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 ILLUSTRIOUS CAREER 
 
 AND 
 
 HEROIC DEEDS OF 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT 
 
 44 THE INTELLECTUAL GIANT." 
 
 CONTAINING A FULL ACCOUNT OF HIS MARVELOUS CAREER, 
 
 HIS EARLY LIFE, ADVENTURES ON A WESTERN RANCH AMONG 
 
 THE COWBOYS ; FAMOUS LEADER OF THE ROUGH RIDERS ; 
 
 PRESIDENT OF OUR GREAT COUNTRY; HIS WISE 
 
 STATESMANSHIP, MANLY COURAGE, 
 
 PATRIOTSM, Etc., Etc. 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 His Famous Adventures in the Wilds of Africa 
 
 IN SEARCH OF LIONS, RHINOCERI, ELEPHANTS AND OTHER FERO 
 CIOUS BEASTS OF THE JUNGLE AND PLAIN; JOURNEYS IN 
 UNKNOWN LANDS AND MARVELOUS DISCOVERIES, 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 HIS TRIUMPHAL JOURNEY AND RECEPTIONS BY 
 THE CROWNED HEADS OF EUROPE 
 
 By JAY HENRY MOWBRAY, Ph.D., LL. D. 
 
 The Well- Known Historian and Traveler. 
 
 Embellished with a Great Number of Superb Phototype Engravings
 
 ENTERED ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONORESS IN THE YEAR 1t10, V 
 
 GEO. W. BERTRON 
 
 TMI OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, AT WASHINGTON, D. C., U. . i
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 T T PON Theodore Roosevelt have been bestowed such evidences 
 ^ of world-wide esteem and honors as have fallen to the lot of 
 no other one of America's greatest sons, from the rolls of either 
 the living or the dead. 
 
 Washington, Lincoln, Grant ! These only are worthy of 
 comparison with him. Yet full recognition of the majesty of the 
 character of the Father of his Country came not until his mortal 
 spirit had passed from its earthly sphere and his bones were 
 mouldering in the dust. 
 
 Lincoln ! The sublime grandeur of his character, the nobility 
 of his personality, the purity of his purposes now are graven upon 
 the stars ; his one-time enemies now journey to his tomb and pay 
 homage to his fame, but he did not live to see even the culmina 
 tion of his dreams of a reunited country, much less the universal 
 realization of the justice of his aims. 
 
 Grant ! No word of mine could add to the lustre of that noble 
 name, great warrior and statesman as he was. 
 
 But Roosevelt ! No flag on earth but dips to do him honor ; 
 no guns but thunder to his fame. 
 
 The proudest names of the old world ; the hautiest descend 
 ants of the Caesars, the royal sons of the Vikings of the North, 
 the Hapsburg Emperor from the throne his forefathers held when 
 European civilization was yet in its infancy, the Kaiser with his 
 embattled hosts all vied with the Executive of our sister republic 
 beyond the seas in acclaiming him as the embodiment of govern 
 ment of, for and by the people.
 
 fv PREFACE. 
 
 Palaces emptied to join his proud procession from the heart 
 of the African jungle through the courts of Europe, till at last his 
 ship should cast its anchor in the shadow of that glorious Liberty 
 the rays from whose upraised torch have spread the gospel of 
 hope to all the world. 
 
 King, Kaiser, Emperor all greeted him as an equal, shall 
 I say ? Nay, as a superior, for more than royal honors were 
 showered upon him by nations which, though alien in race, yet 
 are akin to us in recognition of our INTELLECTUAL AMERICAN 
 GIANT. What brighter laurel can I weave about his brow ? 
 
 Lawmaker, Civil Service Commissioner, Ranchman, Assistant 
 Secretary of the Nav}', Soldier, Governor, Vice-President, Chief 
 Magistrate of the Nation, Hunter, and now, by unanimous ac 
 claim, the World's Commissioner for Peace. 
 
 The mere recital of the honors that have come to him tells 
 the story better than words of mine could print. 
 
 JAY HENRY MOWBRAY.
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Concerning the attitude and actions of a single man some ninety 
 million of people feel a vivid interest. There has never before been 
 anything like it in the history of our Country. What is Theodore 
 Roosevelt going to do? For what ends will he work? In aid of 
 what existing political forces will his great strength be thrown? 
 
 What is the situation? The Democracy is as it has been, but 
 with no one recognized leader directing its course and dominant in 
 its councils. It has no favorite son. There is no distinctive issue 
 between the parties. Democrats and Republicans are alike divided 
 as to the tariff, the control of trusts, and the policy of conservation. 
 
 In the ranks of each organization are many men who are con 
 trolled by the money power. In the ranks of each are a host who 
 have made up their minds that present conditions are wrong and 
 threatening, and can and must be improved. They feel that monop 
 olies, instead of controlling the government, must be controlled. 
 They feel that we must not yield our natural resources into their 
 grasping hands. They feel that no tariff must be borne of a nature 
 to enrich the few at the expense of the many. 
 
 All is discussion and uncertainty. The Democracy has no well- 
 defined idea; the Republican party is so wrenching itself into two 
 that the time is close at hand when the "Insurgents" may become 
 "Stampeders." The political situation is confusing and threatening. 
 It is that of a quivering sea with dark storm-clouds gathering. 
 
 And, in this situation, all eyes are turned toward one man. 
 There is no other looming up in sight. It is a remarkable thing, 
 politically, something astounding. The nation is waiting for an 
 expression from Roosevelt. Everybody knows him. He was our 
 hired man, the manager of our business, and, in the opinion of a 
 great majority of the American people, one who "made good." 
 
 They are familiar with his record everywhere. They know 
 him as a vigorous ranchman and hunter; they know him as a civil- 
 service commissioner, making a new system strong and effective j 
 
 y
 
 vi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 they know him as rampant in the Navy Department, hastening 
 equipment and orders, and giving Dewey the battle of Manila; they 
 know him as police commissioner of New York, startling that gang- 
 ridden city by an enforcement of the law; and as Governor of the 
 greatest State in the Union, where he was a Governor in fact. And, 
 above all, they know him as President of the United States for seven 
 years, when great governmental policies were inaugurated, and great 
 things were done. 
 
 Yes, everybody knows Roosevelt. He is the Best-known man 
 in the world. All know his strength, his character, and his way of 
 doing things. Even his impulsiveness, sometimes almost boyish 
 ness, are a source of loving regard in the hearts of his people. What 
 the British have designated as "his robust sense and downrightness " 
 may overflow at times. He is honestly careless of how an action 
 may be construed, if he thinks such action right. He has keen 
 perceptions, and openly expresses himself. 
 
 Bitter enemies he has, of course. The "Trusts" and their 
 organs hate him as the wolf hates the wolf-hound. Why not ? 
 They do not want the tariff revised, the public lands conserved, or 
 any obstacle cast in the way of the corporations who have seized 
 upon so much, and are seeking more. They know the attitude of 
 the man! Their newspapers are venomous toward him; but daily 
 their columns are filled with details of his words and movements. 
 
 They suffer this because they must. Their readers want to 
 know all about "Teddy." What a triumph is this! A private 
 citizen, traveling abroad with his family, commanding more attention 
 in the columns of thousands of newspapers than is devoted to any 
 rther one subject world enterprises, earthquakes, wars and rumors 
 of wars. iWhat could better illustrate the man's status among men? 
 
 Roosevelt has returned from abroad, and what has he found? 
 The tariff pledges of his party, in the estimation of millions of that 
 party, are unfulfilled. His policies have been disregarded; conser 
 vation is neglected; and the "big trusts" are ruling our country. 
 He sees all this, and who can doubt but that his heart is hot within 
 him? , What is he going to do about it? 
 
 The country is heaving with political possibilities, but no probabil-
 
 INTRODUCTION. vH 
 
 ities, outside of Roosevelt. They are the upliftings of lava. The seeth 
 ing mass is rising into a mountain. The split in the dominant party the 
 deep crack in the crust must widen, for a principle is at stake for the 
 maintenance of which there will be a mighty struggle the principle 
 enunciated by Lincoln at Gettysburg "a government of the people, by 
 the people;" a form of government to which great" Trusts and interests" 
 within the party are opposed. 
 
 The same forces exist in the Democratic party. And where is the 
 leader in either party who can direct in the emergency? What great 
 Republican or Democrat exists who is fitted for this emergency, the issue 
 of which may be a determination of the country's future course in the law- 
 making which, sooner or later, affects all individually? There is none! 
 
 What will happen politically between now and the next Pres 
 idential election? Already there is a rumble inside the growing moun 
 tain, and very general belief that the top is going off when the explosion 
 comes! And why not? Do we not desire it? Are not the American 
 people hoping for the thing they so certainly anticipate? 
 
 What will Roosevelt do? There is before him the opportunity of 
 a man grandly retired, one who laid down the presidency of a glorious 
 republic in the prime of manhood, known and well known of all men, one 
 who can live out his life's allotted span serenely and with dignity, with 
 the consciousness of a great work well done. Will that be Roosevelt's 
 course? As well expect the Niagara River to go to sleep at Buffalo! 
 
 Inaction is as foreign to the ex-President as it is to Niagara. His 
 famous club fits as readily in his hand as the Irishman's shillaleh; and 
 his record for the last year, especially in Europe, is sufficient to indicate 
 that the Rooseveltian blood is rushing as vigorously as ever, and that 
 his sympathies and impluses are as strong. But it is not lust of battle 
 which will impel him. 
 
 There is such a thing as duty, and there are occasions when to 
 refuse a call when made by millions of people in an emergency, would 
 be wrong. At such a time, if a man knows he is the man for the 
 place, he must accept the place. To imagine that Colonel Roosevelt is 
 not familiar with every drift and every phase of the political situation 
 in this country would be absurd. To assume that he is not anxious and 
 resolved would be to do him an injustice. Furthermore, the people of
 
 viii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the United States have trusted him, and done him vast honor. He is 
 indebted to them. He owes them service still. 
 
 He has been reticent since his retirement, as was proper, and no 
 one knows the workings of his active mind. His reticence was made a 
 comparatively easy thing because of absence; but silence even the 
 silence which gives consent is no longer possible to Colonel Roosevelt. 
 There is no denying the fact that his countrymen may insist upon giving 
 him more work to do. Legislation is a great and essential thing; but 
 administration is no less important, administration earnestly suggestive 
 and vigorously executed. 
 
 Honesty, force of character, experience, great qualifications all 
 round, are required. Experience? What experience has not come to 
 one twice President, dealing with subtle questions and subtle men and 
 honest ones, and familiar with the character and capacity, and aims, of 
 every man of prominence in the country? Our relations abroad? 
 Colonel Roosevelt has met the great rulers, and has become acquainted 
 with them. He and they have "sized each other up," and his plane of 
 relationship with them is different from that of any other American. 
 
 A knowledge of the status and the needs of all great public enter 
 prises, the Panama Canal, Irrigation, Conservation, and all the rest. 
 Who else should know as well their requirements as the man who de 
 veloped them? Qualifications for the task of the Presidency? Where 
 or when was ever an equipment elsewhere so strong? 
 
 It is not surprising that the eyes of the American people are turned 
 toward Colonel Roosevelt. He commands their gaze in the emergency 
 because they look to him from choice. Whatever may be said of a 
 sometimes tempestuous personality, all the world recognizes his absolute 
 honesty of purpose, his earnest patriotism, his sound common sense, his 
 broadness of view, and his stubborn demand for what is fair and right. 
 
 Where will his course lie? what hands will he grasp? are the 
 questions. His reputation and influence have no bounds. Something 
 is going to happen ! Theodore Roosevelt stands, admittedly, the great- 
 set man in the world to-day.
 
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 CHAPTER I 
 
 ROOSEVELT'S BIRTH AND EDUCATION. 
 
 EIGHT GENERATIONS OF KNICKERBOCKERS QUALITY OF THE 
 ROOSEVELT STOCK A PALE AND DELICATE BOY FISHING ON 
 A STEAMSHIP PREPARING FOR COLLEGE AMUSING INCIDENT 
 AT THE PREPARATORY SCHOOL FOND OF WRESTLING AND 
 BOXING CAREER AT HARVARD AN ORIGINAL CHARACTER 
 PARTIALITY FOR NATURAL HISTORY MEMBER OF MANY CLUBS 
 His IDEA OF A GOOD CITIZEN ROOSEVELT'S GRADUATION AND 
 TRIP TO EUROPE. 
 
 T^HEODORH ROOSEVELT was born in New York city on 
 1 October 27, 1858, and comes from a family that for genera 
 tions has been noted for wealth, social position, high intelligence, 
 disinterested public spirit, general usefulness and philanthropy. 
 The list of his ancestors includes many who were distinguished in 
 public life, and were honored for their sterling qualities. 
 
 He is a Knickerbocker of the Knickerbockers, being seventh 
 in descent from Klaas Marten sen van Roosevelt, who, with his 
 wife, Jannetje Samuels-Thomas, emigrated from the Netherlands 
 to New Amsterdam in 1649, anc ^ became one of the most promi 
 nent and prosperous burghers of that settlement. For two and 
 a half centuries the descendants of this couple have flourished in 
 and near the city of New York, maintaining unimpaired the high 
 social standing assumed at the beginning, and by thrift, indus 
 try and enterprise adding materially to the wealth acquired 
 by inheritance. With the special opportunities for distinction 
 afforded by the Revolution, a number of them came into marked 
 prominence. 
 
 Just previous to that struggle, and during its earlier years, 
 Isaac Roosevelt was a member of the New York Provincial Con 
 gress. Later he sat in the State Legislature, and for several 
 years was a member of the New York City Council. For quite a 
 
 long period he was President of the Bank of New York. Jacobus 
 2 M.L. 17 
 
 v
 
 18 ROOSEVELT'S BIRTH AND EDUCATION. 
 
 J. Roosevelt, great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, who 
 was born in 1759, g ave his services without compensation as com 
 missary during the War for Independence. A brother of this 
 Revolutionary patriot, Nicolas J. Roosevelt, born in New York 
 city in 1767, was an inventor of ability, and an associate of Robert 
 L. Livingston, John Stevens and Robert Fulton in developing the 
 steamboat and steam navigation. 
 
 The grandfather of Governor Roosevelt, Cornelius van Shaick 
 Roosevelt, born in New York city in 1794, was an importer of 
 hardware and plate glass, and one of the five richest men in the 
 town. He was one of the founders of the Chemical Bank, One 
 of his brothers, James J. Roosevelt, was a warm friend and ardent 
 supporter of Andrew Jackson ; served in the New York Legisla 
 ture and in Congress, and was a Justice of the Supreme Court of 
 New York from 1851 to 1859. 
 
 A DISTINGUISHED FAMILY. 
 
 A cousin, James Henry Roosevelt, was distinguished for his 
 philanthropies, and left an estate of a million dollars, which, by 
 good management, was doubled in value, to found the famous 
 Roosevelt Hospital in New York city. Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt 
 married Mary Barnhill, of Philadelphia. Of their six sons the 
 Hon. Robert B. Roosevelt was one of New York's most distin 
 guished citizens, served in Congress and also as a United States 
 Minister to the Netherlands. 
 
 Theodore, another son, born in New York city, and deceased 
 in 1878, was the father of President Theodore Roosevelt. He mar 
 ried Martha Bulloch, who, with four of their children, survived 
 him. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., continued in the business founded 
 by his father, and became a controlling factor in the plate glass 
 trade. He greatly augmented the family fortune, and at his deathV 
 was reputed a millionaire. 
 
 Thus President Roosevelt comes from a distinguished family. 
 Good stock may turn out to be poor sometimes, but it makes a 
 vast difference as to the kind of blood a man has in his veins, and 
 good stock is much more likely to turn out well than stock of the
 
 ROOSEVELT'S BIRTH AND EDUCATION. 19 
 
 opposite kind. It meant something to be a Roosevelt. More was 
 expected of every member of the family than would have been 
 expected of anyone with a name less honorable. It was some 
 advantage, and at the same time it involved a good deal of respon 
 sibility, to be connected by blood and birth with an old Knicker 
 bocker family that had helped for generations to make the history 
 of New York. 
 
 It was the Roosevelt idea that a boy should be taught to run 
 alone, be independent, be something more than a pampered weak 
 ling. Money was intended to help a young man, not to handicap 
 him. Young Theodore might have lived on his fortune and 
 made his life one of sport and pleasure, but to do this he would 
 have had to be something besides a Roosevelt. Such an aimless 5 
 empty, worthless career would have been contrary to all the 
 Roosevelt family history and achievements. There is no good 
 reason why the self-made men should all be poor. It is possible 
 to become great in spite of money. 
 
 HIS APPEARANCE WHEN A BOY. 
 
 Mr. Ray S. Baker, in a sketch of Mr. Roosevelt, says this of 
 his boyhood : " As a young boy he was thin-shanked, pale and 
 delicate, giving little promise of the amazing vigor of his later 
 life. To avoid the rough treatment of the public school, he was 
 tutored at home, also attending a private school for a time Cut 
 ler's, one of the most famous of its day. Most of his summers 
 and in fact two-thirds of the year, he spent at the Roosevelt farm 
 near Oyster Bay, then almost as distant in time from New York 
 as the Adirondacks now are. For many years he was slow to 
 learn and not strong enough to join in the play of other boys 
 but as he grew older he saw that if he ever amounted to anything 
 he must acquire vigor of body. With characteristic energy he 
 set about developing himself. He swam, he rode, he ran; he 
 tramped the hills back of the bay, for pastime studying and cata 
 loguing the birds native to his neighborhood ; and thus he laid 
 the foundation of that incomparable physical vigor from which 
 
 rose his future prowess as a ranchman and hunter." 
 H.B.G. 4
 
 20 ROOSEVELT'S BIRTH AND EDUCATION. 
 
 At the age of eleven years, young Roosevelt made a voyage 
 across the Atlantic with his father. A boyhood friend, by name 
 George Cromwell, tells several amusing incidents of the Euro 
 pean voyage. It was a great event in 1869 to cross the Atlantic, 
 particularly for youngsters, all of them under eleven years of age. 
 
 "As I remember Theodore," recalls Mr. Cromwell, "he was 
 a tall, thin lad, with bright eyes and legs like pipe-stems. 
 
 "One of the first things I remember about him on that 
 voyage was, that after the ship had got out of sight of land he 
 remarked, half to himself, as he glanced at the water, ' I guess 
 there ought to be a good many fish here.' Then an idea sud 
 denly struck him, and turning to me he said : * George, go get 
 me a small rope from somewhere, and we'll play a fishing game.' 
 I don't know why I went at once in search of that line, without 
 asking why he didn't go himself; but I went, and it never 
 occurred to me to put the question. He had told me to go, and 
 in such a determined way that it settled the matter. 
 
 A MASTERLY LEADER FROM BOYHOOD. 
 
 " Even then he was a leader a masterful, commanding little 
 fellow who seemed to have a peculiar quality of his own of mak 
 ing his playmates obey him, not at all because we were afraid, but 
 because we wanted to, and somehow felt sure we would have a good 
 time and get lots of fun if we did as he said. 
 
 " Well, I went after the line and brought it to him. While I 
 was gone on the errand he had thought out all the details of the 
 fishing game, and had climbed on top of a coiled cable ; for, of 
 course, he was to be the fisherman, 
 
 " ' Now,' he said, as I handed him the line, ' all you fellows 
 lie down flat on the deck here, and make believe to swim around 
 like fishes. I'll throw one end of the line down to you, and the 
 first fellow that catches hold of it is a fish that has bit my hook. 
 He must just pull as hard as he can, and if he pulls me 
 down off this coil of rope, why, then he will be the fisherman and 
 I will be a fish. But if he lets go, or if I pull him up here off the 
 deck, why I will still be the fisherman. The game is to see how
 
 ROOSEVELT'S BIRTH AND EDUCATION. 21 
 
 many fish each of us can land up here. The one who catches the 
 most fish wins.' 
 
 " The rest of us lay down flat on our stomachs," Mr. Crom 
 well says, in continuation of his narrative, " and made believe to 
 swim ; and Theodore, standing above us on the coiled cable, threw 
 down one end of his line a thin but strong rope. If I remember 
 correctly, my brother was the first fish to grasp the line and then 
 commenced a mighty struggle. It seemed to be much easier for 
 the fish to pull the fisherman down than for the fisherman to haul 
 up the dead weight of a pretty heavy boy lying flat on the deck 
 below him and I tell you it was a pretty hard struggle. My 
 brother held on to the line with both hands and wrapped his legs 
 around it, grapevine fashion. Theodore braced his feet on the 
 coiled cable, stiffened his back, shut his teeth hard, and wound his 
 end of the line around his waist. At first he tried by sheer mus 
 cle to pull the fish up but he soon found it was hard work to lift 
 up a boy about as heavy as himself. 
 
 THE FISH CAUGHT BY STRATEGY. 
 
 " Then another bright idea struck him. He pulled less and 
 less, and at last ceased trying to pull at all. Of course the fish 
 thought the firsherman was tired out, and he commenced to pull, 
 hoping to get Theodore down on deck. He didn't succeed at first, 
 and pulled all the harder. He rolled over on his back, then on 
 his side, then sat up, all the time pulling and twisting and yanking 
 at the line in every possible way; and that was just what Theodore 
 hoped the fish would do. You see, all this time, while my brother 
 was using his strength, Theodore simply stood still, braced like 
 steel, and let him tire himself out. 
 
 "Before very long the fish was so out of breath that he couldn't 
 pull any longer. Besides, the thin rope had cut his hands and 
 made them sore. Then the fisherman commenced slowly and 
 steadily to pull on the line, and in a very few minutes he had my 
 brother hauled up alongside of him on the coil of cable." 
 
 The elder Roosevelt was a firm believer in hard work, and 
 made this a part of the science he knew so well the science of
 
 22 ROOSEVELT'S BIRTH AND EDUCATION. 
 
 bringing up a boy. Although a man of wealth and position he 
 taught his children the four of them, two boys and two girls the 
 virtue of labor, and pointed with the finger of scorn to the despic 
 able thing called man who lived in idleness. With such teach 
 ings at home, it is no wonder that Theodore was moved to declare: 
 " I was determined as a boy to make a man of myself. " 
 His vacation days and little outing excursions to the farms of 
 his uncles gave the boy a fondness for country life, which found 
 appreciation in later j^ears in these words: 
 
 " I belong as much to the country as to the city, I owe all my 
 vigor to the country." 
 
 RESOLVED TO MAKE SOMETHING OF HIMSELF. 
 
 In New York he was an example of the strong-spirited, well- 
 educated young Knickerbocker of the better class. " He had no 
 need to work," says a writer in McClure's. " His income was 
 ample to keep him in comfort, even luxury, all his life. He might 
 spend his summers in Newport and his winters on the continent, 
 and possibly win some fame as an amateur athlete and a society 
 man; and no one would think of blaming him, nor of asking more 
 than he gave." 
 
 Such a life, however, was not according to his taste or the 
 high ideal of manhood and splendid achievement he had placed 
 before him. He was not a dreamer, not a builder of air-castles. 
 Better than the moderate wealth he had inherited were the family 
 traits, the strong common sense, the noble purposes and true ideas 
 of worldly success, which were as much a part of him as his fond 
 ness for fun and athletic sports. Let every American boy 
 remember Mr. Roosevelt's saying that in early life he resolved to 
 make something of himself. 
 
 He attended a preparatory school, in order to fit himself for 
 entering Harvard College. It was customary with the teacher in 
 this school to call on the boys for declamations. Theodore at that 
 early period lacked many of the graces of oratory, which he seems 
 to have acquired afterward ; and, like most boys, when he was the 
 victim of embarrassment his memory was more or less treacherous.
 
 ROOSEVELT'S BIRTH AND EDUCATION. 23 
 
 Upon one occasion he was called upon to recite the poem 
 
 beginning : 
 
 "At midnight, in his guarded tent 
 
 The Turk lay dreaming of the hour 
 When Greece, her knee in suppliance bent, 
 Would tremble at his power." 
 
 Theodore arose and started out bravely. With all the nour 
 ishes of boyish energy he repeated the lines as far as "When 
 Greece, her knee " and then he stopped. 
 
 He stammered, shuffled his feet, and began again : " When 
 
 Greece, her knee " The old schoolmaster leaned forward, and 
 
 in a shrill voice said : " Grease 'em again, Tedd}^ and maybe it 
 will go then. " And Teddy, with his usual pluck, tried it again 
 with marked success. 
 
 " What strong direction did your home influence take in your 
 boyhood ? " was asked Mr. Roosevelt. 
 
 " Why," he replied, " I was brought up with the constant 
 injunction to be active and industrious. My father all my peo 
 ple held that no one had a right to merely cumber the earth ; 
 that the most contemptible of created beings is the man who does 
 nothing. I imbibed the idea that I must work hard, whether at 
 making money or whatever else. 
 
 TAUGHT THAT HE MUST BE A WORKER. 
 
 " The whole family training taught me that I must be doing, 
 must be working and at decent work. I made my health what 
 it is. I determined to be strong and well, and did everything to 
 make myself so. By the time I entered Harvard College I was 
 able to take my part in whatever sports I liked. I wrestled and 
 sparred and ran a great deal while in college, and though I never 
 came in first I got more good of the exercise than those who did, 
 because I immensely enjoyed it and never injured myself. 
 
 " I was fond of wrestling and boxing ; I think I was a good 
 deal of a wrestler, and, though I never won a championship, yet 
 more than once I won my trial heats and got into the final round. 
 I was captain of my polo team at one time, but since I left college
 
 24 ROOSEVELT'S BIRTH AND EDUCATION. 
 
 I have taken most of my exercise in the * cow country ' or moun 
 tain hunting." 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt is the third graduate of Harvard Uni 
 versity to hold the highest honor in the gift of the American peo 
 ple. John Adams and John Quincy Adams were graduated from 
 Harvard. It was in 1825 when J. Q. Adams became President. 
 Now comes Roosevelt. Roosevelt entered Harvard in 1876, 
 when he was eighteen years old. His work in college was char 
 acterized by the enthusiasm and earnestness which have become 
 known to all the people as dominant traits of his character in 
 public life. 
 
 When he came to the Cambridge college he was a slight lad 
 and not in robust health, but he at once took a judicious and reg 
 ular interest in athletics, and in a little while the effects were 
 apparent in his stalwart figure and redoubled energy. He 
 wrestled and sparred and ran a great deal, but never indulging in 
 athletic work to the point of injury. 
 
 EARNEST AND MATURE STUDENT. 
 
 In his studies young Roosevelt was looked upon "as pecu 
 liarly earnest and mature in the way he took hold of things," as 
 one of his classmates put it. Bx-Mayor Josiah Quincy, of Boston, 
 who was in college with Roosevelt, says of him: 
 
 " He exhibited in his college days most of the traits of 
 character which he has shown in after years and on the larger 
 stage of political life. In appearance and manner he has changed 
 remarkably little in twenty years, and I should say that his lead 
 ing characteristic in college was the very quality of strenuousness 
 which is now so associated with his public character. In what 
 ever he did he showed unusual energy, and the same aggressive 
 earnestness which has carried so far in later life. 
 
 " He exhibited a maturity of character, if not of intellectual 
 development, greater than that of most of his classmates, and was 
 looked upon as one of the notable members of the class as one 
 who possessed certain qualities of leadership and of popularity 
 which might carry him far in the days to come, if not counter-
 
 ROOSEVELT'S BIRTH AND EDUCATION. 25 
 
 balanced by impulsiveness in action or obstinacy in adhering to 
 his own ideas. He was certainly regarded as a man of unusually 
 good fighting qualities, of determination, pluck and tenacity. 
 
 " If his classmates had been asked in their senior year to pick 
 out the one member of the class who would be best adapted for 
 such a service which he rendered with the Rough Riders in Cuba 
 I think that, almost with one voice, they would have named 
 Roosevelt. Theodore Roosevelt is in many respects as broad and 
 typical an American as the country has produced." 
 
 ORIGINAL AND SELF-RELIANT. 
 
 Both his fellows and his teachers say that he was much above 
 the average as a student. He was just as original, just as reliant 
 on his own judgment as he is now. In a mere matter of opinion 
 or of dogma he had no respect for an instructor's say-so above his 
 own convictions, and some of his contemporaries in college recall 
 with smiles some very strenuous discussions with teachers in which 
 he was involved by his habit of defending his own convictions. 
 
 At graduation he was one of the comparatively few who took 
 honors, his subject being natural history. When young Roose 
 velt entered college he developed the taste for hunting and 
 natural history which has since led him so often and so far through 
 field and forest. His rifle and his hunting kit were the most con 
 spicuous things in his room. His birds he mounted himself. 
 
 Live turtles and insects were always to be found in his study, 
 and one who lived in the house with him at the time recalls well 
 the excitement caused by a particularly large turtle sent by a 
 friend from the southern seas, which got out of its box one night 
 and started for the bathroom in search for water. Although well 
 toward the top as a student he still had his full share of the gay 
 rout that whiles dull care away. In his sophomore year he was 
 one of the forty men in his class who belong to the Institute of 1770. 
 
 In his senior year he was a member of the Porcelain, the 
 Alpha Delta Phi, and the Hasty Pudding Clubs, being secretary 
 of the last named. In the society of Boston he was often seen. 
 
 Roosevelt's membership in clubs other than social shows
 
 26 ROOSEVELT'S BIRTH AND EDUCATION. 
 
 conspicuously the kind of college man lie was. In rowing, base-ball 
 and foot-ball he was an earnest champion, but never a prominent 
 participant. In the other athletic contests he was often seen. It 
 was as a boxer that he excelled. Boxing was a regular feature of 
 the Harvard contests of that day, and " Teddy," as he was uni 
 versally called, was the winner of many a bout. ' 
 
 He had his share in college journalism. During his senior 
 year he was one of the editors of the "Advocate." Unlike the 
 other editors, he was not himself a frequent contributor. 
 
 The range of his interests is shown by this enumeration of 
 clubs in which he had membership. The Natural History Society, 
 of which he was vice-president; the Art Club, of which Professor 
 Charles Eliot Norton was the president; the Finance Club, the 
 Glee Club (associate member), the Harvard Rifle Corps, the O. K. 
 Society, of which he was ti ^asurer, and the Harvard Athletic 
 Association, of which he was steward. 
 
 HIS APPEARANCE AT GRADUATION. 
 
 Roosevelt's share of class-day honors was membership in the 
 class committee. All who knew Roosevelt in his college days 
 speak of him as dashing and picturesque in his ways and hand 
 some appearance. His photograph, taken at graduation, shows 
 no moustache, but a rather generous allowance of side whiskers. 
 
 Although he was near-sighted, and wore glasses at the time, 
 they do not appear in the photograph. Maturity and sobriety are 
 the most evident characteristics of th e countenance. A companion 
 of student days tells a story to shovi that the future President did 
 things then much as he does then now. A horse in a stable 
 close to Roosevelt's room made a sudden noise one night which 
 demanded instant attention. Young Roosevelt was in bed at the 
 time, but he waited not for daytime clothes nor did he even wait 
 to get down the steps. He bounded out the second-story window, 
 and had quieted the row before the less impetuous neighbors 
 arrived. 
 
 It was while in college that he conceived the idea of his his 
 tory of the American Navy in the War of 1812. This volume
 
 ROOSEVELT'S BIRTH AND EDUCATION. 27 
 
 was written soon after leaving college. He was not yet twenty-four 
 when it was completed. In view of the position which the author 
 afterward held, next to the head of the American Navy, the preface, 
 written before the beginning of our present navy, is of striking 
 interest. He says : "At present people are beginning to realize 
 that it is folly for the great English-speaking republic to rely for 
 defense upon a navy composed partly of antiquated hulks and 
 partly of new vessels rather more worthless than the old." 
 
 IDEAS OF PUBLIC LIFE AND CITIZENSHIP. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt's ideas of college education, and the results 
 thereof in the making of good citizens, are well denned in his 
 admirable essay on "College and Public Life," written for the 
 Atlantic Monthly, in which he says: "The first great question 
 which the college graduate should learn, is the lesson of work 
 rather than of criticism. College men must learn to be as practi 
 cal in politics as they would be in business or in law. A college 
 man is peculiarly bound to keep a high ideal and to be true to it ; 
 but he must \vork in practical ways to try to realize this ideal, and 
 must not refuse to do anything because he cannot get anything. 
 No man ever learned from books how to manage a governmental 
 system." Yet he never disparaged book knowledge. 
 
 He says further : 
 
 " This obligation (of being good, active citizens) possibly rests 
 even more heavily upon men of means ; of this it is not necessary 
 now to speak. The men of mere wealth never can have, and never 
 should have, the capacity for doing good work that is possessed 
 by the men of exceptional mental training ; but that they may 
 become both a laughing stock and a menace to the community is 
 made unpleasantly apparent by that portion of the New York 
 business and social world which is most in evidence in the papers. 
 
 "Wrongs should .be strenuously and fearlessly denounced; 
 evil principles and evil men should be condemned. The politician 
 who cheats or swindles, or the newspaper man v;ho lies in any 
 form, should be made to feel that he is an object of scorn for all 
 honest men."
 
 28 ROOSEVELT S BIRTH AND EDUCATION, 
 
 In giving advice to college men, and he knew whereof he 
 spoke, he denies that they are better or worse than men who have 
 never been inside the walls of a college, while their responsibili 
 ties are infinitely greater. 
 
 "The worst offense that can be committed against the repub 
 lic is the offense of the public man who betrays his trust ; but 
 second only to it comes the offense of the man who tries to per 
 suade others that an honest and efficient public man is dishonest 
 or unworthy. This is a wrong that can be committed in a great 
 many different ways. Downright foul abuse may, after all, be 
 less dangerous than incessant misstatements, sneers, and those 
 half-truths which are the meanest lies." 
 
 HIS LOFTY AIMS AND PURPOSES. 
 
 It is evident that Mr. Roosevelt did not pursue a college 
 course merely to gratify some ambitious member of his family 
 who wished him to obtain and flourish an academic degree. Nor 
 did he care to be known merely as an educated gentleman. Neither 
 did he count the friendships and pleasant associations of 
 college life a compensation for four years of study. He had a 
 higher purpose in view than to be able merely to say he had been 
 through college. 
 
 He was a student, a scholar, an athlete, a man with a college 
 degree that he might be something else. His education was only 
 a stepping-stone to those grand achievements for which a course 
 of study would help to prepare him. He had lofty aims. He 
 wished to be more than a money maker or a money spender. He 
 did not despise wealth, but he did despise the base, sordid, vulgar 
 use of it. 
 
 " Each of us who reads the Gettysburg speech," he writes, " or 
 the second inaugural address of the greatest American of the nine 
 teenth century, or who studies the long campaign and lofty states 
 manship of that other American who was even greater, cannot but 
 feel within him that lift toward things higher and nobler which 
 can never be bestowed by the enjoyment of material prosperity."
 
 CHAPTER II 
 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE. 
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT RESOLVES TO ENTER POLITICAL LIFE ELECTED 
 ASSEMBLYMAN BY THE MURRAY HILL DISTRICT IN NEW 
 YORK His VIEWS OF GOOD CITIZENSHIP DUTIES OF PUBLIC 
 OFFICE His YOUTHFUL APPEARANCE ENEMY OF ALL POLIT 
 ICAL ABUSES WHAT HE THINKS CONCERNING "BOSSES" AND 
 "MACHINES" EVERY CITIZEN EXPECTED TO BE A PATRIOT 
 AND Do His WHOLE DUTY CORRUPTION IN HIGH PLACES 
 FRANK TO ADMIT AN ERROR AUTHOR OF CIVIL SERVICE 
 LAW ROOSEVELT SNEERED AT AS A REFORMER VICTORY 
 IN A PERSONAL ENCOUNTER. 
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT graduated from Harvard University in 1880, 
 at the age of twenty-two. Returning from his trip to Europe, 
 he began the study of law with his uncle, Robert B. Roosevelt. He 
 had planned to write a history of the United States Navy, and 
 was more engrossed with this, which was work congenial to his 
 tastes, than he was with dry and musty law books. He had set 
 his face toward the field of literature, and devoted all his spare 
 time to the history which he was preparing for publication. 
 
 The Roosevelts had always taken great interest in public 
 affairs. They did not believe a man could be a good citizen with 
 out doing this. If they were not public officials they had a voice 
 in making them. They were property holders and voters. They 
 set a low estimate on men who are always ready to cry out against 
 public evils and then neglect their duty at primaries and the polls. 
 They knew that municipal government is always what the citi 
 zens make it, and if decent, honest citizens are recreant to their 
 sacred trust, bad government will result, and, in fact, is only to be 
 expected. This has been the history of all legislation from time 
 immemorial. If there is ever any improvement in the adminis 
 tration of public affairs it must come from the citizens themselves. 
 
 Influenced by such considerations, young Roosevelt resolved 
 
 29
 
 30 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE. 
 
 to launch into politics. He had the commendable example of a 
 long line of worthy ancestors. They had been powerful factors in 
 moulding the commercial and social life of New York. His ideas 
 of good citizenship had come to him as a kind of inheritance. He 
 did not have to sit down and reason himself into a political career. 
 Being a Roosevelt, he was expected, of course, to be public spir 
 ited, and take a constant interest in city affairs and government. 
 
 EVEEY MAN SHOULD SHOW HIS COLORS. 
 
 " I have always believed," he has said, describing his entry 
 into the political field, " that every man should join a political 
 organization and should attend the primaries ; that he should not 
 be content to be merely governed, but should do his part of that 
 work. So after leaving college I went to the local political head 
 quarters, attended all the meetings, and took my part in whatever 
 came up. There arose a revolt against the member of assembly 
 from that district, and I was nominated to succeed him, and was 
 elected." 
 
 What could be expected of a young man who was but twenty- 
 three years old ? Yet he was not held back from active effort by 
 what the great English statesman, Pitt, described, in words of 
 bitter irony, as " the unpardonable crime of being a young man." 
 
 When the famous Jeremy Taylor went to his bishop to obtain 
 orders as a clergyman, the bishop looked at his youthful face and 
 figure, shook his head, and said, " You are entirely too young." 
 " If the Lord spares my life," quickly responded Taylor, " I will 
 remedy that little matter." The reply captivated the bishop and 
 carried the day. The callow youth was ordained, and afterward 
 became the celebrated Bishop Jeremy Taylor, whose brilliant 
 discourses and writings are among the classics of English 
 literature. 
 
 There was something about Theodore Roosevelt that indi 
 cated a maturity beyond his years. When he spoke he had some 
 thing to say. When he gave an opinion it appeared to come from 
 a well-trained judicial mind. He soon showed himself to be the 
 deadly enemy of all political abuses. He was a problem on the
 
 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE. 31 
 
 hands of men of a different character ; they were puzzled to know 
 what to do with him. 
 
 It was in the fall of 1881 that he was elected from the 
 Twenty-first district, and he was twice re-elected, serving in the 
 legislatures of 1882, 1883 and 1884. This district embraces a 
 considerable part of Murray Hill, a locality long noted for its 
 aristocracy of wealth, and equally notorious at that time for the 
 unprincipled, corrupt and infamous character of the men who rep 
 resented it at Albany. So far as its wealth, intelligence and hon 
 est virtues were represented, it might as well have taken its 
 assemblymen from the reeking dregs of the Bowery. 
 
 FIGHTS FOR DECENT GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Here was a chance for Mr. Roosevelt to make a determined 
 fight in the interest of decent government, and with coat off and 
 sleeves rolled up he went into the contest. He was never dis 
 mayed by anything in the nature of a fight, and his courage was 
 equal to the ' emergency. There was a rattling among the dry- 
 bones. A new force was in the field. His weapons were truth, 
 honesty, downright denunciation of all corruption, and a rallying 
 cry for such a State government as would redeem the great 
 metropolis and rescue it from the grip of the plunderers and low 
 politicians whose chicanery had made it a hissing and a by-word. 
 
 By dint of hard effort and aided by men who thought and 
 felt as he did, he secured the nomination, and as the district was 
 republican his election was assured. He was to be a law-makei 
 at Albany, representing a constituency that had hitherto paid 
 little attention to its own best interests and had become the victim 
 of designing men. 
 
 His personal appearance at this time was not such, as to give 
 promise that he would become a leader in the lower House at 
 Albany, or would be anything more than a good, well-meaning 
 stripling, but one who could be easily managed and manipulated 
 by older men experienced in all the arts of questionable legislation. 
 
 He had a youthful look; he was the youngest member of the 
 assembly. He was well dressed and immediately was nicknamed
 
 32 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE. 
 
 "Silk Stocking." There was nothing of the swagger and assump 
 tion invariably exhibited by small men ''clothed with a little brief 
 authority." He was very near-sighted .and his eye-glasses gave 
 him the appearance of a man of books rather than a man of 
 affairs. What were his conceptions of the duties belonging to pub 
 lic office may be gathered from his own words : 
 
 "The terms 'machine' and 'machine politician' are now 
 undoubtedly used ordinarily in a reproachful sense ; but it does 
 not follow that this sense is always the right one. On the con 
 trary, the machine is often a very powerful instrument for good ; 
 and a machine politician really desirous of doing honest work on 
 behalf of the community is fifty times as useful as a philan 
 thropic outsider. In the rough, however, the feeling against 
 machine politics and politicians is tolerably well j ustified by the 
 facts, although this statement really reflects most severely upon 
 the educated and honest people who largely hold themselves aloof 
 from public life and show a curious incapacity for fulfilling their 
 public duties. 
 
 "MACHINES" FOR PERSONAL BENEFIT. 
 
 " The organizations that are commonly and distinctly known 
 as machines are those belonging to the two great recognized 
 parties or to their factional subdivisions; and the reason why the 
 word machine has come to be used, to a certain extent, as a term 
 of opprobrium is to be found in the fact that these organizations 
 are now run by the leaders very largely as business concerns to 
 benefit themselves and their followers, with little regard for the 
 community at large. This is natural enough. The men having 
 the control and doing the work have gradually come to have the 
 same feeling about politics that other men have about the business 
 of a merchant or manufacturer ; it was too much to expect that if 
 left entirely to themselves they would continue disinterestedly to 
 work for the benefit of others. 
 
 " Many a machine politician who is to-day a most unwholesome 
 influence in our politics is in private life quite as respectable as 
 any one else ; only he has forgotten that his business affects the
 
 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE. 33 
 
 State at large, and regarding it as merely his own private con 
 cern he has carried into it the same selfish spirit that actuates 
 in business matters the majority of the average mercantile 
 community. 
 
 " A merchant or manufacturer works his business as a rule 
 purely for his own benefit, without any regard whatever for the 
 community at large. The merchant uses all his influence for a 
 low tariff, and the manufacturer is even more strenuously in favor 
 of protection not at all upon any theory of abstract right, but 
 because of self-interest. Bach views such a political question as 
 the tariff not from the standpoint of how it will affect the nation 
 as a whole, but merely from that of how it will affect him personally. 
 
 CONSTANT VIGILANCE NEEDED. 
 
 "If a community were in favor of protection, but neverthe 
 less permitted all the governmental machinery to fall into hands 
 of importing merchants, it would be small cause for wonder if the 
 latter shaped the laws to suit themselves, and the chief blame, 
 after all, would rest with the supine and lethargic majority which 
 failed to have enough energy to take charge of their own affairs. 
 Our machine politicians in actual life are in just this same way ; 
 their actions are very often dictated by selfish motives, with but 
 little regard for the people at large, though, like the merchants, 
 they often hold a very high standard of honor on certain points ; 
 they therefore need to be continually watched and opposed by those 
 who wish to see good government. But, after all, it is hardly to 
 be wondered at that they abuse power which is allowed to fall into 
 their hands owing to the ignorance or timid indifference of those 
 who by right should themselves keep it." 
 
 In one of his addresses President Roosevelt had something 
 pointed and wholesome to say for the individual, as an individual, 
 and also as a member of the body politic with a duty to perform 
 to the government which shields him. As usual, the President 
 put aside, as did Carlyle, the enervating doctrine that mere per 
 sonal happiness, the primrose path of ease and delight, is a 
 worthy aim for strong men of a vigorous race who have done 
 
 3 M.L,
 
 34 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE. 
 
 things, and in doing the hardest tasks find and should find the 
 highest and best satisfaction. Let us not make believe that there 
 are no obstacles in the way of life, he says ; " living is fighting" ; 
 let us quit ourselves like men, and happiness will follow or not, as 
 it may be : 
 
 " For many of us life is going to be very hard. For each 
 one of us who does anything it is going to have hard stretches 
 in it. Otherwise, men would not do anything. If a man does 
 not meet with difficulties, if he does not put himself in a way 
 where he has to overcome them, he would not do anything that is 
 worthy of being done." 
 
 BROTHERHOOD MUST BE RECOGNIZED. 
 
 Gird yourselves, then, for the work to l>f- done, and Ameri 
 cans will never shirk. Nor does the individual lack vigor ; but 
 in the midst of this seething, restless activity huge problems, 
 social and industrial, face us that must be solved, and they can 
 only be solved by the recognition of the brotherhood of man, in 
 which is involved the fact that all the people in the country have 
 rights, and all equally have duties. 
 
 Ours, he says, is the best form of government in the world ; but 
 it is not automatic. It is adapted only to the highest general level 
 of intelligence and education, and to a moral and highly patriotic 
 people, who not only feel their patriotism swelling when the for 
 eign foe threatens, but always have the steady glow of devotion to 
 the common weal. If, for instance, employers and workers could 
 be got together and made to know each other better, and recog 
 nize the rights the one of the other, industrial war would not be 
 frequent. 
 
 "Now, in our life of to-day in our great complex industrial 
 centres what do we need most ? We need most each to under 
 stand the other's viewpoint to understand that the other man is 
 at bottom like himself. Each of us should understand that, and 
 try to approach the subject at issue, or any problem that arises, 
 with a firm determination not to be weak or foolish. That is help 
 ful to your neighbor."
 
 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE. 35 
 
 According as we one and all do onr duty by the nation and 
 by one another, in the spirit which animated our two great Amer 
 icans, Washington and Lincoln, will this nation, he says, " suc 
 ceed or fall in the century which has opened before us." 
 
 Now this seems to be a sufficiently indefinite and hazy plan 
 for the cure of the defects in the body politic and for the preser 
 vation of the republic. Here is no brilliant or striking pro 
 gramme, no patent method ; but in truth there is no patent method 
 attainable. Laws and ordinances are all futile if the people be not 
 imbued with the spirit of justice. In a frank and direct way the 
 President enforced the old lesson that the nation will be just as 
 good as the individuals who compose it, and not a whit better. All 
 the legislation that the wit of man has conceived never made a 
 strong nation, nor ever will. 
 
 CHARACTER IS EVERYTHING. 
 
 It is the fault of the age that too much stress is placed on 
 laws or systems or the things which Matthew Arnold called mere 
 machinery, while the plain, but too much overlooked, truth 
 remains that the character of the individual is the only preserva 
 tive of a people ; that safety depends on character, on devotion to 
 those great principles of truth, honor, justice and mercy "prin 
 ciples against which no argument can be listened to ; principles 
 which are the books, the arts, the academies that teach, lift up and 
 nourish the world, without which it is better to die than to live ; 
 which every servant of God, over every sea and in all lands, 
 should cherish." This is the simple doctrine the President would 
 teach, and by word and example he furnishes an attractive and 
 inspiring spectacle to the country, armed, as we believe he is, in 
 simple truth and direct honesty. 
 
 These were the ideas concerning private and public duty that 
 controlled and actuated Roosevelt, the young legislator who was 
 sent up to Albany to help make laws for the greatest common 
 wealth in the land and not merely to make laws, but to unmake 
 some that had already been made and were known to be vicious 
 and unjust, when, at the connivance of public robbers, they were
 
 36 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE. 
 
 placed on the statute book. It was an inviting field for a young 
 reformer, provided lie had grit and courage enough to undertake 
 such a herculean task. Fortunately, he was not appalled by the 
 magnitude of the work to be done. 
 
 What his ideas were, and what were the principles he intended 
 to act upon and advocate soon came to be known; men who 
 were of his way of thinking, gathered around him, and before the 
 first term of the legislature was over he was the recognized leader 
 of the minority party in the assembly. 
 
 VIEWS ON STATE LEGISLATION. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt is the author of a paper on " Phases of State 
 Legislation," in which he has stated clearly some of the views he 
 holds on this subject : 
 
 " There are two classes of cases in which corrupt members get 
 money. One is when a wealthy corporation buys through some 
 measure which will be of great benefit to itself, although perhaps 
 an injury to the public at large; the other is when a member 
 introduces a bill hostile to some moneyed interest with the 
 expectation of being paid to let the matter drop. The latter, 
 technically called a 'strike,' is much the more common; for in spite 
 of the outcry against them in legislative matters, corporations are 
 more often sinned against than sinning. 
 
 "It is difficult for reasons already stated to convict the offend 
 ing member, though we have very good laws against bribery. 
 The reform has got to come from the people at large. It will be 
 hard to make any great improvement in the character of the leg 
 islators until respectable people become fully awake to their 
 duties, and until the newspapers become more truthful and less 
 reckless in their statements." 
 
 But "there is a much brighter side to the picture and this 
 is the larger side, too. It would be impossible to get together a 
 body of more earnest, upright and disinterested men than the 
 band of legislators, largely young men who " (during the three 
 years he was in office) " have averted so much evil and accom 
 plished so much good at Albany. This body of legislators who,
 
 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE. 37 
 
 at any rate, worked honestly for what they thought right, were as 
 a whole quite unselfish and were not treated particularly well by 
 their constituents. Most of them soon got to realize the fact that 
 if they wished to enjoy their brief space of political life they 
 would have to make it a rule never to consider, in deciding how 
 to vote on any question, how their vote would affect their own 
 political prospects. 
 
 VALUE OF THOROUGH ORGANIZATION. 
 
 "Under our form of government, no man can accomplish any 
 thing by himself he must -work in combination with others; 
 but there seems often to be a certain lack of the robuster virtues 
 in our educated men which makes them shrink from the struggle 
 and the inevitable contact with rough politicians (who must often 
 be rudely handled before they can be forced to behave), while 
 their lack of familiarity with their surroundings causes them to 
 lack discrimination between the politicians who are decent and 
 those who are not; for in their eyes the two classes, both equally 
 unfamiliar, are indistinguishable. 
 
 "Another reason why this class is not of more consequence in 
 politics is that it is often really out of sympathy or, at least, its 
 more conspicuous members are with the feelings and interests of 
 the great mass of American people; and it is a discreditable fact 
 that it is in this class that what has been most aptly termed the 
 1 colonial' spirit still survives. From different causes the labor 
 ing classes, even when thoroughly honest at heart, often fail to 
 appreciate honesty in their representatives. They are frequently 
 not well informed in regard to the character of the latter, and 
 they are apt to be led aside by the loud professions of the so-called 
 labor reformers who are always promising to procure by legis 
 lation the advantages which can only come to workingmen, or to 
 any other men, by their individual or united energy, intelligence 
 and forethought. Very much has been accomplished by legisla 
 tion for laboring men by procuring mechanics' lien laws, factory 
 laws, etc.; and hence it often comes they think legislation can 
 accomplish all things for them."
 
 38 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE. 
 
 He then goes on to show, as he has done repeatedly in his 
 writings and public addresses, that laws are powerless in them 
 selves. They are not automatic. They are only the instruments 
 by which the community acts and unless the individual citizen is 
 back of them they are utterly worthless. You may legislate 
 until doomsday ; you may pile laws as high as the tower of Babel, 
 but they are nothing more than useless rubbish unless there is a 
 public sentiment that demands their execution and rises in right 
 eous wrath when they are ignored or violated. 
 
 . ELECTED AGAIN TO THE LEGISLATURE. 
 
 After Mr. Roosevelt had served one term in the legislature 
 his record was so satisfactory that he was re-elected by the 2ist 
 assembly district. His large majority of 2,219 showed plainly 
 what his constituents thought of the upright course he had pur 
 sued and the efficient work he had done. He ran 2,000 votes ahead 
 of his ticket, and with this strong endorsement took his seat again 
 in the lower house at Albany. His party was now in the major 
 ity and his friends began an active canvass to make him speaker. 
 He proved a strong candidate for the nomination, but failed by a 
 few votes. 
 
 This was not a cause of regret either to himself or to those 
 who had supported him, as it left him free to lead his party on the 
 floor and push through certain measures for the public good that 
 were urgently needed. His frankness was one of his most prom 
 inent traits. If convinced that any bill he had advocated was 
 against the true interests of the public or any corporation, he 
 yielded promptly, and did it with a grace and readiness that 
 elevated him in the esteem of his fellow legislators. 
 
 In the session of 1883 he began a vigorous warfare against 
 the railroad companies, and introduced a bill requiring the New 
 York elevated road to reduce its fare from ten cents to five. He 
 did this for the purpose of freeing the public, and workingmeu 
 especially, from what he considered an extortionate fare. The 
 bill met with much opposition, but with characteristic energy and 
 perseverance he pushed it through and secured its adoption.
 
 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE 30 
 
 Grover Cleveland was then Governor of New York, and he 
 promptly vetoed the bill on the ground that the rate of fare had 
 been taken into consideration when the companies asked the 
 public to invest their capital, and also on the ground of an implied 
 obligation that had arisen between the State and the railroad 
 companies when the franchises were granted. These were consid 
 erations that Mr. Roosevelt had overlooked, and he came to believe 
 he had been fathering an unjust measure, although his motives 
 no one could impugn. The question came up as to whether the 
 bill should be passed over the Governor's veto. To the aston 
 ishment of his associates he flatly opposed it, and was now ready 
 to kill the very enactment he had urged with so much courage 
 
 and ability. 
 
 A REMARKABLE CONFESSION. 
 
 " I have to say with shame," he began, " that when I voted 
 for this bill I did not act as I think I ought to have acted, and as I 
 generally have acted on the floor of this House. For the only 
 time that I ever voted here contrary to what I think to be hon 
 estly right I did at that time. I have to confess that I weakly 
 yielded, partly to a vindictive feeling toward the infernal thieves 
 who have that railroad in charge, and partly to the popular voice 
 of New York. For the managers of the elevated railroads I have 
 as little feeling as any man here, and if it were possible I would 
 be willing to pass a bill of attainder against Gould and all of his 
 associates. 
 
 " I realize that they have done the most incalculable harm to 
 this community with their hired stock-jobbing newspaper, with 
 their corruption of the Judiciary, and with their corruption of this 
 House. It is not a question of doing right to them, for they are 
 merely common thieves. As to the resolution a petition handed 
 in by the directors of the company signed by Gould and his son, 
 I would pay more attention to a petition signed by Barney Aaron, 
 Owen Geoghegan, and Billy McGlory than I would pay to that 
 paper, because I regard these men as part of an infinitely danger, 
 ous order the wealthy criminal class." 
 
 The motion to pass the bill over Governor Cleveland's veto
 
 40 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE. 
 
 was lost, but Roosevelt had scored heavily in the respect and 
 esteem of all honest men. He was as ready to admit an error as 
 he was to do what he honestly believed to be right. Nor was this 
 all. He had coined a phrase ( 'the wealthy criminal class" 
 that struck the popular heart and further enhanced his popular 
 ity with the plain people. It was a remarkable phrase to be 
 uttered by one who was himself a young man of wealth. In this, 
 as in many other instances, he showed his well-known habit of 
 calling things by their right names, whoever might be hit or 
 hurt. 
 
 One of Mr. Roosevelt's biographers furnishes the following 
 information concerning his third term at Albany : "After his third 
 election in 1884 he introduced the Civil Service law, a bold and 
 revolutionary political measure at that time. He worked hard fot 
 legislation for the benefit of New York city, and was exceeding]}/ 
 active in furthering all philanthropic bills and those measures 
 having for their object the interests of the laboring men. He 
 was the man who instituted the movement for the abolition of 
 tenement-house cigar factories. He was chairman of the noted 
 Legislative Investigating Committee, the Roosevelt Committee, 
 which brought to light many of the abuses existing in the city 
 government at that time." 
 
 HIS OPINION OF THE AVERAGE LAW-MAKER. 
 
 His opinion of the ordinary State legislator is made cleai 
 from the succeeding statement : " The worst legislators come 
 from the great cities. Among them are a few cultivated and 
 scholarly men, but the bulk are foreigners of little or no educa 
 tion. It is their ignorance, quite as much as actual visciousness, 
 which makes it so difficult to secure the passage of good laws or 
 prevent the passage of bad ones ; and it is the most irritating of 
 the many elements with which we have to contend in the fight for 
 good government." 
 
 The qualities necessary to success in those legislative battles 
 Mr. Roosevelt himself describes as follows : "To get through any 
 such measures requires genuine hard work, a certain amount of
 
 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE. 41 
 
 parliamentary skill, a good deal of tact and courage, and, above 
 all, a thorough knowledge of the men with whom one has to deal 
 and of the motives which actuate them. 
 
 " Legislative life has temptations enough to make it unad- 
 visable for any weak man, whether young or old, to enter it. A 
 great many men deteriorate very much morally when they go to 
 Albany. It will be hard to make any great improvement in the 
 character of the legislators until respectable people become more 
 fully awake to their duties, and until the newspapers become more 
 truthful and less reckless in their statements. The servile tool 
 of the 'boss' or the 'machine' in the legislature can rarely be a 
 good public servant." 
 
 PLEA FOR HIGH STANDARD OF CITIZENSHIP. 
 
 In the same line of thought is the following extract from a 
 speech delivered by Mr. Roosevelt at Hartford, Conn., when he 
 visited that city and was welcomed by an enthusiastic throng: 
 "Mankind goes ahead but slowly, and it goes ahead mainly 
 through each of us trying to do the best that is in him, and to do 
 it in the sanest way. We have founded our republic upon the 
 theory that the average man will, as a rule, do the right thing, 
 that in the long run the majority are going to decide for what is 
 sane and wholesome. If our fathers were mistaken in that theory, 
 if ever things become such not occasionally but persistently, 
 that the mass of the people do what is unwholesome, what is 
 wrong, then the republic cannot stand. 
 
 " I care not how good its laws. I care not what marvelous 
 mechanism its constitution may embody. Back of the laws, back 
 of the administration, back of the system of government, lies the 
 man, lies the average manhood of our people, and in the long run 
 we are going to go up or go down accordingly as the average 
 standard of our citizenship does or does not wax in growth 
 and grace. [Great applause.] 
 
 " Now, when we come to the question of good citizenship, the 
 first requisite is that the man shall do the homely, every-day, 
 humdrum duties well. A man is not a good citizen, I do not care
 
 42 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE. 
 
 how lofty his thoughts are about citizenship in the abstract, if in 
 the concrete his actions do not bear them out; and it does not 
 make much difference how high his aspirations for mankind at 
 large may be, if he does not behave well in his own family those 
 aspirations do not bear visible fruit. He has got to be a good 
 bread-winner, he has got to take care of his wife and his children, 
 he has got to be a neighbor whom his neighbors can trust. 
 
 " He has got to act squarely in his business relations, he has 
 got to do those every-day ordinary things first, or he is not a good 
 citizen. But he has got to do more than that. In this country of 
 ours the average citizen has got to devote a good deal of thought 
 and time to the affairs of the State as a whole or those affairs are 
 going to go backward; and he has got to devote that thought and 
 that time steadily and intelligently. 
 
 SPASMS IN THE WORK OF REFORM. 
 
 " If there is any one quality that is not admirable, whether in 
 a nation or in an individual, it is hysterics, either in religion or 
 in anything else. The man or woman who makes up for ten-days' 
 indifference to duty by an eleventh-day of morbid repentance 
 about that duty is of scant use in the world. [Laughter.] Now 
 in the same way it is of no possible use to decline to go through 
 all the ordinary duties of citizenship for a long space of time and 
 then suddenly to get up and feel very angry about something or 
 somebody, not clearly defined in one's mind, and demand reform, 
 as if it was a concrete substance to be handed out forthwith." 
 
 It can readily be understood that Mr. Roosevelt had a very 
 poor opinion of those New York voters who cried out against the 
 evils that afflicted their city, yet did little or nothing 1 to remedy 
 them. One day he said to a gentleman, " I suppose you will, of 
 course, vote next Tuesday." "I am sorry to say," the man 
 replied, " that 1 have an engagement to go quail-hunting on that 
 day." Imagine a man like Roosevelt deliberately setting aside 
 the highest duty, the most important function of a citizen, to 
 chase quails with a shotgun. The man who would not spend a 
 moment's time, or a cent of his money, in the interest of good
 
 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE. 43 
 
 government was little less than a traitor and was only to be 
 despised. 
 
 When Roosevelt began his career at Albany some one sneer- 
 ingly remarked that he had ' 'started out to reform the universe." 
 Those who can sneer at the honest efforts of a true reformer are 
 not likely to reform anything, but finally disappear from public 
 view, leaving behind them only the slimy trail of their own cor 
 ruption and knavery. At Albany Mr. Roosevelt boldly attacked 
 public abuses that had been festering for years in the body poli 
 tic. He did not succeed in every instance, but the fault was not 
 his. It lay at the door of the tricksters, the men who put them 
 selves up at auction, the party trimmers who were afraid their 
 political interests would be imperilled. 
 
 VICTOR IN A PERSONAL ENCOUNTER. 
 
 Of course, a "Silk Stocking" who believed in good govern 
 ment and upright law-makers encountered opposition and made 
 enemies. But he never cherished hard feelings toward any one 
 who did not choose to support the measures he advocated. In 
 this connection the following incident related by one of his biog 
 raphers will be of interest : 
 
 " It has always been a peculiarity of Mr. Roosevelt's nature 
 that he never 'got niad' at people, no matter what the provoca 
 tion. He always remembered faces, and all that had passed in 
 his association with a man ; but he never avoided that person, no 
 matter what the latter' s conduct may have been. In legislative 
 life that is an especially valuable trait. He could fight a man 
 all day on the floor and then meet him with a laugh and a jest in 
 the evening. 
 
 "And so on this night, after a day when he had been a par 
 ticularly sharp thorn in the side of corruption, he moved about, 
 the lobby of the old hotel, chatting with friends, tossing a laugh 
 and a good-natured thrust at those who had opposed him, and 
 treating the whole matter from the standpoint of one who under 
 stands the motives as well as the actions of those with whom he 
 is associated. He did not pose. He made no pretense of loftier
 
 44 MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE 
 
 morality than those about him, but let them draw their own con 
 clusions from his conduct. 
 
 "At ten o'clock he started to leave the hotel. On the way 
 from the upper portion of the lobby, where he had been chatting 
 with fellow members, he passed the door leading to the buffet. 
 And from that door, as by a preconcerted signal from the * honor 
 able men ' with whom he had been associating, came a group of 
 fellows, rather noisy, and full of the jostling which follows tarry 
 ing at the wine. They were not a pleasant lot. One in particu 
 lar was a pugilist called * Stubby ' Collins, and this bully bumped 
 rather forcibly against Mr. Roosevelt. The latter was alone, but 
 he saw in an instant, with the eye of a man accustomed to col 
 lisions, the fact that this little party had waylaid him with a pur 
 pose. He paused, fully on his guard, and then ' Stubby,' with an 
 appearance of the greatest indignation, struck at him, demanding 
 angrily * What do you mean, running into me that way ? ' 
 
 THOROUGHLY ENJOYED THE SCRIMMAGE. 
 
 " The blow did not land. The men who hired ' Stubby ' had 
 not informed him that this young member of the assembly had 
 been one of the very best boxers at Harvard, and rather liked a 
 fight. They had simply paid the slugger a certain price to ( do 
 up ' the man who could not take a hint in any other way. 
 
 " In an instant Mr. Roosevelt had chosen his position. It 
 was beyond the group of revellers, and where he could keep both 
 them and the more aristocratic party of their employers in view. 
 And there, standing quite alone, * Stubby ' made his rush. In 
 half a minute the thug was beaten. He had met far more than 
 his match, and the two or three of his friends who tendered their 
 assistance were gathering themselves up from the marble floor of 
 the lobby and wondering if there had not been a mistake. 
 
 "When it was all over Mr. Roosevelt walked, still smiling, 
 down the room, and told the ' honorable ' providers of this combat 
 that he understood perfectly their connection with it, and that he 
 was greatly obliged to them he had not enjoyed himself more for 
 a year,"
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 MR. ROOSEVELT AS A COWBOY AND RANCHMAN. 
 
 DIME NOVELS SEEKING ROMANTIC ADVENTURES EMPTINESS OF 
 A LIFE OF MERE SPORT ROOSEVELT BUYS A RANCH FAR 
 FROM CIVILIZATION ADVANTAGES OF LIFE ON THE PLAINS 
 FIRST APPEARANCE AT MEDORA THE RANCH BUILDING 
 BREAKING WILD HORSES PURSUIT OF BIG GAME THRILL 
 ING ADVENTURE WITH A GRIZZLY BEAR FRIGHTENS A RUF 
 FIANHIS ACCOUNT OF A FLOCK OF WILD GEESE STORY OF 
 " OLD EPHRAIM " WINTER NIGHTS AT THE RANCH. 
 
 IF Theodore Roosevelt, the boy, ever read a dime novel or a story 
 * of wild western life, no mention has ever been made of it. He 
 did not get his love of frontier life from the cheap literature that 
 kills bears and Indians on every page% The average boy who 
 reads of the bnrly bandit and desperate outlaw holding up stage 
 coaches and railway trains, is apt to admire such bold deeds and 
 imagine himself the hero of similar achievements. He is eager 
 to outdo the ruffians whose exploits are all duly chronicled. 
 
 Suddenly the band of desparadoes appears, halts the coach in 
 an unfrequented spot, flourishes rifles and revolvers, terrorizes 
 the helpless passengers, strips them of their valuables, paralyzes 
 by threats all attempts at resistance, and, having secured the 
 plunder, purses, watches and jewelry, vanishes from sight, leaving 
 the outraged victims to express their thankfulness at having 
 escaped with their lives. Stories of this description, dressed 
 up in hysterical phrases, form the staple of that vast mass of 
 pernicious dime literature which fascinates the youthful reader 
 and in many instances turns him into an adventurer and an 
 outlaw. - 
 
 He is thrilled by the strange, weird, sanguinary tales of 
 pioneer life. He craves a career of romantic adventure. He would 
 shoot a bear or an Indian ; he would ride a bucking horse on a 
 
 hunting excursion ; perhaps he would become an armed ruffian 
 
 45
 
 46 MR. ROOSEVELT AS A COWBOY AND RANCHMAN. 
 
 and make his name a terror by robbery and deeds of violence. 
 His ambition is to roam the plains, lead the life of a marauder 
 and become a freebooter like those whose exploits he has read of 
 in books and which he is eager to imitate. 
 
 It was not from such motives or with such intentions that 
 young Roosevelt resolved to try the experiences of life on the 
 western plains. If the thousand tales of daring feats, bold enter 
 prises and dangerous ventures that are so eagerly read by school 
 boys ever had any charm for him, they certainly did not influence 
 his actions in the slightest degree. He had no thought of achiev 
 ing distinction by scalping Indians. But he wanted a ranch in 
 the West and secured one in North Dakota during his third term 
 at Albany. He was fond of hunting big game. The long 
 expedition with his trusty rifle and a few associates or attendants 
 was his pastime. 
 
 BOOKS WERE A PART OF HIS OUTFIT. 
 
 Mere sport is commonly an idle thing, a device for whiling 
 away time and obtaining a temporary pleasure. Roosevelt had 
 no thought of going to the Bad Lands for any such purpose. He 
 had other objects in view, and although enjoying the chase as any 
 full-blooded man would be apt to enjoy it, he never would have 
 ventured into the far West merely for this. He had aims and 
 ideals that could not be realized by trout fishing and bear hunt 
 ing. His books went with him, and were as much a part of his 
 outfit as his gun and cartridge pouch. 
 
 He felt that vigor of mind and body would result from 
 roughing it on his ranch. He would breathe a pure air, drink 
 from unpolluted streams, climb steep cliffs and stand on their 
 summits in the glow of healthful exercise. The winds would 
 bronze his cheek and toughen his fibre. The weariness of toil 
 would bring refreshing sleep ; the silence of the evening camp 
 would give him an opportunity to think ; books would be read 
 with a keener relish ; the wild horse, spirited and hard to subdue, 
 would test his nerve and muscle ; association with the shrewd, 
 yet untutored, ranchmen would hold him in contact with common,
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT AS A COWBOY AND RANCHMAN. 47 
 
 ordinary men ; he would learn much from the rough characters 
 whose names are never written in histories, but who are after all 
 heroes in their way. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt's ranch was a long distance from even the out 
 posts of civilization, six hundred miles from St. Paul, on the 
 northwestern border of North Dakota. Nature there is pure and 
 unadulterated no snorting locomotives, no whizzing automobiles, 
 no street cars or fashionable promenaders, no demoniac yells from 
 brokers on the exchange, no church bells or operatic choirs, and 
 no rank odors from gutters and alleys. There is something to be 
 said in favor of Dame Nature dense forests, high bluffs, dark 
 ravines, noisy waterfalls, suns that modestly hide their afternoon 
 faces behind mountains, birds and animals that fly and roam in 
 their native haunts, rivers that sweep on majestically to the sea. 
 God made all this. 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF FRONTIER LIFE. 
 
 If Mr. Roosevelt wished to flee to solitude and a retreat from 
 all intrusion, he made a good choice of location. The nearest town 
 is Medora, eight miles away, so named after the wife of the Mar 
 quis de Mores, who, before her marriage, was the beautiful Miss 
 Von Hoffman, of New York. 
 
 In such a region as that, one is not likely to be troubled by 
 his neighbors. Many miles intervene between a ranch and the 
 one adjoining it. Your business is not interfered with ; there is 
 no neighborhood gossip ; reports that have to travel twenty miles 
 to find a listener must be pretty robust if they do not die on the 
 way. One need not complain of depredations by his neighbors' 
 chickens or annoyance from pedlers. 
 
 Out into this remote corner of the Bad Lands Mr. Roosevelt 
 went and left the world behind him. He ceased to be a legislator 
 that he might become a cowboy. He made as good a cowboy as he 
 did assemblyman of the Empire State, determined always to do 
 well whatever he undertook. His life on the ranch was not a play- 
 spell. He did not ask his men to do what he was not willing to 
 do himself, and any one who got an earlier start in the morning
 
 48 MR. ROOSEVELT A3 A COWBOY AND RANCHMAN. 
 
 than he did or worked later at night might have been considered 
 a good candidate for rapid promotion. 
 
 When Mr. Roosevelt first appeared at Medora in the early 
 eighties he was an object of great curiosity. A central saloon was 
 the place of rendezvous for both the respectable people in town and 
 those who belonged to that class of adventurers who frequent all 
 frontier settlements. They eyed him curiously, wondered who 
 he was and what brought him to that place, made side remarks 
 about his personal appearance, and did not for a moment class 
 him as one of themselves. He was young, rather tall and slim, 
 dressed well and had the bearing of a gentleman entirely unused 
 to a wild western life. They were figuring how much could be 
 made out of him. 
 
 NOT A VICTIM FOR CHEATS AND ROBBERS. 
 
 He was too good a judge of human nature, and too expert in 
 handling men, to be made a victim of any set of adventurers how 
 ever shrewd or desparate they might be. As Mr. Roosevelt had 
 gone to this locality for buffalo hunting he singled out a guide 
 and found his experience of great service. This young fellow, 
 named Sylvane Ferris, finally became a sort of companion to his 
 employer. He was pleased to learn that the near-sighted sports 
 man from "way down Bast" could walk, ride, climb, shoot and 
 rough it equal to any one who had grown up in that region and 
 was accustomed to the adventures of life on the plains. 
 
 All this was only preliminary to securing a ranch, and com 
 bining sport with profit derived from raising such stock as cattle 
 and horses. The ranch building is made of logs, hewn on one 
 side for ornament. Some attention had to be paid to looks even 
 in that wild country ; no spot on earth can be found where out 
 ward appearances are of no account. There is a long, low veranda 
 shaded by thrifty cotton-woods ; a stretch of meadow lies in front 
 and this is buttressed by precipitous cliffs. 
 
 The building is a story and a half high. On the ground 
 floor is a living room, a library and kitchen. The sleeping apart 
 ments up stairs are of the most primitive kind, and none but cow-
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
 
 ROOSEVELT AS A HUNTER WHEN A YOUNG MAN
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1898, BY GEO. O. ROCKWOOO, 
 
 COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT 
 
 CELEBRATED COMMANDER OF THE ROUGH RIDERS
 
 COPYRIGHT 1002, BY CLINEDINST, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 THEODORE ROOSEVELT ON HORSEBACK 
 
 MR ROOSEVELT IS AN EXPERT EQUESTRIAN. THIS PHOTOGRAPH SHOWS ONE OF 
 HIS FEATS ON HIS FAVORITE HORSE
 
 \ 
 
 COPYRIGHT 1899, BY KURZ & ALLISON 
 
 COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT LEADING A CHARGE OF THE 
 
 ROUGH RIDERS
 
 COPYRIGHT 1901, BY CLINEDINST, WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 rHEODORE ROOSEVELT WRITING HIS LAST MESSAGE IN HIS OFFIQg 
 
 AT THE WHITE HOUSE
 
 LION LEAPING OVER A STOCKADE 
 
 Col. Roosevelt Killed Three Large Lions Like the above During 
 His First Day's Hunt in Africa.
 
 VV*^ SK N/'TJP
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT AS A COWBOY AND RANCHMAN. 49 
 
 boys accustomed to sleeping anywhere would be willing to take 
 the chances of a night's rest in such rude barracks. In front is 
 a horse corral, an enclosure in which to round up horses. This 
 Is built in circular shape to prevent the injury that might follow 
 from the animals crowding into corners. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt stocked his ranch with sixty head of wild 
 horses. These were all to be broken to bit and bridle. No person 
 except a cowboy could fail to have a vision of broken bones, and 
 contusions ending in life-long scars and injuries, in view of the 
 dangers of the work to be undertaken. Mr. Roosevelt appeared 
 to enjoy it, and no one was more willing than he to mount a buck 
 ing mustang that preferred standing on either end to standing on 
 all-fours. Once he was thrown by a long-legged, vicious brute 
 that went by the name of " Ben Butler," and being too plucky to 
 stay thrown he re-mounted and not until some time afterward did 
 he disclose the fact that by his fall he had three ribs broken. 
 
 STORY OF HIS "MOST THRILLING MOMENT." 
 
 He could roam to any distance through the Bad Lands and 
 pursue big game over a vast territory. The land is government 
 land, is unsurveyed and likely to remain so for an indefinite time 
 to come. It is fine hunting ground, being well stocked with such 
 game as an enthusiastic hunter likes. Mr. Roosevelt occasionally 
 had startling adventures while engaged in his favorite sport. 
 Once he was in Idaho, was out alone with his gun, and was 
 charged upon by a wounded grizzly bear, an animal terribly fero 
 cious when face to face with a foe. We append his graphic 
 account of this encounter, which he calls his " most thrilling 
 moment :" 
 
 " I held true, aiming behind the shoulder, and my bullet 
 shattered the point or lower end of his heart, taking out a big 
 nick. Instantly the great bear turned with a harsh roar of fury 
 and challenge, blowing the bloody foam from his mouth, so that 
 I saw the gleam of his white fangs ; and then he charged straight 
 at me, crashing and bounding through the laurel bushes, so that 
 it was hard to aim. I waited until he came to a fallen tree, raking 
 
 4 M.L.
 
 50 MR. ROOSEVELT AS A COWBOY AND RANCHMAN. 
 
 him, as he topped it, with a ball, which entered his chest and went 
 through the cavity of his body ; but he neither swerved nor 
 flinched, and at the moment I did not know that I had struck 
 him. 
 
 " He cam steadily on, and in another second was almost upon 
 me. I fired for his forehead, but my bullet went low, entering 
 his open mouth, smashing his lower jaw and going into the neck. 
 I leaped to one side almost as I pulled the trigger ; and through 
 the hanging smoke the first thing I saw was his paw, as he made 
 a vicious side blow at me. The rush of his charge carried him 
 past. 
 
 " As he struck he lurched forward, leaving a pool of bright 
 blood where his muzzle hit the ground ; but he recovered himself, 
 and made two or three jumps onward, while I hurriedly jammed 
 a couple of cartridges into the magazine, my rifle holding only 
 four, all of which I had fired. Then he tried to pull up, but as 
 he did so his muscles seemed suddenly to give way, his head 
 dropped, and he rolled over and over like a shot rabbit. Each of 
 my first three bullets had inflicted a mortal wound." 
 
 GOOD MARKSMAN AT RUNNING GAME. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt has the name of being a good shot, particu 
 larly at running game, although he says his eyesight is too 
 defective to admit of his taking first rank in this respect. This 
 is what he has to say on this score : 
 
 "I myself am not and never will be more than an ordinary 
 shot, for my eyes are bad and my hand not over steady ; yet I have 
 killed every kind of game to be found on the plains, partly because 
 I have hunted very perseveringly, and partly because by practice 
 I have learned to shoot about as well at a wild animal as at a 
 target." 
 
 A correspondent of the New York Herald writing from 
 Medora, in 1895, tells an incident which is indicative of the mettle 
 in the make-up of Mr. Roosevelt. The incident was this : " For a 
 long time after he had established his ranches the feeling between 
 the outlaw element and the cattlemen ran high. It culminated
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT AS A COWBOY AND RANCHMAN. 61 
 
 in a meeting, held in a little, unfinished freight shanty at Medora, 
 for the purpose of banding the cattle owners together for mutual 
 protection. It was openly hinted that a certain deputy sheriff was 
 in collusion with the tough element. Not more than a score of 
 quiet, determined men made up the meeting. The sheriff was 
 present, an interested spectator. 
 
 BOLDLY FACES A DISHONEST SHERIFF. 
 
 "After some preliminary forms of organization, Mr. Roosevelt 
 got up and addressed the meeting, or rather, addressed the sheriff. 
 Never in the history of the frontier has such a speech been list 
 ened to. He openly accused the sheriff of dishonesty and incom 
 petence, and with the reflected light from the officer's pearl- 
 handled revolver at his belt flashing across his gold-rimmed 
 glasses, the speaker scored him as a man unworthy and unfit for 
 his office. It is one thing to deliver a fiery accusation of general 
 or personal charges at a crowded meeting of law-abiding people. 
 It is another to coolly stand before a silent handful of frontiersmen 
 and openly accuse one of dishonesty. 
 
 " Death stares closely in the face the man who dares attempt 
 it, for these men, bred in isolation, are sensitive to the quick oc 
 their personal honor, and an accusation that would be laughed at 
 in Cooper Union would eat out a man's heart here. With down 
 cast head the sheriff said never a word, but his prestige was gone 
 forever." 
 
 President Roosevelt's hunting experiences were not always 
 so dangerous as the one just narrated. While preferring what 
 goes by the name of " big game," he was not indifferent to any 
 beast or fowl. The larger birds often drew shots from his rifle 
 and added to his trophies. 
 
 On one occasion he was annoyed by a flock of geese and fur 
 nishes the following account of his attack on them : 
 
 " They were clustered on a high sandbar in the middle of the 
 river, which here ran in a very wide bed between two low banks. 
 The only way to get at them was to crawl along the river-bed 
 which was partly dry, using the patches of rushes and the sand
 
 52 MR. ROOSEVELT AS A COWBOY AND RANCHMAN. 
 
 hillocks and drift-wood to shield myself from their view. As it 
 was already late and the sun was just sinking, I hastily retreated 
 a few paces, dropped on the bank, and began to creep along on my 
 hands and knees through the sand and gravel. Such work is 
 always tiresome, and is especially so when done against time. I 
 kept in line with a great log washed up on the shore, which was 
 some seventy-five yards from the geese. , 
 
 A SHOT THAT WENT TO THE MARK 
 
 " On reaching it and looking over, I was annoyed to find that 
 in the fading light I could not distinguish the birds clearly enough 
 to shoot, as the dark river bank was behind them. I crawled 
 ahead quickly. Peeping over the edge I could now see the geese, 
 gathered into a clump with their necks held straight out, sharply 
 outlined against the horizon ; the sand flats stretching out on 
 either side, while the sky above was barred with gray and faint 
 crimson. I fired into the thickest of the bunch, and as the rest 
 flew off, with discordant clamor, ran forward and picked up my 
 victim, a fat young wild goose (or Canada goose), the body badly 
 torn by the bullet." 
 
 The President also relates another experience : 
 
 " I had been out after antelopes, starting before there was any 
 light in the heavens, and pushing straight out towards the rolling 
 prairie. After two or three hours, when the sun was well up, I 
 neared where a creek ran in a broad, shallow valley. I had seen 
 no game, and before coming up to the crest of the divide, beyond 
 which lay the creek bottom, I dismounted and crawled up to it, so 
 as to see if any animal had come down to drink. 
 
 " Field glasses are almost always carried while hunting on 
 the plains, as the distances at which one can see game are so 
 enormous. On looking over the crest with the glasses the valley 
 of the creek for about a mile was stretched before me. At my 
 feet the low hills came closer together than in other places, and 
 shelved abruptly down to the bed of the valley, where there was 
 a small grove of box-alders and cotton-woods. The beavers had, 
 in times gone by, built a large dam at this place across the creek,
 
 MR, ROOSEVELT AS A COWBOY AND RANCHMAN. 53 
 
 which must have produced a great back-flow and made a regular 
 little lake in the times of freshets. 
 
 " But the dam was now broken, and the beavers, or most of 
 them, gone, and in the place of the lake was a long, green meadow. 
 Glancing towards this my eye was at once caught by a row of white 
 objects stretched straight across it, and another look showed me 
 that they were snow geese. They were feeding, and were moving 
 abreast of one another slowly down the length of the meadow 
 towards the end nearest me, where the patch of small trees and 
 brushwood lay. A goose is not as big game as an antelope ; still 
 I had never shot a snow goose, and we needed fresh meat, so I 
 slipped back over the crest and ran down to the bed of the creek, 
 round a turn of the hill, where the geese were out of sight. 
 
 GETTING A GOOD POSITION FOR A SHOT. 
 
 "The creek was not an entirely dry one, but there was no 
 depth of water in it except in certain deep holes ; elsewhere it was 
 a muddy ditch with steep sides, difficult to cross on horseback 
 because of the quicksands. I walked up to the trees without any 
 special care, as they screened me from view, and looked cautiously 
 out from behind them. The geese were acting just as our tame 
 geese act in feeding on a common, moving along with their necks 
 stretched out before them, nibbling and jerking at the grass as 
 they tore it up by mouth fuls. 
 
 "They were very watchful, ami one or the other of them had 
 its head straight in the air looking sharply round all the time. 
 Geese will not come near any cover in which foes may be lurking 
 if they can help it, and so I feared that they would turn before 
 coming near enough to the brush to give me a good shot. I there 
 fore dropped into the bed of the creek, which wound tortuously 
 along the side of the meadow, and crept on all fours along one of 
 its banks until I came to where it made a loop out towards the 
 middle of the bottom. 
 
 "Here there was a tuft of tall grass, which served as a good 
 cover, and I stood upright, dropping my hat, and looking through 
 between the blades. The geese, still in a row, with several yards'
 
 54 Mfc. kOOSEVELt AS A COWBOY ANt> RANCHMAN. 
 
 interval between each one and his neighbor, were only sixty ot 
 seventy yards off, still feeding towards me. They came along 
 }uite slowly, and the ones nearest, with habitual suspicion, edged 
 away from the scattered tnfts of grass and weeds which marked 
 the brink of the creek. I tried to get two in line, but could not. 
 << "There was one gander much larger than any other bird in the 
 lot, though not the closest to me; as he went by just opposite my 
 hiding place, he stopped still, broadside to me, and I aimed just at 
 the root of the neck for he was near enough for any one firing a 
 rifle from a rest to hit him about where he pleased. Away flew 
 the others, and in a few minutes, I was riding along with the white 
 gander dangling behind my saddle." 
 
 INTERVIEW WITH THE GREAT GRIZZLY OF MONTANA. 
 
 One of the great feats of Mr. Roosevelt with his rifle was in 
 nis last interview with Old Ephraim, the Great Grizzly of Mon 
 tana. The bear signs were found in the midst of pine trees, and 
 the hunter thus tells the story : 
 
 "The beast's footprints were perfectly plain in the dust, and 
 ie had lumbered along up the path until near the middle of the 
 hillside, where the ground broke away and there were hollows and 
 boulders. Here there had been a windfall, and the dead trees lay 
 among the living, piled across one another in all directions; while 
 .Between and around them sprouted up a thick growth of young 
 spruces and other evergreens. The trail turned off into the 
 tangled thicket, within which it was almost certain we should find 
 our quarry. 
 
 "We could still follow the tracks, by the slight scrapes of 
 the claws on the bark, or by the bent and broken twigs ; and we 
 advanced with noiseless caution, slowly climbing over the dead tree 
 trunks and upturned stumps, and not letting a branch rustle or 
 catch on our clothes. When in the middle of the thicket we crossed 
 what was almost a breastwork of fallen logs, and Merrifield, who was 
 leading, passed by the upright stem of a great pine. As soon as he 
 was by it, he sank suddenly on one knee, turning half round, his 
 face fairly aflame with excitement ; and as I strode past him, with
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT AS A COWBOY AND RANCHMAN. 
 
 55 
 
 my rifle at the ready, there, not ten steps off, was the great bear, 
 slowly rising from his bed among the great spruces. He had 
 heard us, but apparently hardly knew exactly where or what we 
 were, for he reared up on his haunches sideways to us. 
 
 "Then he saw us and dropped down again on all fours, the 
 shaggy hair on his neck and shoulders seemed to bristle as he 
 turned toward us. As he sank down on his forefeet I had raised 
 the rifle ; his head was bent slightly down, and when I saw the top 
 of the white head fairly between his small, glittering, evil eyes, I 
 pulled trigger. Half rising up, the huge beast fell over on his 
 side in the death throes, the ball having gone into his brain, strik 
 ing fairly between the eyes, as if the distance had been measured 
 by a carpenter's rule. The whole thing was over in twenty sec 
 onds from the time I caught sight of the game ; indeed, it was 
 over so quickly that the grizzly did not have time to show fight at 
 all or come a step toward us. 
 
 HUGE DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT. 
 
 "It was the first I had ever seen, and I felt not a little proud 
 as I stood over the great brindled bulk which lay stretched out 
 at length in the cool shade of the evergreens. He was a mon 
 strous fellow, much larger than any I have seen since, whether 
 alive or brought in dead by the hunters. As near as we could 
 estimate (for of course we had nothing with which to weigh more 
 than very small portions) he must have weighed about twelve 
 hundred pounds." 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt thus describes his ranch-building: "The story- 
 high house of hewn logs is clean and neat, with many rooms, so 
 that one can be alone if one wishes to. The nights in summer 
 are cool and pleasant, and there are plenty of bear-skins and buffalo 
 robes, trophies of our own skill, with which to bid defiance to 
 the bitter cold of winter. In summer time we are not much with 
 in doors, for we rise before dawn and work hard enough to be will 
 ing to go to bed soon after nightfall. 
 
 "The long winter evenings are spent sitting round the 
 hearthstone, while the pine logs roar and crackle, and the men
 
 56, MR. ROOSEVELT AS A COWBOY AND RANCHMAN. 
 
 play checkers or chess, in the fire light. The rifles stand in the 
 corners of the room or rest across the elk; antlers which jut out 
 from over the fireplace. From the deer horns ranged along the 
 walls, and thrust into the beams and rafters, hang heavy- over 
 coats of wolf-skin or coon-skin, and otter fur or beaver fur caps 
 and gauntlets. Rough board shelves hold a number of books, 
 without which some of the evenings would be long indeed. 
 
 " In the still fall nights, if we lie awake we can listen to the 
 clanging cries of the water-fowl, as their flocks speed southward; 
 and in cold weather the coyotes occasionally come near enough 
 for us to hear their uncanny wailing. The larger wolves, too, 
 now and then join in, with a kind of deep, dismal howling; but 
 this melancholy sound is more often heard when out camping 
 than from the ranch-house. The charm of ranch life comes in its 
 freedom, and the vigorous open-air existence it forces a man to 
 
 lead." 
 
 BENEFITS DERIVED FROM RANCH LIFE. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt smiles when asked about the money he made 
 by his cattle ranches. It is certain he did not amass a fortune 
 and place himself in such a position that he could retire and live 
 on the income of a fortune accumulated on the Western plains. 
 Yet it must not be forgotten that he did not go West merely for 
 money. Fresh air, outdoor exercise and labor, tough muscles 
 and athletic frame, are things that cannot be valued in dollars and 
 cents. Ranch life is good for the man who is always going to be 
 a ranchman ; it is no less good for the man who is going to be an 
 author or statesman. Some grand brain work and some great 
 oratorical feats have been performed by men with very muscular 
 hands and ruddy faces. 
 
 After Mr. Roosevelt became President, he showed his fond 
 ness for the life of a hunter, and on more than one occasion broke 
 loose from his official duties at Washington and fled to the woods 
 for game and recreation. A southwestern journal gives the fol 
 lowing account of one of his trips : 
 
 " President Roosevelt will be among the bears this afternoon 
 at 4.30, when he reaches Smedes, Miss. A guide employed by
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT AS A COWBOY AND RANCHMAN. 57 
 
 Stuyvesant Fish, president of the Illinois Central Railway, will 
 escort the President into the most likely fastnesses of the cane- 
 brake, and the slaughter will begin if bruin appears. The Presi 
 dent hopes that the Mississippi bears will not be as shy as the 
 Virginia turkeys. If they are, he will return to Washington 
 empty handed. 
 
 " Colonel Roosevelt arrived on his special train and was met 
 by Stuyvesant Fish and Lieutenant John McBlhenny, formerly 
 of the Rough Riders, his fellow hunters* A great crowd greeted 
 the President at the station, where a stop was made only long 
 enough to attach Mr. Fish's private car. 
 
 GENERAL HAMPTON'S OLD HUNTING GROUND. 
 
 "The place selected for the hunt is some miles from the rail 
 road, and is in the region which was formerly the favorite hunting 
 ground of General Wade Hampton, the famous leader of the 
 Confederate Black Horse Cavalry. General Hampton at one time 
 owned a plantation in this vicinity, and hunted black bear in the 
 cane-brakes with horses and hounds. 
 
 "Years ago the President and General Hampton planned a 
 hunt in this region, but it was never made, and when Mr. Fish, 
 who is president of the Illinois Central, proposed the present trip, 
 the President readily assented. 
 
 "To one who has hunted grizzlies in the Rockies, black bear 
 are not very big game. But hunting bear with horse and hounds 
 will be a new experience for him. If a bear shall not be secured 
 it will not be the fault of Mr. Fish. He has arranged to have 
 one of the best packs of hounds in the Mississippi delta at the 
 camp. 
 
 "The President has with him the hunting outfit used by him 
 for many years in his hunting trips after big game in the neigh 
 borhood of his ranch on the Little Missouri, in Dakota, and in 
 the mountains of Idaho, Montana and Colorado. It includes a 
 fringed buckskin, which is worn by the old wilderness hunter, 
 and his favorite Winchester 40-90. With this weapon he has 
 killed many of his hunting trophies. It bears the interesting
 
 58 MR. ROOSEVELT AS A COWBOY AND RANCHMAN. 
 
 scars of one of his battles with a cougar, or mountain lion, in 
 Colorado. In closing with a wounded cat, the President thrust 
 the stock into his mouth. It shows the teeth marks of the 
 enraged animal, and the place where a small piece was literally 
 bitten away. 
 
 "His cartridge belt has a hunting knife attached. Most of 
 the bullets are soft-nosed, but a few of them are steel jacketed for 
 penetrating power in case the President should get a chance for a 
 long shot. While thus prepared for wilderness conditions, it is 
 not probable that the President will don his buckskin suit unless 
 he finds that genuine conditions prevail." 
 
 The President spent several days in pursuit of bears, but the 
 animals seemed to know that they were in danger, and were, 
 uncommonly shy. They even objected to being killed by a presi 
 dent, and Mr. Roosevelt returned to Washington without any bear 
 skins.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 MR. ROOSEVELT'S ADVENTURES IN THE WEST. 
 
 HARDSHIPS OF FRONTIER LIFE HARDY COWBOYS AMUSEMENTS ON 
 THE RANCH THE SPRING AND FALL ROUND-UP TROUBLES 
 WITH WILD HERDS RANCH BUSINESS ON THE WANE HORACE 
 GREELEY'S FARM ADVENTURE WITH A BUFFALO STORY OF 
 ROOSEVELT'S BEAR HUNT IN MISSISSIPPI How HE KILLED AN 
 ELK EVENING AT THE RANCH HOUSE LOVER OF BOOKS 
 ADVANTAGES OF His SOJOURN IN DAKOTA STUDY OF THE 
 INDIAN QUESTION AT SHORT RANGE. 
 
 THIS great country of ours affords every variety of climate, 
 from the mild breezes of the sunny South to the freezing blasts 
 of northern New Hngland and the great lakes. Oceans of grain 
 on the vast prairies billow away, when stirred by summer winds 
 like the waves of a vast sea. A few months later and the prairies 
 are swept by wintry storms that threaten destruction to man and 
 beast. The rich valleys yield their splendid harvests, the verdure 
 disappears and snows, driven by fierce gales, bury out of sight all 
 signs of summer's thrift and beauty. 
 
 And even during any one season the fickle climate may play 
 pranks entirely unlooked for, and confront the settlers with 
 troubles for which little or no provision has been made. All 
 guesses and calculations may fail ; unexpected storms may deplete 
 the herds, or some subtle disease may break out among the flocks. 
 
 The ranchman knows what to expect. His life is an alterna 
 tion of sweating and shivering, but he becomes indifferent to 
 changes of season and weather, and as he endures the heat of 
 summer, so he braves the cold of winter. Sometimes a howling 
 storm, with sleet and snow, sweeps over the plains ; again the air 
 is still, not a breath stirs, but the intense cold, sending the 
 thermometer many degrees below zero, pierces like a Damascus 
 blade. The clear air and intense cold are not so much dreaded as the 
 
 furious gale, although in either case the man on the plains has a 
 
 59
 
 $0 MR. ROOSEVELT S ADVENTURES IN THE FAR WEST. 
 
 serious hardship to contend with, and is fortunate if he escapes 
 the clutches of the biting frost. 
 
 The cowboy is not supposed to take account of wind or 
 weather. Drenched to the skin by an all-day rain, he flings him 
 self at night on his hard couch, complains of no insomnia, rises 
 at four in the morning,. goes about his business and makes light 
 of his hardships. He is seldom the victim of dyspepsia. He 
 would be willing to risk the headache that comes from high living 
 and abominable diet if he could only get that kind of food. He 
 grows hardy, is what you might call "tough," and his powers of 
 endurance resemble those of the old-fashioned Indians, who lived 
 in their native forests. 
 
 Life on a ranch is not all labor and no play. To be sure, 
 the hours are long, the work is often hard, the risks to life and 
 limb in breaking wild horses to the bit are many, but the cowboy 
 has his sports and pastimes. Any one who can play a fiddle, or 
 even a jewsharp, or can sing a song, or, best of all, can dance a 
 jig, is a favorite, and can afford an endless amount of amusement. 
 
 LOVER OF HARMLESS AMUSEMENTS. 
 
 Into all these harmless sports Mr. Roosevelt entered with the 
 zest and enjoyment of a boy. If there was to be a dance in which 
 all the elite from far and near were to appear in their most gen 
 teel apparel (or rather costumes) he was expected to open the 
 proceedings and lead the merry-making. Festivities of this 
 description were enjoyed by those who participated in them fully 
 as much as the " four hundred" ever enjoyed any of their public 
 functions. 
 
 Nor let it be supposed that the average cowboy has no sense 
 of gentility or propriety. True he can mount a horse with more 
 grace than he can bow to a lady ; he can settle disputes without 
 sending his card to the man who has insulted him ; he can cut a 
 more attractive figure on his fleet broncho than on the dancing 
 floor; he appears more at ease in his rough riding suit than in 
 "best clothes," but there is an honest, generous, considerate side 
 to fcis nature, and, as a rule, he is manly and respectful, His
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT S ADVENTURES IN THE FAR WEST. 61 
 
 language is not always the most select, and his expletives are 
 original and are apt to be sufficiently forcible to express his mean 
 ing ; still he is not dumb to good treatment, and he will respond 
 like a man to every manly appeal. 
 
 As Mr. Roosevelt knew the character of the men he had to 
 deal with and could adapt himself to all persons and circum 
 stances; he had little difficulty in the management of his ranch. 
 Many things required to be done were both dangerous and difficult. 
 In his book on " Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail " Mr. Roose 
 velt describes a " round-up." 
 
 The spot where this particular round-up took place was on 
 the level bottom of a bend in the river. The wagons were scat 
 tered among the cotton-wood trees along the side of the river, and 
 the horses were grazing not far away. In one part of the great 
 corral the men were branding .calves ; every ranch has its own 
 brand or mark and this tells who is the owner. The middle of 
 the bottom was filled with a great herd of cattle and noisy cow 
 boys galloping hither and yon on their fractious steeds. 
 
 HOW OWNERS FIND THEIR STOCK. 
 
 " As soon as, or even before, the last circle riders have come 
 in and have snatched a few hasty mouthfuls to serve as their mid 
 day meal, we begin to Work the herd or herds, if the one herd 
 should be of too unwieldly size. The animals are held in a com 
 pact bunch, most of the riders forming a ring outside, while a 
 couple from each ranch successively look the herds through and 
 cut out those marked with their own brand. To do good work in 
 cutting out from a herd, not only should the rider be a good 
 horseman, but he should also have a skilful, thoroughly trained 
 horse. 
 
 " In cutting out a cow and a calf two men have to work 
 together. As the animals of a brand are cut out they are received 
 and held apart by some rider detailed for the purpose, who is said 
 to be * holding the cut.' All this time the men holding the herd 
 have their hands full, for some animal is continually trying to 
 break out, when the nearest man flies at it at once and soon brings
 
 62 MR. ROOSEVELT S ADVENTURES IN THE FAR WEST. 
 
 it back to its fellows. As soon as all the cows, calves, and what 
 ever else is being gathered have been cut out the rest are driven 
 clear off the ground and turned loose, being headed in the direc 
 tion contrary to that in which we travel on the following day. 
 Then the riders surround the next herd, the men holding cuts 
 move them up nearer, and the work is begun anew. 
 
 HOW BRANDING IS DONE. 
 
 " As soon as the brands of cattle are worked and the animals 
 that are to be driven along are put in the day herd, attention is 
 turned to the cows and calves which are already gathered in dif 
 ferent bands, consisting each of all the cows of a certain brand 
 and all the calves that are following them. If there is a corral 
 ^ach band is in turn driven into it ; if there is none a ring of 
 riders does duty in its place. A fire is built, the irons heated, and 
 a dozen men dismount to, as it is called, 'wrestle' the calves. 
 The best two ropers go in on their horses to catch the latter ; one 
 man keeps tally, a couple put on the brands, and the others seize, 
 throw and hold the little unfortunates. 
 
 "If there are seventy or eighty calves in a corral the scene is 
 one of the greatest confusion. The ropers spurring and checking 
 the fierce little Texan horses drag the calves up so quickly that a 
 dozen men can hardly hold them ; the men with the irons, black 
 ened with soot, run to and fro ; the calf-wrestlers, grimy with 
 blood, dust and sweat, work like beavers ; while with the voice of 
 a stentor the tally-man shouts out the number and sex of each 
 calf. The dust rises in clouds, and the shouts, cheers, curses 
 and laughter of the men unite with the lowing of the cows and 
 the frantic bleating of the roped calves to make a perfect Babel. 
 
 " Now and then an old cow turns vicious and puts every one 
 out of the corral. Or a maverick bull that is, an unbranded 
 bull a yearling or a two-year old, is caught, thrown and branded; 
 when he is let up there is sure to be a fine scatter. Down goes 
 4is head, and he bolts at the nearest man who makes out of the 
 way at top speed amidst roars of laughter from all of his com 
 panions ; while the men holding down calves swear savagely as
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT S ADVENTURES IN THE FAR WEST. 63 
 
 they dodge charging mavericks, trampling horses, and taut lariats 
 with frantic plunging little beasts at the farther ends." 
 
 The round-up here described is a feature of ranch business 
 that tries all the strength and prowess of the men who engage in 
 it. An eastern farmer can go into his pastures and find the cattle 
 so accustomed to the sight of him and so used to his voice, and 
 perhaps his touch, that they do not shun him or make any effort 
 to run away. He can call the cows at night and in a few minutes 
 see them coming down the lane. In the barnyard they seem 
 almost to be a part of the family ; they can be driven anywhere ; 
 they do not often j ump fences and get lost ; they can be depended 
 upon for good intentions and are so domesticated that they give 
 little trouble and require little care. 
 
 EASTERN FARMERS AND THEIR HERDS. 
 
 Such animals are well behaved compared with a great herd on 
 the ranch. A ranch, from the very nature of the place, demoralizes 
 the stock. The animals roam at their own free will; they go and 
 come as they please; generally they go but do not come; if you 
 want them you must chase them; they have very loose and way 
 ward habits, and you may have to travel many miles before you 
 overtake them and make them understand that they are wanted 
 for some special occasion. 
 
 The old days of ranching are fast passing and new conditions 
 are controlling the business. Yet the time is still distant when 
 the vast plains of the West will cease to be the recruiting ground 
 for the great droves of cattle needed by Omaha, Kansas City and 
 Chicago for supplying the world with food. One would think 
 that with such boundless pastures and such a world-wide demand 
 the ranchman would easily become a millionaire, but with rare 
 exceptions we never hear of the cattle king. We have had min 
 ing kings, lumber kings, merchant princes and railroad kings, but 
 the multi-millionaire who made his fortune on the ranch is 
 yet to be discovered. 
 
 The causes of this have been touched upon frequently by Mr. 
 Roosevelt. The wrong man is sometimes on the ranch, a man
 
 64 MR. ROOSEVELT S ADVENTURES IN THE FAR WEST. 
 
 who has no experience and has not wit enough to gain any. He 
 can never know what he has not the facnlty of learning. Bad 
 management will wreck any business; there are multitudes of men 
 who cannot understand why their business is not a success; it 
 would be if they themselves were a success. 
 
 To incompetence must sometimes be added inefficiency, lazi 
 ness, lack of energy, and the idea that in some unexplained 
 way business will take care of itself, will start at four o'clock in 
 the morning and let the man who pretends to carry it on lie abed 
 until eight. The ranchman who can never get an early start or 
 show that he is wide awake, except when going on a hunting trip, 
 is not likely to tell large stories of the amount of money to be 
 made on a ranch. 
 
 LOSSES THAT CANNOT BE AVOIDED. 
 
 But the most serious obstacle the ranchman has to contend 
 with is the losses to his stock that come from causes over which 
 he has no control. He cannot make it rain in summer when fie^ 
 drouth is burning up the plains. He cannot stay the storm in 
 winter that buries the earth in snow from four to ten feet deep. 
 He is at the mercy of the elements, and the blasts that sweep 
 down from polar realms have no pity on him. 
 
 What, with losses of stock that stray too far to be recovered 
 or die from hunger and starvation, the prospects of large gains 
 are not unmistakably sure. 
 
 Horace Greeley wrote a book to tell what he knew about 
 farming. It was a common remark that the reason why Mr. 
 Greeley had a farm was that he had a newspaper. The " Tribune" 
 kept the farm going. What the farm did not do for itself was 
 done by the famous journal, which some one called the Bible of 
 the country people. On this principle any man could have a 
 ranch and raise cattle and horses, but Mr. Roosevelt was slow to 
 maintain that there was boundless wealth to be gained in the Bad 
 I/ands. 
 
 It may be said in a general way that Mr., Roosevelt enjoyed 
 bis life as a ranchman, and thrived on its rough experiences.
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT S ADVENTURES IN THE FAR WEST. 65 
 
 When not fully occupied with the management of his business, 
 he was ready for the adventures that always fall to the lot of the 
 hunter. Reference has already been made to Ferris, his guide, 
 who accompanied him usually on his trips in pursuit of game. 
 When Roosevelt first went to Dakota, buffalo hunting had about 
 ceased. This animal had had his day, and was only occasionally 
 to be met with. Ferris thus describes one of their first excursions : 
 
 " It meant hard work to get a buffalo at that time, and whether 
 the thin young man could stand the trip was a question, but 
 Roosevelt was on horseback and he rode better than I did, and 
 could stand just as much knocking about as I could. 
 
 " On the first night out, when we were twenty-five or thirty 
 miles from a settlement, we went into camp on the open prairie, 
 with our saddle blankets over us, our horses picketed and the 
 picket ropes tied about the horns of our saddles, which we used 
 for pillows. In the middle of the night there was a rush, our 
 pillows were swept from under our heads and our horses went 
 tearing off over the prairie, frightened by wolves. 
 
 OVERTAKES A HUGE BUFFALO. 
 
 " Roosevelt was up and off in a minute after the horses. 
 " On the fourth or fifth day out, I think it was, our horses 
 pricked up their ears and I told Roosevelt there was a buffalo close 
 at hand. We dismounted and advanced to a big ' washout ' near, 
 peered over its edge, and there stood a huge buffalo bull, calmly 
 feeding and unaware of our presence. 
 
 " l Hit him where that patch of red shows on his side,' said I, 
 'and you've got him.' 
 
 " Roosevelt was cool as a cucumber, took a careful aim and 
 fired. Out came the buffalo from the 'washout,' with blood pour 
 ing from his mouth and nose. ' You've shot him,' I shouted, and 
 so it proved, for the buffalo plunged a few steps and fell." 
 
 One of the early and useful friends of Roosevelt in the Wild 
 West among the Rough Riders, was Colonel Cody, the famous 
 Buffalo Bill, and many a wild ride they had. One of the most 
 
 fearless and tireless of riders, Roosevelt was never fond of break- 
 & M.L.
 
 66 MR. ROOSEVELT S ADVENTURES IN THE FAR WEST. 
 
 ing the bucking bronchos, as seen in the shows of his friend on 
 horseback. There were better ways of expending strength, and 
 his plan of life was the useful investment of all his resources. 
 
 He went into the cattle business, and started with five hun 
 dred steers, and his guide remarks: " He worked for a part of a 
 season as a cowboy. He had his own ' string' of horses, and they 
 were as ugly and ill-tempered as the majority of cow horses. He 
 was not a broncho-breaker, as he has been pictured to be, and he 
 took no unnecessary chances in mounting or endeavoring to tame 
 an especially ugly horse. But he did not shrink from riding his 
 own horses when they cut up the customary capers of mustangs, 
 and although he was sometimes thrown, and on one or two occa 
 sions pretty badly bruised and hurt, he stuck to his mounts until 
 he had mastered them." 
 
 ROOSEVELT IN PURSUIT OF BEARS. 
 
 It will not be amiss in this connection to furnish the reader 
 with an amusing account of one of Mr. Roosevelt's more recent 
 hunting trips- in pursuit of bears. The account emanated from 
 Smedes, Miss., to which locality the President went to enjoy a few 
 days in the woods. 
 
 " Ho" Collier, the veteran negro swamp guide and bear hunter, 
 related the full story of his four days' experience with President 
 Roosevelt u Ho" was busily engaged in getting the horses, dogs 
 and hunting outfit aboard a car on the siding at Smedes, to be 
 taken back to his home at Greenville. 
 
 Holt Collier is one of the conspicuous figures in the Missis 
 sippi delta. His skill with his rifle and his constant attention to 
 the 1 rail for the past forty years have made him perfectly familiar 
 with the ins and outs of the woods and every foot of the delta soil 
 from Vicksburg to Memphis. He was President Roosevelt's 
 personal guide throughout the hunt. Here is his story^ the first 
 detailed story of the hunt yet told: 
 
 " I know all those gent'men in de party has had a mighty 
 fine time, and as for de President, I never seen a man in all my 
 times of hunting in dese woods what 'joyed a hunt like he did.
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT'S ADVENTURES IN THE FAR WEST. 67 
 
 He was jes' as happy as a schoolboy, and lie certainly is a dead* 
 game sport. 
 
 " We started out Thursday, and it took us 'bout till dark to 
 get in camp and get settled good. So on Friday morning, 'fore 
 we started out, Mr. Roosevelt said he was awful anxious to 
 kill a b'ar. 
 
 " So when he said dat, I told him dat I was determined for 
 him to get dat chance, and if I had to run a b'ar down and tie him 
 I would see dat he got a chance to get a shot. 
 
 "Of course de party all scattered, and we begins to hunt, and 
 somehow I felt like I was a-going to get a big one up, and sho' 
 nuff, I wasn't wrong, 'cause dat b'ar we first started was de biggest 
 he b'ar I ever see or heard tell of for a long time. 
 
 u He was a hard one to run down, too. I am here to tell yo' 
 and when I heerd dat rascal breaking through de cane and my 
 dogs hot after him I knew I was a-going to get close after him. I 
 was anxious for some one to ride around and get the President to 
 follow in with us, as I kept on feeling dat he could get a big Var 
 'fore long. 
 
 TRYING TO FIND THE PRESIDENT. 
 
 " Whar was de President? Why, Lordy, chile, he was a 
 snooking 'round on his own hook in de jungle. Dat man wouldn't 
 be tied to nobody. I done make a terrible noise, so he'd come 
 whar de b'ar war, but whar wuz he ? 
 
 " When my dogs did run dat b'ar down he went down in a 
 mud hole, and it was kinder thick and hard to get at, so I stood 
 round and didn't shoot, case I wanted * the Colonel' to hurry up 
 and come in behind me so he could kill the first one. 
 
 " I tried my best to get dat big b'ar to tree, but he wouldn't, 
 so I thought he was jes' going to get the best of my pack, so I hit 
 him with the butt of my gun and. then throwed my lassoo 'bout his 
 neck and made him fast to a wilier tree. 
 
 "Then they done got de President, and den when he come 
 up, I says, * Shoot de b'ar, Colonel, he's tied!' 
 
 " 'Scuse me, ' sez Colonel Roosevelt, laffan at de b'ar all tied 
 up dar nice and snug, "Scuse me,' sez he, ' dat's too easy. '
 
 68 MR. ROOSEVELT S ADVENTURES IN THE FAR WEST. 
 
 " De President was sholy sort of contempuse wid de situation, 
 and I feels more liken a mule dan a hunter. 
 
 " De President said sumpin', I spect it war from de Bible, 
 'bout it ain't no use slayin' de helpless. Dere I wuz wif my b'ar 
 done tied up, and I think mighty fast to get out of dat fix. 
 
 " * Stick him, ' sez I to Massa Parker, and den I showed him 
 how to do de trick. I tell you, my honey, dat big rascal didn't 
 las' much longer after dat knife went into him. 
 
 "I say, Colonel, you watch me close an' you sholy gits a b'ar. 
 Den he lafs and sez, ' All right. Ho, I'll keep an eye onto you.' 
 
 "We didn't do no huntin' on Sunday, 'ca'se all of us is 
 'ligious. It was awful quiet in de camp, as we wus all rneditatin' 
 on de foolishness of life and eatin.' I saw de President mos' every 
 minute, and I do say dat he showed himself to be such a fine, good 
 gentleman dat I was always admirin' of him. 
 
 GRANDER THAN A WHITE HOUSE DINNER. 
 
 " I tell you we done had a grand dinner, such like dey couldn't 
 possibly have at de White House. How could dey git 'possum 
 and b'ar, which we had wif sweet 'taters dat melt in de President's 
 mouf and mak' him look so happy dat he had a good appetite ? 
 Den we had turkey gobbler, and dis nigger too perlite to say dat 
 he eat more dan de President. It done mak's me hungry ag'in 
 when I looks back on dat dinner. 
 
 " De President says befoah dinner dat he wants to go on a 
 little stroll in de woods. Den one of de gentlemen sez to de Presi 
 dent : ' Mistoo President, why doan you take you gun wid you ?' 
 
 "De President fye shakes his head an' walks away. He say : 
 1 No; I -ain't been alone since a long time gone, an' I'se goin' be 
 alone for a little while now.' 
 
 " I seed what he done. He goes off an' sits down by de crick, 
 an' looks into de water an' at de woods. Spec' he was thinkin,' 
 too, but I couldn't tell. Den he gits up an' comes in an' settles 
 down to business a-eatin' of de 'possum an' de b'ar an' de taters 
 an' de gobbler, an' looks like he was wholly happy. 
 
 "De President cheer me up, an' de rest, too. He tells me,
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT S ADVENTURES IN THE FAR WEST. 69 
 
 just like it was nuffin', 'bout some mighty fine hunts he done had 
 over in de Rockies, 'bout shootin' lions and moose. He say he 
 had some mighty good times, 'but Ho! ' he say, * I gwine tell dat 
 he ain' never had no nicer time anywhere den right here in dese 
 Misippy woods.' Dat's de very words de Colonel sez to me. 
 
 " Den he talked to de gentlemen 'bout various things, but I 
 ain't gwine tell you dat, 'case we was talkin' private. 
 
 " De same hoodoo was on us de third day, but I done feel 
 sure de President gits a shot at a b'ar. He sholy did nearly git 
 one dat he chased all de way from 8 to 3 o'clock. 
 
 " Den what you think dat scoun'rel b'ar do? He breaks 
 away from de dogs and goes whoppin' acrost a ribber, and Ho 
 knows he is done gone for good. Den I tole de gentlemen dere 
 wan't no use goin' no furder. 
 
 CAMP A DELIGHTFUL PLACE. 
 
 " I spec,' sez de President, laffiin', ' dat we ain't goin' git no 
 b'ar dis trip.' 
 
 " De President he took de skull of the big b'ar dat Mister 
 Parker stick, and he say dat he take dat skull home to keep. 
 When we gets ready to leave de camp de President was de most 
 jolly of all de gentlemen. Dey all say we hates to leave his 
 camp and de President say it was a d-e-1-i-g-h-t-f-u-l place, jes' 
 like dat. 
 
 "Every people 'round here jes' like dat Colonel Roosevelt 
 first class. He talk wif all de folks at Smedes Station, and maiks 
 'em his good friends. 
 
 " De ride from de camp to Smedes was de grandest dat I ever 
 seen down hyar. Colonel Roosevelt dashed off in de lead, and I 
 am hyar to tell you dat he set a hot pace for dem odder gentlemen. 
 We made de whole trip 'round de woods in jes' forty minutes, as 
 we stopped three minutes at Jackson's. 
 
 " I wants to tell you dat I hated mightily to see de President 
 go 'way, and so did all de odders down hyar. I kin only say dat 
 Jie's the finest No'the'n gentleman I ever met." 
 
 Ho said that fre liadlost only two of fcis hunting dogs, but
 
 70 MR. ROOSEVELT S ADVENTURES IN THE FAR WEST. 
 
 added mournfully that Old Remus, his champion dog, was u all 
 swole up wid de dropsy,'' and probably would not live long. 
 
 Collier is known from Memphis to New Orleans for his 
 trustworthiness. He was born in Jefferson county, three miles 
 from Fayette, and when he grew up, during the Civil War, he was 
 a slave, owned by Howell Hines, a prominent man of the South in 
 those times. 
 
 Collier's grandfather, Harrison Collier, went to the battle 
 of New Orleans with General Jackson and Thomas Hines. 
 
 Holt was only thirteen years of age when he killed his 
 first bear, while he and his master were out on a hunt in the same 
 region where the President went for game. 
 
 CAPTURE OF A BIG ELK. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt narrates the killing of an elk near his ranch, 
 "probably the last of his race that will ever be found in our neigh 
 borhood. It was just before the fall round-up. An old hunter, 
 who was under some obligation to me, told me that he had shot a 
 cow elk and had seen the tracks of one or two others not more 
 than twenty-five miles off, in a place where the cattle rarely wan 
 dered. Such a chance was not to be neglected ; and, on the first 
 free day, one or my Elk-horn foremen, Will Dow by name, and 
 myself, took our hunting horses and started off, accompanied by 
 the ranch wagon, in the direction of the probable haunts of the 
 doomed deer. 
 
 ' l Towards nightfall we struck a deep spring pool, near by the 
 remains of an old Indian encampment. It was at the head of a 
 great basin, several miles across, in which we believed the game 
 to lie. The wagon was halted and we pitched camp ; there was 
 plenty of dead wood, and soon the venison steaks were broiling 
 over the coals raked from beneath the crackling cotton- wood logs, 
 while in the narrow valley the ponies grazed almost within the 
 circle of the flickering fire-light. It was in the cool and pleasant 
 month of September ; and long after going to bed we lay awake 
 under the blankets wa'.ching the stars that on clear nights always 
 shine with such intense brightness over the lonely Western plains.
 
 MR. ROOSP:VELT'S ADVENTURES IN THE FAR WEST. 71 
 
 " We were up and off by the gray in the morning. It was a 
 beautiful hunting day ; the sundogs hung in the red dawn ; the 
 wind hardly stirred over the crisp grass ; and though the sky was 
 cloudless yet the weather had that queer, smoky, hazy look that 
 it is most apt to take on during the time of the Indian summer. 
 From a high spur of the table-land we looked out far and wide 
 over a great stretch of broken country, the brown of whose hills 
 and valleys was varied everywhere by patches of dull red and 
 vivid yellow, tokens that the trees were already putting on the 
 dress with which they greet the mortal ripening of the year. 
 
 THE GAME SIGHTED AT LAST. 
 
 "The deep and narrow but smooth ravines running up 
 towards the edges of the plateaus were heavily wooded, the bright 
 green tree-tops rising to a height they rarely reach in the barren 
 plains-country ; and the rocky sides of the sheer gorges were 
 clad with a thick growth of dwarfed cedars, while here and there 
 the trailing Virginia creepers burned crimson among their som 
 bre masses. 
 
 " We hunted stealthily up-wind, across the line of the heavily 
 timbered coulisse. We soon saw traces of our quarry ; old tracks 
 at first, and then the fresh footprints of a single elk a bull, 
 judging by the size which had come down to drink at a miry 
 alkali pool, its feet slipping so as to leave the marks of the false 
 hoofs in the soft soil. We hunted with painstaking and noiseless 
 care for many hours ; at last as I led old Manitou up to look over 
 the edge of a narrow ravine, there was a crash and movement in 
 the timber below me, and immediately afterwards I caught a 
 glimpse of a great bull elk trotting up through the young trees 
 as he gallantly breasted the steep hill-side opposite. 
 
 " When clear of the woods, and directly across the valley from 
 me, he stopped and turned half round, throwing his head in the air 
 to gaze for a moment at the intruder. My bullet struck too far 
 back, but, nevertheless, made a deadly wound, and the elk went 
 over the crest of the hill at a wild, plunging gallop. We followed 
 the bloody trail for a quarter of a mile, and found him dead in a
 
 72 MR. ROOSEVELT S ADVENTURES IN THE FAR WEST. 
 
 thicket. Though of large size, he yet had but small antlers, with 
 few points." 
 
 There is an old Latin saying that "they do not change their 
 characters who change their skies." To put it tersely, a man takes 
 himself with him wherever he goes. When he crosses a river or 
 a State line he does not leave behind him any of his persona! 
 traits. Mr. Roosevelt in the Bad Lands was in nowise different 
 from what he had been in the East, the only modification being 
 such as naturally grew out of new surroundings. His scholarly 
 tendencies might have seemed grotesque on a ranch among cow 
 boys and hunters, but he could not leave one Roosevelt in New 
 York and develop another and different Roosevelt in the West. 
 
 KEEPS CLOSE COMPANY WITH BOOKS. 
 
 Having been a man of books he could not obliterate his per 
 sonality and suddenly become a man of cattle and horses. The 
 books must come in somewhere. To him there was nothing 
 incompatible between hunting bears and antelope and hunting 
 gems in the English classics. Books were his companions ; while 
 he communed with steep buttes, wild canyons and boundless 
 prairies, he kept company with great minds and made friends of 
 their brilliant thoughts. There was no daily mail ; the letter 
 carrier might not arrive oftner than once a week, but his coming 
 was an advent, for he was sure to bring letters from prominent 
 men and the latest and best issues of the publishers. 
 
 "Rough board shelves," says Mr. Roosevelt, in his charming 
 "Hunting Trips of a Ranchman," "hold a number of books 
 without which some of the evenings would be long indeed. No 
 ranchman who loves sport" and nearly every one of them does 
 "can afford to be without Van Dyke's 'Still Hunter,' Dodge's 
 4 Plains of the Great West,' or Caton's * Deer and Antelope of 
 America' ; and Cones's 'Birds of the Northwest' will be valued 
 if he cares at all for natural history. As for Irving, Hawthorne, 
 Cooper, Lowell and the other standbys, I suppose no man, either 
 East or West, would willingly be long without them. And for 
 lighter reading there are dreamy Ik Marvel, Burroughs' breezy
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT'S ADVENTURES IN THE FAR WEST. 73 
 
 pages, and the quaint, pathetic character sketches of the Southern 
 writers, Cable, Craddock, Macon, Joel Chandler Harris, and sweet 
 Sherwood Bonner. And when one is in the Bad Lands, he feels 
 as if they somehow look just exactly as Poe's tales and poems 
 sound." 
 
 Probably no other ranchman in all the Northwest had a stock 
 of belongings similar to Roosevelt's. College bred men are not 
 often found in the Bad Lands ; they prefer to exhibit their culture 
 in communities nearer the great centres of civilization and refine 
 ment. No one would be likely to obtain a university education 
 to enable him to raise cattle and tame wild mustangs. Roosevelt, 
 the educated cowboy, required the fellowship of books. 
 
 RECREATION AFTER THE DAY'S LABORS. 
 
 Imagine him, after a hard day's work of riding, hunting or 
 rounding up his herds, seated in his rude yet picturesque apart 
 ment at night, eagerly perusing some historical work or volume 
 of poems, magazine of current literature, or treatise on the 
 animals of our hemisphere. Silence that is unbroken favors his 
 studious frame of mind, and with evident relish he turns the pages 
 until the fatigues of the day and the lateness of the hour furnish 
 suggestions of sleep and the rest that comes as a blessed compen 
 sation to honest toil. 
 
 It is not difficult to sum up the advantages derived by Mr. 
 Roosevelt from his sojourn in Dakota. He became imbued with 
 the Western spirit. It is the spirit that knows nothing about red 
 tape. It goes ahead and does things. There is a freedom about 
 the great West that is the forerunner of achievement. Men do 
 not grow old discussing how things should be done. Before you 
 are aware of what is going on the thing is accomplished. 
 
 Somewhat of that go-ahead, impetuous spirit manifested by 
 Mr. Roosevelt appears to have been imbibed from his life on the 
 ranch. And this disposition is one secret of his wonderful popu 
 larity in the Western States. He is a man after their own heart, 
 a man the people can understand and with whom they are in per 
 fect sympathy. He never imagined when he went West that he
 
 74 MR. ROOSEVELT'S ADVENTURES IN THE FAR WEST. 
 
 was taking a step winch would qualify him so effectually for the 
 office he now occupies, one that cannot in any sense be limited to 
 any one section of the country. A President should be so consti 
 tuted that he can be in close touch with all parts of the Union. 
 
 It is but natural that Mr. Roosevelt's most devoted followers 
 and friends should be found among the breezy spirits of the great 
 West. When he called for a regiment of Rough Riders at the 
 outbreak of our war with Spain, it was easy enough to enlist the 
 men ; Roosevelt was to be the lieutenant colonel. 
 
 It is further to be noted that his western life gave him much 
 information on the Indian problem, and furnished him materials 
 for thoroughly investigating this question and reaching an intelli 
 gent conclusion. 
 
 EQUAL RIGHTS AND JUSTICE TO ALL. 
 
 The white men had as good a claim to land as the Indians, 
 for it was government land, and by the Homestead Law any set 
 tler could secure 160 acres and along with it a valid title. There 
 was no good reason why an Indian should lay claim to a whole 
 county, compared with the size of which the white man's farm 
 was nothing more than an Irishman's garden patch. 
 
 In his usual vigorous way Mr. Roosevelt says : "The Indians 
 should be treated in just the same way that we treat the white 
 settlers. Give each his claim to a quarter-section. If, as gen 
 erally happens, he should decline this, then let him share the fate 
 of the thousands of white hunters who have lived on the game 
 that the settlement of the country has exterminated, and let him, 
 like these whites who will not work, perish from the face of the 
 earth which he encumbers. 
 
 " The doctrine seems merciless, and so it is. But it is just 
 and rational, for all that. It does not do to be too merciful to the 
 few at the cost of justice to the many. The cattlemen at least 
 K:eep herds and build houses on the land. Yet I would not for a 
 moment debar settlers from the right of entry to the cattle country 
 though their coming in means the destruction of us and our 
 industry."
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 
 
 ROOSEVELT'S NAVAL HISTORY APPOINTED ASSISTANT SECRETARY 
 OF THE NAVY EXCITEMENT IN THE NAVY DEPARTMENT 
 PREDICTED THAT THERE WOULD BE WAR WITH SPAIN VIGOR 
 OUS PREPARATIONS FOR THE CONFLICT GUN PRACTICE 
 REQUIRED CALL FOR LARGE APPROPRIATIONS VIRTUALLY 
 AT THE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT A REMARKABLE SPEECH. 
 CHOICE OF DEWEY FOR COMMANDER OF PACIFIC SQUADRON 
 SPAIN'S INFAMOUS RULE IN CUBA BLOWING UP OF THE 
 "MAINE" ORDERS SENT TO DEWEY ROOSEVELT'S RESIGNA 
 TION TO RECRUIT THE ROUGH RIDERS. 
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT had already written and published his 
 "Naval History of the War of 1812." W 7 hen first 
 announced it was supposed this history would be nothing more 
 than a rehash of histories already written on the American Navy, 
 or such a work as would merely satisfy the ambition for authorship 
 of a young man not long out of college. 
 
 No one imagined that it would contribute very much to 
 the knowledge already in the possession of the public. The 
 style might be new, the way of putting things might have some 
 little merit, but it was thought the subject matter would not com 
 mend the work to critics or scholars. It would be thrown, like a 
 thousand other works, into the world of books and left to its fate. 
 
 But this naval history soon gave evidence that it was capable 
 of taking care of itself. It was an exhaustive work ; it had all 
 the marks of profound research and careful preparation; its style 
 was picturesque, vigorous and attractive ; its accuracy was con 
 firmed by references of undoubted authority ; it was plain that 
 it was destined to take high rank as a standard history on the 
 brilliant achievements of our navy. It soon found its way into 
 the Navy Department at Washington, and its undoubted merit 
 
 was fully recognized. 
 
 75
 
 76 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt showed himself to be a thorough master of his 
 subject; he was making a valuable contribution to our historical 
 literature, and at the same time was establishing his reputation as 
 an expert in all naval matters. 
 
 It was but natural, therefore, that when President McKinley, 
 in 1897, wanted an Assistant Secretary of the Navy to act in con 
 junction with Secretary John D. Long, Mr. Roosevelt should 
 receive the appointment. He was eminently fitted for the 
 place. His whole political career had marked him as an unique 
 man. His record was without a stain. He enjoyed the absolute 
 confidence of the great majority of his countrymen all, in fact, 
 except the New York politicians, whose nefarious schemes and 
 practices he had fought with so much courage and success. He 
 went to Washington carrying with him the same purposes and 
 high ideals that had distinguished him in his whole previous 
 career. 
 
 CONSTERNATION IN THE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 When it became known that he was to be the Assistant Secre 
 tary of the Navy the subordinates in the department were filled 
 with apprehensions that amounted almost to alarm. They expected 
 his advent would be somewhat like that of a bull in a china 
 shop. They had heard of his firm dealing with the New York 
 police ; they knew much of his prominent characteristics and 
 resolute methods, and wondered if he were not an Elijah who 
 had come to trouble Israel. 
 
 " Many were the conjectures," writes Judge Advocate General 
 Samuel C. Lemly of the Navy, "as to what course the new 
 appointee would pursue in the Navy Department, for his reputa 
 tion as a reformer was both great and widespread, and, in truth, 
 none of us was ready to admit the need for his own reformation. 
 Moreover, Mr. Roosevelt had never served in a subordinate capac 
 ity. How, then, would he drop into such a position ? Could he 
 follow and assist as well as lead and command ? I recall distinctly 
 that, thanks to the vigilance of our librarian, copies of the various 
 books which the new appointee had written suddenly appeared in 
 the Navy Department Library, and there was such a demand for
 
 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 77 
 
 these books that I had to wait until my senior officers had read 
 before I could even have so much as a look at them. 
 
 " Although necessarily new to naval methods and administra 
 tion, Mr. Roosevelt had long been a student of naval matters, 
 historical and otherwise. I for one soon found that he possessed 
 having a most retentive memory a very remarkable knowl 
 edge of the technique of the new navy, and I was in consequence 
 constantly surprised at his off-hand but invariably correct state 
 ment of the batteries, horsepower, speed, thickness of armor, and 
 characteristics of our own and foreign naval vessels recently built, 
 as well as those under construction." 
 
 CAPACITY FOR WORK AND MASTERY. 
 
 It was soon found that the new Secretary had neither horns 
 nor hoofs. He was just an ordinary man, with a capacity for 
 work and for mastery of details that singled him out as one who 
 stood in a class by himself. His rule had always been to work 
 hard when he worked, and play hard when he played. It was 
 soon evident that he was not in the Navy Department for recrea 
 tion. Under his magic touch every nerve in the place grew tense. 
 The department was so well organized that he had little to do 
 except to keep the machinery in motion and impart to it a new 
 impulse. 
 
 He did not have a very exalted opinion of the American 
 navy as compared with the other navies the world, although we 
 had some good battleships. As to the rest, we had a lot of vener 
 able tubs that were good enough in time of peace, but would 
 be naval absurdities in time of war. 'The excuse was that we 
 were not a warlike nation, never made any great account of our 
 land and naval forces, and had no idea we would be involved in war 
 with any foreign power. But now there were clouds on the 
 horizon ; trouble was brewing with Spain ; we might need some 
 thing besides respectable tubs on the ocean. It would be a poor 
 time to create a navy after a declaration of war. 
 
 The Assistant Secretary, while on a visit of inspection to the 
 Naval Academy at Annapolis, addressed a class of naval cadets on
 
 78 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 
 
 Washington's forgotten maxim: "To be prepared for war is the 
 most effectual means to promote peace." He argued in this 
 address, not that we were preparing for war, but that preparation 
 for war was the surest guaranty for peace. He believed that 
 arbitration was an excellent thing, but that ultimately to have 
 this country at peace with foreign nations was to place reliance 
 upon a first-class fleet of first-class battleships, rather than upon 
 any arbitration treaty man could devise. 
 
 IGNOBLE PEACE WORSE THAN WAR. 
 
 " We but keep to the traditions of Washington," said Mr. 
 Roosevelt, " to the traditions of all great Americans who struggled 
 for the real greatness of America, when we strive to build up those 
 fighting qualities for the lack of which in a nation, as in an indi 
 vidual, no refinement, no culture, no wealth, no material prosperity, 
 can atone. While we are sincere and earnest in our advocacy of 
 peace, we must not forget that an ignoble peace is worse than any 
 war. We should engrave in our legislative halls those splendid 
 lines of Lowell : 
 
 ' ' ' Come, Peace ! not like a mourner bowed 
 
 For honor lost and dear ones wasted, 
 But proud, to meet a people proud, 
 With eyes that tell of triumph tasted !' 
 
 "All the great masterful races have been fighting races. 
 Cowardice in a race, as in an individual, is the unpardonable sin. 
 The timid man cannot fight, or the selfish, short-sighted, or foolish 
 man who will not take the steps that will enable him to fight, 
 stand on almost the same' plane." 
 
 A year before our war with Spain broke out Mr. Roosevelt 
 made the following significant statements : 
 
 " The enemies we may have to face will come from over the sea ; 
 they may come from Europe, or they may come from Asia. 
 Events move fast in the West ; but this generation has been 
 forced to see that they move even faster in the oldest East. Our 
 interests are as great in the Pacific as in the Atlantic, in the 
 Hawaiian Islands as in the West Indies. Merely for the protec-
 
 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 79 
 
 tion of our own shores, we need a great navy; and what is more, 
 we need it to protect our interests in the islands from which it is 
 possible to command our shores and to protect our commerce on 
 the high seas." 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt studied the needs of our navy in the possible 
 event of war. Practice thorough practice behind the guns he 
 declared to be indispensable. Men should learn how to shoot, and 
 only actual practice could teach them this. He began to buy 
 guns and ammunition, and all that was needed to fully equip our 
 warships. Repairs on old vessels went on while work was being 
 done on the new. He laid in large supplies of coal at every naval 
 supply station. He ordered every ship's crew recruited to its full 
 strength. 
 
 " We shall be compelled to fight Spain within a year," he 
 said to a friend months before the cruiser " Maine " was blown up 
 in Havana harbor. 
 
 "In ordinary routine matters," he said, "if a man does 
 ordinarily well I am satisfied, but if he doesn't do the work of 
 importance in the navy with the snap and vigor I believe is 
 necessary, I'll pinch him till he squeals." 
 
 SAW THE STORM OF WAR APPROACHING. 
 
 This is evidence that he had a presentiment of coming trouble 
 and believed the time was at hand for rapid work and thorough 
 preparation. There could be no shirking now, no easy-going, slip 
 shod way of administering the naval affairs of the nation. He 
 was not a mere figurehead himself, and he wanted no figureheads 
 around him. For the battleships he wanted the best crews that 
 could be obtained, and these must be thoroughly drilled up to the 
 point of the greatest efficiency. 
 
 "It is useless," he said, "to spend millions of dollars in 
 building perfect fighting machines unless we make the personnel 
 which is to handle these machines equally perfect. We have an 
 excellent navy now, but we never can afford to relax our efforts to 
 make it better still. Next time we may have to face some enemy 
 far more formidable than Spain. In my j udgment, the personnel
 
 gO A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 
 
 bill will markedly increase the efficiency of our already efficient 
 officers." 
 
 A story is related that shows what Mr. Roosevelt considered 
 to be the real needs of the navy. Shortly after his appointment 
 he asked for an appropriation of $800,000 for the purchase of ammu 
 nition. It was granted, and a few months later he asked for 
 another appropriation of $500,000 for the same purpose. When 
 asked what had become of the first appropriation, he replied : 
 ' ' Every cent of it has been spent for powder and shot, and every 
 bit of powder and shot has been fired." When he was asked what 
 he would do with the additional $500,000, he replied: u Use every 
 dollar of that, too, within the next thirty days in practice 
 
 shooting." 
 
 PLANS FOR INCREASING THE NAVY. 
 
 It is but fair to say that in all Mr. Roosevelt planned, all the 
 measures adopted to increase the efficiency of our navy, and in all 
 the changes he adopted to better the service, he was ably seconded 
 by the majority of our naval officers. They, more than others, saw 
 the necessity for doing the work he had so resolutely undertaken, 
 and being loyal, brave and competent, they took pride in the 
 adoption of the most energetic means for accomplishing the 
 desired result. And, below the officers, every man could be 
 depended upon to make for himself a record. There was not one 
 who was not prepared to suffer any privation, encounter any 
 danger, plunge into the thick of battle, if battle should come, and 
 add glory to the history of our navy, whose achievements in the 
 past have been the pride of the nation. 
 
 Such was the spirit that animated officers and subordinates. 
 How grandly it was exhibited in the naval battles and victories 
 that put a sudden termination to our war with Spain is known to 
 all men. There was no need of preparation so far as the gallant 
 heroes themselves were concerned. They were ready. They 
 stood at attention, waiting to receive commands. If there was a 
 single coward among them he has never been discovered. They 
 were animated by the heroic spirit displayed by Paul Jones in 
 the Revolution ; and Perry on Lake Erie in the War of 1812.
 
 Copyright. Harris & Ewing, Washington, D.C. 
 
 THEODORE ROOSEVELT
 
 EMPEROR WILLIAM AND COLONEL ROOSEVELT REVIEWING 
 GERMAN TROOPS 
 
 On Roosevelt's visit to Berlin he witnessed 12,000 soldiers engaged in a mimic 
 battle, arranged especially in his honor. Afterward the Emperor and the Colonel 
 reviewed the regiments, the Emperor remarking: "You are the only private 
 citizen who was ever invited to witness a mimic battle by German troops."
 
 Copyright 1910 American Press Association 
 
 THEODORE ROOSEVELT, A.B., LL.D., Ph.D., D.C.L. 
 This photograph was taken in London while the Colonel was on hi 
 way to the Cambridge University to receive the degree of Doctor of Law*.
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT MAKING HIS REMARKABLE SPEECH. 
 
 The Colonel expressed himself with remarkable frankness while speaking 
 at the Guildhall, after having received the honorary freedom of the City of 
 London. He dealt with the position in Egypt, saying, amongst other things: 
 " If you feel that you have not the right to be in Egypt and if you do not wish 
 to establish and to keep order there, then by all means get out of Egypt."
 
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 COLONEL ROOSEVELT ON BOAT, RESPONDING 
 TO CHEERS. 
 
 The sound of booming cannon, shrieking whistles and cheering 
 multitudes was almost deafening while our returning Hero was landing.
 
 UJ 
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 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 81 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt did not, therefore, direct his energies so much 
 to the officers and crews as to other matters. The crews needed 
 gnn practice, and this he gave them. It grieved the close-fisted 
 economists in Congress men who wanted no measure adopted for 
 any object unless it could be done cheap to see so much money 
 wasted in powder and shot literally burnt up and fired off. 
 Later events proved the wisdom of burning money and shooting 
 it away. It cost something to turn a raw middy into a good gun 
 ner, but it was a good investment. In the battles that followed, 
 the "men behind the guns" won the victories, and they did it 
 because they knew how to shoot. 
 
 THE MAN WHO ORGANIZED VICTORY. 
 
 A recent authority says of Mr. Roosevelt : "As Assistant 
 Secretary of the Navy, he was virtually he;id of the department. 
 He was a Carnot who 'organized victory.' He foresaw the 
 Spanish war a year before it came, and collected ammunition, 
 insisted on the practice for improving marksmanship on board all 
 the vessels and made the navy ready.' 1 Said the late Senator 
 Cushman K. Davis, chairman of the committee on foreign rela 
 tions : "If it had not been for Roosevelt, Dewey would not have 
 been able to strike the blow that he dealt at Manila. Roosevelt's 
 sagacity, energy and promptness saved us. 
 
 Speaking of being prepared for war in the event of its coming 
 Mr. Roosevelt said : 
 
 "Even if the enemy did not interfere with our efforts, which 
 they undoubtedly would, it would take from three to six months 
 after the outbreak of a war for which we were unprepared before 
 we could in the slightest degree remedy our unreadiness. We 
 must therefore make up our minds once for all to the fact that it 
 is too late to make ready for war when the fight has once begun. 
 The preparation must come before that. 
 
 " In the case of the Civil War, none of these conditions applied. 
 In 1861 we had a good fleet, and the Southern Confederacy had not 
 a ship. We were able to blockade the Southern ports at once, and 
 we could improvise engines of war more than sufiicient to put 
 
 6 M.I,.
 
 82 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 
 
 against those of an enemy which also had to improvise them, and 
 who labored under even more disadvantages. The * Monitor 7 
 was got ready in the nick of time to meet the 'Merrimac,' 
 because the Confederates had to plan and build the latter while we 
 were building and planning the former ; but if ever we have to go 
 to war with a modern military power we shall find its ' Merrimacs' 
 already built, and it will then be altogether too late to build 
 * Monitors ' to meet them. 
 
 " The enemies we may have to face will come from over the 
 sea ; they may come from Europe, or they may come from Asia. 
 Events move fast in the West, but this generation has been forced 
 to see that they move even faster in the oldest East. Our interests 
 are as great in the Pacific as in the Atlantic, in the Hawaiian Islands 
 as in the West Indies. Merely for the protection of our shores 
 we need a great navy, and what is more, we need it to protect our 
 interests in the islands from which it is possible to command our 
 shores and to protect our commerce on the high seas. 
 
 MUST HAVE STRONG BATTLESHIPS. 
 
 " Still more is it necessary to have a fleet of great battleships 
 if we intend to live up to the Monroe Doctrine and to insist upon 
 its observance in the two Americas and the islands on either side 
 of them. If a foreign power, whether in Europe or in Asia, should 
 determine to assert its position in those lands wherein we feel that 
 our influence should be supreme, there is but one way in which we 
 can effectively interfere. Diplomacy is utterly useless when there 
 is no force behind it ; the diplomat is the servant, not the master, 
 of the soldier. The prosperity of peace, commercial and material 
 prosperity, gives no weight whatever when the clash of arms comes. 
 
 " Even great naked strength is useless if there is no imme 
 diate means through which that strength can manifest itself. If 
 we mean to protect the people of the lands who look to us for pro 
 tection from tyranny and aggression ; if we mean to uphold our 
 Interests in the teeth of the formidable Old World powers, we 
 can only do it by being ready at any time, if the provocation is 
 sufficient, to meet them on the seas where the battle for supremacy
 
 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 83 
 
 must be fought. Unless we are prepared so to meet them let us 
 abandon all talk of devotion to the Monroe" Doctrine or to the 
 honor of the American name." 
 
 If it wishes to retain its self-respect, most certainly this nation 
 cannot stand still and keep undimmed the honored traditions 
 inherited from the men whose swords founded and preserved it. 
 Mr. Roosevelt asks that the work of upbuilding our navy and of 
 putting the United States where it should be go forward without 
 hesitation. The whole country should ask it, and did, not in the 
 interest of war, but in the interest of peace. A nation should never 
 fight unless forced to fight, but it should always be ready to fight. 
 The mere fact that it is in trim for fighting will generally spare 
 it the necessity of fighting. 
 
 A POWERFUL NAVY PRESERVES PEACE. 
 
 " If this country now had a fleet of twenty-five ships of battle 
 their existence would make it all the more likely that we should 
 not have war. It is very important that we should as a race keep 
 the virile fighting qualities and should be ready to use them at 
 need ; but it is not at all important to use them unless there is need. 
 One of the surest ways to attain these qualities is to keep our navy 
 in first-class trim. 
 
 1 ' There never is and never has been on our part a desire to use 
 a weapon because it has been well tempered. There is not the 
 least danger that the possession of a good navy will render this 
 country overbearing towards its neighbors. The direct contrary 
 is the truth. An unmanly desire to avoid a quarrel is often the 
 surest way to precipitate one, and utter unreadiness to fight is 
 even surer. 
 
 " If in the future we have war it will almost certainly come 
 from some action or lack of action on our part in the way of refus 
 ing to accept responsibilities at the proper time, or failing to 
 prepare for war when war does not threaten. An ignoble peace is 
 even worse than an unsuccessful war, but an unsuccessful war 
 should leave behind it a legacy of bitter memories which would 
 hurt our national development for a generation to come. It is true
 
 84 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 
 
 that no nation could actually conquer us, owing to our isolated 
 position, but we could be seriously harmed, even materially, by 
 disasters that stopped far short of conquest ; and in these matters, 
 which are far more important than things! material, we could 
 readily be damaged beyond repair. 
 
 " No material loss can begin to compensate for the loss of 
 national self-respect. The damage to our commercial interests 
 by the destruction of one of our coast cities would be nothing as 
 compared to the humiliation which would be felt by every Amer 
 ican worthy of the name if we had to submit to such an injury 
 without amply avenging it. It has been finely said that ' A gen 
 tleman is one who is willing to lay down his life for little things;' 
 that is, for those things which seem little to the man who cares 
 only whether shares rise or fall in value, and to the timid 
 doctrinaire who preaches timid peace from his cloistered study. 
 
 THE HIGHEST TYPE OF NATION. 
 
 " Much of that which is best and highest in national char 
 acter is made up of glorious memories and traditions. The fight 
 well fought, the life honorably lived, the death bravely met 
 those count for more in building a high and fine type of temper 
 in a nation than any possible success in the stock market, than 
 any possible prosperity in commerce or manufactures. A rich 
 banker may be a valuable and useful citizen, but not a thousand 
 rick bankers can leave to the country such a heritage as Farragut 
 left, when, lashed in the rigging of the 'Hartford,' he forged 
 past the forts and over the unseen death below, to try his wooden 
 stern against the ironclad hull of the great Confederate ram. 
 
 " The people of some given section of our country may be 
 better off because a shrewd and wealthy man has built up therein 
 a great manufacturing business, or has extended a line of railroad 
 past its doors, but the whole nation is better, the whole nation is 
 braver, because Gushing pushed his little torpedo boat through 
 the darkness to sink beside the sinking ' Albemarle.' 
 
 " Every feat of heroism makes us forever indebted to the 
 man who performed it. All daring and courage, all iron endur-
 
 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 85 
 
 ance of misfortune, all devotion to the ideal of honor and the 
 glory of the flag, make for a finer and a nobler type of manhood. 
 It is not only those who do and endure who are benefited, but also 
 the countless thousands who are not themselves called upon to 
 face the peril, to show the strength, or to win the reward. All of 
 us lift our heads higher because those of our countrymen whose 
 trade it is to meet danger have met it well and bravely. All of 
 us are poorer for every base or ignoble deed done by an American, 
 for every instance of selfishness or weakness or folly on the part 
 of the people as a whole. We are all worse off when any of us 
 fails at any point in his duty toward the State in time of peace, or 
 his duty toward the State in time of war. If ever we had to 
 meet defeat at the hands of a foreign foe, or had to submit tamely 
 to wrong or insult, every man among us worthy of the name of 
 an American would feel dishonored and debased. 
 
 ALL SHARE THE HONORS OF OUR HEROES. 
 
 " On the other hand, the memory of every triumph won by 
 Americans, by just so much helps to make each American nobler 
 and better. Every man among us is more fit to meet the duties 
 and responsibilities of citizenship because of the perils over which, 
 in the past, the nation has triumphed ; because of the blood and 
 sweat and tears, the labor and the anguish through which, in the 
 days that have gone, our forefathers moved on to triumph. 
 
 "There are higher things in this life than the soft and easy 
 enjoyment of material comfort. It is through strife or the readi 
 ness for strife that a nation must win greatness. We ask for a 
 great navy partly because we think that the possession of such a 
 navy is the surest guarantee of peace, and partly because we feel 
 that no national life is worth having if the nation is not willing, 
 when the need shall arise, to stake everything on the supreme 
 arbitration of war, and to pour out its blood, its treasure, and its 
 tears like water, rather than to submit to the loss of honor and 
 renown. 
 
 " In closing, let me repeat that we ask for a great navy, we 
 ask for an armament fit for the nation's need, not primarily to
 
 *fi A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 
 
 fight, but to avert fighting. Preparedness deters the foe, and 
 maintains right by the show of ready might without the use of 
 violence. Peace, like freedom, is not a gift that tarries long in 
 the hands of cowards, or of those too feeble or too short-sighted to 
 deserve it ; and we ask to be given the means to insure that hon 
 orable peace which alone is worth having." 
 
 When war was declared between the United States and Spain 
 there was a marked difference between our land and naval forces 
 in the matter of preparation. The regular army was limited to 
 25,000 men, and even at this limit the ranks were not full. Presi 
 dent McKinley called for 125,000 volunteers. They appeared to 
 leap from the ground, but there was no uniform for them no 
 adequate equipment, and no chance of putting them in the field 
 until a thousand details had been attended to and a vast amount 
 of preparation had been carried on, thus producing hurrying, delays 
 and confusion. On the other hand, the navy was ready for the fray. 
 There had been a man in Washington who looked after that mat 
 ter, and although it was necessary to purchase some minor vessels 
 and charter others, we were not unprepared for the conflict. 
 
 NAVAL FORCES READY FOR ACTION. 
 
 The officers who were to captain our squadrons were person 
 ally selected by the Assistant Secretary. One of those placed in 
 command was Dewey, whose name was suggested to the naval 
 council as a competent and efficient officer. 
 
 "Dewey!" exclaimed one of the board who knew the sailor 
 well. " Dewey is a dude." 
 
 " What of that ? " demanded Roosevelt. 
 
 "Why, you are the last man I should expect to want to 
 advance a dude." 
 
 "I didn't want to advance him," said Mr. Roosevelt. ''I'll 
 leave that to you afterward. All I want is a man over there 
 some fellow who will fight and make war. I don't care what kind 
 of a collar he wears ; that is, so long as it is some kind of a linen 
 collar." 
 
 As already stated, Mr. Roosevelt foresaw the inevitable rup-
 
 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 87 
 
 ture between our government and that of Spain. Events were 
 hurrying swiftly to a crisis. The day of doom that shocked high 
 heaven was fast approaching. No nation can forever escape a 
 reckoning whose hands are stained with blood. The cry of the 
 oppressed, the appeal for help from starving multitudes, the 
 dying moans of helpless men, women and children could no 
 longer go unheeded. There is a higher law that asserts itself in 
 spite of thrones ; it is the law of justice and humanity. 
 
 For many years the "Queen of the Antilles" had been the 
 victim of Spanish greed and cruelty ; the foot of the haughty 
 Castilian had been placed upon her neck. On the very threshold 
 of this land of ours, with all its boasted liberty and its proud 
 record for defending the rights of humanity, scenes of barbarity 
 and ruffianly cruelty had been enacted that were enough to make 
 even savages blush. 
 
 BRAVE CUBANS FIGHTING FOR INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Through all these years of misgovernment, extortion, injus 
 tice and rapine, a few brave spirits in Cuba had resisted their 
 brazen foe had appealed to the Cuban people to rise in resistance 
 to their oppressor, and had fought bravely for the overthrow of 
 tyranny. But even heroes cannot always win battles, and for the 
 time may appear to be shedding their blood in a hopeless cause. 
 It is, however, only in appearance. As "the blood of martyrs is 
 the seed of the church," so the blood of patriots, sooner or later, 
 bears fruit in the great battle for human freedom. 
 
 General Campos, with his Spanish army, did not succeed in 
 quelling the spirit of revolt that was rife among the Cuban people- 
 He was recalled, and General Weyler, who may well bear the 
 base name of the modern Caligula, was sent to enact more severe 
 measures. He had ruled in the Philippines with an iron hand, 
 and this was sufficient reason for sending him to Cuba. In the 
 chamber of horrors that commemorates rulers branded with eter 
 nal infamy, Weyler holds the most conspicuous place. He is the 
 presiding genius over the motley crew whose bloody deeds have 
 called down the burning execrations of mankind. It is one of the
 
 88 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 
 
 mysteries of Providence that a monster so black and foul should 
 be permitted to dwell on the face of the earth. 
 
 Weyler's notorious " reconcentrado " order, which huddled 
 the inhabitants of Cuba into the towns, there to die of hunger and 
 starvation or, if they escaped this fate, to pine in sickness and 
 want was the very refinement of barbarity. The helpless vic 
 tims of his infernal atrocity perished by thousands. 
 
 Our whole country was stirred by this appalling spectacle. 
 Many persons found it hard to believe that such inhuman deeds 
 were being enacted at our very door. Several representatives of 
 our Government went to Cuba to get a near view of the situation 
 and see what truth there really was in the reports that had shocked 
 every moral sense of the American people. 
 
 THRILLING SPEECH IN THE SENATE. 
 
 Among others who visited Cuba was Senator John M. Thurs- 
 ton, of Nebraska, who was accompanied by his wife, an estimable 
 lady then in her last illness. She witnessed the horrors, the half 
 of which ^ad not been told, saw the pale, ghastly faces of men, 
 women, children, and, turning away finally from spectacles that 
 froze her blood and made her heart-sick, asked with her dying 
 breath that her husband should promise to lift up his voice in the 
 Senate at Washington and plead the cause of bleeding Cuba. 
 
 When her sorrowing husband rose to address the Senate, he 
 said : " I have a right to speak. I give you a message from 
 silent lips ; and if I held my peace when such a question is under 
 discussion, if I refrained from testifying to the atrocious cruelties 
 inflicted upon the people of Cuba, I should falter in my trust ; I 
 should fail in my duty to one whose heart was broken while a 
 nation hesitated." 
 
 Such an appeal was not made for effect. Thrilling and 
 earnest as it was, it was more than justified by the facts in the 
 situation. 
 
 When the cruiser " Maine" was blown up in Havana harbor, 
 on February 15, 1898, it was conceded by all thoughtful men that 
 war was inevitable. Roosevelt's prophecy was coming true with
 
 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 89 
 
 startling fulfillment. President McKinley was opposed to war, 
 except as a last resort. His position was right ; he knew it to be 
 so, and he refused to rush into a conflict with a foreign power 
 until all means for settling the trouble had been exhausted. 
 There are still those who believe that if he could have had a free 
 hand war would have been averted. 
 
 But such an infamous deed as the blowing up of the " Maine " 
 could not be condoned by a people possessed of any courage and 
 self-respect. There was not water enough in all the southern 
 seas to wash out the stain of such a crime. The nation promptly 
 addressed itself to the stern arbitrament of the sword. 
 
 FIRST DESPATCH SENT TO DEWEY. 
 
 On February 25th, Mr. Roosevelt sent a confidential despatch 
 to Dewey, in which he said : 
 
 " Order the squadron, except ' Monocacy ' to Hong Kong. 
 Keep full of coal. In the event of a declaration of war with 
 Spain your duty will be to see that the Spanish squadron does 
 not leave the Asiatic coast, and then offensive operatk G in Philip 
 pine Islands. Keep l Olympia ' until further orders. A footnote 
 by the Bureau of Navigation says : " ' Olympia ' had had orders 
 to proceed to United States." This despatch of Mr. Roosevelt's 
 was the first that was sent by our government in regard to the 
 taking of the Philippines. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt's preparations for the coming conflict reached 
 to the other side of the globe. When Admiral Dewey arrived at 
 Hong Kong with our Pacific squadron he found large stores of 
 coal, ammunition, provisions and all other supplies that could 
 possibly be needed to put the fleet in the very best condition for 
 active operations. It was at Roosevelt's suggestion and urgent 
 solicitation that the order from the Navy Department, which has 
 since become famous, was sent to Dewey, and he was directed to 
 proceed to Manila and " capture or destroy the ships of the 
 enemy." 
 
 The brilliant outcome of that move on the part of the com 
 mander is proof that Roosevelt was not mistaken in his man.
 
 90 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAYY. 
 
 The "dude " was master of the situation, and in one day stepped 
 into the front rank of naval heroes. If the roar of his guns, that 
 shook old Spain to the centre, could have been interpreted, it 
 would have said in the most emphatic tones, " If you have any 
 more ' dudes ' of this sort they are eligible to appointment in the 
 United States naval service." The question was not whether 
 Dewey was " well dressed," but whether he could fight, and, in 
 truth, it must be said that at Manila his clothes did not seem to 
 trouble him. 
 
 A writer gives this account of the Assistant Secretary's 
 unexpected action : "Activity in the Navy Department was not 
 enough for a man of Mr. Roosevelt's calibre. Late in April, 
 1898, he said to one of the naval officials : ' There is nothing 
 more for me to do here. I've got to get into the fight myself.' " 
 
 RESOLVED TO TAKE THE FIELD. 
 
 " His * strenuous ' nature could not be reconciled to inactivity. 
 To have no part in a war that involved the honor and prestige of 
 the nation was a thought too humiliating to be borne. He knew 
 the calibre of the men on the western plains and ranches the stuff 
 of which they were made and he felt sure that once in the fight 
 they would render an account of themselves that history would 
 record in glowing terms. 
 
 " There were rumors current before he actually resigned of 
 his intention to do so, and of his proposed plan of raising a cow 
 boy regiment for Dr. Leonard Wood and himself to lead to Cuba. 
 Leading newspapers at once urged him to remain at Washington. 
 They told him that he was the man for the place, and they warned 
 him that he was ' ruining his career.' They said there are plenty 
 of men to stop bullets, but very few who could manage a navy. 
 But he resigned, nevertheless, in due and official form, on 
 May 6th." 
 
 The correspondence which passed between Secretary Long 
 and Mr. Roosevelt with reference to his retirement from the Navy 
 Department is something out of the ordinary in such proceedings. 
 Under date of May 6, 1898, Mr. Roosevelt wrote to Secretary Long,
 
 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 91 
 
 inclosing a letter to the President tendering his resignation as 
 Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and saying : 
 
 "My Dear Mr. Secretary : Let me add one word personally. I 
 don't suppose I shall ever have a chief tinder whom I shall enjoy 
 serving as I have enjoyed serving under you, nor one toward 
 whom I shall feel the same affectionate regard. It is a good thing 
 for a man to have, as I have had in you, a chief whose whole con 
 duct in office, as seen by those most intimately connected with him. 
 has been guided solely by resolute disinterestedness and single- 
 minded devotion to the public interest. 
 
 " I hate to leave you more than I can say. I deeply appreci 
 ate, and am deeply touched by, the confidence you have put in me 
 and the more than generous and kindly spirit you have always 
 shown toward me. I have grown not only to respect you as my 
 superior officer, but to value your friendship very highly ; and I 
 trust I have profited by association with one of the most high- 
 minded and upright public servants it has been my good fortune 
 to meet." 
 
 REPLY OF SECRETARY LONG. 
 
 Secretary Long replied, under date of May yth, as follows : 
 
 " My Dear Mr. Roosevelt : I have your letter of resignation 
 to the President, but, as I have told you so many times, I have it 
 with the utmost regret. I have often expressed, perhaps too 
 emphatically and harshly, my conviction that you ought not to 
 leave the post of Assistant Secretary of the Navy, where your 
 services have not only been of such great value, but of so much 
 inspiration to me and to the whole service. But now that you 
 have determined to go to the front, I feel bound to say that, while 
 I do not approve of the change, I do most heartily appreciate the 
 patriotism and the sincere fidelity which actuate you. 
 
 " Let me assure you how profoundly I feel the loss I sustain 
 in your going. Your energy, industry, and great knowledge of 
 naval interests, and especially your inspiring influence in stimu 
 lating and lifting the whole tone of the personnel of the navy, 
 have been invaluable. I cannot close this reply to your letter
 
 92 A MASTERLY SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. 
 
 without telling you also what an affectionate personal regard I 
 have come to feel for you as a man of the truest temper and most 
 loyal friendship. I rejoice that one who has so much capacity 
 for public service and for winning personal friendships has the 
 promise of so many years of useful and loving life before him." 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt's letter to the President was as follows : 
 
 " I have the honor herewith to tender my resignation through 
 the Secretary of the Navy, and at his request make it take effect 
 when you desire. It is with the greatest reluctance that I sever my 
 connection with your administration, and I only do it because I hope 
 thereby to have the chance to take an even more active part in 
 carrying out one of the great works of your administration the 
 freeing of Cuba and the driving of Spain from the western hemi 
 sphere. I shall always deeply appreciate your kindness to me, 
 and shall always try to show myself worthy of the trust you have 
 reposed in me." 
 
 The President's answer, through Secretary Porter, was as 
 follows : 
 
 " My Dear Mr. Secretary : Although the President was 
 obliged to accept your resignation of recent date, I can assure 
 you that he has done so with very great regret. Only the cir 
 cumstances mentioned in your letter and your decided and 
 changeable preference for your new patriotic work has induced 
 the President to consent to your severing your present connection 
 with the administration. Your services here during your entire 
 term of office have been faithful, able and successful in the 
 highest degree, and no one appreciates this fact more keenly than 
 the President himself. Without doubt your connection with the 
 navy will be beneficially felt in several of its departments for 
 many years to come. 
 
 " In the President's behalf, therefore, I wish at this time to 
 thank you most heartily and to wish you all success in your new 
 and important undertaking, for which I hope and predict a bril 
 liantly victorious result. 
 
 "JOHN ADDISON PORTER,"
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S FAMOUS ROUGH RIDERS. 
 
 REGIMENT RECRUITED AT SAN ANTONIO MEN FROM THE TERRITO 
 RIES AND FROM THE EAST GREAT DIVERSITY OF CHARACTER 
 
 AND SOCIAL POSITION COWBOYS AND INDIANS COLLEGE 
 GRADUATES FAMOUS ATHLETES RIGID DISCIPLINE HURRY 
 ING PREPARATIONS JOURNEY TO TAMPA VEXATIOUS DELAYS 
 LACK OF MANAGEMENT ON BOARD THE " YUCATAN" VOYAGE 
 TO SANTIAGO LANDING THE TROOPS ON CUBAN SOIL. 
 
 WHEN Mr. Roosevelt resolved to have a hand in the impend 
 ing war, he did not seek a position in the navy. As well 
 posted as he was on all naval matters, he was not a seaman. He 
 was a landsman and not a sailor. He could steer a bucking 
 mustang, but not a ship. He was to do his fighting on land, and, 
 naturally, his mind turned toward the hardy ranchmen and dash 
 ing cowboys he had known in the West. He believed that if he 
 could organize a regiment of these brave fellows he could render 
 a service that would help to crown our arms with glory. 
 
 He applied for a commission in the army of volunteers that 
 hurried forward to meet the call of President McKinley. To the 
 remonstrances of friends and Washington officials, who declared 
 he was more needed in the Navy Department than anywhere else, 
 he turned a deaf ear. He had rendered invaluable service in 
 placing the navy in the best possible condition for the approaching 
 struggle, and was resolved now to follow our flag to the battle 
 field. 
 
 Preliminaries were soon arranged. He passed a good physi 
 cal examination, and was sworn into service by General Corbin. 
 As soon as it was announced that he was to organize a regiment 
 and go with it to the front his office presented a strange scene. 
 All sorts of men from all sorts of places came to make applica 
 tion for a chance to serve in the ranks. They clamored, they used 
 
 all the arts of persuasion, they set up against one another a fierce 
 
 93
 
 94 COLONEL ROOSEVELT S FAMOUS ROUGH RIDERS. 
 
 rivalry, so eager were these loyal sons of the nation to honor the 
 flag and prove their patriotism. 
 
 Some of them were rough-looking cowboys who had hurried 
 to Washington to make sure of being accepted. They had the 
 air, the dress, the bold demeanor of men who had shot big game, 
 chased wild steers, tried conclusions with Indians, and their tall 
 athletic figures, broad brims and bronzed faces made them very 
 conspicuous, and indicated that, with their experiences of western 
 life and hardships, they would make formidable fighters. 
 
 VOLUNTEERS FROM HIGHEST SOCIAL RANKS. 
 
 In marked contrast with these, others were the sons of well- 
 known families, who had been reared in wealth and luxury. They 
 came from homes of refinement, and not a few were educated 
 young men and graduates of colleges. As Mr. Roosevelt is a 
 graduate of Harvard, many from that institution wished to follow 
 him and try the fortunes of war. Indeed, he could not help query 
 ing whether these noble sons of distinguished sires had stopped to 
 count the cost of a soldier's life in active service, or realized its 
 hardships and dangers. 
 
 Among others, were three or four policemen from New York, 
 who had known Roosevelt when he was their chief, and could not 
 now resist the fascination of a life of heroism under such a leader. 
 It was evident that he could have raised an army of 50,000 men on 
 short notice if he could have been apppointed commander. 
 
 From the outset Mr. Roosevelt objected to the designation of 
 " Rough Riders " being given in advance to the regiment of 
 mounted rifles. "The objection to that term," he said, "is that 
 people who read the newspapers may get the impression that the 
 regiment is to be a hippodrome affair. Those who get that idea 
 will discover that it is a mistake. The regiment may be one of 
 rough riders, but they will be as orderly, obedient, and generally 
 well-disciplined a body as any equal number of men in any branch 
 of the service. But they will not make a show. They go out for 
 business, and when they do business no one will entertain for a 
 moment the notion that they are part of a show."
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S FAMOUS ROUGH RIDERS. 95 
 
 "Some persons," wrote Mr. Byron P. Stephenson, at this time, 
 " were inclined to sneer at Theodore Roosevelt for deserting his 
 post as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, where his services were 
 of the greatest valne to the country. There is something humor 
 ous in the idea of a man of forty and the father of six children 
 raising a troop of cowboys, hunting men, and mounted policemen, 
 and going as its second in command to fight the Spaniards. Mr. 
 Roosevelt is not lacking in a sense of humor, and probably sees 
 the comical side of the situation as well as any one. But Theo 
 dore Roosevelt is an anachronism. He belongs not to the dawn 
 of the twentienth century, but to the mediaeval days. He was cut 
 out for a crusader. He is always ready to fight for an idea. He 
 would have delighted Cceur de Lion." 
 
 EXPLOITS OF MOUNTED HEROES. 
 
 Our country's history affords some parallels to the unique 
 character of the Rough Riders. " Old Hickory " at New Orleans 
 led an army of brave fighters ; Kit Carson's rangers were famous 
 in their dry ; so were Captain May's mounted heroes in the 
 Mexican war. If the leader can be found the men can also 
 be found who are fashioned for valorous exploits. We rather 
 frown upon what in common phrase is called the dare-devil spirit, 
 but there may be emergencies and crises when it means victory. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt had been schooled somewhat in military tactics 
 before he prepared to take the field. In 1884 ne was a lieutenant 
 in the Eighth Regiment of the National Guard of New York. 
 He remained with the regiment more than four years, and rose to 
 the rank of captain. President McKinley offered to make him 
 colonel of the Rough Riders, and doubtless he would have accepted 
 the commission if he had considered himself sufficiently versed in 
 military tactics to make a competent commander. 
 
 His reply was, " I am not fitted to command a regiment for I 
 have no recent military training. Later, after I have gained some 
 experience, perhaps that may come." Not only did he reach the 
 position of colonel, but his gallantry and heroic services were 
 recognized by a medal of honor.
 
 96 COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S FAMOUS ROUGH RIDERS. 
 
 Dr. Leonard Wood, of Massachusetts, was appointed colonel. 
 He was a captain and assistant snrgeon of regulars, doing duty 
 at the time in personal attendance on the President and Secretary 
 of War. Roosevelt was made lieutenant-colonel. The two men 
 had never met until Colonel Wood was called to Washington, but 
 there was so much in common between them that they soon 
 became fast friends. Bach was a sturdy specimen of physical 
 manhood ; each was a man of high resolves and noble ideals ; 
 each was a thorough American, imbued with our national spirit ; 
 each was eager for active service in the war. These two men 
 formed a host in themselves. 
 
 KIND WORDS FOR COLONEL WOOD. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt published in " Scribner's Magazine" the fol 
 lowing appreciative notice of Colonel Wood : 
 
 " He had served in General Miles' inconceivably harassing 
 campaigns against the Apaches, where he had displayed such 
 courage that he won that most coveted of distinctions the medal 
 of honor; such extraordinary physical strength and endurance 
 that he grew to be recognized as one of the two or three white men 
 who could stand fatigue and hardship as well as an Apache ; and 
 such judgment that toward the close of the campaigns he was 
 given, though a surgeon, the actual command of more than one 
 expedition against the bands of renegade Indians. Like so many 
 of the gallant fighters with whom it was later my good fortune to 
 serve, he combined, in a very high degree, the qualities of entire 
 manliness with entire uprightness and cleanliness of character. 
 
 " It was a pleasure to deal with a man of high ideals, who 
 scorned everything mean and base, and who also possessed those 
 robust and hardy qualities of body and mind for the lack of which 
 no merely negative virtue can ever atone. He was by nature a 
 soldier of the highest type, and, like most natural soldiers, he was, 
 of course, born with a keen longing for adventure ; and, though 
 an excellent doctor, what he really desired was the chance to lead 
 men in some kind of hazard." 
 
 Wood and Roosevelt proceeded to San Antonio, Texas, where
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT S FAMOUS ROUGH RIDERS. 9f 
 
 the regiment was to be recruited. It was expected that most o} 
 the recruits would be western plainsmen, cowboys and ranchmen, 
 who were used to the rifle, the bucking horse, the hardships of 
 frontier life, many of whom had known Mr. Roosevelt during hia 
 hunting excursions in the West and his visits to his ranch. Men 
 were already on the ground from Arizona, Oklahoma, New Mexico^ 
 and others soon arrived from Indian Territory. 
 
 QUICK RESPONSE FROM CALL TO ARMS. 
 
 The call to arms had been heard through all these vast 
 regions, and there came a quick response from j ust the men who 
 were wanted for a military organization that was intended for 
 special service. At first thought one might imagine that men so 
 imbued with the spirit of adventure would never submit them 
 selves to the exacting discipline required by their officers. Bvery 
 one was a fighter on his own hook, but they had the intelligence 
 and the instinct to see that strict discipline was essential to the 
 highest efficiency, and that the grandest quality of a soldier is 
 obedience to orders. It did not take long to get this rough mate 
 rial into shape. 
 
 As to arms, the best were chosen for the purpose. There were 
 six shooters, carbines and Cuban machetes. The latter resem 
 bled the old-fashioned bushhook, known to farmers and woodsmen 
 in clearing the ground of bushes and cutting roads through 
 thickets and underbrush. In a hand-to-hand combat the machete 
 is a most effective weapon, more so than the regular cavalry sabre, 
 which, in this instance, it displaced. It was thought that it would 
 be especially serviceable in the jungles and thickets so common 
 to Cuba. 
 
 Speaking of the men who composed the regiment, Mr. Roose 
 velt said, in a speech, after arriving at his home at Oyster Bay, 
 Long Island : 
 
 " We had in our regiment the man who was born in Maine, 
 and the man who was born in Oregon, the man who had been 
 brought up in one of the great States of the east and the man 
 who had lived where he had never seen a great city and rarely a 
 
 7 M.L.
 
 8 COLONEL ROOSEVELT S FAMOUS ROUGH RIDERS. 
 
 town of more than one Hundred people. We had the man of the 
 sea coast and we had also the man who had never seen more 
 water than was contained in the Pecos when the Pecos was ' up ' ; 
 and it was one of the latter class whom I heard on one occasion, 
 when his hat had blown off in midocean, chronicle the event to 
 one of his comrades by saying, ( Oh, Jim ! my hat blew into the 
 crick ! ' To him the Atlantic was simply an unusually large 
 creek." 
 
 Western men are fond of nicknames, and " Laughing Horse' 7 
 was the name given Roosevelt. This gave rise to the following 
 humorous verses by H. W. Phillips, which greatly pleased the 
 
 cowboys : 
 
 "THE ROUGH RIDING BRIGADE." 
 
 "So, Teddy, you've come to your own again ! 
 
 I thought it was mighty strange 
 That you had forgotten the good old times 
 
 And the friends of the cattle range. 
 But now the old gun has been polished up, 
 
 And I'm ready to cross the sea 
 And ride with you, Teddy Roosevelt ! 
 
 Old ' Laughing Horse ' for me ! 
 
 " Together we've ridden the range, my lad, 
 
 And slept on the ground o' night ; 
 And you were the boy for a high old time, 
 
 A cuss in a stand-up fight. 
 Besides, you were square as a die, old pard, 
 
 And all that a man should .be. 
 So I'm with you, Teddy Roosevelt, 
 
 Old ' Laughing Horse ' for me ! 
 
 " The boys have just whooped to your call, my lad, 
 
 From the hot desert Texan trail 
 To where the wild yell of the blizzard's sweep 
 
 Makes mock of the coyote's wail. 
 Now, I don't know what the row's all about, 
 
 But my trail lies before me plain ; 
 For, Teddy, you've said that the thing to do 
 
 Is to wallop the hide off Spain."
 
 ROOSEVELT S FAMOUS ROUGH RIDERS. 99 
 
 The whole country was deeply interested in Roosevelt's new 
 regiment, and, indeed, was not a little amused. All accounts con 
 cerning it were eagerly read, and the universal opinion was that 
 under his leadership the Rough Riders would be the heroes of the 
 war. It seemed an odd spectacle for the sons of old aristocratic 
 families of the Bast to be fighting side by side with the dare-devil 
 horsemen and cattle herders of the plains. But a common cause 
 annihilates all outward distinctions and welds men together like 
 bands of steel. All sorts of characters and from all ranks of life 
 helped to make up this unique regiment, and the very pride the 
 men felt in their organization, and the determination that it 
 should render a good account of itself was all that was needed to 
 ensure order, faithful drilling and punctilious attention to every 
 
 duty. 
 
 LEADERS TRIED AND TRUE. 
 
 "There was Bucky O'Neill, of Arizona, Captain of Troop A, 
 the Mayor of Prescott, a famous sheriff throughout the West, for 
 his feats of victorious warfare against the Apache, no less than 
 against the white road agents and men-killers. His father had 
 fought in Meagher's Brigade in the Civil War, and he himself a 
 born soldier, a leader of men. He was a wild, reckless fellow, 
 soft-spoken, and of dauntless courage and boundless ambition ; he 
 was staunchly loyal to his friends, and cared for his own men in 
 every way. 
 
 " There was Captain Llewellen, of New Mexico, a good citi 
 zen, a political leader, and one of the most noted peace officers of 
 the country ; he had been shot four times in pitched fights with 
 red marauders and white outlaws. There was Lieutenant Ballard, 
 who had broken oip the Black Jack gang, of ill-omened notoriety, 
 and his captain, Curry, another New Mexican sheriff of fame. 
 The officers from the Indian Territory had almost all served as 
 marshals and deputy marshals ; and in the Indian Territory 
 service as a deputy marshal meant capacity to fight stand-up 
 battles with gangs of outlaws. 
 
 "Three of our highest officers had been in the regular army. 
 One was Major Alexander Brodie, from Arizona, afterward
 
 100 COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S FAMOUS ROUGH RIDERS. 
 
 lieutenant-colonel, who had lived for twenty years in the Territory, 
 and had become a thorough westerner without sinking the West 
 Pointer a soldier by taste as well as training, whose men wor 
 shipped him and would follow him every where, as they would Bucky 
 O'Neill or any other of their favorites. Brodie was running a 
 big mining business, but when the "Maine" was blown up he 
 abandoned everything and telegraphed right and left to bid his 
 friends get ready for the fight he saw impending. 
 
 BEST SOLDIER OF THE REGIMENT. 
 
 " There was Micah Jenkins, the captain of Troop K, a gentle 
 and courteous South Carolinian, on whom danger acted like wine. 
 In action he was a perfect gamecock, and he won his majority for 
 gallantry in battle. Finally, there was Allyn Capron, who was, 
 on the whole, the best soldier in the regiment. In fact, I think 
 he was the ideal of what an American army officer should 
 be. He was the fifth in descent from father to son who had 
 served in the Army of the United States, and, in body and 
 mind alike he was fitted to play his part to perfection. Tall and 
 lithe, a remarkable boxer and walker, a first-class rider and shot, 
 with yellow hair and piercing blue eyes, he looked what he was 
 the archetype of the fighting man. He had under him one of the 
 two companies from the Indian Territory, and he so soon impressed 
 himself upon the wild spirit of his followers that he got them 
 ahead in discipline faster than any other troop in the regiment, 
 while at the same time taking care of their bodily wants. 
 
 " His ceaseless effort was so to train them, care for them, and 
 so inspire them as to bring their fighting efficiency to the highest 
 possible pitch. He required instant obedience, and tolerated not 
 the slightest evasion of duty ; but his mastery of his art was so 
 thorough and his performance of his own duty so rigid that he 
 won at once not merely their admiration, but that soldierly affec 
 tion so readily given by the man in the ranks to the superior who 
 cares for his men and leads them fearlessly in battle." 
 
 Of course, in this strange gathering of men who had been 
 used to a free life in the plains there were some adventurers.
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT S FAMOUS ROUGH RIDERS. 101 
 
 There were gamblers who would stake the last cent and even 
 their top boots on the chances of a game. There were lawless 
 youths who were emulating the exploits of dime novel heroes. 
 There were outlaws, already notorious for misdeeds, and the law 
 officers who had chased them. Several were Baptist and Metho 
 dist clergymen with reputations either good or doubtful, but who 
 were fine fighters. The men, however, whose reputations were 
 somewhat dubious were the exceptions. The majority were the 
 bold, brave, honest and hardy frontiersmen, whose special mission 
 is to blaze the way for advancing civilization. 
 
 A BRAVE PAWNEE INDIAN. 
 
 Indians were among the recruits Creeks, Choctaws, Chero- 
 kees, Chickasaws and others. A Pawnee Indian, known as Pol 
 lock, was one of the bravest fighters and most reliable men in the 
 regiment. Having been well educated in an eastern school, and 
 being a natural penman, he was made regimental clerk when the 
 Rough Riders reached Santiago. It was a remarkable spectacle 
 remnants of the old Indian tribes fighting for the nation that for 
 generations has been driving them toward the setting sun. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt felt quite as much pride in his western 
 recruits as he did in the club men, society devotees and college 
 graduates of the east. Yet these men from old families, who had 
 never leveled a rifle in pursuit of game or rounded up a herd of 
 cattle or tramped over praries or braved the dangers of the wild 
 frontiers, were not a bit less courageous or daring in the hour of 
 battle than the headlong riders that came pouring into San 
 Antonio. 
 
 Among others whose families were well known, one of the 
 gallant fighters was Hamilton Fish, Jr., who lost his life at San 
 tiago. The list of eastern recruits numbered such men as 
 William Tiffany, Woodbury Kane, Townsend Burden, Jr., and 
 Craig Wads worth, who was a leader in the Genesee Valley Hunt 
 Club and the son of a wealthy and distinguished family. Tif 
 fany was grandnephew of Commodore Perry, the hero of the 
 battle of Lake Brie, whose bravery, resulting in that notable
 
 102 COLONEL ROOSEVELT S FAMOUS ROUGH RIDERS. 
 
 victory, is one of the grandest achievements written in our 
 country's history. 
 
 There were also men who had been famous college athletes, 
 whose endurance and pluck had been tested on the football field 
 at Princeton and in the Varsity crew at Harvard. College oars 
 men, football players, runners and noted scholars were among the 
 hardy cavalrymen who eagerly embraced the opportunity to prove 
 their prowess and patriotism under the leadership of Roosevelt. 
 
 " Of course such a regiment, in spite of or, I might almost 
 say, because of the characteristics which made the individual 
 men exceptionally formidable as soldiers, could very easily have 
 been spoiled. Any weakness in the command would have ruined 
 it. On the other hand, to treat it from the standpoint of the mar 
 tinet and military pedant would have been almost equally fatal. 
 From the beginning we started out to secure the essentials of 
 discipline, while laying just as little stress as possible on the 
 non-essentials. The men were singularly quick to respond to 
 any appeal to their intelligence and patriotism. The faults they 
 committed were those due to ignorance only. 
 
 OFF-HAND WAYS IN CAMP. 
 
 "When Holderman, in announcing dinner to the colonel and 
 the three majors, genially remarked, * If you fellows don't come 
 soon every thing'll get cold,' he had no thought of other than a 
 kindly regard for their welfare, and was glad to modify his form 
 of address on being told that it was not what could be described 
 as conventionally military. When one of our sentinels who had 
 with much labor learned the manual of arms saluted with great 
 pride as I passed, and added, with a friendly nod, ' good evening, 
 colonel,' this variation in the accepted formula on such occasions 
 was meant and was accepted as mere friendly interest. In both 
 cases the needed instruction was given and received in the same 
 kindly spirit. 
 
 " One of the new Indian Territory recruits, after twenty-four 
 hours' stay in camp, during which he had steadily held himself 
 from the general interests, called on the colonel in his tent and
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S FAMOUS ROUGH RIDERS. 1Q8 
 
 remarked, ' Well, colonel, I want to snake hands and say we're 
 with you. We didn't know how we would like you fellows at 
 first, but you're all right ; you know your business and you mean 
 business, and you can count on us every time.' 
 
 " That same night, which was hot, mosquitoes were very 
 annoying, and shortly after midnight both the colonel and I 
 came to the doors of our respective tents, which adjoined one 
 another. The sentinel in front was also fighting mosquitoes. As 
 we came out we saw him pitch his gun about ten feet off and sit 
 down to attack some of the pests which had swarmed up his 
 trousers' leg. Happening to glance in our direction he nodded 
 pleasantly, and, with unabashed and friendly feeling, remarked, 
 'Ain't they bad?'" 
 
 NO RED TAPE FOR THE COLONEL. 
 
 It was something to get the men for the new regiment, but 
 this was only a part of what was required. What are men with 
 out equipments ? P nd with the slow motions of the War Depart 
 ment at Washingt m, and the ridiculous solicitude for red tape in 
 that branch of the government, what immediate prospect was 
 there for arming the regiment, furnishing horses and other sup 
 plies and getting away to the front ? The manner in which 
 Colonel Roosevelt ignored red tape was little less than amusing. 
 Instead of the red tape helping the department to go ahead and 
 accomplish something, the department was all wound around and 
 tied up with it. 
 
 To all intents and purposes Colonel Roosevelt organized 
 himself into a war department, and, whether anyone to this day 
 knows how he did it, he equipped the Rough Riders in an incred 
 ibly short space of time, and saved at least one month when a 
 month meant vastly more than thirty days. The regiment was 
 soon placed in fighting trim. The cowboys, dudes and aristo 
 crats understood one another perfectly. The men were all agreed 
 upon one thing, and that was enough they had enlisted to fight, 
 and all they wanted was the chance. 
 
 The Ordnance Bureau at Washington thought freight trains
 
 104 COLONEL ROOSEVELT S FAMOUS ROUGH RIDERS. 
 
 were fast enough for sending equipments to San Antonio. The 
 supplies would get there some time or other. Colonel Roosevelt 
 demanded express trains. Even these were sufficiently slow to 
 satisfy the dilatory nature of men who always excuse their delays 
 on the ground of " getting a good ready." When the rifles, 
 revolvers and saddles reached the regiment it was immediately 
 ordered to Tampa, Florida, whence it was to be transported to 
 Cuba. 
 
 The journey to Tampa required four days. The officers and 
 men numbered upwards of nine hundred, and besides these there 
 were forty expert mule packers, nine hundred and sixty horses 
 and one hundred and ninety-two mules. A party of Cubans at 
 Scranton, Miss., presented themselves to Colonel Wood and offered 
 their services, too, but it was found impossible to take them. The 
 conduct of the troops suggested a pleasure excursion rather than 
 a march to the battlefield, and although the journey was a weari 
 some one it was borne with unfailing good nature and a disposition 
 to make light of all hardships. 
 
 MILLIONAIRES IN THE REGIMENT. 
 
 Troop K included among its members millionaires and the 
 sons of many wealthy families. It was commanded by Lieutenant 
 John M. Jenkins, who was formerly first lieutenant in the United 
 States Fifth Cavalry. It may be mentioned in this connection that 
 John Jacob Astor, of New York, equipped a battery and presented it 
 to our government, enlisting at the same time and receiving a com 
 mission as lieutenant. Mr. Astor had nothing of the character of 
 an adventurer ; he was actuated by a patriotic desire to serve our 
 country in her hour of need. 
 
 The Rough Riders left San Antonio May 29, 1898, and arrived 
 at Tampa June 2d, where they pitched their tents and made them 
 selves as comfortable as they could under a broiling sun. Already 
 they had learned that the life of a soldier is not an easy one, but 
 there was no murmur of complaint. Only once was there any 
 expression of dissatisfaction. They had been told that orders 
 would be issued immediately for the regiment to be transported to
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S FAMOUS ROUGH RIDERS. 
 
 105 
 
 Cuba, but four troops, with all the horses, would have to remain 
 behind. This was a bitter disappointment. In describing it 
 Colonel Roosevelt said : " I saw more than one among the officers 
 and privates burst into tears when he found he could not go." 
 
 The want of good management was plainly evident at Tampa. 
 An army of 15,367 officers and men, under command of General 
 Shafter, were to embark on transports, bound for Santiago. After 
 searching half a day to ascertain what transport had been assigned 
 to the Rough Riders, it was found that they were to go on board 
 the "Yucatan," yet two other regiments had been assigned to 
 this ship. By quick work on the part of Colonels Wood and 
 Roosevelt, the transport was brought in from mid-stream and the 
 Rough Riders turned themselves into pack horses, carrying tents, 
 commissary stores and accoutrements on their backs down the 
 long quay. Once on board they were packed in like sardines. 
 
 GLAD TO ESCAPE FROM TAMPA. 
 
 Such delays and inconveniences were trifling matters to men 
 who were not there for pleasure, and there was no faultfinding or 
 grumbling. As might have been expected, the " Yucatan " was 
 the first transport that pushed away from the pier. But the 
 order to sail had not been received, and the departure was delayed 
 for a whole week. The order came on the evening of June I3th, 
 and with flags flying, men cheering, bands playing, the ships 
 started for their destination. With all the discomforts occasioned 
 by overcrowding on the " Yucatan," the men were more comfort 
 able than they had been on the low plains and hot sands at Tampa. 
 
 The fleet presented a most picturesque spectacle. The 
 transports were convoyed by all sorts of vessels battleships, 
 cruisers, torpedo boats and converted yachts. The mounts of the 
 Rough Riders were left at Tampa, and they were assigned to 
 infantry duty. The voyage was devoid of exciting incidents, 
 and at noon, on June 2Oth, the transports arrived off Santiago de 
 Cuba, and preparations were made at once for landing. This 
 required two days- The troops were put ashore at Daiquiri, 
 seventeen miles east of Santiago.
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. 
 
 ROUGH RIDERS IN, CUBA BATTLE OF LA GUASIMAS GALLAN 
 TRY OF REGULARS AND VOLUNTEERS CAPTAIN CAPRON AND 
 SERGEANT FISH REPORT OF GENERAL WHEELER PERSONAL 
 BRAVERY OF COLONEL ROOSEVELT PLUNGES INTO THE THICK 
 OF THE FIGHT INCIDENT SHOWING His DEVOTION TO His 
 MEN ROOSEVELT'S REPORT OF THE BATTLE OF SAN JUAN 
 CARE FOR THE WOUNDED TRIBUTES IN VERSE TO THE 
 ROUGH RIDERS. 
 
 THE Rough Riders, having landed in Cuba, were eager for battle. 
 Tired, often hungry, oppressed by the extreme heat, they were 
 displaying grand powers of endurance, and were almost impatient 
 to prove their courage in the face of the foe. 
 
 They had unbounded confidence in their leaders. They knew 
 they would not be expected to go into any danger without finding 
 their commanders there before them. Entirely unacquainted with 
 the ground they occupied, unused to the thickets, tall grass and 
 dense undergrowths of the country, they did not shirk from any 
 difficulties, or try to escape any obstacles or perils that beset their 
 forward march. All they wanted was to find the Spaniards. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt made a special request of General Shafter 
 that his men should be allowed to join the advance column, and 
 the request was granted. These brave fighters had no idea of 
 crawling along in the rear ; they would have regarded any other 
 place except in the front ranks as a reflection upon their compe 
 tency and courage. There was no delay in ordering an advance, 
 and on Wednesday night, June 22d, the column had reached 
 Demajayabo. The next day it arrived at Juragua, which was 
 hastily evacuated by the Spaniards without risking an engagement. 
 Pushing on, our troops gained a point within eight miles of San 
 tiago, on Friday morning, June 24th. 
 106
 
 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. 107 
 
 Here it was ascertained that the enemy was in front and not 
 far away. The sound of their axes, cutting down trees for defenses, 
 could be plainly heard. A company of Cuban scouts, who had 
 joined our forces, was sent ahead to find out the exact situation. 
 They had not proceeded far before firing began, and bullets flew 
 thick around them. They dropped on the ground and returned 
 the fire, protecting themselves as well as they could in the bushes. 
 This was the signal for an advance by the Rough Riders and 
 regulars, led by Colonel Wood and Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt, 
 and thus began the first fighting in the attack upon Santiago. 
 
 The raw troops were ready for the battle and behaved like 
 veterans. They were the kind of men who could easily learn the 
 art of war. They knew far less about retreating than about 
 advancing. The Spaniards used smokeless powder, and could be 
 located in the bushes only by the flashes of their guns. The 
 exigencies of warfare were entirely new. There was no such 
 thing as an open fight on well chosen ground with one army 
 arranged in order against the other. The thickets were so dense 
 and the Spaniards were so fully concealed that it was reported our 
 troops were drawn into ambush. 
 
 RAW TROOPS ACTED LIKE VETERANS. 
 
 But this could not have been true, for the column knew well 
 enough that the foe was in front although skilfully concealed. 
 
 Two of the bravest of our men were lost in this engagement. 
 Sergeant Hamilton Fish, Jr., was the first to fall. He was firing 
 over the Spanish defenses when a bullet struck him and he sank 
 down at the foot of a tree, while a number of his comrades gathered 
 around him. As he faced danger and fought with unflinching 
 courage, so did all the volunteers who had left their palatial 
 homes and offered their services in Cuba. 
 
 Another who fell mortally wounded was Captain Capron, who 
 h,as already been mentioned. He was an officer of splendid 
 ability, who could be trusted in every emergency, and his death 
 was a loss that was keenly felt. When the fatal shot struck him 
 lie sank down upon the ground and soon asked " how the boys
 
 108 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. 
 
 were fighting." Being assured that they were doing bravely he 
 raised himself and resting on his arm said, " I'm going to see this 
 thing ont." Sergeant Bell was standing by his side. " Give me 
 your gun a minute," he said to the sergeant. Upon receiving it 
 he kneeled down and fired twice. At each shot a Spaniard was 
 seen to fall. He was courageous to the last. After sending 
 tender messages to his wife and father he breathed his last and 
 was borne from the field. All the Rough Riders who fell in battle 
 were buried on Cuban soil. 
 
 Full details of our military operations may be gathered from 
 official reports. General Wheeler, who was commander-in-chief 
 of the cavalry, reported as follows: 
 
 " IN CAMP, JARAGUA, June 29th. 
 " To THE ADJUTANT GENERAL OF THE FIFTH ARMY CORPS : 
 
 "SiR I have the honor to report that, in obedience to the 
 instructions of the major general commanding, given me in 
 person on June 23d, I proceeded to Siboney. The enemy had 
 evacuated the place at daylight that morning, taking a course 
 toward Sevilla. A body of about one hundred Cubans had fol 
 lowed and engaged the enemy's rear guard. About nine of 
 them were wounded. 
 
 DETERMINED TO MAKE AN ATTACK. 
 
 " I rode out to the front and found the enemy had halted and 
 established themselves at a point about three miles from Siboney. 
 At night the Cubans returned to the vicinity of the town. At 
 eight o'clock that evening, the 23d, General Young reached 
 Siboney with eight troops of Colonel Wood's regiment, A, B, D, 
 E, F, G, K and L, five hundred strong ; troops A, B, C and K, of 
 the First regular cavalry, in all 244 men ; and troops A, B, B and 
 I, of the Tenth cavalry, in all 220 men, making the total force, 
 964 men, which included nearly all of my command which had 
 marched from Baiquiri, eleven miles. 
 
 11 With the assistance of General Castillo a rough map of the 
 country was prepared and the position of the enemy was fully
 
 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. 109 
 
 explained, and I determined to make an attack at daylight on the 
 24th. Colonel Wood's regiment was sent by General Young, 
 accompanied by two of his staff officers, Lieutenants Tyrree R. 
 Rivers and W. R. Smedburg, Jr., to approach the enemy on the 
 left hand, or more westerly road, while General Young, myself 
 and about fifty troops of the First and Tenth cavalry, with three 
 Hotchkiss mountain guns, approached the enemy on the regular 
 Sevilla road. 
 
 OPENING OF THE FIGHT WITH ARTILLERY. 
 
 " General Young and myself examined the position of the 
 enemy, the lines were deployed and I directed him to open fire 
 with the Hotchkiss guns. The enemy replied and the firing im 
 mediately became general. Colonel Wood had deployed his right, 
 nearly reaching to the left of the regulars. For an hour the 
 fight was very warm, the enemy being very lavish in expenditure 
 of ammunition, most of their firing being by volleys. Finally the 
 enemy gave way and retreated rapidly, our side keeping well 
 closed up on them ; but our men being physically exhausted by 
 both their exertions and the great heat, were incapable of main 
 taining the pursuit. 
 
 " I cannot speak too highly of the gallant and excellent con 
 duct of the officers and men throughout my command. General 
 Young deserves special commendation for his cool, deliberate and 
 skilful management. I also specially noticed his acting adjutant 
 general, Lieutenant A. L. Mills, who, under General Young's 
 direction, was at various parts of the line, acting with energy and 
 cool courage. 
 
 " The imperative necessity of disembarking with promptitude 
 had impelled me to leave most of my staff to hasten this im 
 portant matter, and unfortunately I only had with me Major W. 
 D. Beach and Mr. Mestro, an acting volunteer aid, both of whom 
 during the engagement creditably and bravely performed their 
 duties. I am especially indebted to Major Beach for his cool and 
 good judgment. 
 
 Colonel Wood's regiment was on the extreme left of the line
 
 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. 
 
 and too far distant for me to be a personal witness of the individual 
 conduct of the officers and men ; but the magnificent bravery 
 shown by the regiment under the lead of Colonel Wood testifies 
 to his courage and skill and the energy and determination of his 
 officers, which have been marked from the moment he reported to 
 me at Tampa, Fla., and I have abundant evidence of his brave 
 and good conduct on the field, and I recommend him for the con 
 sideration of the government. I must rely upon his report to do 
 justice to his officers and men, but I desire personally to add that 
 all I have said regarding Colonel Wood applies equally to Colonel 
 Roosevelt." 
 
 " There must have been nearly fifteen hundred Spaniards in 
 front and to the side of us," said Colonel Roosevelt just after the 
 fight. "They held the ridges with rifle pits and machine guns, 
 and hid a body of men in ambush in the thick jungle at the sides 
 of the road over which we were advancing. Our advance guard 
 struck the men in ambush and drove them out. But they lost 
 Captain Capron, Lieutenant Thomas and about fifteen men killed 
 or wounded. 
 
 ACCURATE AND HEAVY FIRING BY THE SPANIARDS. 
 
 " The Spanish firing was accurate, so accurate indeed that it 
 surprised me, and their firing was fearfully heavy. I want to say 
 a word for our own men," continued Colonel Roosevelt. " Every 
 officer and man did his duty up to the handle. Not a man 
 flinched." 
 
 From another officer who took a prominent part in the fight 
 ing, more details were obtained. " When the firing began," said 
 he, " Colonel Roosevelt took the right wing with Troops G and K, 
 under Captains Llewelyn and Jenkins, and moved to the support 
 of Captain Capron, who was getting it hard. At the same time 
 Colonel Wood and Major Brodie took the left wing and advanced in 
 open order on the Spanish right wing. Major Brodie was wounded 
 before the troops had advanced one hundred yards. Colonel 
 Wood then took the right wing and shifted Colonel Roosevelt tu 
 the left.
 
 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. Ill 
 
 " In the meantime the fire of the Spaniards had increased in 
 volume, but, notwithstanding this, an order for a general charge 
 was given, and with a yell the men sprang forward. Colonel 
 Roosevelt, in front of his men, snatched a rifle and ammunition 
 belt from a wounded soldier, and, cheering and yelling with his 
 men, led the advance. In a moment the bullets were singing like 
 a swarm of bees all around them, and every instant some poor 
 fellow went down. On the right wing Captain McClintock had 
 his leg broken by a bullet from a machine gun, while four of his 
 men went down. At the same time Captain Luna lost nine of his 
 men. Then the reserves were ordered up. 
 
 FURIOUS CHARGE BY BOTH WINGS. 
 
 "There was no more hesitation. Colonel Wood, with the 
 right wing, charged straight at a blockhouse eight hundred yards 
 away, and Colonel Roosevelt, on the left, charged at the same time. 
 Up the men went, yelling like fiends and never stopping to return 
 the fire of the Spaniards, but keeping on with a grim determina 
 tion to capture the blockhouse. 
 
 " That charge was the end. When within five hundred yards 
 of the coveted post the Spaniards broke and ran, and for the first 
 time we had the pleasure, which the Spaniards had been experi 
 encing all through the engagement, of shooting with the enemy 
 in sight." 
 
 All the Rough Riders spoke in the highest terms of the 
 gallant conduct of Colonel Roosevelt during the engagement. 
 He was always at the front and cheered his men to deserved vic 
 tory. He did not take account of danger, but set a bold example 
 of unflinching courage to all his men. He made it plain that in 
 his view of the case the Rough Riders were at the seat of war to 
 fight ; they were not out to have a dress parade and show their 
 uniforms. Colonel Roosevelt's conviction that war meant busi 
 ness, and not play, was infused into every man in his command. 
 
 An incident illustrating Colonel Roosevelt's devotion to the 
 men of his regiment was told by Trooper Burkholder, of the 
 Rough Riders, who joined the regiment from Phoenix, Arizona.
 
 112 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. 
 
 Burkholder was all through the active campaign with the 
 Riders, and returned with them to Camp Wikoff. He was 
 on furlough on account of a slight attack of swamp fever when 
 the Rough Riders were mustered out, and thus missed, as he put 5 
 it, "an opportunity to say good-bye to the most gallant con 
 mander and the truest man that a soldier was ever privileged t> 
 fight under." 
 
 " Only us few men who were with him," said Burkholder, 
 u know how considerate he was of us at all times. There was one 
 case in particular that illustrates this better than I can recall. It 
 happened after the fight at La Quasina. The men were tired 
 with the hard march and the fighting, and hunger was gnawing 
 at every stomach. Besides, we had our first men killed there, 
 and, taking it all in all, we were in an iigly humor. The usual 
 shouting, cracking of jokes, and snatches of song were missing, 
 and everybody appeared to be in the dumps. 
 
 SOLDIERS ENCOURAGED BY BEEF STEW. 
 
 " Well, things hadn't improved a bit in fact, were getting 
 worse along toward meal time when the colonel began to move 
 about among the men, speaking encouragingly to each group. I 
 guess he saw something was up, and no doubt he made up his 
 mind then and there to improve at least the humor of the men. 
 There's an old saying that a man can best be reached through 
 his stomach, and I guess he believes in that maxim. Shortly 
 afterward we saw the colonel, his cook, and two of the troopers of 
 Company I strike out along the narrow road toward the town, and 
 we wondered what was up. . 
 
 " It was probably an hour or so after this, and during a little 
 resting spell in our work of clearing and making things a little 
 camp-like, that the savory and almost forgotten odor of beef stew 
 began to sweep through the clearing. Men who were working 
 stopped short and began to sniff, and those who had stopped work 
 for a breathing spell forgot to breath for a second. Soon they 
 joined in the sniffing, and I'll wager every one of us was sniffing 
 as hard as he knew how. Oh, but didn't that smell fine 1 We
 
 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. 113 
 
 weren't sure that it was for us, but we had a smell of it anyway. 
 Quickly drooping spirits revived, and as the fumes of the boiling 
 stew became stronger the humor of the men improved. We all 
 jumped to our work with a will, and picks, shovels and axes were 
 plied in race-horse fashion, while the men would stop now and 
 then to raise their heads and draw a long breath and exclaim : 
 'Wow ! but that smells good.' 
 
 " We were finally summoned to feed, and then you can im- 
 againe our surprise. There was a big boiler, and beside it a crowd 
 of messtent men dishing out real beef stew ! We could hardly 
 believe our eyes, and I had to taste mine first to make sure it 
 wasn't a dream. You should have seen the expressions on the 
 faces of the men as they gulped down that stew, and we all 
 laughed when one New York man yelled out : 'And it's got real 
 onions in it, too ! ' 
 
 THE COST OF THAT DINNER TO ROOSEVELT. 
 
 " After we had loaded up we began to wonder where it all 
 came from, and then the two Troop I men told hew the colonel 
 had purchased the potatoes and onions while his own cook secured 
 the meat from Siboney. 
 
 u You probably won't believe it, but the bushel of potatoes 
 cost Colonel Roosevelt almost $60, and he had to pay thirty odd 
 good American dollars to get the onions ; but then he knew what 
 his men wanted, and it was always his men first with him. There 
 was a rush to his tent when we learned this, and if you ever heard 
 the cheering I'm sure you wouldn't wonder why the Rough Riders 
 all love their colonel. 
 
 " I see," said Burkholder, " that in his address to the men at 
 Camp Wikoff the colonel told how he had to hurry at the San 
 Juan Hill fight to save himself from being run over by the men. 
 That's just like him to say that ; but he probably forgets that 
 more than half of the men never ran so fast before and never will 
 again, as they had to run to keep up with him. If Colonel 
 Roosevelt lived in Arizona we would give him any office he wanted 
 without any election nonsense." 
 
 8 M.L>
 
 114 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. 
 
 Writing of this battle, a newspaper correspondent said : 
 "Everybody has perfect faith in the American regular, and 
 knows what he can and what he will ever do. General Young 
 did, then, what the nation knew he would do, and his colored 
 troopers fought bravely and well. But the interest of the fight 
 would centre in the gallant conduct of Roosevelt's Rough 
 Riders or Wood's Weary Walkers, as they were dubbed at 
 Tampa after their horses were taken from under them. Never was 
 there a more representative body of men on American soil ; never 
 was there a body of such varied elements ; and yet it was so easily 
 welded into an effective fighting machine that a foreigner would 
 not know that they were not as near brothers in blood, character, 
 occupation, mutual faith and long companionship as any volun 
 teer regiment that ever took the field. 
 
 BIG GAME HUNTER AND COWBOY. 
 
 " The dominant element was the big game hunter and cow 
 boy, Colonel Roosevelt, and every field officer and captain had at 
 one time or another owned a ranch. The majority came from 
 Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Indian Territory, though 
 every State in the Union was represented. There were graduates 
 of Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Princeton, Cornell, University of 
 Virginia, of Pennsylvania, of Colorado, of Iowa and other Western 
 and Southern colleges. There were members of the Knicker 
 bocker Club of New York, and the Somerset of Boston, and of 
 crack horse organizations of Philadelphia, New York and New 
 Jersey. There were revenue officers from Georgia and Tennessee, 
 police from New York city, six or eight deputy marshals from 
 Colorado, half a dozen Texan Rangers, and one Pawnee, several 
 Cherokees and Chickasaws, Choctaws and Creeks. 
 
 " There were men of all political faiths, all creeds Catholics, 
 Protestants and Jews. There was one strapping Australian and 
 one of the Queen's mounted police, though ninety per cent, of all 
 were native born Americans. Roosevelt's Rough Riders go as 
 Roosevelt's in fact as well as in name. Colonel Roosevelt has 
 made his word of peace good in war."
 
 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. 115 
 
 The report of the engagement was addressed by Colonel 
 Roosevelt to Brigadier-General Wood, and dated Camp Hamilton, 
 near Santiago, Jnly 2oth. It was as follows : 
 
 u SIR- In obedience to your directions I herewith report on 
 the operations of my regiment from the ist to the iyth inst, 
 inclusive. 
 
 "As I have already made you two reports about the first 
 day's operations, I shall pass over them rather briefly. 
 
 STRATEGY IN THE ENGAGEMENT. 
 
 " On the morning of the first day my regiment was formed 
 at the head of the Second Brigade, by the HI Paso sugar mill. 
 When the batteries opened, the Spaniards replied to us with 
 shrapnel, which killed and wounded several of the men of my 
 regiment. We then marched towards the right, and my regi 
 ment crossed the ford before the balloon came down there and 
 attracted the fire of the enemy, so at that point we lost no one. 
 My orders had been to march forward until I joined General 
 Lawton's right wing, but after going about three-quarters of a 
 mile I was halted and told to remain in reserve near the creek by 
 a deep lane. 
 
 " The bullets dropped thick among us for the next hour 
 while we lay there, and many of my men were killed or wounded. 
 Among the former was Captain O'Neill, whose loss was a heavy 
 blow to the regiment, for he was a singularly gallant and effi 
 cient officer. Acting Lieutenant Haskell was also shot at this 
 time. He showed the utmost courage and had been of great use 
 during the fighting and marching. It seems to me some action 
 should be taken about him. 
 
 " You then sent me word to move forward in support of the 
 regular cavalry, and I advanced the regiment in column of com 
 panies, each company deployed as skirmishers. We moved 
 through several skirmish lines of the regiment ahead of us, as it 
 seemed to me our only chance was in rushing the entrenchments 
 in front instead of firing at them from a distance. 
 
 " Accordingly we charged the blockhouse and entrench-
 
 116 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. 
 
 ments on the hill to our right against a heavy fire. It was taken 
 in good style, the men of my regiment thus being the first to 
 capture any fortified position and to break through the Spanish 
 lines. The guidons of G and B troop were first at this point, but 
 some of the men of A and B troop, who were with me personally, 
 got in ahead of them. At the last wire fence up this hill I was 
 obliged to abandon my horse, and after that we went on foot. 
 
 " After capturing this hill we first of all directed a heavy fire 
 upon the San Juan hill to our left, which was at the time being 
 assailed by the regular infantry and cavalry, supported by Cap 
 tain Parker's Catling guns. By the time San Juan was taken a 
 large force had assembled on the hill we had previously captured, 
 consisting not only of my own regiment, but of the Ninth and 
 portions of other cavalry regiments. 
 
 CHARGE UNDER A HEAVY FIRE. 
 
 u We then charged forward under a very heavy fire across 
 the valley against the Spanish entrenchments on the hill in the 
 rear of San Juan hill. This we also took, capturing several pris 
 oners. 
 
 " We then formed in whatever order we could and moved 
 forward, driving the Spanish before us to the crest of the hills in 
 front, which were immediately opposite the city of Santiago itself. 
 Here I received orders to halt and hold the line on the hill's 
 crest. I had at the time fragments of the Sixth Cavalry Regi 
 ment and an occasional infantryman under me three or four 
 hundred men all told. As I was the highest there I took com 
 mand of all them, and so continued till next morning. 
 
 " The Spaniards attempted a counter attack that afternoon, 
 but were easily driven back, and then until after dark we re 
 mained under a heavy fire from their rifles and great guns, lying 
 flat on our faces on a gentle slope just behind the crest. 
 
 " Captain Parker's Gatling battery was run up to the right 
 of my regiment and did excellent and gallant service. In order 
 to charge the men had, of course, been obliged to throw away 
 their packs, and we had nothing to sleep in and nothing to eat.
 
 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. H7 
 
 We were lucky enough, however, to find in the last block house 
 captured the Spanish dinners, still cooking, which we ate with 
 relish. They consisted chiefly of rice and peas, with a big pot 
 containing a stew of fresh meat, probably for the officers. 
 
 " We also distributed the captured Spanish blankets as far as 
 they would go among our men, and gathered a good deal of 
 Mauser ammunition for use in the Colt rapid-fire guns, which 
 were being brought up. That night we dug entrenchments 
 across the front. 
 
 "At three o'clock in the morning the Spaniards made 
 another attack upon us, which was easily repelled, and at four 
 they opened the day with a heavy rifle and shrapnel fire. All 
 day long we remained under this, replying whenever we got the 
 chance. In the evening, at about eight o'clock, the Spaniards 
 fired three guns and then opened a very heavy rifle fire, their 
 skirmishers coming well forward. 
 
 SPANISH FIRE PROMPTLY SILENCED. 
 
 " I got all my men down into the trenches, as did the other 
 command near me, and we opened a heavy return fire. The Spanish 
 advance was at once stopped, and after an hour their fire died 
 away. This night we completed most of our trenches and began 
 to build bomb proofs. The protection afforded our men was good, 
 and the next morning I had but one man wounded from the rifle 
 and shell fire until twelve o'clock, when the truce came. 
 
 "I do not mention the officers and men who particularly dis 
 tinguished themselves, as I have nothing to add in this respect to 
 what was contained in my former letter. 
 
 "There were numerous Red Cross flags flying in the various 
 parts of the city, two of them so arranged that they directly 
 covered batteries in our front, and for some time were the cause of 
 our not firing at them. 
 
 "The Spanish guerrillas were very active, especially in our 
 rear, where they seemed by preference to attack the wounded men 
 who were being carried on litters, the doctors and medical attend 
 ants with Red Cross flags on their arms, and the burial parties.
 
 118 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. 
 
 "I organized a detail of sharpshooters and sent them ont after 
 the guerrillas, of whom they killed thirteen. Two of the men 
 thus killed were shot several hours after the truce had been in 
 operation, because, in spite of this fact, they kept firing upon our 
 men as they went to draw water. They were stationed in the trees, 
 as the guerrillas were generally, and, owing to the density of the 
 foliage, and to the use of smokeless powder rifles, it was an exceed 
 ingly difficult matter to locate them. 
 
 "For the next seven days, until the loth, we lay in our line 
 while the truce continued. 
 
 "We had continually to work at additional bomb proofs and 
 at the trenches, and as we had no proper supply of food and utterly 
 inadequate medical facilities, the men suffered a good deal. The 
 officers chipped together, purchased beans, tomatoes and sugar for 
 the men, so that they might have some relief from the bacon and 
 hardtack. With a great deal of difficulty we got them coffee. 
 
 TENDER CARE OF THE SICK AND WOUNDED. 
 
 "As for the sick and wounded, they suffered so in the hos 
 pitals, when sent to the rear, for lack of food and attention, that we 
 found it best to keep them at the front and give them such care as 
 our own doctors could. 
 
 "As I mentioned in my previous letter, thirteen of our 
 wounded men continued to fight through the battle in spite of 
 their inj uries. In spite of their wounds those sent to the rear, 
 many both sick and wounded, came up to rejoin us as soon as 
 their condition allowed them to walk. 
 
 " On the loth the truce was at an end and the bombardment 
 reopened, as far as our lines were concerned; it was, on the 
 Spanish part, very feeble. We suffered no losses, and speedily got 
 the fire from their trenches in our front completely under control. 
 
 "On the nth we moved three-quarters of a mile to the right? 
 the truce again being on. 
 
 "Nothing happened there, except we continued to watch and 
 do our best to get the men, especially the sick, properly fed. Hav 
 ing no transportation, and being able to get hardly any through
 
 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. 119 
 
 the regular channels, we used anything we could find captured 
 Spanish cavalry horses, abandoned mules, some of which had been 
 injured, but which our men took and cured ; diminutive, skinny 
 ponies purchased from the Cubans, etc. 
 
 " By these means and by the exertions of the officers, we 
 were able from time to time to get supplies of beans, sugar, tomatoes 
 and evei. oatmeal, while from the Red Cross people we got our 
 invaluable load of rice, cornmeal, etc. 
 
 REDUCED TO GREAT STRAITS. 
 
 "All of this was of the utmost consequence, not only for the 
 sick, but for those nominally well, as the lack of proper food was 
 telling terribly on the men. It was utterly impossible to get 
 them clothes and shoes. Those they had were, in many cases, 
 literally dropping to pieces. 
 
 "On the iyth the city surrendered. On the i8th we shifted 
 camp to here, the best camp we have had ; but the march hither 
 under the noonday sun told very heavily on our men, weakened by 
 underfeeding and overwork, and the next morning 123 cases were 
 reported to the doctor, and I now have but half of the 600 men, 
 with which I landed four weeks ago, fit for duty, and these are not 
 fit to do anything like the work they could do then. 
 
 "As we had but one wagon, the change necessitated leaving 
 much of my stuff behind, with a night of discomfort, with scanty 
 shelter and scanty food for the most of the officers and many of 
 the mer . Only the possession of the improvised pack train alluded 
 to above saved us from being worse. 
 
 " Yesterday I sent in a detail of six officers and men to see if 
 they could not purchase or make arrangements for a supply of 
 proper food and proper clothing for the men, even if we had to pay 
 it out of our own pockets. Our suffering has been due primarily to 
 lack of transportation and of proper food or sufficient clothing and 
 of medical supplies. 
 
 "We should now have wagon sheets for tentage. 
 "Very respectfully, 
 
 "THEODORE ROOSEVELT."
 
 120 
 
 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. 
 
 An officer's report is always intended to be a statement of 
 facts. It, therefore, lacks the glow and picturesque features that 
 the correspondent or the historian would give to his description of 
 a hard-fought battle. The foregoing report tells, in plain language, 
 the heroic exploits of the Rough Riders, and is an unvarnished 
 testimony to their valor. The simple narration of facts is sufficient 
 evidence of the valor displayed by the brave cavalrymen whom 
 Colonel Roosevelt commanded. He makes no claim to superior 
 courage and fighting qualities, but it is only just to say he was the 
 central figure, the grand leader who inspired his men to noble 
 deeds and assured their victory. 
 
 Many were the tributes in verse paid to the Rough Riders 
 and their commander, some of which lacked literary merit, but 
 were forcible. We take the liberty of appending a couple in this 
 connection : 
 
 THE BALLAD OF "TEDDY'S TERRORS." 
 
 AS RELATED BY ROUND-UP RUBE OF RATTLESNAKE GULCH. 
 
 There wus a lovely regiment whose 
 men wus strong and stout, 
 
 Fer some, they had diplomas, and fer 
 some wus warrants out, 
 
 And Wood, he was their colonel bold, 
 an' Teddy was his mate, 
 
 And they called 'em " Teddy's Lamb 
 kins," fer their gentleness wus great 
 
 Now a good ole man named Shafter 
 
 says to Teddy and to Wood : 
 "There's a joint called Santiago where 
 
 we ain't well understood, 
 So, take yer lamb-like regiment, and 
 
 if you are polite, 
 I think yer gentle little ways'll set the 
 
 matter right. " 
 
 So when Teddy's boys got movin' and 
 the sun was on the fry, 
 
 And the atmosphere was coaxin' them 
 to lay right down and die, 
 
 Some gents from Santiago who wus 
 mad 'cause they wus there, 
 
 Lay down behind some bushes to put 
 bullets through their hair. 
 
 Now, Teddy's happy Sunday School 
 
 wus movin' on its way 
 A-seekin' in its peaceful style some 
 
 Dagos fer to slay ; 
 And the gents from Santiago, with 
 
 aversion in their heart, 
 Wus hidin' at the cross-roads fer to 
 
 blow 'em all apart 
 
 There's a Spanish comic paper that has 
 
 give us sundry digs 
 A-callin' of us cowards an' dishonest 
 
 Yankee pigs ;
 
 THE HERO OF THE BATTLEFIELD. 
 
 121 
 
 And I guess these folks had read it, and 
 had thought 'twould be immense 
 
 Jest to paralize them lambkins they 
 wus r tannin' up agains'. 
 
 So when our boys had pretty near 
 
 arrived where they wus at, 
 And the time it was propitious fer to 
 
 start that there combat, 
 They let 'er fly a-thinkin' they would 
 
 make a dreadful tear, 
 An' then rubber-necked to see if any 
 
 Yankees wus still there. 
 
 Now you can well imagine wot a dread 
 ful start they had 
 
 To see 'em still a' standin* there and 
 lookin' bold and bad, 
 
 Fer when this gentle regiment had 
 heard the bullets fly, 
 
 They had a vi-lent hankerin' to make 
 them Spaniards die. 
 
 So Teddy, he came runnin' with his 
 
 glasses on his nose, 
 And when the Spanish saw his teeth 
 
 you may believe they froze ; 
 And Wood was there 'long with 'im, 
 
 with his cheese-knife in his hand, 
 While at their heels came yellin' all 
 
 that peaceful, gentle band. 
 
 They fought them bloody Spaniards at 
 
 their own familiar game, 
 And the gents from Santiago didn't 
 
 like it quite the same 
 Fer you plug yer next door neighbor 
 
 with a rifle ball or two 
 An' he don't feel so robustous as when 
 
 he's a-pluggin' you. 
 
 So when the shells wushoppin', whil< 
 
 the breech-blocks clicked and 
 
 smoked, 
 An' the powder wouldn't blow away 
 
 until a feller choked, 
 That regiment of Yankee pigs wus 
 
 gunnin* through the bush, 
 An' raisin' merry hell with that there 
 
 Santiago push. 
 
 Then Teddy seen 'em runnin', and he 
 
 gives a monstrous bawl, 
 And grabbed a red-hot rifle where a 
 
 guy had let it fall, 
 And fixin' of his spectacles more firmly 
 
 on his face, 
 He started to assassinate them all 
 
 around the place. 
 
 So through the scrubby underbrush 
 
 from bay'n't plant to tree, 
 Where the thorns would rip a feller's 
 
 pants, a shockin' sight to see, 
 He led his boys a-dancin' on,a-shoutin' 
 
 left and right, 
 And not missin' many Spanish knobs 
 
 that shoved 'emselves in sight. 
 
 And when them Santiago gents wus 
 
 finished to their cost, 
 Then Teddy's boys, they took a look 
 
 and found that they wus lost, 
 And as their crewel enemies was freed 
 
 from earthly pain, 
 They all sat down to wait fer friends 
 
 to lead 'em back again. 
 
 That's the tale of Teddy's terrors, and 
 the valiant deed they done, 
 
 But all tales, they should have morals, 
 so o' -course this tale has one.
 
 CHAPTER VIIL 
 
 ROOSEVELT'S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR 
 
 WITH SPAIN. 
 
 IN THE FIGHT AT SAN JUAN COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S WONDERFUL 
 CHARGE PRAISES THE GALLANTRY OF His TROOPERS 
 STORY OF TROOPER ROWLAND CREDIT DUE THE REGULARS 
 ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLES BEFORE THE COMMITTEE OF 
 INVESTIGATION PRIVATIONS OF THE SOLDIERS A BORN 
 FIGHTER STORY OF TROOPER JOHNSON MORE CASUALTIES 
 AMONG ROUGH RIDERS THAN REGULARS GENERAL WHEELER 
 ON SPANISH DEFENSES. 
 
 ALL accounts of the battle of La Guasimas (so called from a nut- 
 bearing tree of this name), and the subsequent fight of San 
 Juan, contain abundant evidence that the leader of the Rough 
 Riders was a host in himself and did more than any other 
 commander to win the victory, as may be seen from the incidents 
 attending the engagements, and from the testimony of the 
 troopers who took an active part in the struggle. 
 
 Said an officer of high rank : "I cannot speak too highly of 
 Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. He is every inch a fighter, and led 
 a charge of dismounted cavalry against men in pits at San Juan 
 successfully. It was a wonderful charge, and showed Roosevelt's 
 grit. I was not there, but I have been told of it repeatedly by 
 those who saw the colonel on the Hill." 
 
 Two reports made by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt to his 
 superior officer in front of Santiago in July were given out by the 
 War Department in Washington, December 22, 1898. Both re 
 ports describe the operations of the Rough Riders in the battle of 
 San Juan, the second telling a much fuller story. 
 
 Ill his first report, dated July 4th, he mentions by name many 
 of the troopers who distinguished themselves by their bravery. 
 This part of the report, which was made by Roosevelt, as lieuten- 
 
 122
 
 ROOSEVELT S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 123 
 
 ant-colonel in charge of the regiment, to Colonel Wood, temporar 
 ily in charge of the brigade, was as follows : 
 
 " We went into the fight about four hundred and ninety 
 strong. Bighty-six were killed or wounded and there are h?lf a 
 dozen missing. The great heat prostrated nearly forty men, some 
 of them among the best in the regiment. Besides Captain O'Neill 
 and Lieutenant Haskell, who were killed, Lieutenants Leahy, 
 Devereaux and Case were wounded. All behaved wiHi great 
 gallantry. As for Captain O'Neill, his loss is one of the 
 severest that could have befallen the regiment. He was a 
 man of cool head, great executive ability and literally daunt 
 less courage. 
 
 " To attempt to give a list of the men who showed signal 
 valor would necessitate sending in an almost complete roster of the 
 regiment. Many of the cases which I mention stand merely 
 as examples of the rest, not as exceptions. 
 
 CONDUCT OF GALLANT OFFICERS. 
 
 " Captain Jenkins acted as major and showed such conspicu 
 ous gallantry and efficiency that I earnestly hope he may be 
 promoted to major as soon as a vacancy occurs. Captains Lewel- 
 len, Muller and Luna led their troops throughout the charges, 
 handling them admirably. At the end of the battle Lieutenants 
 Kane, Greenwood and Goodrich were in charge of their troops im 
 mediately under my eye, and I wish particularly to commend 
 their conduct throughout. 
 
 " But the most conspicuous gallantry was shown by Trooper 
 Rowland. He was wounded in the side in our first fight, but 
 kept in the firing line. He was sent to the hospital the next day 
 but left it and marched out to us, overtaking us, and fought all 
 through this battle with such indifference to danger that I was 
 forced again and again to restrain and threaten him for running 
 needless risks. 
 
 " Great gallantry was also shown by four troopers whom I 
 cannot identify, and by Trooper Winslow Clark, of Troop G. It 
 was after we had taken the first hill. I had called out to rush the
 
 124 ROOSEVELT'S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 
 
 second, and having by that time lost my horse, climbed a wire 
 fence and started toward it. 
 
 "After going a couple of hundred yards under a heavy fire, 
 I found that no one else had come. As I discovered later, it was 
 simply because in the confusion, with men shooting and being 
 shot, they had not noticed me start. I told the five men to wait a 
 moment, as it might be misunderstood if we all ran back, while I 
 ran back and started the regiment, and as soon as I did so the 
 regiment came with a rush. 
 
 " But meanwhile the five men coolly lay down in the open, 
 returning the fire from the trenches. It is to be wondered at that 
 only Clark was seriously wounded, and he called out, as we 
 passed again, to lay his canteen where he could reach it, but to 
 continue the charge and leave him where he was. All the wounded 
 had to be left until after the fight, for we could spare no men 
 from the firing line. Very respectfully, 
 
 " THEODORE ROOSEVELT." 
 
 WOULD NOT HAVE KNOWN IT IF DEFEATED. 
 
 Trooper Rowland, who received honorable mention by Colo 
 nel Roosevelt for his gallantry, hailed from New Mexico. His 
 frontier life had made him brave and fearless. It would seem 
 that this fight with the Spaniards was to him little more than a 
 pastime. Without much exaggeration it may be said that if he 
 had been defeated he would not have known it. Such soldierly 
 qualities were just the ones to be admired by his leader, and it is 
 not strange that Roosevelt makes special mention of him, as he 
 did of many others. If there was any post more dangerous than 
 another, Rowland was the man who felt humiliated if it was not 
 assigned to him. 
 
 He was sent by Colonel Roosevelt on a dangerous errand, 
 and on his return the colonel noticed that he was wounded. 
 
 " Where are you hurt, Rowland ? " he asked. 
 
 "Aw they caved in a couple of ribs for me, I guess." 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt ordered him to go to the rear and make 
 as comfortable as he could in the hospital. Rowland, for
 
 ROOSEVELT'S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 125 
 
 the first time in his service, grumbled, and was inclined to argne 
 the case. He did not want to leave. But when the order was 
 repeated he disappeared, and was not seen for half an hour But 
 in the course of the advance Colonel Roosevelt saw him again, 
 and exclaimed. 
 
 " I thought you were told to go to the hospital." 
 " Aw I couldn't find the hospital," replied the man, a state 
 ment which his colonel doubted. And he remained on the firing- 
 line to the end of the conflict. His conduct was typical of the 
 heroism and fortitude of the whole American army." 
 
 The following lines, written by one of the troopers, express 
 the feeling of the Rough Riders toward their leader : 
 
 SONG OF ROOSEVELT'S RIDERS. 
 WE thud thud thud down the dusky pike, 
 
 We jingle across the plain, 
 We cut and thrust, and we lunge and strike, 
 
 We throttle the sons of Spain ! 
 Our chief has never a tremor shown, 
 
 He's grit cinched up in a belt, 
 Oh, they must be for their courage known 
 
 Who ride with Roosevelt. 
 We gallop along the gloomy vale, 
 
 We bustle a-down the lane, 
 We leap the stream and the toppling rail 
 
 We burst on the men of Spain ! 
 It's rattle and clash, the sabers flash, 
 
 The Spaniard host doth melt, 
 It's bluff and grit, and it's all things vast 
 
 To ride with Roosevelt ! 
 
 Speaking of the battle, Colonel Roosevelt said : " The men 
 were deployed on both sides of the road in such thick jungle that 
 only here and there could they see ahead. Through the jungle 
 ran wire fences, and when the troops got to the ridge they 
 encountered precipitous bluffs. They were led most gallantly, 
 as American regular officers always lead their men ; and the 
 soldiers followed their leaders with the splendid courage always
 
 126 ROOSEVELT'S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPATri. 
 
 shown by the American regular soldier. There was not a single 
 straggler among them, and so cool were they and so perfect their 
 fine discipline, that in the entire engagement the expenditure of 
 ammunition was not over ten rounds per man. 
 
 " Major Bell, who commanded the squadron, had his leg 
 broken by a shot as he was leading his men. Captain Wain- 
 wright succeeded to the command of the squadron. Captain 
 Knox was shot in the abdomen. He continued for some time giv 
 ing orders to his troops, and refused to allow a man from the fir 
 ing-line to assist him to the rear. Lieutenant Byron was himself 
 shot, but continued to lead his men until the wound and the heat 
 overcame him, and he fell in a faint. The Spaniards kept up a 
 very heavy firing, but as the regulars climbed the ridges the 
 Spaniards broke and fled." 
 
 PRAISES FOR THE REGULARS. 
 
 The value of this statement consists in showing the estimate 
 Colonel Roosevelt placed upon the regulars. He was connected 
 with the volunteers, yet was ever ready to bestow just praise, 
 anxious only that it should be conferred where it was due. He 
 had no selfish desire to belittle the achievements of the regular 
 United States troops. He knew these could be depended upon in 
 every emergency. They were splendidly drilled ; they were com 
 manded by brave and competent officers. He had no desire to rob 
 them of their glory. 
 
 To magnify the heroism of the volunteers and thus disparage 
 the valor of the regulars would have shown a jealous, narrow, 
 selfish spirit, of which he was quite incapable. His own troops 
 acted gallantly, but they were not the only heroes. If he had led 
 a regiment of the regular army he would have been willing logive 
 the volunteers credit for every deed of bravery. 
 
 Equal and exact justice to all has been the aim of Roosevelt 
 through all his public career. Herein lies one secret of his extra 
 ordinary hold upon the popular heart. He is not a self-seeker ; 
 he is not a trickster. He is a thoroughly honest, generous, just 
 and frank man, and the people know it. And for the reason that
 
 ROOSEVELT'S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 127 
 
 he is such a man, broad-minded and ready to give even an enemy 
 his due, his place in popular esteem is assured. His fame and 
 popularity can be accounted for as much from what he is as from 
 what he has done. 
 
 Important details of Colonel Roosevelt's part in our war with 
 Spain were presented by him before the committee of investigation 
 appointed to take testimony concerning the manner in which the 
 military and naval operations had been carried on. Colonel Roose 
 velt was examined November 22, 1898. His statements were frank, 
 right to the point, free from all evasion, and given with evident 
 endeavor to be just to all parties concerned. He was examined by 
 General Wilson. 
 
 GO AHEAD TOWARD THE GUNS. 
 
 Speaking of La Guasimas, he said : " It was a brisk skirmish, 
 and, it being my first experience, and with smokeless powder in 
 use, it took me a little time to make out exactly what was up, and 
 I couldn't see the Spaniards for a long time. They were using 
 smokeless powder ; but, fortunately, I knew one rule, that ' if you 
 are in doubt go ahead and be sure you go toward the guns ! ' We 
 finally discovered the Spaniards through Mr. Richard Harding 
 Davis, who was with me on the line. He pointed across the ravine 
 to an elevation, where he thought were some Spaniards, as he could 
 see their hats ; and I got my glasses on them and saw they were 
 Spanish hats, and got my men volley firing on them and they were 
 driven out and ran back where there were other Spaniards, and 
 pretty soon we had them all going back." 
 
 Orders were received on the 3Oth of June for the brigade to 
 move forward to Santiago. The next morning the battle was 
 fought which had been impending for several days. When our 
 artillery opened fire the Spaniards poured shrapnel into our ranks 
 that killed or wounded a number of A.merican troops and Cubans. 
 Roosevelt was placed in command of the brigade with orders to 
 lead it. 
 
 His official report says : "My regiment went first, the Second 
 Brigade following the First Brigade along the road to join on Gen-
 
 128 ROOSEVELT S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 
 
 eral Lawton's left. That was the order we received. General 
 L/awton was attacking El Caney. We marched out behind the 
 First Brigade until we came to the San Juan River, which we 
 forded, and then turned to the right. I got my regiment across 
 just as the captive balloon was coming along down to the ford. 
 There was a good deal of firing going on, and I knew when that 
 balloon got down there would be hot work at the ford, so I hurried 
 my men along as quickly as I could, and my regiment marched at 
 the head of the Second Brigade to the right alongside San Juan 
 River, with the First Cavalry Brigade to our left, between us and 
 the block houses and intrenchments on the hills, and the firing 
 got heavier and heavier, and we finally received word to halt and 
 await orders. 
 
 WELCOME ORDER TO ADVANCE. 
 
 "There was a kind of sunken lane going up from the river 
 where we halted, and I made the men all lie down and get under 
 cover as much as they could, and we lay there for, I should j udge, 
 certainly an hour. Finally we got the welcome orders to advance. 
 I received instructions to move forward and support the regular 
 cavalry in the assault on the hills in front, and we moved forward, 
 and we then took Kettle Hill, as we called it. I never heard the 
 term San Juan Hill until two or three days later. After we went 
 up Kettle Hill, Colonel Hamilton and Colonel Carroll were both 
 shot, and that left me in command on the hill until General 
 Sumner got there. I got my men together and got them volley 
 firing across at the San Juan block house on the hill which the 
 infantry of Kent and Hawkins were attacking. 
 
 " We kept up firing for some time, and I recollect we heard 
 Parker's Gatlings begin shooting on the left and our men cheered 
 them, and we kept up our fire until the infantry got so near the 
 top of the hill that I was afraid of hitting them, and in another 
 minute we saw the infantry swarm over the intrenchments and the 
 Spaniards run out ; and then we charged from Kettle Hill across 
 at the next line of hills, which was in the rear, where there were 
 Spanish trenches and another block house. General Sumner was
 
 ROOSEVELT'S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 129 
 
 on Kettle Hill before this ; lie had been riding along the lines of 
 the cavalry seeing that they went forward. He had command of 
 the cavalry division at that time. 
 
 "Then we took the next line of intrenchments. The Spaniards 
 were still firing at us, and we formed and went to the left, and got 
 on the crest of the chain of hills overlooking Santiago. By that 
 time I was the highest officer in command on the extreme front, 
 and I had six regiments under me. Major Wessels had been 
 wounded, and Captains Morton and Boughton came up and re 
 ported to me, and Captains Stevens and McNamee of the Ninth 
 reported to me. I received orders, then, from Captain Howze, of 
 General Sumner's staff, not to advance but to hold that hill at all 
 hazards. Captain Howze was always at the front when he could 
 be. We held the hill until nightfall, when we received orders to 
 intrench. 
 
 FED ON THE ENEMY'S FOOD. 
 
 " We had captured in the block house the Spanish officers' 
 mess and an extremely good officers' mess it was, better than 
 anything we had had ; a big kettle of beef, a kettle of rice, and 
 peas, and a big demijohn of rum, and a lot of rice flour loaves, so I 
 fed those out to my men ; and we also got a lot of Spanish in 
 trenching tools, and we threw up some very aboriginal intrench 
 ments. So that night we had a mild feast on the Spaniards' food. 
 
 " That is the night of the ist. We intrenched there. As I 
 have seen talk about a retreat being considered from that hill, it 
 is only justice to say that the officers on the extreme front of that 
 line, at least in my part of the line, never dreamed of the 
 Spaniards driving us ; they were all perfectly horrified at the 
 idea of retreating. Captains Morton and Boughton came 
 over to me in the afternoon to say that someone had spoken 
 of retreating, and to beg of me to protest. I had not heard 
 of it, and did not believe it was true. I knew that we could 
 hold that line against anything that could come up in the front." 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt spoke of "the enormous superiority of the 
 smokeless powder over the black powder," adding that it could 
 9 M.I,.
 
 130 ROOSEVELT S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 
 
 hardly be realized by those not on the ground. " I saw, for instance, 
 the guns on our left open fire, and in a half-minute after the first 
 shot there would be a thick black cloud hanging, and apparently 
 every Spanish gun and every Spanish rifle within a radius of a 
 mile of us would be turned on that point, and the gun would be 
 driven out ; so that our men I mean the dismounted cavalry 
 would say, * there go the artillery ; they will be driven out.' And 
 they were. They were placed back in the rear on the following 
 day, but they were driven off the firing line where the infantry 
 were. 
 
 GETTING GUNS IN POSITION. 
 
 " On the other hand, the Catlings, which were managed by Cap 
 tain Parker, were fought on the extreme front of the skirmish line ; 
 he fought his Catlings right up on the extreme front, j ust as far as 
 anybody could go. He did magnificently. He was on the right 
 of our regiment. We had our two Colts, and he came and helped 
 us put our two Colts in position. We didn't think we had put our 
 works out quite far enough, and we zigzagged an approach and 
 made a kind of bastion some 200 yards out on the hill, so that 
 we could fire right into the Spanish works. He helped us dig the 
 approach and helped us get our Colt automatic guns fixed just 
 right. He not only fought his own guns, but he rendered us every 
 assistance. 
 
 " If he had not had smokeless powder we would not have 
 allowed him in the trenches unless he could have stayed there in 
 spite of us. I would say that some of the Seventy-First New York 
 came up in the trenches right by some of the cavalry of the First 
 Brigade, and the cavalrymen ordered them out, saying that they 
 would not have them in their trenches ; they would rather fight 
 without support than with the black powder, insuring their being 
 the one point at which the enemy were firing." 
 
 Notwithstanding all the privations to which the troopers were 
 subjected they made no complaint ; all hardships were accepted 
 as belonging to the fortunes of war. In one of his first speeches 
 to his men Colonel Roosevelt said :
 
 ROOSEVELT'S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 131 
 
 "You've got to perform without flinching whatever duty is 
 assigned you, regardless of the difficulty or danger attending it. 
 No matter what comes, you must not squeal." These words of 
 Roosevelt became almost a creed with his men. To do anything 
 without flinching or squealing was their aim, and to hear the 
 colonel say "Good!" was reward enough. One of his troopers 
 who was disabled and brought home answered a reporter who 
 asked if the colonel was a good fighter: "A fighter? You'd give 
 a lifetime to see that man leading a charge or to hear him yell. 
 Talk about courage and grit, and all that he's got it. Why I 
 used to keep my eye on him whenever I could, and I've seen him 
 dash into a hail of bullets, cheering and yelling all the time, 
 as if possessed. He doesn't know what fear is and seems to bear 
 a charmed life. All the Rough Riders adore him." 
 
 WOULD FOLLOW HIM TO HADES. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt was hit by a fragment of shell on San 
 Juan Hill. A trooper who was on the ground, said: "Teddy 
 was with four or five other officers j ust below the brow of a hill 
 upon which one of our batteries was placed, when a Spanish shell, 
 well aimed, flew over the crest and exploded just above the heads 
 of the group. Two of the officers were painfully wounded, but 
 Teddy, with his usual good luck, escaped with a cut on the back 
 of his right hand. It was trivial, but it bled. I shall never forget 
 the delight on Teddy's face when he saw his own blood leak out. 
 Whipping out his handkerchief after a moment he bound it around 
 his hand. A little later when he was near our line he held up his 
 bandaged hand and said gaily, 'See here, boys ; I've got it, too.' 
 
 "I never saw anybody so anxious to be in the thick of the 
 trouble as Teddy. The first day the Rough Riders were held in 
 reserve he chafed terribly. He kept saying, 'I wish they'd let us 
 start.' We all idolized Teddy. He wears a flannel shirt 
 most of the time, and refuses to fare any better than his men. 
 Why, he wouldn't have a shelter-tent when they were distributed. 
 There isn't one of our fellows who wouldn't follow Teddy to 
 Hades if he ordered us to."
 
 132 ROOSEVELT S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 
 
 General Wheeler said of the colonel on his return from Cuba: 
 " Roosevelt is a born fighter, and his men were absolutely de 
 voted to him. While we were together on board the transport I 
 had an opportunity of observing Roosevelt more closely than was 
 possible in the hustle and excitement of the camp. What impres 
 sed me most about him was his absolute integrity." 
 
 Here is what Sergeant Judson, Co. B, First Illinois Volun 
 teers, wrote under date of Santiago, July 3Oth : "The Rough 
 Riders and our regiment have for a week camped together. They 
 are a fine body of men, and Colonel Roosevelt is a fine fellow. I 
 have talked to him personally three times. He is one of the boys. 
 In the campaign against Santiago he was digging trenches with 
 a pick, like his men. He sleeps in a miserable tent and chews 
 hardtack like the rest, When we first came our food consisted of 
 one piece of hardtack for each meal, and some water. 
 
 " This lasted two days, and along came Roosevelt on his 
 horse. I was on my way to cut some grass to sleep on. He 
 stopped me and said, *I know you boys are starved for food, but I 
 am going to do what I can for you. So far I have managed to get 
 some coffee and a number of cases of hardtack, which will start 
 you. We are going to fight together, and I want to see you all 
 in good trim.' If it wasn't for him I am sure we would have been 
 without supplies much longer." 
 
 Thus it will be seen that hunger was often added to the 
 hardships experienced by our brave troops before Santiago. It 
 would occasionally happen that, owing to the difficulty of trans 
 porting supplies, the men could obtain only scanty rations. A 
 humorous allusion to this, and to the ravenous appetite caused 
 thereby, is found in the following doggerel, entitled 
 
 A ROUGH RIDER AT HOME. 
 
 My pa's a great Rough Rider, 
 
 He was one of Teddy's men, 
 And he fought before El Caney 
 
 In the trenches and the fen. 
 He came home sore and wounded,
 
 ROOSEVELT S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 133 
 
 And I wish you'd see him eat; 
 He's got an appetite, I guess, 
 
 Is pretty hard to beat. 
 It's eat and eat and eat 
 
 And it's sleep and sleep and sleep, 
 For ma won't let us make no noise, 
 
 And so we creep and creep. 
 O, we bade him welcome home, 
 
 And we're glad he wasn't killed 
 But, gee ! he's got an appetite 
 
 That never will be filled. 
 He says he caught the fever, 
 
 And he had the ague, too; 
 And he kind o' got the homesicks 
 
 And the waitin' made him blue. 
 But when he reached the station 
 
 And we saw him from the gate 
 We were the happiest family 
 
 You could find in all the State. 
 
 A great deal of interest attaches to Roosevelt's famous charge 
 up San Juan hill, when his brigade performed deeds of valor that 
 would have done credit to Napoleon's Old Guard. Here is the 
 account of it given in the press despatches : 
 
 LEADING HIS GALLANT SOLDIERS. 
 
 " Roosevelt was in the lead, waving his sword. Out into the 
 open and up the hill, where death seemed certain, in the face of 
 the continuous crackle of the Mausers, came the Rough Riders 
 with the Tenth Cavalry alongside. Not a man flinched, all con 
 tinuing to fire as they ran. Roosevelt was a hundred feet ahead 
 of his troops, yelling like a Sioux, while his own men and the 
 colored cavalry cheered him as they charged up the hill. There 
 was no stopping as men's neighbors fell, but on they went, faster 
 and faster. Suddenly Roosevelt's horse stopped, pawed the air for 
 a moment, and fell in a heap. Before the horse was down Roose 
 velt disengaged himself from the saddle and landing on his feet, 
 again yelled to his men, and, sword in hand, charged on foot."
 
 134 ROOSEVELT S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 
 
 The valor of that day has been commemorated in the follow 
 ing spirited lines: 
 
 BEFORE SANTIAGO. 
 
 Who cries that the days of daring are those that are faded far, 
 That never a light burns planet-bright to be hailed as the hero's star ? 
 Let the deeds of the dead be laureled, the brave of the elder years, 
 But a song, we say, for the men of to-day who have proved themselves theii 
 peers ! 
 
 High in the vault of the tropic sky is the garish eye of the sun, 
 And down with its crown of guns a-frown looks the hill-top to be won ; 
 There is the trench where the Spaniard lurks, his hold and his hiding place, 
 And he who would cross the space between must meet death face to face. 
 
 The black mouths belch and thunder, and the shrapnel shrills and flies ; 
 Where are the fain and the fearless, the lads with the dauntless eyes ? 
 Will the moment find them wanting ! Nay, but? with valor stirred ! 
 Like the leashed hound on the coursing-ground they wait but the warning word. 
 
 "Charge ! " and the line moves forward, moves with a shout and a swing, 
 While sharper far than the cactus-thorn is the spiteful bullet's sting. 
 Now they are out in the open, and now they are breasting the slope, 
 While into the eyes of death they gaze as into the eyes of hope. 
 
 Never they wait nor waver, but on they climb and on, 
 
 With " Up with the flag of the stripes and stars, and down with the flag of the 
 
 Don ! " 
 What should they bear through the shot-rent air but rout to the ranks of 
 
 Spain, 
 For the blood that throbs in their hearts is the blood of the boys of Anthony 
 
 Wayne ! 
 
 See, they have taken the trenches ! Where are f he foemen ? Gone ! 
 And now " Old Glory " waves in the breeze from the heights of San Juan ! 
 And so, while the dead are laureled, the brave of the elder years, 
 A song, we say, for the men of to-day who have proved themselves their 
 peers ! CLINTON SCOLLARD.
 
 ROOSEVELT'S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 185 
 
 An incident may be here related which vividly shows the 
 esteem, amounting almost to adoration, in which Colonel Roose 
 velt was held by regulars as well as volunteers. He received the 
 admiration always accorded a man who is every inch a soldier. 
 
 Among the United States regulars whose term of enlistment 
 expired during the Santiago campaign, and who quit the service 
 upon returning to this country, was a man of the Ninth Infantry, 
 known to the members of the regiment as Johnson of Maryland. 
 He was a tall, lanky Southerner, and the pride of the Ninth be 
 cause of his marksmanship, which was so true that Johnson was 
 head and shoulders over all the others in handling a Krag- 
 Jorgensen. 
 
 STORY OF PRIVATE JOHNSON. 
 
 He appeared to be the most contented man in Uncle Sam's 
 service, and often spoke of re-enlisting until an event occurred 
 just after the first day's fighting at San Juan which caused him 
 to change his mind, and he vowed never to handle a gun again. 
 He would never speak of it to his comrades, but they all knew 
 why he quit ; and although they argued and tried to persuade him 
 to remain, Johnson only shook his head and said, " No, boys, I can't 
 stay with you any longer. I'd like to, but don't ask me again. 
 I can't do it. I must get out." 
 
 One of the members of Johnson's company tells the story of 
 what caused the Ninth to lose its crack shot. 
 
 " We had been engaged in the hottest kind of work for some 
 hours, and after taking the first line of Spanish trenches we were 
 fixing them up for our own use. The Spaniards had been driven 
 back, but their sharpshooters were still at it, picking off our men 
 here and there. The Mauser bullets were whizzing around us 
 pretty lively, and I noticed that Johnson was getting more and 
 more impatient every minute, and acting as if he was just aching 
 to get at those Spanish sharpshooters, and finally he turned to 
 me, and, in his drawling tone, said ; 'Say, it's tough we can't get 
 a chance at them.' 
 
 " He. soon got his chance, however, for j ust as dusk began
 
 136 ROOSEVELT S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 
 
 our captain ordered a dozen of us to advance a short distance 
 ahead and well beyond the trenches our forces had captured. 
 When we arrived on the spot we were halted on the edge of a 
 dense wood. Just ahead of us was an open space of clear ground, 
 and on the other side of that a low, thick brush which extended 
 as far ^as I could see. 
 
 "Just before night came on we received our final orders, which 
 were to pay particular attention to the brush just ahead of us on 
 the other side of the clearing, and to shoot at the first head we 
 saw. We had settled down to our tiresome occupation of watching 
 and waiting, but always prepared for anything, and Johnson and 
 I were talking in low tones of the day's fighting we had just 
 passed through when we heard the sound of a dry twig breaking. 
 We were alert in an instant, and all the men in our line were 
 looking straight ahead with pieces half raised, ready for use. As 
 I looked at Johnson I could see him smile, apparently with the 
 hope of a chance to shoot. The sound repeated itself, this time a 
 little nearer, but still quite indistinct. 
 
 MIGHT HAVE BEEN A FATAL MISTAKE. 
 
 "An instant later we again heard it, and it sounded directly 
 ahead of Johnson and me, and was, beyond a doubt, a cautious 
 tread, but too heavy for a man. While we waited in almost 
 breathless silence for something to happen we again heard the 
 cautious tread, now quite plain. It was the tread of a horse and 
 was just ahead of us. Suddenly, as the head became plainer, a 
 dark object appeared just above the top of the brush. Dozens of 
 guns were raised, but Johnson whispered : 'I've got him.' 
 
 " He crawled a few paces forward and we saw him raise his 
 gun, his fingers nervously working on the trigger. At that in 
 stant the brush parted and a horse and lider stepped out. We 
 saw Johnson stretch out his piece and we expected to see a flash, 
 but just then the rider turned in his saddle, and by the dim light 
 from the dull red glow that still tinged the sky we saw a pair of 
 eyeglasses flash. We all knew at once who it was, but not one of 
 us spoke. We were probably too horrified, and before I could say
 
 ROOSEVELT S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 137 
 
 a word Johnson turned to me, and with a look on his face I shall 
 never forget, exclaimed, in a hoarse voice : 
 
 " ' My God, Ben; it's Roosevelt! And I nearly plucked him !' 
 "With this he threw his gun from him and just sat there 
 and stared at the place in the brush where Colonel Roosevelt and 
 his horse had entered. The latter, when he heard the voices of 
 our men, came straight up to us, and appeared surprised to find 
 us so far beyond the trench. When he heard of the orders about 
 shooting at the first head we saw, he smiled and said : 
 
 * * That is the first I've heard of the orders. They were prob 
 ably issued while I was away doing a little reconnoitering on my 
 own hook.' " 
 
 HEAVY LOSSES OF THE ROUGH RIDERS. 
 
 Mention has already been made of the gallant conduct of the 
 regulars in the engagements before Santiago, yet it is but truth to 
 say that the Rough Riders were in the thick of every fight, and 
 the official reports show that they lost more officers than any of 
 the regulars, and sustained casualties greater in number and more 
 severe than fell to the lot of any other regiment. They lost more 
 in killed, had more disabled by wounds and had fewer missing. 
 
 All authorities agree that owing to the nature of the ground, 
 the extreme heat and other circumstances our troops had very 
 hard fighting. This is evident from what General Wheeler says 
 in his book on " The Santiago Campaign." 
 
 "As we rode for the first time into Santiago," he says, "we 
 were struck by the excellent manner in which the Spanish lines 
 were fortified, and more especially by the formidable defenses with 
 which they had barricaded the roads. The one in question, 
 on which we were traveling, was barricaded in no less than 
 four places, said defenses consisting of an enormous mass of 
 barbed iron wire, stretched across the entire width of the road. 
 They were not merely single lines of wire, but pieces running 
 perpendicularly, diagonally, horizontally, and in every other 
 direction, resembling nothing so much as a huge thick spider web 
 with an enormous mass in the center.
 
 138 ROOSEVELT'S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. - 
 
 11 Behind this some ten or fifteen feet were barrels of an 
 extraordinary size, filled with sand, stones and concrete, on the 
 tops of which sand bags were placed in such fashion as to leave 
 small holes through which the Spaniards could sight their guns. 
 It would, indeed, have been a hard task for American troops, were 
 they ever so brave and courageous, to have taken by storm a city 
 which was protected by such defenses as these. Nothing short of 
 artillery could have swept such obstructions out of the way, and 
 even then they would have been more or less effective because of 
 the narrowness of the road and the high banks on each side, 
 which would have prevented getting the obstructions out of the way. 
 
 " Kven the streets were intrenched in similar fashion, the 
 people taking refuge in the upper stories of their houses. Had it 
 come to a hand-to-hand fight, as at one time was feared, the 
 American troops would have suffered a fearful loss, being neces 
 sarily placed at such a disadvantage. It was fortunate, therefore, 
 that the surrender came when it did ; for otherwise many a brave 
 boy who has returned to resume his avocations of peace, or to do 
 his duty as a soldier in his native land, would have found his last 
 resting-place on Cuban soil." 
 
 TWO DAYS IN A MUDDY DITCH. 
 
 An appreciative biographer of Roosevelt relates the following: 
 " A young lieutenant tells an incident of a night in the trenches 
 which illustrates the power which Roosevelt had over his men and 
 how he managed to hold it. It was the night of the Spanish sortie 
 on the captured trenches. The Rough Riders had lain for forty- 
 eight hours in the muddy ditch, sweltering by day, shivering by 
 night. At the hour of early morning the Spaniards appeared in a 
 dense, dark line at the top of the hill. The men in the trenches 
 stirred uneasily. Tired and discouraged, chilled to the bone, they 
 were ready to bolt at a signal or a movement from anyone. But 
 suddenly they saw Colonel Roosevelt walking calmly along the 
 top of the intrenchment, with a faded blue handkerchief flapping 
 from his hat. 
 
 " He seemed to be oblivious of the rain of Mauser bullets
 
 ROOSEVELT'S BRILLIANT RECORD IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 139 
 
 which were falling about him, and was apparently as unconscious 
 of danger as if he were strolling in the woods on a summer's day. 
 But the effect of his coolness on the men was remarkable. A 
 cheer went up, and every one was calling to the colonel to come 
 down out of danger. The restlessness was over, and the drooping 
 spirits of the men gave place to grim determination to prove as 
 heroic as their leader. A cowboy lieutenant said : ' That was the 
 bravest thing I ever saw in my life.' ' 
 
 The lack of food proved a trial to the Rough Riders after the 
 surrender of Santiago. In his official report to the War Depart 
 ment, Colonel Roosevelt said : 
 
 ONLY HALF FIT FOR DUTY. 
 
 "On the i yth the city surrendered. On the i8th we shifted 
 camp, but the march under the noonday sun told very heavily on 
 our men, weakened by underfeeding and overwork, and the next 
 morning one hundred and twenty-three cases were reported to the 
 doctor, and I now have but half of the six hundred men with which 
 I landed four weeks ago fit for duty, and these are not fit to do 
 anything like the work they could do then. As we had but one 
 wagon, the change necessitated leaving much of my stuff behind, 
 with a night of discomfort, with scanty shelter, and scanty food 
 for most of the officers and many of the men. Only the possession 
 of the impoverished pack train saved us from being worse. 
 
 " Yesterday I sent in a detail of six officers and men to see if 
 they could not purchase or make arrangements for a supply of 
 proper food and proper clothing for the men, even if we had to pay 
 for it out of our own pockets. Our suffering had been due prim 
 arily to lack of transportation and of proper food or sufficient 
 clothing and of medical supplies. We should now have wagon 
 sheets for tentage. 
 
 " Very respectfully, 
 
 " THEODORE ROOSEVELT."
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 MR. ROOSEVELT ELECTED GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. 
 
 POPULAR DEMAND COMPELS ROOSEVELT'S NOMINATION PARTY 
 LEADERS FALL INTO LINE SENATOR DEPEW'S NOMINATING 
 SPEECH IN THE CONVENTION ROOSEVELT MAKES SPEECHES 
 THROUGHOUT THE STATE ELECTED BY A HANDSOME PLUR 
 ALITYHIS INAUGURAL ADDRESS LEGISLATION ENACTED BY 
 His RECOMMENDATION A POPULAR HERO. 
 
 MR ROOSEVELT'S achievements in the war were such as to 
 greatly increase the respect felt for him, not only in his 
 native State, but in every part of our country. His name became 
 a househcld word; his valor and courage in battle created uni 
 versal comment ; his considerate care and kindness shown towards 
 the brave men exposed to pestilence in Cuba, and his prompt, en 
 ergetic way of doing whatever needed to be done, all united to 
 render him a sort of popular idol. 
 
 Moreover, he had distinguished himself in every public office 
 he had held. His freedom from even the suspicion of corruption, 
 his lofty aims and endeavors, his thorough honesty and the pos 
 session of those noble qualities which separate the true statesman 
 from the mere politician, appealed strongly to his fellow citizens, 
 and made them feel that he was a man who could not be spared, 
 and should not be allowed to retire to private life. 
 
 .Even before the surrender of Santiago in July there were 
 unmistakable evidences that Roosevelt was his party's choice for 
 Governor. This sentiment was soon made plain by the conversa 
 tion of men on the street, by interviews in the press with promi 
 nent party leaders, and by the loud acclaim with which his name 
 was greeted on every public occasion where it was mentioned. 
 The sentiment in favor of his nomination gathered force day by 
 day. Buttons decorated with his portrait found a ready market, 
 with a host of voters to wear them, including especially young men. 
 140
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT ELECTED GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. 141 
 
 Governor Frank S. Black had been elected two years previously 
 by an immense plurality. If precedent and success counted for 
 anything he should receive the nomination the second time. The 
 masses of the people, however, were becoming restless. Much 
 was said about " boss rule," and the disposition to revolt against 
 the "machine" created alarm among the party leaders. Many of 
 the " machine " supporters opposed the nomination of Roosevelt. 
 He was not sufficiently pliable. He could not be trusted to 
 do anything out of the line of what was his strict duty. 
 
 Was he not independent, set in his views and resolute in 
 maintaining them ? Did he not have a mind of his own, and 
 respectfully decline to borrow the mind of anybody else ? Had he 
 not shown a most lamentable disrespect for machine politicians 
 when he was a member of the Legislature, Civil Service Commis 
 sioner, and president of the Police Board of New York ? Such a 
 man as that for Governor ? Why, the thing was preposterous. 
 
 WANTED BY THE RANK AND FILE. 
 
 But the personal characteristics and the public record that 
 caused some of the party leaders to oppose his nomination, were 
 among the chief reasons why the rank and file of his party 
 wished to elevate him to the highest office in the State. In the 
 nominating convention there was but one other candidate besides 
 himself. Governor Black was not unconscious of Mr. Roosevelt's 
 popularity, but he determined to secure the nomination if possible. 
 His friends supported him faithfully, yet all their efforts failed 
 to stay the tide that had been running for weeks in Roosevelt's 
 favor. Judge J. R. Cady, of Hudson, nominated Governor Black, 
 but failed to awaken any enthusiasm for his candidate. 
 
 The speech of Senator Depew, placing Mr. Roosevelt in 
 nomination, was so appreciative and graceful, and withal so just 
 a tribute to the man, that we present it here entire : 
 
 " GENTLEMEN : Not since 1863 has the Republican party met 
 in convention when the conditions of the country were so interest 
 ing or so critical. Then the emancipation of President Lincoln,
 
 142 MR. ROOSEVELT ELECTED GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. 
 
 giving freedom and citizenship to four millions of slaves, brought 
 about a revolution in the internal policy of our government which 
 seemed to multitudes of patriotic men full of the gravest dangers 
 to the republic. The effect of the situation was the sudden and 
 violent sundering of the ties which bound the past to the present 
 and the future. New problems were precipitated upon our states' 
 men to solve, which were not to be found in the text-books of the 
 schools, nor in the manuals of traditions of Congress. The one 
 courageous, constructive party which our politics has known 
 for half a century, solved those problems so successfully that the 
 regenerated and disenthralled republic has grown and pros 
 pered under this new birth of liberty beyond all precedent and 
 every prediction. 
 
 " Now as then, the unexpected has happened. The wildest 
 dream ever born of the imagination of the most optimistic believer 
 in our destiny could not foresee when McKinley was elected two 
 years ago the on-rushing torrent of events of the past three 
 months. We are either to be submerged by this break in the 
 dikes erected by Washington about our government, or we are to 
 find by the wise utilization of the conditions forced upon us how 
 to be safer and stronger within our old boundaries, and to add in 
 calculably to American enterprise and opportunity by becoming 
 masters of the sea, and entering with the surplus of our manufac 
 tures the markets of the world. 
 
 NEW EVENTS AND PROBLEMS. 
 
 " We cannot retreat or hide. We must 'ride the waves and 
 direct the storm.' A war has been fought and won, and vast 
 possessions new and far away, have been acquired. In the 
 short space of one hundred and thirteen days politicians and 
 parties have been forced to meet new questions and to take sides 
 upon startling issues. The face of the world has been changed. 
 The maps of yesterday are obsolete. Columbus, looking for the 
 Or ent and its fabled treasures, sailed four hundred years ago into 
 th* landlocked harbor of Santiago, and to-day his spirit sees his 
 bones resting under the flag of a new and great country which
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT ELECTED GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. 148 
 
 has found the way and conquered the outposts, and is knocking 
 at the door of the farthest Bast. 
 
 " The times require constructive statesmen. As in 1776 and 
 1865, we need architects and builders. A protective tariff, sound 
 money the gold standard, the retirement of the government from 
 the banking business, and State issues are just as important as 
 ever. Until three months ago to succeed we would have had to 
 satisfy the voters of the soundness and wisdom of our position on 
 these questions. The cardinal principles of the Republican policy 
 will be the platform of this canvass and of future ones. 
 
 " But at this juncture the people have temporarily put every 
 thing else aside and are applying their whole thought to the war 
 with Spain and its consequences. We believe that they think 
 and will vote that our war with Spain was just and righteous. 
 We cannot yet say that American constituencies have settled 
 convictions on territorial expansion and the government of distant 
 islands and alien races. We can say that Republican opinion 
 glories in our victories and follows the flag. 
 
 ROOSEVELT FOR GOVERNOR. 
 
 " The resistless logic of events overcomes all other consider 
 ations and impels me to present the name of, as it will persuade you 
 to nominate as our candidate for Governor of the State of New 
 York, Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. If he were only the hero of 
 a brilliant charge on the battlefield, and there was nothing else 
 which fitted him for this high place, I would not put him in nomi 
 nation. 
 
 "But Colonel Roosevelt has shown conspicuous ability in the 
 public service for ten years. He was a soldier three months. It 
 is not time which tells with an executive mind and restless energy 
 like Roosevelt's, but opportunity. Give him the chance and he 
 leads to victory. He has held two positions which generally ruin 
 the holder of them with politicians and the unthinking. One was 
 Civil Service Commissioner and the other Police Commissioner 
 for New York City. So long as the public did not understand 
 him there was plenty of lurid language and gnashing of teeth.
 
 144 MR. ROOSEVELT ELECTED GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. 
 
 "The people are always just in the end. Let them know 
 everything that can be said about a man and see all the search 
 light of publicity will reveal and their verdict is the truth. When 
 the smoke had cleared away from the batteries of abuse they saw 
 the untouched and unharmed figure of a public-spirited, broad- 
 minded, and courageous officer, who understood official responsi 
 bility to mean the performance without fear or favor of the work 
 he had promised to do and obedience to the laws he had sworn to 
 support. The missiles from those batteries flew past him as in- 
 nocously as did the bullets from the Spanish Mausers on the hill 
 of San Juan. 
 
 "When he became Assistant Secretary of the Navy he was in 
 a sphere more congenial to his genius and abilities. He is a 
 better soldier than he is a policeman. Life on the plains had 
 broadened his vision and invigorated his youth. Successful ex. 
 cursions into the literature of the ranch, and the hunting for big 
 game had opened up for him the present resources and boundless 
 possibilities of the United States. 
 
 RESOLVES TO FORM A REGIMENT. 
 
 " He was fortunately under the most accomplished, able, 
 generous, and indulgent chief in Secretary Long. A small man 
 would have been jealous of this dynamitic bundle of brains, 
 nerves, energy, and initiative, but our distinguished Secretary 
 gave full scope to his brilliant assistant. The country owes 
 much to him for the efficiency and splendid condition of our Navy. 
 
 "The wife of a cabinet officer told me that when Assistant 
 Secretary Roosevelt announced that he had determined to resign 
 and raise a regiment for the war, some of the ladies in the admin 
 istration circle thought it their duty to remonstrate with him. 
 They said : 'Mr. Roosevelt, you have six children, the youngest 
 a few months old. While the country is full of young men who 
 have no such responsibilities and" are eager to enlist, you have no 
 right to leave the burden upon your wife of the care, support, and 
 bringing up of that family.' Roosevelt's answer was a Roosevelt 
 answer : 'I have done as much as any one to bring on this war,
 
 ZEBRA ATTACKED BY A LEOPARD.
 
 
 1,0 NX* TOFGUED AFRICAN CHAMELEON.
 
 THE GIRAFFE COL. ROOSEVELT KILLED A JUNE SPECIMEN OF THIB 
 BEAUTIFUL ANIMAL AT A DISTANCE OF 400 YABDS.
 
 BTKANQB SHOE B1LL OF AFRICA.
 
 FISH-EAGLES CONTENDING FOR A PRIZE.
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT ELECTED GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. 145 
 
 because I believed it must come, and the sooner the better, and 
 now that war is declared I have no right to ask others to do the 
 fighting and stay at home myself.' 
 
 "The regiment of rough riders was an original American 
 suggestion, to demonstrate that patriotism and indomitable courage 
 are common to all conditions of American life. The same great 
 qualities are found under the slouch hat of the cowboy, and the 
 elegant imported tile of New York's gilded youth. Their man 
 ner sms are the veneers of the West and the Bast ; their manhood 
 is the same. 
 
 "In that hot, and pest-cursed climate of Cuba officers had op 
 portunities for protection from miasma and fever which were not 
 possible for the men. But the Rough Riders endured no hard 
 ships nor dangers which were not shared by their colonel. He 
 helped them dig the ditches ; he stood beside them in the deadly 
 dampness of the trenches. No floored tent for him if his comrades 
 must sleep on the ground and under the sky. 
 
 CHARGED IN ADVANCE OF HIS MEN. 
 
 "In that world-famed charge of the Rough Riders through 
 the hail of shot and up the hill of San Juan, their colonel was a 
 hundred feet in advance. The bullets whistling by him are rap 
 idly thinning the ranks of these desperate fighters. The colonel 
 trips and falls and the line wavers, but in a moment he is up again, 
 waving his sword, climbing and shouting. He bears a charmed 
 life. He clips the barbed wire fence and plunges through, yelling 
 'Come on, boys ; come on, and we will lick hell out of them.' The 
 moral force of that daring cowed and awed the Spaniards, and they 
 fled from their fortified heights and Santiago was ours. 
 
 "Colonel Roosevelt is the typical citizen-soldier. The sani 
 tary condition of our army in Cuba might not have been known 
 for weeks through the regular channels of inspection and report 
 to the various departments. Here the citizen in the colonel 
 overcame the official routine reticence of the soldier. His graphic 
 letter to the government and the round robin he initiated brought 
 suddenly and sharply to our attention the frightful dangers of dis- 
 
 10 M.L.
 
 146 MR. ROOSEVELT ELECTED GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. 
 
 ease and death, and resulted in our boys being brought immedi 
 ately home. He may have been subject to court martial for vio 
 lating the articles of war, but the humane impulses of the people 
 gave him gratitude and applause. 
 
 "It is seldom in political conflicts, when new and unexpected 
 issues have to be met and decided, that a candidate can be found 
 who personifies the popular and progressive side of those issues. 
 Representative men move the masses to enthusiasm and are more 
 easily understood than measures. Lincoln, with his immortal 
 declaration, made at a time when to make it insured his defeat by 
 Douglas for the United States Senate, that 'a house divided 
 against itself cannot stand. I believe this Government cannot 
 endure permanently half slave and half free,' embodied the anti- 
 slavery doctrine. 
 
 HERO OF THE HOUR. 
 
 "Grant, with Appomattox and the parole of honor to the Con 
 federate Army behind him, stood for the perpetuity of union and 
 liberty. McKinley, by his long and able advocacy of its princi 
 ples, is the leading spirit for the protection of American industries. 
 For this year, for this crisis, for the voters of the Empire State, 
 for the young men of the country and the upward, onward, and 
 outward trend of the United States, the candidate of candidates is 
 the hero of Santiago, the idol of the Rough Riders Colonel 
 Theodore Roosevelt." 
 
 Enthusiastic cheering followed Senator Depew's eloquent 
 speech. It was plain that Roosevelt was the hero of the hour. 
 Other speeches in behalf of both candidates were made, and when 
 the result of the balloting was announced, Judge Cady rose and 
 said : " On behalf of Governor Frank S. Black and on behalf of 
 every delegate who voted for him in this convention, I say they 
 will stand by the nomination of Colonel Roosevelt as he stood by 
 the country. We will not be in the reserve forces, but we will be 
 at the front and we will stand shoulder to shoulder with the best 
 of you and push Colonel Roosevelt into the executive chair by a 
 tremendous majority. More than that we will take the executive
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT ELECTED GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. 14T 
 
 chair for Colonel Roosevelt as he took as a Rough Rider the 
 heights of San Juan." 
 
 The vote of the convention was 753 for Roosevelt and 218 for 
 Black. The nomination of the hero of Santiago was made 
 unanimous amidst cheers that shook the building where the dele 
 gates were assembled. It was believed that never before in the 
 State of New York had a political convention done a better piece of 
 work. If the friends of Governor Black felt some disappointment 
 over the outcome of the convention they wisely concealed it, and 
 yielded their personal preferences to the will of the majority. 
 
 Republicans in the State of New York and throughout the 
 country gave hearty response to the nomination. Mr. Roosevelt 
 was invulnerable against all attacks on the ground of political 
 dishonesty or incapacity. Young as he was he had shown great 
 ability as a public official, and it was believed he was more than 
 equal to the situation. When told that people thought he would 
 make a good Governor, his modest reply was, " I will try." 
 
 A MAN WITH A LEVEL HEAD. 
 
 This answer was characteristic of the man. The repeated 
 honors thrust upon him have never turned his head. Having no 
 element of self-conceit in his composition, and being in no sense 
 a victim of pride, he busies himself, not with his own successes, 
 but with the duties and responsibilities of his office. The nomina 
 tion for Governor came in the natural order of events. He had 
 worked up to it by his own efforts for better government, and it 
 did not take him by surprise. If he had been defeated in the con 
 vention he would not have berated his party, but would have 
 proved his loyalty by ardently supporting the nominee. 
 
 No loud hurrah characterized the beginning of the campaign 
 that followed his nomination. It was almost taken for granted 
 that he would be elected, and that no special effort to this end was 
 needed. A very respectable candidate was put in the field by the 
 opposing party, one comparatively unknown, and therefore one 
 against whom little could be said. Mr. Roosevelt was not dis 
 posed to take any chances, and at once prepared to wage an active
 
 148 MR. ROOSEVELT ELECTED GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. 
 
 campaign. Although the Democratic nominee, Augustus Van 
 Wyck, was not likely to draw to himself the independent vote, it 
 was thought that he would receive the vote of his party, and this 
 would make him a formidable antagonist. 
 
 ROOSEVELT ON THE STUMP. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt prepared to stump the State. The people 
 waited for his coming. He was the man they wished to see and 
 hear. Mr. Odell, chairman of the Republican State Committee, 
 and afterward Governor, rather objected to Mr. Roosevelt's plan 
 of making a tour through the State, yielding only when it was 
 found that no other speaker could satisfy the demand of the peo 
 ple to meet the leader of the Rough Riders face to face. When it 
 was known that he was to appear at any town there was an im 
 mense outpouring of the people to greet him. He passed rapidly 
 from place to place, addressed the crowds from the rear platform 
 of his car, and made in all about three hundred speeches. They 
 were sharp, incisive, right to the point, and admirably adapted to 
 the average intelligence of those who heard him. 
 
 In a speech at Utica he made these significant statements : 
 " My opponents ask you to vote only as New Yorkers. I ask you 
 to vote as New Yorkers ; I ask you to remember every State 
 issue ; I ask you to keep in mind carefully every matter concern 
 ing the welfare of New York. 
 
 "But I ask you also to remember that you are not only New 
 Yorkers, but Americans, that you have interests not only in the 
 State but in the Union which is greater than any State that 
 your welfare is bound up with the welfare of the nation, and that 
 the honor of each man of you is sensitive to the honor of the flag. 
 
 "I ask you to remember that you cannot, if you would, help 
 letting your ballots this fall have their effect throughout the 
 Union. You cannot vote a half ballot. You cannot put a caveat 
 on your ballot that will only be heard of in the State of New York. 
 
 "As New York goes on November 8th, so the friends of 
 honest finance, the believers in national honor throughout the 
 Union will be elated or cast down."
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT ELECTED GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. 149 
 
 The election in November gave Mr. Roosevelt a plurality of 
 18,079. A very considerable part of the vote he received was a 
 personal tribute to his sterling qualities as a man, a public official 
 and a patriot who was ready to place his country above every other 
 consideration. 
 
 On the 3ist of December, 1898, he took the oath of office at 
 the capitol in Albany, and on Monday, January 2d, was inaug 
 urated as the 36th Governor of New York, thus taking his place 
 in a line of distinguished men that runs back to 1777, at which 
 time the State constitution was adopted. The inauguration cere 
 mony was held in the Assembly Chamber at n o'clock. Mr. 
 Black, the retiring Governor, made a felicitous address of welcome 
 to the new executive. 
 
 The first message of Governor Roosevelt was sent to the 
 Legislature on January 4th. It bore all the evidences of his 
 thoughtful mind and scholarly attainments. 
 
 GOVERNOR'S FIRST MESSAGE. 
 
 He touched upon the Civil Service as follows : " The methods 
 of appointment to the civil service of the State are now in utter 
 confusion, no less than three great systems being in effect one in 
 the City of New York, one in other cities, and one in the State at 
 large. I recommend that a law be passed introducing one uniform 
 practice for the entire State, and providing, as required by the 
 Constitution, for the enforcement of civil service regulations in 
 the State and its subdivisions." 
 
 On the labor question he declared : " The development in 
 extent and variety of industries has necessitated legislation in 
 the interest of labor. This legislation is not necessarily against 
 the interests of capital ; on the contrary, if wisely devised it is for 
 the benefit of both laborers and employers. We have very wisely 
 passed many laws for the benefit of labor, in themselves good, 
 and for the time being, sufficient; but experience has shown that 
 the full benefit of these laws is not obtained through the lack of 
 proper means of enforcing them and the failure to make any one 
 department responsible for their enforcement"
 
 150 MR. ROOSEVELT ELECTED GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. 
 
 The Governor also had something to say concerning the late 
 war : " We are not merely New Yorkers. We are Americans ; and 
 the interests of all Americans, whether from the North, the South, 
 the Bast or the great West, are equally dear to the men of the Em 
 pire State. As we grow into a mighty nation, which, whether it will 
 or not, must inevitably play a great part for good or for evil in the 
 affairs of the world at large, the people of New York wish it under 
 stood that they look at all questions of American foreign policy 
 from the most thoroughly national standpoint." 
 
 It soon became evident that a man of unusual vigor was in 
 the Governor's chair. He had no idea of being a mere figure-head, 
 or a tool of men who had "axes to grind." He saw abundant oc 
 casion for many changes and reforms in the State laws, and for the 
 enactment of special legislation to correct old abuses. He went 
 about the work in his own energetic way, and even those who did 
 not altogether approve the measures he proposed could not doubt 
 but his one aim was to promote the public welfare and render the 
 best service to all interests affected by State legislation. 
 
 IMPROVING CONDITION OF THE POOR. 
 
 He gave all the aid possible to the Tenement Commission that 
 had for its object the closing of sweat-shops and improving the 
 condition of the poor. There were grievous evils from which the 
 people in tenement house districts were suffering, and persistent 
 efforts were made to abolish these and better the social, sanitary 
 and moral condition of the localities in large cities which were most 
 crowded with population. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt was again confronted with the old chronic prob 
 lem of the police force of New York. L/aws had been enacted 
 apparently for the purpose of defeating themselves. Whether from 
 stupidity or chicanery the enactments were such that it was almost 
 impossible to effect any change for the better in the administration 
 of the police force. Responsibility could be placed upon no one, 
 and at this vital part of city government there was almost com 
 plete paralysis. Senator Platt seconded the Governor's efforts to 
 mend matters by advocating the measures proposed, but through.
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT ELECTED GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. 151 
 
 the apathy and neglect of Republican Senators the proposed en 
 actments failed to carry. 
 
 Governor Roosevelt succeeded in reforming the administra 
 tion of the canals, by making the Canal Commission non-partisan. 
 He also applied the merit system to county offices, thereby greatly 
 improving the civil service. 
 
 But the Governor soon showed that he was gunning for bigger 
 game. The great wealthy corporations of New York, holding val 
 uable franchises, had long taken advantage of some legal techni 
 cality and escaped paying taxes. Mr. Roosevelt claimed that the 
 State was defrauded, that these corporations were legitimate sub 
 jects for taxation, and that to exempt them and compel the people 
 to pay the large share of taxation that properly belonged to these 
 institutions was nothing less than public robbery. It soon became 
 evident that he had the hottest kind of a fight on hand. Fierce 
 opposition was aroused, both within his own party and without, 
 and the most active and powerful agencies combined to compass 
 his defeat. 
 
 CORPORATIONS BROUGHT TO TERMS. 
 
 A cry went up like that which greeted Paul at Ephesus, 
 " Great is Diana of the Ephesians," and men ran to and fro declar 
 ing that their craft was in danger. The corporations had been so 
 long undisturbed that they resented any demands made upon them 
 as almost an infringement of their vested rights. But Governor 
 Roosevelt called an extra session of the Legislature and secured 
 the passage of a bill, which, if it was not as drastic and compre 
 hensive as he wished, established the principle of street franchise 
 legislation. By reason of this notable victory the State was many 
 million dollars richer, and the burdens of taxation that had been 
 borne by the poor and people in moderate circumstances were 
 rendered so much the lighter. 
 
 The struggle thus ended was one of the fiercest ever fought 
 to a conclusion. Although the object sought was a fair and just 
 equalization of taxes between the rich and poor, every possible 
 scheme, every influence that could be commanded, and every
 
 152 MR ROOSEVELT ELECTED GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. 
 
 appeal that could be made to sordid and selfish motives, were 
 employed to block legislation and defeat justice. This one act 
 on the Governor's part was hailed by the people of the State with 
 the greatest satisfaction and added to a popularity that was already 
 great. 
 
 It was during his term of office that Admiral Dewey returned 
 from Manila to receive a welcome such as has seldom been 
 accorded to any hero. New York was crowded with visitors from 
 near and far who had come to witness the celebration of our naval 
 victory in the Philippines and do honor to the famous commander 
 who had won it. Both the Army and Navy were splendidly 
 represented in the procession. Gay uniforms, fluttering plumes 
 and flags, strains of thrilling music and the appearance of the 
 nation's most renowned defenders, all conspired to form a specta 
 cle that would live forever in the memory of those who witnessed 
 it. There was every demonstration of patriotic delight tumul 
 tuous shouts and cheers, fluttering handkerchiefs, waving hats, 
 loud huzzas from hundreds of thousands of excited spectators. 
 
 GREAT POPULAR DEMONSTRATION. 
 
 After the brilliant uniforms and shining equipments had 
 passed there came a man in plain citizen's dress, mounted on a 
 steady and not remarkably showy horse, his form erect and 
 his kindly face sending back a greeting to the roar of plaudits 
 that accompanied him at every step. From one end of the line 
 \> the other there was an enthusiastic and continuous demonstra 
 tion that cannot be portrayed. All this loud acclaim, this 
 magnificent welcome, told better than words can of the hearty 
 admiration of the people for the hero of Santiago, the fearless 
 reformer, the wise and brilliant statesman, the Governor of 
 our greatest commonwealth, not more distinguished on account 
 of his high office than for his sturdy virtues, his lofty ideals and 
 noble manhood. 
 
 It is said that people are always looking for a hero, someone 
 whom they can idolize and worship. No weak man ever has been, 
 or ever can be, thus enthroned in the hearts of the populace. A
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT ELECTED GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK. 
 
 153 
 
 man, to be a hero, must have qualities that lift him above his 
 fellows. He must especially be endowed with courage, that fear 
 less spirit which faces without flinching every danger, whether in 
 battle or public life. He must be born to command; he must be 
 distinguished by achievements which eclipse the dull glory of 
 other men. Roosevelt has climbed to his high position by doing 
 well and by faithfully performing his duty in every line of activity. 
 This is the kind of man the republic is never slow to honor.
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 ROOSEVELT NOMINATED FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. 
 
 NATIONAL REPUBLICAN CONVENTION OF 1900 ENTHUSIASM FOR 
 ROOSEVELT REFUSES NOMINATION FOR VICE-PRESIDENT 
 COMPELLED TO YIELD TO EMPHATIC DEMAND OF THE DELE 
 GATESGREAT FUROR OVER His NOMINATION THRILLING 
 EXTRACTS FROM His SPEECHES NOTIFIED OF His NOMINA 
 TION His REMARKABLE TOUR IN THE CAMPAIGN ELECTED 
 BY ENORMOUS PLURALITY. 
 
 WITH the usual accompaniments of excitement, bustle and 
 enthusiasm the Republican National Convention as 
 sembled in Philadelphia, June 19, 1900. From all parts of the 
 country, and even from Hawaii came delegates, and many others, 
 who, although not entitled to seats in the convention, counted 
 themselves among the faithful, and were eager to be present on 
 an occasion of such great moment. 
 
 Public men, entitled to be ranked as veterans, and others of 
 more recent celebrity, as well as many would-be statesmen who 
 had not yet blossomed into fame, poured into the railway stations, 
 thronged the streets and hotels, looked with veneration upon the 
 sacred relics and memorials of the historic spot where our nation 
 was born, and formed a part of the surging, shouting throng that 
 crowded the immense building where the convention was held. 
 
 This building was said to accommodate 15,000 persons; a more 
 accurate estimate would be 18,000. At a point farthest from the 
 platform, or even much nearer, the voices of the most stentorian 
 speakers could scarcely be heard, and to a large part of the as 
 sembled thousands the proceedings of the convention were almost 
 a ludicrous pantomine. The opinion was freely expressed that, 
 as it was really inconvenient to have a convention hall that would 
 take in the entire American people, a building of smaller dimen- 
 
 154
 
 ROOSEVELT NOMINATED FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. 155 
 
 sions and less ambitious in the matter of size, would have been 
 more sensible and better suited to an orderly, dignified assemblage. 
 Long before the convention was called to order two certainties 
 were plainly apparent. One was that President McKinley would 
 be re-nominated by acclamation; the other was that the nomina 
 tion for Vice-President might be given to any one of six or eight 
 candidates, each of whom had his friends and supporters. There 
 was the usual number of favorite sons, all of whom were willing, 
 at a sacrifice, to come to the country's rescue and accept the office 
 next to the highest in the gift of the people. And so there was 
 wire-pulling, electioneering, formations of cliques and combina 
 tions, and hurrying to and fro to convince delegates from the 
 various other States and obtain pledges. It was not surmised at 
 the time that all these plans, so nicely laid, would be blown away 
 like chaff before the wind by the magic of one name that possessed 
 an irresistible power. 
 
 LARGER THAN HIS STATE. 
 
 When Mr. Roosevelt arrived on the ground his presence had 
 more meaning than that of any other man. He was Governor of 
 New York, but was larger than his State. No territorial limits 
 could bound and circumscribe the man. Neither Senator Wolcott 
 with his fervid oratory, nor Depew with his brilliant wit and 
 rounded periods, nor Lodge with his intellectual acuteness, nor 
 Thurston or Fairbanks with their superb rhetoric, nor Secretary 
 Long with his grand record, nor sturdy old Mark Hanna with his 
 practical sense, counted for so much as the Rough Rider who 
 stormed the hill of San Juan. An expression of popular senti 
 ment in favor of Roosevelt from all parts of the country, espe 
 cially the Middle West and West, came rushing in like the waves 
 of the sea. 
 
 There were those who would have been willing to place his 
 name first on the ticket, but he was too loyal to his chief to tole 
 rate such a proceeding. Besides, he had some projects which, as 
 Governor of New York, he wished to carry into effect, and he 
 honestly felt that he could serve his party in no other way so well
 
 156 ROOSEVELT NOMINATED FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. 
 
 as to seek a re-election as Governor, and continue the good work 
 he had begun in the Empire State. He stubbornly refused at 
 first to listen to the proposition to place his name on the national 
 ticket, and was a good deal annoyed at the persistent clamor of 
 those delegates who would not take no for an answer. 
 
 The party leaders were not ignorant of his phenomenal pop 
 ularity. It was evident on the surface of political affairs and be 
 low the surface. They could not hide or ignore it. It knocked 
 at their very doors; it thrust itself upon them at every turn. They 
 wanted a running mate for McKinley who would not be a drag 
 upon him, a man who would add strength to the ticket. The two 
 shrewdest politicians in the United States, Senators Platt and 
 Quay, favored his nomination after they had carefully looked over 
 the situation. He was too independent and headstrong to nod his 
 subservience to any political "boss," and it was thought the Vice- 
 Presidency would be a comfortable, easy berth for him where he 
 would be harmless. 
 
 HUNTING FOR A CANDIDATE. 
 
 There were day conferences, evening conferences; and mid 
 night conferences to canvass the merits of the available candidates, 
 but there was no escaping the fact that the Roosevelt sentiment 
 was in the very air, and with all his firmness he had no power to 
 resist it. 
 
 Speaking of the nomination of some Vice-Presidential candi 
 dates previous to 1896, he said: " It will be noticed that most of 
 these evils aiise from the fact that the Vice-President, under ordin 
 ary circumstances, possesses so little real power. He presides 
 over the Senate, and he has in Washington a position of marked 
 social importance; but his political weight as Vice- President is 
 almost ml. There is always a chance that he may become Presi 
 dent. As this is only a chance it seems quite impossible to per 
 suade politicians to give it the proper weight. This certainly does 
 not seem right. The Vice-President should, so far as possible, 
 represent the same views and principles that have secured the 
 nomination and election of the President; and he should be a man
 
 ROOSEVELT NOMINATED FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. 157 
 
 trusted and able in the event of any accident to his chief, to take 
 up the work of the latter just where it was left." 
 
 When these words were spoken Mr. Roosevelt did not dream 
 that he would ever be one who, by holding the office of Vice-Presi- 
 dent, would have a chance to become President, and this view of 
 the Vice-Presidency he held consistently at the very time when 
 he was nominated at Philadelphia. That he thrust himself out of 
 consideration and accepted the nomination against his own wishes 
 and better judgment, is ample proof of his deference to the will of 
 the people. It was not a question with him as to what he wished, 
 but what the public wanted. He was a patriot when he drew his 
 sword and led his brave regiment at Santiago; he was no less a 
 patriot when he consented to accept an office that he did not want. 
 
 BEGINS WITH A BRILLIANT PARADE. 
 
 The convention began its sessions, June iQth, in Philadelphia. 
 On the evening of the i8th there was a brilliant parade of 
 25,000 Republicans, comprising the Allied Clubs of Philadelphia, 
 and various Republican organizations from near and distant 
 cities, that, had arrived to attend the convention. The route of 
 the parade was made brilliant by colored lights, waving flags and 
 bands playing patriotic music. On Tuesday, the iQth, Conven 
 tion Hall took on an animated appearance about n o'clock, when 
 the seats surrounding the enclosure reserved for the delegates 
 began to fill up. The delegates began arriving early, those from 
 the Western and Southern States being the first to put in " an 
 appearance. A notable feature in the gathering of the delegates 
 was the very orderly way in which the majority found their seats. 
 
 Governor Roosevelt, Senator Depew, and National Chairman 
 Hanna walked down the central aisle just at the noon hour, and 
 were by far the leading characters of the gathering celebrities. 
 Cheer after cheer rolled out over the great hall for Roosevelt, 
 who found his chair close by Senator Platt. Mr. Depew stood 
 aside to allow Hanna to pass, and then took his place with the 
 New Yorkers, sitting down with Roosevelt: and Senator Brackitt 
 of Saratoga.
 
 158 ROOSEVELT NOMINATED FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. 
 
 Everybody in the hall rose en masse to greet the Rough 
 Rider. The arrival of Governor Roosevelt was the occasion of 
 the first lively scene in the hall. Instantly the Governor was 
 recognized and a cheer went up which continued until the Rough 
 Rider reached his seat. People stood on chairs and craned their 
 necks to catch a glimpse of the man who was believed to be the 
 choice of the convention for Vice-President. 
 
 The interest of the convention and that of the public centred 
 in the proceedings of the third day. The preliminaries, includ 
 ing organization, adopting the platform and listening to lauda 
 tions of the party and its splendid achievements, occupied the 
 first two days, and it only remained to make the nominations. On 
 the morning of the third day, long before 10 o'clock, the hour set 
 for the reassembling of the convention, the hall was surrounded 
 by an immense army of people, who besieged all the doors and 
 entrances, clamoring for admission. When the doors were opened 
 they surged like a flood submerging the vast hall. 
 
 STAGE A BIG BOUQUET. 
 
 The stage had been freshened with green things, and at each 
 corner, like a touch of flaming color, red peonies shot into the air. 
 The band in the north gallery was at work early with inspiring 
 music. It was much warmer than on preceding days. The sun 
 blazed down through the space in the roof and the heat gave 
 promise of being oppressive. But the ladies were attired in their 
 thinnest muslins, everybody was provided with a fan, and there 
 was no complaint. One old fellow in the gallery, with charming 
 disregard of the proprieties, divested himself of coat and vest, 
 hung them over the rail, and took his seat. 
 
 Three minutes before 10 o'clock the Kansas delegation, 
 headed by Colonel Barton, with bright silk sunflowers pinned to 
 their lapels, aroused the first enthusiasm as they marched down 
 the main aisle bearing a white banner inscribed in big black 
 letters with the words "Kansas is for Roosevelt." As the dele-* 
 gates debouched into the pit the utmost good nature was mani 
 fested. The contest was over. It was to be a love feast, a jubilee,
 
 ROOSEVELT NOMINATED FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. 159 
 
 and not a contest, which the day was to witness. Governor 
 Roosevelt entered at exactly 10 o'clock. He made a rush for his 
 seat, but he did not escape the keen eye of the thousands, and 
 they set up a cheer at sight of him. 
 
 One of the questions, as already stated, that agitated the 
 convention from the start was, who should be the candidate for 
 Vice-President. There was a strong, unanimous feeling in favor 
 of Governor Roosevelt, of New York, but he repeatedly expressed 
 his wish to have some other man selected, as he wished to be the 
 nominee for Governor of the Empire State, and believed that in 
 this capacity he could best serve the interests of the party at 
 large. 
 
 MANY CONFLICTING REPORTS. 
 
 It was reported that the Administration at Washington had 
 preferences for certain men. This again was contradicted, and 
 there were so many conflicting reports that on the evening of the 
 second day of the convention Senator Hanna, Chairman of 
 the Republican National Committee, issued the following 
 statement : 
 
 " The Administration has had no candidate for Vice-President. 
 It has not been for or against any candidate. It has deemed that 
 the convention should select the candidate, and that has been my 
 position throughout. It has been a free field for all. In these 
 circumstances several eminent Republicans have been proposed ; 
 all of them distinguished men, with many friends. I will now 
 say that on behalf of all of those candidates, and I except none, I 
 have within the last twelve hours been asked to give my advice. 
 After consulting with as many delegates as possible in the time 
 within my disposal, I have concluded to accept the responsibility 
 involved in this request. In the present situation, with the 
 strong and earnest sentiment of the delegates from all parts 
 of the country for Governor Roosevelt, and since President 
 McKinley is to be nominated without a dissenting voice, it is my 
 judgment that Governor Roosevelt should be nominated for Vice- 
 President with the same unanimity."
 
 160 ROOSEVELT NOMINATED FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. 
 
 This announcement of Senator Hanna was made after a long 
 consultation with many leaders of the party. He called the 
 newspaper men into one of the rooms where the consultation had 
 taken place and read from manuscript. The effect of this state 
 ment was to cause instant and unanimous agreement among the 
 delegates for Roosevelt. 
 
 Senator Foraker's nomination of President McKinley for 
 a second term was a prelude to a thunderous storm of acclamations, 
 which continued for upward of ten minutes, and it was fully 
 fifteen minutes before the applause had so far subsided as to per 
 mit Governor Roosevelt to take the platform and second the 
 nomination. Every noise that the human voice is capable of 
 producing entered into the uproar cheers, shrill and guttural and 
 deep ; delirious ejaculations, born of excitement and nervousness, 
 and that could never be made under ordinary pressure. 
 
 MAGNIFICENT OVATION. 
 
 When the only Vice-Presidential candidate, erect and burly of 
 form and spectacled, rose briskly from his seat, it was the signal for 
 more applause, which culminated in a magnificent ovation as, 
 straight as an arrow, with head thrown back and shoulders 
 squared as if on dress parade, the hero of San Juan faced the 
 delegates and spectators to reinforce the arguments made by 
 Foraker why William McKinley should be renominated. Having 
 finally secured the attention of the Convention after many 
 deprecating waves of his right hand, New York's chief executive 
 proceeded to demonstrate that the Republican party had made no 
 mistake in uniting upon him for second place on the ticket. The 
 Rough Rider's seconding speech was a masterful exhibition of 
 mental, grammatical and physical virility. Roosevelt struck out 
 straight from the shoulder, landing many blows calculated to jar the 
 Democratic party. He went to the very core of the great ques 
 tions of the day with a directness that delighted his hearers. 
 
 He closed his virile, masterly speech, seconding the nomina 
 tion of McKinley, as follows : 
 
 "We stand on the threshold of a new century, a century big
 
 ROOSEVELT NOMINATED FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. 161 
 
 with the fate of the great nations of the earth. It rests with us now 
 to decide whether, in the opening years of that century, we shall 
 march forward to fresh triumphs, or whether, at the outset, we 
 shall deliberately cripple ourselves for the contest. Is America 
 a weakling, to shrink from the world work that must be done by 
 the world powers ? No. The young giant of the West stands on 
 a continent that clasps the crest of an ocean in either hand. 
 Our nation, glorious in youth and strength, looks into the future 
 with fearless and eager eyes, and rejoices as a strong man to run 
 a race. We do not stand in craven mood, asking to be spared the 
 task, cringing as we gaze on the contest. No. We challenge the 
 proud privilege of doing the work that Providence allots us, and 
 we face the coming years high of heart and resolute of faith that 
 to our people is given the right to win such honor and renown as 
 has never yet been granted to the peoples of mankind." 
 
 ROOSEVELT PUT IN NOMINATION. 
 
 The furor over the nomination of McKinley having subsided, 
 the next in order was the nomination of Roosevelt for Vice-Presi 
 dent. Senator Depew, of New York, had been selected for this 
 purpose. The favor with which he was regarded by the immense 
 assemblage was shown in the loud calls that brought him to the 
 platform. He was in his happiest mood. His speech, brim 
 ming over with eloquent passages, spicy sayings and pow 
 erful appeals, was like an explosion of fireworks, and kept the 
 multitude in constant excitement and hilarity, which was evi 
 denced by loud and repeated cheers and acclamations. The 
 enthusiasm for the hero of Santiago was at lever heat and no at 
 tempt was made to suppress it. 
 
 The speech closed as follows : " We have the best ticket ever 
 presented. (Applause.) We have at the head of it a Western 
 man with Eastern notions, and we have at the other end an East 
 ern man with Western character. (Loud applause.) The statesman 
 and the cowboy. The accomplished man of affairs and the heroic 
 fighter. The man who has proved great as President, and the 
 fighter who has proved great as Governor. (Applause.) We leave
 
 162 ROOSEVELT NOMINATED FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. 
 
 this old town simply to keep on shouting and working to make it 
 unanimous for McKinley and Roosevelt." 
 
 When the roll of States was called, it is needless to say every 
 delegate voted for Roosevelt with one exception, and that was 
 himself. A demonstration of the wildest and most enthusiastic 
 character, and lasting half an hour, followed the announcement 
 that Roosevelt was the nominee for Vice-President. Palms were 
 waved, the standards of the various delegations were hurried to 
 the platform, the band attempted to make itself heard amid the 
 loud acclaim, processions of excited, cheering delegates marched 
 up and down the aisles, the building rang with shouts and the 
 popular New York Governor was congratulated by as many as 
 could get within reach of him. 
 
 OFFICIALLY NOTIFIED OF NOMINATION. 
 
 Governor Roosevelt was officially notified of his nomination 
 for the Vice-Presidency at his country home, Sagamore, near Oys 
 ter Bay. Shortly after 12 o'clock Senator Wolcott called the com 
 mittee to the porch. There in the cool shade of the awnings 
 and vines he read the formal notification in his clear and resonant 
 voice. When Senator Wolcott concluded Governor Roosevelt 
 stepped a pace forward and replied. His voice was clear and firm, 
 and as he proceeded there were numerous interruptions of ap 
 plause. He said : 
 
 " Mr. Chairman : I accept the honor conferred upon me with 
 the keenest and deepest appreciation of what it means, and above 
 all of the responsibility that goes with it. Everything that it is 
 in my power to do will be done to secure the re-election of Presi 
 dent McKinley, to whom it has been given in this crisis of the 
 national history to stand for and embody the principles which lie 
 closest to the heart of every American worthy of the name. 
 
 " This is very much more than a mere party contest. We 
 stand at the parting of the ways, and the people have now to de 
 cide whether they shall go forward along the path of prosperity 
 and high honor abroad, or whether they will turn their backs upon 
 what has been done during the past three years ; whether they
 
 ROOSEVELT NOMINATED FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. 163 
 
 will plunge this country into an abyss of misery and disaster, 01 
 what is worse than even misery and disaster shame. 
 
 " I feel that we have a right to appeal not merely to Re 
 publicans, but to all good citizens, no matter what may have been 
 their party affiliations in the past, and to ask them on the strength 
 of the record that President McKinley has made during the past 
 three years, and on the strength of the threat implied in what was 
 done at Kansas City a few days ago, to stand shoulder to shoulder 
 with us, perpetuating the conditions under which we have reached 
 a degree of prosperity never before attained in the nation's history 
 and under which, abroad, we have put the American flag on a 
 level where it never before in the history of the country has been 
 placed. 
 
 A FIGHT FOR THE HONOR OF THE FLAG. 
 
 " For these reasons I feel we have a right to look forward with 
 confident expectation to what the verdict of the people will be next 
 November, and to ask all men to whom the well being of the 
 country and the honor of the national name are dear, to stand with 
 us as we fight for prosperity at home and the honor of the flag 
 abroad." 
 
 A round of applause broke out as the Governor concluded 
 but he checked it instantly by saying : 
 
 11 Gentlemen, one moment, please. Here, Ned," he cried to 
 Senator Wolcott, "this is not to the national committee, but I 
 want to say this to my friends. Friends of my own State who are 
 here, just let me say how I appreciate seeing so many of you here 
 to-day. I want to say I am more than honored and pleased at 
 having been made a candidate for Vice-President on the national 
 ticket, but you cannot imagine how badly I feel at leaving the 
 men with whom I have endeavored and worked for civic decency 
 and righteousness and honesty in New York." 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt entered, heart and soul, into the campaign that 
 followed his nomination. He was the one "spell-binder" who 
 was in demand. The whole country wished to see and hear him. 
 With a special train he traversed many States, faced millions of
 
 164 ROOSEVELT NOMINATED FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. 
 
 people, delivered speeches in wigwams and public halls, and from 
 the rear end of his car addressed the multitudes who gathered 
 wherever it was known he was to make a stop. He proved him 
 self to be a most effective campaign orator, as he had done before, 
 and his personal efforts largely aided in securing the overwhelm 
 ing plurality by which he and McKinley were elected. 
 
 His manner on the stump was hearty and cordial. His talks 
 were plain, forcible, evidently sincere, and infused with good old- 
 fashioned commonsense. He spoke because he had something 
 worth saying. He did not come before people as a ranter, or a 
 politician. Lofty views of American citizenship and the duties of 
 every American toward his country, pervaded all his public 
 utterances. His trip through the States, was like a triumphal 
 progress, and the same enthusiasm that aroused the National 
 Convention at the name of "Teddy" greeted him everywhere.
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 SUDDENLY CALLED TO BE PRESIDENT/ 
 
 SECURES THE PEOPLE'S CONFIDENCE DOUBTS SOON DISPELLED 
 SWORN IN AS PRESIDENT FIRST OFFICIAL ACTS REQUESTS 
 THE MEMBERS OF THE CABINET TO RETAIN OFFICE PATHETIC 
 SCENES AT BUFFALO NEW PRESIDENT TO CONTINUE THE 
 POLICY OF His PREDECESSOR AN ESTIMATE OF His CHARACTER 
 AND ABILITY ENCOUNTERS AT THE OUTSET GRAVE POLITICAL 
 PROBLEMS VIEWS CONCERNING CUBA AND THE PHILIPPINES. 
 
 THE appalling tragedy that ended the life of President McKinley, 
 at the very summit of his fame and usefulness, summoned 
 Mr. Roosevelt to the Presidency of the United States. It was a 
 dark day for our country when the fatal shot was fired that struck 
 down a President who was universally admired and beloved, and 
 who, it was fondly thought, had not an enemy on earth. 
 
 Instantly the nation turned to his successor with a feeling 
 both of relief and apprehension. The vast responsibility and the 
 call for the wisest statesmanship suddenly thrust upon him, and 
 the fact that he was now to guide the destinies of the republic, 
 caused grave fears in the minds of thoughtful people, and an 
 anxiety which, under the circumstances, was but natural and in 
 evitable. At the same time, his public record was such as to go 
 far toward creating the utmost confidence in his ability to cope 
 with the sudden and extraordinary crisis. No one doubted the 
 purity of his intentions, the honesty of his convictions, or his 
 conscientious purpose to make good the loss sustained by the 
 country, and to carry forward the policies advocated by his prede 
 cessor. 
 
 Although some vague doubts were expressed, and men ques 
 tioned one another as to whether Mr. Roosevelt would prove equal 
 to the emergency, there were no signs of panic in the world of 
 
 165
 
 166 SUDDENLY CALLED TO BE PRESIDENT. 
 
 finance, or slowing up of the wheels of industry. With a self- 
 confidence which has often been ridiculed as Yankee boasting, it 
 was believed the country could take care of itself, and its new 
 chief executive would superbly meet every demand. Public opin 
 ion was soon enlisted in his support, the timid ones were reassured, 
 and the overwhelming sorrow and sense of bereavement that fol 
 lowed the assassination of one President gradually gave way to a 
 feeling of thankfulness that another so competent and trustworthy 
 was now at the head of our national affairs. 
 
 HOPES SUDDENLY BLASTED. 
 
 The mournful event that placed Mr. Roosevelt in the White 
 House was as unexpected by him as it was by the nation at large. 
 The crack of the assassin's pistol rang through the whole world 
 with startling effect. No one was prepared for the thrilling 
 tragedy. As is well known, hopes were entertained for President 
 McKinley's recovery. For a whole week his condition was re 
 ported by the attending physicians as perfectly satisfactory, and 
 there was every indication that his wound would not prove fatal. 
 The bulletins expressed a hope that amounted almost to a certainty, 
 and stated only a short time before his death, that all danger was past. 
 The bullet had not been extracted, but the illustrious patient's 
 symptoms and general condition gave every promise of complete 
 recovery. 
 
 Then came the sudden change for the worse. The ghastly 
 reaper who strikes down rulers and peasants alike, with unpitying 
 celerity made sure of his victim. Hope went out in darkness and 
 delusive promises were mercilessly broken. The civilized world 
 felt the shock. It was a time for awe and silence. 
 
 Hon. Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as President of the 
 United States at 3.36 o'clock on the afternoon of Saturday, Sep 
 tember 1 4th. Standing in a low-ceiled, narrow room in the quaint 
 old mansion occupied by Ansley Wilcox, in the fashionable part 
 of Delaware Avenue, the aristocratic thoroughfare of Buffalo, Mr. 
 Roosevelt swore to administer the laws of the Government of 
 which he is now the head. He stood erect, holding his right
 
 SUDDENLY CALLED TO BE PRESIDENT. 167 
 
 hand high above his head. His massive shoulders were thrown 
 well back, as, with his head inclined a little forward, he repeated 
 the form of the oath of office in clear, distinct tones, that fell 
 impressively npon the ears of the forty-three persons grouped 
 about the room, 
 
 His face was a study in earnestness and determination, as he 
 uttered the words which made him President of the United States. 
 His face was much paler than it was wont to be, and his eyes, 
 though bright and steady, gleamed mistily through his big-bowed 
 gold spectacles. His attire was sombre and modest. A well-fit 
 ting worsted frock coat draped his athletic figure almost to the 
 knees. His trousers were dark gray, with pinstripes. A thin 
 skein of golden chain looped from the two lower pockets of his 
 waistcoat. While he was waiting for the ceremony he toyed with 
 this chain with his right hand. 
 
 PICTURESQUE LITTLE ROOM. 
 
 The place selected for the ceremony of taking the oath was 
 the library of Mr. Wilcox's house, a rather small room, but pic 
 turesque, the heavy oak trimmings and the massive bookcases 
 giving it somewhat the appearance of a legal den. A pretty bay 
 window with stained glass and heavy hangings formed a back 
 ground, and against this the President took his position. 
 
 Judge Hazel stood near the President in the bay window, and 
 the latter showed his extreme nervousness by plucking at the 
 lapel of his long frock coat and nervously tapping the hardwood 
 floor with his heel. He stepped over once to Secretary Root, and 
 for about five minutes they conversed earnestly. The question 
 at issue was whether the President should first sign an oath of 
 office and then swear in or whether he should swear in first and 
 sign the document in the case after. 
 
 At precisely 3.32 o'clock Secretary Root ceased his conversa 
 tion with the President, and, stepping back, while an absolute hush 
 fell upon every one in the room, said in an almost inaudible voice: 
 
 " Mr. Vice-President, I " Then his voice broke, and for 
 
 fully two minutes the tears came down his face and his l?.p&
 
 168 SUDDENLY CALLED TO BE PRESIDENT. 
 
 ered, so that lie could not continue His utterances. There were 
 sympathetic tears from those about him, and two great drops ran 
 down either cheek of the successor of William McKinley. Mr. 
 Root's chin was on his breast. Suddenly throwing back his head, 
 as if with an effort, he continued in broken voice : 
 
 " I have been requested, on behalf of the Cabinet of the late 
 President, at least those who are present in Buffalo, all except 
 two, to request that for reasons of weight affecting the affairs of 
 government, you should proceed to take the constitutional oath of 
 office of President of the United States." 
 
 Judge Hazel had stepped to the rear of the President, and 
 Mr. Roosevelt, coming closer to Secretary Root, said, in a voice 
 that at first wavered, but finally came deep and strong, while, as 
 if to control his nervousness, he held firmly to the lapel of his 
 coat with his right hand : 
 
 M'KINLEY'S POLICIES TO BE CONTINUED. 
 
 " I shall take the oath at once in accordance with your request, 
 and in this hour of deep and terrible national bereavement I wish 
 to state that it shall be my aim to continue absolutely unbroken 
 the policy of President McKinley for the peace and prosperity and 
 honor of our beloved country." 
 
 The President stepped farther into the bay window, and 
 Judge Hazel, taking up the constitutional oath of office, which had 
 been prepared on parchment, asked the President to raise his right 
 hand and repeat it after him. There was a hush like death in the 
 room as the Judge read a few words at a time, and the President, 
 in a strong voice and without a tremor, and with his raised hand 
 as steady as if carved from marble, repeated it after him. 
 
 " And thus I swear," he ended it. The hand dropped by his 
 side, the chin for an instant rested on the breast, and the silence 
 remained unbroken for a couple of minutes, as though the new 
 President of the United States was offering silent prayer for help 
 and guidance. 
 
 Judge Hazel broke the silence, saying: " Mr. President, 
 please attach your signature." And the President, turning to a
 
 SUDDENLY CALLED TO BE PRESIDENT. 169 
 
 small table near-by, wrote "Theodore Roosevelt" at the bottom 
 of the document in a firm hand. 
 
 " I should like to see the members of the Cabinet a few 
 moments after the others retire," said the President, and this was 
 the signal for the score of the people, who had been favored by 
 witnessing the ceremony, to retire. 
 
 As they turned to go the President said : U I will shake hands 
 with you people, gladly," and, with something of his old smile 
 returning, he first shook hands with the members of the Cabinet 
 present, then Senator Depew and finally with a few guests and 
 newspaper men. 
 
 MEMBERS OF CABINET REMAIN. 
 
 At a meeting of the Cabinet in the afternoon, President 
 Roosevelt requested that the members retain their positions, at 
 least for the present, and they promised that they would do so. 
 He also received assurances that Secretaries Hay and Gage, who 
 were absent, would remain for the time being. The first official 
 act of President Roosevelt was the issuing of the following proc 
 lamation, the appropriateness and felicitous expression of which 
 could not be improved. 
 
 "By the President of the United States of America, a procla 
 mation : 
 
 "A terrible bereavement has befallen our people. The Pres 
 ident of the United States has been struck down ; a crime com 
 mitted not only against the Chief Magistrate, but against every 
 law-abiding and liberty-loving citizen. 
 
 " President McKinley crowned a life of largest love for his 
 fellowmen, of most earnest endeavor for their welfare, by a death 
 of Christian fortitude ; and both the way in which he lived his 
 life and the way in which, in the supreme hour of trial, he met 
 his death, will remain forever a precious heritage of our people. 
 
 " It is meet that we, as a nation, express our abiding love and 
 reverence for his life, our deep sorrow for his untimely death. 
 
 " Now, therefore, I, Theodore Roosevelt, President of the 
 United States of America, do appoint Thursday next, September
 
 170 SUDDENLY CALLED TO BE PRESIDENT. 
 
 19, the day in which the body of the dead President will be laid 
 in its last earthly resting place, as a day of mourning and prayer 
 throughout the United States. I earnestly recommend all the 
 people to assemble in their respective places of divine worship, 
 there to bow down in submission to the will of Almighty God, 
 and to pay out of full hearts their homage of love and reverence 
 to the great and good President, whose death has smitten the 
 nation with bitter grief. 
 
 " In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused 
 the seal of the United States to be affixed. 
 
 " Done at the city of Washington, the i4th day of September, 
 A. D., one thousand nine hundred and one, and of the Independ 
 ence of the United States the one hundred and twenty-sixth. 
 
 "(SEAL.) THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 
 
 " By the President, 
 
 "JOHN HAY, Secretary of State."
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 BEGINNING OF His LIFE AS CHIEF EXECUTIVE GRAVE PUBLIC QUES" 
 TIONS POLICY OF MCKINLEY ASSAULT MADE ON RECIPROC 
 ITY OPPOSITION TO TREATIES PANAMA CANAL PACIFIC 
 CABLE His EXCELLENT APPOINTMENTS FACTIONS IN ILLINOIS 
 ATTITUDE ON TRUSTS NORTHERN SECURITIES CASE PEN 
 SION ORDER. 
 
 WHEN Theodore Roosevelt was yet Vice President and had no 
 thought that he would succeed to the Presidency of the 
 nation through the death of William McKinley, he said: u I am 
 going to be a candidate for President. I shall do the very best I 
 can to obtain that nomination. But if I do not get it I shall accept 
 the result cheerfully, and although it will be a great disappoint 
 ment to me should I fail to be the candidate of my party, I shall 
 not sulk nor let it embitter my life." 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt made this statement at the house of Mr. Ans- 
 ley Wilcox at Buffalo, in September, 1901, when he was packing 
 up, preparing to leave for the Adirondacks. President McKinley 
 had been shot a few days before and on that day the physicians 
 had given the opinion that he would recover. The whole country 
 breathed a sigh of relief and no one felt more joyful than Mr. 
 Roosevelt. The man was supremely happy that the Presidency 
 was not going to come to him through the assassin's bullet 
 
 "To become President in this way," he had said, "means 
 nothing to me. Aside from the horror of having President McKin 
 ley die, there is an additional horror in becoming his successor in 
 that way. The thing that appeals to me is to be elected Presi 
 dent. That is the way I want the honor to come, if I am ever to 
 receive it." 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt went to the Adirondacks. When there, Mr. 
 
 171
 
 172 PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 McKinley took a sudden change for the worse and died while the 
 Vice President was on his way back to Buffalo to take the oath 
 and assume the responsibilities of the office of President. 
 
 This is to be an account of the administration of Mr. Roose 
 velt from the middle of September, 1901, to the present time, 
 with some idea of how his different administrative acts have 
 affected his relations with the country and the politicians and the 
 bearing these will have upon his chances of election on November 8. 
 
 The stewardship of President Roosevelt began with that im 
 pressive scene in the Wilcox parlor at Buffalo when he raised his 
 hand and said, " I will do all in my power to carry out absolutely 
 unbroken the policy of William McKinley." 
 
 GREAT QUESTIONS TO BE SETTLED. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt began his administration with a session of 
 Congress only a little more than two months distant. Several 
 large questions were pressing on the country. Mr, McKinley had 
 already begun to handle them. One of these was the Pan-Ameri 
 can Canal, Another was reciprocity with Cuba. Still another was 
 the laying of the Pacific cable. Yet another was the extension of 
 the American merchant marine, and finally, one considered by Mr. 
 McKinley of the greatest importance, was a change in our tariff 
 system, especially as it affected the extension of our foreign com 
 merce so that duties might be lowered and reciprocal trade rela 
 tions established. 
 
 All these things were touched upon by Mr. McKinley 
 in his speech at Buffalo, It will be instructive to every 
 American to occasionally read that speech. 
 
 McKinley dwelt at great length on the subject of reciprocity. 
 It is evident that he intended this speech as a sort of first step in 
 reaching a goal which even to him did not appear at that time very 
 definite. He foresaw the drooping of American exports. He fore 
 saw the shrinking of customs revenues from foreign imports. He 
 seemed to discern very quickly that the Dingley schedules could 
 not become permanent and that there must be elasticity in our 
 schedules and that the high tariff must be lowered.
 
 PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT S ADMINISTRATION. 173 
 
 But he was not very clear as to the method he would follow. 
 He was very certain that the day of exclusiveness was past. He 
 made that statement without any qualification. But he also still 
 adhered to the thought that we must have protection for those 
 things that we produce in competition with other countries, and 
 at the same time declared that there might safely be on some 
 articles of production a reduction in customs duties. 
 
 The very obstacle which President Roosevelt encountered in 
 carrying out the policy of William McKinley came from the high 
 protective tariff men from the "stand patters," who would let 
 well enough alone. 
 
 ASSAULT ON RECIPROCITY. 
 
 The assault was first made on reciprocity. A number of these 
 treaties were pending in the Senate. Mr. McKinley and John 
 Hay had appointed John A. Kasson a commissioner to negotiate 
 these treaties. They were with France, with Argentina, with 
 a number of the British colonies, in all seven or eight of 
 them. The Senate refused to ratify the treaties. Mr. McKinley, 
 and Mr, Hay had both despaired of getting them through the 
 Senate, and Mr. Kasson had refused to accept any salary from the 
 United States because his work could not be ratified in the Senate. 
 
 The protectionists swooped down on the new President in a 
 desperate effort to bury the treaties, which were conceded to be 
 already dead. Mr. Roosevelt, the very first work of his adminis 
 tration, declared that he was going to do everything he could to 
 have the treaties ratified, but he even at that early day was be 
 ginning to see the hopelessness of the task of standing up against 
 the solid phalanx of the Senate, In the end the reciprocity trea 
 ties were dropped, with the exception of that which gave Cuba a 
 reduction in duties on her products in return for a similar reduc 
 tion on American products. 
 
 The first great contest the President had crystallized around 
 the Cuban treaty. There was no question that the United States 
 was in honor bound to ratify this treaty. President McKinley 
 was committed to it. So were Secretary of War Root, Secretary of
 
 174 PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 State Hay, Senators Lodge, Platt (of Connecticut), Aldrich, Allison, 
 Spooner, and in fact, all the so called leaders of the Senate. The 
 President's fight for Cuba lasted through the entire session of 
 1901-02, necessitating the calling of an extra session in November, 
 1903, and was not finally won until the regular session had begun 
 the following December. 
 
 The President never swerved in his efforts to obtain an 
 isthmian canal. The platform on which McKinley and Roosevelt 
 were elected declared for the construction of a canal via the Isth 
 mus of Panama, and did not indorse the Nicaragua route. Mr. 
 Roosevelt before he had been in office many months was convinced 
 that either route was feasible. He made a speech at a private 
 dinner in which he said that he would sooner have a canal by 
 either route than no canal at all. 
 
 CANAL MUST BE CONSTRUCTED. 
 
 The selection of the Panama route was made by Congress, 
 but the bill which provided for it contained an alternative prop 
 osition that if certain conditions could not be complied with the 
 government should build the canal via Nicaragua. 
 
 The whole question of the choice of routes seemed to depend 
 upon the ratification of Colombia by a treaty. The Colombians 
 refused to ratify that treaty, although they were repeatedly 
 warned that if they did not do so serious consequences were 
 likely to ensue. President Roosevelt was determined that no 
 South American Republic should stand in the way of manifest 
 destiny, and he was equally determined that the canal should be 
 begun during his administration, and if possible before the Re 
 publican National Convention met. 
 
 Then came the revolution in Panama. It was " capitalized" 
 by persons who had an interest in disposing of the franchises and 
 property of the new Panama Canal Company to the United States 
 for $40,000,000, and a new government was proclaimed on it. 
 There is no doubt, however, that every person on the isthmus 
 favored the movement. 
 
 It has been charged that President Roosevelt connived at this
 
 PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S ADMINISTRATION. 175 
 
 revolution. It is certain that this government had given the 
 government of Colombia ample warning that something might 
 occur. It is also true that Senator Cullom, Chairman of the 
 Committee on Foreign Relations, after an interview with the 
 President at Oyster Bay last year, said : " If we do not get a 
 canal treaty with Colombia we may be able to make one with 
 Panama." 
 
 Be that as it may, Panama declared her independence. She 
 was recognized as an independent republic by the United States 
 in about three days. Then the treaty empowering the United 
 States to keep open the isthmus pathway was invoked. United 
 States men-of-war prevented the landing of Colombian troops and 
 by a show offeree prevented Colombia from reconquering the re 
 volting province. 
 
 THE PRESIDENT JUSTIFIED. 
 
 The j ustification of the President by his spokesmen for this 
 action is the frank assertion that Colombia had never acted in 
 faith with us, was endeavoring to use the methods of an interna 
 tional brigand, and that the United States was acting clearly in 
 the interests of the whole world in seizing this opportunity to 
 obtain the canal. 
 
 In the matter of a Pacific cable, President Roosevelt's admin 
 istration carried out the policy of President McKinley, and San 
 Francisco is now connected by an all-American line with the 
 Philippines, and is soon to be connected with China and Japan. 
 
 But in the plan of McKinley to obtain subsidy for a merchant 
 marine, no headway whatever has been made. The principal ad 
 vocate of that measure, Senator Hanna, is dead. A commission 
 has been appointed to make exhaustive inquiry, and the subject 
 will undoubtedly come up in the next Congress, because a ship 
 subsidy is indorsed by the Republican national platform. 
 
 So much for the principal points in the policy of President 
 McKinley, as enumerated in his last speech. It becomes neces 
 sary to consider the actions of the President aside from those mat 
 ters which bear directly on McKinley' s policy.
 
 176 PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 In many respects Mr. Roosevelt has mapped out a policy of 
 his own. He entered the White House as a leading exponent in 
 the United States of high principles in politics. It was to be 
 assumed that President Roosevelt, in making appointments, 
 would endeavor to obtain the very highest type and only consider 
 moral rectitude and mental capacity. It was to be assumed that 
 he would also hold himself strictly within the law. 
 
 The first serious problem which confronted the President was 
 the appointment of Federal officers in New York. The terms of 
 Collector Bi dwell and Wilbur F. Wakeman were about to expire. 
 Mr. Bidwell was warmly supported by Senator Platt for reappoint- 
 ment. Mr. Wakeman's dismissal from the service was desired by 
 Senator Platt. Against Mr. Bidwell charges had been filed. Mr. 
 Wakeman had also been charged with being a mischief maker and 
 with enforcing the law too strictly. 
 
 EXTENSIVE FRATTDS EXPOSED. 
 
 But he had rendered a peculiar Rooseveltian service in expos 
 ing the most extensive frauds in the customs known for genera 
 tions against the united opposition of the Treasury Department, 
 including Mr. Bidwell. The President decided that Wakeman 
 should be sacrificed as well as Bidwell, and the change was made. 
 
 The President appointed James S. Clarkson, who was regarded 
 as a spoilsman when he was Assistant Postmaster General under 
 President Harrison, to the position of Surveyor of the Port, He 
 made Mr, Clarkson his confidential adviser as to the use of pat 
 ronage in the South for the purpose of breaking down opposition 
 to him there and obtaining Southern delegates. 
 
 When the exposures of abuse in the Post Office Department 
 intimated that not only was Postmaster Van Cott incompetent, but 
 that Richard Van Cott, the Postmaster's son, had frequently as 
 sumed the functions of Postmaster, and had been very close to 
 George W. Beavers, the President yielded to Senator Platt and 
 kept Van Cott in office. He merely required the resignation of 
 Richard Van Cott. 
 
 When a great fight arose in the city of Chicago between the
 
 PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT S ADMINISTRATION. 177 
 
 faction headed by Senators Hopkins and Cullom and Representa 
 tive Lorimer and that headed by Charles S. Deneen the President 
 permitted the Federal patronage to be used to strengthen the ma 
 chine. A year before in a similar fight he had ordered " hands 
 off ; " now he changed. 
 
 This patronage was used directly to crush Mr. Deneen, who 
 was an independent Republican and who had made a great record 
 as State's Attorney for Cook county. 
 
 The widely known "Doc" Jamison, was appointed Collector 
 of the Port of Chicago at the request of the " Federal crowd." It 
 roused great public indignation in Chicago, and the result was 
 that a revolt was started against Jamison in his own ward which 
 
 <-? %/ 
 
 defeated him as a candidate for Alderman, defeated him as a dele 
 gate to the State Convention and left him absolutely without any 
 local following. 
 
 STANDARD OF OFFICIALS RAISED. 
 
 Independents and reformers freely admit that generally the 
 efforts of the President have tended to raise the standard of men 
 in office. But scattered all over the country here and there are 
 cases like those of Jamison in Chicago and Van Cott in New 
 York. 
 
 The President's attitude on trusts ' was the subject of wide 
 discussion during the campaign. This is a subject to which Mr. 
 Roosevelt early gave attention. 
 
 As Governor of New York he shocked Senator Platt, B. B. 
 Odell, Jr., and the late Charles W. Hackett by insisting on writ 
 ing a message in which he brought to the very forefront the dis 
 cussion of the overcapitalization of corporations and the amalga 
 mation of other corporations for the purpose of cheapening pro 
 duction and raising prices. He followed this up as a candidate 
 for Vice President in his letter of acceptance and in a speech de 
 livered at Minneapolis after he was elected Vice President. 
 
 When he succeeded to the Presidency he began to devote his 
 attention to this subject. If this was a part of the policy of Wil 
 liam McKinley, William McKinley had never disclosed it. The 
 12 M.L.
 
 178 PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 question of the regulation of trusts, however, had figured con 
 spicuously in the platform of 1900. 
 
 President Roosevelt in his first message made strong recom 
 mendations in favor of the adoption of a scheme to compel corpor 
 ations doing an interstate commerce business to make public 
 statements of their internal affairs, so that the public when invest 
 ing could be advised as to how much stock was water, how much 
 the fixed charges were and whether dividends would ever be paid, 
 He was also in favor of a law which would require their regulation 
 by Congress in addition to that imposed by the Sherman Anti- 
 Trust law. 
 
 At that time the general opinion of lawyers was that the 
 Sherman Anti-Trust law was unconstitutional, Mr. Roosevelt 
 went so far as to say that if the Sherman law was unconstitutional 
 we ought to have an amendment to the constitution. 
 
 STANDING "PAT" ON THE TRUSTS. 
 
 The President's advisers in Congress were unanimous almost 
 in favor of doing nothing about the Crusts. They wanted to 
 "stand pat" on the trusts as well as on the tariff. The President 
 kept at it. The longer the President insisted the stronger the 
 opposition became. Finally an opportunity for action came which 
 was to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Sherman Anti-Trust 
 law, and have a great bearing on the trust policy in Congress. 
 
 Attorney-General Knox began injunction proceedings against 
 the Beef Trust. The injunction was sustained, and the Beef 
 Trust was, theoretically at least "put out of business." 
 
 Then the President ordered Mr. Kuox to take up the cudgels 
 against the Northern Securities Company. Judge Thayer and 
 subsequently the Judges of the Court of Appeals took an advanced 
 view of the Sherman Anti-Trust law, and wrote a new page in 
 legal history. With these decisions passed any necessity for any 
 further amendment of the Sherman Anti-Trust law. Then came 
 a compromise of the President with the trusts. 
 
 This compromise consisted in a definite abandonment of the 
 essential principles of the President's publicity programme. He
 
 PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S ADMINISTRATION. 179 
 
 consented to have that feature of his great propaganda covered 
 in a paragraph inserted in the bill creating the new Department of 
 Commerce and Labor, which erected a Bureau of Corporations that 
 would have power to examine into all questions relating to cor 
 porations in this country. 
 
 The only purpose of this new bureau was to collect data for 
 the information of the President, which could be made public or 
 not at the option of the President, and which should be used by 
 him in making recommendations to Congress for future legisla 
 tion. Another part of the trust programme was a bill to expedite 
 suits such as the Northern Securities merger, so an early decision 
 could be obtained in the Supreme Court. 
 
 INTERSTATE COMMERCE LAW. 
 
 Still another phase of it was an amendment to the Interstate 
 Commerce law, by which railroad officials were relieved of all 
 criminal prosecution for giving rebates and permitting secret rates 
 to favored shippers. 
 
 Undoubtedly the President's position on the trust question 
 has aroused deep resentment for him on the part of many great 
 capitalists of the country, so the things he has done must have 
 hurt their feelings. The great banks of the country have become 
 very much interested in the exploitation of industrial corporations. 
 Indeed, it might be said that the organizers of these great trusts 
 dominate the money market. 
 
 These banks have their ramifications all over the country, 
 and it was expected that in the campaign every small banker from 
 the Atlantic to the Pacific would be either indifferent toward the 
 election of President Roosevelt or openly hostile. 
 
 President Roosevelt shocked a great many thoughtful persons 
 when he authorized the Secretary of the Interior to issue the 
 famous pension order. It is charged that the President in doing 
 this usurped the power of Congress and took the position that he 
 was law and government of himself. 
 
 The President was very anxious to please the Grand Army 
 veterans. They have been a constant source of danger to the
 
 PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Republican party, because their entire incentive to organization 
 is a large pension for every man who fought for his country during 
 the Civil War. The Grand Army had insisted on the dismissal 
 from service of H. Clay Evans, of Tennessee, who has -the record 
 of being one of the. best Commissioners of Pensions that ever 
 served under a Republican administration. 
 
 President Roosevelt finally consented to accept Mr. Evans' 
 
 PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AND HIS isON THEODORE, JR. 
 
 resignation, but he gave him the position of Consul General at 
 London, where his income was several times what it was in 
 Washington, 
 
 The Grand Army went to Washington to demand a service 
 pension. A bill was drawn which would give every survivor of 
 the Civil War who had reached the age of sixty-two years, whether 
 he was wholly or partially disabled or not disabled at all, a service
 
 PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S ADMINISTRATION. 181 
 
 pension. This would have cost the Government twenty or thirty 
 million dollars a year. Some estimates have placed it as high as 
 fifty million dollars a year. The leaders in Congress created a 
 situation which made them declare that they could not pass the 
 service pension bill. Someone in Washington conceived the idea 
 of a service pension by executive order. 
 
 It was recalled that President Cleveland had issued an order 
 which gave a service pension to all the surviving veterans 
 of the Mexican War. The assumption was that the law gave 
 the commissioners of pensions authority to assume that when a 
 veteran had reached the age of sixty-two years he was partially 
 disabled. The executive order recognized age as disability, and 
 the Mexican War veterans got pensions without examination. 
 
 President Roosevelt's service pension order followed the 
 lines of President Cleveland's. There was no question in any of 
 the explanations as to whether it was right or wrong to thus take 
 money out of the public treasury while a bill was pending in 
 Congress. The whole consideration seemed to be that if Cleve 
 land had done it Roosevelt could do it. And if Roosevelt didn't 
 do it Congress could be forced to pass a bill which would cost the 
 treasury a much larger sum. 
 
 This incident was used during the campaign to strengthen 
 the Democratic armament that Roosevelt is an "impulsive, 
 dangerous man," and the " living embodiment of one man 
 power." 
 
 But his friends triumphantly ask what he has done to give 
 him this reputation, and claim that he has acted all along in such 
 a wise and conservative way that the country takes no stock in 
 the "impulse" outcry. 
 
 Taking President Roosevelt's administration from first to 
 last, it is claimed by his party that he ranks with the greatest 
 Presidents our country has ever had.
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 ROOSEVELT TRIUMPHANTLY ELECTED. 
 
 THE ROOSEVELT ADMINISTRATION CONSPICUOUS ACTS NOT 
 ABLE ACHIEVEMENTS A QUIET CAMPAIGN THE MINDS OF 
 VOTERS MADE UP ROOSEVELT ELECTED BY AN OVER 
 WHELMING MAJORITY GREAT TIDAL WAVE SPLENDID 
 TRIBUTE TO THE MAN HIMSELF VISIT TO ST. Louis. 
 
 TN his masterly speech at the National Republican Convention 
 * in Chicago, Hon. Elihu Root summed up in a few words the 
 achievements of Mr. Roosevelt's administration of three years and 
 a half, following the assassination of President McKinley. Words 
 of glowing eulogy were spoken in that Convention, but these were 
 tame and empty compared with the conspicuous deeds by which 
 Mr. Roosevelt's administration was distinguished. There was 
 unanimous agreement with Mr. Root's statement of what had been 
 accomplished under the vigorous leadership of the President, and 
 there was no disposition to belittle the acts upon which the 
 government based its claim for the continued confidence of the 
 people. 
 
 Mr. Root declared : " The present administration has reduced 
 taxation, reduced the public debt, reduced the annual interest 
 charge, made effective progress in the regulation of trusts, fostered 
 business, promoted agriculture, built up the navy, reorganized the 
 army, resurrected the military system, inaugurated a new policy 
 for the preservation and reclamation of public lands, given civil 
 government to the Philippines, established the Republic of Cuba, 
 bound it to us by ties of gratitude, of commercial interest and of 
 common defence, swung open the closed gateway of the Isthmus, 
 strengthened the Monroe Doctrine, ended the Alaska boundary 
 dispute, protected the integrity of China, opened wider its doors of 
 182
 
 KOOSEVELT TRIUMPHANTLY ELECTED. 185 
 
 trade, advanced the principle of arbitration and promoted peact 
 among the nations. 
 
 " We challenge judgment upon this record of effective per 
 formance in legislation, in execution and in administration." 
 
 The great Republican party felt that this was a truthful esti 
 mate of what had been accomplished, and justly claimed the ar> 
 proval of all classes of our citizens. 
 
 This approval was evident from the very beginning of the 
 campaign. There was little need of discussion. Like granite 
 pillars in the affairs of the nation stood the acts by which the 
 government at Washington was to be judged. The country had 
 been well informed as to the current of Federal legislation. 
 
 EFFORTS TO INFLUENCE VOTERS. 
 
 There was, therefore, little to do in the campaign except foi 
 the party leaders to hold their voters in line and fire them with 
 sufficient enthusiasm to bring them to the polls on election day. 
 However, the usual campaign methods were resorted to and vigor 
 ous attempts were made to influence voters. In the newspaper 
 press and on the public platform, the issues of the contest were 
 thoroughly discussed. More and more it became evident that, 
 without any help, the voters had made up their minds, and only 
 awaited the day when they would give formal expression to their 
 views at the ballot box. 
 
 This was so manifest, that ex-Governor Black said, in placing 
 Mr. Roosevelt in nomination : " We are here to inaugurate a cam 
 paign which seems already to be nearly closed. So wisely have 
 the people sowed and watched and tended there seems little now 
 to do but to measure up the grain. They are ranging themselves 
 not for battle, but for harvest. In one column reaching from the 
 Maine woods to the Puget Sound are those people and those States 
 which have stood so long together, that when great emergencies 
 arise the nation turns instinctively to them. In this column, vast 
 and solid, is a majority so overwhelming that the scattered squads 
 in opposition can hardly raise another army." 
 
 This statement was no exaggeration, which was proved by th
 
 184 ROOSEVELT TRIUMPHANTLY ELECTED. 
 
 election of the Republican candidates by overwhelming majorities. 
 The next morning after the election a prominent journal com 
 mented as follows : 
 
 u It is a stupendous and overwhelming victory. There has 
 been nothing like its extraordinary and magnificent proportions 
 since the Grant whirlwind over Greeley in 1872, and the popular 
 majorities are far greater even than then. President Roosevelt 
 carries every Northern State. He gains everywhere over even 1900 
 and 1896. 
 
 " On this great tidal wave all the lesser objects are floated in. 
 Congress is only second in importance, and it will show the largest 
 Republican majority for many years. The Republican Governor 
 in New York, bitterly fought, is triumphantly successful. In 
 many States smaller doubts are turned into certainties. It is one 
 vast oceanic sweep. 
 
 MAGNIFICENT TRIBUTE TO ROOSEVELT. 
 
 " The result is a splendid national tribute to President Roose 
 velt. It shows the unequal ed place he holds in the affection, the 
 admiration and the faith of the American people. It is in large 
 measure his triumph. The principles, policies, aims and methods 
 were those of his party and as broad as the nation ; but he has 
 impressed his puissant individuality on them as only the rare 
 towering figures of our history have done. He is stronger than 
 party and greater than organization. The arrows of venom hurtled 
 about him and fell harmless at his feet. 
 
 " His characteristics, exaggerated and distorted, were made 
 the target ; he was treated as the chief issue ; he was called impul 
 sive and unsafe and imperialistic ; but his brilliant and fascinating 
 personality, his vigor, his purity, his honesty, his courage swept 
 down all puny opposition and carried everything before him. 
 This unmatched triumph makes him the most powerful figure of 
 recent history. It arms him with Olympian strength, but it im 
 poses corresponding responsibility. He has risen to every occasion 
 and every duty. He has the sure token of the past as the talisman 
 of the future.
 
 ROOSEVELT TRIUMPHANTLY ELECTED. 185 
 
 " But it is far more than a personal victory in its national 
 assurance. The glory of this American judgment is its American 
 aspiration. It means that our great Republic will march on. It 
 maintains our protective policy with its industrial prosperity. It 
 fixes the gold standard with its business and financial security. 
 It continues our brilliant and successful foreign policy, with its 
 world-wide influence, its peaceful potentiality and its commercial 
 opportunities. 
 
 " It stamps out the narrow and pusillanimous spirit which 
 would dishonor us with American perfidy and desertion in the 
 Philippines. It leaves America in the hands of the big Americans 
 instead of turning it over to the little Americans. From this 
 exultant day we can take new heart of hope. 
 
 " The President chooses the moment of his greatest triumph 
 to announce that he will not be a candidate for another term. 
 
 NOT A CANDIDATE AGAIN. 
 
 " He is eligible even under the accepted unwritten law. He 
 is only filling an unexpired term. This is his first election as 
 President. It would not have been strange if he had aspired to a 
 second. He might have remained silent. He chooses to speak 
 and settle the question." 
 
 President Roosevelt made his first public appearance after 
 the election at St. Louis, where he went to attend the Louisiana 
 Purchase Exposition. The officials of the Fair gave him an urgent 
 invitation to visit the Exposition, and, in company with members 
 of his family and several friends, he arrived in St. Louis on 
 November 26th. All along his route from Washington crowds of 
 people awaited the arrival of his train and received him with loud 
 cheers. 
 
 In St. Louis vast multitudes greeted him with every demon 
 stration of respect, admiration and affection. His progress from 
 one building to another was a continuous ovation, and his visit, so 
 far as notables were in evidence, was the great feature of the Fair. 
 
 Presents of all sorts and descriptions were thrust upon him, 
 and these could be measured only by the wagon load.
 
 186 ROOSEVELT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 In the presence of a vast concourse of people, including re 
 presentatives from every State in the Union, Theodore Roosevelt, 
 on the fourth of March, 1905, took the oath of office and was 
 inaugurated President of the United States, and Charles Warren 
 Fairbanks took the oath of office as Vice-President. 
 
 Washington was crowded to overflowing with strangers, drawn 
 to the Capital to view the inaugural ceremonies. 
 
 Through the lines formed by cheering, waving thousands, 
 between the men and women who shouted themselves hoarse out of 
 pure delight, the President drove the whole length of Pennsylvania 
 Avenue, and, turning to the left, entered the Capitol grounds, where, 
 on the east front, was the stand from which he was to deliver his 
 inaugural address, and surrounding it on all sides were the people 
 wedged in so tightly that the place was black, and only the tops 
 of their heads could be seen. 
 
 Within the Senate chamber Vice-President Fairbanks took 
 the oath of office and gave a brief address. The new Senators were 
 summoned forward in groups of four to take the oath of office. 
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT TAKES THE OATH. 
 
 At one o'clock, on the open platform outside, Chief Justice 
 Fuller administered the oath of office to Mr. Roosevelt as follows : 
 
 " I do faithfully swear that I will faithfully execute the office 
 of President of the United States, and to the best of my ability pro 
 tect, preserve and defend the Constitution of the United States." 
 
 As the Chief Justice repeated these words, Mr. Roosevelt 
 stood with uplifted hand. " I do," was his response, uttered in 
 loud, clear tones. Then he reverently bowed his head and kissed 
 the Bible. 
 
 The inaugural address proved to be one of the shortest on 
 record. Mr. Roosevelt delivered it, as he delivers all his public 
 speeches, with great earnestness of manner. 
 
 In the course of his address Mr. Roosevelt said : 
 
 " My Fellow Citizens : No people on earth have more cause to 
 be thankful than ours, and this is said reverently, in no spirit of 
 boastfulness in our own strength, but with gratitude to the Giver
 
 ROOSEVELT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 187 
 
 of Good, who Has blessed us with the conditions which have enabled 
 us to achieve so large a measure of well being and of happiness. 
 To us as a people it has been granted to lay the foundations of 
 our national life in a new continent. We are the heirs of the 
 ages, and yet we have had to pay few of the penalties which in old 
 countries are exacted by the dead hand of a bygone civilization. 
 
 We have not been obliged to fight for our existence against 
 any alien race ; and yet our life has called for the vigor and effort 
 without which the manlier and hardier virtues wither away. Under 
 such conditions it would be our own fault if we failed ; and the 
 success which we have had in the past, the success which we confi 
 dently believe the future will bring, should cause in us no feeling 
 of vainglory, but rather a deep and abiding realization of all which 
 life has offered us ; a full acknowledgment of the responsibility 
 which is ours ; and a fixed determination to show that under a free 
 government a mighty people can thrive best, alike as regards the 
 things of the body and things of the soul. 
 
 NATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES. 
 
 " Much has been given to us and much will rightfully be ex 
 pected from us. We have duties to others and duties to ourselves ; 
 and we can shirk neither. We have become a great nation, forced 
 by the fact of its greatness into relations with the other nations of 
 the earth, and we must behave as beseems a people with such re 
 sponsibilities. Toward all other nations, large and small, our atti 
 tude must be one of cordial and sincere friendship. We must 
 show not only in our words but in our deeds that we are earnestly 
 desirous of securing their good will by acting toward them in a 
 spirit of just and generous recognition of all their rights. 
 
 lf But justice and generosity in a nation, as in an individual, 
 count most when shown not by the weak, but by the strong. While 
 ever careful to refrain from wronging others, we must be no less 
 insistent that we are not wronged ourselves. We wish peace ; but 
 we wish the peace of justice, the peace of righteousness. We 
 wish it because we think it is right and not because we are afraid. 
 No weak nation that acts manfully and justly should ever have
 
 188 ROOSEVELT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 cause to fear us, and no strong power should ever be able to single 
 us out as a subject for insolent aggression. 
 
 " Our relations with the other powers of the world are im 
 portant; but still more important are our relations among our 
 selves. Such growth in wealth, in population and in power as this 
 nation has seen during the century and a quarter of its national 
 life is inevitably accompanied by a like growth in the problems 
 which are ever before every nation that rises to greatness. Power 
 inevitably means both responsibility and danger. Our forefathers 
 faced certain perils which we have outgrown. We now face other 
 perils the very existence of which it was impossible that they could 
 
 foresee. 
 
 GREAT PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED. 
 
 " Modern life is both complex and intense, and the tremen 
 dous changes wrought by the extraordinary industrial development 
 of the last half century are felt in every fibre of our social and 
 political being. Never before have men tried so vast and formid 
 able an experiment as that of administering the affairs of a con 
 tinent under the forms of a democratic republic. The conditions 
 which have told for our marvelous material well being, which have 
 developed to a very high degree our energy, self-reliance and indi 
 vidual initiative, have also brought the care and anxiety insepar 
 able from the accumulation of great wealth in industrial centers. 
 Upon the success of our experiment much depends ; not only as 
 regards our own welfare, but as regards the welfare of mankind. 
 
 " If we fail, the cause of free self-government throughout the 
 world will rock to its foundations ; and, therefore, our responsibility 
 is heavy to our selves, to the world as it is to-day and to the 
 generations yet unborn. There is no good reason why we should 
 fear the future, but there is every reason why we should face it 
 seriously, neither hiding from ourselves the gravity of the problems 
 before us nor fearing to approach these problems with the unbend 
 ing, unflinching purpose to solve them right. 
 
 " Yet, after all, though the problems are new, though the tasks 
 set before us differ from the tasks set before our fathers, the spirit 
 in which these tasks must be undertaken and these problems faced,
 
 ROOSEVELT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 189 
 
 if our duty is to be well done, remains essentially unchanged. We 
 know that self-government is difficult. We know that no people 
 needs such high traits of character as that people which seeks 
 to govern its affairs aright through the freely expressed will of 
 the freemen who compose it. 
 
 " But we have faith that we shall not prove false to the me 
 mories of the men of the mighty past. They did their work ; they 
 left us the splendid heritage we now enjoy. We in our turn have 
 an assured confidence that we shall be able to leave this heritage 
 unwasted and enlarged to our children and our children's children. 
 To do so we must show, not merely in great crises, but in the every 
 day affairs of life, the qualities of practical intelligence, of courage, 
 of hardihood and endurance, and above all the power of devotion to 
 a lofty ideal, which made great the men who founded this republic 
 in the days of Washington, which made great the men who pre 
 served this republic in the days of Abraham Lincoln." 
 
 THE NEW CABINET. 
 
 Following the inaugural ceremonies was an immense parade, 
 reviewed by the President. Thirty-five thousand men were in line. 
 There were many picturesque features in the parade, including 
 military cadets from West Point and naval cadets from Annapolis ; 
 detachments of the regular army, with officers of the army and 
 navy ; cowboys from the far West ; Indians clad in native costume ; 
 and an immense crowd of civilians from all parts of the country. 
 
 In the evening occurred the usual inaugural ball, which was 
 attended by the beauty and fashion of the Capital, and was a 
 successful termination of the day's ceremonies. The President and 
 members of his family were present. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt's cabinet was constituted as follows : Secretary 
 of State, John Hay ; Secretary of the Treasury, Leslie M. Shaw ; 
 Secretary of War, William H. Taft ; Attorney-General, William 
 H. Moody; Postmaster-General, George B. Cortelyou; Secretary of 
 the Navy, Paul Morton ; Secretary of the Interior, Ethan A. 
 Hitchcock; Secretary of Agriculture, James Wilson, and Secretary 
 of Commerce and Labor, Victor B. Metcalf.
 
 190 ROOSEVELT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Secretary of State, John Hay, died on the first of Jnly, and 
 was succeeded by Hon. Elihu Root, of New York. By the death 
 of Mr. Hay our country lost its greatest diplomat, whose high 
 character, distinguished ability and devotion to the interests of 
 peace in both hemispheres were universally admitted. His brilliant 
 deeds had a powerful effect in changing the history of the world. 
 
 ROOSEVELT THE WORLD'S GREAT PEACEMAKER. 
 
 One of the greatest achievements of President Roosevelt's 
 administration was securing peace between Russia and Japan, 
 which ended the lamentable war between those countries. 
 
 After the defeat of the Russian naval fleet in the Sea of Japan 
 there was a universal expectation of an attempt to end the war and 
 secure peace. President Roosevelt resolved to cast aside all round 
 about diplomacy and bring the belligerents together, in the hope of 
 ending the strife. It was announced at Washington, June 9th, that 
 he had succeeded in securing the acquiescence of Japan and Russia 
 to the opening of peace negotiations. He addressed a cable message 
 to both Governments and it was delivered to the Mikado at Tokio 
 and the Czar at St. Petersburg. 
 
 This note was not sent until it had been ascertained that both 
 Governments were ready to entertain a proposition with a view to 
 opening peace negotiations. The following despatch was sent by 
 the President, through our representatives to the Japanese and 
 Russian Governments : 
 
 " The President feels that the time has come when, in the 
 interest of all mankind he must endeavor, if possible, to bring to 
 an end the terrible and lamentable conflict now being waged. 
 
 " With both Russia and Japan the United States has inherited 
 ties of friendship and good will. It hopes for the prosperity and 
 welfare of each, 'and it feels that the progress of the world is set 
 hack by the war between these two great nations. 
 
 " The President accordingly urges the Russian and Japanese 
 Governments, not only for their own sakes, but in the interest of 
 the whole civilized world, to open direct nogotiations for peace with 
 one another. The President suggests that these peace negotiations
 
 ROOSEVELT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 be conducted directly and exclusively between the belligerents ; in 
 other words, that there may be a meeting of Russian and Japanese 
 plenipotentiaries or delegates without any intermediary, in order to 
 see if it is not possible for ^hese representatives of the two Powers 
 to agree to terms of peace. 
 
 " The President earnestly asks that the Russian (Japanese) 
 Government do now agree to such a meeting, and is asking the 
 Japanese (Russian) Government likewise to agree. 
 
 " While the President does not feel that any intermediary 
 should be called in in respect to the peace negotiations themselves, 
 he is entirely willing to do what he properly can if the two Powers 
 concerned feel that his services will be of aid in arranging the pre 
 liminaries as to the time and place of meeting. 
 
 " But, if even these preliminaries can be arranged directly 
 between the two Powers, or in any other way, the President will be 
 glad, as his sole purpose is to bring about a meeting which the 
 whole civilized world will pray may result in peace." 
 
 CONSENT TO PEACE PROPOSITION SECURED. 
 
 Fearlessly treading on delicate ground that might daunt the 
 most finished diplomat, President Roosevelt moved step by step 
 until he secured the consent of "Tokio and St. Petersburg to accept 
 for consideration the proposition outlined in his identical note 
 which offered to both an honorable basis for a peace treaty. It was 
 evidently understood that as soon as this note was delivered at the 
 Foreign Offices in Tokio and St. Petersburg its contents should be 
 made public, for when a cablegram reached the State Department 
 from Minister Griscom that the note had been presented by him to 
 the Japanese Foreign Officers, copies of it were at once released a^ 
 the White House. 
 
 Both Russia and Japan, having accepted the proposition for 
 peace negotiations, and having appointed envoys clothed with 
 power to form a treaty, on August 5th, President Roosevelt, on 
 behalf the United States and its people, extended formal greetings 
 to the representatives of Russia and Japan, introduced the pleni 
 potentiaries to one another and entertained them at an elaborate
 
 192 ROOSEVELT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 luncheon, at which Russians and Japanese fraternized with one 
 another as comrades, rather than as enemies. 
 
 The handsome war yacht Mayflower, one of the most beautiful 
 vessels of the United States navy, on which the formal reception 
 of the Russian and Japanese plenipotentiaries took place, swung 
 easily at anchor just at the entrance of Oyster Bay from Long 
 Island Sound. A quarter of a mile away was the despatch boat 
 Dolphin, the favorite cruising vessel of several Presidents of the 
 United States. Two miles out in the Sound the cruiser Galves- 
 ton was anchored, in waiting to convoy the vessels bearing the 
 envoys to the seat of the Washington peace conference at Ports 
 mouth, N. H. 
 
 THE PRESIDENT'S FAMOUS TOAST. 
 
 At luncheon on board the Mayflower the President proposed 
 the following toast : 
 
 " Gentlemen I propose a toast to which there will be no answer 
 and to which I ask you to drink in silence, standing. I drink to 
 the welfare and prosperity of the sovereigns and peoples of the two 
 great nations whose representatives have met one another on this 
 ship. It is my most earnest hope and prayer in the interest of not 
 only these two great Powers, but of all mankind, that a just and 
 lasting peace may speedily be concluded between them." 
 
 After much discussion, and, on several occasions, a threatened 
 rupture, which in each instance was tactfully averted by President 
 Roosevelt, the plenipotentiaries arrived at a complete agreement, 
 and signed a treaty of peace on September 5th, 1905. 
 
 President Roosevelt, in the peace assured at Portsmouth, won a 
 great personal triumph and achieved a service to humanity vouch 
 safed to no man in our day. Great as was Bismarck's work in 
 securing peace at the Berlin Congress President Roosevelt's work 
 on this occasion was greater still. He called the conference- 
 Again and again he saved it from disaster. At the end he secured 
 the concessions, first from the Czar and next from the Mikado, 
 which made peace possible. Without President Roosevelt war 
 would have been resumed. Single handed and alone he changed
 
 ROOSEVELT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION, 193 
 
 the history of the world when neither nation at war asked for his 
 good offices nor desired them. 
 
 Such an achievement and such a work put a man in a class 
 apart. He becomes in himself one of the world's greatest forces, 
 to be reckoned with in all its wider affairs. No man's career and 
 no man's future can be regarded in the same light or prove the 
 same after such supreme success in the most difficult of tasks as 
 after he has been thus triumphantly tested by the " arduous great 
 ness of things done." At home and abroad, in international 
 affairs and in domestic politics, the " World Peacemaker " holds a 
 new place and speaks with new power in all he says and does. 
 
 No greater stroke in diplomacy has been achieved in our day. 
 It makes M. Witte the one Russian who in disastrous struggle has 
 saved the honor and treasure of his land in the council chamber 
 when all had been lost by sea and by land. 
 
 GREAT STROKE OF DIPLOMACY. 
 
 Crowned heads of the world united with distinguished states 
 men of America and Europe in according the glory of peace between 
 Russia and Japan to President Roosevelt. Telegrams of congratu 
 lation poured in upon the President in a great flood. They came 
 from persons of high degree and of low, and from all quarters of 
 the civilized world. 
 
 Among the first messages received was one from the King of 
 England, as follows : " To the President : Let me be one of the. 
 first to congratulate you on the successful issue of the peace con 
 ference to which you have so greatly contributed. 
 
 " EDWARD, R. I." 
 
 Soon afterward a notably cordial cablegram was received from 
 Emperor William of Germany. It read : " President Theodore 
 Roosevelt : Just received cable from America announcing agree 
 ment of peace conference on preliminaries of peace ; I'm overjoyed ; 
 express most sincere congratulations at the great success due to 
 your untiring efforts. The whole of mankind will unite in thank 
 ing you for the great boon you have given it. 
 
 " WILLIAM I. R." 
 
 18M.L.
 
 ROOSEVELT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Ambassador Jusserand, of France, sent this cablegram: 
 u President Roosevelt : Heartiest, warmest congratulations. 
 
 "JESSURAND." 
 
 Then came telegrams from diplomatic representatives of 
 foreign governments in this country from Sir Mortimer Durand, 
 the British Ambassador ; from Mayor Des Planches, Ambassador 
 of Italy, and from Sir Chentung Liang Cheng, the Chinese Minis 
 ter. They follow : " Please submit to the President my most 
 cordial congratulations upon success of his efforts to bring about 
 peace. DURAND." 
 
 " The President : I beg to offer you hearty congratulations for 
 the successful conclusion of peace, for which the whole world, 
 especially the Orient, is ever indebted to you. 
 
 "CHENTUNG LIANG CHENG." 
 
 " I beg to offer you, Mr. President, on behalf of the Italian 
 Government and of myself, as representative of my august sov 
 ereign, heartfelt congratulations for your great success in re-estab 
 lishing peace. Italy, who, since her constitution, has endeavored 
 to be an element and factor of harmony among nations, will 
 greatly admire and praise the work you brought on so advanta 
 geously for the benefit of humanity. 
 
 " MAYOR DES PLANCHES." 
 
 Count Cassini, who was succeeded by Baron Rosen as Russian 
 Ambassador to the United States, cabled as follows : " President 
 Roosevelt : Profoundly happy at the result of the negotiations 
 which assures a peace honorable for both nations and in which you 
 have taken so fruitful a part. CASSINI." 
 
 " Your Excellency has rendered to humanity an eminent ser 
 vice, for which I felicitate you heartily. The French Republic 
 rejoices in the role that her sister America has played in this his 
 toric event. " EMILE LOUBET.'
 
 ROOSEVELT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 195 
 
 Emperor Nicholas of Russia recognized gratefully the great 
 part which President Roosevelt played in the successful negotia 
 tions for peace in the following cablegram received by the President : 
 " President Roosevelt : Accept my congratulations and earnest 
 thanks for having brought the peace negotiations to a successful 
 conclusion owing to your personal energetic efforts. My country 
 will gratefully recognize the great part you have played in the 
 Portsmouth peace conference. NICHOLAS." 
 
 In response to a request for an opinion relative to President 
 Roosevelt's part in the conclusion of peace between Japan and 
 Russia, Cardinal Gibbons said : " President Roosevelt is a great 
 man, the greatest in his time. He is first in peace and first in the 
 hearts of his countrymen. He is the biggest man in this century, 
 because he has been the means of bringing to an end a terrible 
 war. I admire him for his great work, and the nation will bless 
 him." 
 
 In a letter to Baron Komura the President extended his con 
 gratulations upon the wisdom and magnanimity manifested by Japan 
 in the negotiations. The letter follows : " My Dear Baron 
 Komura : May I ask you to convey to his Majesty, the Brnperor of 
 Japan, my earnest congratulations upon the wisdom and mag 
 nanimity he and the Japanese people have displayed ? I am sure 
 that all civilized mankind share this feeling with me. Sincerely 
 yours, THEODORE ROOSEVELT." 
 
 That President Roosevelt, by influencing the Portsmouth 
 peace conference to a successful conclusion, has made a place for 
 himself as one of the great figures of history is patent. Japan, 
 insistent and exacting, turned at the last moment to so magnani 
 mous a course as to have surprised and startled the world. 
 
 But behind the belligerent nations, ceaselessly active, indom 
 itable in courage, fixed in determination to consummate peace 
 if peace were possible, smashing precedent and toppling tradi 
 tion in pursuit of that endeavor, was Theodore Roosevelt, The 
 American. 
 
 America has known the man these many years. The world
 
 X96 ROOSEVELT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 knows him now as the mightiest individual force among all the 
 millions of humanity. Kings have laid their praises at his feet. 
 Emperors have thanked and congratulated him for an unparalelled 
 service to civilization. The Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church has 
 thanked God for Theodore Roosevelt's courage. Emperor Nicholas, 
 of Russia, and M. Witte, his plenipotentiary, have ascribed to him all 
 the glory for the peace achievement. On Manchurian plains Rus 
 sian and Japanese soldiers rejoiced that Theodore Roosevelt dared 
 and did. In Japan and in Russia, in unknown thousands of 
 homes, prayers of thanksgiving for the man were breathed. 
 
 President Roosevelt received from the Emperor of Japan the 
 following message of thanks and appreciation for the part played 
 by the President in the negotiations which resulted in a cessation 
 of hostilities in the far East : 
 
 " Mr. President : I have received with gratification your message 
 of congratulations, conveyed through our plenipotentiaries, and 
 thank you warmly for them. In your disinterested and unremit 
 ting efforts in the interests of peace and humanity I attach the 
 high value which is their due, and assure you of my grateful 
 appreciation of the distinguished part you have taken in the estab 
 lishment of peace based upon principles essential to the permanent 
 welfare and tranquillity of the far East. 
 
 - " MUTSUHITO.'' 
 
 Congressman William Alden Smith, of Michigan, was one of 
 Emperor William's guests at dinner on September 2d. After 
 dinner Emperor William referred to the peace conference at Ports 
 mouth, saying : u President Roosevelt alone deserves credit for 
 bringing about peace. He was the only man in the world who 
 could have done it. He did his part splendidly." 
 
 Once in many years comes a man whose character and deeds 
 distinguish him above all others. Coming generations will look 
 back over our long list of Presidents and Roosevelt will be classed 
 with Washington and Lincoln. These illustrious names will 
 stand pre-eminent in the history of our country, for while many 
 able men have occupied the Presidential chair, Washington, Lin 
 coln and Roosevelt tower far above all others.
 
 ROOSEVELT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 197 
 
 President Roosevelt sent a special message to Congress on 
 May 4, 1906, dealing with the Standard Oil Company and other 
 matters. Accompanying the message was Commissioner Garfield's 
 report of his investigation made in response to a resolution of the 
 House adopted on February 5, 1905. The message called particu 
 lar attention to the way in which the law is evaded by treating as 
 State Commerce what in reality is interstate commerce, the oil 
 company taking advantage of secret rates in shipping its com 
 modity across a State, and complying with the requirements of the 
 Federal law only long enough to get its freight across a boundary. 
 The message pointed out the futility of independent concerns 
 attempting to compete with the trust under traffic conditions which 
 so favor the monopoly, and urged Congress to lodge such additional 
 power in the Interstate Commerce Commission as would permit of 
 the correction of abuses. The message also said that the railroads 
 should be permitted to unite for proper purposes that is, the pro 
 tection of themselves and the public against the power of the trusts. 
 
 THE PRESIDENT'S THRUST AT UNLAWFUL COMPETITION. 
 
 The message concluded with mention of the free alcohol bill 
 and of the oil and coal lands which the Government now controls. 
 " The Standard Oil Company has, largely by unfair or unlawful 
 methods, crushed out home competition. It is highly desirable 
 that an element of competition should be introduced by the passage 
 of some such law as has passed the House, putting alcohol used 
 in the arts and manufactures upon the free list. Furthermore the 
 time has come when no oil or coal lands held by the Government, 
 either iipon the public domain proper or in territory held by the 
 Indian tribes, should be alienated. The fee to such lands should 
 be kept in the United States Government whether or not the 
 profits arising from it are to be given to any Indian tribe, and the 
 lands should be leased only on such terms and for such periods as 
 will enable the Government to keep entire control thereof." Bill 
 for Panama Lock Canal signed by President, June 29th ; also 
 Railroad Rate bill and Naturalization bill. Congress adjourned 
 June 3Oth, 1906.
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 CURBING PREDATORY WEALTH. 
 
 LAST YEAR OF ROOSEVELT REGIME TAKICS UP ARMS AGAINST 
 TRUSTS A TITANIC STRUGGLE WINS DEMOCRATIC AP 
 PLAUSE CORPORATIONS FORCE A PANIC PUBLIC BACKS THE 
 PRESIDENT AFTER PUBLIC LAND THIEVES JUSTICE TO 
 CHINA WARCLOUD IN PACIFIC AVERTING STRIFE WITH 
 JAPAN. 
 
 IT was the last two years of President Roosevelt's administration, 
 however, that witnessed the greatest activity in curbing the 
 arrogance of the predatory wealth of the country. 
 
 During the time he was filling out the unexpired term of 
 Mr. McKinley he did not feel free, since he himself was not elected 
 by the people, to do many things that he was sure the safety, 
 security and future welfare of the Republic demanded should be 
 done. The great war between Japan and Russia, threatening as 
 it did the peace of the entire world, distracted attention from evils 
 nearer home during the earlier part of what Mr. Roosevelt had 
 termed his "own" administration. 
 
 Now, however, that this great struggle had been so happily 
 brought to an end by the efforts of Mr. Roosevelt himself, at last 
 he was free to take up arms against the corrupt wealth, the preda 
 tory trusts, the rebating railroads of the country. 
 
 The struggle was a Titanic one. On one side were arrayed all 
 the "special interests" of Wall street, the railroad kings, the trust 
 magnates, the insurance princes, and the subsidized press. On the 
 other, grim and determined, was the administration, backed by the 
 laws, the courts, and what is even more important, by the prac 
 tically undivided support of the country at large. 
 
 Perhaps no President, least of all so fierce a partizan as Mr. 
 Roosevelt, ever before was accorded the support of so great a 
 percentage of his erstwhile political opponents. From every quarter 
 
 198
 
 CURBING PREDATORY WEALTH. 199 
 
 of the nation came offers of assistance in his great battle against 
 ill-gotten gain. The editorial columns of the Democratic papers 
 that were free from Wall street influence were as enthusiastically 
 in favor of the Roosevelt policies as were the organs of the most 
 rabid Republicanism. 
 
 It hardly would be fair to denounce all who railed against the 
 administration's activities as corrupt, for many honestly were misled 
 and deceived. Many firmly believed that the National Government's 
 efforts to restrain corporations would check investments and hinder 
 industry; many felt sure that the restrictive and in some cases vio 
 lent legislation of some of the states, inspired by the Roosevelt 
 agitation, would so drive capital to cover, that legitimate industry 
 would halt ; and others feared that the invidious emphasis that has 
 been put on wealth during this long agitation would encourage a 
 violent class feeling by the poor against the rich and would bring 
 an era of dangerous economic and social experiments. 
 
 ROOSEVELT WAS RIGHT. 
 
 Nothing of this kind happened. The public refused to be 
 frightened by the fears or by the threats of the great corporations, 
 and the great corporations were not really hurt in their legitimate 
 activity by the rising tide of popular anger. There could hardly 
 be better proof either of the safe foundations of our prosperity 
 or of the essential soundness of the people's judgment. 
 
 And yet a panic came as cruel, needless and artificial a panic 
 as ever money kings forced upon a helpless people. 
 
 It was done to discredit Mr. Roosevelt, but it served only to 
 prove his contentions. It was forced and fostered by Wall street 
 to cripple the administration. It crippled Wall street and made Mr. 
 Roosevelt and his policies invincible before the people. 
 
 Cleverly as the financial game was worked, the great mass of 
 the people of the country clearly saw the wires being pulled and 
 readily identified the wealthy malefactors who were precipitating 
 panic, regardless of consequences, in order to discredit the man who 
 really was working for the- benefit of the nation. 
 
 Some foolish local laws did damage as far as they went. But
 
 200 CURBING PREDATORY WEALTH. 
 
 the main tendency of the whole agitation of these two or three years 
 was reassuring and constructive. 
 
 Proof of this is easy to find. Consider, for instance, the pro 
 hibition of railroad passes. Every railroad in the country profited 
 by it ; and they profited not only by the receipt of increased revenue 
 from fares but even more by relief from a vicious system of special 
 favors, which was a system of petty blackmail. Again, in every 
 case where a rebate was stopped, not only has the railroad received 
 more money for its service, but it has given the competitors of the 
 rebate-receiver a greater security in their business. 
 
 AWAKENING OF PUBLIC CONSCIENCE. 
 
 A larger result than all these was the general awakening of the 
 public conscience about the management "of corporations. Not only 
 have railroads and other public-service corporations become more 
 careful in their conduct, but private corporations as well. If an 
 examination had been made four or five years before of the con 
 dition and of the conduct of all the companies doing business in the 
 United States, and if a similar examination could have been made 
 towards the close of the Roosevelt regime, there is little doubt that 
 a very great improvement would have been discovered. The rights 
 of stockholders are more carefully considered. 
 
 Not long ago the counsel of a private corporation in New York 
 was preparing a tax statement, and the officers of the company said 
 to him : "Prepare it exactly as if you knew that the company would 
 be examined next week as the insurance companies were, or as if 
 an inquiry were to be made by the Department of Commerce and 
 Labor." The double standard of conduct one standard for private 
 affairs and another for corporate affairs is less common than it 
 was. 
 
 Every act or tendency or awakening that makes for honesty 
 and for fair dealing directly adds to the stability of values, to the 
 security of investments, and to financial confidence. These forces 
 are far stronger for stability than the rhetorical alarm in financial 
 circles is for panic. Moreover, the checking, by any legitimate
 
 CURBING PREDATORY WEALTH. 201 
 
 force, of the ambitions of great financial consolidators has itself 
 added to prosperity and security. 
 
 This state of affairs is due to one man Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 Another bitter fight for the rights of the people was against 
 the public land thieves who had despoiled the West of both arable 
 land and timber reserves. 
 
 There is, of course, a body of laws to govern the care and the 
 use and the disposition of government lands in the western states. 
 But many of them had been so systematically disregarded, evaded, 
 and violated that in many communities they had become a dead 
 letter. 
 
 Public opinion had become adjusted to evading them. Import 
 ant enterprises were conducted in disregard of them, and large 
 investments made. Many men ceased supposing that they would 
 ever be rigidly enforced ; and the "moral sentiment" of many com 
 munities approved their desuetude. 
 
 MANY PROMINENT MEN INDICTED. 
 
 Yet in the main these are wise laws, necessary for the proper 
 use or for the preservation of forest and water supplies. 
 
 When the Roosevelt Administration began to enforce them, 
 many prominent men were indicted and some were convicted. But 
 the sympathy of a large part of the public in the West, for a time 
 at least, was with the violators and not with the enforcers of the 
 law. 
 
 At the Public Land Convention in Denver, the Colorado dele 
 gates wore badges denouncing "interference by Government bureaus 
 under autocratic rules and regulations;" Senator Heyburn exhib 
 ited a map of Idaho showing the large areas of forest reserves and 
 spoke as if the Government had forcibly and wantonly taken this 
 land from people who had titles to it ; and the drift of the addresses 
 was against the enforcement of the law. 
 
 The whole subject was in a chaotic state. Congress stopped 
 some executive orders touching land administration while they were 
 in process of execution. The Western sentiment a strong part 
 of it at least was opposed to the proper preservation of these
 
 202 CURBING PREDATORY WEALTH. 
 
 forests. The Administration was, of course, in favor of their 
 preservation. 
 
 The public opinion of the country (except so much of it as was 
 more or less selfishly interested or had suffered hardship because 
 of the recent enforcement of laws long disregarded) demanded that 
 the policy of the Administration be carried out. 
 
 The conflict continued in Congress, as it was all the while 
 appearing in the courts, where land thieves were brought to trial. 
 
 In the end, the general purpose of the existing laws and the 
 policy of the President prevailed, and Mr. Roosevelt will receive 
 the thanks of the next generation, which will be more earnest even 
 than the opposition of the present. 
 
 Besides the fight against the Standard Oil Company, the 
 American Tobacco Company was another gigantic corporation 
 which Mr. Roosevelt assailed as a trust. 
 
 TACKLING THE TOBACCO TRUST. 
 
 In the bill of complaint made by the Federal Government 
 against the American Tobacco Company and its subsidiary corpora 
 tions, if other means of preventing restraint of trade should fail in 
 court was asked to "appoint receivers to take possession of all the 
 assets of the various companies, and, if necessary, to wind them up." 
 
 The whole commercial world firmly held to the usual concep 
 tion of a receivership as a method of dealing with a business that 
 has failed. The proposal to use it as a punishment was a new con 
 ception to the lay mind ; and the proposal to use it as a punishment 
 for "success' (financial success at least) seemed to a large part of 
 the business community either fantastic or fanatical. 
 
 Such a judgment was utterly erroneous ; but it was taken by the 
 financial and political enemies and victims of the Administration 
 as an occasion to decry the President and his policy of corporation 
 regulation. Another such excuse was the extreme length to which 
 some of the states had gone in enacting and in enforcing (for the 
 time being) regulative statutes which the trusts and railroads hoped 
 would not stand the test of the courts. "The whole movement has 
 gone too far!" "You see the inevitable result!" Such remarks
 
 CURBING PREDATORY WEALTH. 203 
 
 as these were more frequently heard than at any time since Mr. 
 Roosevelt had become President. 
 
 The opposition to the regulation of corporations hoped that a 
 tide of public opinion was turning in their favor. But they hoped 
 in vain. 
 
 The service that President Roosevelt has done is clear to men 
 who think beyond to-morrow and back of yesterday. Six or seven 
 years before the great corporations almost openly controlled a very 
 large part of our political life and they had come to think of them 
 selves as the proprietors of American financial, industrial, and 
 political power. In this state of mind there was danger enough. 
 But there was a still greater danger in the state of mind which lent 
 itself to what, for the lack of a better name, may be called 
 Hearstism. 
 
 In restraining this Mr. Roosevelt's greatest exploit lay. 
 
 A CONSTRUCTIVE FORCE. 
 
 The work of the Administration in reasserting the power of 
 law over the great corporations was, not a radical, but a conservative 
 force. It kept an angry and radical and possibly destructive power 
 from organizing itself. If some state legislatures and executives 
 went beyond sound law and good sense, this was a small evil that 
 was soon corrected. But, if a strong public sentiment all the 
 forces of the dissatisfied had rallied, let us say, to the banner of 
 some irresponsible fanatic, we should have had a contest that would 
 have involved a degree of danger that might have put an end to 
 prosperity and to many other things besides. 
 
 Now that danger has passed and that it has passed is due to the 
 forceful bravery of Mr. Roosevelt. The people have become accus 
 tomed to the hope and the expectation that corporations will be 
 made to respect the law, that the Government will be conducted 
 without surrender to them; and such revolutionary and radical 
 proposals as would lead to distrust, insecurity, and even to confis 
 cation are no longer feared. 
 
 And the problem has been clearly formulated once for all. The 
 complete solution of it may require many experiments, many years,
 
 204 CURBING PREDATORY WEALTH. 
 
 many Presidential administrations. But Mr. Roosevelt proved that 
 the predatory trusts can be brought to respect the law without over 
 turning our industrial structure and without checking prosperity. 
 His successors cannot escape the same task. 
 
 Whether, therefore, any particular experiment or proposal 
 be fantastical or fanatical, and whether any state enact and enforce 
 absurd laws, or whether Mr. Roosevelt's personal popularity be more 
 or less these are of little consequence. To-morrow they will all be 
 forgotten or reversed. The thing that will remain for many a day 
 and for other Presidents and Congresses will be this well-formu 
 lated task to keep the great combinations of capital within the 
 bounds of just laws without stopping the industrial machinery and 
 the profitable activity of the country. 
 
 JUSTICE FOR CHINA. 
 
 President Roosevelt's successful efforts to stay the ravages of 
 war between Russia and Japan did much to re-establish American 
 prestige in the Far East, but, perhaps, no act went further, in this, 
 than when, with a commendable spirit of fairness and generosity, 
 the Administration revised the indemnity figures that represented 
 the debt of China to the United States as a result of the Boxer 
 troubles. Under the protocol, signed on September 7, 1901, China 
 agreed to pay to the United States, in forty years, $24,440,000 and 
 interest at the rate of 4 per cent. The Roosevelt Administration 
 agreed to remit this debt on the payment of $11,055,000, of which 
 $6,000,000 had already been paid. 
 
 Of course, this administrative act, since it altered the terms of 
 settlement established by a treaty agreement, had to be ratified by 
 Congress before it went into effect. But since it was admitted by 
 the Government that the revised figures covered all the actual cost 
 to this country through the Boxer outbreak, Congress could not very 
 well afford to refuse to ratify the amendment. A failure to do so 
 would have amounted to a confession that this country desired 
 money more than it desired a reputation for common honesty. 
 
 The important and interesting phase of the matter is the fact 
 that the revision threw more than a reasonable doubt upon all the
 
 CURBING PREDATORY WEALTH. 205 
 
 awards made under that protocol. If the United States award 
 was unjust, or, as Mr. Root gently called it "a maximum," what 
 of the Russian award of $87,500,000, the German award of $60,- 
 000,000, the French aw r ard of $56,000,000? 
 
 The plain truth is, that China was, one might say, sand-bagged 
 by the Christian Powers in 1901, as weak nations have generally 
 been. The United States alone recorded a refusal to keep the 
 plunder, and it recorded it most largely, because the inherent 
 honesty of Theodore Roosevelt would not let it do otherwise. 
 
 DANGER OF WAR WITH JAPAN. 
 
 It was not until the final year of Mr. Roosevelt's administra- 
 ation, however, that the gravest danger loomed up the possibility 
 of a war with Japan. 
 
 This condition arose from a variety of sources pregnant with 
 danger. 
 
 First, there arose on the Pacific coast a widespread, if not 
 universal, demand that the Japanese be excluded from this country. 
 
 Nor was it far different in Canada. The anti-Oriental riot at 
 Vancouver, following the anti- Japanese demonstration in San Fran 
 cisco and the driving away of Hindu laborers at Bellingham, Wash., 
 were the work chiefly of men of the labor unions; but in all these 
 places the general public feeling was on the side of the white men. 
 
 Violent methods were deplored by the best part of the popula 
 tion; but there was nevertheless no doubt about a general and very 
 serious objection to the coming of men of any of these races in any 
 considerable number this in spite of the demand on the Pacific 
 coast for more labor. The objection to the Japanese, strangely 
 enough, was stronger than the objection to the Chinese and the 
 Hindus. 
 
 There is the same feeling in all English-held lands in 
 Australia and New Zealand which exclude Mongolians, in Natal 
 which prohibits the coming of more Hindus, in the Transvaal which 
 is trying ultimately to exclude the Chinese permanently. 
 
 Canada has a commercial agreement whereunder direct Jap 
 anese immigration is restricted annually to 500 persons, which,
 
 206 CURBING PREDATORY WEALTH. 
 
 however, had not until the recent trouble prevented the coming of 
 many of them from Hawaii. 
 
 All this is in spite of the general treaty between Great Britain 
 and Japan. 
 
 It is not strange, therefore, that this feeling of irritation was 
 seized upon by the "yellow" press of both countries and blazoned 
 before the world until war was seriously discussed not only in the 
 papers of the two countries, but in all the capitals of the world. 
 
 At this juncture President Roosevelt made his first move for 
 the preservation of peace a diplomatic move, as is characteristic 
 of the man. Later he was forced to rely upon the veiled threat of 
 the most powerful fleet ever gathered together in the world. But 
 his first act in the drama was the sending of Secretary Taft to 
 Japan as the "Ambassador of Peace." 
 
 THE AMBASSADOR OF PEACE. 
 
 Secretary Taft's happy and emphatic declaration, at an official 
 dinner given in his honor in Tokio, that talk of war between Japan 
 and the United States was "infamous," ought to have arrested the 
 activity of the criminal press in discussing such a subject. Most of 
 such discussion was "infamous." Absurd, if not criminal, also was 
 the recurring newspaper talk about selling the Philippines, which 
 Secretary Taft described on the same occasion as unworthy of con 
 sideration because, among other reasons, we had entered into moral 
 obligations to the people of the islands which it would be ignomin 
 ious to shirk or to transfer. 
 
 This latter suggestion in regard to the Philippines, indeed, 
 doubtless had its part in stirring up trouble between the United 
 States and the people of the Mikado. 
 
 But out of the anarchy from which San Francisco suffered 
 came one annoyance to the Japanese after another too little, per 
 haps, to deserve notice under normal conditions. But the Japanese 
 jingoes noticed even a reported prohibition of Japanese employment 
 agencies by the San Francisco authorities; and one of their news 
 papers, an organ of the Opposition, published a sort of demand for 
 an international inquiry. In the Hawaiian Islands, a meeting of
 
 CURBING PREDATORY WEALTH. 207 
 
 Japanese "demanded" the admission of Japanese laborers to the 
 United States contrary to the terms of our treaty. 
 
 These were trifling incidents. Neither the Government at 
 Washington nor the Government at Tokio apparently paid heed to 
 them; and there was no open strain on their good relations. But 
 the people of Japan, or some of them, are sensitive; and their trade 
 organizations addressed a polite letter of protest to President Roose 
 velt and to American Boards of Trade. 
 
 Japan protested that it had no thought of war, no wish for war, 
 no financial ability to wage war ; nor did the Government of Japan 
 show, so far as the public knew, any irritation. Yet the sensational 
 press of both countries and even some of the sensational newspapers 
 of Europe kept the subject of a possible breach between the United 
 States and Japan under discussion ; and agitators in California and 
 Opposition politicians in Japan continued to give occasion for news- 
 items and discussion. 
 
 KUROKI COMES HERE. 
 
 But meanwhile official Japan was doing its best openly at 
 least to avert trouble. As a return visit to Secretary Taft's, 
 General Kuroki was sent to the United States as still another mes 
 senger of peace. 
 
 General Kuroki was received in the United States everywhere 
 with real admiration as well as with pardonable curiosity; and 
 everywhere he went he called forth expressions of friendliness to 
 himself and to his country. For instance, the formation of a Japan 
 Society in New York, a club to preserve and to encourage the most 
 friendly relations between the two countries, was a graceful indica 
 tion of cordiality. 
 
 But the visit of this distinguished Japanese General and of the 
 naval officers who made us a brief visit set going much diplomatic 
 speculation about the part that Japan will play in world-politics. 
 The friendly compacts between England and Japan and France 
 and Japan; the probability of Japan's building up an influence in 
 South America by immigration and by trade; the pressure of Jap 
 anese immigration eastward to the Philippines, the Hawaiian
 
 208 
 
 CURBING PREDATORY WEALTH. 
 
 Islands, and the United States ; the part that Japan may play in the 
 development of China these and such subjects came up for renewed 
 discussion and speculation throughout the whole Western world. 
 
 In spite of the temporary cessation of talk about the danger of 
 a breach of friendly relations between the United States and Japan 
 because of the San Francisco school incident, expressions of remote 
 apprehension still cropped out here and there. We were reminded 
 that the inevitable race-feeling would assert itself if Japanese immi 
 gration were to become great; we were reminded that, as the Jap 
 anese discovered that they were taken seriously by the world as 
 soon as they showed good warlike qualities, they might conclude that 
 another war in due time when they can afford to pay for it 
 would increase their prestige still more, and that the stronger the 
 nation with whom they fight, the greater the glory would be. We 
 were reminded, too, that their industrial development might be an 
 annoyance to our trade interest. 
 
 Finally the talk became so prevalent on both sides of the 
 Atlantic as well as on both the Eastern and the Western shores of 
 the Pacific, that diplomatic platitudes no longer would suffice. 
 
 Then Mr. Roosevelt showed the courage that was in him. 
 
 Boldly he ordered the mobilization of a great fleet of battle 
 ships for a cruise around the world. It was a daring stroke, but 
 Japan read its significance aright. Before it had rounded the cape 
 into the Pacific, fit, as Admiral Evans so aptly expressed it, "for 
 either a frolic or a fight," Japan had officially invited it to visit its 
 shores. 
 
 The Roosevelt Big Stick had been waved not in vain. Danger 
 of war was averted.
 
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 EXPLORING PARTY ON THE MARCH-SCENE IN AFRICA
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 OFF FOR THE AFRICAN JUNGLE. 
 
 LEFT NEW YORK ON STEAMER HAMBURG ON MARCH 23, 1909 
 CHEERING THOUSANDS CROWD PIER TAFT SENDS PRESENT 
 ROOSEVELT HAS NARROW ESCAPE IN AZORES VISITS GIBRAL 
 TAR AND NAPLES MEETS ITALIAN KING AT MESSINA 
 REACHES MOMBASA APRIL 21. 
 
 A A J AVING a parting farewell with his black slouch hat, his face 
 * beaming in the morning sun as he stood on the captain's 
 bridge of the steamship Hamburg, former President Roosevelt 
 sailed away from New York Harbor on March 23, 1909, for his 
 long planned African "Safari." 
 
 He left his native shores amid the cheers of thousands of 
 persons who swarmed the Hamburg-American Line pier at 
 Hoboken, the whistles of countless river craft and the thunderous 
 reverberations of the ex-President salute of 13 guns from Forts 
 Hamilton and Wadsworth. 
 
 The party was known as The Roosevelt-Smithsonian Institu 
 tion Expedition, for when Charles D. Wolcott, secretary of the 
 Smithsonian Institution and curator of the National Museum, heard 
 that President Roosevelt was planning to go to Africa, he imme 
 diately sought permission to send representatives with the party 
 for the purpose of adding to the collections of the National Museum. 
 
 The co-operative plan, as agreed upon, provided for the send 
 ing of three representatives of the Smithsonian Institution Major 
 Edgar A. Mearns, United States Army, retired; Edmund Heller, 
 and J. Alden Loring. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt was accompanied by his son Kermit, who, with 
 his father, was to shoot the big game and take photographs. 
 
 The expenses of the expedition were divided into five equal 
 shares, of which Mr. Roosevelt paid two and the institution three. 
 ^4 M.L. 203
 
 210 OFF FOR THE AFRICAN JUNGLE. 
 
 Besides the happy figure of the former President as the steam 
 ship slipped out of her dock stood a lad, seemingly dejected as he 
 wistfully gazed at the cheering multitude on the pier below. It was 
 Kermit Roosevelt, who accompanies his father as official photo 
 grapher of the expedition. Father and son, both clad in brilliant 
 buff-hued army coats, remained on the bridge on the trip down the 
 bay and acknowledged with sweeps of their hats the salutes of the 
 vessels. 
 
 True to his promise, Mr. Roosevelt made no statements regard 
 ing his hunt in Africa other than to say that he probably would be 
 gone about a year and a quarter. Mr. Roosevelt eschewed politics 
 to inquiring friends and contented himself with expressions of 
 pleasure and appreciations of the kindly farewells. 
 
 A MESSAGE FROM TAFT. 
 
 One incident of the departure which touched Mr. Roosevelt 
 probably more than any other was the presentation of a message 
 and gift from President Taft by Captain Archibald Butt, who was 
 chief military aide to Mr. Roosevelt and holds that position under 
 President Taft. Captain Butt had a difficult time in reaching Mr. 
 Roosevelt. It was imperative that he should do so, as he carried 
 a message from the President which required a reply. Finally after 
 Mr. Roosevelt had boarded the ship a second time Captain Butt 
 reached him in his stateroom. 
 
 Grasping his former aide by the hand with a "By George, it is 
 good to see you again, Archie," Mr. Roosevelt drew the President's 
 messenger aside to talk with him. Captain Butt then delivered 
 President Taft's message and a small package containing a ruler 
 of gold with pencil attached. It is a collapsible ruler 12 inches long 
 when drawn out of the end of the pencil. On it is inscribed : 
 
 "To Theodore Roosevelt from William Howard Taft : Goodby 
 and good luck. Best wishes for a safe return." 
 
 When Mr. Roosevelt opened the package he exclaimed, "Well, 
 now, isn't that just too fine! It certainly was thoughtful and kind 
 of President Taft to send this to me and I appreciate it greatly." 
 
 Turning to Captain Butt he whispered a message for him to
 
 OFF FOR THE AFRICAN JUNGLE. 211 
 
 carry to the White House and said he would reply by wireless 
 telegraph to the letter Mr. Taft had sent to him. 
 
 Captain Butt, learning that Mrs. Roosevelt had remained at 
 Sagamore Hill, promised Mr. Roosevelt he would go out during 
 the afternoon to pay his respects. One of the last acts of Mr. 
 Roosevelt before sailing was to send a message to President Taft 
 reading : 
 
 "Parting thanks, love and sincerity." 
 
 Friends and political and official associates almost without 
 number came aboard the steamship to speed the departing hunter. 
 Only those who were known to Douglas Robinson, brother-in-law of 
 Mr. Roosevelt, were admitted to Mr. Roosevelt's suite. An eleventh 
 hour decoration in Mr. Roosevelt's main state room was the hanging 
 on the walls of portraits of the several members of the Roosevelt 
 family and pictures of the White House and Sagamore Hill. 
 
 THANKS PITTSBURG FRIENDS. 
 
 The departure of the Hamburg was delayed until 1 1 :o6 o'clock 
 by Captain Burmeister, so that Major General Wood and his staff 
 might board the steamship from the Government tug Wyckoff and 
 bid good-by to their former commander-in-chief. 
 
 From the forward gangplank of the ship Mr. Roosevelt, 
 addressing the Pittsburg delegation and representatives of various 
 organizations that had come to New York to see him off, made his 
 last speech. He said: 
 
 "I want to thank the representatives from Pittsburg who have 
 come all this distance to see me off. I am indeed grateful and am 
 touched by their thought fulness and kindness in coming such a long 
 way. I want to thank also all my fellow citizens who came to see 
 me off. To you and all Americans I say God bless you." 
 
 The Hamburg presented a pretty marine picture as she steamed 
 down the river in the sunlight. Racing alongside of the Hamburg 
 was a fleet of tugs tooting incessantly. The tugs carried scores of 
 Mr. Roosevelt's friends. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt waved his hat in answer to the cheers of those 
 on the tugs, for the high wind prevented any sound of human voice
 
 212 OFF FOR THE AFRICAN JUNGLE. 
 
 from carrying across the water. The Hamburg dipped her colors 
 in answer to the salute of the forts and her siren answered the fre 
 quent whistles of the craft met and passed. 
 
 When the Hamburg was last seen moving eastward in the haze 
 that hung over the Atlantic, those on the tugs saw a figure high 
 upon the bridge waving a last farewell. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt and Kermit received a continuous ovation from 
 the time they landed at the East River terminal of the Long Island 
 Railroad from Oyster Bay to the sailing. There was a burst of 
 cheers as the ferryboat landed at Thirty-fourth street, and as the 
 party whirled through the city streets pedestrians catching a fleet 
 ing glimpse of the ex-President, cheered, took off their hats and 
 waved farewell, 
 i 
 
 THROUGH WONDERFUL TUNNEL. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt took the keenest interest in his first trip through 
 the Hudson tube in a special train and took a position in the front 
 car so that he might inspect the underground bore. He shook the 
 motorman's hand after the trip, saying, "I want to shake hands with 
 the man behind the gun." Mr. Roosevelt started the first train 
 through the tunnel a year ago by pressing a button in the White 
 House. 
 
 On the trip from Oyster Bay scores of men and women stopped 
 and shook Mr. Roosevelt's hand, wishing him farewell and a success 
 ful trip. At Long Island City there were only a few who recog 
 nized Mr. Roosevelt and his son. After a brisk walk they boarded 
 the ferryboat Hempstead. Here they were surrounded by a crowd 
 of Long Island commuters, who came forward and extended their 
 farewells. 
 
 As the Hempstead entered her slip the captain of the boat from 
 the pilot house called for "Three cheers for Teddy Roosevelt." 
 Instantly there was a burst of cheers which lasted several minutes. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt was met here by Douglas Robinson, his brother- 
 in-law, and Lawrence Abbott. The party proceeded to the Hudson 
 tunnel in an automobile. 
 
 To the newspaper men Mr. Roosevelt said :
 
 OFF FOR THE AFRICAN JUNGLE. 213 
 
 "It's just a fine day to travel and ought to be fine at sea. I 
 have received hundreds of telegrams wishing me a safe journey, but 
 I will not give out the names of those who sent them. As I have 
 said before, I have no statement to make, and it's strange you gentle 
 men of the press have not asked me this morning if I have a message 
 for the American people. No, there is nothing to be said, and I 
 really don't know why newspaper men should want to travel with 
 me to Naples or Mombasa. Surely there is little likelihood of there 
 being any incidents at sea. 
 
 "You tell me that the photographer of Mr. Harmsworth's 
 papers, who accompanied the Prince of Wales to India, is going 
 to join us at Gibraltar. That will be fine, won't it, Kermit ? He can 
 help you. I cannot definitely say how long I shall be away, but it 
 will be about 15 months. My lecture at Oxford will take place in 
 the spring of 1910. I expect to have a good time, and I am sure the 
 expedition will be a success." 
 
 PUBLIC THANKS THROUGH PRESS. 
 
 Later he received the newspaper men on the Hamburg, when 
 he said: 
 
 "Now, gentlemen, I am glad to see you. What can I tell you? 
 Oh, yes; there is that picture (indicating a portrait of President 
 Taft). It is very interesting, and very fine, don't you think so? 
 
 "Oh, gentlemen, there is one thing that I desire very much to 
 have you say for me. There is an immense mass of mail on board 
 this steamship which has come to me and which I have not been 
 able to open, and much of which I will not be able to open for some 
 time. I have no stenographer with me. Since I left the White 
 House I have received about 5000 to 6000 letters. Four-fifths of 
 these I have not even seen. My thanks to the people who sent 
 them is, however, none the less. Now, I wish that you would say 
 for me that it will be only a waste of time for any one to write to 
 me while I am in Africa. Again I will say that I deeply appreciate 
 the courtesy of those who have written me, and take this occasion 
 to give them my thanks." 
 
 More than 1000 persons were crowded on the pier when Mr.
 
 214 OFF FOR THE AFRICAN JUNGLE. 
 
 Roosevelt arrived, and they cheered tumultously. The Hamburg's 
 band was on the promenade deck playing the "Star- Spangled 
 Banner" and the "Watch on the Rhine." Hundreds of flags were 
 hoisted aloft and the ship put in full dress. The pier at which the 
 Hamburg lay was decorated with bunting and flags and the gang 
 way to the first cabin was draped with American flags. 
 
 TRIBUTE FROM ITALIANS. 
 
 A notable feature of the reception was the tribute paid by the 
 Italian-American Chamber of Commerce. This body presented a 
 bronze tablet bearing on one side a portrait of Mr. Roosevelt and 
 on the other the scene of the Sicilian earthquake and a representa 
 tion of the goddess of peace placing a wreath on Roosevelt's head. 
 The tablet was inscribed: 
 
 "To Theodore Roosevelt: To you and the United States a 
 tribute of thanksgiving from Italo- Americans for generous help to 
 their stricken brethren of Calabria and Sicily." 
 
 Several delegations from Italian societies were present, bring 
 ing a band, a floral offering and a large banner, which was erected 
 on the pier. It bore the inscription: 
 
 "Italo-Americans, let us shout, 'Long live President Roosevelt 
 and the United States.' A tribute of thanksgiving on behalf of our 
 brethren of Sicily and Calabria. Let us solemnly condemn any 
 crime staining Italy's name. Let us here pledge our loyalty to 
 American institutions. Long live America." 
 
 It was when Mr. Roosevelt appeared on the after-gangplank 
 to accept the tablet that the crowds swept him off his feet. As he 
 came down the gangplank the cheering redoubled, and a party of 
 college boys from Stevens Institute, in Hoboken, let loose their yell. 
 On the way across the pier the lines of police escorting Mr. Roose 
 velt were broken through and the ex-President was swept toward 
 the tablet by the crush. The crowd closed in solidly behind him, 
 and while the police were endeavoring to fight off the on- rush, Mr. 
 Roosevelt asked the speakers to cut the presentation ceremony short. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt in reply said: 
 
 "I appreciate this very much. I want to thank you all. I can 
 not tell you how deeply touched I am."
 
 OFF FOR THE AFRICAN JUNGLE. 213 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt gave directions that the tablet be sent to Mrs. 
 Roosevelt and turned back toward the ship. The police did their 
 best to clear a way for him, but the crowd became demonstrative. 
 Two policemen were knocked off their feet, but were not injured. 
 As he neared the gangplank Mr. Roosevelt's hat flew off and the 
 vacuum bottle which had been presented to him was knocked from 
 his hand. He bowed his thanks when the articles were returned to 
 him and smilingly called "I am all right." 
 
 Everywhere he moved outside his apartments Mr. Roosevelt 
 could not escape the leave takers. More than once he was nearly 
 jostled off his feet, and on one occasion was saved by a policeman 
 from a fall at the edge of a short flight of steps. 
 
 HOME-FOLKS' GOOD-BYE. 
 
 Former President Roosevelt's departure from his home town 
 at 7 o'clock in the morning of the 2$d was marked by an enthusiastic 
 gathering of his fellow-citizens at the station to bid him Godspeed. 
 Mr. Roosevelt shook hands with those who pressed about him for a 
 parting greeting, and there was a lusty cheer as the train moved 
 out. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt was up with the sun and immediately all was 
 astir at Sagamore Hill making ready for the three-mile drive to the 
 station. Kermit appeared alternately happy at the prospect of an 
 exciting trip and not a little dejected at leaving home. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt bade good-bye to the family at the house and 
 drove down to the station with Kermit and little Quentin, who sat. 
 on the front seat with Noah Seaman, the family driver. 
 
 At the station Mr. Roosevelt kissed Quentin good-bye and there 
 was a hint of tears in his eyes as he said farewell. He shook hands 
 warmly with his driver and patted the neck of old Rustin, the family 
 horse. "He is a bully good fellow," he said as he caressed the 
 animal. 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., did not go to Hoboken to see his father 
 embark for Africa. He spent Sunday at Oyster Bay and returned 
 to Thompsonville, Conn., the following morning and was at his 
 duties in the carpet works when his father and brother sailed.
 
 216 OFF FOR THE AFRICAN JUNGLE. 
 
 Former President Roosevelt spent the better part of the after 
 noon, his first few hours at sea, in resting from the fatigue of his 
 strenuous departure. 
 
 The weather was clear and balmy, the sea smooth, and alto 
 gether the day was such a one as would tempt the sea-voyager to 
 the deck and open air. But Colonel Roosevelt had risen early and 
 had passed through a most tiring though pleasing experience, so he 
 decided, after luncheon, to seek the seclusion of his stateroom. 
 
 Kermit Roosevelt and the other members of the party spent the 
 afternoon in the open, resting in deck chairs. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt and his party had luncheon and dinner at Captain 
 Burmeister's table. At both meals the ex-President's expedition 
 into Africa was the chief topic. 
 
 The voyage was uneventful save that Mr. Roosevelt was in 
 serious danger off Ponta Delgada, in the Azores. 
 
 NARROW ESCAPE IN AZORES. 
 
 A great wave swept him into the sea from a small boat, in 
 which he was returning from a visit to that city. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt's patriotism placed him in danger. He had been 
 visiting the American Consul at Ponta Delgada, and as the small 
 boat neared the side of the liner on the return trip the band struck 
 up "The Star Spangled Banner." 
 
 The former President rose and bared his head in respect for 
 the anthem. Two sailors held him, for the sea was running high 
 and choppy. As the national hymn ended the boat was pitching 
 beside the Hamburg, and Mr. Roosevelt made a flying leap for the 
 rope ladder that dangled from the side of the vessel. 
 
 Just then the big wave tossed the boat, threw him from his 
 balance and he went into the sea. He is a sturdy swimmer, but 
 might have had a hard time of it in the rough water if the succeed 
 ing wave hadn't tossed him up almost to the foot of the rope ladder. 
 The seamen who were hanging to that grabbed his arms and held 
 him until he got a grip on the lowest rung and clambered up. 
 
 He went at once to his cabin and took off his wet clothing. His
 
 OFF FOR THE AFRICAN JUNGLE. 217 
 
 fellow-passengers gave him a rousing cheer when he appeared 
 again at dinner. 
 
 Another incident, which Mr. Roosevelt enjoyed even less than 
 his ducking, was an attack of seasickness which seized him. 
 Throughout the day the sea ran high, and the liner pitched consider 
 ably. 
 
 With the familiar pallor of mal-de-mar, he retired from deck 
 during the afternoon and was not interested in the dinner call. He 
 did not appear in the dining-room, nor was there any meal sent to 
 his cabin. He recovered sufficiently at 9 o'clock, however, to attend 
 the ball and dance. 
 
 KERMIT STARTS A ROMANCE. 
 
 Romance-loving passengers aboard the Hamburg watched 
 with great interest the progress of warm friendship which had 
 sprung up between Kermit Roosevelt, the former President's son, 
 and Miss Ruth Draper, a member of an old Massachusetts family 
 and a niece of the late Charles A. Dana, the editor. 
 
 There was a ball Saturday night. Kermit danced several times 
 with Miss Draper. Mr. Roosevelt's one dance was with that charm 
 ing young woman. Kermit was her partner in some gymkana games 
 held on deck later, and saw that she won some of the prizes. He 
 strolled with her many times, too. His father looked on smilingly. 
 
 No more unassuming passengers than Colonel Roosevelt ever 
 sailed the seas. So subdued of demeanor has he been, indeed, that 
 it is difficult to identify him with his former torrential personality. 
 
 Notwithstanding his insistence that he is now merely a private 
 citizen, the Royal Italian Immigration Commissioner insisted on 
 giving up his seat at the Captain's right; but, barring the usual 
 number of amateur photographers and autograph hunters, with all 
 whose requests Mr. Roosevelt complied, the passengers as a whole 
 recognized his evident desire to be treated merely as a fellow- 
 traveler. The popularity of this new role was attested by the ani 
 mated groups which gathered each evening on deck and in the draw 
 ing room groups of which he was the centre. 
 
 A brief stop was made at Gibraltar, where the Roosevelt party
 
 18 OFF FOR THE AFRICAN JUNGLE. 
 
 disembarked for a short tour of the fortifications, and another at 
 Naples, where the former President, after a warm greeting from 
 the Neapolitans, left the steamer Hamburg for the Admiral, which 
 was to carry him to East Africa. 
 
 The following day, April 6, the Admiral dropped anchor in 
 the harbor of shattered Messina, where Mr. Roosevelt visited the 
 Italian battleship Re Umberto as the guest of Victor Emmanuel II, 
 King of Italy, who wished to personally thank the former President 
 for the generous aid and sympathy extended by America to the 
 survivors of the great earthquake of the previous winter. 
 
 The King then acted as Mr. Roosevelt's pilot through the ruins 
 of the once majestic city. Everywhere the American was met by 
 as enthusiastic a greeting as the destitute survivors were capable. 
 Their gratitude for his efforts toward the amelioration of their 
 misery was unbounded, and it was with tears of joy in his eyes that 
 the former President saw the evidences of good work that American 
 dollars had done in that great emergency. 
 
 The Admiral reached Port Said, the Mediterranean entrance 
 to the Suez Canal, on the evening of April 9, passed Suez, the 
 eastern terminus, the next night, and Aden, Arabia, on the I4th. 
 
 The party sighted Mombasa, British East Africa, on the even 
 ing of April 21, eager for the hunt that awaited them. 
 
 At last the former President's great ambition, to shoot big 
 game, was on the eve of realization.
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 ROOSEVELT THE LION SLAYER. 
 
 GREAT PREPARATIONS AT MOMBASA BRITONS TAKE SPECIAL PRE 
 CAUTIONS THE TRIP TO THE JUNGLE SLEEPS TO Music OF 
 LIONS' ROARS AT Ju JA RANCH ON THE KAPITI PLAINS 
 THE HUNT BEGINS. 
 
 HP HE preparations for the reception at Mombasa of Theodore 
 ^ Roosevelt had long been in a state of completion. Sir James 
 Hayes Sadler, Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the protector 
 ate, who had been transferred suddenly to the Windward Islands, 
 was very much disappointed that he was not able to receive the 
 former President of the United States. This duty devolved upon 
 Frederick John Jackson, Lieutenant Governor of the protectorate. 
 Mr. Jackson is a famous sportsman and the author of the book on 
 big game in the Badminton Library series. 
 
 There were amusing phases to the expectancy with which the 
 arrival of Col. Roosevelt was awaited. Since the advent of the 
 rains lions had been terrifying the natives within four miles of 
 Kilindini. An elephant that evidently had strayed from a herd made 
 its way into the bazaar at Masingi and played havoc. The natives 
 at Masingi had been assured that they need have no further fear, 
 as Col. Roosevelt is on his way to the protectorate to hunt. 
 
 They were awaiting Col. Roosevelt's arrival contentedly. 
 
 Packages addressed to Col. Roosevelt had been arriving out on 
 every steamer from London. They came principally from British 
 firms in the export business. 
 
 A cablegram had been sent to Col. Roosevelt at Aden inviting 
 him to be the guest of the citizens of Mombasa at dinner on St. 
 George's Day, April 23. This at first was declined, but finally was 
 accepted in the spirit in which it was tendered. 
 
 R. J. Cunninghame, a widely known hunter and field naturalist, 
 who was to manage the Roosevelt expedition, completed his prepara-
 
 220 ROOSEVELT THE LION SLAYER. 
 
 tion with much secrecy. He had not been seen in or about Nairobi 
 for a fortnight. 
 
 The government even constructed a new road to facilitate the 
 landing of the Roosevelt party at Kilindini, the landing place for 
 Mombasa. 
 
 The steamer Melbourne, of the Messageries Lines, went on a 
 reef in the harbor just before Col. Roosevelt's arrival. It was 
 feared for a time that she would block the entrance to the steamer 
 Admiral, but the steamer Oxus came in later and succeeded in pull 
 ing her off without damage. 
 
 The Colonial Office in London had issued instructions to the 
 Governor of the protectorate to surround Col. Roosevelt on his 
 hunting trips with every possible precaution for his safety, since 
 the mullahs of the Somalis inhabiting the desert country north of 
 the protectorate were reported to be showing further signs of unrest, 
 and were massing on the northern boundary of Kenya province. 
 
 TROUBLE WAS FEARED. 
 
 This restlessness first became evident some six months before, 
 and there had been apprehension of trouble in the dry season, when 
 travel over the trails is easier. 
 
 This northern district always has been a territory to watch 
 closely. 
 
 When the natives do go out for trouble they generally bear to 
 the westward in the direction of the settled districts and the good 
 hunting grounds. 
 
 There was therefore some local anxiety, particularly as a 
 majority of the protectorate groups were at Berbera, in British 
 Somaliland. 
 
 Sir H. Hesketh-Bell, Governor and commander-in-chief of 
 Uganda, having left Uganda April 28 for England, Col. Roosevelt 
 and his party were first received in Uganda by S. C. Tomkins, one 
 of the provincial commissioners. 
 
 It had been decided that Kermit Roosevelt was to take a num 
 ber of short separate hunting trips v*ith a Portuguese hunter. 
 
 For the first fortnight of their stay the Roosevelt party were
 
 ROOSEVELT THE LION SLAYER. 221 
 
 the guests at Athi River of Sir Alfred Pease, a well-known hunter, 
 who has a large estate at Kilina Theki. The second fortnight they 
 were the guests of George McMillan at Ju Ja ranch. 
 
 A local hunter had recently secured in the cannibal country 
 an elephant whose tusks weighed 290 pounds. When Col. Roosevelt 
 heard this he almost jumped for joy. "That promises good sport," 
 he laughed. 
 
 Meanwhile, all the town was on the qui vive. 
 
 The manager of the railroad had come down from Nairobi. 
 The superintendent of traffic also was there, and both officials went 
 on the special train that took Col. Roosevelt and his party inland. 
 Col. Roosevelt also was accompanied on this journey by the Gov 
 ernor of the protectorate. 
 
 Natives were coming into Mombasa from all parts of the 
 country to witness the disembarkation of the "Great White Chief." 
 The rains were increasing, but there had been a decrease in the 
 smallpox cases in the interior. 
 
 FEAR PROVED UNFOUNDED. 
 
 It was feared that the unusually heavy rains so late in the 
 wet season would interfere greatly with the first part of Col. Roose 
 velt's stay in the protectorate. But this fear proved to be unfounded. 
 The sky was clear and the climate, despite the equatorial sun, cool 
 and invigorating. 
 
 The actual route which Col. Roosevelt was to follow had not 
 been definitely decided upon, but it was finally settled that several 
 different trails should be taken from Nairobi as headquarters. 
 
 Baron Tallian de Vizek, a famous Hungarian hunter, who had 
 just passed through Mombasa returning home, reported that big 
 game prospects were good. His party went from Nairobi to the 
 west and traveled across the Athi plains to the Athi River, thence 
 to Mount Donyo Sabuk as far as the Upper Tana River. 
 
 He reported common antelope and zebra plentiful, but when 
 stalking elands and gnu at the foot of Mount Dwiniaro he was 
 interfered with by rhinoceri. 
 
 Again Col. Roosevelt laughed gleefully. Turning to Kermit
 
 222 ROOSEVELT THE LION SLAYER. 
 
 he chuckled: "Guess we won't have our trip for nothing, eh, 
 Kermit!" Indeed, from the moment his eyes first landed on the 
 jungle, the former President seemed the very personification of 
 glee. 
 
 A fortnight before when Baron de Vizek attempted to avoid 
 rhinoceri on his right, he found another crowd on his left and 
 seven in front. Being anxious to secure a bull eland holding the 
 finest head he had seen, the Baron had no option but to push for 
 ward, a movement which two old rhino bulls resented. They 
 charged viciously and gave the hunter no opportunity of evading 
 them. The Baron expressed regret that he was obliged to sacrifice 
 them, as he had already secured better heads. 
 
 Apart from the rhinoceros nuisance he recommended this route, 
 especially for elands, giraffes and hippopotami, which latter gave 
 him great sport on the Tana. Lions were met on several occasions. 
 
 GREAT GROUP OF LIONS FOUND. 
 
 The report of a record group of lions on the Nandi Plateau 
 and elephants in the Elburgon forest also was confirmed, greatly 
 to the glee of the American. 
 
 British East Africa and Uganda have entertained probably 
 more "great" people within five years than any other portion of 
 the British Empire. Royal reigning dukes, brothers and cousins 
 of kings and emperors, British and Continental statesmen of high 
 degree, all have received that unostentatious but genuine welcome 
 which characterizes colonial peoples. 
 
 The occasion of Ex-President Roosevelt's visit was unique in 
 the fact that he was the first famous American statesman to set 
 foot in East Africa. 
 
 The people who are pioneers in what once was "Darkest 
 Africa" are of a different stamp to the pioneers who made Canada 
 and Australia what they are. The British East Africa colonist has 
 been drawn chiefly from the hardier of Great Britain's aristocracy 
 and from the educated middle classes. All are sportsmen in the best 
 sense of the term ; all are men with whom the Ex- President imme 
 diately could be on friendly terms. There was no crowding on the
 
 ROOSEVELT THE LION SLAYER. 223 
 
 privacy of a visitor when once the shoot commenced, nor any 
 unsportsmanlike attempt to spoil a sport by following close on the 
 party's track. 
 
 The route when finally mapped out for Col. Roosevelt was his 
 route and his route alone; other big game sportsmen and inland 
 traders respected that route as if it were a drive in a private park. 
 
 Kilindini Harbor (the place of deep waters) was the port of 
 debarkation, and Mombasa (the place of war) was the place of 
 residence, where the distinguished visitor was able to do the "sight 
 seeing" of which he wrote to the Boston League of Mercy. 
 
 He also visited Freretown (the place of freedom) where only 
 a few years ago the decree of the late Sultan of Zanzibar was read, 
 forbidding the continuance of slavery. He was able to stand on 
 the spot where, even in the time of his own youth, wretched slaves, 
 raided in the fiercest manner by the famous Arab chief, Tippu-Tip, 
 were put up for auction as goods and chattels and eagerly pur 
 chased by the old Mombasa Arabs, many of whom are living in 
 ease now on their ill-gotten gains. 
 
 MASSIVE FORT OF OLDEN AGE. 
 
 The massive fort begun by the Arab conquerors in the seventh 
 century, and finished by the Portuguese in the days of Vasco Da 
 Gama, also was visited. Every stone was laid by slaves under the 
 whips of their masters, and for every stone a life was paid. 
 
 Within the grim walls of this fort history has been written in 
 blood. Nine times has the ownership of the famous edifice changed 
 hands. First the Arab and then the white man, and then again the 
 Arab, have fought hand to hand within its walls, until the time of 
 the final massacre. This was when Yussuf, a baptized Arab, 
 defeated the Portuguese governor, and put to death every white 
 man, woman and child in the place. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt's national pride was deeply stirred when he 
 inspected the locomotives that were to carry him in comfort over 
 the continent in two days, on a journey which took Stanley three 
 months of the greatest discomfort and personal danger. These 
 locomotives are the product of Philadelphia.
 
 224 ROOSEVELT THE LION SLAYER. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt found that British East Africa provides food 
 for the anthropologist as well as the entomologist, zoologist and 
 historian. Each great native tribe is bound up in its own civiliza 
 tion, its own customs, its own religions and its own physical and 
 mental characteristics, and the march of Western civilization can 
 be clearly and peculiarly denoted by the wearing apparel, or its 
 absence, of the fashionable native women. 
 
 At the coast the women adopt picturesque costumes of fancy 
 patterned cotton prints and huge silver hand-worked anklets of 
 many pounds weight. 
 
 In the highlands around Nakuru the fashions change. The 
 dressed skins of wild game displace cotton manufactures and roll 
 upon roll of bright iron and copper wire, bound tightly around the 
 upper and nether limbs, complete the costume. Then again in 
 some districts wearing apparel is exceedingly scant. 
 
 A GRAND RECEPTION. 
 
 But before going into the detail of the hunt it may be well to 
 detail the great reception awarded the distinguished visitor at 
 Mombasa. 
 
 The steamer Admiral, bearing Col. Roosevelt, entered Kilin- 
 dini harbor, flying the American flag at her fore and main masts. 
 She dipped the German ensign while passing the British cruiser 
 Pandora, whose rails and masts were manned by cheering sailors. 
 The Pandora saluted the Ex-President, who was on the bridge. 
 
 The first word of the sighting of the Admiral brought the 
 people of Mombasa in crowds to vantage points, where they might 
 catch a glimpse of the distinguished visitor. 
 
 The Admiral came slowly up to the harbor and it was dark 
 when Col. Roosevelt, his son Kermit and the captain were brought 
 ashore in the commandant's surfboat and carried to a place of 
 shelter in chairs on natives' shoulders. 
 
 There was a perfect deluge of rain, but in reply to the expres 
 sions of regret at this, Col. Roosevelt said he was glad to get ashore 
 in any weather. He added that he was in splendid health and that 
 the start to the hunting grounds could not come a minute too soon.
 
 ROOSEVELT THE LION SLAYER. 225 
 
 The Governor's aide boarded the Admiral and extended a wel 
 come to Col. Roosevelt, who received another cordial greeting on 
 shore from the provincial commissioner, who conducted him to the 
 government house. 
 
 R. F. Cunninghame, the hunter and field naturalist, who had 
 charge of the preparations for the expedition, also was on hand at 
 the pier. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt was pleased highly when he observed the mili 
 tary guard drawn up. He replied to the salute by doffing his hat 
 and smiling broadly. The crowds pressing forward to see the noted 
 American included Europeans, Indians and natives, and presented 
 a picturesque appearance. While genuinely hearty in their welcome, 
 the people were not demonstrative. 
 
 CAPTAIN DINES ROOSEVELT. 
 
 The week's voyage from Aden was interrupted only by a short 
 stop at Mogadiscio, in Italian Somaliland. A feature of the trip 
 was the captain's dinner to Col. Roosevelt. The saloon was deco 
 rated artistically and much enthusiasm was shown over the speeches, 
 which were exchanged in good fellowship. 
 
 In toasting the Ex-President the Captain wished him Godspeed 
 and a safe return to the United States. Col. Roosevelt replied, first 
 in English and then in German and French. 
 
 It had been the intention of the Ex-President to remain in 
 Mombasa two days, but the floods had been heavy, and it was deemed 
 advisable to change this plan. The special train, which was to 
 carry Col. Roosevelt and his party to Sir Alfred Pease's ranch on 
 the Athi River, left at 2. o'clock the next afternoon. 
 
 The acting Governor of the protectorate, Frederick J. Jackson, 
 entertained the Ex-President at dinner and later they proceeded to 
 one of the clubs. The Roosevelt party were taken in carriages about 
 the town the following morning, and, so far as possible, the Gov 
 ernor and his associates strove to meet the special instructions from 
 King Edward to show every consideration to the distinguished 
 traveler. F. C. Selous, the English hunter, was also a guest at the 
 
 15 M.I,.
 
 226 ROOSEVELT THE LION SLAYER. 
 
 dinner. He accompanied Col. Roosevelt on his first shooting expe 
 dition at the Pease ranch. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt and the members of his party left Mombasa on 
 a special train at 2.30 o'clock on the afternoon of the 22d for Kapiti 
 Plains Station, whence^ they were conveyed to the ranch of Sir 
 Alfred Pease for their first shooting trip. The party was accom 
 panied by F. J. Jackson, acting Governor of the protectorate. 
 
 Before leaving Col. Roosevelt telegraphed to King Edward, 
 thanking him for the message of greeting read by Mr. Jackson at 
 the dinner given in Col. Roosevelt's honor at the Mombasa Club 
 the preceding night. 
 
 A guard of honor composed of marines and blue jackets from 
 the Pandora was at the railroad station when the Roosevelt party 
 arrived, and was inspected by Col. Roosevelt. A number of officials 
 and civilians also were present, and the station building was 
 decorated with flags. 
 
 LEFT THE BIG STICK AT HOME. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt spent the morning at the Government House, 
 where he was the guest the preceding night of Mr. Jackson. 
 
 From Mombasa Col. Roosevelt dispatched a cablegram to ,the 
 Emperor of Germany, saying: 
 
 "I desire to express my appreciation of my treatment on board 
 the German steamship Admiral, under Captain Doherr, and my 
 admiration of the astounding energy and growth of the mercantile 
 and colonial interests of Germany in East Africa." 
 
 At the banquet Mr. Jackson said that the Ex-President had 
 left the "Big Stick" at home, and after seven strenuous years as 
 President of the United States had come out to Africa to make use 
 of the rifle. In conclusion he promised the distinguished visitor an 
 immense variety of game and good sport. 
 
 When Col. Roosevelt arose to reply he was enthusiastically 
 received with full Highland musical honors. He began with a 
 tribute to the British people for their energy and genius in civiliz 
 ing the uncivilized places of the earth. He said he was surprised 
 at what he had heard of the progress of British East Africa, but
 
 ROOSEVELT THE LION SLAYER. 221 
 
 he warned his hearers that they could not expect to achieve in a 
 short time what it had taken America twenty generations to accom 
 plish. He then emphasized the necessity of leaving local questions 
 to be solved by the authorities on the spot, and commented on the 
 fact that the people at home knew little of affairs abroad. In this 
 connection he instanced the United States and the Philippine Islands. 
 Continuing, Col. Roosevelt expressed his great pleasure at the 
 welcome given him by the British cruiser Pandora, whose rails and 
 masts were manned by cheering sailors when the Admiral came into 
 the harbor. He said he believed in peace, but considered that 
 strength meant peace, and he hoped that all the great nations would 
 provide themselves with this means to the end. 
 
 LULLED TO SLEEP BY LION ROARS. 
 
 He was followed by Mr. Selous, who expressed the hope that 
 Col. Roosevelt would in the future use the power of his position to 
 bring about an entente between Great Britain and Germany. 
 
 The following night Col. Roosevelt reached the hunting 
 grounds and slept to the music of the roaring of lions in the nearby 
 jungle. Needless to say, his joy was unbounded at spending his 
 first night in Africa under canvas. 
 
 A big camp had been established near the railroad station for 
 the expedition, and lions were prowling about in the vicinity of the 
 tents. The country was green, owing to the recent rains, and there 
 was every prospect of good sport. The commoner varieties of game 
 were very plentiful, and the huntsmen lost no time in getting started 
 on their shooting trips. 
 
 The special train bearing the Roosevelt party from Mombasa 
 arrived at Kapiti Plains at half past one o'clock in the afternoon. 
 Only the members of the party got off at Kapiti Plains. F. J. 
 Jackson, the Acting Governor of the protectorate, and the other 
 officials who came up from Mombasa continued on to Nairobi. 
 
 The camp established for Roosevelt was most elaborate. The 
 caravan had a total of 260 followers. There were thirteen tents 
 for the Europeans and their horses and sixty tents for the porters. 
 
 An American flag was flying over the tent occupied by Col.
 
 228 ROOSEVELT THE LION SLAYER. 
 
 Roosevelt. All the native porters of the expedition were lined up 
 on the platform when the Roosevelt special pulled in, and as the 
 Ex-President stepped down from the train they shouted a salute in 
 his honor. In response Col. Roosevelt raised his hat. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt was welcomed at the station by Sir Alfred Pease, 
 who was his host on the Athi River. Col. Roosevelt was dressed 
 in a khaki suit and a white helmet. The weather was bright and 
 warm. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt, F. J. Jackson, F. C. Selous and Major Mearns 
 rode on a broad seat attached to the cow catcher of the locomotive 
 from Mombasa as far as Mackinnon road, a distance of about 50 
 miles. The visitors were delighted with this experience, and the 
 Ex-President was deeply impressed with the marvelous scenery 
 that unfolded itself to his view. 
 
 SEE GAME FROM TRAIN. 
 
 They had a magnificent view of snow-capped Kilimanjaro. 
 Plenty of game was seen from the train, including about twenty 
 giraffes, with their young, close to the line; wildebeestes, hart'e- 
 beestes, waterbucks, zebras, duikers, guinea fowl, ostriches in great 
 number, and one rhinoceros. 
 
 The other passengers on the special train included Mr. Sandi- 
 ford, local superintendent of the railroad line; Mr. Cruikshank, the 
 traffic manager; W. J. Monson, secretary of the administration; J. 
 H. Wilson, a member of the Legislative Council, and R. F. Cun- 
 ninghame, the manager of the Roosevelt expedition. 
 
 The party planned to have several days in camp before going 
 on to Nairobi. At the conclusion of the visit with Sir Alfred Pease 
 Col. Roosevelt was to go to the Ju Ja ranch and be the guest of 
 George McMillan. After this he designed to shoot buffalo at Hugh 
 Heatley's kamid ranch, fifteen miles from Nairobi, on the Forthall 
 road. 
 
 Before leaving Mombasa Col. Roosevelt received an address of 
 welcome from the American missionaries. He wished to visit at 
 least three mission stations while in the protectorate. 
 
 After a short hunting expedition at Kapiti Plains, Ex-Presi-
 
 ROOSEVELT THE LION SLAYER. 229 
 
 dent Roosevelt and his party broke camp and started for the ranch 
 of Sir Alfred Pease, on the Athi River. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt spent part of the previous afternoon sorting 
 his kit, while Kermit and several of the men went to try their luck 
 with the rifles. An old settler, who seemed to take a liking to 
 Kermit, offered to show him a likely place for good sport. They 
 succeeded in bringing down one buck. 
 
 ROOSEVELT SHOOTS A THOMPSON'S GAZELLE. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt's first hunt was favored by fine weather, and he 
 enjoyed the experience immensely. He bagged two wildebeests 
 and a Thompson's gazelle. 
 
 In one respect Col. Roosevelt was somewhat disappointed, as 
 he had been anxious to secure a Grant's gazelle, whose massive 
 horns are much sought after for trophies. The hunt lasted several 
 hours and all the members of the party were tired out when they 
 returned to camp. 
 
 Smallpox was prevalent at Nairobi, and several cases developed 
 among the porters at Kapiti. These were quarantined and the 
 strictest precautions were observed to prevent a spread of the dis 
 ease among those attached to the Roosevelt party. The danger of 
 this, however, was considered slight. 
 
 The police still maintained their measures for the protection 
 of the American from annoyance. They would not permit any 
 except those designated by Col. Roosevelt to go with the expedition. 
 It had been definitely learned that none of Col. Roosevelt's baggage 
 was missing and that nothing had been stolen as at first was feared. 
 
 The wildebeests, of which Col. Roosevelt killed two, are gen 
 erally known as the gnu, the Hottentot name. This animal is of 
 a sub- family of antelopes and resembles a "horned horse." The 
 mane and tail are like a horse's. The legs are slender as those of 
 the gazelle. These animals, when captured young, may be tamed, 
 but if caught at a mature age, they behave like mad in captivity. 
 
 When chased on horseback they often give the pursuer a lively 
 time on account of their endurance and great speed. The young 
 are playful and will circle around a caravan for hours showing a
 
 230 ROOSEVELT THE LION SLAYER. 
 
 marked curiosity in everything the traveler is doing. The flesh of 
 the gnu is palatable and the horns are made into knife handles and 
 other articles. 
 
 The Thompson gazelle which Col. Roosevelt shot and the 
 Grant's gazelle which he failed to get, are members of a large 
 family. The gazelle is one of the most graceful animals known. Its 
 eyes are large and liquid and the poets of the East always likened 
 the eyes of their lady loves to them. The animal is often hunted 
 with greyhounds and falcons. 
 
 When hunted with dogs alone the gazelle easily outstrips the 
 pursuit running swiftly and making tremendous leaps over obstacles 
 ten feet high without apparent exertion. When a falcon is used 
 the bird will rise high in the air and swoop down on its quarry, 
 fixing its talons near the long, lyre-shaped horns and harass the 
 animal till the hounds come up. 
 
 LION-SLAYING RECORDS BROKEN. 
 
 There are many species of the gazelle, ranging from three feet 
 in height to five and six feet. The springbok is one of the largest 
 species and it is known to make vertical jumps in the air with its 
 legs folded. 
 
 Before Col. Roosevelt had been in Africa a week, he had 
 broken all records for lion killing in the British protectorate. 
 
 The caravan started early Thursday morning from the ranch 
 of Sir Alfred Pease, on the Athi River, and proceeded slowly to 
 the Mau Hills. This range is open for wide areas, but in places 
 is covered with dense growths where game is plentiful. The first 
 night in camp was without especial incident, no attempt being made 
 to go after lions, although their call was heard now and then during 
 the course of the night, but at dawn the camp was astir and the 
 drive speedily organized. 
 
 The scene was beautiful beyond human power of description. 
 Far off to the north, but because of its great altitude seeming but 
 a few miles away, majestic Mount Kenya reared its snow-capped 
 peak eighteen thousand feet into the heavens. Its gently sloping 
 sides, rising from the tropical jungles and topped by its crown of
 
 ROOSEVELT THE LION SLAYER. 231 
 
 eternal ice, seemed a world in itself, are clothed in successive, con 
 centric belts, with every kind of crop and climate known in the 
 world, from the equator to the Arctic circle. 
 
 Unawed by the magnificent spectacle, the native beaters set 
 out in all directions under the instruction of the "head man," armed 
 with all sorts of noise-making devices, which could not but arouse 
 any game within earshot. Some of the beats proved blanks, but by 
 nightfall no less than ten kinds of game had been bagged. Mr. 
 Selous accompanied Col. Roosevelt. 
 
 As a rule the beaters go into the jungle with considerable trepi 
 dation, but as Col. Roosevelt's reputation as a hunter had reached 
 Africa long before he arrived in person, the beaters on this occasion 
 were exceptionally enthusiastic. They seemed even eager to play 
 a part in the first hunt of the distinguished American. 
 
 Kermit during the greater part of the day did more effective 
 work with his camera than he did with his gun, he and the other 
 members of the party allowing Col. Roosevelt the much prized shots. 
 
 FOUR LIONS IN ONE DAY. 
 
 Four lions were trophies of Col. Roosevelt's camp in the Mau 
 Hills that night, and the two hundred or more natives were joining 
 with the American party in the celebration of the unusually good 
 luck. 
 
 Of the lions bagged Col. Roosevelt's gun brought three to 
 earth, each on the first shot. Thus one of the former President's 
 fondest ambitions had been realized, and he was proud, too, that 
 the fourth of the jungle kings fell before the rifle of his son Kermit, 
 who, however, took three shots to kill his quarry. 
 
 Both father and son were jubilant. It was their first lion hunt, 
 and so magnificent a kill was far beyond their expectations. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt was living up to the reputation which he had 
 gained of being a crack shot. 
 
 All of the lions were of normal size, and after the natives had 
 dragged them together in the grass they executed the usual dance 
 around the trophies. 
 
 The details of the hunt differed little from the usual procedure
 
 232 ROOSEVELT THE LION SLAYER. 
 
 in the region. It may be interesting, therefore, to read what the Rt. 
 Hon. Winston Churchill, Under Secretary of State for the Colonies 
 of Great Britain, and whose visit to these jungles but a short time 
 preceded Col. Roosevelt's has to say of lion hunting there. 
 
 "Nothing causes the East African colonist more genuine con 
 cern than that his guest should not have been provided with a lion. 
 The knowledge preys upon his mind until it becomes a veritable 
 obsession. He feels some deep reproach is laid upon his own hos 
 pitality and the reputation of his adopted country. How to find 
 and, having found, to kill a lion is the unvarying theme of conversa 
 tion ; and every place and every journey is judged by a simple stand 
 ard 'lions or no lions.' 
 
 "At the Thika camp, then, several gentlemen, accomplished in 
 this important sport, have come together with ponies, rifles, Somalis 
 and all the other accessories. Some zebras and kongoni have been 
 killed and left lying in likely looking places to attract the lions, and 
 at 4 A. u. f rain or shine, we are to go and look for them. 
 
 WAYS OF LION HUNTERS. 
 
 "The white resident hunter cuts a hardy figure. His clothes 
 are few and far between; a sun hat, a brown flannel shirt with 
 sleeves cut above the elbow and open to the chest, a pair of thin 
 khaki knickerbockers cut short five inches at least above the 
 knee, boots and a pair of putties comprise the whole attire. Nothing 
 else is worn. The skin, exposed to sun, thorns and insects, becomes 
 almost as dark as that of the natives, and so hardened that it is 
 nothing to ride all day with bare knees on the saddle a truly Spar 
 tan discipline from which at least the visitor may be excused. 
 
 "This is the way in which they hunt lions. First find the lion, 
 lured to a kill, driven from a reed bed or kicked up incontinently by 
 the way. Once viewed, he must never be lost sight of for a moment. 
 Mounted on ponies of more or less approved fidelity, three or four 
 daring whites or Somalis gallop after him across rocks, holes, tus 
 socks, nullahs, through high grass, thorn scrub, undergrowth, turn 
 ing him, shepherding him, heading him this way and that, until he 
 is brought to bay.
 
 ROOSEVELT THE LION SLAYER. 233 
 
 "For his part the lion is no seeker of quarrels; he is often 
 described in accents of contempt. His object throughout is to save 
 his skin. If, being unarmed, you meet six or seven lions unexpect 
 edly, all you need do according to my information is to speak 
 to them sternly and they will slink away, while you throw a few 
 stones at them to hurry them up. 
 
 "But when pursued from place to place, chased hither and 
 thither by the wheeling horsemen, the naturally mild disposition 
 of the lion becomes embittered. First he begins to growl and roar 
 at his enemies, in order to terrify them and make them leave him in 
 peace. Then he darts little short charges at them. Finally, when 
 every attempt at peaceful persuasion has failed, he pulls up abruptly 
 and offers battle. 
 
 "Once he has done this he will run no more. He means to 
 fight, and to fight to the death. He means to charge home; and 
 when a lion, maddened with the agony of a bullet wound, distressed 
 by long and hard pursuit, or, most of all, a lioness in defense of her 
 cubs, is definitely committed to the charge, death is the only possible 
 conclusion. 
 
 "Broken limbs, broken jaws, a body raked from end to end, 
 lungs pierced through and through, entrails torn and protruding 
 none of these count. It must be death instant and utter for the 
 lion, or down goes the man, mauled by septic claws and fetid teeth, 
 crushed and crunched, and poisoned afterward to make doubly sure. 
 
 "It is at the stage when the lion has been determinedly "bayed" 
 that the real sportsman is usually introduced upon the scene. He 
 has, -we may imagine, followed the riders as fast as the inequalities 
 of the ground, his own want of training and the burden of a heavy 
 rifle will allow him. He arrives at the spot where the lion is 
 cornered in much the same manner as the matador enters the arena, 
 the others standing aside deferentially, ready to aid or divert the 
 lion. If his bullet kills he is, no doubt, justly proud. If it only 
 wounds, the lion charges the nearest horseman. For forty yards 
 the charge of a lion is swifter than the gallop of a racehorse. The 
 riders, therefore, usually avoid waiting within that distance.
 
 no. ANIMALS, REPTILES AND FISHES OF THE TROPICS.
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 COL. ROOSEVELT A REMARKABLE HUNTER ALL RECORDS BROKEN 
 BAGS A BULL RHINOCEROS SHOOTS A GIRAFFE IN THE NECK 
 AT 400 YARDS COL. ROOSEVELT KILLS His FIRST ELEPHANT 
 BAGS A LEOPARD AND CAPTURES THE LEOPARD'S CUBS 
 ALIVE ARRIVES AT THE Ju JA RANCH COL. ROOSEVEI/T 
 DELIGHTED. 
 
 COL. ROOSEVELT'S hunting in Africa and his expedition 
 has been successful enough to satisfy the most exacting of 
 men. Not only has he broken the record for the number of lions 
 killed by one man, but he has secured giraffes, elephants, rhino 
 ceroses, buffalos, hippopotami and leopard as well, to say nothing 
 of a number of less important game. His first ten days' hunting 
 yielded twenty-seven head of big game of many different species. 
 
 When not occupied in searching for specimens or writing he 
 spends his time practicing shooting. When particularly delighted 
 with the result of his day's hunting he spends the evening at the 
 camp-fire, pointing out how Africa could be made a great country. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt undoubtedly owes his life to his courage and 
 unerring aim, which combination brought death to a huge bull 
 rhinoceros near Machakos. 
 
 Charged by a huge rhinoceros, Theodore Roosevelt, Ex-Presi 
 dent of the United States, raised his rifle and waited. 
 
 On came the maddened beast, crashing through the reeds, his 
 ugly horned head bent low, the impact of his powerful feet making 
 the earth tremble. 
 
 He was forty paces distant, his squeal was heard above the 
 snapping of the brush; he was thirty paces away and his blood 
 shot eyes glistened like rubies; twenty paces between the hunter 
 and the bulky monster, whose hot breath raised the temperature, 
 even in that torrid climate; fourteen paces to go and no downs- 
 Then 
 
 286
 
 236 COLONEL ROOSEVELT A REMARKABLE HUNTER. 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt glanced casually along the barrel of his 
 deadly rifle. Crack ! A single shot and the ferocious and dreadful 
 rhinoceros of the jungle hesitated, rocked and pitched forward on 
 his knees, dead. 
 
 The bullet was fatal, but so fierce was the rush of the giant 
 rhinoceros that it plunged almost to the feet of the Colonel. 
 
 The rhinoceros, the first that the party had bagged, was 
 encountered unexpectedly while making a short sortie from the 
 camp near Machakos, some fifty miles south of Nairobi. 
 
 The native beaters had made a wide detour movement, and a 
 returning signal soon told the hunters to be on the alert. Within 
 a few moments the stalked animal gave its own warning, and, 
 with furious snorts, it broke through the underbush electrifying 
 the Colonel, who expected to meet his sixth lion. 
 
 CHARGED BY A BULL RHINOCEROS. 
 
 The bull came into a clearing at a point about two hundred 
 yards from Col. Roosevelt, and immediately charged upon the 
 party. Realizing the danger that beset " Bwana Tumbo," others in 
 the party were on the point of firing, but Col. Roosevelt held them 
 in check while he stepped immediately in the path of the oncoming 
 infuriated beast. With wonderful coolness, such as no American 
 hunter ever exceeded, Col. Roosevelt took deliberate aim and fired. 
 A second shot would have been impossible, but a second shot was 
 not necessary, as the first had pierced the animal's brain. 
 
 When the rhinoceros tumbled over Col. Roosevelt enjoyed the 
 keenest moment of pleasure that he has had in Africa. The fact 
 that he had saved his life did not seem to appeal to him half as much 
 as the fact that he had added a rhinoceros to his collection and under 
 conditions that any hunter in the world might well have envied. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt was warmly congratulated for his coolness and 
 skill, and when the natives returned and saw the huge beast dead 
 they were more certain than ever that their title of Bwana Tumbo 
 had not been misapplied. 
 
 The rhinoceros made the forty-fifth animal that has been killed 
 by Col. Roosevelt and his son Kermit. The kill represents fifteen
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT A REMARKABLE HUNTER. 237 
 
 varieties, an unsurpassed record for the time that the party has 
 been in the field. 
 
 The rhinoceros which was of unusual size, will undoubtedly 
 make one of the most prized items in Col. Roosevelt's collection. 
 
 The flesh of the rhinoceros is apt to be rather tough, but is of 
 good flavor. The best portions are those which are cut from the 
 upper part of the shoulder and from the ribs, where the fat and 
 the lean parts are regularly striped to the depth of two inches. 
 If a large portion of the meat is to be cooked at one time, the flesh 
 is generaliy baked in the cavity of a forsaken ant-hill, which is 
 covered into an extempore oven for the occasion ; but if a single 
 hunter should need only to assuage his own hunger, he cuts a 
 series of slices from the ribs, and dresses them at his fire. 
 
 THE RHINOCEROS A QUICK BEAST IN TEMPER. 
 
 All the species of rhinoceros are very quick in their temper, 
 and liable to flash out into anger without any provocation whatever. 
 During these fits of rage they are dangerous neighbors, and are apt 
 to attack any moving object that may be within their reach. In 
 one well-known instance, where a rhinoceros made a sudden dash 
 upon a number of picketed horses, and killed many of them by the 
 strokes of his horn, the animal had probably been irritated by some 
 unknown cause, and wrecked his vengence on the nearest victims. 
 
 The rhinoceros is always vicious, and, like the elephant,' the 
 buffalo, and many other animals, will conceal himself in some 
 thicket, and thence dash out upon any moving object that may 
 approach his retreat. 
 
 Sometimes the rhinoceros will commence a series of most 
 extraordinary antics, and seeming to have a spite against some 
 particular bush, will rip it with his horn, trample it with his feet, 
 roaring and grunting all the while, and will never cease until he 
 has cut it into shreds and levelled it to the ground. He will also 
 push the point of his horn into the earth, and career along, ploughing 
 up the ground as if a furrow had been cut by some agricultural 
 implement. In such case it seems that the animal is not laboring
 
 238 COLONEL ROOSEVELT A REMARKABLE HUNTER, 
 
 under a fit of rage, as might be supposed, but is merely exulting in 
 his strength, and giving vent to the exuberence of health and violent 
 physical exertion. 
 
 The rhinoceros is a good aquatic, and will voluntarily swim for 
 considerable distances. It is very fond of haunting the river-banks 
 and wallowing in the mud, so as to case itself with a thick coat of 
 that substance, in order to shield itself from the mosquitoes and 
 other mordant insects which cluster about the tender places, and 
 drive the animal, thick-skinned though it may be, half -mad with 
 their constant and painful bites. 
 
 The skin of the rhinoceros is of very great thickness and 
 strength, bidding defiance to ordinary bullets, and forcing the hunter 
 to provide himself with balls which have been hardened with tin 
 or solder. The extreme strength of the skin is well known to the 
 African natives, who manufacture it into shields and set a high 
 value on these weapons of defense. 
 
 A REMARKABLE SHOT. 
 
 That Col. Roosevelt has a keen eye and is a remarkable shot 
 will be shown by the fact that he shot a giraffe dead, with a bullet 
 through the neck, at a distance of 400 yards. This feat he per 
 formed, incidental to bagging another giraffe. 
 
 Wherefore the former President was proclaimed the most 
 famous shot who ever hunted in East Africa, his feat being the 
 more remarkable because the giraffe he shot at 400 yards was in 
 full gallop when he pulled the trigger. "Bwana Tumbo" made this 
 record while hunting with his son and five porters a few miles south 
 of Machakos. 
 
 The buffalo shot by former President Roosevelt was one of the 
 typical and common South African species, which was equal in size 
 to the Indian or Water Buffalo, the largest of which stand six feet 
 high at the withers and has a spread of horns sometimes exceeding 
 six feet. The South African type has a bluish-black hide, in old age 
 almost completely hairless. Like the buffalo of the American plains 
 Hie African species has upward-curving horns, but with a greater
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT A REMARKABLE HUNTER. 03,, 
 
 sweep. It lacks the shoulder hump which is characteristic of the 
 American bison or buffalo. 
 
 The African buffalo are justly regarded as exceedingly danger 
 ous by sportsmen. When wounded they will charge with extreme 
 speed and ferocity. 
 
 During the hunt Col. Roosevelt shot a leopard, capturing the 
 leopard's cubs alive. 
 
 This animal is one of the most graceful of the graceful tribe 
 of cats, and, although far less in dimensions than the tiger, chal 
 lenges competition with that animal in the beautiful markings of 
 its fur, and the easy elegance of its movements. It is possessed of 
 an accomplishment which is not within the powers of the lion or 
 tiger, being able to climb trees with singular agility, and even to 
 chase the tree-loving animals among their familiar haunts. 
 
 A GRACEFUL ANIMAL. 
 
 In Africa the leopard is well known and much dreaded, for it 
 possesses a most crafty brain, as well as an agile body and sharp 
 teeth and claws. It commits sad depredations on flocks and herds, 
 and has sufficient foresight to lay up a little stock of provisions for 
 a future day. 
 
 When attacked it will generally endeavor to slink away, and 
 to escape the observation of its pursuers ; but if it is wounded, and 
 finds no mode of eluding its foes it becomes furious, and charges 
 at them with such determinate rage, that unless it falls a victim to 
 a well-aimed shot, it may do fearful damage before it yields up its 
 life. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt and party started out early one morning along 
 the wooded shores and swamps in search of hippopotami. 
 
 They occasionally saw the uncouth head of a hippopotamus 
 protrude from the water, and the Colonel decided to shoot one, hit 
 ting it behind the ear, which is a vulnerable spot, and it spun around 
 in a huge circle like a great top, emitting horrifying sounds, until it 
 died, and the body floated on the water. 
 
 This enormous quadruped is a native of various parts of 
 Africa, and is always found either in water or in its near vicinity.
 
 240 COLONEL ROOSEVELT A REMARKABLE HUNTER. 
 
 In absolute height it is not very remarkable, as its legs are extremely 
 short, but the actual bulk of its body is very great indeed. 
 
 The average height of a full-grown hippopotamus is about five 
 feet. Its naked skin is dark brown, curiously marked with innumer 
 able lines like those on "crackle" china or old oil-paintings, and is 
 also dappled with a number of sooty black spots, which cannot be 
 seen except on a close inspection. 
 
 A vast number of pores penetrate the skin, and exude a thick, 
 oily liquid, which effectually seems to protect the animal from the 
 injurious effects of the water in which it is so constantly immersed. 
 The mouth is enormous and its size is greatly increased by the odd 
 manner in which the jaw is set in the head. 
 
 There are various modes of hunting the mischievous but val 
 uable animals, each of which is in vogue in its own peculiar region. 
 
 DIFFICULT TO KILL THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 
 
 The white hunter of course employs his rifle and finds that the 
 huge animal affords no easy mark, as unless it is hit in a mortal spot 
 it dives below the surface and makes good its escape. Mortal spots, 
 moreover, are not easy to find, or when found, to hit ; for the animal 
 soon gets cunning after it has been alarmed, and remains deeply 
 immersed in the water as long as it is able, and when it at last comes 
 to the surface to breathe, it only just pushes its nostrils above the 
 surface, takes in the required amount of air, and sinks back again 
 to the river bed. 
 
 News filtered into Nairobi from the Roosevelt camp of a thrill 
 ing adventure of Kermit Roosevelt. He was lost for a whole night 
 in the wilds and wandered about until daylight when he stumbled 
 on Kiu Station and soon got his bearings. Kermit had been hunting 
 by himself considerably since the party went to Machakos, and was 
 out in search of big game when he was surprised by sudden dark 
 ness, nightfall in this region coming without much preliminary 
 twilight. 
 
 Kermit who was on horseback, turned in what he thought was 
 the direction of the camp, but lost his direction, and wandered west 
 ward toward the Ferman boundary. He soon found himself in the
 
 lt> M. L. 
 
 241
 
 242 uULONEL ROOSEVELT A REMARKABLE HUNTER. 
 
 barren waste toward that line which is both unwatered and unin 
 habited. After riding slowly for a time he realized that he had lost 
 his bearings and instinctively turned backward. 
 
 He rode very slowly for hours, taking the direction from his 
 pocket compass and with the dawn located the Kiu Station. He 
 was then 20 miles south of the Machakos camp and rode in just as 
 an expedition was getting ready to go in search of him. 
 
 ROOSEVELT FOLLOWED A LION INTO A THICKET. 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt kills his first elephant. It was a frig 
 "tusker," and the former President picked it out of a herd of about 
 a dozen. A baby elephant about two months old was roped and 
 taken alive, and it was sent as a gift from Col. Roosevelt to the New 
 York Zoological Gardens. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt, his son Kermit, and F. C. Selous had a narrow 
 escape from the elephant which fell a prize. The men were out 
 before daybreak for lions near Machakos, and there had been no 
 report of elephants in the district. They wounded a lion returning 
 to its lair, and the animal led them on a chase of several miles. 
 
 Selous advised against following the lion into a thicket, but 
 Roosevelt went in, taking the lead, and at times moving on hands 
 and knees, with his rifle stuck out in front of him. Selous insisted 
 on following close behind Col. Roosevelt, Kermit bringing tip the 
 rear. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt reached a fringe of grass at an open spot, and 
 instantly brought his rifle to his shoulder. Selous rose until he was 
 almost standing upright, and saw that the former President was 
 aiming at the leader in a herd of elephants. 
 
 His whispered command came just in time to keep Col. Roose 
 velt from firing at a range of about 20 feet. Selous insisted upon a 
 retreat, and warned Col. Roosevelt that to fire on the herd would 
 be to invite death in a charge. 
 
 Roosevelt reluctantly moved back along the trail, and followed 
 Selous in a wide detour. The Englishman had marked down the 
 herd. He kept safely to leeward, and finally directed Roosevelt and 
 Kermit to climb a tree. All three men went into the branches, and
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT A REMARKABLE HUNTER. 243 
 
 were able to make out the backs of the elephants through the tower 
 ing reeds. Roosevelt's elephant gun, firing explosive shells, was in 
 the camp. Selous advised him in aiming and he sent half a dozen 
 bullets into the "tusker." 
 
 The elephant charged the fire, and went down on its knees close 
 to the tree. Then at a distance of about forty feet Roosevelt struck 
 the heart, and- it went over dead. The rest of the herd tore wildly 
 through the thicket in retreat. Kermit trying several shots, but 
 without effect. The baby elephant was captured an hour afterward 
 by the natives in Roosevelt's caravan. 
 
 MOST INVISIBLE OF FOREST CREATURES. 
 
 The African elephant is spread over a very wide range of 
 country, extending from Senegal and Abyssinia to the borders of 
 the Cape Colony. Several conditions are required for its existence, 
 such as water, dense forests, and the absence of human habitations. 
 
 Although it is very abundant in the locality which it inhabits, 
 it is not often seen by casual travelers, owing to its great vigilance 
 and its wonderful power of moving through the tangled forests 
 without noise and without causing any perceptible agitation of the 
 foliage. 
 
 In spite of its enormous dimensions, it is one of the most invis 
 ible of forest creatures, and a herd of elephants, of eight or nine 
 feet in height, may stand within a few feet of a hunter without being 
 detected by him, even though he is aware of their presence. At a 
 certain season of the year these animals are seized with a ferocity 
 which renders them intractable, and formidable. 
 
 Camp was broken the following day and Col. Roosevelt and his 
 party began their march of fifty miles northeast to the Ju Ja ranch 
 of William McMillan, a nephew of former United States Senator 
 McMillan, of Michigan. The Roosevelt party was the guests of 
 Mr. McMillan, hunting daily in the vicinity of the ranch. 
 
 Years ago Mr. McMillan went to British East Africa in search 
 of big game and was so well pleased with the country that he 
 acquired an immense reservation for his private use. He has also
 
 244 COLONEL ROOSEVELT A REMARKABLE HUNTER. 
 
 led exploring expeditions that accomplished work of considerable 
 importance. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. McMillan have a wide reputation for generous 
 hospitality. She has shared life in Africa with her husband and 
 delights in the experience. 
 
 The McMillan farm gets its name from the Ju and Ja rivers, 
 between which it lies. It covers 20,000 acres of land, and is about 
 thirty-five miles from Nairobi, one of the largest towns of the 
 plateau which is included in the British East Africa. It is fenced 
 in on three sides by wire netting, while on the fourth the river Athi 
 forms a sufficient protection to its boundaries. 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt and his son Kermit had good hunting luck 
 on the ranch. Their bag included a waterbuck, an impalla and other 
 varieties of antelope. All the skins were saved entire, and the expe 
 dition had now a total of sixty specimens representing twenty differ 
 ent species. 
 
 KERMIT KILLS A LEOPARD AT SIX PACES. 
 
 Kermit Roosevelt, while on a trip, despatched a leopard at a 
 distance of six paces. The animal already had mauled a beater and 
 was charging Kermit when he fired the fatal shot. 
 
 The impalla, or, as more commonly called, palla, is a species of 
 South African antelope also known as a rodebok. It is the principal 
 food for lions and leopards, and being of a suspicious nature, it is 
 not only hard to shoot, but is likely to alarm other game by its shrill 
 whistle when discovered. Only the male impalla has horns. 
 
 At the ranch the Roosevelt party had heard stories of a fierce 
 black maned lion that had been prowling around the ranch for 
 several weeks, and had killed a score or more of zebras. Col. Roose 
 velt was particularly anxious to get a shot at this lion, as it was of 
 a species not included in the lions that he has already killed. 
 
 The Colonel spent two days in a futile chase of a black maned 
 lion in the Mau hill country, but it was no such animal as the party 
 desired. The entire party was in high spirits and confident of a 
 record breaking hunt later on. 
 
 Roosevelt started early one morning on the most hazardous
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT A REMARKABLE HUNTER. 245 
 
 hunt of his trip. He and Kermit and their party left the ranch to bag 
 another hippopotamus. On the way to the lair of the "hippo" Col. 
 Roosevelt and Kermit shot two bull buffaloes and a python. One, 
 the biggest of the two, was brought down by Col. Roosevelt alone/ 
 while the other was bagged by Col. Roosevelt and Kermit together. 
 
 The python killed by Col. Roosevelt the preceding day was the 
 largest taken in British East Africa in many years. The former 
 President and F. C. Selous, his guide, stumbled across the python 
 at- the edge of a swamp, where it was quietly making a meal of an 
 antelope, horns and all. 
 
 Roosevelt was more excited over the killing of the serpent, 
 measuring twenty-three feet, than over his first lion, although there 
 was slight danger to himself. The bullet that killed, however, was 
 one back from the head, which cut a vertebra. Roosevelt assisted 
 Selous and a band of natives in skinning the python on the spot. 
 
 THE ROOSEVELT PARTY AT NAIROBI. 
 
 All the members of the Roosevelt party came into Nairobi at 
 4 o'clock in the afternoon from the Heatley ranch. They were in 
 splendid health. In the last hunting Col. Roosevelt bagged another 
 buffalo, and a bull wildebeest fell before the rifle of his son Kermit. 
 
 The naturalists of the expedition had collected two pythons 
 and four hundred odd birds and animals. They were especially 
 delighted with some unexpected specimens. 
 
 The Spanish- American War, in which Col. Theodore Roosevelt 
 played a stellar role, was vividly recalled to him by the display of 
 a flag captured by an American at the naval battle of Santiago. 
 The owner had since settled in British East Africa, and had added 
 his prized relic to the wealth of decorations that had been put out in 
 honor of Col. Roosevelt's return. 
 
 The reception to Col. Roosevelt in the evening was the heartiest 
 ever if not the most elaborate that he had encountered since leaving 
 New York. The whole town was decorated with flags and bunting, 
 the display being many times more elaborate than that which greeted 
 him upon his first coming to the town. 
 
 During Col. Roosevelt's stay in Nairobi a number of affairs
 
 246 COLONEL ROOSEVELT A REMARKABLE HUNTER. 
 
 had been planned in his honor, but which was abandoned, owing to 
 his expressed desire to spend the time as quietly as possible in order 
 to do a little writing. 
 
 The special train bearing Ex-President Roosevelt and party 
 arrived at Kijabe in the afternoon. All the porters of the expedi 
 tion, who had preceded Col. Roosevelt to this point, were lined up 
 on the station platform and cheered Col. Roosevelt when the train 
 pulled in. The journey of forty-four miles occupied four days. 
 
 ROOSEVELT RODE ON A LOCOMOTIVE COWCATCHER. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt rode half the distance on the locomotive cow 
 catcher with Major Mearns. They perched themselves on the 
 engine's front at Kikuyu and stayed there until the train reached 
 Escarpment, a distance of twenty-two miles. A hyena that got 
 on the track was nearly run down. 
 
 The scenery along the road delighted Col. Roosevelt, especially 
 the Rift Valley. The country between Nairobi and Kijabe is for 
 the most part thickly wooded and high. 
 
 The highest point of the Kikuyu escarpment is 7,830 feet. 
 From this point there is a magnificent view down 2,000 feet into 
 the great Rift Valley. Elephants are plentiful in these forests, but 
 are fairly safe from the hunter, as the thickness of the growth 
 renders pursuit very difficult. 
 
 The American missionaries, whose field and work the Ex- 
 President has come to look over, were at the station, too. They 
 invited him to dinner, but the invitation was declined. 
 
 The party slept in tents pitched near the railway. The follow 
 ing day Col. Roosevelt visited the mission at Kijabe, an American 
 organization called the African Inland Mission. It is independent 
 and self-controlling in the field, although represented by home coun 
 cils in Philadelphia and London. The headquarters are at Kijabe, 
 where schools are conducted for missionaries' children and for the 
 industrial training of natives. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt spent some time shooting monkeys, particularly 
 the colobus. Edmund Heller bagged three of the colobus species 
 and a green-faced monkey, and Kermit Roosevelt killed two large
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT A REMARKABLE HUNTER. 247 
 
 specimens of the former. Major Mearns occupied his time in shoot 
 ing birds. 
 
 While at the mission Ex-President Roosevelt made a thorough 
 inspection of the institution, and afterward had luncheon with forty 
 of the missionaries and their wives and settlers in the country. The 
 Rev. Mr. Hurlburt, in a speech, welcomed the American. 
 
 In replying, Col. Roosevelt said: "I have a peculiar feeling 
 for the settlers working in this new country, as they remind me of 
 my own people working in the western States, where they know nfs 
 difference between easterner, westerner, northerner, or southerner 
 and pay no heed to creed or birthplace." 
 
 Col. Roosevelt remained over night at the mission and started 
 for the Sotik district the following day.
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 ROOSEVELT HUNTS ON LAKE NAIVASHA ADDS A BULL HIPPOPOTA 
 MUS TO His COLLECTION AMMUNITION USED BY COLONEL 
 ROOSEVELT IN AFRICA EXCITING COMBAT WITH HIPPO 
 POTAMUS. 
 
 OLONEL ROOSEVELT inaugurated a novelty in big game 
 hunting when in pursuit of elephant and rhinoceros in Africa, 
 armed with an American repeating rifle of far lighter bore than the 
 weapons with which British sportsmen pursue the same animals. 
 Although the rhino is considered about as dangerous game as can 
 be found on the Dark Continent, due to his habit of blindly charging 
 at top speed any object he deems hostile, the former President used 
 a rifle of only .405 caliber in the chase. 
 
 This rifle is better known by the American term of " forty " 
 caliber, and it would have been considered little short of suicide 
 fifteen years ago to attempt the hunting of such big game with such 
 a caliber. Improvements in high pressure, smokeless powder and 
 the development of the steel jacketed bullet have increased the 
 efficiency of the arm many times since then, however. With the steel 
 bullet he used the arm when encountering the African buffalo, which 
 is said to be a far more dangerous customer than his American 
 namesake used to be. 
 
 This same gun with soft-pointed bullets was used on such game 
 as lions. It has terrific " smashing " power, as it has tremendous 
 velocity, and the bullet spreads or mushrooms on impact, thus tear 
 ing a hole through soft tissue and the lighter bones through which 
 the hand could be thrust. To penetrate the tough hide of a rhino, 
 however, the steel bullet is used. 
 
 For lighter game, such as the African species of deer, and for 
 long-range shooting the Colonel carried two .303 caliber repeaters, 
 popularly known as " thirties." 
 
 For feathered game he used two twelve-gauge repeating shot-
 
 EFFICIENT PREPARATION IN AMMUNITION AND ARMS. 249 
 
 guns and two twenty-two caliber automatic rifles for small game 
 and for amusement around camp. His shotgun ammunition was 
 specially loaded for him and was in brass shells. The wads had 
 been carefully waterproofed, and instead of the shell being merely 
 crimped over the wad at the end, it had been cut into small flanges 
 and bent over. The wad was covered with wax. This was to pre 
 vent swelling in the moist climate, which might affect paper shells. 
 Colonel Roosevelt accepted an invitation to camp on the grounds 
 of the Attenborough brothers on Lake Naivasha. The elder of the 
 brothers is Captain Frederick, a retired British naval officer. The 
 younger is H. T. Attenborough, who for twenty years was a resi 
 dent of San Francisco. The two brothers, who are rich men, have 
 built a splendid European estate and home in the African mountains 
 where they live like feudal lords of old. Their manor house is in 
 the low mountains which fringe the southern shores of Lake Nai 
 vasha, while their estate runs down to the shores of the lake. 
 
 ROOSEVELT SHOOTS A HIPPOPOTAMUS. 
 
 The Attenboroughs live in a veritable Arabian Nights atmos 
 phere. They have built a lake of their own, in which they have 
 thirty of the finest specimen of hippopotami in Africa, and it is a 
 rare sight to sit on the banks of this artificial sea and watch the 
 great beasts at play. 
 
 As Colonel Roosevelt was lacking a bull hippopotamus for his 
 bag, the brothers insisted that he shoot one from their lake, the skin 
 being added to the collection being shipped back to the Smithsonian 
 Institute in Washington. 
 
 The hippopotamus is, as the import of its name, " river horse," 
 implies, most aquatic in its habits. It generally prefers fresh water, 
 but it is not at all averse to the sea, and will sometimes prefer salt 
 water to fresh. It is an admirable swimmer and diver, and is able 
 to remain below the surface for a considerable length of time. 
 
 In common with the elephant, it possesses the power of sinking 
 at will, which is the more extraordinary when the huge size of the 
 animal is taken into consideration. Perhaps it may be enabled to 
 contract itself by an exertion of the muscles whenever it desires to
 
 260 EFFICIENT PREPARATION IN AMMUNITION AND ARMS. 
 
 sink, and to return to its former dimensions when it wishes to return 
 to the surface. It mostly affects the stillest reaches of the river, as 
 it is less exposed to the current, and not so liable to be swept down 
 the stream while asleep. 
 
 The young hippopotamus is not able to bear submersion so long 
 as its parent, and is therefore carefully brought to the surface at 
 short intervals for the purpose of breathing. During the first few 
 months of the little animal's life, it takes its stand on its mother's 
 neck, and is borne by her above or through the water as experience 
 may dictate or necessity require. 
 
 THE HIPPOPOTAMUS FIERCE FIGHTERS WHEN AROUSED. 
 
 On shore the hippopotamus trots heavily, but with considerable 
 rapidity, and when two of them meet on solid ground they frequently 
 fight ferociously, rearing up on their hind feet, and biting one an 
 other with great fury, so that according to African travelers, it is 
 rare to find a hippopotamus which has not some of its teeth broken, 
 or the scars of wounds upon his body. When not irritated they 
 appear to be quiet and inoffensive; but a very trifling irritation is 
 sufficient to rouse their anger, when they attack the offender most 
 furiously with their teeth. 
 
 A hippopotamus which had been touched accidentally by a boat 
 turned upon it and tore out several of the planks, so that it was 
 with difficulty the crew got to shore. A hippopotamus has also been 
 known to kill some cattle, which were tied up near his haunts, with 
 out the slightest provocation. 
 
 Mr. Cuninghame, who was in Africa with Colonel Roosevelt, 
 gives the following account of the habits of the hippopotamus: 
 " This animal abounds in the Limpopo, dividing the empire with its 
 amphibious neighbor, the crocodile. Throughout the night the un 
 wieldy monsters might be heard snorting and blowing during their 
 acquatic gambols, and we not unfrequently detected them in the act 
 of sallying from their reed-grown coverts, to graze by the serene 
 light of the moon; never, however, venturing to any distance from 
 the river, the stronghold to which they betake themselves on the 
 smallest alarm.
 
 EFFICIENT PREPARATION IN AMMUNITION AND ARMS. 251 
 
 " Occasionally during the day, they were to be seen basking 
 on the shore, amid ooze and mud ; but shots were most constantly to 
 be had at their uncouth heads, when protruded from the water to 
 draw breath ; and if killed, the body rose to the surface. Vulnerable 
 only behind the ear, however, or the eye, which is placed in a prom 
 inence, so as to resemble the garret window of a Dutch house, they 
 require the perfection of rifle practice, and after a few shots become 
 exceedingly shy, exhibiting the snout only, and as instantly with 
 drawing it. 
 
 " The hide is upward of an inch and a half in thickness, and 
 being scarcely flexible, may be dragged from the ribs like planks 
 from the ship's side." 
 
 ' The track of the hippopotamus may be distinguished from any 
 other animal by a line of unbroken herbage which is left behind the 
 marks of the feet of each side, as the width of the space between 
 the right and left legs causes the animal to place its feet so consider 
 ably apart as to make a distinct double track. 
 
 THE HIPPOPOTAMUS DISAPPEARING FAST. 
 
 " It may be remarked that the hippopotamus, as well as the ele 
 phant and rhinoceros, is fast disappearing in all the countries where 
 it exists, before the incessant and destructive war made upon it by 
 firearms. It could resist, and for ages did resist, the rude and 
 ineffective weapons of savages and barbarians, living and multiply 
 ing in spite of them ; but the species must soon yield to the destructive 
 propensity and power of civilized men." 
 
 " After seeing the animal plunging about in his bath, diving 
 with ease, and traversing the bottom of the tank as if it were dry 
 land, one can the better appreciate the difficulties attending a struggle 
 which I recently witnessed : 
 
 " There were four of them, three cows and an old bull. They 
 stood in the middle of the river, and, although alarmed, did not 
 appear aware of the extent of the impending danger. 
 
 " I took the sea-cow next me, and with my first ball I gave her 
 a mortal wound, knocking loose a great plate on the top of her skull. 
 She at once commenced plunging round and round, and occasionally
 
 252 EFFICIENT PREPARATION IN AMMUNITION AND ARMS. 
 
 remained still, sitting for a few moments on the same spot. On 
 hearing the report of my rifle, two of the others took up stream, 
 and the fourth dashed down the river. They rolled along like oxen, 
 at a smart pace, as long as the water was shallow. 
 
 " I was now in a state of great anxiety about my wounded sea- 
 cow, for I feared she would get down into deep water, and be lost, 
 like the last one. Her struggles were still bearing her down stream, 
 and the water was becoming deeper. To settle the matter, I 
 accordingly fired another shot from the bank, which, entering the 
 roof of her skull, passed out through her eye. She then kept con 
 tinually splashing round and round in a circle in the middle of the 
 river. 
 
 " I had great fears of the crocodiles, and I did not know that 
 the sea-cow might not attack me; my anxiety to secure her, how 
 ever, overcame all hesitation. So divesting myself of my leathers, 
 and armed with a sharp knife, I dashed into the river, which at first 
 took me up to my arm-pits, but in the middle was shallower. 
 
 SPLASHED FURIOUSLY. 
 
 " As I approached Behemoth, her eye looked very wicked at 
 me, but she was stunned, and did not know what she was doing; 
 so running in upon her, and seizing her short tail, I attempted to 
 incline her course to land. It was extraordinary what enormous 
 strength she still had in the water. I could not guide her in the 
 least, and she continued to splash, and plunge, and blow, and make 
 her circular course, carrying me along with her as if I was a fly on 
 her tail. 
 
 " Finding her tail gave me but a poor hold, as the only means 
 of securing my prey, I took out my knife, and cutting two deep 
 parallel incisions through the skin on her rump, and lifting this skin 
 from the flesh, so that I could get in my two hands, I made use of 
 this as a handle, and after some desperate hard work, sometimes 
 pushing, sometimes pulling, the sea-cow continuing her circular 
 course all the time, and I holding on her rump like grim death, 
 eventually I succeeded in bringing this gigantic and most powerful 
 animal to the bank.
 
 EFFICIENT PREPARATION IN AMMUNITION AND ARMS. 263 
 
 " Here a native quickly brought me a stout buffalo-rein from 
 my horse's neck, which I passed through the 'opening in the thick 
 skin, and moored Behemoth to a tree. I then took my rifle, and 
 sent a shot through her head, and she was numbered with the dead." 
 
 In explanation of one part of this description, the difficulty 
 
 DRIVING CROCODILES INTO THE WATER. 
 
 experienced by the hunter io holding by her tail will be easily 
 understood by those who have examined the member in ques 
 tion. The tail of the hippopotamus is a flattened, naked affair, 
 about two feet long, as thick as a man's wrist, and slightly fringed 
 at the extremity with a few long bristles. If we imagine this tail 
 flung about in the death-agony of a full-grown hippopotamus, it will
 
 254 EFFICIENT PREPARATION IN AMMUNITION AND ARMS. 
 
 not be difficult to conceive the almost impossibility of holding on by 
 the hands, especially in the water, which is the natural element of 
 the brute. 
 
 Another member of the Roosevelt party relates a thrilling 
 experience that befell some of his companions on one of their hunt 
 ing trips. A hippopotamus happened to rise under their boat, and 
 struck her back against its keel. Irritated by the unexpected resist 
 ance, she dashed-at the boat with open jaws, seized the side between 
 her teeth, and tore out seven planks. She then sank for a few sec 
 onds, but immediately resumed the attack, and if one of the party 
 had not fired a musket in her face, would probably have worked 
 still more harm. 
 
 NARROW ESCAPE FROM DROWNING. 
 
 As it was, too much mischief had been already done, for the 
 loss of so much planking had caused the boat to fill rapidly, and it 
 was only by severe exertion that the party succeeeded in getting the 
 boat to shore before it sank. The boat was providentially not more 
 than an oar's length from the bank when the attack took place ; but 
 had it been in the centre of the river, few, if any of the occupants, 
 would have escaped to tell the tale. 
 
 The shock from beneath was so violent, that the steersman was 
 thrown completely out of the boat into the water, but was seized 
 and drawn in again before the hippopotamus could get at him. 
 
 The extreme whiteness of the ivory obtained from the hippo 
 potamus' teeth renders it peculiarly valuable for the delicate scales 
 of various philosophical instruments, and its natural curve adapts 
 it admirably for the verniers of ship sextants. The weight of a 
 large tooth is from five to eight pounds, and the value of the ivory 
 is from four to five dollars a pound. 
 
 With these apparently combined teeth the hippopotamus can 
 cut the grass as neatly as if it were mown with a scythe, and is able 
 to sever, as if with shears, a tolerably stout and thick stem. 
 
 Possessed of an enormous appetite, having a stomach that is 
 capable of containing five or six bushels of nutriment, and furnished 
 with such powerful instruments, the hippopotamus is a terrible
 
 250 EFFICIENT PREPARATION IN AMMUNITION AND 
 
 nuisance to the owners of cultivated lands that happen to be near 
 the river in which the animal has taken up his abode. 
 
 During the day it is comfortably asleep in its chosen hiding- 
 place, but as soon as the shades of night deepen, the hippopotamus 
 issues from its den, and treading its way into the cultivated lands, 
 makes sad devastation among the growing crops. 
 
 Were the mischief confined to the amount which is eaten by 
 the voracious brute, it would be bad enough, but the worst of the 
 matter is, that the hippopotamus damages more than it eats by the 
 clumsy manner of its progress. The body is so large and heavy, 
 and the legs are so short, that the animal is forced to make a double 
 track as he walks, and in the grass-grown plain can be readily 
 traced by the peculiar character of the track. 
 
 HIPPOPOTAMANI DESTROY MORE THAN THEY EAT. 
 
 It may therefore be easily imagined that when a number of 
 these hungry, awkward, waddling, splay-footed beasts come blunder 
 ing among the standing crops, trampling and devouring indiscrim 
 inately, they will do no slight damage before they think fit to 
 retire. 
 
 The aggrieved cultivators endeavor to protect their grounds 
 and at the same time to make the depredators pay for the damage 
 which they have done, by digging a number of pitfalls across the 
 hippopotamus paths, and furnishing each pit with a sharp stake in 
 the centre. 
 
 When an animal falls into such a trap, the rejoicings are great, 
 for not only is the ivory of great commercial value, but the flesh is 
 very good eating, and the hide is useful for the manufacture of 
 whips and other instruments. The fat of the hippopotamus, called 
 by the colonists " Zee-Koe speck " or sea-cow bacon, is held in very 
 high estimation, as is the tongue and the jelly which is extracted 
 from the feet. 
 
 Tne hide is so thick that it must be dragged from the creature's 
 body in slips, like so many planks, and is an inch and a half in thick 
 ness on the back, and three-quarters of an inch on the other portions 
 of the body. Yet, in spite of its enormous thickness and its tough
 
 EFFICIENT PREPARATION IN AMMUNITION AND ARMS. 257 
 
 quality, it is quite pliable when seen on the living beast, and accom 
 modates itself easily to all his movements. 
 
 There is also the " down- fall," a trap which consists of a log of 
 wood, weighted heavily at one end, to which extremity is loosely 
 fixed a spearhead, well treated with poison. This terrible log is 
 suspended over some hippopotamus path, and is kept in its place by 
 a slight cord which crosses the path and is connected with a catch 
 or trigger. As soon as the animal presses the cord, the catch is 
 liberated, and down comes the armed log, striking the poisoned spear 
 deep into the poor beast's back, and speedily killing it by the poison, 
 if not from the immediate effects of the wound. 
 
 The most exciting manner of hunting the hippopotamus is by 
 fairly chasing and harpooning it, as if it were a whale or a walrus. 
 
 GETTING READY WITH THE HARPOON. 
 
 The harpoon is a very ingenious instrument, being composed 
 of two portions, a shaft measuring three or four inches in thickness 
 and ten or twelve feet in length, and a barbed iron point, which fits 
 loosely into a socket in the head" of the shaft, and is connected with 
 it by means of a rope composed of a number of separate strands. 
 
 This peculiar rope is employed to prevent the animal from 
 severing it, which he would soon manage were it to be composed of 
 a single strand. To the other end of the shaft a strong line is fast 
 ened, and to the other end of the line a float or buoy is attached. 
 As this composite harpoon is very weighty it is not thrown at the 
 animal, but is urged by the force of the harpooner's arm. The man 
 ner of employing it shall be told in the following words of one of 
 the most skillful hunters of recent times : 
 
 " As soon as the position of the hippopotamus is ascertained, 
 one or more of the most skillful and intrepid of the hunters stand 
 prepared with the harpoons; whilst the rest make ready to launch 
 the canoes, should the attack prove successful. The bustle and noise 
 caused by these preparations gradually subside. Conversation is 
 carried on in a whisper, and every one is on the alert. 
 
 '* The snorting and plunging become every moment more 
 distinct ; but a bend in the stream still hides the animals from view. 
 
 17 M.I<.
 
 SCENES AMONGST THE 60MALIS FROM WHOM ROOSEVELT'S POUTERS WERE DRAWN,
 
 EFFICIENT PREPARATION IN AMMUNITION AND ARMS. 268 
 
 The angle being passed, several dark objects are seen floating list 
 lessly on the water, looking more like the crest of sunken rocks than 
 living creatures. 
 
 " Ever and anon, one or other of the shapeless masses is sub 
 merged, but soon again makes its appearance on the surface. On, 
 on, glides the raft with its sable crew, who are now worked up to 
 the highest state of excitement. 
 
 " At last, the raft is in the midst of the herd, who appear quite 
 unconscious of danger. Presently one of the animals is in immediate 
 contact with the raft. Now is the critical moment. The foremost 
 harpooner raises himself to his full height, to give the greater force 
 to the blow, and the next instant the fatal iron descends with un 
 erring accuracy in the body of the hippopotamus. 
 
 ALL EFFORTS TO ESCAPE ARE UNAVAILING. 
 
 " The wounded animal plunges violently, and dives to the bot 
 tom; but all his efforts to escape are unavailing. The line or the 
 shaft of the harpoon may break; but the cruel barb once inbedded 
 in the flesh, the weapon (owing to the toughness and thickness of 
 the beast's hide) cannot be withdrawn. 
 
 " As soon as the hippopotamus is struck, one or more of the 
 men launch a canoe from off the raft, and hasten to the shore with 
 the harpoon-line, and take a round turn with it about a tree, or 
 bunch of reeds, so that the animal may either be ' brought up ' at 
 once, or, should there be too great a, strain on the line, 'played' 
 (to liken small things to great) in the same manner as the. salmon 
 by the fisherman. But if time should not admit of the line being 
 passed round a tree, or the like, both line and ' buoy ' are thrown 
 into the water, and the animal goes wherever he chooses. 
 
 " The rest of the canoes are now all launched from off the raft, 
 and chase is given to the poor brute, who, so soon as he conies to 
 the surface to breathe, is saluted with a shower of light javelins. 
 Again he descends, his track deeply crimsoned with gore. Pres 
 ently and perhaps at some little distance he once more appears 
 on the surface, when, as before, missiles of all kinds are hurled at 
 his devoted head.
 
 260 EFFICIENT PREPARATION IN AMMUNITION AND ARMS. 
 
 " When thus beset, the infuriated beast not unf requently turns 
 upon his assailants, and either with his formidable tusks, or with 
 a blow from his enormous head, staves in or capsizes the canoes. 
 At times, indeed, not satisfied with wreaking his vengeance on the 
 craft, he will attack one or other of the natives, and with a single 
 grasp of his horrid jaws either terribly mutilates the poor fellow, or, 
 it may be, cuts his body fairly in two. 
 
 ' The chase often lasts a considerable time. So long as the 
 line and the harpoon hold, the animal cannot escape, because the 
 ' buoy ' always marks his whereabouts. At length, from loss of 
 blood or exhaustion, Behemoth succumbs to his pursuers and is then 
 dragged ashore." 
 
 The hippopotamus feeds entirely upon vegetable substances, 
 cropping the herbage and bushes on the banks of the rivers, and 
 occasionally visiting the cultivated grounds during the night. It 
 passes most of its time in the water, where it swims and dives with 
 great ease, and is said to walk at the bottom. When the head of 
 the animal is below the water it rises frequently to blow it out from 
 its nostrils, making it ascend in two jets. 
 
 The government officials on the morning of July 9th closed the 
 public road which runs from Nairobi to Fort Hall, the capital of 
 Kenia, owing to the invasion of that district by man-eating lions. 
 Several natives within a few days had been killed by these animals. 
 
 The Fort Hall road, which was closed by the authorities, is 
 about sixty miles long and situated to the east of the Uganda Rail 
 road. Former President Roosevelt at that time was on a shooting 
 trip in the Sotik district, which is about fifty miles from Naivasha 
 on the west side of the railroad.
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 A SPORTSMAN AND NATURALIST. 
 
 ROOSEVELT HUNTING IN THE INTEREST OF SCIENCE STRANGE 
 BEASTS FOR SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE BACK TO NAIROBI 
 CONCLUDES A TEN DAYS TOUR ON THE SOUTH SHORE INTER 
 ESTED IN CHURCH WORK TALKS TO AFRICANDERS LAYING 
 CORNER-STONE OF NEW MISSION AT KIJABE ROOSEVELT'S 
 TROPHIES ARRIVE AT WASHINGTON RESUMES HUNTING 
 BRINGS DOWN A BIG BULL ELEPHANT SAVED FROM DEATH 
 BY CHARGING ELEPHANT. 
 
 /COLONEL, ROOSEVELT is not only a sportsman but a 
 ^-^ naturalist, and when he determined on taking a hunting trip 
 to Africa, he decided that this should not be merely for sport, but 
 that it should be for the benefit of science. He was accordingly 
 accompanied by three gentlemen who are good naturalists, good 
 collectors, and good company as well, and these went with the 
 express purpose of securing as many specimens as possible for the 
 Smithsonian Institution. The expenses of these three were met 
 by friends of the Institution, and the shooting of the monkeys that 
 had caused so much ink to be shed in the columns of the daily papers 
 was in accord with the programme thus laid down at the outset, 
 and the animals were killed for specimens. The assertion that they 
 were shot for sport is a pure invention of some newspaper writer. 
 
 If it is proper to kill animals to be used as ornaments, it is 
 certainly justifiable to kill them for museum specimens, and these 
 very monkeys have been slaughtered almost to the verge of exter 
 mination in order to furnish collars and muffs for wearing apparel. 
 
 Ex-President Roosevelt, accompanied by Major Mearns, came 
 into Naivasha on Thursday, July 22, riding round the east side of 
 the lake, while J. Alden Loring, the naturalist, came across in 
 Captain Attenborough's launch. Profesor Edmund Heller re- 
 
 H.B.G. 25 261
 
 262 A SPORTSMAN AND NATURALIST. 
 
 mained at the Attenborough farm to look after the hippopotamus 
 trophies. 
 
 Kermit Roosevelt had come into the township the day before, 
 and the correspondent went out to meet Colonel Roosevelt at lunch 
 at the Government experimental farm on the Morendat River, 
 where he was entertained by an admiring friend. After the meal 
 the party rode over the farm inspecting the flocks of sheep and the 
 pedigreed stock. The results of crossing the Merino pure-bred 
 rams with the native ewes was marvelous. The amount of wool 
 on the cross-breds was most surprising, for the native ewes have 
 none. Colonel Roosevelt was very much interested in the work. 
 
 THE RETURN TO NAIVASHA. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt and Kermit returned later to Naivasha and 
 found that R. J. Cunninghame, general manager of the expedition, 
 with all the porters and the baggage had only just arrived. The 
 men were busy pitching the tents near the water's edge. 
 
 Early next* morning the correspondent went down to the camp 
 and had breakfast with Colonel Roosevelt and Kermit and then 
 started off in a small rowboat for pelicans. 
 
 They had not gone far when the Colonel brought down a couple 
 of Egyptian geese with a very pretty shot. The boat was then 
 turned for the usual hunting grounds of the pelicans and brought, 
 with the least possible noise, to within 150 feet of two fine speci 
 mens. Colonel Roosevelt took careful aim and killed a splendid 
 bird with a single shot from his rifle. The specimen delighted the 
 Colonel beyond measure. Colonel Roosevelt and Kermit after 
 wards indulged in shooting gulls, which have long red beaks and 
 legs and feathers of beautiful slate blue. In all they bagged five 
 fine specimens and also secured a complete nest with three eggs. 
 
 Meanwhile Major Mearns and J. Alden Loring had been busy 
 and had secured some fine specimens of the bird inhabitants of the 
 lake. 
 
 The tiny town of Naivasha, which boasts a six-roomed hotel, a 
 white store, four Indian stores, a postoffice, a railway station and 
 perhaps twenty houses scattered in groups of four or five, with
 
 A SPORTSMAN AND NATURALIST. 263 
 
 long stretches of stone-studded velt between, was the nearest point 
 of civilization to Colonel Roosevelt on his hunting expedition to 
 the nor i.h of Mombasa. 
 
 Naivasha used to be a great cattle center, because it was the 
 headquarters of the Masai tribe, and when the British took posses 
 sion they profited by this circumstance to make Naivasha the chief 
 point of a district. But now business has moved down to Nairobi 
 and officialdom moved up to Nakura, on the lake of the same name, 
 between Naivasha and Lake Victoria Nyanza, and Naivasha has 
 left to it only its delightful climate, since its altitude of 6000 feet 
 makes it tolerable even at midday, and at night a strong, cool breeze 
 always springs up. 
 
 Best of all is its beautiful lake, also called Naivasha, with the 
 volcano Longanot to one side and around it broad plains leading to 
 tall distant mountains hemming it in on every side like the rim of a 
 gigantic basin. 
 
 The lake is believed to be the crater of an old volcano, and 
 scientists say that once it must have reached the distant mountains 
 which shaped its bed, for many rocks now ten miles away from the 
 waters of the lake are marked by the wear of mighty waters, 
 
 LAKE NAIVASHA AN OLD VOLCANIC CRATER. 
 
 Now it is very different, and while Lake Naivasha is eight 
 miles across, no soundings have proved it to be more than thirty 
 feet deep, although it is probable that at different points there are 
 rifts in the bottom of the old crater forming its bed which give it 
 considerable depth. The shores, principally on the Naivasha side, 
 are skirted with papyrus swamp and water lilies, the water being 
 so shallow and the vegetation so thick that even where the shore 
 is more or less free from papyrus one must wade out to a rowboat 
 which cannot quite come in, and then go in the rowboat to a sailboat 
 if one intends to go sailing. 
 
 Lake Naivasha boasts two or three little sailing boats, belong 
 ing to settlers along its banks, but its principal source of pride is a 
 steam launch belonging to Commander Attenborough. 
 
 Four miles from Naivasha is the great Masai village, where
 
 264 A SPORTSMAN AND NATURALIST 
 
 400 members of that famous warrior tribe live in forty little mud 
 huts. The huts are built in a circle round a kraal into which the 
 cattle are brought at night. There are entrances from without at 
 every ten or twelve huts, the rest presenting to the outside world a 
 solid wall of mud and tree branch. The huts are eight feet long 
 by five or six feet in breadth, and some four or five feet in height, 
 and in these ten men, women and children will sleep quite happily, 
 piled one upon another. 
 
 The Masai are very like American Indians, scorning all kinds 
 of work and requiring their wives to do it all. You will see long 
 processions of them, the men bearing spears and shields and the 
 women struggling after with the burdens of wood or blankets or 
 whatever may be needed on the trek. About the only thing which 
 a Masai will deign to carry for a white man is his gun, and this is a 
 source of joy for him. 
 
 THE WOMEN ARE THE BURDEN-BEARERS. 
 
 As for the women, they condemn themselves to burden-bearing 
 all their lives. As soon as they are full grown steel and copper 
 bands are placed around their legs from ankle to knee, and again 
 around the arms from wrist to elbow and sometimes from elbow to 
 shoulder also, forming solid coils of steel and copper, each section 
 of which weighs seven or eight pounds. Their arms grow puffy 
 and distorted over the edges, and their legs are so heavy that the 
 women acquire in youth a shambling gait which they can never 
 correct, although later in life they remove the leg ornaments and 
 keep only those on the arms. 
 
 When the woman reaches maturity she adds a huge spring-like 
 collar of steel to her equipment, the diameter being a foot or more. 
 Under this are other steel or copper collars, and in her ears are 
 string after string of beads. Taken all in all, her steel and bead 
 ornaments average a weight of some 50 or 60 pounds. This metal 
 tubing almost suffices to clothe them, but they wear also a leather 
 apron, stitched on with fiber, which they can never remove, and in 
 which they live and sleep from youth to old age. 
 
 A short time ago Lenana, the King of the Masai, came with
 
 A SPORTSMAN AND NATURALIST. 265 
 
 his court into Nairobi to lodge a complaint against the Kikuyus for 
 stealing some of his sheep. A few years later he would have sailed 
 in with his fierce but now worthless warriors and wiped the Kikuyus 
 out. It's different these days. Now they let the British Govern 
 ment settle their difficulties for them. Lenana is a fine old savage, 
 with something mongolian about his cast of features. His royal 
 robe is a gorgeous red blanket, and his insignia are a marquise ring 
 of fine hammered steel which covers his middle finger from base 
 to tip, and an earring in his right ear which causes his lobe to drop 
 down to the shoulder. 
 
 Early on the morning of July 24 Colonel Roosevelt and Kermit 
 proceeded by the ordinary passenger train to Nairobi, traveling in 
 the traffic manager's carriage or on the cowcatcher. Mr. Cun- 
 ninghame followed with the specimens bagged on the Sotik trip in 
 a special train. Major Mearns and Mr. Loring remained at 
 Naivasha collecting birds. 
 
 On arrival at Nairobi the Colonel was met by William N. 
 McMillan and F. C. Selous, who was on his way home. The 
 Colonel remained in animated conversation with Mr. Selous until 
 his departure, and then drove to Mr. McMillan's house, where he 
 remained as a guest during his stay in Nairobi. 
 
 ANNOUNCEMENT OF SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE. 
 
 The Smithsonian Institution on July 23 announced that through 
 the Roosevelt expedition a collection of rare animals will be added 
 to those now in the National Zoological Park near Washington. 
 The announcement was in part as follows : 
 
 " In a letter received at the institution from Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Edgar A. Mearns, of the expedition, it is stated that the collection 
 includes eleven large mammals and three large birds, all in fine con 
 dition and for the most part well broken to captivity, as follows: 
 A male and female lion, two years old ; a male and two female lions, 
 twelve months old ; a female leopard, a pet of Mrs. McMillan ; two 
 cheetahs; a warthog, two years old; one Thompson's and one 
 Grant's gazelle, well grown; a large eagle of unusual species, a 
 small vulture and a large buteo. Specimens of none of these, except 
 the lions and leopard, are at present contained in the park."
 
 266 A SPORTSMAN AND NATURALIST. 
 
 Having laid aside his gun for a few days, Colonel Roosevelt 
 turned to church and philanthropic matters, with all the enthusiasm 
 he had displayed in the hunting of African big game. The ex- 
 President took a leading part in the installation work of the local 
 Masonic lodge on August 2, and Masons from all over that part of 
 Africa came to Narobi for the occasion. 
 
 The day before Mr. Roosevelt attended the Scotch Church and 
 was the recipient of an impromptu reception after the service. 
 Later in the day he made the opening subscription for a projected 
 Y. M. C. A. home for Nairobi. The Colonel's adaptability to any 
 and every occasion that presents itself had greatly impressed the 
 people of British East Africa. 
 
 Before leaving Nairobi the Colonel and his son Kermit were 
 the guests at a public banquet. Frederick J. Jackson, Governor of 
 British East Africa, was chairman and 175 persons sat at table. 
 
 SOUVENIRS OF HIS VISIT TO NAIROBI. 
 
 Captain Sanderson, the Town Clerk, read an address of wel 
 come to the former President of the United States and afterward 
 handed him the address inclosed in a section of elephant tusk 
 mounted in silver and with a silver chain. 
 
 The American residents of the protectorate presented Mr. 
 Roosevelt with a tobacco box made of the hoof of a rhinoceros, 
 silver mounted ; the skull of a rhinoceros, also mounted in silver, and 
 a buffalo head. Mr. Roosevelt, in reply to the toast proposed by 
 Governor Jackson, said: 
 
 " I wish to take this opportunity to thank the people of British 
 East Africa for their generous and courteous hospitality. I have 
 had a thorough good time. I am immensely interested in the coun 
 try and its possibilities as an abode for white men. Very large 
 tracts are fit for a fine population and healthy and prosperous settle 
 ments, and it would be a calamity to neglect them. But the settlers 
 must be of the right type. 
 
 " I believe that one of the. best feats performed by members of 
 the white race in the last ten years is the building of the Uganda 
 Railroad. I am convinced that this country has a great agricultural
 
 A SPORTSMAN AND NATURALIST, 267 
 
 and industrial future, and it is the most attractive playground in 
 the world. It most certainly presents excellent openings for capital 
 ists, and ample inducements should be offered them to come here. 
 The home maker and actual settler, and not the speculator, should 
 be encouraged in making this a white man's country. 
 
 " Remember that righteousness and our real ultimate self- 
 interest demand that the blacks be treated justly. I have no 
 patience with sentimentalists, and I think that sentimentality does 
 more harm to individuals than brutality. Therefore I believe in 
 helping the missionary, of whatever creed, who is laboring sincerely 
 and disinterestedly with practical good sense. 
 
 " It is natural that I should have a peculiar feeling for the 
 settlers. They remind me of the men in our West, with whom I 
 worked and in whose aspirations I so deeply sympathize." 
 
 COMPARES EAST AFRICA WITH AMERICAN WEST. 
 
 In conclusion, Mr. Roosevelt drew a comparison of the condi 
 tions as he had found them in East Africa with those that con 
 fronted the pioneers of Western America. 
 
 The Roosevelt party ended their season of inaction in Nairobi 
 on August 4 and left for Naivasha, where preparations were made 
 for resuming the hunt. A big crowd gathered at the station to bid 
 the Colonel farewell, and he was forced to make a short speech just 
 before the train pulled in. 
 
 The ex-President and Kermit arrived at Kijabe in the after 
 noon, and without loss of time the former performed the ceremony 
 of laying the corner-stone of the new mission church and school for 
 white children. In a brief address, Mr. Roosevelt said: 
 
 " It is the duty of the leading race to help those who are back 
 ward to a higher plane of education, and the work of the mission 
 aries in this movement is most important. I am particularly pleased 
 with what you are doing by your schools for the children of the set 
 tlers in this country." 
 
 After the corner-stone ceremony Mr. Roosevelt at * his son 
 Kermit went by train to Naivasha, where they arrived later in the 
 afternoon and at once went into camp.
 
 !2<a A SPORTSMAN AND NATURALIST. 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt had received many letters from the United 
 States containing all kinds of requests, with which it was impossible 
 for him to comply, and which it was equally impossible for him even 
 to answer. He had no private secretary, and excepting once or 
 twice when a personal friend had enabled him to catch up with some 
 of his mail by typewriting for him, he had been obliged to leave the 
 great bulk of these letters unanswered. 
 
 The petitions were of every conceivable nature, including 
 requests for live wild animals for zoological gardens; for skins of 
 dead animals; for large snakes; for birds' eggs; for teeth and claws 
 of lions and tigers (the writers evidently not knowing that there 
 are no tigers in Africa and that it would utterly spoil the value of 
 any specimen, whether for scientific or other purposes, to mutilate 
 it by taking out the claws and teeth) ; requests for plants, for picture 
 post cards, which are naturally not to be found in the African 
 wilderness, and for all kinds of other objects, including even 
 pickled meat and dried meat of game. 
 
 TROPHIES OF THE HUNTING EXPEDITION. 
 
 Twenty casks and nine cases containing trophies of the Roose 
 velt hunting expedition in Africa arrived in Washington August 19. 
 The shipment, which comprised Colonel Roosevelt's first month's 
 collection, consisted of eighty-two specimens, as follows : Lions, 7 ; 
 leopard, i ; cheetah, i ; spotted hyena, i ; Cape Hartebeest, 14; white 
 bearded wildebeest, 5 ; Neumann steinbuck, 5 ; Kirk dik-dik, i ; 
 common waterbuck, 3; Chanler reedbuck, 4; Grant gazelle, 9; 
 Thomson gazelle, 5 ; eland, i ; Cape buffalo, 4 ; giraffe, 3 ; hippo 
 potamus, i ; wart hog, 6 ; Burchell zebra, 7 ; black rhinoceros, 2, and 
 impalla, 2. 
 
 The cheetah is similar to a leopard, the wildbeest is the African 
 gnu and the hartebeest, steinbuck, dik-dik, impalla and eland are 
 varieties of antelope. While no new species, so far as is now 
 known, was included in this first Roosevelt shipment, the collection 
 will supplement materially the specimens already in the National 
 Museum. It is unusual to secure so large a variety of mammals in 
 so short a time.
 
 A SPORTSMAN AND NATURALIST. 269 
 
 Together with this shipment of the Roosevelt collection were 
 a large number of specimens of mice, moles and other small animals, 
 and also of birds gathered by Lieutenant-Colonel Mearns and J. 
 Alden Loring, of the expedition party. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt on August 21, while hunting in Kenya, one 
 of the seven administrative provinces of the British East African 
 protectorate, killed a bull elephant. The animal's skin was taken 
 care of by Edmund Heller and E. J. Cunninghame. The tusks of 
 the elephant weighed 80 pounds each. 
 
 When shooting elephants it is often necessary to creep into the 
 herd and shoot the selected bull at a range of fifteen to thirty yards. 
 Mr. Roosevelt, accompanied by R. Cunninghame, followed this 
 procedure and killed his elephant at the second shot. 
 
 A DANGEROUS SITUATION. 
 
 Suddenly, before Mr. Roosevelt could reload, another elephant 
 bull charged him at close range from the herd. Both Mr. Cun 
 ninghame and Mr. Roosevelt got behind trees, and Mr. Cunning 
 hame fired and turned the bull from Mr. Roosevelt just in time to 
 save the distinguished hunter's life. 
 
 The Kenya Province is to the south of the River Gwaso Nyiro 
 and to the east of the Naivasha Masai preserve. The headquarters 
 of the province are at Fort Hall, the public road to which place was 
 closed by the government officials because the district was invaded 
 by man-eating lions. The country, specially to the north and east, 
 has not been surveyed thoroughly, and is imperfectly known. The 
 climate is mild and temperate. 
 
 The population of the parts of Kenya Province already known 
 is about 600,000, divided among the Kikuyu, the Masai and the 
 Dorobos. The Masai are mostly warlike nomads, who long were 
 the scourge of their neighbors. They live in districts under chiefs, 
 and each chief must be a retired warrior. 
 
 Lidj Jeassue, the Crown Prince of Abyssinia, invited Theodore 
 Roosevelt to a great elephant hunt, promising to beat up a white 
 elephant for him to kill and otherwise to arrange a splendid shooting 
 programme.
 
 270 A SPORTSMAN AND NATURALIST. 
 
 This news was brought into Berlin by Adolf Mayer, a kins 
 man of King Menelik of Abyssinia, who arrived there with a com 
 mission from the Abyssinian Government to purchase supplies. 
 
 King Menelik sent an invitation to Mr. Roosevelt at Wash 
 ington to be his guest, but Mr. Roosevelt declined, explaining that 
 as he had refused the invitations of several European sovereigns, 
 he could not make an exception of King Menelik, however much he 
 might desire to do so. It was then arranged that the Crown Prince 
 should invite Mr. Roosevelt unofficially. Before Mayer left 
 Abyssinia a mission had been sent to hand this invitation to Mr. 
 Roosevelt wherever it could find him, and King Menelik was hopeful 
 that the former President of the United States would accept the 
 invitation in its present form. 
 
 AN IMPRESSIVE INVITATION. 
 
 The envoys of the King were empowered to point out to Mr. 
 Roosevelt, Mr. Mayer said, " that there is unrivalled elephant hunt 
 ing in Abyssinia. The Crown Prince will send out 5,000 horsemen 
 to encircle an immense range of prairie and drive in the elephants. 
 Hundreds and possibly thousands of elephants could be thus assem 
 bled, and there would probably be one or two white ones among this 
 number. These beasts are not really white, but merely animals of 
 great vigor who have lived to be gray haired." 
 
 When it was suggested that the Crown Prince of Abyssinia 
 was only fourteen years old, Mr. Mayer replied that Abyssinians 
 develop young. He declared that the Prince was an expert and 
 adventurous huntsman ; that he spoke English, French and German, 
 and that he was quite capable personally of showing Mr. Roosevelt 
 fine hunting. 
 
 " Many stories have reached the court of King Menelik," Mr. 
 
 Mayer said, in conclusion, " of Mr. Roosevelt's prowess as a horse- 
 
 man, a hunter, a soldier and an administrator. The King is most 
 
 keen to greet him, and he probably would go to the borders of his 
 
 country with a great following to receive Mr. Roosevelt." 
 
 Mr. Mayer is the son of a German engineer who married a 
 sister of King Menelik.
 
 A SPORTSMAN AND NATURALIST. 
 
 271 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt while hunting north of Guaso Nyiro killed 
 three more elephants, completing the group intended for the Smith- 
 
 sonian Institution, at Washington. He also killed a bull elephant 
 for the American Museum of Natural History, at New York.
 
 272 A SPORTSMAN AND NATURALIST. 
 
 Other game bagged includes a rhinoceros with excellent horns, a 
 buffalo, a giraffe, an eland, a zebra, an ostrich and an oryza. Some 
 skins not hitherto collected have been obtained and preserved for 
 the Washington Museum. 
 
 Kermit Roosevelt also did some shooting, having killed two 
 elephants and an exceptionally large, fine rhinoceros. 
 
 Sixty- four cases, and every one big and bound with iron bands 
 and filled with all that remains of lions, giraffes, elephants, hippo 
 potami, monkeys and other beasts which would still be roaming the 
 wilds of Africa but for the invasion thereof by former President 
 Roosevelt, arrived in Brooklyn, New York, October 12. 
 
 The sixty-four cases were unloaded from the Anchor Line's 
 steamship Italia at the pier of the Union Stores. Every case was 
 marked: " Smithsonian Institute National Museum, Care of Col 
 lector of Customs, Port of New York. From Smithsonian African 
 Expedition, R. E. X." The Italia received the cases at Naples from 
 a steamship that brought them from Zanzibar. 
 
 ROOSEVELT PROUD OF HIS ELEPHANTS. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt and R. J. Cunninghame arrived at Niavasha 
 on October 20 from an extended hunt, looking extraordinarily 
 brown and feeling well. They were delighted with their expedi 
 tion and Colonel Roosevelt said that both he and Kermit were proud 
 of having got their elephants, and especially proud that they had 
 each got one when they were unaccompanied by such experienced 
 hunters as Cunninghame and Tarlton. 
 
 The skins of the elephants and the skulls and bones were 
 brought in by porters. The huge skulls were carried by eight 
 porters, with reliefs of eight more every now and then. The loads 
 were suspended from long poles. 
 
 The Roosevelt party proceeded to Nairobi. There the station 
 was crowded with officials and settlers. Lord Delamere was among 
 those to greet the ex-President, and they stood for a few minutes 
 discussing his proposed visit to Lord Delamere's ranch at Njoro on 
 his return from the Guaso Nguisho.
 
 A SPORTSMAN AND NATURALIST. 273 
 
 On October 25 the party left again for Londiani, from which 
 place the start for the Guaso Nguisho was to be made. On this trip 
 the party passed over the " Mau Summit," 8300 feet, the highest 
 point on the railway. The following day Edmund Heller, Kermit 
 Roosevelt and Leslie A. Tarlton started for Eldama Ravine, and 
 were followed shortly afterward by Colonel Roosevelt. The jour 
 ney to their shooting place occupied one week, and they spent three 
 weeks there. 
 
 Forrrer President Roosevelt, on October 27th, celebrated his 
 fifty-first birthday with a hunt in the African wilds. He received 
 the congratulations of his son, Kermit, and other members of his 
 party in the morning, and responded with brief expressions of 
 thanks. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt's health was excellent, his face being 
 bronzed by the tropical sun and his powerful frame rugged and 
 hard from toiling through the jungles and over mountainous passes. 
 The hunting ground was in what was known as Eldama Ravine. 
 
 A SHARP CONTRAST. 
 
 Mark the contrast between Colonel Roosevelt's surroundings 
 then and a year before! At that time he was comfortably settled 
 in the White House at Washington. He was at his desk early, and 
 spent the day hard at work in his office receiving such members of 
 his Cabinet as were in town at the regular semi-weekly meetings, 
 'and discussed with them matters relating to their departments. 
 
 Congratulatory messages poured into the President's office at 
 the White House all day. Many foreign rulers took advantage of 
 the opportunity to send messages of warm friendship and good will 
 through their diplomatic representatives, who called in person to 
 present them to the President. Many others of the White House 
 callers were persons who came to extend their congratulations. 
 
 He was in excellent health, and was looking forward to the 
 close of his term in office, and his big hunting expedition in Africa 
 with the eagerness of a boy. 
 
 " I have had a splendid time in the White House," he told his 
 
 friends. " I have no regrets. I have done some things. I have 
 18 M.L.
 
 274 A SPORTSMAN AND NATURALIST. 
 
 lived, and am counting the days that must elapse before I go out of, 
 office. Then there are some months in Africa. I shall hunt big 
 game, see a wonderland, live close to nature, and study natural 
 history." 
 
 J. Alden Loring and Major Edgar A. Mearns, both of the 
 Roosevelt hunting party, returned to Nairobi on November 3, from 
 their expedition to Mt. Kenya. 
 
 The climbers ascended the mountain to an estimated height of 
 16,000 feet, reaching the highest point which it was possible to 
 attain without the aid of Alpenstocks. This was within 700 feet of 
 the summit. They collected specimens of more than 2,000 birds and 
 mammals and made many photographs of the mountain. 
 
 Mt. Kenya is an extinct volcano. It is 16,700 feet high and 
 supports numerous glaciers. It was ascended for the first time by 
 MacKinder in 1899. The timber line extends to the 10,300 feet 
 level. It is called by the natives " Kimaja-Kegnia, the Mount of 
 Whiteness." It is twelve degrees south of the equator.
 
 CHAPTER XX 
 A LION-SPEARING SAFARI. 
 
 ROOSEVELT TAKES PART IN AN EXCITING HUNT SEES LION- 
 SPEARING CELEBRATED WITH WAR DANCE KERMIT HAS 
 GREAT LUCK ELEPHANT HUNTERS OF THE CONGO GIVE 
 THE COLONEL A WARM GREETING. 
 
 ALONG stream of porters came winding across the veldt, 
 looking for all the world like a string of ants. The Stars 
 and Stripes was held aloft by a giant native, and the sound of 
 horns made strange discords with the chanting of the weird and 
 elusive safari song. Shortly, Colonel Roosevelt arrived on the 
 back of his favorite horse, Tranquility. It was the end of his last 
 trip in the British East African protectorate. 
 
 This safari, which was the fourth to be made out of Nairobi, 
 gave Colonel Roosevelt and his party an opportunity to witness 
 an exciting hunt at A. E. Hoey's farm at Sirgoi, in the Guaso 
 Nguisho country, and the spearing of a lion by Mandi warriors. 
 
 Seventy of these spearsmen had been asked to take part in 
 the drive, and they assented readily, for when a warrior spears a 
 lion he becomes a leader of the fighting section of the tribe and 
 may wear a head dress formed of the lion's mane, and walk at the 
 head of the file of Mandi warriors when on the march. In these 
 hunts they display extraordinary courage. 
 
 The band of seventy almost naked men, with their long, 
 sharp spears, and attended by the chosen spectators, the latter 
 being mounted, proceeded down a long valley, where the grass 
 was thick and thorn trees lined its edges. Very soon a lion was 
 observed not more than four hundred yards in front. Immediately 
 the warriors gave chase, and in less than two miles they had 
 rounded up the king of the wilderness. The horsemen then 
 approached and it was seen that the lion at bay was a fully grown, 
 black-maned one. The spearmen began their task of surrounding 
 
 275
 
 276 A LION-SPEARING SAFARI. 
 
 the quarry. Kvery man went to his allotted position, an<1. the 
 circle slowly closed in on the snarling beast, which swished his 
 tail and kept np a continual roaring. 
 
 The warriors drew to within some twenty yards of him, and 
 the horsemen closed up to see the kill, yet remained at a sufficient 
 distance not to interfere with the spearmen's movements. Three 
 times the lion made a savage charge at the now stationary warriors, 
 but stopped short each time, with mane bristling, roaring in 
 impotent rage at his tormentors. Again the attacking party 
 advanced to within ten yards of their victim. One last desperate 
 effort, and he drove directly at the line, only to fall with ten spears 
 quivering in his body. But in that brief moment he managed to 
 drag down one of the natives, his claws sinking into the man's 
 flesh. 
 
 INCENSED AT THE KING'S DEATH. 
 
 The death of the king seemed to awaken all the fire in the 
 warriors' blood. They began a dance of triumph around the body, 
 waving their blood-stained spears, some of which were bent by the 
 force of the shock, holding their shields above their heads and 
 shouting forth blood-curdling yells in the excess of their savage 
 joy over the victory. 
 
 In the meantime the injured man was being given medical 
 attention, and he bore the pain of his wounds without a sign of 
 concern. He who had first jabbed his spear through the lion 
 joined in the dance at the start, but soon retired at a distance, 
 where he seated himself, apparently indifferent to the antics of his 
 fellows. He was now a leader of men and must, therefore, show 
 no sign that he had done anything out of the ordinary. 
 
 The luck of Kermit Roosevelt had been proverbial. While 
 Colonel Roosevelt was hunting with Lord Delamere, Kermit went 
 off with R. B. Cole and his Wanderobo warriors. The Wanderobos 
 are adepts at killing bango, which are very rare and only to be 
 found in the forests. In a short space of time the younger Roose 
 velt had secured a large and fine specimen of the female bango. 
 
 This was 9 fc.t that any older hunter might justly be proud
 
 A LION-SPEARING SAFARI. 277 
 
 of, fcr no white man has ever before stalked and shot a bango. 
 There are only two cases on re ord of a white man shooting bango 
 with the aid of the natives an i their dogs. So pleased was one of 
 the residents with the sucr ,ss of the youth that he presented 
 Kermit with a fine specimen of the male bango, and so the Smith 
 sonian Institution will have a complete family group, the only one 
 in the world. 
 
 Commander H. Hutchinson, superintendent of marine, who 
 went up with Colonel Roosevelt and his party to Rhino camp, said 
 that the former President bore the hardships of the journey splen 
 didly, notwithstanding the fact that the engine broke down once 
 or twice. 
 
 When they arrived at Koba it was midnight, but they found 
 all the white elephant hunters of the Congo assembled to greet 
 them. Among the number was Chief Engineer Bennet, of the lake 
 steamers, who in December had been captured by the natives, but 
 had made his escape after enduring tortures for five days. 
 
 ROOSEVELT WOULD NOT DISCUSS POLITICS. 
 
 W. H. McMillan, who entertained Colonel Roosevelt on his 
 ranch near Nairobi, and later, while on a visit to the United States, 
 said : 
 
 " While at my ranch Colonel Roosevelt did not read an Ameri 
 can newspaper or magazine," said Mr. McMillan. " He continu 
 ally refused to discuss national or international politics, although 
 many residents of the neighborhood questioned him ojn these sub 
 jects. ' I am here for pleasure/ was his answer to one and all. 
 ' When I return to the United States I will say what I think about 
 the situation.' 
 
 " Colonel Roosevelt is a fair shot, not an extraordinary marks 
 man," continued Mr. McMillan. " Kermit is a better shot than his 
 father, as Colonel Roosevelt admits to every one except Kermit. 
 He is afraid it would make the young man think too much of himself 
 to telj him so. It does not, however, take any wonderful marks 
 manship to hit an elephant or a rhinoceros." 
 
 Describing Roosevelt's adventures in Africa, having met the
 
 278 A LION-SPEARING SAFARI. 
 
 t 
 
 ex-President on his hunting trip, E. M. Newman, of Chicago, the 
 African explorer and lecturer, said in an interview : 
 
 " I believe that the two expert guides, Tarleton and Cunning- 
 hame, have done much to keep Mr. Roosevelt in safety. They have 
 stood at his back when he was attacked by wounded wild beasts and 
 when other perils threatened. 
 
 " Most people think this has been only a hunting trip, but I be 
 lieve that is the smallest end of it. I have no doubt his exploit will 
 be an inspiration to mankind. 
 
 " I believe that nothing less than an attempt to grapple with the 
 world's problem of civilization, with the continental experiment 
 possible in Africa, was what was in his mind. 
 
 NATIVES BELIEVE HIM TO BE A "GREAT KING." 
 
 " Mr. Roosevelt is an astonishing hiker. He will go striding 
 through the jungle for thirty miles a day and then, after writing in 
 long hand until late in the night, he will sleep about six hours and 
 repeat the performance the next day. The natives in his party 
 worship him and believe him to be a ' great king/ Their name for 
 him Bwana Tumbo is the greatest compliment they could pay 
 him. The fact that white men, whom they encounter, pay him such 
 deference only strengthens their belief that he is a great ruler. 
 
 " Roosevelt is just now going into the districts of peril from the 
 tsetse fly. I followed expert advice in wearing a net over my 
 helmet all the time. The tsetse fly looks like the ordinary housefly. 
 
 " After its bite there are no symptoms for about two months, 
 when convulsions occur, the red corpuscles disappear from the blood, 
 through which the microscopic germs run like electric eels. The 
 victims fall asleep. It is called the sleeping sickness. It swept 
 away 300,000 in Uganda in two years. 
 
 ' The government has been driving the natives away from the 
 water, brush and shade, where the fly lives ; otherwise it is believed 
 that the tsetse fly would have annihilated them. Four years ago 
 there were 20,000 on the Sese Islands; to-day less than 100 souls. 
 The tsetse fly took all the rest." 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt carried with him on his African trip one of the
 
 A LION-SPEARING SAFARI. 279 
 
 most complete medical and surgical outfits ever prepared for any 
 explorer. It was so condensed that all medicines and surgical in 
 struments could be carried in a suitcase. 
 
 There were 15,000 doses in the tabloids, nearly forty per cent, 
 of them quinine. The other medicines were to ward off diseases 
 most prevalent in equatorial Africa, chemicals to make swamp water 
 pure and palatable, cures for snake bites, stimulants, opiates, knives, 
 and bandages. 
 
 These supplies were packed in unbreakable and airtight bottles 
 of a vulcanite composition, and fitted into an aluminum case 
 15x10x8. 
 
 Liquids find no place in the assortment nor in the outfit for 
 developing photographs prepared for Kermit Roosevelt by the same 
 firm and put in equally condensed form. 
 
 FIRE THREATENED TO BURN THE CAMP. 
 
 The party had an interesting experience that had not been 
 counted on upon their second day at Rhino Camp. A grass fire, 
 accidentally started, threatened to burn up the whole outfit, which 
 was saved only by the energetic work of all hands, including Colonel 
 Roosevelt, who led in clearing the grass immediately surrounding 
 the camp. 
 
 Before leaving Rhino Camp the hunters got three more white 
 rhinos, a bull buffalo and other game. Kermit Roosevelt made 
 some splendid photographs of a living rhinoceros. 
 
 The American hunters and scientists in the Nile broke camp 
 in Belgian Congo, February 3, and sailed on the waiting boats and 
 steamers up Lake Albert, arriving at Nimule the following day. 
 
 "Mr. Roosevelt was kind enough to raise his hat and shake hands 
 with our great ladies, as he did when bidding Prince Joseph good 
 bye. The Baganda who witnessed this were simply mad with joy 
 and the Mustawa Kissa (man of kindness) has won all our hearts." 
 
 Thus wrote Mother Mary Paul, missionary sister in charge of 
 the Franciscan mission at Nsambya, Uganda, in a letter to a friend 
 in New York. 
 
 " The day was perfect," she wrote, " and the whole hill was
 
 280 A LION-SPEARING SAFARI. 
 
 decorated with flags and glorious palms. Up the hill came the four 
 runners who had been sent to watch when the rickshaws turned 
 toward Nsambya. They arrived breathlessly to say, ' They are 
 coming.' A few more minutes waiting and the first rickshaw came 
 into sight with Colonel Roosevelt and the provincial commissioner, 
 Mr. Knowles. 
 
 " Introductions and handshakes followed. Colonel Roosevelt 
 replied, when I said it was kind of him to come, ' Kind ! Why, 
 pitchforks would not have kept me away. In fact, I would have 
 been afraid to go back to the United States if I hadn't come to see 
 you." 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt gave to the Smithsonian Institution speci 
 mens of the white rhinoceros family complete. He also gave two 
 skins to the American Museum of Natural History at New York 
 and a head to William T. Hornaday for his collection. Mr. Roose 
 velt did not retain any of the white rhino trophies which he secured. 
 
 EXPEDITION OF GREAT SCIENTIFIC VALUE. 
 
 The ten days march to Gondokoro from Nimule was begun on 
 February 7, the distance, roughly speaking, is 108 miles. The path 
 lies through an unpeopled district and the porters were well bur 
 dened with food supplies at the start. 
 
 The Colonel and Kermit left the expedition's trail for a day's 
 hunting of elephants and giant elands at Rojaf, on the Congo side 
 of Bar-El- Jabal. The hunters invaded the territory upon the special 
 and eagerly accepted invitation of the Belgian authorities. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt and Kermit were accompanied in the Congo 
 by E. B. Haddon, the British district commissioner, stationed at 
 Mpumu, Uganda. The commissioner met the expedition at Kiriba 
 camp, sixteen miles to the south of Gondokoro. A commodious 
 brick house was placed at the disposal of Mr. Roosevelt. 
 
 A special runner arriving in advance of the expedition brought 
 the following: "Colonel Roosevelt states that he has heartily en 
 joyed the entire trip through British East Africa, Uganda Protec 
 torate and the Lado Enclave. He is particularly pleased over his 
 success in hunting white rhinoseri in the Belgian Congo. He
 
 A LION-SPEARING SAFARI. 281 
 
 feels that the results of the expedition will be of real and great 
 scientific value." 
 
 The Colonel and the other hunters arrived at Gondokor on 
 February 17. They had passed through the most trying stage of 
 their African journey. For ten days they had been practically 
 isolated in a wilderness so forbidding to the white men that it has 
 not been invaded by the telegraph companies. The country is rough 
 and the heat intense, the only communication between its scattered 
 villages being through native runners. 
 
 The dangers of the march from Nimule are understood by those 
 familiar with the dubious route, and to these the safe arrival at 
 Gondokoro brings a feeling of relief. 
 
 At Gondokoro there are a few shops belonging to Greeks and 
 Indians and a few traders make their headquarters there. The 
 steamboats owned by the Sudan Government call once a month for 
 passengers and the mails for Khartoum. 
 
 GONDOKORO AN IVORY AND SLAVE CENTRE. 
 
 Gondokoro is a famous mission station and market place in the 
 territory of the Bari tribe of Soudanese. It is on the White Nile 
 about 200 miles north of Albert Nyanza. A British military post 
 was established there in 1871. In former times Gondokoro was a 
 great centre of the ivory and slave trade, and an ivory market is 
 still maintained there. 
 
 Pope Gregory XVI. established a mission there in 1846 and the 
 pro- vicar Koblecher founded a station in 1851. A succession of 
 misfortunes, including the death of Koblecher in April, 1858, and a 
 famine in 1859, led to the final abandonment of the station. 
 
 The entrance into Gondokoro of the ex-President was rudely 
 picturesque, and nothing that British and native hospitality could 
 suggest was lacking in the welcome. The arrival of the expedition 
 in the outskirts of the town was heralded with bugle blasts by Chief 
 Keriba's bugle band, which led the van. Chief Keriba accompanied 
 his musicians. 
 
 The native party had met the expedition sixteen miles to the
 
 282 A LION-SPEARING SAFARI. 
 
 south, and en route here did it all the honor that could be gotten out 
 of their instruments of brass and Indian drums. 
 
 Reaching the town the band struck up " America," which, hap 
 pening to be the British national air, suited the occasion exactly. 
 Belgian marches were interspersed. Following the musicians a 
 native porter carried a large American flag. Then came the cara 
 van proper, Colonel Roosevelt, Kermit, the other American hunters 
 and scientists and the body of native porters who have had an im 
 portant, if humble, share in the work of exploration. 
 
 Waiting on the Bar-El-Jabel was the launch of General Sir 
 Reginald Wingate, of the Egyptian army, and from the vessel were 
 flying the Stars and Stripes. Mr. Roosevelt boarded the launch at 
 once upon reaching there, and after a brief rest began the reading 
 of his mail. Many communications awaited him. 
 
 HUNTING EXPEDITION NEARLY ENDED. 
 
 Kermit Roosevelt and Mr. Loring distinguished themselves 
 during the day. A native had fallen into the river near the steamer, 
 occupied by Colonel Roosevelt, and was drowned. Kermit and Mr. 
 Loring learned of the accident and in an effort to recover the body 
 dived into the water, heedless of the dangers from the crocodiles 
 and the swift current. They escaped harm. 
 
 The Governor of Mongalla, the Belgian commandant at Lado 
 and other officials called upon Colonel Roosevelt during the forenoon. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt, Kermit and Edmund Heller, the zoologist, 
 left Gondokoro February 18, on a steamer for a final week of shoot 
 ing along the river banks. 
 
 R. J.Cunninghame, the field naturalist; Major Edgar A. Mearns 
 and J. Alden Loring did not accompany the Colonel but remained 
 at Gondokoro to pack the specimens, dismiss the porters and others, 
 who accompanied the Colonel as helpers, and wind up the details 
 incident to the close of the expedition. With the exception of the 
 river excursion the hunting was practically ended. 
 
 February 26 was breaking up day for the Smithsonian African 
 scientific expedition, all of the porters and half of the servants re 
 turning to. Kampala and Nairobi.
 
 A LION-SPEARING SAFARI. 283 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt, during his hunt along the Nile, killed two 
 bulls and one cow of the rare giant Eland type. He was much 
 elated at his success. 
 
 The eland is the largest of all the antelopes. It reaches the size 
 of a large horse and may weigh as much as iioo pounds. The 
 expression of the face is gentle and sheep-like ; the body is thick and 
 heavy, but the limbs are slender. Its disposition is in keeping with 
 its looks. Easily domesticated, it is a valuable animal for Africa. 
 The meat is said by many to be superior to beef, but has a peculiar 
 venison-like flavor. 
 
 THE ELAND ALWAYS RUN AGAINST THE WIND. 
 
 The eland is the one antelope that is naturally fat ; and in good 
 pastures it becomes so heavy that it is easily run down in the wild 
 state by dogs or horses ; but it has been observed that the eland will 
 always run against the wind whenever possible if pursued, and this 
 gives it an advantage over the horse. Like the majority of ante 
 lopes, the eland seems to be independent of water, frequenting the 
 most desert localities far from streams and rivers. The striped 
 eland is a rare specimen and seldom seen. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt and Kermit, together with the members of 
 their shooting party, who returned to Gondokoro on the evening of 
 Saturday, February 26, on the Belgian boat Boch, spent Sunday in 
 resting up, their experiences during the past few days in search of 
 giant elands having proved rather fatiguing. 
 
 In the evening the party dined with the district commissioner, 
 who remarked on Colonel Roosevelt's fine health. The others 
 showed need of rest after an arduous year's trip. 
 
 The Colonel confessed to his first malady since leaving New 
 York a slight attack of homesickness. The confession came after 
 the receipt of a message from his wife and daughter, who had 
 arrived at Naples, preparatory to going to Khartoum to meet him. 
 When notified that a committee of Westerners would meet him in 
 Khartoum in an effort to get him to return to the United States by 
 way of the Pacific coast, the ex-President shook his head. 
 
 " I want to get home as quickly as possible," he said. " When
 
 284 A LION-SPEARING SAFARI. 
 
 I was in the jungle I didn't really allow myself to think of home or 
 business. But now that the hunt is practically over I am getting 
 anxious to see Sandy Hook. 
 
 " My plans for visiting Berlin, Paris and London have been 
 made for months and I have no thought of changing them now." 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt was really and truly delighted to receive the 
 message from his wife. 
 
 " It made me realize just how near ' home ' I was getting," he 
 said, with a laugh. Regarding the hunt Mr. Roosevelt said: 
 
 " I expected a bully time, but it has been several times more 
 pleasureable than I anticipated. Twenty years from now it will be 
 impossible to have such a hunt." 
 
 FAREWELL TO THE DISTINGUISHED GUEST. 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt, on February 28, started on his advance 
 toward Khartoum. The party set off on the Dal, the Soudan 
 government boat put at its disposal. Gondokoro was abroad 
 early to bid farewell to its distinguished guest and his companions, 
 and every man in the settlement, white, brown or black, turned out 
 to cheer. 
 
 The immediate destination was Mongalla, a river station, where 
 an enthusiastic reception had been prepared. The start was 
 auspicious. Escorted by officials and the black bugle corps, the 
 Roosevelt party advanced to the little steamer, whose whistle 
 tooted a valiant welcome. When the lines were cast off, a cheer 
 went up that echoed for miles over the desert. 
 
 The vessel was a comfortable river boat, fitted out with all the 
 (onveniences the white man has brought into the desert, and Colonel 
 Roosevelt, shaven and clad no longer in khaki, but in tweeds, can 
 \gain be considered in civilization. The trip to Khartoum, where 
 (here were many Americans awaiting Mr. Roosevelt, occupied about 
 two weeks. 
 
 Dr. Rodoric Prosch, a French medical missionary, who lunched 
 with Colonel Roosevelt on February 28, suddenly died of African 
 fever at noon the following day. 
 
 This, those who followed the trail of the expedition say, was
 
 A LION-SPEARING SAFARI. 285 
 
 but another instance of " Roosevelt luck " which had attended the 
 American hunters and scientists, and that they were to be congra 
 tulated upon their escape from the dreaded fever that had followed 
 in the wake of the long hunt. 
 
 At a camp joining that occupied by the Americans at Gondokoro 
 an English sportsman was seriously ill following a trip to Kampala, 
 the capital of Uganda, and one of the places at which the Smith 
 sonian scientific expedition stopped. 
 
 The district commissioner of Gondokoro, the British officials of 
 which were most active in entertaining their American guests, had 
 been stricken with the fever and was confined to his bed. 
 
 Dr. Prosch had done missionary work in Africa for ten years. 
 During this time his health had been gradually undermined by the 
 debilitating climate. His collapse was attributed to a weakened 
 condition that could not resist an attack that he might have survived 
 a few years before. 
 
 DR. PROSCH A MAN OF LIBERAL IDEAS. 
 
 At the luncheon Dr. Prosch seemed in excellent spirits and had 
 a lengthy talk with the ex-President about missionary work, prov 
 ing himself a man of liberal ideas. Dr. Prosch and Colonel Roose 
 velt expected to meet again in Paris. 
 
 Later Dr. Prosch collapsed and died within five minutes. At 
 sunset he was buried on the very spot where he died, bugles sound 
 ing taps over the newly-made grave. 
 
 When Colonel Roosevelt and the others of his party left on the 
 steamer Dal they were all in good health and little the worse for their 
 rough experience. 
 
 The Colonel considers that the killing of the giant elands 
 in his excursion along the upper reaches of the Nile was a fitting 
 ending to a marvelously successful trip. The results generally from 
 the standpoint of the hunter and the scientist have exceeded all ex 
 pectations. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt and his son, Kermit, have killed some five 
 hundred specimens of large mammals. The bag includes the follow 
 ing : Seventeen lions, eleven eiephants, ten buffaloes, ten black rhino-
 
 286 A LION-SPEARING SAFARI. 
 
 ceroses, nine white rhinoceroses, nine hippopotami, nine giraffes, 
 three leopards, seven chetahs, three giant elands, three sables, one 
 sitatunga and two bangos. 
 
 All these were killed in the interest of science and the specimens 
 were disposed of accordingly, the greater number going to the 
 Smithsonian Institute. Mr. Roosevelt retained not more than six 
 trophies for himself. 
 
 From the point of importance the most highly-prized game may 
 be rated as follows : First, giant elands, the first complete specimens 
 of which family were taken from the country; second, the white 
 rhinoceros ; third, the bangos, the first to be stalked and killed by a 
 white man, and fourth, the sitatunga, a species of antelope. 
 
 THE EXPEDITION VERY SUCCESSFUL. 
 
 The naturalists secured a remarkable collection comprising 
 many thousands of birds and other mammals. The results in this line 
 have been most gratifying and science will be enriched by several 
 new species and an enormous series of the smaller mammals of 
 Africa. The game taken and the collections made constitute a 
 world's record for a similar period of hunting and scientific research 
 in Africa and the American museums will receive the greatest col 
 lection of African fauna in existence. 
 
 The work reflects the greatest credit upon all members of the 
 party whose labors continued ceaselessly despite the disadvantages 
 of the climate. 
 
 All agree that too much praise cannot be accorded R. J. Cun- 
 inghame, the Englishman, whose management of the expedition was 
 as nearly perfect as could be conceived. 
 
 Teddy's out of Jungle-land 
 
 The beasts may now rejoice, 
 The wanderoo and wombat 
 
 May give their gladness voice, 
 Cut the same old capers, 
 
 Make the same old jungle noise, 
 While he's a-marching to Khartoum. 
 HBO tt
 
 A LION-SPEARING SAFARI. 287 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt arrived at Mongalla on March 2, and imme 
 diately after landing performed the ceremony of planting a tree to 
 commemorate his visit. 
 
 The preceding day the Colonel encountered a foretaste of the 
 strenuous hospitality which characterized his progress through the 
 Soudan and Europe. 
 
 Leaving Gondokoro in the morning, he arrived at noon at 
 Lado, an attractive station on the Encalave section of the Congo. 
 
 At the landing stage the strapping Congolese soldiers under 
 Commandant Rekke formed a guard of honor and escorted the 
 Colonel from the landing stage, while hundreds of the inhabitants 
 of the nearby villages followed in procession, anxious to see the 
 khaki-shirted " King of Americani." 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt was entertained at luncheon by tne com 
 mandant, the company numbering ten in all. 
 
 THE COLONEL IN HAPPY MOOD. 
 
 The Colonel was in his happiest mood, speaking French exclu 
 sively, and keeping the company laughing with his humorous tales 
 of hunting in America and Africa. 
 
 He had only a few hours respite before reaching Mongalla, 
 where the reception was much more elaborate, as Colonel Owen, 
 Governor of the Province, has been for years an admirer of Colonel 
 Roosevelt's words and deeds. 
 
 A huge American flag flew from a special flagstaff. It flut 
 tered between the red-crossed emblem of the Soudan and the Union 
 Jack of Great Britain. 
 
 The Soudanese troops formed a guard of honor for Colonel 
 Roosevelt, whose military ardor is as strong as ever. He was parti 
 cularly struck by the general bearing of these soldiers. 
 
 After dinner at the Governor's residence the guest of honor 
 witnessed a native dance arranged for his entertainment. A thou 
 sand or more native warriors in wonderful ostrich headdresses and 
 with their bodies decorated here and uncovered there after the 
 African native mode and carrying terrifying broadhead spears. 
 
 Surrounding the dancers were hundreds of carriers, and in a
 
 288 A LION-SPEARING SAFARI. 
 
 knot hundreds of beaters of tomtoms, who uttered their barbaric 
 cries and made a nerve-wrecking din with their musical instruments 
 of gourds and hide. The scene was illuminated with hundreds of 
 torches. 
 
 The natives exhausted their repertory of dances for the visitor 
 and it was the finest display Colonel Roosevelt had seen in Africa. 
 The party left in the morning for Lake No. 
 
 BEYOND THE SEA. 
 
 Beyond the sea the lion ceases roaring, 
 
 On Africa's coral strand, 
 A respite glad his health is now restoring, 
 
 For Teddy leaves his land. 
 
 Beyond the sea the jungle monkeys chatter 
 
 And say that things look bright; 
 The tiger, gnu, rhinoceros, don't scatter 
 
 And refuge take in flight. 
 
 Beyond the sea there's much contented grunting, 
 
 The wild hyena laughs; 
 The elephant has trumpeted : " No hunting ! 
 
 And no more photograps !" 
 
 Beyond the sea the tom-toms are a-drumming, 
 
 Farewell to Theodore ; 
 All Africa with business is now humming, 
 
 Dried up the trail of gore. 
 
 He will not change for monkeys, lions, tigers, 
 
 The empire of the West, 
 Sweet Oyster Bay's cool plunge for torrid Niger's, 
 
 The man who knows no rest. 
 
 WALTER BEVERLEY CRANE, in Life. 
 
 Captain Fritz Duquesne, of German East Africa, lion hunter 
 and Boer war fighter, at one time considered by ex-President 
 Roosevelt to head his African expedition, expressed fear that Mr. 
 Roosevelt and members of his party had not escaped infection from 
 the sleeping sickness. 
 
 " It is highly probable," said Captain Duquesne, " that every
 
 A LION-SPEARING SAFARI. 289 
 
 member of the Roosevelt party now has the virus of the sleeping 
 sickness in his veins. It may not develop until they reach Europe, 
 or even America. The sleeping sickness sometimes is not mani 
 fested in the person for several months after the infection occurs. 
 It is well-nigh incredible that the Roosevelt party, passing through 
 so many of the sickness zones, has escaped infection." 
 
 The Court of Common Council at London, on March 3, unani 
 mously adopted a resolution conferring the honorary freedom of 
 the city on Theodore Roosevelt, in recognition of " the distinguished 
 manner in which he filled the office of President of the United States, 
 and for the eminent service which he rendered the cause of civiliza 
 tion, and the promotion of amicable relations between foreign 
 nations." 
 
 The mover of the resolution, and the member who seconded 
 the same, spoke in the most eulogistic terms of Mr. Roosevelt, de 
 claring that the city would honor itself in feting the distinguished 
 American, " whose heart is big enough to hold the whole world in 
 friendship." 
 
 A reception committee was appointed, specially charged to see 
 that nothing was lacking to make the event memorable and " worthy 
 of Roosevelt and his outstanding position in the world." 
 
 On March 4 one hundred and fifty prominent New Yorkers 
 were named to comprise the committee to give Colonel Theodore 
 Roosevelt a welcome from his hunting expedition in Africa. 
 
 This, the first step in the official preparations for the memor 
 able greeting which it was planned to give the former President, 
 was taken by Mayor Gaynor following a consultation with William 
 Loeb, Jr., former secretary to President Roosevelt, and collector of 
 the port of New York, who was given general charge of the wel 
 coming arangements by authorization of both President Taft and 
 Colonel Roosevelt. 
 
 Cornelius Vanderbilt headed the welcoming committee as 
 chairman, the second name being that of Mr. Loeb. The other 
 members comprised a representative selection from the ranks of the 
 city's best-known men of affairs and the professions.
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 TRIUMPHANT CLOSE OF A THRILLING HUNT. 
 
 THE TRIP DOWN THE NILE THE EXPEDITION A HUGE SUCCESS 
 ' MANY RARE SPECIMENS OBTAINED A PERILOUS THREE 
 DAYS TRIP KERMIT A DEADLY SHOT INTERESTED IN 
 NATIVES ON BOARD THE STEAMER DAL ARRIVAL AT KHAR 
 TOUM GREETED BY OFFICIALS CHEERED BY CROWDS. 
 
 OOUND, common sense has been a distinguishing characteristic 
 ^ of Colonel Roosevelt's public and private life. Neither friend 
 nor enemy can deny it. He has preserved a perfectly " level head " 
 despite all the agencies working to turn it. An overplus of flatter 
 ing attentions and invitations has been heaped upon him, and yet 
 his mental equilibrium has not been upset. The Emperor of 
 Germany and the President of France vied with each other in 
 planning to receive him with royal honors on his return from Africa, 
 but he steadily declined, though professing his deep appreciation 
 of their proffered courtesies, to be treated otherwise than as a 
 private citizen of the United States. It is this adherence to demo 
 cratic principles that has made him popular with the people, and 
 there is no subject in which he becomes interested that the great 
 American public does not also immediately become interested. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt left the United States in March, 1909, with 
 the best wishes of millions of Americans that his expedition would 
 prove successful from a scientific standpoint, and that he would 
 have a safe return. This great expedition being a fact and the 
 fondest hopes of the scientists who made up the party were more 
 than realized. 
 
 The guns of the expedition no longer are of use, as the hunt 
 officially ended with the killing at Lado Ensclave of a leopard, 
 cheetah, waterbuck and various kinds of antelopes. With the addi 
 tion of these animals the collection of fauna is regarded as complete 
 as possible. 
 
 290
 
 TRIUMPHANT CLOSE OF A THRILLING HUNT, 291 
 
 No killing was done wantonly. Time and again game was 
 spared, the hunters becoming naturalists and studying the habits 
 and characteristics of the animals. 
 
 Thirteen thousand specimens, many extremely rare, were ob 
 tained. They make a remarkable collection, including lions, white 
 and black rhinoceroses, elephants, hippopotami, nyc^a^ ,nd dig dig. 
 The latter is an antelope smaller than a jack rabbit. 
 
 The collection is regarded not only by the party, but by 
 Africans, as remarkable. Its like does not exist. The work of 
 collecting was attended with great hardships and much personal 
 
 danger. 
 
 ROOSEVELT ESCAPES ELEPHANT. 
 
 In one instance, Colonel Roosevelt shot a bull elephant without 
 noticing that another was near by. The latter dashed at him, 
 touching the Colonel with its trunk as it passed. The hunter saved 
 himself by a quick jump behind a tree. 
 
 Nearly every day dangerous incidents were recorded, but, 
 fortunately, not a single white man in the party was injured 
 throughout the expedition. The Colonel and Kermit retained their 
 health, thus disproving Professor Starr's gruesome suggestion made 
 in Chicago that they probably would be ill. The other four whites 
 were ill, and also some of the blacks, one of the latter dying. On 
 the last hunt Colonel Roosevelt and his son were the only ones in 
 the party who were in fit condition to shoot. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt was especially touched by the action of the 
 men in saving the last bottle of water for his use. 
 
 Every man speaks in the highest terms of the bravery of the 
 others in the party. The blacks were particularly enthusiastic 
 regarding the Colonel and Kermit. They have a keen affection 
 for the former, because of the interest and care he had manifested 
 for their welfare. 
 
 Eleven blacks, garbed in the remnants of civilized costumes, 
 one with the lobes of his ears cut in twain, surrounded Colonel 
 Roosevelt, standing at attention, while he pointed them out to 
 visitors.
 
 292 TRIUMPHANT CLOSE OF A THRILLING HUNT. 
 
 Two gun-bearers, with teeth filed to a point, seemed on springs, 
 ready to act whenever the master ordered. They are described as 
 fearless, but like children, who frequently are naughty, and must 
 be punished. At the same time they are faithful. Colonel Roose 
 velt entertains a real attachment for the blacks and regretted the 
 separation when they returned to Mombosa. 
 
 As an indication of the hardships suffered one of the members 
 of the party tells of a trip Colonel Roosevelt undertook lasting three 
 days, during which he struggled afoot through a thick jungle under 
 the burning equatorial sun searching for game. He was afoot 14 
 hours the first day, 13 hours the second day, and 12 hours the third 
 day. 
 
 " Bwano Tumbo is a mighty hunter," said Cuninghame with a 
 smile, " but if his laurels have been imperilled at all on this expedi 
 tion it has been by Kermit, who is one of the deadliest shots and 
 nerviest men, young or old, I ever met." 
 
 RECEPTION AT THE AMERICAN MISSION. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt and his party left Taufikia on the night of 
 March 9, and arrived at Kodok at eight o'clock the following morn 
 ing. At the American mission at Doleib Hill on the Sobat river 
 the travelers were received with much enthusiasm. During the 
 stop at Taufikia all of the officers of the garrison were invited to 
 meet Colonel Roosevelt at tea. 
 
 Doleib Hill is the northernmost missionary outpost of the 
 United Presbyterian Church in Africa, and was visited by Dr. 
 Charles P. Watson, secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions of 
 the United Presbyterian Church, several years before. The entire 
 region, Dr. Watson said, was infested with poisonous snakes, which 
 come out of the ground when the wet season sets in, and literally 
 swarm over the hill or knoll upon which the mission buildings stand. 
 
 Most of these snakes, he said, were poisonous, and the bite of 
 a certain species produced almost instant death. The bites of 
 another species were equally fatal, he added, but the victim usually 
 suffered intensely for several hours before death brought the only 
 known relief. Many of the exciting experiences which the mis-
 
 TRIUMPHANT CLOSE OF A THRILLING HUNT. 2 93 
 
 sionaries stationed at that point had undergone as a result of these 
 snakes, furnished an interesting chapter, he said, in the history of 
 the enterprise. 
 
 According to Dr. Watson, the Doleib Hill mission was founded 
 in 1901. It is in the heart of a wild and unsettled section of the 
 country. Previous to the conquest of the Soudan by Lord Kitchener 
 and the Egyptian forces, two years previous, the country that far 
 North along the Nile was impenetrable for missionaries and other 
 white men. 
 
 The mission is in charge of seven Americans, including two 
 industrial missionaries, one ordained missionary and a medical mis 
 sionary. The work at this station has moved chiefly along indus 
 trial lines, and extensive experiments have been made in discovering 
 what trees, plants and vegetables can be successfully grown in that 
 section of the country. 
 
 THE NATIVES VERY PEACEABLE TO THE MISSION. 
 
 The utter isolation of the American missionaries at this point is 
 attested by the fact that the nearest station to it is Khartoum, more 
 than five hundred miles away. Communications between the two 
 places is limited to a small steamer which reaches Doleib Hill once 
 every two or three weeks. The region is sparsely populated, there 
 being only 500,000 in the entire Soudanese province. They have 
 proved unexpectedly peaceable towards the missionaries, though it is 
 almost impossible to persuade them to give up their savage customs. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt's visit to the mission was made at the invi 
 tation of the Presbyterian Foreign Mission Board previous to sailing 
 for Africa, according to Dr. Watson. 
 
 ' When we learned that Mr. Roosevelt intended to traverse 
 the entire course of the Nile from Lake Victoria Nyanza to Alex 
 andria, on the Mediterranean," said Dr. Watson, " we asked him 
 to visit our station along the route. He gave us no definite promise, 
 but said he would visit as many as circumstances would permit." 
 
 Speeding down the White Nile the government steamer Dal, 
 with Colonel Roosevelt and his son, Kermit, on March 12, was at a 
 point little more than 200 miles south of Khartoum, the capital of
 
 294 TRIUMPHANT CLOSE OF A THRILLING HUNT. 
 
 the Egyptian Soudan. " Full speed," was the order issued by the 
 captain of the Dal at the Colonel's request. 
 
 In tow of the steamer was a barge containing thousands of 
 the specimens which Colonel Roosevelt came to Africa to bag. They 
 constitute the largest collection of specimens ever taken out of 
 Africa. In it were some extremely rare specimens ; the first whole 
 skin of the great eland which was killed by Colonel Roosevelt and 
 Kermit, after great hardships ; a white eared kob, a Gray's waterbok, 
 a shoebill stork and a dik-dik, an antelope about the size of a jack- 
 rabbit. Eleven Africans who accompanied the expedition were in 
 charge of the barge and specimens. Colonel Roosevelt lauds the 
 courage and faithfulness of the Africans. 
 
 ROOSEVELT PROUD OF HIS SUCCESS. 
 
 The barge looked like a crowded animal cemetery with the lid 
 off. Colonel Roosevelt surveyed it triumphantly. He was very 
 proud of his success and of Kermit's. 
 
 He passed most of the time on the Dai's deck, from which, not 
 infrequently, he saw in the Nile hippopotami as huge as those for 
 which he journeyed so much further. Water fowl were abundant 
 and a variety of small game constantly excite a stranger's interest. 
 But Colonel Roosevelt was no longer Bwana Tumbo. His eager 
 ness to kill for the sake of science was ended. 
 
 He found joy enough basking in the fine weather. The mer 
 cury sometimes flirts around 100 in the shade in the afternoons, but 
 the cool nights and mornings give ample opportunity to recuperate. 
 
 Truly remarkable was the health enjoyed by Colonel Roosevelt 
 and his son, practically the only two members of the expedition, 
 among the whites, at least, who escaped sickness. Slight attacks, 
 such as most of the party experienced, were only natural, in view 
 of the hardships endured, heat of the tropics, noisome places through 
 which the expedition was compelled to pass at times, and deadly 
 insects. 
 
 The Sesse islands, through which the steamer threaded on the 
 trip to Eutebbe, are a monument to the devastation wrought by the
 
 TRIUMPHANT CLOSE OF A THRILLING HUNT. 295 
 
 tsetse fly, for, once well populated, they are now devoid of human 
 life through the sleeping sickness scourge. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt displayed the greatest concern in the care of 
 the party and native attendants. His personal interest was shown, 
 when one of the correspondents, who had been within touch of the 
 expedition from the very beginning, was forced to drop behind on 
 one of the long marches. He was finally brought up by porters, 
 who carried him many miles in a hammock, and after that dragged 
 him many more in a rickshaw. Colonel Roosevelt immediately 
 insisted that Dr. Mearns take the case in hand, and when the doctor 
 decided that- an operation was necessary, the former President 
 volunteered to assist. 
 
 INTERESTED IN NATIVES. 
 
 Nothing pleased the ex-President more than the native guards 
 of honor which turned out at every conceivable place to greet his 
 coming. At one of the stations in Uganda a native contingent, 
 with two bands, one a fife and drum and the other composed of 
 brasses, marched to a private house, where Colonel Roosevelt was 
 a guest at lunch, and drew up for review. 
 
 The manner in which the training of the natives is carried out 
 interested Colonel Roosevelt greatly. He saw uneducated natives 
 taking and sending messages by Morse code and semaphore, with 
 flags, by lamp and heliograph. Although these signal men do not 
 know what the message means, yet they never make a mistake in 
 sending or receiving. 
 
 Looking the picture of health, with physical fitness showing in 
 every line, Theodore Roosevelt arrived at Khartoum on March 14 
 from the long trail, over which he had spent nearly a year in the 
 pursuit of game. 
 
 Thousands of persons had gathered to see him, and they 
 descried from afar the familiar form and more familiar smile 
 made so even to those who had never before set eyes on the ex-Pre 
 sident by the countless pictures of him which had been published. 
 
 Later in the day there was a joyous reunion of Colonel and 
 Mrs. Roosevelt and their children, Kermit and Miss Ethel, in the
 
 296 TRIUMPHANT CLOSE OF A THRILLING HUNT. 
 
 north station of Khartoum, Mrs. Roosevelt and her daughter arriv 
 ing there about half-past 5 o'clock in the evening. 
 
 A launch carrying the representatives of the governor general 
 of Anglo-Egyptian Soudan, Major-General Sir Francis Reginald 
 Wingate, sirdar of the Egyptian army, met the steamer Dal up the 
 river. On this small craft Colonel Roosevelt and the members of 
 his party had voyaged for more than 1300 miles from Gondokoro 
 in Uganda, where they embarked on February 28. 
 
 It was a wearisome trip, for there was little to be seen, and the 
 latter part of the voyage was exceedingly uninteresting, the river 
 sometimes being a mile and a half wide, with mud flats on either 
 side, where only crocodiles abounded, and toward the end Colonel 
 Roosevelt displayed considerable anxiety to be ashore. 
 
 OFFICIAL GREETING AT KHARTOUM. 
 
 The White Nile was more placid than the preceding day, when 
 a heavy northwest gale stirred up the water and threatened delay 
 to the anxiously awaited steamer, and the sirdar's launch was able 
 to proceed a long distance up the river, bearing the first official 
 greeting to Khartoum's distinguished guest. 
 
 The sirdar's staff officers were taken aboard, and when the 
 steamer, with the American, British and Egyptian flags flying, 
 arrived at Gordon's Tree, they were seen surrounding the former 
 President on the bridge. Colonel Roosevelt was attired in khaki 
 and wore a white helmet. 
 
 For several hours the Dal tied up opposite Gordon's Tree, 
 within sight of Khartoum, and during that time Colonel Roosevelt 
 occupied himself in answering hundreds of cablegrams and letters, 
 which had accumulated there. 
 
 All observers remarked his fitness and energy, and among 
 them were those who had noted in Colonel Roosevelt when he left 
 New York a year before the effects of the strain of a long and 
 strenuous term in office. From these effects he has now completely 
 recovered, and, although apparently the hardships which he under 
 went in the wilds of Africa had not reduced his flesh to any'appre-
 
 TRIUMPHANT CLOSE OF A THRILLING HUNT. 297 
 
 ciable degree, he looked, to use his own words, able to " hit the line 
 hard." 
 
 Although the ex-President had refused to grant an interview 
 or give out a statement on public questions until he was in possession 
 of the fullest information on all points, he realizes, he said, that he 
 had before him a series of harder working days than jungle 
 hunting. 
 
 Shortly after 4 o'clock in the afternoon the steamer came up 
 slowly to the palace dock, amid a continuous volley of cheers. 
 Colonel Roosevelt was warmly greeted by Major-General Sir Rudolf 
 Baron Slatin Pasha, inspector general, and Major P. R. Phipps, the 
 sirdar's private secretary. 
 
 He and other members of the party were conducted to the palace 
 grounds, where the heads of the various governmental departments 
 were introduced and tea was served. The sirdar's palace is situated 
 in the center of six acres of beautiful gardens. It stands on the 
 site of Gordon's palace, on the steps of which Gordon was slain. 
 
 MEETS WIFE AND DAUGHTER. 
 
 After tea the Colonel and his son crossed the river to the 
 Khartoum north station, where Mrs. Roosevelt and Miss Ethel 
 arrived shortly afterward on an express. Arrangements had been 
 made so that the meeting was in private, and the reunited family 
 remained within the palace car for some time, coming forth laugh 
 ing and happy. They returned together to the sirdar's palace. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt spoke enthusiastically about his hunting trip, 
 but he acknowledged that he was a trifle homesick and was not sorry 
 to return to civilization. 
 
 The party secured an enormous bag of game in the Sudd dis 
 trict, where, Mr. Roosevelt said, they had not been troubled at all by 
 mosquitoes, which usually are an almost unbearable pest. . The 
 Colonel was much interested in the Uganda missions, and spoke in 
 high terms of the Lado Enclave, which he visited. 
 
 The steamer Dal, upon which the American members of the 
 Smithsonian African expedition made the trip from Gondokoro, 
 was delayed somewhat by the unusually turbulent waters of the
 
 298 TRIUMPHANT CLOSE OF A THRILLING HUNT. 
 
 White Nile, but the party was able to keep within one hour of the 
 schedule time for the arrival. 
 
 A steam launch filled with newspaper correspondents who had 
 been sent from all parts of the world accompanied the Dal in the last 
 part of the trip. 
 
 Upon the pier Colonel Roosevelt was pressed by an enormous 
 and enthusiastic crowd, all anxious for the nearest possible view 
 of the American, but his escort saved him from any possible dis 
 comfort. 
 
 Khartoum endeavored to conceal her disappointment because 
 Colonel Roosevelt did not come out of the wilds literally swinging 
 his hat and whooping. The Soudan had pictured Roosevelt as a 
 rampant Yankee filled with an irresistible enthusiasm, and it ex 
 pected that he would advance with a cowboy flourish. 
 
 THE COLONEL'S SECOND DAY IN KHARTOUM. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt's second day in Khartoum was given up 
 largely to sight-seeing, and the most interesting place of all to the 
 former President was the battlefield of Kerreri, which lies seven 
 miles north of Omdurman. It was there that the advance of the 
 Anglo-Egyptiau army, under Sir Herbert Kitchener, was contested 
 by the Khalifa and his troops, numbering about 40,000, and it was 
 here that the bodies of 1 1 ,000 dead Dervishes were counted the 
 following day. 
 
 An escort of picturesquely-attired Soudanese cavalry was in 
 waiting when the yacht came to her dock. Colonel Roosevelt 
 inspected the squad, and then the party mounted camels prepara 
 tory to the seven-mile trip over dusty roads. 
 
 The first halt was at the monument erected to the Twenty- 
 first Lancers, who here received their baptism of fire. In this 
 battle the Laucers made a desperate charge to save the day, but 
 they fell into an ambush at one of the dry water courses seaming 
 the plain, and many of them were speared by the Dervishes. 
 
 Thence they proceeded to a hill overlooking the battlefield. 
 Slatin Pasha, Inspector General, explained the position and attack, 
 and graphically described the operations. Colonel Roosevelt
 
 TRIUMPHANT CLOSE OF A THRILLING HUNT. 299 
 
 astonished the Inspector with his marvelous knowledge of the 
 history of Omdurman and the military tactics employed by both 
 the British and Khalifa's troops. The party then returned to the 
 Elfin and proceeded to the palace, thoroughly delighted with the 
 trip. 
 
 Beginning with an early return trip on the following day to 
 the Omdurman battlefield and visits to a half dozen of the inter 
 esting places in the city, the party returned to the palace in the 
 afternoon and prepared to witness the gymknana races at the polo 
 grounds. 
 
 The trip to Omdurman was made by steamboat, and was 
 under personal supervision of Colonel Hutchinson, who, with the 
 officers and shieks that met the party at Omdurman, was dressed 
 in picturesque robes. A brief ceremony marked the landing of 
 the boat at the battlefield. 
 
 VISITS OF ABSORBING INTEREST. 
 
 Slatin Pasha, Inspector General, again played an important 
 part in entertainment of the guests. After their return to Khar 
 toum he conducted them to the house where he was imprisoned 
 in the war of twelve years before. 
 
 The Khalifa's house was another interesting point visited, as 
 was also the mahdi's tomb, which was rifled of the body of the 
 mahdi and almost ruined after the British occupation. General 
 Gordon's piano, with which the famous general whiled away his 
 hours in the palace was one of the most interesting relics shown 
 the party. The piano is dilapidated, but is guarded as one of the 
 prized possessions of the city. 
 
 While at Omdurman Colonel Roosevelt inspected the Twelfth 
 Soudanese regiment, which gave a special drill in his honor. The 
 soldiers were dressed in khaki uniforms with orange-tufted tarboo- 
 shers, presenting a picture that brought high praise from the 
 former rough rider. The Colonel was surprised at the military 
 tactics displayed by the Egyptian soldiers, and remarked to Slatin 
 Pasha that it spoke volumes for the efficacy of English military 
 training.
 
 300 TRIUMPHANT CLOSE OF A THRILLING HUNT. 
 
 Slatin Pasha regaled the party for an hour that afternoon 
 with vivid accounts of his thirteen years' captivity. He showed 
 them the well that he dug with his own hands and the courtyard 
 that he built in his prison home. 
 
 The final day was made up of various functions, one of which 
 was at the Egyptian Club, where he impressed the Egyptian offi 
 cers with the importance of not mixing politics with soldiering. 
 
 The Colonel gathered the remaining members of his African 
 expedition around him at a lunch in the palace, and there were 
 many exchanges of friendship before farewells were said. The 
 guests included Sir Alfred Pease, who was Colonel Roosevelt's 
 first host in Africa ; Clayton Bey, of the Sirdar's staff, and Captain 
 Meredith, of the steamer Dal, on which the party came from 
 Gondokoro. 
 
 A PAINFUL FAREWELL. 
 
 The ex-President tried to make the affair as lively as possible, 
 but he was considerably moved when it came to shaking hands 
 with those whom he is not likely to see again for a long time. He 
 expressed the greatest admiration for Captain Cunninghame's 
 strenuous and unremitting labors, and those of the naturalists, by 
 reason of which the expedition had been such a marked success. 
 
 After an inspection 'of the missions, under the guidance of 
 Bishop Gwynne, Colonel Roosevelt attended a reception at the 
 Grand Hotel, where he again met the officials of Khartoum. 
 Mrj. Roosevelt and Miss Ethel were engaged most of the day in 
 packing up -preparatory to leaving for Cairo, and were unable to 
 attend the functions, which, however, were graced by the presence 
 of many ladies. 
 
 The band of the Twelfth Soudanese Infantry played a special 
 programme of native music, which is peculiarly weird and inspir 
 ing, for the benefit of Colonel Roosevelt. Later a group of native 
 women gave an exhibition of dances peculiar to the Soudanese. 
 
 In a speech at the Egyptian Officers' Club Colonel Roosevelt 
 advised the officers to drop politics while they were soldiers. He 
 was a soldier himself, he said, and a politician, but he never let 
 them intermix r ,
 
 TRIUMPHANT CLOSE OF A THRILLING HUNT. 301 
 
 After three of the liveliest days Khartoum had seen outside 
 of war times the people were loath to see the ex-President depart, 
 and much of the last day was taken up by prominent persons who 
 called to bid him good-by. Among the farewells were those to 
 the members of the hunting expedition, who made the return trip 
 to America by a different route from the Colonel. 
 
 THE MOST POPULAR MAN IN THE WORLD. 
 
 The title of a private citizen, which Colonel Roosevelt wears, 
 is more of a talisman in Kurope now than the crown of any king. 
 
 Nothing could indicate this more clearly than the great prep 
 arations that were made in the capitals of the countries, that he 
 visited, to receive him with great distinction. No crowned head 
 was ever shown such great honors as were shown to the former 
 President of the United States. 
 
 This is true, too, despite the fact that Col. Roosevelt all along 
 insisted that he be received in an unofficial capacity. Had he 
 permitted the various countries to follow their own inclinations 
 regarding the rece'ptions to be accorded him, his tour through 
 Europe would have been one of continuous triumph. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt is the most interesting personality in the 
 world to-day, according to the European viewpoint, which same 
 viewpoint also makes it likely he will be a figure to reckon with 
 when he returns to America. 
 
 The effect of the homage shown him by European countries 
 is sure to be an enhancement of his popularity at home, and many 
 in England, Germany, France and other countries of Europe will 
 be surprised if the political exigencies of America do not again 
 sweep him into the Presidential Chair.
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 ROYAL HONORS FOR THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 
 
 A SUCCESSION OF PERFECT MIRAGES VISITS THE GREAT 
 ASSUAN DAM LAUDS MISSION WORKERS LIONIZED IN 
 CAIRO GUEST OF THE KHEDIVE WANDERS AMONG TOMBS 
 OF KINGS VIEWS SPHINX BY MOONUGHT VISITS TEMPLE 
 OF BULLS " NOT A LION DID HIS DUTY " THE COLONEL 
 ATTENDS EASTER SERVICE. 
 
 WHILE rambling through the ruins of the land of the Nile, 
 descending into the dark tombs of ancient kings, studying 
 the hieroglyphs and communing with the celebrated Sphinx, an 
 American citizen attracted the attention of the entire world. In 
 ancient Egypt, potentates did him honor; at home, the newspapers 
 printed daily stories of his activities. 
 
 What was the meaning of it? What was there in a visit to 
 Africa, or in an exploration of the tombs of the mummies, that 
 aroused such intense interest? 
 
 Why were the things which Theodore Roosevelt did in a fara 
 way land chronicled with a minuteness and detail? 
 
 Everything that happened concerning the nation, or policies 
 of government, seemed to be considered from this angle What 
 did Roosevelt think of it, and what would he have done about it ? 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt was not the first ex-President of these 
 United States who, surviving his term, visited foreign lands. He 
 was not the first to have indulged his literary fancies. Yet, there 
 is something in him and in what he did that make him different 
 from all the others. 
 
 Shrewd observers of all sorts agree that Roosevelt is the most 
 extraordinary personality in our population, and in some sense in 
 the whole world. He is hated, he is loved, he is feared, he is 
 criticised, he is analyzed, but in every case the conclusion is that he 
 is a force to be dealt with, that he is a great man. 
 
 H.B.G. 29 
 
 302
 
 ROYAL HONORS FOR THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 303 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt and his family arrived at Wadi-Halfa from 
 Khartoum on the evening of March 18, and boarded the steamer 
 Ibis for Shellal, which lies some 150 miles down the Nile, at the 
 head of the First Cataract, close to the great Assuan reserve dam 
 and adjacent to Philae, where are the temples of Isis and other 
 works of the ancient Egyptians. 
 
 " The desert offers a striking contrast to the green of the 
 wilderness where I've been," observed the Colonel, while making 
 the long journey from Khartoum to Haifa. " The mirages on 
 both sides of the Sotik remind me of those I saw in the Sotik 
 country in British East Africa. In one I saw a rhinoceros which 
 I believed to be standing in a shallow lake, which proved to be a 
 mirage." 
 
 OLD EGYPT'S MAGNETIC ATTRACTIONS. 
 
 In the meantime the lure of old Egypt holds Colonel Roosevelt 
 and his family. They passed Sunday inspecting and wondering at 
 the submerged ruins at Philae and the tombs and the great dam 
 at Assuan, the largest in the world, planned to reservoir a thousand 
 million cubic metres of water (234,000,000,000 gallons) to irrigate 
 lower Egypt, under the pitiless sun. They returned weary but 
 enthusiastic to sleep on the Nile steamboat before they start for 
 Luxor, the site of ancient Thebes. 
 
 The express for Luxor was crowded with tourists returning 
 to Europe. A special car had been provided for the Roosevelt 
 family, and they dined by themselves during the trip. v The journey 
 was a very dusty one, without special incident. The scenery along 
 the route, however, afforded some diversion, giving, as it does, a 
 practical illustration of the utility of the great Assuan Dam, which 
 has enabled the natives to cover the countryside with wheat and 
 other crops in the dry season. 
 
 When the former President's party reached the station at 
 Assuan he was greeted by the tourists from the Cataract Hotel 
 and by a number of Egyptian officials. In answer to their cordial 
 reception, he made a brief address in which he repeated practically 
 the words spoken previously to the Egyptian officers.
 
 3W ROYAL HONORS FOR THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 
 
 
 
 American Consul General Lewis Morris Iddings, stationed a't 
 Cairo, was the first to greet the Roosevelts on their arrival. He 
 led them across the platform to a spot where a group of ladies and 
 a party of Egyptian officials were waiting to be introduced. From 
 the station the party were driven to the Winter Palace Hotel, which 
 was well filled with visitors 
 
 They were greeted by a great number of American citizens, 
 many travelers having waited to see the former President. Colonel 
 Roosevelt held a reception at the Hotel, and shook hands with more 
 than a hundred visitors from the United States, and as each passed 
 he made characteristic remarks, which served to recall old days in 
 the White House. At the close of the reception the visitors gave 
 three cheers and then broke forth with the slogan : 
 
 "What's the matter with Roosevelt? He's all right!" 
 
 This caused the Colonel to smile, and he said ': 
 
 " I wish I could give three cheers for every State from Cali 
 fornia to Massachusetts." 
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT RECEIVES MANY ATTENTIONS. 
 
 The attentions which were bestowed upon Colonel Roosevelt 
 increased to an impressive degree as he approached the areas which 
 contained a greater white population. They did not fall short of 
 those conferred upon royalty itself 
 
 Indeed, the Kaiser's son, Prince Eitel, who, with his wife, was 
 traveling in Egypt, was completely eclipsed by the greater star, 
 and did not receive one-tenth part of the homage which was be 
 stowed upon the former President of the United States. The 
 Colonel left Assuan a few hours before the arrival of Prince Eitel 
 and his wife. He telegraphed the Prince expressing his regret 
 that his plans prevented their meeting there. 
 
 Immediately after breakfast the next morning the Roosevelt 
 party left the hotel and crossed the Nile to Felucca. Horses were 
 provided. Kermit was dressed in riding clothes and Colonel Roose 
 velt wore khaki. Carriages were used by his wife and daughter, 
 Mr. Iddings and Mr. Abbot. Mounting spirited Arabs and accom-
 
 " """ ^ *f' V : f*** - 
 
 BIRD'S-EYE-VIEW OF EGYPT, SHOWING THE PLACES WHERE 
 
 20 M.I,. COLONEL ROOSEVELT VISITED. 
 
 305
 
 306 ROYAL HONORS FOR THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 
 
 panied by Chief of Police Weigall, Colonel Roosevelt cantered 
 down the tortuous narrow desert valley, followed closely by the 
 carriages, to the tombs of the Kings, 3000 years old. The day was 
 the hottest since Colonel Roosevelt reached civilization, the south 
 west wind resembling a sirocco. 
 
 When the inspection of the tombs was completed, Weigall, 
 wishing to test the famous endurance of the ex-President, suggested 
 a tramp across the cliffs, which led through a perilous path where 
 the heat is intensified by the reflection on the rocks, expecting that 
 Mr. Roosevelt would object. 
 
 The Colonel not only kept up, but led, making Mr. Weigall 
 admit that he had underestimated the strength of the ex-President. 
 On returning, four men of the party, including Mr. Roosevelt, 
 engaged in a horse race for a mile over the desert in the hot sun, 
 Colonel Roosevelt winning easily by the grace of his horse, as he 
 laughingly said. Mr. Weigall and Kermit tied for second place. 
 
 THE COLONEL'S KNOWLEDGE OF ANCIENT RULERS. 
 
 " He astonished me by his knowledge of the relations of the 
 rulers who lived several thousand years ago," observed Mr. Weigall. 
 In connection with Hatesu VIII, Mr. Roosevelt recalled that she 
 was the first woman ruler of civilized history, and from the amount 
 of trouble she gave Tomes, one of her numerous husbands, the 
 Colonel suggested that he must have been the first henpecked hus 
 band of whom any record exists. 
 
 In their tour that day the party first entered Sethos, the first 
 and most beautiful of the Biban El Moluk tombs. The caverns in 
 the rocky hills reached back into long corridors lighted by fitful 
 candles and occasionally by electricity, recalling the descent into 
 mines. 
 
 At the tomb of Jenophis the party was led through the dark 
 ness by a railing. Suddenly the light was turned on and they 
 looked at a crypt containing a mummy-shaped coffin w r ith the black 
 ened remains of the King, his arms folded, which reminded the 
 party of the tomb of Napoleon. This is the most dramatic sight 
 in connection with the antique monuments of Egypt.
 
 ROYAL HONORS FOR THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 807 
 
 On the way from Luxor to Karnok Colonel Roosevelt halted 
 at the American Mission, where he delivered a brief address. 
 Later in the day he visited the German Consulate, and there was 
 shown a book bearing the signature of his father and Ralph Waldo 
 Emerson, which were written in 1873. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt finished his sight-seeing by inspecting the 
 Luxor Temple. The party left at 7 o'clock on the night of the 23, 
 and reached Cairo the following morning. 
 
 The Egyptian capital gave Colonel Theodore Roosevelt the 
 most enthusiastic reception accorded to a foreigner in fifty years. 
 This historic old city turned out en masse to greet the former 
 President of the United States, and official Cairo vied with the re 
 mainder of the population in heaping honors upon the mighty 
 hunter, whose exploits had been followed with the most intense 
 interest. 
 
 THE COLONEL RECEIVES A POPULAR OVATION. 
 
 It was Roosevelt Day, and everybody was out to acclaim the 
 famous American. The Khedive greeted him cordially, the crowds 
 massed along the streets cheered his carriage and the Americans 
 shouted themselves hoarse at Shepheard's Hotel. Prom early 
 morning until far into the night the ovation lasted. Colonel Roose 
 velt's name was on every tongue, and his appearance at any point 
 was the signal for a tremendous demonstration. The city made a 
 holiday of the occasion. 
 
 The Colonel was met by Lewis M. Iddings, the American consul 
 general ; Air. Strauss, the American ambassador to Turkey, and the 
 leading government officials. 
 
 He took lunch at the American agency, and was afterward 
 received at Abdin palace by the Khedive, who warmly welcomed 
 him, and listened intently and interestedly to the Colonel's account 
 of his shooting expedition, the story of the country he had traversed 
 and the various classes of natives he had met in the course of his 
 journey. 
 
 The Khedive sent a palace carriage to Shepheard's Hotel to 
 convey the visitors to the palace. It was the first time this atten-
 
 308 ROYAL HONORS FOR THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 
 
 tion had been accorded to a private citizen of any country. More 
 over, the Khedive returned Roosevelt's visit in royal fashion. 
 
 The Khediviah also received Mrs. and Miss Roosevelt with 
 unusual marks of distinction. She walked through two or three 
 rooms to meet them, instead of waiting for them in the reception 
 room. She had coffee served to them in gold cups, studded with 
 diamonds. She talked with them in French for nearly an hour, 
 asking many questions about the position of women. 
 
 Later in the day the party drove to the Mena House for the 
 purpose of viewing the impressive spectacle of the pyramids by 
 moonlight. Extensive festivities had been arranged there in their 
 honor, lasting well into the night. 
 
 Up with the sun, after a restful night, Colonel Roosevelt and 
 his party were early astir, preparing for a visit to the Necropolis of 
 Sakkara, where are the wonderful tombs of various kings, of Thy 
 and of the Apis bulls. 
 
 RECEIVES SPECIAL RECOGNITION. 
 
 Major F. K. Watson, pacha, aide de camp to the Khedive, was 
 an early caller. He tendered to Colonel Roosevelt the use of the 
 Khedive's special camel corps for the eight-mile ride across the 
 desert to Sakkara. Such a tender always is a special mark of 
 favor, and Colonel Roosevelt accepted it with much pleasure. The 
 Colonel and Kermit each rode one of the animals over the dreary 
 waste to the Necropolis, but Mrs. Roosevelt and Miss Ethel chose 
 a more comfortable sand cart. 
 
 Arriving at the tombs of the bulls of Apis, the oldest of which 
 dates back to 1500 B. C., the time of the reign of Amennophis III, 
 the sightseers were met by an archeologist who had been instructed 
 to act as their guide. With lighted candles, the Americans entered 
 the dark caverns, and looked with interest upon the huge sarcophagi. 
 
 From the tombs of Bulls the party proceeded to the temples 
 and the tomb of Thy, a plebeian, who lived in the fifth dynasty, but 
 who was so esteemed that he was permitted to marry a princess. 
 
 " Not a lion did his duty." With this declaration, delivered 
 in mock gravity, former President Roosevelt concluded his informal
 
 ROYAL HONORS FOR THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 309 
 
 remarks at a reception given the following morning to fellow-citi 
 zens from America. The joke on those who openly wished that 
 the lions would get him was not lost and caused a hearty laugh, in 
 which the speaker joined. 
 
 The reception was held in the beautiful gardens adjoining the 
 Shepheard's Hotel, and as early as 8 o'clock a crowd was there. 
 A temporary platform had been erected, decorated with American 
 flags and palms. When Mr. Roosevelt appeared he received a 
 noisy ovation. The cheers were followed by the singing of " My 
 Country, 'Tis of Thee." 
 
 The Colonel said that he would not make a speech, but wished 
 to say that he was glad of the opportunity to meet fellow-country 
 men. He was glad, he said, to see America in the East. Then he 
 assured them that the lions in Africa had not accomplished trie 
 mission jokingly imposed upon them. 
 
 THE COLONEL EXTENDS A PERSONAL GREETING. 
 
 A line was formed, and passing the platform every one of the 
 crowd, in which women predominated, shook hands with Colonel 
 Roosevelt and received a personal greeting. This over, another 
 cheer was given and once more " My Country, 'Tis of Thee," was 
 sung. Following the reception the Colonel went to his apartments 
 and prepared for the visit to Al-Azhar University. 
 
 In his visit to the mosque, Al-Azhar, which in 988 was turned 
 into a university, Colonel Roosevelt was accompanied by Mrs. 
 Roosevelt, Kermit, Miss Ethel and a few others. A number of 
 American tourists seized the opportunity to inspect the mosque 
 when the invited party was received. 
 
 At the " gate of the barbers " the visitors were detained until 
 commodious yellow-covered shoes could be tied over their boots, as 
 the feet of infidels are not permitted to desecrate the Mohammedan 
 floors. A thorough inspection of the mosque was made, the Colonel 
 being especially interested in the ancient carvings, the Koreans 
 which had been the personal property of past Khedives and other 
 celebrities, and the wealth of curious objects in the museum. 
 
 The Roosevelts and Ambassador and Mrs. Strauss were guests
 
 310 ROYAL HONORS FOR THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 
 
 of the Khedive at luncheon at the palace. In the afternoon they 
 visited the museum of Arab art. 
 
 Easter was observed by Colonel Roosevelt in much the same 
 way as though he had been at home. In conventional silk hat and 
 frock coat, he attended the Easter services at the English Church, 
 which was crowded to the doors with worshipers. 
 
 Probably the most interesting incident in connection with 
 Colonel Roosevelt's visit occurred when, at his own suggestion, he 
 held an informal conference with Egyptian newspaper men. 
 
 The ex-President had been keenly interested in the attack by 
 the native press on his speeches, they charging that he has inter 
 fered in Egyptian politics, and said that he would like to have a 
 heart-to-heart talk with the editors. As a result the newspaper 
 men visited him during the day, all of them displaying great eager 
 ness for the interview. Most of them wore European frock coats 
 and tarbushes, but one tall, dignified Arab sheikh appeared in flow 
 ing robes and turban. 
 
 THE COLONEL ADDRESSES THE ASSEMBLAGE. 
 
 After the introductions the Colonel addressed the assemblage. 
 Some of them could speak only Arabic, and hence an interpreter 
 was necessary. The Colonel said something about it being the duty 
 of journalists to promote religious toleration, whereupon the sheikh 
 eagerly interjected in gutteral Arabic : " Moslems and Christians 
 have lived peaceably side by side in Egypt for thirteen centuries. 
 There is no reason why they cannot continue to do so." 
 
 If he anticipated that this would lead to an argument, he was 
 disappointed, for Colonel Roosevelt only rapped out with appre 
 ciative vigor : " That's fine ; that's fine," and went on with his homily 
 on the power and responsibility of the press. Describing it as the 
 most formidable weapon of modern life, he declared it ought only 
 to be used for good purposes. 
 
 To this the sheikh, among others, heartily assented. The 
 interview ended without any controversy, and with mutual compli 
 ments and a general display of good feeling. Asked afterward 
 what were their impressions of the meeting, it became clear that
 
 ROYAL HONORS FOR THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 311 
 
 what struck the editors most was the freedom with which Colonel 
 Roosevelt talked with them, and the pleasure he seemed to feel at 
 meeting them. 
 
 It was such an unexpected attitude on the part of the man who 
 had been the head of a great nation that one of the newspaper men 
 declared that his heart was so full of admiration and gratitude that 
 he could hardly restrain his tears. Another, who is an ardent 
 Nationalist, said : " Mr. Roosevelt didn't know what he was talking 
 about, but he meant well." 
 
 During a conversation between an educated Egyptian and a 
 correspondent the Egyptian declared that Colonel Roosevelt learned 
 more about the Assiut American Mission in two days than Lord 
 Cromer had learned in twenty-five years. This is typical of the 
 impressions the Egyptians have formed of Colonel Roosevelt's 
 wonderful power in absorbing the details of all subjects. 
 
 Later the Roosevelt family gave a small private luncheon and 
 at night the Colonel attended a banquet given in his honor by the 
 Sirdar, Sir Reginald Wingate. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt delivered an address before the students of 
 the University of Egypt on March 28, and made an excellent impres 
 sion. He was cordially received, and at the end of his remarks there 
 was much applause. The general opinion was that the speech will 
 have a good effect upon the country generally. 
 
 Earlier in the day Colonel Roosevelt received a deputation of 
 prominent Syrians, who wished to acknowledge the kindly attitude 
 toward their people of the former President during his administra 
 tion, and a committee of the Geographical Society which received 
 Livingstone and Stanley, and wished to pay their respects in a 
 similar manner to the American. 
 
 The Syrians presented to Mr. Roosevelt an illuminated address 
 on silk, written in both Arabic and English. The address was en 
 closed in a solid silver casket, inlaid with gold and bearing an in 
 scription in Arabic. On the outside of the cover, inlaid with gold, 
 was formed an olive branch entwined with Turkish and American 
 flags.
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 TRIUMPHAL JOURNEY THROUGH EUROPE. 
 
 ROOSEVELT SAILS FOR NAPLES GETS OVATION VISITED BY KING 
 VICTOR EMMANUEL " LONG LIVE ROOSEVELT " -VISITS 
 SCENE OF HONEYMOON IN UNIQUE EQUIPAGE PORTO 
 MAURIZIO IN GALA ARRAY ADMIRES VENICE EROM GONDOLA 
 EMPEROR FRANZ JOSEPH PAYS HONOR TO THE COLONEL 
 JOURNEY TO BUDAPEST MEETS FRANCIS KOSSUTH GREETED 
 LIKE A RULER IN PARIS. 
 
 T IMMEDIATELY on retiring from the Presidency Colonel Roose- 
 * velt hurried to Africa, far away from the strenuous political 
 life of the preceding years, living in the wild, indifferent to the 
 world's thought and interest. Not a few were glad to have him 
 thus go, for they thought he had gone beyond the horizon of poli 
 tical life and if he ever returned it would be without a place to 
 receive him. But such a welcome has never been given any man. 
 
 At the border of civilization the welcome began, and at every 
 step it increased in volume and heartiness. Missions, civil organi 
 zations, rulers and public officials gave him cordial greeting. Courts 
 were opened to him, and Kings made him their personal guest. No 
 other man has undertaken such a journey ; no American has been so 
 honored. 
 
 General Grant was welcomed as he went around the world to 
 a degree that made us wonder and excited our pride, but it was 
 Grant, the great general as well as ex-President. He received the 
 honors with becoming dignity, but he was a silent man, and no 
 special and abiding impression was made on the world by him. 
 
 Roosevelt carries with him his characteristic intense energy, 
 and speaks with the independence and force which made him the 
 most popular and personally the most potent President we have 
 ever had. He seemed to throw prudence aside when he began his 
 
 312
 
 TRIUMPHAL JOURNEY THROUGH EUROPE. 313 
 
 speeches in Egypt. He knew there was a sullen discontent, stimu 
 lated by ambitious and disloyal men, but this was to him a call. 
 
 It seemed as if Mr. Roosevelt was throwing brands into an 
 open magazine, but he spoke fearlessly and with such positiveness 
 that disloyalty was put to shame. His course was proved to be 
 wise for him and for the public good; he was a master and by the 
 force of his personality brought rulers and the ruled into better 
 relations. 
 
 At every point the highest honors were extended to him, and 
 in every case he proved himself the plain, straightforward man of 
 high ideals and strong convictions. 
 
 THE COLONEL SAILS FOR NAPLES. 
 
 The Roosevelts left Alexandria and sailed for Naples in the 
 afternoon of March 30, on board the steamer Prinz Heinrich. 
 
 Never was the blue bay of Naples bathed in more glorious sun 
 shine than when the black smoke of the incoming steamer notified 
 the crowd of the arrival of the distinguished visitor. 
 
 Notwithstanding the early hour, the water front was lined 
 with thousands who wished to share in the welcome to Colonel 
 Roosevelt upon his return to Italy from Africa. 
 
 At his hotel Mr. Roosevelt found awaiting him a messenger 
 from Mayor Nathan of Rome, bearing an invitation from the 
 municipal authorities, who wished to give a dinner in his honor. 
 The former President promptly accepted the invitation and fixed the 
 date for the following Wednesday evening. 
 
 Colonel and Mrs. Roosevelt attended services at Christ Church 
 in Naples the next morning, leaving for Rome at 2.30 in the after 
 noon. An immense crowd assembled at the station to see them off. 
 The private car, which had been placed at their disposal by the 
 Italian government, was filled with flowers. 
 
 Although measures had been taken by the police to prevent a 
 large gathering inside the railroad station at the time of the^arrival 
 of the Roosevelt party, many Americans and prominent Italians 
 managed to find a way to circumvent these precautions, and the
 
 314 TRIUMPHAL JOURNEY THROUGH EUROPE. 
 
 station was well filled when the ex-President appeared at the door 
 of the car. 
 
 A detachment of carabineers and a large force of police made 
 a pathway from the train to the royal waiting room, the king having 
 ordered that the ex-President should receive the same honors as 
 members of the royal families when they visit the Italian capital. 
 
 The Colonel was received on his arrival at the Quirinal in the 
 most cordial manner by King Victor Emmanuel. This occasion, 
 the most important set event since Colonel Roosevelt's landing in 
 Europe from his African hunt, afforded opportunity for another 
 exhibition of the admiration of the Italian public for the noted 
 American visitor and the popular interest in his every movement. 
 
 The distinguished guest was escorted to the door of the King's 
 apartment, which when thrown open revealed His Majesty standing 
 with arms outstretched and with a smile upon his face. 
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT AND KING VICTOR. 
 
 The monarch and former President shook hands heartily, the 
 King inviting his guest to sit at his side. The door of the apart 
 ment was then closed and the two remained in private conversation 
 for about three quarters of an hour. 
 
 The Colonel, it is said, expressed the pleasure that he felt in 
 again meeting King Victor Emmanuel, following the short inter 
 view which they had a year ago at Messina on board the battleship 
 Re Umberto. 
 
 The King responded that he had been waiting with great in 
 terest the return of the former President, as he had desired to hear 
 from his own lips the report of his African adventures, which his 
 Majesty had followed as closely as possible. 
 
 Following the audience Colonel Roosevelt said that the King 
 had been so gracious and flattering both to him personally and to 
 his country that he felt that he should not make public anything 
 concerning their conversation. 
 
 The formalities of the reception over, Victor Emmanuel per 
 sonally conducted his guest to the hall of the palace, where the
 
 TRIUMPHAL JOURNEY THROUGH EUROPE. 315 
 
 American inspected the hunting trophies of the King's father and 
 grandfather. 
 
 When the time came to say good-bye His Majesty invited the 
 Colonel to drive with him the next morning. The sovereign ex 
 plained that, though they would dine together at court that night, 
 he desired to see and talk with his guest further alone. 
 
 From the Quirinal the returning traveler drove to the Pan 
 theon. Beyond the charm of its ancient memories, this spot is 
 sacred as it contains the tombs of Raphael, King Victor Emmanuel 
 II., the " father of his country," and King Humbert. 
 
 King Victor Emmanuel called on Colonel Roosevelt at the 
 latter s hotel the next morning, and, following a pleasant social chat, 
 they motored to the barracks of the Cuirassiers, where they wit 
 nessed a series of manoeuvres. The ex-President said he had 
 never seen a finer body of mounted men. 
 
 THE COLONEL VISITS VICTOR EMMANUEL'S MONUMENT. 
 
 From the barracks the King and his guest motored to the monu 
 ment, in course of construction, to Victor Emmanuel II. Leaving 
 the car the two climbed to the top of the collossal structure upon 
 which $10,000,000 has been expended thus far. 
 
 In the afternoon, in company with Professor James B. Carter, 
 director of the American School of Classical Studies at Rome, the 
 ex-President spent considerable time exploring the Capitol Forum. 
 
 Signer Ferra, sovereign grand commander of the Supreme 
 Council, Ancient Scottish Rite, with a deputation, called at Roose 
 velt's apartments and conferred upon him a high Masonic title. 
 The Colonel delivered a brief speech, in which he expressed grati 
 fication at the honor, and insisted upon the principles of brother 
 hood, liberty and tolerance, which, he said, form the basis of regular 
 Free Masonry throughout the world. 
 
 Colonel and Mrs. Roosevelt left for Spezia late on the night of 
 April 6 to follow the route taken upon their wedding trip. 
 
 Among those who bade farewell at 'the station were Count 
 Tozzoni, master of ceremonies in the royal household, who repre-
 
 316 TRIUMPHAL JOURNEY THROUGH EUROPE. 
 
 sented the king; Mayor Nathan and other civic authorities. The 
 distinguished American was warmly cheered, and there were many 
 cries of " Long live Roosevelt." 
 
 At 8.31 the next morning Colonel Roosevelt, clad in a Rough 
 Rider overcoat of khaki, with the insignia of a colonel, alighted 
 from a saloon car at the Spezia station, accompanied by his wife. 
 
 The Mayor and sub-prefect who had been awaiting his coming, 
 greeted him, and the Colonel accepted the Mayor's carriage in 
 which to drive to the Hotel Croce di Malt, while a special, old- 
 fashioned three-horse carriage, a replica of that used by the Roose- 
 velts twenty-five years ago on their honeymoon, which had been 
 made ready for their second honeymoon, conveyed their luggage. 
 The old-fashioned vehicle, with mussel bells on the horses' harness, 
 afforded a new sight for Spezia and attracted much attention, mak 
 ing it impossible for the Colonel to preserve his incognito. 
 
 THE COLONEL RENEWS OLD ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 After breakfast in the public dining room of the hotel and a 
 visit to the room occupied by Colonel and Mrs. Roosevelt twenty- 
 five years ago, Colonel Roosevelt shook hands with all the Ameri 
 cans present and accepted a bouquet for Mrs. Roosevelt. 
 
 Then they drove away in a cloud of dust raised by their ancient 
 equipage, while the postilion cracked his whip and the bells jangled 
 merrily, awakening to unusual animation the sleepy town. 
 
 People and press of Genoa had manifested the most intense 
 interest in the movements of Colonel Roosevelt. His second honey 
 moon journey stirred their romantic natures, and when the news 
 spread of his coming, a big crowd hurried to the modest Hotel 
 Brittania, where he had engaged quarters, and with cheering and 
 the waving of hats greeted the arival of the dust-covered carriage. 
 
 Half an hour after the arrival of Colonel Roosevelt, the prefect 
 and the Mayor of Genoa called on him and greeted him in the name 
 of the municipality. 
 
 The Colonel visited the Red and White palaces of Genoa, subse 
 quently going driving and visiting the famous Andrea Dona 
 Church, whose solemn beauty deeply impressed him.
 
 TRIUMPHAL JOURNEY THROUGH EUROPE. 317 
 
 The departure of the Roosevelts caused a great outpouring of 
 the Genoese, including the municipal authorities, who cordially 
 wished him bon voyage. At every station on the road to Porto 
 Maurizio crowds stood in the pouring rain and saluted the Colonel. 
 
 Porto Maurizio in gala dress welcomed the ex-President en 
 thusiastically. Mayor Carnetti, with a delegation, formally greeted 
 him. Signora Carnetti and several other women greeted Mrs. and 
 Miss Roosevelt. 
 
 When Mr. and Mrs. Roosevelt arrived, not only was every man, 
 woman and child in the town massed about the station or lining the 
 streets, but thousands from the neighboring communes had come 
 in to add their enthusiasm to that of the townspeople, which already 
 was difficult to hold in check. The din of the welcome was almost 
 indescribable as the ex-President and his wife emerged from the 
 station. After greeting Miss Carew, Mrs. Roosevelt's sister, the 
 party started forward for the carriages. A band struck up " Hail 
 Columbia," and the crowd cheered lustily. 
 
 HE OPENS A BOULEVARD NAMED IN HIS HONOR. 
 
 The following day the Colonel opened the new boulevard, 
 which had been named for him, and accepted honorary citizenship of 
 the city of Porto Maurizio, amid a repetition of the popular enthu 
 siasm which marked his arrival. 
 
 While a band played " The Star-Spangled Banner " and most 
 of the population of Porto Maurizio shouted " Long live Roose 
 velt!" the former President and his son left Porto Maurizio on 
 April 1 3th for Venice. 
 
 The Colonel and Kermit spent several hours in Venice the fol 
 lowing day, leaving about 2.30 o'clock in the afternoon for Vienna. 
 'Iliey enjoyed trips in gondolas on the canals in the city and in 
 spected many of the notable structures and points of interest. 
 
 Vienna gave Col. Roosevelt a warm welcome. Wherever lie 
 went a crowd gathered to see him, while there was constantly a 
 crowd outside his hotel.
 
 318 TRIUMPHAL JOURNEY THROUGH EUROPE. 
 
 As a special mark of his personal esteem the aged Emperor 
 King Francis Joseph of Austria received Colonel Roosevelt in his 
 private apartments at the imposing Hof burg Palace instead of in 
 the regular audience chamber. 
 
 The monarch, who was attired in an imperial uniform, was 
 extremely gracious to the ex-President, and kept him in conversa 
 tion for thirty- five minutes. 
 
 For Colonel Roosevelt the call on the Emperor was only the 
 main feature of a very busy day, which began immediately after he 
 reached his hotel early that morning with a breakfast with Henry 
 White, former American ambassador to France. 
 
 THE COLONEL OCCUPIES THE COURT CARRIAGE. 
 
 The day included an official visit to Count von Aehrenthal, the 
 Austro-Hungarian foreign minister, which lasted an hour; a call 
 of courtesy upon Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir apparent 
 to the throne, at Belvidere palace ; a visit to the tombs of the Haps- 
 burgs, where, under the guidance of a brown-cowled Capucine 
 monk, with a lighted taper in his hand, he laid wreaths on the tombs 
 of Empress Elizabeth and Crown Prince Rudolph; a tour of in 
 spection of the Spanish riding school founded by Charles VII and 
 the Imperial Hussar barracks; a reception by the Austrian jour 
 nalists and a gala dinner given in his honor at the Foreign Office at 
 night by Count von Aehrenthal. Yet. after the long day, when 
 Colonel Roosevelt returned to his hotel, he mounted the stairs two 
 at a time. 
 
 The Colonel used the imperial court carriage placed at his 
 disposal by Emperor Francis Joseph until his official calls had ended. 
 Then he discarded it for a speedier vehicle the automobile. 
 
 The Emperor's dinner at the Imperial Palace at Schoenbrunn 
 constituted the concluding official function of the Colonel's visit to 
 the Austrian capital. 
 
 As the hour of the dinner was set for 6 o'clock, the Colonel and 
 Kermit, in evening dress, left the hotel in a court carriage a half 
 hour earlier. Arriving at the entrance of the palace, a court official 
 
 met and escorted them up the broad flight of stairs. 
 H.B.G. so
 
 TRIUMPHAL JOURNEY THROUGH EUROPE. 319 
 
 As the ex-President and his son reached the threshold, the 
 doors opposite were thrown open and the Emperor, wearing the 
 uniform of a field marshal, advanced to meet the guest of the 
 evening. 
 
 After greetings, the Colonel presented Kermit, and in a few 
 minutes the Emperor, with the ex- President on his left, led the way 
 through several spacious apartments to what is called the " small 
 gallery ". a white apartment where small court dinners usually are 
 given. Thirty-five additional guests sat down to the table. 
 
 With the exception of the Americans all the guests were in full 
 court uniform. Colonel Roosevelt sat at the Emperor's right and 
 Ambassador Kerens at his left. Throughout the dinner the 
 band of the 32d Infantry played in a gallery, principally selections 
 from Strauss. The table service was of silver and white and gold 
 china, with the imperial eagle in gold on the borders. 
 
 BANQUET FORMALITIES DISPENSED WITH. 
 
 Still following the ceremonial of private dinners, as distin 
 guished from gala and state banquets, no formal toasts were given. 
 The dinner occupied precisely one hour, and upon arising from the 
 table the party returned to the Mirror Room, where what is known 
 as the " Cercle " followed, during which the Emperor personally 
 made the round of his guests. His leave-taking of the former 
 President and his son was exceedingly cordial. 
 
 From the palace Colonel Roosevelt and Kermit drove direct to 
 the Imperial Opera, where they occupied the court box for a short 
 time, during the second act of the " Barber of Seville." The house 
 was crowded in anticipation of the Colonel's presence, and he was 
 given a hearty reception. 
 
 They drove from the opera to the American Embassy, where 
 an informal reception to the American colony had been arranged, 
 so that they might meet the ex-President. Mr. Roosevelt left for 
 Budapest the following morning, a special car having been placed at 
 his service. 
 
 The train for Budapest arrived at 9 o'clock in the evening.
 
 320 TRIUMPHAL JOURNEY THROUGH EUROPE. 
 
 Rain was falling, but, in response to the Mayor's appeal, the towns 
 folk turned out by the thousands. Within the station itself the 
 crowd swarmed everywhere, and as the train came in the officials 
 could hardly clear the track. Scores of men and boys climbed on 
 to the roofs of the cars. A fervent welcome was extended by the 
 Mayor, and Colonel Roosevelt, wearing a cavalry colonel's coat and 
 a black felt hat, made an eloquent reply. 
 
 The most notable event in the program was the visit to the 
 House of Parliament. The legislative body, having been dissolved, 
 was not in session, but the Interparliamentary Peace Congress was, 
 and the two Premiers of the dual empire were there to receive the 
 former President. 
 
 THE COLONEL VISITS THE HOME OF KOSSUTH. 
 
 From the parliamentary buildings, Colonel Roosevelt went to 
 the home of Kossuth. The Hungarian patriot received the Ameri 
 can visitor cordially and the conversation turned almost immediately 
 upon the progress which had been made by Hungary since 1848. 
 Kossuth showed his visitor pictures and busts of his illustrious 
 father, as well as various mementoes which are preserved with re 
 verence by the family of the greatest of all Hungary's famous men. 
 The Colonel and Kermit left Budapest on the night of April 19 
 for Paris. 
 
 No reigning sovereign ever received a more enthusiastic wel 
 come to Paris than did Theodore Roosevelt. He reached Paris on 
 April 21, and was greeted by the representatives of the President 
 of the Republic and the Cabinet, American Ambassador Bacon, M. 
 Jusserand, the French Ambassador at Washington, and a great 
 concourse of people, which the cordon of troops surrounding the 
 railway station had difficulty in holding in check. 
 
 After luncheon at the American embassy, the Colonel called 
 upon President Fallieres and Foreign Minister Pichon, who imme 
 diately afterward paid return visits to the embassy. 
 
 Part of the afternoon was devoted to private engagements, 
 and in the evening the ex-President was given an ovation at the
 
 TRIUMPHAL TOURNEY THROUGH EUROPE. 321 
 
 Comedie Francaise, where he made his first real public utterance in 
 Paris, occupying the presidential box, which had been placed at his 
 disposal by M. Fallieres. 
 
 When Colonel Roosevelt entered the theater between acts, the 
 house literally rose to its feet, volleys of applause bursting from the 
 boxes, pit and gallery. For a full minute the Colonel made no 
 response, but as the demonstration continued he came forward and 
 bowed his acknowledgments. 
 
 At the end of each act, when Mounet- Sully, who played the title 
 role, and the other performers responded, they advanced, as is cus 
 tomary when royalty is present, bowing profoundly in the direction 
 of the ex-President before turning to the audience. This seemed 
 only to give additional pleasure to the audience, which, in turn, each 
 time gave a fresh round of applause for Mr. Roosevelt. 
 
 The Colonel began his programme the next day with a visit io 
 the tomb of Napoleon in the Palais des Invalides. 
 
 THE COLONEL DINED AT THE ELYSEE PALACE. 
 
 President and Mme. Fallieres gave a gala dinner that night of 
 104 covers at the Elysee Palace in honor of the Colonel. The entire 
 palace was brilliantly illuminated and the Republican Guard lined 
 the stairways. 
 
 In proposing Colonel Roosevelt's health President Fallieres 
 said : " I cannot allow this dinner to terminate without seizing the 
 occasion to offer a toast to Theodore Roosevelt an illustrious man 
 who is at the same time a great citizen, a great friend of France and 
 a great friend of peace. I lift my glass also in honor of Mrs. 
 Roosevelt, to whom goes out the homage of our respectful sympathy. 
 I congratulate myself on being able to tell our guests how happy we 
 are to receive and fete them." 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt replied in French, saying he was profoundly 
 touched by the words of President Fallieres. 
 
 From noon until midnight on the third day of his arrival Colonel 
 Roosevelt was the guest of intellectual Paris, participating as a 
 member at a session of the French Academy, delivering a lecture on 
 " Citizenship in a Republic," at the Sorbonne.
 
 322 TRIUMPHAL TOURNEY THROUGH EUROPE. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt's reception at the French institute and that 
 at the Sorbonne were equally impressive, but in a different way. 
 At the former he was introduced merely as a member and he took a 
 seat among his distinguished confreres, most of whom have grown 
 old in the service of science. 
 
 After listening to the words of M. Boutroux, the president of 
 the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, who spoke eloquently 
 of American ideals and character, of which he said, Theodore Roose 
 velt was the best exponent, the former President of the United States 
 replied in French, his utterances arousing his venerable colleagues 
 to unwonted applause. 
 
 At the Sorbonne no attempt was made to restrain the demon 
 strations. The facade bristled with American and French flags, 
 and fully 25,000 persons packed the streets and acclaimed Colonel 
 Roosevelt on his arrival. Within the building enthusiasm was un 
 bounded, the vast crowd in the amphitheatre interrupting again and 
 again with storms of applause as the speaker defined the duties of 
 individual citizenship in a republic, scorning the sluggards, synics 
 and idle rich, and preaching the gospel of work, character and the 
 strenuous life. 
 
 HE DEFINES HIS ATTITUDE ON HUMAN RIGHTS. 
 
 Several times he interjected observations in French, and after 
 he had defined his attitude on the subject of human rights and pro 
 perty rights, he repeated this in French, saying that it constituted 
 the crux of what he had to say, and he desired every one to under 
 stand him. 
 
 The newspapers of all shades of opinoin rang with approval 
 of the doctrines of civic morality expounded by the ex-Presideiit. 
 
 The " Temps " declared that the impression produced was all 
 the greater because Mr. Roosevelt did not present theories that he 
 conceived, but experiences that he lived. It found many lessons 
 therein for France, and concluded with an appeal to France to take 
 " the advice of an honest man whose deeds and life during thirty 
 years qualify him to speak."
 
 TRIUMPHAL JOURNEY THROUGH EUROPE. 323 
 
 The "Journal Debats" said : " Roosevelt's simple and energetic 
 language is that of Hercules, armed not with a club, but a broom 
 at the door of the Augean stable." 
 
 " Liberte," under the caption of " A Magnificent Lesson," 
 said : " We have few men in France with energy equal to Mr. 
 Roosevelt's, but thousands upon thousands who think as he does." 
 
 The <l Paris Journal " said : " No nobler lesson of civic duty 
 ever fell from human lips," 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt passed a comparatively quiet Sunday in Paris. 
 Accompanied by Ambassador Bacon in the morning, he attended 
 service in the American church in the Rue de Berri. Mrs. Roose 
 velt, accompanied by Kermit and Miss Ethel, attended the American 
 church in Avenue de 1'Alma. 
 
 THE COLONEL AND MRS. ROOSEVELT ATTEND] A LUNCHEON. 
 
 The Colonel and Mrs. Roosevelt lunched with Ambassador and 
 Mme. Jusserand. In the afternoon there was an automobile trip 
 to St. Germain, where Colonel Roosevelt visited the chateau of 
 Henry IV. In the evening the Roosevelts dined with Ambassador 
 and Mrs.. Bacon at the American embassy. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt's popularity grew amazingly as his visit to 
 Paris drew towards its close. His reception Monday night at the 
 Opera, where a gala performance of " Samson and Delilah " had 
 been arranged in his honor, was a remarkable and spontaneous 
 tribute of a brilliant assembly to a man after the true Parisian's 
 heart. 
 
 The events of April were a source of genuine delight to the 
 formei President, particularly the mimic .warfare on the field of 
 Vincennes. The booming of cannon, the rattling of mitralleuses, 
 and the prancing of gallant steeds particularly the one he him 
 self rode appeared to fill his soul with delight. " There was one 
 thing I absolutely had to see here," said the Colonel, "before I 
 went to Germany, and that was the French army." 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt's visit in Paris during which he was 
 showered with honors, terminated the following day.
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S SPEECH IN PARIS ON CITIZEN 
 SHIP IN A REPUBLIC. 
 
 ROOSEVELT on April 23 electrified France with 
 one of the most forceful speeches he has ever spoken. 
 
 What Mr. Roosevelt said was interrupted again and again with 
 outbursts of applause. His speech was given over to defining the 
 duties of individual citzenship in a republic. He scorned the 
 sluggards, the cynics and the idle rich. 
 
 He preached the gospel of work, of character and of the strenu 
 ous life. He defined his attitude on the subject of human rights 
 and made clear his position in respect to the moneyed interests. 
 He commended the qualities of courage, honesty, sincerity and 
 common sense and said these qualities rather than genius were 
 essential. He made clear his belief that republican institutions 
 are still on trial, both in France and America. 
 
 His address delivered in the Sorbonne, Paris, is as follows : 
 
 " Strange and impressive associations rise in the mind of a man from the 
 New World who speaks before this august body in this ancient institution of 
 learning. Before his eyes pass the shadows of mighty kings and warlike 
 nobles, of great masters of law and theology; through the shining dust of the 
 dead centuries he sees crowded figures that tell of the power and learning and 
 splendor of times gone by; and he sees also the innumerable host of humble 
 students to whom clerkship meant emancipation, to whom it was well-nigh the 
 only outlet from the dark thraldom of the Middle Ages. 
 
 " This was the most famous university of mediaeval Europe at a time 
 when no one dreamed that there was a New World to discover. Its services 
 to the cause of human knowledge already stretched far back into the remote 
 past at the time when my forefathers, three centuries ago, were among the 
 sparse bands of traders, plowmen, woodchoppers and fisherfolk who, in hard 
 struggle with the iron unfriendliness of the Indian-haunted land, were laying 
 the foundations of what has now become the giant republic of the West. 
 
 " The pioneer days pass ; the stump-dotted clearings expand into vast 
 stretches of fertile farm land ; the stockaded clusters of log cabins change into 
 towns; the hunters of game, the tillers of the soil, the men who wander all 
 their lives long through the wilderness as the heralds and harbingers of an 
 oncoming civilization, themselves vanish before the civilization for which they 
 have prepared the way. 
 
 324
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S PARIS SPEECH. 325 
 
 " The children of their successors and supplanters, and then their children 
 and children's children, change and develop with extraordinary rapidity. The 
 conditions accentuate vices and virtues, energy and ruthlessness, all the good 
 qualities and all the defects of an intense individualism, self-reliant, self- 
 centered, far more conscious of its rights than of its duties, and blind to its 
 own shortcomings. 
 
 " To the hard materialism of the frontier days succeeds the hard material 
 ism of an industrialism even more intense and absorbing than that of the older 
 nations ; although these themselves have likewise already entered on the age of 
 a complex and predominantly industrial civilization. 
 
 " It is for us of the New World to sit at the feet of the Gamaliel of the 
 Old ; then, if we have the right stuff in us, we can show that Paul in his turn 
 can become a teacher as well as a scholar. 
 
 " To-day I shall speak to you on the subject of individual citizenship, the 
 one subject of vital importance to you, my hearers, and to me and my country 
 men, because you and we are citizens of great democratic republics. A 
 democratic republic such as each of ours an effort to realize in its full sense 
 government by, of, and for the people represents the most gigantic of all 
 possible social experiments, the one fraught with greatest possibilities alike for 
 good and for evil. 
 
 " With you here and with us in my own home, in the long run, success or 
 failure will be conditioned upon the way in which the average man, the average 
 woman, does his or her duty first in the ordinary, every-day affairs of life and 
 next in those great occasional crises which call for the heroic virtues. 
 
 GOOD CITIZENSHIP SUCCESS OF A REPUBLIC. 
 
 " The average citizen must be a good citizen if our republics are to suc 
 ceed. The stream will not permanently rise higher thati the main source; 
 and the main source of national power and national greatness is found in the 
 average citizenship of the nation. Therefore it behooves us to do our best to 
 see that the standard of the average citizen is kept high; and the average 
 cannot be kept high unless the standard of the leaders is very much higher. 
 
 "It is well if a large proportion of the leaders in any republic, in any 
 democracy, are drawn from the classes represented in this audience to-day; 
 but only provided that those classes possess the gifts of sympathy with plain 
 people and of devotion to great ideals. You and those like you have received 
 special advantages ; you have all of you had the opportunity for mental train 
 ing; many of you have had leisure; most of you have had a chance for the 
 enjoyment of life far greater than comes to the majority of your fellows. To 
 you and your kind much has been given, and from you much should be ex 
 pected. 
 
 " Let the man of learning, the man of lettered leisure, beware of that 
 queer and cheap temptation to pose to himself and to others as the cynic, as 
 the man who has outgrown emotions and beliefs, the man to whom good and 
 evil are as one. The poorest way to face life is to face it with a sneer. 
 
 " It is not the critic who counts ; not the man who points out how the 
 strong man stumbles, or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. 
 
 " The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is
 
 326 COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S PARIS SPEECH. 
 
 marred by dust and sweat anl blood; who strives valiantly; who errs, and 
 comes short again and again, because there is no effort without error and 
 shortcoming ; but who does actually strive to do the deeds ; who knows the 
 great enthusiasm, the great devotions ; who spends himself in a worthy cause ; 
 who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement, and who at 
 the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly, so that his place shall 
 never be with those cold and timid souls who knew neither victory nor defeat. 
 
 " Shame on the man of cultivated taste who permits refinement to develop 
 in a fastidiousness that unfits him for doing the rough work of a workaday 
 world. Among the free people who govern themselves there is only a small 
 field of usefulness open for the men of cloistered life who shrink from contact 
 with their fellows. Still less room is there for those who deride or slight what 
 is done by those who actually bear the brunt of the day; nor yet for those 
 others who always profess that they would like to take action. If only the 
 conditions of life were not what they actually are. 
 
 " The man who does nothing cuts the same sordid figure in the pages of 
 history, whether he be cynic, or fop, or voluptuary. There is little use for the 
 being whose tepid soul knows nothing of the great and generous emotion, of 
 the high pride, the stern belief, the lofty enthusiasm of the men who quell the 
 storm and ride the thunder. 
 
 GOOD CHARACTER A PRIMARY ESSENTIAL. 
 
 " There is need of a sound body, and even more need of a sound mind. 
 But above mind and above body stands character the sum of those qualities 
 which we mean when we speak of a man's force and courage, of his good faith 
 and sense of honor. 
 
 " Self-restraint, self-mastery, common-sense, the power of accepting indi 
 vidual responsibility and yet of acting in conjunction with others, courage and 
 resolution these are the qualities which mark a masterful people. 
 
 " I pay all homage to intellect, and to elaborate and specialized training 
 of the intellect; and yet I know I shall have the assent of all of you present 
 when I add that more important still are the commonplace, every-day qualities 
 and virtues. 
 
 " Such ordinary, every-day qualities include the will and the power to work, 
 to fight at need, and to have plenty of healthy children. There are a few 
 people in every country so born that they can lead lives of leisure. These fill 
 a useful function if they make it evident that leisure does not mean idleness. 
 But the average man must earn his own livelihood. He should be trained to 
 do so, and should be trained to feel that he occupies a contemptible position 
 if he does not do so; that he is not an object of envy if he is idle, at whichever 
 end of the social scale he stands, but an object of contempt, an object of 
 derision. 
 
 " In the next place, the good man should be both a strong and a brave 
 man ; that is, he should be able to fight, he should be able to serve his country 
 as a soldier if the need arises. There are well-meaning philosophers who 
 declaim against the unrighteousness of war. They are right only if they lay 
 all their emphasis upon the unrighteousness. War is a dreadful thing, and 
 unjust war is a crime against humanity. But it is such a crime because it is 
 unjust, not because it is war.
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S PARIS SPEECH. 327 
 
 " The choice must ever be in favor of righteousness, and this whether 
 the peace or whether the alternative be war. The question must not be 
 merely, Is there to be peace or war? The question must be, Is the right to 
 prevail? Are the great laws of righteousness once more to be fulfilled? And 
 the answer from a strong and virile people must be ' Yes/ whatever the cost. 
 
 " Finally, even more important than ability to work, even more important 
 than ability to fight at need, is it to remember that the chief of blessings for 
 any nation is that it shall leave its seed to inherit the land. It was the crown 
 of blessing in Biblical times; and it is the crown of blessings now. The 
 greatest of all curses is the curse of sterlity, and the severest of all condemna 
 tions should be visited upon wilful sterility. 
 
 " The first essential in any civilization is that the man and the woman 
 shall be father and mother of healthy children, so that the race shall increase 
 and not decrease. If this is not so, if through no fault of the society there 
 is failure to increase, it is a great misfortune. If the failure is due to de 
 liberate and wilful fault, then it is not merely a misfortune, it is one of those 
 crimes of ease and self-indulgence, of shrinking from pain and effort and risk, 
 which in the long run Nature punishes more heavily than any other. 
 
 UNIVERSAL EMANCIPATION. 
 
 " If we of the great republic, if we, the free people who claim to have 
 emancipated ourselves from the thraldom of wrong and error, bring down on 
 our heads the curse that comes upon the wilfully barren, then it will be an idle 
 waste of breath to prattle of our achievements, to boast of all that we have 
 done. 
 
 " No refinement of life, no delicacy of taste, no material progress, no 
 sordid heaping up of riches, no sensuous development of art and literature, 
 can in any way compensate for the loss of the great fundamental virtues ; and 
 of these great fundamental virtues, the greatest is the race's power to per 
 petuate the race. 
 
 " Nevertheless, while laying all stress on this point, while not merely 
 acknowledging but insisting upon the fact that there must be a basis of material 
 well-being for the individual as for the nation, let us with equal emphasis 
 insist that this material well-being represents nothing but the foundation, and 
 that the foundation, though indispensable, is worthless unless upon it is raised 
 the superstructure of a higher life. 
 
 " That is why I decline to recognize the mere multi-millionaire, the man 
 of mere wealth, as an asset of value to any country ; and especially as not an 
 asset to my own country. If he has earned or uses his wealth in a way that 
 makes him of real benefit, of real use and such is often the case why then 
 he does become an asset of worth. 
 
 " But it is the way in which it has been earned or used, and not the mere 
 fact of wealth, that entitles him to the credit. There is need in business, as in 
 most other forms of human activity, of the great guiding intelligence. Their 
 places cannot be supplied by any number of lesser intelligences. But we must 
 not transfer our admiration to the reward instead of to the deed rewarded. 
 
 " It is a bad thing for a nation to raise and to admire a false standard of 
 success ; and there can be no falser standard than that set by the deification of 
 material well-being in and for itself.
 
 328 COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S PARIS SPEECH. 
 
 " But the man who, having far surpassed the limit of providing for the 
 wants, both of body and mind, of himself and of those depending upon him, 
 then piles up a great fortune, for the acquisition or retention of which he 
 returns no corresponding benefit to the nation as a whole, should himeslf be 
 made to feel that, so far from being a desirable, he is an unworthy, citizen of 
 the community. 
 
 " So it is with the orator. It is highly desirable that a leader of opinion 
 in a democracy should be able to state his views clearly and convincingly. But 
 all that the oratory can do of value to the community is to enable the man thus 
 to explain himself ; if it makes the orator to persuade his hearers to put false 
 values on things, it merely makes him a power for mischief. 
 
 " The phrase-maker, the phrase-monger, the ready talker, however great 
 his power, whose speech does not make for courage, sobriety, and right under 
 standing, is simply a noxious element in the body politic, and it speaks ill for 
 the public if he has influence over them. 
 
 " Of course all that I say of the orator applies with even greater force to 
 the orator's latter-day and more influential brother, the journalist. The power 
 of the journalist is great, but he is entitled neither to respect nor admiration 
 because of that power unless it is used aright. He can do, and he often does, 
 great good. He can do, and he often does, infinite mischief. All journalists, 
 all writers, for the very reason that they appreciate the vast possibilities of 
 their profession, should bear testimony against those who deeply discredit it. 
 
 JOURNALISTIC MISTAKES. 
 
 " Offences against taste and morals, which are bad enough in a private 
 citizen, are infinitely worse if made into instruments for debauching the com 
 munity through a newspaper. Mendacity, slander, sensationalism, inanity, 
 vapid triviality, all are potent factors for the debauchery of the public mind 
 and conscience. The excuse advanced for vicious writing, that the public 
 demands it and that the demand must be supplied, can no more be admitted 
 than if it were advanced by the purveyors of food who sell poisonous adultera 
 tions. 
 
 " In short, the good citizen in a republic must realize that he ought to 
 possess two sets of qualities, and that neither avails without the other. He 
 must have those qualities which make for efficiency ; and he must also have 
 those qualities which direct the efficiency into channels for the public good. 
 
 " He is useless if he is inefficient. There is nothing to be done with that 
 type of citizen of whom all that can be said is that he is harmless. Virtue 
 which is dependent upon a sluggish circulation is not impressive. There is 
 little place in active life for the timid good man. The man who is saved by 
 weakness from robust wickedness is likewise rendered immune from the ro- 
 buster virtues. 
 
 " The good citizen in a republic must, first of all, be able to hold his own. 
 He is no good citizen unless he has the ability which will make him work hard 
 and which at need will make him fight hard. The good citizen is not a good 
 citizen unless he is an efficient citizen. 
 
 " The homely virtues of the household, the ordinary workaday virtues 
 which make the woman a good housewife and housemother, which make the
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S PARIS SPEECH. 329 
 
 man a hard worker, a good husband and father, a good soldier at need, stand 
 at the bottom of character. 
 
 " Good citizenship is not good citizenship only in the home. There remain 
 the duties of the individual in relation to the State, and these duties are none 
 too easy under the conditions which exist where the effort is made to carry on 
 free government in a complex, industrial civilization. Perhaps the most im 
 portant thing the ordinary citizen, and, above all, the leader of ordinary citizens, 
 has to remember in political life is that he must not be a sheer doctrinaire. 
 
 " Woe to the empty phrase-maker, to the empty Idealist, who, instead of 
 making ready the ground for the man of action turns against him when he 
 appears and hampers him as he does the work ! We should abhor the so-called 
 ' practical ' men whose practicality assumes the shape of that peculiar baseness 
 which finds its expression in disbelief in morality and decency, in disregard of 
 high standards of living and conduct. 
 
 " But only less desirable as a citizen is his nominal opponent and real ally, 
 the man of fantastic vision who makes the impossible better forever the enemy 
 of the possible good. 
 
 " Individual initiative, so far from being discouraged, should be stimu 
 lated; and yet we should remember that, as society develops and grows more 
 complex, we continually find that things which once it was desirable to leave 
 to individual initiative can, under the changed conditions, be performed with 
 better results by common effort. 
 
 " Much of the discussion about socialism and individualism is entirely 
 pointless, because of failure to agree on terminology. I am a strong indivi 
 dualist by personal habit, inheritance, and conviction; but it is mere common 
 sense to recognize that the State, the community, the citizens acting together, 
 can do a number of things better than if they were left to individual action. 
 
 JUSTICE AND EQUALITY FOR ALL. 
 
 " We ought to go with any man in the effort to bring about justice and 
 the equality of opportunity, to turn the tool user more and more into the tool 
 owner, to shift burdens so that they can be more equitably borne. The dead 
 ening effect on any race of the adoption of a logical and extreme socialistic 
 system could not be overstated; it would spell sheer destruction. 
 
 " But we should not take part in acting a lie any more than in telling a lie. 
 We should not say that men are equal where they are not equal, nor proceed 
 upon the assumption that there is an equality where it does not exist; but we 
 should strive to bring about a measurable equality, at least to the extent of 
 preventing the inequality which is due to force or fraud. 
 
 " There should, so far as possible, be equality of opportunity to render 
 service; but just so long as there is inequality of service there should and must 
 be inequality of reward. The reward must go to the man who does his work 
 well. 
 
 " Let us try to level up, but let us beware of the evil of leveling down. If 
 a man stumbles, it is a good thing to help him to his feet. But if a man lies 
 down, it is a waste of time to try to carry him. 
 
 " There are plenty of men calling themselves Socialists with whom, up to 
 a time point, it is quite possible to work. If the next step is one which both
 
 330 COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S PARIS SPEECH. 
 
 we and they wish to take, why, of course, take it, without any regard to the 
 fact that our views as to the tenth step may differ. But, on the other hand, 
 keep clearly in mind that, though it has been worth while to take the step, this 
 does not in the least mean that it may not be highly disadvantageous to take 
 the next. 
 
 " The good citizen will demand liberty for himself, and he will see to it 
 that others receive the liberty which he thus claims as his own. Probably the 
 best test of true love of liberty in any country is the way in which minorities 
 are treated in religion and opinion, but complete liberty for each man to lead 
 his life as he desires, provided only that in so doing he does not wrong his 
 neighbor. 
 
 " There is no greater need to-day than the need to keep ever in mind the 
 fact that the cleavage between right and wrong, between good citizenship and 
 bad citizenship, runs at right angles to, and not parallel with, the lines of 
 cleavage between class and class, between occupation and occupation. Ruin 
 looks us in the face if we judge a man by his position instead of judging him by 
 his conduct in that position. 
 
 " Of one man in especial, beyond any one else, the citizens of a republic 
 should beware, and that is of the man who appeals to them to support him on 
 the ground that he is hostile to other citizens of the republic, that he will obtain 
 for those who elect him, in one shape or another, profit at the expense of other 
 citizens of the republic. 
 
 " If a public man tries to get your vote by saying that he will do some 
 thing wrong in your interest, you can be absolutely certain that if ever it 
 becomes worth his while he will do something wrong against your interest. 
 
 " I believe that a man must be a good patriot before he can be, and as the 
 only possible way of being, a good citizen of the world. Experience teaches 
 us that the average man who protests that his international feeling swamps his 
 national feeling, that he does not care for his country because he cares so much 
 for mankind, in actual practice proves himself the foe of mankind; that the 
 man who says that he does not care to be a citizen of any one country, because 
 he is a citizen of the world, is in very fact usually an exceedingly undesirable 
 citizen of whatever corner of the world he happens at the moment to be in. 
 
 " I do not for one moment admit that political morality is different from 
 private morality, that a promise made on the stump differs from a promise 
 made in private life. I do not for one moment admit that a man should act 
 deceitfully as a public servant in his dealings with other nations, any more 
 than that he should act deceitfully in his dealings as a private citizen with other 
 private citizens. I do not for one moment admit that a nation should treat 
 other nations in a different spirit from that in which an honorable man would 
 treat other men."
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 DISTINGUISHED MARKS OF HONOR. 
 
 ROOSEVELT FETED BY KING OF BELGIUM GREETED AS KIN 
 BY THE DUTCH GUEST AT QUEEN'S PALACE VISITS 
 AMSTERDAM AND THE HAGUE WELCOMED BY CROWN 
 PRINCE CHRISTIAN OF DENMARK WARMLY RECEIVED BY 
 THE KING AND QUEEN OF NORWAY. 
 
 IN his transcontinental game, which increased in fervor and ex 
 citement as he progressed, Colonel Roosevelt drew his third 
 king, looking happier, if possible, than when Italy's ruler and 
 Austria's Emperor were added to his score of popularity abroad. 
 
 The ex-President met King Albert, of Belgium, on April 28, 
 and they exchanged cordial greetings, later driving together from 
 the Brussels exposition to Laaken Palace and spending an hour 
 in the gardens. 
 
 The Belgian people gave Colonel and Mrs. Roosevelt and 
 their children a warm welcome on their arrival in Brussels from 
 Paris at noon. Not since the Coronation of King Albert had the 
 city seen such crowds as those who turned out to welcome the 
 distinguished American. After luncheon at the American em 
 bassy and a reception for the American colony, the Colonel visited 
 the exposition, and his appearance there was marked by a double 
 demonstration for himself and the king. 
 
 The Salle des Fetes, where the ex-President spoke, was 
 packed to the doors, and several thousand persons were unable 
 to gain admission. While the Colonel waited in the reception 
 room in the rear of the stage the young king arrived by the side 
 entrance. 
 
 The king strode forward and no introductions were necessary, 
 as they had met in the United States when the king was a crown 
 prince. After a warm handshake they talked for several minutes 
 in low tones. He told Mr. Roosevelt how glad he was to welcome 
 him to Belgium. 
 
 331
 
 332 DISTINGUISHED MARKS OF HONOR. 
 
 King Albert then with a profound bow, retired and entered 
 the hall, taking his place on a gilded, red cushioned chair immedi 
 ately below the front of the stage. The crowd applauded lustily 
 as the king entered but the outburst was mild compared with the 
 roar which greeted the colonel a moment later. 
 
 A dinner was given in the evening by the king, but as the 
 court was still in semi-mourning, the ladies wore black gowns. 
 The ex-President sat beside the queen, while Mrs. Roosevelt occu 
 pied the chair next the king. The others present included the 
 members of the royal family and high officials. The Roosevelts 
 left early the next morning for Holland. 
 
 The people of the Netherlands turned out and welcomed the 
 Roosevelts as though they were home folks. It was as though 
 the former President were traveling through his own country. At 
 every station on the route from Roosendaal to Arnhem, cheering 
 crowds were met and everybody wanted a speech. 
 
 ENTHUSIASTIC SERIES OF DEMON STATIONS. 
 
 This enthusiastic series of demonstrations continued all the 
 way to Amsterdam, where the Roosevelts arrived in the evening. 
 
 Occasionally Colonel Roosevelt responded to the clamor for a 
 speech, but in most instances he acknowledged the greetings only 
 by appearing on the rear platform of his car and bowing, smiling 
 and waving his hand. At Hertogenbosch he spoke briefly and 
 greatly pleased his auditors by saying : "I am visiting the country 
 from which my people came three centuries ago." 
 
 When the Roosevelt party arrived at the frontier station of 
 Roosendaal, they were met by a special train sent at the direct 
 request of Queen Wilhelmina. A distinguished party of officials 
 and military men formed the reception committee. 
 
 A day of much travel had been mapped out for the former 
 President. From the border the special train started for Het Loo, 
 nearly eighty miles west of The Hague, where Queen Wilhelmina 
 awaited the nation's guest at the famous castle. 
 
 At Het Loo, Colonel Roosevelt was received in the main hall 
 of the palace by the Queen and Prince Henry. Their welcome
 
 DISTINGUISHED MARKS OF HONOR. 333 
 
 was so cordial as to seem entirely personal, formality being left in 
 the background, to be supplied by the troops and retainers in and 
 about the palace. Several hours were spent at the palace. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt was awakened the following morning by 
 the singing of Holland's National Hymn by bands of cadets who 
 marched through the square overlooking the apartments of the 
 Roosevelt party. 
 
 The singers were acclaiming the birthday of the Princess 
 Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina. The royal baby was 
 one year old that day and the capital made a holiday of the anni 
 versary. A reception by the Queen Mother was one of the chief 
 features on Colonel Roosevelt's program for the day. 
 
 Before the meeting with the Queen Mother the Roosevelt 
 party visited the house in the woods where the first peace meeting 
 was held. 
 
 THE QUEEN MOTHER DISPLAYS MUCH INTEREST. 
 
 The Queen mother displayed much interest in Colonel Roose 
 velt's Dutch ancestry. She spoke, too, of his address of the 
 preceding day in which he quoted an old Dutch nursery rhyme. 
 She mentioned the verses and displayed her interest in such mod 
 ern folklore by repeating to him other rhymes which she had 
 crooned over the royal cradle as a young mother. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt remained half an hour in conversation with 
 the queen mother, who then received Mrs. Roosevelt, Miss Ethel 
 and Kermit. 
 
 The next day was given over to an inspection of the mag 
 nificent display of tulips, which were then in perfection, and of 
 Dutch painting. 
 
 The Colonel was presented with a silver model of the Half 
 Moon at the National Tulip Show at Haarlem by M. Kregage, say 
 ing, "You may call it the Half Moon or the Mayflower, just as 
 you like. '* 
 
 In a brief address, M. Krelage described the exhibition and the 
 tulip industry, pointing out that Holland shipped to America 8,200,- 
 ooo pounds of bulbs yearly.
 
 334 DISTINGUISHED MARKS OF HONOR. 
 
 In replying, Colonel Roosevelt said : " Americans always are 
 especially struck in Holland by the way in which yon, one of the 
 hardest working peoples of all people, contrive to add beauty and 
 enjoyment to your lives. We in America have in the past had to 
 work so hard that we have not always been able to pay as much 
 attention as you to the things that tend to enjoyment, and, if one 
 or the other must be sacrificed, we think that enjoyment should be 
 sacrificed to work, but more and more we are growing to realize 
 that beauty and enjoyment can be combined with work. Ameri 
 cans come here to see how you are able to combine them," 
 
 After an inspection of the wonderful gardens, the party par 
 took of luncheon and paid a visit to the fine gallery of the town 
 hall, groups of girls pelting them with flowers at the entrance. 
 Colonel Roosevelt signed his name in the Golden Book. 
 
 From Harlaam the automobiles carried them to Amsterdam. 
 They were received by the Burgomasters at the Ryks Museum. 
 Probably 5,000 persons were waiting in the public square, and set 
 up a hearty cheer on the arrival of the American visitors. 
 
 THE COLONEL AND FAMILY LEAVE FOR COPENHAGEN. 
 
 After dining with Secretary Hibben in Amsterdam the Colo 
 nel and his family boarded the train, which left at 9 o'clock for 
 Copenhagen. 
 
 The Stars and Stripes floated above the royal palaces on May 
 2, for the first time in the history of Denmark, and former Presi 
 dent Roosevelt, in the absence of King Frederick in Southern 
 France, was the guest of Crown Prince Christian. 
 
 With the arrival of Mr. Roosevelt, breezy democracy struck 
 the Danish court with a rush, upon the heels of circumstance. 
 When he arrived he found Crown Prince Christian awaiting him 
 at the station, with thousands standing in the streets nearby. 
 
 The Prince drove with the Colonel to one of the palaces, 
 which was placed at the disposal of the distinguished American 
 and his party. 
 
 The Prince was delighted at the informal nature of the meet 
 ing between himself and the Colonel. The Danish court is 
 
 H.B.G.3L
 
 DISTINGUISHED MARKS OF HONOR. 335 
 
 noted for its formality, but his missing baggage that had gone 
 astray seemed to press heavily on Roosevelt's mind. No sooner 
 had he been presented to the crown prince than he took the 
 prince's arm and said: " I want to tell you about my baggage." 
 The story was soon told, and it put things at once on a general 
 good footing. 
 
 Roosevelt seemed to have established two records at the royal 
 palace. The first was his dining there formally in a gray flannel 
 suit, and the second consists in the fact that he was the only 
 private citizen who ever put up there as a guest. To this had 
 been added a guard of honor at the palace. It was whispered that 
 some of the older aristocrats were not too well pleased with all this. 
 
 The prince presiding at dinner in the evening as the king's 
 representative thanked Roosevelt for coming to that country, and 
 proposed his health, which was heartily responded to by those 
 around the table, who included the leading personages in the 
 kingdom, in court, parliamentary and scholarly life. 
 
 THE COLONEL THANKS THE PRINCE FOR HIS HOSPITALITY. 
 
 The Colonel in reply said he had received a cordial message 
 from the king, and thanked the prince for his hospitality. He 
 then proposed a toast to the king and the royal family of Den 
 mark. 
 
 At a reception given by Maurice F. Hgan, the American 
 minister, at the legation, the former President met the diplomatic 
 representatives, the cabinet ministers and many persons prominent 
 in the various departments of public activity. By this time the 
 missing baggage had been found, and Mr. Roosevelt was thus 
 able to array himself in the conventional dress clothes. That 
 night Miss Ethel Roosevelt slept in the bedroom that is reserved 
 for the queen of England. 
 
 With the crown prince, before dinner, the Colonel visited 
 Prince Waldemar and Prince Hans, who is an uncle of the queen 
 of England. 
 
 " Perchance 'twill walk again. I'll speak to it, though hell 
 itself should gape and bid me hold my peace."
 
 336 UiSTlNtiUlSHIMJ MAKKb OP 
 
 According to Shakespeare these were the words of Hamlet, 
 Prince of Denmark, when he learned that his father's ghost was 
 walking beneath the walls of Castle Kronberg at Elsinore. 
 
 " I'll speak to it, though hell itself should gape and bid me 
 hold my peace," repeated Theodore Roosevelt, retracing the royal 
 slave's footsteps on the walls of the historic Castle of Elsinore. 
 Of course, no one knows whether the Colonel had in mind any 
 particular person, any critic, any opposing will when he reiterated 
 Hamlet's determined words. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt was immensely interested at Elsinore. He 
 listened intently to the relation of the local tradition that Shake 
 speare visited Elsinore with a party of players, and that the idea 
 of his great tragedy, " Hamlet," came to him there. The Colonel 
 was told, too, that Guildenstern, whom Shakespeare made a 
 courtier at the Danish court, actually lived at Elsinore, and, having 
 met Shakespeare there, visited him later in England. 
 
 THE COLONEL VASTLY PLEASED. 
 
 Although vastly pleased with the entertainments, all of which 
 were given in the name of King Frederick, although he was in 
 South France, Mr. Roosevelt was plainly glad as he coiled up in a 
 sleeping car bunk that night, en route for Christiania. His rest in 
 a royal bed the preceding night was curtailed by the necessity of 
 arising early. 
 
 A crowd was attracted that morning by the unprecedented 
 sight of a flag other than Denmark's, the Stars and Stripes, float 
 ing over the royal castle. The crowd cheered Mr. Roosevelt and 
 his party as they departed in automobiles for the seventeenth 
 century castle of Frederick sborg. 
 
 After inspecting the castle, a perfect example of Dutch Ren 
 aissance architecture, the party visited the Alemhouse, which is 
 established in an ancient Carmelite monastery, restored. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Roosevelt with gifts rejoiced the hearts of the old women 
 living in the cells where dwelt in solitude the monks of old. But 
 the Colonel most enjoyed walking the castle ramparts. At Elsi-
 
 DISTINGUISHED MARKS OF HONOR. 337 
 
 nore the party boarded a steamer for a trip through the sound 
 that separates Denmark from Sweden. 
 
 Honors usually accorded only to royalty were paid to Colonel 
 Roosevelt by the Danish and Swedish Governments which ordered 
 their squadrons of warships to take positions at intervals along 
 the Danish coast and to salute the ex-President as he passed on a 
 passenger steamer from Helsingor to Copenhagen. The flags on 
 the warships were dipped, officers and men stood at attention, and 
 the ship bands played American airs as the. Roosevelt party 
 passed by. 
 
 In an interview given just before his start for Christiania, Mr. 
 Roosevelt said that the little nation of Denmark was able to teach 
 several lessons from which greater Powers might well profit. The 
 Danish system of small holdings and intensive farming, he said, 
 was the only answer to the problem of how to make a densely 
 populated country self-supporting. The system by which Den 
 mark cares for her aged and infirm is also, he said, a phase of gov 
 ernment that other nations should study. 
 
 A SPLENDID VIEW OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 Before sailing the Roosevelt's had a splendid view of the 
 country. Accompanied by several members of the Cabinet, 
 American Ambassador Egan and other officials and friends, they 
 motored to the castle of Fredericksborg and visited the National 
 Museum. They then went on to Helsingoer, where they were 
 luncheon guests of Vice- Admiral DeRichelieu on board the steamer 
 Queen Maud. 
 
 Following the luncheon Col. Roosevelt was presented infor 
 mally with two loving cups by the steamship company. The 
 loving cups are of Copenhagen ware, one bearing the Danish arms 
 and the other the American arms. A representative of the Royal 
 Porcelain Works gave the former President four plaques upon 
 which were pictured several of the beasts of Africa. 
 
 Col. Roosevelt accepted the plaques graciously, and while 
 examining the figure of an elephant looked up suddenly and said 
 smilingly : " This is not an African elephant." 
 
 22 M.I,
 
 338 DISTINGUISHED MARKS OF HONOR. 
 
 " That is quite true," replied the manager. " These plates 
 were made especially. We have no study of African elephants, 
 and so used Asiatic." The incident caused a great deal of amuse 
 ment. 
 
 The Roosevelts returned to Copenhagen about 3 o'clock and 
 were cheered by large crowds. Going to the palace the Colonel 
 devoted two hours to his correspondence. 
 
 A visit to the National Museum was made the occasion of a 
 friendly demonstration by the students from the Government 
 school. The motor drive was then continued to Helsingoer. The 
 Roosevelts were accompanied by a party which occupied six more 
 automobiles and included Foreign Minister Schavenius and other 8 
 of the Cabinet, the burgomaster of Copenhagen and several other 
 prominent personages. 
 
 THE VICE-ADMIRAL TOASTS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 Vice-Admiral De Richelieu presided at luncheon on the 
 steamer and toasted Mr. Roosevelt. The ex-President in respond 
 ing said that the only thing lacking about the Danish- Americans 
 in America was that there was not enough of them. 
 
 Haakon VII, King of Norway, and Queen Maud were the 
 first to greet the ex-President on his arrival in Christiania. 
 Colonel Roosevelt presented Mrs. Roosevelt, Miss Ethel and 
 Kermit, and the party then proceeded to the palace. 
 
 The streets of Christiana were bright with decorations, and 
 almost every one was wearing an American flag. A Roosevelt 
 march, Roosevelt photographs and compilations of Roosevelt's 
 sayings were being sold in the shops and on the highways. 
 
 In the evening the King and Queen gave a dinner at the 
 palace in honor of their American guest?. More than 200 of the 
 most eminent personages in Norway were present, including 
 the Premier and Cabinet Ministers, the leaders of the various 
 political parties, literary people, financiers and the representatives 
 of the most distinguished Norwegian life. Four State chairs 
 were placed at the principal table, and after all the others of the 
 company were standing at tkeir places, the King appeared with
 
 DISTINGUISHED MARKS OF HONOR. 339 
 
 Mrs. Roosevelt on his arm, Colonel Roosevelt following with the 
 Queen. 
 
 When the dinner had advanced to the fourth course, the King 
 arose, and all the guests stood. " It is with great pleasure," said 
 the King, " that I welcome you, Mr. and Mrs. Roosevelt here, in 
 the name of the Queen and myself, and extend you our hospitality. 
 I do not speak in my name alone, but am convinced that it is in the 
 name of all Norwegians. The reception given you to-day will con 
 vince you of the truth of my words. As you know, we are all 
 grateful that although your time is so limited you have been able to 
 come to Norway. Many Norwegians live in America, and although 
 American subjects, they are Norwegians at heart. I feel it such 
 and therefore we feel particularly pleased to have this opportunity 
 of offering our hospitality to some eminent American citizen. 
 
 THE KING'S RE-ASSURING WORDS. 
 
 " I express the hope that you will get the impression during 
 your stay in Christiania that real feelings of true friendship and 
 relationship between the United States and Norway exist here, and 
 I hope that these feelings will continue for all time. I drink a toast 
 to the United States and I drink a toast to the health of Mr. and 
 Mrs. Roosevelt." 
 
 The company remained standing while the ex-President re- 
 ponded as follows : " It is a particular pleasure for me to be in 
 Norway," he said, " and I have been deeply impressed with my 
 generous reception. Norwegians have made such good citizens in 
 the United States that I once remarked to a group of traveling Nor 
 wegians that I rather grudged it that they had left anybody in Nor 
 way. 
 
 " As your Majesty has said, the Norwegians in America love 
 the land of their birth and they love the country of their adoption. 
 A man can love his wife all the better if he loves his mother a great 
 deal." 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt touched on Norse literature, and spoke of his 
 pleasure when, as President, he was able to cable his good wishes
 
 340 DISTINGUISHED MARKS OF HONOR. 
 
 to a new Norwegian King bearing the old name of Haakon. "And," 
 he continued, " it is a fine thing for the country that Haakon and 
 Olaf should be the names borne by the ruler of to-day and the ruler 
 of to-morrow." 
 
 He turned directly to the King and Queen, and said : " I hope 
 that their Majesties, who seem to do all things well, will see to it 
 that the small Olaf knows the Heimskringla thoroughly. I drink 
 with my whole heart to the health of your Majesties." 
 
 The King and Queen showed Colonel and Mrs. Roosevelt the 
 little Prince Olaf that afternoon, and the Colonel, who had been 
 telling anecdotes about Seth Bullock, said: I wish Seth Bulloch 
 was here to see your small Olaf ; he would be delighted with him." 
 
 While the ex-President was in his room arranging his papers 
 and dictating letters the King came in quite informally and asked, 
 " Wouldn't you like to have a cup of tea ?" 
 
 THE KING AND THE COLONEL TALK ON MANY SUBJECTS. 
 
 " By George, I would," replied the Colonel. The King rang, 
 and for more than an hour the two sat drinking tea and talking on 
 a variety of subjects. The King asked many questions and pre 
 sented many of his opinions on matters relative to the United States. 
 
 The Colonel told of some of his ranching experiences and of 
 one effective speech he had made in a western mining camp against 
 free silver, while Seth Bulloch sat on a platform behind him. He 
 spoke for an hour, and not a man interrupted him. Every one in 
 the house seemingly was deeply interested. At the conclusion of 
 the speech he said to one of his ranching friends : " I think I held 
 the audience pretty well." 
 
 " Held the audience well," exclaimed his friend ; " Seth Bul 
 loch, with a six-shooter in each hip, watching the crowd, had given 
 the tip that he'd penetrate the first man who peeped." 
 
 When Mr. Roosevelt arrived in the capital in the afternoon the 
 platform of the station was covered with red carpet, and inside the 
 building a temporary stand had been erected for the receiving party. 
 This was occupied by the King and Queen, with a large suite, all of
 
 DISTINGUISHED MARKS OF HONOR. 341 
 
 
 
 the members of the Cabinet members of Parliament, city and state 
 officials, professors of the university and other distinguished mem 
 bers of society. 
 
 As the train drew in and the Colonel stepped down his Majesty 
 crossed the platform and, without waiting for an introduction, 
 shook hands with the former President. He then presented Mr. 
 Roosevelt to the Queen and Mr. Roosevelt presented Mrs. Roosevelt, 
 Miss Ethel and Kermit to their Majesties. Greetings exchanged, 
 the Queen took the Colonel's arm and the King offered his arm to 
 Mrs. Roosevelt. Followed by Miss Ethel and Kermit, they walked 
 through the royal waiting room, which was half filled with flowers 
 and flags, to the carriages which were in waiting. The party 
 drove at once to the palace. 
 
 After a brief stop at the palace the Roosevelts, still accom 
 panied by the King and Queen and a few members of the royal 
 household, drove to the American Legation, where they had lunch 
 eon as the guests of American Minister Peirce. The luncheon 
 was followed by a reception. 
 
 THE ROOSEVELTS OCCUPY A SPECIAL TRAIN. 
 
 From Kornsjo to the capital the Roosevelts occupied a special 
 train sent for them by the Government. The train was in charge of 
 Superintendent of State Railways Aas and his staff, who are respon 
 sible for the safe movements of the royal train. The conductor 
 wore a broad leather belt bearing the arms of Norway. There 
 was special significance in this, as the belt is designed to indicate 
 that royalty is traveling. The car used by the Roosevelts was that 
 formerly occupied by the Norwegian Cabinet in visiting the King 
 of Sweden. 
 
 The trip through the southeast corner of Norway was enlivened 
 by frequent demonstrations. At every place along the route the 
 school children had been given a partial holiday in order that they 
 might see the distinguished American. The train stopped at a few 
 stations and steamed slowly past others. In every instance child 
 ren crowded the station platform, and, waving their hats and hand-
 
 342 DISTINGUISHED MARKS OF HONOR. 
 
 kerchiefs, gave a variety of school yells. The Colonel never failed 
 to acknowledge their salutations. When his breakfast was inter 
 rupted by a chorus from the outside he waved his napkin in the best 
 of good humor. 
 
 There was a large gathering at Moss, where a stop was made. 
 Boys from the high school gave nine short cheers, which drew the 
 Colonel to an open window of the car. " That sounds like an 
 American college yell," he said. " I wish you and the grown-ups 
 good luck." The boys cheered again as the train drew out of the 
 station. The train continued to Christiania without further inci 
 dent of note.
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 ROOSEVELT FOR WORLD PEACE. 
 
 DELIVERS ADDRESS BEFORE NOBEL PRIZE COMMITTEE IN CHRIS- 
 TIANIA COMPARED TO A RUSHING HUMAN ENGINE VISITS 
 STOCKHOLM WELCOMED BY ROYALTY PAYS TRIBUTE TO 
 KING EDWARD. 
 
 FEARING no other nation and entertaining aggressive designs 
 upon none, the American people as a whole doubtless approve 
 the views expressed by Colonel Roosevelt in the Norway address in 
 which he urges the establishment of a great permanent tribunal of 
 arbitration, and the formation, among the leading civilized coun 
 tries, of an enduring league of peace. 
 
 Aside from the personality of the speaker, however, their 
 interest is largely theoretical and humanitarian. An overwhelming 
 majority of the citizens of the United States will agree with him 
 and with other prominent publicists in holding that the welfare of 
 mankind would be immeasurably enhanced if the expansion of 
 armaments could be checked in pursuance of a policy looking toward 
 their eventual reduction to minor proportions. 
 
 Yet while both this idea and the idea of settling all interna- 
 v jonal disputes by hearings before a qualified and authoritative court 
 are excellent in theory, no method has so far been advanced by 
 which the closely packed nations of Europe can be induced to forget 
 their racial, political and commercial rivalries ; and American public 
 opinion is unquestionably in favor of maintaining an adequate de 
 fensive system for the United States, remote as it is from Europe 
 and Asia. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt, on May 5th, at Christiania, before a most 
 distinguished audience, entered upon the most difficult field of 
 European politics by delivering an address on "International Peace" 
 before the Nobel Prize Committee. 
 
 343
 
 344 ROOSEVELT FOR WORLD PEACE. 
 
 The Colonel did not mince words and in the conclusion of his 
 carefully worked-out thesis, advocated an international agreement 
 that would serve to check the growth of armaments, especially naval 
 armaments, and the formation by those great Powers honestly bent 
 on peace, of a League of Peace, " not only to keep the peace among 
 themselves, but to prevent, by force if necessary, its being broken by 
 others." 
 
 On leaving the palace, which is situated on the crest of a hill 
 which ends Christiania's principal thoroughfare, for the theater, 
 the Colonel viewed a remarkable picture below him. The street for 
 a quarter of a mile to the theater was packed with thousands who 
 were restrained at the curbs by soldiers. 
 
 At intervals of twenty yards were standard bearers supporting 
 silken banners ornamented with Norse symbols and there were also 
 heraldic brass standards, thus contributing to the medieval Norman 
 scene, which was perfect except for the modern garb of the men 
 and women, all of whom displayed in some way the American colors. 
 
 SPEAKS BEFORE THE NORWEGIAN STORTHING. 
 
 King Haakon and Queen Maud were present as well as all the 
 members of the Government, who occupied seats on the stage and 
 as well as the entire Parliamentary body, among whom was 
 Miss Rogstag, the first woman to be elected to the Norwegian 
 Storthing. The overture by the orchestra at the opening of the 
 session was specially composed by the royal bandmaster, Johann 
 Halverson, who dedicated it to the Colonel. The theme embodied 
 the Star Spangled Banner, Norse folk songs and melodies. 
 
 What Colonel Roosevelt had to say before the King and Queen 
 of Norway and other representative personages constituted the basis 
 of the private conversations which he was having with the states 
 men of Europe as the occasion arose concerning the practical possi 
 bilities of collective action by the various Governments for the en 
 forcement of universal peace. 
 
 The Colonel said that it must be borne in mind ever that the 
 great end in view was righteousness; and he explained that peace.
 
 ROOSEVELT FOR WORLD PEACE. 345 
 
 generally good in itself, was never the highest good unless it came 
 as the handmaid of righteousness. It became a very evil thing 
 when it served merely as a mask for cowardice and sloth or as an 
 instrument to further the ends of despotism or anarchy. 
 
 It was the Nobel Prize Committee, the members of which are 
 elected by the Norwegian Storthing, that in 1906 conferred upon the 
 then President of the United States its medal and money award in 
 recognition of his services in bringing to a conclusion the Russo- 
 Japanese war. 
 
 The occasion was the feature of Colonel Roosevelt's visit to 
 Norway and one of the most notable of his European tour. 
 
 ADDRESS RECEIVED CORDIALLY. 
 
 The Colonel's discourse was made with something of the 
 solemnity of a religious service in the largest auditorium of Chris- 
 tiania, the National Theater, and in the presence of King Haakon, 
 Queen Maud, members of the cabinet and of Parliament, and hund 
 reds of the most progressive and influential personalities of the 
 kingdom. 
 
 The address was received cordially and at its conclusion John 
 Lund, vice-president of the Nobel Prize Committee, paid a tribute 
 to the speaker and to the country from which he came. After re 
 ferring to Norway's interest in America and American affairs Mr. 
 Lund said : 
 
 " But it is not Norway alone, but the entire civilized world 
 which has reason to be grateful to the United States. Millions 
 upon millions from Europe, poor and often down-trodden, but cap 
 able, have found in the new world that happiness and prosperity 
 which the old world was unable to afford them. 
 
 " In many ways the United States has reached the goal for 
 which Europe is still sighing. There all peoples, all races and all 
 religions can unite peacefully in mutual industry under a common 
 flag. Many ideals for which Europe has striven for more than a 
 thousand years have been grasped by the youngest continent in the 
 course of two or three hundred years."
 
 346 ROOSEVELT FOR WORLD PEACE. 
 
 Mr. Lund praised many features of American life, citing its 
 industry, agricultural development, school systems and dwelt upon 
 the position of the American woman and the popular respect for the 
 worker. Addressing the Colonel he said: 
 
 " Your journey through the old world, Mr. Roosevelt, has been 
 a triumphal procession. Everywhere fathers have taken pleasure 
 and pride in bidding welcome to so worthy a representative of their 
 sons yonder in the West." 
 
 The speaker reviewed the Colonel's activities in behalf of peace, 
 referring especially to his share in the conclusion of peace between 
 Russia and Japan, and added : 
 
 " I have no doubt that the future will still afford you opportuni 
 ties for adding to your splendid achievements. Long live Theodore 
 Roosevelt." 
 
 SUMMARY OF ROOSEVELT'S IDEAS OF PEACE. 
 
 ( We should form a League of Peace not only to keep the peace 
 among ourselves, but to prevent, by force, if necessary, its being 
 broken by others. 
 
 " There should be an international agreement to check the 
 growth of armaments. 
 
 " Peace becomes an evil thing when it serves merely to mask 
 cowardice and sloth or as an instrument to further the ends of 
 despotism or anarchy. 
 
 " No man is worth calling a man who will not fight rather than 
 submit to infamy or see those that are dear to him suffer wrong. 
 This principle applies to all nations. 
 
 " Civilized nations should have effective arbitration treaties. 
 
 ' There is as much need to curb the cruel greed and arrogance 
 of part of the world of capital, to curb the cruel greed and violence 
 of part of the world of labor, as to check the cruel and unhealthy 
 militarism in international relationship. 
 
 " Peace is never the highest good unless it comes as the hand 
 maid of righteousness. 
 
 " I ask other nations to do only what I should be glad to see 
 my own nation do."
 
 ROOSEVELT FOR WORLD PEACE. 347 
 
 On May 6 King, Frederick's university conferred upon Colonel 
 Roosevelt the degree of doctor of philosophy. It was the third 
 time in a century that the degree had been given a foreigner. 
 
 The exercises occurred in the amphitheater of the university. 
 King Haakon entered with the Colonel at his right and faced a 
 notable assemblage, including the premier and other members of the 
 cabinet, the Nobel Prize Committee, the diplomatic corps, the faculty 
 of the university and many persons distinguished in civil life. 
 
 ROOSEVELT A RUSHING HUMAN ENGINE, SAYS THE DEAN. 
 
 The dean of the faculty of history and philosophy made an 
 address in which he said that Mr. Roosevelt had already left the 
 earth and was residing on Olympus with Jupiter and Apollo, and 
 that it was scarcely kind to drag him down among the mortals. 
 
 He likened Colonel Roosevelt to a rushing human engine, diffi 
 cult to follow and making it difficult amid the clouds of smoke to 
 discern precisely the manner of man he was. Some saw a winged 
 angel and others a modern devil with claws. 
 
 In sketching Colonel Roosevelt's career he found the " winning 
 of the west " his most instructive work. He agreed with others that 
 Theodore Roosevelt was a man who had learned to use the capacities 
 and powers which, in most men, lie dormant, He had converted 
 his capacities into energies. 
 
 In reply, the Colonel said that it did not make much difference 
 what capacities a man had. It was important rather what he did 
 with them. The thing was to get the job done. The king laughed 
 when the Colonel said : 
 
 "If recognition comes for what you do, good; if recognition 
 does not come " here the speaker paused " it isn't quite so good." 
 
 King Haakon and the Colonel spent a part of the morning 
 talking before an open fire in the palace, while the rain fell and a 
 cold wind blew outside. 
 
 The Colonel's first forenoon engagement was with a throat 
 specialist, who sprayed the overtaxed organs that all but failed the 
 former President the day before, and prescribed further treatment.
 
 348 ROOSEVELT FOR WORLD PEACE. 
 
 The Colonel and Mrs. Roosevelt spent the afternoon driving 
 about the capital with the king and queen, who later accompanied 
 them to the railway station, where they took a special train for 
 Stockholm. The Roosevelts were cheered by a crowd at the station 
 as they left. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt and his family arrived in Stockholm the 
 following day, and were received at the railway station by Price 
 Wilhelm, who drove with them to the palace, where they became 
 the guests of the Prince and Princess in the absence of King Gustave 
 V., who was in the South of France. United States Minister 
 Graves, the staff of the American Legation, the Premier and other 
 members of the Swedish Cabinet were also at the station to receive 
 the American guests. An immense crowd surrounded the receiving 
 party and cheered as the train drew in. A choir stationed on the 
 platform sang, " My Country, 'Tis of Thee," and the Swedish na 
 tional anthem. 
 
 ENTERTAINED BY THE CROWN PRINCE AND PRINCESS. 
 
 Colonel and Mrs. Roosevelt spent a comparatively quiet day in 
 the company of the Crown Prince and Princess. The Prince -and 
 Princess accompanied them in the afternoon to the northern 
 museum, the biological museum and the open-air museum, after 
 which the party had luncheon at the palace. Colonel Roosevelt also 
 was shown a horse-jumping military drill. 
 
 Commenting on the death of King Edward, Colonel Roosevelt 
 issued the following statement : " I am deeply grieved, and know 
 that all Americans will be deeply grieved, at the death of his ma 
 jesty King Edward VII. We feel the most profound sympathy 
 for the British people in their loss. We in America keenly appre 
 ciated King Edward's personal good will toward us, which he so 
 frequently and so markedly showed. 
 
 ' We are well aware, also, of the devotion felt toward him by 
 his subjects throughout the British empire, while all foreign nations 
 had learned to see in the king a ruler whose great abilities, especially 
 his tact, judgment and the unfailing kindness of his nature, rendered 
 him peculiarly fit to work for international peace and justice.
 
 ROOSEVELT FOR WORLD PEACE. 349 
 
 " Let me repeat that I am sure all American people feel at this 
 time the deepest and most sincere sympathy for his family and the 
 English nation." In addition to this, Colonel Roosevelt sent a per 
 sonal message to the widowed queen. 
 
 In the course of the day, in speaking of the late King's tact, the 
 Colonel gave an illustration of what he termed the finer sense of 
 things which the King possessed. " Next to the ring John Hay 
 gave me," said he, " I. value the miniature of John Hampden King 
 Edward sent me, after I became President. That was a present a 
 sovereign could make with dignity and one a democratic President 
 could accept. All historians and royalists agree that Hampden 
 was a good man. The King must have known that Hampden was 
 one of my four heroes Timoleon, Hampden, Washington and Lin 
 coln. Such a selection as the miniature showed extreme tact. 
 
 SILENT TOAST TO KING EDWARD'S MEMORY. 
 
 " I have a personal feeling about the King's death. I know 
 from having been President that he had an earnest desire to keep 
 the relations between Great Britain and the United States on the 
 closest and most friendly terms. King Edward's death removes one 
 influence that tended strongly for peace and justice in international 
 relations. His own people and other lands must feel that loss." 
 
 At a citizens' brilliant banquet that night where were assembled 
 the members of Sweden's parliament, the highest officials of Stock 
 holm and society representatives from all parts of the Kingdom Mr. 
 Roosevelt proposed a silent toast to King Edward's memory, pre 
 faced by the following sympathetic remarks : 
 
 " I came here at a time when a great friendly nation is bowed 
 in grief over the loss of her sovereign. Britons mourn a wise, 
 generous ruler whose sole thought was for the welfare of his people. 
 All nations join in mourning the man whose voice was always raised 
 for justice and peace among nations. So I propose our great sym 
 pathy and sorrow for the King who is dead and good wishes for 
 him who takes the throne. I propose a silent toast to Britons in 
 their hour of sorrow and trouble."
 
 350 ROOSEVELT FOR WORLD PEACE. 
 
 In a laudatory speech at this dinner Premier Lindman said: 
 " We are glad to welcome the foremost citizen of the great republic, 
 to which Sweden has sent so many loyal citizens." 
 
 After referring to the former President's efforts towards world 
 peace and the conservation of natural resources, as well as his endea 
 vor morally to uplift his fellow countrymen, the Premier continued : 
 
 " Your motto, Colonel Roosevelt, has been honesty, justice and 
 good character in every citizen. You have sought to promote self- 
 reliance and foster such a spirit in the nation that the stronger would 
 help the weaker, when the weaker was in need and deserved it, and 
 the manner in which you have worked to those ends has made your 
 name respected and honored throughout the world." 
 
 In his toast to the former President, Premier Lindman coupled 
 Mrs. Roosevelt's name with the Colonel's, as a true wife who had 
 contributed to her husband's success at every step. 
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT OBLIGED TO REMAIN INDOORS. 
 
 The weather at Stockholm on May 8, was rainy and blustry, 
 and as the physician declared that exposure under such conditions 
 would be bad for Mr. Roosevelt's bronchial tubes, which were 
 slightly inflamed, he was obliged to remain indoors most of the time. 
 
 The Colonel only left his apartments once. He took lunch with 
 Charles H. Graves, the American Minister to Sweden, at the Lega 
 tion, and there met Sven Hedin, the explorer ; Dr. Nordensksjold, 
 the Antarctic explorer ; Admiral Palander Prof. Arrehenius, who is 
 connected with the Nobel Institute, and other scientific and literary 
 people. He intended to make a speech at the National Museum 
 before the students and massed singing societies, but gave this up 
 and instead bowed from the balcony of the legation to the students 
 and singers, who gathered in the street below and sang selections. 
 
 The combined choruses rendered Swedish songs and the " Star- 
 Spangled Banner," and at the conclusion of the singing Colonel 
 Roosevelt expressed his thanks. The crowds on both sides of the 
 water front facing the legation were estimated at between 30,000 
 and 40,000, the greatest crowd, Minister Graves said, he had ever 
 
 H.B.G. 32
 
 ROOSEVELT FOR WORLD PEACE. 351 
 
 seen in Stockholm. The roofs of the houses and the shipping in the 
 harbor were crowded and a mighty shout went up when the Colonel 
 appeared. 
 
 Later he received in the legation the Swedish members of the 
 Interparliamentary Union. Senator Beckman, addressing Mr. 
 Roosevelt, referred to his services to the cause of peace, and the 
 former President replied very briefly. Prof. Gunnar Anderson 
 presented to him the first copy, just from the press, of the Norwegian 
 Geological Survey, which had been specially bound. 
 
 Arrangements had been made for Mr. Roosevelt to go to the 
 Riddarholmen, to place a wreath on King Oscar's tomb, but he sent 
 Kermit in his place, the wreath being composed of palms and lilies 
 and bearing no inscription. 
 
 The Crown Prince spent some time in the Colonel's room in the 
 forenoon and had tea with him in the afternoon, at which also the 
 Crown Princess and other members of the royal family were present. 
 
 After luncheon at the legation there was an exchange of stories, 
 the Colonel being deeply interested in the experiences of Sven Hedin 
 in Thibet. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt left for Berlin on a special train at 1 1 o'clock 
 the next morning. He was feeling well and in a joking mood con 
 sidered himself altogether equal to the visit to Germany. 
 
 A heavy downpour of rain drove from the streets the crowds 
 that had assembled to witness the departure of the Roosevelts, but 
 the railway station was occupied to its capacity. Among the num 
 ber who were on hand to say good-bye were Crown Prince Olaf, 
 Premier Konow and others of the Swedish Cabinet, Mr. Graves, the 
 American Minister, and Mr. Winslow, American Consul-General, 
 with the legation and consular staffs, and many high officials of the 
 government and city. 
 
 As the train drew out of the station a cheer was given. Im 
 mediately after the Stars and Stripes which had floated from many 
 buildings during Colonel Roosevelt's stay, were hauled down and the 
 Swedish national colors were placed at half staff for King Edward.
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 
 
 EMPEROR WILLIAM EXTENDS A CORDIAL WELCOME: AT THE NEW 
 PALACE AT POTTSDAM RUN PARALLEL COURSES FIRST 
 CIVILIAN EVER TO REVIEW SOLDIERS OF IMPERIAL GERMANY 
 ARMY SEES BIG SHAM BATTLE ACCLAIMED AS " ROUGH 
 RIDER" LECTURES BEFORE UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN ON THE 
 WORLD MOVEMENT EMPEROR PAYS HIGH HONOR AT CON 
 FERRING OF DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 *T*HEODORE ROOSEVELT had the world for an audience. 
 His two speeches at Paris and Berlin received such universal 
 attention and comment as no man in this day and generation has 
 won before. These discourses are level to the comprehension and 
 conviction of the vast mass. Platitudes they may hold, but plati 
 tudes well expressed, are the mental food of the multitude. 
 
 At Berlin he precisely expressed the profound belief of men 
 and women as to modern civilization. They see its advance. They 
 know its perils. They desire a remedy. 
 
 The " fighting edge " gives it to them, and expresses what 
 most believe and desire to practice. Colonel Roosevelt's advice, 
 assertion and attitude irritate many cultivated, educated, wide- 
 horizoned men. They hate to be reminded that there are evils. 
 They abhor the preaching of homely duty. Provision for a family, 
 the daily virtues, personal self-sacrifice, protest against the ease, 
 comfort and advantage which sap national strength, are not to the 
 taste of those who win life's worldly prizes. 
 
 But the multitude hear this gladly. They love it. They fol 
 low it. The two speeches Theodore Roosevelt has made have 
 " immensely " to quote his favorite word increased his grip on 
 the plain people. His doctrine is their doctrine. His preaching is 
 their creed. 
 
 352
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 353 
 
 The " fighting edge " a phrase likely to live the mass be 
 lieves in as much as it cherishes the daily duties. The instinctive 
 difference between modern civilization and old is that the old was 
 not aware of its peril and the new civilization is awake to it. Rome 
 felt secure until Alaric was at the gates. Modern civilization is 
 astir with alarm. 
 
 When Theodore Roosevelt urges and exhorts to the life of 
 active readiness for conflict he would be but a voice poured on the 
 free winds far, were it not that this doctrine is in all the air. Look 
 at the prodigious pains and effort in the past thirty years to main 
 tain physical stamina. Playgrounds and gymnasiums, the sports 
 which fill newspapers by the page, college athletics and personal 
 exercise, attention to hygiene and struggles with disease, universal 
 interest in physical records, games, drills, new appliances and ap 
 paratus, the world-wide attention to matches and competitive events, 
 all bespeak the same anxious desire to keep up the " fighting edge." 
 
 COMPULSORY MILITARY SERVICE APPROVED. 
 
 Armies are being remodeled. Navies are rebuilt. The train 
 ing of soldiers and sailors is more severe than ever before. Lands 
 like Australia are drilling every school boy. Compulsory military 
 service, once condemned, is approved. The national army is lauded 
 in England as a national school, and in this country there never was 
 so much effort to maintain a high physical type. 
 
 This is universal. It exists everywhere. When Colonel 
 Roosevelt urges it he but sums the universal practice. The civilized 
 world grows physically stronger every decade. The one need is 
 that all this shall bring a moral ardor in the attack on wrong and 
 misdoing. Grave danger exists in every civilization and every city 
 that men will accept evil and condone wrong, let thieving continue 
 and corrupt profits swell while the vast mass acquiesces. 
 
 The tendency of the past and present in law and government is 
 towards centralization. The homogeneousness of nations has been 
 more firmly established, the law codes of different countries more 
 closely assimilated, the methods of war and peace in all nations are
 
 364 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 
 
 following the same general development toward a common standard 
 and the peoples of the world, although differing in language, blood 
 and history, are drawing near to what the great poet called the 
 " federation of the world." 
 
 The career of ex-President Roosevelt is the pride of all ad 
 mirers of robust, courageous personality. Edward VII claimed 
 allegiance and honor from all mankind who knew his worth and 
 public service, irrespective of national limits. The leaders in litera 
 ture, art and science contribute to the heritage of the world, not of 
 any nation. 
 
 Linguists are seeking a common language for international 
 use and a destructive earthquake involving loss of life and property, 
 whether at Messina or San Francisco, awakens the sympathy and 
 opens the purse of all civilization. The telegraph obliterates time 
 and distance and nations are linked together as never before. 
 
 A WORLD'S TRIBUNAL. 
 
 This admitted tendency to unification in progress and senti 
 ment emphasizes the question why in the matter of international 
 jurisprudence the nations cannot come to some understanding by 
 which the dread perils of war may be relegated to the past with the 
 horrors of the Inquisition and the barbarities of the Middle Ages. 
 
 As States in our own nation have their Courts for the adjust 
 ment of disputes, when dissatisfaction arises with the decision of 
 the State Courts or the case is beyond their jurisdiction, an appeal 
 to the National Supreme Court effectually settles the question and 
 the decision is binding on all the parties in interest; so might the 
 nations, when differences arise, appeal their cases to a high inter 
 national tribunal, whose edict should be final. 
 
 This Court composed of honorable and able representatives 
 from every leading nation could properly solve the problems that 
 arise between nations by carefully weighing the evidence and the 
 equities of the cases and, backed by the united powers of the nations 
 represented, enforce its just decrees. 
 
 This is no fancy picture, being already presaged by The Hague
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 355 
 
 conference and able, wise and diplomatic statesmen could readily 
 formulate such a plan on practical lines and in intent and purpose 
 the poet's dream would be realized. 
 
 " Till the war drum throbbed no longer and the battle flags were furled 
 In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world, 
 There the common sense of most shall hold a fretful realm in awe 
 And the kindly earth shall slumber, lapt in universal law." 
 
 Greek met Greek when the Kaiser and Colonel Roosevelt 
 clasped hands on the marble steps of Frederick the Great's historic 
 New Palace at Potsdam. The meeting between the world's two 
 chief exponents of the strenuous life was cordial and friendly in 
 the extreme. Clad in a picturesque white uniform of the Garde du 
 Corps, with a helmet surmounted by a shimmering silver eagle, the 
 Kaiser looked every inch the War Lord immortalized by myriad 
 photographs as he and the Colonel stood shaking hands vigorously 
 and enthusiastically for almost a full minute. 
 
 AN ENTHUSIASTIC GREETING BY THE EMPEROR. 
 
 His Majesty generously exceeded conventional requirements by 
 waiting for his guest's approach at the outdoor steps instead of re 
 maining within. As the result of scrupulously secret preparations, 
 the complete details of the long waited for event perhaps will be 
 never known, even the services of a master of ceremonies to make 
 the presentation being dispensed with, so none can repeat the exact 
 language of the greeting. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt, who arrived in Berlin on May 10, and spent 
 the forenoon at the American Embassy, was escorted to Potsdam 
 by General Alfred von Loewenfeld, the personal representative of 
 the Emperor. 
 
 The Colonel was accompanied by Mrs. Roosevelt, Miss Roose 
 velt and Kermit; Mr. Hill and Mrs. Hill; Captain Samuel G. 
 Shartle, the military attache, and Lt. Commander Reginald R. 
 Belknap, the naval attache of the American Embassy. 
 
 As their carriages drove into the courtyard Emperor Wiliam
 
 356 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 
 
 appeared at the principal entrance of the new palace and descended 
 to meet his guests. 
 
 Preceded by the Lord Chamberlain, Count Zu Eulenberg, and 
 Master of the Imperial Household, Baron Von Lyncker, the Em 
 peror, with Colonel Roosevelt at his right, entered the palace, and, 
 passing through the large apartment popularly known as the shell 
 room, showed his guests into the smaller salon beyond. 
 
 Mrs. Roosevelt entered on the arm of General Von Loewenf eld, 
 and in turn was followed by Ambassador and Mrs. Hill, Miss 
 Roosevelt and Kermit, Captain Shartle and Lieutenant-Commander 
 Belknap and Dr. Von Bethmann-Hollweg, the Imperial Chancellor, 
 with Prince Solms-Bareuth. 
 
 Within the salon the party was received by Empress Augusta 
 Victoria, Crown Prince Frederick William, Crown Princess Cecilie, 
 Princess Victoria Louise, Prince Joachim and Prince Oscar. 
 
 ENTERTAINED BY THE EMPEROR AND EMPRESS. 
 
 The luncheon that followed was attended by a large number, 
 including many government officials and others prominent in public 
 life. There were six tables. 
 
 At one of these were seated the Emperor, with Mrs. Roosevelt 
 at his left and the Crown Princess on his right; the Chancellor, 
 General Von Plessin, Kermit Roosevelt, Count Zu Eulenberg, Mr. 
 Hill, General Loomenfeld and Lieutenant-Commander Belknap. 
 
 At another table the Empress was seated between Mr. Roose 
 velt and the Crown Prince. The young Princess Victoria was 
 seated at the Colonel's left. Others at this table were Miss Roose 
 velt, Captain Shartle, Foreign Minister Von Schoen; Mrs. Hill, 
 Prince Solms-Bareuth and the Countess Keller. 
 
 When the luncheon was over the Kaiser took possession of the 
 Colonel, and, piloting him into a corner, engaged him immediately 
 in the most animated conversation. History probably will be de 
 prived of knowledge of what was talked about, but whatever it was 
 both the Emperor and the Colonel resorted frequently to gestures 
 with arms, fists and heads to drive home their meaning and empha 
 size their points.
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 357 
 
 Then the Emperor motored with the Roosevelt family to the 
 Sans Souci Palace for a look at the royal residence, hallowed with 
 memories of Frederick the Great. The Colonel recalled the claims 
 of the Kaiser's great warrior ancestor to American interest, how 
 Frederick forbade England's hired Hessian troops to cross Prus 
 sian soil and his profound admiration for Washington. Then, 
 after a visit, which had lasted from one o'clock till five, the Roose- 
 velts motored back to the American Embassy in Berlin in one of 
 the imperial automobiles. 
 
 Whether it was due to his elocutionary contest with the Kaiser 
 or to the raw, rainy weather which prevailed in Berlin throughout 
 the day, the Colonel reached the Embassy considerably hoarser than 
 when he arrived in Berlin early in the forenoon. His throat was 
 so sore he found it difficult to speak with any trace of freedom or 
 good humor to Commander Peary, who was awaiting the ex-Presi 
 dent, the explorer having delayed his departure for Rome two days 
 for the purpose of greeting the Colonel. 
 
 ROOSEVELT AND KAISER RUN PARALLEL COURSES. 
 
 On his return to the Embassy the Colonel submitted to an 
 examination at the hands of Professor Fraenkel, one of Germany's 
 most celebrated throat specialists. Doctor Fraenkel found him 
 suffering from an acute case of laryngitis, an after effect of bron 
 chitis, of such a type as commonly attacks persons who have dwelt 
 some time in the tropics. 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt and the German Emperor are the same 
 age fifty-one and both were born on the 2/th of the month; 
 Roosevelt in October, 1858, and the Emperor in the following Jan 
 uary. 
 
 Both were married on the 27th of the month, the Colonel in 
 October 1880, and the Emperor in the following February. As 
 boys each is said to have had the same favorite author James 
 Fenimore Cooper. 
 
 In their fondness for out-door sports the Colonel and the 
 Kaiser display similarities. Both are fond of riding and hunting 
 and they each play tennis cleverly, and, although Roosevelt has the
 
 368 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 
 
 advantage of greater experience, the Kaiser would give him a good 
 run at his favorite game. 
 
 Both know the technical points of a warship from keel to mast- 
 top, and both agree that the best thing for the inside of a man is 
 the outside of a horse. Both believe in the " simple life." Both 
 are family men. The Kaiser is the father of seven children and 
 the Colonel of six. 
 
 For five hours on May n, the flower of the Kaiser's army, 
 12,000 cavalry, artillery and infantry, of the guard, waged mimic 
 war for the edification of Colonel Roosevelt. The battle raged with 
 realistic fury from nine in the morning until two in the afternoon, 
 and while the countryside reverberated with the roar of artillery 
 and the crackle of rifle fire the man of San Juan and the German 
 War Lord surveyed the thrilling panorama on horseback from an 
 eminence which commanded the entire position. 
 
 THE COLONEL DELIGHTED WITH THE MANOEUVERS. 
 
 The two men were scarcely ten feet apart at any time during 
 the manoeuvers and they chatted as excitedly as boys. 
 
 The Kaiser seemed proud to show the efficiency of the various 
 branches of his army, his only disappointment being the failure of 
 the balloon corps aboard the military dirigible Gross III to appear. 
 The balloon ascended from its headquarters at Tegel, but a fierce 
 gale forced the crew to abandon the flight to Doeberitz. 
 
 It was a spectacle which kept the Rough Rider's blood tingling 
 from start to finish. No single item in his long programme of 
 African and European honors had made a stronger appeal to his 
 imagination. 
 
 The Colonel donned an American campaigning outfit for the 
 occasion, khaki jacket and riding breeches, with tan leggings and 
 boots and his familiar black slouch hat, " our national headgear," 
 as he described it. One of the Emperor's automobiles called for 
 him at the Embassy at seven o'clock. Professor Fraenkel had taken 
 a look down the Colonel's throat before breakfast and found his 
 laryngitis had receded sufficiently to permit him to take the field 
 without danger. The weather, moreover, had turned gloriously
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 869 
 
 fine during the night, and the morning was like summer at Oyster 
 Bay. 
 
 The Colonel was accompanied to the battleground to Doeberitz, 
 midway between Berlin and Potsdam, by his German aide de camp, 
 Lieutenant Colonel Von Koerner; ex- Ambassador Henry White, 
 the American Military Attache in Berlin, Captain Shartle, and 
 Kermit. 
 
 Diplomatic circles were amazed at the unyielding determina 
 tion of the Kaiser to furnish a great military spectacle for the 
 Colonel. Diplomats absolved Colonel Roosevelt completely for any 
 consequences which may ensue because he is on record as having 
 given the Kaiser ample opportunity to cancel his Berlin visit. The 
 party reached the field a little before eight o'clock and mounted 
 chargers specially selected from the Kaiser's stables. 
 
 HORSES FROM THE KAISER'S STABLES. 
 
 The Emperor was already on hand, mounted and in the uni 
 form of a general of infantry, with a large band of crepe on the left 
 arm of his overcoat. With him, also on horseback, were the Em 
 press, the Crown Prince and Crown Princess, Princess Eitel Fred- 
 erich, Princess Victoria Louise and the Kaiser's son, Prince Adel- 
 bert. As soon as the Emperor's party had exchanged greetings 
 with the Colonel the Kaiser and the ex-President rode off to Mill 
 Hill, from which they were to watch the day's operations. 
 
 The Kaiser's face glowed with pride as he watched his two 
 sons, one a major of an infantry regiment, assigned to the attacking 
 force, the other, Eitel Frederick, leading the cavalry in the defense, 
 pitted against each other in a thrilling conflict held solely for the 
 Colonel's delectation. 
 
 By nine o'clock the battle was in full swing. Two hours later 
 the engagement became general. The theoretical objective was the 
 repulse of the hostile forces advancing on Potsdam from the east. 
 The operations covered an area of nine square miles of territory, 
 ideally suited for the most varied sort of tactics. 
 
 At noonday the heavens were rumbling with the roar of long 
 range artillery and the barks of the machine guns and musketry.
 
 360 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 
 
 The Colonel was enthralled. His field glasses raked the horizon 
 restlessly, and as the invading cavalry, with 3000 lances glinting 
 brilliantly in the midday sun, drove home the final attack through 
 the jaws of the defenders' artillery, the commander of the Rough 
 Riders shouted his joy in staccato outbursts to his proud and 
 smiling Imperial host. 
 
 Other features of the manoeuvers that greatly interested the 
 Colonel and which the Kaiser explained to him in detail were the 
 work of the telegraph, telephone and other technical branches. The 
 Kaiser's intimate knowledge of every phase of army work was a 
 surprise to the Colonel, despite the Kaiser's reputation for being a 
 close student of military questions. 
 
 At two o'clock the " Cease fire " was sounded and then the 
 troops of both armies joined in the march past the Emperor and the 
 Colonel, the latter doffing his black sombrero in salute as each set of 
 regimental colors filed by. 
 
 "MEIN FREUND ROOSEVELT." 
 
 When the march was over the Kaiser, surrounded by a glitter 
 ing galaxy of several hundred staff officers, turned to the Colonel, 
 removed his own helmet, and said, " Mein f reund Roosevelt," so 
 much in German, then in English, " I am happy to welcome you in 
 the presence of my guards. We are glad you have seen a part of 
 our army. You are the only private citizen who ever reviewed 
 German troops." 
 
 The Kaiser then addressed his officers, saying: " We have been 
 honored to-day with the presence of the distinguished Colonel of 
 the famous American Rough Riders. 
 
 This bouquet of pleasantries brought the day's stirring events 
 to a finish. The Kaiser and the Colonel said : " Auf wiedersehen 
 to-morrow," and motored back respectively to Potsdam and Berlin. 
 In accordance with his policy of refraining from comment on the 
 entertainment provided him, Colonel Roosevelt would only opine on 
 returning to the Embassy that it had been " a most interesting 
 day." 
 
 Asked how he had liked the specimen of German charger
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 361 
 
 which he had ridden, the Colonel said : " Oh, bully, by George ! Ai ! 
 And what a corking five hours in the saddle, too." 
 
 That night the Roosevelts dined with the Hills. The guests 
 included in addition to the ladies and gentlemen of the Embassy, 
 Chancellor Von Bethmann-Hollweg, Foreign Secretary and Bar 
 oness Von Schoen, Seth Low and wife, Henry White and wife, 
 American Consul General Thackara, of Berlin, and the rector of 
 Berlin University. 
 
 President Taft, on May n, appointed Theodore Roosevelt spe 
 cial administrator of the United States to attend the funeral of 
 King Edward. Colonel Roosevelt accepted the commission in a 
 cable message to the President. 
 
 " THE WORLD MOVEMENT." 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt delivered a lecture on May 12, on " The 
 World Movement," at the University of Berlin, and received from 
 the University the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 
 
 Emperor William honored the occasion with his presence. It 
 was the first time that His Majesty had graced a conferment, and 
 the courtesy was significant in view of the fact that the German 
 court was in mourning for the monarch's uncle. 
 
 The ceremony of conferring the degree was staged and con 
 ducted with impressive simplicity. There were no flags or emblems 
 of royalty and the government. The walls of the Aula were bare 
 except for the rows of busts of Germany's scholars and scientists. 
 
 By a curious coincidence, Colonel Roosevelt spoke in the Aula, 
 or hall, where the Kaiser, on October 19, 1906, rose dramatically, 
 after an address by Professor John W. Burgess, of Columbia Uni 
 versity, and cried for three cheers for Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 The only touch of color was furnished by the Senators of the 
 University with their robes of scarlet and blue and the five heads of 
 the student corps, who wore blue jackets, white breeches, jack boots 
 and parti-colored sashes. 
 
 Four hundred guests of the University, who held cards of ad 
 mission, were seated when Emperor William, accompanying the 
 Colonel, entered from a side door of the hall. As they appeared
 
 362 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 
 
 the University choir chanted, " Heil Dir Im Siegerkranz " (Hail to 
 the Conqueror's Wreath), the Prussian National Hymn, to the 
 strains of " America." 
 
 The Colonel occupied the seat at the reading desk and at his 
 side stood the heads of the student corps with drawn swords. This 
 striking guard of honor remained standing and almost immovable 
 during the entire lecture and ceremony. 
 
 The Emperor took occasion to congratulate the Colonel upon 
 his lecture and its delivery so courageously accomplished under 
 distressing physical conditions. He talked with the former Presi- 
 dent for six or eight minutes. The auditorium was filled to its 
 capacity of 1,200 persons by the faculty of the University, students 
 and guests. 
 
 OUTLINED THE LIFE OF THE COLONEL. 
 
 The rector, Frich Schmidt, opened the program by giving an 
 outline of the life of the Colonel from the time that he was a delicate 
 child until he became an African Nimrod. When he had finished 
 this sketch he introduced the former President, who was received 
 enthusiastically. 
 
 The Colonel appeared in the pink of physical condition. His 
 voice husky at first, gained steadily in clearness as he proceeded, 
 and he was able to deliver his complete written thesis of 9,000 
 words. To this he added extemporaneously from time to time by 
 way of emphasis and explanation. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt found his voice much improved when he rose 
 that morning and said that he felt perfectly able to deliver his ad 
 dress. Until then there was doubt whether the Colonel would be 
 able to keep his engagement, and when it became known that he ex 
 pected to do so there was much elation among the Univesity officials 
 and others who had looked forward to the address with eagerness. 
 
 Word that the Colonel would be heard was communicated 
 swiftly throughout the city in the forenoon, and when at the hour 
 appointed he reached the University the historic Aula was occupied 
 by a distinguished company. 
 
 ' To-day I am in Berlin University," began the speaker.
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT GERMANY. 363 
 
 " Yesterday I was in the open air university of the German army 
 and sat at the foot of the great master of that university." 
 
 The Colonel said that the German Emperor had often been held 
 up before him as a statesman who was doing things which he, the 
 speaker, should do. 
 
 " I remember," he added, " that my friend, Dr. Pritchard, then 
 President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at Boston, 
 told me of the Emperor's interest in and knowledge of technical 
 education. 
 
 ' While in Africa I used to think that there was something 
 wrong with the mail if it did not bring me a letter from Benjamin 
 Ide Wheeler telling me of his admiration for some feature of Ger 
 man life and of the Emperor's extraordinary qualities and kind 
 ness." 
 
 Then he launched into his lecture on " The World Movement," 
 sketching the ancient and mediaeval civilizations, pointing to the 
 causes of their rise and fall, and drawing lessons to show how the 
 civilization of to-day might endure. 
 
 DID NOT BELIEVE CIVILIZATION WOULD FALL. 
 
 He declared he did not believe this civilization would fall ; that 
 it was in the power of the peoples of to-day to preserve their culture 
 and achievements for all time. They had, he declared, the power to 
 hew their fate, if they had only the wit and courage to do so. 
 
 He dwelt upon the necessity of keeping keen the " fighting 
 edge," and asserted that development must be broadly along all 
 lines. Arms must not be forgotten for science and commercialism 
 must not supplant entirely the " virile fighting virtues." He showed 
 how Greece and Rome had decayed because mercenaries had sup 
 planted the citizen soldiers of pioneer and glorious days. He 
 pointed with emphasis to the exactly opposite tendency of modern 
 days, illustrating with the American Revolution and the Civil 
 War. 
 
 Politics were purer, he declared, and were not used so much 
 now as in the past for financial gain, although wealth still had great 
 influence in public affairs. In another digression from his set
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 
 
 speech and following his remarks concerning military virtue, the 
 former President said : 
 
 " I saw some of your German troops march before the Com- 
 mander-in-Chief yesterday. I cannot understand how any German 
 could look upon those soldiers without a. feeling of pride at the 
 physical and intellectual character of those soldiers from the farm 
 and shop, serving their time and then returning to their other work 
 to be replaced by other and younger men. I can see only hope for 
 the future with such men." The audience vigorously applauded 
 Colonel Roosevelt's remarks concerning mothers and housewives. 
 
 PRINCIPAL THEMES OF THE COLONEL'S ADDRESS. 
 
 The Colonel in his address presented the following thoughts: 
 
 " Personally, I do not believe that our civilization will fall. I 
 think that, on the whole, we have grown better and not worse." 
 
 " I think that, on the whole, the future holds more for us than 
 ever the great past has held." 
 
 " Assuredly the dreams of golden glory in the future will not 
 come true unless, high of heart and strong of hand, by our own 
 mighty deeds we make them come true." 
 
 ' We cannot afford to develop any one set of qualities, any one 
 set of activities at the cost of seeing others, equally necessary 
 atrophied." 
 
 ' We, the men of to-day and of the future, need many qualities 
 if we are to do our work well." 
 
 " One of the prime dangers of civilization has always been its 
 tendency to cause the loss of the virile fighting vivtues, of the fight 
 ing edge." 
 
 ' When men get too comfortable and lead too luxurious lives 
 there is always danger lest the softness eat like an acid into our 
 manliness of fibre." 
 
 " If the average man will not work, if he has not in him the 
 will and the power to be a good husband and father ; if the average 
 woman is not a good housewife, a good mother, then the State will 
 topple, will go down."
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 305 
 
 " The things of the spirit are even more important than the 
 things of the body." 
 
 " It would be a bad thing, indeed to accept Tolstoi as a guide in 
 social and moral affairs, but it also would be a bad thing not to have 
 Tolstoi." 
 
 " We must remember that it is only by working along the lines 
 laid down by the philanthropists by the lovers of mankind that 
 we can be sure of lifting our civilization to a higher and more per 
 manent plane of well-being." 
 
 " Unjust war is to be abhorred, but woe to the nation that does 
 not make ready to hold its own in time of need against all who 
 would harm it ; and woe thrice over to the nation in which the aver 
 age man loses the fighting edge, loses the power to serve as a 
 soldier." 
 
 " In the Grecian and Roman military history the change was 
 steadily from a citizen army to an army of mercenaries. The exact 
 reverse has been the case with us in modern times." 
 
 RECEIVES DIPLOMA AS DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 " The single fact that the old civilization was based upon 
 slavery shows the chasm that separates the two." 
 
 " Forces for good and forces for evil are everywhere evident, 
 each acting with a hunderd or a thousand fold the intensity with 
 which it acted in former ages." 
 
 " Frowning or hopeful, every man of leadership in any line of 
 thought or effort must now look beyond the limits of his own 
 country." 
 
 Dr. Roethe, dean of the Faculty of Philosophy, followed the 
 Colonel, and closed a discourse in German by addressing the former 
 President in Latin. The dean caused a laugh among the Senators 
 when in his Latin effort he used a feminine ending for a masculine 
 noun, and so furnished the only pleasantry of two hours and a half 
 of oratory. 
 
 As Dr. Roethe handed the new doctor his diploma the choir 
 sang the German national hymn and the audince gave three cheers. 
 The exercises ended with the singing of " The Star Spangled Ban-
 
 366 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 
 
 ner " by the choir. The assemblage waited until the Emperor and 
 Colonel Roosevelt had left the hall. 
 
 The Colonel and Kermit were guests that night of Chancellor 
 Von Bethmann-Helweg at a dinner at the Chancellor's palace. The 
 others present included the American Ambassador, Mr. Hill; 
 Count Zeppelin, Herr Delbueck, the Vice-Chancellor ; Admiral Von 
 Tirpitz, Secretary of the Admiralty; Herr Dornburg, Minister of 
 the Colonies; Baron Von Rheinbaben, Minister of Finance, and 
 many others noted in official and commercial life. 
 
 The Colonel displayed the greatest interest in Bismarck's work 
 ing and living apartments. A reception followed the dinner, many 
 of the members of the Reichstag and Landtag being presented to 
 the former President. 
 
 VISITS HOME FOR WORN-OUT WORKERS. 
 
 The Colonel in company with Burgomaster Kirchner motored 
 the following morning to Buch, a suburb, where a colony of 1200 
 worn-out workers, men and women, are maintained in relative com 
 fort at the expense of the city of Berlin. The subject of public 
 dependents was being pursued by the former President, who while 
 in Denmark investigated a similar institution. 
 
 The public charges at Buch are made up of the aged, the infirm 
 and those temporarily incapacitated for work. They are not only 
 supported reasonably, but in case of sickness receive thorough 
 medical treatment. 
 
 Returning to Berlin the Colonel was the guest at luncheon of 
 Ambassador Hill at the American Embassy. The luncheon party 
 was a large one. During the luncheon the Colonel proposed a toast 
 " to the health of His Majesty the German Emperor and the future 
 of the German people." 
 
 At the reception which followed, the Colonel received a dele 
 gation from the Interparliamentary Union, who were introduced by 
 Prince Von Carolath-Beuthen. Replying to an address presented 
 him by the delegates, the former President said that the general 
 demand for peace only excited the derision of practical men, but 
 when peace was worked for by practical men such as the delegates, 
 
 H.B.G. 33
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 367 
 
 with definite aims and methods, the results were splendid in their 
 fruits. 
 
 Profesor Brant, President of the Shakespeare Society, pre 
 sented the Colonel with a parchment creating the recipient an 
 honorary member of the society, which, the document stated, con 
 stituted " a close tie between Germany and the English-speaking 
 world." 
 
 Late in the afternoon the Colonel held a reception at the home 
 of Lieutenant Commander Belknap, the American Naval Attache 
 at Berlin, where he met many high officers of the German navy and 
 military. At this reception one of the officers, acting on behalf of 
 Emperor William, presented Colonel Roosevelt with several photo 
 graphs, showing the American ex-President and Emperor William 
 together at the Doeberitz manoeuvers. The photographs bore the 
 autograph of the Emperor. 
 
 DINED AT THE FRENCH EMBASSY. 
 
 The Colonel and his family dined in the evening at the French 
 Embassy, the guests of Jules Cambon. This dinner was private, 
 and besides the Roosevelts was attended only by Ambassador and 
 Mrs. Hill and the staffs of the French and American Embassies. 
 
 Amid the quiet surroundings of the Roosevelt Library at the 
 University of Berlin, the Colonel on the morning of May 14, again 
 tackled the correspondence which had outrun him from the moment 
 he emerged from the African jungles. He failed to catch up, but 
 before the noon hour he had made great progress. 
 
 Later, the former President received and had a chat with 
 Professor C. G. Schilling and Paul Niedieck, two of Germany's 
 best-known hunters of African big game. The Colonel had lunch 
 eon as the guest of Joseph C. Grew, second secretary of the Amer 
 ican Embassy. Other guests were Mrs. Roosevelt, Miss Roosevelt, 
 Kermit Roosevelt, American Ambassador Hill, Mrs. Hill, Miss 
 Hill, Henry White, former American Ambassador to France, and 
 Mrs. White, and Professor and Frau Schilling. Professor Schilling, 
 with a stereopticon, showed some flash-light pictures of jungle 
 animals and presented the Colonel with five of the collection.
 
 368 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN GERMANY. 
 
 The Colonel concluded the afternoon with a visit to the zoolo 
 gical gardens. He began an inspection which lasted an hour and 
 was interrupted by a cloudburst, the Colonel taking refuge in the 
 ostriches' house. The Colonel talked so knowingly and interestingly 
 about the exhibits that the presence of attendants provided to ex 
 plain things was quite superfluous. 
 
 During the day Emperor William sent to the Colonel a vase 
 from the royal porcelain works. The vase is three feet in height, 
 and bears upon one side a likeness of His Majesty. On the opposite 
 side are two views of the imperial palace in Berlin, one from the 
 bridge of the Elector, showing the equestrian statue of the great 
 elector, and the other the palace terrace, with the statue of William 
 of Orange. The following day at noon the Colonel and his party 
 started for London. There was a large crowd at the steamboat 
 landing to bid the Colonel goodbye. 
 
 A correspondent of the London Times, writing to his journal 
 of the strenuous days that the Colonel has inflicted upon the re 
 porters in their efforts to keep up with the Roosevelt procession, 
 said: 
 
 " This is indeed a singular adventure upon which we are en 
 gaged. It is useless to pretend it is not royal progress, for what 
 further marks of distinction could any sovereign receive than to 
 travel in royal trains, dwell in king's houses, be welcomed by Kings, 
 Queens and Princes, drive in state carriages amid flags and cheering 
 crowds, and have miles of warships manned for him, and it was not 
 only the ex-President who was honored as if he were a reigning 
 monarch Mrs. Roosevelt, with her charm and quiet dignity, was 
 honored equally; her bright, unspoilt, attractive son and daughter 
 were honored, too. The whole affair was quite unique."
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 As " FUNERAL AMBASSADOR " is WELCOMED BY LORD DUNDONALD 
 RECEIVED AT THE MARYBOROUGH HOUSE BY KING GEORGE V 
 VIEWED THE LYING-IN-STATE OF KING EDWARD PROTECTED 
 BY RED COATS AFTER THE MANNER OF ROYAI/TY CELEBRATED 
 ENGLISH UNIVERSITY CONFERS HIGH HONOR DOCTOR OF 
 LAWS RECEIVES THE FREEDOM OF THE CITY OF LONDON. 
 
 /COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S amazing receptions in Europe 
 ^-^ have made a breach in court etiquette the magnitude and 
 importance of which few Americans can understand. 
 
 No similar honors ever before paid by royalty to an ex-Presi 
 dent. Crowned heads visit Paris incognito to avoid raising any 
 awkward issue as to the precise position of the ruler of the French 
 Republic. It was years after France became a Republic before any 
 European sovereign of the first rank visited Paris in state. 
 
 An ex-President has in the past only been recognized as a very 
 distinguished private citizen whom the sovereign of the country he 
 visited met with a gracious and friendly welcome. To European 
 eyes it seems very strange that crowned heads should have met 
 Theodore Roosevelt at railroad stations and, still more, that he was 
 asked to review troops in company with the Emperor of Germany. 
 
 These are trifles to an American. They should be trifles every 
 where. But in Europe questions of etiquette and precedence are 
 not trifles. They are realities. They control affairs. They affect 
 the public imagination. They influence events. Members of the 
 royal caste of Europe, numbering many hundreds of men and 
 women, hold themselves apart from all the world. 
 
 Never since Benjamin Franklin upheld the glory and dignity 
 M. L. B. G. *
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 of the new-born republic have the power, majesty and achievements 
 of the great American nation been more forcibly presented to the 
 people of the Old World than they were by our greatest President, 
 Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 As a publicity promoter the honored Colonel of the Rough 
 Riders was in the vanguard. He made every hamlet in Europe 
 ring with praises of this country and its people. 
 
 Soon after his arrival in London he was received in Marl- 
 borough House by King George and met Queen Mary. This was 
 regarded as an exceptional compliment, and the two engaged in an 
 extended conversation. 
 
 The entrance to the city of the distinguished American was a 
 quiet one and in marked contrast with his appearance at other 
 capitals and with what would have been made of the occasion but 
 for the death of the British King. 
 
 THE COLONEL AT THE BIER OF KING EDWARD VII. 
 
 Conducted privately to the throne room in Buckingham Palace, 
 Theodore Roosevelt, who arrived in London, on May 16, was per 
 mitted to look upon the face of King Edward VII. The Colonel, 
 unattended by any of his party stood for several moments beside 
 the coffin and then, with head bowed, moved slowly away. 
 
 In the course of the day the Roosevelts called upon the Duke 
 and Duchess of Connaught at Clarence House. They also called 
 upon the Crown Prince and Crown Princess Christian of Den 
 mark, the Duke and Duchess of Argyll, the Princess Henry of 
 Battenberg, and the Duchess of Fife, and at Buckingham Palace 
 inscribed their names in the visiting books of Dowager Empress 
 Marie of Russia, and Duke Michael Alexandrovitch, King Haakon 
 and Queen Maud of Norway. 
 
 They had just returned to Dorchester House when they re 
 ceived a return call from King Haakon, who greeted the special 
 Ambassador and his wife as old friends. While luncheon was being 
 served the Duke of Connaught and Prince Arthur of Connaught
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 called. Mrs. Roosevelt went to Buckingham Palace again in the 
 afternoon and paid a visit to Queen Maud. 
 
 Never before had London newspapers spoken in such praise 
 of Roosevelt as they did the next day. There were column editorials 
 devoted to character studies of him and without exception they were 
 friendly in the extreme. 
 
 Everywhere the utmost satisfaction was expressed that he was 
 chosen to represent the United States at the king's funeral. 
 
 Several newspapers said that in happier circumstances the 
 former President's arrival would have been marked by a generous 
 tribute of public enthusiasm, and that coming as the chief mourner 
 of the United States the welcome, while less elaborate, is none the 
 less sincere. 
 
 THE COLONEL RECEIVES CAREFUL ATTENTION. 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt was guarded by four stalwart scarlet-coated 
 English soldiers for two days preceding and continued until after 
 King Edward's funeral. In placing this guard over America's 
 special envoy the Colonel was accorded the same distinction enjoyed 
 by Kings and other royalties who were in London for the funeral. 
 The same militant scene at Dorchester House was to be seen at 
 Buckingham and at other places where royalty was quartered. 
 
 The Colonel had a lengthy audience with King Haakon of 
 Norway and he also met King George of Greece. With all the 
 members of the American special embassy he wrote his name in the 
 books of King Alfonso of Spain, Prince Henry of Prussia, Grand 
 Duke Michael and other royalties. 
 
 The Colonel was busy the following morning in his own room 
 attending to his correspondence. He took luncheon at Dorchester 
 House. The guests included Augustine Birrell, the Chief Secretary 
 for Ireland, and Lewis Harcourt, the First Commissioner of 
 Works. After the luncheon, the kings of Denmark and Greece called 
 on the Colonel. Before they left, Prince Henry of Prussia, brother 
 of the Kaiser, called, and he was quickly followed by Lord Alver- 
 stone, the Lord Chief Justice of England.
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 Later on, the Colonel, accompanied by his own staff and Mr. 
 White, the special diplomatic delegate to the funeral of King 
 Edward ; Major T. Bentley Mott, the American military attache at 
 the American embassy at Paris and the gentlemen assigned to his 
 suite by King George, went to " inscribe." The kings of Portugal 
 and Belgium, the Chinese and Japanese princes and a few other 
 special representatives at the funeral were there at the same time. 
 
 As the Colonel was leaving Buckingham Palace after " inscrib 
 ing," he encountered the Kaiser, who greeted him warmly. Taking 
 the Colonel by the hand, he led him away to his own apartments, 
 where he kept him in conversation for three quarters of an hour. 
 
 At night the Colonel dined at Buckingham Palace, where King 
 George gave the first dinner of his reign. It was a great banquet, 
 with a numerous company of guests, comprising all the royal and 
 other special representatives at the funeral. 
 
 ANCIENT POMP AND CEREMONIAL. 
 
 With pomp and ceremonial borrowed from the past ages ming 
 ling in picturesque contrast with modern mourning, the British Em 
 pire on May 20 surrendered up its royal dead. Edward VII, the 
 thirty-sixth in the line of sovereigns of England since the conquest 
 of the dauntless Normans, mourned by the world at large, lies in a 
 crypt in St. George's chapel royal. 
 
 The streets of London were lined with 30,000 picked troops, 
 called to restrain the great crowds as well as to protect Kings, 
 Princes and other royalties as well as distinguished representatives 
 of foreign governments who followed the coffin of the dead King. 
 
 The royal carriage in which the Colonel rode received even 
 more attention than any of the kings who rode in the funeral pro 
 cession. The London public had the processional personnel at its 
 fingers' ends, calling off accurately the exalted men who appeared. 
 
 All the reigning monarchs, of course, were on horseback, but 
 Colonel Roosevelt, in accordance with conventions, occupied a 
 carriage, with the windows open, thus affording a brief glimpse 
 which disclosed him talking animatedly with M. Pichon, the French
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 envoy, and Sanad Khan Montaz Es Sultaneh, who represented 
 Persia, the trio comprising the total number of special envoys. 
 
 At Windsor the Colonel joined the foot procession to the tomb, 
 later participating in the royal luncheon at Windsor, where more 
 than one hundred kings, queens, princes and princesses sat at ten 
 tables. The Colonel sat at the table of King George. 
 
 Everyone in attendance admitted that the Colonel \vas the 
 dominating figure. The royalties who had not yet been presented 
 crowded about him eager for an introduction. The former Presi 
 dent was literally besieged by royal questioners to learn his views of 
 European politics, but he was on his guard and countered by ques 
 tions regarding the duties and burdens of kingship. 
 
 MR ROOSEVELT INTERESTS A NOTABLE GATHERING. 
 
 For more than an hour this crossfire of questions continued and 
 finally developed into the distinctive feature of the luncheon. So 
 interested did the notable assemblage, the greatest gathering of 
 royalty ever seen at such a function, become in the Colonel that for 
 a time the note of sorrow over the burial of King Edward was lost 
 sight of. Roosevelt's personality swept everything else aside. That 
 which impressed the Colonel most was the demeanor of the people, 
 the solemn dignity of the ceremony. 
 
 Mrs. Roosevelt spent an hour or more on May 25 in the com 
 pany of the Queen Mother Alexandra, at Buckingham Palace. The 
 call was made on the invitation of Her Majesty, who, when she re 
 ceived the Colonel expressed the hope that she might see his wife. 
 
 The conversation between the two had a wide range. The 
 Queen Mother was especially interested in her visitor's description 
 of the place occupied by women in the United States. Her Majesty 
 also inquired about Mrs. Roosevelt's journey to the Soudan to meet 
 her husband and listened with evident pleasure to the experiences 
 related. 
 
 The London Daily Telegraph, in a long editorial eulogy of the 
 Colonel, describes him as the most powerful statesman in the English
 
 aOLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 speaking world. " His personality," it said, " is better known 
 throughout the globe than any other, except the German Emperor 
 and in some ways he is the stronger marked of the two and he could, 
 if he pleased, become the Warwick of American politics." 
 
 The Colonel came forth from the seclusion imposed upon him 
 by England's mourning requirements in pink and scarlet, his gor 
 geous new LL. D. robes being a little more brilliant than the other 
 accessories attending his initial public appearance in England to 
 receive the Cambridge honors. 
 
 MR. ROOSEVEL RECEIVES A "ROISTERING" WELCOME. 
 
 As he trod for the first time the paths used in student days by 
 John Harvard and other famous men he saw in the middle of the 
 \valk a Teddy bear, placed there with an extended welcoming paw 
 by the roistering " undergrads." Later in the Senate House, 
 where were assembled masters of colleges, dons and a few fortunate 
 Americans who alone of the applying hundreds succeeded in pro 
 curing cards, he gamely survived the ragging by the undergraduates 
 crowding the oaken galleries, from whence Teddy bears, suspended 
 from strings, were made to pounce down on him as he sought to 
 depart dignifiedly in the scholastic procession. 
 
 Good naturedly he waived the privilege of capturing the biggest 
 bear as it dangled purposely within reach, the custom being for 
 newly-made doctors to take such a souvenir. So his neglect aroused 
 renewed shrieks of laughter attending the traditional tomfoolery. 
 
 The expression of prophecy that Englishmen would refuse to 
 take Mr. Roosevelt overseriously apparently is contained in verses 
 dedicated to him and published in Cambridge's organ, the " Gowns 
 man " : 
 
 " The lion and the unicorn will scatter for their lives 
 When the mighty big game hunter from America arrives: 
 But his prowess in the jungle is as nothing to his fame 
 In the copybooks cum Sunday chapel missionary game. 
 Oh, we're ready for you Teddy. Our sins are all reviewed 
 We've put away our novels and our statues in the nude. 
 We've read your precious homilies, and hope to hear some more. 
 At the coming visitation of the moral Theodore.
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 "No, seriously, Teddy, we're proud to have you here; 
 Your speeches may be out of date, your methods may be queer ; 
 But you've done some pretty decent things without delay or fuss, 
 And you're full of grit inside, and that's what appeals to us. 
 So we're ready for you, Teddy, but take my good advice, 
 Though sin is really naughty, we find it really nice, 
 So, when you come to speak to us in Providence's name, 
 Give the goby to the Sunday chapel missionary game." 
 
 The ordeal perhaps was most trying as the Colonel stood alone 
 facing the public orator, who in fluent Latin recited the ex-Presi 
 dent's achievements, the galleries alternately applauding with in 
 dorsement or mischievousness. He said : " Mr. Roosevelt is a 
 friend of peace and a friend of the human race. 
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT, THE MIGHTY HUNTER, EULOGIZED 
 
 " He has waged war on the wild beasts of the forest, whether 
 denizens of his own Rocky Mountains or of the land described by 
 Horace as the nurse of lions. His courage has been witnessed by 
 Africa, whence he has lately returned with spoils won in British 
 dominions. His fame has since been attested by Europe, which has 
 received him with royal honors during his splendid progress from 
 Italy to Scandinavia. Colonel Roosevelt is a faithful friend of the 
 British Empire and of all good men throughout the world." 
 
 After a tour of inspection of the buildings and grounds the 
 Colonel was a guest of Cambridge Union, a student club, where the 
 enthusiastic reception so enthused him that he made a half-hour 
 instead of a five-minute speech, as planned. 
 
 He covered a wide range of topics, from football and lions to 
 good citizenship and the strenuous life. He wished that Americans 
 could learn from Cambridge how to make football less homicidal. 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt startled the whole world when, in ancient 
 Guild Hall, replying to a speech giving him the freedom of the city 
 of London, he admonished England that its rule in Egypt was not 
 what it should be, declaring with emphasis that " you have erred 
 and it is for you to make good." 
 
 Throughout his speech, which caused much surprise, the Colonel
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 gave England some bold advice as to her duty toward her most 
 troublesome dependency in Africa. It was, he said, either right or 
 not right for Great Britain to be in Egypt and establish order there. 
 If it was not right she should get out. 
 
 He declared that Great Britain has given Egypt the best govern 
 ment that the country has had in 2000 years, but in certain vital 
 points it had erred. Timidity and sentimentality, he said, might 
 cause more harm than violence and injustice. " Sentimentality," he 
 added, " is the most broken reed upon which righteousness can lean." 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt denounced the Nationalist party of Egypt as 
 neither desirous nor capable of guaranteeing primary justice. It 
 was trying, he said, to bring murderous chaos upon the land. 
 
 THE COLONEL EXPRESSES KINDLY FEELINGS. 
 
 In the course of his speech the Colonel said : " I am especially 
 appreciative of to-day's honor because it is a sign of the good-will 
 tending to knit speakers of the English language. I prefer to talk 
 to-day regarding matters of real concern to you rather than merely 
 to express thanks and eulogy. 
 
 " I have recently spent nearly a year under the British-African 
 protectorates. Your men in Africa are doing a great work for the 
 British Empire and for civilization. The nations which are con 
 quering the savage lands for civilization should work together. 
 Mankind is benefited by the French occupation of Algiers and Tunis, 
 just as mankind is benefited from England's work in India, which is 
 similarly for the interests of civilization. 
 
 " The work that England and Germany is doing in East Africa 
 will succeed and the East African highlands can be made any white 
 man's country. Every one has benefited since America took posses 
 sion of the Philippines. The East African settlers remind me of 
 the frontiersmen that built up the western part of America. They 
 are of the same sturdy, fearless type. 
 
 " Regarding Egypt, I speak as an outsider, but this is to your 
 advantage, as I speak without national prejudice, and also as a well- 
 wisher to the British Empire. I speak not only as an American but
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 as a radical, a real and not a mock democrat, who feels that his first 
 thought is bound to be for the welfare of the masses of mankind, 
 and who wars against violence and injustice in accordance with the 
 principles by which while President I acted toward the Philippines. 
 
 " You treated the Pan-Egyptian movement and religious 
 struggles fairly impartially. Instead of acknowledging this, a 
 section of the natives took advantage of this treatment for the de 
 velopment of an anti- foreign movement. Premier Boutros Pascha, 
 a competent official, an upholder of the British rule and a worker 
 for his countrymen, was murdered because of these facts. The 
 attitude of the Egyptian Nationalists regarding the murder of 
 Boutros shows that they are not only not desirous, but are incapable 
 of granting even primary justice. 
 
 THE COLONEL'S PLAIN EXPRESSIONS. 
 
 "If you feel that you ought not to be in Egypt and have no 
 desire to keep order there, by all means get out. If you feel that it 
 is your duty to civilization to stay, then show yourselves ready to 
 meet the responsibility of your position. 
 
 " You saved Egypt from ruin, yet if not governed from the 
 outside Egypt will again sink into chaos. Some nation must govern 
 Egypt. I hope you will decide that it is your duty to be that nation." 
 
 The body of the magnificent Guildhall was filled by 12.15 
 o'clock, when the Lord Mayor, Sir John Knill, and Lady Knill en 
 tered and took seats in the center of the dais. Then the guests of 
 honor who filled the dais were announced separately. They included 
 many Americans. 
 
 Sir Joseph Dimsdale, the chamberlain of London, then pre 
 sented a copy of the resolution in a gold casket to Colonel Roosevelt. 
 After a tribute to the memory of King Edward the chamberlain 
 paid a glowing eulogy to Colonel Roosevelt and concluded by present 
 ing him with the casket, at the same time offering him " the right 
 hand of fellowship." 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt, who had arisen, grasped the Chamberlain's 
 hand and the Colonel, with notes in his hands, commenced his ad-
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 dress, first referring to the suddenness of King Edward's death, at 
 whose funeral, he said, he had the high honor to represent the 
 American people. The address occupied forty-eight minutes in its 
 delivery. 
 
 A few presentations of those present were then made to the 
 Colonel, after which Lord Mayor Knill and the Colonel, preceded 
 by the city swordbearer, the mace bearers and the reception com 
 mittee and followed by the company that had been seated on the dais, 
 left the hall and drove to the Mansion House for luncheon. 
 
 The Colonel, with Ambassador Reid on his left, rode in the 
 Lord Mayor's semi-state carriage drawn by four horses. The Lord 
 Mayor's famous fat coachman, in his cocked hat, plush breeches, silk 
 stockings, plush coat and white wig, sat on the driver's box. 
 
 A COMMENT FROM THE " MORNING POST." 
 
 The London Morning Post, in commenting on Colonel Roose 
 velt's speech said: " The people of this country are grateful for the 
 friendly appreciation expressed by Mr. Roosevelt in Guildhall of 
 the way the British public servants administer the regions intrusted 
 to their care in British East Africa, Uganda and Egyptian Soudan. 
 
 " Colonel Roosevelt had also a criticism to convey and a sug 
 gestion to make that is a delicate task for a guest and an outside 
 observer. He grappled with it in the only possible way. He ex 
 plained that he felt debarred from any expression that would be 
 other than sincere. 
 
 " Mr. Roosevelt thinks the British Government is too tender 
 hearted in its dealings with Egypt, and he thinks the so-called Na 
 tionalist agitation receives too much toleration, and that it should be 
 kept down with a strong hand.' 
 
 The London Times said: " It would show a sad lack of humor, 
 but then a great many among us are deficient in that saving grace, to 
 take in bad part criticism which is sincere. Well informed beyond 
 all question and thoroughly friendly, Mr. Roosevelt has reminded us 
 in a most kindly way of what we are at least in danger of forgetting
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 and no impatience of outside criticism ought to be allowed to divert 
 us from considering the substantial truth of his words." 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt was the only guest at a luncheon given in 
 his honor the following day by the Irish Party at Carlton House. 
 The original scheme was to entertain him in the House of Commons 
 when the whole party could be present, but the adjournment of 
 Parliament made this impossible. 
 
 John Redmond occupied the toastmaster's chair. There were 
 also present John Dillon, T. P. O'Connor, Joseph Develin and 
 fourteen other members of the Irish party. The table was decor 
 ated with Irish flags and floral designs of Irish harps and Teddy 
 bears. " Each person, including the Colonel, wore a buttonhole 
 bouquet of shramrock and violets. 
 
 Mr. Redmond welcomed the Colonel as a life-long friend of the 
 Irish people. In replying, the ex-President said there was another 
 tie between them, the tie of blood, for he was partly of Irish descent. 
 He also said in the Cuban campaign the Irish soldiers were among 
 the best in his regiment and that in his Cabinet there had been 
 several men of Irish descent. 
 
 "THEODORE ROOSEVELT AS CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE WORLD." 
 
 This is the lifework, which the logic of events and the known 
 course of international affairs are preparing for our great ex-Pre 
 sident. 
 
 To this end, his trip abroad has been directed. 
 
 To this end, Secretary Kn^x launched his proposal for a per 
 manent international tribunal now accepted by all the Powers. 
 
 To further this, the House Committee on Foreign Affairs at 
 Washington, on June 2, favorably acted on a resolution proposing a 
 special commission of five members to endeavor, by a mission 
 abroad, to unite foreign nations in a common effort, first to limit 
 navies, and, second, by international agreement to constitute " the 
 combined navies of the world as an international force for the 
 preservation of universal peace." 
 
 Many Representatives in Congress would like Colonel Roose*
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 velt to accept the presidency of the proposed Peace Commission, 
 The real negotiations for international peace gravitate by certain and 
 inevitable steps towards the selection of Theodore Roosevelt as the 
 first " Chief Justice " of the world's first permanent international 
 court. 
 
 Such a court is now certain. This is settled. Details are un 
 decided. Even so important a matter as the precise number of 
 Powers to be represented in the court has yet to be determined. A 
 denial would be as yet easy as to any positive assertion, beyond the 
 broad fact that such a court is now accepted by every Power whom 
 Senator Knox asked to agree to a permanent international tribunal. 
 
 PROVISION OF THE HAGUE CONFERENCE. 
 
 The first Hague Conference provided for the machinery by 
 which a list of arbitrators, two from each country, was provided, 
 from which a Peace Court could be selected when needed. The 
 second Hague Conference left this machinery unchanged, but added, 
 the United States proposing and Germany adding its powerful in 
 fluence, a permanent admirality court, ready to act as a tribunal of 
 last resort when war came. 
 
 Secretary Knox proposed to seven Powers, England, France, 
 Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Japan, a permanent 
 arbitral court, each Power to name two members who will always 
 be ready to hear cases and to be organized like other courts, with a 
 docket, rules and a recognized procedure. 
 
 The colossal fact which ever-reaches all the rest and brings the 
 world nearer peace than at any time In the History of Man, is that 
 the Powers whose common action now governs the world and 
 renders the opposition of any lesser power ridiculous, have agreed 
 on a permanent court along Secretary Knox's lines, details to be 
 decided later. 
 
 Germany was expected to refuse and Germany was almost the 
 first power to accept " in principle." France accepted, but desired 
 changes in the way in which the judges were selected so as to take 
 care of the interests of the lesser powers.
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND 
 
 With Spain, France now has close treaty relations which render 
 it necessary for French diplomacy to consider the Spanish dignity 
 and punctilio. Italy followed Germany and France. 
 
 England is friendly to the proposal, but waits on the action of 
 its Eastern ally, Japan. Japan's acceptance is certain when the final 
 decision comes, because no one Power can stay out when the United 
 States, Germany, France and Italy are agreed and Russia has added 
 her assent, with Austria-Hungary practically included in the accept 
 ance of Germany. 
 
 The formal proposal that Colonel Roosevelt be named for this 
 post is believed to come from Germany. It matters little which 
 Power speaks. The logic of events names Roosevelt. Beyond any 
 other man, the world over, he is in line for the place. He satisfies 
 Germany, and neither England nor France can object. Both would 
 welcome him. No European can be named as Chief Justice for 
 this post, for jealousies are too acute. Neither Russia nor Japan 
 can object to the man who made peace between them. 
 
 MR. ROOSEVELT FOR PEACE AND ARBITRATION. 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt is no lawyer. No one ever charged him 
 with being that. He is a man after the Kaiser's own heart. While 
 Roosevelt is for peace and arbitration, the monarchs and generals 
 commanding, feel that they " can do business with him." He 
 brought peace between Japan and Russia, with energy and decision, 
 but without ruffling a hair of either. He would not let Japan ask 
 for too much. He made Russia concede enough. Neither lost in 
 dignity. 
 
 At Panama, in Santo Domingo and in lesser international 
 issues, Theodore Roosevelt satisfied Europe that he had no small 
 scruples about getting things done, when great ends w ? ere in view 
 for civilization and order. At the head of an international court 
 he could view issues and disputed questions as a statesman called to 
 grave responsibilities and not as do lawyer and judges, called solely 
 to pass on the law between individuals. 
 
 Every man in Washington who knows affairs, every diplomat,
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 every one called to international issues, sees in Theodore Roosevelt 
 the one man who comes from a free, self-governing country and yet 
 would be accepted by the Rulers of great countries. 
 
 All Roosevelt's trip has been directed to this end. Read in 
 the light of this proposition and this future post, how masterly are 
 his speeches ! The peace-loving people have got to accept the great 
 peacemaker. 
 
 His speeches at Cairo and Guildhall on Egypt have stilled all 
 fear among the colony-holding nations that the new international 
 court might be used to raise issues as to subject nations. At Berlin, 
 Germany, Roosevelt had a good word for compulsory military ser 
 vice and standing armies. At Paris he saw in France the world's 
 intellectual leadership. The dread of the small lands he has stilled 
 by his utterance on international peace and arbitration at Stock 
 holm. He invoked a great past at Rome and the industrial future 
 at Brussels, with a few judicious words which showed he had no 
 prejudices regarding the Congo. 
 
 This would be a life position. It would carry a salary com 
 mensurate with its importance. What is of far more weight in 
 dignity, in world-wide influence, in historic prestige and in genuine 
 importance and actual power, nothing would equal it. 
 
 Much on the court has yet to be settled. The smaller powers 
 are certain to protest. Powers with great territorial possession like 
 Holland and Belgium are certain to protest. All South America 
 will be loud in objection. The United States wishes no disorder 
 there. 
 
 AN ENGLISH ESTIMATE OF ROOSEVELT. 
 
 The British Weekly thus speaks of our ex-President, whose 
 visit to Europe has touched the hearts of the people, both high and 
 low, in such a remarkable degree: 
 
 * The attraction of Mr. Roosevelt is that he is America in the 
 flesh. When he speaks the American nation speaks. Therefore 
 we in Europe pay him heed, as we ought to, for the attitude of the 
 American people concerns us all. Red-blooded, warm-hearted, 
 reckless and wise, fierce and kind, a man of the world in the best
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 sense, with high ethical standards and sincere religious convictions, 
 Mr. Roosevelt does honor to a country where he is beyond com 
 parison the most outstanding man, and of which, to all appearance, 
 he might be, if he chose, President for life. Mr. Roosevelt is a 
 true friend of peace, though very far removed from Quaker prin 
 ciples. There is something wholesome, breezy, and invigorating 
 in his talk, whether one agrees with him or not. All that his critics 
 can say is that he speaks platitudes, but platitudes need to be spoken 
 till they are carried into practice." 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt's addresses since his return from the wilds 
 of Africa have been a great contribution to the moral forces of the 
 present time. He has spoken under circumstances not given to any 
 other man, and he said the best things in every place, who else 
 than he could have spoken as he has done ? 
 
 On June 7th Colonel Roosevelt was the guest of the University 
 of Oxford, where he delivered his Romanes lecture, and the Uni 
 versity conferred upon him the honorary degree of doctor of civil 
 
 law. 
 
 THE LECTURE AND CONFERMENT. 
 
 The lecture and the conferment constituted ^the main feature of 
 the day, but it did not complete the program, which was as crowded 
 as any that the distinguished American had undertaken in his 
 European travels. 
 
 Oxford was glad to see our former President and made the 
 fact known. First there was a reception given by the Mayor of 
 the corporation at the town hall. The auditorium was filled to its 
 limits, and when the guests appeared the audience joined in singing 
 " For He's a Jolly Good Fellow." 
 
 From the town hall the Colonel made hurried visits to the lead 
 ing colleges and to other places of historic interest. 
 
 He was entertained at luncheon by the American Club, leaving 
 soon afterwards for the Sheldonian Theater for his lecture and the 
 ceremonies that aded a D. C. L. to the other honorary titles that 
 have been bestowed upon him. 
 
 The Colonel's subject was " Biological Analogies in History."
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 He said : " An American who, in response to such an invitation as I 
 have received, speaks in this university of ancient renown cannot 
 but feel with peculiar vividness the interest and charm of his sur 
 roundings, fraught as they are with a thousand associations. Your 
 great universities, and all the memories that make them great, are 
 living realities in the minds of thousands of men who have never 
 seen them and who dwell across the seas in other lands. Moreover, 
 these associations are no stronger in the men of English stock than 
 in those who are not. 
 
 " My people have been for eight generations in America ; but 
 in one thing I am like the Americans of to-morrow rather than like 
 the many of the Americans of to-day, for I have in my veins the 
 blood of men who came from many different European races. The 
 athnic make-up of our people is slowly changing, so that constantly 
 the race tends to become more and more akin to that of those 
 Americans who, like myself, are of the old stock but not mainly of 
 English stock. 
 
 MUTUAL RESPECT, UNDERSTANDING AND SYMPATHY. 
 
 " Yet I think that, as time goes by, mutual respect, understand 
 ing, and sympathy among the English-speaking peoples grow 
 greater and not less. Any of my ancestors, Hollander or Hugue 
 not, Scotchman or Irishman, who had come to Oxford in ' the spac 
 ious days of great Queen Elizabeth/ would have felt far more 
 alien than I, their descendant, now feel. Common heirship in the 
 things of the spirit makes a closer bond than common heirship in 
 things of the body. 
 
 " More than ever before in the world's history, we of to-day 
 seek to penetrate the causes of the mysteries that surround not only 
 mankind but all life, both in the present and the past. We search, 
 we peer, we see things dimly; here and there we get a ray of clear 
 vision as we look before and after. 
 
 " We study the tremendous procession of the ages, from the 
 immemorial past when in ' cramp elf and saurian forms ' the creative 
 forces ' swathed their too-much power/ down to the yesterday, a
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 few thousand years distant only, when the history of man became 
 the overwhelming fact in the history of life on this planet; and, 
 studying, we see strange analogies in the phenomena of life and 
 death, of birth, growth, and change. 
 
 " It is this study which has given science its present-day prom 
 inence. In the world of intellect, doubtless the most marked fea 
 tures in the history of the past century have been the extraordinary 
 advances in scientific knowledge and investigation and in the posi 
 tion held by the men of science with reference to those engaged in 
 other pursuits. 
 
 " I am not now speaking of applied science of the science, for 
 instance, which, having revolutionized transportation on the earth 
 and the water, is now on the brink of carrying it into the air ; of the 
 science that finds its expression in such extraordinary achievements 
 as the telephone and the telegraph; of the sciences which have so 
 accelerated the velocity of movement in social and industrial condi 
 tions for the changes in the mechanical appliances of ordinary life 
 during the last three generations have been greater than in all the 
 preceding generations since history dawned. 
 
 SCIENCE CONTROLLED BY CONDITIONS. 
 
 " I speak of the science which has no more direct bearing upon 
 the affairs of our every-day life than literature or music, painting 
 or sculpture, poetry or history. 
 
 " Now I am willing that history shall be treated as a branch of 
 science, but only on condition that it also remains a branch of 
 literature; and, furthermore, I believe that as the field of science 
 encroaches on the field of literature, there should be a corresponding 
 encroachment of literature upon science ; and I hold that one of the 
 great needs, which can only be met by very able men whose culture is 
 broad enough to include literature as well as science, is the need of 
 books for scientific laymen. We need a literature of science which 
 shall be readable. 
 
 " So far from doing away with the school of great historians, 
 the school of Polybius and Tacitus, Gibbon and Macaulay, we need 
 M. L. B. G. **
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 merely that the future writers of history, without losing the qualities 
 which have made those men great, shall also utilize the new facts 
 and new methods which science has put at their disposal. 
 
 " Rome fell by attack from without, only because the ills within 
 her own borders had grown incurable. What is true of your coun 
 try, my hearers, is true of my own; while we should be vigilant 
 against foes from without, yet we need never really fear them so 
 long as we safe-guard ourselves against the enemies within our own 
 households; and these enemies are our own passions and follies. 
 Free peoples can escape being mastered by others only by being able 
 to master themselves. 
 
 INTERNATIONAL INTERESTS INVOLVED. 
 
 "We, Americans, and you people of the British Isles, alike, need 
 ever to keep in mind that, among the many qualities indispensable 
 to the success of a great democracy, and second only to a high and 
 stern sense of duty, of moral obligation, are self-knowledge and self- 
 mastery. You, my hosts, and I may not agree in all our views ; some 
 of you would think me a very radical democrat as, for the matter 
 of that, I am ; and my theory of imperialism would probably suit the 
 anti-imperialists as little as it would suit a certain type of feeble 
 imperialist. But there are some points on which we must all agree 
 if e think soundly. 
 
 " The precise form of government, democratic or otherwise, is 
 the instrument, the tool, with which we work. It is important to 
 have a good tool. But, even if it is the best possible, it is only a tool. 
 No implement can ever take the place of the guiding intelligence 
 that wields it. 
 
 " There are questions that we of the great civilized nations are 
 ever tempted to ask of the future. Is our time of growth drawing 
 to an end? Are we as nations soon to come under the rule of that 
 great law of death which is itself but part of the great law of life? 
 None can tell. Forces that we can see and other forces that are 
 hidden or that can but dimly be apprehended are at work all around 
 us, both for good and for evil.
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 " After the French Revolution in 1830, Niebuhr hazarded the 
 guess that all civilization was about to go down with a crash, that 
 we were all about to share the fall of third and fourth century. 
 Rome a respectable but painfully overworked comparison. The 
 fears once expressed by the followers of Malthus as to the future of 
 the world have proved groundless as regards the civilized portion of 
 the world; it is strange indeed to look back at Carlyle's prophecies 
 of some seventy years ago, and then think of the teeming life of 
 achievement, the life of conquest of every kind, and of noble effort 
 crowned by success, which has been ours for the two generations 
 since he complained to high Heaven that all the tales had been told 
 and all the songs sung, and that all the deeds really worth doing had 
 been done. 
 
 A NATION'S REVITALIZATION. 
 
 " A nation that seemingly dies may be born again ; and even 
 though in the physical sense it die utterly, it may yet hand down a 
 history of heroic achievement, and for all time to come may pro 
 foundly influence the nations that arise in its place by the impress of 
 what it has done. Best of all is it to do our part well, and at the 
 same time to see our blood live young and vital in men and women 
 fit to take up the task as we lay it down ; for so shall our seed inherit 
 the earth. 
 
 ''' While freely admitting all of our follies and weaknesses of 
 to-day, it is yet mere perversity to refuse to realize the incredible 
 advance that has been made in ethical standards. I do not believe 
 that there is the slightest necessary connection between any awaken 
 ing of virile force and this advance in the moral standard, this 
 growth of the sense of obligation to one's neighbor and of reluctance 
 to do that neighbor wrong. 
 
 ''' Every modern civilized nation has many and troublesome 
 problems to solve within its own borders, problems that arise not 
 merely from juxtaposition of poverty and riches, but especially from 
 the self-consciousness of both poverty and riches. Each nation 
 must deal with these matters in its own fashion, and yet the spirit in
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 which the problem is approached must ever be fundamentally the 
 same. 
 
 " It must be a spirit of broad humanity; of brotherly kindness; 
 of acceptance of responsibility, one for each and each for all ; and 
 and at the same time a spirit as remote as the poles from every form 
 of weakness and sentimentality. 
 
 " As in war to pardon the coward is to do cruel wrong to the 
 brave man whose life his cowardice jeopardizes, so in civil affairs it 
 is revolting to every principle of justice to give to the lazy, the 
 vicious, or even the feeble and dull-witted, a reward which is really 
 the robbery of what braver, wiser, abler men have earned. 
 
 SPECIAL PROBLEMS AND SPECIAL DUTIES OF OUR OWN. 
 
 " But in addition to these problems the most intimate and im 
 portant of all which to a larger or less degree affect all the modern 
 nations somewhat alike, we of the great nations that have expanded 
 that are now in complicated relations with one 'another and with 
 alien races, have special problems and special duties of our own. 
 
 " You belong to a nation which possesses the greatest empire 
 upon which the sun has ever shone. I belong to a nation which is 
 trying, on a 'scale hitherto unexampled, to work out the problems 
 of government for, of, and by the people, while at the same time 
 doing the international duty of a great Power. But there are cer 
 tain problems which both of us have to solve, and as to which our 
 standards should be the same. 
 
 " The Englishman, the man of the British Isles, in his various 
 homes across the seas, and the American, both at home and abroad, 
 are brought into contact with utterly alien peoples, some with a 
 civilization more ancient than our own, others still in, or having 
 recently arisen from, the barbarism which our people left behind 
 years ago. 
 
 " This is what our peoples have in the main done, and must con 
 tinue to do, in India, Egypt, and the Philippines alike. In the next 
 place, as regards every race, everywhere, at home or abroad, we
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 cannot afford to deviate from the great rule of righteousness which 
 bids us treat each man on his worth as a man. 
 
 " This has nothing to do with social intermingling, with what 
 is called social equality. It has to do merely with the question of 
 doing to each man and each woman that elementary justice which 
 will permit him or her to gain from life the reward which should 
 always accompany thrift, sobriety, self-control, respect for the rights 
 of others, and hard and intelligent work to a given end. 
 
 " The foreign policy of a great and self-respecting country 
 should be conducted on exactly the same plane of honor, of insistence 
 upon one's own rights and of a respect for the rights of others, as 
 when a brave and honorable man is dealing with his fellows. 
 
 THE COLONEL'S PERSONAL HONOR. 
 
 " Permit me to support this statement out of my own experi 
 ence. For nearly eight years I was the head of a great nation and 
 charged especially with the conduct of its foreign policy ; and during 
 those years I took no action with reference to any other people on 
 the face of the earth that I would not have felt justified in taking as 
 an individual in dealing with other individuals. 
 
 " I believe that we, of the great civilized nations of to-day, 
 have a right to feel that long careers of achievement lie before our 
 several countries. To each of us is vouchsafed the honorable privi 
 lege of doing his part, however small, in that work. 
 
 " Let us strive heartily for success, even if by so doing we risk 
 failure, spurning the poorer souls of small endeavor who know 
 neither failure nor success. Let us hope that our own blood shall 
 continue in the land, that our children and children's children to 
 endless generations shall rise to take our places and play a mighty 
 and dominant part in the world. But whether this be denied or 
 granted by the years we shall not see, let at least the satisfaction be 
 ours that we have carried onward the lighted torch in our own day. 
 and generation. 
 
 " If we do this, then, as our eyes close, and we go out into the
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 darkness, and other hands grasp the torch, at least we can say that 
 our part has been borne well and valiantly." 
 
 There were more applications for admission to hear Colonel 
 Roosevelt's lecture at Oxford than when Mr. Gladstone gave the 
 first Romanes lecture and the theatre was fuller than when Prof. 
 Huxley gave the second lecture or when Mr. Balfour gave the 
 lecture in November, 1909. 
 
 As Colonel Roosevelt stood before the chancellor, Lord Curzon, 
 the latter addressed three Latin hexameters to him, which trans 
 lated were : 
 
 " Behold, vice-chancellor, the promised wright 
 Before whose coming comets turned to flight 
 And all the startled mouths of sevenfold Nile took fright." 
 
 Lord Curzon then addressed Colonel Roosevelt, his first word 
 " strenuissime " being declaimed in an indescribably whimsical 
 fashion, which brought a roar of laughter. The address was spoken 
 in Latin. It may be translated : 
 
 LORD CURZON'S ADDRESS. 
 
 " Most strenuous of men, most distinguished of citizens to-day 
 playing a part on the stage of the world, you who have twice admin 
 istered with purity the first magistracy of the great republic and may 
 perhaps administer it a third time, peer of most august kings, queller 
 of men, destroyer of monsters, wherever found, yet most human of 
 mankind, deeming nothing indifferent to you, not even the blackest 
 of the black, I by my authority and that of the whole University 
 admit you to the degree of doctor of civil law, honoris causa." 
 
 Colonel Roosevelt's last day in England was one of seclusion 
 and rest. He was the guest of Sir Edward Grey at the latter's 
 home in Hampshire and together the two tramped through New 
 Forest, the ancient royal hunting grounds, rich in its fauna and flora, 
 and of absorbing interest to entomologists. 
 
 In characteristic fashion Colonel Roosevelt deprived Londoners 
 of the opportunity of giving him a sendoff. Before the people were
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 aware of his intention he had left the city, and not a dozen persons 
 knew the time or the manner of his departure. 
 
 When the Colonel arrived at Southampton in the morning he 
 immediately joined his family and then the entire party went to the 
 steamship dock. There was a large crowd waiting, and he was 
 greeted by the Mayor and the Sheriff of Southampton. To the 
 Mayor the former President said : 
 
 ' I would like to express through you, Mr. Mayor, my thanks 
 to the people of this country for the way in which I have been re 
 ceived and to say what pleasant memories I shall always retain of 
 the last portion of my sojourn in England. 
 
 " Of course, it was begun under the saddest of circumstances. 
 When I came as the representative of my people to express their 
 sympathy for your country in its hour of affliction I was glad to 
 have the chance of being the American representative here at such 
 a time ; and since then your people have received me with such cor 
 dial and courteous hospitality that I cannot sufficiently express my 
 appreciation in words." 
 
 After cordial farewells to Sir Edward Grey, Lieutenant Colonel 
 Arthur H. Lee, formerly Military Attache of the British Embassy 
 at Washington, and other friends who had come to say good-by, the 
 Roosevelts embarked upon a tender and were carried out to the 
 Kaiserin Auguste Victoria. The vessel sailed soon after they had 
 gone aboard. 
 
 ROOSEVELT MADE " HIT " AS STOKER ON OCEAN LINER. 
 
 Every one of the great number of people aboard the huge 
 Kaiserin Auguste Victoria had a chance to see and hear Colonel 
 Roosevelt. 
 
 On June 15, he completed his round of the ship by a visit to 
 the stokehold where he grasped the grimy hands of the stokers 
 and chatted with them as though they were the crew of his own 
 private yacht. 
 
 The visit to the stokehold was one of the most interesting 
 events of the trip, and the stokers did their best to show their
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 appreciation of the honor. Those who were on the off shift tidied 
 themselves up as much as possible, but Roosevelt seemed even 
 more anxious to shake the hands of those who were actually 
 engaged in feeding the huge furnaces. As one of these laid down 
 his shovel, Roosevelt grabbed it up and showed that he knew 
 something about the knack of stoking by " sifting " several shovels 
 of coal over the glowing bed of coals. 
 
 The stokers cheered the Colonel heartily when they saw that 
 he was " one of them." The captain of the ship accompanied the 
 colonel on his rounds through the stokehold. 
 
 After his visit below he held an informal reception on deck 
 for the first and second class passengers. This with his visit to 
 the steerage on the preceding Sunday, cleaned up the colonel's 
 reception list. All aboard ship claimed personal acquaintance 
 with their distinguished fellow passenger. 
 
 The Colonel's Guildhall speech led to a long discussion of 
 Egyptian affairs in the House of Commons on June 13, the Con 
 servatives demanding to know what course the Ministers proposed 
 to pursue, and some of the members denouncing what they termed 
 Mr. Roosevelt's interference. 
 
 Arthur J. Balfour, leader of the Opposition, expressed warm 
 appreciation of Mr. Roosevelt's sympathetic and kindly treatment 
 of the subject. There was nothing in the speech, he said, to 
 which the most sensitive Briton could take exception. The situa 
 tion in Egypt, he declared, called for prompt action, and he hoped 
 the government would take steps to give support to the British 
 representatives there, without which they will be helpless. 
 
 Sir Edward Grey, the Foreign Secretary, replying to the 
 criticisms in behalf of the Government, announced that Mr. 
 Roosevelt's speech had been communicated to him before it was 
 delivered. He had seldom listened to a speech with greater 
 pleasure. Its friendly intention, he said, was obvious, and, taken 
 as a whole, it was the greatest compliment to the work of on* 
 country ever paid by a citizen of another.
 
 COLONEL ROOSEVELT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 ' The Daily Mail " printed a long summary of some of the im 
 pressions Colonel Roosevelt derived from his tour as recorded in 
 several conversations with a well-known writer. The manner in 
 which his Guildhall speech was received convinced Colonel Roose 
 velt that he was fully justified in delivering it. It also increased 
 his respect for the nation, which was not too proud to listen to 
 criticism as well as praise. He expressed warm admiration for the 
 public men he met and of the attitude of the nation. 
 
 So long as British public men keep their high ideals of public 
 duty and so long as Britons breed a race of tall, straight, clean 
 limbed men and gentle, sweet- faced women, Colonel Roosevelt said 
 he would not heed the rumors of creeping paralysis and would not 
 believe that the British empire was anywhere near an end. 
 
 The Colonel declared that all over Europe he found evidence 
 that ethical standards were higher probably than ever was known 
 before. Ideas which are religious in the highest sense are spread 
 ing. The rulers of every land were inspired by noble purposes and 
 a strong sense of duty of which very few examples could be drawn 
 from earlier times. 
 
 Regarding Colonel Roosevelt's future the correspondent said: 
 ' The Colonel intends to work away quietly at his conservation 
 policies. He has no intention to live in the public eye, and if it were 
 left to himself to decide he would not think of a third Presidential 
 term as even a possibility. The question is whether the people of 
 the United States will not decide it for him. 
 
 " He would be quite content to live his life quietly and happily 
 in his home and with his friends. With a thousand interests to 
 keep his mind active and his sympathies keen no man was ever less 
 dependent upon the excitement and rewards of public life. He 
 could do without them perfectly well." 
 
 The correspondent, however, found it inconceivable that the. 
 world would not make further demands upon such a man. He con 
 cluded enthusiastically : " If America were so unappreciative of 
 greatness as not to call on him further, let us have him back in 
 Europe."
 
 NATION GREETS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 RECEPTION UNEQUALLED IN COUNTRY'S HISTORY ACCORDED RE 
 TURNING HERO MILLIONS CHEER. HIM GUNS ROAR 
 WHISTLES SHRIEK GRAND GREETINGS ON LAND AND WATER 
 PAGEANTS MARK His TRIUMPHANT RETURN. 
 
 THEODORE ROOSEVELT, the most distinguished citizen of 
 the United States, is once more at home. He was received 
 at New York with the nearest approach we can arrange to the tri 
 umphs with which Rome honored its generals on returning from a 
 conquest of the world. Theodore Roosevelt has stirred Africa and 
 Asia and has conquered Europe and the American people could not 
 with self-respect pay less honors to their most striking representa 
 tive and embodiment than he had received from foreigners. 
 
 The people like him. They like him for his frankness, his 
 colloquial language, his free and easy air, his lack of conventionality 
 and ceremony and officialism. Perhaps they liked him best of all 
 because the national traits are uncommonly well developed in him. 
 He presents strikingly the national virtues. He is strong, breezy, 
 good humored and quick in resentment, informal and can on occa 
 sions be chiding and reproving. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt's popularity is enormous and it is deserved. It 
 is creditable to the American people that they like him, even if he 
 has limitations, and some of them rather conspicuous. He was 
 honored in Europe because he was an ex-President of the United 
 States, but they liked him personally. Undeniably he made a tre 
 mendous impression all the way from Cairo to Oxford. He added 
 to our national prestige. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt is a man of great force and of uncommonly 
 likable .qualities. His countrymen are proud of him and they are 
 immensely pleased that he made so much of a sensation in Europe.
 
 NATION GREETS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 The following appeared in the editorial column of the New 
 York Times : " New York's welcome to the returning ex-President 
 of the United States will fitly represent the feeling of the whole 
 country for its most illustrious citizen. Whatever of political pur 
 pose may underlie the great civic demonstration, there is no doubt 
 of the sincerity of the public's esteem and affection for Mr. Roose 
 velt, which it so vociferously demonstrated. His compatriots are 
 not all of one mind as to his ability as a constructive statesman, and 
 the value of his services to the Nation. But while his faults may 
 be obvious, his merits are equally clear, and they are of a kind that 
 appeals strongly to the sentiment of the American multitude. 
 
 THE COLONEL UNDER NO OBLIGATION TO THE PRESS. 
 
 " As for the publicity accorded the world over to every act and 
 utterance of the ex-President, it is only fair to say that he has done 
 much .more for the newspaper press than the press has ever done for 
 him. He is the most alert, interesting, and conspicuous private 
 citizen in the world. He is accounted by many the greatest man 
 of his era in this country, by some enthusiasts the greatest in its 
 history, and he has won this superlative measure of esteem, not by 
 any deliberate bid for public approval, not by craftily ministering 
 to supposed popular prejudice, but by his broad humanity, his un 
 questionable patriotism, the wholesome cleanliness of his life, his 
 mental as well as physical vigor, and his courage. Few can help 
 sharing in the enthusiasm of his welcome. 
 
 " Mr. Roosevelt has been absent nearly fifteen months. Much 
 of this time was spent in the African wilds amid the rigors of 
 primitive life which few of his fellow-citizens would care to en 
 counter. He has since been received with tremendous acclaim in 
 nearly every European State, and, unlike most travelers, has been 
 giving rather than receiving impressions. His utterances have 
 been eagerly heard and widely reported. The small amount of 
 hostile criticism, of equally small importance, inspired by his im 
 pulsive speaking has been lost in a great chorus of praise. 
 
 " Academic and civic honors have been showered upon him,
 
 NATION GREETS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 and, although he has borne himself always as the plain American 
 citizen, he has received the tribute generally paid in Europe only to 
 royalty. No other citizen has ever caused such a furor abroad. 
 Yet except for a few startling sentences in his speeches at Cairo 
 and at the Guildhall in London, he has expressed only those ideas of 
 human progress and the requirements of modern civilization he has 
 often expressed before, and has been, in every aspect, the Roosevelt 
 we have known so long. 
 
 :< Politics, as we have said, played but an insignificant part in 
 his reception. The programme of the ceremony had been in pre 
 paration a long time, to be sure. But the enthusiasm displayed was 
 not of the quality that can be artificially stimulated. We must take 
 it as a spontaneous outpouring of popular feeling. 
 
 COMMENT OF A WELL-KNOWN PHILADELPHIA EDITOR. 
 
 The following article was written by a w 7 ell-known Philadelphia 
 editor : " It is no exaggeration to say that the eyes of the nation are 
 turned toward New York. It is equally within the truth to say that 
 the sturdy, vigorous American whose home-coming was marked 
 by such an outburst of tumultuous enthusiasm has even a greater 
 degree of popularity and influence among the masses of his own 
 countrymen than when he left the soil of this Republic on the tour 
 which has taken him over half the world. 
 
 " Absence has not diminished his prestige, but increased it. 
 Whether Roosevelt has been facing lions in Africa, meeting mon- 
 archs in Europe, or admonishing distinguished audiences in the older 
 centres of civilization, his acts and words have been keenly noted 
 by a large majority of the nation over which he presided as Chief 
 Magistrate. Distance has magnified his personality, emphasized 
 the aggressive virility which is his foremost characteristic, and added 
 to the interest with which he has been regarded. 
 
 ' This is an undeniable fact. It cannot be questioned by those 
 who oppose his policies and condemn his methods as a public leader. 
 It is accepted with jubilation by the enormously greater host of 
 those who attach little importance to errors that he has committed,
 
 NATION GREETS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 but who look upon him as the champion of the rights of the common 
 people, the determined foe of unjust privilege, and the militant 
 exemplar of civic righteousness. It is a remarkable position which 
 Roosevelt occupies and one that has great opportunities for useful 
 service." 
 
 The New York greeters poured into New York City by the 
 thousands. New York never really knows when it is crowded. 
 That is why the resident who strolls the streets casually doesn't 
 know that the town is filling up like a balloon. 
 
 Down in the Wall Street section were hundreds of a decidedly 
 Western aspect sauntering through streets where the New Yorker 
 always feels that it is necessary for him to walk at a third sped clip. 
 They were seen also, thousands of them, in upper Broadway and 
 Fifth Avenue. 
 
 The clerks of the Fifth Avenue hotels had their troubles. All 
 the clubs from out of town wanted outside rooms in the Fifth 
 Avenue hotels, and they wanted rooms on the lower floors. It was 
 not their purpose to stand in line along the curb as the Colonel passes. 
 It was their intention to greet him joyously from the windows, from 
 which they waved flags and sent forth wild yells of greeting. 
 
 THE ROUGH RIDERS' HEADQUARTERS. 
 
 The Rough Riders, strangely enough, were quartered in the 
 staid Buckingham, at Fiftieth Street and Fifth Avenue. The 
 Buckingham is what one might term a hotel of the old school. The 
 wild and breezy atmosphere that the Rough Riders bring with them 
 appeared strangely out of place in this placid place of abode. 
 
 Fifty former members of the Rough Riders swept into the 
 hotel as if they were charging up San Juan Hill again. Twenty- 
 five, including Colonel " Aleck " O. Brodie, of St. Paul, Minn., who 
 succeeded Colonel Roosevelt as commander of the regiment, arrived 
 in advance of the others, and there were some fifty or more who 
 live in and near New York. They were all there, and such a round 
 of handshaking the hotel clerks admit they never saw before. San 
 Juan Hill was recaptured a dozen times between 6 and 1 1 o'clock.
 
 NATION GREETS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 Captain Arthur F. Cosby, in the dual capacity of a Rough 
 Rider and secretary of the Roosevelt Reception Committee, was on 
 hand with Colonel Brodie to welcome the newcomers, most of whom 
 had arrived on the special car in which they traveled from St. Louis. 
 They stopped over in Washington a few hours to meet President 
 Taft. 
 
 The newcomers had some rare experiences to tell when they 
 had begun to unbosom themselves. But the talk lingered longest 
 about Theodora, the new daughter of the regiment, less than forty- 
 eight hours old, with a bank account of $41. This is how she came 
 to be the daughter of the regiment : 
 
 While the train was speeding east between St. Louis and Cin 
 cinnati a baby girl was born in the coach just ahead of that bringing 
 the Rough Riders. Several of the wives of the Rough Riders heard 
 the news, and " Bill " McGinty, described by Colonel Roosevelt as 
 the best broncho-buster in the world; Louis Maverick, of San 
 Antonio, Texas, whose father gave his name to unbranded cattle, 
 and a lot of the others formed a committee to start the young woman 
 in life \vith a bank account. 
 
 AN ADOPTED BABY GIRL IS NAMED "THEODORA." 
 
 When the wives of the Rough Riders conveyed the purse to the 
 mother and told her the Rough Riders wanted to adopt the little 
 pink stranger and name her Theodora in honor of the great 
 " Theodore," the mother sent back word that she would be " de 
 lighted." 
 
 Many of the Rough Riders wrung the hand of Warren Crockett 
 until his knuckles cracked. Crockett is a deputy collector of internal 
 revenue in Marietta, Ga., and for the eleven years since the war ha& 
 been chasing moonshiners in the mountains of that State. He 
 arrived in New York ten days in advance of the Colonel's arrival, 
 and went to Yonkers to visit some friends, when he Was taken ill. 
 They put him in a hospital, and the doctor told him he was still 
 suffering from the effects of the yellow fever he caught in Cuba, 
 with a touch of appendicitis.
 
 NATION GREETS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 " But I am going to ride in that parade on Saturday," Crockett 
 told the doctor. But the doctor said if he did it might kill him. 
 
 " I lay there two or three days," Crockett said in telling about 
 it, " and then when the doctor wasn't about and the nurses weren't 
 over watchful I slipped on my clothes and here I am. And I am 
 going to ride in that parade if it does kill me." 
 
 Among those at the Buckingham was Captain Martin Crim- 
 mins, U. S. A., son of John D. Crimmins, of New York. Captain 
 Crimmins, who is an old Rough Rider, was on his way to Alaska, 
 where he has been ordered by the Secretary of War on special duty. 
 
 And then there was Guilford Chapin. 
 
 " Look at that little cuss. He was the oldest man in the regi 
 ment. Look at the beard on him. We called him grandfather," 
 said one Rough Rider. 
 
 OLDEST MAN IN THE REGIMENT. 
 
 " Yes," said Chapin, " that's my name, G-u-i-1-f-o-r-d Chapin," 
 from Nutriosis, Arizona. Yes, sir, I reckon I was the oldest man 
 in the regiment. I'm sixty-three now; that makes me fifty-one 
 when I went in. But I didn't tell 'em that. I didn't go back to the 
 Bible. I gave my military age, forty-two just right to slip in." 
 
 Among the Rough Riders from New Mexico were former 
 Governor George Curry, of New Nexico, who was a captain in the 
 regiment; Major W. H. H. Llewellyn, Lieutenant D. J. Leahy and 
 Captain Fred Muller. 
 
 Curry had led an active life since the war. He went out to the 
 Philippines in the volunteer army, became Governor in turn of three 
 provinces, and was chief of police in Manila for three years. He 
 was engaged in writing his reminiscences of the Philippines. 
 
 Captain Muller brought along the flag which was presented by 
 the ladies of New Mexico to the second squadron of the regiment. 
 
 " New 7 Mexico furnished more than 300 of the 1,200 Rough 
 Riders," said Curry. " It's a pretty long way for our boys to travel 
 to get to the reunion, but all the boys would have liked to get here." 
 
 The morning mist hung low over the bay when the Kaiserin
 
 NATION GREETS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 Aaguste Victoria, the Hamburg American Liner that bore the 
 former President loomed up at Sandy Hook. It was just 6.30 
 when the press tug J. K. Gilkinson sighted the incoming steamer, 
 and a few minutes afterward a salute of twenty-one guns boomed 
 forth from the gray battleship South Carolina. Five torpedo boat 
 destroyers, the Flusser, Reid, Smith, Lamson and Preston were 
 hovering around as a naval escort for the liner. 
 
 Decked out from stem to stern with flags of every color and 
 nation the Kaiserin dropped her anchor off Quarantine at 7.55. 
 Another salute for Colonel Roosevelt had boomed from the muzzles 
 of Fort Wadsworth, and he stood gazing till the last flicker of smoke 
 had died away. 
 
 WELCOMED BY THE RECEPTION COMMITTEE. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt, Mrs. Roosevelt, Kermit, Theodore, Jr., Mrs. 
 Alice Longworth, and Miss Alexander, the fiancee of young Roose 
 velt, with half a dozen intimate friends were in earnest converse on 
 the deck of the Manhattan with the returning big game hunter a few 
 moments afterward. The committee boat Androscoggin with Cor 
 nelius Vanderbilt and a couple of hundred members of the Reception 
 Committee named by Mayor Gaynor was speeding down the bay 
 and at 8.45 a gangplank was swung from the Manhattan to the 
 committee boat. 
 
 From every point of the compass steamers were coming up to 
 witness the debarkation of Colonel Roosevelt from the Manhattan. 
 The air reverberated with the shrieks of steam whistles and cheers 
 could be heard on every side. All eyes were on the silk-hatted, 
 frock-coated figure of Mr. Roosevelt. 
 
 As the gangplank was made fast he looked up and beamed at 
 the row of committee members leaning over the Androscoggin's side. 
 Suddenly he made a dash t ward Collector Loeb. 
 
 " Hey, Billy, Billy," he cried, startling his former secretary 
 with the suddenness of the call, " Don't forget my overcoat." 
 
 A little laugh went round the boats as the faithful Loeb took 
 charge of the coat, and then while another salute of twenty-one guns
 
 NATION GREETS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 split the ears from the South Carolina, Mr. Roosevelt made his way 
 to the deck of the Androscoggin. A cheer that was taken up by 
 thousands of throats on the nearby vessels rang from end to end of 
 the committee boat. 
 
 Cornelius Vanderbilt, as chairman of the committee, met the 
 home-coming hunter at the starboard gangway. Colonel Roosevelt 
 extended his hand, but Mr. Vanderbilt held back for a moment. 
 
 " As chairman of the committee appointed by Mayor Gaynor to 
 receive you on your return," said Mr. Vanderbilt in a quiet tone, 
 while every other voice on board was stilled, " I have the honor of 
 presenting you with this badge on behalf of the committee." 
 
 Mr. Vanderbilt opened a little black case and took out a gold 
 medal similar to the badges worn by members of the committee 
 This he pinned on the lapel of Mr. Roosevelt's coat, and then he 
 shook the Colonel's hand. 
 
 UNABLE TO EXPRESS HIS APPRECIATION. 
 
 The ex-President bared his head and his sun-tanned cheeks 
 glowed with pride. With the incisive manner that characterizes 
 his speech, punctuated by snaps of his square jaws, he replied : 
 
 " I'm sure I am glad to thank you and to see you. I appreciate 
 all the committee has done. I cannot express myself with sufficient 
 emphasis and appreciation." 
 
 A volley of cheers marked the end of the little speech and 
 Col. Roosevelt was hurried through the surging throng of reporters 
 and committee men to the stern of the Androscoggin. There, stand 
 ing under an awning, he began a reception. 
 
 Meantime in the still waters of the harbor there was a great 
 churning of screws and paddles and the water parade began to form 
 in line. The revenue steamers Calumet and Hudson led the pro 
 cession, and between them, a little astern, came the U. S. steamer 
 Dolphin, Secretary Meyer's boat. The battleship South Carolina, 
 a great wave rolling from her bow, steamed gray and forbidding 
 behind the Dolphin, followed by the torpedo boat destroyers and 
 two patrol boats. 
 
 M. L. B. G. ***
 
 NATION GREETS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 When so much of the line had been formed the Androscoggin 
 slowly turned her nose toward the North River and set out in pur 
 suit. The revenue steamer Seneca, with another load of committee 
 members and a battalion of newspaper men and photographers, 
 st,eamed along behind in line with the Mohawk, another revenue 
 steamer, and back of them came the Manhattan with the family and 
 intimate friends of Mr. Roosevelt on board. 
 
 That closed the official list of parading vessels, but in a line 
 that stretched for miles back of the Manhattan was the Albany and 
 a fleet of private yachts, tugboats and other vessels under command 
 of Commodore F. B. Dalzell, on board the tug Dalzelline. As the 
 Androscoggin steamed leisurely up the river the twelve divisions 
 of following vessels made a magnificent tail to the procession, 
 dressed up in multi-colored bunting. 
 
 THE COLONEL HOLDS A RECEPTION. 
 
 All interest was centred in the group at the stern of the Andro 
 scoggin. There, flanked by Cornelius Vanderbilt and Captain 
 Cosby, the secretary of the committee, with Collector Loeb and 
 Commodore R. A. C. Smith standing in front of him, Colonel Roose 
 velt was busy shaking hands and greeting those on board as they 
 passed in line before him. 
 
 Captain Cosby alone of the committee was not attired in the 
 traditional frock coat. An old Rough Rider, he had donned the 
 uniform of the corps for the occasion, and the Colonel slapped him 
 on the back and shook him with both hands in sheer glee at the sight 
 of the beloved khaki. 
 
 An old friend of the Democratic side of the House to be wel 
 comed was James W. Oliver, the Assemblyman known as " Paradise 
 Jimmy." Oliver looked ill as he stepped up to clasp the Colonel's 
 hand. He was met with a handclasp as gentle as a woman's, yet 
 full of the characteristic Rooseveltian heartiness. 
 
 " Ah, Jimmy," said Mr. Roosevelt, " it's really a pleasure to 
 see you again and have you welcome me. How goes it with you? 
 He and I, you know," was added, with a glance at the reporters,
 
 NATION GREETS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 " were together in the Legislature in the old days, and I can tell you 
 we never allowed the Constitution to come between friends. Did 
 we, Jimmy?" Another clasp of the hand and Oliver had given way 
 to another committeeman. 
 
 There passed before him fully two hundred men, Governors, 
 soldiers, lawyers, secretaries, bankers men of many walks in life. 
 For each he had a little word as he gave the strenuous handclasp. 
 For Governor Fort of New Jersey Mr. Roosevelt's welcome was 
 particularly hearty, and he caused a laugh when a young man an 
 nounced himself as from the University of California. 
 
 " That university ought to be mighty grateful to me," said the 
 Colonel, " for I sent it an elephant. The first time such a gift was 
 ever made to a university, I believe, and furthermore, it was not a 
 white one." 
 
 A WORD FOR EVERYBODY. 
 
 President Miller of Bronx Borough got a hearty greeting, just 
 as did Beverly Robinson, lawyer, who was reminded that he was 
 with Roosevelt on Marcy Mountain when the news of the shooting 
 of President McKinley reached them. The newspaper men got a 
 kind word, and Colonel Roosevelt spoke of having " four of the elect 
 of the guild " with him as constant companions " from way above 
 Khartoum." 
 
 Walter S. Page, publisher, was told that Mr. Roosevelt 
 " wanted to see him soon about that book," and a professorlike man 
 was assured : " Yes, I like my Romanes lecture the best of all. It 
 was the more finished." Brig.-Gen. Wingate was informed that the 
 Sirdar of Egypt had sent his best regards; Henry Clews was 
 greeted and told to give his daughter " my best love ;" Frank Tyree, 
 a former Secret Service agent, was reminded of old days; Joseph 
 Murray, a Republican district leader, was thanked for having been 
 Roosevelt's sponsor in political matters as a youth, and Gov. Mills 
 of New Mexico, was thanked for coming so far. To a man who 
 who wanted him to come out to Arizona, Colonel Roosevelt said: 
 
 " Yes, I feel fine, and I can't look as fine as I feel ; but, there are
 
 NATION GREETS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 limits to my physical powers, sir, that is all." Former Senator 
 McCarty of Kentucky, also was heartily greeted, and former Judge 
 Elbert H. Gary was slapped on the back and told to " look cheerful/' 
 Alfred Lauterbach came in for a strong grip. 
 
 All the handshaking was done by the time the Androscoggin 
 had got close to Fourteenth Street on the North River, and then 
 Colonel Roosevelt made for the captain's bridge. The shores of 
 New Jersey, like those of New York and Brooklyn, were black with 
 people, and the noise of the shrieking steam whistles was deafening. 
 
 Opposite Fourteenth Street it was decided to turn back, instead 
 of going on to Fifty-ninth. Time was passing and the Colonel was 
 due at the Battery at 1 1 o'clock. 
 
 Punctually at 1 1 Mr. Roosevelt reached that place, left the boat 
 and went to the stand where Mayor Gaynor was awaiting him. 
 The Battery Park and surroundings were jammed with spectators 
 and the cheers were ear-splitting. Then calm was restored and 
 Mayor Gaynor delivered his short address of welcome. 
 
 MAYOR GAYNOR'S WELCOME. 
 
 Mayor Gaynor welcomed Colonel Roosevelt in less than one 
 hundred and fifty words and the Colonel began his reply imme 
 diately. His voice was a little hoarse, but he spoke with his usual 
 force and declamatory effect. A big cheer and a loud laugh went 
 up when he said with emphasis: " I enjoyed myself immensely." 
 
 Mayor Gaynor, in welcoming the Colonel said : " We are all 
 here to welcome Mr. Roosevelt to New York. We have watched 
 his progress through Europe with delight. Wherever he has gone 
 he has been honored as a man and as an exponent of the principles 
 of the government of this country. He was received everywhere 
 in Europe and honored as no man from this country ever was 
 honored. We glory in all that, and it only remains for me to say 
 now, Colonel Roosevelt, that we welcome you home most heartily, 
 and we are glad to see you again." 
 
 Replying to Mayor Gaynor, the Colonel said : " I thank you, 
 Mayor Gaynor. Through you I thank your committee and through
 
 NATION GREETS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 them I wish to thank the American people for their greeting. I 
 need hardly say I am most deeply moved by the reception given 
 me. No man could receive such a greeting without being made to 
 feel both very proud and very humble. 
 
 " I have been away a year and a quarter from America and I 
 have seen strange and interesting things alike in the heart of the 
 frowning wilderness and in the capitals of the mightiest and most 
 highly polished of civilized nations. I have thoroughly enjoyed 
 myself, and now I am more glad than I can say to get home, to be 
 back in my own country, back among people I love. And I am 
 ready and eager to do my part so far as I am able in helping solve 
 problems which must be solved if we of this, the greatest democratic 
 Republic upon which the sun has ever shone, are to see its destinies 
 rise to the high level of our hopes and its opportunities. 
 
 DUTY OF CITIZENS. 
 
 " This is the duty of every citizen, but it is peculiarly my duty; 
 for any man who has ever been honored by being made President of 
 the United States is thereby forever after rendered the debtor of the 
 American people and is bound throughout his life to remember this 
 as his prime obligation, and in private life as much as in public life 
 so to carry himself that the American people may never have cause 
 to feel regret that once they placed him at their head." 
 
 After the brief exercises at the Battery the land parade started. 
 Because of the great number of organizations from all over the 
 country that wanted to march, the parade was limited to little more 
 than an escort. A selection was made, therefore, and these bodies 
 were lined up on both sides of Fifth Avenue. 
 
 The parade was led by a squadron of mounted police, followed 
 by the Squadron A mounted band. The Roosevelt Rough Riders, 
 who were holding their first reunion since 1905, came next, escort 
 ing their former Colonel. 
 
 The Rough Riders had assembled under Colonel Alexander A. 
 Brodie, who was a major in the old regiment. The men came from 
 all over the country, though mostly from the West. Colonel Brodie
 
 NATION GREETS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 is now a lieutenant colonel in the regular army station at St. Paul, 
 in the adjutant general's office. About one hundred and fifty 
 former members of the regiment rode in the parade, wearing new 
 uniforms, but carrying the tattered old battle flags. The Abernathy 
 boys, who came all the way from Oklahoma on horseback, were in 
 the parade. 
 
 The Colonel's carriage followed immediately behind the Rough 
 Riders. Mayor Gaynor and Cornelius Vanderbilt were with him. 
 In the carriages immediately following were the representatives of 
 the President and the various States. The committee of the New 
 York Senate and Assembly occupied five carriages. The three 
 hundred members of the reception committee followed, and after 
 them marched the Seventh Regiment Band of one hundred pieces. 
 
 A high tribute was paid to Theodore Roosevelt by Governor 
 John Franklin Fort, who addressed a throng of Freemasons at the 
 ceremonies of the laying of the cornerstone for the first Masonic 
 Temple in East Orange. He declared that the ex-President was 
 an ideal Mason and the leading citizen of the world. 
 
 GREATEST CITIZEN OF THE WORLD. 
 
 The Governor offered his eulogy by a coincidence from the 
 very platform from which a week previous he had roused the en 
 thusiasm of another crowd, by calling for three cheers for Roosevelt 
 and leading them with a will. The Governor alluded to the time 
 when the Fredericksburg Lodge of Masons in Virginia celebrated 
 its sesquicentennial. Roosevelt, then President of the United 
 States, addressed the celebrants, but in the lodge he was not " The 
 President," but just " Brother Roosevelt." 
 
 " I say to-day that that same man is the greatest citizen of the 
 Republic," said the Governor. " He is the greatest citizen of the 
 world, and recognized as such, I believe, in every nation. I thought 
 of that occasion at Fredericksburg when to-day I saw 500,000 pay 
 ing such a glorious tribute to one single man." 
 
 Fully a million and a half people stood and waited for the 
 moment when, in ship, or in carriage, the returning Roosevelt should
 
 NATION GREETS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 come within their field of vision, and when he did the noise broke 
 loose. Bands blared, cannon roared, and sirens screamed, but 
 above their din rose the steady continuous thunder of human wel 
 come. 
 
 " Oh, you Roosevelt," " Good Old Teddy !" rang the five mile 
 chorus, and through it all he rode bareheaded, flushed with the 
 pride of hero-worship, bowing to right and left, picking out here 
 and there some enthusiast for special notice, a wave of the hand or 
 a wide smile. 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt is little changed from the man who sailed 
 for Africa fifteen months ago. A little more grizzled perhaps, as 
 to the framing of his upper lip, a trifle heavier in the shoulders from 
 the muscle forming strenuousness of big game hunting. 
 
 HE'S THE SAME OLD ROOSEVELT. 
 
 But the flat topped head was flung back as defiantly as when of 
 old he faced an audience, the glistening teeth flashed as brightly 
 under the gold rimmed glasses, the blue gray eyes smiled out with the 
 same magnetic brilliancy and the stubby sun-scorched fingers gripped 
 in handshake with all the tensity of yore. 
 
 Ideal weather marked the passing of the show. " Roosevelt 
 luck," his admirers called it, and not until the parade had disbanded 
 and Rough Riders and Spanish War Veterans had dispersed did the 
 sky open its flood gates and drench the streets with a furious down 
 pour. But Roosevelt Day was over then to all intents and purposes, 
 and the crash of thunder and blaze of lightning were deemed by 
 many to be only the closing salute of the clouds. 
 
 Mr. Roosevelt may well have felt a deep inward satisfaction 
 at the quality of his welcome home. There were the parades on 
 land and sea, there were the crowds, the shouting and the bands, 
 there was, moreover, that sincere heartiness of greeting without 
 which all these ceremonies would have been but a hollow formality. 
 No circumstance appropriate to a triumphal re-entry was wanting. 
 Mr. Roosevelt's city and Mr. Roosevelt's country rejoice that he has
 
 NATION GREETS COLONEL ROOSEVELT. 
 
 come back safe and sound from his voluntary yet most agreeable 
 exile. 
 
 Now that his remarkable journey has come to an end, his coun 
 trymen will inevitably turn their thoughts to the future. They 
 wonder what part he is to take in their affairs. The conjecture 
 that he himself is thinking of the future would not violently strain 
 the probabilities, we presume. It is one of Mr. Roosevelt's pecu 
 liarities that he keeps thinking himself, and that he keeps others 
 thinking. 
 
 He has said that he shall say nothing about politics for at least 
 two months. That resolution was wise and prudent, no doubt, 
 though he may find it hard to keep it to the letter. It is another of 
 Mr. Roosevelt's peculiarities that he is apt to give the country early 
 information of what is going on in his mind. It is doubtless safer 
 for him and for the country that this is so. It tends to the avoidance 
 of surprises and gives time for preparation.
 
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