate scale-like leaves : flowers often crowded into apparent spikes or panicles, opening in summer or autumn and maturing their fruit in the second autumn, when the berries suddenly and forcibly eject the glutinous seed to the distance of sev- eral yards. * Staminate flowers all (or nearly all) terminal on distinct peduncle-like joints, paniculate. 1. A. Americanum, Nutt. Slender, dichotomously or verticil lately much branched, greenish yellow : staminate plants sometimes 3 or 4 inches long, fertile plants much smaller. On Pinus contorta. From Wyoming to Oregon and southward to Colorado and California. # # Staminate flowers axillary (with a terminal one), forming simple or compound spikes. Ours are greenish-brown, with the accessory branchlets of fruiting speci- mens mostly leaf-bearing. 2. A. divaricatum, Engelm. Bather stout, 2 to 4 inches high, and a line in diameter at base, olive-green or pale brownish : branches spreading, often flexuous or recurved : staminate flowers few and scattered or in 3 to 7 -flow- ered spikes, with ovate acute lobes. PI. Wheeler, 1874, 16. On Pinus edulis and P. monophylla, from New Mexico and S. Colorado to Arizona and S. Utah. 3. A. robustum, Engelm. Stouter and not so spreading : spikes much denser, the buds of the staminate flowers flat and appressed, and the 3-parted flowers with shorter and broader lobes. On Pinus ponderosa. Arizona and northward in the Rocky Mountains. ORDER 69. SAtfTALACEJE. Herbs or shrubs, usually root-parasitic, with angled or striate branches, entire alternate and mostly sessile leaves without stipules, and mostly perfect flowers with 3 to 5-cleft perianth adherent to the 1 -celled 2 to 4- ovuled ovary, which becomes an indehiscent 1 -seeded usually nut-like fruit ; stamens 3 to 5, opposite the perianth lobes, at the edge of an epigynous often lobed disk ; style 2 to 5-lobed. 1. COMANDRA, Nutt. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX. The campanulate or urn-shaped perianth with a 5-lobed persistent limb. Disk with a free lobed margin. Stamens included : anthers attached by tufts of hairs to the base of the calyx-lobes. Low herbaceous smooth perennials, with subterranean rootstocks : leaves glaucous, the lowest scale-like : flowers greenish white, in small terminal or axillary umbellate clusters. 324 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Stems leafy, 6 to 15 inches high : leaves oblong : umbels few-flowered, corymbosely clustered at the summit of the stem : flowers on slender pedicels, the white oblong erect or slightly spreading lobes about equalling the green tube, which is continued conspicuously above the ovary : fruit globular, 2 or 3 lines in diameter. In the Sierra Nevada of California northward to Washington Territory and eastward across the continent. 2. C. pallida, A. DC. Differing from the last in its narrower more glau- cous and acuter leaves, which are linear to narrow] tj lanceolate, (or those upon the main stem oblong), all acute or somewhat cuspidate : fruit ovoid, larger (3 to 4 lines long), sessile or on short stout pedicels. New Mexico and Colorado to Oregon. ORDER 70. EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) Herbs (ours), with milky acrid juice, monoecious or dioecious com- monly apetalous and often naked flowers, a free and usually 3-celled ovary with (in ours) one pendulous ovule in each cell, and maturing into a 3-celled elastically dehiscent capsule with crustaceous seeds. Stamens one to many. Styles or stigmas as many or twice as many as the cells of the ovary. Leaves mostly alternate and simple, often stipulate. # Staminate and pistillate flowers both with a perianth, without an involucre. - Stamens erect in the bud. 1. Tragia. Petals none. Calyx 3 to 8-parted. Flowers in racemes, terminal or opposite the leaves, pistillate at the base. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 3-parted. 2. Argythamnia. Petals and sepals 5. Flowers in axillary spicate clusters, pistillate below. Stamens 5 to 15 in 1 to 3 whorls. Styles bifid. *- -i- Stamens incurved in the bud. 3. Croton. Flowers in terminal spike-like racemes. Erect and gray-scurfy. * # Flowers all without perianth, included in a cup-shaped calyx-like involucre. 4. Euphorbia. Pistillate flower solitary, soon exserted : the staminate numerous, each of a single stamen. 1. TRAGIA, Plumier. Staminate calyx 3 to 5-parted. Filaments short : anther-cells united. Pis- tillate calyx 3 to 8-parted, persistent. Pod 3-lobed, bristly, separating into three 2-valved carpels. Erect or climbing plants, pubescent or hispid, some- times stinging, with mostly alternate stipulate leaves : the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small bracts. 1. T. nepetsefolia, Muller, var. ramosa, Miiller. Hirsute, erect, much branched, 6 to 8 inches high : stem slender, at length flagelliform-elongated, weak and somewhat turning : leaves triangular-ovate from a cordate base or oftener lanceolate, gradually acuminate. Colorado and southward. 2. ARGYTHAMNIA, P.Browne. Calyx valvate in the staminate flowers, imbricate in the pistillate. Petals alternate with the calyx-lobes and with the lobes of the glandular disk. EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 325 Filaments united into a central column. Seeds subglobose, roughened or reticulated, not carunculate. Erect herbs or undershrubs, with purplish juice : leaves alternate, usually stipulate, entire (in ours). 1. A. humilis, Miill. Stem about one foot high, much branched, silky or strigose-pubescent, branches spreading : leaves narrowed at the base, spatu- late or obovate-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, sparingly pubescent : raceme much shorter than the leaves, on very short peduncles. S. Colorado and southward. 3. CROTON, L. Staminate calyx 4 to 6-parted. Petals often present, but small or rudi- mentary, alternating with the glands of a central disk. Stamens 5 to many, on a hairy receptacle. Pistillate calyx usually 5-parted, but the petals mostly obsolete. Seeds smooth and shining, carunculate. Herbs or shrubs, scurfy or stellately hairy or sometimes glandular : leaves alternate, entire or repand. 1. C. Texensis, Miill. Covered with a close canescent stellate pubes- cence, dichotomously branched or spreading, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves lance- ovate, oblong, or linear-lanceolate : dioecious ; racemes of staminate flowers short : ovary stellate-tomentose ; styles twice or thrice dichotomously 2-parted. S. Colorado and southward. 4. EUPHORBIA, L. Flowers monoecious, included in 4 to 5-lobed involucres, the lobes usually alternating with as many fleshy glands which are rounded or often petaloid- margincd or crescent-shaped. Mostly herbs: leaves opposite or alternate or the upper ones verticillate : involucres terminal or in the forks, the sterile flowers lining the base and each from the axil of a little bract, the fertile flower solitary in the middle of the involucre, soon protruded on a long pedicel. A. Glands of the involucre with petal-like, usually white or rose-colored, entire or toothed margins or appendages. 1. Leaves all similar, opjtosite, on short petioles, small, oblique at base, furnished with awl-shaped or scaly and often fringed stipules: stems much branched, spreading or usually procumbent : involucres solitary in the forks of the branches or in terminal or lateral clusters, small, with 4 glands. * Seeds smooth and even: leaves entire, glabrous. 1. E. pctaloidea, Engelm. Glabrous: stems procumbent or ascending: leaves attenuate to the scarcely oblique base, oblong-linear or linear, retuse or emarginate : involucres solitary, campanulate, lobes hairy beneath the glands within, the broadly campanulate appendages conspicuous ; peduncles longer than petioles : seeds reddish, with rounded angles. From Colorado to Ne- braska and eastward to the Mississippi. 2. E. flagelliformis, Engelm. Distinguished from the last by the smaller involucre bearing very small and almost naked glands, often less than 326 EUPHORBIACE^. (SPUKGE FAMILY.) four in number; the more numerous stamens (often 25) with much smaller anthers ; and by the smaller, more angular and more pointed, grayish seeds. Brandegee, Fl. S. W. Colorado, 243. S. W. Colorado to the Rio Grande. * * Seeds minutely roughened or transversely wrinkled, or pitted. ->- Leaves entire. 3. E. lata, Engelm. Canescent with appressed pubescence : stems from a woody rootstock, spreading, short, rigid; lower internodes longer than the leaves, uppermost very short : leaves triang alar-ovate, abruptly attenuate at base, or oblong with revolute margins ; stipules triangular-lanceolate : involucre axillary, solitary, campanulate, hairy, lobes elongated ; glands ovate with a very narrow lobulate appendage : capsule hirsute : seed oblong, transversely wrinkled. S. E. Colorado and southward. 4. E. Fendleri, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, from a slender rootstock: stems delicately filiform, erect or decumbent : leaves ovate from a rounded base ; stipules subulate, often laciniate at base : involucres terminal, solitary, turbinate, slightly bearded in the throat, lobes short; glands transversely oblong with a very narrow obsolete appendage : seed ovate, 4-angled, irregu- larly punctate. S. Colorado and southward. 5. E. revoluta, Engelm. Glabrous: stem erect, filiform, naked below, much branched above the middle : leaves narrowly linear, revolute on the margins, attenuated below ; stipules subulate, entire : involucres very small, uppermost in the forks of the branches and terminal, short-campanulate ; glands purple, with a whitish or reddish oblong appendage : capsule glabrous : seed oblong, sharply 4-angled, sparingly and irregularly rugose. Colorado and southward. s- -i- Leaves serrate or serrulate : /lowers in lateral leafy clusters. 6. E. Stictospora, Engelm. Prostrate and pubescent: leaves rounded, subcordate, sharply serrate: racemes crowded, with very small and slender long-peduncled involucres : capsule sharp angled, pubescent : seeds slender, sharply 4-angled, rugose-dotted. Bot. Mex. Bound. 187. Abundant in New Mexico and extending into S. Colorado. 7. E. serpyllifolia, Pers. Prostrate-spreading and glabrous : leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed at the very oblique base, sharply serrulate toward the apex: glands of the involucre with narrow somewhat toothed appendages: seeds acutely 4-angled, slightly cross-wrinkled and often pitted. From Cali- fornia and the Columbia River to the Saskatchewan, Iowa, and Texas. 8. E. glyptosperma, Eugelm. Erect-spreading and glabrous : leaves linear-oblong, mostli/ falcate, very unequal at base (semicordate), sharply serru- late : glands of the very small involucre with narrow crenulate appendages : seeds sharply 4-angled and with 5 or 6 sharp transverse wrinkles. From Illinois and Wisconsin to Colorado and the Columbia River. 9. E. maculata, L. Prostrate and puberulent or hairy: leaves oblong- linear, very oblique at base, serrulate upwards, usually with a brown-red spot in the centre: glands of the small involucre minute, with narrow slightly crenate (usually red) appendages: seeds ovate, sharply 4-angled and with about 4 shal- low grooves across the concave sides. Colorado, and common eastward. EUPHORBIACE.E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 327 2. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, equal at base, with stipular glands : stems dichotomously branched, erect : cymes terminal, involucres with 5 glands : seeds tuberculate. 10. E. hexagona, Nutt. Somewhat hairy: stem a foot or more high; branches striate-angled : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire : involucre hairy with- out and within : glands with a green ovate-triangular appendage twice their length: capsule smooth: seeds ovate. From Texas and Colorado to the Upper Missouri. 3. Uppermost or floral leaves with conspicuous white petal-like margins, whorled or opposite, the others scattered, equal at base, entire and sessile : involucres 5-lobed, collected in an umbel-like inflorescence. 11. E. marginata, Pursh. Stem stout (2 to 3 feet high), erect, hairy : leaves ovate or oblong : umbel with 3 dichotomous rays : glands of the involucre with broad white appendages. From Colorado to Kansas and Nebraska. Cultivated and run wild in the Eastern States. B. Glands of the involucre without petaloid appendages. 4. Involucres in terminal clusters, 4 to 5-lobed, with few cup-shaped glands : seed without a caruncle: leaves dentate, all but the lowest opposite, and stipules glandular. 12. E. dentata, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy : leaves ovate, lanceo- late, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed, upper ones often paler at the base : involucres almost sessile, with 5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or more short- stalked glands : seeds ovate-globular, slightly tubercled. S. Colorado ( Bran' degee) and eastward to Illinois and Pennsylvania. 5. Involucres in a terminal dichotomous or commonly umbelliferous inflorescence, 4 or 5-lobed, with as man]) flat or convex entire or crescent-shaped glands : seeds mostly carunculate : glabrous, with entire or serrulate scattered (except the uppermost) leaves and no stipules. 13. E. Obtusata, Pursh. Erect: leaves oblong-spatulate, minutely serru- late, smooth, obtuse ; upper ones cordate at base ; floral ones ovate, dilated : umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then into 2 : involucre with naked lobes and small stipitate glands : styles distinct and longer than the ovary, erect, 2-clef t to the middle : pod beset with long warts : seeds smooth and even. S. Colorado, and from Illinois to Virginia. 14. E. dictyosperma, Fisch. & Meyer. Erect : leaves oblong- or ovate- spatulate, smooth, obtuse and obtusely serrate ; upper ones cordate at base : umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked : involucre with nearly naked lobes and small almost sessile glands : styles shorter than the ovary, spreading or recurved : pod warty : seeds delicately reticulated. From California and Ore- gon to Texas, Kentucky, and Nebraska. 15. E. montana, Engelm. Very glabrous and glaucous: stems leafy and ascending : leaves rather thick, entire, ovate, obtuse ; floral ones orbiculate, triangular: umbels repeatedly dichotomous: involucre roughish within, with oblong-linear velvety lobes, and truncate, very shortly 2-horned glands : styles very short, bifid : pod smooth : seeds superficially pitted. From the Upper Platte to New Mexico, Arizona, and southward. 328 CEKATOPHYLLACE^E. (HOKNWORT FAMILY.) ORDER 71. CAL^ITRICHACEjE. (WATER-STARWORTS.) Small slender aquatic herbs, with opposite entire leaves, no stipules and monoecious axillary flowers without perianth, but sometimes with 2 bracts; stamen 1, with slender filament and heart-shaped 4-celled anther; ovary 4-celled, with 2 styles; fruit 4-lobcd, flattened and emarginate. Flowers mostly solitary, sometimes a male and female in the same axil 1. CALLITBICHE, L. Characters given nnder the order. 1. C. verna, L. Amphibious, with elongated stems and floating rosulate obovate often emarginate leaves, the submerged ones from sputulate to linear: bracts often exceeding the fruit, rarely wanting : styles erect or spreading, deciduous : fruit orbicular or obcordate or elliptical, of connate carpels. From California and Oregon to Montana and Wyoming, and eastward across the continent. 2. C. autumnalis, L. Submersed, with numerous uniform linear one-nerved leaves, truncate or refuse at the apex: flowers without bracts: styles reflexed, caducous : fruit round, deeply notched, the margins thin or at length winged. From California northward, and thence eastward across the continent. ORDER 72. jERATOPHYL.t. . . .36,37 Conspicuously squarrose 38, 39 SUBGENUS I. Eucarex. Staminate flowers forming one or more ter- minal linear or club-shaped spikes which are often pistillate at base or apex, or occasionally having a few pistillate flowers intermixed. Pistillate flowers usually in distinct and normally simple mostly peduncled spikes which are seldom aggregated into heads. Cross-section of the perigynium circular or obtusely angular in outline. Style commonly 3-parted and the achenium trigonous or triquetrous. Passing into the following subgenus through the members of the last section. 1. Spike single (in our species), androgynous, male at the top, the rhachis con- spicuously jointed: perigynium lanceolate or spindle-shaped, longer than the scale, deflexed at maturity : stigmas very rarely two. DEFLEXOCARP^E. Low and mostly slender species. * Perigynium green, linear-lanceo j ate, sessile, several times longer than the scale. PAUCIFLOR^E, Tuckm. 1. C. microglochln, Wahl. Culms rigid from a creeping base, 2 to 8 inches high : leaves few and narrow, shorter than the culm : staminate flowers very few : perigynia 4 to 6, the orifice closed by a conspicuous pro- jecting racheola which springs from the inside beneath the achenium : scales deciduous. Uncinia microglochin, Ledeb. Colorado, probably from high mountains (Hall $ Harbour, 607) ; also in subarctic America. (Eu.) C. PAUCIFLORA, Lightf., distinguished by the orifice of the perigynium being closed with the stiff persistent style, occurs in British America and may be expected northward. * * Perigynium brown, spindle-shaped or narrowly ovate, stipitate, little longer than the scale. PUBLIC ARES, Tuckm. 2. C. Pyrenaica, Wahl. Culm 2 to 8 inches high, slender: spike dense, oblong, brown or purple, the fertile flowers erect until full maturity : leaves narrow, mostly involute- filiform, .shorter than the culms: staminate flowers fe^v, occupying $ or less the length of the spike : perigynium few-nerved or nerveless, usually shining at maturity. High mountains of Colorado, Utah, and north- ward. (Eu.) 3. C. nigricans, C. A. Meyer. Stouter: leaves nearly flat, a line or more broad : staminate Jlowers usually conspicuous and occupying about half the spike : perigynium somewhat ventricose, dull : otherwise as in the last, with which it grows. Evidently the more common species. (Asia.) 374 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 2. Spikes one or more : staminate spike always single, usually distinct, sessile or nearly so, sometimes androgynous with all the pistillate flowers borne at its base : pistillate spikes, if any, small and globular, mostly sessile, moi'e or less approximate : bracts short or none, sheathless : perigynium ovate or globular, hirsute (thin and scabrous in No. 4), tightly surrounding the achenium, usually bearing a beak half its length: pistillate scales acute (except in Nos. 4 and 5) : stigmas rarely 2. SPH^RIDIOPHOR^:, Drejer. Low species in dry places, the leaves all radical. No. 5 is dioecious. * Spike one, androgynous. FILIFOLIA, Tuckm. 4. C. filifolia, Nutt. Cespitose: culms slender, obtusely angled and smooth, 3 to 12 inches high, when full grown longer than the filiform rigid leaves, their bases surrounded by dry brown leafless sheaths which at length break up into fibres: spike to 1 inch long, ferruginous or whitish, bractless, the staminate portion sometimes nearly free from the pistillate portion : peri- gynium broadly triangular-obovoid, thin, few-nerved or nerveless, scabrous or slightly hairy above, abruptly contracted into a short, stout, white-hyaline entire beak, about the length or shorter than the very broad hyaline-margined clasping scale: perigynium containing a short serrate racheola, whence the name Uncinia breviseta, Torr. Dry plains and mountains from Colorado westward and northward. Var. valida, Olney. Culm very stout, a foot high, rigid, sharply angled, much longer than the long-pointed broader leaves : spike longer, often subtended by a hispid bract: perigynium more glabrous. C. filifolia, var., Boott in Gray's Rocky Mountain Plants, 77. Colorado. 5. C. SCirpoidea, Michx. Creeping: culms in flower short, elongating (6 to 16 inches high) in fruit and exceeding the broad and flat leaves, more or less scabrous on the angles at least above, the basal sheaths not splitting into fibres : spike ferruginous, linear or club-shaped, | to 2 inches long, occasion- ally with 1 or 2 accessory spikes at base : perigynium ovate or obovate, hairy, lightly nerved, about the length (or a little longer) of the ciliate more or less obtuse scale: scales on the staminate plant hyaline-margined, not ciliate. C. Worm- skioldiana, Hornem. High mountains, Colorado and Utah, northward and westward. (Asia, Norway.) * * Spikes two to several, the lower occasionally peduncled or sometimes radical: perigynium contracted below, usually bearing two prominent ribs, the very short or often prolonged beak slightly 2-toothed. MONTANA, Fries (in part). <- Culms upright, as long or longer than the leaves: spikes closely flowered, mostly aggregated at the top of the culm. 6. C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. Extensively creeping: culms few, slender, 4 to 10 inches high : staminate spike conspicuous, $ to 1 inch long, often club- shaped, sessile or shortly peduncled, sometimes pistillate at the top : pistillate spikes 1 to 4, the lower one very rarely an inch remote, the upper ones bract- less, the lower sometimes subtended by a short and subulate brown bract: peri- gynium globose or roundish-obovoid, abruptly contracted into a short or often long beak, usually shorter than the acute or cuspidate brown or rarely ivhitish scale. C. leucorum, Willd., is a form with long beaks. Dry sandy plains about Denver (E. L. Greene], Ute Pass, Col. (T. C. Porter); Fort Pierre, CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 375 Dak., and probably generally distributed northward. A variable species; spikes usually brown or dark purple, sometimes whitish, the pistillate varying in size from an inch long to very small and almost abortive. A form with rigid leaves, a single whitish pistillate spike with large perigynia and borne at the base of the staminate spike, has considerable resemblance to forms of C. fili folia. Radical spikes sometimes occur. 7. C. Emmonsii, Dew. Densely cespitose : culms mam/, very slender, about equalling the narrow soft leaves: staminate spike very small, 1 to 4 lines long, often nearly concealed by the pistillate spikes, which are 2 to 5, small, 3 to 9-flowered, green, the lower usually short-bracted, very closely aggregated at the top of the culm, occasionally 1 or 2 of the lower a little remote or rarely on a radical peduncle : perigynium small, narrowly oval or ovate and more or less 3-sided, with a conspicuous more or less toothed beak. C. Novae- Anglice, var. Emmonsii, Carey. Indian Territory (Geo. D. Butler) and southward. Readily distinguished by its closely aggregated green spikes. - -t- Culms mostly shorter than the leaves: spikes looser flowered and more scat- tered, often radical. 8. C. NOVSB- AngliSB, Schw., var. Rossii, Bailey. Calms few, 3 to 6 inches high, nearly or about the length of the narrow and straight leaves : pistillate spikes few, 1 to 4-flowered, linear and upright, light colored : perigynia loosely alternate on a zigzag rhachis, ovoid, the flattened mostly cut toothed beak either longer or shorter than the body. C. Rossii, Boott. Frequent from New Mexico (Fendler, 889) to the mountains of Colorado and Utah; also in British Columbia. The species occurs in Washington Territory and northward and eastward in British America. It is distinguished by a weaker habit, and darker colored and more aggregated spikes. 9. C. umbellata, Schk. Rootstock stout, mostly horizontal: culms many, mostly very short and crowded and concealed among the leaves, sometimes 3 to 4 inches long : leaves many, generally short,, stiff and curved, sometimes weak and straggling and 6 inches long : staminate spike % inch or less long, not usually dis- tinct and conspicuous : pistillate spike usually crowded among the bases of the leaves, sometimes one or more of them exserted and clustered with the staminate spike : perigynium globose-elliptic, more or less flattened, produced into a flattened toothed beak as long as the body. Indian Territory ; and common eastward. Var. brevirostris, Boott. Beak much shorter and minutely toothed, the perigynium rounder or somewhat 3-sided. Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, and near Golden City, Colorado (E. L. Greene) ; also in California and British America. 3. Spikes androgynous, staminate above : pistillate flowers few, often remote, usually on a more or less zigzag rhachis: scales prolonged and leaf-like (scari- ous and often short in No. 10) : perigt/nium smooth, or slightly hispid above, mostly tightly enclosing the achenium, the beak, if any, straight. PHYLLO- STACHYS, 1 Carey. 1 A peculiar section, including one Caucasian and five American species which fall into two well-marked groups. The section is connected with the Montana? through the Brac- teatv, and with the Old World Depauperatce, and through that group with the Laxijlorce, by C. GeyerL 376 CYPERACE^J. (SEDGE FAMILY.) * Culms all as long or nearly as long as the leaves : staminate flowers conspicuous : pistillate flowers very few and large: beak very short. PHYLLOSTACHY.S:, Bailey. 10. C. Geyeri, Boott. Stoloniferous : culms very slender, angled, rough, about a foot high, about the length of the flat rough-edged leaves : staminate portion of the spike usually appearing distinct, to 1 inch long : pistillate flowers 1 or 2, large, erect with the rhachis : perigynium triangular-obovoid, 3 lines long, the conspicuous angles obtuse, one-nerved on the two inner sides, very smooth, with a very short entire erose and hyaline beak : scales thin and brown, acute, 2 to 4 times the length of the perigynium. Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Montana. Hitherto confounded with C. multicaulis, Bailey, a California!! and Oregon species with numerous prolonged stiff terete and smooth culms. * # Culms mostly much shorter than the leaves : staminate flowers inconspicuous: perigynium small, the beak produced to half its length (or more] : scales very green and much dilated, often concealing the perigynia, and readily mistaken for bracts. BRACTOIDE^:, Bailey. 11. C. Backii, Boott. Cespitose: culms 1 to 7 inches high, sharply an- gled : leaves lax and smooth : staminate portion of the spike about 3-flowered : pistillate flowers 2 to 4, aggregated, more or less spreading : perigynium glo- bose-ovate, inconspicuously nerved, smooth or very slightly scabrous above : lower scales longer than the culm. Dry and rocky hills, Colorado ( Hall and Harbour), and British America. 4. Staminate and pistillate spikes distinct : staminate spike single, more or less peduncled: pistillate spikes more or less elongated and peduncled, loosely alter- nate-flowered (except in C. Richardsoni and No. 13) : bracts always sheathed (except in No. 13), the sheaths sometimes membra naceons and leafless: peri- gynium 3-ang/ed or globular, tightly enclosing the achenium, faintly nerved or nerveless, more or less hairy in the less evolved species, smooth and the short beak curved in the Laxiflorce. DACTYLOSTACHY^E, Drejer (in part). Mostly low or undersized species, with a loose habit, growing in dry or grassy places. * Sheaths membranaceous or hyaline, either not prolonged into a bract or the bract very short and not foliaceous : perigynium more or less 3-angled, hairy in our species and the beak straight. DIGITATE, Fries. C. RICHARDSONI, R. Br., connecting this section with 2, is distinguished from C. Pennsylvania, which it strongly resembles, by its peduncled spikes and dark purple leafless sheaths. It occurs in the Eastern States, British America, and California, and may be expected in Montana. 12. C. COncinna, R- Br. Stoloniferous: culms slender, 2 to 6 inches high, longer than the sharp-pointed leaves : staminate spike small, shortly stalked, its scales obtuse, rarely bearing 1 or 2 pistillate flowers at the top : pistillate spikes 2 to 5, short, rather loosely 2 to 8-flowcrcd, at least the lower ones distinctly peduncled (the peduncles often included in the sheaths), all ap- proximate or aggregated: sheaths very short, each usually bearing an awn-like bract of its own length : perigynium ovate, strigose-hairy, with a short erose beak, longer than the obtuse hyaline-margined scale. Cotton wood Lake, Wahsatch CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 377 Mountains, 9,000 feet altitude ; and high northward. A delicate and pretty species. The terminal spike is rarely all pistillate. * # Sheathless: bracts green or foliaceous: perigynium triquetrous. TRI- QUETR^E. 13. C. pubescens, Muhl. Whole plant soft hairy: culms slender, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves flat and soft : pistillate spikes 2 to 4, oblong and rather tightly flowered, i to f inch long, scattered near the top of the culm, the lowest shortly peduncled and subtended by a leafy sheathless bract from I to 3 inches long; perigynium ovate, boldly triquetrous, very hairy, contracted into a slender nearly entire beak over half as long as the body : scale broad below, white and thin on the margins, abruptly contracted into a rough awn ivhich equals or exceeds the peri- gynium. Missouri River below Fort Pierre (Hayden). A species of doubtful affinity, placed here provisionally. 5. Spike one (in our species), small, the pistillate flowers few : perigynium smooth (sometimes minutely dentate on the angles), firm or horny, mostly shin- ing or glossy, lightly nerved or nerveless, bearing a short beak: scales obtuse with hyaline margins: stigmas 3. (The mature perigynium of No. 15 is unknown ) LAMPROCHL^EN^E, Drejer. Small plants, with creeping root- stocks. Our species all fall under the group Rupestres, Tuckm. 14. C. rupestris, All. Cespitose and somewhat stoloniferous : culms ob- tusely angled, erect, 1 to 4 inches high, usually a little longer than the long- pointed and mostly channelled leaves ; spike linear or clavate ( to 1 inch long) : perigynium upright, plano-convex, obovate or elliptic, firm in texture, dull, very lightly nerved, abruptly contracted into a short and stout truncate beak, hidden by the amplectant and very broad dark scale C. Drummondiana, Dew. Sierra Blanca, Col. (Hooker fr Gray), and Hall fr Harbour No. 273, according to Wm. Boott; British America and high northward. (Eu.) 15. C. LyODi, Boott. Rootstocks somewhat creeping or perhaps strictly cespitose : culms short, 1 to 6 (usually 2 or 3) inches high, rigid, mostly shorter than the very rigid, bristle-like glaucous leaves, surrounded at the base by a mass of brown leafless sheaths: spike linear; the staminate flowers 3 to 6 ; the pistillate 7 to 9 : perigynium ovate-lanceolate, pallid, finely few-nerved ; the beak hyaline, minutely and obliquely toothed, about the length or a little shorter than the obtuse and hyaline-margined scale. Twin Lakes (John Wolfe) and Berthoud Pass (Vasey), Colorado; also in British America. Known only from immature specimens. Its stiff and bristle-like leaves and culms are its best known characters. 16. C. obtusata, Lilj. Very extensively creeping by long and slender brown- ish rootstocks: culms 2 to 7 inches high, longer than the flat and long-pointed leaves : spike at maturity ovate or narrowly ovoid, half-inch or less long, the pistil- lute flowers 4 to 10 : perigynium at first pa'e, brownish at the top, when mature spreading and becoming brown or dark brown-purple, glossy, very horny in texture, turgid-ovate, stipitate, contracted into a stout obliquely cut and conspicuously white- hyaline beak, longer and broader than the membranaceous, acute, and often de ciduous scale : achenium short and broadly triangular. C. spicata, Schk C. affinis, R. Br. C. obesa, All., var. monostachya, Bceckeler. South Park, Colorado, to Montana, westward and northward. (Eu.) 378 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 6. Spikes 2 or more (1 in No. 17), more or less pedunded : staminate spike one in our species : pistillate spikes mostly compactly flowered and cylindrical, erect: bracts leafy, sheathing or sheathless : perigynium firm in texture, smooth (except in No. 24, and in young specimens of No. 23), slightly inflated, very shortly and stoutly beaked or sometimes beakless, conspicuously nerved (except in No. 22). BRACHYRHYNCH^E. Slender, not very leafy species. * Spike one, staminate above: perifjynium beakless. POLYTRICHOIDE^E, Tuckm. Including one very slender species of doubtful affinity, interme- diate between the Pallescentes and the Elongates. 17. C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Cespitose-: culms many, almost capillary, usually longer than the very narrow leaves : staminate flowers very few : peri- gynia 2 to 8, alternate and appressed, green, triangular below, flattened to- wards the top, blunt or emarginate at the apex, much longer than the ovate acute scale : stigmas rarely 2. Low ground, Colorado and northward. * * Staminate spike in our species sessile or short-stalked : pistillate spikes short (occasionally an inch long in No. 19) : perigynium obtuse or short beaked, straight at the apex, longer than the white or tawny acute scale. PALLES- CENTES, Fries. 18. C. Torreyi, Tuckm. Culms 8 to 16 inches high, sharply angled, longer than the hairy leaves : pistillate spikes 1 to 3, roundish, approximate, almost sessile : perigynium round-obovate, sunken at the lop, very abruptly tipped with a short stout hyaline-margined beak: bracts short, about the length of the culm, sheathless. Clear Creek Canon, near Golden City, Colorado (Rev. E. L. Greene) ; also in British America; rare. 19. C. grisea, Wahl. Culms lax, 8 to 20 inches high : leaves smooth, lax, and flat (3 lines wide in typical forms, often much narrower) : pistillate spikes 3 to 6, rather loosely flowered and cylindrical, or sometimes reduced to 2 or 3 flowers, remote, all more or less pedunded : bracts wide and leaf-like, surpassing the culm: perigynium large, turgid-oblong, green, finely many-nerved, flnely punc- tate with shining glands, beakless or very nearly so: scale rough-awned. S. Utah (Dr. E. Palmer) and southeastward; Nebraska (Hayden). This species bears little general resemblance to the preceding. * * * Staminate spike usually long-pedunded : pistillate spikes scattered, all (at least the lower) on exserted stalks: bracts shorter than the culm (longer in No. 20), sheathing : perigynium glaucous-green before maturity, becoming pale or yellow, the apex oblique or bent and short-beaked (or nearly beakless in \ No. 20). PANICE^E, Tuckm. 20. C. aurea, Nutt. Stoloniferous : culm 1 to 12 inches high, slender, sharply angled, longer or shorter than the flat and narrow glaucous leaves : bracts leaf-like, the hirer much exceeding the culm : spikes 3 to 6, the stamiuate often nearly sessile, the pistillate loosely flowered, the lower remote, often on radi- cal peduncles : scales colored on the margins, ovate, shorter than the turgid, globose or pear-shaped, bright yellow or straw-colored and wholly obtuse or slightly pointed perigi/nium : stigmas commonly 2. Common throughout on moist grassy hillsides and low mountains. A delicate and pretty species, readily distinguished when mature by its bright colored, often almost fleshy peri- gynia. The staminate spike is occasionally pistillate at the apex. The apex of the perigynium is often slightly excurved as in the true Panicece. CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 379 21. C. tetanica, Schk. Creeping: culms strict, slender, 6 to 20 inches high, sharply angled, longer than the pale or bluish leaves : staminate spike long- peduncled: pistillate spikes 1 to 4, usually all peduncled, slender, cylindrical, varying from compactly to loosely flowered, attenuated at the base : perigynium tapering at each end, more or less 3-angled, scarcely inflated, with a very short bent point, longer than the nearly obtuse or shortly cuspidate scale. Indian Ter- ritory and northward ; also in British America. Distinguished from its east- ern allies, C. panicea and C. Meadii (the latter of which may occur within our limits), by its more slender spikes, which are loosely flowered at the base, and its less inflated perigyuium. * * # * Terminal spike stalked, pistillate at the top : pistillate spikes oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered, erect : bracts sheathless or nearly so, leaf-like : perigynium ovate or obovate, straight, nearly or quite beakless. VIRESCENTES, Kunth. 22. C. Shortiana, Dew. Culms leafy, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves long, flat, rather wide, smooth or very nearly so: pistillate spikes 3 to 6, evenly cylindri- cal, f to 2 inches long, the lower long peduncled, all sparingly staminate at the base: perigynium broadly and shortly obovate, nerveless, minutely pointed, squar- rose, somewhat longer than the rather obtuse scale. Indian Territory ( Geo. D. Butler); Nebraska (Hayden). 23. C. triceps, Michx. Cespitose: culms slender, 8 to 18 inches high, shorter or longer than the soft, narrow, flat and hairy (rarely nearly smooth eastward) leaves: spikes 1 to 3, approximate and nearly sessile, globular, ovoid, or short cylindrical, thick ( inch or less long) : perigynium sparsely hairy when young, smooth when mature, ovate or broadly obovoid, turgid and conspicu- ously many-nerved when ripe, pointless and nearly entire or tipped with a very short and slightlij %-toothed beak, about the length of the acute or awn-pointed scale. C. hirsuta, Willd. C. Mnithii, T. C. Porter. Indian Territory ( Geo. D. Butler) and southward. 24. C. virescens, Muhl. Cespitose : culms many, very slender, 8 inches to 3 feet high, often much attenuated, about the length of the narrow and flat long-pointed, hairy leaves : spikes green, oblong or narrowly cylindrical, ^ to 2 inches long, rarely nearly globose in attenuated specimens, short-stalked and ascending : perigynium ovate or oval, thickly hairy at maturity, strongly few-nerved, beakless, mostly longer than the acute whitish scale. Indian Territory ( Geo. D. Butler). 7. Staminate spike mostly solitary and peduncled (sometimes sessile in No. 26), the upper part usually pistillate in the Gracillima? : pistillate spikes several or many, more or less loosely flowered, all or the lower on filiform, weak or nodding peduncles: bracts foliaceous and sheathing : perfgi/nium thin and membrana- ceous, usually slender or oblong, tapering gradually into a distinct or long minutely toothed straight beak, smooth and shining (in No. 23 usually hairy on the angles and not lucid), mostly light-colored, somewhat inflated. Scales thin, white, tawny, or brown. HYMENOCHL^N^E, Drejer. Mostly slender and open-flowered lax-growing species. * Terminal spike usually pistillate above : pistillate spikes narrow, long-cylindri- cal, rather compactly flowered, the lower on long-exserted or nodding peduncles : 380 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) perigynium ovate-oblong \ many-nerved, turgid, green at maturity. GRACIL- IJM^E, Carey. 25. C. Davisii, Schw. and Torr. Culm leafy, lax, 1 to 2 feet high: leaves wide and flat, pale, more or less hairy : pistillate spikes about three, usually an inch or more long and two or three lines broad : perigynium large and turgid, prominently 12 to 15-nefved, gradually narrowed into a short and stout slightly 2-toothed beak, about the length of the pale awned scale. C. Torreyana, Dew. Moist grassy places, Indian Territory ( Geo. D. Butler) and northward. # # Terminal spike all staminate : pistil/ate spikes in our species very narrow and slender and long-exserted and nodding, loosely flowered: perigijnium small, not inflated. DEBILES, Carey. 26. C. arctata, Boott. Slender, 1 to 2 feet high : culm leaves short (2 to 4 inches) and broad; radical leaves mostly short and spreading, all smooth: pistillate spikes long-linear, 1 to 3 inches long and a line wide, all nodding at maturity, very loosely flowered towards the base : perigynium small, some- what 3-angled, prominently about 2 or 3-nerved, pointed, rather longer than the acute, white scale. Along the Missouri at Fort Pierre (Dewey). * # # Terminal spike all staminate: pistillate spikes oblong, club-shaped or cy- lindrical (very small in No. 27), less drooping: perigynium few-nerved or nerveless, tawny or whitish. FLEXILES, Tuckm. 27. C. capillaris, L. Usually densely cespitose: culms very slender, vary- ing from an inch to 15 inches (var. elongata, Gluey) in height, much longer than the numerous very narrow radical, leaves: pistillate spikes 1 to 4, loosely 3 to 10- Jlowered, long-exserted and nodding, the lower often very remote : perigijnium small, ovate or ovate-oblong, contracted into a nearlt/ entire beak of about half its length, about the length or longer than the white or tawny hyaline scale. High mountains from Colorado westward and northward. A delicate species, vari- able in size and in the length and shape of the pistillate scales. (Eu.) 28. C. frigida, All. Stoloniferous : culm slender, 1 to 1^ feet high, much longer than the short and rather broad many-nerved, lax radical leaves: bracts conspicuously and loosely sheathing, the lower more or less leaf-like, the upper setaceous : pistillate spikes ferruginous, nearly or quite an inch long, the lower club-shaped and long-exserted, the upper more or less cylindrical and often sessile or nearly so and approximate : perigi/nium lanceolate, slightly inflated, flattened, at first wholly or partly green, at length becoming more or less ferruginous, obscurely neri'ed, hair-/ on the angles, tapering and 2-toothed, longer than the acute dark-brown scale. Cottonwood Lake, Utah (Sereno \YatO*)\ also in Oregon. (Eu.) (See Addendum.) 29. C. longirostris, Torr., var. minor, Boott. Cespitose : culm rather strong, 6 to 8 inches high, obtusely angled, rather longer than the fiat and soft leaves: pistillate spikes 2 to 3, greenish-white, short (^ inch long), thick, nearly erect : perigi/nium large, 2-nerved, green and shining, produced into a slender white-tipped toothed beak of half or more its length : scale white, acute or cuspidate, about the length of the perigynium. Colorado (Hall $* Har- bour). The species, differing in its much greater size, longer and at length long-pendulous spikes, and very long-beaked perigymum, occurs near the boundary in British America. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 381 8. Staminate spikes one or more : pistillate spikes two to several, stout, erect, mostly shortly peduncled, somewhat squarrose or comose in appearance : peri- gynium thick in texture, hairy, more or less spreading, distinctly and stoutly straight-beaked, the teeth short: scales prominent. LASIOCARP^E, Fries. Stout, mostly tall species, in wet or grassy places. Our species falls under the group Lanuginosce, Carey. 30. C. filiformis, L., var. latifolia, Beklr. Stoloniferous : culms 1 to 2| feet high, strong : leaves flat 1 to 2 lines broad, about the length or longer than the culm : staminate spikes 1 to 3, the lower small and aggregated at the base of the terminal one : pistillate spikes 1 to 4, remote, sessile or nearly so, or the lower peduncled, f to 2 inches long, often loosely flowered at the base : bracts leaf -like, usually much exceeding the culm, the upper sheathless : peri- gynium ovate or shortly ovoid, abruptly contracted into a very short, erect, divergently and very shortly toothed beak : scales ovate, purple, acute or cus- pidate, shorter or longer than the turgid and densely hairy perigynium. C. lanuginosa, Michx. C. pellita, Muhl. Throughout, in wet and swampy places. Var. aematorhyncha, W. Boott, is a form with purple beaks : scarcely distinct from the last variety. C. cematorhyncha, Desv. Jordan Valley, Utah (Sereno Watson). The species may be expected in Montana. It is distinguished by its filiform and involute leaves. 9. Staminate spike mostly single : pistillate spikes 2 to 4, short, oblong or globu- lar, sessile or nearly so, erect, compactly /lowered, in our species approximate at the top of' the culm and subtended by long and leafy bracts: perigynium smooth, nerved, conspicuously beaked, not prominently toothed. SPIROSTA- CHY^E, Drejer. Rather slender species. 31. C. flava, L. Culm slender, 4 to 18 inches high, smooth, longer than the narrow stem leaves : bracts much longer than the culm, leaf-like, very shortly sheathed : staminate spike short, mostly sessile : perigynium shining, yellowish, reflexed at maturity, twice the length of the scale. Meadows and wet places, Hudson's Bay Creek, Montana ( W. M. Canby), and north- ward. (Eu.) 10. Staminate spikes two or more, long-stalked: pistillate spikes 2 to several, usually all peduncled, long and heavy, loosely flowered, erect or nodding: peri- gynium large, thick in texture, strongly nerved, hairy or smooth, produced into a long beak which terminates in very conspicuous awl-like erect or spreading teeth. ECHINOSTACIIY^:, Drejer. Coarse species. 32. C. trichocarpa, Muhl., var. aristata, Bailey. Culms very stout, sharply angled : sheaths and under side of the leaves sparsely hairy : stami- nate spikes 3 to 8, usually considerably separated ; the scales very long, loose and pointed : pistillate spikes 2 to 3 inches long, 5 lines or more broad, upright, scattered, loosely flowered at the base : perigynium very strongly nerved, smooth, ovate-lanceolate, terminated by very conspicuous divaricate, smooth and slender teeth (which are l to 2 lines long), usually longer than the rough-awned scale. C. aristata, R. Br. C. mirata, Dew. Bogs and creeks, Utah ( Watson, L. F. Ward ) ; to British America. 332 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) Var. Deweyi, Bailey. Usually more slender than the last, the leaves and sheaths smooth : pistillate spikes 1 to 2 inches long and inch or less broad : perigynium very smooth, usually somewhat polished, rather coriaceous, the nerves not conspicuous, the teeth mostly short : scale usually not conspicuously awned. C. Iceviconica, Dew. Big Sioux and Yellow- stone Rivers (Hayden), Bismarck, Dakota (A. B. Seymour). These varieties pass by all gradations into the species, which may occur within our eastern limits. 11. Sterile and fertile spikes one to several or many: fertile spikes mostly large and compactly flowered: perigynium much inflated (cross -sect ion nearly twice or much more than twice the width of the mature achenium), membranaceous, smooth, conspicuously nerved (or nearly nerveless in No. 35), tapering into a toothed beak as long as the body or longer. PHYSOCARP^E, Drejer. Mostly large and stout species, to be regarded as the most developed of the genus. No. 35 is the least developed of the section, and in some forms it appears to ally itself with other and very dissimilar sections. * Staminate spike solitary, stalked: pistillate spikes sessile or nearly so, short and thick, at maturity green or greenish-tawni/, usually turning dark-colored in dry- ing: perigynium large, very turgid at the base, gradually lengthened into a long- conical slenderly toothed beak which much exceeds the scale. LUPULIN^E, Tuckm. 33. C. lupulina, Muhl. Tall and leafy (2 to 3 feet high) : fertile spikes 2 to 4, several to many-flowered, heavy, turgid-oblong or cylindrical, approxi- mate or the lower remote and on more or less exserted stalks, becoming nearly straw-colored at full maturity: bracts wide, long and leaf-like, the lower sheathing : perigynium upright. Indian Territory and southward in wet places. C. INTUMESCEXS, Rudge, distinguished by its few-flowered and aggregated sessile, greener spikes, sheathless bracts, and more spreading perigynia, has a similar range as the last, but has not yet been found within our limits. It also occurs in British America. # * Staminate spikes commonly more than one : pistillate spikes usually long and densely cylindrical (short in A T o. 35 and occasionally in No. 38) : perigynium smooth and shining, long-beaked, at maturity yellow or straw-colored, or occa- sionally partly reddish purple. VESICAKI^S, Tuckm. t- Staminate spike one: pistillate spikes comose, cylindrical and drooping or spreading : bracts sheathless or nearly so : beaks long. 34. C. hystricina, Muhl. Plant rather slender, pale, 12 to 18 inches high : spikes 2 to 4, narrow (f to 2 inches long and |- inch and less wide), nod- cling or the upper one nearly erect or spreading, decidedly comose in appear- ance : perigynium 15-nerved, not prominently inflated, prolonged into a very slender and setaceously toothed beak, the lobes of which are spreading : scales awn-like, shorter than the perigynium. C. Cooleyi and C. Thurberi, Dew. Wet places, New Mexico and northeastward to Nebraska. Distinguished from C. tentaculata, Muhl., which may occur within our southeastern bor- der, by its smaller, more comose and more nodding spikes, and by its smaller CYPERACE^. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 383 or more nerved (10-nerved in that species) perigynia. C. hystricina affords a transition to the Echinostachyce. C. SQUARKOSA, L., occurs at Fayetteville, N. W. Arkansas (F. L. Harvey). It is at once distinguished by its exceedingly densely flowered short, upright spikes, the terminal one being androgynous. It is one of the Squarrosce, Carey. - H- Staminate spike one, rarely two : pistillate spikes short, erect, more or less purplish : beaks short : stigmas usually two. 35. C. saxatilis, L. Stoloniferons : culm 4 to 12 inches high, sharply angled, about the length of, or a little longer than, the narrow and sharp- pointed leaves : pistillate spikes one to three, the upper sessile or nearly so, the lower mostly more or less peduncled, all dark purple or at maturity becom- ing brown : bracts narrow, long-pointed, shorter or a very little longer than the culm : perigynium ovate-oblong or elliptic, nerveless or very inconspicu- ously nerved at the apex, rather abruptly contracted into a very short nearly entire beak, mostly longer than the more or less obtuse membranaceous scale. C. pulla, Goodeu. C. vesicaria, var. alpigena, Fries. Rocky mountains of British America and northward, and no doubt on our higher moun- tains. (Eu.) Var. Grahami, Hook. & Arn. Stouter, 12 to 20 inches high : perigynium lighter colored, often nearlv straw-colored, prominently few-nerved, the beak longer and more conspicuously toothed. C. Grahami, Boott. C. vesicaria, var. dichroa, Anderss. C. saxatilis, var. major, Gluey. High mountains of Colorado, Utah, and northward. (Eu.) t- -t *- Staminate spikes two or more: pistillate spikes normally long, spreading or drooping: stigmas three. w- Perigynium conspicuously turgid, ascending at maturity. 36. C. vesicaria, L. Stoloniferons : culms stout, 1 to 2^ feet high, sca- brous, shorter than the upper leaves: leaves flat, 2 to 3 lines broad: pistillate spikes 2 to 4, thick (4 to 8 lines in diameter), the upper sessile, the lower on weak or nodding peduncles: perigynium ovate-lanceolate, one third or less as broad as long, gradually tapering into a slender beak, 12 or more nerved, longer than the inconspicuous scale. Uinta Mountains, Utah? (No. 1270 King's Survey, an immature specimen), California, and Oregon. (Eu.) 37. C. monil8, Tttckm. Culms usually more slender and leaves a little nar- rower: spikes more slender: perigi/niuin subglobose, much inflated towards the base, one half or more as broad as long, abruptly short-beaked, 10 or less nerved : otherwise as in the last. C. Vaseji, Dew. Colorado ( Vasey). *- *-* Perigynium not conspicuously turgid, squarrose at maturity, and the spikes comose in appearance. 38. C. lltriculata, Boott. Somewhat stoloniferous: culm very stout (1 to 3 feet high), acutely angled above, very thick and spongy at the base: leaves broad (2 to 6 lines), carinate at the base, much exceeding the culm, conspicu- ously nodulose-reticulated : pistillate spikes 2 to 6, more or less remote, the upper sessile, the lower often on weak peduncles an inch or two long, long-cylindri- cal or terete (1 to 7 inches long), thick and compactly flowered (sometimes 384 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) loosely flowered at the base), often staminate at the top: perigynium ellipsoid or globose-ovoid, usually gradually tapering into a short beak, broader and com- monly longer than the very acute or rough-awned scale. Var. MINOR, Sart- well, is a form smaller in all its parts, with spikes an inch or so long. Common in swamps from Colorado and Utah northward. Too near the next. 39. C. ampullacea, Good. Culm rather slender, obtusely angled, not con- spicuously thickened at the base : leaves narrow (f to 2 lines broad), canaliculate, finely and inconspicuously nodulose below, gradually tapering into very long points: spikes fewer, narrower and shorter, more approximate, the lower seldom much ex- serted : perigynium subglobose or globose-elliptic, in typical forms shortly and abruptly beaked, longer than the normally muticous scale. In similar situa- tions with the last, but evidently less common, from Colorado and Utah northward. (Eu.) 12. Staminote spikes one or more, long: pistillate spikes one to several, brown, purple, or greenish, commonly approximate, sessile or peduncled, oblong or linear, mostly elongated: perigynium not inflated, biconvex, minutely beaked or beak- less, smooth: stigmas 2. MICRORIIYNCH^E, Drejer. Paludose and alpine species of upright habit, often growing in tufts or tussocks. Our species fall under the group Acutce, Fries. # Perigynium strongly nerved. 40. C. Jamesii, Torr. Stoloniferous : culm 1 to 2 feet high, rough on the sharp angles, longer than the glaucous, long-pointed leaves : staminate spikes 1 to 4, usually one, large, occasionally bearing a few pistillate flowers at the top : pistillate spikes 2 to 4, erect, the upper sessile or nearly so, the lower more or less peduncled, broadly cylindrical, often inclining to club- shaped ; lower bract often leaf -like : perigynium oval or obovate, ascending, abruptly contracted into a short, toothed (rarely nearly entire) beak, green- ish, about the length of, or a little longer than, the obtuse or abruptly cuspi- date scale, and twice as broad. Colorado, Utah, and southward. Spikes sometimes purplish. Var. Nebraskensis, Bailey. Culm stouter, smooth or nearly so, about the length of the leaves : pistillate spikes mostly short, narrowly cylindrical or terete : perigynium squarrose or spreading, usually rusty brown, a little shorter than the gradually pointed, narrower scale. C. Nebraskensis, Dew. With the species and eastward. * * Perigynium slightly nerved or nerveless. - Robust species (mostly) : bracts Ieaf4ike, usually exceeding the culm. 41. C. laciniata, Boott. Culm very sharply angled, 2 to 3 feet high, rough on the angles, at least above : leaves very long : pistillate spikes 3 to 6, dark brown, 1 to 3 inches long, cylindrical and closely flowered, remote, the upper sessile, the lower nodding or spreading on exserted peduncles and loosely flowered at the base : perigtjnium oval or elliptic, sometimes nearly circular, con- tracted into a short, toothed beak, usually toothed on the angles above (the teeth deciduous with &gs), faintly several nerved, about the length of the narrow pale- CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 385 ribbed, dilate (laciniate) scale. Provost River, N. Utah (Sereno Watson; an ambiguous specimen). The leaves usually dry, stiff and hard. The lowest bract is often very much prolonged. 42. C. aquatilis, Wahl. Stoloniferous : culm obtusely angled, 2 to 3 feet high, smooth, leafy : leaves flat, pale, scarcely longer than the culm : pistillate spikes 2 to 4, erect, thick and compactly flowered throughout or more commonly inclining to club-shaped with a gradually attenuated base, the upper sessile, the lower more or less peduncled and often long-exserted : perigynium broadly elliptic or obovate, rarely circular, nerveless, tipped with a minute and entire point, green or light-colored, wider and either longer or shorter than the green or purple- margined acutish scale. Wyoming ( W. Boott) ; probably generally distrib- uted. A large species in wet places, readily distinguished from the next by its stout and leafy smooth culms, wide and amplectant bracts, and thick spikes. (Eu.) Var. sphagnophila, Anders. Slender, 8 to 16 inches high: leaves very narrow, long-pointed : spikes slender, very loosely flowered and long-attenuated below, the lower peduncles slender and flexuose : perigynium about the width of or a little ivider than the dark purple scale. C. aquatilis, var. minor, Boott. C. borealis, Lange. C. personata, Olney. Twin Lakes, Colorado (John Wolfe) ; also in British America. (Eu.) C. LENTICULARIS, Michx., may be expected northward. It may be dis- tinguished from C. aquatilis by its smaller size, narrower spikes the terminal one of which is pistillate at the top, and the nerved perigynium. *- *- Low or tall and slender species: bracts mostly short and narrow, often setaceous (rarely long in Nos. 42 and 43). w- Culms slender and tall (2 feet or more high) : leaves with more or less revolute margins when dry. 43. C. Stricta, Lam. Densely cespitose, forming high tussocks in wet places : culms 2 to 5 feet high, sharply angled, rough, leafy only at the base, longer than the narrow and long-pointed carinate leaves, when full grown surrounded below by the conspicuous reticulated fibrous remains of the oldei- sheaths : pistillate spikes 2 to 4, erect or spreading, sessile or the lower shortly peduncled and sometimes loosely flowered at the base, linear, often male at the top; lower spike or two often subtended by a narrow bract barely as long as the culm : perigynium oval or ovate, green or light-colored, nerveless or nearly so, the point entire or slightly emarginate, little broader and longer or shorter than the purple- margined ascending acute or acutish scale. C. Virginiana, Smith. C. acuta, Muhl., etc. C. angustata, Boott. C. xerocarpa, S. H. Wright. Colorado (Brandeqee, Vasey). 44. C. aperta, Boott, var. divaricata, Bailey. Differs from the last in its smoother culm, in the absence of reticulated fibrous sheaths, and in the broader perigynium which is subtended by an acute spreading scale of more than its own length: bracts sometimes leaf-like. Colorado (Vasey). Differs from the typical Eastern C. aperta, which may be expected in our region, in its greater size, wider leaves, and looser habit, larger perigynia, and more conspicuously divaricate, darker scales. 25 386 CYPEKACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) w- ++ Culms 3 to 18 inches high: leaves more or less involute when dry. 45. C. Vlllgaris, Fries. Stoloniferous, not tufted, bluish in appearance: culms mostly stout, sharply angled, smooth except near the top, longer than the narrow leaves : staminate spikes 1 to 3, usually 2 : pistillate spikes 2 to 4, usually about an inch long, stout, densely flowered (or the lower rarely loosely flowered at the base), erect, sessile or the lower shortly peduncled, green and black in appearance, with a bract nearly or quite as long as the culm : bracts usually bearing minute purple auricles at the top of the sheath : perigynium appressed, oval, ovate or round-ovate, finely striate towards the base, bright green above the middle, the distinct beak entire or emarginate, longer and broader than the obtuse, black, green-nerved appressed scale. Twin Lakes, Colorado ( John Wolfe : these specimens were named C. turfosa, Fries, in the Preliminary Report of Wheeler's Survey, but they lack the yellowish-purple spikes and rough-angled perigynia of that Scandinavian plant). A perplexingly variable species, distinguished from Nos. 43 and 44 by its lower, stiffer, less cespitose habit, and thicker, oblong, conspicuously green and black spikes, and more nerved perigynia, rather than by any positive descriptive characters. Scandinavian caricographers state that reticulated basal sheaths never occur in any of the forms of this species. The auricles at the base of the bracts are often inconspicuous, and they are sometimes present in C. stricta and others of the Acutoz. The type of the species is common in the Eastern United States, in Europe, and in Asia. In our region the follow- ing varieties appear to be clearly made out : Var. juncella, Fries. Cespitose and very slender: leaves narrow, longer than the culm : spikes linear, often much attenuated at the base : perigynium elliptic or broader, distinctly nerved and beaked, longer than the obtuse black-margined scale. C. Kelloggii, W. Boott. Wahsatch Mountains, Utah ( Watson, M. E. Jones). Different from all other forms of C. vulgar is in its slender and lax habit. It much resembles the type in the green and black of its spikes. (Eu.) Var. hyperborea, Boott. Culms and leaves as in the species : staminate spike one : pistillate spikes 3 to 5, slender, lax, loosely flowered at the base, the lower peduncled and often remote, black-purple or fuscous-purple : peri- gynium narrow, mostly elliptic, almost pointless, entire at the orifice, very faintly nerved towards the base, shorter or rarely a little longer than the acute or acutish dark purple scale. C. hyperborea, Drejer. C. limula, Fries. C. Bigelovii, Torr. C. Washingtoniana, Dew. C. rigida, var. Bigelovii, Tuckm. Alpine regions, Colorado, northward and westward. (Eu.) Var. alpina, Boott. Leaves broad (2 lines) and flat: staminate spikes sometimes 2, usually 1 : pistillate spikes 3 to 5, short and thick (3 to 9 lines long), erect, approximate or the lowest sometimes remote and shortlj r pedun- cled, dark purple : auricles very prominent : perigynium obovate or nearty circular, nerveless, shortly beaked, pale below, usually more or less purple above, commonly shorter than the very dark, acute scale. C. rigida, Gooden. C. saxatilis of Scand. authors, not L. With the last. (Eu.) 13. Staminate spike one, short, either pistillate above or not conspicuous (except in No. 46) : pistillate spikes none to several, short and thick, mostly dark- colored, commonly aggregated (often only approximate) sometimes staminate at CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 387 the base : perigynhim biconvex or very obtusely 3-angled, with a very short entire or emarginate beak, or beakless : stigmas 2 or 3. MELANOSTACHY^E, Tuckm. Mostly mountain or boreal species, distinguished by the aggregated spikes and inconspicuous or androgynous terminal spike and nigrescent color. To be regarded as probably the least evolved section of the genus, connecting the two subgenera. * Terminal spike all staminate (in No. 46 often with a few pistillate flowers at base or apex, or rarely all pistillate and dioecious), cylindrical: pistillate spikes approximate, erect: stigmas usual.lt/ 3. STYLOS^E. 46. C. Parry ana, Dew. Stoloniferous : culms rigid, 2 to 16 inches high, stout, obtusely angled, smooth or nearly so, granulated, longer than the rigid, long- pointed, narrow leaves : terminal spike usually largest, about an inch long, brown, with I to 5 small, globular, oblong, or cylindrical erect spikes near its base (or sometimes entirely solitary!), the lower usually subtended by a narrow bract shorter than the culm and often more or less remote and shortly peduncled : perigynium obovate or triangular-obovoid, somewhat plano-convex, scabrous above, lightly nerved especially on the outer side, very abruptly short-beaked, the orifice entire or erose-hi/aline, shorter and about the width of the very obtuse, brown, white- nerved, hyaline-margined, sometimes minutely apiculate and ci/iate scale. C. arc- tica, Dew. C. Hallii, Olney. South Park, Colorado, and northward in the mountains : rare. Named for Capt. Parry, the Arctic explorer. The mono- stachyous specimens resemble No. 5, from which they are readily distinguished by the hairless perigynia. 47. C. Raynoldsii, Dew. Stoloniferous : culms 13 inches to 3 feet high, sharply angled, longer than the flat, glaucous leaves : staminate spike sessile, about half an inch long: pistillate spikes 3 to 6, short and thick (4 lines wide), not commonly more than twice as long as broad (and usually less), sessile or short peduncled, aggregated, or the lowest an inch or two remote and exserted : lower bract about the length of the culm, bearing conspicuous purple auricles: perigy- nium large, obovoid, 3-angled, prominently nerved, green or light-colored, abruptly narrowed into a nearly entire purple beak, somewhat spreading, when mature much longer and broader than the acute black scale. C. Lyallii, Boott. Mountains, Utah to Wyoming. * * Terminal spike staminate: pistillate spikes ovoid or oblong and drooping: stigmas 3. LIMOS^S, Tuckm. 48. C. Magellanica, Lam. Loosely tufted: culms 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, about the length of or shorter than the leaves : pistillate spikes 2 to 4, rather loosely llowered, on peduncles of about their own length, sometimes with a few stamiuate flowers at their base or apex, the' lowest with a bract which exceeds the culm : perigynium nearly orbicular, granular, whitish, entire at the orifice, few-nerved, about half as long as the long-pointed brown- purple scale. C. irrigua, Smith. Uinta Mountains, Utah. (Ku.) * * * Terminal spike club-shaped, staminate below: lateral spikes occasionally bearing a few staminate flowers at base. ATRAT^E, Kunth. -i- Scales, especially of the terminal spike, narrow and acuminate, very acute or awned, much longer than the perigynia. 49. C. Buxbaumii, Wahl. Stoloniferous : culm 1 to 2 feet high, sharply angled,' rough above, about the length of the firm, narrow leaves : pistillate 388 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) spikes 2 to 5, erect, sessile, or the lowest very shortly ped uncled, distinct, usually more or less remote, glaucous-purple : perigynium elliptic, glaucous, nerved, rough-granular, contracted into a short emarginate or entire beak. Bogs throughout, but evidently nowhere common. The terminal spike is rarely all staminate. The lower leaf sheaths are purple and at length fibril- lose. (Eu.) *- -*- Scales broad, not conspicuously acute. 50. C. atrata, L. Cespitose : culm 6 inches to 2 feet high, sharply angled, smooth or roughish, longer than the long-pointed leaves: bracts about equal- ling the culm, mostly with conspicuous auricles : spikes 2 to 4, densely flow- ered, clavate or oblong, thick, to l inches long, black or dark brown, approximate or often aggregated, all more or less peduncled, at first upright or spreading, at length usually drooping and often exserted, and the top of the culm appearing as if bent over : perigynium broadly ovate or orbicular, nerveless, bearing a short notched beak, commonly a little broader and about the length or a little shorter than the black or dark brown obtuse or acutish scale. Varies much : the spikes are sometimes more or less erect at maturity, the upper spike is rarely all staminate, and the upper scales are often acuminate but never awned. High mountains, Colorado and Utah and northward. (Eu.) Var. nigra, Boott. Spikes short, about as broad as long, densely aggregated and capitate, sessile, erect : midnerve of the scale generally projecting into a short cusp: perigi/nium usually scabrous. C. nigra, All. With the last. (Eu.) Var. OVata, Boott. Resembling the drooping or open forms of the spe- cies, but the spikes more slender, the whitish or green perigynium conspicuously broader and mostly longer than the brown scale, giving to the graceful spikes a conspicuous light and dark appearance. C. ovata, Rudge. Colorado, Utah, and southward. Var. erecta, W. Boott. Like the last, but the spikes erect, short, sessile or nearly so, and the staminate scales narrow. Nevada and westward ; probably in our region. 51. C. alpina, Swartz. Culms very slender, 6 inches to 2 feet high, smooth, longer than the narrow leaves: spikes 2 to 4, small (J inch and less long), mostly compactly flowered, black or black and green, closely aggregated, erect and capitate, the lowest very short-stalked and usually subtended by a green bract: perigynium ovate or elliptic, obscurely nerved or nerveless, with a short slightly notched beak, green or fuscous, commonly a little longer than the ovate, black, nearly obtuse scale. C. Vahlii, Schk. High mountains, South Park, Colo- rado, and northward. A delicate species, distinguished from erect forms of the preceding species by its slender naked culm, and small, nearly globular spikes. SUBGENUS II. Vignea. Staminate flowers few and inconspicuous, borne at the base or apex of the pistillate spikes. Pistillate flowers in short, sessile spikes (spike single in Nos. 52 and 53), which are commonly more or less aggregated into heads, or even panicled. Cross-section of the perigynium plano-convex in outline. Styles two and achenium lenticular. The spikes, and especially the terminal one, usually have contracted bases when the stami- nate flowers are borne below, and empty scales at the top when the staminate flowers are borne above. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 389 14. Staminate flowers borne at the top of the pistillate spikes ; or in the Are- narice spikes often iv holly staminate and the plants occasionally dicecious. ACROARRHEN.E, Anderss. # Spike one and simple : plants very small. NARDIN^E, Tuckm. 52. C. nardina, Fries. Densely cespitose: culms ^ to 5 inches high, rigid, about the length of the very numerous, setaceous, rigid or stiffly recurved leaves : spike 1 to 4 lines long, compactly flowered : perigynium oval or elliptic, obscurely nerved, abruptly very short beaked, erect, ivhen mature usually about the length of the broad and obtuse brown scale, Upper Marais Pass ( W. M. Canby), and high northward. Resembles the tristigmatous No. 14, with which it should perhaps be associated. (Eu.) 53. C. gynocrates, Wormsk. Creeping : culms 3 to 8 inches high, longer than the rigid, erect or spreading leaves : spike 2 to 6 lines long, loosely flow- ered (perigynium sometimes but one, C. monosperma, Macoun) : perigi/nium ovate, prominently nerved, gradually and conspicuously beaked, spreading at ma- turity, longer than the acute scale. South Park, Colorado (John Wolfe), and in British America. (Eu.) # # Spikes green when mature, aggregated or remote, never in compound heads. (Here may be sought forms of No. 59.) MUHLENBERGIAN^E, Tuckm. 4- Spikes few-flowered, distinct, often remote. 54. C. tenella, Schk. Tufted and stoloniferous : culms very slender, almost capillary, 6 to 16 inches high, about the length of the narrow, loose leaves : spikes scattered, 1 to 6-flowered : perigynium shortly oval, rounded on the outside, finely nerved, abruptly and minutely beaked, longer than the very thin scale. C. disperma, Dew. C. gracilis, Carey. Swamps throughout. 55. C. rosea, Schk., var. retroflexa, Torr. Tufted: culms slender, smooth, longer than the narrow leaves: spikes 3 to 8-ftowered, mostly approxi- mate, the lower distinct but not remote, stellate in appearance when mature : peri- gynium sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth throughout, finely nerved and spongy- thickened at the base on the inner side, gradually tapering into a toothed beak, at maturity widely spreading or refiexed, a little longer than the very acute scale. C. retroflexa, Muhl. Dry banks and copses, Indian Territory and southward. The species which probably occurs within our limits is distinguished by its more scattered spikes, shorter scales, and scabrous upper angles of the peri- gynium. From its allies, the species and its variety are distinguished by their small and stellate spikes. +- -- Spikes several to many-flowered, aggregated into a globular or oblong head. 56. C. Cephalophora, Muhl. Cespitose : culms rather stout, rough, rather longer than the narrow leaves : spikes 3 to 6, small, very densely aggregated, the head subtended by a setaceous, rarely leaf if bract : perigynium broadly ovate, rather abruptly short-beaked, obscurely nerved on the outer side, rough above, mostly longer than the acute or cuspidate scale. Indian Territory and south- westward. 57. C. Muhlenbergii, Schk. Culm stiff, 1 to 2 feet high, very sharply angled, rough, usually a little longer than the narrow and long-pointed leaves : 390 CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) spikes 6 to 10, aggregated into an oblong more or less interrupted heavy head, each one subtended by a short setaceous bract : perigynium large, broadly ovate or orbicu- lar-ovate, very conspicuously nerved, about the length of the rough-awned scale. Sterile soil "on the Missouri below Fort Pierre" (Prof. Dewey). 58. C. cephaloidea, Boott. Distinguished from the last by its broad and long flat leaves (about inch wide), icing-margined entirely nerveless perigynium, and somewhat tawny heads. Fort Pierre, Dakota, and southward. # * # Spikes tawny or brown, somewhat chaffy in appearance, closely aggregated or densely capitate : perigynium ovate or ovate-lanceolate, not conspicuously nerved. FCETID^E, Tuckm. H- Perigynium conspicuously rough on the angles above. 59. C. muricata, L. One to two feet high, erect, the culm scabrous : spikes 3 to 12-flowered, approximate into a loosely interrupted head, the lower distinct, the pointed perigynia and scales conspicuous : perigynium green or greenish, stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, nerveless or nearly so, gradually beaked, spreading, about the length of the acute brown scale. Banks, Colo- rado, Utah, and southward. (Eu.) Var. confixa, Bailey. Culms very slender, usually prolonged (1 to 2^ feet high) : spikes 5 to 10-flowered, brown and green or tawny, aggregated into a rather loose continuous oval or oblong naked head (which is \ to 1 inch long) : perigynium usually narrower than in the species. C. Hoodii of authors, not Boott. Wahsatch Mountains, Utah ( Watson, 1228); N. W. Wyoming (Parry 281); also in British America, Oregon, and California. Distinguished from No. 58 by its smaller size, weak culm, narrow leaves, nar- row perigynium, and rounder, smaller head. Much like C. Hoodii, Boott, which is distinguished by its stiff er culm, much heavier, more compact, and browner heads, which are made up of more numerous-flowered, more chaffy, and much longer more or less pointed spikes, and more upright perigynia which are mostly concealed beneath the scales. That species occurs in Cali- fornia and Oregon. Var. gracilis, Boott. Slender : head more interrupted than in the spe- cies, almost linear, more fuscous, each spike subtended by a pointed or awned bract : perigynium erect, shorter than the very acute or cuspidate scale. C. Hookeriana, Dew. With the species, and northward and eastward. n~ -t- Perigynium smooth or slightly scabrous. 60. C. fOBtida, All. Creeping: culm 5 to 16 inches high, rather stout, scabrous, longer than the long-pointed leaves : spikes very densely aggregated into a globose or ovoid brown head: perigynium lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, toothed at the apex, about the length of the acute or mucronate brown scale. Mountains, Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. (Eu.) 61. C. incurva, Lightf. ? Extensively creeping: culm stiff and short ( to 6 inches long), smooth, usually curved, about the length of the narrow and stiff curved leaves : spikes 2 to 5, crowded into a short-ovoid or globular brown or tawny head (which is only ^ to f inch long) : perigynium large and turgid, stipitate, broadly ovate, conical above, purple towards the top, faintly many nerved on one side at least, narrowed into a short and stout entire beak, not covered by the acute, thin scale. Rocky Mountains of British America. Immature speci- CYPEKACE^J. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 391 mens from an alpine ridge near Middle Park ( C. C. Parry] and from near Mt. Gray (H. N. Patterson], Colorado, are probably to be referred here. The specimens are peculiar for their upright habit, large and dark heads, and very broad, inflated perigynia. 62. C. Stenophylla, Wahl. Stoloniferous : culms stiff, 1 to 6 inches high from a mass of fibrillose sheaths, usually longer than the stiff involute filiform leaves: spikes 3 to 6, short (2 to 4 lines long), nearly globose, loosely conglomer- ated into a small subglobose or shortly oblong head, each spike subtended by a scarious mucronate bract of less than its own length : perigynium ovate, brown, nerved, gradually contracted into a short, blunt, entire beak, tightly enclosing the achenium, at maturity longer than the hyaline, brown, acutish scale. Dry hills and mountains, New Mexico, Colorado, eastward and northward; also in Iowa. (Eu.) C. TERETIUSCULA, Gooden., distinguished by small chestnut-colored spikes disposed in an appressed or loose nearly simple panicle, will probably be found in Montana. # # # * Spikes yellow or tawny when mature (in No. 63 often green], aggregated into more or less compound heads or panicles : perigynium many-nerved, stipi- tate, tapering from a spongy base into a more or less conspicuous beak. VUL- PINE, Kunth. H- Beak shorter than the body of the perigynium. 63. C. COnjuncta, Boott. Culms flat, about the length of the broad and lax leaves : spikes 6 to many, loosely disposed into a long and interrupted head, the lower branches of which are sometimes compound : perigynium ovate, rough on the angles above, the base cordate on the outer side and conspicu- ously white-thickened, broader and a little longer than the acute scale. C. vulpina, Carey, etc., not L. Fort Pierre, Dakota (Dewey) : rare. Readily distinguished by its flat culm. -*- -i- Beak twice or more the length of the body. 64. C. Stipata, Muhl. Cespitose: culms thick and spongy, 1 to 2 feet high, very sharply 3-angled, almost winged, about the length of the broad light green canaliculate rough-edged leaves: spikes 10 to 20, loosely aggregated into an oblong or pyramidal head (1 to 3 inches long), which is somewhat branching or occasionally nearly simple at the base : perigynium lanceolate, finely nerved, the rough beak about twice the length of the rounded base, the whole about twice (or a little more) as long as the scale. Pastures and wet places throughout. 65. C. crus-COrvi, Shuttl. Culms 2 to 4 feet high, stout, sharply angled, leafy and glaucous : leaves 4 to 9 lines wide, glaucous : spikes very numerous, disposed in a large panicle which is 4 to 9 inches long with the lower branches con- spicuous and usually long : perigynium peculiarly corky-thickened and truncate at the base, conspicuously few-nerved, the rough and slender beak thrice or more the length of the body, the whole three or four times the length of the inconspicuous scale. Indian Territory and southward. A conspicuous species with much the aspect of Panicum crus-galli. * * * # Spikes yellow or tawny, aggregated into a long, appressed, compound or rarely simple head: perigynium small, ovate, few-nerved or nerveless, 392 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) scarcely longer or shorter than the rough-pointed scale. MULTIFLOR^:, Kunth. 66. C. VUlpinoidea, Michx. Culms stiff, sharply angled, often scabrous, about the length of the narrow leaves : spikes 8 to 20, forming an interrupted brown or greenish-tawny head an inch or two long and composed of 6 to 10 crowded clusters, one or more of the lower spikes subtended by a short and setaceous or rarely somewhat leafy bract : perigynium diverging at maturitv, more or less rough on the angles. C. multiflora, Dew. C. setacea, Dew. Colorado (Vasey), Nebraska (Hat/den). A widely variable species, running into a multitude of forms, of which only the following has decisive char- acters. Var. platycarpa, Gay. Culms mostly rather longer than the leaves; lower sheaths transversely striate opposite the leaves : spikes more scattered, forming a very narrow head, the upper aggregated, the lower distinct and oblong (i inch or less long) and very densely flowered and spreading with a truncate top : perigynium larger, orbicular-ovate, winged, nearly green, spread- ing at nearly right angles to the rhachis. Indian Territory and probably southwestward. ****** Staminate flowers variously situated, usually some of the intermedi- ate or terminal spikes all staminate, or the plant entirely dioecious: spikes aggregated in more or less chaffy heads, straw-colored or brown. (The student may seek here No. 72, which has the intermediate spikes staminate, but which is distinguished from all members of this group by its few, erect, and long-lanceolate perigyuia.) ARENARI^E, Tuckm. H- Spikes short : scales ovate, not awned or conspicuously acute. 67. C. siccata, Dew. Extensively creeping: culm erect (1 to 2 feet high), sharply angled, rough, mostly longer than the rather narrow leaves : spikes 4 to 12, simple, alternate, ferruginous, longer than the scale-like bracts, the middle ones or sometimes the lower ones all staminate, loosely aggregated into an oblong or cylindrical head (which is f to 2 inches long) : perigynium green, nerved, the margins slightly incurved, ovate below, contracted into a rough and slightly toothed beak which is longer than the bodi/, the whole longer than the hyaline-margined acute scale. Dry places, Colorado and northward. The forms with the lower spikes all masculine resemble those species of the next section with a single terminal spike which is prolonged and staminate at the base. 68. C. marcida, Boott. Culm erect, 1 to 2 feet high, sharply angled, scabrous, longer than the narrow leaves: spikes 4 to 15, ferruginous or dark brown, the lower usually somewhat compound, staminate at the apex or nearly dioe- cious, spreading and imbricated into an oblong-conical or broadly cylindrical head: perigynium brown, becoming very dark at maturity, nerved, ovate or orbicular-ovate, with incurved and serrate margins, contracted into a beak shorter than the body, about the length of , or a little shorter than, the acute or cuspidate scale. Sandy meadows and mountains throughout. 69. C. disticha, Hudson. Extensively creeping : culm stout, 1 to 3| feet high, sharply angled, rough above, mostly longer than the leaves: spikes 10 to 25, globose or ovoid, compactly flowered, ferruginous or straw-colored, usually all simple, the middle or terminal ones staminate, loosely aggregated (the two or three lowest sometimes distinct) into a cylindrical or oblong thick and heavy CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 393 head (1 to 3 inches long and 3 to 9 lines wide) which is sometimes sub- tended by a bract of its own length: perigynium tawny, ovate, promi- nently mrved, scarcely winy -margined, rough above, shortly beaked (the orifice nearly entire), bearing a conspicuous fissure on the outer side, commonly longer than the acute brown scale. Dry places, Utah, Colorado, and north- ward. (Eu.) 70. C. Gayana, Desv. Creeping: culms slender (1 to 2 feet high), longer than the leaves : spikes 4 to 15, globose or loosely ovoid, dark brown, simple, nearly dioecious (rarely staminate at the top), rather loosely aggregated into a small ovoid head (8 lines to one inch long) : perigynium triangular-obovoid, about as wide as long (sometimes wider), gibbous below, rough on the top, squarely contracted into a very short nearly entire beak, obscurely nerved below, brown and shining at maturity, shorter than the acute chaffy scale. Colorado and south- ward. f- *- Spikes mostly nearly linear or narrowly oblong, chaffy : the scales long, attenuated or awned: heads pale. 71. C. Douglasii, Boott. Creeping: culm 6 to 12 inches high, obtusely angled and mostly smooth, longer or shorter than the long-pointed leaves : spikes usually many, simple or compound, pale and chaffy, dioecious or nearly so, densely aggregated into a conspicuous and heavy head an inch or two long and often an inch wide, which is sometimes subtended by a setaceous bract of nearly its own length : perigynium ovate-lanceolate, nerved, pro- duced into a slender toothed beak, much shorter and entirely concealed by the long, acute, scarious scale : stamens and stigmas long and conspicuous. C. Fendleriana, Bckler. Var. MINOR, Olney, includes small forms 2 to 6 inches high, with smaller spikes not closely aggregated. Common, especially in Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and southward. Mature perigyuia of this species are rarely seen. Var. brunnea, Olney. Usually taller than the species and more slender (12 to 20 inches high) : leaves equalling or exceeding the culm : spikes fewer (3 to 8), the lower distinct, borne in an oblong fuscous head : lower bract short-awned. Nevada and westward ; probably in our region. 15. Spikes staminate at the base. (No. 77 is sometimes dioecious, No. 72 has the central spikes staminate or is rarely dioecious, and No. 78 some- times has spikes staminate at the top.) HYPARRHEN.E, Anderss. * Spikes silvery green or taivny when mature, distinct, mostly small : perigynium not wing-margined nor conspicuously broadened, mostly nearly flat on the inner surface. ELONGATE, Tuckm. - Perigynium nearly linear or ovate-lanceolate, in loose spikes. 72. C. bromoides, Schk. Cespitose : culms usually very slender, 1 to 2 feet high, longer than the narrow and grass-like leaves : spikes 4 to 8, becoming tawny with age, erect, loosely aggregated into a narrow and lax head about an inch long, the middle ones usualli/ staminate, or some rarely staminate at top or bottom (or dioecious), mostly much longer than the inconspicuous scarious bracts: perigynium linear-lanceolate, contracted below, strongly nerved, erect, attenuated into a long rough beak which has a fissure on its outer side, the whole longer than 394 CYPERACE^:. (SEDGE FAMILY.) the lanceolate and acute scale. Wet places, Canon City (Brandegee) and Middle Park (Parry), Colorado. 73. C. Deweyana, Schw. Cespitose : culms weak and slender, 1 to 3 feet high, longer than the flaccid and flat leaves : spikes 3 to 6, silvery green, erect, 4 to 8-flowered, the two or three upper ones approximate, the lower more or less remote, the lowest subtended by a setaceous bract of more than its own length, all uniformly staminate at the base : perigynium oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- late, very thin in texture, spongy at the base, nerveless or very nearly so, nearly erect, prolonged into a long and rough toothed beak, little longer than the very acute or awned white scale. Moist copses throughout. Var. Bolanderi, W. Boott (C. Bolanderi, Olney), with stouter culms, 5 to 10 spikes which are mostly 10 to 30-flowered, nerved perigynium, and mostly hispid-awned scales, may be found westward. It occurs in California and Oregon. 74. C. elongata, L. Cespitose: culms very slender, 1^ to 2^ feet high, sharply and roughly angled, about the length of the numerous rough-edged leaves : spikes 8 to 12, oblong, loosely 8 to 30-flowered, somewhat spreading, loosely ap- proximated into an interrupted head, tawny or brown, longer than the almost obsolete bracts J perigynium ovate-lanceolate, firm in texture, strongly many-nerred on both sides, spreading, mostly excurved when mature, narrowed into a nearly smooth rather obtuse point, longer than the obtuse or obtusish broad and white- margined scale. " Uinta Mountains, shore of a small subalpine lake near the head of Bear River." (Olney in Bot. King Exped.) Readily distinguished by its rusty spikes and spreading strongly nerved perigynia. (Eu.) t- - Perigynium ovate or nearly so, not sharp-margined, firm in texture, erect in closely fiowered and rounded spikes. 75. C. canescens, L. Culms slender, 1 to 2 feet high, often weak, rough, about the length or a little longer than the leaves : spikes 3 to 10, pale or glaucous, scattered or remote (the upper usually approximate), small and densely 10 to 20- flowered, obovoid or ellipsoid, mostly conspicuously narrowed at the base with staminate flowers: perigynium small, short-ovate or oval, whitish and granular, mostly obscurely nerved, abruptly and minutely beaked, rather longer than the acutish scale. C. curta, Gooden. Colorado and northward ; not common. (Eu.) Yar. alpicola, Wahl. Usually more slender : spikes smaller (3 to 9-flow- ered), usually tawny or brown : perigynium somewhat spreading. C. vitilis, Fries. C. canescens, var. vitilis, Carey. Colorado, Utah, and northward. Including a variety of weak, few-flowered forms, and passing by numerous gradations into the species. (Eu.) Var. dubia, Bailey. Culm stiff (a foot high), longer than the long-pointed leaves: spikes 3 to 6, all approximated at the top of the culm, oblong, 10 to 20- fiowered, light tawny : perigynium gradually narrowed into a beak haff as long as the body or more, minutely rough on the angles above, nerved, about the length of or a little longer than the scale. Bear River Canon, Utah ( Watson, 1231 a ). An imperfectly known variety, much resembling the European C. helvola, Blytt, from which it differs in its narrower scales, and in the nerved and rough- angled perigynium. CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 395 76. C. lagopina, Wahl. Cespitose: culms 4 to 10 inches high, erect, rather longer than the leaves : spikes usually 3, often 5 or 6, subglobose or ovoid, reddish-brown, compactly flowered, contiguous or the lowest a little remote, all small, longer than the scale-like bracts : perigynium small, obocate or elliptical, usually colored above, thick in texture, nerved, tapering towards the base, often curved, rather abruptly short-beaked, the beak with a closed fissure on the outer side, longer than the ovate, broad, brown, hyaline-margined acute scale. Uinta Mountains, Utah ( Watson). A small alpine species, distinguished by its heads of few dark-colored spikes, its narrow leaves, and cespitose habit. (Eu.) *---- Perigi/nium ovate, sharp-margined, firm, often thickened at the base, spreading, in open and at maturity stellate spikes. 77. C. echinata, Murr. Cespitose : culms sharply angled, smooth or rough, slender and erect (6 inches to 2 feet high), usually longer than the narrow, pale leaves: spikes small, about 8 to 15-flowered, scattered, globular, the upper one conspicuously contracted below with staminate flowers, or rarely all the spikes staminate or all pistillate (C. sterilis, Willd.) : perigynium ovate or ovate-lanceolate, gradually narrowed into a sharp-edged, rough, toothed beak, nerved, spreading or reflexed, about the length of or longer than the acute scale. C. stellulata, Gooden. Var. MICROCARPA, Bcklr. (C. scirpoides, Schk., C. stellulata, var. scirpoides, Carey) includes small and fewer-flowered forms. Twin Lakes, Colorado (John Wolfe) ; also in Arizona and British America. (Eu.) # # Spikes tawny or dark, rather large, sometimes crowded: perigynium ivith a more or less thin or winged margin which is mostly incurved at maturity, rendering the perigi/nium concave inside. OVALES, Kunth. - Spikes aggregated into a more or less dense head. 78. C. Bonplandii, Kunth, var. angUStifolia, Boott. Stoloniferous : culm slender and nearly naked (a foot or more high), longer than the grass-like leaves: spikes 3 to 6, small and chaff }/, crowded into a small capitate dark brown head which is a half-inch or less long: bracts scale-like, often setaceously pointed, sometimes inconspicuous, never longer than the head : perigynium ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat colored, narrowed into a serrate beak about as long as the body, nerved, narrowly winged, about the length of the acutish scale or a little longer and about as wide. C. Bonplandii, var. minor, Olney. Mountains of Colorado and Utah. The species, which is South American, evidently occurs in California, and the C. tenuirostris, Olney in herb , collected in Wyoming by C. C. Parry, may be the same. It is lower and stiffer in habit than the variety with larger heads (which are lighter colored) and a greenish perigynium. Forms of this species appear to unite it with the next, but in general they may be distinguished by the narrowly winged perigynium. 79. C. festiva, Dew. Cespitose: culms usually slender, 6 inches to 2 feet high, longer than the flat stem-leaves: spikes 6 to 15, roundish, small, densely aggregated (occasionally somewhat loosely) into a fulvous dark brown or green and brown ovoid head (which is to 1 inch in diameter) : bract usually incon- spicuous, sometimes as long as the head, narrow : perigynium varying from broad-ovate at base to long-lanceolate, greenish, conspicuously winged (half its width or more being consumed in the thin margins), narrowed gradually into a 396 CYPERACE^E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) rough beak about as long as tbe body, nerved or almost nerveless, longer and broader than the acute or somewhat obtuse brown scale. On grassy mountain- sides and alpine summits throughout. A variable and widely distributed species. Through its looser forms it approaches No. 84. (N. Eu.) Var. Haydeniana, W. Boott. Low (4 to 8 inches high) : head very dense and dark : perigijnium tawny : bracts cuspidate. C. Haydeniana, Olney. Uinta Mountains, Eastern Utah (Hay den). 80. C. athrostachya, Olney. Differs from the last in the presence of elongated bracts which are expanded and strongly nerved at the base, the two or three lower much exceeding the mostly paler head : lowest spike rarely distinct. Colorado ( Vasey) and Upper Flathead River Valley, Montana ( W. M. Canby.) H Spikes mostly separated, or if aggregated the individual spikes well de- fined. w- Perigynium thin and scale-like, with little distinction between the margin and the body, mostly greenish. 81. C. lagopodioides, Schk. Culm stout and leafy, 1| to 3 feet high, sharply angled, rough above: sheaths of the leaves dilated: spike 7 to 15 or more, mostly large, compactly flowered, mostly obovoid, not pointed, disposed in a loose and heavy long greenish or straw-colored head : bracts filiform or none : perigynium erect, lanceolate, nearly nerveless, with narrow serrate margins, longer than the similarly colored scale. New Mexico, near Santa Fe (Fendler), and probably northward. 82. C. cristata, Schw. Differs from the last in its smaller size, fewer, smaller, more densely flowered and more aggregated spikes which are globular: perigijnium smaller, spreading at right angles or even rejlexed, giving a character- istic cristate appearance to the spikes. C. lagopodioides, var. cristata, Carey. Laramie hills, E. Wyoming (Hayden), and eastward. Var. mirabilis, Boott, is a form with long and lax culms, broader, ovate perigynium with the points loosely conspicuous, and the spikes looser flowered. C. mirabilis, Dew. C. lagopodioides, var. mirabilis, Olney. Nebraska (Deweij), and probably common along our eastern borders. Transition to C. straminea, from which it is distinguished by its lax culms and leaves, aggregated and rounded spikes which are green or greenish, and much narrower and thinner perigynia. 83. C. SCOparia, Schk. Culms rather stiff, about as long as the very narrow and long-pointed leaves : spikes 4 to 8, generally aggregated into a close head, club-shaped or ovate, pointed, straw-colored tvhen mature: perigynium elliptic-lanceolate, straw-colored: runs into No. 81. C. lagopodioides, var. scoparia, Bcklr. Colorado (Herb. Olney), and probably throughout the conti- nent to the east. ** H-H. Perigynium thickened in the middle, with conspicuous wing-margins which are more or less incurved, mostly tawny or brown. 84. C. leporina, L. Cespitose : culms erect, 6 to 16 inches high, scabrous above, mostly longer than the leaves : spikes 3 to 6, erect, ovoid, all contiguous into an oblong dark brown head : lower bracts often green and as long as the head, but usually all scale-like : perigynium ovate or ovate-lanceolate, broadly GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 397 winged, nerved, rough on the margins, contracted into a beak scarcely as long as the body, the whole not longer than the thin-margined scale. Colorado, Utah, and northward. (Eu.) 85. C. Liddoni, Boott. Culm erect or nearly so : spikes 3 to 6, obovoid or oblong, pointed, erect, chaffy at the base, conspicuously fulvous in color, contiguous, or loosely aggregated into an oblong head (about an inch long) : perigynium large and conspicuous, greenish or tawmj , firm in texture, lanceolate (4 to 6 lines long), thrice as long as the elliptic brown achenium, few-nerved when mature, rough on the narrowly winged and incurved margins, very gradually beaked, about the length of the acute and thin-margined scale. C. adusta, var. congesta, W. Boott. Mostly at high altitudes, South Park, Colorado (John Wolfe), and Montana (F. L. Scribner) ; said to occur in Arizona. 86. C. adusta, Boott, var. minor, Boott. Culm very slender towards the top, weak and nodding at maturity, erect when young : leaves narrow, very long-pointed : spikes all silvery brown, long-attenuated at the base, the lower rather remote: perigynium thin and papery, ovate-lanceolate, nearly nerveless. C. pratensis, Drejer. South Park, Colorado (John Wolfe) ; also in British America. 87. C. Straminea, Schk. Culms erect, 1 to 2 feet high, mostly stiff, much longer than the erect long-pointed stem-leaves : spikes 3 to 8, all distinct, ovoid or globose, tawny or straw-colored, mostly approximate at the top of the culm : perigynium orbicular or ovate-orbicular, often cordate at base, few-nerved, thin, very ividely ivinged, spreading, abruptly contracted into a smooth or nearly smooth beak which is not longer than the body, much ivider and usually longer than the acute scale. C. festucacea, Schk. Vars. festucacea and aperta, Boott. Dry banks, New Mexico (Fendler), Uintas, Northern Utah ( Watson), Colorado (Vasey), Bitter-Root Valley, Western Montana ( Watson), and eastward ; also in British America. Var. tenera, Boott. Top of the culm slender and somewhat nodding: spikes more tawny. C. tenera, Dew. Indian Territory (Geo. D. Butler). ORDER 88. GRAMIrYEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) Grasses, with usually hollow stems (culms} closed at the joints, alter- nate 2-ranked leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade ; the hypogynous flowers imbricated with 2-ranked glumes or bracts ; tho outer pair (glumes proper) subtending the spikelet of one or several flowers ; the inner pair (flowering glume and palet) en- closing each particular flower, which is usually furnished with 2 or 3 minute hypogynous scales. Stamens 1 to 6, mostly 3: anthers versatile. Styles 2 or 2-parted : stigmas hairy or plumose. Ovary 1 -celled, 1-ovuled, forming a seed-like grain in fruit. Roots fibrous. Sheaths of the leaves more or less extended above the base of the blade into a scarious appendage (ligule). See Vasey's Descriptive Cata- logue of U. S. Grasses. 398 GE AMINES. (GRASS FAMILY.) SERIES I. Spikelets articulated with the pedicel below the glumes, and consisting of one fertile terminal flower, and usually an inferior one which is male or sterile. PANI- CACE.E. Tribe I. Fertile spikelets perfect, rarely by abortion unisexual, spicate or paniculate : outer glumes usually two, rarely one or none ; flowering glume indurated in fruit, or at least more rigid than the outer ones, awnless. PANICE^E. * Branches of the simple panicle spike-like, or variously branched, not produced beyond the spikelets. 1. Paspalum. Spikelets in one or two rows along one side of the solitary, subdigitate, or scattered flattened spikes. Glumes 3 (rarely 2), the two outer ones membranous, equal, or sometimes the outer one smaller or disappearing : the flowering glume more or less concave, becoming indurated, embracing the shorter palet, which is of the same texture. 2. Beckmannia. Spikelets subsessile, crowded in two rows upon the short simple or compound branches of a long narrow panicle. Glumes 3, sub-coriaceous, obovate or boat-shape, compressed and inflated, empty : the flowering glume lanceolate, acute or acuminate, of thinner texture. 3. Panicum. Spikelets spicate or paniculate. Glumes 3 (rarely 2), the two outer ones empty and one of them smaller (often very small) than the other : fertile glume with its palets usually coriaceous in texture and obtuse or obtusish. 4. Setaria. Spikelets in a cylindrical spike, or sometimes an interrupted panicle ; several bristles below the articulation of the spikelets, which are persistent after the fall of the spikelets. Glumes 3 (rarely 2), the two outer ones empty and membranous, as is also the lower flowering one : the flowering glume, with its palets, indurated and striate. * * Spikelets surrounded by or intermixed with abortive branches of the panicle, forming a bristly involucre, which is deciduous with the spikdet. 5. Cenchrus. Spikelets enclosed 1 to 3 together in a coriaceous, spiny involucre or bur ; these arranged in an oblong or cylindrical panicle. * * * Spikes one to many on a common peduncle, rhachis produced beyond the uppermost spikelet. 6. Spartina. Spikelets one-flowered, much flattened, sessile along one side of the long triangular rhachis, or in racemose spikes. Outer glumes strongly compressed, with a rigid keel, unequal, awnless : flowering glume membranaceous, compressed, carinate : palet nearly equalling its glume, 2-keeled. Tribe II. Spikelets usually perfect, or some of them imperfect, articulated in fascicles with the rhachis of the simple spike : flowering glumes membranaceous ; generally the outer or empty ones smaller and hyaline. ZOYSIE.E. 7. Hilaria. Inflorescence in terminal spikes. Spikelets in small clusters of three, closely sessile at the joints of the rhachis ; the central spikelet containing a single fertile flower, either female or perfect : the lateral spikelets each with 2 or 3 male flowers. Tribe III. Spikelets arranged along the rhachis of the spike or the branches of the panicle generally in twos, or the terminal one in threes. Flowering glume hyaline, smaller than the empty ones, often bearded. ANDROPOGONE^E. 8. Aiiclropogon. Inflorescence in simple or paniculate spikes. Spikelets in pairs in the alternate notches of the rhachis, one sessile and fertile, the other pedicelled and sterile. 9. Chrysopogon. Inflorescence loosely paniculate. Fertile spikelets one-flowered, ses- sile between two pedicellate sterile spikelets at the end of the slender branches of the panicle, with sometimes 1 to 3 pairs of spikelets on the branch below the termi- nal three. SERIES II. Spikelets usually not articulated with the pedicel below the glumes ; the rhachis continuous above the persistent lower glumes, and disarticulating with the flowers or persisting ; consisting rarely of a single flower, or of one perfect and one or GR AMINES. (GRASS FAMILY). 399 two inferior imperfect ones, or of from two to many flowers, the upper ones or some of them imperfect. The rhachis sometimes produced beyond the upper flower as a stipe-like pedicel or as an imperfect flower. POACE^E. Tribe IV. Spikelet one to three-flowered, perfect flower solitary and terminal : glumes one-nerved or keeled (sometimes three-nerved in Phalaris). PHALARIDE^E. * Rhachis articulated above the outer glumes. 10. Phalaris. Spikelets one-flowered, compressed, on the densely flowered branches of a panicle (in ours). Outer glumes acute, boat-shaped, becoming coriaceous or carti- laginous ; within these the flower consisting of two glumes, sometimes called palets, enclosing stamens and pistil ; below the flower one or two small scales or bristles. 11. Hierochloa. Spikelets 3-flowered, in an open panicle : terminal flower perfect, but with only 2 stamens ; the two lower flowers male only, each with 3 stamens. Two outer glumes thin and scarious, acutely keeled ; glumes of the male flowers thicker, sometimes short-awned, each enclosing a narrow, thin, bifid, two-keeled palet ; the upper or perfect flower has a one-nerved glume in place of a palet. * * Rhachis articulated below the spikelet. 12. Alopecurus. Spikelets one-flowered, crowded in a cylindrical spike. Outer glumes strongly compressed, boat-shaped, keeled, nearly equal, frequently united at base ; flowering glume shorter, keeled, with a slender dorsal awn, frequently more or less united below by the opposite margins and enclosing the stamens and styles. Tribe V. Spikelet perfect, one-flowered ; rhachis often prolonged beyond the flower as a bristle or stipe. AGROSTIDE^E. * Spikelets paniculate : rhachis not produced beyond the flower : beard of the flowering glume terminal. 13. Aristida. Spikelets in a spicate or open branching panicle, generally on filiform pedicels. Outer glumes unequal, often bristle-pointed: flowering glume narrow, rolled around the flower, terminating with a triad awn, or apparently 3-awned : palet small and thin, enclosed in the flowering glume. 14. Stipa. Spikelets terete. Outer glumes membranaceous, keeled: flowering glume narrow, coriaceous, rigid, involute, with a simple twisted awn from the apex : palet small and thin. 15. Oryzopsis. Resembling Stipa, but the flowering glume shorter and broader, often oblique at top. and the awn usually short, slender and very deciduous. 16. Muhlenbergia. Spikelets small, articulated above the glumes. Outer glumes vari- able in size, from minute to nearly as large as the flowering glume, sometimes bristle- pointed, keeled, persistent, thin : flowering glume 3 to 5-nerved, rigid or thinnish, mucronate or awned, sometimes with a long capillary awn from the apex between the short teeth, frequently pubescent below : palet about as long as the flowering glume and of the same texture. * * Spikelets in a dense spike-like cylindrical panicle : rhachis produced beyond the flower in a bristle, or naked : flowering glumes awnless, or produced in 1 to 3 straight bristles. 17. Phleum. Outer glumes one-nerved, mucronate or short-awned : flowering glume membranaceous, shorter and broader than the outer glumes, truncate and toothed at the apex : palet hyaline, narrow. * * * Spikelets small, loosely spicate or variously paniculate : rhachis not produced beyond the flower: glumes awnless and beardless. IS. Sporobolus. Spikelets rarely 2-flowered. Outer glumes unequal, the lower one shorter, 1 to 3-nerved : flowering glume mostly longer : palet about equalling the flowering glume and of the same texture, 2-nerved. * * * * Spikelets small, variously paniculate : flowering glume usually with a more or less twisted dorsal awn, rarely mucronate or awnless. - No bristle standing opposite the palet. 19. Agrostis. Outer glumes nearly equal or the lower rather longer, 1-nerved, awnless : flowering glume shorter and wider, hyaline, 3 to 5-nerved, awnless, or sometimes 400 GKAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) with dorsal awn : palet shorter than flowering glume, often reduced to a small scale or wanting. Stamens 3. 20. Cinna* Spikelets much flattened, in an open spreading panicle. Outer glumes strongly keeled, hispid on the keel, the upper somewhat longer : flowering glume stalked above the outer glumes and about the same length, 3-nerved, short-awned on the back near the apex : palet nearly as long as its glume, one-nerved. Stamen one. 21. Ammophila. Outer glumes large, nearly equal, rigid, thick, keeled, 5-nerved : flowering glume similar in texture, about equal in length, sometimes raucronate : palet as long as its glume, of similar texture, 2-keeled and sulcate between the keels. Hairs at the base of the flower usually scanty and short. i- *- A glabrous or hairy bristle standing opposite the palet. 22. Deyeuxia. Outer glumes about equal, keeled, awnless : flowering glume usually with a ring of hairs surrounding its base, entire or 2 to 4-toothed, usually with a dorsal awn : palet narrow, 2-nerved and 2-keeled. Tribe VI. Spikelets 2 to many-flowered, often paniculate : flowering glumes commonly with a dorsal or terminal geniculate awn : rhachis more or less produced beyond the flowers. AVENE^E. 23. Descliampsia. Spikelets 2-flowered, mostly in a loose panicle with slender branches. Rhachis hairy and produced into a hairy bristle, which rarely bears an empty glume. Outer glumes acute, keeled, with scarious margins : flowering glumes obtuse or toothed, with a fine dorsal awn below the middle : palet prominently 2-nerved, often 2-toothed. 24. Trisetum. Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered, in a dense or open panicle. Rhachis usually hairy and produced into a bristle at the base of the upper flower. Outer glumes unequal, keeled, with scarious margins : flowering glumes of similar texture, keeled, 2-toothed at apex, the teeth sometimes prolonged into bristle-like points, the middle nerve furnished with an awn attached above the middle, which is usually twisted at the base and bent in the middle : palet hyaline, narrow, 2-nerved, 2-toothed. 25. A vena. Spikelets unusually large, 2 to 5-flowered, the uppermost generally imperfect, in a loose panicle. Rhachis hairy below the flowers. Outer glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, scarious : flowering glumes firmer, shortly bifid, with a long dorsal twisted awn below the apex : palet as in last. 26. Danthoma. Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, in a panicle or simple raceme. Rhachis hair} 7 and produced beyond the flowers in a stipe or imperfect flower. Outer glumes narrow, keeled, usually as long as the spikelet : flowering glumes convex on the back, 7 to 9-nerved, with two terminal teeth or lobes, and with a flattish twisted and bent awn between the teeth : palet broad, 2-keeled, obtuse or 2-pointed. Tribe VII. Spikelets one to many-flowered, sessile and secund in two rows along the rhachis of one-sided spikes. CHLORIDES. * One fertile flower in each spikelet. 27. Scliedonnardns. Spikelets one-flowered, solitary at each joint of the slender tri- angular rhachis of the paniculate spikes, and partly immersed in an excavation ; the spikes alternate and distant. Outer glumes acuminate, unequal, the longer equalling the flowering glume, which is linear-acuminate and thickish at the keel 28. Bouteloua. Spikes numerous in a racemose panicle ; spikelets densely crowded, each consisting of one perfect flower, and a stalked pedicel bearing empty glumes and 1 to 3 stiff awns. Outer glumes unequal, acute, keeled : flowering glume broader, usually thicker, with 3 to 5 lobes, teeth, or awns. * * Two to many fertile flowers in each spikelet. 29. BucWoe. Spikelets dio?cious, or rarely monoecious, heteromorphous. Male plant. Spikelets 2 to 8-flowered in 2 or 3 short spikes at the summit of the culm, 5 or 6 closely approximated in each spike. Outer glumes unequal, 1-nerved, the lower one half as long as the flower above it, the upper shorter : flowering glumes and palets of equal length, membranaceous, the former 3-ncrved, the latter 2-nerved. Female plant. Spikelets closely approximated in short capitate spikes, which are mostly GEAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 401 near the ground and partly enclosed in the bract-like sheaths of the upper leaves, one- flowered, all the upper glumes indurated and cohering at their bases with the thick- ened rhachis, the lower glume of the lowest spikelet lanceolate with an herbaceous tip, or 2 to 3-cleft, thickened and adnate to the upper glume, the lower glumes of the other spikelets free, much smaller, membranaceous, one-nerved: flowering glume shorter, 3-nerved, tricuspidate. Tribe VIII. Spikelets 2 to many-flowered, variously paniculate or rarely racemose: flowering glumes awnless or terminated by one to many awns. FESTUCACEJS. * Glumes 1 to 3-nerved, or rarely many-nerved, 3-toothed, 3-divided, or 3-awned : rhachis glabrous or short pilose. 30. Triodia. Spikelets in a strict spicate or open spreading panicle, some of the upper flowers male or imperfect. Outer glumes keeled, awnless : flowering glumes imbri- cated, rounded on the back, at least below, hairy or smooth, 3-nerved, either nmcro- nate, 3-toothed, or 3-lobed at the apex, or obscurely erose : palet broad, prominently 2-keeled. 31. Dlplacline. Spikelets narrow, sessile or nearly so, distant on the long slender branches of the panicle, usually in two rows. Outer glumes keeled, awnless : flower- ing glumes 1 to 3-nerved, with a thin shortly 2-lobed apex, the keel produced into a short point or awn between the lobes : palet thin, prominently 2-nerved. 32. Triplasis. Panicle simple and scanty, partly included in the leaf-sheath. Spikelets remotely 2 to 5-flowered. Outer glumes much shorter than the flowers, 1-nerved : flowering glumes 2-lobed or 2-cleft, 3-nerved, strongly fringed on the nerves, the mid- nerve extended into an awn between the lobes : palet shorter, 2-keeled, long ciliate on the keels. * * Tall grasses with a many-flowered panicle : flowering glumes 3-toothed, or 1 to 3-awned : rhachis or the flowering glumes long pilose. 33. Phragmites. Flowers rather distant, silky, villous at the base and with a conspicu- ous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect but the lowest flower of the spikelet, which is male and glabrous. Outer glumes narrow, unequal, glabrous, keeled : flowering glumes slender, awl-pointed : palets much shorter, 2-keeled, pubescent on the keels. * * * Spikelets capitate : flowering glumes 3 to 5-nerved. 34. Munroa. Spikelets 2 or 3 together in small sessile leafy heads or clusters terminating the numerous fasciculate and lateral branches, and at the nodes, each about 3-flow- ered, the upper flower imperfect. Outer glumes shorter than the flowers, 1-nerved : flowering glumes larger, rather rigid, 3-nerved, entire or 2-toothed, the central nerve excurrent in a mucro or short awn. * * * # Spikelets variously paniculate : flowering glumes mostly 3-nerved, rarely 1-nerved. 35. Koeleria. Spikelets 3 to 5-flowered, compressed, numerous in a dense spike-like cy- lindrical or interrupted panicle. Outer glumes unequal, keeled, lanceolate, about as long as the spikelet : flowering glumes similar, rarely mucronate, the upper one usually smaller and imperfect. 36. Eatonia. Spikelets usually 2-flowered and with an abortive rudiment or pedicel, nu- merous in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth. Outer glumes unequal ; the lower narrowly linear, keeled, 1-nerved ; the upper broadly obovate. shorter than the spikelet, not keeled, 3-nerved : flowering glumes oblong, obtuse, chartaceous. 37. Catabrosa. Spikelets 2 to 3-flowered, in a loose panicle. Outer glumes unequal, shorter than the flowers ; the lower short and narrow ; the upper obovate, 3-nerved, erosely-dentate at the apex : flowering glumes obtuse, prominently 3-nerved. 38. Eragrostis. Spikelets usually many-flowered, pedicellate or sessile in a loose and spreading or narrow and clustered panicle. Outer glumes unequal and rather shorter than the flowering ones, keeled, 1-nerved : flowering glumes obtuse or acute, unawned, 3-nerved, with prominent keel and the lateral nerves sometimes very faint. 26 402 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) ***** Flowering glumes 3 to 5 or many-nerved, more or less involute, the upper two or more empty or imperfect. 39. Melica. Spikelets 2 to many-flowered, usually convolute around each other, the upper 1 to 3 smaller and imperfect. Outer glumes awnless, the lower 3 to 5-nerved, the upper sometimes 7 to 9-nerved, the lateral nerves vanishing within the scarious mar- gin: flowering glumes thicker, rounded or flattish on the back, 5 to 9-nerved, the lateral nerves vanishing below the apex, the central one sometimes ending in a point or awn : palets ciliate on keels and apex. ****** Flowering glumes 5 to many-nerved, the upper one empty, style short, stigmas plumose : leaves generally narrow, without transverse veins. 40. Distielilis. Spikelets dioecious, many-flowered, compressed, crowded in a dense spi- cate or capitate or rather open panicle. Outer glumes herbaceous, narrow, keeled : flowering glumes rigidly membranaceous or subcoriaceous, keeled : keels of the palet narrowly winged. 41. Poa. Spikelets somewhat compressed, usually 2 to 5-flowered, in a narrow or loose and spreading panicle, the rhachis between the flowers glabrous or hairy, the flowers generally perfect, occasionally dioecious. Outer glumes keeled, 1 to 3-nerved, not awned : flowering glumes 5 to 7-nerved, the intermediate nerves frequently obscure, often with a few loose or webby hairs at the base. 42. Grapliephorum. Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered, rather terete, in a narrow or loose pani- cle. Outer glumes nearly equalling the rather remote flowers, keeled, 3 to 5-nerved: flowering glumes rounded on the back or obscurely keeled, faintly or strongly nerved ; a tuft of villous hairs at the base of each flower. 43. Glyceria. Spikelets several to many-flowered, terete or flattish, in a narrow or diffuse panicle, the rhachis smooth and readily disarticulating between the flowers. Outer glumes unequal, 1 to 3-nerved : flowering glumes obtuse, more or less denticulate at the apex, rounded (never keeled) on the back, 5 to 9-nerved, the nerves separate and all vanishing before reaching the apex. 44. Festuca. Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, variously panicled, pedicellate, rhachis not hairy. Outer glumes unequal, the lower 1-nerved, and the upper 3-nerved, narrow and keeled : flowering glumes narrow, rounded on the back, more or less distinctly 3 to 5-nerved, acute or tapering into a straight awn. 45. Bromus. Spikelets 5 to many-flowered, in a dense or lax or diffuse panicle, subterete or compressed, the rhachis between the flowers glabrous. Outer glumes more or less unequal, acute, awnless or short mucronate, 1 to 9-nerved : flowering glumes rounded on the back or compressed and keeled, 5 to 9-nerved, acute, or awned from below the mostly 2-cleft apex. Tribe IX. Spikelets one to many-flowered, sessile on the teeth or excavations of the rha- chis of the simple stout spike. HORDEACE.E. * Spikelets solitary at the nodes, 3 to many-flowered, rarely 2-flowered. 46. Agropyrum. Spikelets compressed, alternately sessile on the continuous or slightly notched rhachis. Outer glumes nearly equal and opposite, 1 to 3-nerved, scarcely keeled, tapering to a point or awned : flowering glumes similar, rounded on the back, 3 to 7-nerved, pointed or awned from the apex : the two prominent nerves of the upper palet almost marginal and scabrous ciliate. * * Spikelets two to many at each joint of the rhachis. 47. Hordeum. Spikelets 1 -flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment of a second flower, in a dense spike, in clusters of 2 or 3 ; central spikelet of each cluster perfect and sessile, the lateral ones short-stalked and imperfect or abortive. Outer glumes side by side, two to each spikelet or 6 at each joint, slender and awn-pointed or bristle- form : flowering glume herbaceous, shorter, oblong or lanceolate, rounded on the back, not keeled, 5-nerved, acute or long-awned. 48. Elymus. Spikelets 2 to 4 at each joint, sessile, 1 to 6-flowered. Outer glumes two for each spikelet, nearly side by side in its front, forming a kind of involucre for the clus- ter, narrow, rigid, 1 to 3-nerved, acuminate or awned : flowering glumes herbaceous, oblong or lanceolate, rounded on the back, not keeled, acute or awned. GKAMINE^E. (GKASS FAMILY.) 403 1. PASPALUM, L. Ours are perennials, with very obtuse orbicular spikelets and a narrow wing- less rhachis. 1. P. setaceum, Michx. Stems ascending or decumbent (1 to 2 feet long), slender : leaves and sheaths clothed with soft spreading hairs : spikes very slender (2 to 4 inches long), mostly solitary on a long peduncle, and usually one from the sheaths of each of the upper leaves on short peduncles or included: spikelets narrowly 2-rowed. Colorado (Hall fr Harbour), and very common eastward. 2. BECKMANNIA, Host. A coarse perennial aquatic, with flat scabrous leaves and glabrous sheaths. 1. B. erucaeformis, Host. Stems stout, 1 to 4 feet high: leaves 4 to 8 inches long ; ligules elongated : panicle 4 to 12 inches long, erect, strict, secund, the short crowded branchlets densely flowered from the base : spikelets nearly orbicular, the upper rudimentary floret minute, stipitate. Widely distributed west of the Mississippi. 3. PANICUM, L. PANIC GRASS. Panicle sometimes with the inflorescence crowded upon one side of a narrow rhachis. Grasses of various habits, from low and almost prostrate to stout and several feet high. * Spikelets disposed in diffuse and spreading panicles, scattered, awnless. 1 *- Spikelets pointed. 1. P. capillare, L. Sheaths and usually the leaves very hairy: panicle half the length of the stem, very open, its long slender branches solitary or in pairs, divaricate when old ; spikelets ovoid to narrowly oblong, scattered, on long pedicels : sterile flower neutral and of a single glume, twice the length of the acute 1 -nerved lower glume ; upper glume 5-nerved, pointed, nearlv a half longer than the somewhat obtuse perfect flower. An abundant grass from the Atlantic to the Pacific, mostly in sandy soil. Known as " Old- Witch Grass." 2. P. Virgatum, L. Taller (3 to 5 feet high) and glabrous: leaves very long, fiat : branches of the compound loose and large panicle at length spread- ing or drooping; spikelets ovate, scattered, usually purplish: sterile fiower staminate and of a flowering glume and a single palet; lower glume more than half the length of the upper. About Denver, and common in the Eastern States. 3. P. amarum, Ell. Like the last, but much smaller, with stems sheathed to the top, leaves involute, glaucous, coriaceous, the uppermost exceeding the contracted panicle. Canon City (Brandegee), and in sandy soil along the Atlantic coast. 1 P. sanguinale, L., an introduce.fi species, has spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other peclicelled, crowded on one side of four or more simple flattened branches digitately clustered at the top of the stem ; the lower glume very minute, the upper half the length of the flower. Appearing late in the season, and known as CRAB GRASS or FINGER GKASS. 404 GRAMINE.E. (GKASS FAMILY.) H- +- Spikelets obtuse. 4. P. scoparium, Lam. Stem geniculate at the lower nodes and at length branched and reclining : leaves lanceolate, mostly erect and somewhat rigid, hairy beneath and fringed with spreading hairs at base : panicle nearly simple, with slender hairy branches; spikeletsfew, large, tumid, obovate, usually hairy : upper glume 9-nerved, twice or three times the length of the lower one : flowering glume with a transverse fold or furrow near the base. P. pauciflorum, Ell. ? of Gray's Manual. Colorado, Oregon, and eastward to New England. 5. P. dichotomum, L. Stem erect and simple, or late in the season decumbent and variously branched : lower leaves usually ovate, the upper linear- lanceolate, smooth or hairy or velvety : terminal panicle open, ovoid, those of the branches short and often included in the sheaths ; spikclets oblong-obovate, smooth or hairy : upper glume 5 to 7-nerved, three times the length of the lower one. Found everywhere, and exceedingly variable. * * Spikelets crowded in 3 or 4 rows or irregularly on the one-sided spike-like branches of the panicle. 1 4. SET ARIA, Beauv. BRISTLY FOXTAIL GRASS. Annuals, with linear or lanceolate flat leaves. Closely related to Panicum, but easily distinguished by the bristly appearance of the spike. 2 1. S. setosa, Beauv., var. caudata, Vasey. Stem flattened below, leafy: leaves and sheaths retrorsely scabrous, hairy at the mouth of the sheath, upper leaves involute-pointed : spikes cylindrical, 4 to 6 inches long, often nodding, usually much interrupted below, pale green : bristles up- wardly serrulate : perfect flowers ovate, acute, finely punctate. Grasses U. S. 13. S. caudata, R. & S. S. W. Colorado (Brandegee) to Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. 5. CENCHRUS, L. BUR GRASS. HEDGEHOG GRASS. Annual. A troublesome grass, in sandy localities, the spiny heads being deciduous and parting readily from the stem. 1. C. tribuloides, L. Stems branching and ascending: leaves flat: panicle of 8 to 20 spherical heads : involucre prickly all over with spreading and barbed short spines, more or less downy. Found everywhere, especially on the margins of lakes and rivers. 1 P. Crus-rjaUi, L. , very widely introduced, possibly indigenous somewhere on the conti- nent, has stems from an inch or two to five feet high, leaves lanceolate and rough on the margins, panicle mostly dense and pyramidal, often tinged with purple, outer glumes rough upon the nerves and abruptly pointed, glume of sterile flower awl-pointed or short-awned, but mostly with a rough awn an inch long or more. Known as BARN-YARD GRASS. 2 The following species, all of which have bristles in clusters and roughened or barbed upwards, are very commonly introduced : S. glaitca, Beauv., known by its dense tawny yellow cylindrical spike (2 to 4 inches long), 6 to 11 bristles in a cluster, and perfect flower transversely wrinkled. FOXTAIL. S. viridis, Beauv., has a green more or less compound nearly cylindrical spike, few bris- tles, and perfect flower striate lengthwise and dotted. GREEN FOXTAIL. BOTTLE GRASS. S. Italica, Kunth, has thick compound yellowish or purplish nodding spikes (6 to 9 inches long) and 2 or 3 bristles in a cluster. Sometimes cultivated under the name of MILLET, or BENGAL GRASS. GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 405 6. SPABTINA, Schreber. CORD or MARSH GRASS. Perennials, with simple and rigid reed-like stems, from extensively creeping scaly rootstocks, very smooth sheaths, and long tough leaves. 1. S. CynoSUroideS, Willd. Stems 2 to 6 feet high: leaves 2 to 4 feet long, tapering to a long slender involute point : spikes 5 to 20, scattered and spreading, at least at maturity, the pedicels and common axis strongly hispid on the angles : lower glume very narrow ; the upper broad, spinulose-hispid on the keel and tapering to a rough awn : the flowering glumes very rough on the midrib which terminates just below its tip. Across the continent along the borders of lakes and rivers, especially common in the Atlantic States. 2. S. gracilis, Trin. Stems more slender, I to 3 feet high, exceeding the spreading distichous rough and rigid leaves : spikes 4 to 10, mostly sessile, closely oppressed to the nearly smooth rhachis : outer glumes very unequal, the lower acuminate, the upper acute, they and the flowering glume ciliate and hispid upon the keel. Steud, Gram. 214. In saline soils from Oregon to Texas, also in Florida. 7. HILARIA, HBK. Creeping plants, with spikelets so closely sessile as to require some care in their separation. 1. H. Jamesii, Benth. Stems 1 to l feet high, hairy at the nodes: leaves glaucous, rigid, scabrous, mostly convolute, the upper ones short and pungent; sheaths scabrous, hairy at the throat; ligule laciniate: spike 2 to 3 inches long, erect : outer glumes of the perfect spikelet ciliate, cleft nearly to the middle, the lobes 1-nerved on the inner margin with 3 to 5 interme- diate bristles, the central one longer : flowering glume 3-nerved, bifid : palet 2-nerved, slightly bifid : lower glume of the sterile spikelets slightly 2-cleft, awned above the middle ; upper glume emarginate, cuspidate Pleuraphis Jamesii, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 148. From Texas and New Mexico to S. Colorado and Nevada. 8. AJSTDROPOGON, L. BEARD GRASS. Coarse, mostly rigid perennials, with lateral or terminal spikes commonly clustered or digitate, the rhachis hairy or plumose-bearded, and often the sterile and staminate flowers also. 1. A. furcatus, Muhl. Tall, 3 to 4 feet high, the naked summit of the stem terminated by 2 to 5 rigid digitate spikes : spikelets approximated, ap- pressed : hairs at the base of the fertile spikelet, on the rhachis, and on the stout pedicel of the awnless staminate spikelet short and rather sparse : awn of fertile flower long and bent. In dry sterile soil from Colorado to Texas, and very common in the Atlantic States. 2. A. SCOpariuS, Michx. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, with numerous paniculate branches : spikes single, scattered, mostly peduncled, very loose, often purplish, silky with lax dull white silky hairs shorter than the flowers : awn of fertile flower twice as long as the flower, twisted or bent. In S. Colorado and common eastward. 406 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 3. A. sac Char Oides, S\vz. Stems slender, I to 3 feet high : spikes in pairs (or fours) on short mostly exserted and loosely paniculate peduncles, densely flowered, very silky with long bright white hairs : fertile flower monandrous, with a capillary awn. A. argenteus, DC. Probably including also (at least in S. Colorado) A. James ii, Torr. Colorado and southward. 9. CHRYSOPOGON, Trin. INDIAN GRASS. WOOD GRASS. A tall simple perennial, with glaucous linear-lanceolate leaves and yellow- ish or russet-brown and shining spikelets. 1. C. nutans, Benth. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, terete : panicle narrowly oblong; the perfect spikelets at length drooping, clothed, especially towards the base, with fawn-colored hairs, lanceolate, shorter than the twisted awn ; sterile spikelets small and imperfect, deciduous, or reduced to a mere plumose- hairy pedicel. Sorghum nutans, Gray. Southern Colorado, and common in the Atlantic States. 10. PHALARIS, L. CANARY GRASS. Ours is a perennial, with broad flat leaves, branched panicle, and glumes not winged on the back. 1 1. P. arundinacea, L. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, reed-like : outer glumes open at flowering, 3-nerved, thrice the length of the fertile flower : rudimen- tary flowers reduced to a minute hairy scale or pedicel. Wet grounds and river banks across the continent, especially northward. 11. HIEROCHLOA, Gmelin. HOLY GRASS. VANILLA GRASS. Perennials with flat leaves, the dried plants giving off a pleasant vanilla- like odor. 1. H. borealis, R. & S. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with short lanceolate leaves : panicle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal ; spikelets chestnut-color : staminate flowers strongly hairy-fringed on the margins ; the flowering glume mucronate or bristle-pointed at or near the tip : fertile flower hairy-friuged at the tip. From California to Colorado and far northward, thence eastward through the northern border States and Canada to Labrador. 12. A LOPE CUR US, L. FOXTAIL GRASS. Perennials, with the flower clusters contracted into a cylindrical and soft dense spike, whence the name. 1. A. alpinus, Sm. Stem erect, smooth, 6 inches to a foot high: upper leaf much shorter than its inflated sheath : outer glumes rather acute, 3-ribbed, covered on the back with long dense white hairs : flowering glume about equalling the outer ones, the awn exserted more than half its length, slightly bent but not twisted. English Fl. i. 81. High mountains of Colorado and north- ward. 1 It is probable that P. Canariensis, L., is sparingly naturalized within our range, the seed being a favorite food of cage-birds. It may be known by its very dense spike-like panicle and wing-keeled outer glumes. GR AMINES. (GRASS FAMILY.) 407 2. A. aristulatUS, Michx. Stem ascending from a decumbent base, 1 to 2 feet higli : leaves glaucous : spike about 2 inches long, slender and very pale green : outer glumes obtuse, the flowering one slightly exceeding them, its awn attached just below the middle and barely exceeding it. A. gemculatus, var. aristulatus, Torr. From Colorado to California and Oregon, and eastward across the continent. 13. ARISTIDA, L. TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS. Stems generally branching; leaves narrow, often involute; spikelets in simple or panicled racemes or spikes ; grain linear. All grow in sterile, dry soil. * Awns unequal, the middle one longer than the lateral ones. 1. A. basiramea, Eugelm. Stems erect, 6 to 15 inches high, slender, much branched at the base, and with short floriferous branches enclosed in the upper leaf sheaths: leaves flat, becoming involute towards the apex, sparsely hairy on the margins below: panicle 1| to 3 inches long, erect, rather lax, its base sheathed by the upper leaf : glumes linear, unequal, 1 -nerved, with a short bristle-like point: flowering glume nearly terete, spotted with black, with a short, acute hairy callus : middle awn about 6 lines long, the lateral ones 4 lines long, spirally twisted below (when mature). Bot. Gazette, ix. 76. Minnesota, }V. Upham, and ranging through the prairie region of the Northwest. * * Awns about equal in length. 2. A. purpurea, Nutt. Stem simple, erect, slender, 6 to 15 inches high: sheaths scabrous, exceeding the iuternodes, pilose at the throat: panicle slen- der, 3 to 6 inches long, loosely few-flowered : outer glumes purplish, unequal, bifid and shortly awned : flower densely short-pilose at the pointed base, sca- brous above : awns I to 2 lines long, not exceeding the flower, scabrous. Steud. Gram. 134. From Colorado to Texas and westward to the Great Basin. Var. longiseta, Vasey. With very long awns. A. longiseta, Steud. Colorado and southward to New Mexico and Texas. 3. A. Oligantha, Michx. Stems tufted, bearing a loosely few-flowered raceme : leaves short : outer glumes nearly equal, the lower ones 3 to 5-nerved, nearly an inch long ; awns capillary, 1^- to 3 inches long, much exceeding the slender flower. Colorado and southward, thence eastward to Illinois, Vir- ginia, and the Southern States. 14. STIPA, L. FEATHER GRASS. Perennials, with narrow involute leaves and a loose panicle of early, decidu- ous florets. Some of the species are called " Bunch Grass." The flower has a hardened, often sharp-pointed and bearded pedicel or stipe at its base, the callus. # Awn for a part of its length distinctly plumose with silky hairs. 1. S. Mongolica, Turcz. Slender, a foot high, with filiform leaves and a loose few-flowered panicle : glumes membranous, obtuse, about 2 lines long, not quite equal, purplish : flowering glume scarcely shorter, hairy : the bent awn 6 lines in length. Mountains of Colorado. 408 GRAMINE,E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 2. S. pennata, L., var. Neo-Mexicana, Thurber. Easily distin- guished by the awns, which are 6 inches or more long, twisted for 1 to 2 inches below, the upper part flat and beautifully plumose-pennated. Gram. Mex. Bound, ined. Extending into S. W. Colorado from New Mexico and Texas. # * Awn not plumose, often strongly pubescent. -t- Panicle loose, open. 3. S. Bichardsonii, Link. Stem l to 2 feet high, slender: panicle 4 to 5 inches long, with slender few-flowered branches ; callus short and blunt : outer glumes pointless, nearly equal, about equalling the pubescent flowering glume ; awn 6 to 8 lines long. Mountains of Montana, Scribner, and northward ; Manitoba and north shore of Lake Superior, Macoun ; also in Maine. 4. S. COmata, Trin. & Rupr. Stems 1 to 4 feet high, stout, mostly scabrous : leaves roughened, the radical 4 r i the length of the stem: panicle included at base by the upper sheath, 8 to 12 inches long ; callus pointed: outer glumes nearly equal, with a long subulate point: flowering glume pubescent with coarse hairs : awn 4 to 6 inches long, scabrous especially above, shining, variously curled and twisted. Watson, Bot. King Exped. 380. From the Upper Missouri to California, New Mexico, and Nebraska. *- -i Panicle narroic, contracted. 5. S. spartea, Trin. Stems 1 i to 3 feet high, rather stout : callus pun- gently pointed, villous-bearded (wheu mature) : glumes lanceolate, slender subu- late-pointed, greenish, longer than the palets which are linear and pubescent below. From Colorado to the Upper Missouri, thence eastward to Illinois and Michigan. 6. S. viridula, Trin. Stems l to 5 feet high, with numerous withered sheaths at base : panicle 6 to 18 inches long; callus very short: glumes ovate, bristle-pointed, sometimes tinged with purple : lower palet with short scattered hairs which form a rather irregular crown, and with 2 very minute hyaline teeth : awn 1 to 1 inches long, usually twice bent, pubescent below and scabrous above. Watson, Bot. King Exped. 380. From Colorado to California, Oregon, the Upper Missouri, and British America. 15. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. MOUNTAIN RICE. Perennials, with rigid leaves and a narrow raceme or panicle. Spikelets rather large. 1. O. micrantlia, Thurber. Leaves linear-setaceous, involute : branches of the panicle in pairs, many-flowered ; spikelets shining, florets smooth, a little shorter than the linear acutish glumes : awn about thrice longer than the glumes : anthers naked at apex. Steud. Glum. 122. Colorado and southward. 2. O. cuspidata, Benth. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, rather rigid and some- what scabrous: leaves narrow, involute, elongated (2 to 18 inches): panicle frequently included at base, dichotomoiisly branched ; the spikelets solitary upon capillary peduncles : outer glumes more or less purple, pubescent, attenuate- rostrate: flowering glumes rigid, densely covered with lonq white silk// hairs: the stout nearly straight awn mostly longer : palet rigid : anthers bearded at apex. Eriocoma cuspidata, Nutt. From the Sierras eastward to Missouri and Texas. GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 409 16. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreb. DROP-SEED GRASS. The grain is lance-oblong and drops enclosed in the palets. # Panicles contracted or glomerate. i- Flowering glumes barely mucronate or sharp-pointed. 1. M. Mexicana, Trin. Stems ascending, much branched, 2 to 3 feet high : leaves short and narrow : panicles lateral and terminal, often included at the base, the branches densely spiked-clustered, linear : outer glumes awn- less, sharp-pointed, unequal, the upper about the length of the very acute flowering glume. Wyoming and eastward, where it is very common. t- - Flowering glume bristle-awned from the tip. 2. M. Wrightii, Vasey iued. Stems erect, 9 inches to a foot high or more: leaves involute, rather rigid and pungently pointed, scabrous, pale; sheaths much shorter than the internodes : panicle spike-like, 1 to 3 inches long, the two or three lowest clusters of spikelets somewhat distant : the glumes and palets scabrous, especially on the midribs ; lower glume the shorter, i to ^ the length of the flowering glume, mucronate pointed ; upper glume longer, l-nerved and short-awned : flowering glume l-nerved, tipped bj a stout rough awn about J the length of the palet. Colorado and New Mexico. 3. M. gracilis, Trin. Stems erect, rigid, clothed below with withered sheaths, 6 inches to 2 feet high : leaves filiform, convolute, scabrous, with the whole .plant pale ; sheaths longer than the internodes : panicle 3 to 6 inches long, often bronzed or blackish, very narrow, the erect rays mostly solitary : lower glume a little the shorter, more or less acute ; the upper half the length of the floret, 3-nerved, obtuse, erose at apex or with several teeth, some of them with short awns : flowering glume with a short-bearded minute callus, pubescent, often thickly marked with blackish green spots, terminated by a slender rough- ish awn 4 to 9 lines long. Colorado and southward, thence westward into California. Var. breviaristata, Vasey. Cespitose, low, often growing in ring-like patches : leaves very short and rigid : panicle short, 2 or 3 inches long, very close: aim about the length of the flowering glume. Rothrock, in Wheeler's Rep. vi. 284. Colorado and eastward. 4. M. sylvatica, Torr. & Gray, var. setiglumis, Watson. Stems a foot high, nearly erect : panicle contracted into a glomerate spike; the branches solitary and densely flowered, mostly to the base : outer glumes attenuate into a scabrous bristle : flowering glume with its awn about twice longer. Bot. King Exped. v. 378. Colorado and Nevada. 5. M. comata, Benth. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, smooth except at the nodes where they are retrorsely pubescent : leaves flat, roughish on both sides ; lower sheaths equalling the internodes, the upper somewhat shorter: panicle 3 to 4 inches long, pale green, lead-colored or purplish, either narrow throughout or lobed below, the lower rays 2 or 3 together, the upper solitary, all very densely many-flowered : outer glumes narrow, very acute, the lower a little the longer, serrulate on the keel : floret with an oblique callus bearing hairs as long as the floret: flowering glume 3-nerved, with a long (3 to 4 lines), flezuose, rough, often purplish awn. Vaseya comata, Thurb. From Nebraska to Colorado, Nevada, and California. 410 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) * * Panicle loose and open. 6. M. pungens, Thurb. Stems erect, from 1 to U feet high: leaves very pale green, hard and rigid, terminated by a hardened point: panicle very open, its solitary rays fasciculately branched just above the base into long 1-flowered divisions : outer glumes half as long as the floret, pointed by a distinct bristle : flowering glume acute, the awn a line long or less : palet with 2 setose teeth, which, nearly equalling the awn, give the appearance of an undeveloped Aristida. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, 78. From S. California to Arizona, Colorado, and Nebraska. 7. M. gracillima, Torr. Cespitose, glabrous : stem simple, 6 to 12 inches high : leaites very narrow, involute, short, mostly in radical tufts : panicle 5 to 6 inches long, pyramidal, capillary ; branches sub-solitary, widely spreading : spikelets lanceolate, mostly purplish : outer glumes acute, scarcely twice shorter than the palets : flowering glume glabrous, 3-nerved, minutely bifid, witli a straight awn of equal length: callus naked. Whipple, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 155. Colorado and southward. 8. M. Texana, Thurb. Stems geniculalefy decumbent, branching: panicle few-flowered, rays solitary or in pairs, naked below, at last widely spreading : outer glumes shorter than the floret, 1 -nerved, setaceously mucronate: flowering glume and palet pilose, the former terminated by an awn thrice its length and equalled or exceeded by the latter : callus conspicuous, glabrous. Gram. Mex. Bound, ined. From Colorado to Arizona and Texas. 9. M. debilis, Trin. Stems 3 to 18 inches high, ascending from a genicu- late base, branching from the lower nodes: leaves mostly flat, acuminate, puberu- lent on both surfaces, and with the whole plant purple tinged or dark purple throughout: panicle 2 to 6 inches long, the few mostly solitary ra.ys spreading, distant, a little longer than the interspaces, included below by the upper sheath ; floret very early deciduous : outer glumes to its length, equal or the lower slightly shorter, the upper or both eroded at t/ie obtuse or truncate apex: flowering glume scabrous throughout, terminated by a slender awn 1 to 1^ inches long. S. California to Northern Mexico and extending into S. Colorado and eastward. 17. PHLETJM, L. CAT'S-TAIL GRASS. TIMOTHY. Perennials, with spikes very dense and harsh. 1 1 . P. alpinum, L. Culms 1 to 2 feet high : sheaths of the upper leaves very loose or inflated, the lower ones close ; ligule short : spike ovoid or ob- long, rarely more than an inch long, usually purplish : outer glumes strongly fringed on the back, bearing an awn about their own length. In alpine regions throughout N. America, Europe, and Asia. 18. S P O R O B O L TJ S, R. Rr. DROP-SEED GRASS. RUSH GRASS. Stems wiry or rigid. Leaves usually involute and bearded at the throat, their sheaths often enclosing the panicles. Includes Vilfa, Beauv. 1 P. pratense, L., the cultivated '* Timothy " and frequently naturalized, can be distin- guished from P. alpinum by its close sheaths, long ligule, much longer spike (1 to 6 inches), and glumes with scarious margins and green keel, which is ciliate with stiff hairs and pro- longed into a rigid rough awn shorter than itself. GRAMINEJB. (GRASS FAMILY.) 411 * Seed adherent to the pericarp : panicle spiked or contracted. VILFA. 1. S. CUSpidatUS, Torr. Root perennial: stems and leaves very narrow, the latter awl-shaped: panicle exserted, very simple and narrow: outer glumes very acute : flowering glume cuspidate. Vilfa cuspid ata, Torr. Colorado and northward ; eastward through northern latitudes to Canada and Maine. 2. S. depauperatus, Torr. Stems tufted, very slender, 3 inches to 2 feet long, often much branched: leaves very minutely scabrous on the upper surface: panicle \ to 2 inches long, very narrow, of few solitary distant erect rays, which are branched and flower-bearing nearly to the base : outer glumes obtuse, nearly equal: flowering glume and palet nearly equal, the former obscurely 3-nerved, often with a minute mucro. Vilfa depauperata, Torr. Varying greatly with the locality. From W. Texas and Mexico to the Saskatchewan, Oregon, and California. 3. S. Wolfii, Vasey. Stems erect, 1 to 1% inches high, very slender, branched at the base: leaves mostly radical, short, strongly nerved: spikes simple, few- fiowered, terminal and lateral, the lateral ones partly enclosed in the loose sheaths; flowers alternate, pointed : outer glumes membranaceous, obtuse: flow- ering glume and palet nearly equal in length. Vilfa minima, Vasey, Bot. Wheeler Exped. 283. About Twin Lakes, Colorado. 4. S. tricholepis, Torr. Stems erect, simple, terete, 9 to 18 inches high, tufted: leaves glabrous: branches of the oblong rather dense panicle alternate; pedicels longer than the spikelets : outer glumes nearly equal, acutish, % shorter than the nearly equal pilose flowering glume and palet: flowering glume 3-uerved. Vilfa tricholepis, Torr. Colorado and southward. * * Seed free from the pericarp : panicle generally open. *- Outer glumes very unequal. 5. S. cryptandrus, Gr. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, usually geniculate and branched below : leaves fiat, acuminate, scabrous especially above ; sheaths strongly bearded at throat : panicle narrowly pyramidal, more or less enclosed by the upper sheath, 4 to 8 inches long, its rays mostly in pairs, fiower-bearwg to the base : spikelets lead-colored, short-pedicelled : outer glumes somewhat acute. Vilfa cryptandra, Trin. From Texas and New Mexico to Colorado and Oregon, and eastward to New England. 6. S. airoid3S, Torr. Stems forming large tufts, clothed below by the dead sheaths, 2 to 3 feet high, somewhat rigid, smooth : leaves very pale, con- volute and tapering to a filiform apex ; sheaths with a few long hairs at the throat: panicle broadly pyramidal, soon exserted, 6 to 12 inches long, its rays solitary or in pairs, naked below: spikelets brownish, on rather long pedicels: outer glumes rather obtuse. Marcy's Rep. 300. Vilfa airoides, Steud. California to Nebraska and southward to New Mexico and Texas. -*- H- Outer glumes nearly equal. 7. S. ramulosus, Kunth. Stems tufted, 3 to 8 inches high, very slender and branched below : leaves flat or involute, scabrous on the margins : panicle very long for the size of the plant, constituting of its height, the capillary fete-flowered mostly solitary rays rather distant and spreading, the secondary branches 1 to 2-jlowered : spikelets less than J line long : outer glumes mostly ciliate-f ringed on the margin. Vilfa ramulosa, HBK. From Colorado to Texas, New Mexico, and California. 412 GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 8. S. asperifolius, Thurb. Stems 6 to 15 inches long, branched, de- cumbent at base and forming broad matted tufts : leaves flat, scabrous, espe- cially on the margins and upper surface : panicle included at base, 3 to 5 inches long, pyramidal or ovoid in outline, the scabrous rays solitary or in pairs, bearing 3 to 4-flowered capillary branches : spikelets less than a line long : outer glumes minutely scabrous. Bot. Calif, ii. 269. Vilfa asperifolia, N. & M. From Nebraska to Texas, Mexico, California, and Oregon. 19. AGROSTIS, Linn. BENT GRASS. Mostly perennials, with slender low culms which form dense tufts. Ours are strictly one-flowered. * Palet present. 1. A. alba, L. Stems varying from a few inches to 2 feet high, sometimes decumbent at base : leaves flat, short, smooth or roughened ; ligule short and trun- cate or long and acute : panicle slender, usually spreading when in flower and more or less contracted afterwards, green, purplish, or brownish : flowering glume very thin, 3 or 5-nerved, rarely with a short awn : paid ^ to ^ the length of the flowering glume. Includes A. vulgaris, With. Found in all cultivated regions. A. vulgaris differs from A. alba principally in the ligule of the former being short and truncate and that of tbe latter elongated and acute, hence they are both here included under the older name of A. alba. The form vulgaris is often called " Red-top." 2. A. exarata, Trin. Stem erect, 1 or 2 feet high or more, at length naked for some distance below the panicle : leaves mostly erect and flat, the radical 2 to 4 and those of the stem 6 inches long or more, roughish or very rough ; ligule obtuse, more or less decurrent : panicle erect, rather narrow, dense to very dense and crowded, pale greenish, rarely tinged with purple : flowering glume J to \ shorter than the outer glume, 4 to 5-nerved, and marked on the back by a longitudinal furrow, sometimes awned above the middle : palet usu- attt/ shorter than the ovary, sometimes longer. Common west of the Mississippi and exceedingly variable, so much so that many forms described as distinct species must be included under it. * # Palet entirely wanting or very minute. -t- Spikelets awnless or short-awned. 3. A. perennans, Tuckm. Stems slender, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves flat: panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green ; the brandies short, divided and flower-bearing from or below the middle. In Montana and Wyoming, and very common eastward. Called " Thin Grass." 4. A. SCabra, Willd. Stems very slender, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves short and narrow, the lower soon involute : panicle very loose and divergent, purplish, the long capillary branches flower-bearing at and near the apex. Common throughout the whole continent. Called " Hair Grass " or " Fly-away Grass." -i_ H _ Spikelets awned. 5. A. canina, L. Stems to 2 feet high : root-leaves involute bristle- form, those of the stem flat and broader : panicle 2 to 6 inches long, spread- ing, the unequal rays in clusters of five below, in pairs or solitary above, roughened, branching above the middle : spikelets purple or brownish : GR AMINES. (GRASS FAMILY.) 413 flowering glume exsertly awned on the back at or below the middle. Found everywhere, and very variable, the mountain forms especially bearing many names. Known as " Brown Bent Grass." 20. CINNA, L. WOOD REED GRASS. A perennial grass, with simple and upright somewhat reed-like stems, 2 to 7 feet high, bearing an ample compound terminal panicle, its branches in fours or fives ; the broadly linear-lanceolate flat leaves with conspicuous ligules. 1. C. arundinacea, L., var. pendula, Gray. Stem smooth, with conspicuous brownish nodes : leaves rough on both sides and margins : pani- cle 8 to 12 inches long, drooping at apex, the capillary rays clustered, distant, flexuose, very unequal, the longer flower-bearing above the middle, very sca- brous. California and northward, thence eastward through Montana to the northern border States. 21. AMMOPHILA, Host. Perennials, with stout stems from thick running rootstocks. This is repre- sented in Gray's Manual by the Calamovilfa and Ammopkila sections of Cala magrostis. 1. A. longifolia, Benth. Stems 1 to 4 feet high: leaves rigid, elon- gated, involute above and tapering into a long thread-like point : branches of the pyramidal panicle smooth : the copious hairs more than half the length of the naked flowering glume and palet. Calamagrostis longifolia, Hook. From Colorado northward, thence eastward to Michigan and Illinois. 22. DEYEUXIA, Clarion. REED BENT GRASS. Perennials with running rootstocks and mostly tall erect and rigid stems. This genus includes all the species of Calamagrostis in the section Deyeuxia. * Panicle loose and open. 1. D. Canadensis, Beauv. Sterns tall, erect, smooth, 3 to 5 feet high: leaves about a foot long, flat, minutely scabrous : panicle 4 to 6 inches long, oblong, the common axis and rays scabrous: spikelets l to If lines long: outer glumes lanceolate, acute : flowering glume nearly as long, surrounded by copious white hairs, and awned on the back from near the middle with a very delicate bristle not much stouter than the hairs, and usually barely equalling or rarely slightly exceeding the palet. Calamagrostis Canadensis, Beauv. From New Mexico northward and across the continent. 2. D. Langsdorffii, Trin. Closely resembling the last, but distin- guished by its longer spikelets (2 to 3 lines), attenuate-acuminate outer glumes, which are often cinereously strigose-pubescent, and its stouter and usually exserted awn. * * Panicle narrow, the erect branches oppressed after fiowering. 3. D. Lapponica, Trin. Stem about a foot high : radical leaves nearly as long ; stem leaves much shorter and divergent, all convolute, rigid and strongly 414 GRAMINE^i. (GRASS FAMILY.) striate, rough above and on the margins : panicle an inch or two long, very dense : outer glumes ovate, acute : flowering glume acute, lacerate-fringed, with numerous delicate basal hairs longer than in the next ; awn very slightly exceeding the glume, attached just above the base, straight. Calamagrostis Lap- ponica, Trin. Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and northward to Alaska. 4. D. Stricta, Trin. Stem taller : leaves mostly setaceously involute, erect, scabrous on both sides : panicle at first included at base, at length exserted, 2 to 5 inches long, narrow, somewhat lobed, interrupted below : outer glumes ovate- oblong, acute, rough upon the keel and minutely scabrous all over : Jlowering glume bearing the straight awn at or below the middle and slightly exceeding it ; the hairs at the base about two thirds the length. Calamagrostis stricta, Trin. From the mountains of Colorado to California, and eastward along the north- ern border to Vermont and Canada. 5. D. sylvatica, DC. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, clothed at base by crowded dead sheaths: radical leaves reaching nearly to the panicle; stem leaves gradually becoming shorter, all attenuate-pointed, more or less scabrous and involute : panicle enclosed at base when young, spike-like, 3 or 4 inches long, very dense ; rays mostly in fives, appressed and like the rhachis very rough : outer glumes ovate-lanceolate, very acute : flowering glume acute, 4-toothed, grooved on the back, its awn attached very near the base, twisted and rough below, bent at the middle, and exserted more than half the length of the glumes ; hairs unequal, the longest at the sides about as long as the glume. Calama- grostis sylvatica, DC. Mountains of Colorado, thence northward and west- ward. 23. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv. HAIR GRASS. Perennials, formerly included under Aira as a subgenus. The flowering glume is delicately 3 to 5-nerved, and the grain is free. * Outer glumes barely equalling and mostly shorter than the florets. 1. D. flexuosa, Beauv. Stem slender, 1 to 2 feet high, nearly naked above the small tufts of involute bristle-form root-leaves (1 to 6 inches long): panicle small and spreading, its branches capillary: awn longer than the glume, at length bent and twisted. Aira flexuosa, L. Mountains of S. W. Colorado (Brandegee) and northward; common in the Atlantic States. 2. D. C86SpitOSa, Beauv. Stem tufted, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves fiat and linear: panicle 6 inches long, pyramidal or oblong : awn straight, barely equal- ling the glume. Aira ccespitosa, L. Across the continent and northward to Alaska. Very variable, especially the mountain forms. The dwarf moun- tain plant, 6 or 8 inches high, with a tuft of short setaceous leaves, is var. arctica. * * Outer glumes longer than the florets. 3. IX danthonioides, Munro. Stem slender, from a few inches to 2 feet high : leaves very narrow : panicle very loose and open : outer glumes linear-lanceolate : flowering glume with hairs at base \ as long, shining below ; awn inserted just below the middle, about 3 times its length, light brown, twisted below and geniculate near the middle. Aira danthonioides, Trin. From Texas to Colorado, California, and Oregon. GR AMINES. (GRASS FAMILY.) 415 4. D. latifolia, Hook. Stem 1 to 2 feet high : lower haves 2 or 3 inches long, about 3 lines wide, flat and smooth : panicle with a few slender rays, which are densely flowered above : outer glumes ovate-lanceolate : flowering glume with silky hairs % as long or more ; au'n stout, attached just above the middle, somewhat divergent, exceeding the flowering glume bnt included by the outer ones. Aira latifolia, Hook. In the Northern Rocky Mountains, and westward into Oregon and Washington Territory. 24. TRISETUM, Pers. Perennials, resembling the next genus and by some made a section under it. Ours have a dense and spike-like panicle, and a smooth ovary. 1. T. SUbspicatum, Beanv. Stems tufted, 4 inches to 2 feet high, smooth or downy : leaves flat and smooth, or with the loose sheaths pubes- cent : panicle 2 to 6 inches long, dense and oblong-ovate, or elongated and several times interrupted below : lower glume shorter, the upper about equal- ling the florets, both ciliate on the keel : flowering glume with a divergent awn about its own length. In the mountains from Colorado to California and northward ; eastward along the northern border to New England. Var. molle, Gray. Stem and foliage minutely soft-downy. Man. 641. Same range. 25. A VENA, L. OAT. The grain is oblong-linear, grooved on one side, hairy throughout or at the tip only, free but closely invested by the palet. 1. A. Striata, Michx. Glabrous and smooth throughout, slender, 1 to 2 feet high : leaves narrow : panicle simple, loose, with spikelets on capillary pedicels: lower glume 1 -nerved ; the upper 3-nerved : flowers short-bearded at base ; the soon bent or divergent awn inserted just below the tapering very sharply cuspidate 2-cleft tip of the palet. Colorado (Hall Sf Harbour), and in the mountains of New York and New England. 26. DA NTH ON I A, DC. WILD OAT GRASS. Ours are perennials, with narrow leaves, hairy sheaths, and a small simple panicle or raceme. 1. D. Calif ornica, Boland. Stems sometimes decumbent at base, from to 3 feet high : leaves, especially the lower, convolute and setaceously pointed, with sheaths bearded at the throat : panicle mostly a simple raceme : outer glumes mostly purplish with scarious margins, pointed, the upper 5 to 7-nerved : flowering glume broad, its teeth about half its own length, with mar- ginal tufts of long silky hairs at or below the middle ; awn about equalling the glume. Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 182. Var. unispicata, Thurber. Stems 6 inches high or less, from dense tujls of somewhat hairy leaves, the sheaths of which are densely villous with white spread- ing hairs, arising in small clusters from white minute papillae : spikelet solitary and terminal (rarely 2 or 3). Bot. Calif ii. 294. Both forms occur in the Rocky Mountains, the Wahsatch, and westward to California and Oregon. 416 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 2. D. sericea, Nutt. Stems not tufted, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves narrow, with sheaths silky-hairy at the throat: panicle narrow, the lower rays some- times 2 to 3-flowered and spreading : outer glumes acuminate, much exceed- ing the florets : flowering glumes ivith very long teeth, and villous with long silky hairs all over or only below and on the margins. Gray, Man. 640. Colorado to California ; also eastward in the Atlantic States. 27. SCHEDONNARDTJS, Steud. Low and branching, often procumbent, chiefly annuals, with narrow leaves and slender spikes. 1. S. Texanus, Steud. Stems 4 to 2 feet high, leafy below, naked and curved above : panicle of 3 to 10 recurved secund distant spikes, 3-angled and rough : outer glumes suddenly narrowing to awn-like points : flowering glume but partly covered by the outer ones. Lepturus paniculatus, Nutt. From Illinois to Texas, Colorado, and California. 28. BOUTELOUA, Lag. GRAMA GRASS. Very slender grasses, often geniculate at base, with short leaves less than a line broad, and ligule a hairy fringe. Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 178. 1. Spikes two or more, linear or oblong, more or less falcate, the usually very numerous spikelets pectinately crowded on one side of the rhachis: terminal empty glume usually 3-awned. * Lower glumes villous. 1. B. hirsuta, Lag. Tufted, 8 to 20 inches high: leaves flat, lance- linear, papillose hairy or glabrous : spikes 1 to 4, oblong-linear, very dense : upper glume hispid with strong bristles from dark warty glands : flowering glume pubescent, 3-cleft : sterile glume and its pedicel glabrous, the 3 awns longer than the glumes and fertile flower. Colorado to Mexico, and east- ward to Texas and Illinois. 2. B. oligOStachya, Torr. Glabrous, 6 to 18 inches high: leaves very narrow : spikes 1 to 5, oblong-linear, very dense : glumes sparingly soft-hairy : pedicel of the sterile glume copiously villous-tufted at the summit ; the 3 awns equalling the larger glume. Gray, Man. 621. From the Saskatchewan to Texas, Mexico, and S. California. * * Lower glumes glabrous. 3. B. polystachya, Torr. Stems 3 to 15 inches long : leaves scabrous : spikes 3 to 6 or more, narrowly linear, dense, the scabrous rhachis hispid- ciliate : flowering and sterile glumes 3-awned, with usually broad lobes be- tween the awns. Pacif. R. Rep. v. 366. From S. Colorado to S. California, Mexico, and Texas. 4. B. eriopoda, Torr. Spikes more loose and slender : flowering and sterile glumes l-awned, bearded at base: peduncle villous. S. Colorado (Brandegee) to New Mexico and W. Texas. (GRASS FAMILY.) 417 2. Spikes numerous, usually short, straight, not pectinate, in a long and virgate one-sided spike or raceme : terminal empty glume rudimentary. 5. B. racemosa, Lag. Stems tufted, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves narrow : spikes inch long or shorter, nearly sessile, 30 to 60 in number in a loose general spike (8 to 15 inches long) : sterile glume reduced to a single small awn, or mostly to 3 awns shorter than the flower. B. curtipendula, Torr- From Colorado and Arizona to Texas and northeastward. 29. BITCH LOB, Engelm. BUFFALO GRASS. A densely tufted grass, forming broad mats and spreading by stolons : stems of the female plant much shorter than those of the male. The two forms, at first described as different genera, were shown to be related by Dr. Engelmaun. 1. B. dactyloides, Engelm. Flowering stems of the male plant 4 to 6 inches long, glabrous or slightly hairy : leaves 2 to 4 inches long : spikelets alternate in 2 rows, uppermost abortive, bristle-form : stems of the female plant much shorter than the leaves, l to 2 inches high. Trans. St. Louis Acad. i. 432. On the elevated plains from British America to Texas and New Mexico. One of the many " Buffalo Grasses/' but probably one of the most widely distributed and valuable grasses of the plains. 30. TRIODIA, R. Br. Stems tufted: leaves very narrow and taper-pointed; sheaths bearded at the throat : panicle simple or compound ; spikelets often racemose, purplish. 1. T. mutica, Benth. Stem rigid, erect, very simple, a foot high: leaves convolute-filiform, 3 to 6 inches long: panicle much exserted, racemose, with short appressed branches; spikelets 5 to 8 -flowered: outer glumes rather acute, scarcely half the length of the florets : flowering glume aumless, entire or bifid, long-ciliate on the margin and back. Tricuspis mutica, Torr. Bot. Whipple, 156. From Texas to Arizona, and extending into S. Colorado. 2. T. pulchella, HBK. Stems crowded, wiry, 2 to 6 inches high, fas- cicdately branched above : leaves setaceously convolute, rigid, scabrous; radical leaves crowded, an inch long ; upper leaves shorter, the uppermost even appear- ing like large awned glumes: panicle of about 3 spikelets, 6 to 1 -flowered : outer glumes white, acuminate or subulate-pointed, the upper slightly exceeding the lower and the florets : flowering glume white, densely silk y-v ill ous to near the middle, deeply bifid, with a strong awn slightly exceeding the obtuse lobes. Tricuspis pulchella, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 156. From W. Texas to S. Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and S. California. 3. T. acuminata, Benth. Stems simple, 6 inches or more high, usually with but a single node, which bears a very short leaf : radical leaves an inch or two long; those of the stem shorter: panicle dense, ovoid, 1 to 2 inches long, with a few erect branches; spikelets 8 to 12-flowered : outer glumes acuminate, the upper subaristate : flowering glume scarcely bifld, with a central seta J its length, densely silky below, with a conspicuously silky tuft near the 27 418 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) base. Tricuspis acuminata, Munro. From Texas to Arizona, and extending into S. Colorado. 31. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. SLENDER GRASS. Ours are annuals, with flat leaves and geniculate-decumbent and branching Stems. 1. IX fascicularis, Beauv. Smooth : leaves longer than the stems, the Upper sheathing the base of the crowded panicle-like raceme, which is com- posed of many strict spikes: spikelets short-pedicelled, 7 to 11 -flowered: flowering glume hairy-margined towards the base, with two small lateral teeth as well as the short awn. Leptochloa fascicularis, Gray, Man. 623. From New England across the continent. 32. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. SVND GRASS. A tufted grass, with numerous bearded joints, and short involute-awl- shaped leaves. 1. T. purpurea, Chap. Stems ascending, 6 to 12 inches high : panicles very simple, of few spikelets, the terminal one usually exserted, the axillary ones included in the commonly hairy sheaths : awn much shorter than its glume, seldom exceeding the eroded-truncate or obtuse lateral lobes. Tri- cuspis purpurea, Gray. Colorado (Hall fy Harbour] ; about the Great Lakes and along the Atlantic coast. 33. PHRAGMITES, Trin. REED. Tall and stout perennials, with numerous broad leaves and a large terminal panicle, the silky hairs of the rhachis becoming very conspicuous as the seed ripens. 1. P. COmmunis, Trin. Stems 5 to 12 feet high : panicle loose, nod- ding ; spikelets 3 to 5-flowered ; flowers equalling the wool. Found every- where along the margins of streams and ponds. Looks like Broom-Corn at a distance. 34. M UN BO A, Torr. Creeping annuals, very much branched from the base, with fasciculate branches. 1. M. SQUarrOSa, Torr. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, flat, 1 to 2 lines wide, somewhat pungent, scabrous on the margin : spikelets mostly 3 : glumes al- most unilateral, linear-lanceolate, keeled. Bot. Whipple, 158. On the plains. 35. KCELERIA, Pers. Tufted grasses, with simple upright stems : the sheaths often downy." 1. K. cristata, Pers. Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at the base : spikelets 2 to 4-flowered : flowering glume acute or mucronate : leaves flat, the lower sparingly hairy or ciliate. From California and Oregon eastward to Pennsylvania. GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 419 36. EATONIA, Raf. Perennial, slender grasses, with simple and tufted stems, and often sparsely downy sheaths, flat lower leaves, and small greenish (or purplish) spikelets. 1. E. obtusata, Gray. Panicle dense and contracted, somewhat inter- rupted, rarely slender : spikelets crowded on the short erect branches : upper glume rouuded-obovate, truncate-obtuse, rough on the back. Manual, 626. Across the continent, occurring most abundantly in the southern part of our range. 37. CATABROSA, Beauv. Glabrous creeping aquatics, with flat leaves, elongated membranous ligules, and diffusely branched panicles with semi-verticillate branches : flowers jointed at base and deciduous. 1. C. aquatica, Beauv. Stems 4 inches to 2 feet high, rather stout, as- cending : leaves 2 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide, scabrous on the margin : panicle uniform, branchlets numerous, divided : flowers light-brown : glumes purplish. In the Rocky Mountains. 38. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. Stems often branching : leaves linear, frequently involute, and the ligule or throat of the sheath bearded with long villous hairs. 1 1. E. Purshii, Schrad. Sparingly branched at the decumbent base, then erect, ^ to 2 feet high : leaves narrow, flat and soft : panicle elongated, the branches widely spreading, very loose ; spikelets 5 to 18-flowered, oblong-lan- ceolate, at length linear, mostly much shorter than their capillary pedicels : glumes ovate and acute, the flowering glume 3-nerved. From Nevada, Colorado, and New Mexico eastward to New Jersey. 39. ME LIC A, L. MELIC GRASS. Perennials with soft and flat leaves : panicle simple or sparingly branched ; the rather large spikelets racemose-one-sided. Ours belong to EUMELICA, in which the spikelets are 4 to 8 lines long, with 2 to 8 perfect florets ; flowering glume apparently many-nerved below (at least when dry), with a broad scari- ous margin above. Scribner, Proc. Philad. Acad., 1885, p. 40. # Stems not bulbous at base. 1. M. Porteri, Scribner. Panicle narrow, the slender branches erect, or the lower slightly divergent, the pedicels flexuose or recurved, densely pubes- cent : empty glumes very unequal and decidedly shorter than the 3 to 5-flow- ered spikelets. Rusby's Arizona Plants. M. mutica, var. parviflora, Porter. 1 E. poceoides, Beauv., var. megastachya, Gray, is a very common introduced species, and may be recognized by its large, short-pedicelled, densely-flowered (10 to 50), fiat, lea.d-colored spikelets, which become linear and whitish when old, forming a narrow crowded panicle ; its diffusely spreading habit, and its mostly glabrous sheaths. It is said to emit an unpleas- ant odor. E. pilosa, Beauv., is another introduced species, like E. Purshii in general habii ; but may be distinguished by its spikelets about equalling their pedicels, its obtuse glumes, and the 1-uerved flowering glume. 420 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) M. stricta of Brandegee's Fl. S. W. Colorado. From Colorado to Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. * * Stems usually bulbous at base. - Second glume decidedly shorter than the third. 2. M. Spectabile, Scribner. Panicle nodding, loosely few-flowered, the slender branches erect spreading : terminal floret acute : flowering glume very broadly acuminate, obtuse or notched at the tip. Proc. Philad. Acad., 1885, p. 45. M. bulbosa of Bot. King Exped., and Fl. Colorado. This differs from M. bulbosa, Geyer, in its usually taller and more slender stems, more open and nodding panicle, more slender and flexuose pedicels, shorter empty glumes, and broader flowering glumes which taper abruptly to a rounded and usually two-lobed summit. In the mountains, from Colorado and Utah to Montana and Idaho. -i -i Second glume as long as the third. 3. M. Californica, Scribner. Panicle erect, densely many-flowered, branched below, spicate above ; spikelets about 4 lines long, with about three perfect florets, the rudimentary one obtuse. Loc. cit. p. 46. M. bulbosa of Bot. Cali- fornia. From the Upper Yellowstone (T. C. Porter), where the stem may lack the bulbous character, to California. 4. M. bulbosa, Geyer. Stems singly or densely tufted, usually about 2 feet high, simple : sheaths and upper surface of the leaves scabrous : pani- cle erect, the branches oppressed, few-flowered ; spikelets 5 to 6 lines long, with 5 to 8 perfect flowers, the terminal floret acute. From Utah and Montana to Oregon and Washington Territory. 40. DISTICHLIS, Raf. SPIKE GRASS. Perennials with widely creeping rootstocks and short stems clothed to the top with crowded sheaths : leaves rigid, mostly involute : pistillate spikelets much more rigid than the staminate. 1. D. maritima, Raf. Stems 6 to 18 inches high, sometimes branched below : leaves about 4 inches long, usually distichously spreading, long-acumi- nate: spike oblong, 1 to 3 inches long; spikelets 5 to 12-flowered. Journ. Phys. Ixxxix. 104. Brizopyrum spicatum, Hook. & Arn. Var. stricta, Thurber. Leaves setaceously-convolute : panicle loose ; spikelets few, erect, often an inch long, 10 to 20-flowered. Bot. Calif, ii. 306. From Mexico northward throughout the Rocky Mountains, and west- ward to California. 41. POA, L. MEADOW GRASS. Stems tufted from mostly perennial roots : leaves smooth, usually flat and soft. 1. Flowering glume rounded on the back, obtuse. 1. P. Californica, Munro. Densely tufted perennial, its somewhat rigid stems 4 inches to 2 feet high : radical leaves about half as long as the stem, mostly flat ; stem-leaves short, the uppermost often reduced to a mucro : panicle 2 or 3 inches long, narrow or linear, or with the rays spreading; spikelets 3 to GRAMINE,. (GRASS FAMILY.) 421 7-flowered : outer glumes acute, rough on the back : flowering glume with a broadly scarious irregularly erose apex, the lower half of the middle and marginal nerves usually silky-pubescent. P. andina, Nutt., not of Trin. From California to Wyoming, Colorado, and southward. 2. P. tenuifolia, Nutt. Stems very slender, densely tufted, 1 to 2 feet high, the foliage glabrous or scabrous : radical tufts 3 or 4 inches high, of ex- ceedingly narrowly linear mucronate-pointed leaves ; stem-leaves scarcely wider : panicle 2 to 6 inches long, the erect rarely spreading distant rays mostly in threes ; spikelets mostly 3-flowered : outer glumes very acute, rough on the midnerve : /lowering glume narrowly lanceolate, often erose at the apex, puberu- lent or with a few scattered hairs near the base. From Colorado to California and Oregon. One of the most valuable of the " Bunch Grasses." 2. Flowering glume compressed-keeled, acute. * Low and spreading, or tufted alpine species, flaccid or rigid. H- Root annual: branches of the short panicle single or in pairs. 3. P. annua, L. Stems (3 to 6 inches high) flattened, geniculate below, weak : leaves bright green, short, obtuse, sometimes wavy : panicle often I -sided ; spikelets very short-pedicelled, 3 to 7-flowered. Everywhere in cul- tivated and waste grounds, generally introduced, but probably indigenous on our southern border in Arizona, New Mexico, W. Texas, etc. *- +- Stems geniculate- ascending from, a running rootstock, rigid, very much flat- tened : panicle simple and contracted. 4. P. compressa, L. Pale, as if glaucous : leaves short : panicle dense and narrow, somewhat 1-sided, the short branches mostly in pairs ; spikelets almost sessile, 3 to 10-flowered, flat. Indigenous within our range at the northeast, and common eastward in sterile soil. Known as " Wire Grass." i- - H- Low mountain or alpine species, erect in perennial tufts. M. Leaves broadly linear, short and flat, short-pointed ; ligule elongated. 5. P. alpina, L. Soft and flaccid, smooth or nearly so, even to the branches of the panicle : stems rather stout, 6 to 18 inches high : stem-leaves l to 2 inches long, l to 3 lines wide: panicle short and broad; spikelets broadly ovate, 3 to 9-flowered. Frequent in the mountains and extending northward and eastward. Extremely variable, some of the numerous forms being described as varieties. n- -w. Leaves narrowly linear or setaceous. 6. P. laxa, Haanke. Soft and smooth as in the last : stems slender, 3 to 10 inches high: leaves narrowly linear; ligule elongated: panicle somewhat raceme-like, narrow, often 1-sided and nodding; spikelets 2 to 4-flowered. In the Rocky Mountains and eastward in the mountains of New York and New England. 7. P. csesia, Smith. More strict and rigid, roughish, especially the panicle : stems 6 to 20 inches high : leaves short, soon involute ; ligule short : branches of the panicle 2 to 5 together, very scabrous ; spikelets 2 to 5-flowered : outer glumes ovate lanceolate and taper-pointed. In the Rocky Mountains and eastward. Var. strictior, Gray, is 6 to 12 inches high, with a contracted grayish- purple panicle of smaller flowers. Same range as the type. 422 GR AMINES. (GRASS FAMILY.) * # Tall perennials (I to 3 feet), with open oblong or pyramidal panicles, the rather short and rough branches mostly in Jives, sometimes in twos or threes. 8. P. pratensis, L. Ste?ns with running rootstocks, and with the sheaths smooth : leaves dark green, the radical very long, those of the stem short, scabrous on the margins; ligule short and blunt : panicle pyramidal; spikelets 3 to 5-flo\vered, somewhat crowded and almost sessile : outer glumes acuminate, scabrous on the keel : flowering glume distinctly 5-nerved, silky-hairy on the margins and keel. Across the continent, and one of the most valuable of pasture and meadow grasses. Known variously as "June Grass," "Green Meadow-Grass," "Spear Grass," and "Kentucky Blue-Grass" 9. P. serotina, P^hrh. Stems tufted, without distinct running root- stocks : leaves narrowly linear, soft and smooth ; ligule elongated, acute : pan- icle 6 to 10 inches long, at length somewhat nodding at apex, often purplish ; spikelets 2 to 4-flowered, all, short-pedicel led : outer glumes narrow: Jlowering glume very obscurely nerved. From the Rocky Mountains eastward across the continent. Quite variable, some Rocky Mountain forms having been described as varieties. Known as " False Red-top " and " Fowl Meadow-Grass." 10. P. flexuosa, Muhl., var. OCCidentalis, Vasey. Stems erect, rather stout, tufted : sheaths mostly smooth ; leaves broadly linear, 3 to 5 inches long, gradually tapering to a point, rather scabrous : panicle more diffuse, 4 to 8 inches long; its branches mostly in twos or threes (sometimes fives), long and capillary, smooth or scabrous, diverging, flower-bearing mostly for the upper third : spikelets 4 to 6-flowered : outer glumes acute, thin, slightly hispid on the keel : Jlowering glume distinctly 3 to 5 nerved, slightly pubescent, rather more so on the keel and margins. Bot. Wheeler Exped. 290. Includes P. flexu- osa (?) of Bot. King Exped. Colorado and Utah. * * * Perennials not so tall (1 to 2 feet) : branches of the panicle solitary or in pairs. 11. P. Eatoni, Watson. Allied to the last : stems smooth : sheaths and leaves scabrous; leaves mostly radical and narrowly linear, 3 to 6 inches long, the cauline few and very short : panicle loose and spreading, with short (an inch long or less) branches ; spikelets 4 to G-flowered, purplish : outer glumes acutish : flowering glume very villous on back and margins, obtuse and keeled. Bot. King Exped. 386. In the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, Nevada, and S. W. Wyoming. 12. P. arctica, R. Br. Stems erect, slender, very smooth, as are the sheaths and leaves: leaves about two on the stem, narrowly linear, 2 to 3 inches long: panicle 4 to 5 inches long, with longer (lower 2 to 3 inches) capillary branches, which are spreading or reflexed with age : spikelets mostly 3-flowered : outer glumes broadly ovate, rather acute, purple-margined : flowering glume obscurely 3 to 5-nerved, acute, smooth, except pubescent on the keel and lateral nerves. In the mountains of Colorado and far northward. 42. GRAPHEPHORUM, Desv. Perennial and northern or alpine grasses, with linear flat leaves, their sheaths closed at the base, and spikelets in a loose panicle. 1. G. flexuosum, Thurber. Stem 3 feet high, smooth: leaves 1 feet long, setaceous-acuminate : panicle loosely flowered ; branches scattered ; spike- GEAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 423 lets ovate, 3 to ^-flowered, much shorter than the pedicels : outer glumes 1 -nerved, acute, half shorter than the spikelet: flowering glume keeled, 3-nerved (lateral nerves prominent), scabrous-pubescent, erose-dent'tculate at apex, mucro- nate, villous at base. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863, 78. Plains of Colorado and adjacent regions. 2. G. melicoides, Beauv. Stem not so tall, 1 to 2 feet high, smooth above : leaves somewhat scabrous, the lower 4 to 6 inches long, the upper short: panicle loosely flowered, open ; spikelets lanceolate, 2 to ^-flowered, with the rhachis unilaterally bearded between the flowers: outer glumes quite unequal, acuminate, equalling the spikelet: flowering glume convex, scarcely keeled, faintly nerved, entire, pointless and awnless. From N. E. Utah and Wyoming northward ; found also at isolated stations, as in Michigan and Maine. 3. G. Wolfli, Vasey. Closely resembling the last ; but the panicle close, almost spicate ; the spikelets 2-flowered with a rudiment of a third : outer glumes not so unequal : flowering glume obscurely 5-nerved, slightly split or 2-toothed at apex, bearing near the point a straight oppressed awn equalling or a little exceeding the glume. Bot. Wheeler Exped. 294, as Trisetum Wolfli. Colorado. 43. G L Y C E R I A, R. Br. MANNA GRASS. Perennial, smooth marsh-grasses, mostly with creeping bases or rootstocks. * Flowering glume faintlj 5-nerved, truncate, erose-toothed or subacute : stigmas with simple hairs. 1. G. distans, Wahl. Stems tufted, ^ to 2 feet high : leaves short and narrow, mostly convolute and glaucous : panicle very variable, erect, narrow and one-sided, its rays in fives or fewer; spikelets 3 to 12-flowered: outer glumes from narrow and acute to broad and obtuse, 3- nerved or the lower 1 -nerved : flowering glume oblong-linear, minutely pubescent at base, with broadly scarious apex. Atropis distans, Griseb. Includes G. airoides, Thurb. Poa airoides, Nutt. From New Mexico to Nebraska and westward to the coast; also on the Atlantic coast. This species is very variable, and has been referred to so many genera that its synonymy is quite perplexing. # * Flowering glume prominently 5 to 7-nerved, truncate-obtuse : stigmas with much branched hairs. 2. G. nervata, Trin. Stems 2 to 4 feet high : leaves variable, some- times 12 to 15 inches long, usually roughish above, as are the closed sheaths: panicle 4 to 8 inches long, its flexuoSe capillary branches in twos or threes, and soon diffusely spreading and pendulous ; spikelets 1 or 2 lines long, 5 to 7-flowered, sometimes purplish : flowering glume 7 -nerved, fine scabrous, strongly convex near the ajiex. In moist meadows and along water-courses, across the con- tinent. 3. G. aquatica, Smith. Stems stout, erect, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves large, 1 to 2 feet long: panicle ample, 8 to 15 inches long, much branched, the numerous branches ascending, spreading with age : spikelets 2 or 3 lines long, 5 to 9-flowered, usually purplish : flowering glume 1-nerved, entire. In wet grounds, from Colorado to California and Oregon, thence eastward across the continent. Called " Reed Meadow-Grass." 424 GRAM1NE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 4. O. pauciflora, Presl. Stems 1 to 3 feet high from a creeping root : leaves 3 to 12 inches long, scabrous on the margins; sheaths split : panicle 6 to 8 indies long, loose, its capillary branches in threes below, in pairs above, flower-bearing from near the middle ; spikelets 2 to 2 lines long, 4 to 6-flow- ered : flowering glume 5-nerved, scabrous, its scarious tip serrulate or toothed, more or less purplish. From Colorado and Utah northward and westward. 44. FES TUG A, L. FESCUE GRASS. Includes both slender-stemmed annuals and perennials, the flowers, and often the leaves, being rather dry and harsh. * Annuals or biennials with setaceous leaves : panicle contracted or spike-like. 1. P. tenella, Willd. Stems often filiform, 6 to 18 inches high : the erect leaves 1 to 3 inches long ; sheaths sometimes pubescent : panicle 2 to 3 inches long, simple, often secund ; spikelets, including awns, 4 or 5 lines long, 7 to \3-flowered: outer glumes subulate, very acute, the lower at least half the length of the upper : flowering glume involute, rough, 2 lines long exclusive of its awn, which is mostly shorter than the palet and often very short. Across the continent. 2. P. microstachys, Nutt. Stems 4 to 15 inches high, the filiform leaves, sheaths, etc. smooth to strongly pubescent : panicle 1 to 5 inches long, simple and racemose or spike-like ; spikelets 1 to 5-flowered, on short thickened pedicels, from scabrous to smooth : outer glumes acute, the upper little ex- ceeding or twice as long as the lower : flowering glume 2 or 3 lines long, with an awn 3 to 5 lines in length: palet with 2 long setose teeth. From N. E. Utah to Nevada and westward all along the coast. * * Perennials: the mostli/ short-owned spikelets in loose, or more or less open panicles. 3- P. OVina, L. Stems 6 inches to 2 feet high, glaucous : leaves all seta- ceous or the upper flat ; ligule 2-lobed and auriculate: panicle short, more or less compound, somewhat one-sided, the branches mostli/ solitary; spikelets 3 to 8-flowered : flowering glume about 3 lines long, temate, mucronate or with an awn less than half its own length. Mountains of Colorado and California and northward, thence eastward across the continent. Var. durillSCllla, Gray. Taller, less densely tufted : stem-leaves often flat and sheaths pubescent : panicle more open and spikelets larger. Same range as the type. Var. rilbra, Gray. Less tufted, with running rootstocks : leaves some- times flat, and with the spikelets often reddish or purplish. High alpine form in the Colorado Mountains and far northward. Var. brevifolia, Watson. Stems 4 to 8 inches high : leaves all seta- ceous and sheaths glabrous; uppermost leaves often very short and the sheaths rather loose : panicle racemose and nearly simple, 1 to 2 inches long; spikelets 1 to 4-flowered, the florets terete and twice the length of the awn. Bot. King Exped. 389. Same range as the last. 4. P. SCabrella, Torr. Stems I to 3 or 4 feet high, crowded below with leafless sheaths, and twice longer than the numerous scabrous radical leaves : stem-leaves rarely more than 2, long-pointed ; sheaths scabrous or rough-pubes- GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 425 * cent,- ligule a dilate fringe : panicle 3 to 6 inches long, the lower rays distant in pairs ; spikelet 4 to 6-flowered : flowering glume 5-nerved, rough, with a narrow scarious margin, pointed, or with an awn a line long or less. F. Thurberi, Vasey. Melica Hallii, Vasey, is an alpine form. In the Rocky Mountains and westward. One of the most valuable of the numerous " Bunch Grasses." 45. B BOM US, L. BROME GRASS. Coarse grasses, with large spikelets at length drooping, on pedicels thick- ened at the apex. Our indigenous species are perennials. * Flowering glume convex or keeled on the back: flowers imbricated over one another before expansion : lower glume 3 to 5-nerved, the upper 3 to 9-nervedJ- 1. B. Kalmii, Gray, var. Porteri. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, smooth: sheaths and leaves minutely scabrous : panicle 6 inches long, compound, branches minutely downy ; spikelets an inch long, canescent with short oppressed silki/ hairs, 7 to 9-flowered : outer glumes each 3-nerved, obtuse : flowering glume 7 -nerved; its awn 1| lines long Colorado, at Twin Lakes (Porter), Buffalo Peaks, and Sierra Madre Range (Coulter). 2. B. breviaristatUS, Thurb. Stem 2 to 3 feet high: leaves broadly lin- ear, a little hairy ; sheaths hairy to villose-tomentose, sometimes even naked : panicle elongated, 3 to 8 inches long, nearly simple, loose ; spikelets about an inch long, lanceolate, compressed and sharply 2-edged, minutely scabrous, 6 to 8-flowered : outer glumes acute, lower about 5-nerved, upper S-nerved : flowering glume acutely keeled, 9-nerved, with an awn 1 to 2 lines long. Ceratochloa bre- viaristata, Hook. From Colorado northward to Montana and Washington Territory. * * Flowering glume somewhat convex, but keeled on the back: flowers soon sepa- rating from each other: lower glume \-nerved, the upper 3-nerved t or with an obscure additional pair. 3. B. ciliatus, L. Tall, 3 to 5 feet high, with the large leaves smooth or somewhat hairy ; sheaths often hairy or densely downy near the top : pani- cle compound, very loose, the elongated branches at length drooping ; spikelets 7 to 12-flowered : flowering glume tipped with an awn to f its length, 7-nerved, silky with appressed hairs near the margins, smooth or smoothish on the back. Across the continent and far northward. 46. AGROPYRUM, Beauv. Perennials, with nearly lanceolate glumes, and 2-ranked spikes ; thus differ- ing from Triticum (Wheat), although formerly included under that genus. * Multiplying by long jointed creeping rootstocks : awn, when present, not longer than the flowering glume. 1 . A. repens, Beauv. Stems 1 to 3 feet high : leaves flat or convolute and with sheaths very variable, from smooth to scabrous or pubescent : spike- 1 The too common " Cheat" or "Chess," B. secalinus, L., belongs to this section. It is an annual, with spreading panicle, oblong-ovate turgid smooth spikelets of 8 to 10 rather distant flowers, flowering glume short-awned or awnless, and nearly glabrous sheaths. Introduced wherever grain is cultivated. 426 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.) lets 4 to 8-flowered, in an erect mostly rigid spike : glumes 5 to 7-iiervccl, obtuse or notched, with a rigid short point or awn of variable length : flowering glume similar, but nerved only above, with an awn nearly its own length or awnless. Triticum repens, L. Immensely variable ; its many perplexing forms yielding numerous but confusing varieties. Across the continent, and known by a great variety of names, such as " Couch," " Quack," and " Quitch Grass," " Blue-joint," " Bunch Grass," " Lagoon Grass," etc. * * No running rootstock : flowering glume and sometimes the outer glumes long- awned. 2. A. Caninum, Reich. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, geniculate below : leaves flat or loosely convolute, pubescent above and like the sheatlis smooth below : spike more or less nodding, at least not strict ; spikelets 3 to 6-flowered : outer glumes 5 to 7-nerved, with long awns or merely acuminate : flowering glume 5-nerved near the tip, with mostly spreading awns twice as long. Triticum caninum, L. T. cegilopoides, Gray, not Turcz. From California to Colorado and Nevada, eastward to New England. Extremely variable. 3. A. Scribneri, Vasey. Stems densely tufted, geniculate and usually prostrate, 1 to \\ feet high: leaves very short (1 to l inches long), smooth, rigid, sometimes glaucous : outer glumes 3 to 5-nerved, extended into a long hispid point : flowering glume with a strong, spreading or recurved hispid awn at least twice as long: otherwise as in the last. Torr. Bull. x. 128. Possibly only a variety of the last. In the Sierras (Pringle), and Montana (Scribner). High on the mountains, in crevices and among loose rocks. 4. A. violaceum, Beauv. Stems slender, 1 to 2 feet high, and with the short mostlt/ convolutely-setaceous leaves and sheaths usually smooth : spike 1 to 3 inches long, slender, strict and rigid ; spikelets 3 to 5-flowered, usually purple- tinged : outer glumes with 5 strong rough nerves, short-pointed or short-owned: flowering glume strongly 5-nerved and rough above, with an awn from half to fully as long. Triticum violaceum, Hornem. Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada ; also mountains of New York and New England. 5. A. StrigOSUm, Beauv. Stems slender, 1 to 2 feet high, very densely tufted, with setaceous radical leaves half as tall, glaucous throughout ; stem-leaves 3, all narrowly setaceously-convolute, strigose-pubescent on the upper surface, below and with the sheaths smooth or pubescent : spike 2 to 6 inches long, very slender ; spikelets 3 to 6-flowered : outer glumes strongly 3 to 5-nerved, some- what acute : flowering glume 5-nerved near the apex and bearing a longer strong ( rough divergent awn. Triticum strigosum, Less. T. cegilopoides, Turcz. In the mountains of Colorado, Montana, and westward. 47. HOKDEUM, L. BARLEY. Rather low grasses, with flowers in spikes and more or less prominent bristle-form glumes. 1. H. nodosum, L. Stems J'to 3 feet high, often geniculate below: leaves flat or convolute, varying from nearly smooth to hairy : spike 1 to 3 inches long, narrow and readilv separating into joints ; the lateral neutral spikelets merely awn-pointed: glumes all setaceous: perfect floret 8 lines long in- cluding the awn. H. pratense, Huds. H. pusillum, Nutt. From California GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 427 and Oregon eastward into the Mississippi Valley ; introduced on the Atlantic coast. 2. H. jubatum, L. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, usually smooth throughout, the margins of the leaves sometimes scabrous : spike very pale green or straw- color, shining, sometimes purplish, 2 to 4 inches long, broader, the very slender rhachis readily separating; lateral floret short-awned : glumes very long and capillary : perfect floret 3 lines long, with an awn 2 inches long, longer than the glumes and spreading. Common westward and northward, extending east- ward through the Northern States. Known as " Squirrel-tail Grass." 48. ELYMUS, L. LYME GRASS. WILD RYE. * Outer glumes subulate-setaceous, shorter than the spikelet: flowering glume merely cuspidate. 1. E. Condensatus, Presl. Stems 2 to 6 feet high or more, with ample mostly flat leaves, smooth except on the margins: spike 5 to 15 inches long, dense or interrupted, simple or frequently made up of fascicled short few- flowered branches ; spikelets 3 to G-flowered : flowering glume 5-nerved above, mucrouate-poiuted or somewhat 3-toothcd. From Colorado and Nevada to California and Oregon. * * Outer glumes acuminate-pointed or awned : flowering glume with an awn longer than itself. 2. E. Sibiricus, L. Stems 2 to 3 feet high : leaves mostly ample, often 6 lines broad, glabrous or partly scabrous : spike virgate, 2 to 8 inches long, often somewhat nodding above ; spikelets in pairs, 3 to several-flowered : glumes I/near-lanceolate, 3 to 5-nerved, pointed or short-awned : flowering glume 5-nerved and rough above, with an awn about l times its own length. From California and Oregon to Lake Superior. 3. E. Canadensis, L. Like the last, but stouter and taller: leaves rougher, sometimes glaucous : spikes stouter, somewhat loose and more nod- ding above : outer glumes subulate, 3 or perhaps 4-nerved, tapering into an awn shorter than itself: flowering glume rough-hairy, with a longer usually spreading awn. Across the continent. * * * Outer glumes veri/ long, usually 2-parted to the base, the divisions un- equally 2-cleft and long-awned : flowering glumes long-awned and 2-toothed, or 3-awned. 4. E. Sitanion, Schult. Stems densely tufted, J to 2 feet high: leaves and sheaths from smooth and glaucous to roughly hirsute ; leaves setaceously pungent at apex, the upper one an inch or two long, its sheath often loose and including the base of the spike : spike 1 to 6 inches long ; spikelets 1 to 5-flowered : awns of the outer glumes 1 to 3 inches long : flowering glume 3 lines long, its central awn equalling those of the glumes. From Minnesota to Texas and westward across the continent. Exceedingly variable, so much so that the collector is apt to discover at least a " new variety " in almost every locality. 428 GNETACE^J. CLASS II. GYMNOSPEKM^:. Ovules naked upon the surface of a scale or bract, or within a more or less open perianth. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Cotyledons two or often several in a whorl. ORDER 89. GNETACE^E. Shrubs or small trees, mostly with jointed opposite or fascicled branches and foliaceous or scale-like opposite (or ternate) exstipulate leaves, the flowers mostly dioecious, with decussate persistent bracts; the staminate in aments, with solitary or monadelphous stamens within a membranous bifid calyx-like perianth, the anther-cells dehiscent by a pore or chink at the apex j fertile flowers of an erect sessile ovule termi- nated by an exserted style-like process, included within a perianth which becomes hardened and often thickened in fruit. 1. EPHEDRA, Tourn. Inflorescence axillary : the 3 to 8 filaments united into a clavate stamineal column. Shrubs with numerous Equisetum-like branches, the leaves reduced to sheathing scales, persistent or deciduous. 1. E. Nevadensis, Watson. Erect, 2 feet high or more ; branches oppo- site: scales sheathing, 2-lobed, with short blunt lobes or more or less elon- gated tips : bracts opposite and evidently connate : staminate aments sessile or shortly pedunculate, ovate, of 4 to 6 pairs of bracts : fertile aments pedun- culate. Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 298. E. antisyphilitica of Bot. King Exped. and other reports. From California and Nevada to Utah and the llio Grande. 2. E. trifurca, Torr. Erect, with spinosely tipped ternate branches and conspicuous persistent sheathing acuminate scales becoming white and shreddy: bracts in threes : staminate perianth cuneate-oblong, included : fertile aments of numerous whorls of entire bracts. S. W. Colorado (Brandegee), New Mexico, and Arizona. ORDER 90. CONIFERS. (PiNE FAMILY.) Resinous and mostly evergreen trees or shrubs, with awl- or needle- shaped or scale-like mostly rigid leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioe- cious flowers ; male flowers reduced to stamens only, which are indefinite in number upon a central axis ; fertile aments of few or many scales, becoming in fruit a dry cone or berry-like ; ovules two or more, at or on the base of each scale. CONIFERJE. (PINE FAMILY.) 429 * Scales of the fertile aments few, decussately opposite, becoming drupe-like in fruit with bony seeds : leaves opposite or in threes, usually scale-like : flowers dioecious : leaf- buds not scaly. 1. Juniper us. Ovules in pairs or solitary at the base of the fleshy (4 to 6, or 3 to 9) scales. Seeds 1 to 5 or more. Berry globose, reddish, blue, or blackish, ripening the second year. * * Scales of the fertile aments numerous, spirally imbricated, becoming a dry coriareoua cone in fruit : male flowers also spirally arranged : leaves scattered or fascicled, from linear to needle-shaped : flowers monoecious : leaf-buds scaly. ABIETINE^E. - Cones maturing the first year, their bracts remaining membranous : leaves solitary, mostly entire. H- Branchlets smooth, the leaf-scars not raised. 2. Abies. Leaves sessile, leaving circular scars. Cones erect, their scales deciduous from the axis. Seeds with resin-vesicles. 3. Pseudotsuga* Leaves petioled, the scars transversely oval. Cones pendulous, their scales persistent on the axis. Seeds without resin-vesicles. H- -H- Branchlets rough from the prominent persistent leaf-bases : cones pendulous, their scales persistent on the axis. 4. Picea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides, with two lateral ducts. Seeds without resin-vesicles. - +- Cones maturing the second year, their bracts becoming corky and thickened : leaves in bundles of 2 to 5, their base surrounded by a sheath of scarious bud-scales usually serrulate. 6. Pinus. Resin-ducts inconstant in number and variously placed. 1. JUNIPERUS, L. JUNIPER. The small solitary aments axillary, or terminal upon short lateral branch- lets : in staminate flowers the anther-cells are 4 to 8 under each shield-shaped scale : cotyledons mostly 2. Low shrubs or trees, with mostly thin shreddy bark. * Aments axillary: leaves ternate, free and jointed at base, linear- subulate, pungent, channelled and white-glaucous above, not glandular-pitted. OXY- CEDRUS. 1. J. COmmunis, L. With spreading or pendulous branches: leaves rigid, more or less spreading, 5 to 9 lines long : fruit dark blue, 3 lines in diameter or more, 1 to 3-seeded. Var. alpina, Gaud. Low and decumbent or prostrate: leaves shorter, 2 to 4 lines long, and less spreading. The species is found in the moun- tains from New Mexico and northward throughout British America, while the variety has a range not quite so extensive. * * Aments terminal: leaves ternate (or opposite), of two forms, mostly adnate and scale-like, closely oppressed and crowded upon the branches and often glandular-pitted, occasionally more distant, free and subulate. SABINA. Ours belong to the group with bluish-black pulpy berries. *- leaves fringed on the edges. 2 J. OCCidentalis, Hook. A shrub or small tree, with shreddy bark and pale reddish-yellow wood : leaves closely appressed, obtuse or acutish : berries 4 to 5 lines in diameter, with one or more seeds. Northwest of our range. 430 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) Var. monosperma, Eng. Often with eccentric layers of wood, of scraggy growth, with short branchlets at right angles: leaves as often in twos as in threes : berries smaller, often copper-colored, with mostly one (sometimes 2 or more) grooved seed. Trans. Acad. St. Louis, iii. 590. From the Pike's Peak region of Colorado to W. Texas, Arizona, and California. H -t Leaves entire or nearly so, and opposite. 3. J. Sabina, L.. var. procumbens, Pursh. A prostrate shrub with appressed or slightly squarrose acute leaves in pairs, margin slightly or indis- tinctly denticulate : berries on short recurved peduncles, 3 to 4 lines in diameter, with 1 or 2, rarely 3 rough seeds. From British Columbia and the Pacific Coast to the Yellowstone River, the Great Lakes, and eastward to Maine and Hudson's Bay. 4. J. Virginiana, L. The largest of our Junipers, sometimes becoming a tree 60 to 90 feet high, commonly of pyramidal form, sometimes with rounded spreading top, with shreddy bark and red and aromatic heartwood : branch- lets slender, 4-angled, with obtuse or acutish leaves having entire margins : berries on straight ]>eduncles, 3 to 5 lines in diameter, with 1 or 2 angled mostly grooved seeds. Our widest spread species, with almost a continental distri- bution, the region from Arizona to Utah, California, and Oregon alone being excepted. 2. ABIES, Link. FIR. Trees of pyramidal form and rapid growth, but with brittle and easily decay- ing wood : leaves on the horizontal branchlets appearing 2-rauked by a twist near the base, in ours bearing stomata on both sides, with two longitudinal resin-ducts. 1. A. COnCOlor, Lindl. A large tree 80 to 150 feet high with a diameter of 2 to 4 feet and a rough grayish ktrk: leaves mostly obtuse, pale green, with the two resin-ducts close to the epidermis of the lower surface : cones oblong-cylin- drical, 3 to 5 inches long and 1 to If inches in diameter, pale green or some- times dull purplish; scales 12 to 15 lines wide, nearly twice icider than high. Has been mostly called A. grandis, which is much taller and has a more northwestern range. A. amabilis (?) Watson, Bot. King Exped. Pinus con- color, Eng. From Arizona and S. Colorado to Utah and California. Known as " White Fir" on account of its gray bark. 2. A. SUbalpina, Eng. Not so tall, 60 to 80 feet high, with very pale and thin, smooth, or only in very old trees cracked, and ashy-gray bark: leaves dark green above, sharp-pointed, with the two resin-ducts about equidistant front upper and lower surface: cones oblong-cylindrical, 2^ to 3 inches long and 1 to 1J inches in diameter, purplish brown; scales nearly orbicular or sometimes quadrangular, 6 to 10 lines long and broad. Am. Nat. x. 555. A. grandis, in part, of the Rocky Mountain botanists. On the higher mountains and near to timber line, from Colorado northwestward to Oregon. 3. PSEUDOTSUGA, Carr. DOUGLAS SPRUCE. A very large tree, at first pyramidal and spruce-like, often at last more spreading : leaves somewhat 2-rauked by a twist at the base, with stomata CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 431 only on the lower surface, close to the epidermis of which are the two lateral resin-ducts. 1. P. Douglash, Carr. A large tree, 150 to over 300 feet high, 6 to 15 feet in diameter, with very thick brown deeply fissured bark : leaves flat, linear, 8 to 12 lines or more long: cones 2 to 4 inches long, subcylindrical ; bracts more or less exsert and spreading or reflexed, giving a fringed ap- pearance to the cones : seeds triangular, on the upper side convex and red- dish brown, on the lower flat and white, 3 lines long. Abies Douglasti, Lindl. Throughout the Rocky Mountains and those of California, reaching its greatest proportions in Oregon. 4. PICE A, Link. SPRUCE. Tall pyramidal trees, with white soft tough timber : leaves spirally ar- ranged around the branchlets, or somewhat 2-ranked. 1. P. Engelmanni, Eng. A tall pyramidal tree, 60 to 100 feet high, with horizontal branches ; bark thin, scaly, reddish or purplish-brown ; branc/ilets pubescent: leaves 6 to 15 lines long: fertile aments 9 to 10 lines long, dark pur- ple: cone solitary, ovate-cylindric, about 2 lines long, reddish brown; scales obovate-rhombic, subtruncate or emarginate, erose. Abies Engelmanni, Parry. In the mountains from New Mexico to Montana and Oregon, forming exten- sive forests. 2 P. pungens, Eng. Of strictly conical growth, with spreading branches ; bark thick, smooth, and gra>/, in older trees becoming very thick, hard and ridged; branchlets smooth and shining: leaves 6 to 12 lines long, more punr/ent : fertile aments 15 to 20 lines long, with pale shining rounded scales: cones abundant, solitary or clustered, cylindrical, drooping, 2 to 5 inches long, light brown ; scales ocal or subrhombic, more or less elongated above, undulate and refuse. The form in the Rocky Mountains heretofore called Abies Men- ziesii, which latter has a much more northwestward range and now bears the name Picea Sitchensis, Carr. Commonly called " Balsam." 5. P I N U S, Tourn., Link. PINE. Trees, usually not so large as in the preceding genera, nor often of such pyramidal habit, with wood of the greatest value : primary leaves (only on seedlings and young shoots) flat, subulate and serrulate ; the secondary in bun- dles, needle-shaped, terete, semiterete, or triangular, depending on the number in a bundle. 1. Scales slightli/ if at all thickened at the end and wholli/ destitute of prickle or point : leaves in fives, with resin-ducts close to the epidermis, their sheaths loose and deciduous : cones subterminal. STROBUS. In ours the leaves are entire or nearly so, and the cones subsessile. 1 . P. flexilis, James. A tree about 60 feet high and 3 to 5 feet thick, with furrowed gray bark : leaves l to 2 inches long : cones oval to subcylin- dric, 3 to 5 inches long, light brown, with somewhat squarrose scales. Long's Exped. ii. 27. In the mountains from New Mexico to Montana and westward. 432 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) Var. albicaulis, Eng. A tree 40 or 50 feet high, becoming low and shrubby at the highest elevations, with very pale bark ; cones oval or subglo- bose, l to 3 inches long, l to 2 inches thick, purple brown; scales much thicker and somewhat pointed. Bot. Calif, ii 124. P. albicaulis, Eng. On alpine peaks in Montana, extending from the mountainous regions of Cali- fornia to British Columbia. 2. The woody scales thickened at the end, and usually spiny-tipped (sometimes blunt-pointed). PINASTER. * Resin-ducts close to the epidermis : leaves with entire margins and loose decidu- ous sheaths. 2. P. edulis, Eng. A low round-topped tree, branched from the base or near it, 10 to 15 feet high: leaves mostly in pairs (rarely in threes), I to 1 inches long, rigid, curved or straightish, spreading: cones sessile, subglobose, 2 inches long; tips of scales thick, truncate, raised-pyramidal but without awns or prickles : seeds brown, wingless, edible. From S. Colorado and southward. The " Pinon " or " Nut Pine " of the Indians. Westward it is replaced by P. monophylla, Torr. & Frem. 3. P. Balfouriana, Jeffrey. A medium-sized tree, seldom over 50 feet high and sometimes 5 feet in diameter, of regular pyramidal growth: bark red- brown, deeply fissured: leaves in Jives, 1 to l inches long, rigid, curved, crowded and oppressed to the stem : cones pendulous from the slender branchlets, subcylindrical, 3% to 5 inches long, dark purple ; tips of scales thick, with short deciduous prickles : seeds pale, mottled, and winged. West of our range. Var. aristata, Eng. Tree 50 to 100 feet high : cones ovate, with thinner scales, and with shorter recurved or slender awn-like prickles : seeds smaller and wings shorter. Bot. Calif, ii. 125. P. aristata, Eng. From Colorado through Nevada and Arizona to California. * * Resin-ducts within the cellular tissue: leaves serrulate and with persistent sheaths: cones subterminal. 4. P. ponderosa, Dougl. One of the largest pines (200 to 300 feet high and 12 to 15 feet thick), with very thick red-brown bark, deeply furrowed and split in large plates : leaves in threes, 5 to 1 1 inches long : cones oval, 3 to 5 inches long, l to 2 inches thick, of a rich brown color, sessile or nearly so, often 3 to 5 together; tip of scales with a stout straight or incurved prickle : seeds dark brown, 4 lines long; wings 10 to 12 lines long, widest above the middle. The most magnificent and widely spread Western pine. Known as the " Yellow Pine." The following form is found throughout the Rocky Mountains. Var. SCOpulorum, Eng. A smaller tree (80 to 100 feet high) : leaves 3 to 6 inches long, often in pairs : cones smaller, 2 or 3 inches long, grayish brown, with stout prickles: seeds 2 to 3 lines long. Bot. Calif, ii. 126. Most of the P. ponderosa of the Rocky Mountains is of this variety. 5. P. COntorta, Dougl. A low tree, 5 to 15 or rarely 25 feet high and 6 inches in diameter, with a rounded or depressed top and thin smoothish bark: leaves in pairs, 1 to l inches long: cones clustered, oval or subcylindric, very oblique ; tip of scales with strong knobs and delicate prickles : seeds black, grooved, 2 lines long ; wings 6 lines long, widest above the base and tapering upward. A Pacific Coast species from California to Alaska. CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 433 Var. Murrayana, Eng. Much taller and straighter, 80 to 120 feet high and 4 to 6 feet ill diameter, with a conical head and thin scaly light grayish- brown bark : leaves I to 3 inches long, to 1 line wide, light green : cones very rarely lateral, less oblique- wings of seeds longer. Bot. Calif, ii. 126. P. Murrayana, Murr. P. cw'orta, var. iatifolia, Eng. In the mountains of Colorado and Utah, and extending northward and westward. 434 ISOET^E. (QU1LLWOKT FAMlLiT.) SERIES Ji. PTERIDOPHYTA (VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS), or FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES. PLANTS destitute of proper flowers, that is, having no sta- and pistils, and not producing seeds. A distinct axis containing fibro-vascular bundles, as does the foliage when there is any. Sexual reproduction by means of antheridia and archegonia, one or both of which is formed on a prothal- lus which is developed from the non sexual spore and upon which the conspicuous but non-sexual plant is produced. CLASS I. LYCOPODINE.E. Plants with a solid, dichotomously branched, leafy stem, the leaves imbricated and often giving to the lower forms a moss-like appearance, but may be distinguished from moss leaves by their midrib. Sporangia in the axils of simple leaves or bracts. SUBCLASS I. HETEROSPOKE.E. Producing spores of two kinds, the larger (macrospores) producing a prothallus with archegonia, the smaller (micro- spores) producing a prothallus (rudimentary) with sperm-cells. Leaves with ligules. ORDER 91. ISOET^E. (QUILLWORT FAMILY.) Mostly aquatic plants, with a short solid conn-like stem (trunk) and elongated grass-like leaves, the bases of which are expanded and have thin stipule-like infolded margins (the velum),, which enclose large simple ovoid thin-walled sporangia; the outer ones containing large spherical trivittate macrospores; those of the inner leaves filled with very minute grayish triangular microspores. SELAGINELL^E. 435 1. ISOETES, L. QUILLWORT. Characters those of the order. For an elaboration of the genus see Engel- mann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv. 358. Our species (as reported at present) belong to the group with bilobed trunks, are all submerged, with quadrangu- lar leaves and an incomplete velum. 1. I. lacustris, L. Leaves stout, rather rigid, acute but scarcely tapering dark or olive-green, 10 to 25 in number, 2 to 6 inches long, with no stomata: sporangium orbicular to broadly elliptical, not spotted, with a rather narrow velum; macrospores 0.50 to 0.80 mm. 1 in diameter, marked all over with distinct or somewhat confluent crests; microspores smooth, 0.035 to 0.046 mm. in the longer diameter. Generally distributed throughout Northern America and New England. Var. paupercula, Eng. Leaves fewer (10 to 18), thinner, shorter (2 to 3 inches): spores smaller; macrospores 0.50 to 0.66 mm. in diameter; mi- crospores somewhat granulated, 0026 to 0.036 mm. long. Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv. 377. Grand Lake, Middle Park, Colorado (Engelmann), and near Mt. Shasta, California (Pringle). 2. I. echinospora, Durieu, var. Braunii, Engelm. Leaves soft and tapering, green or reddish green, erect or spreading, 13 to 15 in number, 3 to 6 inches long, generally with a few stomata towards the tip : sporangium as in the last, but spotted and generally or even f covered by a broad velum ; macrospores 0.40 to 0.50 mm. thick, covered with broad retuse spinules, sometimes somewhat confluent and then dentate or incised at tip ; microspores 0.026 to 0.030 mm. long, smooth. Gray, Manual, 676. Lake at the head of Bear Kiver, Uinta Mountains ( Watson). The most common species eastward, but re- ported only from the one station within our range. Apparently replaced with us by the following. 3. I. Bolanderi, Engelm. Leaves erect, soft, bright green, tapering to a Jine point, 5 to 25 in number, 2 to 4| inches long, generally not many stomata : sporangium broadly oblong, mostly without spots, with a narrow velum; macro- spores 0.30 to 0.40 mm. thick, marked with minute low tubercles or warts ; micro- spores 0.026 to 0.031 mm. long, generally spinulose, rarely smooth. Am. Nat. viii. 214. In ponds and shallow lakes in the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada of California, and Cascades. ORDER 92. SEL AGIN ELI, vE. Moss-like plants with slender branching steins and small leaves ar- ranged in 4 or several ranks : sporangia minute, subglobose ; some containing usually 4 globose macrospores ; others (smaller and more abundant) filled with numerous microspores. 1. SELAGINELLA, Beauvois. Characters those of the order. In ours the leaves are all alike arranged in many ranks, those of the fruiting spikes 4-ranked. 1 The millimeter is very nearly half a line. 436 RHIZOCARPE^E. (PEPPERWORT FAMILY.) 1. S. rupestris, Spring. Stems prostrate or ascending, rather rigid, 2 to 12 inches long, vaguely or subpinnately branching: leaves glaucescent, closely imbricated and appressed, lanceolate, scarcely a line long, convex and grooved on the back, bristle-tipped and ciliate : spikes strongly quadrangular : macrosporangia abundant, intermixed with the slightly smaller and more numerous microsporangia. On dry rocks, especially in the mountains. SUBCLASS II. ISOSPOEE^E. Producing but one kind of spore. Leaves without ligules. ORDER 93. L.YCOPODIACEJE. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) Moss-like plants, with small leaves imbricated in 4 to many rows on the pinnately or dichotornously branching steins, and (in ours) with reniform 1 -celled sporangia in the axils of bracts forming stalked or sessile spikes. 1. LYCOPODIUM, L., Spring. CLUB-MOSS. GROUND-PINE. Characters those of the order. In ours the leaves (bracts) of the spike are yellowish, ovate or heart-shaped, very different from the other leaves. 1. L. annotinum, L. Stems prostrate and creeping, 1 to 4 feet long; the ascending branches similar, dichotomous, 4 to 6 inches high : leaves in several ranks, equal, spreading, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, serrulate, 2 to 4 lines long : spikes solitary at the ends of leafy branches. From Colorado to Washington Territory, eastward and northward across the continent. CLASS II. FILICI1OE. Plants with a solid stem, which (in ours) is horizontal and usually underground, bearing broadly expanded mostly long-petioled leaves (fronds), with prominent midrib and veins. Prothallus monoecious. ORDER 94. RHIZOCARPE^E. (PEPPERWORT FAMILY.) Aquatic plants, with a horizontal stern floating upon the water or running through the mud at the bottom of shallow water : leaves cir- cinately developed, simple or quadrifid : spores of two kinds : the fruits (conceptacles) borne on peduncles (in fact petioles), or sessile beneath the stem. OPHIOGLOSSACE.E. (ADDERS-TONGUE FAMILY.) 437 .1. Marsilia. Conceptacles somewhat crustaceous, several-celled, containing both macro- spores and microspores, solitary and peduncled. Leaves peltately quadrifoliolate, with elongated petioles. 2. Azolla. Conceptacles very soft and thin-walled, one-celled, containing either macro- sporangia with solitary macrospores or microsporangia with numerous microspores, in pairs beneath the pinnately branched stems. Leaves minute, imbricated, and 2-lobed, apparently distichous. 1. MAKSILIA, L. Conceptacles ovoid or bean-shaped, composed of 2 vertical valves and several transverse compartments in each valve ; their peduncles rising either from the petiole or the rhizome. Plants with slender creeping rootstocks, growing in the mud under shallow water, with the leaves floating, or some- times terrestrial. 1. M. vestita, Hook. & Grev. Leaflets broadly cuneate, usually hairy, entire, 2 to 7 lines long and broad ; petioles 1 to 4 inches long : peduncles free from the petiole : sporocarps short-peduncled, about 2 lines long, very hairy when young. From Texas to Oregon and California. In Yellowstone Park (Coulter). 2. AZOLLA, Lam. Small moss-like floating plants, the pinnately branched stems covered with minute imbricated leaves and emitting rootlets on the under side: the paired Conceptacles either both containing macrospores, or one of each kind ; smaller Conceptacles acorn-shaped, containing a single macrospore ; larger Conceptacles globose, and having a basal placenta which produces many pedi- celled sporangia containing masses of microspores. 1. A. Caroliniana, Willd. Plant 4 to 12 lines broad, much branched: leaves with ovate lobes, inferior lobe reddish, superior one green with a red- dish border : macrospores with a minutely granulate surface : masses of microspores glochidiate. Floating on quiet waters, from Oregon to Arizona and eastward to the Atlantic. ORDER 95. OPHIOGLOSSACE^E. (ADDER'S-TONGUE FAMILY.) Leafy plants ; the leaves (fronds) simple or branched, erect in vernation : spores of one kind, borne in special spikes or panicles in sporangia (without an elastic ring), which are formed by groups of cells in the interior of the fruiting segments of the frond : prothallus underground, destitute of chlorophyll. 1. BOTBYCHIUM, Swartz. GRAPE-FERN. MOONWORT. Fronds with a posterior pinnatifid or compound sterile segment and an anterior panicled fertile segment, the separate sporangia in a double row on the branches of the panicle : bud enclosed in the base of the stalk. 438 FILICES. (TRUE FERNS.) * Base of the stalk which encloses the bud closed on all sides : sterile division more or less fleshy, the cells of the epidermis str aiglet. *- Sterile division usually placed at or above the middle of the plant: frond never hairy. 1. B. Lunaria, L. Plant 4 to 10 inches high, very fleshy : sterile division sessile near the middle of the plant, oblong or ovate, once pinnatifid ; pinnae or lobes semilunar from a broadly cuneate base, the sides concave, the outer margin crenate or even incised. From Colorado (Parry) and New England northward. 2. B. lanceolatum, Angstr. Plant 2 to 10 inches high, scarcely fleshy: sterile division high up on the plant, sessile, deltoid, once or twice pinnatifid with oblique oblong-lanceolnte acute segments. From Colorado (Brandegee) to New England and in the far North. H- - Sterile division placed low down on the plant. 3. B. Simplex, Hitchcock. Plant smooth, fleshy, 2 to 6 inches high: sterile division short-pet ioled, varying from simple and round ish-obovate and 2 to 3 lines long, to triangular-ovate and deeply 3 to 7-lobed, or even to fully ternate with incised divisions ; segments broadly obovate-cuneate or somewhat lunate : fertile division 1 to 2-pinnate. Yellowstone Park (Parry) and California ; eastward from Lake Superior to New England. Exceedingly variable, the true form thought to be most nearly represented by Var. compositum, Milde. A low alpine form with the sterile segment an inch or less long, teruate, or composed of 3 ovate incised segments. 4. B. ternatum, Swartz. Plant sparsely hairy, fleshy, 4 to 12 inches high : sterile division long-petioled from near the base of the plant, broadly deltoid, ternate and variously decompound; ultimate segments from roundish- reniform and subentire to ovate-lanceolate and doubly incised : fertile division 2 to 4-pinnate. Throughout North America. Exceedingly variable, with many described varieties and synonyms. # # Base of stalk which encloses the bud open along one side : sterile division membranaceous, the cells of the epidermis flexuous. 5. B. Virginianum, Swartz. Plant sparsely hairy, 8 to 24 inches high : sterile divisions sessile near the middle of the plant, broadly triangular, ternate ; primary pinnae short-stalked, 1 to 3 times pinnatifid ; secondary pinnae ovate- lanceolate ; ultimate segments toothed at the ends : fertile division 2 to 4-pin- nate. From "Washington Territory to Colorado (Brandegee) and Texas, and eastward across the continent. ORDER 96. FILICES. (TRUE FERNS.) Leafy plants ; the leaves (fronds) often much branched, circinate in vernation, rising from a rootstock : spores of one kind, borne on the under surface or margins of the leaves in sporangia (with an elastic ring), which are developed from a single epidermal cell (hence modified trichomes) : prothallus above ground, green. The sporangia are usu- FILICES. (TRUE FERNS.) 439 ally collected in little masses (fruit-dots or son), which are often covered by a scale (indusium), which is produced by a cellular outgrowth from the frond, or by a general involucre funned from the infolded margin of the frond. Eaton, Ferns of North America. Tribe I. Sori round or oblong, placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, without indusium. Stalk articulated to the rootstock. Veins free or reticulated. POLYPODIES. 1. Polypodium. Character of the tribe. Tribe II. Sori more or less elongated, without indusium, on the back of the frond or its divisions, and usually following the veins, or only at the tips of the latter. Fronds often scaly or tomentose, or covered beneath with colored powder. GRAMMITIDE*:. 2. Notholaena. Sori but little elongated, often of very few sporangia, placed below the tips of the veins near the margin of the lobes of the frond. Tribe III. Sori close to the margin of the frond or its divisions, sometimes extending down the veins, covered (at least when young) by an involucre opening inward and either consisting of the margin or produced from it. PTERIDE^E. 3. Choilanth.es. Sori minute, at the ends of the unconnected veins, covered by a usually interrupted involucre. Small ferns, often woolly, chaffy, or pulverulent. 4. Pellaea. Sori near the ends of the veins, often confluent. Involucre membranaceous, continuous round the pinnules. Sterile and fertile fronds much alike and smooth ; the stalk dark-colored. 5. Cryptogramine. Sori extending down the free veins. Involucre very broad, at length flattened out and exposing the now confluent sori. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike, smooth ; the stalk light-colored. 6. Pteris. Sporangia borne on a continuous vein-like marginal receptacle, which connects the ends of the veins. Involucre continuous round the pinnules. Stalk light- colored. 7. Adiantum. Sporangia borne at the ends of the veins, on the under side of the re- flexed margin of the frond. Midvein of the pinnules mostly eccentric or dissipated into forking veinlets. Stalk dark-colored, Tribe IV. Sori more or less elongated, borne on veins oblique to the midvein, covered by a usually flattened indusium, which is attached to the fertile veinlet by one edge and free at the other. ASPLENIE^E. 8. Aspleniura. Sori on the upper side of the fertile veinlet, less commonly on both sides of it. Veins free. Tribe V. Sori round or roundish, on the back or sometimes at the tip of the fertile vein- lets, naked or with an indusium. Stalk not articulated to the rootstock. ASPIDIE/E. 9. Phegopterig. Sori dot-like, minute, borne on the back of the fruiting veinlets ; indu- sium none. 10. Aspidium* Sori round, borne on the back or at the apex of the veinlets ; indusium orbicular or round-reniform. Mostly large ferns. 11. Cystopteris* Indusium convex, delicate, fixed across the back of the veinlet by a broad base, usually turned back by the ripening sporangia. Delicate ferns with small fronds. 12. Woodsia* Indusium placed beneath the sorus, and partly or wholly enclosing it, divided into irregular lobes or into a delicate fringe. Fronds small. 1. POLYPODIUM, L. POLYPODY. In ours the veins are uniformly free. 1. P. vulgar, L. Fronds evergreen, subcoriaceous, 2 to 10 inches long, ovate-oblong to oblong-linear, pinnatifid into linear-oblong obtuse or acute 440 FILTCES. (TRUE FERNS.) segments, the lowest ones rarely diminished : veins branched into 3 or 4 vein- lets, the lowest ones on the upper side of the vein bearing at their thickened ends the subglobose sori midway between the midrib and the margin of the segments. From the Rocky Mountains eastward to the Atlantic ; also westward. 2. NOTHOL-SINA, R. Brown. In ours the fronds are 3 to 5-pinnate, and covered beneath with a white or yellow powder, the primary and secondary pinnas distinctly stalked, and the ultimate pinnules very small, oval or 2 to 3-lobed. 1 . N. Fendleri, Kunze. Frond 2 to 5 inches long, broadly deltoid-ovate, 4 to 5-pinnate ; rhachis and all its branches flexuous and zigzag, the pinna) alternate ; ultimate pinnules 1 to 2 lines long. From Colorado to Arizona and Texas. In clefts of exposed rocks. N. DEALBATA, Kunze, reported near the eastern and southern limits of our range, very likely occurs within it. It is closely allied to N. Fendleri, but may be distinguished by its smaller fronds, which are triangular ovate and 3 or 4-pinnate, straight rhachis and branches, mostly opposite pinnae, and ultimate pinnules hardly a line long. 3. CHEILANTHES, Swartz. LIP-FERN. Small ferns, with 2 to 4-piunate fronds, and the under surface either smooth or variously covered with hair, wool, scales, or waxy powder. Ours belong to the section in which the involucres are continuous around the greater part of the margin of the very minute and bead-like ultimate segments, and the lower surface of the fronds tomentose or scaly. * Fronds tomentose beneath, but not scaly. 1. C. lanuginosa, Nutt. Fronds 2 to 4 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, tri- piunate or bipiunate with pinnatifid pinnules ; ultimate segments less than a line long ; upper surface scantily tomentose, the lower surface matted with jointed woolly hairs ; involucres herbaceous, very narrow. From Arizona and Colorado to British America and eastward to Wisconsin and Illinois. Grows in dense tufts on dry exposed rocks. 2. C. Eatoni, Baker. Stalks with narrow scales as well as hairs : fronds 4 to 9 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, above woolly -pubescent, beneath matte d-tomen- tose and partly scaly, tripinnate ; ultimate segments line long, rounded obo- vate ; margin continuously recurved, the edge membranaceous. Colorado and Arizona to Texas. * * Fronds very scaly beneath, tomentum scanty or none. 3. Q. Fendleri, Hook. Rootstock slender; its scales loose and nerve- less: frond 3 to 6 inches long, tripinnate; ultimate pinnules rounded and entire or obovate and 2 to 3-lobed, covered beneath with broadly ovate, acumi- nate scales, which are sometimes sparingly ciliate at base. From Colorado to Arizona and Texas. In crevices of rocks. FILICES. (TRUE FERNS.) 441 4. PELL .32 A, Link. CLIFF-BRAKE. Allied to Cheilanthes, from which it differs chiefly iu the continuous invo- lucre and smooth fronds (without tomentum or scales), * Fronds herbaceous or sub-coriaceous ; veins clearly visible ; involucre broad and usually covering the sporangia till they are fully ripe. 1. P. Breweri, Eaton. Rootstock short, densely covered with narrow ful- vous chaff: fronds membranaceous, 2 to 6 inches long, simply pinnate with mostly unequally 2-lobed pinnae. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 555. From Colorado to Utah and California. In clefts of rocks. 2. P. gracilis, Hook. Rootstock very slender, creeping, nearly naked: fronds very delicate, 2 to 4 inches long, oblong-ovate, pinnate with a few once or twice pinnalifid pinnce ; segments oblong or obovate ; involucres broad and delicate. From Colorado northward, eastward through British America, and southward again into Iowa, Pennsylvania, etc. Crevices of damp and shaded limestone rocks. * * Fronds subcoriaceous or coriaceous; veins rather obscure; involucre con- spicuous. t- Pinnules obtuse, at least not mucronate : fronds 1 to 2-pinnate. 3. P. atropurpurea, Fe'e. Frond 6 to 12 inches long, evergreen, nearly smooth, ovate-lanceolate, usually bipinnate below, simpler upwards ; pinnules oval to linear-oblong, ^ to 2 inches long. From Arizona and Alabama northward to British America and Canada. Crevices of shaded limestone rocks. - - Pinnules decidedly acute or mucronate. 4. P. Wrightiana, Hook. Fronds 4 to 8 inches long, lanceolate to tri- angular-ovate, bipinnate; pinnae longer than broad, having 3 to 13 oval or oblong-oval pinnules, fertile ones with the margins rolled in to the midvein. From Colorado and Arizona to W. Texas. Mostly in exposed rocky places, especially in canons. 5. P. densa, Hook. Fronds l to 2 inches long, ovate, closely tr ip innate ; ultimate segments linear, 3 to 6 lines long, sessile, sterile ones serrated. In California and Oregon ; also at Jackson's Lake, Wyoming ( Coulter). Clefts of rocks. 5. CRYPTOGKAMME, R. Brown. ROCK-BRAKE. Fronds rather small, and smooth, 2 to 4-pinnate, the fertile ones taller than the sterile : stalks stramineous and tufted on a short rootstock. 1. C. acrostichoides, R. Br. Fronds 2 to 4 inches long, chartaceous, ovate, closely 2 to 4-pinnate ; pinnules ovate or obovate, adnate-decurrent, those of the fertile fronds narrower and longer, the involucres very broad : sori extending far down the veinlets. Allosorus acrostichoides, Spreng. From California, Colorado, and Lake Superior, northward to Arctic America. In dense patches among rocks. 442 FILICES. (TRUE FERNS.) 6. PTERIS, L. BRACKEN. In ours the rootstock is cord-like, and the fronds scattered, ternate, with decompound divisions. 1. P. aquilina, L. Frond often very large, subcoriaceous, broadly tri- angular, primary divisions stalked ; pinnae mostly pinnately lobed with several to many rather short obtuse lobes, and with a sometimes very long subentire apex. Common everywhere, being the most widely distributed of ferns. 7. ADI ANT UM, L. MAIDENHAIR. Stalk mostly blackened or very dark purplish-brown and commonly highly polished. 1 . A. Capillus-VeneriS, L. Fronds pyramidal, with the rhachis continuous to the terminal pinnule, 9 to 1 8 inches long, often pendent, ovate or ovate-lanceo- late, 2 to 3-pinnate at base ; pinnules wedge-obovate or rhomboid, ^ to 1 inch long, deeply and irregularly incised, smooth; involucres lunulate or transversely oblong. From S. California to Utah, Arizona, Texas, and eastward to Vir- ginia and Florida. In moist rocky places, especially about springs and along water-courses. 2. A. pedatum, L. Frond often a foot broad ; stalk forked at the top, the branches recurved, and bearing several pinnate divisions on the upper side ; pri- mary divisions 6 to 14, bearing numerous oblong or triangular-oblong pinnules, which have the lower margin entire and the upper more or less lobed ; involucres oblong-lunate or transversely linear. Across the continent and far north- ward, but apparently unreported as yet from our immediate range. In rich moist woods, especially among rocks. 8. ASPLENIUM, L. SPLEENWORT. Fronds varying from simple to highly decompound. * Indusium straight or nearly so, attached to the upper side of the vein, rarely double. i- Fronds once pinnate, the pinnae, numerous and sometimes toothed but not again divided, somewhat rigid: rhachis dark and often polished. 1. A. TrichomaneS, L. Fronds usually 4 to 6 inches long, narrowly linear, pinnate ; pinnas subsessile, roundish-oval or oval-oblong from an obtusely cuneate or truncate base, entire or crenulate, rarely incised, falling separately from the persistent rhachis. Common throughout the United States and northward into British America. Crevices of shaded rocks. 2. A. ebeneum, Ait. Fronds 9 to 18 inches high, linear-oblanceolate, pin- nate ; pinnae 6 to 18 lines long, firmly membranaceous, mostly alternate, sessile, spreading, oblong or oblong-linear, somewhat auricled, crenately serrate or incised: sori near the midvein. Greenhorn Mountains, Colorado ( Greene), Indian Ter- ritory, and eastward to Canada and Florida. FILICES. (TRUE FERNS.) 443 - - Fronds more than once pinnate or pinnatifid. 3. A. Septentrionale, Hoffm. Fronds 3 to 6 inches high, subcoria- ceous, the stalk alternately forked ; branches widening into a few (2 to 5) very narrowly ouneate and acuminate entire or sparingly toothed segments : veins closely parallel and forking : sori elongated, 1 to 3 to a segment. Colorado and New Mexico. In crevices of rocks. # * Indusia variously curved, often crossing the fertile veinlet and continued a short distance down the other side of it. 4. A. Filix-fcemina, Bernh. Fronds 1 to 3 feet long, softly membra- uaceous, oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 3-pinnate ; pinnules adnate to the secondary rhachis, ovate to elongated-lanceolate, variously toothed or incised : indusia lacerate-ciliate. Common almost everywhere. 9. PHEGOPTERIS, Fee. Sori on the back of the veins below their attenuated apices. Differs from Aspidium only in having no iudusium. In our species the fronds are trian- gular, ternate, the primary divisions stalked, and the rhachis is not winged. 1. P. Dryopteris, Fee. Fronds smooth and thin, 4 to 10 inches wide and long; lateral divisions divergent; all triangular and pinnate, the pinnae pin- natifid into oblong, obtuse, entire or even pinnately lobed segments; lowest inferior pinna of the lateral divisions equal to the second pinna of the middle di- vision. From the mountains of Colorado to Oregon, eastward through the Northern United States, and far northward. Open rocky woods. 2. P. calcarea, Fee. Fronds minutely glandular and somewhat rigid, 4 to 8 inches wide and long ; lateral divisions ascending ; all triangular and pinnate, the pinnae pinnatifid into oblong obtuse or even pinnately-lobed segments; lowest inferior pinna of the lateral divisions equal to the third pinna of the middle division. Collected in Minnesota (Miss CtaAcarf),but, according to Professor Eaton, to be expected from Lake Superior to Idaho. 10. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. SHIELD FERN. WOOD FERN. The round indusia attached to the middle of the sorus by a short central stalk, or roundish-reniform and attached at the base of the sinus. * Indusium roundish-reniform or orbicular with a narrow sinus: in ours the fronds are larger, subcoriaceous or nearly so. 1. A. Filix-mas, Swartz. Fronds 1 to 3 feet long, broadly oblong- lanceolate, somewhat narrowed and twice pinnate towards the base ; pinnae lanceolate-acuminate from a broad base ; pinnules or segments oblong to ovate- lanceolate, obtuse or acute, toothed or incised, not glandular but sometimes slightly chaffy beneath, the upper confluent : sori near the midvein, commonly only on the lower half of each segment : stalks very chaffy with large scales. Occurs generally throughout the continent, in several varieties. In Colo- rado and Dakota the following form has been found : 444 FILICES. (TRUE FERNS.) Var. incisum, Mett. Differs from the type in the rhachis with scanty chaff; the pinnules or segments rather distant, lanceolate, tapering to a sub- acute point, and incised on the margin with serrated lobules. Eaton, Ferns N. Am. i. 312. A. SPINULOSUM, Swartz, a very widely distributed and variable species, is probably to be found within our range to the north and east. It has fronds 1 to 3 feet long, ovate to ovate-oblong, fully twice pinnate and but little nar- rowed at base; pinnae short-stalked, the lowest ones triangular-lanceolate, upper ones gradually narrower ; pinnules oblong, pinnate or pinnately incised with spinulose-serrate lobes : mdusium either smooth or glandular. * * Indusium orbicular and entire, fixed by the depressed centre to the middle of the sorus : pinnae, and pinnules often auricled on the upper side of the base. 2. A. Lonchitis, Swartz. Fronds simply pinnate, 6 to 18 inches long (stalks only 1 to 3 inches), linear-lanceolate ; pinnae broadly lanceolate, falcate, sharply spinulose-serrate, the lower ones symmetrically triangular and shorter, the upper ones strongly auricled. In the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, Mon- tana, northward to British Columbia, and eastward to the Great Lakes. 11. CYSTOPTEBIS, Bernhardi. Tufted ferns, with slender and delicate twice or thrice pinnate fronds, and cut-toothed lobes. 1. C. fragilis, Bernh. Fronds 6 to 12 inches long, broadly lanceolate, usually bipinnate ; pinnae oblong-ovate, pointed ; pinnules ovate or oblong, variously toothed or incised. Throughout North America. Usually in crev- ices of shaded rocks and among stones. 12. WOOD SI A, R. Brown. Small tufted ferns growing on exposed rocks. Ours have the stalks not articulated, and the fronds glandular-pubescent or smooth, not chaffy. 1. W. SCOpulina, Eaton. Fronds 4 to 8 inches long, puberulent beneath with minute jointed hairs and stalked glands, oblong-ovate, pinnate with deeply pinnatifid pinnae, the lobes oblong-ovate and crenulate : indusia deeply cleft into narrow segments terminating in jointed hairs. From Colorado westward to California and Oregon, and eastward to Dakota and Minnesota. In dense masses on rocks and in crevices. 2. W. Oregana, Eaton. Very similar, but with smooth fronds, the fertile taller than the sterile : the indusium reduced to a few moniliform hairs. From Arizona and Colorado to British Columbia and Lake Superior. Habits like the last. EQUISETACE^E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 445 CLASS III. EQUISETISME. Plants with a hollow, elongated, grooved or striate, and jointed stem, bearing at each node a whorl of narrow united leaves which form a close sheath. The branches, arising from the axils of these leaves, are therefore in whorls. ORDER 97. EQUISETACE.E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) Steins arising from subterranean rootstocks. Sterile leaves resem- bling a toothed sheath at the joints; the fertile ones shield-shaped, bearing sporangia on the under side, and forming a terminal spike or cone. 1. EQUISETUM, L. HORSETAIL. SCOURING RUSH. Stems simple or branched, the joints having closed ends : leaves of the fruiting cone 5 to 7-angled, and sporangia hood-like : spores round, furnished with two slender filaments attached by the middle and clavate at the free ends : prothallus above ground, green, usually dioecious. * Stems of two kinds; the fertile (in spring) soft, pale or brownish; the sterile appearing later, herbaceous and very different; neither surviving the winter: stomata scattered. 1. E. arvense, L. Fertile stems 4 to 10 inches high, with loose and usually distant about 8 to 12-toothed sheaths, remaining simple and soon perish- ing: sterile stems slender, at length 1 to 2 feet high, 10 to 14-furrowed, pro- ducing long and simple or sparingly branched ^-angular branches ; their teeth 4. Across the continent, but more common eastward ; also far northward. The "Common Horsetail." 2. E. pratense, Ehrh. Sterile and finally also fertile stems producing sim- ple straight 3-angled branches : sheaths of the stem with ovate-lanceolate short teeth, those of the branches 3-toothed: stems more slender and branches shorter than in the last. Colorado to Michigan and northward. * # Stems all alike, evergreen, mostly unbranched: fruit produced in summer: stomata in regular roivs. -i- Stems tall and stout (l to Sfeet high), mostly simple, evenly 15 to 4Q-grooved: sheaths appressed. 3. E. Isevigatum, Braun. Stems l to 4 feet high, sometimes with numerous branches ; the ridges convex, obtuse, smooth or minutely roughish with minute tubercles : sheaths elongated, with a narrow black limb and about 22 linear-awl-shaped caducous teeth, 1 -keeled below. From Colorado to Oregon, and eastward to Illinois and Louisiana. 446 EQUISETACE^E. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 4. E. robustum, Brauu. Stems 3 to 6 feet high; the ridges narrow, rough with one line of tubercles : sheaths short, with a black girdle above the base, rarely with a black limb, and about 40 deciduous 3-keeled teeth with ovate-awl- shaped points. From British America to Mexico, and extending eastward to Louisiana and Ohio. 5. E. hiemale, L. Stems l to 4 feet high ; the ridges roughened by two more or less distinct lines of tubercles: sheaths elongated, with a black girdle above the base and a black limb, of about 20 (17 to 26) narrowly linear teeth, l-keeled at the base and with awl-shaped deciduous points. In Utah and Wyo- ming, to British America and the Atlantic States. The " Scouring Rush," or ' Shave Grass." i- -i- Stems slender, in tufts, 5 to 10 grooved, sheaths looser. 6. E. variegatum, Schleicher. Stems ascending, 6 to 18 inches long, usually simple from a branched base, 5 to IQ-grooved: sheaths green variegated with black above; the 5 to 10 teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle. Clear Creek, Colorado ( Coulter), Utah, and Wyoming ; also in the Atlantic States and northward. 7. E. SCirpoides, Michx. Stems very numerous in a tuft, filiform, 3 to 6 inches high,Jle,xuous and curving, mostltj 6-grooved, with acute ridges: sheaths 3-toothed, the bristle-pointed teeth more persistent. Utah and Wyoming ; also in the North Atlantic States and northward. INDEX. Abies 429, 430 Arabia 15,19 Bilberry 227 Abronia 301,302 Aralia 121, 122 Bindweed 265 Abutilon 41, 42 Araliaceae 121 Birch 332 Acer 48, 49 Arceuthobium 322, 323 Biscutella 16, 27 Acerates 238, 242 Archangelica 114, 118 Bitter Cress 18 Achillea 13!), 198 Archemora 114, 121 Bitter-weed 181 Acnida 304, 305 Arctium 140, 212 Blackberry 79 Aconite 11 Arctostapkylos 226, 228 Black Snakeroot 114 Aconitum 2, 11 Arenaria 31,34 Bladder-pod 25 Actsea 2, 11 Argemone 13 Bladderwort 290 Actinella 138, 195 Argvthamnia 324 Bladder wort Family 290 Adder's-Tongue Family 437 Aristida 399, 407 Blazing Star 144 Adiantum 439, 442 Arnica 140, 205 Blueberry 227 Adoxa 123 Aromatic Wintergreen 228 Blue Cammas 349 Agrimonia 76, 87 Arrow grass 354 Blueyed Grasa 345 Agrimony 87 Arrow-head 331 Blue Grass 422 Asiropyrum 402, 425 Artemisia 139, 199 Blue-jcnnt 426 Agrostis 399, 412 Aruncus 75,78 Bog-Rusk 357 Alder 332 Asclepiadaceae 238 Boneset 142 Alfilaria 45 Asclepias 238, 239 Borrage Family 257 Alisma 361 Asclepiodora 238 Borraginaceae 257 Alismaceae 3'51 Ash 236 Botrycbium 437 Allionia 301,302 Aspen 339 Bottle Grass 404 Allium 346, 347 Aspidium 431, 443 Bouteloua 400, 416 Alnus 331, 332 Asplenium 43 , 442 Box-Elder 49 Alopecurus 3J9, 406 Aster 132. 158 Boykinia 90, 92 Alum-root 94 Asteroideae 130, 131 Bracken 442 Amarantace.e 304 Astragalus 51,60 Brickellia 131, 143 Amaranth 304 Atriplex 306, 309 Bristly Foxtail Grass 404 Amaranth Family 304 Avena 400, 415 Brodisea 346,349 Amarantus 304 Avens 81 Brome Grass 425 Amarvlli laceaa 345 Awlwort 25 Bromus 402, 425 Ambrosia 134, 180 Azolla 437 Brookline 282 Amelanchier 76, 88 Brookweed 235 American Cowslip 232 Baceharis 132, 175 Broom-Rape Family 289 American Laurel Bahia 137, 192 Bryanthus 227, 229 American Pennyroyal 293 Balsam 431 Bnchloe 400, 417 Ammannia 100 Balsam orrhiza 135, 1S4 Buckthorn 46 Ammophila 400, 413 Baneberry 11 Buckthorn Family 46 Amorpha 50, 51, 59 Barbarea 16, 23 Buckwheat Family 313 Ampelopsis 48 Barberry 12 Buffalo Berry Anacardiaceae 49 Barberry Family 12 Buffalo Grass 417 Anaphalis 133. 177 Barley 426 Buirie-weed 294 Andropngon 3 '8, 405 Barn- yard Grass 404 Bug-seed 31 1 Androsace 232, 234 Basil 295 Bulrush 366 Androsfephiutn 346, 34') Bastard Toad-Flax 823 Bunch Grass Anemone 2, 3 Bearberry 228 Bup'eurum 113, 116 Angelica 114, 118 Beard Grass 405 Burdock 212 Angio-ipermae 1 Beard-tongue 273 Bur Grass 404 Antennaria 132, 175 Beckmanni* 398, 40:} Bur-Marigold 189 Anthemideae 130, 138 Bedstraw 127 Btirnet 87 Anthemis .139, 198 Bell-flower 225 Bur-reed 359 ApetalaB 301 Bengal Grass 404 Butter-bur 203 Aphyllon 28i) Bent Grass 412 Buttercup 6 Aplectrum 340, 312 Berberidaceae 12 Butterfly -weed 239 Aplopappus 131, 146 Berberis 12 Apoeynaceas 237 Berula 113, 115 Cactaceae 109 Apocvnum 237 Betula 331, 332 Cactus Family 109 Apple 89 ; Bidens 136, 189 Csesalpineae 51 Aquilegia 2,9 Bigeloria 131, 149 Calamint 295 448 INDEX. Calamintha 293,205 Clover 54 Dicotyledons 1 Calandrinia 37 Club-Moss 436 Diplachne 401, 418 Callirrhoe 41 Club-Moss Family 436 Distichlis 402, 420 Callitrichaceae 328 Club Rush 366 Dock 317 Calochortus 346,352 Cnicus 140, 212 Dodder 265 Caltha 2,9 Cockle 32 Dodecatheon 232 Calypso 340,341 Cockle-bur 182 Dogbane 237 Calyptridium 37,39 Coldenia 257, 258 Dogbane Family 237 Camass 350 Coleogyne 75,80 Dog Fennel 198 Camassia 346,350 Collinsia 271, 273 Dog's-tooth Violet 352 Campanula 225 Columbino 9 Dogwood 122 Campanulaceae 225 Comandra 323 Dogwood Family 122 Campanula Family 225 Commelyna 355 Door-weed 318 Canary Grass 406 Commclynaceaa 355 Dougiasia 232, 234 Cancer-root 289 Compass Plant 178 Douglas Spruce 430 Cannabinaceae 329 Compositae 129 Draba 15,16 Caper Family 27 Composite Family 121) Dracocephalum 293, 298 Capparidacese 27 Coneflower 182 Dragon-head 208 Caprifoliaceae 123 Coniferae 428 Drop-seed Grass 409, 410 Capsella 16,25 Couvolvulaceae 264 Dry as 75,81 Cardamine 15,18 Convolvulus 265 Duck's-meat 3(50 Cardinal Flower 224 Convolvulus Family 264 Duckweed 300 Carex 365, 370 Conyza 132, 174 Duckweed Family 3(50 Carpet-weed 112 Corallorhiza 340, 341 Dysodia 138, 197 Carum 113, 115 Coral-root 341 Caryophyllaceae 31 Cord Grass 405 Eatonia 401, 419 Cashew Family 49 Cordylanthus 272, 286 Echinacea 135, 182 Cassia 61,73 Coreopsis 136, 189 Echinocactus 109, 110 Castilleia 272, 283 Corispermum 306. 311 Echinocystis 108 Catabrosa 401, 419 Cornaceae ' 122 Echinospermum 257, 258 Catchfly 31 Cornel N 122 Elrcagnacese 321 Cat's-tail Grass 410 Cornus 122 Elacngnus 321 Cat-tail Family 359 Corydalis 13,14 ElatinaceaB 39 Cat-tail Flag 359 Corylus 331,333 Elatine 40 Caulanthus 15, 21 Cotton Grass 368 Elder 124 Ceanothus 46,47 Cotton wood 339 Eleocharis 365, 368 CelastraceaB 46 I'ouch Grass 426 Ellisia 254,255 Celtis 329, 330 Cowania 75,81 Elm 32!) Ceuchrus 395, 404 Cow bane 121 Elm Family 329 Centaury 243 Cow Parsnip 121 Elymus ' 402, 427 Centunculus 232, 235 Crab Grass 403 Enchanter's Nigh( shade 106 Cerastium 31,33 Cranesbill 44 Endojreus 34<) Ceratophyllaceaa 328 CrassulaceaB 98 Ephedra 428 Cercocarpus 75,80 Cratsegus 76,88 Epilobium 101 Ccreus 109, 110 Creosote-bush 43 Epipactis 341, 343 Chaenactis 138, 194 Crepis 141, 218 Equisetaceao 445 Chaffweed 235 Croton 324, 325 Equisetinae 445 Chamagbatiaria 75,78 Crowfoot 6 Kquisetum 445 Chamaelirium 347, 354 Crowfoot Family 2 Eragrostis 401, 419 Chamaerhodos 76,86 Cruciferae 15 Ericaceae 226 Chamaesaracha 267, 26!) Cryptogramme 439, 441 Ericineae 226 Cheat 425 Cucurbita 108 Erigeron 132, 168 Cheilanthes 439,440 Cucurbitaceaa 108 Eriogonum 313 Chenopodiaceas 3:6 Cudweed 177 Eriophorum 365, 368 Chenopodium 80S, 307 Cupuliferae 331 Eriophyllum 137, 1!>2 Cherry 76 Currant 96 Erodium 44 Chess 425 Cuscuta 265, 266 Erysimum 15,22 Chickweed 33 Cycloloma 306, 307 Erythraea 242, 243 Chionophila 271, 279 Cyrnopterus 114, 118 Erythronium 343, 352 Chrysanthemum 139, 199 Cyperaceas 365 Eupatoriaceae 129, 130 Chrysopogon 395, 406 Cyperus 365 Eupatorium 130, 142 Chrysopsis 131, 145 Cypripedium 341, 344 Euphorbia 324, 325 Chrysosplenium 00,94 Cystopteris 439, 444 Euphorbiaceaa 324 Cichoriacese 130, 140 Eurotia 306, 311 Cicuta 113, 116 Dalea 61,57 Evax 132, 175 Cinna 400, 413 Dandelion 222 Evening Primrose 103 Circaea 101, 106 Danthonia 400, 415 Evening Primrose Family 100 Cladothrix 304, 305 Datura 268 Everlasting 175, 177 Clarkia 101, 105 Daucus 121 Everlasting Pea 72 Claytonia 37.38 Day-Flower 355 Evolvulus 265, 266 Cleavers 127 Death Camass 353 Clematis 2 Delphinium 2, 10 Fallugia 75,81 Cleorne 27 Deschampsia 400,414 False Asphodel 354 Cleomella 27,28 Devil's-Bit 354 False Dragon -Ileac I 299 Cliff Brake 441 Deyeuxia 400, 413 False Hellebore 353 Cliff Rose 81 Dicentra 13,14 False Indieo 5!) Clot-bur 182 Dicoria 134,180 False Mallow 41 INDEX. 449 False Red-top 422 Goodyera 341, 343 Hosackia 50,56 False Solomon's Seal 350 Gooseberry 9o Huumlus 329,331 Fatsla 121, 122 Goosefoot 307 Hydrophyllaceaa 254 Feather Grass 407 Goosetbot Family 306 Hvdrophyllum 254 Fendlera 90, o:> Goose-grass 318 llynienatheruui 138, 11)7 Ferns _438 Gourd Family 108 llymenopappus 137, 193 Ferula 114, 121 Grama Grass 416 Hypericaceae 40 Fescue Grass 424 Gramineae 397 llypericuin 40 Festuca 402, 421 ! Grape 48 Ilypoxys 345 Fetid Marigold 197 j Grape Fern 437 Ficoideas 112 Graphephoram 402, 422 Illecebraceae 303 Figwort 273 ! Grass Family 397 Indian Currant 125 Figwort Family 271 Grass of Parnassus 95 Indian Grass 406 Filices 438 Gratiola 272, 281 Indian Hemp 237 Filicinae 436 Grayia 306, 311 Indian Mallow 42 FimbrLstylis 365, 369 Grease wood 312 Indian Pipe 231 Finger Grass 403 Greek Valerian 252 Inuloideae 130 Fir 430 Green Brier 355 lonidium 28,30 Five-finger 83 Green Gammas 350 Ipomoea 265 Flag 344 Green Foxtail 404 Iridaceae 344 Fliveria 138, 197 Green Meadow-Grass 422 Iris 344 Flax 42 1 Green Milkweed 242 Iris Family 344 Flax Family 42 ! Grindeiia 131, 145 Iron-weed" 141 Fleabane 168 Groinwell 263 Isoiitae 434 Flower-cle-Luce 344 Ground Cherry 269 Isoetes 435 Flowering Plants 1 Ground Pine 436 Iva 134, 179 Forestiera 233 Groundsel 206 Ivesia 76,86 Forget-me-not 263 Gum Plant 145 Four-o'clock 301 Gutierrezia 131,144 Jacob's Ladder 252 Four-o'clock Family 301 Gymnolomia 136, 185 Jauiesia 90, 95 Fowl Meadow-Grass 422 GymnospcrmaB 428 Jamestown Weed 268 Foxtail 404 Gypsy-wort 294 Jerusalem Artichoke 187 Foxtail Grass 406 Joe-Pye Weed 142 Fragaria 75,82 Ilabenaria 340, 342 Juncaceae 356 Frankcnia 31 Hackberry 330 Juncus 356, 357 Frankeniaceae 31 Hair Grass 412. 414 June-berry 89 Franseria 134, 181 Ha'orageae ' 99 June Grass 422 Frasera 243, 243 Haploesthes 139, 204 Juniper 429 Fraxinus 23! Harebell 225 Juniperus 429 Fringed Gentians 243 Hawkweed 216 Friti'llaria 343, 351 Hazel-nut 333 Kalmia 227, 229 Froelichia 304, 305 Heath Family 226 Kelloggia 126 Fumariaeeae 13 Hedeoma 293, 296 Kinnikinnick 228 Fumitory Family 13 Hedgehog Grass 404 Knotweed 318 Hedge Hyssop 281 Kobresia 365, 370 Gaillardia 138, 197 Hedge Mustard 23 Kochia 306,307 Galingale 365 Hedysarum 51,72 Koeleria 401, 418 Galium 126, 127 Helen ioidese 130, 137 Krigia 140, 215 G.imopetalae 123 Hclenium 138, 196 Krynitzkia 257, 260 Gaultheria 227, 228 Helianthella 136, 187 Kuhnia 131, 143 Gaura 101, 106 Helianthoideae 130, 133 Gayophytuui 101, 103 Helianthus 138, 1S5 Labiatae 202 Gentian 243 Heliopsis 135, 182 Labrador Tea 229 Gentiana 243 Heliotrope 258 Lactuca 141,223 Gentianaceae 242 Heliotropium 257,258 Lady's Tresses 343 Gentiauella 243 Hemicarpha 365, 368 Lady's Slipper 344 Gentian Family 242 Hemp Family 329 Lagoon Grass 426 Geraniaceae 43 Heracleum 114, 121 l-aportea 329, 830 Geranium 44 Heuchera 90,94 Larkspur 10 Geranium Family 43 Hieracium 140, 216 Larrea 43 Gerardia 272, 283 Hierochloa 399, 406 Lathyrus 51, 72 Germander 294 Hilaria 398, 405 Laurentia 224 Geum 75,81 Hippuris 99 Layia 136, 191 Gilia 247, 248 Hoffmanseggia 51,73 Lead Plant 59 Ginseng Family 121 Hogs' Potato 353 Ledum 227,229 Glass wort 312 Holodiscus 75,78 LegumSnosse 50 Glaux 232, 235 Holy Grass 406 Lemna 360 Globe-flower 9 Honeysuckle 125 Lemnaceae 360 Glyceria 402, 423 Honeysuckle Family 123 Lentibulariacese 2JK) Glycosma 113, 117 Hop 331 Lepachys 135, 183 Glycyrrhiza Gnaphalium 51,59 133, 177 Hop-tree Hordeum 45 402, 426 Lepidium lettuce 16,26 223 GnetaccaD 428 Horned Pond weed 362 Leucocampyx 138, 198 Goafs-Beard 78 Hornwort Family 32S Leucoorinum 346, &50 Golden Aster 145 Ilorso Mint 297 Lowisia 37, 39 Golden-rod 152 Horsetail 445 Liatris 131, 144 Golden Saxifrage 94 Horsetail Family 445 Ligusticum 114, 117 450 INDEX. Liliacese 345 Mint 204 Oxybaphua 301, 302 Lilium 346,351 Mint Family Ox> teuia 134, 180 Lily 351 Mirabilis 301 Oxytheca 313, 316 Lily Family 345 ! Mistletoe 322 Oxytropis 51, 69 Limosella 272, 281 Mitella 90, !-3 Oxyria 313, 317 Liuaceae 42 ; Mitre- wort 93 Liuaria 271, 273 Mock Orange 95 Pachystima 46 Liunaea 123, 124 Mollugo 112 Painted Cup 283 Linum 42 Monarda 293, 297 Panic Grass 403 Lip Fern 440 | Mouardella 292, 295 Panicuin 398, 403 Lippia 290, 291 Monescs 227, 229 Papaver 13 Liquorice 59 Monkey-flower 279 Papaveracese 13 Listera 341, 343 ! Monkshood 11 Papilionaceae 50 Lithospermum 257, 263 Monocotyledons 340 Parietaria 329,331 Lloydia 346, 352 Monolepis 306, 309 Parnassia 90,95 Loasaceae 106 Mouotropa 227, 231 Parouychia 303 Lobelia 224 Monotropeae 227 Parrya 15, 19 Lobeliaceae 224 Moouwort 437 Parsley Family 112 Lobelia Family 224 Morning-Glory 265 Parthenice 133, 179 Locust 59 Moschatel 123 Parthenium 133, 179 Lonicera 123, 125 Mountain Mahogany 80 Pas(alum 398, 403 Loosestrife 100 ; Mountain Mint 295 Pear 89 Loosestrife Family 100 Mountain Rice 408 Pearl wort 36 Lophanthus 293, 297 Mountain Sorrel 317 Pectis 138, 198 Loranthaceae 322 i Mouse-ear Cuickweed 33 Pedicularia 273, 287 Lousewort 287 Mouse-tail 5 Pellaja 439, 441 Lovage 117 Mud wort 281 Pellitory 331 Lungwort 262 Muhleubergia 399, 409 Pennycress 26 Lupine 52 ! Munroa 401, 418 Pentstemon 271, 273 Lupinus 50, 52 ! Musenium 113, 114 Peppergrass 26 Luzula 356 Musk Plant 280 Pepperwort Family 436 Lychnis 31. 32 Mustard Family 15 Peraphyllmn 76,89 Lycopodiaceae 436 Myosotis 257,263 Pcrieome 137, li'2 Lycopodineae 434 Myosurus 2,5 Petalostemon 51,58 L. copodium 436 Myriophyllum 99 Petasifces 139, 203 Lycopus 292, 294 Pc'teria 51,69 Lygodesmia 141,220 Naiadacese 361 Peucedanum 114,119 Lyme Grass 427 Nama 254, 257 Phaselia 254, 255 L} thraceae 100 Nasturtium 16,24 Phaenogamia 1 Lythrum 100 Negundo 48,49 Phalaris 399, 406 Nettle 330 Phegopteris 439, 443 Madder Family 126 Nettle Family 329 Phjladelphus 90,95 Madia 136, 191 New Jersey Tea 47 Phleum 399, 410 Maidenhair 442 Nicotiana 268, 270 Phlox 247 Malacothrix 140, 216 Nightshade 268 Phoradendron 322 Mallow Family 40 Nightshade Family 267 Phragmites 401, 418 Malvaceae 40 I Nine-Bark 78 Physalis 268, 269 Malva-trum 41 j Nothola-na, 439,440 Physaria 16,26 Mamillaria 109 Nothoscordum 346, 349 Physocarpus 75, 78 Manna Grass 423 Nuphar 12 Physostegia 293, 298 Manzanita 228 Nut Pine 432 Picea 429, 431 Maple 49 Nyctaginaceae 301 Pigweed 307 Mare's-tail S9 Nymphaeaceae 12 Pin-clover 45 Marsh Grass 405 Pine 431 Marsh Marigold 9 Oak 333 Pine-drops 231 Marsilia 437 Oak Family 331 Pine Family 428 Matrioaria 139, 199 Oat 415 Pine-sap 231 Mayweed 198 (Enothera 101, 103 Pin-grass 45 Meadow Grass 420 Oleaceae 236 Pink Family 31 v eadow Parsnip 117 Olive Family 236 Pifion 432 Meadow Rue 5 Omplialodes 257, 259 Pinus 429, 431 Meadow Sweet Onagraceae 100 Plantaginaceae 299 Melam podium 133, 178 Onion 347 Plantago 299 Melica 402, 410 Onosmodium 257, 264 Plantain 299 Melie Grass 419 Opiiioglossaceae 437 Plantain Family 299 Menodora 236, 237 Opuntia 109,111 Pleurisy-root 239 Mentha 292, 294 Orchidaceae 340 Pleurogyne 243,246 Mentzelia 107 Orchis Family 340 Plum 76 Mertensia 257, 262 Orobanchaceae 289 Pneumonanthe 244 Mirroseris Milkweed 140, 216 239 Orogenia Orpine Family 113, 115 98 Poa Polanisia 402, 410 27 Milkweed Family 238 Orthocarpus 272, 285 Polemon iaceae 247 Milkwort 30 Oryzopsis 399, 408 Polemonium 247,252 Mi Ik wort Family 30 Osier 344 Polemonium Family 247 MiUet 404 Osmorrhiza 113, 116 Polygala 10 Mimo^eae 51 Oxalis 44,45 Poly gala cese 30 Mimuius 272, 279 Ox-eye Daisy 199 Polygonacee 313 INDEX. 451 Polygonatum 346, a50 Rosacese 74 Smelowskia 16,24 Polygonum 313, 318 Rose 87 Smilaceae 354 1'olypetalae 1 Rose Family 74 I Smilacina 346, 350 Poly podium 439 Rosin- weed 178 i Smilax 355 Polypody 439 Rubiaceae 126 ! Smilax Familv 354 Polypteris 137, 191 Rub us 75,79 Sneeze-weed 196 Polytzenia 114, 121 Rudbeckia 133, 182 Snowberry 125 Pondweed Pondweed Family 3(32 361 Rue Family Rumex 45 313, 317 Soapberry Family SolanaceaB 48 267 Poplar 339 Rush 357 Solanum 267, 268 Poppy 13 Rush Family 356 Solidago 132, 152 Poppy Family 13 Rush Grass 410 Solomon's Seal 3f>0 Populus 334, 339 Ruta_ceae 45 Sonchus 141, 223 Portulaca 37 Sophora 50,52 Portulacaceae 37 Sage 296 Sorrel 317 Potamogetou 362 Sage brush 199 Sow Thistle 223 Potentate 75.83 Sagina 31,36 Spanish Bayonet 351 Poterium 76,87 Sagittaria 361 Spanish Needles 190 Prairie Clover 58 Salicineae 334 Sparganium. 359 Prenanthes 141, 220 Salicoruia 306, 312 Spartina 398, 405 Prickly Poppy 13 Salix 334 S patter-Dock 12 Primula 232, 233 Salmon-berry 79 Spear Grass 422 Primulaceae 232 Salvia 293, 296 Specularia 225 Primrose 233 Sainbucua 123, 124 Speedwell 282 Primrose Family 232 .Samolus 232, 235 Speirodela 360 Prosartes 347. 353 Samphire 312 Sphaeralcea 41,42 Prunus 74,76 Sand Grass 418 Spiderwort 355 Pseudotsuga 429, 430 Sandwort 34 Spiderwort Family 355 Psoralea 50,56 Sanicle 114 Spike Grass 420 Ptelea 45 Sauicula 113, 114 Spikenard 122 Preridophyta 434 Santalaceae 323 Spike Rush 368 Pteris 432, 442 Sapindacca9 48 Spiraea 75, 77 Pterospora 227, 231 Sarcobatus 306, 312 Spiranthes 340, 343 Puocoon 263 Suxifraga 80 Spleen wort 442 Pulse Family 50 Saxifragaceae 89 Sporobolus 399, 410 Pumpkin 108 Saxifrage 90 Spraguea 37, ."9 Purshia 75,80 Saxifrage Family 89 Spring Beauty 33 Purslane 37 Schedonnardus 400, 416 .Spruce 431 Purslane Family 37 Scheuchzeria 362, 364 Spurge Family 324 Putty -root 342 Schrankia 51,74 Squirrel-tail Grass 427 Pycnantheuium 292, 295 Scirpus 365, 366 Stachys 293, 299 Pvroli 227, 230 Scrophularia 271, 273 Staff-tree Family 46 Pyrolineas 227 Scrophulariacese 271 Stanleya 15,22 Pyrrhopappus 141,223 Scouring Rush 445 Star-grass 345 Pyrus 76,80 Scutellaria 293, 298 Starwort 158 Sea Blite 312 i Steironema 232, 235 Quack Grasa 426 Sea Milkwort 235 Stellaria 31,33 Quaking Asp 339 Sea Purslane 112 Stenosiphon 101,105 Quercu-s 331, 333 Sedge 370 Stephanomeria 140, 215 Quillwort 435 Sedge Family 365 Stickseed 258 Quillwort Family 434 Sedurn 98 Stick-tight 189 Quitch Grass 426 Selaginella 435 Stipa 399, 407 Selaginellaa 485 St. John's-wort 40 Ragweed 180 Senecio 140, 206 St. John's-wort Family 40 RanunculaceaB 2 Senecionideae 130, 139 Stonecrop 98 Ranunculus 2,6 Senna 73 ; StorksbiH 44 R ispberry 79 Sensitive Briar 74 i Strawberry 82 Rattlesnake Plantain 343 Service-berry 89 I Strawberry Blite 309 Rattle-weed 60 Sesuvium 112 ! Streptanthus 15. 20 R iv less Golden-rod 149 Setaria 398, 404 Streptopus 347, 352 Red-top 412 1 Shave Grass 446 Suaeda 30(, 312 Read 418 Shepherdia 321, 322 Subnlaria 16, 25 Reed Bent-Grasa 413 Shepherd's Purse 25 Suck ley a 306, 311 Reed Meadow-Grass 423 Shield Fern 443 Sumach 49 Rhamnaceas 46 Shin le-if 230 Sunflower 185 Rhamnus 46 Shooting-Star 232 Sweet Cicelv 116 R linanthus 273, 288 Shrubby Trefoil 45 Sweet Coltsfoot 203 Riiizocarpeaa 436 Sibbnldia 75, 81 Swertia 243, 246 Rims 49 Sidi.lcea 41 Symphoricarpos 123, 125 Kibes 90,96 Silene 31 i Synthyris 272, 281 Ribwort 2!9 Silkwoed 239 , Syringa 95 Riddcllia 137, 191 Silphium 133, 178 Robinia 61, 59 Sisymbrium 16, 23 Talinum 37 Rock Brake 441 Sisyrinchiuiu 344, 345 Tanacetum 139, 199 Rock Cress 19 Sinm 113 116 Tansy 199 Roman Wormwood 181 Skullcap 298 Taraxacum 141, 222 Rosa 76,87 Slender Grass 418 Tare 72 452 INDEX. Tarweed 191 Urticaceae 328 Water-wort 40 Telliina 90, 93 Tetradymia 139, 204 Urticeaa 329 Utricularia 290 Water-wort Family 39 White Fir 430 Teucrium 292, 294 White Sage 311 Thalictrum 2, 5 Vaccinieae 226 Whiteweed 199 Thamnosma 45 Vaccinium 226, 227 Whitlow-Grass 16 Thaspium 114, 117 Valeriana 128 Whitlow-wort 303 Thelesperma 130, 190 Valerianaceae 128 Whortleberry 228 Thelypodium 15, 21 Thermopsis 50, 52 Valerian Family 128 Vanilla Grass 406 Wild Balsam-Apple 108 Wild Oat Grass 415 Thimbleberry 80 Venus's Looking-glass 225 Wild Rye 427 Thin Grass 412 Veratrum 347, 353 Willow 334 Thistle 212 Verbena 2LO, 291 Willow Family 334 Thlaspi 16, 26 Verbenaceae 290 Willow-IIerb 101 Thorn 88 Verbesina 136, 188 Wind flower 3 Thorn Apple 268 Vernonia 130, 141 Winged Pigweed 307 Thorough-wax 116 Vernoniaceae 129, 130 Winter Cress 23 1 horoughwort 142 Veronica 272, 282 Winter Fat 311 Tiarella 90, 93 Vervain 291 Wintergreen 230 Tickseed 189 Vervain Family 290 Wire Grass 357 Tillsea 98 Vesicaria 16, 25 Wolf-berry 125 Timothy 410 Vetch 72 Wolfsbane 11 Toad-Flax 273 Viburnum 123, 124 Woodbine 125 Tobacco 270 Vicia 61, 72 Wood Fern 443 Tofieldia 347, 354 Vine Family 48 Wood Grass 406 Townsendia 132, 156 Viola 28 Wood Nettle 330 Tradescantia 355 Violacese 28 Wood Reed Grass 413 Tragia 324 Violet 28 Wood Rush 356 Tribulus 43 Violet Family 28 Woodsia 439, 444 Trifolium 50, 54 Virginia Creeper 48 Wormwood 199 Triglochin 362, 364 Virgin's-Bower 2 Woundwort 299 'J riodia 401, 417 Vitacese 48 Wyethia 135 184 Triplasis 401, 418 Vitis 48 Triple-awned Grass 407 Xanthium 134, 182 Trisetum 400, 415 Water-Cress 24 Xerophyllum 347, 354 Trollius 2, 9 Water Hemlock 116 Trumpet Weed 142 Water Hemp 305 Yamp 115 Tubulifloraj 129 Water Horehound 294 Yarrow 198 Tule 367 Waterleaf 254 Yellow Pine 432 Tumble-weed 305 Waterleaf Family 254 Yellow Pond-Lily 12 Twayblade 343 Water-Lily Family 12 Yellow Rattle 288 Twin-flower 124 Water-Milfoil 99 Yucca 346, 351 Typha 359 Water-Milfoil Family 99 Typhaceaa 359 Water Parsnip 116 Zanichellia 362 Water Pimpernel 235 Zauschneria 101 TJlmaceae 329 Water-Plantain 361 Zinnia 135, 182 Ulmus 329 Water-Plantain Family 361 Zygadenus 347, 353 Umbelliferaa 112 Water-Starworts 328 Zygophyllaceae 43 Urtica 329, 330 ADDENDUM. On page 380, after C. frigida, All., insert : 28 a. C. misandra, R. Br. Slender, 3 to 8 inches high : leaves many, narrow, 1 to 3 inches long : sheaths purplish, leafless, usually tipped by a short setaceous bract: terminal spike pistillate above: spikes all ovate ( inch or less long), dull brown, hanging on slender peduncles from a half -inch to an inch long : perigynium lanceolate, rough or serrate on the two margins, the lower half occupied by the nearly flat 3-ribbed obovate akene, longer than the obtuse brown scale. C. fuliginosa, St. & Hoppe. In dense sod on Gray's Peak, Colorado (H. N, Patterson, 1885); also in Arctic America. (Eu.) C. misandra is the more recent name, but Sternberg and Hoppe applied the name C. fuliginosa to this species, thinking it to be the (7. fuliginosa of Schkuhr, which is C. frigida, All. The species was first distinguished by Robert Brown. GRAY'S BOTANIST'S MICROSCOPE. This Convenient Instrument, devised and mawto* factured first for the use of the Students in HARVARD UNIVERSITY, has given so great satisfaction there, and else- where^ that we deem it a ditty to make it better known, and offer it at a price within the reach of all Students. // ?s attached to a box, one and a half inches high and less than four inches long, into which it is neatly folded when not in use. The needles are used* for dissecting flowers, or other objects^ too small to be otherwise handled for analysis, The lenses magnify about fifteen diameters ; of). with three lenses, about one-third more. A thousand things about forest, field or garden^ afford objects of intense interest for daily study* Prof. ASA GRA Y, of Harvard University, our popular American Botanist, says of it ; "You are at liberty to call it the 'GRAY'S MICROSCOPE / do not think anything better can be made fof the Price of Microscope, with two Lenses, - $2 00 " " three " 250 1 Sale by IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR & Co., Publishers of GRAY'S BOTANIES. RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 2-month loans may be renewed by calling (510)642-6753 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date. DUE AS STAMPED BELOW DEC 2 2 1999 12,000(11/95) 47bl4 Qk/3? 541831 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY