v K'i'.v. 
 

 
 BED OF THE ATLANTIC. 
 
 FROM 
 
 ONE SOUNDING OF 12,000 FEET DEEP 
 
 IN 
 
 THE ATLANTIC OCEAN, 
 
 I\ LATITUDE 47 NORTH, LONGITUDE 23 WEST, 
 
 ARE TAKEN UPWARDS OF 
 
 (One ymnforefc (Ulttrastnpk grafoings 0f) gimtt^ (Sr0amms; 
 
 BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATING 
 "In that great and wide Sea are things creeping innumerable." 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM CHIMMO, 
 
 COMMANDER ROYAL NAVY; 
 FELLOW OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL, ASTRONOMICAL, AND METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON. 
 
TO 
 
 ADMIRAL SIR JAMES HOPE, G.C.B. 
 
 ETC., ETC., ETC., 
 
 IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE OF 
 
 MANY KIND ACTS, BOTH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE, WHILE SERVING 
 UNDER HIS COMMAND IN THE WEST INDIES, 
 
 THIS LITTLE WORK 
 
 IS 
 
 DEDICATED 
 
 BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ONE year elapsed after these drawings had been completed before it was 
 decided that they should be published. 
 
 This decision was greatly influenced by the encouraging remarks of one 
 of the most skilled naturalists and microscopists in Ireland ; part of whose 
 letter is here quoted, as an appropriate Introduction to this little work : 
 
 " The interest that attaches to the subject of minute organisms at great 
 depths, justifies the publication of any contributions on the subject, however 
 small. Your labours have not been small. Whether you may or may not have 
 discovered forms new to science, is a matter of little consideration : a new field 
 is opened up to research, and it is something to stimulate enquiry. This is 
 the least good likely to result from your publication. As to Diatoms, you have 
 brought up three forms not previously described, and if to other departments 
 your success has been equal to this, your labour has not been in vain. 
 
 
 
 " ' Macta puer virtute.' 
 
 " Let no man deprive you of the honour you have won, but cultivate assiduously 
 the field you yourself have opened, and you shall have your reward." 
 
 WEYMOUTH, DORSET, 
 1870. 
 
BED OF THE ATLANTIC. 
 
 A PAPER* was read, on the 8th of February, 1869, before the Royal Geographical 
 Society of London, in connection with the Gulf Stream, being an investigation 
 of its northern limits, its currents, depths, and temperatures ; and in continuation 
 of that paper, the present, which is one of natural history rather than geography, 
 shewing a few of the beautiful organic remains found in those depths some 
 already known, but from their fantastic and elegant outline are again figured ; 
 others new, and attempted here to be drawn and briefly described : but it is 
 feared that no adequate idea of their exquisite beauty and structure can be 
 given with pen or pencil ; while others, not altogether new, are doubtless varieties 
 of those species well known. These, brought from depths of nearly three miles, 
 under the influence of the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, whose development 
 by temperature is so wonderfully evident, shews, in every minute form, unmis- 
 takeable evidences of design, which excite both admiration and wonder ! 
 
 These are the productions of one single sounding from 2000 fathoms, and are 
 upwards of one hundred in number ! 
 
 (See Plates 1 to 1 4.) 
 
 A few remarks on some forms of Foraminiferaa, Polycystinae, and Diatomacere, 
 brought up from great depths under the Gulf Stream, between the Newfound- 
 land Banks and the Azores the parallel of latitude being 47 north, the tem- 
 perature of the sea surface 70, that of the bottom, at 2000 fathoms, 40 (Fahr.) 
 
 The naturalist will doubtless admit that it involves not only the expenditure 
 of much time, but great labour to properly examine material collected from great 
 ocean depths. 
 
 * See paper in Appendix, Geo. Soc., 8th February, 1869. 
 
BED OF THE ATLANTIC. 
 
 Therefore, the object of this paper is to give simply a sketch or outline of 
 those minute and beautiful microscopic creatures brought up from a depth of 
 2000 fathoms (12,000 feet), under the influence of the Gulf Stream, and from 
 which locality no specimens have as yet been collected, excepting those five 
 hundred miles north on the line of the Atlantic cable, for the most part 
 under the influence of Polar waters. 
 
 These few illustrations must be considered simply introductory : it is not 
 easy for one not a naturalist to give every detail, but there is little difficulty 
 in describing in a general manner what he sees. 
 
 A voyage through the Gulf Stream (by orders of the Lords Commissioners of 
 the Admiralty) for the purpose of defining its limits, depths, currents, and tem- 
 peratures, gave the writer an opportunity of sounding and bringing up the 
 bottom, between the Newfoundland Banks and the Azores a portion of the 
 Atlantic which had not been before examined, and where it was supposed many 
 banks and volcanic rocks existed, 
 
 The bottom has been found, for 60,000 square miles, to be a comparatively 
 level chalk bed, made up of all those minute calcareous and silicious creatures 
 found in the chalk cliffs of our own shores, chiefly Infusoria in general, 
 Foraminiferse, in all its varied organic forms ; frustules of Diatomacese, and 
 Sponge Spicules, surrounded and closely packed by minute granules of inorganic 
 silicious forms. 
 
 Around the great Banks of Newftnindland, and in those places under the 
 influence of cool Polar waters, the colour of the ground was for the most part 
 dark, brown, or green, and contained a greater number of silicious forms ; while 
 in the deeper waters, near the axis of the Gulf Stream, and where land was 
 departed from, the colour changed to a pale yellow tint, and contained Foramini- 
 ferse, for the most part, with few Diatoms, illustrating, in a very practical manner, 
 the absence of plants. 
 
 On the sloping Banks of Newfoundland, which incline in a remarkably regular 
 manner, from a depth of 1000 fathoms to 30 fathoms, at an angle of about 35, 
 and before leaving the shoal waters (at 600 fathoms), where the temperature 
 was 38, the bottom at that comparatively shoal depth may be said to be 
 vegetative, with Sponge Spicules, fine silicious granules, and fragments of 
 Coscinodiscus. 
 
BED OF THE ATLANTIC. 9 
 
 While in the deeper waters, and the level bottom of the Atlantic, calcareous 
 shells of various forms of Foraminiferae, silieious discs of the Polycystina a 
 variety of Cosciuodiscus and Cocconeis was found, and it is not improbable that 
 here the lowest orders of animal forms are represented by the Foraminiferse 
 and Polycystina, and that the Coscinodiscus and Cocconeis represent those of 
 plants. 
 
 At so great an abyssal depth of nearly three miles it is a subject of wonder 
 how these masses of Foraminiferaa exist, under the many difficulties of absence 
 of light, heat, air, &c., and subject to the enormous pressure of nearly 2i tons on 
 the square inch. We have yet to learn on what these creatures exist ! 
 
 From the greater depths, 2000 fathoms, were brought up skeletons of 
 carbonate of lime and of silex ; many of the latter contained Diatornaceae in an 
 unbroken and very perfect state, chiefly 
 
 Coscinodiscus, of various species ; 
 Nitzschia ; 
 Epitheroia ; 
 
 Synedra, of various forms ; 
 Xanthiopyxis ; 
 Asterolampra ; 
 with other forms not described before, but here figured. 
 
 The Euodia Chimmoensis, a new species, which has been fully described in the 
 " Proceedings of the Dublin Microscopic Society ;" but one species was before 
 found by Bailley. 
 
 Several of these simple and delicate forms were found, some very minute, 
 scarcely the "002 (two-thousandth) of an inch ; indeed, the more minute the 
 form has been, the more calculated I found it to excite both admiration and 
 wonder. 
 
 It was a singular fact, and one of some interest, that among these forms a 
 large number belonged to the Diatoniaceae, when in the soundings of 1856, a few 
 miles north of this position, it was found that " while Coscinodiscus abounded, 
 frustules of ordinary Diatoms were exceedingly rare, and generally empty and 
 broken." It will be seen that it is quite the reverse in this instance, all being 
 in a capital state of preservation. 
 
 Among the Foraminiferae were noticed abundance of the Globigerinas, Orbuhna, 
 
 B 
 
10 BED OP THE ATLANTIC. 
 
 and Rotalia, the universal characteristic, with Lagena, Lituola, and numerous 
 Coccoliths and Coccospheres ! and many other varieties of forms not here 
 figured. 
 
 Those from lesser depths present a marked contrast to the above ; they are 
 of a greater specific gravity, consisting chiefly of coarse grains of silex with 
 Diatoms, but few Foraminiferse, and those chiefly Globigerinse and Coccoliths, 
 for the most part water worn. 
 
 Many Polycystina, of various beautiful and fantastic forms, such as Podocyrtis, 
 Astromma, Eucyrtidium, Lychnocaniurn, and numerous others, were also found, 
 and some are here attempted to be figured, but no adequate description can be 
 given, or idea formed, with pen or pencil, of such varied and exquisite forms. 
 
 Some of these illustrations are selections from drawings which were made on 
 the first arrival of H.M.S. Gannet from her cruize in the Gulf Stream ; but 
 as those were intended only to give a very superficial and general idea of the 
 nature of the bottom at so great a depth, the present plates have been sub- 
 stituted. More time and care have been devoted to them many have been 
 subjected to the full powers of one of Smith and Beck's best binocular micro- 
 scopes many forms magnified with i and -^-powers, with shifting eye-pieces, 
 to 300 and 850 diameters with the ^-power, and to 900 and 1800 diameters with 
 the -|-power. 
 
 To Dr. Moorhead, of Weymouth, whose beautiful microscope first revealed 
 these interesting forms to me, and enabled me to make my first series of 
 drawings, magnifying 252 specimens, I am very much indebted. 
 
 And to George Bishop, Esq., of Twickenham, whose powerful microscope 
 shewed all the minute detail seen in the several series of sketches, I am 
 particularly indebted ; and if these few leaves should ever appear in print, I 
 avail myself of the opportunity of recording my best thanks. 
 
 To the Rev. Eugene O'Meara, of Dublin, author of many interesting works 
 on Diatomaceso, who, from the beginning, took great interest in these deep-sea 
 creatures, I owe many thanks for having corrected much of the orthography 
 in these plates. 
 
 Many instructive ideas suggest themselves from these gleanings in the Gulf 
 Stream this Mighty Ocean River! and the soundings collected from beneath 
 it. These latter are worthy of much thought and investigation. 
 
BED OF THE ATLANTIC. 11 
 
 Thousands of these particles which appear under the microscope, are perfect 
 organisms, formed by no other means than vitality itself; others, fragments 
 of the same, either calcareous (composed of carbonate of lime collected by the 
 animals themselves from ocean water) or silicious deposits from marine plants. 
 
 All these Foraminiferse were taken off the bottom (2000 fathoms), where it 
 is supposed they lived and carried on their industrious and extensive work of 
 chalk making (similar to the Polypii, the builders of those mighty coral walls 
 and reefs) below water, independently of all those elements necessary for life 
 above water. 
 
 It appears also not improbable that they live at different depths in the ocean 
 held in suspension, swimming, or otherwise moving, and for which the 
 numerous pseudopodial arms of the Foraminiferae appear well adapted. 
 
 It is not very long since it was supposed that many isolated dangers and 
 irregularities such as mud-banks, volcanic islands, rocks, and other vigias of 
 vast extent were dotted over the Atlantic Ocean. From these soundings 
 (with others of former years) may be gathered a pretty correct and general 
 idea of the arrangement of the Atlantic plateau. 
 
 From the west coast of the British Isles France and Spain to the east of 
 North America and Newfoundland from Greenland in the north, to the Azores 
 in the south may now be considered a comparatively level bed of chalk 
 formation, caused by countless thousands of these invisible creatures (some here 
 illustrated) before the world was. To what depth we cannot very accurately 
 say, nor can we well imagine the rate of accumulation ; slowly and imper- 
 ceptibly, no doubt. But this vast level plain, of upwards of 60,000 square 
 miles, has scarcely an undulation (with the exception of those banks produced 
 by the soil brought from the north by icebergs and deposited on the Newfound- 
 land banks), and on whose bed safely and softly reposing, bathed also by the 
 warm waters of the Gulf Stream, are our telegraphic cables, conveying our 
 thoughts and wishes in an instant from the Old to the New World. 
 
 B 2 
 
Notes. It will be here seen that the Scale of many of these drawings has not 
 been noted. To the naturalist this will probably appear an omission ; but they 
 have been disregarded simply to give more scope to every detail of the forms, 
 and have therefore been enlarged or otherwise at the will and pleasure of the artist. 
 
 A naturalist will at once detect the want of arrangement and classification, 
 as well as the absence of artistic delineation in these interesting and beautiful 
 forms, some of which I believe to be new, or at least varieties of species already 
 known. This irregularity will, I am sure, be excused ; and it is not improbable 
 that many have been overlooked by an unskilled microscopist. 
 
 These drawings were exhibited at the Soiree of the Royal Society, Burlington 
 House, June, 1869. 
 
13 
 ARRANGEMENT OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Diatomacece Plate 1, 2, 3, 5, 7. 
 PolycystincePl&ie 6, 11, 12, 13. 
 Foraminiferce Plate 4, 8, 9, 10. 
 Silicious Spicules Plate 14. 
 
 Diatomacece (Silicious) 
 
 Coscinodiscus Lineatus. 
 
 C. Crassus. 
 
 C. Eccentricus. 
 Cocconeis. 
 Nitzschia Insignis. 
 Epithemia Marina. 
 Synedra, 3. 
 Xanthiopyxis. 
 Asteromphalus. 
 Euodia (Chimmoensis), 4. 
 Asterolampra. 
 Coscinodiscus, Minor. 
 Aulacodiscus, 2. 
 Triceratium. 
 Cymbella. 
 Campylodiscus. 
 Actinoptychus. 
 Tryblionella ? 
 Navicula. 
 Licmophora. 
 
 Polycystince 
 
 Radiolaria. 
 
 Eucyrtidium Elegans. 
 Lychnocanium Falciferum. 
 Astromma. 
 
14 
 
 Polycystince (continued) 
 Podocyrtis Mitra. 
 
 Schomburgki. 
 
 Lychnocanium Lucerna. 
 Haliomma. 
 
 Eucyrtidium Tubulus. 
 E. Dyctyocha. 
 
 Infusoria, Foraminiferce 
 Globigerinse. 
 Botalia. 
 
 Lagena Vulgaris. 
 Polystomella. 
 
 Polymorphina Acuminata. 
 Orbulina. 
 Crystellaria. 
 Nonionina. 
 
 Spiroloculina (Miliolene 2). 
 Nodosaria, Radicula. 
 Lituola. 
 Entosolenia, Marginata. 
 
 Globosa. 
 
 Bulimina, Elegantissima. 
 
 Pupoides. 
 Dental ina, Subarcuata. 
 
 Legumen. 
 Textularia, Variabilis. 
 Miliolina. 
 
 ,, Bicornis. 
 Spirilini. 
 Triloculina. 
 Biloculina, Ringens. 
 
 Three forms not named. 
 
15 
 
 Asterolampra (Bishopii). This beautiful form, to which it is impos- PLATE i. 
 sible to do justice in a drawing, is composed_o seven radiates ; the FlG t 
 cellular structure is absent from the rays except in the centre, where 
 
 xi * i 11 1 L it j.u 2000 fathoms 
 
 there are a few circular cells, largest in the centre ; margin smooth ; Lat. 47 N. 
 the outer marginal cells are of a deep brown tint and also cellular, ong- 23 
 which shewed the transparent form and radiations of the star very 
 beautifully. 
 
 The drawing may appear stiff and harsh, but it is an exact repre- 
 sentation of this interesting species of Asterolampra. I have named 
 this after my friend George Bishop, Esq., to perpetuate my sense of 
 obligation to him." 
 
 Triceratium ( x (300). -Form triangular ; cells circular, eccentrically Fl - 2 - 
 arranged ; sides concave ; angles neither elevated nor produced, but Lat. 47 'N." S 
 obtuse or rounded ; margin clear. Long. 28' W. 
 
 The forms already known have generally convex sides, acute angles, 
 elevated, cells regularly arranged and extending to the margin, and 
 have been found for the most part in fossil remains. This is probably 
 a variety, differing from those already described by the concavity of 
 its sides, &c., and but one form was detected in all the soundings 
 brought up. 
 
 Entosolenia (?) 
 
 These are separate drawings of different specimens (no doubt of FIGS. 3 A.- 4. 
 the same genus). They are of a pinkish hue, with a clear white canal 
 passing longitudinally and diagonally across the interior ; the lower part 
 of fig. A was dark and spotted ; segments elongated ; arcuate tubes ; 
 porcelainous, opaque, and glossy. 
 
 ' This drawing was transferred to ivory by means of the ornamental turning-Lithe, 
 and, without altering or neglecting any of its detail, formed a very handsome and 
 interesting model. Diameter, '21 inches. 
 
PLATE 1. 
 
 16 
 
 Miliolina (B). 
 
 FIG. 3. Lagena-form. Cell calcareous ; form oval ; neck with orifice passing 
 
 along the external form; pseudopodial pits quite distinct ; Miliolina 
 Bicornis. 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 Spirilini Cornuspirce. A simple spiral shell without chambers; tube 
 undivided ; convolutions in contact ; aperture, diameter of tube, and 
 simple ; crest or crown of she! I striated. 
 
 
 Diatomaceae. 
 
 PLATE 2. Coscinodiscii (x600; diameter .003 inch). The forms are both 
 an interesting and beautiful group ; the most common are C eccentricus 
 and C minor, of which latter were in great numbers. The beautiful 
 c ^ sc> nere n g ure( l as No. 1, shews that each frustule is distinctly and 
 
 Long. 23" w. regularly formed of sexagonal shape. In this particular species the 
 areolse in the centre are largest, decreasing towards the edge, the 
 margin finished by a double row of cells set vertically ; the lines formed 
 by the cells are both radiating and eccentric, resembling the orna- 
 mental engine turning on the back of a watch.* 
 
 FIO. 2. Actinoptyclius (.003 about). Valves convex ; cells circular ; larger 
 
 Q about the centre and margin; margin spinous; valve with six rays; it 
 
 is not improbable that this is the form above named, although the 
 
 side view A hardly gives the undulating form which this species 
 
 possesses. 
 
 * The hoops or zones which united the valves of the Coscinodiscus were found .in 
 great numbers, broken in irregular fragments ; but the number of valves found did not 
 at all coincide with the zones which united them. 
 
17 
 
 Coscinodisciis. Cells sexagonal; regularly arranged; largest in centre; FIG. 3. 
 margin ornamented with double row of verticaLcfills. 2000 fathoms 
 
 Note. Some of these forms may be Eupodiscii, although the elevated 
 processes were not visible. 
 
 These discoidal forms Coscinodiscus, Eupodiscus, Asterolampra, 
 Asteromphalus, Aulacodiscus, &c., and many others so much resemble 
 one another when subject only to a medium power, that an error in 
 classification will be excusable here. 
 
 Eupodiscus. Cells circular; eleven transparent oval cells near PLATE 2. 
 margin ; single row of vertical cells, with spinous margin, like a pro- 
 jecting fringe of silex. 
 
 There were also found a great number of smaller forms like B in 2000 fathoms 
 this sounding probably Thalassicolla. 
 
 Coscinodiscus. Cells circular ; margin smooth ; colour pale blue in FIG. 2. 
 centre, margin brown ; upper valve convex at centre. 
 
 Lagena Vulgaris. Of ovate form; neck long and contracted; orifice PLATE 3. 
 perforated ; tube two-thirds ; transparent and hyaline texture ; FIG. l. 
 foraminse not visible. This is a variety of the form of Lagena Vul- 
 garis. 
 
 Asterolampra (Moorheadii). Centre oval, surrounded by one row FIG. 2. 
 of cells ; equally formed except the median ray, which swells on each 
 side of the oval ; the marginal semicircular discs are covered with 
 minute areolae gradually decreasing in size to the margin."* 
 
 t This pattern was also transferred to ivory, and appeai-ed (if possible) more beautiful 
 than the Asterolampra Bishopii. It was a nice way of perpetuating these rare and 
 pretty forms. Diameter, 2-^ inches. This I named after my friend Dr. Moorhead, of 
 Weymouth. 
 
 C 
 
18 
 PLATE 3. Foraminiferee. 
 
 FIG. 3. Entosolenia (Marginata), or properly Lagena Vulgaris, Substriata 
 
 Marginata. Shell a perfect oval, with tubular neck, swelling midway ; 
 silicious margin, fluted and radiating ; surface marked with longitu- 
 dinal striae, x 1,200 diameters. 
 
 Side view A. Orifice at base, varies from all Lagena forms by 
 silicious margin. 
 
 FlG j Entosolenia (Globosa). Oval form, extremity having a small mucro ; 
 
 tube not visible ; surface striated, with perforations, possibly foramina ; 
 aperture at extremity. Very rare. 
 
 FIG. A. Bulimina (Elegantissima). Oblong and spiral; bluish white colour; 
 
 septalplane oblong, anterior broadest ; perforations just visible. 
 
 FIG 2. Nodosaria (Radicula, fractured). One segment, probably primordial 
 
 one with neck ; external longitudinal costse visibly marked. 
 
19 
 Foraminiferce. PLATE 4. 
 
 Entosolenia (Globosa) fracture (?) Tube straight, and sexagonal FIG. i. 
 form; aperture above the form of the shell, covered with irregular 
 striae ; hyaline texture. 
 
 Miliolina (Seminulum). Five segments ; septal aperture hidden in FIG. 2. 
 second segment ; foramina on outer segment distinct. 
 
 Miliolina (Disciforrnis). Segments irregular, outer one marked FIG. 3. 
 with longitudinal lines, and foramina pittings; septal aperture large 
 and oblong. 
 
 Textularia (Variabilis). Segments arcuate twenty in number; FIG. 4. 
 minute foramina absent from some portions ; orifice distinct. 
 
 Polymorphina (Acuminata). Variable number of oblong segments, FIG. 5. 
 sides unequal ; segments prominent, seen in the centre ; texture hyaline 
 and glossy; orifice not seen; perforated by minute foramina; silicious 
 mucro or spine projecting upwards. 
 
 JBulimina. Segments arranged in pairs; form compressed; brown FIG. 6. 
 rough exterior ; convolute ; foramina perforations minute yet distinct. 
 
 C2 
 
20 
 PLATE 5. Diatomacece. 
 
 Nitzschia (Angularis). Valve lanceolate puncta in a single row on 
 margin ; longitudinally striated ; size about .005 inch ; centre light 
 brown, indistinct. 
 
 Fl - 2 - Triceratium. (Front view.) 
 
 Fl - 3 ' Synedra (Fulgens). Inflate at centre, and at extremes ; strife only 
 
 on each margin ; numerous. .0065 inch. 
 
 FlG - 4- Synedra (Tabulata). Taper towards extremities ; strise marginal : 
 
 numerous. 
 
 FlG - 5 - Synedra (Radians). Extremes obtuse ; strife across ; numerous. 
 
 FIG. 6. Naricula. 
 
 FIG. i. Tryblionella (Hopeii, named after Admiral Sir J. Hope, G.C.B.). 
 
 Oval, =.002 inch ; striated rows of circular cells ; no central nodule 
 perceptible witli ^-power. 
 
 Fl -2. Cymbella. Extremities obtuse ; striae indistinct. (Three views) 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 FLO. 4. 
 
 FIG. 5. Diatom, pin-headed. 
 
 Octagonal, fractured (?) Diatom (?) Strife across, probably Ltcmo- 
 phora. 
 
21 
 Diatomacece -(continued). PLATE 5. 
 
 Melosirece (1) Nearly circular. Two drawings are here given one FIGS, i & 2. 
 with -power, the other -|, =540 and 900 diameters. When touched 
 under the glass the form fell into detached rings, as shewn in A. 
 
 Aulacodiscus. Very beautiful ; but as the nodules were indistinct FIG. 3. 
 it may be found a Cyclotella ; cells not reaching to margin ; processes 
 two, but indistinct ; cells circular, blue and pink hue in centre ; eleven 
 dark cells, with alternate transparent ones near margin ; central nodule (?) 
 A fracture shown near centre. 
 
 Views 1 and -2. Fio. 4. 
 
22 
 PLATE 6. Polycystince. 
 
 FIG. l. Epiihemia (Rupestris (?) ) Arctuate slightly ; striae very distinct ; 
 
 eleven bands, pink hue. 
 
 FIG. 2. Vorticella. Hyaline texture ; greenish colour. 
 
 FIGS, l to 13. These minute silicious skeletons, of various forms and structures, 
 abounding where those of the Foraminiferae and Diatomacese are usually 
 found, but in almost every instance, from their very delicate nature, 
 are fractured, are here pictured to shew their beauty and variety of 
 pattern, which are for the most part of a glassy transparency, except 
 in a few cases where they have become irregularly coated with car- 
 bonate of lime. 
 
 Many delicate glassy frameworks of fantastic and beautiful shapes 
 were always mixed with the material, and in various hexagonal, sexa- 
 gonal, and spherical forms. 
 
 These few sketches will shew the beautiful and fanciful arrangements 
 of the Polycystina, among which are most conspicuous : 
 
 Radiolaria, 
 Podocy^tis Mitra, 
 Eucyrtidium Elegans, 
 Astromma, 
 Lychnocanium Falciferum, 
 
 Ditto Lucerna, 
 Eucyrtidium Tubulus, 
 Rhabdolithus Sceptrum, 
 Haliomma. 
 
 FIG. 11. Fragment of Dentalina (sub.) Two segments ; costate ; curves shell 
 
 shaped; opaque. 
 
23 
 
 PLATE 7. 
 
 Euodia (Chimmoenses). O'Meara. 
 
 Fig. 1 shews the natural form under a small power. Fl( , L 
 
 Fig. 2. FIG. 2. 
 
 This form differs in outline and sculpture from those described by Fiu. 2 A. 
 Ralfs, in " Pritchard." It differs from E. Brightwellii, in Avhich the 
 lower margin is concave. Compared with E. Gibba it is broader, 
 and the outer margin semi-circular. Towards the extremities the 
 dorsal margin bends inwards towards the ventral. Several examples 
 all presented the same outline. 
 
 The sculpture of the valve is punctate, and the puncta very dense, 
 and, towards either extremity, arranged in parallel lines across the 
 valve. No appearance of a nodule in the ventral margin. 
 
 Different views of the Euodia. F IGS . i to 4. 
 
24 
 PLATE 8. Foraminiferce. 
 
 FIG. i. .' Crystellaria. Succession of chambers; shell unequal sided, but com- 
 pletely formed the last formed whorl scarcely visible. These shells 
 were in great numbers and sizes, and very perfect. This shell is 
 evidently of vitreous formation, having a glassy transparency, and the 
 perforations distinctly seen on the surface. 
 
 FIG. l. Nonionina. This is an equal-sided shell, resembling Nautilus 
 
 Spirula, of twelve chambers, very beautifully and regularly formed. 
 
 FIG. l. Coccospheres, of one, four, and nine chambers, quite transparent, and 
 
 FIG. 2. appear like thin discs of glass, of unequal diameters, placed one on the 
 
 other the margin of one being seen quite distinctly through the other. 
 
25 
 
 Rhizopods, PLATE 9 - 
 
 Foraminiferce. 
 
 Rotalia. One species alone is here figured in detail externally ; it Fl - * 
 is generally characteristic of all that numerous and widely-diffused 2000 fathoms 
 
 J Lat.473'N. 
 
 group. Long. 23 21' 
 
 It will be here observed, that all the chambers, eleven in number, 
 are visible. (There are frequently thirteen chambers). 
 
 The perforations for the foramina are very distinct, and the indenta- 
 tions through the tumuli easily seen. The newly or last formed 
 chamber is here transparent and colourless, while those near the first 
 formed chamber at the spire are coated with a light brown calcareous 
 deposit. All these forms were, by the high temperature of the Gulf 
 Stream, 42 to 71, in which they were found, more fully developed 
 than those a few miles north in Polar waters, being in many instances 
 double the size of them. 
 
 (Polythalamvs.) 
 
 (r'lvbtgerina. In this four-chambered form is seen the aperture or FIG. 2. 
 oritice which is carried from chamber to chamber, probably assisting 
 the Sarcode body to convey material to the inner chambers, or possibly 
 for some other useful purpose as yet unknown to naturalists. 
 
 (Mon otha lamu s.) 
 
 Orlulina. A simple calcareous spherical shell, found in great FIG. 3. 
 abundance, being a single cell or chamber, with its wall irregularly 
 perforated (well known and described). In none of these forms 
 (which were carefully examined) could any aperture be found ; pro- 
 bably the little inhabitant had enveloped and imprisoned itself, not 
 intending to add to its size or form by the multiplication of other 
 chambers, but living a perfect independent life ; and it is therefore 
 
26 
 
 PLATE 9. difficult to conceive how it can be the detached reproductive segment 
 of the Globigerinse, whose cells, or chambers, are not in any instance 
 ' spherical. 
 
 FIG. 3. In one or two of these Orbulinaa, out of twenty which were 
 
 examined, an orifice no doubt a fracture of irregular form was 
 noticed, but void of that rounded, transparent, smooth finish which 
 was found in all other specimens of the Globigerinae. 
 
 Some of the perforations (irregular in size, form, and relative 
 position) went completely through the wall for the purpose of extend- 
 ing the pseudopodia ; others indenting only a portion of the wall. 
 The external parts of the perforations were rounded and smoothed off 
 with a beautiful transparent finish. 
 
 FIG. 4. Three views of a new form of Foraminiferse. Interior filled with 
 
 minute calcareous formations ; shape ovate ; orifice white ; body 
 
 B. end. brown, and encrusted with particles of sand embedded in the shell ; 
 striated ; margin white. 
 
 F IG . 5. These few forms are of course well known and described ; they 
 
 are figured here simply to lead to those other forms of Foramini- 
 ferse which are either not so well known, or are new to the general 
 observer. 
 
 Flo 6 Dentalina. Shell smooth ; straight ; five oblique segments ; trans- 
 
 parent mucro ; hyaline texture ; centre of each segment transparent ; 
 first and second chamber partially coated with carbonate of lime. 
 
27 
 
 Foraminiferce. PLATE 10. 
 
 Lagena-form (Monostegia). Fro. i. 
 
 Triloculina. Many varieties of this curious and simple form were 2000 fathoms 
 found in this sounding. Some of the Lagenidse were replete with L ^ g 33 21' 
 novelty and interest. w - 
 
 A front and back view of this form is here given (SpiroloculinaC?) or 
 Triloculina, Miliolina), although differing in some points. It was 
 porcelainous, of a beautiful opaque white ; when broken under the 
 lens (with difficulty) the orifice was full of minute granules, and the 
 chambers, or segments, were found irregular ; there were no appear- 
 ances of pitted indentations on the surface. Back view, A : An 
 enlarged drawing of the orifice is given here oblong ; tooth simple ; 
 texture porcelainous ; opaque and glossy. 
 
 Polymorphina. In this genus the chambers are composed of a FIG. 2 - 
 double series, glassy and transparent, interlaid one with the other, 
 having a dark band on one side of each cell ; this shows a curious 
 alternation of the chambers, and may be considered one of the 
 Lagenidse ; texture smooth and glossy ; foramina indistinct. 
 
 Biloculina (Ringens). Oval ; septal orifice round ; tooth not seen ; FIG- 
 porcelainous ; opaque and glossy. 
 
 Polymorphina (Acuminata). Oblong ; several elongated segments ; FIG. A. 
 sides differing. 
 
 Entosolenia (Marginata). Elongated shell; smooth and transparent; FIG. l. 
 narrow margin ; none at lower extremity ; foramina perforations seen ; 
 eeptal orifice communicating with internal tube, passing into the 
 
 D 2 
 
28 
 
 PLATE 10. cavity of the shell, twisted at the lower extremity in a hook-curve. 
 A rare instance. 
 
 FIG. 2. Entosolenia (Quadrata). This form, with tube projecting down- 
 
 wards internally half way, so much resembles the Actinia Crassicornis 
 of the Filliferous Capsule of the Polypii, that I refrain from entering 
 into a description of it until better known. It was not subjected to 
 a high power. A parallelogram with rounded extremities. 
 
 FIG. 3. Lagena Vulgaris. Semistrata and punctata ; costa at the tapering 
 
 neck only ; strise represented at base by circles of minute tubercules. 
 
 This well-known form, with its long tubular neck and inverted 
 lip, except that the contracted portion of this was striated, while 
 the body was covered with rough tubercules, similar to some forms of 
 ForaminiferaB, of which it seems one. It curiously happened, while 
 
 FIG. 4. examining this, a second appeared (the Nodosaria) plainly showing 
 
 (although fractured) the course of additional chambers. In this the 
 tube was quite visible, but not the inverted lip ; the pseudopodial 
 canals and tubercules were also indistinct. 
 
 FIG. 4. Lagena Vulgaris ( Var Perlucida). Costa not distinct ; form ovate ; 
 
 mucro at posterior extremity. 
 
 FIG. i. Miliolina. 
 
 Two separate forms of Spiroloculi'iia. 
 10 - 4 - Front and side view. 
 
 FIG. a. 
 
29 
 
 Foraminifertc. PLATE 11. 
 
 Polyeystinae. 
 
 Acanthometrina. Spinous, with sexagonal cells, beautifully and FIGS, i & 2. 
 regularly arranged. 
 
 Lithocyclia (Ocellus). Flos 1 2 3 
 
 Frustrella (Concentrica). 
 
 FIG. 1. 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
30 
 PLATE 12. Polycystime. 
 
 F!- i- Astromma. 
 
 Fro. 2. 
 FIG. 3. 
 FIG. 4. 
 FIG. 5. 
 
 Diatom ( ? ) Two of these forms found. 
 FIG. 7. Glassy tube-like, probably foramina. 
 
 FIG. i. Polycystina of various forms. 
 
 10. 2. 
 FIG. 3. 
 FIQ. 4. 
 Fin. 5. 
 FIG. 6. 
 FIG. 7. 
 Fio. 8. 
 FIG. 9. 
 
31 
 
 Poli/ci/stince. 
 
 Lychnoeanitt m (Falciferum). Fracture. 
 
 PLATE 13. 
 
 FIG. i. 
 
 Eucyrtidium (Tubulus). 
 
 Numerous glassy frameworks. 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 FIG. 4. 
 
 Numerous forms. 
 Lychnocanium. 
 
 SECOND LISE 
 FIG. 1. 
 
 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 * 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 Eucyrtidium, Eleyans. 
 Podocyrtis Mitra. 
 Lychnocanium Lucerna. 
 
 THIRD LINK 
 FIG. 1. 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 Many of these silicious forms possess extraordinary beauty and 
 variety. All were probably dead forms, as in no instance was even 
 the remains of the Sarcode body observed. 
 
PLATE 14. 
 
 32 
 
 Sponge Spiculee. 
 
 It will be seen that in this small bunch of Sponge Spicules the 
 varieties of forms are almost endless ; some are straight, some curved, 
 others pin-headed and studded with small spikes at regular intervals ; 
 some pointed at both ends some at one, resembling a needle. The 
 most delicate and beautiful are those palm-shaped and bifurcate, 
 curving backwards and upwards, hook-shaped and barbed ; some are 
 short and stunted at one end. Indeed, an endless variety ! 
 
 In many of these will be noticed an internal canal (much resembling 
 a thermometer tube). They are evidently silicious deposits, but I 
 think their origin is still attended with doubt. 
 
 These spiculse are from the east coast of Newfoundland, at a depth 
 of 3,900 feet. 
 
Plate 1. 
 
 I. ASTEROLAMPRA 
 ( HtA'hnpii . ) 
 
 MIL.10LINA H1COKNIS 
 
 2. TR1CERATIUM 
 pnihiihly T Nebulosilftl 
 
 FORAMINIFEKA. 
 
 1. MILIOL1NA - 
 
 2. SP1RIL1NI 
 3. 
 
 Fig.S. 
 
 Fig.3 
 
 fecit. 
 
 
Plate ! 
 
 COSC1NODISCUS 
 
 2. ACTINOPTYCHUS 
 
 3. COSCINODISCUS 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 1. EUPODISCUS. 
 
 i. COSCINODISCUS. 
 
 Fig.l. 
 
 
 .\Ai//r of these, \;TY inirtult ,<ii 
 (THAI.ASSICOI.I.A.) 
 
 Malby & Sons.Lilh. 
 
Plated 
 
 1 LAGENA VULGARIS 
 
 2 ASTEROLAMPRA ( Moortieadu, .) 
 
 3 KNTOSOLENIA - MargLnata,-. 
 
 Fig.l. 
 
 FORAMINIFER&. 
 
 "Frvrvb 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 SuU. 
 
 Orifice? 
 
 1 ENTOSOLKNIA - Globosa,. 
 A BULIMINA - 
 Z NODOSAR1A 
 
 W.C. fecit 
 
 Malby & Sons, Lith. 
 
Plate, IV. 
 
 W. C. fecit. 
 
 Malby & Sons, Lilh 
 

Plate V. 
 
 1. NIT 7, S CHI A 
 
 2. TR1CKRAT1UM (probably front view.) 
 
 3. SYNE BRA 
 4.. SYNEDRA 
 
 5. SYNEDRA 
 
 6. NAV1CTJ1.A 
 
 Fig.l. 
 
 i. 6. 
 
 1. TRYBL10NELLA (lit, 
 
 2.3.4.. CYMBELLA 
 
 5 
 
 6 L1CMOPHORA ? 
 
 3 Views. - Same 
 
 3. 
 
 ' 
 
 1-. 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 1. 2. MELOSlREffi 
 
 3 AULACODIB'CUS 
 
 X 3(10 X !)00 
 
 Kg- 3. 
 
 Fig. 4-. 
 
 W. C. fecit . 
 
 MaTby &Sons,Lilh. 
 
Plate VI. 
 
 EPITHEMIA. ( Rupestrij J 
 
 VORTICELLA. 
 
 Hyaline texture 
 
 Greenish Hue 
 
 A li'w forms of Polycystina asut l)i.-it.oinra; 
 from various df.plhx 
 
 10 
 
 I JJi-rUaLiiia. 
 \Siibarcuaia.. 
 
 13 
 
 W.C. fecit 
 
 Malby 4- Sons, l.ith 
 
Plate VII . 
 
 EUODIA. Churrurw-msis (O'Mtarn 
 
 -form 
 
 EUODIA. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Section,. 
 
 6 
 
 A 
 
 4- Fnre positions of Euodia, 
 
 W C. fecit 
 
 Malby & Sons, Lith. 
 
Plate VIII. 
 
 W C. fecit 
 
 Malbyfe Sons.Lith. 
 
&LOBIGER1NA.1 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 1 ROTAL1A 
 
 GLOBIGERINA 
 3 ORBULTNA 
 
 DENTALINA 
 
 Outside. 
 
 W C. fecit. 
 
 Malby & SoT\s ; Lith. 
 
TOI& AMIf? 2 3F H 
 (GLOBIGERINA.) 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 1 ROTAL1A 
 
 ! GLOBIGERINA 
 
 3 ORBULINA 
 
 DENTALINA - Leyumen,. 
 
 0-utsvie. 
 
 W C. fecit. 
 
 Mai by Sons,Litl. 
 
PkteX. 
 
 (tnsl LuiauLa, 
 
 TRILOCULINA 
 POIA'MORPHINA 
 BILOCUUNA - 
 
 ENTOSOLENIA - 
 ENTOSOLEMIA 
 LAGENA - Vulgar 
 NODOSARIA 
 
 1 MILIOLINA 
 
 2 3 SPIB.OLOCULINA 
 
 W.C. fecit. 
 
 Malby & Sons, Lith. 
 
Plate XI . 
 
 W. C. feck. 
 
 Malty & Sons.Lith. 
 
-I. 
 
(POLYCYSTINA.) 
 
 Plate XII. 
 
 WC. fecit. 
 
 Malby & Sons, Lit-H. 
 
Plate XIII, 
 
 W. C. fecit. 
 
 Malby & Sons, Lith. 
 
Plate XIV. 
 
 SPONGE SPICUL*. 
 
 W.C. fecit. 
 
 Malby 8; Sons, Lith. 
 
Note. It will be seen that some of the forms on these Plates 
 are not named. It is difficult with only a general view to do so 
 correctly, as there was neither time nor opportunity to go into every 
 detail. I have preferred leaving them thus, rather than calling them 
 by inappropriate or incorrect names. But I believe, that when com- 
 pared carefully with all previously discovered forms, both recent and 
 fossil, many will be found new. 
 
 E 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Soundings and Temperatures in the Gulf Stream. By Commander W. CHIMMO, R.N., 
 
 F.R.G.S., F.R.A.S., &c. 
 
 TOWARDS the latter part of the year 1868, after H.M.S. Gannet had been upwards of three years on 
 the North American and West India Station, she was ordered by the Admiralty during her 
 homeward voyage to define the northern limits of the Gulf Stream, and to take deep soundings 
 and temperatures within those limits. 
 
 Sailing from Halifax, in Nova Scotia, on the 1st of July, the ship passed from water whose 
 surface temperature was 51, to that of 61, in less than an hour shortly afterwards to 64 ; showing 
 that the Gulf Stream water had been reached since leaving that place. 
 
 Lat. 43 20 ' N. ; long. 00 W. South of Sable Island, 30 miles, a sounding was obtained of 
 2600 fathoms, or 15,600 feet nearly Smiles; with a weight of 232 Ibs., and the ingenious machine 
 invented by Brooke, the rod brought up, after four hours' patient hauling, Foraminiferse in various 
 forms, chiefly Globigerinse clusters of three, four, and five chambers. The interior of those fully 
 developed was coated with an apparently fine crystallized, many-coloured, quurt/.ose sand : of these 
 forms some were circular flat and plate-shaped, having a smooth interior rim (the Polycyatina) : 
 the outer margin serrated, and the centre coated with the same granular particles. Others hemi- 
 spherical, some single and globular ; others, fragments thin and transparent as water. Intermixed 
 with these were minute particles of transparent many-coloured crystals, with coccospheres in all 
 stages of growth and size. 
 
 The towing-net collected seven species of Crustacea, one Cornucopia, and a Janthiiia fragilis : 
 the dye from wliich latter, when placed in a wine-glass of clear water, coloured the whole a rich 
 mauve. A very small portion of this apparently inpalpable adhesive mud, when diluted, and placed 
 under the microscope, showed a field of the most perfectly-formed organisms. 
 
 The ship next sailed to the western edge of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, where a sounding 
 of 1500 fathoms brought up what appeared, under a common glass, minute particles of transparent 
 quartzose sand, with globular forms of calcareous formation ; also some algae with parasitical 
 attachments, probably of lime, but all formed by animal life from carbonate of lime from ocean 
 waters. 
 
 The temperature of this mud or " Oaze," as it will be called, was 56 ; but at a depth of 1000 
 fathoms the thermometer showed 40'3, and at 500 fathoms only 39'5, so that the mud probably 
 changed its temperature in passing through a stratum of warmer water, as the sea-surface was 00. 
 This showed an under stratum of very cold water ; there being a difference of 20 between the 
 surface and 500 fathoms, and possibly so at a very much less depth. 
 
 Having run north of the limit of the Gulf Stream, again stood to the southward, and soon came 
 into warmer water, at a temperature of 60 ; from a cold, damp, penetrating fog, into a mild and 
 
35 
 
 summer-like atmosphere ; 1500 fathoms was again found, and the cup brought up the usual grey 
 impalpable mud (oaze). The towing-net collected a beautiful float of the Nautilus, having 13 
 chambers, and a fragmentary valve of a delicate fluted Pecten. 
 
 The temperatures were precisely the same as in the former sounding, except that the surface was 
 05, and at 100 fathoms the thermometer showed 50 ; a difference of 15 in only 100 fathoms 
 another proof of the Gulf Stream being merely superficial. 
 
 At day-dawn this morning, to the great surprise of every one, we saw an old Labrador Mend a 
 huge iceberg having a warm bath in a temperature of 62, double that of its own. Although it 
 was still 150 feet high, and nearly 400 immersed, it was quickly and perceptibly undermining, 
 decomposing, splitting with loud reports, and floating away in large portions with the easterly 
 current. 
 
 It curiously happened that this immense iceberg stood in the very spot 30 miles south of the edge 
 of the Grand Bank where not only the deepest waters of the Atlantic were supposed to be, but 
 where we intended to get a sounding to ascertain if this were the fact : the result showed it was 
 not so. 
 
 Sail was furled, steam got up, and the Gannet ranged up as near as was prudent under the lee of 
 our chilly friend ; and in the midst of a thunder storm, with Brooke's rod and weights, obtained at 
 a depth of 1400 fathoms the same "Oaze," disproving the idea of the deepest water being here. 
 This depth appears to be not only the usual one, but also the general slope of the Banks, as well as 
 the universal character of their formation. 
 
 By the temperatures here obtained, the same stratum of cold arctic water was passing under the 
 warmer waters of the Gulf Stream. The rod brought up a small portion of feldtspar with glittering 
 particles of mica, evidently deposited there by icebergs from Davis Strait, and that very recently. 
 
 The ship now sailed east for the spot where Lieut. Sainthill, in lat. 42 37' N. and long. 41 45' 
 W., obtained, in 1832, 100 fathoms on sharp rocky bottom, bringing up on the arming of the lead 
 " fine bluish ashes ; " and he was under the impression that he was over a submarine volcano in a 
 state of eruption. At 2 P.M., on the 12th of July, this position was reached, and with a heavy 
 weight 4300 fathoms of line ran out, and no bottom ! 
 
 It was somewhat remarkable that about here, within a radius of some few miles, many indications 
 of shoal water had been from time to time seen and reported, one having as little as 35 fathoms on 
 it. To one of these, called the " Milne Bank," with only 80 fathoms on it, we were now steering. 
 It had been found by H.M.S. Nile, in 1864, on her homeward-bound voyage ; and, under most 
 favourable circumstances, soundings of 80, 90, and 100 fathoms, " fine sand and oaze " brought up. 
 
 Also, about this vicinity, the currents are found very strong, and a little further east very 
 variable in direction ; sometimes running with a velocity of 2, 3, and even 4 miles an hour to 
 the eastward, and in some places forming a complete "race." If neither banks nor shoal-water 
 exist here, it is not easy to account for this additional effort of the Gulf Stream ; unless, indeed, 
 it is the mass of water brought from the South Atlantic by the south-east trades, adding to 
 its volume and to its velocity. 
 
 Lat. 43 30' N. ; long. 38 50' W. At 4 P.M., on the 15th of July, we were on the 80 fathoms ! 
 The rod and weight of 230 Ibs. let go, and as each 100 fathoms ran off the reel it caused some 
 excitement, as at each fathom it was hoped the bank would be struck. 2280 fathoms, 13,680 
 feet, ran out. There was no bank there. The rod brought up " oaze " abounding in animal, 
 vegetable, and mineral remains ! 
 
 E'2 
 
36 
 
 Here the thermometers were sent down to ascertain specially if cold water existed at any depth. 
 One thermometer burst at 1400 fathoms. Water was brought up from a depth of 1500 fathoms,* 
 containing small and delicate particles of algae of various bright colours, showing possib'y, that light 
 had penetrated to that depth ; but there was no sign of animal lifef to the naked eye. 
 
 Another sounding for the bank was tried, and 2600 fathoms obtained ; the rod bringing 
 up from the same vast mass, countless thousands of the same character as those found a day 
 or two previous at a nearly similar depth, except that the Globigerinse were in clusters, and 
 in those fractured there was apparently a hard, compact, crystallised, fine sand. 
 
 The fractured Globigerinaa in this sounding were very beautiful, showing marginal walls of 
 vertical crystal formation, clear as water, the fractured globes or cells containing (apparently) minute 
 quartzose sand. Thinner glass-like forms of air-like globules, in irregular order, were probably 
 Coccospheres. 
 
 A small convex portion illustrated beautifully the radiating perforations or canals of the Fora- 
 minifer, both direct and diagonal ; aud some few irregular particles of Diatoms flexible and multiform. 
 
 Some of these also show the horizontal layers of each wall, added layer to layer the outer 
 ones thickening, and the external layer becoming coated with tubercules ; the interior are of an 
 enamel transparent smoothness. 
 
 The heat in the Gulf Stream was found at times very oppressive, and reminded us all of the 
 climate of Trinidad in the wet season. The thermometer in the shade was 82, in the sun 96; 
 the warm vapour arising from the heated water made one feel languid, lazy, and sleepy, and 
 was very debilitating. 
 
 By the temperatures obtained from actual observation at 300, 500, and 1000 fathoms, the waters 
 were in all cases warmer than the corresponding depths north of the Gulf Stream. This is, of course, 
 very natural, but it is as well to have it from actual observation ; and this would argue in favour 
 of bodies of warm water being brought up from the coast of Africa by the south-east trades, and, 
 accumulating with those of the Gulf Stream on the position assigned to the Milne Bank, assisting 
 materially in adding to its velocity and irregularity. 
 
 Stood north again for Polar waters, which were soon felt by the temperature of the sea-surface 
 changing in 2 hours 14 viz., from 72 to 58, giving again the northern limits of the Gulf 
 Stream. The air also gave proof of this again, for in an hour we passed from a close uncomfortable 
 heat to a chilly cold, which compelled all hands to put on warm jackets ; and, as a natural 
 consequence of this change, soon followed a dense fog ! 
 
 Ran for the Flemish Cap, on which we sounded and obtained 80 fathoms. Stones, Feldtspar, 
 and various coloured quartz, with some few Foraminiferse even in these shoal waters. 
 
 Sounded midway between the north part of the Flemish Cap and the Grand Bank, to ascertain if 
 there was any connection, or if they were separated by a deep channel. 250 fathoms was obtained, 
 showing that it was part of the bank, but having a rocky nucleus, about which the soil brought 
 down by the ice accumulates ; but the Polar current over it is sufficiently strong to keep the rock 
 
 * Temperature 42. 
 
 f The temperature of the air was 77 
 sea 73 
 
 At 100 fathoms below it was 62 10 degrees less. 
 At 300 65 = 20 
 
 And at 1000 4-> or 30 
 
 so that cold Pokr waters were passing underneath at '200 fathoms below the surface. 
 
37 
 
 bare. On two occasions it bent and turned the iron cup of the weight in 90 fathoms ; here at 250 
 fathoms the temperature of the sea was 38, while at the surface it was 50; the air being the same. 
 The south part of the Cap is not, however, united to~the Banks, for 700 fathoms, and no ground 
 was obtained between them. 
 
 On the parallel of 46 latitude, at a distance of 25 miles from the edge of the bank, sounded 
 in 1000 fathoms, bringing up large quantities of rounded particles of quartz of various colours. 
 
 Here a section of the slope of the bank was made, showing its ascent, formation, and the nature 
 of these vast banks. From 1000 fathoms of coloured quartzose sand, to 650 of silicious spicules 
 of sponges ; then to 450 green mud ; 150 quartzose sand ; GO stones ; 55 stones, sand, and fish- 
 bones ; and the latter told us that we were on the Grand Banks. 
 
 Passing over and searching for the " Jesse Ryder Shoal " of 4 fathoms, which was found not to 
 exist, we put over the dredge and dropped on a perfect colony of star-fish (Ophiocoma) of all sizes, 
 from half an inch to 3 inches in diameter. 
 
 In a very dense fog steered for St. John's, Newfoundland, where we arrived on the 24th July, to 
 rest for a few days after the work in the Gulf Stream. It was cold, raw, and foggy ; but we were 
 very glad to drop anchor in its snug and secure harbour, free for a while from all the cares, 
 anxieties, and perplexities necessarily attending deep-sea sounding. 
 
 Having again prepared lines, instruments, and chronometers for a second voyage, sailed on the 
 27th August for the north extreme of the Gulf Stream, and which was reached two days afterwards 
 the sea temperature rising suddenly from 53 to 61. 
 
 Lat. 44 3' N. ; long. 48 7' W. Here soundings were again obtained with rod and heavy detaching 
 weights in 1650 fathoms, bringing up Foraminiferse in all stages, whole and fragmentary, having 
 from two to six cells or chambers in clusters, spherical, plate and flat-shaped Polycystina, with a 
 few spicules of sponges, as well as coccoliths. 
 
 Temperatures of under strata of currents were obtained, again showing that at 1000 fathoms the 
 water was 39 5', and at only 50 fathoms below the surface (which was 61) it was 43, or 18 
 colder ! air being 61 ; another proof of the bare superficial Gulf Stream. 
 
 Another cast of the lead on the supposed position of the Sainthill volcano quite disproved the 
 existence of this vigia within a radius of many miles. 
 
 We were approaching for the second time the " Milne Bank," of 80 fathoms ; and although 
 2300 fathoms was obtained on it a short time since, yet there was still a hope that the second 
 attempt would be more successful, particularly as a telegram had reached me from England to the 
 effect that " there was no doubt of the Milne Bank, as bottom was brought up three times ;" and 
 indeed so it would appear. But on the 3rd of September (lat. 43 40' N., long. 38 50' W.-) the 
 lead was again let go and 2700 fathoms obtained, the rod bringing up a small but precious portion 
 of Foramiuiferae. 
 
 The towiiig-net gave another rich haul of Hyalsea Atlanta and Spirula with three specimens 
 of Nautilus cornucopia (I believe the latter to be Operculate). 
 
 It is interesting to find how the different species of these delicate ocean-shells have their own 
 special haunts and feeding-grounds. In one place the Atlanta are taken in numbers, with scarcely 
 any others ; in another a net full of Hyalsea tridentata ; then quantities of Spinosa or Radiata ; 
 lastly, a bag of Jauthina fragilis ; but these latter are more generally distributed than others. All 
 these delicate creatures are found more numerous on the surface at the sun's rising and setting, and 
 very abundant during light showers of rain. 
 
 E 3 
 
38 
 
 Near the supposed position of this bank we sounded at short distances for some days with more 
 than a thousand fathoms of line ; but in no case was there any indication of this bank. The last 
 effort to sound in 1000 fathoms north of its vicinity will not easily be forgotten ; it was obtained 
 under many and great difficulties. The sea had risen to a fearful height in a very short time, which 
 threatened to roll all the boats from the davits. My steam-cutter Torch did start. There was 
 scarcely any standing on the deck. All the thirty-five men on the starboard side, while hauling 
 the line in, lay down like dominoes, or rather were thrown down on the line. 
 
 Lat. 43 30' N. ; long. 38 5' W. Sounded again with heavy weights in 2000 fathoms, bringing 
 up Foraminiferse in various stages of growth ; and what gave interest and value to this sounding, 
 was the fact that icebergs had reached these eastern limits, proved by the presence of a piece of 
 stone (Feldtspar) three-quarters of an inch in size, deposited undoubtedly there by a berg, and 
 brought up in the valve. 
 
 Lat. 43 43' N. ; long. 37 47' W. On the 5th of September a sounding was taken at 1930 
 fathoms ; the rod came up with its spring broken, but retaining sufficient of the bottom to show 
 that it was down. Foraininiferse, the usual deep-sea characteristic, appeared, mostly young and 
 small, with transparent cells ; about 6 per cent, of all these were free from fracture, all the re- 
 mainder fragments. 
 
 Before leaving the vicinity of this supposed bank, the temperatures here obtained with new and 
 delicate thermometers at 2000 fathoms was 42 rather a higher temperature than expected. The 
 air was 68 ; the sea-surface 69 , while at 100 fathoms it had fallen 10, and at 400 20 ! At 
 1000 fathoms it was 43, after which it fell but 1 in 1000 fathoms.* 
 
 Great quantities of Salpse and Medusae came up entangled with the line, doubtless caught in its 
 quick descent of 500 fathoms in 3| minutes. t Their orange-coloured stomachs, situated in the 
 centre of the transparent gelatinous sacs, came in quite perfect on the line. 
 
 Lat. 43 39' N. ; long. 36 46' W. On the 6th September we gave our departing and final cast 
 of the lead in this vicinity, getting 2060 fathoms ; the rod bringing up Foraminiferae, small stones, 
 and some few Diatoms. 
 
 We were now leaving the regions of the Globigerinse and Lime formations, changing them for 
 those of Silicious deposit. Nearly all in the last sounding were Diatoms, with but few Globigerinae. 
 A thermometer was sent down to 2000 fathoms and proved the last temperature at the same depth, 
 showing 42'5. 
 
 To complete a series of 100-fathom temperatures, advantage was taken of a fine day with smooth 
 water both indispensable requisites in sounding for temperatures, as the smallest jerk or vibration 
 moves the indices and the reading is destroyed, the results being only deceptive. The thermometer 
 went down to 1500 fathoms, and in no instance did it show less than 42.5, fully proving the high 
 temperatures obtained on former occasions, and this would prove the entire absence of an under 
 Polar current here ; and further, that the waters of the Gulf Stream here united with other waters, 
 decreasing thereby its strong easterly set, which was here found on many occasions to be variable. 
 The temperature of the surface was 71. 
 
 From the authority of a few scattered observations, it has been asserted that the water of the 
 ocean, at a depth of 12 feet, was of a higher temperature than at the surface. This was proved to 
 
 Showing a great uniformity of temperature after the first 500 fathoms. 
 f Or equal 1 4 feet in 1 second, which equals 1 mile in 6 minutes. 
 
39 
 
 be correct, although remarkable, by 45 carefully-obtained observations between Halifax and this 
 position. 
 
 Of these 45 observations, 26 are wanner, 10 are coldeivaad 9 have the same temperature. The 
 warmer are in favour of the colder, 16 in the whole, but in no one instance greater than 1'5 ; and 
 the greatest and most constant are noticeable to the east of the Milne Bank, after the rapid current 
 of the Gulf Stream had been passed. 
 
 In the Pacific, off the west coast of America (the Isalcos Mountains), the temperature at 12 or 
 15 feet below the surface has been found to be 10 or 11 higher. This, I presume, is caused simply 
 by excessive evaporation, as I have often found there the difference between the wet and dry-bulb 
 hygrometer to be 9, and on occasion 11. 
 
 Lat. 46 N. ; long. 29 40' W. 9th of September, being on the position of a vigia, a very satis- 
 factory sounding of 1650 fathoms was obtained : first disproving the existence of such a danger, and 
 secondly bringing up the most interesting and remarkable specimen of the bottom ; showing that 
 those minute creatures (Pteropods) which live on the surface do assist in forming the bottom of the 
 ocean. Foraminiferse and Diatomacse surrounding six dead Hyalsea shells, all perfect. These, to 
 have been taken on the bottom, must have been dead, and for a valve the size of a shilling to have 
 entrapped six of these, they must have been numerous indeed ; the whole area of the six was greater 
 than the valve itself they must, therefore, have been in such quantities as to overlap one' another. 
 Hyalsea were also taken on the surface in the towing-uet ; so that here was a successful illustration 
 that these lived on the surface and fell, after their period of existence, to the bottom. 
 
 This was a shoal-sounding compared with those around it, and silicious formations now became 
 more numerous ; Coccospheres and other delicate forms, some resembling the Nautilus, with thir- 
 teen chambers, but devoid of the syphuncle which assists to elevate or depress the latter at pleasure, 
 by exhausting or filling its chambers with water. 
 
 In this sounding, also, animal remains wei'e seen, and could hardly be mistaken ; the pseudo- 
 podial foramina or radiating processes from the tubercles of the canals were regularly protruding, 
 and at the point where the chambers intersect was a mass of minute spawn-like globules. 
 
 Inorganic fragments of some size were also seen, having a smooth concave impression, intersected 
 with dark lines. In no instance are the shells of the Hyalzea, taken alive on the surface, so large 
 as those found dead on the bottom ; so that it may be possibly inferred that they have died at their 
 full growth, at the limit of their permitted existence. 
 
 A very interesting and valuable sounding was made about 180 miles E.N.E. of the last, in 
 1180 fathoms, showing a less depth of water by 200 fathoms than in any part of the Atlantic (not 
 approximate to the shore). A small portion of the bottom " Oase " came up attached to a pig of 
 ballast, which was the weight used on this occasion. 
 
 Lat. 47 11' N. ; long. 23 14' W. On the 12th September the favourable weather, with a dead 
 calm, induced us to sound, and a cup-lead of 112 Ibs. reached the bottom at 2000 fathoms, bringing 
 up a full cup of pale cream-colour "Oase," Infusoria, like ice-cream, and quite as cold. In this 
 sounding were many-shaped and various-formed Globigerinse, hemispherical and globular ; also 
 many spheroidal organisms, in one specimen of which we counted thirteen chambers. It was from 
 this sounding that 113 different specimens were obtained which form the subject of this pamphlet. 
 
 A fractured portion of a Globigerina cell showed that the interior wall was formed of a perpen- 
 dicular transparent four-sided cell, while the exterior was perforated by narrow canals running 
 perpendicular to the frame. The temperature at that depth was still 42. 
 
40 
 
 Our sounding now ceased, and this exciting and very interesting work finished. ' 
 
 It is worthy of remark that the general character of all these thirteen soundings, varying in depth 
 from 80 to 2700 fathoms, spreading over an area of upwards of 10,000 square miles from Sable 
 Island to the Azores, shows a remarkable uniformity both in respect of temperature and sea- 
 bottom. One object throughout was to ascertain if in any of these organised forms animal life still 
 existed. After arrival (as I had no microscope of sufficient power on board) they were examined 
 for fourteen days under a powerful microscope, and in no one instance was animal life visible. 
 
 Many hundreds of the animal organisms of Foramiiiifene, Globigerime, Coccoliths, &c., with 
 which the soft light brown and yellow mud abounded, were, after being diluted with clear water, 
 separated from the muddy particles and broken under the lens with a finely-pointed penknife. It 
 required some force to break them, and the sharp shock and cracking was plainly perceptible ; in 
 no instance was life visible. 
 
 The mud, when dry, is either of a pale yellow marl, light brown, or greenish brown colour ; the 
 former containing chiefly Globigerinse or calcareous formations, the second silicious or Diatomacese, 
 and the last silicious spicules of sponges. All are apparently soft mud until rubbed between the 
 fingers, when gritty particles are detected. These are the Globigerinse in great variety of shapes 
 and numbers, some being formed in concentric layers round a transparent centre. 
 
 In the deepest waters and most distant from land were the greatest numbers of perfect specimens 
 of the Globigerinre found ; and as the water decreased in depth and neared irregularities, so they 
 became fragmentary. These facts suggest that, either at the lesser depth some wave-movement, 
 or, may be, current, fractured these delicate organisms, or that their cases were broken by mollusks 
 or other devouring agents for the softer matter in the interior, and the shelly portions then 
 descended to the bottom. 
 
 With many experiments in water, it was found that not only were the Globigerinse of much 
 more specific gravity than the water, but that they sank with a rapidity truly wonderful, and 
 invariably with the convex side downward, and in that position (which was contrary to that in 
 which they lived) remained so. 
 
 In passing the Oaze a second time under the microscope, some new forms were detected, which 
 will be seen in drawings exhibited before the Society;* these are for the most part of silicious 
 formation, some having a thin, irregular, and broken coating of lime ; others as transparent as 
 
 The thin membrane lining in some of the Globigerinse were also noticed, but these could hardly 
 be the remains of the once-living animal. 
 
 Some recent Globigerinas, which appeared discoloured (a light red), were broken ; but no minute 
 granules were inside. 
 
 In the second examination of the Globigerinse I felt compelled to alter my views with regard to 
 the rounded aperture noticed (which I thought may be formed by an annelid), but which I found 
 in every form, larger or smaller, according to age and size. In some instances the apertures were 
 in the two last chambers, the lips of which were smooth and rounded off with a transparent glass- 
 like finish. 
 
 * Fourteen Plates containing upwards of 252 specimens. 
 
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