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 THE DESPATCHES 
 
 OF 
 
 EARL GOWER.
 
 ISAAC FOOT 
 LIBRARY 
 
 ILonDon: C. J. CLAY AND SON, 
 
 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, 
 Ave Maria Lane. 
 
 ffambrrtifjf: DEIGHTON, BELL, AND CO. 
 S.cip>ig: F. A. BROCKHALS.
 
 THE DESPATCHES 
 
 OF 
 
 EARL GOWER, 
 
 ENGLISH AMBASSADOR AT PARIS FROM JUNE 1790 
 TO AUGUST 1792, 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADPED 
 
 THE DESPATCHES OF MR LINDSAY AND MR MONRO, 
 
 AND 
 
 THE DIARY OF VISCOUNT PALMERSTON 
 
 IN FRANCE DURING JULY AND AUGUST 1791, 
 NOW PUBLISHED FOR THE FIRST TIME. 
 
 EDITED FOR THE SYNDICS OF THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
 BY 
 
 OSCAR BROWNING, M.A., F.R.Hist.S., 
 
 I II. LOW OF KING'S COT.T.EOE, CAMBRIDGE, AND UNIVERSITY LECTURER. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE: 
 AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
 1885 
 
 [All Rights reserved.]
 
 <f ambvtticjr : 
 
 PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, 51. A. AND SON, 
 AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
 
 /4S- 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, 
 
 SANTA BARBARA 
 
 TO MY FRIEND 
 
 PROFESSOR J. R. SEELEY 
 
 THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Preface 
 
 Introduction 
 
 Draft of Instructions for Earl Gower 
 
 Despatches of Earl Gower, from June 21, 1790 
 1792 
 
 Mr Dundas to Earl Gower . 
 Earl Gower to Lord Grenville . 
 Note from King George III. 
 Karl Gower to Lord Grenville . 
 Mr W. Lindsay to Lord Grenville 
 George Monro to Lord Grenville 
 Mii W. Lindsay to Lord Grenville 
 George Monro to Lord Grenville 
 
 Diary of the Second Viscount Palmerston 
 
 Appendix 
 
 I. Lord Elgin to Lord Grenville 
 Resume d'Informations exactes au 25 Janvier 1794 
 Kxtrait d'une Lettre adressee a Milord Elgin . 
 
 Premiere Suite du Resume 
 
 Informations additionnelles 
 
 II. S. Fouche a Monsieur D. S. Curtis a Paris . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ix — xiv 
 
 xv — xxxviii 
 
 1 
 
 to August 12, 
 
 5 
 
 209 
 210 
 211 
 211 
 212 
 225 
 235 
 235 
 
 283 
 
 311 
 312 
 314 
 340 
 343 
 353 
 
 37^ 
 
 in France 
 
 Relation it Voyage de la Famille royale a Vahennes 373 
 Index 377—400
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 I first became acquainted with the despatches of 
 Lord Gower, which are printed in this volume, some 
 years ago, when I was working in the Record Office on 
 the foreign policy of the younger Pitt. They appeared 
 to me, as soon as I read them, of great historical 
 interest, and well fitted to be published. I therefore 
 informed two leading London publishers of their exist- 
 ence and asked them whether they would undertake 
 to print them, offering to see them through the press. 
 The first publisher to whom I applied refused at once, 
 saying that correspondences were a glut in the market ; 
 the second took a little time to consider, but eventually 
 declined. Shortly after this, when I was pursuing my 
 researches in the French Foreign Office, I was informed 
 by two of the best authorities on the French He volution, 
 M. Henri Taine and M. Albert Sorel, that Lord Gower's 
 despatches had been read by competent Frenchmen 
 and had been declared to be of high value ; and that 
 their publication would be an important contribution 
 to historical study. Armed with this testimony I 
 applied to a third London publisher, sending him a 
 specimen of the letters. After a courteous delay he 
 also refused to have anything to do with the papers, 
 giving as his reason that he had compared Lord 
 Gower's account of the flight to Varennes with that 
 given by Carlyle, and while there was nothing in Lord 
 
 G. C. b
 
 x PREFACE. 
 
 Gower's description which was not in Carlyle, there was 
 a great deal in Carlyle which was not in Lord Gower. 
 Undaunted by these refusals, I applied to a fourth 
 publisher of well-known liberality. He went so far as 
 to have the correspondence copied at his expense, but 
 after having read it he came to the conclusion that it 
 could not be published without heavy loss. After these 
 experiences it required great courage on the part of the 
 Syndics of the Cambridge University Press to under- 
 take a work so little likely to prove remunerative, and 
 by doing it they deserve the gratitude of all serious 
 students of history. 
 
 The publication of documents such as are contained 
 in this volume should not be left to private enterprise, 
 but should be carried out by the State. The State has 
 published a number of volumes under the superinten- 
 dence of the Master of the Rolls which have been of the 
 greatest service to English History, and without them 
 the works of Stubbs, of Freeman, and of Green could 
 not have been written. Similarly the collection of 
 calendars of state papers have supplied Mr Gardiner and 
 Mr Brewer with their best materials. But the Rolls 
 series ends with Henry VII., just at the time when 
 English hist< try begins to be interesting to the student of 
 modern international politics, while the calendars of 
 foreign papers are at present confined to the reigns 
 of Henry VIII. and Queen Elizabeth. Surely if there 
 is any period of history which was vital for the ex- 
 istence of the English nation and for its position in 
 Europe, it is the period of the French Revolution and 
 of Napoleon the First. During this epoch we followed 
 an independent line of conduct based on the inherent
 
 PREFACE. XI 
 
 qualities of our race and the traditions of our develop- 
 ment. We stood aloof from Europe both in peace and 
 war ; we ratified the conclusions of our reason by 
 enormous sacrifices, and we emerged in 1815 bruised 
 and battered but indisputably the first power in the 
 world, a position which we held for fifty years. We 
 refused to join the coalition in 1791, we refused to 
 make peace in 1800, we were the last to make peace in 
 1801, we were the first to break the peace of Europe in 
 1803, we were the soul of the coalition against 
 Napoleon in 1815, we dominated the counsels of Vienna. 
 Our conduct during this momentous epoch, the conduct 
 mainly of an aristocratic government which has now 
 passed away, deserves to be written for a national ex- 
 ample, as much as the history of our Reformation or of 
 our Great Rebellion. Yet the documents from which this 
 history can be alone composed are allowed to sleep in 
 the obscurity of the Record Office, or to moulder in the 
 lumber rooms of country houses. It is painful to 
 think how much material for the history of these times 
 has been lost to us for ever. An example which we 
 may wisely imitate is set us by foreign nations. 
 Besides numerous publications of French and Austrian 
 state papers may be mentioned the collections of the 
 Prussian archives, and the volumes of the Russian 
 Historical Society, both rich in memorials of the 
 revolutionary period. Indeed so much attention has 
 been paid to this subject on the Continent that we can 
 learn the extent of our own resources better from French 
 and German than from English writers. Sybel was the 
 first to place the attitude of England towards the 
 
 Revolution in its true light, Le Bon has narrated the 
 
 12
 
 xii PREFACE. 
 
 curious history of the negotiations between Pitt and 
 the imigrfe conducted through William Wickham. 
 Copies of English official correspondence have during 
 recent years been sent in large quantities to Germany, 
 and we are in danger of having our conduct in these 
 critical circumstances described and judged by enemies 
 rather than by friends. It is not unreasonable to ask 
 that some part of the sum devoted by Government to 
 publications of this character should be assigned to a 
 period of history which must be accurately known by 
 us if we are to form a sound judgment on the foreign 
 complications of our own time. 
 
 The volume now offered as a contribution to this 
 knowledge contains the despatches of Lord Gower 
 written from Paris during twenty-six months, from 
 June 1790 to August 1792. They are not of an excit- 
 ing character, nor do they shew great insight or 
 penetration. They are careful accounts written week 
 by week by a competent and well-placed observer 
 for the information of his Government, and they are 
 perhaps more valuable because the writer did not 
 comprehend the full significance of the events which 
 he describes. The French Revolution has been so 
 often lilted by sensational writers into the region of 
 cataclysmal and almost superhuman occurrences that 
 a narrative is specially acceptable which tends to range 
 it among the facts which appeal to our ordinary ex- 
 1 "iii nee. The despatches of Lord Gower are supple- 
 mented by a few letters written by Mr Lindsay, who 
 was left as Charge* d'affaires in Paris after his chief's 
 departure. These are followed by a number of letters 
 written by Colonel Monro to Lord Grenville from Sept.
 
 PREFACE. Xlll 
 
 1792 to January 1793. George Monro was a spy in 
 the pay of the British Government. His letters 
 resemble the form of a newspaper correspondence, 
 and will be found interesting and picturesque. Es- 
 pecially thrilling is his account of the September 
 massacres, of which he was an eye-witness. To these 
 documents I have been able to add, by the kindness 
 of Mr Evelyn Ashley, a diary of the second Lord 
 Palmerston, the father of the Prime Minister, written 
 in France during July and August 1791. After the 
 declaration of war between France and England in 
 Feb. 1793 Paris was hermetically sealed. No effort 
 on the part of our ministry or of Lord Elgin, our 
 representative in Flanders, could penetrate the obscu- 
 rity ; all who were suspected of giving information 
 were put in prison or guillotined. The veil did not 
 lift until the summer of 1794, when an unknown but 
 well-informed correspondent in Switzerland was able to 
 send to Lord Elgin some remarkable accounts of the 
 political, military, and social condition of France. These 
 reports are printed at the end of this volume. I have 
 ;i<lded in a second appendix a document hitherto un- 
 published on the arrest of Louis XVI. at Varennes, 
 which I owe to the kindness of Mr Curtis of New York. 
 It remains for me to state what I have attempted 
 to do as editor of these papers. To have annotated 
 them completely would have been to rewrite the his- 
 tory of the Revolution. I have therefore confined the 
 notes to a very narrow compass, but I have included 
 in the index a full onomasticon of persons and places 
 which I hope will to some extent supply their place. My 
 task in dealing with the orthography and punctuation
 
 xiv PREFACE. 
 
 of the documents has been more difficult. Lord Gower 
 was a bad writer of English, a faulty and inconsistent 
 speller, and a most unscientific punctuator. These 
 i >riginal defects were increased by the blunders either of 
 the author or the copyist. To have printed a facsimile 
 of the correspondence as it stands in the volumes of the 
 Record office would have driven the staunchest student 
 to despair. At the same time it was desirable to 
 preserve whatever was characteristic of the man or of 
 his habits of thought. I have therefore adopted a 
 compromise. I have altered everything which appear- 
 ed to me the result of carelessness. I have preserved 
 eccentric spelling where it seemed to be deliberate, 
 or where it required a graphic touch, as where Roberts- 
 pierre becomes first Roberspierre and then Robespierre. 
 I have altered the punctuation so as to make the read- 
 ing of the volume more easy, but it will probably be 
 thought that I have kept too many long and rambling 
 sentences. If after this process some bad faults remain 
 the critic should first ask whether they are not to be 
 attributed rather to Lord Gower than to the editor. 
 Mr Monro's letters teem with errors of every description, 
 and had to be corrected throughout. Lord Palmer- 
 ston's diary has been left almost untouched, although it 
 is feared that some mistakes remain uncorrected. The 
 French documents at the end of the volume have been 
 revised. The volume is left to the indulgence of 
 historical students. An attempt has been made in 
 the introduction to estimate the historical value of 
 the documents which it contains. 
 
 King's ' Iollboe, * ' lmbridge. 
 October, L885.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The correspondence of Lord Gower opens on June 21, 1790, 
 a year and six weeks after the meeting of the States General, 
 a year after the Tiers Etat, taking refuge in the tennis court at 
 Versailles, had sworn not to separate until they had given a 
 new constitution to their country. Much had happened in the 
 mean time. The three estates, disobeying the king's order to 
 deliberate separately, had formed themselves into a National 
 Assembly, many of the clergy and a few of the nobles clustering 
 round the members of the commons. The king, who had 
 expected by the duplication of the third estate to gain a firmer 
 support to his power, had been forced to look to the army for 
 assistance. Troops were collected round the court and the 
 capital to repress any disturbance. The capital had begun to 
 shew tumultuous tendencies. The garden of the Palais Royal, 
 the residence of the Duke of Orleans, not subject to the 
 ordinary superintendence of the police, became a centre of 
 agitation. The court found that they could depend better upon 
 foreign than on native troops. The attempt to collect these 
 excited jealousy both in Paris and in the Assembly. The 
 Assembly asked the king to withdraw his army from Paris, 
 while Paris determined to oppose a national armament to the 
 Royal forces. This was the origin of the National Guard. 
 The two powers, the court and the capital, stood opposed to 
 each other with arms in their hands. The first step of open 
 war was the taking of the Bastille on July 14 ; it was a formal 
 renunciation of obedience to the authority of the king. Louis 
 XVI. instead of sternly reestablishing his supremacy, went the
 
 XV] INTRODUCTION. 
 
 next day to the Assembly, threw himself upon its wisdom, and 
 declared that he had given orders to withdraw his troops. The 
 day following the king visited the capital and accepted the 
 tricolour cockade, the union of the Bourbon white with the blue 
 and red of the Paris municipality. Paris had conquered the 
 king, a great revolution had been already consummated. 
 
 The submission of the monarchy involved the exile of its 
 staunchest defenders. The Comte d'Artois left France by the 
 advice of his brother, and became the first fruits of the emigra- 
 tion. It might have been thought that the crown, emancipated 
 from the fetters of the nobles and the clergy, stood in closer 
 union with the people. The sacrifice of feudal rights on the 
 night of August 4 contributed to strengthen this view. But 
 the growth of ages could not be torn up in a moment, and the 
 wilful disregard of public law carried in it the germs of future 
 war. The king and the Assembly left face to face with each 
 other began to quarrel at the bidding of divergent interests. 
 Who should command the army, the crown or the parliament ? 
 The king sought to defend himself with the troops whom he 
 trusted. A dinner in the theatre of Versailles led to a scene 
 which widened the chasm between the court and the people. 
 The capital saw no remedy but to bring both king and 
 
 cmbly within its walls. Hence came the disgraceful events 
 of October •">, and the forced transference of the king to Paris. 
 Louis XVI. exchanged the palace-temple of Versailles, where 
 his ancestors had been worshipped as divinities, for the un- 
 furnished barrack of the Tuillerics. The king was virtually a 
 prisoner. The Assembly instead of being free to deliberate at 
 li [sure had to frame a constitution amidst the surging passions 
 of a wavering mob. The royal authority was already doomed, 
 although few had declared themselves republicans. The crea- 
 tion of departments in place of the ancient provinces upset 
 the administration of the old regime. The election of the judges 
 and of the clergy made a strung executive difficult. The 
 throi,,- was deprived of some of its most necessary attributes.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XV11 
 
 The emigration had attained large dimensions, the idea of 
 revolution was exalted with growing enthusiasm. Yet at this 
 time a war was imminent between England and Spain, and 
 France, if she was to preserve her honour and execute engage- 
 ments made only thirty years before, needed to speak in Europe 
 with a decisive voice. 
 
 Into this tumult of interests Lord Gower found himself 
 plunged. His predecessor, the Duke of Dorset, a fine gentleman 
 in mind and manners, an ornament of the inner circle at 
 Versailles, was recalled because his liveried servant had been 
 seized by the mob and a letter from the Duke to the Comte 
 d'Artois found in his pockets. His first despatch introduces us 
 to the difficulties of the army, the approaching fete of the 
 revolution, the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille. The 
 market women who brought the king to Paris have the imper- 
 tinence to invite the Comte d'Artois to return from Turin, and are 
 received at Lyons with almost royal honours ; couriers are passing 
 to and fro between Spain and England ; the family compact is 
 still a matter of discussion. An Abbe, mistaken for the 
 Sardinian Ambassador, is stript naked to see if he carries letters 
 with him. Notwithstanding this, the diplomatic body think it 
 well to assist at the fete of the federation, which goes off pros- 
 perously in the Champ de Mars. English histories of this 
 period do not make us understand how near we were to a war 
 with France in the autumn of 1790. In August the French 
 are increasing their fleet and army to meet a similar increase on 
 the part of England, the Spanish Ambassador asks explicitly 
 whether France intends to perform the stipulations of the 
 family compact of 1761 or not. On the 27th of that month 
 Mirabeau, the president of the Coiuite diplomatique of the 
 Assembly, reports that all existing treaties ought to be main- 
 tained by the French nation until they are revised or modified, 
 that the king is requested to abide by his engagements with 
 Spain, and that thirty ships of the line are to be commissioned. 
 The Assembly goes beyond this request and orders the equip-
 
 xv in 1 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ment of forty-five slaps of the line besides smaller vessels. All 
 parties, Lord Gower says, are agreed on this measure. Two 
 days later Lord Gower reports that although the king and his 
 ministers desire peace a large party in the country is in favour 
 of war. The aristocrats hope to fish in troubled waters, others 
 desire to violate the commercial treaty. Perhaps some members 
 of the Assembly were influenced by Spanish gold. We do not 
 exactly know by what means this danger was conjured. Lord 
 Gower gives assurance of the friendly feeling of England 
 towards France, but Pitt was able to engage in a more 
 direct negotiation with the leading members of the Assembly. 
 Hugh Elliot, a diplomatist of great, though erratic genius, had 
 been a friend of Mirabeau from boyhood. Lord Gower affords 
 glimpses of the mysterious mission with which he was intrusted. 
 Pitt's instructions to Elliot have been lost, and we do not know 
 what arguments he used. Perhaps English gold proved a 
 counterpoise to Spanish gold. But the result of his persuasion 
 was an entire change of front. Towards the end of October the 
 " popular " party declares itself in favour of peace, and prefers 
 an English alliance to a Spanish compact. Elliot is able to 
 announce his triumph on October 26, and two days later in his 
 private advice to the court Mirabeau says that England is 
 desirous of peace, and that the armaments have reference to the 
 Northern war then going on between Sweden and Russia, a 
 statement for which there is very little foundation, but which 
 may have rested on the authority of Elliot, who had himself so 
 much to do with it. In November Lord Gower states that the 
 prospect of peace has damped the spirit of the aristocrats, but 
 pleased the rest of the nation. 
 
 A letter of December 3, 1790, informs us of one of the most 
 important moments of the Revolution. The National Assembly 
 has passed a decree obliging the clergy to take the civic oath, 
 and all those who do not comply are to lose their rights as 
 French citizens. The Pope was at that time expected to sanc- 
 tion the decree. This measure caused a breach between the
 
 INTRODUCTION. xix 
 
 Revolution and the Church which prevented it from being ac- 
 cepted by the nation as a beneficial reform, and rendered futile 
 the plans of Mirabeau for a constitutional government. The 
 king at first expected the Pope would not object to the decree 
 and then waited for his decision, but at the close of the year he 
 gave his consent. The Pope eventually declared against the 
 oath, only four bishops were found willing to take it, the greater 
 part of the inferior clergy refused it. 
 
 As Lent and Easter approached the desire of the Royal 
 family to perform their usual devotions with priests who had 
 not taken the oath became stronger. This could not be done in 
 Paris, and hence preparations were made for removal. At the 
 beginning of Feb. 1791 the stables at Versailles are inspected 
 to see that the king has made no preparations for flight. The 
 king's aunts determined to spend their Easter at Rome (Feb. 
 18), their luggage is stopped (Feb. 20), they are themselves 
 detained at Arnay le due (March 4), but are suffered to proceed, 
 by the intervention of Mirabeau. The king begins to suffer 
 seriously from his confinement in the Tuileries, being debarred 
 of his usual exercise (March 11), the ambassadors are not allowed 
 to see him, and there is considerable anxiety. His recovery is 
 celebrated by illuminations and by a Te Deurn (March 18). 
 Notwithstanding this, a month later, the King and Queen are 
 prevented by the mob from going to St Cloud for the Holy 
 Week (April 22). They sat for an hour and three-quarters in 
 their carriages, subject to every insult, and were compelled to 
 return to their prison. This might have been prevented by 
 Mirabeau had he been alive, but he had died a fortnight before 
 (April 8). His funeral was followed by 28,000 people and 
 three-fourths of the population of Paris were present as spec- 
 tators. 
 
 We read in the correspondence many signs of growing dis- 
 order. The language in the Assembly resembles that of the 
 Ihimes de la Halle (Jan. 28), the bust of Desilles is carried round 
 the hall to the tunc of Qa ira (Feb. 4), when Lord (lower hears
 
 XX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the abbd Maury exclaim Voild comme les Frangais font des lois. 
 Lord Gower goes to dine with Monsieur, afterwards Louis 
 XVIII., and while they are at coffee a number of fish-women are 
 admitted into the court of the Petit Luxembourg. The Prince 
 assures them that he does not intend to quit Paris (Feb. 25), 
 but they attend him even to the Tuilleries. The dropping of a 
 hunting knife causes a disturbance in the Queen's apartments 
 (March 4) ; Lord Gower finds a number of fish-women cordially 
 embracing M. de Montmorin in his own drawing room (April 1); 
 the same women punish several hundred nuns by a general 
 flogging because they will not hear mass said by a priest who 
 has taken the oath (April 15). The outrage offered to the king 
 shewed that Bailly, the mayor of Paris, and Lafayette, the 
 commander of national guards, had no longer any power over the 
 mob. The king's household resign, the ambassadors see him 
 go to mass celebrated by a single priest, Lafayette surrenders 
 his command and takes his place in the ranks of the army 
 (April 22). He is however persuaded to accept the command 
 again, and thus disappoint the Jacobins who had hoped to have 
 the nomination of his successor (April 29). 
 
 Lord Gower mentions on May 6 and on subsequent dates the 
 discussions about Avignon and the Venaissin, which had be- 
 longed to the Pope but which had been absorbed into France 
 by the Assembly. This was only one of the events which 
 embroiled revolutionary France with Europe. The jealousy of 
 other powers may have at first welcomed the Revolution as 
 tending to weaken the power of France for mischief. But the 
 abolition of feudal rights on August 4, 1789, struck a vital blow 
 at the princes of the Empire. One of the first to feel it was the 
 Elector Archbishop of Mainz, the Arch-Chancellor of the German 
 Empire. He had metropolitan rights in Alsace which were 
 seriously threatened. Mirabeau was one of the few members of 
 the National Assembly who understood the relations of France 
 to Europe. He desired to maintain existing alliances, but while 
 the connection with Spain was not unpopular with the nation,
 
 INTRODUCTION. xxi 
 
 that with Austria was an object of deep dislike. We see the 
 storm gradually rising which was to lead to war. The Nuncio 
 does not appear at court, the Pope is burnt in effigy, Conde is 
 expected to invade France with his death's-head army (May 6), 
 it is paid by Prussia, or perhaps by the king (May 13). 
 
 Two facts of considerable importance are alluded to on May 
 20 and 22. First the decree which prevented members of the 
 National Assembly from sitting in the legislature, and which 
 therefore took the conduct of the new constitution out of the 
 hands of those who framed it and were the best fitted to wield 
 it, and secondly the statement that Frenchmen are gone to 
 England with a view of setting fire to the fleet or dockyards. 
 The correspondence of this time is full of evidence that France 
 was a nest of what would now be called dynamiters. Their 
 operations were principally conducted against Ireland, and it is 
 difficult to ascertain how far the defensive measures of the 
 English Government in 1792 were occasioned or justified by the 
 fear of their operations unless the whole evidence with regard 
 to them were before us. 
 
 On June 17 we are informed of two precautionary measures, 
 the administering of an oath to the officers of the army to be 
 faithful to the constitution, and the sequestration of the property 
 of the Prince of Conde - if he refuses to disband his army. Five 
 days later a thunderbolt bursts from a clear sky. The king has 
 left Paris in the night of June 20 and taken the road for the low 
 countries (June 22). The following day (June 23) Lord Gower 
 announces that the king has been stopped at Varennes, he also 
 states that Bailly and Lafayette had known the king's intention 
 to leave the Tuileries some days before and had taken all possi- 
 ble precautions to prevent it. They stayed with the king till 
 one in the morning and then left a double guard in the palace. 
 Two days later (June 25) the return of the Royal family is 
 described, the order and decorum with which the mob behaved 
 were truly remarkable. The capture of the king at Varennes 
 is perhaps the greatest misfortune which has befallen France
 
 X X 1 1 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 during the last hundred years. Louis had no idea of leaving his 
 country, or of joining the enemy. He wished merely to retire 
 to a fortress, probably Montme'dy, in which he would be inde- 
 pendent of the Paris mob, and able to treat with the extreme 
 revolutionary party on equal terms. The Queen and the emigres 
 may have desired something more than this, but there is no 
 proof that they would have gained their object. The flight may 
 have been a mistake, Kaunitz was opposed to it from the first. 
 But its failure was a fatal blow to the monarchy, and to all hope 
 of settled government. The court before weak, henceforth be- 
 came contemptible. The Royal family is now strictly guarded 
 and the ambassadors do not go to the Tuileries without special 
 invitation (July 1). 
 
 It was just at this juncture that Viscount Palmerston 
 arrived in Paris, and his diary gives us some picturesque details 
 of the situation which are unfortunately wanting in Lord 
 Gower's despatches. On Monday, July 10, he pays a visit to the 
 Assembly and to the Jacobin club and writes a graphic account 
 of both meetings. The members are entirely occupied with the 
 question of the king. The procession in honour of Voltaire, 
 which Lord Gower dismisses in one cynical paragraph, is 
 described by Lord Palmerston at length ; the same may be said 
 of the French anniversary of the taking of the Bastille, and the 
 disorderly scene which followed it. 
 
 The altered position of the king after the return from 
 Varennes excited the powers of Europe to new efforts in his 
 favour. Count Mercy, the Austrian ambassador, thought that 
 the frontier fortresses then in the hands of royalist garrisons 
 might be delivered up to the soldiers of his country, and France 
 be invaded by this means. The Comte de Provence and the 
 Comte d'Artois were afraid of a foreign intervention which 
 might lead to a dismemberment of France. Gustavus III. of 
 Sweden, then at Aix la Chapelle (July 22). recalled his officers 
 in the French service and meditated a descent on the coast of 
 Normandy and the restoration of the monarchy. The princes
 
 INTRODUCTION. XX111 
 
 attempted to persuade Catherine of Russia to join 8,000 of her 
 troops to the 16,000 Swedes. Austria would march from 
 Flanders, Prussia and the Empire from Alsace and Lorraine, 
 Switzerland and Savoy from the east, Spain from the south. 
 France could make no adequate resistance, and the National 
 Assembly would be dissolved 1 . Kaunitz disapproved of this 
 plan, he thought that by the moral pressure of a united Europe 
 something like a constitutional monarchy might be established 
 in France. Catherine also refused her assistance. 
 
 In the meantime the sketch of the new constitution had 
 been completed and was to be offered to the king for his 
 acceptance (August 5). It was difficult to see how this was 
 to be done. Lord Gower says " If in his present state of con- 
 finement it will be a mere mockery ; if he is previously allowed 
 his liberty it is uncertain what use he may make of it."..." It is 
 generally believed that the king will go either to Rambouillet 
 or to Fontainebleau, where he will accept the constitution." 
 
 On August 27 the Emperor Leopold II. and Frederick 
 William King of Prussia met at Pillnitz. The result was an 
 agreement between Prussia and Austria directed against the 
 Revolution, but not of a very decided nature. These two powers 
 did not commit themselves to any step unless the other powers 
 of Europe would combine with them. The Emperor of Austria 
 well knew how little he was risking. Thus the convention led 
 eventually to war. However much the sovereigns might desire 
 peace, the course of events was too strong for them. 
 
 LordGower announces on Sept. 2, 1791, that "the constitution, 
 such as it is, is at last finished : it will probably be accepted by 
 the king on Monday." He also expresses the wish of the 
 Assembly that the constitution shall remain unaltered for 
 thirty years, and that it shall not be amended or changed 
 without elaborate formalities. He adds that " thanks to the 
 declaration of the rights of man, a notion is spread over the 
 
 1 Feuillet de Conches, n. 187, quoted by Eanke. Urs})runr) und Bcglnn des 
 Eezolutionaren Krieges 72.
 
 XXIV 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 whole country that everybody is not only to think but to act 
 for himself." It is difficult to teach the people what is or what 
 is not constitutional, or who are governors and who are " to be 
 governed." The constitution was to a certain extent a com- 
 promise. The National Assembly contained some members 
 who desired a republic, but the majority wished for the con- 
 tinuation of the monarchy. The moderate democrats thought 
 to obtain their end by making the government national and popu- 
 lar while at the same time they allowed kingship to continue 
 its existence. The moderate royalists believed that the perma- 
 nence of kingship was insured by the popular character of 
 the institutions in which it was imbedded. The end of the 
 revolution had been obtained, because the two privileged classes, 
 the priests and the nobles, had lost their privileges, and power 
 was firmly consolidated in the hands of the third estate. 
 Although the king did not approve of the constitution in all 
 respects, yet it would be untrue to say that he accepted it 
 under compulsion. The queen probably regarded it as the 
 least of many evils, and we cannot be surprised that Lord 
 Gower found on Sept. 1 that " her deportment and appearance 
 discovered a mind suffering under affliction not easily subdued." 
 The constitution was accepted on Sept. 14, and "the king 
 upon his passage was very much applauded by the people" 
 (Sept. 14). 
 
 With the acceptance of the constitution the first revolution 
 is at an end. The terrible events which followed were produced 
 by new forces and by different combinations. The commune 
 of Paris now steps into the place of the bourgeoisie. The 
 commune had shewn itself in the destruction of the Bastille, 
 and in the riots of October 5. It had asserted itself still more 
 definitely on the second anniversary of the fall of the Bastille, 
 and had on that day been crushed by the bourgeoisie with the help 
 of military force. It found spokesmen in the republican faction 
 of the Jacobin club, an organization of the most powerful 
 character, whiclj dominated the Assembly by its debates, and had
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXV 
 
 its ramifications throughout the whole of France. The com- 
 mune and the Jacobins were only too powerfully supported by 
 the new legislative Assembly which met for the first time on 
 October 1, 1791. Lord Gower remarks (Sept. 16) that more 
 than half the next Assembly will be composed of country 
 attorneys " and that not only the nobility but the commercial 
 interest will be very much excluded," " the members of most 
 note who are already chosen for the next legislature are not of 
 that sort which care to argue favourably for it." The cries of 
 Vive le Roi which greeted the king as he returned from 
 closing the ConstituaDte on Sept. 30 were the last which met 
 his ear. 
 
 The ill-feeling of the Legislative towards the king was 
 shewn at once. They changed the Roi de France into the 
 Roi des Frangais and suppressed the titles of sire and majeste, 
 they gave the king an arm-chair similar to that of their 
 president, "It shewed," as Lord Gow r er says, "an absurd disposi- 
 tion to quarrel with the king about trifles while he, on the other 
 hand, has shewn a decided intention not to quarrel with them if 
 he can possibly avoid it." Their differences now assumed a 
 more serious character. The new constitution could not be a 
 guarantee of permanent peace until it was accepted by foreign 
 powers, nor were they likely to accept it if the emigres and es- 
 pecially the Princes stood aloof. The King of England recognized 
 the new constitution at once, and so did Holland, then under 
 English influence (Oct. 14), but the King of Spain appeared to 
 doubt whether the French king was really free either morally 
 or physically, and the King of Sweden refused to acknowledge 
 the new constitution (October 31). Prussia was in a difficulty 
 — her relations to England demanded the recognition of the 
 constitution, but her engagements with the Empire held her 
 back. The Emperor accepted the constitution in November, 
 and Sweden gave way at last. 
 
 The emigre's still remained irreconcilable; under the in- 
 fluence of Calonne they determined to regard the king as 
 
 G. C. c
 
 xxvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 virtually deposed, and to raise the Comte de Provence to 
 the post of regent of the kingdom. In answer to this the 
 Comte was ordered to return to France within two months 
 under penalty of losing his right to the succession. Further the 
 Assembly decreed any emigrants remaining across the frontier 
 after January 1, 1792, should be declared guilty of conspiracy 
 and should suffer the penalty of death. The king urged every 
 argument to induce his brother to return, but he could not give 
 his sanction to a decree which treated so many of his devoted 
 friends with unreasonable harshness. Using the right given 
 him by the constitution he refused his consent — " the measure 
 of refusing that decree was generally approved : the democratic 
 party rejoice at it as it tends to prove the king's freedom." 
 (Nov. 18). This was only true of the moderate democrats. 
 How precarious the king's freedom was felt by Lord Gower 
 when he tells us that the king was prevented from passing from 
 one wing of the Tuilleries to the other to pay a visit to his 
 sister (ib.). 
 
 Another difficulty ai'ose with regard to the non-juring priests. 
 Gower tells us (Oct. 28) that there are complaints of their 
 manoeuvres and machinations, and (Nov. 11) that they are 
 creating disturbances in every part of the kingdom, more 
 particularly at Caen, where they are in a state of civil war, and 
 blood has been spilt on both sides. A week later (Nov. 18) we 
 hear that the Assembly has decreed that these priests are to 
 take the serment civique, and that those who refuse it are to be 
 deprived of their pensions. The king was in a great difficulty. 
 "The court exists in a miserable suspense between its jealousy 
 of the emigrants and its dread of the Jacobins" (Dec. 2). At 
 last the king determines to withhold his consent. He is 
 encouraged to take this step by a decree of the department of 
 Paris drawn up by Talleyrand (Dec. 5). 
 
 These two circumstances brought into strong light the 
 antagonism between the two divisions of the Parisian populace, 
 the bourgeoisie and the commune, the directory and the sections.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXV11 
 
 A civil war was ready to break out the moment the emigres and 
 their foreign allies crossed the frontier. It is difficult to follow 
 the exact policy of the king and queen with regard to the 
 German powers. The king, although refusing to hurl a decree 
 of excommunication against the emigre's, was ready to take 
 vigorous measures for the defence of the frontier against the 
 German armies. The queen, though she dreaded the invasion 
 of France by foreign troops, urged her brother Leopold to 
 summon a European congress for the settlement of the affairs 
 of France, and in the meantime to maintain a powerful army on 
 the French borders which might be useful in time of need. 
 Although the war party in Paris was ready to run the risk of 
 war with Prussia or Austria, they were anxious to keep peace 
 with England. The best diplomatist they had, M. Talleyrand- 
 Perigord, was sent to the court of St James (Jan. 20, 1792). He 
 could not appear in a public character as he had been a member 
 of the Constituante, and a self-denying ordinance prevented any 
 such from taking office under the new government. The Due 
 de Biron was first thought of as his ostensible chief, but 
 Mr de Chauvelin was substituted at a later period. The 
 ultimatum which eventually brought about the war was the 
 work of Brissot and the Girondists. Lord Gower tells us that 
 those of the Jacobins who followed Robespierre wished to avoid 
 war by negotiation (ib.). If this is true it is contrary to the 
 received view. Lord Gower 's second despatch of Jan. 20 shews 
 the antagonism existing between Delessart and Narbonne, a 
 circumstance which eventually broke the ministry in pieces. 
 On Jan. 27 we hear of the momentous sitting of Jan. 25, in 
 which a categorical answer of peace or war was demanded 
 before March 1. It is probable that even then the majority of 
 the Assembly did not desire war, but they were led by the 
 eloquence of the Girondists to take steps which could lead to no 
 other conclusion. The difference of opinion between the parties 
 as to peace and war was connected with a similar division as to 
 the powers of the king. The constitution gave the sovereign 
 
 c2
 
 XXviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the prerogative of war and peace, but the Jacobins could not 
 believe that the king would ever declare war. They also 
 suspected, with some truth, that the queen was in active 
 correspondence with Austria. Suspicion began to be rife of a new 
 evasion, and an instance of this is mentioned on Feb. 3, when 
 Lord Gower relates that a secretaire made for the King of Naples 
 was searched on being carried out of the palace, lest the king 
 should be concealed in it. On Feb. 10 we hear of the 
 manufacture of pikes in the Faubourg St Antoine, arms which 
 were to be used with fatal effect on June 20 and August 10. 
 The king felt himself so weak that he was obliged to give his 
 consent to the decree which confiscated the property of refractory 
 
 Emigres. 
 
 On Feb. 27 Kaunitz sent to the French government a solemn 
 despatch technically called an "office" which was intended to 
 be favourable to peace. It represented the views of the 
 Emperor as in harmony with those of the majority of the 
 French nation, but it abused the Jacobins in no measured 
 terms as the common enemies of Europe and of France. The 
 publication of this letter produced the worst effect. Lord 
 Gower says (March 2) "It remains to be seen whether the 
 Emperor's naming the Jacobins, and marking them out as the 
 cause of his continuing to arm will tend to diminish their 
 numbers." On March 10 the news arrived in Paris of the 
 sudden death of the Emperor Leopold II. The same despatch 
 notified the dismissal of Narbonne whose opinions were too 
 extreme for him to work harmoniously with his colleagues, and 
 also the violent attack of Brissot upon Delessart which Narbonne 
 does not seem to have anticipated. War was now certain. It 
 had been brought about by a number of converging events, none 
 of them alone sufficient to cause it. The ill-judged ultimatum 
 of Louis XVI., the imprudent "office" of Kaunitz, the sudden 
 death of Leopold II., who had restored quiet to Europe, and 
 lastly the unexpected break up of a moderate ministry gradually 
 made peace impossible. In anticipation of the conflict a treaty
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXIX 
 
 of alliance between Austria and Prussia had been signed on 
 Feb. 7. 
 
 A despatch of March 16 gives a list of the new ministry, 
 as far as they are known. A week later we hear of the close 
 relations between Lafayette and Dumouriez, and of the 
 adhesion of Robespierre to the views of the new ministry. In 
 view of the seriousness of the situation the red Phrygian cap is 
 discontinued and the tricolour cockade is considered sufficient. 
 The plan of the new ministry was believed by the court to be to 
 separate the king and queen in order that she might be tried 
 for corresponding with Austria, to suspend the king from his 
 functions, and to make a simultaneous attack on Sardinia and 
 Germany. Kaunitz was informed by Breteuil that nothing 
 could save the monarchy but an immediate attack on the 
 Rhine. On March 30 Lord Gower believes war to be inevitable. 
 A new despatch of Kaunitz has been read to the Assembly 
 which excites great indignation, as it seems to cast a doubt on 
 the right of France to choose her own internal government. 
 Talleyrand has sometime before returned from his first mission 
 to England. He is now to go again with Chauvelin as his 
 chief. Lord Gower remarks (April 6) that both Talleyrand and 
 Chauvelin are intimate friends of Narbonne, and that it is 
 remarkable that they have both consented to serve under a 
 Jacobin ministry although neither of them is decidedly a 
 Jacobin. It says much for Talleyrand's versatility and ability 
 that he was chosen both by Delessart and Dumouriez as the 
 most safe mediator in a difficult negotiation. The circumstances 
 related on April 11 amply justify Lord Gower in the opinion 
 that "it is evident that the ministry here have a most earnest 
 desire to be upon the best possible terms with England." Two 
 days later he reports that Paris has in the previous week 
 enjoyed more quiet than in any week since the Revolution, but 
 that it has the appearance of the sort of calm which portends a 
 storm. Indeed the very next despatch (April 20) states that 
 the king had been to the Assembly to propose the declaration of
 
 XXX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 war in form against the King of Hungary and Bohemia. The 
 king is believed to have done this with a light heart, for if the 
 allies won he would regain his power, and if the French were 
 victorious he would be popular as the author of the war. 
 
 The proposition of the king was adopted by the Assembly 
 almost unanimously, indeed there were only seven votes 
 against it. The Assembly knew that in attacking Austria they 
 would also have to fight with Prussia, but they believed that, 
 if England were neutral, France could cope with the rest of 
 Europe united. Indeed Sweden could do nothing, Spain had 
 no decided resolution, Sardinia was weak, and Russia was too 
 selfish to risk much in such an enterprise. Austria and Prussia 
 were hindered by conflicting rivalry. Besides the Girondists 
 said that the war might cost a few thousand lives, but it would 
 spread freedom all over the world. The object of the French 
 was to conquer the Netherlands ; by this they would avenge 
 themselves upon Austria and enhance the consideration of France 
 in Europe. Dumouriez knew that the demolition of the barrier 
 fortresses by Joseph II. had left Flanders unprotected on the 
 French side. He lost no time, but pushed his troops across the 
 frontier on April 29. 
 
 The first reverses of the French are described in the 
 despatch of May 4, the murder of Dillon at Lille and the 
 repulse of Biron at Mons. This was attributed by the Jacobins 
 to the treachery of aristocratic officers; many of them resign 
 their commands (May 11) and Servan becomes minister of war 
 (ib.). The representatives of Prussia and Russia suddenly 
 leave the French capital (May 18). On May 25 mention is 
 made of the " Austrian Committee " supposed to be sitting in 
 Paris to assist the plans of the invaders. As the danger 
 approaches the National Assembly, the governing bodies of the 
 department of the Seine, of the municipality of Paris, and the 
 Jacobin club determine to sit in permanence (June 1). The 
 king's guard is disbanded, the care of the Royal family is com- 
 mitted to the National Guard and the Swiss (ib.). The real
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXXI 
 
 significance of Servan's plan for collecting a democratic force 
 round Paris is so little perceived that it is merely treated as a 
 means of increasing the army, the " miserable state " of which 
 'exceeds our belief" (ib.). However, by the next week the mischief 
 of the measure becomes apparent, and a design is hinted at of 
 conveying the king and the Assembly to the banks of the Loire 
 where they would be further away from the influence of foreign 
 armies. 
 
 The decree of the Assembly to collect men from all the 
 cantons of France was opposed by the National Guard and by 
 Lafayette and was vetoed by the king. Roland and his wife 
 wrote a violent letter of remonstrance to the king, but as he 
 was supported by Dumouriez he was able to dismiss Roland 
 Servan and Claviere (June 15). Dumouriez remained, but had 
 for some time been wavering between a civil and a military 
 employment (June 8). Lord Gower thinks that this change of 
 ministry "may tend in some measure to unite the Jacobins" 
 but " may ultimately prove their destruction." That it did at 
 least for a time "unite the Jacobins" is shewn by Dumouriez's 
 resignation (June 18), which is attributed (June 22) to the 
 impossibility of carrying on the government in the face of the 
 unpopularity produced by the king's veto. 
 
 Lord Gower's report of the attack on the Tuilleries on June 20 
 is interesting. The account of the king's firmness and courage is 
 confirmed. The circumstance of his having applied the hand of a 
 grenadier to his heart, saying " feel here if there be any signs of 
 fear" is perfectly true. His sister Elizabeth stood by his side 
 during the whole evening (June 29), a fact not generally noticed. 
 The responsibility of the outrage is rightly laid to the charge of 
 Pe'thion. Lafayette highly disapproved of the scenes of June 
 20 and wrote a remonstrance to the Assembly; Lord Gower 
 thinks that he has "crossed the Rubicon" (June 22). This 
 disapproval was echoed by many departments of the North. 
 Lord Gower thinks that monarchical and antimonarchical France 
 may be considered as divided by the river Loire.
 
 XXX11 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In his despatch of July 6 Lord Gower forecasts the events 
 which were now imminent, the departure of the king, the 
 substitution of an aggressive republic for a constitutional 
 monarchy. The king, he says, expects the event with courage, 
 but the ministers have no fixed plan. The federes invited to 
 the fete of July 14 are beginning to arrive from all quarters, 
 from Marseilles, from Bordeaux, from Brest. " Their stay in 
 Paris is indeed to be of short duration, but it will be long enough 
 to answer any sinister purpose." It is evident that the 
 ambassador fully understands the personal danger to which the 
 king and his friends were exposed. There were at this time two 
 chief parties struggling for power, the Girondists whom Lord 
 Gower generally calls Feuillants, who wished to preserve the 
 forms of the constitution but at the same time to deprive the 
 king of all authority, and to make him merely the expression 
 of the national will ; and the Jacobins who maintained the 
 sovereignty of the people without reference to the constitution 
 and who wished to establish a republic. The Assembly was 
 controlled by a committee of twelve, composed of Girondists. The 
 Sections of Paris, the federes and the extreme Jacobins were 
 guided by another committee in which the leading power was 
 Robespierre. The declaration that the country was in danger 
 (July 13), taken from Roman models, seemed to suspend for the 
 time all regular and constitutional authorities. The federes 
 arrive gradually (ib.), their number is not so great as was 
 expected, but the Jacobins contrive to get hold of them as they 
 come. The king naturally wishes to leave Paris, Lord Gower 
 hopes (July 20) that he may be able to retire to Rouen, where 
 he will be safe in the heart of Normandy. The ministers do 
 not approve of this and tender their resignations, but they are 
 not accepted (July 13). The Jacobins get rid of three regiments 
 of regular troops in order to leave an open field for the operations 
 of the federes (July 20). They attempt to do the same with the 
 Swiss Guards, but they cannot effect it. By this time the 
 number of federes in Paris has reached three thousand.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXX111 
 
 Towards the close of July matters become more serious. 
 The king refuses to leave Paris (July 27), but it is doubtful 
 whether he could have done so had he attempted it ; a part of 
 the garden of the Tuileries is thrown open to the public ; on 
 July 26 the federes of Brest at the moment of their arrival proceed 
 to march with a cannon to the Tuileries, and are only dissuaded 
 by the eloquence of Pethion and Santerre. Still worse is the 
 character of the five hundred federes from Marseilles (August 3), 
 the body of men in whose honour the Marseillaise was composed 
 by Rouget de L'Isle. It is hoped that they may leave immedi- 
 ately for the camp at Soissons, which already contains nine 
 thousand men. 
 
 The acuteness of the crisis between the rival parties in 
 Paris, and the bitterness of both of them against the king, 
 is generally attributed by historians, especially by Ranke, to 
 the ill-advised manifesto of the Duke of Brunswick. It is 
 therefore noticeable that Lord Gower does not mention it till 
 August 3, and then says that it has produced very little 
 reaction in Paris. " The aristocrats are dissatisfied with it, and 
 the democrats affect to despise it." In the same letter we hear 
 that the forty-eight sections of Paris have asked for the 
 king's restitution and that the petition has been presented by 
 the Mayor and Common Council of Paris. On the following 
 day Lord Gower asks how 7 he is to act. He sees that the 
 monarchy to which he is accredited is tottering to its fall, and 
 that the personal danger of the queen is greater than that of 
 the king. Is he to join the other powers in taking any 
 decisive step. 
 
 The great event of August 10 is narrated briefly in the 
 next despatch (August 12). The king with the Royal family 
 left the palace at ten o'clock, not at eight according to the 
 received account, and took refuge in the National Assembly 
 " in a room adjoining to which they have continued ever since." 
 The Assembly declared itself permanent, it decreed the with- 
 drawal of executive power from the king, the dismissal of the
 
 XXXIV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 present ministers, and the summoning of a national convention 
 to draw up a new constitution. Servan, Claviere and Roland 
 are recalled, Danton, Lebrun and Monge become ministers. 
 
 As soon as the news of these events reached England Lord 
 Gower was recalled. The sovereign to whom he was accredited 
 had ceased to reign, and to have given him or any other envoy 
 letters of credence to the Provisional Government would have 
 been to depart from the position of strict neutrality which 
 Eno-land had determined to observe. However in the feverish 
 state of public feeling it was not easy for the ambassador of an 
 aristocratic power to leave Paris. Lord Gower asks for his 
 passports, but does not receive them immediately. Pisani the 
 Venetian ambassador is stopped by the mob as he is leaving for 
 England, and only escapes after a strict examination of his 
 papers. Lord Gower is able at last to set out for England 
 on Tuesday, August 21. He leaves Mr Lindsay behind him as 
 charge d'affaires, who stays long enough to see something of the 
 September massacres. 
 
 Mr Lindsay's letters are in some respects fuller than Lord 
 Gower's, partly because Lord Gower was a man of few words 
 and partly because the journals of the capital no longer described 
 occurrences with so much minuteness. He writes (August 27), 
 that the recall of the ambassador is not considered as a 
 hostile movement, that the town is comparatively quiet after 
 the late events, and that although the ministers form a 
 provisional executive government, yet the real power lay in the 
 hands of the commune and the new municipality. He relates 
 the house to house search for suspects, the imprisonment of 
 aristocrats, the approaching trial of the queen, and the election 
 of the convention. There seemed to be no fear of the Duke of 
 Brunswick, " the ablest general in the world ; " if he reached 
 Paris the convention would retire to the south. The allied 
 armies crossed the frontiers on August 10, Sierck was taken on 
 August 11, and Longwy surrendered with only a shew of 
 resistance, the heights of Verdun were reached on August 30.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXXV 
 
 In the scarcity of muskets Danton obtained leave " to search 
 every private house in the kingdom and seize upon all arms, 
 horses, waggons, and in general upon whatever property he 
 judged in the present exigence useful to the public service" 
 (August 29). The French are determined to meet invasion by 
 invasion. Dumouriez is to march upon Bruxelles, Montes- 
 quiou into Savoy (ib.). Lindsay reckons the aristocrats in 
 France as not more than 50,000 (ib.). On August 30 we are 
 told that the Assembly and the municipality are at variance, 
 and that the Jacobins have quarrelled amongst themselves ; 
 indeed the Assembly is already in a kind of imprisonment 
 (ib.). Indeed this difference which broke into open quarrel 
 (ib.) is the reason why Lindsay could not leave Paris, as 
 no passport of the Assembly would be valid unless it were 
 approved of by the commune. Lord Kerry and many other 
 English are in the same position (Sept. 2). We feel very 
 vividly the terror which brought about the September mas- 
 sacres, when Lindsay tells us on that day that as he writes 
 the alarm guns are firing, the tocsin is ringing, and drums are 
 beating to arms all over the town. A courier has brought the 
 news that the Prussians are near Chalons, but Lindsay believes 
 they must be much nearer. The next letter (Sept. 3) gives an 
 account of the massacres themselves, but a far more graphic 
 description is to be found in the letter of the spy Colonel Monro, 
 who watched the slaughter with his own eyes for two hours 
 on Monday evening. 
 
 Col. Monro's letters are extremely interesting, and they are 
 the fuller because no public journals were likely to narrate the 
 events which he describes. The Revolution has passed entirely 
 from the domain of discussion and veiled legality to that of 
 tumultuous action. It will only be necessarjr to emphasize 
 a few matters which might be overlooked, or which differ 
 materially from the view generally received. On Sept. 15 Monro 
 expresses his belief that if a Prussian army were to appear 
 before Paris quiet or concealed citizens who want peace, and
 
 wxvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 a vast number of people who are adverse to Jacobin principles 
 would readily declare themselves for the king (p. 231). He 
 reckons the number killed in the massacres at seven thousand 
 (p. 232), and believes that the murders if not set agoing by 
 some one were at least never intended to be stopped (p. 233). 
 The army is concentrating near Chalons (p. 233), the Parisians 
 are making preparations to resist a siege, they are turning their 
 iron pots into cannon balls, and leaden coffins into bullets 
 (p. 234). The Marseillais to the number of four hundred 
 remain in the capital. Monro believes that they are " Genoese 
 assassins hired for the purpose" (p. 237). A poor man happening 
 to say in the Palace Royal that soldiers were being sent to the 
 army to be butchered was immediately killed (ib.). Not half 
 the soldiers who stream to Chalons are either armed or clothed 
 (p. 238). The king's body servant was imprisoned for singing 
 Gretry's air Richard o rnon roi. 
 
 Monro tells us that the Assembly placard the streets with 
 printed defences of their conduct (p. 242), and that even 
 Roland the minister has taken this means of replying to 
 Marat (p. 244). Marat is described as "a violent man laying 
 himself out for what party he shall find best" (ib.). The 
 "blackguards of Paris" begin to stop people publicly in the 
 streets and take their Avatches and bracelets from them 
 (p. 24G). Monro never moves out but with pistols in his pockets 
 (p. 247). It is probable that if the allies could have marched 
 straight upon Paris they would have crushed opposition. The 
 Duke of Orleans passes part of every day at Paris and goes 
 to the country in the evening, the only aristocrat who is secure 
 (p. 249). The Garde Meuble in which the regalia of France 
 are kept is robbed and the large crown diamond is stolen. This 
 appeared to inspire the police with new activity (p. 251). Marat 
 again posts his handbills abusing the Assembly and the ministers 
 (ib.). The convention meets and abolishes every shew of royalty. 
 Tom Payne makes a speech through an interpreter (p. 253). 
 The first news of Valmy is regarded as a defeat (p. 254). This
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXXV11 
 
 was not far from the truth, as the position was occupied by the 
 Prussians on the following day. The general belief is that the 
 allies will continue their march on Paris. 
 
 The king's trial is now at hand, but it is remarkable that not- 
 withstanding the rigour with which they were treated the Royal 
 family are always said to be in excellent health. On Dec. 17 
 Monro gives an account of an English society of friends of the 
 Revolution who meet in Paris and who received a " brotherly 
 kiss" from the sections. Few however of the society or of the 
 sections met to exchange it. On Dec. 26 he sees Louis XVI. 
 appear at the bar of the convention. He was driven from the 
 temple to the convention as fast as possible, in about ten minutes 
 (p. 2G7). "He appeared to me perfectly composed and in good 
 health: his appearance and address had a very good effect upon 
 the people." After his retirement a stormy scene took place in 
 which the President was threatened with clenched fists. The 
 corner of every street is papered with notices announcing the 
 approaching sale of the remaining property of the emigres. 
 
 On Jan. 7 Monro gives it as his opinion that France is in no 
 state to go to war with England, and that if such a war were to 
 take place it would ruin France and the constitution (p. 273). 
 There can be no doubt that the belief that the war with France 
 would be a short one had much effect in overcoming Pitt's re- 
 luctance to undertake it. Also the French fleet is described as 
 totally without officers, sailors, or discipline (p. 27G). On Jan. 13 
 Robespierre and the sections are not strong enough to prevent 
 a piece in favour of the King called L'Ami des Lois being 
 performed at the Comedie Francaise (p. 278), yet in this very letter 
 Monro has to announce that the king is condemned to death 
 (p. 280). This was a great surprise. " Few," he says, "of the 
 members who went to the National Convention on Thursday 
 morning with a positive resolution voted as they intended" (p. 280); 
 they were intimidated by the mob, or influenced by some desire 
 to defy England and Spain. Monro says " I cannot express the 
 horror that was painted even in the countenance of every
 
 xxxviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 individual in the National Convention, where the very worst of 
 the worst of mankind are assembled, when Egalite gave his vote 
 for the death of his king and relation." Yet when Monro left 
 Paris immediately afterwards "there were some thousands of 
 armed men parading in different parts of the city ready to 
 commit any sort of riot, and threatening destruction should the 
 king not be put to death." Monro reached London on Jan. 21, 
 the very day of the king's execution. When the news of it 
 was received by ministers Chauvelin was immediately dismissed 
 the country, and on Feb. 1 the French government declared war 
 against England and Holland. From that time Paris became a 
 closed city. No authentic information of what passed within its 
 walls reached England for a year, when Lord Elgin was able to 
 send to Lord Grenville the most valuable papers, which are 
 printed in Appendix I. and which deserve the close attention of 
 every historian.
 
 DESPATCHES, ETC.
 
 DESPATCHES. 
 
 Draft of Instructions for Earl Gower. 
 
 Instructions for our right trusty and well-beloved councillor 
 George Granville Leveson Gower, Esq re ., commonly called Earl 
 Gower, whom we have appointed our Ambassador Extraordinary 
 and Plenipotentiary to our good brother the most Christian 
 King. Given at our Court at St. James's the 7th 
 1700, in the Thirtieth year of our reign. 
 
 1. Upon the receipt of these our instructions and your 
 letter of credence, you are to repair to Dover where you are to 
 embark for Calais, from whence you are to proceed with all 
 convenient speed to Versailles or to such other place as our 
 good brother, the most Christian King shall keep his Court, of 
 whom you shall ask an audience in our name, when having 
 delivered your credentials you shall assure him of the esteem 
 and value we have for his person, and of our sincere desire 
 to cultivate the most perfect good correspondence between us 
 and our said good brother, and our respective dominions. 
 
 2. You shall in like manner deliver our letter of credence 
 to the most Christian Queen, accompanying the same with like 
 expressions of our esteem and friendship for her. 
 
 3. You are likewise to make suitable compliments in our 
 name to the princes of the blood, according to the stile and 
 practice of that Court, taking care at your audiences, and all 
 other occasions, to maintain our dignity, and that you be treated 
 with all the honours and respects that are given to Ambassadors 
 from Spain and other crowned heads. 
 
 G. C. 1
 
 2 June, 1790. 
 
 4. Whereas our royal predecessor, King Charles the second, 
 did by his order in council bearing date the 26th day of August, 
 1068, direct that his Ambassadors should not for the future give 
 the hand, in their own houses, to envoys, according to what is 
 practised by the Ambassadors of other princes ; you are there- 
 fore, in pursuance of the said order in council, to observe the 
 ceremonial therein prescribed, and to take the hand of envoys, 
 in your own house. 
 
 5. If you should learn that any of our subjects are kept in 
 confinement, on account of their religion, you are to press the 
 Court of France very earnestly, in our name, that all such 
 unfortunate persons, who suffer for a conscientious adherence to 
 their religion, may be set at liberty. 
 
 6. You shall carefully observe the motions and intentions 
 of that Court with respect to us and our dominions, as well as 
 any of their neighbours ; you shall observe their inclinations in 
 relation to the present state of affairs abroad ; whether they are 
 entering into any leagues or engagements with other princes, 
 especially such as may be prejudicial to the publick peace. 
 
 7. You shall use your utmost endeavours to discover what 
 plans or secret designs the Court of France may have formed, or 
 may be forming in the East Indies ; what number of ships of 
 war or land forces may have been sent from the different ports 
 of France to the East Indies since the cessation of hostilities, 
 what ships or land forces may be preparing to be sent thither. 
 And also whether any, and what orders have been sent to the 
 commanders of their forces at their several settlements in that 
 part of the world. 
 
 8. You will make it an object of your very particular 
 attention to discover whether any treaties are either in agitation, 
 or, actually entered into between France and any other European 
 state, and in case such treaties should actually exist, or be only 
 under consideration, you will take every measure in your power 
 to be informed of the nature and extent of such treaty, or, 
 treaties, and to procure and transmit to me correct copies 
 thereof.
 
 INSTRUCTIONS TO LORD GOWER. 3 
 
 D. And it will likewise be an object well worthy of your 
 most serious attention to discover whether any foreign ships of 
 war are actually in any of the ports of France, and in case such 
 ships should be in the ports of the said kingdom, to ascertain as 
 far as possible the number, force and destination of them 
 respectively. 
 
 10. You shall protect and countenance our merchants 
 trading to any of the territories belonging to France, and use 
 your best endeavours to secure to them the full enjoyment 
 of all those privileges and immunities which are stipulated by 
 the several treaties now subsisting between the two Crowns — 
 and particularly by the Treaty of Commerce concluded at 
 Versailles the 15th of January, 1787, and to obtain relief for 
 them on any just complaint they shall make to you. 
 
 11. You shall constantly correspond with our several 
 ministers employed in foreign Courts during your residence 
 at that of France, for your mutual information and assistance ; 
 but you are on no account to correspond with your private 
 friends on publick affairs. 
 
 12. You will in general be extremely attentive in making 
 yourself master of the interior state of the Court of France, in 
 studying the passions and interests of the Princes of the Blood, 
 and other great persons of both sexes, who are in anywise 
 honoured with the friendship and confidence of their most 
 Christian Majesties, and in making the closest enquiries possible 
 into the dispositions and characters of the ministers of state, 
 not only with regard to their pacifick or warlike inclinations, 
 but to their particular connections with one another, their 
 views, their abilities, their power, and the degree of influence 
 each has, or may have, with their most Christian Majesties. 
 
 13. As it must ever be essentially necessary to our service 
 at all times to be as accurately informed as possible of the 
 interior state of France, you will not fail to pay the strictest 
 attention to the proceedings of the National Assembly now 
 sitting at Paris, and of any other assembly of the states or 
 notables of the kingdom, which may hereafter be convened, 
 
 1—2
 
 4- june, 1790. 
 
 during your mission. You will use your endeavours to obtain 
 an accurate knowledge of the characters and views of the 
 persons who may have the lead in those assemblies, and of the 
 factions which may prevail therein, and you will regularly 
 transmit to our aforesaid Secretary of State all such accounts 
 upon this subject as may appear to you to be interesting for our 
 information. 
 
 14. On your arrival at Paris, you will receive from our 
 minister there, the whole of his correspondence and such of our 
 late ambassadors and ministers there, as may be in his posses- 
 sion, and you are to consider the instructions contained therein, 
 as the rule of your conduct, as far as the present circumstances 
 will admit, and you shall also at the expiration of your mission, 
 either deliver to your successor, or transmit to the office of our 
 aforesaid Secretary of State, the originals of the official papers 
 in your custody and your official correspondence. 
 
 15. Of all matters you shall be informed of during your 
 stay at the Court of France, which may be of consequence and 
 worthy our knowledge, you shall constantly give an account to 
 us by our principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, from 
 whom you will receive such further instructions and directions 
 as we shall think fit to send you, which you are to observe 
 accordingly.
 
 DISTURBANCES AT NIMES. 
 
 Paris, June 21st, 1790 *. 
 
 Yesterday I had my audiences of their Most Christian 
 Majesties and of the rest of the Royal Family now at Paris 2 . 
 I have delivered the Duke of Dorset's Letters of Recall and 
 my credentials, which were most graciously received. 
 ***** 
 
 Paris, June 25th, 1790 s . 
 
 Upon some disturbances happening at Nimes on the 4th 
 of this month, patroles were established, in which a party of 
 dragoons and the Regiment de Guyenne were employed. 
 The next day the municipality, not well affected to the 
 Revolution, having heretofore worn white cockades but now 
 mounting the military red tufts in their hats, insisted on 
 forming the patrole themselves and referred the question to 
 the commissioners appointed by the King for the formation 
 of the Departement du Gard, who gave their opinion against 
 them ; but, notwithstanding this, the municipality took upon 
 them to forbid the Regt. de Guyenne and the dragoons to 
 continue the patrole. On the 13th the municipality attacked 
 the dismounted dragoons, one of whom was killed : The citi- 
 zens united themselves with the dragoons and the disorder 
 became considerable. The King's commissioners required 
 martial law to be proclaimed and that the Regiment de 
 Guyenne should be put in motion. The proclamation was 
 made, but not till two hours afterwards and the regiment was 
 not ordered out, which occasioned the repulse of the dragoons 
 and citizens. On the 14th the municipality recommenced the 
 
 1 Lord Gower's correspondence opens on the day in which the Moniteur 
 announced that titles of nobility had been abolished by the National Assembly 
 on Saturday, June 19. 
 
 2 The Kin-,' and Royal Family removed from Versailles to Paris on 
 October G, 1789. The Comte d'Artois had left the country. 
 
 3 The account of these disturbances is given in the Moniteur of Juno 17 and 
 that of the discussion on them in the Moniteur of June 19. The disorders had 
 begun iu April and become serious at the beginning of May. The Royalists 
 were also Catholics, whereas the town was generally Protestant.
 
 G JUNE, 1790. 
 
 disorder, hiding themselves in their houses, from whence they 
 fired on the citizens and at length assembled themselves in 
 a tower, where they fortified themselves as well as they could. 
 On the 15th the Regiment de Guyenne came to this tower, 
 but made no attack, they were however fired upon from thence, 
 on which their rage was no longer to be suppressed; they 
 forced the tower and many persons were killed. The next day 
 the aggressors assembled in a convent, from whence they were 
 likewise dislodo-ed ; the killed in these different skirmishes 
 amount to about 80. 
 
 This account was given to the National Assembly by one of 
 the deputies of Nimes, who said that the city was desirous that 
 the King should testify to his commissioners his satisfaction at 
 the part they had taken in defence of its inhabitants and that 
 he should continue their powers till tranquillity was re-estab- 
 lished. After some altercation the Assembly decreed, that their 
 president should immediately wait upon the King and beg him 
 to continue powers to his commissioners and to charge them 
 expressly to maintain the public tranquillity and to divest the 
 municipality of Nimes of this part of their functions. 
 
 On Saturday last a body of men, consisting of those who 
 were the most active at the taking of the Bastille, was admitted 
 at the bar at the National Assembly when Mr le Camus read a 
 Projet de De'cret from the Committee of Pensions, which was to 
 this effect that, struck with admiration at the heroick in- 
 trepidity of the conquerors of the Bastille, the National As- 
 sembly decrees that every man of that body shall receive an 
 uniform and arms 1 : upon the barrel of their muskets and upon 
 the blades of their swords shall be inscribed — Given by the 
 
 nation to Conqueror of the Bastille, and besides other 
 
 marks of gratitude from their country, on the 14th of next 
 month (the day of the confederation) there is to be a place 
 allotted for them in the Champ de Mars where France may 
 contemplate the first conquerors of Liberty. This decree passed 
 
 1 See Moniteur June 21, 1790. A note says that the reward gave rise to the 
 idea ten years afterwards of sabres of honour, which were soon afterwards 
 replaci d by the institution of the Legion of honour. During the Convention no 
 material rewards were given, but it was only declared that a citizen had deserved 
 well of his country.
 
 DISSENSIONS IN PARIS. 7 
 
 par acclamation. The consequence however may be very 
 serious, for, I have just learnt that, the ci-devant Gardes 
 Franchises and the Troupes du Centre, in fact the whole of the 
 Milice Soldee, amounting to about 8000 men conceive that they 
 are entitled to the same honors : the conquerors of the Bastille 
 have, in consequence very handsomely waved their new honors ; 
 but the inhabitants of the Quartier and Fauxbourg St Antoine, 
 to which they belong, insist upon their maintaining their new 
 dignities. Mr de la Fayette and the Mayor 1 , who have been 
 occupied with these dissentions all yesterday and this day, 
 have sent out orders to convene the principals of the dissatisfied 
 troops in order to compromise with them. 
 
 These dissentions, my lord, become alarming in proportion 
 as the 14th approaches. The town having promised to give 
 a fete to the crowd which will be assembled from all parts 
 of France on that day, it is scarcely to be supposed that it can 
 end without some disagreeable event, occasioned by the intoxi- 
 cation of many thousand people assembled together, but I am 
 far from believing that there is any premeditated plan to create 
 fresh disturbances. The decree of the National Assembly, 
 which passed last Sunday, abolishing hereditary nobility and all 
 titles whatever that do not come under the name of Grande 
 together with the prohibition of liveries and coats of arms has 
 not met with the expected popularity. The King however has 
 given his sanction to it. The day on which it passed, the wives 
 of the Spanish and Sardinian Ambassadors were insulted, with 
 words only on account of their servants' liveries. The Corps 
 Diplomatique have in consequence complained to Mr de Mont- 
 morin and it is in agitation to have some additional mark to 
 distinguish us from the natives, such as, that our servants 
 should carry canes or wear some particular feather in their hats. 
 
 Mr Fitz-herbert's courier passed through this place yesterday 
 morning between eight and nine o'clock; the Spanish courier 
 arrived at the same time. 
 
 Yesterday the President informed the Assembly that he had 
 seen three deputies from Avignon that morning who desired to 
 be received at the bar on Saturday. After a few observations 
 
 1 Bailly.
 
 S June, 1790. 
 
 whether as petitioners their petitions should be ordered to be 
 presented and to lie on the table till they should have delibe- 
 rated on the subject, or, whether, as foreign ministers the execu- 
 tive power has the sole right to receive them, it was arrets that 
 they should be received by the Assembly on Saturday morning. 
 Mr de Mirabeau \le jeune (as he is now called, to distinguish 
 him from his brother since the abolition of titles) is expected 
 here to day or tomorrow to give an account of his conduct before 
 the National Assembly. His absurd behaviour in running off 
 with the cravates (the streamers of the colours) of his regiment 
 at Perpignan had nearly cost him his life. 
 
 Paeis, July 2, 1790. 
 
 In my last dispatch I informed your Grace that 
 jealousies were excited between the ci-devant Gardes Franchises 
 and the Corps des Vainqueurs de la Bastille. Those jealousies 
 have subsided, the latter having deputed Mr Bailly the Mayor, 
 to declare to the National Assembly that they declined all 
 marks of honor which might distinguish them from their fellow 
 citizens. 
 
 A deputation, of a different sort, has lately afforded much 
 astonishment. Les Dames de la Halle have sent deputies from 
 their body to Turin, inviting the Comte and Comtesse d'Artois 
 to Paris, in order to be present at the Federation. At Lyons 
 they were placed in the commandant's box at the play house, 
 
 1 An account of this escapade is given in the Moniteur of June 19. The 
 Vicomte de Mirabeau was colonel of the regiment of Touraine. Mirabeau 
 having gone to visit it at Perpignan lodged in the house of the Marquis 
 d'Aguylar the mayor, and the flags of the regiment were placed in the same 
 house in a room next to that occupied by Mirabeau. Mirabeau left the town at 
 five in the morning, and when the regiment came to fetch the colours at ten 
 they found them without their streamers. The mayor was seized and put into 
 prison as a hostage, and Mirabeau was himself arrested at Castelnaudary and 
 the streamers found in his luggage. Mirabeau was set at liberty by order of the 
 assembly. On June 27 he explained that he had gone to Perpignan to quell a 
 mutiny in his regiment, that he found the men in great disorder, and that he 
 carried off the streamers in order that the king might send them to some town 
 where the loyal soldiers could rally round them. Moniteur, June 29.
 
 THE PREPARATION OF THE CHAMP DE MARS. 
 
 from whence they harangued the spectators, between the acts. 
 They carry with them passports signed by Mr de Montmorin, 
 Mr de la Fayette and Mr Bailly. 
 
 The Duke of Orleans 1 has ordered a table of 300 covers for 
 the 14th and 15th, and has written to inform his friends that he 
 intends to be here before that time. It is supposed that he will 
 change his mind ; copies of certain papers, now at the Chatelet 
 having been sent to him officially, which may have that effect. 
 
 Eighteen hundred people are employed in preparing the 
 Champ de Mars which is to be disposed so as to be able to 
 contain 300,000 people, it is with great difficulty that the work- 
 men are kept in any degree of subordination. 
 
 It does not appear probable that the debate upon the 
 family compact 2 will come on soon, as it does not seem to be 
 the desire of the ministry or of the majority of the Assembly 
 that it should, as a proof however that many of the enrages 
 wish that the question should be canvassed, I send your Grace 
 enclosed No. 4 of a Journal published by the Societe de 1789. 
 That club and the Club des Jacobins are the places where most 
 subjects are debated and determined upon before they are 
 proposed in the National Assembly. La Societe' de 1790 has a 
 correspondence with people of the same way of thinking in 
 most parts of Europe. 
 
 The last dispatch that Mr de Montmorin has received from 
 Spain is dated the 22nd. The Spanish Ambassador told me 
 that from it he learns that the man who stabbed Mr de Florida 
 Blanca is a French chirurgeon ; he suspects that he was once 
 his (Mr de Fernan Nunez's) valet de chambre chirurgion : and, 
 if so, he has lived a long time in South America. 
 
 The second battalion of the Regiment de la Guadeloupe, in 
 garrison at Port Louis, in the Island of Tobago, has rebelled 
 against its officers and the town has been burnt to ashes. The 
 
 1 He was at tins time in England. 
 
 - The question of how far the Family Compact of 17<>1 between France and 
 Spain was binding upon the French monarchy under its new conditions. The 
 risk of war between England and Spain about the question of Nootka Sound 
 was avoided by the submission of Spain. Baron de Stael says under date 
 June 1, " Le comte de Montmorin parait decide a ne presenter a l'assemblee 
 Nationale l'affaire qui regarde le pacte de famille qu'apres le 14 juillet."
 
 10 July, 1790. 
 
 National Volunteers and the soldiers mutually accuse each other 
 of being the cause of this disaster. The battalion is embarked 
 on board some merchant ships in order to return to France. 
 
 In consequence of this event the Assembly has decreed that 
 their President shall desire the King to order that means of 
 subsistance and defence shall be sent to the inhabitants of 
 Tobago; who, it may be proper to remark, consist of nearly 
 twenty thousand blacks to three hundred and fifty whites. 
 
 But that island does not alone suffer from intestine broils, 
 for, in a letter from Port au Prince there is an account of an 
 insurrection of the regiment of artillery in that town against its 
 officers, and of a conspiracy being discovered among the blacks 
 of Cap Francais. 
 
 It is also reported, that they are acting the same sort of 
 scenes at Martinique. In truth it is difficult to say in what 
 part of the French dominions there are not commotions. 
 
 Paeis, Juhj 5, 1790. 
 
 I write by this day's post to inform your Grace of an 
 event that happened lately near Pont-Beauvoisin. 
 
 The Abbe Comte de Cordon, a relation of the Sardinian 
 Ambassador at this Court, in going from hence to Savoy, was 
 attacked by the populace at a small village near and on this 
 side of Pont-Beauvoisin; being, on account of his name, mis- 
 taken for the Ambassador : he was stript naked to discover 
 if he had any letters about him ; none however were found. 
 
 I must here mention that he had had one, written by 
 the Ambassador upon private business, but not knowing the 
 contents of it, he had contrived to eat it up before he was 
 seized. The populace were long in suspence whether they 
 should hang him or carry him back prisoner to Lyons, before 
 they could decide, by good luck, somebody arrived who knew 
 his person and he was allowed to proceed. On his arrival at 
 Turin a messenger was dispatched to Paris ; the Sardinian 
 Ambassador has presented a memorial from his Court and there 
 the affair rests at present.
 
 DISPUTES OP MEDITERRANEAN SAILORS. 11 
 
 When, in my last dispatch I said there were 1800 men 
 at work in the Champ de Mars, my calculation was short of the 
 real number ; at present there are almost as many thousands : 
 and yesterday, being Sunday, 5000 of the bourgeoisie worked 
 voluntarily. 
 
 Some French sailors, having seized the nets of a Neapolitan 
 fishing vessel in the port of Martigues, the Neapolitans applied 
 for redress, but, not being able to obtain it, they have seized 
 the nets of a French vessel by way of reprisals. An affair of 
 the same sort has happened at Toulon. An Algerene had taken 
 a Neapolitan vessel, which was retaken, near the port of Toulon, 
 by Neapolitan and French sailors and carried to the Lazaretto. 
 The captain demanded his ship, and upon being refused, sailed 
 for Algiers in order to lay his complaint before the Dey. In the 
 first case, the King has ordered the Amirante de Martigues 
 to proceed against the agressors and in the latter he has ordered 
 the vessel to be restored; for both these measures His Majesty 
 has received the thanks of the National Assembly. 
 
 The Marquis de Pons, his M. C. Majesty's Ambassador in 
 Sweden is going in the same capacity to the Court of Spain. 
 
 I send your Grace the Postilion par Calais of yesterday. 
 
 Paris, July 9, 1790. 
 
 In order to prevent confusion at this time when it is so 
 much to be feared, the elections for the new municipality of 
 Paris are postponed, by a decree of the National Assembly, to 
 the 25th of this month. 
 
 Mr Albert de Eioms, who is appointed to command the 
 fleet, is to be allowed to take the civic oath on the day of the 
 Confederation for himself and for the sailors under his command 
 with an intent to do away his unpopularity. When this was 
 agitated in the Assembly it was opposed by Mr Robertspierre 1 
 
 1 This spelling of the name gives some countenance to the idea that 
 Robespierre was an Englishman or an Irishman by birth, and that his real 
 name was Robert Spier. Madame Huber in her letters to Lord Auckland (MS.) 
 calls him Bob Spier.
 
 12 July, 1790. 
 
 and Mr Charles de Lameth ; the former expressed, very strongly, 
 his hopes that France would not side with Spain on the present 
 occasion. 
 
 Having in my dispatch No. 2 enclosed a paper published by 
 the Socie'te' de 1789 in favor of Spain, I think it proper to 
 inform your Grace that I believe what is there said to be far 
 from the general opinion of that society. They have since 
 published the articles of the family compact with notes to prove 
 the impossibility of maintaining that treaty with their present 
 constitution. They say that they cannot adhere to engage- 
 ments which never were just, which are incompatible with the 
 rights of man and the principles of a free constitution and 
 which render the nation dependant upon the will of one man 
 and that man a stranger. They declare such treaties between 
 Kings to be conspiracies against the people of their respective 
 countries. 
 
 I have reason to think that the preparations at Brest pro- 
 ceed extremely slowly and that they are in great want both of 
 men and ammunition : with regard to the latter, most of the 
 municipalities, through whose territories powder and other am- 
 munitions are to pass, have stopt them, and the Assembly 
 has been obliged to make a decree, by way of passport for them, 
 that of the minister not having sufficient effect. 
 
 Mr Necker on Sunday last 1 having asked for a supply of 
 45 millions of livres, the Caisse d'Escompte was ordered by the 
 National Assembly to pay that sum into the treasury in notes 
 'portant promesses d'assignats: since which time the administra- 
 tors of that bank have issued out daily notes to the amount of 
 3 millions and a half. 
 
 The National Assembly has decreed that justice shall be 
 administered in the name of the King. That the venality of 
 officers of judicature shall be abolished and that the judges shall 
 be paid by the State. They are to be elected for the term 
 of six years; at the expiration of which time they may be 
 re-elected. They cannot be dismissed except in cases of for- 
 feiture. They are to have supple'ants to supply their place, 
 
 1 Von Sybel says " the assignats fabricated in April had already been spent 
 before the end of August, and no new resources could anywhere be discovered."
 
 ASS 1 GNATS. 13 
 
 in case of death or dismission, till the expiration of the six 
 years, and assesseurs (assistants), in case of temporary dis- 
 ability. 
 
 In all matters civil and criminal, pleadings, reports and 
 judgments are to be public and every citizen is to have a right 
 to defend his own cause by speech or writing. All criminal 
 matters are to be tried by jury and the code of civil law is to be 
 immediately reformed. 
 
 The town of Grenoble has written to the Assemble Nationale 
 that a camp of 1500 men is forming in Savoy, and that the 
 Chasseurs de Royal-Corse now in garrison there have received 
 orders to quit that town ; they express their fears of the conse- 
 quence. The President has been ordered to lay the letter before 
 the King and to intreat his Majesty to quiet the fears of the 
 inhabitants of Grenoble. 
 
 The zeal shewn by the Parisiens that the circus in the 
 Champ de Mars should be finished before the 14th exceeds all 
 belief. They go in large troops, drum beating, colours flying to 
 assist the workmen. 
 
 Many people still doubt that the Duke of Orleans will ap- 
 pear on the occasion : his chancellor, Mr de la Touche read a 
 [letter] from him to the National Assembly in which he says 
 that if they decide qu'il n'y a pas lieu a deliberer he will 
 certainly assist at the fete. They did not do that but called 
 for the order of the day; how his Serene Highness will under- 
 stand that proceeding remains to be known. I enclose the 
 Expose de la Conduite de Mr le Due d'Orleans. 
 
 Paius, July 15, 1700. 
 
 The ceremony of the Confederation was performed 
 yesterday without the least disturbance : I have not heard that 
 a single accident has happened. I shall send the particulars to 
 your Grace by the courier.
 
 14 July, 1790. 
 
 Paeis, July 16, 1790. 
 
 The ceremony of the fourteenth was conducted with 
 astonishing regularity. An event however had nearly happened 
 which would have impeded it and might have been the cause of 
 many peoples' death. The temporary wooden bridge over the 
 Seine gave way in one place: the rest however remained suf- 
 ficiently firm to allow the procession to pass over it. The oath 
 taken by his Majesty was this: 
 
 I, King of the French, swear to the Nation to employ all the 
 power delegated to me by the constitutional law of the State to 
 maintain the constitution decreed by the National Assembly 
 and accepted by me, and to cause the laws to be executed. 
 
 The Duke of Orleans, whose arrival last Sunday made little 
 impression, was the only one of the Koyal Family present who 
 did not meet with applause, he finds himself not applauded by 
 the people, and treated with insult by the nobility. 
 
 The National Assembly has ordered the following Projet de 
 Decret from the Comite Militaire to be printed. 
 
 Art le . 1 st . The army shall consist of 204,619 soldiers or 
 officers, of which 150,953 en activite, and 50,000 sedentaires 
 dans les departemens: the proportion of foreign troops in time of 
 peace, including the Swiss, to be as one to eight and three-fifths. 
 
 Art le . 2 nd . The proportion of the infantry to the rest of the 
 army as three and one-third to four. The cavalry as one to 
 five and a fifth. 
 
 Art le . 3 rd . The French army in time of war, by the addition 
 of foreign troops shall consist of 233,730 men. The proportion 
 of the infantry to the rest of the army will then be as five and a 
 half to seven, the cavalry as one to five and a third. The 
 artillery and engineers as one to sixteen seven-ninths. 
 
 Art le . 4 th . The proportion of officers to soldiers in the in- 
 fantry in time of war as one to twenty-eight one-third, in the 
 cavalry and dragoons as one to eighteen, in the light troops as 
 one to twenty, in the artillery and engineers as one to ten and 
 one-third. 
 
 It is the intention of the Committee of Pensions to reduce 
 their amount from 58 millions per annum to 18 millions.
 
 FETE IN THE CHAMP DE MARS. 15 
 
 Letters from many of the seaport towns in Spain mention 
 that orders have been received from government to allow the 
 merchant ships which had been detained in the several ports to 
 proceed to the places of their destination. 
 
 I am to acquaint your Grace that the Prince of Monaco has 
 desired me to convey to their Majesties in the most respectful 
 manner, his wishes for their prosperity and happiness. 
 
 Paris, July 16, 1790. 
 
 On Sunday last the Spanish Ambassador informed me 
 and the rest of the foreign ministers that he had seen Mr de 
 Montmorin the preceding day, who told him that Mr de Bailly, 
 the mayor of Paris, had signified to him his intention to write 
 to the foreign ministers informing them that there would be 
 a covered gallery prepared for them on the fourteenth. It was 
 the general opinion that this was not a sufficiently formal 
 invitation. I therefore agreed with the rest to return politeness 
 for politeness ; that we should leave our names in person at 
 Mr de Bailly's door but not to assist at the ceremony. On 
 Monday night, Mr de Segneville, secretaire a la conduite des 
 Ambassadeurs, wrote to us that he was that moment ordered by 
 Mr de Montmorin de nous preVenir, au nom de la municipalite 
 et de l'Assemble'e federative que Messieurs les Ambassadeurs et 
 Ministres Etrangers ainsi que les Etrangers qui les accom- 
 pagneront, auront a, la ceremonie du pacte federatif des places 
 reserve'es dans la gallerie couverte ou seront place's le Roi et 
 l'Assemblee Nationale. 
 
 In consequence of this I waited, on Tuesday morning on the 
 Swedish Ambassador 1 , whose opinion I judged to be the same 
 as mine, and I found that I was not mistaken; he agreeing with 
 me that this formal notification from the municipality ought to 
 
 1 Baron de Stael Holstein, husband of Madame de Stael ne'e Necker. He 
 gives an account of the same circumstance in his correspondence July 15. 
 Lord Gower's account of this transaction is more full than that of Baron do 
 Stael.
 
 16 july, 1790. 
 
 alter the determination made on Sunday, he promised to meet 
 me at the Bureau des Affaires Etrangeres, where, being Tuesday, 
 we should meet the other ministers : from thence I went to the 
 Nuntio, whose opinion I already knew to coincide with mine. 
 I found him at the Bureau des Affaires Etrangeres, not disposed 
 to support his opinion with vigour. My next step was to 
 discover Mr de Montmorin's sentiments who ingenuously enough 
 told me that his private opinion was that we should go ; but 
 being asked what he imagined the King might wish, he declined 
 giving any answer. 
 
 Upon the arrival of the Spanish and Neapolitan Ambassa- 
 dors, they shewed an inclination to maintain their former 
 resolution; upon their addressing themselves to me, I declared 
 that I was ready to conform to the determination of the rest but 
 gave my opinion for going. Upon this the Spanish Ambassador 
 took the first opportunity of desiring Mr de Montmorin, before 
 us all, to write to his Majesty requesting to know his pleasure. 
 The minister's answer was that, if we insisted upon it, lie would 
 write, but, at the same time, he could tell us beforehand the 
 answer would be that the King was indifferent and that we 
 should do what we thought proper. Mr de Fernan-Nunez with 
 much warmth, observed that this was the sort of treatment he 
 had met with during the whole of this year ; that if the King's 
 answer was to that effect the whole blame of our proceeding 
 should fall upon Mr de Montmorin. Upon this the minister 
 retired to his cabinet, wrote to the King and, without waiting 
 for the answer, ordered a letter to be written to the mayor 
 desiring a guard for every foreign minister's carriage, all car- 
 riages not so attended being forbid on the day of the ceremony. 
 His Majesty's answer was that he should be happy to see the 
 foreign ministers at all public ceremonies at which he himself 
 should assist. We accordingly went the next morning in a 
 body, all being present except the Dutch Ambassador whose 
 state of health was a sufficient excuse. It seems to be a general 
 opinion that our absence might have occasioned serious conse- 
 quences, and I flatter myself that my conduct upon this occasion 
 will not incur the censure of his Majesty and his confidential 
 ministers.
 
 NEW MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS. 17 
 
 Paris, July 23, 1790. 
 
 The day of Confederation has been followed by a week of 
 conviviality. Panem and Circenses have been bestowed with a 
 most liberal hand, and the deputies are about to return to their 
 respective departments well pleased and in good harmony with 
 their fellow citizens of the capital. They have been desired to 
 exhort their countrymen to pay their shares of the patriotic con- 
 tribution, twenty-eight thousand municipallities not having as 
 yet subscribed, and, lest exhortations should fail, the National 
 Assembly has ordered the Committee of Finance to prepare a 
 Projet de Decret which may empower the municipallities to ful- 
 fill that part of their duty and by coercive means to procure 
 exact payments of the patriotic contribution, and also to enable 
 the districts and departments to oblige the municipallities so to 
 do with all the diligence that the public good requires. 
 
 As soon as one cloud has passed without falling another 
 appears on the horizon ; the elections for the new municipallity 
 begin next Monday and, it is supposed, they will continue some 
 weeks, during which time there will be great need for the 
 exertions of Mr de Bailly and Mr de la Fayette, exertions which 
 of late have deserved the greatest commendations, for to them 
 probably is owing the wonderful tranquillity that has subsisted. 
 
 It is reported that the King of Sardinia has ordered all 
 French subjects to quit Nice and every part of his dominions 
 bordering on France. I omitted to inform your Grace, in my 
 last, that Mr de Bonne-Savardin, who is accused of a conspiracy 
 with Mr de Maillebois against the present government, has made 
 his escape from prison. I enclose a letter of Mr Guignard, 
 ci-devant Comte de St Priest, to the President of the National 
 Assembly, which he sent to me for that purpose : your Grace 
 will find by it that he has been impeached by the Comite's de 
 Re'cherches both of the town and of the National Assembly of 
 having entered into the same conspiracy. It is supposed that 
 they were to be supplied with men and money by the King of 
 Sardinia to enter Dauphint', while ten thousand men, raised by 
 the Prince of Hesse and other German Princes who have posses- 
 sions in Alsace, were to invade the last mentioned province. 
 G. c. 2
 
 18 July, 1790. 
 
 The National Assembly has, after many debates on the 
 subject, decreed that East India goods are to be allowed to 
 be imported only at Port de l'Orient and Toulon. They have 
 also decreed that in every session upon the proposition of the 
 executive power the number of individuals of every rank both in 
 the army and navy shall be determined by a decree of the 
 legislative body sanctioned by the King. 
 
 A letter has been read by one of the secretaries from Mr de 
 la Luzerne demanding money for the equipment of the fleet 
 which the Assembly has authorized, but no notice has as yet 
 been taken of it. I take the liberty of informing your Grace 
 that, on the same day, a letter of compliment was read from 
 Lord Stanhope, as president of a society in London who call 
 themselves Friends to the French Revolution, merely to shew 
 what effect the reading of it had on the Assembly. Mr C. 
 Lameth moved that it should be printed and also that the 
 president should be ordered to write an answer to the society, 
 and declared that, in his opinion, it might tend to the tran- 
 quillity of Europe. Another member opposed it, and whenever 
 he spoke of the two nations as rivals he was called to order with 
 much clamor. Mr Lameth's motion was carried. 
 
 To the few accidents that happened on the 14th I have to 
 add the oversetting of a boat by which some persons were 
 drowned, among the rest two deputies, sons of the mayor of 
 Aurillac. This has been thought a sufficient occasion for the 
 attendance of deputies from the town of Paris to attend the 
 obsequies and a decree to that purpose from the National 
 Assembly. 
 
 Paris, July 30, 1790. 
 
 Alarms of a very serious nature, and ill founded suspicions 
 have of late occupied the attention of the National Assembly. 
 An express arrived on Tuesday from the department of the 
 Ardennes informing them that the commandant of Mdzieres had 
 received orders from Mr de Bouille at Metz to allow Austrian
 
 LETTER OF M. DE BOUILLE". 19 
 
 troops to pass through Mezieres, in their way to the Low 
 Countries ; in consequence of a requisition to that effect from the 
 Comte de Mercy, that Rocroy, Charleville and Avesnes were 
 without troops, that the whole country was in the greatest 
 consternation, that, instead of attending to the harvest the 
 peasants were arming themselves and that the navigation of the 
 Mouse was interrupted. A decree was passed in consequence 
 appointing six commissioners to examine, at the war office, the 
 King's orders to the several commanders of the frontier-towns, 
 and also to require from the Minister of Foreign Affairs a com- 
 munication of the intelligence that he has received relative to 
 the political situations of the neighbouring Powers. I must 
 observe that, during the debate, one of the members, Mr Mar- 
 tineau, expressed no small suspicions of the conduct of the 
 British Cabinet ; he imagines that there subsists a good under- 
 standing between the Courts of London and Madrid and dreads 
 the consequence. 
 
 By the report of the commissioners it appears that Mr de 
 Bouille's letter was written by his Majesty's orders' in conse- 
 quence of a convention made between the two Powers in 17C9, 
 although a decree passed the Assembly on the 28th of Feb- 
 ruary forbidding the introduction of any foreign troops without 
 a decree of the legislative body, that, with regard to the troops 
 in the frontier-towns it appears that there are but 150 men at 
 Rocroy and one battalion of the Regiment of Esterhazy at 
 Charleville, the Regiment of Berchigny being lately sent from 
 thence to the frontiers of Champagne. Alsace and the three 
 bishopries have as many troops as in time of war, and the 
 frontier of the Alps was never better guarded and will be still 
 more so by the regiments which are sent to Lyons, for, I have 
 to inform your Grace that, in consequence of the late dis- 
 turbances and the impossibility of levying the taxes, five regi- 
 ments have been sent there. 
 
 With regard to the political state of foreign Powers, the 
 commissioners learnt from Mr Montmorin that England was 
 arming with the greatest activity, that our ships were too large 
 to pass the Sound and that it appeared improbable that so large 
 a fleet was intended against Spain alone. In the Journal des 
 
 9 O
 
 20 July, 1790. 
 
 debats ct des decrets it is thus worded, il est impossible aussl 
 qui ces armemens regardent l'Espagne seule. II est bien 
 probable qu-elles menacent egalement les possessions Francoises. 
 As that paper carries with it a certain degree of authenticity, I 
 thought proper to write to Mr Montmorin to know if he had 
 used such expressions, I have received an answer, copy of which 
 I enclose to your Grace. 
 
 They learn also that Spain is arming with great activity, but 
 that nothing is to be feared from that quarter. That the 
 minister believes the King of Hungary is inclined to peace ; 
 that if he concludes the treaty with Prussia, 1 &c, he will turn 
 his force to the reduction of the Belgic provinces and, upon 
 being asked whether the Cardinal de Rohan was intrigueing 
 with the Princes of Germany who have possessions in Alsace, 
 he said that he had received information from Ratisbone to 
 that purpose. He told them that the alliance of Prussia with 
 England was certain and that its influence over Holland was 
 very great. That, with regard to the King of Sardinia's do- 
 minions, he knew but of two battalions at Nice, but, that it was 
 true that the French were ordered into the interior parts of the 
 kingdom ; he said he believed there were not above two thou- 
 sand men at Chambery. This report produced a decree to the 
 followiDg effect. That in consequence of a decree of the 28th of 
 February last the orders of the Secretary of the War Department 
 to the commanders in the frontier-towns were to be regarded 
 comme non avenus, the National Assembly reserving to itself 
 to decree with regard to the passing of the Austrian troops when 
 it shall know the number of men, the different kinds of arms 
 and implements of war, the order of their march and the object 
 of their destination. Another decree has passed desiring his 
 Majesty to give orders that the most strict police may be 
 observed and to prevent any infringement of the law of nations 
 and that every step shall be taken with the belligerent powers 
 to maintain freedom of commerce and particularly on the 
 Meuse. The King has been also desired to issue orders for the 
 speedy manufacture of all sorts of instruments of war and 
 his ministers arc to inform the Comite' Militaire of all demands 
 1 A treaty eventually concluded at Keichenbach.
 
 THE PRINCE DE C0XDE\ 21 
 
 of arms and ammunition that shall be made to them by the 
 municipalities on the frontiers and to give in an account of the 
 arms distributed by them. 
 
 In the course of the debate it was asserted, by one of the 
 commissioners, that Mr Montmorin had said that the Prince of 
 Conde was the most dangerous enemy to the Revolution ; that 
 he had money but he knew not by what means, and as a farther 
 corroboration of this a denonciation against him, from the muni- 
 cipality of Cette in Languedoc, for having published a manifesto 
 was offered to be produced. A motion was moved by the Due 
 d'Aiguillon to censure the ministers and another by Mr 
 Mirabcau the elder to declare the Prince of Conde a traitor to 
 his country and to confiscate his estate in case he did not 
 disavow the manifesto in the space of three weeks ; but neither 
 was carried. A committee has been appointed to examine the 
 treaties between France and other countries and the respective 
 engagements which may result from them. 
 
 Accounts are arrived that Mr de Bonne-Savardin has been 
 retaken by two of Mr de la Fayette's aid de camps at Chalon 
 sur Marne, in company with the Abbe Barmont, a member of 
 the National Assembly, passing with a deputy to the Confedera- 
 tion from Strasburgh as his servants : the latter had a large 
 packet of letters from the Cardinal de Rohan : a detachment 
 from hence is sent for them. This event adds to the fermenta- 
 tion, which I fear it will be very difficult to quell, and which 
 renders the situation of affairs in many respects alarming. 
 
 In consequence of Mr de la Luzerne's application the As- 
 sembly has granted but one million for the navy. 
 
 The General Assembly of St. Domingo has declared that 
 I hey will acknowledge no other authority than that of the King. 
 It may be worth while to observe that MM. Curt and Guibert 
 wire received by the Assembly as representatives of the Island 
 of Guadeloupe in September last upon condition that they 
 should be acknowledged as such by their constituents ; they 
 however have chosen others and the Assembly has agreed to 
 admit them all.
 
 22 august, 1790. 
 
 Paris, August 2, 1790. 
 
 I am sorry to inform your Grace that his Majesty has 
 been confined, for some days past, with a tooth-ache and swelled 
 face accompanied with a slight fever; the account from St. 
 Cloud yesterday says that the fever is rather abated. 
 
 I enclose an extract of a bulletin officiel, which the Swedish 
 Ambassador has received from Stockholm, giving an account of 
 a victory obtained over the Russians on the ninth of last month 
 by their flotte-legere ; some compensation for the defeat of 
 their grand fleet, of which only fourteen sail of the line are 
 returned to port. 
 
 I also send your Grace copies of a second letter from Mr de 
 Montmorin and of a letter from Mr Friteau to the former, by 
 which it appears that Mr Friteau's private opinion was falsely 
 attributed to Mr Montmorin. 
 
 Paris, Aagmt 6, 1790. 
 
 I have the pleasure of informing your Grace that his 
 most Christian Majesty is almost entirely recovered from his 
 late indisposition. I have also that of being able to say that, 
 not only Paris, but all parts of the kingdom are at present 
 without disturbance. The elections for this municipality pro- 
 ceed with a tranquillity that was not expected. Mr Bailly 
 is re-elected mayor to the satisfaction of all parties and there is 
 no doubt that Mr la Fayette will be continued commandant 
 general. A letter was read, on Monday last, to the National 
 Assembly, from Mr Montmorin, containing his most Christian 
 Majesty's orders to acquaint them that England was encreasing 
 her armament ; that it would be therefore necessary (although 
 a good understanding continued to exist between the two 
 nations) that France should also encrease hers : and inclosing a 
 letter from Mr Fernan Nunez dated the 16 of June last, which 
 Mr Montmorin observes, contains the state of the negotiations 
 at that time between England and Spain. He says that, in 
 hopes of their coming to an understanding his Majesty had
 
 THE FAMILY COMPACT. 23 
 
 postponed urging the Assembly to a decision but that he could 
 no longer delay that measure. The Spanish Ambassador's 
 letter asserts that the speedy and exact performance of the 
 Treaty of 1761, called the Family Compact is become an indis- 
 pensible preliminary to treat with success ; that, under that 
 necessity, Spain is obliged to have recourse to the aid of France 
 and that the King his master has ordered him to ask explicitly 
 what France can do, in the present conjuncture, in order to 
 assist Spain. An immediate determination is required and the 
 measures which the Court of France shall adopt must be active 
 open and positive so as to avoid the least occasion of distrust. 
 If otherwise, his most Christian Majesty must not be surprized 
 if Spain should look for other friends and other allies among 
 all the powers of Europe, without excepting any, upon whose 
 assistance she can depend in case of necessity. 
 
 Under these circumstances it being the general opinion that 
 the Assembly would decide in favor of the family compact, I 
 thought it was my duty to send to Mr Montmorin copies of the 
 declaration and counter-declaration which I had just received 
 from Mr Fitz-Herbert 1 . They have been communicated to 
 the Assembly ; in consequence of which a further delay of their 
 decision has been obtained. 
 
 The National Assembly, having blended the plan of the 
 committee with that of the Minister for the War Department, 
 have at length decreed that the standing army shall consist of 
 from 150 to 154 thousand men. The infantry being from 110 
 to 112 thousand, the cavalry from 30 to 31 thousand 500, the 
 artillery and fortification from 10 thousand to 10 thousand 500. 
 The Swiss regiments are to be continued. Your Grace will ob- 
 serve with what reason the Ministers of the War Department 
 and of the Navy complain of want of subordination, (in the en- 
 closed postilion par Calais) both in the army and navy. 
 
 1 Mr Fitz-Herbert was English minister in Spain. Tbe declaration and 
 counter-declaration had reference to the dispute of Nootka Sound.
 
 24 AUGUST, 1790. 
 
 Paeis, August 13, 1790. 
 
 A general want of subordination, proofs of which occur 
 every day forebodes a short continuance of the present tran- 
 quillity. In the navy, it has forced Messrs Guy and Pondeves 
 to return to France from their cruises in the Mediterranean and 
 off the Leeward Islands. In the army, it bears a still more for- 
 midable aspect, seven regiments have formed a military congress 
 and, at Metz, the soldiers have threatened to destroy Mr de 
 Bouille and the rest of the officers under his command. In the 
 strong language of Mr de la Tour du Pin, France, which cannot 
 exist without soldiers, may soon be unable to exist with them. 
 While the friends to the present constitution are daily discover- 
 ing fresh causes of alarm from abroad, an universal relaxation of 
 discipline and a want of energy in the executive power are 
 forming real dangers at home. 
 
 An event has lately happened which proves the fears of 
 plots against this country from foreign parts that possess the 
 minds of the people and the little attention that is shewn by 
 them to the executive part of government. 
 
 A courier from Vienna, with letters directed to the Post 
 Master General at Paris, has been stopt at a very small town, 
 (but a municipality) near Bar le Due. The packet was opened ; 
 it contained a letter for Mr Montmorin and two others, one for 
 the Spanish Ambassador, the other for the Comte de Florida 
 Blanca : the direction of the two last being written in Spanish 
 to men dignified with the title of Count which in that language 
 happens to be written Conde, the letters were supposed to have 
 been sent from the prince of that name and accordingly opened. 
 The only satisfaction the Spanish Ambassador has obtained is a 
 decree of the National Assembly disapproving the conduct of 
 the municipality and expressing their regrets on the occasion. 
 The judges of the Chatelet have impeached two of the members 
 of the National Assembly for being concerned in the affair of 
 the 6th of last October. They had the delicacy not to disclose 
 their names, but it is generally known that the Duke of Orleans 
 and the elder Mirabeau are the persons accused. This business 
 is before the Comite' des Rapports.
 
 DUEL BETWEEN BAIiNAVE AND CAZALES. 25 
 
 In consequence of harsh expressions which had been 
 used in the Assembly on the preceding evening between Mr 
 Barnave and Mr Cazales, thev met in the Bois de Boulogne 
 on Wednesday morning. The latter received a shot in the 
 head 1 but the wound is pronounced to be not dangerous. If 
 Mr Barnave had fallen the resentment of the people might have 
 been fatal to others as well as to Mr Cazales. 
 
 Pakis, August 20. 1790. 
 
 The executive and legislative powers have at length 
 united their endeavours to restore discipline and subordination 
 in the army and navy. 
 
 A most alarming insurrection of the garrison of Nancy has 
 obliged the National Assembly to give to the King the full 
 power of the sword in case persuasion may not have the desired 
 effect. The three regiments, Du Roy, Mestre de Camp cavalry 
 and de Chateauvieux a Swiss regiment, in short the whole 
 garrison of Nancy, have risen against their officers, broke open 
 the military chest and divided the money contained in it. The 
 Assembly have unanimously decreed that the instigators of this 
 rebellion as well as the soldiers are guilty of the crime of leze- 
 nation : that those who have taken any part whatever in it and 
 who shall not have declared, by writing, if it is thought neces- 
 sary, within the space of twenty-four hours after the publication 
 of the present decree, that they acknowledge and repent of their 
 error, shall be punished accordingly and, in order to enforce it, 
 they have requested his Majesty to appoint some general officer 
 with power to collect together the troops and national guards of 
 the Dcpartcmcnt de la Meurthe and all the neighbouring depart- 
 ments. The King has, in consequence, named Mr Malseigne, a 
 Marechal de Camp and Brigadier des Carabiniers, to that post. 
 
 The Regiment du Roy is remarkably well furnished with 
 cartridges but the cannons havo fortunately no carriages. 
 
 1 Bertrand de Mollcville says that he was protected by the thickness of his 
 hat. Fashionable society crowded to pay its respects to M. dc Cazales.
 
 2G august, 1790. 
 
 The Assembly has made great progress in the code of penal 
 laws for the navy, in which they have instituted a military jury. 
 
 The formation of the army proceeds upon the bases laid 
 down jointly by the minister and Comite - Militaire, of which I 
 gave your Grace an account in my dispatch No. 7. 
 
 A courier, it is said, arrived on Sunday last from Bordeaux 
 with letters to the ministry complaining of want of specie ; that 
 without it it was impossible to provide themselves with the 
 necessaries of life that being in great distress for want of corn, 
 they had sent to the Upper Languedoc to purchase it, but the 
 people of the country would not accept of assignats, in conse- 
 quence of which they desire leave to stop and apply to their 
 own use the supply of piastres expected from Spain. 
 
 There is another report, to which I fear there is too much 
 reason to give credit, that the Comite Diplomatique are of 
 opinion in favour of maintaining the family compact. 
 
 The appanages are taken from the Princes of the Blood, by a 
 decree of the National Assembly, in place of which they are to 
 be allowed a million of livres per annum. 
 
 The accusation against Mr de Mirabeau and the Duke of 
 Orleans, who is fortunate in having the assistance of the former's 
 abilities, it is supposed, will not affect in any considerable man- 
 ner either of the accused persons. 
 
 The only agreeable news that I have to send to your Grace 
 from this country is that the harvest, at least in this neighbour- 
 hood had been got in extremely well. 
 
 Paris, August 27, 1790. 
 
 The day before yesterday Mr Mirabeau the elder reported 
 to the National Assembly the opinion of the Comite Diplomati- 
 que with regard to the family compact. It consisted in advising 
 the Assembly to empower them to examine that treaty in order 
 to form out of it a national compact by leaving out all the 
 articles offensive and, at the same time to request the King 
 to order his minister at the Court of Madrid to enter into a
 
 REPORT OF MIRABEAU ON THE FAMILY COMPACT. 27 
 
 negotiation with the Spanish ministry upon those grounds. 
 They proposed two decrees. 
 
 1st. That all existing treaties shall be maintained by the 
 French nation untill it shall have revised and modified them. 
 2nd. That, before the thorough examination of treaties which 
 the nation may think proper to continue or alter, the King shall 
 be requested to make known to all the Powers with which 
 France is connected the justice and love of peace are the bases 
 of the French constitution ; that the nation cannot admit in her 
 treaties any stipulations which are not purely defensive and 
 commercial. That accordingly they request the King to inform 
 his Catholic Majesty that the French nation, in taking all 
 proper measures to maintain peace, will abide by the engage- 
 ments which her government has contracted with Spain. That 
 they also desire the King to order his ministers to negotiate 
 accordingly with the Court of Spain and to commission thirty 
 ships of the line, eight of which at least to be fitted out in the 
 ports of the Mediterranean. 
 
 This report was taken into consideration yesterday morning 
 and, after a short debate, the Assembly decreed that they would 
 abide by the defensive and commercial engagements which the 
 government has contracted with Spain ; that the King should 
 be desired to order his Ambassador to negotiate with the 
 ministers of the Catholic King in order to strengthen, by a 
 national treaty, tyes useful to both people and to fix with pre- 
 cision and clearness all stipulations which may not be entirely 
 conformable to the views of general peace and to the principles 
 of justice, which shall always be the politics of the French and 
 also, taking into consideration the armaments of the different 
 nations of Europe, their progressive encrease, the security of the 
 French colonies and commerce, they decree that the King shall 
 be desired to order- into commission forty-five ships of the line 
 with a proportionable number of frigates and small vessels. 
 
 Thus your Grace perceives that my notions with regard to 
 the decision of this question have proved too true. How, in the 
 present state of their finances, they can think it possible to 
 equip so large a fleet surpasses my conception. They must 
 either expect money from abroad or by voting what they can
 
 28 august, 1790. 
 
 never execute endeavour to compensate with a useless shew of 
 zeal for not entirely abiding by the family compact. Certain it 
 is that at this time when both parties are most exasperated 
 against each other, upon this one point they are most thoroughly 
 agreed. 
 
 Upon my expressing my surprize, yesterday evening to 
 Mr Montmorin, at the number of vessels voted, he declared 
 himself as much so as I could be ; he assured me that the King 
 and his ministers wished most ardently for peace, that in conse- 
 quence of the decree of the National Assembly they should 
 send orders to commission more ships but that it would be done 
 (this he said in the utmost confidence) avec la plus grande 
 lenteur. 
 
 The last accounts from Metz and Nancy are favorable ; at the 
 latter the soldiers, by the intervention of the National Militia, 
 have declared their repentance. 
 
 As I wish your Grace to receive an early account of the 
 decision of the National Assembly, I send the messenger with 
 this dispatch at five o'clock a.m. 
 
 Paris, August 29, 1790. 
 
 I had a conference this afternoon with Mr Necker, at his 
 desire, in which he added his assurances, to those I had received 
 before from Mr Montmorin, of the sincere wish for peace enter- 
 tained by his Majesty and his ministers. 
 
 If the decree had been worded according to their intention, 
 thirty instead of forty-five would have been the number of ships 
 voted : he desired me to observe that it authorized them to put 
 into commission, forty-five ships but did not oblige them to fit 
 out so large a number. 
 
 I lead him to confess that the fear of disobliging Spain was 
 the real cause of so extravagant a decree and, having hinted 
 that what was intended to sooth Spain might irritate England, 
 he acknowledged his fears of it and promised to endeavour, 
 when it is ratified by his Majesty, to have some expressions 
 made use of, which, though not contrary to the decree, might
 
 PEACE OR WAR. 29 
 
 tend to weaken the unfavorable impression it may have made in 
 England. 
 
 Although peace may be,, and I believe it is, the sincere wish 
 of his Majesty and the ministry there is certainly a very large 
 body of men, in this country inclined to war. The aristocratical 
 party has little to hope from peace and shews evident signs 
 of wishing to profit by the confusion which a war would certainly 
 occasion. Some look for an opportunity of breaking the com- 
 mercial treaty 1 : others, and that not a small number from mere 
 jealousy. I will not take upon me to say that Spanish money 
 has had influence on any members of the National Assembly, 
 although there are appearances which might in some degree give 
 rise to such an opinion. 
 
 Mr Gouvion, major general of the Garde National e and 
 a confidential friend of Mr la Fayette is gone to Brussels, it is 
 supposed, to negotiate with Mr Van-der-Noot 2 . 
 
 Mr de la Tour-du-Pin has this day informed the Assembly 
 that, in spite of the efforts of Mr Malseigne and of the munici- 
 pality, the insurrection still continues at Nancy. On the 24th 
 the Regiment du Roy and that of Mestre-de-camp signed their 
 submission to the decrees of the National Assembly, but on the 
 26th they became again refractory and the Swiss Regiment of 
 Chateauvieux has continued throughout to be disobedient. Mr 
 de Bouille is determined to compel them to obedience and has 
 accordingly called together the National Guards and the troops 
 in the neighbourhood in order to fight against the garrison in 
 case it should be absolutely necessary. 
 
 Paris, September 3, 1790. 
 
 By the activity and good conduct of Mr de Bouillt' the 
 insurrection of the troops in garrison at Nancy is supprest, but 
 not without considerable slaughter. On the first day of this 
 month he appeared before the town with all the troops and 
 Gardes Nationales he could collect in the neighbourhood: the 
 latter requested to be placed in the first ranks, which was 
 
 1 The Treaty with England concluded in 1786. 
 
 - The leader of the revolutionary party in Belgium.
 
 30 SEPTEMBER, 1790. 
 
 granted, in hopes that their appearance might prevent the 
 seditious soldiers from firing; but unfortunately this had not 
 the desired effect : some of the regiment having fired it soon 
 became general. The Regiment du Roy, the first which capitu- 
 lated, is sent to Verdun, of the Regiment de Chateauvieux those 
 who are not killed are taken prisoners and the Regiment de 
 Mestre de Camp is ordered to Toul. The following event had 
 obliged Mr de Bouille to send to the Assembly requesting them 
 to appoint commissioners to assist him in enforcing their decree. 
 
 Mr Denoue, who commands the Regiment du Roy in the 
 absence of their colonel Mr de Chatelet, was forced into a 
 dungeon and Mr Malseigne, to avoid the same fate, had escaped 
 by force out of the town and was pursued but not overtaken 
 before he had joined the Carabiniers at Luneville who after a 
 slight engagement were obliged to bring him back ; but what 
 principally operated with Mr de Bouille was a report industri- 
 ously spread about, not only at Nancy but throughout the 
 country, that he was sent by the ministry and the aristocratical 
 party in order to effect a counter-revolution. He is now re- 
 proached by the club of the Jacobins and some few members of 
 the Assembly for having approached the town before the arrival 
 of the commissioners, but his conduct is applauded by all im- 
 partial men. 
 
 The populace collected together last night with an intention 
 of insulting Mr de la Tour du Pin, whose son, Mr de Gouvernet 
 has been active at Nancy but, by the vigilance of the guards 
 they were dispersed. 
 
 The National Assembly received on Wednesday last the 
 notification of his Majesty's sanction of their decree of the 26th 
 in which they were informed that, in order to fulfil gradually 
 their intentions, the King had determined to begin by arming 
 16 ships of the line, which added to the former put into com- 
 mission would make the number of commissioned ships 30 : at 
 the same time he would take proper steps to have the whole 
 number 45 completed with all the haste that the turn of affairs 
 might require and that this arrangement made no alteration 
 with regard to the calculation of the expence laid before them 
 by Mr de la Luzerne, viz. 21 millions: but that his Majesty
 
 FRANCE, SPAIN AND ENGLAND. 31 
 
 would take care that the money which should be voted by the 
 Assembly should be called for in proportion to the armament. 
 The Assembly has postponed their decision with regard to the 
 further issuing of assignats till the 10th of this month. Mr de 
 Mirabeau's plan of issuing to the amount of two thousand 
 millions seems not to be generally approved of. Three frigates 
 with troops on board have lately sailed from Rochefort to 
 Tobago. 
 
 I. am this iustant informed that the Assembly has decreed a 
 vote of thanks to the National Guard of Metz to the troops and 
 to Mr de Bouille. 
 
 Paris, September 10, 1790. 
 
 I received your Grace's dispatch No. 4 on Saturday last 
 and on that evening I delivered a memorial to Mr de Montmorin, 
 copy of which I inclose ; I at the same time observed to him 
 the obvious impossibility of harmony remaining uninterrupted 
 between the two countries if France should think itself bound 
 to take part in support of any claims, however unfounded, which 
 the Court of Spain may chuse to advance. 
 
 I have this instant received a letter from Mr de Montmorin 
 with a copy of his dispatch to Mr de la Luzerne, both of which 
 I inclose. 
 
 Quiet is restored at Nancy, but the means taken to effect it 
 have not been approved of so generally as might have been 
 supposed considering that if that insurrection had not been 
 timely suppressed it would probably have been the beginning of 
 a civil war. Mr de la Fayette having signified his approbation 
 of it his enemies les enrages, or as they may be now called the 
 Duke of Orleans's friends have tried to hurt him by rendering 
 that opinion unpopular, but that is not the only means they 
 have taken, money in no small quantity has lately been dis- 
 tributed among the lower class of people, and they have so far 
 succeeded that it was believed yesterday that he meant to 
 follow the example of Mr Necker, whose resignation has pleased 
 all parties.
 
 o'2 SEPTEMBER, 1700. 
 
 Fanaticism and insubordination have united in the Vivarois 
 at the Chateau de Jales 1 and have formed a confederation which 
 calls for all the energy of government to suppress it. Tormented 
 with internal foes and constantly alarmed at dangers abroad, 
 particularly from the eastern frontiers I believe the ministry 
 wish sincerely to see peace established between England and 
 Spain ; I also believe that the moderate people and the Club of 
 1789 have the same wish; the aristocrates and enrages look 
 for confusion let it arise from what quarter it may and in the 
 present state of the finance of this country a foreign war is 
 almost a sure way of effecting it. Among other causes however 
 of the vote which passed on the debate upon the family compact, 
 I should have added the fear of losing the West India Islands, 
 all of which have shewn great disaffection to the present govern- 
 ment ; the same fear and a desire of profiting by a neutrality 
 may operate, in case a war between England and Spain should 
 be unavoidable in making them discover that Spain has been 
 the ao-oressor. 
 
 It is generally supposed that fourteen ships of the line are in 
 tolerable readiness at Brest ; the want of men is what distresses 
 them most. The arsenal is furnished with stores sufficient to fit 
 out sixteen more in every article except hemp. 
 
 The Assembly has postponed the decision upon the subject 
 of the assignats to the 17th of this month. 
 
 Paris, September 17, 1790. 
 
 I have reason to believe that the utmost exertions are 
 making at Brest and that twenty-one ships of the line are now 
 almost ready for sailing, the original fourteen and seven ad- 
 ditional since the decree of the Assembly : for of the sixteen 
 lately put into commission there are seven at Brest and nine at 
 Toulon, so I am informed by Mr de Montmorin. 
 
 The spirit of sedition, which clogs the wheels of government 
 in every part of the French dominions, has shewn itself very 
 
 1 At this place the national guard of the department of Ardeche, He"rault 
 and Lozere had encamped and renewed as an embodied army the oath taken at 
 the Federation.
 
 FRANCE AND SPAIN. 33 
 
 strongly at Brest : the National Assembly has not listened to 
 the wishes of the mutineers and it remains to be seen whether 
 prompt payment and soft words will satisfy them. 
 
 The money in specie which Government is obliged to procure 
 to pay both sailors and workmen costs at least 12 per cent. 
 
 The last accounts from Saint Domingo are very alarming. 
 The French part of that island is in a state of actual rebellion. 
 
 At Angers there has been a riot upon the old pretence of the 
 dearness of corn : it is certain that there are people who are 
 using their utmost endeavours to make an artificial scarcity of 
 it ; men go about the country and buy large quantities from the 
 farmers at a considerable price a quarter of which they pay and 
 oblige them to lay up the corn in magazines till a fixed time 
 when they are to receive payment for the other three quarters. 
 
 Mr de la Fayette's popularity, which was considerably sunk 
 by the money and calumny of his enemies, is again rising and 
 he is daily visited by large bodies of National Militia from 
 the different Sections of Paris and from the neighbouring muni- 
 cipalities who come to assure him of their attachment. 
 
 In consequence of your Grace's instructions I omit no oppor- 
 tunity of letting it be understood that nothing but necessity can 
 occasion any views to be entertained in England hostile to 
 France or to the settlement of their present constitution. I at 
 the same time signify that any assistance afforded to Spain will 
 oblige the British Cabinet to adopt such measures as may be 
 most likely to render that assistance ineffectual and I flatter 
 myself this language has made some impression on the popular 
 party. 
 
 I send your Grace Mr NeckerV last report to the National 
 Assembly which has been presented this morning. 
 
 1 Mr Necker had left Paris on Sept. 3 and presented a letter to the National 
 Assembly on the condition of the finances before his departure. 
 
 6.C 3
 
 34 SEPTEMBER, 1790. 
 
 Paris, September 24, 1790. 
 
 The arrival of le Le'opard at Brest from Saint Domingo, 
 with above eighty members of the Colonial Assembly on board, 
 has increased the disturbances in that port : the crew of the 
 Patriote have risen against their captain and it is feared the 
 rest of the fleet will follow their example. The King, at the 
 desire of the National Assembly, has sent commissioners, who 
 are to use every possible means in order to restore discipline 
 in the fleet and order in the town of Brest. An arduous under- 
 taking if one may judge from Mr Albert's letter to Mr la 
 Luzerne. 
 
 Government has been trying to get money at Lyons for the 
 arsenal at Toulon but without success. 
 
 The subject of the Assignats occupies the attention of every 
 body ; the well wishers to Mr Mirabeau's original plan for the 
 emission of twenty hundred millions, by which they would 
 probably have made large fortunes at the expense of the nation, 
 have been making exertions in every part of the kingdom to 
 obtain addresses in favor of it, at Paris they have so far suc- 
 ceeded that all the Sections have declared in favor of it, but, 
 as there is no chance of its being carried in the Assemby 
 Mr Mirabeau has given up the attempt of issuing at once so 
 great a quantity, eight hundred millions it is supposed will be 
 the largest amount. 
 
 The affair of the 6th of October 1 last is to be debated in 
 the Assembly on Monday next, in case the business of the 
 Assignats is finished by that time : the Judges of the Chatelet 
 have published, by order of the Assembly, their Procedure 
 Criminelle upon the subject, which I send to your Grace as it 
 is a matter of no small curiosity. 
 
 There are accounts received from different ports in the 
 Mediterranean that the Spaniards are bombarding Tangiers. 
 
 The Spanish Ambassador is in hourly expectation of a 
 courier from his Court; he supposes their fleet is returned 
 to port. 
 
 1 This was the official enquiry which had been held at the Chatelet into the 
 circumstances of the attack on Versailles and the removal of the King to Paris.
 
 CAPITATION TAX. 35 
 
 Paeis, October 1st, 1790. 
 
 Yesterday I communicated your Grace's dispatch, No. 7, 
 to Mr de Montmorin, in consequence of your instructions to 
 that effect ; I had not an earlier opportunity, as that minister 
 has been in the country, from whence he returned on Wednes- 
 day night, when he informed me that he could not see me till 
 after the Council on Thursday. I must therefore wait some 
 days for the result of that communication. 
 
 Many English residing at Paris having applied to me for 
 an exemption from the Capitation Tax which they are now 
 levying in this town, I wrote to Mr de Montmorin a letter, copy 
 of which I inclose together with copies of his answer and of 
 a letter to him upon the subject from Mr Lambert; I have, 
 since the receipt of these letters, represented to him, in con- 
 versation, that, as long as the Treaty of Commerce of 1786 
 subsists, the Arret du Conseil can in no ways affect the subjects 
 of His Britannick Majesty and consequently their exemption 
 from the Tax cannot be considered in the light in which 
 Mr Lambert sees it, but proceeds expressly from the 12th Article 
 of the above-mentioned Treaty of Commerce. The Minister 
 has, in consequence of my representation, promised to re- 
 consider the subject. I wish in the mean time to be informed 
 whether my conduct on this occasion meets with the approbation 
 of His Majesty and his confidential ministers. 
 
 The important business of the Assignats is at last decided : 
 eight hundred millions of livres in Assignats without interest 
 have been decreed in addition to the former four hundred 
 millions. They have not yet however determined their quotas. 
 
 The affair of the 5th and 6th of October last is now before 
 the Assembly; if one may judge from the present complexion 
 of things the Duke of Orleans and Mr de Mirabeau will not 
 be found guilty. 
 
 The last accounts from Brest state that order is re-established 
 there, the most seditious being sent away ; but I believe the 
 officers have little reason to trust to the present disposition of 
 the crews. 
 
 I should not omit to mention to your Grace that Mr de 
 
 3—2
 
 36 
 
 OCTOBER, 1790. 
 
 Montmoriu seemed eager to inform me yesterday that the 
 Spanish Ambassador's dispatches, lately arrived, gave him great 
 hopes that our negotiations with the Court of Spain would be 
 soon terminated to the satisfaction of both parties. 
 
 Paris, October 5th, 1790. 
 
 I send inclosed an official letter which I received 
 yesterday evening from Mr Montmorin, in consequence of the 
 communication I made to him according to your Grace's 
 instructions. 
 
 The spirit of disobedience continues at Brest : La Forme 
 however, a vessel of 74 guns has at last quitted that port, in 
 order to replace the Le'opard on the West India Station. 
 It was with the greatest difficulty that the captain Mr de 
 Riviere could prevail upon the crew to sail: in a letter to 
 Mr Hector, Commandant la Marine in that port, he says that 
 he has seized the first moment to put to sea when he found 
 the crew at all disposed to obey his orders. 
 
 I must repeat to your Grace that I firmly believe that 
 nothing but want of discipline could prevent this country from 
 sending to sea a fleet of twenty or one and twenty sail of the 
 line immediately if it were thought necessary, not to mention 
 the ships fitting out at Toulon. 
 
 Mr de Moustier, minister plenipotentiary from this Court 
 to the United States, is appointed to succeed Mr d'Esterno in 
 that capacity at the Court of Berlin. 
 
 Paris, October 8th, 1790. 
 
 The National Assembly begins to feel the bad con- 
 sequences of having abolished the late Courts of Justice before 
 they had established new ones in their place. 
 
 The rioters in Languedoc having done much damage to the 
 canal and interrupted the free circulation of grain they- have 
 been obliged to empower provisionally the former Judges to 
 try them and all other disturbers of the public peace.
 
 DISORDER IN THE FLEET. 37 
 
 Most of the Chambers of Vacation of the Parliaments have 
 protested against the decree which suppresses the former 
 Judicature : that of Toulouse, having in an Arrete* censured 
 in the strongest terms the proceedings of the Assembly, has 
 refused to register the Letters-Patent of its suppression. 
 
 The party of the Jacobins and the friends of the Duke of 
 Orleans prevail so much in this place at present that the new 
 municipality have required Mr la Fayette and Mr Bailly to 
 take an oath that they have not received money from the 
 Government or any person whatsoever: the former has taken 
 it but the latter spurns at the idea. 
 
 Mr Albert do Rioms has sent his resignation, finding it 
 impossible to preserve order in the fleet. It is supposed he 
 will be succeeded by Mr d'Estaing. 
 
 The highest of the new Assignats is to be of 2000 livres, 
 the lowest of 50 livres. 
 
 Paris, October 15th, 1790. 
 
 Ey the last accounts from Brest it appears that the 
 officers have lost all hopes, in the present circumstances, of 
 restoring discipline in the navy. At Toulon, though in a less 
 degree, the same spirit prevails. The Assembly will very soon 
 take some decisive measure upon that subject. 
 
 The deranged state of the finances has obliged them to 
 make a present use of part of the 800 millions, which were 
 intended to pay off so much of the Dette constitute. It having 
 been proved to them that the probable expense for the three 
 last months of this year will amount to above two hundred and 
 thirty millions, and that the receipt will be less than ninety- 
 four millions, they have decreed that of the 800 millions in 
 Assignats, thirty-one millions odd hundred thousands should 
 be employed for the use of the Public Treasury for the month 
 of October, with an intention of voting above fifty-two millions 
 for November and above forty-eight for December. 
 
 There is every reason to suppose that the Administration 
 in this country will soon be changed; but whether the new
 
 38 OCTOBER, 1790. 
 
 Ministry will consist of the friends of Mr la Fayette or of Mr 
 Mirabeau remains to be known ; if of the latter, the decree of 
 the Assembly which prevents its members from holding offices 
 under Government will be repealed. 
 
 Paeis, October 22nd, 1790. 
 
 Although the popular party has been unsuccessful in 
 an attempt to obtain an address to the King, from the National 
 Assembly, requesting him to remove his Ministers, their 
 popularity and influence are by no means diminished : the 
 majority of the Assembly were undoubtedly for the dismission 
 of the present ministry, but objected to the mode proposed to 
 effect it. The two clubs, the Jacobins and the Club of 1789, 
 and the different Sections of Paris have declared themselves 
 highly dissatisfied at the continuance of the ministers, and 
 I understand, that in consequence of this very marked un- 
 popularity, they have all signified their intention of resigning, 
 except Mr Montmorin, whose conduct in office has met with 
 the approbation of the popular party. I think it my duty 
 to inform your Grace that that party has signified to me, 
 through Mr Elliot 1 , their earnest desire to use their influence 
 
 1 The mention of this name throws light on a very obscure passage of 
 diplomatic history. In the Life of Hugh Elliott by Lady Minto, p. 335, this 
 passage occurs. " In 1790 Mr Elliott came home on leave and was sent by 
 Mr Pitt on a secret mission to Paris in 1790 and 1791. Beyond the bare fact 
 that he was so sent the correspondence tells nothing of this mission. In one 
 letter only there is an allusion which throws a light upon its nature and success. 
 A brother diplomatist writing to him some years afterwards concerning a 
 delicate negotiation then pending says, "If you could have been sent to conduct 
 it as successfully as you did your mission to Mirabeau," ' &c. Also in the 
 Preface, p. ix, Lady Minto says "the only paper which my grandfather had been 
 anxious to recover was a private memorandum in Mr Pitt's handwriting 
 containing instructions for his guidance, and this, on regaining it, he sent to the 
 Foreign Oilice." It is probable that these instructions of Pitt's referred to the 
 same mission. I have inquired of Sir Edward Hertslet and am told that no 
 paper of this kind exists in the Foreign Office. I am also informed by Mr Kingston 
 that no direct trace of Mr Elliott's mission exists in the Public Becord Office 
 although search has often been made for it. We can easily infer from the mention 
 of Mr Elliott's name in connection with the foregoing and following dispatches 
 what the object of his mission was. A serious dispute which might at any 
 time lead to war was raging between Spain and England on the question of
 
 MISSION OF HUGH ELLIOTT. 39 
 
 with the Court of Madrid in order to bring it to accede to the 
 just demands of His Majesty and, if supported by us, I am 
 * induced to believe, they will readily prefer an English Alliance 
 
 to a Spanish Compact. 
 
 The debate and decree of yesterday will probably tend to 
 incline the minds of the sailors at Brest towards those who will 
 soon hold the reins of government, and will consequently pro- 
 mote some degree of subordination in the navy. 
 
 It is reported here that the Ministry at Madrid is changed, 
 and that the Spanish Ambassador here, who has been passing 
 some days at Fontainebleau, will have some considerable office 
 in the new administration. 
 
 Nootka Sound. By the pacte de famille France was bound to give Spain 
 assistance in an offensive or defensive war. Pitt was using the strongest and 
 most haughty language to compel Spain to submit to us, but if France joined 
 her these remonstrances would be ineffectual and a European war would break 
 out. Mirabeau was not a minister and therefore Lord Gower could have no 
 communication with him, but he was chairman of the comite diplomatique of 
 the National Assembly in whose hands, rather than in those of the minister, lay 
 the issues of peace or war. It was important to secure that Mirabeau should 
 not only maintain the principle that France was not bound to assist Spain under 
 the present circumstances, but should do all he could to urge Spain to submit 
 to the demands of England. If Elliott was authorized to use any other 
 arguments to Mirabeau of a more delicate or secret nature it would be a reason 
 for the correspondence having completely disappeared. Elliott had been an 
 intimate friend of Mirabeau from boyhood. Baron de Stael says under date of 
 October 10, "Si la guerre est declaree entre l'Angleterre et l'Espagne reste a 
 savoir si la France s'en melera ou non. Le parti populaire voudrait conserver la 
 paix, mais les sentiments de la cour sont tres differents, a ce que je crois." 
 Some additional light is thrown on their negotiations by the correspondence of 
 Mirabeau and La Marck on Oct. 24, 1790, LaMarck wrote to Mirabeau "Pourquoi 
 
 done n'etes-vous pas venu bier? La marquise de Vauban Elliott, Louis de 
 
 Seques Biron ct moi nous vous avons espere et attendu fort longtemps." In his 
 "Note pour la cour" of October 28 Mirabeau advises peace and says with regard 
 to England, "La paix n'est point, quoi qu'on en dise, difficile a maintenh. 
 L'Angleterre et surtout le cabinet de saint- James ne veulent pas la guerre : ils 
 ont voulu se preparer a tout 6ve"nement dans le cas ou la loterie qui se tire dans 
 le Nord [the war between Sweden and Bussia] amenerait un quine h l'entre- 
 prenante Russie et se mettre en mesure, si contre leur voeu, la guerre arrivait, d'en 
 tirer partout et envers tous le plus grand parti possible. Cette pensee vague a 
 ete rechauffe"e par quelques circonstances particulieres qu'il serait long de 
 deduire ici : mais, au fond, ils ne sont point decides a la guerre, et meme ils 
 penchent fortement a la paix." He goes on to say that Spain cannot fight 
 without Fiance.
 
 40 OCTOBER, 1790. 
 
 Paeis, October 26th, 1790. 
 
 Mr Elliot being very anxious that your Grace should be 
 informed, without loss of time, of the disposition of the leading 
 men of the prevailing party with whom he has had communi- 
 cation I shall send Morley to London to-night who will be the 
 bearer of this dispatch. 
 
 I must observe to your Grace that the opportunities which 
 Mr Elliot has had of conversing with the members of the 
 Comite Diplomatique, and which from my situation it was 
 not in my power to have, have enabled him to convince them 
 of the pacific intentions 1 of His Majesty; and, I can add with 
 pleasure, that they seem anxiously inclined to co-operate with 
 His Majesty's Ministers in order to induce Spain to comply 
 with his just demands. 
 
 I shall tomorrow communicate to Mr Montmorin your Grace's 
 dispatch, No. 10. 
 
 A letter was this day read to the Assembly from the King's 
 Commissioners at Brest ; by which it appears that there are 
 great hopes of restoring quiet and discipline in the navy, the 
 alteration of some articles in the Code Penal being the only 
 thing now required by the sailors. 
 
 The consideration of those articles will come before the 
 Assembly tomorrow. 
 
 Paeis, October 29th, 1790. 
 
 Mr Fleurien, a Capitaine de Vaisseau and esteemed as 
 an active and intelligent man, is appointed Minister of the 
 Marine : the Colonies are to be in a separate department. 
 
 The command of the fleet at Brest is given to Mr 
 Bougainville ; this appointment, it is supposed, will be popular 
 with the sailors, but may excite the jealousy of the officers, 
 as he has not passed through the regular Grades. 
 
 1 The susceptibilities of the French had been excited by the preparation of 
 the English Fleet to act against Spain, fearing it might be directed against 
 France.
 
 DISTURBANCES AT BEFORT. 41 
 
 In the last conference I had with Mr Montmorin that 
 Minister informed me that, owing to the present unquiet state 
 of the Colonies, it was found necessary to send immediately 
 two ships of the line and two frigates to the West Indies and 
 that he would write to Mr La Luzerne to notify this to your 
 Grace. 
 
 At a time when there is great reason to hope that discipline 
 will be restored in the navy, there are fresh appearances of 
 the want of it in the army : the scene which passed last year 
 at Versailles 1 upon the treat given to the Regiment de Flandres 
 has been renewed at BeTort in Alsace upon a similar occasion : 
 the Regiment of Royal Liegeois gave a repas de corps to two 
 hundred soldiers of the Regiment de Lauzun Hussars lately 
 arrived in that garrison : at the conclusion of which, having 
 trampled upon the National and reassumed the white Cockade, 
 they were proceeding to acts of violence, but were prevented 
 by the timely interference of the Civil Magistrates and the 
 National Guard. 
 
 Mr Bouille, who arrived there the next morning has ordered 
 the regiments to quit the town. They are both foreign regi- 
 ments. 
 
 The Spanish Ambassador informs me that three hundred 
 soldiers have been destroyed by an earthquake at Oran, but 
 that the fortifications have not suffered very considerably. A 
 seventy-four gun ship has been burnt at Carthagena by the 
 overturning of a cauldron of boiling tar, which he attributes 
 to the same cause. 
 
 The National Assembly has resolved that the English, 
 Scotch and Irish religious houses established in France shall 
 not be considered as national property. 
 
 1 This was the famous dinner in the Salle d'Opera when the Royal family 
 entered and the band played Richard o mon roi, l'univers t'abandonne. It is 
 described in all histories of the revolution.
 
 42 NOVEMBER, 1790. 
 
 Paris, November 5th, 1790. 
 
 I received last night a letter from Sir Robert Ainslie 1 , 
 an extract of which together with a copy of an article of 
 intelligence from the Black Sea I send inclosed to your Grace. 
 
 The prospect of a continuation of good harmony between 
 Great Britain and Spain, upon which I most sincerely con- 
 gratulate your Grace, has thrown a visible damp upon the 
 hopes of the aristocratical party, but is very pleasing to the 
 rest of the nation. 
 
 In consequence of the King's not having as yet accepted 
 the resignation of any of his Ministers, except Mr La Luzerne, 
 a convocation of the forty-eight Sections of Paris is advertised 
 by the Mayor to be held this afternoon. 
 
 The Queen has been indisposed for some days past with 
 a sore throat, but Her Majesty was sufficiently recovered to 
 have a Drawing Room yesterday evening. 
 
 Paeis, November 12th, 1790. 
 
 LTllustre, a ship of the line, is arrived at Brest from 
 Martinico and brings an account that the island is entirely in 
 the hands of the soldiers, seven hundred of which have possessed 
 themselves of Fort Bourbon which commands Fort Royal ; Mr 
 de Damas, the governor, has escaped, but is said to be danger- 
 ously wounded. 
 
 As the pay of the Guards, at present about his Majesty's 
 person, and which is at the expense of the municipality of 
 Paris, will cease at the end of the year ; the King has consulted 
 Mr la Fayette upon the subject ; and it is understood that it 
 is intended His Majesty should receive into pay the Gardes 
 soldees of the Paris Militia, chiefly composed of the late Gardes- 
 Franc,ais as his body-guards. This has excited the jealousy 
 of the democratic party, and, in consequence of it, a very 
 warm debate took place yesterday in the National Assembly, 
 and a motion was carried that, the Military and Constitutional 
 
 1 British Minister of Constantinople.
 
 CHANGE OF MINISTRY. 43 
 
 Committee should make a report on the subject. This arrange- 
 ment of a maison militaire for the King and the late publication 
 of Mr Calonne, which is regarded as a manifesto of the Comte 
 d'Artois and the Prince of Conde, have given the greatest 
 alarms to the democratic party, and, as they perceive their 
 popularity on the decline they seem determined to take some 
 strong measures in order to bring the unsettled state of affairs 
 to a speedy crisis, a crisis perhaps of the greatest misery to 
 this unfortunate country, occasioned by the alliance of meta- 
 physics with politics, the fanaticism of liberty and democratic 
 rage. 
 
 The resignations of the ministers for the Home and War 
 Department and of the Keeper of the Seals 1 have been ac- 
 cepted, but I cannot with certainty inform your Grace who are 
 to succeed them. 
 
 Paris, November IWi, 1790. 
 
 Mr Duportail, an officer who served during the last war 
 in America, is appointed Minister for the War Department. 
 His political opinions are supposed to be entirely, what is here 
 called, au sens de la Revolution ; and his letter to the National 
 Assembly to notify his appointment is a strong proof of it; 
 for, in it, after some compliments to, what he calls, that august 
 Assembly he expresses his desire to take an active part in a re- 
 volution which will be the most memorable epoch in the history, 
 not only of France but, of the whole world. The Keeper of 
 the Seals has not yet resigned. 
 
 Two hundred families have applied for passports to the 
 Mayor since the pillage 2 of Mr de Castries's house ; he obtained 
 one under a feigned name and is now out of the French 
 dominions. 
 
 1 St Priest was Minister of the Interior, Latour du Pin Minister of War, and 
 the Archbishop of Bordeaux Keeper of the Seals. Latour du Pin was succeeded 
 by Duportail, the Archbishop by Dupont du Tertre, a bourgeois, and St Priest's 
 office was taken by the Foreign Secretary Montmorin, who was the only one of the 
 old ministers left. 
 
 " The Due de Castries' house was pillaged in consequence of his having 
 wounded Charles de Lameth in a duel.
 
 44 NOVEMBER, 1790. 
 
 While the National Guard continues to be unanimous there 
 is little cause to fear the mob of Paris, but, as endeavours are 
 not "wanting to foment dissentions in that body, the peace of 
 the capital may, with reason, be supposed to be in danger. It 
 is the intention of the democratic party to force Mr la Fayette 
 from the command and to substitute in his place Mr de Biron 
 and Mr Charles de Lameth ; the former to command the milice 
 solde'e the latter the non soldee ; and it is also in contemplation 
 that there should be, in France, as many soldiers of the milice 
 soldee as of regulars. 
 
 Much mischief has been done by the overflowing of the 
 Loire and the last courier, who passed through this place on 
 Wednesday morning, in his way to Madrid may very probably 
 be retarded by that accident, as the Spanish Ambassador's 
 courier is not yet arrived from Madrid. 
 
 Mr Montmorin omits no opportunity of expressing to me 
 his anxiety at not hearing that the disarmament is begun in 
 England. 
 
 P.S. Above 200,000 weight that is above 100 ton of gun- 
 powder is expected to pass through here in its way to Brest 
 from the magazines at Metz, Strasbourgh &c. 
 
 Paris, November 2§th, 1790. 
 
 Mr Montmorin sent a letter yesterday to the National 
 Assembly, copy of which taken from an accurate journal I send 
 to your Grace ; but he did not inform them, as I understood 
 from him on Tuesday last it was his intention to do, that six 
 sail of the line, four in addition to the two I formerly mentioned 
 to your Grace, with frigates and five or six thousand soldiers 
 were to be immediately sent to the West Indies. When he 
 communicated this to me he told me that he should instruct 
 Mr la Luzerne to notify it to your Grace, and, at the same time 
 expressed his readiness to notify it in any other manner or to 
 give any further explanation that his Majesty's confidential 
 ministers might desire.
 
 CIVIC OATH OF THE CLERGY. 45 
 
 Mr Duport Dutertre, an advocate of probity, but of no 
 eminence before the Revolution, to which he professes himself 
 a sincere friend, is appointed Ministre de la Justice et Garde 
 du Sceau de l'Etat. The opinion of Mr La Fayette has evidently 
 had great weight in the appointment of the present ministry. 
 
 Your Grace's last messenger past through this place about 
 five o'clock this evening in his way to Madrid, 
 
 Pabis, December 3rd, 1790. 
 
 Mr de Lessart has succeeded Mr Lambert in the office 
 of Controleur General. 
 
 The National Assembly has passed a decree, which has 
 been sanctioned by the King, obliging the clergy to take the 
 civic oath and declaring that every ecclesiastic who shall act 
 contrary to that oath either by refusing to obey the decrees 
 sanctioned by the King, or by exciting opposition to them shall 
 lose the rights of a French citizen and be incapable of exercising 
 any office. A letter is expected from the Pope enjoining them 
 to comply. In consequence of the troubles in Martinico and 
 the request of Mr Peynier governor of Saint Domingo the 
 Assembly has at last desired the King to send six thousand 
 men to the West Indies with four ships of the line in addition 
 to the two already ordered with a proportionable number of 
 transports. 
 
 A merchant ship lately arrived from the East Indies met 
 on its passage a vessel from which they learnt that there was 
 an insurrection in the Isle de France. 
 
 A great number of forged Assignats have already got into 
 circulation : the maker of them, after much pains and difficulty, 
 is discovered, he is a prisoner in the Chatelet, and, during his 
 confinement in that prison he has contrived to engrave, without 
 detection, no less than ten copper-plates for taking them off.
 
 46 DECEMBER, 1790. 
 
 Paris, December 10th, 1790. 
 
 It has been proposed in the Assembly to tax the public 
 Funds, but, upon a motion of Mr Barnave, they have declared 
 that the invariable principles of public faith must ever prevent 
 them from being the object of a particular tax. They have 
 risen surprizingly within these few weeks: the loan of 125 
 millions, which two months ago was at 11 per cent, loss, were 
 yesterday at 1(W above par. 
 
 The lands and houses formerly belonging to the clergy 
 continue to be sold much higher than their valuation, but they 
 were, for political reasons, evidently rated too low. 
 
 The two French regiments which conducted themselves so 
 shamefully at Nancy are ordered to be cashiered, the common 
 soldiers however are to be allowed three months' pay. 
 
 It is reported that Mr Conway is on his return to this 
 country from the Isle de France and that the troops are to go 
 back from thence to Pondicherry. 
 
 Paris, December 14th, 1790. 
 
 I take the opportunity of Mr Fraser's return to England 
 to inform your Grace that Mr Montmorin assured me positively 
 this morning that there is no foundation for the report that 
 the troops are returned from the Isle de France to Pondicherry. 
 He also told me that the Ministry might possibly send fewer 
 vessels and troops than they had intended to the West Indies : 
 it appears indeed that, at this very critical time, they may 
 have sufficient employment for all their troops at home. 
 
 I was mistaken when I informed your Grace that the King 
 had sanctioned the decree which obliges the clergy to take 
 the civic oath. His Majesty I understand waits for an answer 
 from Rome.
 
 FORGERS OF ASSIGNATS IN LONDON. 47 
 
 Paris, December 17th, 1790. 
 
 The inclosed paper will prove to your Grace the great 
 alarm which the discovery of a company of forgers of Assignats 
 in London has occasioned in this country. Mr Montmorin, 
 when he yesterday mentioned the subject to me, stated it as 
 a matter of the utmost importance ; and assured me that the 
 assistance of His Majesty's Ministers on this occasion would 
 be regarded as a strong proof of good-intelligence between the 
 two countries, and would insure reciprocal assistance whenever 
 it should be required. 
 
 At Mr Montmorin's request, I shall take the liberty to write 
 a letter recommending the business and the bearer to your 
 Grace's protection : which letter that Minister will deliver to 
 the person who is to manage this affair in London for the 
 French Ministry. 
 
 The aristocratic party express openly in public their hopes 
 of a speedy counter-revolution. It is certain that the capital 
 is regarded with a jealous eye by the provinces; which jealousy 
 is industriously fomented by all those, a considerable number 
 indeed, who are dissatisfied with the present Government. 
 Three people have been lately taken up and sent to the prison 
 of Pierre Encise near Lyons on account of the discovery of a 
 treasonable plot ; and between hope and fear many people 
 attached to the former system are daily quitting Paris. 
 
 Paris, December 31st, 1790. 
 
 The King has notified, by a letter counter-signed by the 
 Garde du Sceau, his acceptation of the decree relative to the 
 civil constitution of the clergy ; in consequence of which the 
 Bishop of Autun 1 and most of the inferior clergy, members 
 of the Assembly, have taken the oath prescribed by that decree. 
 The late constant rain is supposed to have delayed the return 
 of the courier from Rome. 
 
 A serious but premature plan for a counter-revolution has 
 certainly been discovered at Lyons. The story of a number of 
 
 1 Talleyrand.
 
 48 DECEMBER, 1790. 
 
 men having arrived there from Auvergne with led horses which 
 they left in order to return precipitately home I find to be 
 absolutely true. 
 
 It is certain that there have been considerable dissentions 
 among the French of the aristocratical party at Turin. The 
 Prince of Conde, having spoken disrespectfully of the conduct 
 of the King of Sardinia, has been obliged to leave that country, 
 and is now at Nyon in Switzerland : the Comte d'Artois re- 
 mains at Turin ; but his return to Paris is expected by many. 
 In case of that event the Temple will probably be his place 
 of residence. 
 
 The Assembly has voted one hundred thousand livres for 
 the works at Cherbourg the Minister of the Marine Department 
 having promised to lay before them the plan of those works, 
 which, he calculates, will cost, for the year 1791, only nine 
 hundred thousand instead of four or five millions of livres, 
 the usual annual amount of the sum expended on them. 
 
 Paris, January 1th, 1791. 
 
 It is difficult to believe that Government has not as 
 yet been informed of the sentiments of the Court of Rome 
 with regard to the decree of the 27th of November, although 
 the long-expected courier is not arrived. 
 
 . All the Bishops 1 except those of Autun and Lydda and the 
 Abbe" Expilly, elected bishop according to the new constitution 
 by the Department of Finisterre, have refused to take the oath. 
 I understand that it is intended that they should be allowed 
 10,000 livres per annum. In order to induce the Comte d'Artois 
 to return it will very probably be proposed in the Assembly 
 that the nation, in addition to the traitement already allowed 
 him, shall pay him a sum of money for certain mines and 
 forges which belonged to him before the last decree upon the 
 Apanages. The Prince of Conde' is, it is said, returned to 
 Turin. 
 
 1 Of 131 bishops only 4 took the oath.
 
 THE EMIGRES. 49 
 
 The commandant of the Garde Nationale at Marseilles has 
 been taken up on his way to Nice being strongly suspected of 
 being concerned in the plan of counter-revolution lately dis- 
 covered at Lyons. 
 
 I think it my duty to inform your Grace that Mr Simolin 
 has of late had frequent conferences with Mr de Montmorin. 
 
 Paris, January lith, 1791. 
 
 In consequence of your Grace's instructions No. 14 
 I have communicated to Mr de Montmorin the circumstances 
 of Mr Dawson's complaint : that Minister having desired me 
 to state it in writing I have sent to him a memorial ; copy of 
 which I inclose. In case it should appear that Mr Landolph 
 has been authorized by the French Government to act in the 
 manner mentioned in Mr Dawson's memorial, I shall desire to 
 be informed what is the ground or nature of the claim of 
 France to the exercise of such rights in the place in question, 
 and I shall lose no time in transmitting to your Grace the 
 answer of the French Ministry. 
 
 The King of Sardinia having absolutely refused to give any 
 assistance to the French emigrants the Prince de Conde will 
 pass the remainder of the winter in Switzerland and the Count 
 d'Artois is waiting at Venice for such offers from the Assembly 
 as may induce him to return to France. 
 
 The greater number of the curates of Paris took the oath 
 last Sunday : some however, having another week allowed them 
 to consider the subject, declined taking it at that time ; in the 
 mean while no official answer is arrived from Rome ; but there 
 is good reason to beleive that Government is apprized of the 
 unfavorable sentiments of that Court. 
 
 Above sixteen millions have been voted for the current 
 service of the present month. 
 
 G. C.
 
 50 JANUARY, 1791. 
 
 Paris, January 21st, 1791. 
 
 On the arrival of Mr Groves with your Grace's instruc- 
 tions, I wrote immediately to Mr de Montmorin desiring his 
 authority and assistance in order to enable him to receive and 
 convey to England Claude Fini alias Chameron. 
 
 That Minister informed me yesterday, in the course of con- 
 versation that in the present state of things, it was impossible 
 for him to authorize the conveying of Claude Fini to England : 
 he expressed his wish that it were possible ; although, he re- 
 marked, he knew that the British Government could not, in 
 case it were requested afford reciprocal assistance. Mr de 
 Montmorin having promised an answer in writing, I shall send 
 it to your Grace by the next messenger. 
 
 No answer from Rome has been as yet made public. The 
 curates in the capital who have refused to take the oath have 
 been permitted to retire without bloodshed, but not without 
 insult from the populace. In the provinces particularly in the 
 south some cruelties have been committed, and in one place 
 the mob cut off the curate's head and, having placed it on the 
 altar, sprinkled it in derision with holy water. 
 
 The regiments of Soissonois and of Penthievre are, by a 
 decree of the National Assembly recalled from Avignon. Some 
 soldiers of those regiments have together with the National 
 Guard of that town been guilty of the most horrid barbarities. 
 Their first intention was to beseige Carpentras in order to 
 destroy the Assembly now sitting in that town, but, finding it 
 too strong, they turned their rage against Cavaillon, which they 
 pillaged, after having murdered many of the inhabitants and 
 having committed all sorts of indecencies. Your Grace may 
 judge of the alarming state of the southern provinces from 
 a letter of Mr du Portail to the National Assembly, in which 
 he says that the number of regular troops is much inferior to 
 the wants and desires of every department, particularly in the 
 south of France. He insists much on the difficulty of sending 
 them to the places where they are wanted. Sometimes the 
 regiments themselves shew a spirit of resistance which it would 
 be dangerous to put to a trial ; sometimes municipalities and
 
 TIPPO SAIB. 51 
 
 administrators of departments declare that they will not permit 
 the regiments in their departments to go away, or, that they 
 will not receive some others destined to be sent to them, and 
 at other times they stop the troops that have orders to pass 
 through their territories. 
 
 The Prince of Condd has left Switzerland and is now at 
 Stutgard. 
 
 I inclose a copy of a French translation of a letter said to 
 be written (in Latin) from the Emperor to the King of France 
 a notion that His Imperial Majesty, is preparing to act in 
 conformity to that letter has occasioned a considerable fall in 
 the funds here. 
 
 The frigate la Nymphe arrived at 1' Orient on the 12th and 
 is said to bring an account of a victory gained by Tippoo Saib 
 in the East Indies. I send your Grace a translation of that 
 account from one of the public papers. Mr de Montmorin, 
 when I mentioned the subject to him yesterday, assured me 
 that he had received no official intelligence which could at all 
 corroborate the report, and told me that he remained with the 
 Minister of the Marine and Colonies upon business till ten 
 o'clock the night before who at that time had received no 
 account of it. I have this morning seen a gentleman who has 
 received a letter from a friend at Pondicherry dated the 26 of 
 July in which there is no mention of this victory. 
 
 Paris, January 23rd, 1791. 
 
 I forgot to inform your Grace that Mr de Mirabeau, 
 instead of quitting Paris as he had once intended, mounted 
 guard last week at the Thuilleries as commander of a bat- 
 talion of the National Guard ; he has since been obliged to 
 quit that station, being chosen one of the administrators of 
 the department of Paris, an office which is not tenable with 
 any other: the Bishop of Autun, for the same reason, has 
 resigned his bishoprick. A very large importation from England 
 of buttons for the national uniform has made it necessary for 
 every possible precaution to be taken in order to prevent 
 
 4-2
 
 52 JANUARY, 1791. 
 
 tumults in this town : the journey-men manufacturers having 
 threatened to destroy the shops of all those who sell English 
 goods. 
 
 Those who are best acquainted with East India affairs give 
 little credit to the report of Tippoo's victory. The accounts 
 however from Chandernagor are unfortunately too true ; the 
 inhabitants of that place having deposed the officers appoint- 
 ed by the King, dispersed the magistrates, and pillaged the 
 archives. 
 
 The spirit of opposition in Alsace to the decrees of the 
 National Assembly joined to the Emperor's letter to the King 
 has occasioned a proposal from one of the sections of this 
 capital which has been approved of by the rest, to form a body 
 of twelve thousand men in order to march to the frontier on 
 the first alarm of hostilities from that quarter. 
 
 Pabis, January 28th, 1791. 
 
 In order that your Grace may know the sort of language 
 that the Princes of Germany, who have possessions in France, 
 hold to this Court, I inclose a printed copy of the Bishop of 
 Spire's answer to a ministerial note of the Baron de Groschlag, 
 the King's Minister Plenipotentiary to the circle of the upper 
 Rhine, which I received from that Princes minister at this 
 Court. I inclose also a copy of the Emperor's letter in the 
 original Latin. The Prince of Conde"s and Mr de Calonne's 
 journey to Stutgard increase the suspicions of designs from 
 that quarter hostile to the present Constitution of France. In 
 addition to which the state of the minds of the inhabitants of 
 Alsace add much to the general alarm. The prevalence of the 
 Protestant religion in that country cause the Catholics to be 
 extremely strict with regard to their religious tenets, and of 
 course much dissatisfied with the decree concerning the civil 
 constitution of the clergy : some former decrees of the Assembly 
 in favor of the Protestants having before given them impressions 
 not favourable to that body. Many of the Protestants, on the
 
 CLUB DES JACOBINS. 53 
 
 other hand, being farmers of the lands of the clergy, use every 
 possible means to prevent the sale of those lands. 
 
 It is intended, in consequence of these alarms, to increase 
 the number of regular troops, which consist now of one hundred 
 and twenty thousand men, to one hundred and fifty thousand, 
 and to raise in addition one hundred thousand auxiliary troops, 
 that are not to do garrison duty but to be ready in case of 
 necessity, and to be enlisted for three years. 
 
 The Assembly of Carpentras, in proof of whose loyalty and 
 attachment to their Sovereign I inclose a declaration sent to 
 me by their president, have been obliged to place on the gates 
 of their town the arms of France, not however without having 
 first sent to the neighbouring departments to know if they 
 might expect any assistance from the National Guard. 
 
 The accounts from Martinico state that island to be in the 
 most deplorable situation, the governor, Mr de Damas, having 
 thought fit to put arms into the hands of the slaves. Two ships 
 of the line sailed some time ago for that colony, and the other 
 four with six thousand troops, if they have not been prevented 
 by contrary winds, have by this time left Brest. 
 
 I rejoice to find that the disagreable reports brought by la 
 Nymphe from the East-Indies are entirely without foundation. 
 
 The violence of party is at present so great in the National 
 Assembly that no terms of abuse are omitted by the speakers 
 on either side, and the style of language which used to be con- 
 fined to the markets, and therefore called le langage des holies, 
 is now very frequently adopted in that place. 
 
 The club of the Jacobins and another lately established 
 called des Amis de la Constitution Monarchique are at open 
 war. The house of Mr de Clermont Tonnerre, the president of 
 the latter club, has been threatened to be pulled down by the 
 populace, which being notified yesterday by a member to the 
 Assembly, the president wrote to the mayor, who immediately 
 went to the spot, which prevented the threat from being put 
 into execution. 
 
 During the course of this week, there has been frequent 
 occasion to call for the aid of the National Guard. Some days 
 ago a party of Chasseurs, a body of men established principally
 
 54 .1 VNUARY, 1701. 
 
 with a view to prevent smuggling, insisted, without any order 
 from the civil magistrate, upon entering the house of a person 
 who was known to have smuggled goods, in the village of la 
 Villette adjoining the barriere leading to St Denis, and, 
 entrance being refused, they proceeded to acts of violence and 
 were fired upon by the people within, who were possessed of 
 fire arms, as they belonged to the National Guard. They fired 
 in their turn, and this sort of engagement continued till the 
 arrival of Mr la Fayette with a large (sic) of guards and canon. 
 The Chasseurs have, by this proceeding rendered themselves 
 extremely unpopulai - , and they are on that account unable to 
 do their duty, the consequence of which is that every night 
 some barriere is forced and prodigious quantities of smuggled 
 goods, particularly wine and brandy, are brought into the town, 
 which must occasion a considerable decrease of the public 
 revenue. 
 
 An assistant of the police was yesterday extremely ill- 
 treated by a mob in the faubourg St Antoine but he was at 
 last rescued by the interference of the guard. I hope to be 
 able to give your Grace an account of the present state of the 
 finances of this country in my next dispatch. 
 
 Paeis, January 30, 1791. 
 
 I omitted to inform your Grace that the King last week 
 appointed Mr de Lessart Minister of the Home Department. 
 The thousand auxiliaries are to act instead of the militia and 
 are to receive three sous a day during the three years of their 
 engagement, unless called upon active service. In that case they 
 will be incorporated with the other regiments. The regular 
 troops, when compleated will amount to 150 thousand men; 
 the National Guard to 300 thousand. 
 
 The administrators of the department of la Drome, which 
 bounds the Pope's territories on the north, having resolved to 
 send succours to the inhabitants of Carpentras, causes some 
 uneasiness, but it is hoped that orders to the contrary from the 
 Minister of the War Department will arrive in time to prevent 
 any bad consequences.
 
 CLUB MONARCHIQUE. 55 
 
 I inclose the Moniteur of this day as it contains two very 
 interesting speeches 1 one of Mr Alexander Lameth, the other 
 of Mr Mirabeau. The latter gentleman is at last chosen presi- 
 dent of the Assembly. 
 
 Paris, February 4th, 1791. 
 
 There is good reason to believe that the quiet which 
 we at present enjoy will not be of long duration. The party 
 of Mr Barnave and the Lameths omit no opportunity of giving 
 the spur to a popularity which they perceive to be declining: 
 on the other hand, the new club 2 shews a degree of firmness, 
 which has as yet been wanting among those who profess their 
 principles. It is certain that they intended to acquire a popu- 
 larity by causing bread to be sold to the poor, considerably below 
 the market price : which, being done in too open a manner, has 
 had, in some degree, a contrary effect, and has given to the club 
 of the Jacobins an opportunity of denouncing them as a society 
 formed by a faction, and dangerous to the Constitution. The 
 club of 1789, through fear of being implicated in this accusation, 
 has declared that they reject from their society all those who 
 continue to be members of the Club Monarchique, for so they 
 call by abbreviation the Society des Amis de la Constitution 
 Monarchique, who took that appellation in contradistinction 
 to the Society des Amis de la Constitution, the regular appella- 
 tion of the Jacobins. The last society having imprudently 
 published a letter in which they accused the Chasseurs of 
 having designedly caused the late disturbances at the barriere 
 of la Chapelle, leading to St Denis, and that they had received 
 pay to act in that manner, the mayor found it necessary to 
 
 1 Lameth's speech was delivered as president of the military committee, 
 Mirabeau's as reporter of the diplomatic committee. It dealt principally with 
 international relations and urged that there was nothing to be apprehended on 
 the side of England. The English nation was substantially in harmony with 
 the French Revolution and the Minister would not dare to run counter to its 
 views. He professed a complete ignorance of the private views of the English 
 ministry, and naturally spoke so as to avoid all suspicion of Eliott's mission. 
 
 - The club of the Amis de la Constitution Monarchique was founded towards 
 the close of 1790.
 
 56 FEBRUARY, 1791. 
 
 issue a declaration, entirely exculpating them, and the Jacobins 
 were obliged to retract their opinion in a second letter. 
 
 I inclose Mr Malouet's well written answer to Mr Barnave's 
 Denonciation du Club de la Constitution Monarchique, at the end 
 of which there is printed the first letter of the Jacobins con- 
 trasted with that of the Club Monarchique upon that subject. 
 In order to compensate this error and to turn men's minds from 
 a subject not favourable to them towards one which might 
 hurt the other club, a report was industriously spread by the 
 Jacobins that there was a plan to carry off the Royal family 
 and that horses were in readiness in the stables at Versailles 
 for that purpose. They accordingly sent commissioners to inspect 
 and report : in one stable, it is true, they found 120 horses, in 
 another 140, but one number belonged to a regiment of horse, 
 the other to the Chasseurs ; nor was the number of horses 
 found to be encreased in those stables since the revolution. 
 Another cause of alarm is the intended journey of the King's 
 aunts to Rome. The reason assigned for this resolution is a 
 point of conscience not to attend mass performed by a priest 
 who has taken the new oath ; if this is the only reason it may 
 be easily surmounted ; certain however it is that they have 
 asked for passports and that preparations are making for the 
 journey. In the mean time the friends to the Constitution at 
 Seve 1 , near which town Mesdames reside, are corresponding with 
 the club of the same name at Paris, the Jacobins, and beseech- 
 ing them to use their influence and authority in order to prevent 
 their departure. 
 
 The Bishop of Orleans and the Cardinal Bishop of Sens 
 have taken the oath : the Cardinal de Bornis, having taken it 
 with a restriction, sans manquer a ce que je dois a Dieu et a la 
 religion, will probably be deprived not only of his bishoprick 
 but of all the offices that he holds under Government. The 
 lands of the clergy continue to be sold for at least a third more 
 than their valuation ; the difficulty of employing assignats in 
 any other manner, and the prospect of the great improvements 
 which may be made on those lands, heretofore much neglected, 
 are the most probable causes of this advantageous sale. 
 
 1 Seve is the usual manner of spelling Sevres at that time.
 
 FUNERAL OF M. DESILLES. 57 
 
 An East India merchantship, the Amphitrite, on its return 
 to France, has been wrecked off the coast and almost within 
 sight of F Orient : out of 108 men five only were saved. 
 
 The last accounts from Martinico are dated the twenty-fifth 
 of December : at that time the rebels were still in possession 
 of the forts. The colonies of Cayenne and Guyanne shew the 
 same spirit of opposition to their governors ; so that there is 
 scarcely a single colony belonging to France that is not in a 
 state of insurrection. 
 
 There are reports of disturbances in Britanny but there are 
 no accounts that can be depended upon. 
 
 I inclose an abstract of the expences of the three first months 
 of this year : the whole expences of the year will soon be laid 
 before the Assembly of which I shall give your Grace the earliest 
 account. 
 
 I am informed, by the Minister from the Republic of 
 Geneva, that the heads of the French party there have been 
 gained by giving them droits de bourgeoisie and by other 
 means. 
 
 I cannot conclude without mentioning a circumstance on 
 account of it's singularity. I happened to be at the Assembly, 
 on Saturday last 1 , when a funeral pageant was performed there 
 to the memory of Mr Desilles, whose bust was carried in a 
 sort of triumph round the room accompanied by a procession 
 of soldiers with martial musick : a speech was made on the 
 occasion by one of the members and another by the president ; 
 as soon as the last was concluded, the ears of the legislators 
 of France were amused with the favourite air of Ca ira, performed 
 by this martial band : the Abbe Maury, who happened to be 
 near us, exclaimed voila comme les francais font des lois. 
 
 1 This happened at the evening sitting. A detachment of the grenadiers of 
 the battalion of St Joseph was introduced, drums and a band headed a deputation, 
 in the midst was carried the bust of Desilles, who died at Nancy of his wounds in 
 trying to spare the blood of his fellow-citizens. M. Gouy and the President 
 made speeches, the bust was placed on the Secretaries' table recovered with oak- 
 leaves. A large painting of the action of Desilles was ordered to be made. 
 Immediately after this Mirabeau was declared President of the Assembly. 
 Nothing is said in the Moniteur about (,,'a ira.
 
 58 FEBRUARY, 1791. 
 
 Paris, February, 11th, 1791. 
 
 During Mr de Mirabeau's presidency more essential 
 business will have been dispatched by the Assembly than has 
 been done by that body in the space of months before. Among 
 other things are to be reckoned 1st. the conclusion of the orga- 
 nization of juries ; and 2nd. the formation of a High National 
 Court to try those who are accused by the legislative body. 
 It is to consist of four judges taken from the Tribunal de Cassa- 
 tion, the formation of which now occupies the attention of the 
 Assembly ; the jury of this court is to be composed of citizens 
 having the qualifications requisite to be a deputy to the National 
 Assembly: two to be chosen at every election for a new legislature 
 by every department, and to continue during the duration of 
 that legislature. The place where it is to sit must be distant 
 at least 15 leagues from that of the National Assembly. 
 
 3rd. The reduction of the number of municipalities, a 
 consummation most devoutly to be wished for by all who are 
 enemies to anarchy and confusion, would have been agitated 
 before this time in the Assembly had it not been for the inter- 
 ruption which a remonstrance from the city of Paris, and the 
 business brought forward in consequence of that remonstrance 
 has occasioned. 
 
 The municipality has stated to the Assembly that Paris is 
 no longer able to bear the weight of those taxes which the 
 former abuses of Government enabled it to pay: that in propor- 
 tion to their decrease of wealth they suffer an increase of 
 expence. That they are obliged to maintain twenty-seven 
 thousand adventurers and needy persons, (the fact is that, 
 under the name of workmen and labourers those people receive 
 fifteen sous a day although they scarcely work at all). That 
 they have still to pay four millions for the expence of the revolu- 
 tion, and one million two hundred thousand livres for the works 
 in the Champ de Mars for the Federation. That it is unjust that 
 they who were the most active in bringing about the revolution 
 should be the greatest sufferers by that event. In this state of 
 distress they request the Assembly to decree that six millions 
 should be paid to them by the public treasury ; they being able 
 to prove that fifteen millions are owing them by the public.
 
 TAXATION. 59 
 
 The payment of the six millions has accordingly been 
 decreed, and Mr Dupont, by order of the Comite d'Impositions, 
 has laid before the Assembly a plan for levying taxes to be paid 
 at the entrance of towns in proportion to their population; 
 according to which plan it is calculated that every inhabitant of 
 Paris will pay annually eighteen livres per head instead of forty 
 livres ten sous. The towns of France formerly paid in droits 
 d'entre'e seventy millions per annum, of which forty-six went to 
 the service of Government, the other twenty-four were employed 
 by the towns themselves. Paris alone contributed thirty-six 
 millions, twenty-eight of which were paid to the public. It is 
 now proposed to reduce the forty-six millions, which were 
 formerly paid to Government, to twenty-four and that of Paris 
 from twenty-eight to ten. 
 
 The expences of the new Government, for the present year, 
 are estimated at 658 millions : as they are now printing tables 
 of these expences I shall delay enlarging upon that subject till 
 next week. 
 
 The King's aunts seem determined to leave this country: 
 they have employed people to buy gold coin for them in Paris 
 to so large an amount that it has considerably increased the 
 price of it. 
 
 The sentiments of the inhabitants of Alsace have occasioned 
 great uneasiness to the King's Commissioners: they found the 
 minds of people so adverse to them at Strasburg that they 
 hastened to Colmar where they were saved from the fury of the 
 people by the interference of the National Guard. Vive Mr 
 d'Artois: les Commissaires & la lanterne were the expressions 
 with which they were saluted on their arrival at the last place. 
 
 The troubles in Britanny have not been very considerable; 
 some lives have been lost and many people taken prisoners by 
 the National Guard in order to prevent the further burning of 
 castles in that country. 
 
 In Quercy quiet is at last restored, but there also the rioters 
 have done much mischief. At Chantilly they have destroyed 
 the Prince of Condi's park and gardens. In Paris necessity 
 has obliged the municipal officers to interfere in order to sup- 
 press the gaming-houses in the neighbourhood of the Palais-
 
 60 FEBRUARY, 1791. 
 
 Royal which were swarming with thieves and pick-pockets. 
 The Bishop of Autun has published a curious letter in which he 
 acknowledges that he has lately been guilty of the vice of 
 gaming, but that he has not won so much as his enemies are 
 pleased to say. 
 
 The four remaining ships destined for the West India colo- 
 nies did not leave Brest till the fifth of this month. That 
 armament will cost Government near nine millions. 
 
 The curates whose conscience will not permit them to take 
 the oath are to be allowed 500 livres a year : it is not yet 
 determined whether the bishops who are in the same predica- 
 ment are to have so much as £10,000 a year: the sum given to 
 those whose bishopricks were suppressed upon the late reduc- 
 tion of them. 
 
 The Prince of Conde has left Stutgard and is gone, it is 
 said, to Brunswick. 
 
 Paris, February, 18th, 1791. 
 
 According to the instructions which I received from your 
 Grace, by the last courier, I have delivered to Mr de Montmorin 
 a memorial in favor of the Tobago creditors. I inclose an 
 answer to one which I delivered to that Minister some time asfo 
 
 O 
 
 upon the subject of Claude Fini alias Chameron. 
 
 Five 74 gun ships, two frigates of 18, and nine of 12 guns, 
 with five store ships having on board twelve battalions of 
 infantry is the exact number of vessels that sailed for the West- 
 Indies. I reckoned only four of the line, supposing that two 
 had sailed before, according to the information which I had 
 received from Mr de Montmorin of the intention of the Ministry 
 at that time : the single ship which sailed then had been 
 destined already for that station, and was therefore fitted out at 
 the expence of the ordinary establishment, Mr de Bougainville 
 is returned from Brest, I have good reason to believe, well 
 pleased at having been able, though not without much difficulty, 
 to prevail upon the sailors and soldiers to embark upon that 
 expedition; two million one hundred thousand livres have been
 
 TOBACCO DUTIES. Gl 
 
 spent to buy piastres in order to pay them three months ad- 
 vance in specie. 
 
 The King's commissioners in Alsace leave no means unem- 
 ployed in order to effect their business in that country: one is 
 not surprized that they converted eight professors at a theolo- 
 gical disputation when one knows that they carried with them 
 from hence arguments to the amount of one million of livres; 
 they have however been obliged to call for the additional aid of 
 a military force. The same arguments probably and certainly 
 the same military aid have been employed by the commissioners 
 in Britanny; where twenty six parishes had united to defend 
 the curates who had refused to take the oath. The Bishops of 
 Treguier, St Pol and Vannes, who are accused of instigating 
 these troubles, are ordered de se rendre a la suite de VAssembUe 
 Nationale. But one of the most effectual measures which have 
 been taken in order to conciliate the minds of the inhabitants 
 of Alsace is the late decree of the Assembly permitting them to 
 cultivate tobacco; a measure however which will be attended 
 with a considerable decreace of the revenue. The 1st article of 
 this decree, the permission to cultivate tobacco, subject to cer- 
 tain duties on the manufacture, and sale of it, passed by a 
 majority of ten only, the 2d prohibits foreign snuff, the 3d 
 lays a duty on foreign tobacco in leaves of 25 livres pr quintal, 
 excepting what is brought directly from America in French 
 vessels, upon which three fourths only of that duty is laid; it is 
 referred to the committee of contributions whether the duty 
 should be lessened in the same manner upon tobacco from the 
 Levant. The 4th allows tobacco in leaves to be stored, for a 
 year, in the ware-houses of the Regie and to be re-exported duty 
 free. The 5th which taxes the manufacture is adjourned, the 
 Gth establishes a Regie Nationale subject to the same duties as 
 private manufactories. 
 
 Another decrease of the revenue, the diminishing the duties 
 on the entrance of towns, is not yet decided upon: many mem- 
 bers of the Assembly object to the plan of the committee and 
 are of opinion to take them entirely off. The duties on spiri- 
 tuous liquors, a considerable branch of the revenue, is no longer 
 to exist.
 
 62 FEBRUARY, 1791. 
 
 The tradesmen's companies are abolished which will cost 
 the public a very large sum in indemnifications. I inclose a 
 state of the public expences for 1791 published in the name of 
 the committee of finances. 
 
 In order, in some degree, to supply these various diminu- 
 tions of the public revenue, it is decreed that all merchants 
 tradesmen manufacturers &c. shall be obliged to take out a 
 licence, the price of which is to be in proportion to the rent of 
 their house or shop and according to their trade ; those of luxury 
 are rated the highest and those that are absolutely necessary 
 the lowest, bakers for instance are to pay but half the common 
 price. 
 
 A decree of the Assembly has taken from Mr and Mme de 
 Polignac their estate of Fene'tranges, bought by those of the 
 Crown with money, which it appears was given them by his 
 Majesty for that purpose, and has sentenced them to refund 
 800000 livres given them also by the King during the adminis- 
 tration of Mr de Calonne, whom they have declared answerable 
 for the whole payment. This decree among many others prove 
 the violence of party. Mesdames continue to declare their 
 intention of leaving this country, altho' after the remonstrance 
 that has been made to the Assembly by 32 sections of Paris 
 against their journey, and the general impression that it has 
 made in the country it is difficult to say how they can venture 
 to put their intention into execution. 
 
 I find that I was misinformed with regard to the Prince of 
 Conde' who I understand is, or at least was very lately, in the 
 neighbourhood of Stutgard. Mr de Calonne has past a few 
 days at Vienna and is now at Venice. 
 
 The King and Queen of Naples, and it is said the Emperor 
 purpose to go to Italy in the beginning of the next month. 
 Madame du Barry, who has been robbed of jewels to the amount 
 of near fifty thousand pounds sterling has heard that some of 
 them have been offered to be sold in London; she left this 
 place yesterday in order to endeavour to regain them. It appears 
 that they were stolen by a gang of eleven people whose next 
 attempt was to have been upon the jewels of the Queen of 
 France.
 
 THE king's aunts. 63 
 
 From the complexion of things I shall not be surprized if I 
 shall have to inform your Grace that the Cardinal Bishop of 
 Sens is elected to the See of Paris. 
 
 Paris, February 20th, 1791. 
 
 The King's aunts left their country house at Bellevue 
 last night at ten o'clock on their way to Italy and have since 
 been heard of at Fontainebleau : it is supposed they will reach 
 Auxerre this day. A party of people chiefly Poissardes arrived 
 at Bellevue about an hour after their departure and have 
 stopped their baggage. 
 
 Accounts have been received from Geneva of disturbances 
 in that place the country people having approached the town 
 in a manner that alarmed the inhabitants, the gates were shut 
 upon them and they have been obliged to retreat. 
 
 The Assembly has decreed that after the first of May next 
 all droits d' entree des villes shall cease. 
 
 Paris, February 25th, 1791. 
 
 The departure of the King's aunts has been the cause 
 of two considerable mobs, but which, owing to the vigilance of 
 Mr la Fayette, have been attended with no bad consequences. 
 The first gave me an opportunity of being witness to great 
 firmness and presence of mind in the King's brother, I happened 
 to dine, on Tuesday 1 , at the Luxembourg with a company which 
 
 1 Bertram! dc Molleville gives the following account of this event in. 35. "It 
 was rumoured that Monsieur the King's brother also intended to leave Paris 
 accompanied by Madame. It was to this Prince Barnave alluded in his motion. 
 An immense mob, chiefly composed of women, set out for the Luxembourg, and 
 a large detachment of tbem after some slight resistance made their way into the 
 Palace and were introduced into Monsieur's apartments, where they expressed 
 the uneasiness of the people and solicited him not to go away. Monsieur 
 declared to them that it never had been his intention to separate himself from 
 the King and that he would never quit his majesty. So solemn an assurance 
 excited the liveliest acclamation of joy and Monsieur, immediately setting out 
 with Madame to go to the Tuileries, was accompanied thither by the whole mob."
 
 64 FEBRUARY, 1791. 
 
 was honored by his presence : while we were at coffee, one of 
 his attendants, with signs of the greatest alarm, rushed into the 
 room and informed us that the mob threatened to force their 
 way into the Petit Luxembourg 1 where Monsieur resides, de- 
 claring that they were certain that he intended to quit Paris 
 that night : he immediately without the least signs of emotion 
 gave orders for a deputation to be admitted into the court, 
 where he went and informed them that they were perfectly 
 mistaken, and at the same time gave them his word of honor 
 that he would not leave the kingdom at present. This deputa- 
 tion consisted entirely of women. Having done this, he pro- 
 ceeded to the Thuileries, where he goes regularly every Tuesday, 
 in order to attend the Jeu de la Heine, accompanied on this 
 occasion by a troop of Poissardes and populace. When Mon- 
 sieur entered the gates the guard endeavoured, but in vain, to 
 prevent their following him into the court ; upon this Mr la 
 Fayette ordered the cavalry to force them out of it, Mr Bailly 
 and some municipal officers arrived at that instant and insisted 
 upon their sheathing their swords, but informed the mob that, 
 if they did not retire, it would be impossible for them any 
 longer to prevent the guards from firing upon them : this had 
 the desired effect ! they retired, and Monsieur was suffered to 
 return quietly to the Luxembourg. I understand that Mr de la 
 Fayette complains much of Mr Bailly's want of resolution, last 
 night when the latter was giving a circumstantial account of 
 the different disturbances to his Majesty the King was heard 
 to say : It is impossible to continue to act any longer in this 
 manner, something must be done ! or words to that effect. The 
 disturbance of yesterday, which ended in the same manner as 
 the former, was owing to a request from Mesdames to the 
 National Assembly for a passport ; they are stopt at Arnay le 
 due, a sorry town in Burgundy, by the Commune of that place. 
 Upon a motion of Mr Mirabeau the Assembly has decreed that, 
 considering that no law of the kingdom forbids Mesdames from 
 travelling il riy a lieu a deliberer and refers that affair to the 
 
 1 Monsieur resided in a small pavilion of the petit Luxembourg now- 
 occupied by the Secretaire du Senat.
 
 CAMP OF J ALES. 65 
 
 executive power. The manner 1 in which the first opposition 
 to their passage at Moret was overcome is much blamed and 
 the person who is responsible for the orders given to the 
 Chasseurs will suffer under the lash of the popular party. 
 Mr de Montmorin who commands at Fontainebleau is a near 
 relation of the minister. 
 
 The National Guard of L' Orient with the assistance of 150 
 soldiers of the regiment of Walsh have quieted the peasants in 
 Britanny. Above eighty of them have been taken prisoners, 
 the number of killed is uncertain but it amounts at least to 
 between twenty and thirty. 
 
 In Alsace also every thing is quiet four hundred regular 
 troops have entered Colmar, and the military preparations in 
 that province prove that Government has no great confidence 
 in the continuance of tranquillity in that quarter. 
 
 The palace of the Elector of Mayence is prepared as a 
 residence it is said for the Prince of Conde' who declares his 
 resolution of entering France with an armed force whenever an 
 opportunity shall offer. 
 
 The Comte d'Artois it is expected will return to Turin. 
 
 Your Grace will recollect the Confederation encamped at 
 Jales in the Cevennes, which was dispersed by a decree of the 
 Assembly in the month of August ; the camp however has 
 always subsisted, and is now composed of about eight thousand 
 men. To that camp, after the late affair at Uzes, where the 
 dragoons at last restored tranquillity but not without some 
 bloodshed, the Catholics and discontented have retired, for 
 those skirmishes in the south which pass merely for disputes 
 between the Catholics and Protestants are in fact engagements 
 between the enemies and friends to the present constitution. 
 The activity of Mr Du Portail, seconded by a decree of (lie 
 Assembly, will probably find force sufficient to make head 
 against that otherwise very formidable body of men. The ac- 
 counts from Toulouse are very unfavorable to the present system. 
 
 The Republic of Geneva suffers much from the neighbour- 
 hood of France, and the contagion of the principles at present 
 in fashion in this country. The late attack upon the town by 
 
 1 The gates were force 1 open by their escort. 
 G.C. ; "»
 
 66 FEBRUARY, 1791. 
 
 the peasants, chiefly from the Pays de Gex and probably 
 excited by a correspondence with the Jacobins and certainly 
 encouraged by those called natifs who are mostly descended from 
 strangers and consequently have not the droits de bourgeoisie, 
 had nearly overturned the constitution of that town. Mr de 
 Roverai who governs the popular opinion within the town, 
 having shewn himself in opposition to the peasants, saved the 
 republic. Fresh concessions and droits de bourgeoisie granted 
 even to the natives of a certain standing they flatter themselves 
 will preserve the present Government. 
 
 Three of the principal people employed in the Bank of 
 Vienna having been detected in forging notes on that bank 
 and informed against by the Austrian Minister have fled to 
 Huningue in Alsace : the municipal officers secured their 
 persons and papers. Mr de Lessart gave orders for the delivery 
 of the prisoners into the hands of those who were appointed to 
 receive them by the Austrian Minister ; but, upon their appeal- 
 ing to the tribunal of Alkirch, that body decided that they 
 should remain in prison till the demand should be laid before 
 the National Assembly, and, having learnt that the Comite* 
 Diplomatique were deliberating upon that business they forbad 
 the municipality to obey the orders of the minister. 
 
 The Assembly has referred this affair to a fresh examination 
 of the united Comites de Constitution et Diplomatique in order 
 to form a decree upon the necessary formalities for the restitu- 
 tion of fugitives reclaimed by foreign powers. 
 
 Paris, March ith, 1791. 
 
 A Mr de Court, a gentleman from the West Indies, 
 having by accident let fall from under his coat a short couteau 
 de chasse in the Queens appartment at the Thuilleries last Mon- 
 day morning 1 was the cause of the extraordinary scene which 
 passed there on that evening. On the Tuesday and Thursday 
 preceding when, on account of the mobs that surrounded the 
 palace, it was supposed that the persons of the Royal Family 
 
 1 Feb. 28.
 
 JOUR DES POIGNARDS. 67 
 
 might be in danger, many gentlemen, from motives of duty or 
 principle, went to the royal apartments, and being in haste 
 were of course in undress, but, as it is usual at present, had 
 pistols in their pockets, and many had short couteaux de chasse 
 or daggers, in so doing they shewed greater marks of zeal than 
 prudence, it being contrary to law to enter the palace thus 
 armed. On account of what had happened in the morning, the 
 National Guard thought themselves entitled to search the per- 
 sons of those who had arrived that evening : the search was 
 very productive ; many baskets being soon filled with pistols 
 and daggers : this however was not done without violent op- 
 position from the wearers of them, some of whom declared 
 they would sooner die than give up their arms: the King, seeing 
 the danger of this resolution, laid his commands upon them to 
 deliver them up, saying that he would be defended only by the 
 National Guard. Some of those who were most obstinate have 
 been sent to prison, many have suffered much from the ill- 
 treatment of the soldiers. The measure was right, the means 
 were undoubtedly wrong. 
 
 In the midst of this scene of danger to all present, for had 
 any one pistol gone off by accident a massacre must have 
 ensued, Mr de la Fayette arrived from Vincennes 1 . He thanked 
 the Guard for their conduct and congratulated them that for 
 the future there would not be a body of men between their 
 Sovereign and them. The next day he signified in writing, 
 the language of which is curious on account of the novelty of 
 some of the expressions, that he had given his Majesty's orders 
 to the chefs de la domesticite, a new term for the chief officers 
 of the household, to prevent the introduction of arms into the 
 palace ; it being the will of the King of the Constitution to be 
 guarded only by the soldiers of liberty. 
 
 The King's person is now completely in the hands of Mr 
 de la Fayette : the Government of the kingdom seems to be 
 going fast into those of Mr de Mirabeau, whose conduct since 
 
 1 Some repairs having been undertaken at the Chateau of Vincennes the 
 people were afraid lest it should be converted into a new Bastille. They 
 therefore marched from Paris and began to demolish it. Lafayette had great 
 difficulty in quelling the tumult. 
 
 5—2
 
 68 MARCH, 1791. 
 
 his presidency and his election as one of the administrators 
 of the department of Paris has been much and deservedly 
 applauded. His avowed opposition to Barnave, the Lameths, 
 and the thirty who follow them implicitly per fas et nefas, has 
 conciliated to him the minds of the friends of Government and 
 the lovers of peace, who flatter themselves that his great 
 talents may at last prove of service to his country. 
 
 In the mean time anarchy and insubordination, encouraged 
 equally by the aristocratical and democratical factions continue 
 to prevail. The late affair at Vincennes serves to prove how 
 easily and upon what weak pretences a very formidable mob 
 may be raised. 
 
 The accounts from the neighbourhood of Jales state that 
 the department is collecting very considerable forces of regular 
 troops and National Guard, which they doubt not will soon 
 disperse that dangerous assemblage of fanatics and discontented 
 people. In Alsace, a fresh conspiracy is thought to have been 
 discovered : a deserter having addrest himself to a Mr Defresney, 
 a secretary of the Cardinal de Rohan, in order to obtain his 
 pardon and leave to return to France, was intrusted by him 
 with a letter for the Abbe d'Ezmar ; the contents of which 
 and the soldiers confession have caused the Assembly to order 
 Mr Defresney and his son to be brought prisoners to Paris. 
 I shall not be surprised if it should turn out to be a forgery. 
 I inclose to your Grace a copy of the letter. 
 
 The municipality of Arnay le due, not trusting to Mr de 
 L'Essarts letter, would not allow Mesdames to leave their town 
 till they had received an answer from some deputies, whom 
 they had sent to Paris to enquire into the truth of things; as 
 that answer must now be arrived they have probably proceeded 
 on their journey. 
 
 The Assembly has decreed that no tobacco is to be imported 
 by sea except directly from the United States, the Spanish 
 Colonies, Russia and the Levant ; that from America either in 
 American or French vessels, the Spanish in Spanish or French, 
 that from the Ukraine in Russian or French, and that from the 
 Levant in French vessels only. Foreign tobacco in leaf is 
 allowed to be brought into the kingdom at Strasbourg, Valen-
 
 ILLNESS OF THE KING. 69 
 
 ciennes and Lille paying a duty of 25 livres per quintal. The 
 same duty is laid upon all that is imported in American, 
 Spanish or Russian vessels; 18 livres 15 sols upon what is 
 brought in French, vessels. They have not yet fixt the duty 
 upon tobacco the produce of their own colonies. 
 
 They have laid a duty of 70 livres per quintal upon foreign 
 linen cloth; upon that imported by land from Austrian Flanders 
 and Germany 36 livres ; and upon fine linen 45. 
 
 Upon oils and soap the duty is to be 6 livres. 
 
 Mr le Chev. de Ternant, who has been negotiating in 
 Germany, is appointed minister to the United States. Mr de 
 Ste Croix goes to Poland. 
 
 Paris, March 11th, 1791. 
 
 The King of France, naturally of a full habit of body, 
 has never been sufficiently abstemious in his diet; but, while he 
 resided at Versailles, a constant course of hard exercise pre- 
 vented the bad effects which an excess of food would otherwise 
 have produced : at Paris he has been debarred the advantage 
 of exercise ; to this cause and perhaps, in some degree, to 
 agitation of mind in consequence of what happened lately at 
 the Thuilleries, is to be attributed a fever under which he has 
 suffered for some days past. On Sunday 1 we were informed 
 that, on account of a slight indigestion, his Majesty could not 
 see us, but on Tuesday the disorder had risen to an alarming 
 height, and on Wednesday his throat was so swelled that he 
 articulated with the greatest difficulty. The fever is since 
 considerably abated and there is every reason to suppose that 
 he is now out of danger. Those, eight in number, who were 
 sent to prison for being refractory on the 28th at the Thuilleries, 
 are to be sent to Orleans with the rest of the prisoners at the 
 Abbaye accused of crimes of Leze-Nation, and to be tried there 
 
 1 March 6. On March 9 Montmorin writes to Mirabeau "ccci est une 
 maladie qui a la verite ne so presente pas sous un aspect tres grave mais 
 cependant elle peut le devenir d'un moment h l'autre." There was considerable 
 fever and spitting of blood.
 
 70 MARCH, 1791. 
 
 by the Tribunal Provisoire, which is to be composed of Judges 
 elected by the fifteen districts nearest to Orleans, and to con- 
 tinue till the formation of a Haute Cour Nationale. There are 
 at present not less than eighteen hundred prisoners at Paris, but 
 it appears to be the opinion of the Assembly that the prison 
 at Vincennes can be dispensed with, relying I suppose upon the 
 dispatch of the New Courts of Justice, and that it is becoming 
 a free nation, that the towers of that castle should suffer the 
 fate of the Bastille ; in the mean time the reparation of it is 
 ordered to be stopt. 
 
 The camp at Jales is dispersed almost without bloodshed 
 and some of the leaders are seized. The hopes of the aristocrates 
 are now turned towards Alsace, where the neighbourhood of 
 the Prince of Conde' keeps the minds of people in agitation. 
 A manifesto is soon expected from that Prince. 
 
 The Bishop of Spires' answer to Mr de Groschlag's second 
 letter, both of which I inclose, is a curious specimen of good 
 humour and perseverance. The Duke of Wirtemberg is ex- 
 pected here in the course of next week, to the no small concern 
 of his minister at this Court. 
 
 A great number of bishops have been elected to supply the 
 place of those who have refused to take the oath : the election 
 for Paris comes on next Sunday. The curate of St Eustache, 
 who is the King's confessor, will most probably be chosen. The 
 Cardinal de Brienne is otherwise provided for and in a manner 
 which equally proves the instability of popular opinion ; being 
 re-elected bishop 1 of Toulouse. 
 
 The Assembly has decreed that the King is to have the 
 power of appointing and dismissing the Ministers, who are to 
 be six in number : the minister of Justice, of the Interior, 
 of the Colonies, of War, of the Marine, and of Foreign Affairs. 
 The finances are to be administered by a board consisting of 
 six members who are to preside in turn for the space of a month. 
 Such is the precarious state of the colonies that the Assembly 
 was afraid of admitting at the bar a deputation des gens de 
 couleur. 
 
 The law against emigrants, against those at least who do 
 
 1 Lomenie de Brienne was Archbishop of Toulouse.
 
 THE KING WELL AGAIN. 71 
 
 not come under the denomination of fonctionaires publics, has 
 met with so much opposition, both in the committee and the 
 Assembly that, unless some fresh popular motive shall occur, 
 it will probably be dropt. 
 
 Paeis, March 18th, 1791. 
 
 The King is so far recovered from his late indisposition 
 that no bulletin's have been given out since Wednesday. There 
 was a general illumination last night, by desire of the muni- 
 cipality ; on Sunday there will be another and Te Deum will 
 be sung in the cathedral, at which the new bishop will officiate: 
 although the King's recovery is the ostensible reason the election 
 of the bishop has a great share in these proceedings. 
 
 It is difficult to discover what virtues or talents have raised 
 the Bishop of Lydda 1 in partibus infidelium to the See of Paris. 
 His appearance at the Jacobins immediately after his election 
 and before which he was not a member of that club is highly 
 censured by all those who are not blinded by party. 
 
 The desire of quiet was the cause of the Cardinal's election 
 to that of Toulouse which his refusal will probably disturb. 
 
 In my dispatch, No G, I mentioned the demand of six 
 millions which the municipality of Paris had made to the 
 National Assembly and which I erroneously supposed to have 
 been granted : on the contrary, they have taken all this time 
 to consider the subject, and have allowed only three millions, 
 one to be paid upon the publication of the decree, another on 
 the 10th of April and the third on the 10th of May. 
 
 By taking away the Clermontois from the Prince of Cond^ 
 they have reduced his income to .300,000 Irs. a year. 
 
 They have decided the great business of the contributions. 
 By the contribution mobiliaire they are to raise, for this year, 
 G6 millions ; GO of which for the Treasury, 3 at the disposal of 
 the Legislature and 3 at that of the Administrations of Depart- 
 ment. The contribution fonciere is to amount to 240 millions, 
 all of which is to be paid into the treasury: nobody however 
 
 1 The Abbe Gobet.
 
 72 MARCH, 1791. 
 
 is to be rated at more than a sixth of his clear income : besides 
 this a certain number of sols in the livre, not exceeding four, 
 are to be raised, forming a fonds de non valeur of 12 millions, 
 8 of which for the Legislature and 4 for the Administrations 
 of Department. 
 
 I send your Grace inclosed a printed copy of an avis requi- 
 sitorial of the Diet of Ratisbonne and the Prince de la Tour- 
 Taxis's answer which made their appearance here on Wednesday 
 and have occasioned no small degree of uneasiness. The Comite' 
 Diplomatique having desired Mr de Montmorin to inform them 
 what he knew about it received for answer that he had no 
 official knowledge of any such papers and that the context of 
 them was not in the usual form; he added that, after having 
 considered the matter, he had every reason to suppose that they 
 were forged and, that without doubt, Mr Berenger, the French 
 minister at the Diet would not have failed to communicate to 
 him those papers had they been authentick. In a letter, he 
 wrote to the Assembly some days before, he informed them that 
 four of the Princes, the Duke of Deuxponts and his brother, 
 the Duke of Wirtemberg, who is arrived here, and the Prince 
 of Linange had agreed to enter into a negotiation, that the rest 
 were endeavouring to obtain the protection of the Emperor 
 and Empire and that their reclamations had occasioned much 
 fermentation at Ratisbonne ; he, at the same time said that, 
 as the suppression of the diocesan and metropolitan jurisdictions 
 were not susceptible of any negotiation, it was to be hoped 
 that time and reason would make them drop those reclamations, 
 to which the new constitution would not allow them to have 
 any regard. 
 
 The fleet, which has been in the roads during the whole 
 winter has entered into the harbour of Brest having suffered 
 considerably by the frequent storms. The department having 
 announced to the Assembly that the persons in prison on 
 account of the disturbance at the Thuilleries had no accusers, 
 the Assembly passed to the order of the day and the prisoners 
 are released.
 
 QUESTION OF REGENCY. 73 
 
 Paris, March 25th, 1791. 
 
 The King is entirely recovered from his late indis- 
 position. 
 
 It is now certain that the avis requisitorial is not authentic. 
 The authenticity of the inclosed letter from the Pope to the 
 Cardinal de Brienne is doubted by some people, I believe how- 
 ever that it is genuine : but it is generally believed that his 
 letter to the King is arrived ; in which he declares that if the 
 present civil constitution of the clergy continues he shall con- 
 sider France as separated from the Catholic Church. He seems 
 to have omitted no argument that can favor his cause, for his 
 letter is said to consist of 102 pages. 
 
 The new Bishop of Paris, having been refused institution 
 both by the Cardinal Bishop of Sens, to whom he applied in 
 person, and by the Bishop of Orleans, from whom he little 
 expected a refusal, has appealed to the directoire du departe- 
 ment, which body, if one may judge from the general sentiments 
 of its members would easily be induced to dispense with that 
 ceremony. The late Bishop of Autun can, if it thought 
 necessary, make that matter easy. A decree to regulate future 
 regencies has been the chief business in the Assembly during 
 this week. In case of a minority the regency is to devolve to 
 the nearest relation on the male side, provided he is a French- 
 man, that he inhabits the kingdom, that he has taken the civic 
 oath, and is not a presumptive heir of another crown. 
 
 (Women are excluded : the mother however is to be the 
 guardian.) 
 
 In case of failure of any relation answering this description 
 a regent is to be elected by a body of electors chosen by the 
 people for that purpose. The Marechal de Broglio having 
 written from Treves expressing his surprize at his son's motion 
 in the Assembly with regard to him and contradicting in strong 
 terms what he said upon that occasion places the Prince de 
 Broglio's conduct in a ridiculous light. 
 
 On a motion of Mr de Mirabeau, a deputation, of which he 
 was one, was sent to Mr Du Portail to know if it were true 
 that there were but 7000 men in th<> department of the Lower
 
 74 MARCH, 1791. 
 
 Rhine and 2000 in that of the Upper. They brought for 
 answer that in the two departments there were between 9 and 
 10 thousand, but, that about the 15th of April they would 
 amount to about 12 thousand infantry and 4 thousand cavalry. 
 The minister has since said that he was misunderstood, that he 
 meant to say there were but 8 or 9 thousand in the department 
 of the Lower Rhine. That, in the beginning of March, there 
 were 12 thousand 8 hundred men and that in two months there 
 will be twenty thousand. Mr de Mirabeau seems to wish to 
 prove that he alone can be an efficient minister. 
 
 It appears that the sale of the church lands amounts, at 
 the present time, to above two hundred millions. 
 
 The municipal officers of Douay, who were sentenced by 
 the Assembly to be carried prisoners to Orleans for having re- 
 fused to proclaim martial law, during the late riots in their 
 town, had, as it is natural to suppose it would happen and as 
 it has always happened in the like cases, left the country before 
 the arrival of the decree. 
 
 The troubles continue in Martinico. 
 
 Paris, April 1st, 1791. 
 
 By a late decree of the Assembly, all fonctionaires publics 
 are obliged to residence unless it is dispensed with by the body 
 of which they are members, by their superiors or by the corps 
 administratifs. 
 
 The King, premier fonctionaire public, cannot absent himself 
 above 20 leagues from the place where the legislative body is 
 sitting, but, when it is not sitting, he may go into any part 
 of the kingdom. If he should leave the kingdom and not 
 return after a proclamation to that purpose by the legislative 
 body it is to be understood that he has abdicated the crown. 
 
 The presumptive heir of the crown may, with the King's 
 permission, travel in any part of the kingdom, but he cannot 
 go out of it without the authority of a decree of the Assembly. 
 
 Mr Cernon having stated that the deficit for the three first 
 months of this year amounted to above seventy-four millions
 
 LES POISSARDES. 75 
 
 moved that one hundred and twenty-nine millions should be 
 verse dans le tresor public but he could obtain only fifty. 
 
 I send, by this messenger, Mr Dufresnd's appergu des recettes 
 et depenses for this year, and also a tarif general des droits 
 d'entrees et de sorties. 
 
 An impudent publication made its appearance yesterday, 
 which I inclose in order to have your Grace's real instructions. 
 
 There is something in the Pope's letter, which certainly 
 arrived on the 20th, which prevents the Ministry from making 
 it public ; it is said that the conduct of the late Bishop of 
 Autun is extremely censured in it and that they have sent to 
 Rome to desire a letter more fit for publication in the present 
 circumstances. 
 
 The Bishop of Sens's return of his Cardinal's hat has re- 
 stored to him that degree of popularity which his refusal to 
 give institution to the bishops would otherwise have taken 
 from him. I inclose his letter to the Pope in answer to that 
 which I sent to your Grace last week and for the publication of 
 which we are indebted to the Abbe* Maury. 
 
 I yesterday had a singular proof of the degree of licence 
 which the inhabitants of this country at present enjoy. Having 
 gone after dinner to make a visit to Mr de Montmorin I was 
 surprized, at my entrance into the drawing room, to see it 
 uncommonly full of company, and my surprize was considerably 
 increased when I perceived that the female part of it consisted 
 of those ladies who in this town go under the denomination of 
 dames de la halle or poissardes: they were at that moment 
 taking leave of the minister with the most cordial embraces, 
 having already performed that ceremony to most of the corps 
 diplomatique who had the misfortune of dining there and of 
 the newly appointed foreign ministers, which appointment is 
 very much condemned by the Jacobins, although their secretary 
 Mr de Bonne Carrere is included in it. Mr de Se'gur goes 
 Ambassador to Rome and is succeeded at Petersburg by Mr 
 d'Osmond who was appointed last year to go to the Hague, 
 where Mr de Gouvernet, son to Mr de la Tour du Pin is to go. 
 Mr de Vibraye goes Ambassador to Sweden and is succeeded at 
 Dresden by Mr de Montesquieu, son to the late President of the
 
 76 April, 1791. 
 
 National Assembly. Mr de Darfort changes his mission at 
 Florence, where there is no longer to be a minister, for the 
 embassy at Venice in the room of Mr de Bombelle who refused 
 to take the oath. All these except Mr de Segur who is of no 
 party, are, if not aristocrats, impartiaux and of the persuasion 
 of the club of 1789. But to sum up the whole, Mr de Bonne 
 Carrere, a gentleman of whom I believe your Grace has some 
 knowledge, as he has been more than once in England, a 
 man of an intriguing sjjirit and not without abilities, is to go to 
 Liege. 
 
 The Count Oraczewski is arrived here in the capacity of 
 Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from the 
 King and the Bepublic of Poland. 
 
 A man possessing the greatest talents, which, if accom- 
 panied with good principles, might have rendered him not only 
 an ornament of the age but the saver of his country was this 
 morning 1 cut off in the midst of his career of ambition by 
 a putrid fever. The Jacobins will no longer be curbed by 
 Mirabeau and the friends of Government will feel the loss of 
 his abilities, for, as Mr de Montmorin well observed to me 
 yesterday, men of great talents without principle may be of 
 service to their country, but little talents with little intrigues 
 are sure to be the bane of it. 
 
 A disturbance at Toulouse has caused the death of three 
 or four men and is quelled for the present. At Strasburg the 
 minds of people are in great fermentation, and the arrival of 
 imperial troops in the country of Porentrui, although only be- 
 tween four and five hundred, is looked upon with a jealous eye. 
 
 The inhabitants of Avignon have voted themselves the 84th 
 department of France. 
 
 The death of Mr Macnamara proves the unsettled state of 
 the Isle de France. 
 
 1 Mirabeau died on the morning of April 2.
 
 DEATH OF MIRABEAU. 77 
 
 Pakis, April 8th, 1791. 
 
 Accordingly to your Grace's instructions I have taken the 
 first opportunity of stating to Mr de Montmorin the motives 
 for the additional armament which His Majesty has thought 
 proper to order : at the same time I mentioned the anxiety of 
 the Tobago proprietors and desired an answer. He said that 
 that business was now before Mr de Fleurien and that he would 
 inform him that I had renewed my representation, he took 
 occasion to lament the number of wheels that are employed 
 in the complicated machine of the present Government of this 
 country. 
 
 The death of Mr de Mirabeau, which I announced to your 
 Grace last Friday, did not take place till the next morning. 
 It was as remarkable as his life, and, though perhaps opportune 
 for his glory, much and sincerely lamented by his country. His 
 body was attended to the grave by twenty-eight thousand 
 people, and it may fairly be reckoned that three-fourths of the 
 inhabitants of Paris were spectators at his funeral. A remark- 
 able instance how easily vice may be overshadowed by a sense 
 of public utility. 
 
 The inspection of his body by thirty physicians has entirely 
 done away a report that was gaining ground that he was 
 poisoned, which was in some degree corroborated by the 
 wonderful manner in which he retained his mental faculties 
 to the last moment of his life. 
 
 The want of his advice is conspicuous in the last degree 
 of the Assembly, which declares that no member of the present 
 or any future Legislature shall, till four years after the expiration 
 of his function, have any place in the ministry or receive or 
 even ask for any place pension &c. and, in order I suppose to 
 render these places less desirable, in a code penal upon the 
 crimes and punishments of ministers, the galleys and the 
 carcan, a sort of pillory, are esteemed a proper correction in 
 certain cases. 
 
 Owing to the great difficulties attending it, the question 
 about wills is adjourned sine die ; without one, children are to 
 inherit in equal proportions.
 
 78 april, 1791. 
 
 Mr d'Andre and some others are of opinion that the great 
 business of forming a constitution for this country will be 
 finished in the course of the month of July and they have 
 accordingly proposed that the King should take the necessary 
 steps for the convocation of a new Legislature. 
 
 The party of the Lameths and Barnave are visibly on the 
 decline. Charles Lameth has given a severe blow to his popu- 
 larity by refusing to attend a deputation to enquire after 
 Mirabeau's health, who, when he heard it, said, Je le savois 
 maladroit mais je ne le croiois pas si bete. 
 
 The six commissaires du tresor public are named ; they are 
 Messrs Lavoisier, Condorcet, Tremblay, de Vayne, Rouille de 
 l'Etang, and Huber 1 . The appointment of Mr de Condorcet 
 was disapproved by all the ministers, but the King said, Je le 
 veux, je I'ai promis a Mirabeau. Mr Huber is a gentleman of 
 Geneva, connected with Mr Necker, and who has lived a con- 
 siderable time in England, where he married an English lady 
 of the name of Sturt. The decree which condemns the Cardinal 
 de Rohan and his accomplices to be tried at Orleans, will serve 
 rather to increase than diminish the fermentation at Strasburg. 
 
 Paris, April 15th, 1791. 
 
 I inclose a letter from Mr de Montmorin to me convey- 
 ing a copy of a letter from Mr de Fleurien to him, by which 
 your Grace will perceive that the business with regard to 
 Tobago rests entirely in the Committees of Commerce and the 
 Colonies. 
 
 In the article Paris in the inclosed Gazette de France your 
 Grace will see the means which Mr de Montmorin has taken 
 to disavow that impudent publication, Memoires destruc- 
 tions, &c. 
 
 He informed me, in the course of conversation, that the 
 naval armament in England occasioned disquietude in the 
 minds of many people ; that he had been applied to by the 
 members of the Diplomatic Committee to inform them what 
 
 1 He arid his wife were constant correspondents of Lord Auckland.
 
 FLAGELLATION OF NUNS. 79 
 
 he knew concerning it : he answered that I had notified it to 
 him and that I had told him that it was for the purpose of 
 adding weight to His Majesty's representations and to negotia- 
 tions the object of which is to procure a general peace in Europe. 
 The size of the vessels which they deem unfit for the Baltic 
 gives occasion to various surmizes ; and Mr de Montmorin said 
 that they might think fit to encrease their armament at Brest. 
 
 The only remarkable event that has happened here during 
 the course of this week is the flagellation of the Scaurs Grises 
 and other nuns, to the amount of some hundreds, by the 
 Poissardes, because they chose to hear mass celebrated by priests 
 who have not taken the oath. Such is the feeble state of the 
 police as well as of the Government that the offenders have 
 been suffered to escape without punishment. But an Arrete 
 du Directoire, drawn up by the Abbe" Sie'yes, it is hoped will 
 prevent such proceedings for the future and the Roman Catholic 
 religion will be tolerated in this country. 
 
 The soldiers of the regiment of Lancniedoc have seized the 
 military chest ; but people are grown so accustomed to acts 
 of insubordination that this event is scarcely talked of. 
 
 It is reported that the Prince of Conde' has obtained six 
 thousand men from the Prince of Hesse-Cassel with which, and 
 about as many more volunteers he is determined to enter 
 Alsace. 
 
 The Duchess of Orleans left Paris suddenly last Sunday : 
 she is gone to her father the Due de Ponthieu in Normandy, 
 and it is said that articles of separation between her and the 
 Duke of Orleans are about to be drawn up. 
 
 In the present anarchy, in and out of the Assembly, it is 
 impossible for me to give your Grace any certain account of 
 the state of parties: thus much however is evident, that there 
 is a sett of men whose object is the total annihilation of 
 monarchy however limited. The heads of this party are : 
 Robertspierre, Pethion, Buzot, and Prieur ; in the other extreme 
 are Maury and Cazales ; as for Barnave and the Lameths 
 their consequence, as a party, is so much destroyed that they 
 are wavering whether they should give themselves to the 
 Republicans or the friends to a limited monarchy. The
 
 80 APRIL, 1791. 
 
 present constitution has no friends and cannot last. It remains 
 for the new Legislature to new model it into a genuine Republic, 
 if the. Republican party should prevail, or if the other happen 
 to be strongest many decrees of this Assembly must be annulled 
 and new ones substituted in order to give some energy to the 
 King 1 and the executive power. 
 
 I know that Mr de la Marck has communicated to Mr de 
 Montmorin some papers left by Mirabeau which may enable 
 him, if properly supported, to stem the torrent of republicanism. 
 
 Paris, April 22nd, 1791. 
 
 The extraordinary events of this week have given mani- 
 fest proofs of the absolute anarchy under which this country 
 labours. An endeavour to compel the King to attend mass 
 celebrated by priests who have taken the oath has caused the 
 constitutional laws and liberty of the country to be violated 
 by those who were especially armed for the defence of them : 
 for it was the National Guard, not the mob, which prevented 
 the King from going to St Cloud. 
 
 On Sunday, it was with the greatest difficulty that Mr la 
 Fayette could persuade them to do duty at the King's Chapel: 
 during which time, those who attempted to enter the Church 
 of the Theatins, where the late curate of St Sulpice was to 
 officiate, were threatened with the fashionable punishment of 
 flagellation. The next day when His Majesty, the Queen and 
 the Royal Family entered their carriages in order to go to 
 St Cloud, where they had, some days before determined to pass 
 the Holy Week ; they were surrounded by a multitude of people, 
 who insisted that they should not depart. Having remained 
 an hour and three quarters in his carriage, having seen the few 
 nobility that remained about his person ill treated, and having 
 heard, during all that time, the Queen abused with the most 
 harsh and indecent language the King was obliged to return 
 to his palace or rather to his prison. The presence of Mr 
 Bailly had, as usual, no effect upon the people, and Mr de la 
 
 1 Unfortunately the Legislature took a different line.
 
 THE KING IX THE ASSEMBLY. Ml 
 
 Fayette discovered that Commandant General was become an 
 empty title. The National Guard confessed that they were acting 
 against the law but insisted that the premier fonctionaire public 
 should obey the supreme will of the people. 
 
 The next morning the Directory of the Department issued 
 a proclamation for assembling the sections in order that they 
 should decide whether the King should be desired to fulfill his 
 intentions of going to St Cloud, or whether he should be 
 thanked by them for having preferred to remain at Paris least 
 he should disturb the public tranquillity. 
 
 The majority of the sections wisely agreed that il ny avoit 
 lieu a deliberer. 
 
 The Directory at the same time presented an address to 
 the King requesting him, in strong language to dismiss the 
 refractaires who surrounded his person, and advising him to 
 announce to .foreign nations the glorious revolution Avhich 
 has taken place in France and that he is King of a free 
 people. 
 
 The King went to the Assembly and read a speech, a copy 
 of which together with the President's answer I inclose. 
 
 The only measure which the Assembly took upon the subject 
 was to order them to be printed by way of a proclamation for 
 the reestablishment of public tranquillity. 
 
 The next day the chief officers of the household the King's 
 and Queen's almoners and most of the inferior officers of the 
 court sent their resignations, and yesterday the King received 
 us accompanied by a few remaining attendants on his way to 
 a mass celebrated by a solitary priest. 
 
 Mr de la Fayette having resigned his command, his house 
 is constantly full of deputations from the several battallions 
 and from the municipality entreating him not to desert them 
 at this critical time if he can assure him of their obedience 
 he will be prevailed upon to conform to their wishes ; if not 
 the prospect will be alarming. In the mean time Mr la Fayette 
 and his Aids de Camps have entered themselves as private 
 grenadiers. The Abbd Sieyes and many of the members of the 
 club of 89 have joined the Jacobins; whether they hope by 
 their influence in that meeting to moderate their proceedings 
 (!. c. 0*
 
 82 APRIL, 1701. 
 
 or whether they intend to go with the current remains to be 
 seen. 
 
 I inclose an after thought letter from Mr de Montmorin, 
 suggested to him, I imagine by the diplomatic committee : he 
 seems determined if possible to continue in office, but, with the 
 rest of the Ministers he is severely treated by the Jacobins and 
 it is very doubtful that they can resist much longer. 
 
 Paris, April 29th, 1791. 
 
 In consequence of } 7 our Lordship's instructions, I shall 
 have the honour of addressing my official letters to you 1 , untill I 
 receive further intimation of His Majesty's pleasure in that 
 respect. 
 
 Mr de la Fayette's re-acceptation of the command of the 
 National Guard has given great satisfaction to the wellwishers 
 of the present constitution and to all those who are interested 
 in the tranquillity of Paris. The Jacobins, whose plan was to 
 have one of their party chosen commander, shew evident marks 
 of disappointment. They say that he has exacted a degree of 
 submission which it is improper for free citizens to agree to ; 
 and they make an absurd distinction between the passive obedi- 
 ence of a regular soldier and the raisonee obedience which alone 
 ought to be required of the National Guard. 
 
 Mr la Fayette's first act of discipline has been to break that 
 company of Grenadiers, whose indecent behaviour to the King 
 and disobedience of orders was so conspicuous on the 18th of 
 this month 2 . The late Bishop of Autun 3 and the Abbd Sieyes 
 return to the Jacobins has as yet had no apparent good effect, 
 and I have reason to think it occasions no small jealousy in the 
 
 1 This letter is addressed to Lord Grenville who had become Foreign 
 Secretary on the retirement of the Duke of Leeds. 
 
 2 It was on this day that the King was prevented from going to St Cloud to 
 spend the Holy week. On the following day Lafayette resigned his position as 
 Commander of the National Guard. The soldiers disbanded formed the 
 Grenadier company of the bataillon de l'Oratoire, belonging to the Gardes 
 soldea formerly called the French Guards. 
 
 3 Talleyrand.
 
 AVIGNON. 83 
 
 minds of those with whom they are principally connected, I 
 mean Mr de la Rochefoucault, Dandrd Chapellier and others. 
 
 A curious circumstance has come to my knowledge with 
 respect to the address of the Department 1 presented to the King 
 on the 18th. 
 
 Mr de Montmorin continued with the directors till four 
 o'clock the next morning entreating them not to print it. The 
 Abbe - Sieyes, seeing that the late Bishop of Autun and the rest 
 of the directors present were going to comply with the request 
 of the Minister, went immediately to the printing office, bought 
 some hundred copies and had them instantly circulated. This 
 is the man who has undertaken, by the assistance of papers in 
 the possession of Mr La Mark which I mentioned in No. 15, to 
 follow up the intentions of Mirabeau, and by so doing to defeat 
 the faction of Barnave and the Lameths. The instruction to 
 the Ministers at the foreign Courts comes from that shop : and, 
 the address being published Mr de Montmorin was obliged 
 to sign it or resign. Upon my complimenting him upon the 
 applause with which it was received by the Assembly, he gave 
 me to understand that it was not merited on his part. The 
 Ministers of the other departments are equally obliged to sign 
 whatever is offered to them for that purpose by the leading 
 members of the committees. 
 
 The consideration of the important business of Avignon, 
 which has been twice adjourned because the report was not 
 prepared, will certainly come before the Assembly tomorrow. 
 The Comtat in the mean time is suffering all the horrors of a 
 civil war and it will be in a state of desolation before the 
 Assembly can agree to receive it as the 84th department. The 
 minds of people are so much occupied by the state of things 
 at home that the massacre of Mr Mauduit and the insubordina- 
 tion of the troops sent to St Domingo are scarcely noticed. 
 
 At a time when the price of provisions must necessarily 
 decrease, for the Droits d'Entree will cease next Sunday, for 
 which the treasury will be fully compensated by the Droit sur le 
 
 1 An address presented by the department of Faris, drawn up in part by 
 Talleyrand, begging the King to dismiss his present ministers, and to choose 
 such as are favourable to the Revolution. 
 
 G— 2
 
 84 MAY, 1701. 
 
 timbre which is wonderfully productive, the journey-men of all 
 sorts shew an alarming disposition to insist upon the increase of 
 their wages. 
 
 The Diplomatic Committee has informed the Assembly that 
 the King of Spain has ordered the formation of a line of troops 
 in the provinces of Catalonia and Arragon, in order to prevent 
 brigands and vagabonds entering that country from France. I 
 inclose the Spanish Ambassadors letter to Mr de Montmorin 
 with a translation of his dispatch upon that subject that quiet is 
 established at Porentru 1 and that in general there are no pre- 
 parations on the frontiers which can give just cause for alarm. 
 An emission of assignats as low as five livres has been proposed 
 and will probably be adopted by the Assembly. 
 
 The disturbance at Versailles upon the departure of the 
 Regiment de Flandres has been much exagerated a few men 
 were pelted with stones, some straggling shot was fired and one 
 man only was killed. 
 
 Paris, May &th, 1791. 
 
 Since the National Assembly has declared that it hopes 
 to finish the constitution of this country in less than three 
 months it has made scarcely any progress in that important 
 business. The last week has been employed about the consti- 
 tution of Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin 2 , which, if not pro- 
 tected by the greater Powers, will certainly be included in the 
 French Government. The Assembly has come to a declara- 
 tion, supported by a majority of 180 members, that they do not 
 form an integral part of the French kingdom ; but it by no 
 means declares that they ought not, and, if it can be fairly 
 proved that the majority of the inhabitants desire that that 
 country should be incorporated with France, the Assembly will 
 readily accept of the department of Vaucluse. In the mean 
 
 1 Porrentrui on the frontiers of the Empire. 
 
 2 This belonged to the Pope. The report of Menou on this question in the 
 Moniteur (May 1, 1791) is full of interesting information.
 
 THE POPE. 85 
 
 time Carpentras sustains the siege of the Avignon army and 80 
 deserters from the Regiment de Soissonnois with great firmness 
 they happen to be tolerably well supplied with Artillery, and, 
 having fired with mitraille they have killed some hundreds of 
 the besiegers, having suffered very little loss on their side. 
 Some emissaries from Avignon going to raise recruits in the 
 Cevennes have been seized and imprisoned at Tarascon. 
 
 The Pope's conduct in the present crisis is not to be ac- 
 counted for by the rules of cool policy. Why he should refuse 
 to receive an Ambassador because he has taken the Civic Oath, 
 distinct from, but which he seems to have confounded with, that 
 which the clergy are obliged to take, it is difficult to account 
 for ; the more so as he suffers the present Charge d' Affaires to 
 transact business at Rome although equally stigmatized in that 
 respect. His Holiness, they say, begins to doat ; his href, a copy 
 of which, in print, and of a second, which is lately arrived, 
 I send to your Lordship, rather favors that opinion. The 
 Nuncio did not appear at Court yesterday ; he pleaded illness, 
 which is in part founded, for the irksomeness of his situation 
 has had a visible effect on his health his decent behaviour in 
 these ticklish times has gained him a general esteem. The 
 effigy of his master drest in robes ridiculously costly was 
 publickly burnt the other day in the Palais-royal, not by the 
 mob but by a set of wild enthusiasts of what is called the better 
 sort. 
 
 Although I give little credit to the assistance that the 
 Prince of Conde is said to expect from German troops yet 
 I have reason to believe that he will attempt to enter France 
 with his death's head army, for it is literally true that the uni- 
 form of his soldiers is so ornamented, about the end of this 
 month. Want of money as well as want of prudence will pre- 
 vent a longer delay. That your Lordship may have some notion 
 of the reception he is likely to meet with in case he make the 
 rash attempt I inclose a copy of a letter from Mr Kellerman, 
 who commands in that country, to his friends the Jacobins. 
 
 Mr de Fleurin having resigned the Department of the Marine, 
 because it is to be united with that of the Colonics, has been 
 very much prest by all parties to continue in office ; but without
 
 86 may, 1791. 
 
 success ; a Mr de Hoc or Mr de Moustier, if he can be spared 
 from Berlin, will probably be his successor. 
 
 The Convoy for Martinico is arrived there and Mr de Behague 
 has taken the command of Fort Bourbon, which is now guarded 
 by two companies of Grenadiers of the Kegiments of Forez and 
 Touraine. 
 
 If Mr de Montmorin should be obliged to resign, of which 
 there is a great probability, Mr de Choiseul Gouffier it is sup- 
 posed will succeed him. 
 
 I mention the forced resignation of Mr Huber, one of the 
 Commissaires de la Tresorerie, as it gives me an opportunity of 
 correcting an error I made in a former dispatch in which I called 
 that gentleman a Genevois ; it appears that he was born at 
 Lyons, where his family, of Swiss origin, has been established 
 for more than a century. On account however of a connection 
 with the house of Graff in London, which proved bankrupt, his 
 enemies have obliged him to quit his employment. 
 
 The Russians have obtained a victory over the Turks at 
 Brailow but Mr de Simolin has not received the particulars 
 of it. 
 
 From what has passed to day in the Assembly it appears 
 that we shall be deluged with assignats of 5 livres to the 
 amount of one hundred millions ; a very perishable commodity. 
 
 P.S. I inclose a copy of the Decret de Commission Imperiale 
 of the 26 of April. 
 
 Paris, May 13th, 1791. 
 
 The state of affairs has suffered no alteration during the 
 course of the last week. 
 
 The Nuncio remains quietly in his hotel till he shall receive 
 further instructions from his Court. The inhabitants of Car- 
 pentras sustain the seige with great firmness, and indeed they 
 have little to fear from the enemy's army as it is totally in want 
 of ammunition. 
 
 The Prince of Conde's little army, ridiculed, in its present 
 state, by men of sense, is still a bugbear to many ; some of
 
 ST DOMINGO. 87 
 
 whom are members of the committees : and it is difficult to per- 
 suade them that it is not paid by Prussia ; some even go so far 
 as to surmise that money from His Majesty's Civil List has 
 found its way into that quarter. It is said that the Comte 
 d'Artois is going to reside somewhere between Francfort and 
 Mayence. 
 
 Mr Thevenard, a Chef d'Escadre who commands at l'Orient, 
 it is now said will have the Marine Department : Mr Moustier 
 however is still expected from Berlin. I shall not be surprized 
 if I have soon to inform your Lordship that Mr de Montmorin 
 is appointed Chef de la Domesticite : as I understand that in the 
 projected arrangement and reform of the household, there is to 
 be one chief officer with that title. 
 
 The army also is about to be reformed, all confidence be- 
 tween the present officers and the soldiers being destroyed. 
 The last letters from St Domingo bring an account of the 
 death of Mr de Villages, Commandant de la Station. The 
 alarming situation of the West India Colonies has for the last 
 three days occupied the attention of the Assembly, and has 
 occasioned very interesting debates : for the particulars of which 
 I must refer to the Moniteur which I regularly send for your 
 Lordship's perusal. Mr Barnave, who has, for some time past, 
 taken upon himself to act as Minister for the Colonies, has, by 
 so doing, contrived to destroy, or at least very much to diminish, 
 his ill deserved popularity. His friend, Charles Lameth, in 
 order to avoid the same fate, was obliged to vote contrary to 
 him yesterday, although he has an estate in that country. The 
 language of the Colons is that if they do not carry the question 
 with a large majority they must se jetter dans les bras de 
 V Angleterre. 
 
 The Funds sink daily and the price of money increases : 
 silver is at nine, gold at twelve and a half per cent. 
 
 I inclose a copy of a letter from the Prince Galitzin to 
 Mr Simolin together with one from the Prince Repnin to the 
 former.
 
 88 may, 1791. 
 
 Pakis, May 20th, 1791. 
 
 The decree of last Sunday by which the mulattos born 
 of free parents are admitted into all colonial and parochial 
 assemblies if they have the other requisite qualifications, has 
 separated the West India Colonies from France. The planters 
 of St Domingo wish to be independent; but they would not 
 insist upon a total independence, if, by so doing, they could 
 insure protection against their mother country. A gentleman 
 will probably soon wait upon your Lordship, who will be able 
 to give ample information upon this subject. The deputies 
 of all the West India islands have resigned their seats which 
 is regarded as a rash measure : the assembly has however 
 thought fit to overlook it. I enclose exact copies of their letters 
 addrest to the Assembly. 
 
 There is a visible confusion of parties since the decree which 
 prevents the present members from being reelected for the next 
 legislature. That of yesterday, worded in a confused manner, 
 declares that Les membres d'une legislature pourront etre reel us 
 a une Legislature suivante et ne pourront etre elus de nouveau 
 qu-apres Xintervalle de deux ans. This does not affect the 
 former decree with regard to the present Assembly. The re- 
 newal of the legislative body is to take place without a letter of 
 convocation from the King, and every new legislative body is to 
 meet on the first Monday in May wherever the preceeding one 
 shall have sat. That body however may determine where it will 
 sit and continue to sit or adjourn as it shall think proper. They 
 have not yet decided whether ministers or members of the 
 directories of departments shall be eligible. 
 
 The Committee of Finances has at length been obliged to 
 disclose an unpleasant truth to the Assembly, the 12 hundred 
 millions are nearly exhausted: a fresh emission of assignats is 
 therefore necessary: one hundred millions in addition have 
 already been decreed in assignats of five livres, and an emission 
 of six hundred millions more is expected. A new copper 
 coinage, the greatest quantity possible is also decreed. They 
 flatter themselves that the national property will be proved 
 to amount to three thousand millions, according to the rate of 
 the present sale of those lands, a third of which is already sold ;
 
 FINANCE. 89 
 
 so that the resource of assignats is still in full vigour. No taxes 
 are however as yet collected, except that productive one of the 
 stamps for the impot sur les patentes has not been sufficiently 
 inforced to produce much, and the land tax cannot be raised 
 before the autumn. The high price of money, which increases 
 daily, owing to the persecution of the vendors of it, is not only a 
 grievance to individuals, but a great distress to government: 
 the treasury was obliged to buy ten millions for the last month 
 for which they paid seven hundred thousand livres. The article 
 of secret service money ; which has not yet appeared is, I be- 
 lieve a great drain to them. The public funds, which of late 
 have fallen considerably, begin to rise, owing to the fresh emis- 
 sion of assignats. The exchange with England is almost at 
 twenty-eight per cent. In spite of the general distress, it is 
 certain that the manufactories of Lyons and Rouen are in a 
 flourishing state. 
 
 The inhabitants of Carpentras, having encouraged the enemy 
 to approach the town fired upon them a mitraille, which seems 
 to have cooled their courage for the present. The neighbouring 
 departments are taking part, some with the besieged others 
 with the besiegers. And the town of Avignon is afraid of 
 admitting its own army within its walls. 
 
 Paris, May 22nd, 1791. 
 
 I have this instant received the inclosed signalement of 
 the people who are supposed to be gone to England with an 
 intention of setting lire to the fleet or dock yards. Mr Fergus- 
 son will have the honor of delivering this letter to your 
 Lordship. 
 
 Paris, May 27th, 1791. 
 
 The Assembly has finished the organization of the legis- 
 lative body, which it has declared the King cannot dissolve. 
 The persons as well as property of it's members are to have, in 
 civil cases, no privileges distinct from those of other citizens.
 
 90 MAY, 1791. 
 
 Mr Buzot's project of dividing, by lot, the Assembly into 
 two sections to deliberate separately, in order to prevent rash 
 and hasty decrees has not been adopted, but the Committees of 
 Constitution and Revision have unanimously agreed that it is 
 desireable to find some means to hinder the impetuosity and 
 haste of future legislatures. I am not surprized that they speak 
 -with feeling upon the subject, for a levity in decision, especially 
 of late, has done little honour to the present Assembly. 
 
 They had desired their committees to draw up an instruction 
 to be sent with the decree to the colonies : upon their neglect- 
 ing so to do, Mr Du Port proposed one of his own composition, 
 which your Lordship may see in the Moniteur of the 22d. of 
 this month. But it was agreed that the travail of the commit- 
 tees upon the organization of the colonies would best answer 
 that purpose. The trading-towns have taken the alarm and the 
 language of the colonists at Bordeaux has induced the adminis- 
 trators of that department to lay an embargo upon all the 
 vessels bound for the colonies. In their address to the Assembly, 
 which was received with great applause, they state that the 
 district, the municipality, the chamber of commerce and all the 
 patriotic clubs united with them in an ardent desire to enforce 
 the decree, and that many of the National Guard had entered 
 their names as volunteers to be sent to restore peace in the 
 West Indies. 
 
 The two battalions which are arrived from Saint Domingo 
 were not suffered to land there by Mr Blancheland, judging, as 
 it is natural to suppose, from the behaviour of the troops in 
 the island, that their arrival would be detrimental to the mother 
 country. 
 
 On Tuesday a projet de decret of the committee concerning 
 Avignon, was rejected by a majority of twenty voices, which, 
 it was thought, had decided that question ; but, the next day a 
 second decree declared that the former did not at all prejudice 
 the rights of France to Avignon and the Comtat, and desired 
 the King to take provisional measures to restore peace in that 
 country. 
 
 The price of specie continues nearly the same, for, although 
 many sections have allotted particular spots for the free sale of
 
 CODE PENAL. 91 
 
 money, few vendors are to be found. The new copper coin and 
 assignats of 5 livres will soon be in circulation. They certainly 
 think of a naval armament but they have not yet come to a 
 resolution upon that subject. 
 
 Paris, June 3rd, 1791. 
 
 The Code Penal has occupied the attention of the 
 Assembly for the greatest part of this week. On Tuesday how- 
 ever their attention was drawn off to another subject; their own 
 conduct or rather misconduct, by the reading of a letter addrest 
 to them by the Abbe Raynal 1 , full of unpleasant truths and 
 wholesome advice. The Abbe not knowing in what manner it 
 might be taken, has thought proper to quit Paris. I inclose a 
 printed copy of this remarkable letter. With regard to the 
 Code Penal they have as yet made little change in the mode of 
 punishment, excepting that they have decreed that death shall 
 be inflicted without torture, and that criminals shall be be- 
 headed instead of being hanged, and that as a re-integration 
 in civil rights may take place after a certain time, no durable 
 marks of infamy are to be inflicted. 
 
 They have agreed that the instruction drawn up by Mr 
 Dupont (not Du port as I inadvertently wrote the name in my 
 last dispatch) shall be immediately sent to the colonies. Some 
 vessels have been already allowed to sail there from Bordeaux. 
 A letter having been read from Mr Montmorin, complaining of 
 some false and improper insinuations with regard to the King's 
 intentions of leaving the kingdom, printed in the Article Al- 
 lemagne in the Moniteur no. 151, they thought fit to pass 
 (I Vordre de jour. 
 
 Necessity will enforce them to disband the army in order to 
 form it in a new manner, A measure which Mirabeau had in 
 contemplation. Mr Duportail, in giving an account to the 
 Assembly of the subalterns and soldiers of the regiment de 
 Dauphine having obliged their officers to quit their command, 
 
 1 He was now nearly eighty years of age. The letter is a very remarkable 
 production and well deserves reading.
 
 92 june, 1791. 
 
 says, that this event does not bear the character of one of those 
 which hazard and unforeseen circumstances occasion ; that ordi- 
 nary measures are insufficient to prevent the evil and that it will 
 require all the wisdom of the Assembly. The soldiers will not 
 obey their officers because they consist of the ci-devant noblesse 
 and the same spirit operates in the fleet. The directors of the 
 department of the Lower Rhine have requested of the Assembly 
 the assistance of five thousand of the National Guard in order 
 to constrain the zealous fanaticism of the inhabitants of that 
 country and to resist the manoeuvres of the Prince of Conde and 
 the Cardinal of Rohan. The Assembly has taken no step with re- 
 gard to military assistance but they have disapproved the conduct 
 of the majority of the members of the directory of the depart- 
 ment of the Upper Rhine and have ordered them to be replaced 
 and declared their Arrets void: for the particulars of this busi- 
 ness I must refer to the report of the committee which your 
 Lordship will see in this day's Moniteur. 
 
 The assessment for the Contribution fonciere et mobiliaire is 
 completed and Mr Tarbe is appointed Ministre des Contributions 
 publiques. This appointment is universally approved. A society 
 has deposited a security at the Hotel de Ville of twelve millions 
 and issue notes of five livres value, which, en attendant the 
 assignats are of considerable use ; but the price of money con- 
 tinues nearly the same. 
 
 The demand for the manufactures of this country increases 
 prodigiously. 
 
 It is certain that the Count d'Artois has been expected in 
 Germany but it is also certain that he had not left Italy on the 
 20th of last month. 
 
 The Nuncio quitted this place last Monday. A letter from 
 the mayor and many of the municipal officers of Carpentras, 
 declaring their wishes to be united to France has raised the 
 hopes of those who wish for an 84th department. 
 
 An attempt was made yesterday to have mass celebrated by a 
 priest non assermente at the Church of the Theatins, but without 
 success, although backed by a decree of the Assembly, an arrete 
 of the department and the wish of the municipality. Some 
 people, for they were too few to be called a mob, meeting
 
 TOBAGO. 93 
 
 with no resistance, overturned the altar and dispersed the 
 congregation. 
 
 A decree passed the Assembly yesterday to desire the King 
 to order a new Treaty of Commerce with the United States of 
 America, and Mr Ternant set off this morning with instructions 
 from Mr Montmorin for that purpose. 
 
 I communicated last week to that Minister a memorial of 
 the Mortgage Creditors of Tobago (copy of which I inclose) 
 which he promised to send immediately to the committee. 
 I believe it is in consequence of this measure that Mr Chapelier 
 told Mr Balfour yesterday that he should be ready to make the 
 report in a very few days. If he should fail to do so, I shall, 
 according to your Lordship's instructions, desire Mr Montmorin 
 to write to the President of the Assembly upon the subject. 
 
 Paris, June 10th, 1791. 
 
 Mr Balfour informed me yesterday that Mr Chapelier 
 had not only not made the report of the committees upon the 
 Tobago business, although he had promised to do so in the 
 course of a week, but that he had said he could not make it 
 for some days nor till he had finished some important business 
 with which he is occupied at present. I communicated this 
 circumstance in conversation to Mr de Montmorin and desired 
 him either to lay the affair before the Assembly or to find some 
 other means to facilitate the success of the just pretensions of 
 the parties concerned. He said that Mr Chapelier had told him 
 that the report was in readiness, but that, after what I had 
 mentioned, he would speak to him again upon the subject and 
 do all that lay in his power to expedite the business. At his 
 request, I have sent him a letter, a copy of which I enclose. 
 I have very good reason to believe that the expectation of a 
 bribe has been the cause of this delav. 
 
 This week has made little or no difference in the dismal 
 appearance of public affairs. The Comtat continues to suffer 
 all the calamities of civil war. Money in specie has sunk but 
 little in it's price; the taxes are not levied; few assignats
 
 04 june, 1791. 
 
 remain in the Treasury, and they are afraid of moving a decree 
 for a fresh emission of them, till they can obtain a more 
 regular account from the several departments of the value of 
 the lands already sold : only two hundred and seven districts 
 have as yet sent in their accounts. 
 
 The discontented nobility are tending daily towards Worms, 
 where the Prince of Conde' may soon boast of an army composed 
 almost entirely of officers. 
 
 The attendance at Constitutional Clubs has occasioned a 
 general disposition among the soldiers to cashier their officers ; 
 and, among the many new experiments now making in this 
 country that of an army in which the soldiers are to have the 
 command seems not to be the most promising. 
 
 Six committees have given their opinion against disbanding 
 the army and seemed to flatter themselves that a proper 
 severity with regard to the regiment de Dauphine would be 
 sufficient to preserve discipline ; but some late accounts from 
 Alsace will perhaps prove to them that it will not be sufficient. 
 A member was yesterday beginning to give an account of a 
 motion, made by the subalterns in one of the popular meetings 
 at Strasburg, to dismiss their officers, but the National 
 Assembly would not permit him to proceed and referred that 
 affair to the six committees appointed to draw up a report upon 
 the means of reestablishing order in the army. 
 
 Want of energy in the Civil Government encourages sedi- 
 tious language among the journeymen tradesmen and workmen 
 who demand an increase of wages, and the same cause has 
 hitherto prevented the opening of the Theatins for nonjurino- 
 papists. The Comte dArtois, it is said, is at Ulm : he seems 
 inclined to deliberate twice before he passes the Rubicon. 
 
 Paris, June 11th, 1791. 
 
 The ouly measures as yet taken with regard to the army 
 are. A decree of the Assembly obliging all officers to sign a 
 promise upon honor to be faithful to the nation the law and 
 the King, and to oppose with all their power any plot or con-
 
 WANT OF MONEY. 95 
 
 spiracy against the present constitution. Camps of instruction 
 ordered to be formed. The regiments on the frontiers to be on 
 the war establishment; and an enrolment for volunteers of the 
 National Guard (who are to act only in a case of necessity) to be 
 opened in every department. By another decree the Prince of 
 Conde is summoned to return into the kingdom within the space 
 of a fortnight, or to retire from the frontiers, having formally 
 declared that he will undertake nothing against the constitution 
 or the tranquillity of the kingdom. In case of disobedience his 
 estate and goods are to be confiscated, or, to use their own 
 words, sequestered. 
 
 In Alsace, the distress for want of specie is still greater than 
 in the interior part of France, the market of Strasburg being, 
 in a great measure, supplied from the other side of the Rhine, 
 where assignats are far from being current. 
 
 The late Bishop of Autun is to communicate to the Assembly 
 a plan to prevent the great loss which this country suffers by 
 the exchange with foreign nations. I understand he proposes 
 to liquidate the public debt by paying the creditors with Obli- 
 gations Nationales or Quittance de Finance. 
 
 The committees have at length drawn up a long instruction 
 for the colonies, containing a plan for a constitution consisting 
 of about three hundred articles, which, however, is not to affect 
 any former decrees of the Assembly and is to be sent there 
 merely as a memorial and instruction. The Proces Verbal of 
 the Colonial Assembly of Martinico of the 17th of March last an 
 extract of which I inclose, gives a faint hope that the decree of 
 the loth of May will not be ill received in that island. The 
 Assembly of Guadeloupe has written to that of Martinico desir- 
 ing them to appoint Commissioners to treat in common upon 
 the constitution of those islands and particularly upon that 
 important article the political and civil state of the free 
 mulattos and slaves.
 
 9G july, 1791. 
 
 Paris, June 22nd, 1791. 
 
 I take the first opportunity of informing your Lordship 
 of the surprizing event which happened yesterday, no person 
 whatever having till this moment been permitted to leave Paris. 
 
 Between seven and eight in the morning it was discovered 
 that the King and all the Royal Family had left the Thuilleries 
 unknown to the Guard. It is supposed that they quitted the 
 Palace between one and two o'clock, and it is imagined that 
 they have taken the rout through the forests of Compiegne and 
 the Ardennes to the Low Countries but nothing certain is as 
 yet known. Monsieur and Madame have also left the Luxem- 
 bourg. 
 
 Owing to the activity of the National Guard the exertions of 
 the municipality and the prudent deliberations of the National 
 Assembly, for the heat of party, has, for the present entirely sub- 
 sided, the tranquillity of this town has been perfectly preserved. 
 
 As soon as the Assembly was met, the President informed 
 them that he had received from the mayor intelligence of the 
 departure of the King and of the Royal Family: couriers were 
 immediately ordered to be sent to every department with orders 
 to prevent any body from quitting the kingdom and the Minis- 
 ters were summoned to attend the Assembly. 
 
 The Ministre de la Justice was authorized to continue to 
 make use of the Seal of the State, which measure was thought 
 necessary, as a letter had been delivered to him that morning 
 signed by the King forbidding him to do so till further orders. 
 That Minister delivered a memorial which Mr la Porte {Intendant 
 de la Liste Civile) had put into his hands, having had the Kings 
 orders to communicate them to all the Ministers. 
 
 The National Assembly sits night and day, and the Ministers 
 transact business in an adjoining appartment. 
 
 I send inclosed the Logographe which gives the most ac- 
 curate account of every thing that passes in the Assembly, and 
 some other printed papers by way of supplement. In the 
 Postilion of this morning there is mention made of the fears of 
 some of the Ambassadors for their personal safety: if any of them 
 have exprest such fears they have had very little reason for so 
 doing : for myself I never had any.
 
 FLIGHT TO VARENNES. 97 
 
 I wait with impatience for instructions from your Lordship 
 at this critical period. 
 
 P.S. The inclosed notes from Mr Montmorin will prove to 
 your Lordship the difficulty I had to obtain a passport for my 
 messenger. 
 
 Paris, June 23, 1791. 
 
 I received the inclosed paper from Mr de Montmorin 
 last night. 
 
 The most recent account of the King's situation was brought 
 this afternoon by a Mr Mangin, son to a member of the As- 
 sembly, who resides at Varennes, a small town between Stenay 
 and Clermont in Argonne. He says that early on Wednesday 
 morning the King and Royal Family passed through Sainte 
 Menehould in a Berime with six horses but with only two 
 attendants on horseback : the postmaster of that place suspected 
 that they were not common travellers and questioned them 
 particularly about their rout ; they said that they were going 
 to Verdun the first town on the great road, he followed them 
 but seeing them take the bye road which leads to Varennes, he 
 rode in haste to that town and gave the alarm : when the King 
 arrived at the inn the inhabitants insisted that he should not 
 proceed on his journey untill they knew for certain who he was 
 and the motives of it. His Majesty was therefore obliged to 
 enter the inn where he was seen by Mr Mangin who, being ac- 
 quainted with his person, informed the astonished multitude 
 that they possest their King. 
 
 A courier arrived at the Assembly last night about nine 
 o'clock with an account of his Majesty's being stopt at this 
 place, he at the same time delivered a letter from the municipal 
 officers of Sainte Menehould informing the Assembly that Mr 
 Bouille', who commands at Metz, had sent detachments of troops 
 to that town and other places in the neighbourhood, having 
 given out that a large quantity of money for the pay of the 
 garrisons on the frontiers was expected to pass that way and 
 that they were to convoy it. It appears thai when the King 
 G. c. 7
 
 98 june, 1791. 
 
 was first stopt some hussars were seen riding through the town 
 who rinding the alarm too general passed quietly on. The As- 
 sembly has given orders to secure Mr Bouille" and it has also 
 appointed three of its members Mr Barnave Mr Pethion and 
 Mr la Tour-Maubourg commissioners with power to give orders 
 to the troops the National Guard and the administrative 
 bodies : their principal business however is to protect the 
 persons of the Royal Family on their return to Paris. Accord- 
 ing to Mr Mangin's account, the King slept last night at 
 Chalons and intends to sleep this night at Epernay ; it is there- 
 fore possible that he may arrive in the capital tomorrow, but 
 more probably on Saturday. Monsieur and Madame are safely 
 arrived at Mons. 
 
 The way in which the Royal Family contrived to leave the 
 Thuilleries is not yet known ; the thing is wonderful and the 
 more so because the Mayor and Mr la Fayette had been ap- 
 prized of their intention for some days before and had accord- 
 ingly taken all possible precautions to prevent it : they both 
 staid with his Majesty till one o'clock, when they retired 
 perfectly secure that no attempt of the sort could be made 
 that night ; having left a double guard and an extraordinary 
 number of officers upon duty against whom there is no suspicion 
 of corruption. 
 
 The Assembly continues to sit night and day adjourning 
 sometimes for an hour or two and in the intervals of urgent 
 they proceed with the ordinary business. 
 
 The late Bishop of Autun, finding that his scheme would 
 not succeed, entertained the Assembly with a discourse upon 
 finance and the balance of trade and so that matter ended. 
 Six hundred millions more have been decreed, one hundred 
 and sixty only of which are to be emitted at present, the 
 quantity that has been already burnt, in order to adhere to 
 their former decree that twelve hundred only should be in 
 circulation at one time. Twenty eight millions have been 
 ordered to the public treasury. The tranquillity in and out 
 of the Assembly has been astonishing but I this moment learn 
 that the quiet of the Assembly is likely to be disturbed by the 
 riotous rejoicing of the Poissardes and the inhabitants of the
 
 RETURN OF THE KING. !)!) 
 
 Fauxbourg Saint Antoine, an unpleasant prognostic of what 
 may happen on the King's arrival. 
 
 His Majesty's Memorial, which your Lordship will see in 
 the Moniteur 173 has contributed much to unite the senti- 
 ments of all parties on the present occasion ; the least that 
 can be said for that measure is that it was precipitate. Almost 
 all the members of the Assembly have taken the new oath and 
 Mr la Fayette and his friends have joined the Jacobins. 
 
 Paris, June 25, 1701. 
 
 The King and Royal Family arrived this evening at seven 
 o'clock. The order and regularity with which the whole of their 
 entry was conducted was astonishing. They were carried round 
 the outside of the walls of the town till they came to the Grille 
 of Chaillot from thence they proceeded in a direct line through 
 the Champs Elys.es and the Place de Louis Quinze to the 
 garden of the Thuilleries ; unfortunately some of the crowd 
 forced their way into the gardens when the carriages entered 
 which occasioned the Royal Family's hearing some unpleasant 
 language when they arrived at the palace: in all other respects 
 the greatest decorum has been preserved. 
 
 A separate guard, under the command of Mr la Fayette, has 
 been ordered by the Assembly for the King, the Queen and the 
 Dauphin ; for the latter a Governor is to be appointed by the 
 Assembly. It is said that the convent of the Val de Grace will 
 be destined for the residence of the Queen. A declaration is 
 to be demanded from the King and Queen in order that the 
 Assembly may be better able to judge how to act with regard 
 to them. 
 
 The decrees of the Assembly are to be valid without the 
 King's sanction and the ministers and the other branches of the 
 executive power are to continue to do the business of that part 
 of the Government till it shall be otherwise determined. Ad- 
 dresses come daily from the frontiers full of friendly sentiments 
 to the present constitution but expressing their fears of an
 
 100 June, 1791. 
 
 invasion and their want of means to resist the enemy. The 
 number of National Guard which the Assembly has decreed to 
 be en activite and which will receive better pay than the regular 
 troops, fifteen sous instead of ten, will amount to about three 
 hundred thousand. 
 
 The great events which have occurred during this week 
 have made me forget one of less importance, the insurrection 
 at Bastia. General Paoli will easily be able to quell it when 
 he receives the assistance of two frigates and some additional 
 troops which are ordered to be sent to him. The Due de 
 Choiseul and the Comte Charles de Damas are taken and are 
 in prison at Verdun : it is not known whether Mr de Bouille 
 has escaped ; his son was at Varennes but finding the game 
 lost he thought proper to retreat. The father had trusted too 
 much in the obedience of his soldiers and it was imagined the 
 inhabitants of the country would be less eager to prevent the 
 King's departure. Mr de Fersen the principal contriver of this 
 scheme is safely arrived in Flanders. 
 
 Had the King forced his way through Varennes he would 
 have found the bridge beyond the town barracaded in such a 
 manner that it would have been impossible for him to have 
 proceeded on his journey. 
 
 Paris, June 27, 1791. 
 
 As almost every circumstance which can afford matter 
 of intelligence for your Lordship must now come before the 
 Assembly, I send, and shall continue to send, the Logographe, 
 which journal not only gives the most accurate and litteral 
 accounts of the debates but gives also exact copies of the most 
 interesting papers that are laid before the Assembly. 
 
 The affair of the passport, which had nearly caused the 
 destruction of Mr Montmorin's house, is simply this. That 
 minister had given the duplicate of a passport to a Baronne de 
 Corff, a Livonian lady, having been informed by Mr Simolin, 
 who was persuaded of the fact, that par distraction she had 
 burnt the original. Mr Montmorin has been publickly declared 
 irreprochable in this affair.
 
 BARNAVE. 101 
 
 Some of the King's and Queen's principal friends were 
 yesterday permitted to approach them. It is supposed that the 
 Due de la Rochefoucauld will be appointed Governor to the 
 Dauphin. 
 
 Three commissioners are appointed to receive the declara- 
 tions of the King and Queen : they were with their Majesties 
 last night for the space of three hours but the result of that 
 interview is not yet known. 
 
 Mr de Bouille' is out of France. 
 
 Pakis, July 1, 1791. 
 
 The party of Barnave the Lameths and Duport, having 
 almost entirely lost their ill-deserved popularity, shewed, before 
 the late event, an inclination to change their system of politics, 
 in order to preserve their importance : the present state of 
 things has afforded them an opportunity of adopting a new 
 line of conduct, and a sort of coalition has taken place between 
 them and the aristocratic party which will probably not last 
 long. 
 
 When Mr Duport proposed last Wednesday in the name of 
 the Committee of Constitution, which was attended on that 
 occasion by Mr Cazales, a confederation on the fourth of 
 August, the time calculated for the completion of the Consti- 
 tution and the consequent dissolution of the Assembly he had 
 in view a solemn federative reintegration of the King upon his 
 acceptance of the Constitution. The loss of this motion in the 
 Assembly, where the Republican party is much less considerable 
 than in the country at large does not augur well in favor of 
 the supporters of that system. I inclose printed copies of the 
 King's and Queen's Declaration; by the former it appears that, 
 it was his Majesty's intention to proceed no farther than Mont- 
 medi, where he expected to be protected by the troops under 
 the command of Mr de Bouille. In a most imprudent letter 
 from that commander to the Assembly it is asserted that ifc 
 was by his instigation that the King was persuaded to this
 
 102 JULY, 1791. 
 
 measure : he trusted, without sufficient reason in the obedience 
 of the troops, and I fear the King trusted too much in the 
 attachment of his subjects out of Paris. 
 
 The Royal Family, though strictly guarded, have their usual 
 intercourse with one another and give a list to Mr la Fayette of 
 those persons whom they wish to see. It has been signified to 
 the King through Mr de Montmorin that, in the present cir- 
 cumstances, the Ambassadors think it their duty not to appear 
 at the Thuilleries without his Majesty's orders to that 
 purpose. 
 
 The Assembly have not yet elected a Governor for the 
 Dauphin : they have declared that no member of their body 
 shall be eligible, which prevents the nomination of Mr de la 
 Rochefoucauld. The partie droite has taken no part in the 
 debates upon this subject nor indeed scarcely upon any other 
 since the King's return. 
 
 The primary Assemblies are almost all finished and no in- 
 considerate corruption has been used to influence the choice of 
 electors. The electoral Assemblies are suspended till the fer- 
 mentation all over the kingdom shall be subsided. The 
 Judges lately chosen for the Criminal Tribunal of Paris and 
 
 many of the electors for the next Legislature are the Elite of 
 republicanism : the same spirit I believe does not pervade the 
 kingdom. 
 
 The members of the General Assembly of Saint Domingo 
 are permitted to return to their island, but an advance of 
 money which they requested has been refused. The troubles in 
 Corsica are nearly quelled your Lordship undoubtedly knows 
 that the Count d'Artois has met his brother at Brussels. 
 
 Paris, July 4, 1791. 
 
 I take the first opportunity of sending to your Lordship 
 a letter I received on Saturday evening from Mr Montmorin 
 inclosing copies of one from Mr Thevenard to him and another 
 from Mr le Chapelier to Mr Thevenard.
 
 THE DUKE OF ORLEANS. 103 
 
 I have received your Lordship's instructions by Mr Moore to 
 which I need not add that I shall pay the greatest attention. 
 As the Assembly is now become the great channel for informa- 
 tion I shall for the future take the liberty of sending the Logo- 
 graphe regularly by this day's post. In No. 67 there is an 
 interesting letter from the commissioners appointed for the 
 Departments of the Meuse, Moselle, and Ardennes : as a 
 supplement to which I inclose extracts of two letters which 
 have been communicated to me. 
 
 The Duke of Orleans has declared publickly that he would 
 refuse the Regency if it were offered to him : it is reported, as 
 another proof of his humility, that he has signified to the 
 Duchess that since there are no longer Princes in France she 
 must expect a pied a terre instead of a palace at Paris, and 
 that the state of his affairs obliges him to reduce her pin 
 mone}' to a thousand livres per month. 
 
 In the present situation of things in this country one is 
 not surprized that slight occurrences should afford matter for 
 serious alarm : but one cannot help smiling when some few 
 vessels are mistaken l for the British fleet and that by so 
 egregious a mistake a whole country should be in arms. 
 
 The fears that the inhabitants express of a Spanish invasion 
 are equally well grounded. 
 
 Paeis, July 8, 1791. 
 
 Having received a letter from Nantes stating that on 
 the 29th of June a body of national troops had come on board 
 the Endeavour of London, and the Commerce of Newcastle, and 
 demanded their sails which they took away, although they had 
 no article on board which had not been regularly entered at 
 the Custom house ; I wrote immediately to Mr Montmorin 
 desiring him to procure orders for the restoration of the sails 
 and leave for the departure of the vessels : the next day I 
 
 1 This refers to letters from Nantes expressing fear of an English descent in 
 conjunction with the flight of the King and a belief that it hail already taken 
 place.
 
 104 july, 1791. 
 
 received a note from him inclosing a decree of the National 
 Assembly, both of which I send to your Lordship. I have this 
 instant received a letter from the master of one of those vessels 
 informing me that their sails are brought back to them and 
 that they have permission to leave the port. The cause of 
 their detention was the appearance of some French West India 
 men off the coast between Belleisle and Noirmoutier which 
 were supposed to be part of the British fleet : the appearance 
 of these vessels and an attempt made by about a hundred 
 aristocrates in Britanny to embark for Jersey, (which embar- 
 cation was somehow mistaken for a debarcation of six thousand 
 English,) were sufficient to alarm the whole coast from Brest 
 to Rochefort : from thence to the Mediterranean the country 
 was alarmed by a report of an irruption of the Spaniards occa- 
 sioned by a skirmish with the smugglers on the frontiers, a 
 strong proof how much this country is at present on the qui 
 vive. The real cause of the report of the English invasion was 
 known almost as soon as the report itself; but with regard to 
 the other, the Spanish Ambassador thought himself obliged to 
 write to Mr Montmorin in order to satisfy the minds of people 
 of the falsity of that report : your Lordship may see his letter 
 in the Logographe No. 70. 
 
 Nothing of any moment has passed either in or out of the 
 Assembly except the declarations signed by two hundred and 
 ninety members of the Assembly which I inclose a decree 
 concerning the emigrants will probably be passed tomorrow. 
 
 The delicacy and prudence necessary to be observed in any 
 ulterior measure with regard to the King and the Royal 
 Family have occasioned a suspension of any deliberation upon 
 that subject. 
 
 It appears, by the accounts of the commissioners sent by 
 the Assembly to the several departments, that in all the regi- 
 ments many of the officers, and in some a few of the soldiers 
 have quitted the kingdom. The former having signified to 
 the soldiers of their regiments that if they would leave the 
 kingdom and join them they had full power from the King 
 to give them advanced rank his Majesty has written to the 
 Assembly denying that he has given any such powers and he
 
 THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. 105 
 
 takes the opportunity of repeating that his intention was to go 
 no farther than Montme'di. 
 
 The Republican party certainly looses ground and conscious 
 of their weakness some of the heads of that party declare that 
 they will be contented with une monarchie sans monarque ou 
 une re'gence sans regent. 
 
 It is said that the Empress of Russia has proposed a treaty 
 with this country and the very long conferences which I 
 observe between Mr Simolin and Mr Montmorin favor that 
 supposition. 
 
 Paris, July 15, 1791. ' 
 
 I send inclosed to your Lordship a printed copy of a 
 petition presented to the National Assembly by Mr Roume de 
 Saint Laurent in which he styles himself charged by the 
 Minister of the Marine to answer the complaints of the Eng- 
 lish creditors. 
 
 The decree of last Saturday which subjects to a treble 
 taxation those emigrants who do not return within a month is 
 generally considered as the best measure that could be adopted 
 in the present circumstances of the country. 
 
 The army, according to Mr Duportail's papers laid before 
 the Assembly, will only amount to about two hundred and forty 
 thousand men including infantry cavalry artillery and the 
 National Guard. 
 
 The commissioners who were sent to inspect the frontiers 
 have given a very unfavorable report of the state of the 
 fortifications particularly at Metz and the garrison towns in 
 the department of the Ardennes ; at the former there is one 
 place entirely open and defenceless : they complain also of a 
 great want of military stores and ammunition excepting cannon, 
 with which they are abundantly supplied. 
 
 The procession in honor of Voltaire which took place on 
 Monday seemed more calculated to give entertainment to 
 children than to have any good or even bad effect excepting 
 that it afforded an excuse for one whole days idleness; a thing 
 which he himself used often to lament.
 
 106 July, 1791. 
 
 The celebration of the fourteenth consisted of a procession 
 and a Te Deum sung before the altar de la Patrie in the 
 Champ de Mars, which appeared to be almost as crowded as it 
 was at this time last year. It has been occupied this morning 
 by a large concourse of people who assembled there in order to 
 sign a petition to the National Assembly requesting them to 
 bring the King to a trial. A great majority of the Assembly, 
 consisting of the moderate party, the aristocratic party and 
 that of the Lameths and Barnave during the two days that 
 have already been employed in debates upon this subject have 
 shewn themselves determined to support the plan of the 
 seven united committees : which is to respect the inviolability 
 of the King but to suspend his functions till the completion of 
 the Constitution : when they propose to offer the Charter of the 
 Constitution for his acceptance or refusal. 
 
 I this moment learn that the Assembly has decided that the 
 Kins shall not be mis en cause. 
 
 Mr Duveyrier who carried the decree of the Assembly to 
 the Prince of Conde has not been heard of since he followed 
 that Prince to Coblentz. 
 
 Pabis, July 18, 1791. 
 
 The proceedings of the National Assembly on Friday 
 last with regard to the King having occasioned much fer- 
 mentation and the next morning a crowd of people assembled 
 ronnd the Autel de la Patrie being harrangued by deputations 
 from the club of the Jacobins, who not only spoke of the King 
 and the Royal Family in the most opprobrious terms but 
 reviled the Assembly, they gave directions to the Ministers, 
 the Department and the Municipality to use every possible 
 exertion in order to maintain peace and enforce the laws. 
 
 Yesterday morning two unfortunate men were discovered 
 concealed under the Autel de la Patrie it is supposed out of a 
 mere frolic, for which they payed dear. It was spread about 
 that they were concealed there with a design to blow up the 
 altar, and summary justice was executed upon them : their
 
 THE AUTEL DE LA PATRIE. 107 
 
 heads being severed from their bodies were carried on spikes 
 and the mangled bodies dragged in a horrid manner along the 
 streets ; a troop of cavalry to the amount of some hundreds 
 and infantry arrived time enough to prevent this horrid 
 spectacle from being exhibited in the midst of Paris ; but 
 as soon as they were departed the crowd reassembled in the 
 Chanrp de Mars, and it was judged expedient that Mr la Fayette 
 and the Mayor of Paris should go there with a considerable 
 force and proclaim Martial Law. Being, not only insulted but 
 pelted with stones the Guards were at length obliged to fire : 
 ten or twelve men are said to be killed about as many wounded 
 and some are carried to prison. Paris is at present perfectly 
 quiet. I intend to send Flint with more particulars in the course 
 of this day, or tomorrow at furthest. 
 
 Paris, July 18, 1791. 
 
 It has been stated in the Assembly that, so far from 
 being hasty to give orders to fire upon the people in the late 
 affair at the Champ de Mars, the National Guard had received 
 repeated volleys of stones and a musket had been discharged at 
 Mr la Fayette before he gave orders to fire : the man who 
 attempted this desperate act was seized but released at Mr 
 la Fayette's desire, but, by a decree of the Assembly his person 
 is ordered to be secured : the activity of the National Guard 
 has maintained the peace and tranquillity of Paris, of the 
 continuance of which there is a most flattering prospect : one 
 cannot however help being anxious to hear that the same order 
 has taken place in the provinces. 
 
 A considerable number of suspicious foreigners have been 
 taken up today but none, as your Lordship may easily imagine, 
 are English: the most conspicuous is one Ephraim a Jew, sup- 
 posed to be employed by the King of Prussia ; cyphers were 
 found in his possession but, as he declares he is employed aboul 
 a commercial treaty, he may have made use of them without 
 an improper design. Although I am convinced that none of 
 the many English who arc here arc in the least personally
 
 108 july, 1791. 
 
 concerned in the politics of this country, I endeavour to persuade 
 them to use all possible caution in words as well as action, the 
 more so as an opinion is gone abroad that both Government 
 and Opposition in England have tampered with the democratic 
 party here. The members of the Jacobins who are deputies, 
 except Mr Roberspierre Mr Buzot and Mr Pethion, have quitted 
 that club and have composed another at the feuillants. They 
 have also written addresses to all the provincial societies con- 
 nected with the club of the Jacobins in order to prevent the 
 bad effects which the addresses sent by that club may otherwise 
 have in the provinces. 
 
 Paris, July 18, 1791. 
 
 The chief advantage that Government has obtained by 
 the coalition with the formerly popular party is more visible in 
 the metropolis than it can be expected to be in the provinces, 
 the strong [Forts de la Halle] men of the market and the 
 suburb of St Anthony and the most wealthy bankers here 
 appear to be still at their command, and, feeling secure of the 
 National Guard, they have exerted the public force in a 
 manner in which they otherwise could not have ventured 
 to act. 
 
 Though the rage of republicanism may be overcome, it will 
 be difficult to conquer the disgust the King's conduct has 
 inspired. 
 
 Paris, July 22, 1791. 
 
 As long as the red flag continues to be displayed at the 
 Hotel de Ville we may expect to feel the effects of that energy 
 which military law has given to Government. A wonderful 
 change has taken place since the disturbances of the 17th com- 
 pelled the majority of the Assembly to be sensible of its power. 
 It is calculated that two hundred people have been imprisoned 
 since that event, upon suspicion of fomenting sedition by writing
 
 DANTON AND ROBESPIERRE. 109 
 
 or by other means. Danton is fled and Mr Robespierre the great 
 Denonciateur and by office Accusateur publique is about to be 
 denonce himself. Ephraim the Jew is set at liberty ; but a 
 woman of the name of Etta Palm, who used to assume the title 
 of Baronne d' Adders, is confined upon the same suspicion. 
 
 Some addresses are arrived in favor of the decree of the 
 15th 1 : the strongest of which is that from Rouen; there can be 
 no doubt that the country at large approves of that decree but 
 it will be wise in the Assembly to hasten the business that 
 remains for them to finish and to make way for their successors 
 for in a short time tern pus abire tibi will be told them from all 
 quarters; and their resemblance to the Long Parliament begins 
 to be a common topic. 
 
 The alarm of an invasion from Germany is in no degree 
 diminisht ; and the stay of the King of Sweden at Aix la 
 Chapelle, who has recalled all the Swedish officers in the French 
 service, is regarded in an unfavorable light. Although implicit 
 faith is not to be given to Mr de Montesquieu's account of the 
 bad state of the fortifications, for there are many reasons to 
 suppose it exaggerated, yet, on the other hand, Mr du Portail, 
 in his contradiction of that report, is possibly in the other 
 extreme. The most alarming circumstance in the situation of 
 that country is the total insubordination of the soldiers which 
 Mr Emmery was obliged to state yesterday to the Assembly in 
 order that speedy means may be taken to render them subordi- 
 nate to their officers ; for the few who have not either given their 
 dismission, been dismist by their men or gone over to Germany 
 complain that it is impossible, in the present state of things, to 
 expect obedience from the soldiers. Many regiments have been 
 treated much in the same manner as that of Nassau, of which 
 your Lordship will see an account in this day's Logographe. It 
 is certain that an engagement had nearly taken place at Metz 
 between that regiment and the regiment de Conde. 
 
 The Swiss troops have received orders from their Cantons 
 not to take the new oath; which will place them in a pre- 
 dicament very different from that of tin 1 rest of the army. 
 
 1 This decree, passed on July 15, declared that the King was to be considered 
 to have abdicated, and summoned Bouille' and his accomplices for trial.
 
 110 JULY, 1791. 
 
 Upon the whole the National Assembly was never more 
 puzzled how to act than in the present crisis and the confusion 
 of parties impedes the action of the seven committees in whom 
 resides the executive power. 
 
 Considerable quantities of copper, originally intended for 
 copper-sheathing men of war, have been sent to the Mint from 
 all the dock yards. 
 
 Mr Duveyrier is at last arrived; according to his account, he 
 was detained 22 days at Luxembourg without having permission 
 to write to France: but, for further particulars, I must refer 
 your Lordship, (for want of time) to this evening's Postilion, in 
 which there is a speech of Mr Alexandre Lameth worth your 
 Lordship's notice. 
 
 Paeis, July 29, 1791. 
 
 At the end of eight days after the first proclamation of 
 Martial Law it ceased, of course, to be in force: but the As- 
 sembly has passed a decree resembling our Riot Act which will 
 tend to prevent future disturbances. Of those who have been 
 lately arrested all the foreigners and most of those who are of a 
 democratic persuasion have been released. It is said that 
 prudential motives more than want of sufficient grounds of 
 accusation have caused them to set at liberty Ephraim and 
 Madame Aelders who plume themselves much upon this proof 
 of their innocence. 
 
 Since it has been publicly known that Mr de Bouille has 
 entered into the service of the King of Sweden and that con- 
 siderable preparations are making on the other side of the 
 Rhine, the approaching war is mentioned without mystery and, 
 in spite of Mr Lameth's statement the notoriously defenceless 
 state of the frontiers gives cause for serious alarms. Three 
 thousand five hundred National Guards, half of which number 
 are now encamped in the Plaine de Grenelle close to this town, 
 will set out from hence in a few days for the defence of that 
 part of France ; they are composed of young raw undisciplined 
 but otherwise able bodied men: their pay 15 sols per diem is
 
 FALSE ASSIGN ATS. Ill 
 
 so much superior to that of the regular troops that it may 
 occasion a jealousy productive of bad consequences during the 
 present want of discipline in the army: another cause of discon- 
 tent among the regulars is an order given to pay the Swiss 
 soldiers in specie in consequence of their having received orders 
 from their Cantons not to receive assignats in payment of their 
 solde, a distinction very liable to create a jealousy. Landau is 
 thought to be the place most easy to be taken, and the more so 
 since three engineers, who were employed in putting it into 
 a state of defence, have escaped to Luxembourg. 
 
 Mr du Veyrier's mission having failed in all respects, the 
 leading members of the Assembly wish to try what effect a sort 
 of remonstrance by way of ultimatum may have upon the 
 Princes, which it is proposed to have presented to them by the 
 Chevalier de Coignie their intimate friend and one who pro- 
 fesses the principles of the aristocratic party ; the only certain 
 effect of this measure is the procuring to the Chevalier an op- 
 portunity of quitting the kingdom. 
 
 The Committee of Revision have finished the Charte Con- 
 stitutionelle which will be soon offered to the King for his ac- 
 ceptance. I understand he has seen it and has made some few 
 observations upon it but which, according to the French phrase 
 ne tireront pas a consequence. 
 
 A great number of false assignats have lately appeared 
 which at present embarrass only individuals but in the end they 
 may affect public credit. The demand for the principal manu- 
 factures of this country is so great that the manufacturers com- 
 plain only of the want of a sufficient number of journey-men 
 who are willing to work. 
 
 I have this moment received a letter from Mr Montmorin 
 inclosing one from the Departement de la Loire inferieure, both 
 of which I inclose to your Lordship. 
 
 Paths, August ">, 1791. 
 
 I send inclosed a letter from Mr de Montmorin inclosing 
 one from Mr Thevenard by which your Lordship will perceive 
 that Mr Landolph has no authority whatever from the French
 
 112 AUGUST, 1791. 
 
 Government to demand a duty from vessels which frequent the 
 river Formosa ; and that in general the French claim no pre- 
 tentions to restrain the freedom of commerce of other nations 
 on that part of the coast of Africa. 
 
 Mr Thevenard adds that he will make further inquiries con- 
 cerning that business in order, if it found proper, to oblige 
 Mr Landolph to make restitution. 
 
 Some officers of artillery just arrived from Martinico having 
 imprudently landed at l'Orient, where the colonial regiments 
 which have been sent from the West-Indies are quartered, had 
 nearly occasioned a very alarming disturbance : the soldiers ac- 
 cused them of having treated them with the most shocking 
 barbarity and demanded their immediate punishment: it was 
 with the greatest difficulty that the municipality, by the assist- 
 ance of some troops of artillery and the National Guard, con- 
 veyed them to a place of safety. Tranquillity was not restored 
 when the last accounts left that place. 
 
 At Douay the dissentions among the regular troops had 
 arisen to such a height that they were proceeding to take the 
 cannon from the barracks in order to come to an engagement. 
 But the Department and municipality have, by their influence, 
 prevented them from proceeding to this extremity. In order to 
 avoid as much as possible any cause of jealousy between the 
 troops of the line and the National Guard, it was yesterday 
 decreed that the Troupe Soldee of the National Guard of Paris, 
 consisting of nine thousand men, shall be considered as regular 
 soldiers and enjoy their present pay, but that, if they shall act 
 on the frontiers they shall receive only the pay of the rest of 
 the army and that every three months they shall receive a 
 , surplus to the amount of their present pay by way of gratuity. 
 
 The history of the formation of our small camp is rather 
 curious : it has remained for ten days at the walls of the metro- 
 polis, a sufficient time to destroy the health and morals of the 
 soldiers, but it is now removed nearer to the frontiers : it appears 
 that it was formed by the orders of the Department without 
 the authority of either the Commandant General or the Minister 
 of the War Department. Mr de Rochambeau having declined 
 to accept the command of the whole eastern frontier, General
 
 PROJET DE LA CONSTITUTION. 11 
 
 o 
 
 Luckner will have the command in Alsace and Franche 
 Comte\ 
 
 Two hundred men of the Regiment de Berwick have ac- 
 companied their Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel into Ger- 
 many. 
 
 I inclose a printed copy of the Projet de la Constitution 
 Frangaise which the Committees of Constitution and Revision 
 have presented to the Assembly. It is supposed that it will be 
 debated for some days in the Assembly before it is offered to 
 the King for his acceptance. The great difficulty seems to be 
 how this is to be done ; if in his present state of confinement it 
 will be a mere mockery ; if he is previously allowed his liberty it 
 is uncertain what use he may make of it ; so far however from 
 that being the case at present the guard at the Thuilleries has 
 been increased within these two days. It is generally believed 
 that the King will go either to Rambouillet or Fontainebleau, 
 where he will accept the Constitution, but after that it is not 
 expected that he will continue long in that situation. 
 
 The public funds, the exchange with foreign nations, and 
 the value of assignats have fallen considerably since Mr Friteau 
 informed the Assembly that the hostile preparations in Germany 
 have a very alarming appearance. The suppression of all orders 
 of knighthood, in which proof of nobility are required, has at last 
 been decreed ; being in the spirit of the present Constitution it 
 would have taken place sooner had it not been for some difficulty 
 with regard to the Knights of Malta who are to be debarred the 
 rights of French citizens. 
 
 Whenever the Prince of Conde"s business has been men- 
 tioned in the Assembly a debate upon the subject has been 
 postponed upon some frivolous reason, because they do not yet 
 despair of having some answer from that quarter through the 
 means of the Chevalier de Coigny. Vain hopes. 
 
 The Assembly has shewn a determination to treat the re- 
 fractory priests and monks with little tenderness: it is proposed 
 to send them thirty leagues from the frontiers, and in other 
 instances ten leagues from the place of their former residence, 
 or even to oblige them to reside at Paris. 
 
 P.S. The elections for the new Legislature are to begin on 
 
 (.. c. 
 
 8
 
 114 AUGUST, 1791. 
 
 the twenty fifth of this month so that by the fifth of September 
 a new legislative body will be chosen. 
 
 Paris, August 12, 1791. 
 
 I was in an error when I informed your Lordship that 
 martial law had ceased to be in force at the end of a week after 
 it was proclaimed : it was not till last Sunday that the red flag 
 was taken down ; the immediate consequence of which was that 
 groups began to assemble as usual in the Palais Royal ; but, 
 finding the activity of the National Guard in no manner relaxed, 
 the orators among them have not ventured to preach sedition 
 as formerly. The dilatoriness with which they proceed to bring 
 to trial those people who have been imprisoned on account of 
 the late riots proceeds from a hope that an amnesty, in conse- 
 quence of the King's acceptance of the Constitution, will save 
 them all further trouble in that business. If one may be allowed 
 to conjecture, the person who most of all must desire to have 
 the prisons emptied without the trial of the prisoners is the 
 Duke of Orleans. 
 
 Mr Barnave seems to have undertaken to carry through the 
 Assembly the Acte Constitutionnel as proposed by the com- 
 mittees : it will be owing to his abilities if no democratical 
 amendments are introduced into it. He resisted with success 
 the attempt of the Republicans who wished to prevent the King 
 from being acknowledged a representative of the nation, and 
 yesterday he defended with superior abilities the plan of the 
 committee, to require no other qualification for a member of the 
 Legislature than that of being citoyen actif, but to augment 
 the amount of the contribution which it is necessary to pay in 
 order to have the qualification of an elector. 
 
 The alarms which Mr Freteau's speech occasioned have con- 
 siderably subsided and the public funds have risen accordingly. 
 The divisions which are known to subsist among the emigrants 
 render the preparations on the other side of the Rhine less 
 formidable than they would otherwise be: it is known that they 
 are divided into two parties ; that of the Prince of Conde" and 

 
 PARTIES AMONG THE EMIGRES. 115 
 
 Mr de Calonne, and that of the Baron de Breteuil and Mr Bouille : 
 the Queen is as adverse to the former as she is partial to the 
 latter : this occasions another division in the party of the 
 Princes and accounts for the coolness which subsists between 
 the Comte d' Artois and the Prince of Conde. Notwithstanding 
 Mr de Bouille's assertions in his letter, Mr de Breteuil was the 
 soul of that undertaking ; the chief part which the General per- 
 formed was the contriving to keep the towns under his command 
 in the worst state of defence possible. 
 
 To judge by the little progress that has been already made 
 in it, the Assembly will employ three or four days more in 
 debating upon the Acte Constitutionnel. They have not yet 
 decided how it shall be offered to the King for his acceptance : 
 there seems to be little doubt that he will accept it. While 
 Mr de Coigny is negotiating with the Princes, the Abbd Louis, 
 a friend of the late Bishop of Autun, is sent with a mission of 
 the same sort to Brussels. 
 
 The Spanish Ambassador purposes to leave this place soon, 
 in order to visit his relations the Duke and Duchess of Rohan 
 who are ill at Nice. 
 
 The language that Mr le Chapelier holds to those who have 
 conversed with him concerning Tobago gives them but faint 
 hopes that he will make the report upon that subject, notwith- 
 standing the letters I had the honor of sending to your Lord- 
 ship. Mr Bourne de Saint-Laurent, the British creditors' prin- 
 cipal adversary, is appointed Commissioner to Saint Domingo ; 
 whether that is meant as a reward it is difficult to say ; con- 
 sidering the state of that island, his office is not to be envied. 
 
 The Swedish Ambassador does not positively deny the au- 
 thenticity of the King of Sweden's letter in the Logographe of 
 yesterday. 
 
 Paris, August 19, 1791. 
 
 I have communicated to Mr de Montmorin the reply of 
 the mortgage creditors of the island of Tobago to the answer 
 on their claims, and I have obtained a fresh assurance from that 
 
 8—2
 
 116 AUGUST, 1791. 
 
 minister that Mr le Chapelier shall make the report upon that 
 business, or name some other person to make it, before the ex- 
 piration of the present National Assembly. 
 
 The Abbe* Louis is returned from Brussels, where he found 
 the Comte de Mercy not disposed to treat with him : the Abbe' 
 scruples not to say that if the King does not accept the present 
 Constitution he may be sure of support from that quarter. 
 The fears of an invasion from Spain have compelled the 
 ministers to confess unpleasant truths : their confidence that 
 the King of Spain will not break his alliance with France, and 
 the small number of Spanish troops as yet on the frontier, 
 amounting not to above six thousand men, are the only reasons 
 that they offer against any alarms upon that subject. They 
 own that the Spanish Minister will not treat with their Minister 
 at the Court of Madrid, they acknowledge the defenceless state 
 of that frontier and the impossibility of sending any number of 
 regular troops into that part of France, owing to the greater 
 necessity for them in other parts of the kingdom, they acknow- 
 ledge also the danger of trusting some of the regular regiments 
 on the frontiers ; they have been obliged, for instance, to order 
 into the interior part of the kingdom the regiments of Berwick 
 and Nassau, or rather what remains of those regiments, lest 
 the fancy should take them to join their fellow soldiers on the 
 other side of the Rhine. A total want of subordination will 
 render useless the regiment of Auvergne which is now at 
 Phalsbourg. 
 
 The detachment of Parisian National Guard, in their pro- 
 gress to the frontiers, have proceeded no farther than Gonnesse, 
 within nine miles of this place, where they are now encamped, 
 and where they suffer from the vicinity of the capital almost as 
 much as in the Plaine de Grenelle. 
 
 The Assembly has finished the revision of the Constitution, 
 excepting those Articles that were adjourned during the course 
 of the revision, the debates upon which Articles may still 
 employ some days ; it is calculated that the Acte may be offered 
 to the King for his acceptance on the twenty fifth, the day of 
 Saint Louis a solemn festival in this country. 
 
 Accounts have been receivpd from Saint Domingo, which
 
 ACTE CONSTITUTIONELLE. 117 
 
 left that place since the news of the decree of the fifteenth of 
 May had reached it ; the effect of which was to unite the 
 white men of different parties, who were determined to burn 
 that decree as soon as it shall arrive officially. At Cap 
 Francois they have disarmed the blacks and mulattos and it 
 was hoped that they would be able to do the same thing in 
 the other parts of the island, although their proportion is greater 
 there than at the Cape. In order to preserve tranquillity where 
 it is much threatened, the Assembly had decreed that two 
 Commissioners shall be sent to the islands of France and 
 Bourbon, and from thence they are to proceed to Pondicherry 
 and Chandernagore. 
 
 The rise of the public funds, which I mentioned to your 
 Lordship in my last dispatch, was of short duration ; they are 
 at present as low as ever: the demands for the principal 
 manufactures of this country continue to be great; but how 
 long their forced flourishing state will last, for which they are 
 indebted to the low value of assignats in foreign countries, it is 
 difficult to calculate. 
 
 The wisdom of the Assembly has decreed two hundred 
 thousand livres as a reward to those who stopt the King at 
 Varenne, and it's policy and delicacy has timed that decree a 
 few days only before it is to present to him it's Acte Constitu- 
 tionelle for his free acceptance. 
 
 Paris, August 26, 1791. 
 
 The additional Articles of the Acte Constitutionnel having 
 given rise to long discussions, it will not be ready for the 
 King's acceptation before the end of the next week and possibly 
 not so soon. 
 
 The King's guard is to consist of twelve hundred foot and 
 sixteen hundred horse, composed of men who have served in 
 the army or National Guard and to be paid at the expense of 
 the Civil List. According to the original plan of the Com- 
 mittee the members of the Royal Family were not to exercise 
 any of the rights of a citoj/cn actif: this gave the Duke of
 
 118 AUGUST, 1791. 
 
 Orleans an opportunity of attempting to gain popularity by 
 declaring that if he should be obliged to chuse whether he 
 would enjoy the rights of a French citizen or those which were 
 given to the Royal Family he would renounce the latter in 
 order to be able to enjoy the former : but this fond hope was 
 of short duration ; the next day, yesterday, the plan was 
 changed ; they are to have the rights of a French citizen, ex- 
 cept that of being chosen to any office by popular election ; 
 and, in the presence of the Duke of Orleans, it was observed 
 that the nation might still hope to see him command it's fleets 
 or be employed in some important negotiation in England or 
 elsewhere. That star is sank never to rise again. 
 
 The thorough want of subordination, which has infected the 
 whole army, is pathetically described by Mr Du Portail in a 
 letter which he addrest yesterday to the National Assembly 
 and for which I refer your Lordship to this day's Logographe ; 
 but it is hoped that these undisciplined troops will not have 
 to contend with a well disciplined army, and the journey of the 
 Comte d'Artois to Vienna and the known want of harmony 
 among the emigrants beyond the Rhine gives little reason to 
 expect a formidable invasion from that quarter at present. 
 
 The electors of this department are now assembled in order 
 to chuse deputies for the next legislature : although many of 
 the most democratical of them are in prison or fled, yet a suffi- 
 cient number remains to allow one to believe that the members 
 chosen by this department will be for the most part, of the 
 democratical party. 
 
 By letters which arrived here yesterday from Saint Domingo 
 it appears that that colony is entirely lost if the Assembly does 
 not revoke the decree of the loth of May. The white in- 
 habitants of all parties are united and the two regiments of 
 Artois and Normandie lately arrived there from France have 
 taken an oath of fidelity to that island, in consequence of an 
 increase of pay. All vessels are examined before they are 
 allowed to enter their ports and orders are given that those 
 which arrive from Bordeaux shall be suffered to take fresh 
 water, but nothing else, in order to return without unloading 
 to their own country. This is mixing water with their wine with
 
 CONSTITUTION FINISHED. 119 
 
 a vengeance ! Your Lordship will recollect the Address from 
 that town to the National Assembly and the offer of raising 1 
 six thousand men to enforce their decree. 
 
 The commissioners who are to carry this ill advised decree 
 have, I believe, not yet quitted the kingdom, so that there is 
 still room left for repentance. Whether there is for pardon your 
 Lordship will be the best judge ; as I understand that com- 
 missioners are to be sent from Saint Domingo to England. 
 The proprietors of that island who are resident here and who 
 have been dreading a civil war in that country rejoice at 
 the present situation of things and exult in not being French 
 citizens. 
 
 Paris, September 2, 1791. 
 
 The Constitution, such as it is, is at last finisht : it will 
 probably be accepted by the King on Monday : the Acte 
 Constitutionnel is to be presented to him by a deputation 
 from the National Assembly, and if he accept it, he will be 
 desired to regulate the forms of the ceremonial and to appoint 
 a day on which he will declare his acceptance before the National 
 Assembly. 
 
 According to the plan of the committees no other qualifica- 
 tion except that of being citoyen actif is necessary in order to 
 be chosen a member of the legislature, but an elector in towns 
 containing above 6000 souls must prove that he possesses a 
 revenue equal to the value of 200 days labor or that he lets 
 a possession equal to 150 : in towns which do not contain that 
 number of inhabitants he must prove a possession equal to 150 
 or a location equal to 100. And in the country an elector must 
 have property equal in value to 150 or farm an estate equal to 
 400 days labor. 
 
 The Assembly has asserted that the nation has an incontest- 
 able right to examine its Constitution, but at the same time it 
 has declared that it is for the interest of the nation that this 
 right should be suspended for thirty years, and, in order in 
 some measure to effect this, it has decreed that no legislature
 
 1:20 SEPTEMBER, 1791. 
 
 shall enter into the examination of the Constitution, unless it 
 has been voted expedient by three prior legislatures, and in 
 order to gain a longer delay, in the last article concerning 
 National Conventions, it is decreed that no motion to examine 
 the Constitution shall be made before the third legislature. 
 
 The committees shewed a desire to give more energy to the 
 executive power, but all attempts of that kind have been 
 strenuously resisted by the Assembly. 
 
 Whether the decree concerning the colonies is to be sus- 
 pended revoked or enforced has not yet been determined: in 
 the meantime addresses arrive from the seaport towns stating 
 the dreadful consequences that must follow if the Assembly 
 shall persevere, and your Lordship will see letters from Saint 
 Domingo in this day's Logographe which strongly corroborate 
 their opinion. The merchants of Bordeaux have assembled 
 and acknowledged their error, but the administrators of that 
 department remain firm and declare the merchant's meeting at 
 the exchange unconstitutional ; but since, thanks to the De- 
 claration of the Rights of Man, a notion is spread over the 
 whole country that every body is not only to think but to act 
 for himself. It is difficult to teach the people what is or 
 what is not constitutional, or who are governors and who are 
 to be governed. 
 
 Mr Duportail has been obliged to obtain a decree authorizing 
 him to oppose the National Guard to the regular troops in 
 case no other means can be found to bring them to an ob- 
 servance of their duty : it is possible that the town of Phals- 
 bourg, in the possession of the regiment d'Auvergne, will stand 
 a siege before it submits. 
 
 Letters giving accounts of disturbances are frequently re- 
 ceived by the Assembly without any notice being taken of them ; 
 a massacre, for instance, which took place last week at Toulon, 
 owing to a dispute about some cannon, has not yet been men- 
 tioned. 
 
 I shall be able, at the expiration of this Assembly, to send 
 your Lordship a regular statement of the finances to the first of 
 this month : at present I can only give you a slight notion by 
 the expenditure and income of the month of July: in that
 
 STATE OF THE KING AND QUEEN. 121 
 
 month the expense was above fifty four millions, the receipt 
 something more than five millions and a half; no inconsiderable 
 deficit. 
 
 The elections proceed slowly. Garran de Coulon, a man of 
 democratical principles, is the first chosen for this department ; 
 the most remarkable in the provinces is the late Archbishop of 
 Sens. 
 
 Paeis, September 5, 1791. 
 
 At nine o'clock on Saturday the Constitution was pre- 
 sented to the King at the Thuilleries by a deputation from 
 the National Assembly consisting of sixty of it's members. 
 His Majesty received them very graciously and informed them 
 that he would examine the Constitution which the National 
 Assembly had ordered them to present to him, and that he 
 would make known his resolution in as short a time as the 
 examination of so important an object would admit. He said 
 that he had determined to remain at Paris, and that he would 
 give such orders to the Commandant General of the Parisian 
 National Guard as should appear to him to be necessary for the 
 service of his guard. 
 
 Paris, September 9, 1791. 
 
 The day before the deputation from the Assembly pre- 
 sented the Constitution to the King, the extraordinary guard 
 which had been placed about his person by Mr la Fayette was 
 removed and the Thuilleries were guarded in the same manner 
 as it had been before the 21st of June, and as it will continue 
 to be till his Majesty shall have ordered otherwise. On Tues- 
 day last the foreign Ministers were received by the King and 
 the Royal Family. His Majesty's health does not seem to have 
 been impaired by his confinement : the Queen received us with 
 her usual dignity but her deportment and appearance discovered 
 a mind suffering under affliction but not easily subdued.
 
 122 SEPTEMBER, 1791. 
 
 The King, it is believed, will declare his acceptance of the 
 Constitution in the presence of the Assembly on Monday next. 
 He has already written to the Emperor and the Princes inform- 
 ing them of his intention and exhorting the latter to return 
 peaceably and enjoy what yet remains to them to be enjoyed in 
 this country. 
 
 From what we can learn from that quarter instead of a 
 compliance with the King's wishes we have to expect a mani- 
 festo and an armed force to which they will be the more 
 encouraged by the increasing price of corn, owing to a bad 
 harvest in the southern parts of the kingdom, and the difficulty 
 of transporting that article from one part of the country to 
 another, added to the low value of paper money. A prospect 
 of famine, though more distant than in the year 1789, is never- 
 theless extremely alarming, and the activity of the National 
 Guard has been exerted more than once during the course of 
 this week in order to prevent riots in the markets. 
 
 The troubles of Avignon and the state of that country will 
 be laid before the Assembly tomorrow ; and in the latter end of 
 the next week a business of much greater consequence to this 
 country, the repeal or inforcing the decree of the fifteenth 
 of May respecting the colonies, will be decided. It was the 
 wish of many to lay the burthen of that business upon the 
 shoulders of the next legislature, but Mr Barnave has compelled 
 the present legislators to bear the whole of it themselves. 
 
 Paris, September 14, 1791. 
 
 Yesterday the Ministre de la Justice delivered a letter 
 written by the King to the National Assembly of which I in- 
 close a printed copy. 
 
 The King having expressed a desire that a general amnesty 
 should be granted to all persons prosecuted on account of the 
 revolution, this wish was confirmed by a decree past this morn- 
 ing previous to his Majesty's arrival in the Assembly. He came 
 in a state coach attended by the ministers, and having said, 
 that in order to add to the solemnity of his acceptation he
 
 THE KING ACCEPTS THE CONSTITUTION. 123 
 
 thought it should take place in the Assembly, he repeated the 
 Avords of the oath prescribed by the Constitution and returned 
 to the Palace of the Thuilleries through the garden on foot 
 attended by the members of the Assembly. The King upon 
 his passage was very much applauded by the people. The 
 Queen was present at the ceremony. 
 
 This morning the Assembly declared Avignon and the 
 Comtat Venaissin a part of the French empire. 
 
 Paris is in a state of perfect tranquillity and a general illumi- 
 nation and rejoicings have taken place on this occasion. 
 
 Pabis, September 16, 1791. 
 
 Although it was very generally believed that the King 
 would accept the Constitution, yet it was not generally imagined 
 that he would have expatiated so much upon the improvements 
 which it had received since his intended journey to Montme'di. 
 The sincerity of the acceptation is nevertheless doubted by 
 many, and a fall instead of a rise in the public funds affords 
 good reason to suppose that those who are concerned in them 
 do not think that what has taken place this week tends to give 
 much additional security to the Constitution. 
 
 A circumstance happened at the Assembly which gave the 
 King a momentary embarrassment. It had been agreed, before 
 his arrival, that they should receive him on their legs, but that 
 they should be seated while he was taking the oath : they 
 continued standing when he began to take it, but, upon a sign 
 being given by one of the members, they all suddenly sat down; 
 this interrupted the King, who, looking about and perceiving 
 what had passed, seated himself in a chair which was prepared 
 for him on the left hand of the President and continued his 
 speech ; his presence of mind on this occasion was much 
 applauded. 
 
 The Spanish Ambassador intends to leave this place to- 
 morrow, he talks of going to Nice but his postillions will first 
 carry him to Brussels. Having taken leave of the Court pre- 
 vious to the King's acceptation he has not seen his Majesty 
 since that event.
 
 124 SEPTEMBER, 1791. 
 
 A late decree of the Assembly having divided the National 
 Guard of Paris into legions and having declared that every 
 chef de legion should have the command by turns for the 
 space of a month, Mr de la Fayette can no longer continue 
 to act as Commandant General : it is said that he will have the 
 command at Metz ; he has ordered a farm house which he pos- 
 sesses in Auvergne to be fitted up for his reception ; it is 
 certain that his private fortune is very much impaired by the 
 expense which his situation at Paris (and for which he receives 
 no emolument) has unavoidably occasioned. 
 
 The general amnesty which has taken place will probably 
 secure the election of the Abbe Fanchet for the department of 
 Calvados of which he is Bishop : he promises to be the most 
 turbulent member of the next legislature unless he be exceeded 
 by Brissot the author of the most republican journal that is 
 published here, who, though opposed by all the force that 
 Ministry and the coalition could collect, has at last succeeded in 
 being chosen for this department. It appears that more than 
 half of the next Assembly will be composed of country attorneys; 
 not only the nobility but the commercial interest will be very 
 much excluded. 
 
 The Comte de Segur has solicited to be appointed to suc- 
 ceed Mr de la Luzerne in case his health will not allow him 
 to continue in England. 
 
 Paris, September 23, 1791. 
 
 The King has of late omitted no opportunity of gaining 
 popularity and of convincing the people that his acceptation of 
 the Constitution was free and voluntary. On Sunday the 
 Thuilleries were magnificently illuminated and the King and 
 Queen went in their carriages to the Champs Elysees to see the 
 fireworks and illuminations which the municipality had ordered 
 in that place: on Tuesday they were at the Opera, for the first 
 time since the revolution, and they intend to honor the other 
 theatres with their presence. 
 
 I inclose a printed copy, which I believe to be genuine, of 
 letters from the Princes beyond the Rhine to his Majesty with
 
 THE NEW ASSEMBLY. 12") 
 
 ( the declaration signed by the Emperor and the King of Prussia 
 
 at Pilnitz. As it is almost certain that the Princes knew at that 
 time the King's intention of accepting the Constitution there 
 are little hopes that they will embrace the opportunity which 
 the amnesty affords them of returning peaceably into the 
 kingdom. 
 
 The National Assembly will expire on the thirtieth of this 
 month : the members of most note who are already chosen for 
 the next legislature are not of that sort which inclines one 
 to augur favorably of it. The late Archbishop of Sens is not 
 elected, as it was reported : I have good reason to believe that 
 Mr Necker tried the inclinations of the electors of Paris, but 
 found that he could not succeed. 
 
 The Comite des Finances have shewn great unwillingness to 
 publish their Compte Rendu; they are resolved to keep back 
 their Pieces Justijicatives which are to remain in the Archives 
 of the Assembly : the article of secret service money is the chief 
 cause of this mystery. The Minister of the Marine has resigned 
 and there is no small difficulty to obtain a successor : Mr de 
 Bougainville has refused, but I understand he has recom- 
 mended a Mr le Brasseur who, it is supposed, will accept the 
 place. Mr Duportail, it is said, will also resign and Mr Dumas 
 is talked of for the War Department in his room. I should 
 mention another resignation, that of Mr Bailly, which is not to 
 be accepted till the beginning of November, when the new 
 municipality will be chosen. It was moved to day in the 
 Assembly to adjourn the affair of the colonies to the next 
 legislature but it was carried against the adjournment by 307 
 against 191. 
 
 Paris, September 30, 1791. 
 
 The decree of the 15th of May respecting the colonies is 
 virtually repealed by another which was past last Saturday 
 asserting the rig] it of the National Assembly to make laws 
 exclusively for the regime exterieur of the colonies, and, after 
 having known the wish which the colonial Assemblies have
 
 126 SEPTEMBER, 1791. 
 
 been authorized to express concerning their Constitution, for the 
 regime interieur : but the laws concerning the state of persons 
 not free, (for the delicacy of French freedom will not permit the 
 word slave to be mentioned,) and the political state of the 
 mulattoes and free negroes, and also the regulations for enforc- 
 ing those laws are to be made by the colonial Assemblies and 
 are to be put into execution provisionally, with the consent of 
 the Governors of the colonies, for the space of a year for the 
 American, and of two years for the Asiatic colonies ; and they 
 are to be offered immediately for the King's sanction notwith- 
 standing any anterior decree which might have opposed an 
 obstacle to the full exercise of the right, conferred by the pre- 
 sent decree on the colonial Assemblies. 
 
 With regard to the Tobago business, a report has been 
 drawn up in the name of the united Committees of Commerce 
 and of the Colonies, a copy of which, printed in the national 
 press, I inclose. A more favorable report the British mortgagee 
 creditors could not have drawn up if they had dictated it, but 
 I find the committees have contented themselves with the 
 mere printing and distributing copies of it to the members : the 
 report has not been made to the Assembly and consequently no 
 decree has been past upon that subject. 
 
 The honor which the Assembly has conferred upon Avignon 
 and the Comtat Venaissin in declaring them part of the French 
 empire has not had the effect of quieting the troubles in that 
 country, and at Aries they are in a state of civil war unless 
 tranquillity has been restored by the decree condemning the 
 proceedings of the electors of the department des bouches-du- 
 Rhone, who had voted themselves permanent, and forbidding the 
 march of the National Guards ordered by the directors of the 
 department at the instigation of the electors. These frequent 
 disturbances, owing to the deliberations of clubs and other 
 political societies, have at length convinced the Assembly of the 
 necessity of putting a stop to what was of temporary service to 
 them during the revolution but what must be of infinite pre- 
 judice to any Government : they have accordingly decreed that 
 the members of any club or society who shall, as a body, offer 
 to oppose any act of legal authority, shall lose the rights of
 
 NATIONAL ASSEMBLY CLOSED. 127 
 
 a French citizen for two years, and if not citoyen actif they are to 
 be subject to a small fine. 
 
 As a return for the applauses which his Majesty has lately 
 received from the people of Paris he gave orders that the 
 Thuilleries and the Champs Elise'es should be illuminated a 
 second time on Sunday last at his own expence : this illumina- 
 tion exceeded the former in point of magnificence; the next 
 day the sum of 50000 livres was sent to the Mayor in the name 
 of the King and Queen to be distributed among the poor. 
 
 The inclosed Proclamation has been published by the King's 
 heralds in the most public places of the metropolis. While 
 I am writing this, the King is at the Assembly where he is to 
 make a speech which will close the Assemblee Constituante. 
 Tomorrow the members of the new Assembly are to take their 
 places. 
 
 It is now said that Mr Bertrand de Molleville, formerly 
 Intendant of Britanny, when Mr de Montmorin was governor of 
 that province, will have the Marine Department. The offer of 
 that of Foreign Affairs has been sent to Mr de Moustier at Berlin. 
 
 The Spanish Ambassador has altered his plan, and instead 
 of making some stay in Flanders, in a letter which was received 
 from him yesterday dated at Antwerp, he says that he intends 
 to proceed to Holland. It is believed that the Princes have 
 received pecuniary assistance from the King of Spain. 
 
 October 7, 1791. 
 
 I am extremely happy that any attention on my part 
 in conveying the earliest intelligence of the most important 
 events can have merited his Majesty's approbation, and I beg 
 leave to assure your Lordship that it shall be my constant study 
 to continue to deserve it. 
 
 His most Christian Majesty went on Friday last to the 
 National Assembly and closed the business of that Assembly 
 by a speech, a printed copy of which I inclose. In returning 
 from thence he had the satisfaction of receiving the applause 
 of the spectators, and of Inuring ;t frequent repetition of Vive le
 
 128 OCTOBER, 1701. 
 
 Roy, but the very people who were heard to cry Vive le Roy 
 the most hastened from thence to offer civic crowns to 
 Mr Pe'thion and Mr Robertspierre, the chief fautors of re- 
 publicanism in the last Assembly, and whom they chose to style 
 les Heros de la Constitution. 
 
 The new Assembly has not yet given any proofs of it's 
 wisdom; of it's rashness and ignorance it gave a convincing 
 one last Wednesday: it shewed an absurd disposition to quarrel 
 with the King 1 about trifles, while he, on the other hand, has 
 shewn a decided intention not to quarrel with them if he can 
 possibly avoid it. Their rashness disgusted even the crowds 
 in the Palais Royal, and an alarm occasioned by a fall of the 
 public funds brought them to resipiscence ; the next day they 
 annulled their decree, and the majesty of the King of the French 
 remains not less degraded than it was at the expiration of the 
 Corps Constituant. For the particulars of the debate of 
 Wednesday I must refer to the Logographe : it seems to augur 
 that the fanaticism of liberty will be prevalent, but it may 
 have proceeded from an impatient desire, in those members 
 who took the lead in it, of taking the first opportunity of 
 shewing their importance and of proving what they might be 
 capable of doing if not prevented. 
 
 Mr Bertrand de Molleville is appointed Minister of the 
 Marine Department. I have not heard that Mr de Moustier's 
 answer is yet arrived. 
 
 The decree of the Assembly has had the effect of quieting 
 the troubles at Aries. 
 
 The King has been this day at the Assembly and has made 
 a speech, a printed copy of which I shall send to your Lordship 
 by Monday's post. 
 
 Paris, October 14, 1791. 
 
 According to your Lordship's instructions, I have de- 
 livered to Mr Montmorin his Majesty's answer to the most 
 
 1 The King had signified his intention to attend the Assembly, and the 
 Assembly passed a decree to withhold the titles of sire and majestS. They 
 began their sittings by taking an oath vivre libre ou mourir.
 
 FOREIGN POWERS. 129 
 
 Christian's King's letter notifying his acceptance of the new 
 Constitution, and I accompanied it with assurances of his 
 Majesty's sincere desire to maintain and improve the good- 
 understanding which subsists between the two Courts. Mr Mont- 
 morin informed me that it was the second answer that he had 
 received : that from Holland having arrived last Saturday. 
 I understand that his M. C. Majesty's acceptation is mentioned 
 in it in a style of approbation that was not expected from that 
 Court the answer from Spain is couched in a different lan- 
 guage and his most catholic Majesty seems still to doubt of 
 the French King's liberty either moral or physical. That from 
 Berlin appears to correspond with the answer I had the honor 
 of delivering from his Majesty. 
 
 I received, a few days ago, the inclosed dispatch which 
 Mr Trevor sent open to me desiring me to convey it to your 
 Lordship by the first messenger. 
 
 Mr de Moustier has refused the Departement des Affaires 
 etrangeres, he was however expected to leave Berlin on the 
 4th of this month on leave of absence, Mr Duportail, if one 
 may judge from his report to the Assembly which your Lord- 
 ship will see in yesterday's Logographe, seems at present in- 
 clined to continue in his office. 
 
 The deficit for the month of September was only seven 
 millions odd thousand livres, to which however must be added 
 ten millions odd thousand for the extraordinaries. So that 
 eighteen millions of capital will serve to cover the expences of 
 that month. 
 
 Mr de la Fayette is gone to Auvergne ; the command of 
 the National Guard for this month devolves on Mr Chatop 
 formerly a silk merchant at Lyons. 
 
 It has been a matter of doubt whether this Assembly would 
 continue the practice of the former in appointing permanent 
 committees : they have agreed to day to abolish some but they 
 have preserved the most efficient. Among others the Comite 
 diplomatique, which Mr Montmorin flattered himself would not 
 be continued, is to remain. 
 
 G. c 9
 
 ISO • OCTOBER, 1791. 
 
 Paris, October 28th, 1791. 
 
 I send inclosed the Duke of Orleans's answer to his 
 Majesty's letter notifying the marriage of his Royal Highness 
 the Duke of York. 
 
 I also inclose a letter which I received some days ago 
 from a number of English gentlemen detained at Boulogne, 
 and a copy of one which I immediately sent to Mr Montmorin 
 upon that subject : that Minister's successor, it is now sup- 
 posed, will be Mr de Segur, and report sends Mr de Moustier 
 to England. 
 
 Complaints of the manoeuvres and anti constitutional machi- 
 nations of the clergy non assermente and debates upon that 
 subject have occupied a considerable part of the time of the 
 Assembly during this week, the rest has been chiefly employed 
 in debating, with more coolness and judgement than one 
 had reason to expect, the means of preventing future emigration 
 and of inducing those, who have already emigrated, to return : 
 to day they are to come to a final determination upon that 
 subject. 
 
 The continuation of the high price of bread is very alarming, 
 but the numerous orders which have been sent to purchase 
 corn abroad, it is hoped, will at least have the effect of prevent- 
 ing any further increase of price. 
 
 Many of the municipal officers of this town are going 
 to retire ; they complain of a want of confidence in the sections 
 and of the consequent irksomeness of their situation : and in 
 truth to be a fonctionaire imblic of any sort in the present 
 state of this country requires more than ordinary patience. 
 
 Mr de Brissac is appointed Commandant en chef de la 
 maison militaire du Roy. Mr d'Hervilly is to command the 
 infantry and Mr Pont-1'Abbe the cavalry. 
 
 The account in the public papers of the massacre at 
 Avignon is too true. Those, who at that place call themselves 
 patriots, with Jourdan at their head, whose delight is the 
 spilling of human blood, thought proper to revenge the murder 
 of Mr l'Ecuyer, one of their party, who had fallen a sacrifice to 
 the bigotry of the other party, by the slaughter of at least
 
 MASSACRE AT AVIGNON. 131 
 
 sixty people. Whatever faults may be laid, deservedly perhaps, 
 to the charge of the Abbe Mulot in this business, it is certain 
 that if Mr Ferrieres had marched into the town with twelve or 
 fifteen hundred men who are under his command, this massacre, 
 which for the horrid circumstances which attended it may 
 be compared to that of Saint Barthe'lemy or the Sicilian Vespers, 
 would not have happened. Taught by this example it is 
 to be hoped that other countries will have the prudence to 
 avoid being Avignonized. 
 
 No official letters have as yet been received from Saint 
 Domingo. The accounts brought by the Triton are probably 
 much exaggerated, but, by a ship which left les Cayes the first 
 of September and arrived at Bordeaux the 21st of this month, 
 we learn that the day it left that harbour, the municipality 
 of les Cayes received a letter from the General Assembly 
 at Cape Francois informing them that near fifteen thousand 
 negroes had assembled in the neighbourhood of Limbe' and 
 Acul and had destroyed the habitations and massacred the 
 white men, but that the soldiers who were sent against them 
 had dispersed them and killed about a hundred of them. Upon 
 this authority, without waiting for official information the 
 Ministry have determined to send as soon as possible two 
 ships with two battalions to Saint Domingo, and to dispatch a 
 frigate immediately in order to give notice of their speedy 
 arrival. 
 
 Paris, October Slst, 1791. 
 
 No official intelligence has yet been received from 
 Saint Domingo: but as accounts from England confirm the 
 former alarming reports his most Christian Majesty has given 
 orders that the number of troops destined to be sent to that 
 colony shall be encreased to 2300. 
 
 The King of Sweden's answer to his M. C. Majesty's 
 notification of his acceptance of the new Constitution is arrived : 
 he refuses to acknowledge it. 
 
 9—2
 
 132 OCTOBER, 1791. 
 
 Mr Montmorin's resignation of the Department for Foreign 
 Affairs will be accepted tomorrow, and Mr de Segur will be 
 appointed to succeed him. 
 
 Paris, November 4th, 1791. 
 
 Your Lordship will undoubtedly be surprised to hear 
 that this Government has not yet received any official intelli- 
 gence from St. Domingo, nor indeed has news arrived in France 
 of the insurrection in that colony that could at all be depended 
 upon. 
 
 Owing to contrary winds, I did not receive your Lordship's 
 instructions No. 8 till this morning : I immediately wrote 
 to Mr de Lessart who has the Portefeuille des Affaires dtran- 
 geres until a successor be found for Mr de Montmorin, whose 
 resignation was accepted by his most Christian Majesty last 
 Monday, and I inclosed to him a translation of a part of Lord 
 Effingham's letter to Mr Dundas and, at the same time, I 
 informed him of that Governor's conduct with regard to the 
 assistance which he had given to the French Government 
 at Saint Domingo having met with his Majesty's approbation. 
 I am extremely happy at this opportunity of giving a proof of 
 British generosity, as there are not wanting men who indus- 
 triously propagate a notion that the English have, by under- 
 hand means, fomented the dissensions in the French colonies. 
 The speech that was delivered to her most Christian Majesty 
 last Wednesday by a deputation from the colonists of St. 
 Domingo now at Paris is as attic as it is laconic : "Les colons 
 de St. Domingue, au moment d'une grande infortune, ont 
 besoin de voir votre Majeste pour trouver aupres d'elle la 
 consolation et l'example d'un grand courage I " 
 
 With regard to the emigrants, the only measure which 
 the Assembly has thought proper to take has been to summon 
 Monsieur to enter the kingdom within the space of two 
 months ; failing which, he is to be esteemed as having ab- 
 dicated his right to the regency in conformity to the second 
 Article of the Acte Constitution el.
 
 TIPPO SAIB. 133 
 
 Mr de Segur had certainly agreed to accept the Department 
 of Foreign Affairs, but owing to the behaviour of the Assembly 
 towards Mr du Portail or to some other cause, he went into the 
 country on Monday morning. Mr de Narbonne, it is now said, 
 will be appointed to that office. I inclose a letter from Mr de 
 Montmorin inclosing another from Mr Bertrand which I received 
 last Tuesday, concerning the mortgagee creditors of the island 
 of Tobago. 
 
 The Dey of Algiers having shewn an inimical disposition 
 towards this country, orders are sent to Toulon to fit out 
 a squadron sufficient to protect the French commerce in the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 Paris, November Gth, 1791. 
 
 Dressins having left this place last Friday at noon on 
 his way to Madrid : I re-dispatch Wiffen with your Lordship's 
 packet No. 1, having forwarded the packet No. 2, by the 
 ordinary post. 
 
 The frigate La Meduse which left the Isle de France about 
 the middle of August brings an account that the spirit of 
 insubordination rages there to an alarming degree. The 
 Governor of that island writes that he had received a letter 
 from Mr Du Fresne who commands at Pondicherri dated 
 the middle of June which contains the following account. 
 That on the loth of May Lord Cornwallis with his army 
 being arrived within eight leagues of Seringapatam had been 
 attacked by Tippoo ; that after having lost between 4 and 
 5 hundred Europeans and a much greater number of seapoys he 
 had been obliged to retire towards Bangalore, leaving behind 
 him a part of his heavy artillery. The firm resistance of 
 a large body of Mahrattas prevented Tippoo from annoying 
 the army during their retreat. Several private letters from 
 Pondicherry give the same account. 
 
 As no mention is made in what manner the intelligence 
 reached Pondicherry from which place Lord Cornwallis's camp 
 is distant 300 leagues, and the passage over land rendered
 
 134 NOVEMBER, 1791. 
 
 difficult by Tippoo's troops it is presumed it came first to 
 Mahe* and from thence by sea to Pondicherri. 
 
 An order has been sent to Brest to embark a battalion 
 of the Regiment de Provence and another of the Regiment 
 de la Perche upon the frigates la Fine and la Reunion and the 
 brigs la Normande and la Moselle, which four vessels happened 
 to be in readiness, in order to proceed immediately to St 
 Domingo. The last accounts from Brest mention that the troops 
 have refused to embark. 
 
 Paeis, November 11th, 1791. 
 
 The only accounts at all to be depended upon, from 
 St Domingo, are those which have arrived through England and 
 indeed, o wins' to the embargo which Mr de Blanchelande 
 has laid upon all the vessels in the ports of the French 
 part of that island no direct intelligence is expected from 
 thence. 
 
 The blow which that insurrection has given to the com- 
 merce of this country may possibly determine some of the 
 principal commercial towns to act for themselves, seeing 
 how little they have to expect from the wisdom of their 
 National Assembly or the power of their King. Nantes may 
 command the commerce of the Loire, Rouen and Havre de 
 Grace that of the Seine, and Dunkirk may wish to enter 
 into a sort of Hanseatic confederacy with them. 
 
 Since the arrival of Mr de Blanchelande's letter, a printed 
 copy of which I inclose, Government has determined to send 
 a larger force to St. Domingo than it at first proposed. Two 
 ships of the line are to be immediately sent from Brest with 
 part of the troops about six thousand, in all, and with provision 
 of all sorts which the arsenal and magazines of that place 
 can afford ; the rest are to be sent as soon as possible in three 
 frigates four flutes and merchant ships from the ports of 
 l'Orient, Havre, Nantes or Rochefort ; Bordeaux has since 
 offered all the ships that are ready at that port, which I 
 understand amount to forty nine.
 
 NON JURING PRIESTS. 135 
 
 The Assembly has thundered a decree against the emi- 
 grants, who if they remain assembled au deld des frontih'es 
 on the first of January next, are to be declared guilty of 
 a conspiracy and are to suffer the punishment of death. 
 I have not yet heard that the King has sanctioned this decree. 
 
 The refractory priests have to expect a decree equally 
 strong against them ; it is true that they are creating distur- 
 bances in every part of the kingdom, that at Caen is the 
 most serious, where they are in a state of civil war and blood 
 has been spilt on both sides. I forgot to mention that the 
 constitutional Bishop of Rouen had conscienciously resigned 
 his bishoprick, which affords much matter for exultation to the 
 clergy non-assermente. 
 
 The appointment of a Minister for Foreign Affairs will not be 
 decided till after the council on Sunday, two new names are 
 mentioned for that office, Mr O'Dun, who was formerly his 
 most Christian Majesty's Minister at the Court of Portugal 
 and Mr de Vibrage, who was appointed last spring Ambassador 
 to Sweden. 
 
 Paris, November 18th, 1791. 
 
 From the character and sentiments of Mr de Rocham- 
 beau the younger, who is of the society of the Jacobins, it 
 appears not improbable that some design 1 of the sort to which 
 your Lordship alludes may be entertained by him : if such a 
 scheme does really exist, it must be believed that this Govern- 
 ment has not as yet given any countenance to it ; but, when 
 one considers that the object of it, that part at least which 
 regards Holland, is of great national importance, and is a point 
 in which the honor of the nation has been offended. Hceret lateri 
 lethalis arundo. One should be less surprized than hurt to find, 
 if it should be suffered to ripen, that it should be adopted by 
 this Government, especially when one reflects that a diversion of 
 this sort abroad would tend to compose matters at borne. It is 
 certain that this Court has some hidden object in view, for 
 
 1 Probably an attack on Holland, which was now entirely in tin hands of 
 England.
 
 ]36 NOVEMBER, 1791. 
 
 otherwise it would not so tamely and with such apparent con- 
 tentment, submit to what it at present suffers, without the 
 comfort of some distant hopes. I shall use my endeavours to 
 acquire all possible information at this place upon the subject, 
 but I believe your Lordship will be able to learn more from any 
 traveller in Flanders than I can procure for you from hence. 
 The Swedish Ambassador and Mr de Simolin have received a 
 conge from their Courts pour voyager. We still continue with- 
 out a minister for foreign affairs, but I believe that Mr de 
 Lessart will retain the Portefeuille and resign the Home Depart- 
 ment. When the minister informed the Assembly that his 
 most Christian Majesty would examine the decree against the 
 emigrants, which is the formal manner of giving the veto, they 
 refused to hear what measures the King had adopted in lieu of 
 it : the public however were instructed the next morning by a 
 proclamation, a printed copy of which I sent to yolir Lordship 
 by last Monday's post. 
 
 The measure of refusing that decree is generally approved ; 
 the democratic party rejoice at it as it tends to prove the King's 
 freedom. A singular circumstance however has occurred in the 
 Palace of the Thuilleries which is not so favorable to that 
 appearance of freedom. Madame Elizabeth has lately changed 
 her apartment, which is now in a part of the palace very distant 
 from that of the King : his Majesty, wishing to see his sister, 
 was proceeding towards her apartment, but was stopt by a 
 centinel who had received a consigne not to allow him to pass 
 after nine o'clock at night till that hour in the morning ; upon 
 enquiry, it appeared that this order was given by a corporal 
 who is taken and imprisoned. 
 
 Mr Pethion is chosen mayor. A great triumph for the 
 Jacobines ! All the principal municipal offices in Paris are now 
 held by members of that society. Mr de la Fayette was so con- 
 fident of being elected that, it is said, he came to Paris, as 
 certain of that event ; but I believe he is returned to Auvergne. 
 
 A vessel is arrived at Bordeaux which left Cap Francois 
 the ninth of October. The southern and western parts of 
 the island were at that time quiet owing to an agreement that 
 the whites of that pait of the island had made with the
 
 JACOBINS IN POWER. 137 
 
 mulattos to abide by the decree of the fifteenth of May. At 
 the Cape they had made frequent sallies, killed many negroes 
 aud destroyed their camp at Galifet, it appears that they 
 were in expectation of receiving speedy assistance from the 
 United States both of men and provisions ; from the Spaniards 
 they have obtained neither although they are bound by treaty 
 so to do. Mr Blanchelande complains much of the insubordina- 
 tion of the battalions of Artois and Normandie. The frigate la 
 Fine is sailed from Brest with four hundred men and they are 
 making every possible exertion to send off the rest of the troops 
 that are destined for the defence of that colony. The French 
 troops have entered Avignon and as Jourdan and the chiefs of 
 the brigand are in prison it is hoped that unfortunate country 
 will be restored to peace. 
 
 The Assembly has decreed that the priests shall take the 
 serment civique instead of their former oath. Those who refuse 
 to take it are to be deprived of their pensions and they are to 
 be expelled from their Department if suspected of any designs 
 against order or peace. 
 
 Paris, November 2oth, 1791. 
 
 As soon as I received your Lordships instructions No. 12, 
 I sent a letter to Mr de Lessart, copy of which I inclose ; that 
 Minister has accepted the Department for Foreign Affairs, but 
 nobody has yet ventured to undertake the - Home Department, 
 which in truth requires the shoulders of an Atlas and the 
 strength and courage of a Hercules, but as this is not an age 
 for such heroes it is plainly to be perceived that the general 
 fermentation throughout the kingdom is at a height and of a 
 kind, which it is impossible for the Government, constituted as 
 it is at present to repress. In the northern provinces, more 
 especially much mischief is to be expected from the dangerous 
 alliance of religious zeal with party spirit. At Marseilles and 
 Montpelier it already rages, and the fanatics of the Cevennes 
 are disarming with insult their bigoted antagonists. The con- 
 duct of the National Assembly gives little room to hope that
 
 138 NOVEMBER, 1791. 
 
 it will be able to stem the torrent : they begin to entertain 
 serious fears of the emigrants since they have learnt that they 
 are supplied with the means not only of subsistance but of 
 obtaining ammunition and cavalry, by the liberality, as it is 
 supposed, of the Empress of Russia ; and to those fears, and not 
 on account of the denonciation against the Sieur Varnier is to 
 be attributed the hasty formation of an Haute Cour Rationale. 
 
 Your Lordship will observe that not only the municipality 
 but the ouvriers of Nantes have chosen to address, not the 
 Assembly but the King, who, in his answer, said, that he would 
 do all in his power to restore tranquillity in the colonies and 
 that he hoped he should be seconded by the National Assembly. 
 The arrival of the frigate l'Embuscade at Rochefort is a strong 
 proof of the insubordination of the French sailors as well as 
 soldiers. That ship was sent from Martinico in order to convey 
 the Commissioners at Guadeloupe to Saint Lucia, where, owing 
 to the disturbances in that island, their presence was thought 
 necessary, but the crew thinking their own presence more 
 necessary in France in order to refute the denunciations made 
 in the patriotic clubs against the soldiers, confined their captain 
 and set sail for this country where they expect to receive the 
 applause of all true patriots. Mr la Fayette is elected to the 
 command of one of the six legions of the National Guard at 
 Paris ; the report of his having been here at the time of the 
 election of the mayor is without foundation. 
 
 The Swedish Ambassador and the Russian Minister were 
 both at Court yesterday. 
 
 Paeis, December 2nd, 1791. 
 
 In order to find occupation for the Haute Cour Rationale 
 the Assembly has formed a Comite de Surveillance which, to 
 judge by the conduct and sentiments of the members who 
 compose it, will be as active and inquisitorial as the late Comite 
 des Re'clterches ; for their party seems to acquire acrimony in 
 proportion to it's loss of followers. 
 
 A man has at last been found bold enough to undertake the
 
 APPROACHING CRISIS. 139 
 
 De'partement de V inter ieur : Mr Cahier de Gerville, who since 
 the revolution has executed the office of Procureur Syndic de 
 la Commune with general approbation, is appointed Minister of 
 that Department. 
 
 An universal expectation of an approaching crisis prevails. 
 Every body acknowledges that France cannot long continue in 
 it's present state ; but what the denouement of this tragi-comedy 
 will be remains to be known. 
 
 The moderate party is daily gaining ground, and waits for 
 some event which may enable it to shew it's strength. In the 
 mean time the Court exists in a miserable suspense between it's 
 jealousy of the emigrants and it's dread of the Jacobins. The 
 private answer which his most Christian Majesty has received 
 from his brothers proves that their party has received too much 
 encouragement to return peacably at his summons, and the 
 public language of the democratic party, (for a specimen of 
 which I refer to last Tuesday's debate well worth your Lordship's 
 perusal) shews that they are ready to pursue strong measures 
 in support of their sentiments. Mr Isnard's speech in that 
 debate seems to have placed him at the head of that party in 
 the Assembly. I hope to be able to send your Lordship a state 
 of the southern whale fishery carried on from this country by 
 the next messenger ; but as I have been obliged to send to 
 Dunkirk for information upon that subject, I may be unable to 
 send it so soon. 
 
 P.S. The decree concerning the priests is not yet sanctioned. 
 
 Paris, December 5th, 1791. 
 
 I forgot to mention to your Lordship that the Dey of 
 Algiers has declared his intention of continuing in friendship 
 with France; all fears therefore have ceased of the French trade 
 in the Mediterranean being molested from that quarter. 
 
 Two thousand eight hundred men are already embarked for 
 Saint Domingo; but a circumstance has happened at Brest 
 which gives the Minister considerable embarrassment. Mr de 
 la Jaillc who was appointed to the command of the Duguc-
 
 140 DECEMBER, 1791. 
 
 Trouin, one of the vessels destined to carry assistance to Saint 
 Domingo, had not arrived three hours at Brest before the 
 lantern-rope was prepared for him, the multitude conceiving 
 that his intentions were to assist the aristocratic party in the 
 colonies, but he was lucky enough by the assistance of the civil 
 magistrates and the military to escape with life to the castle of 
 that town. 
 
 About the middle of September last Mr de Rochambeau the 
 younger addrest some of the Patriots Brabangons who were 
 present at a meeting of the friends of the Constitution at 
 Maubeuge in the following manner. Patriots, you knew how to 
 value liberty, you desired it; but unfortunate events have pre- 
 vented your obtaining it. The friends of the French Constitution 
 comprehend the whole world in their system of philanthropy, 
 and on that account they hope that when you return into your 
 own country you will sow the seeds of our benevolent intentions 
 that they may produce an abundant harvest. The Austrian 
 Government having complained to this Court of these proceedings, 
 the Minister of the Interieur wrote to the department in which 
 Maubeuge is situated to investigate the matter : a Proces verbal, 
 of this affair was accordingly required from the municipality : 
 this has produced a most curious letter from those friends of the 
 Constitution to the municipal officers of Maubeuge, copy of which 
 I inclose. Mr Duportail has resigned the War Department: his 
 successor is not yet named. 
 
 An extraordinary council is to be held this evening when 
 it will be decided whether the King shall give his sanction to 
 the decree against the non-juring clergy. This department has 
 addrest him not to give it. The address, I understand, was drawn 
 up by the late Bishop of Autun. 
 
 The report of the King's having left Paris was industriously 
 spread on the frontiers in order to create confusion : the plan of 
 spreading at the same time a report of an armed entrance 
 of the emigrants into France was timely prevented by the 
 Minister's having informed the Mayor that he had reason to 
 suppose such a scheme was in agitation. 
 
 Nobody seems to doubt that the inclosed letter of the 
 Empress of Russia is genuine.
 
 POSTAL ARRANGEMENTS WITH ENGLAND. 141 
 
 Paris, December 9</«, 1791. 
 
 I send inclosed a copy of a letter which I have received 
 from Mr Delessart concerning; the Tobasfo creditors. 
 
 I have communicated to that Minister Mr Trist's case ; and 
 I have desired him to give such orders for the recovery of his 
 property as he may be entitled to. With regard to resuming 
 the negotiation which was begun in the year 1787 for settling a 
 six-days post, which is undoubtedly a very desirable object, I 
 see no impediment if the French Ministers are willing to resume 
 it: as soon as I can learn their sentiment upon that subject your 
 Lordship shall be informed of it. 
 
 Mr Louis de Narbonne is appointed Minister of the War 
 Department : he is a young man of spirit and abilities as well 
 calculated for that office as any person who would accept it at 
 present. 
 
 The petition of the administrators of the department of 
 Paris, a printed copy of which I inclose, will probably be pro- 
 ductive of others of the same sort : the present Assembly has 
 the faculty of forming decrees in a manner which gives the 
 French King a fair opportunity of exercising his veto. The last 
 concerning the colonies which was drawn up by Mr Brissot 
 comes under that description. 
 
 The critical situation of this country becomes every day 
 more apparent ; the general alarm drives the little money in 
 specie that remains out of the kingdom ; the price of it, of 
 course, daily increases, and the value of assignats diminishes : a 
 national bankruptcy is more than ever to be expected. 
 
 It is believed that the King will go to the Assembly to- 
 morrow. 
 
 Pakis, December lGth, 1791. 
 
 The National Assembly has, as usual, employed the last 
 week in the most frivolous manner; hearing and applauding 
 petitions from the several sections of Paris against that which 
 the administrators of the department have presented to his
 
 142 DECEMBER, 1701. 
 
 most Christian Majesty. They had decreed that these petitions 
 should be sent to the 83 departments, but, the next day, they 
 were persuaded by some members who belong to the club of 
 the Feuillans to repeal it. A decree of the same sort was 
 suffered to pass the Assembly a few days before with regard to 
 an address which was presented to them in the name of that 
 meeting in London which goes by the name of the Constitutional 
 Society: it was ordered to be printed in English and French 
 and sent to the 83 departments and also to be presented to the 
 French King. The weighty business of last Tuesday began by 
 listening to a discourse of one Cloots, a Prussian who styles 
 himself Anacharsis from a resemblance that he imagines he 
 possesses to the Scythian philosopher of that name ; in addition 
 to which he has assumed the title of Orateur du Genre humain, 
 and as such he was admitted to the bar of the Assembly : the 
 members of which, as if they wished still more to degrade their 
 dignity, consumed the rest of the night, for they did not break 
 up till seven o'clock the next morning, in examining drunken 
 witnesses about a drunken drummer whom the ComiU de Sur- 
 veillance suspected of being guilty of enlisting men for the army 
 of the Princes. 
 
 His most Christian Majesty, whose presence had been expected 
 for some days, went the next day to the Assembly, and made a 
 speech 1 , a printed copy of which I inclose ; the president an- 
 swered dryly that the Assembly would take into consideration 
 the propositions which he had made and would communicate 
 its determination by a message. It is rather singular that Mr 
 Le Montez should have so cautiously avoided using the words 
 Sire and Majeste', as he is reckoned a moderate and sensible 
 man ; these words however occur in the message which has 
 been since delivered. 
 
 Mr de Narbonne afterwards informed the Assembly that he 
 had taken measures to have one hundred and fifty thousand 
 men on the frontiers in less than a month, that they would be 
 formed into three armies to be commanded by Mr Lukner Mr 
 
 1 He said that he had informed the princes who protected the emigres that 
 they must cease all enrolment of troops from now till Jan. 15, and that if they 
 did not they would be regarded as enemies.
 
 GLUT OF ASSIGNATS. 14o 
 
 Rochamboau and Mr la Fayette ; that to the two former the 
 King wished to give the title of Marechal de France, but that a 
 decree of the Assembly would be required for that purpose. He 
 likewise said that he should go himself in a few days to visit 
 the frontiers. 
 
 Since it has appeared that a foreign war is the plan and 
 policy of the Ministers, the Jacobins begin to use every plausible 
 argument against it : the Swedish Ambassador and Mr de 
 Simolin were both yesterday at Court ; but it is believed that 
 the King of Sweden has again refused to attend to the letter of 
 the French King. The genuineness of the Empress of Russia's 
 letter to the Marechal de Brosdio is doubted. 
 
 A fresh fabrication of assignats, one hundred millions in 
 assignats of 25 livres and one hundred millions of 10 livres 
 have been decreed; and it is proposed to issue one hundred 
 millions in assignats below five livres as low perhaps as 10 
 sous. 
 
 A club is instituted at Maubeuge under the protection 
 probably of Mr Rochambeau the younger, the title of which is 
 La Societe des Amis de la Liberte - Brabanconne. 
 
 Paris, December 23rd, 1791. 
 
 I flattered myself I should have been able to have sent 
 your Lordship this week an account of the southern whale 
 fishery as it is at present carried on by this country : but as I 
 have not yet received all the information I expect upon that 
 subject, I am forced to postpone it. 
 
 As the last decree for the emission of three hundred millions 
 in assignats makes the whole already decreed amount to two 
 thousand one hundred millions and when the most accurate 
 and impartial calculators suppose that the whole of the national 
 property does not exceed three thousand millions, it is not 
 surprizing that, their credit should be shaken and if it should be 
 expedient for this country to undertake a war, instead of the 
 former flattering prospect of paying off the unfunded part of the 
 national debt, a new loan must be opened.
 
 144 DECEMBER, 1701. 
 
 Mr de Segur, who retains his character of Ambassador at 
 Rome, sets off to-day for Berlin : it is very uncertain whether 
 Mr de Choiseul Gouffier will accept the embassy to England, if 
 he should refuse it, it will probably be given either to Mr de 
 Segur or Mr de Moustier the latter, if he accepts, will go to 
 Constantinople. Mr de Sainte Croix is appointed Minister 
 Plenipotentiary to the Elector of Treves and Mr de Marbois 
 succeeds Mr Berenger at Ratisbonne. 
 
 A report of the Emperor's determination to adhere to the 
 Conclusum of the Diet has given fresh spirits to the aristocratic 
 party which had been considerably deprest by an official note 
 of the Elector of Treves, which your Lordship will see in the 
 inclosed Gazette Universelle, which also contains an extract of a 
 letter from Mr Walkiers well worth your Lordship's perusal as it 
 accounts for the arrival of a large body of Brabancons in French 
 Flanders. The Assembly has prudently issued a decree against 
 their forming meetings. Mr de Narbonne did not leave Paris 
 till Tuesday night. 
 
 Paris, December dOth, 1791. 
 
 The deficit for the last month is eighteen millions 
 which together with thirteen millions for the extraordinaries of 
 that month the Assembly has decreed to be paid into the 
 treasury from the Caisse de V extraordinaire : they have also 
 voted the twenty millions extraordinary for the army. 
 
 The continuance of the decrease of assis^nats has occasioned 
 a very considerable rise in the price of all foreign merchandize : 
 the cotton and woollen manufactures will suffer the most from 
 this circumstance in the article of Spanish wool the rise is not 
 less than forty sols per pound. Mr de Lessart notified yesterday 
 to the Assembly that the King of Sweden's Minister had at last 
 received his most Christian Majesty's notification of his accept- 
 ation of the French Constitution : there are people, who con- 
 necting this with Mr de Lessart 's submitting to the Assembly 
 the utility of secret service money, flatter themselves that a war 
 may still be prevented ; while others regard this measure as a 
 system of procrastination founded on good policy.
 
 IMPENDING WAR. 145 
 
 The declaration drawn up by Mr Condorcet, which your 
 Lordship will see at the end of this day's Logographe, was 
 intended to have been sent to all the powers of Europe, but an 
 apprehension that it might be understood as a declaration of 
 war prevented the Assembly from adopting that measure, -and 
 made them confine the publication of it to the interior of the 
 kingdom. 
 
 It is said that a man has been taken up at Worms, it having 
 been discovered that he had an intention to assassinate the 
 Prince of Conde, and they say that many people were concerned 
 in the plot : that Prince, it is believed, is gone to Coblence. 
 
 The club of the Jacobins has gained a temporary victory 
 over that of the Feuillans, for, by occasioning disturbances at 
 their meetings, they have obliged the Assembly to order them 
 to quit the Church of the Feuillans which belongs to and is 
 contiguous to the Assembly. 
 
 A new fabrication of counterfeited assignats has just ap- 
 peared : they are of 500 livres and so well done that the only 
 discernible difference is a circumflex instead of an accent over 
 the word covformement: no trace has as yet been discovered of 
 their origin. 
 
 Paris, January Gth, 1792. 
 
 The only effect of the contents of the two inclosed papers 
 has been to impress people's minds with a notion that it will be 
 very difficult to avoid the impending war ; the French King's 
 astonishment appears however to be greater upon this occasion 
 than that of his subjects. 
 
 The debate which terminated in a decree that has placed 
 His Most Christian Majesty's brothers, the Prince of Conde, Mr 
 de Calonne, Mr de la Queille, and Mr de Mirabcau, en e'tat d'ac- 
 cu,sation, not having been inserted in the Logographe of last 
 Monday, I took the first opportunity of sending the next number 
 of that paper, which I hope your Lordship has received. 
 
 I have again prest Mr de Lessart to have the Tobago busi- 
 ness brought to a discussion : he has promised me that he will 
 desire the Minister of the Marine Department to write a second 
 G. C. ]0
 
 146 JANUARY, 1792. 
 
 time to the President, if that affair should not come before the 
 Assembly in a few days. 
 
 With regard to a six days' post between London and Paris, 
 he says, he is informed there are difficulties which may render 
 that measure impracticable at present, and he, at the same 
 time, informed me and lamented that it is impossible for the 
 French Ministry to deliver up Oxon because the present laws 
 and constitution of this country will not permit it. From the 
 private letters which have been received from Mr de Narbonne 
 and Mr de la Fayette it appears that the whole of the army, 
 regulars as well as National Guard, is in a state of insubordina- 
 tion not very promising at the eve of a war; and to these 
 accounts is to be attributed the speech of Mr Isnard in yester- 
 day's debate, in which he strongly recommends union at home, 
 a cultivation of ancient and an endeavour to form new alliances. 
 The release of the soldiers of the Swiss Regiment of Chateau- 
 vieux, who were confined at Brest, by which they have certainly 
 infringed their last treaty with the Swiss cantons, will hasten 
 Mr Barthele'my's 1 departure from hence. 
 
 The last official accounts from Saint Domingo are far from 
 being satisfactory : the blacks have again begun to destroy the 
 plantations in the northern part of that island, and the inhabi- 
 tants of Port au Prince, who have sent troops against them, 
 express their fears that they may want them at home. 
 
 From the Isle de France there is a report that Mr de la 
 Peyroux has been heard of, but little credit is given to it. 
 
 Paris, January 13, 1792. 
 
 The report which Mr de Narbonne made to the Assembly 
 last Wednesday, and which is accurately copied in yesterday's 
 Logographe, gives a true account of the state of the fortifications 
 and army on the frontiers; making allowance for a certain 
 heightening of the favorable and a softening of the unfavorable 
 parts ; the jealousy between the regulars and National Guard, 
 which must continue as long as the latter receives a pay 
 
 1 He was French Minister to the government of Switzerland and negotiated 
 the treaty of Bale in 1795.
 
 TALLEYRAND GOING TO ENGLAND. 147 
 
 superior to that of the former, and the great want of discipline 
 in both are not so much insisted on as truth might require. 
 Of the want of discipline a very dreadful proof had nearly 
 occurred at Verdun, where, owing to some dispute, the grena- 
 diers of Poitou and the dragoons of Conde had fired upon each 
 other and were proceeding to a regular engagement, when Mr 
 de la Fayette arrived and persuaded them to desist. 
 
 Such being the state of the French army, the Comit<' 
 Diplomatique and Mr de Lessart are intent to avert a war or at 
 least to gain strength by negotiation. Mr de Perigord, the late 
 Bishop of Autun, is upon the point of going to England. Having 
 been a member of the late Assembly he can assume no public 
 character. It was at first intended that he should be accom- 
 panied by Mr Bonne -Carrere, the person whom the Bishop of 
 Liege refused to receive last year from this Court : he was at 
 that time conspicuous as a secretary of the club of the Jacobins 
 and having been formerly in England and well acquainted with 
 our manners and language he was employed, during the last 
 war, in the East Indies pour surveiller les Anglois. The measure 
 however of sending this gentleman to England at present is 
 dropt, and they are now employed in finding a more proper 
 subject. 
 
 Mr de Jarry, who was Professor in the Military School at 
 Berlin, and who at that time, had courted the favor of the 
 present King of Prussia, is gone or is going there : the object 
 of his mission is to accomplish something in which it is supposed 
 Mr de Segur may fail, it having been discovered that he had 
 taken with him Bills of Exchange to a very considerable amount, 
 and means having been taken that the King of Prussia should 
 be informed of it perhaps oven before his arrival at Berlin. 
 
 Mr de Bourgoing is, I believe, sent for from Hamburg to go 
 to Spain in a private character, that Court having refused, last 
 year to receive in any other. 
 
 The Swedish Ambassador's servant, Anselm is returned from 
 Stockholm. He brings with him a contre for his master, who 
 purposes to leave this Court in less than a fortnight, bul no 
 answer to this Court from the King of Sweden. .Mi- de Simolin 
 is in daily expectation of a similar conge. 
 
 10—2
 
 148 JANUARY, 1792. 
 
 The discredit into which assignats are fallen, and which the 
 frequent discoveries of fresh forgeries of them, if there was no 
 other cause, will probably increase, is such that in Britanny they 
 no longer pass in currentcy. 
 
 A vessel is arrived at Bordeaux which gives an account of 
 the total destruction of le Port au Prince : according to an 
 account of an officer on board, for it brings no letters, they 
 began to burn the town on the twenty first of November : on 
 the first of December that vessel (le Sincere) escaped from the 
 road notwithstanding the embargo: at that time there were but 
 six or seven houses remaining at Port au Prince, the plain had 
 not then suffered : the inhabitants had united under arms at la 
 Croix des Bouquets. The rebels, in addition to the blacks 
 consisted of petits blancs, mulattoes, and free negroes and many 
 soldiers of. the battalions of Artois and Normandie who had 
 joined them. He attributes the destruction of the town to the 
 decree of the twenty-fourth of September. 
 
 The Stocks and Exchange have fallen to-day three per cent. 
 
 Paris, January 20th, 1792. 
 
 I informed your Lordship, in my last dispatch, of the 
 late Bishop of Autun's intended mission to England : that 
 measure however was not communicated to me by the Minister 
 of Foreign Affairs till yesterday at dinner at my house. He 
 told me that it was not absolutely resolved upon till last 
 Sunday, that he had called upon me on the following day with 
 the intention of conversing with me upon the subject, but not 
 finding me at home, and not having been able to receive the 
 foreign ministers at his own house on account of the debates in 
 the Assembly, the subject of which rendered his constant 
 attendance there necessary, he took that opportunity of men- 
 tioning it to me, and he said, he believed, as the Bishop was to 
 make a detour that my dispatch of this day would reach your 
 Lordship before his arrival in London. I have reason to think 
 his calculation is not accurate. Mr de Pe'rigord however carries 
 with him letters of recommendation from the Minister, for they 
 cannot be called of credence since it would be unconstitutional
 
 DEFICIT OF THIRTY-FIVE MILLIONS. 149 
 
 for him to appear in any public character. The Due de Biron, 
 I believe will accompany him to London, but of this I was not 
 informed by Mr de Lessart. 
 
 From the speeches of Mr Brissot and Mr Vergniaud, in the 
 debates of this week, it must appear that the Jacobins are 
 desirous of war ; but there is a considerable body of them, the 
 followers of Mr Robertspierre, who wish to avoid it by negotia- 
 tion. 
 
 Mr de Ste Croix's last dispatches from Coblence give reasor. 
 to suppose that the French troops will not be able to find an 
 excuse for passing the Rhine at present: the emigrants are 
 dispersing or at least retiring. Monsieur, whose decheance has 
 been declared by the Assembly, it is supposed, will go to Turin. 
 
 The deficit for the last month amounts in all to above 
 thirty -five millions. It is to be hojied however, for the interest of 
 other countries, more than it is to be expected, that a national 
 bankruptcy may still be avoided. 
 
 In addition to the inconvenience which arises from the great 
 number of false assignats a quantity of false louis have got 
 into circulation, but the forgerers of them have been discovered 
 and taken at Romaiuville, a village near Paris. The Assembly 
 has not yet decided whether it is proper to declare war against 
 the Emperor or to try whether an accommodation may not be 
 brought about by negotiation. 
 
 Paris, January 20tlt, 1792. 
 
 I have stated in my dispatch of to-day what Mr de 
 Lessart said to me yesterday at dinner at my house, concerning 
 tlic Bishop of Autun's journey to England; I think however it 
 is proper you should know what Mr do Narbonne said to me at 
 the same time upon that subject. He exprest his astonishment 
 at Mr de Lessart's having delayed so long to notify to mo Mr do 
 Perigord's mission, and he assured me that he had desired him 
 to mention the subject to me when it was first in agitation, 
 he added that he believed the Bishop would be arrived in 
 England some days before my dispatch ; in fact the detour thai 
 he is to make is no farther out of the direct road than Valen-
 
 150 JANUARY, 1792. 
 
 ciennes, where he is to meet the Due de Biron, who will 
 probably proceed with him to England ; an alliance between 
 France and England has, to my knowledge, been long a favorite 
 object of Mr de Biron, and, having in former journeys to 
 London, made an extensive acquaintance there, he will be able 
 to introduce the Bishop of Autun to people of all descriptions 
 and parties : it was once reported that Mr de Ste Foy was to 
 have accompanied him for that purpose ; the choice of Mr de 
 Biron is certainly preferable in all respects. But to return to 
 Mr de Lessart, his natural indolence contrasts so strongly with 
 the activity of mind and enterprize of Mr de Narbonne that it 
 will require all Madame de Stael's abilities to preserve a good 
 harmony between them. 
 
 Pakis, January 27th, 1792. 
 
 I inclose a letter which I have received from Mr de 
 Lessart inclosing a copy of one to him from Mr de Bichebourg 
 President du Directoire des Postes, by which your Lordship will 
 perceive that this Government objects to a six-days post between 
 London and Paris, but that it is ready to agree to the establish- 
 ment of a four-days post between the two metropolis's. 
 
 The peace of this town has been threatened to be disturbed, 
 during the course of this week, by mobs which have assembled 
 before grocers shops and insisted upon a reduction of the price 
 of sugar ; but the proper behaviour of the National Guard and 
 the conciliatory advice of the Municipal officers have prevented 
 any very considerable mischief. Mr la Borde, the banker, who is 
 possest of a large stock of sugar, the product of his own estate 
 in St Domingo, has judged it necessary for his personal safety 
 to quit the kingdom. 
 
 A notion, which is industriously kept up, that the royal 
 family have an intention of attempting, a second time to leave 
 the kingdom, occasions suspicions and jealousies which, at 
 present, only tend to increase the number of spies and informers 
 about the palace and even in private houses.
 
 ARRANGEMENTS FOR RECRUITING THE ARMY. 151 
 
 The National Assembly, upon the report of the Minister of the 
 War Department, that fifty one thousand men were wanting to 
 compleat the army for the war establishment, had decreed that 
 they should not be raised out of the volunteers now on the 
 frontiers, but, upon the minister's declaring that he should 
 resign if speedy measures were not adopted for raising them, as 
 without them he would not be responsible for the success of a 
 war, they decreed that, as soon as possible, a register should be 
 opened in every district of the kingdom to receive the names 
 of those who wisht to enter into the army on the following 
 conditions. That every foot soldier should receive a premium 
 of 80 livres and be engaged for three years : for the cavalry 
 and artillery that the premium should be 120 livres, and the 
 term 4 years: if the army should be reduced to the peace 
 establishment before the expiration of the terms, they are to be 
 at liberty to retire. The Assembly likewise decreed that the 
 soldiers who have served their time should, if they chose to 
 inlist again, receive immediately a premium of 25 livres for 
 every year of their new engagement, and 30 for the cavalry 
 and artillery, and after the reduction of the army these 
 engagements are only to be binding for one half of the time 
 then unexpired. 
 
 The King has since ordered the minister to propose to the 
 Assembly an addition of 8 legions destined to form the van- 
 guard of the army, when upon march in the enemy's country, 
 each of which to consist of 1722 foot and 832 horse, one third 
 of the infantry to be National Guards ; and to form for every 
 one of the three great divisions of the army a brigade of 843 
 artillery men with a train of artillery to serve on all occasions 
 with the cavalry. It is the opinion of the minister, as well as 
 of the three generals, that it will be necessary to pay the army 
 in specie. Mr do Rochambeau insisted much upon this 
 measure in a speech which he made on Wednesday in the 
 Assembly. 
 
 A deputation from the National Assembly has desired the 
 King to declare to the Emperor that ho cannot treat with any 
 power except in the name of the French nation, and to ask 
 him, whether, as head of the house of Austria, he intend-
 
 152 JANUARY, 1792. 
 
 to live in good intelligence with the French nation and to 
 renounce all treaties and conventions contrary to the sove- 
 reignty independance and safety of the nation, and at the 
 same time to declare to the Emperor that unless he gives 
 to the nation full and entire satisfaction upon these points 
 before the first of March, his silence or any dilatory or evasive 
 answer shall- be construed as a declaration of war: the King 
 has answered that he will take this message en tres grande 
 consideration. In consequence of this, Mr de Marbois, the 
 French Minister to the Diet of Ratisbonne, is to go to Vienna, 
 where they hope he will succeed better than Mr de Segur 
 has done at Berlin. His last letter from thence dated the 
 17th being far from satisfactory, his speedy return to Paris 
 is expected. 
 
 The probability of a war appears so great that this 
 Government is buying in specie in Holland and other places 
 at an enormous price. 
 
 Paeis, FeJmiary 3rd, 1792. 
 
 A decree has past the Assembly obliging all persons who 
 travel in France to provide themselves with passports from the 
 municipality from whence they begin their journey : this 
 decree, which contains articles that will prove extremely vex- 
 atious and inconvenient to all possible descriptions of travellers, 
 and consequently detrimental to the commerce and trade 
 of the country, has not yet received the King's sanction. 
 
 Upon a report of the Committee of Marines the Assembly 
 divided upon the question that the minister of that depart- 
 ment had lost the confidence of the nation, which question 
 was lost by only 208 to 196 : it is therefore probable that that 
 minister will not remain long in office : he possesses a steadi- 
 ness of character ill-calculated to conciliate the good-graces of 
 the National Assembly. 
 
 To the continuation of the report of the King's intention of 
 leaving the kingdom is to be attributed the non-attendance 
 of his own guard at the Thuilleries, for the men are in complete 
 readiness for doing duty and it was intended that they should
 
 CAUTION OF NATIONAL GUARD. 153 
 
 begin to mount guard on the first of this month. In the mean 
 time the National Guard cannot be accused of want of diligence, 
 a ridiculous proof of which occurred the other day. The King 
 was desirous of seeing a curious secretaire which has been made 
 here for the King of Naples and which is calculated to hold 
 a great quantity of papers, when it arrived there was no 
 difficulty in allowing it to be brought into the royal apartment, 
 but, when it was to be carried back, the guard insisted upon 
 searching it accurately least his Majesty should be concealed 
 in it. 
 
 The day before yesterday Mr de Moustier received a letter 
 dated the 21st of January from his secretary whom he has left 
 at Berlin, and who resides in the house now occupied by Mr de 
 Segur, informing him that Mr de Segur was found in his 
 cabinet weltering in his blood, having stabbed himself in three 
 different places with a knife which he had obtained for that 
 purpose. He adds that the wounds do not appear to be danger- 
 ous and that there is little doubt of Mr de Segur' s speedy 
 recovery. The cause of this desperate act he attributes to 
 the unfavorable reception which that Ambassador has met 
 with from the King and Court of Prussia. Yesterday however 
 Mr de Lessart received a dispatch and Madame de Se'gur a 
 letter from her husband written by himself, both dated the 
 24th in which there is no mention of this affair ; in consequence 
 of which his family and the friends of this administration 
 contradict the former report most strenuously. 
 
 A singular circumstance happened about a fortnight ago to 
 a Prussian courier who was bringing instructions here to Mr 
 de Goltz. Conscious of the importance of his packet and 
 probably overheated by the journey, he thought that every 
 person he met was going to assassinate him, his fears at 
 last arrived to such a pitch that he thought fit to destroy 
 his dispatch, and he arrived here in a stale of mind which 
 rendered it necessary for him to keep his bed for some days. 
 Mr de Goltz was able to obtain from him what was sufhVinii to 
 authorize him to inform this Court that his master was 
 determined to protect the empire and I he Emperor's dominions 
 in the Low Countries in the event of a hostile aggression
 
 154 FEBEUARY, 1792. 
 
 on the part of the French. Mr de Goltz denies in public 
 the destruction of his instructions by the courier, but he 
 has confessed it to me in confidence and with leave to com- 
 municate it to your Lordship. 
 
 The Swedish Ambassador leaves this place to-morrow, 
 and I believe Mr de Simolin will go the day after. As for 
 Mr de Bourgoign, he remains here, waiting for further instruc- 
 tions before his departure for Spain. 
 
 Paris, Februanj 10th, 1792. 
 
 I have received His Majesty's additional instructions on 
 the subject of foreign secret-service money, to which I shall 
 punctually conform myself upon all occasions which may arise 
 during my employment abroad. 
 
 I have communicated to Mr de Lessart, according to your 
 Lordship's instructions, His Majesty's determination strictly to 
 inforce that part of the Navigation Act which will prevent the 
 considerable inconveniences that have arisen from the impor- 
 tation of tobacco in foreign vessels into the ports of His 
 Majesty's dominions, and I have also again urged that minister 
 to take proper and active measures to bring to a conclusion the 
 business concerning the Tobago creditors which is now before 
 the National Assembly. 
 
 The Jacobins are acquiring popularity in a degree and 
 manner that are truly alarming. The inhabitants of the 
 Faubourg St Antoine have already made for themselves about 
 thirty thousand pikes ; the manufacture of which continues, 
 and seems to be encouraged by the Municipality, although they 
 are more calculated for pillage than for the protection of the 
 property of citizens. The royal family become every day more 
 unpopular. In order to render it practicable for the King's 
 guard to do duty at the Thuilleries, that part of it which is 
 ready for service is to take the constitutional oath at the 
 Hotel de Ville before the municipal officers. 
 
 The unpleasant dispute about etiquette between the King 
 and the Assembly, which has terminated in the former submit- 
 ting to the latter, at least for the present, had nearly occasioned
 
 MANUFACTURE OF PIKES. 155 
 
 the destruction of the present ministry : in the council which 
 was held upon that subject Mr Cahier de Gerville, whose 
 political sentiments are apt to coincide with those of the 
 Jacobins, differed from his brother Ministers and threatened 
 to resign if the point of the folding doors was not given up ; 
 the others, on their side, threatened the same, but the mezzo 
 termine for the present I believe, has preserved the ministry 
 entire, but, to judge from every appearance, it's final dissolution 
 is not far distant. 
 
 The Assembly has determined that the estates of all the 
 French absentees who can assign no satisfactory reason for their 
 absence shall be placed in the hands of the nation in order to 
 indemnify it for the expence which they have occasioned, but it 
 is much doubted that the King will give his sanction to this 
 decree. 
 
 Upon the whole, the rapid increase of anarchy, not only in 
 the metropolis but in every Municipality of this disjointed 
 kingdom, renders a war of some sort necessary, and if a bank- 
 ruptcy should insue it is to be hoped that France will not 
 remain entire. 
 
 Paris, February 17 th, 1792. 
 
 The Municipality, instigated by a letter from the King 
 to that purpose, has at length felt itself called upon to endeavour 
 to prevent the ill consequences that might arise from the use, 
 or rather the abuse, of that enormous quantity of pikes that 
 they were making in the Faubourg St Antoine and its environs : 
 they have accordingly issued an arrete, to that effect. Some of 
 these instruments however made their appearance last Wednes- 
 day evening in the Faubourg St Marccau, in a riot which Avas 
 occasioned by the emptying a magazine of sugar in order to 
 convey it to the retail dealers, to whom it had been sold ; this 
 riot had so alarming an appearance that the Assembly held an 
 extraordinary sitting ; but it was quelled by the arrival of the 
 mayor and twelve hundred National Guard with artillery. 
 
 The inhabitant oi Noyorj and the neighbouring villages are 
 in arms, in order t<> prevenl sonic beats laden with corn from
 
 156 FEBRUARY, 1792. 
 
 descending the Oise. Mr Gouy d'Arcy, finding that the troops 
 which he commanded were not sufficient to enforce the law, 
 returned to Paris in order to procure additional force from the 
 Minister of the War Department. This he has obtained, but the 
 National Assembly has also thought proper to send four of its 
 members as commissioners to persuade them to submit peaceably 
 to the law. 
 
 The decree which places the estates of the emigrants in the 
 hands of the nation has received the royal sanction. His Most 
 Christian Majesty has written a letter to the Municipality of 
 which I send your Lordship a copy inclosed. His guard has not 
 yet taken the oath before the Municipality as prescribed to 
 them by a decree of the Assembly, owing to an unwillingness in 
 the officers, if not in the private men, to bind themselves in that 
 manner. 
 
 The Comite de Surveillance has received such strong proofs 
 of the aristocratical sentiments, for so they term it, of the 
 Regiment Dauphin cavalry at Gray and the Regiment de Navarre 
 at Besancon, that it has submitted a project of a decree to 
 confine their service to the interior of the kingdom. The 
 officers of these regiments may esteem themselves happy to 
 have escaped the fate of the brother- officers at Perpignan who 
 have been carried in handcuffs from that garrison to Orleans to 
 the Haut-Cour Nationale. 
 
 The Minister of the War Department has the mortification 
 to find all his plans counteracted by the want of regard which 
 the Assembly shews to his proposals and requests, and the 
 Minister for Foreign Affairs finds his schemes prevented by the 
 unconstitutional interference of Municipalities who receive the 
 applause of the Assembly. One of his spies a Mr Belport, who 
 was carrying letters from Mr de Lessart into Germany has not 
 only been stopt but many of his papers have been read by the 
 Municipality of Stenay who have been applauded for this act of 
 patriotism. 
 
 The deficit for the last month with the defenses paHicuMeres 
 amount to about forty two millions.
 
 PAY OF THOOPS. 157 
 
 Paris, February 21th, 1792. 
 
 It has long been the wish and object of the ministers of 
 this country to introduce the mode of debating in general com- 
 mittees, in order to prevent the bad consequences which result 
 from the sort of influence which crouded galleries have often 
 exercised over the members of the Assembly. In order to obtain 
 this end, as it were by stealth, for their friends could not venture 
 to propose it openly, Mr de Moysset, formerly a member of the 
 Jacobines, informed the Assembly that three hundred of it's 
 members, who do not attend the committees, had formed a plan 
 to unite in order to confer upon public affairs, and moved that 
 on those days on which there were no evening sittings the hall 
 of the Assembly should be open for all those deputies who might 
 chuse to assemble in it : this motion was lost by a majority of 
 871 to 263. 
 
 The military committee having stated to the Assembly the 
 propriety and advantages of the several proposals submitted to 
 them some time ago by the Minister of the War Department, 
 the following regulations are agreed to. 1st. In order to prepare 
 the army for the campaign, it is enacted, that as soon as orders 
 shall be given for that purpose, the following sums shall be 
 advanced to the volunteer National Guard, and infantry. To 
 lieutenants and sous lieutenants £300 tournois, to captains £400, 
 bo lieutenant-colonel £500 and to colonels £800. (Cavalry and 
 artillery.) To lieutenants and sous lieutenants £400, to captains 
 £500, lieutenant-colonels £700 and colonels £900. To generals 
 £6000 and to lieutenant-generals and marechaux de camp 
 £3000. 21y. During the campaign the lieutenants and sous- 
 lieutenants are to receive an addition of § to their present 
 pay, captains and lieutenant -colonels . 1 . and all officers above 
 that rank \. Only every inferior officer and soldier is to be 
 allowed, as soon as the campaign opens, 28 ounces of bread p r 
 diem, for which 32 deniers are to be retained upon his pay and 
 £lb. of meat for 18 deniers more. 
 
 The Assembly has likewise heard the report of the connnii bee 
 upon the proposal for raising six legions and the forming a train 
 
 rtillery to act with cavalry alone; but the decree proposed is
 
 158 FEBRUARY, 1792. 
 
 not yet adopted. The Marechal de Luckner and Mr de la Fayette 
 are "expected to day at Paris in order to confer with the Mare"chal 
 de Rochambeau, (who has been here for some time on account of 
 his health,) and the ministers upon the plan for the approaching 
 campaign. 
 
 The four commissioners who were sent by the Assembly to 
 Noyon, finding that their presence could have no good effect are 
 returned, and two battalions of the National Guard soldee have 
 been sent there from hence : it is said that some of the private 
 soldiers of these battalions are returned to their families. Mr 
 de Wittenhoff, who commands them has declared his intention 
 of attacking the rioters in two days in case they should persist 
 till that time. 
 
 The last accounts from St Domingo give a most deplorable 
 description of the state of that colony, and it is feared that it 
 will not receive sufficient relief from this country, as many of 
 the vessels which were sent out with provisions and some of 
 those which had troops on board have, by stress of weather, been 
 obliged to return to different ports of France. 
 
 Mr Barthe'lemy's cool reception at Soleure does not give 
 him reason to hope that his negotiations with the Swiss cantons 
 will have a speedy and successful termination. 
 
 Paris, March 2nd, 1792. 
 
 I inclose a copy of Mr de Lessart's answer to my letter 
 of the ninth of last month: your Lordship is the best judge of 
 the meaning of the latter part of it. I took occasion yesterday 
 in the course of conversation, to assure that minister that I was 
 convinced it was the determination of His Majesty's Ministers 
 to maintain inviolate the treaty of commerce between the two 
 nations : I again mentioned the Tobago business, but, being 
 told by him that the Bishop of Autun was to arrange that affair, 
 I dropt the subject. 
 
 I shall endeavour to send, by this day's messenger, the copies, 
 which are ordered to be printed, of the dispatches which Mr de 
 Lessart laid yesterday before the Assembly and which were 
 read by one of the secretaries: but as it is probable that they
 
 GENERAL ANARCHY. 159 
 
 will not be printed in time I beg leave to refer your Lordship to 
 this day's Logugraphe in which they are copied with tolerable 
 accuracy. The publication of these papers has not had the 
 effect of lessening the general opinion of the difficulty of avoiding 
 a war, for it remains to be seen whether the Emperor's naming 
 the Jacobins and marking them out as the cause of his continu- 
 ing to arm will tend to diminish their numbers. 
 
 The interior state of the kingdom becomes daily more dis- 
 tracted : the inhabitants of the neighbourhood of Noyon have 
 been forced to a temporary submission by the quantity of troops 
 sent for that purpose, and the troubles at Dunkirk and other 
 places are appeased for the present, but it is in the south of 
 France that the danger of a combustion is the greatest. 
 
 Paris, March 9th, 1792. 
 
 The general anarchy, which has been for some time 
 increasing in this country, seems at present to be nearly arrived 
 at its greatest height. From the northern departments 
 accounts are daily received of riots and disturbances, the 
 pretence for which is the monopoly of corn, the price of it 
 however is, in that part of the kingdom, far from dear ; the real 
 cause is a total dissolution of government. In the markets, 
 even in the neighbourhood of the metropolis, the farmers are 
 obliged to sell their corn at a price fixed by armed peasants in 
 large bodies. In the Department of the Eure there is a body 
 of them consisting of not less than six thousand. At Estampcs 
 the mayor has been massacred. In order to quell the disturb- 
 ances in that town six hundred National Guard with cannon 
 have been sent from hence, and another party of two hundred 
 have been also sent with cannon into the neighbourhood of 
 Versailles. But the proceedings in the south arc still more 
 violent and alarming : it is a singular event that a niixt body 
 of two thousand people should arrive from Marseilles at the 
 gates of Aix so unexpectedly that the inhabitants should not 
 be able to make any defence against them. The fael is thai 
 the National Guard of that town was unwilling to oppose them, 
 ami the commanding officer having, through pusillanimity,
 
 160 MAECH, 1792. 
 
 ordered the soldiers of the Swiss Regiment d'Ernest to sur- 
 render their arms to the brigands, that regiment has given a 
 painful proof of it's good discipline. The effect that this will 
 have upon Mr Barthelemy's negotiation is easy to be imagined. 
 Mr de Ste Croix is returned from Coblence : from what I 
 could learn from himself, many of the emigrants remain there 
 but they have laid aside every martial appearance. The indig- 
 nities that he suffered and the menaces that he received from 
 them during the whole time of his residence there, were such 
 that he never could venture to admit any person into his 
 presence, unless he had loaded pistols lying on his table and in 
 other parts of the room : to the very circumspect manner alone 
 in which he left that town he attributes his safe return to Paris. 
 In the evening on which he privately quitted Coblence he left 
 a dispatch with orders to have it sent in the usual manner the 
 next morning, and his servants were told not to leave the town 
 till twenty four hours after his departure. Near the frontier, he 
 says, they were stopt by a party of horse-men who enquired for 
 Mr de Ste Croix, but, being assured by them, that they were 
 only his servants and that he himself was by that time arrived 
 in France, they suffered them to continue their journey. 
 
 Mr de Maille', who is appointed to succeed Mr de Blanche- 
 land, will set out for his Government as soon as the ships which 
 were driven back by stress of weather are refitted. I shall soon 
 have to inform your Lordship of the appointment of a new 
 Minister for the Department of the Marine and Colonies, for, in 
 addition to the ill-will which many of the leading members of 
 the Assembly have exprest to his continuance in office, it 
 appears that his political sentiments are obnoxious to Mr de 
 Narbonne. For some genuine letters upon that subject I refer 
 your Lordship to this day's Gazette Universelle, which paper I 
 send your Lordship regularly as it is in fact the Ministerial 
 Gazette. 
 
 The deficit for the last month is twenty millions, the 
 depenes particidieres eighteen millions, and nineteen millions 
 for the expences to be paid by the departments. I send 
 inclosed to your Lordship a copy of Mr de Lessart's letter to me, 
 inclosing another from Mr de Flaming to the Minister of the
 
 RESIGNATION" OF NARBONNE. 1G1 
 
 Marine concerning Mr Trist's business by which your Lordship 
 will see the result of that affair. 
 
 Paris, March lOtli, 1792. 
 
 I think it my duty to dispatch Staley with the interest- 
 ing intelligence which reached Paris to-day of the sudden death 
 of the Emperor, who was taken ill on the 25th of last month 
 with a violent vomiting of blood and expired in thirty-six 
 hours. 
 
 I also take the opportunity of sending your Lordship inclosed 
 a letter from Lord St Helens which was brought here by Mr 
 de Bourgoing's first dispatches to Mr de Lessart. 
 
 That Minister has been impeached to-day in the Assembly : 
 thirteen articles of accusation have been brought against him 
 and the executive power has had orders to secure his person 
 and his private papers. 
 
 Although I thought it very probable that Mr de Narbonne 
 would not continue long in office, I own I did not expect that, 
 when I was informing your Lordship that Mr de Bertrand would 
 not remain long in the ministry on account of political disagree- 
 ments between him and Mr de Narbonne, the latter had 
 received His Most Christian Majesty's orders to resign his 
 portefeuille. This however was the case, and for a proof of the 
 king's desire that Mr Bertrand, who has resigned, should remain 
 in office, I am obliged to refer your Lordship to His Majesty's 
 letter to the Assembly upon that subject as it is copied in a 
 printed paper for want of a more authentic copy at present. 
 
 The harsh treatment which Mr de Lessart has received this 
 morning seems to have affected Mr de Narbonne and the more 
 so as it is generally known that, although they came into the 
 ministry under the same auspices, they have since shewn 
 considerable shades of difference in their politics. It was Mr 
 de Narbonnc's intention to join his regiment immediately at 
 Metz, but a decree of the Assembly, which confines ministers to 
 Paris till they have settled their accounts, renders thai measure 
 impracticable. The Jacobins arc paying their court to him en 
 attendant. Mr Cahicr's resignation is expected to follow and 
 
 G. C. 11
 
 102 MARCH, 1792. 
 
 probably that of the Minister of Justice. Mr de Talleyrand 
 arrived here this morning and expressed himself extremely 
 satisfied with his reception in England. 
 
 The appearance of the National Guards has dispersed the 
 rioters in the neighbourhood of Paris. 
 
 Paris, March l&th, 1792. 
 
 In consequence of your Lordship's instructions No. 6. I 
 shall take the first opportunity of representing the case of the 
 Tobago creditors to the new Minister for foreign affairs, Mr du 
 Mouriez, a Marechal de Camp formerly Commandant at Cher- 
 bourg and employed in the diplomatic line in the administration 
 of the Duke of Choiseul. Mr Dietrich mayor of Strasbourg, it 
 is said, will have the Home Department. These two gentlemen 
 have both been members of the Society of the Jacobins. It is 
 also said that Mr Claviere, who is still a member of that Society 
 and the intimate friend of Mr de Condorcet and Mr Brissot, is to 
 be appointed Ministre des Contributions, he is a countryman of 
 Mr Necker, his rival in abilities and knowledge of finance. Mr 
 de Grave, the minister of the War Department is a gentleman 
 esteemed in private life, he has some reputation in the literary 
 world and was employed in the education of the children of the 
 Duke of Orleans. The Minister of the Marine, Mr la Coste 
 was formerly Chef du Bureau, of the department of which he is 
 at present minister. The fate of the Minister of Justice is not 
 yet determined. Mr de Lessart is arrived in safety at Orleans, 
 but it will be a considerable time before his trial can commence. 
 His public papers are submitted to the inspection of the Comite 
 diplomatique. The banditti who have infested the markets in 
 Normandy and in the environs of the metropolis are dispersed 
 and it is hoped that the vigorous measures which have been 
 adopted will prevent any effusion of blood in the South of 
 France ; the situation however of Aries, Avignon and the 
 Department de la Lozere affords sufficient reason not to be over 
 sanguine. Some forgers of assignats have been discovered at 
 Passy near Paris ; forged assignats, to the amount of five millions 
 of livres were already completed and so like the true assignats 

 
 DUMOURIEZ. lG-'i 
 
 that it is impossible to distinguish them : the expence of this 
 fabrication is calculated at not less than four hundred thousand 
 livres. They imagine that the presses and plates were made in 
 England. The liaison Militaire du Roy mounted guard at the 
 Thuilleries for the first time, this morning, having previously 
 taken the oath prescribed to them, at the Hotel de Ville. 
 
 The generals are returned to the frontiers : the Marechal de 
 Luckner speaks everywhere in terms the most unfavourable of 
 the Mare'chal de Rochambeau. 
 
 Paris, March 23rd, 1792. 
 
 I was in an error last week when I informed your 
 Lordship that the generals were gone to the frontiers : at that 
 time Mr de Luckner alone had left Paris: it was Mr de la 
 Fayette's intention to go at the same time, but his departure 
 has been delayed from day to day. I accidentally happen to 
 know that he past the whole of last Tuesday with Mr du 
 Mouriez at the bureau des affaires etrangeres, at least from nine 
 in the morning till three in the afternoon ; for, as that was the 
 day appointed for the foreign ministers to transact business 
 with the minister, there was no hour in that space of time in 
 which some one of our body was not at the office, and upon com- 
 paring accounts we discovered that Mr de la Fayette was present 
 at every interview. The preceding evening Mr du Mouriez 
 attended the meeting of the Jacobins and delivered a patriotic 
 speech which was much applauded by the whole club and 
 worked so strongly upon Mr Roberspierre's feelings that he 
 could not resist embracing the minister. The Jacobins that 
 evening, but not till after Mr du Mouriez had worn one, put a 
 stop to the newly-adopted folly of wearing red caps, which had 
 already been attended with some disagreeable circumstances to 
 individuals; a letter from Mr Pe"thion corresponding with the 
 sentiments of Mr Roberspierre upon that subject, the Society 
 agreed that the national cockade was a sufficient token of the 
 love of liberty. 
 
 Mr de Narbonnc keeps aloof from this Society, which may 
 now undoubtedly be called the Ministerial Club, for Mr Clavifere 
 
 11—2
 
 164 march, 1792. 
 
 is appointed Ministre des Contributions Mr Rolland de la 
 Platriere, a Jacobin of Bordeaux, Minister for the Home 
 Department, and Mr Gamier Minister of Justice. 
 
 The minds of those who feel for the blood of their fellow 
 creatures are shocked at the horrid policy of the Assembly in 
 passing an Act of Amnesty, in order to preserve the valuable 
 lives of Jourdan and the other malefactors of Avignon. Mr 
 Thuriot's speech upon that occasion deserves your Lordship's 
 attention : one of his arguments in favour of the amnesty is 
 that it will tend to encourage the revolt of the Brabancons. 
 The soldiers of Chateauvieux, who are coming from Brest are to 
 be received here with patriotic honours and a fete, in order I 
 suppose to encourage insubordination. The exchange has risen 
 in favour of this country and the price of specie decreased very 
 rapidly of late, but indeed every thing here proceeds by fits 
 and starts. 
 
 Paris, March 30th, 1792. 
 
 I inclose copies of two official papers which were yester- 
 day communicated to the National Assembly by Mr Dumouriez 
 and which have given a sufficient proof that the politics of the 
 Court of Vienna with regard to the affairs of France are not in 
 the least altered by the Emperor's death, but that on the 
 contrary the same measures will be adopted, perhaps with more 
 energy, considering the youth and enterprizing spirit of the 
 King of Hungary and considering at the same time the change 
 that has taken place in the French administration. For if this 
 ministry should continue, and there is every reason to suppose 
 it will, as it is supported by the majority, comprehending the 
 most active and ardent of the people, war will be inevitable, 
 however ill-prepared this country may be for it It is true that 
 they are not in want of men, for the number of recruits that have 
 offered themselves are so far superior in number to the fifty-one 
 thousand that were wanted, that they are distrest to know what 
 to do with them, but real soldiers will undoubtedly be scarce, 
 for, from the absurdity of their conduct, it is possible that none 
 of the Swiss regiments, by far the best they have, will remain in
 
 PROBABILITY OF WAR. 105 
 
 their service. That of Ernest has been recalled by the republic 
 of Berne. 
 
 I inclose to your Lordship French copies translated from the 
 German of two official papers upon that subject which I have 
 procured from the Minister of Geneva to this court. The 
 administrators of the department of Paris are endeavouring to 
 prevent the intended fete for the forty soldiers of Chateauvieux, 
 in honour of their having disobeyed orders, but the Municipality 
 is desirous that it should take place and it will probably prevail. 
 They are expected to-morrow at Versailles. They seem to be 
 playing the game for the Spanish negotiator who is arrived in 
 Switzerland. But to return to the probability of war. Mr 
 Dumouriez, before the dispatches were read, thought proper to 
 animadvert upon that part of the Prince of Kaunitz's answer in 
 which he appeals to la partie saine et principale de la Nation, 
 by which, he said, that minister understood the aristocracy, a 
 remark not of the most conciliatory nature : he concluded by 
 desiring the assembly to restrain its indignation till he should 
 receive the definitive and categorical answer which he had 
 demanded from the court of Vienna and which he expected 
 would arrive in a few days, (it will be at least a week before 
 they will probably arrive). Now it is well known that his 
 dispatches to that court as well as to those of Berlin and 
 Madrid are written in a style more calculated to inflame than 
 to persuade. 
 
 As for the court of Spain your Lordship may perceive by the 
 report of the diplomatic committee, which is printed in last 
 Wednesday's Logographe, and in which the politics of England 
 with respect to that country are invidiously glanced at, that 
 conciliatory measures are not even thought of. With regard to 
 the interior state of the kingdom, disturbances, for which corn 
 is always the pretence, break out in some one part of the 
 northern departments of the kingdom as fast as they are quelled 
 in other parts ; in the south they are in a state the nearest 
 possible to that of civil war: luckily for the town of Aries, a 
 battalion of the regiment of Languedoc and three hundred 
 dragoons of that of Lorraine, which were sent there in order to 
 preserve tranquillity and to inforce the decree of the Assembly
 
 166 march, 1792. 
 
 arrived there before the National Guards, which were also sent 
 there for the same purpose : for the inhabitants would certainly 
 have opposed by force the entrance of the latter into their town, 
 but they have received into their walls the regular troops even 
 with demonstrations of joy. At Mendes it will be well if the 
 Decret d! accusation of the Assembly against the Bishop, the 
 mayor, and six officers of the National Guard of that town be 
 inforced with equal tranquillity. In the department of Cantal 
 many Chateaux have been burnt and the Lieutenant Criminel 
 of Aurillac massacred. 
 
 The decree which the Assembly has lately passed against 
 the emigrants and which authorizes the municipalities to 
 manage their estates and even subjects those who have returned 
 since the ninth of February to pay the triple contribution and 
 not to be entrusted with any public employment for the space 
 of two years, and also subjects those who do not return in the 
 course of a month not to enjoy the rights of a Citoyen actif, or 
 the power of holding a place under government for ten years, 
 has occasioned the return of some of those who have a large 
 property at stake. 
 
 The new Minister of Justice is not yet named, but it is 
 supposed it will be a Mr Duranteau of Bordeaux. Mr Rolland 
 is not of that town but of Lyons. These two gentlemen are 
 both lawyers. Some mode must be soon adopted for replenish- 
 ing the Caisse cle V extraordinaire as it is calculated that it will 
 otherwise be empty by the beginning of April. In order to 
 keep up the exchange, the Assembly has prohibited any further 
 emission of Billets de Gonfiance in exchange for assignats and 
 has authorized the Municipalities of the several places where 
 banks for that purpose have been established to examine their 
 accounts and to oblige them to keep by them a sum equal to their 
 emission either in assignats or in specie. The Assembly has 
 also annulled the decree of the 24th of September respecting 
 the West India Colonies and it has decreed that all Gens de 
 Couleur and free negroes shall enjoy the political rights of free 
 citizens and they have accordingly authorized the executive 
 power to send commissioners to those colonies with orders to 
 dissolve the present Colonial Assemblies and to convoke new 
 primary Assemblies.
 
 CHAUVELIN SENT TO ENGLAND. 167 
 
 I understand it is in contemplation to send immediately to 
 England with the character of Minister Plenipotentiary Mr de 
 Chauvelin, one of the Maitres de la Garde Robe du Roy, a young 
 man of anti-aristocratical principles and a friend of Mr de 
 Narbonne and Mr de Perigord. The latter is to accompany him, 
 in order that his abilities for negotiating may be employed 
 without infringing the self denying decree of the late Assembly. 
 
 I inclose a copy of Mr Dumouriez's answer to my note about 
 the Tobago creditors. 
 
 Paris, April 2nd, 1792. 
 
 Mr de Chauvelin informed me last night that His Most 
 Christian Majesty has appointed him his Minister Plenipo- 
 tentiary to the Court of London. Some articles of accusation 
 having been exhibited against Mr de Narbonne with regard to the 
 state of the Spanish frontiers he is to be heard this day at the 
 bar of the Assembly. 
 
 The report of the articles of accusation against the late 
 Minister of Justice is to be made on Wednesday. 
 
 One of the first Banking-Houses that of Monneron has 
 broke for a considerable sum, this event so much affected one 
 of the Messieurs that he has destroyed himself. The other brother 
 has resigned his seat in the Assembly. Mr Claviere being his 
 suppleant has had his choice of being a Minister or a Legislator 
 and has chosen to continue in his present situation. 
 
 The Assembly has decreed that a copy of the treaty between 
 the French King's brothers and the Prince of Hohenlohe shall 
 be sent to the High National Court and it has ordered the 
 Grand Procurators to give an account of their procedure against 
 the Princes whom they have impeached. 
 
 It is believed that the Volunteers of Marseilles are in 
 possession of Avignon. 
 
 Paris, April 6th, 1702. 
 
 The National Assembly has pronounced thai Mr de 
 Narbonne is perfectly innocent of the crimes and misdemeanours
 
 168 April, 1792. 
 
 laid to his charge by the Prince Charles of Hesse and his Aide 
 de Camp, Mr du Bois de Crance*. The public was not in the 
 least surprised at this, as the accusations were undoubtedly 
 frivolous and ill-founded, but it was rather remarkable that the 
 Abbe Fauchet, who till that time had always acted the part of 
 a detionciateur, should appear so conspicuously eager in his 
 defence : this however is to be accounted for when one considers 
 the court which the Jacobin party has invariably paid to him 
 since his disgrace and the sort of connection which he holds 
 with them. Mr de Talleyrand and Mr de Chauvelin are his 
 intimate friends and, though neither of them is decidedly a 
 Jacobin, yet they have submitted to act with those ministers 
 who have individually declared at their public meeting their 
 deference and respect for that Society, which in fact is the 
 Council of this Administration of which it is very probable Mr 
 de Narbonne himself may be one day a member. Mr du Port 
 is in all respects in a different predicament and his friends are 
 not without fear that he will be sent to Orleans. 
 
 Mr de Lessart has answered the interrogatory of his judges 
 and is, of course, no longer au secret, but he has signified to his 
 friends that motives of prudence oblige him to deny himself the 
 satisfaction of being visited by them. 
 
 Your Lordship will see the interrogatory and the answers in 
 yesterday's Logographe. In this day's Logographe there is a 
 report of the diplomatic and Colonial Committees concerning 
 Captain Colmin who, contrary to the orders he had received, 
 carried and left on shore near a British port in the Bay of 
 Honduras two hundred and seventeen black slaves from the 
 Island of St Domingo : in consequence of which report the 
 Assembly has decreed that the French King shall be desired to 
 order that Captain Colmin shall be tried for this offence and to 
 indemnify the British Government and at the same time to give 
 it assurances that the French Nation disapproves of the conduct 
 of Captain Colmin. This decree was passed unanimously. 
 
 The Assembly heard yesterday with satisfaction a pacific 
 answer from the King of Sardinia, but it seemed also to hear 
 with equal satisfaction that there were disturbances at Turin. 
 
 The answer from Vienna is now anxiously expected : it is
 
 FETE OF CHATEAU VIEUX. 109 
 
 difficult to suppose that it can be of a nature to prevent a war, 
 upon which the Jacobins, with the exception of Mr Rober- 
 spierre and a few others, seem to have set their hearts. 
 
 The Fete Civique intended to be given to the soldiers of 
 Chateauvieux will be a good criterion of the strength of that 
 party in the metropolis. If that should take place without 
 disturbance their preponderance will be undoubted. The 
 Caisse de V extraordinaire has received a temporary aid of fifty 
 millions : that sum in assignats having been decreed in addition 
 to the sixteen hundred millions in circulation. The miserable 
 state of the finances has occupied the thoughts of several 
 Members of the Assembly who have stated their sentiments 
 upon that subject. I shall not fail to send your Lordship the 
 plans for retrieving the finances by Mr Cambon and Mr Cail- 
 haisson as soon as they are printed. The three millions which 
 the Assembly was forced to lend to the Municipality for the 
 assistance of the Caisse de Secours, by keeping those notes in 
 circulation have prevented the disturbances with which w r e 
 were threatened. And except the house of Monneron no 
 bankruptcy of consequence has taken place, owing to a sub- 
 scription among the bankers to assist one another, but credit 
 has received a severe blow. 
 
 Mr du Roveray, who intends, if his health will permit him, 
 to return to England with Mr Talleyrand and Mr de Chauvelin, 
 was offered a place in the present administration, that I believe 
 of Ministre de la Justice, which he refused. 
 
 Paris, April Uth, 1792. 
 
 Slater arrived here last Friday night with your Lordship's 
 Dispatches No. 9. No. 10. and No. 11. On Sunday Mr Aubert 
 du Bazet, an officer of cavalry who served in America during 
 the last war and who is of the Cote droit, having said that he 
 was certain that the report of the Resolue being taken by the 
 Phoenix was well founded, for he knew from very good authority 
 that I had received an extraordinary courier to inform me 
 of that event, moved that the Minister for foreign affairs should 
 ^ive an account to the National Assembly of what measure
 
 170 APRIL, 1792. 
 
 had been taken by the Government to obtain redress. The 
 Minister assured the Assembly that he had no knowledge 
 of that affair except what he had obtained from a newspaper, 
 but he promised to give a detail of that business as soon as 
 he should receive an official account of it. I am at a loss to 
 know how Mr du Bazet received his information, as I had 
 told that circumstance to nobody. 
 
 On Monday the Minister wrote to me, desiring me to 
 communicate to him freely what I knew upon the subject ; 
 I wrote for answer that I expected a messenger every hour 
 and that I should give him, as soon as possible, every informa- 
 tion in my power. I wrote to him again yesterday morning to 
 inform him that, my messenger being arrived, I was ready 
 to communicate the official intelligence I had received either 
 that evening or the next morning as it suited him best. He 
 fixed upon that evening, in the beginning of which he arrived 
 at my house, and as I had not had time to translate the 
 papers which your Lordship had sent to me, we agreed to defer 
 conversing fully upon the subject till the next morning. I 
 accordingly went to him this morning and delivered according 
 to your Lordship's instruction an office, of which I inclose 
 a copy, and the two papers with translations of them. Having 
 read them, he exprest very freely his sentiments of the im- 
 proper behaviour of the French officer, and said that the 
 conduct of the English was completely authorized by the 26th 
 and 27th Articles of the Treaty of Commerce. He told me that 
 he would immediately communicate the papers to the Assembly, 
 but that it could not be expected that they would come to a 
 final decision upon the subject till they had received their own 
 official accounts. He did not mention to me the prior dispute 
 in the road of Mahe, but I am sorry to have to inclose to 
 your Lordship a letter which I have this moment received from 
 him inclosing one from Mr la Coste to him with a letter from 
 some merchants of Dunkirk and a copy of a declaration of 
 a Captain Mollegaert and his crew complaining of ill treatment 
 which they have received from the Captain of the Nemesis. 
 
 It is evident that the Ministry here have a most earnest 
 desire to be upon the best possible terms with England,
 
 INTERVIEW WITH DUMOURIEZ. 171 
 
 which is a sufficient reason for inclining the Cote' droit to 
 be otherwise. 
 
 When Mr du Mouriez communicated the office and papers 
 
 to the Assembly Mr du Bazet and some others of that Party 
 
 attempted to begin a debate, but finding a great majority 
 
 against it they agreed that it should be sent to the Diplomatic 
 
 Committee. In the course of conversation with Mr du Mouriez 
 
 he told me that if no answer should arrive from Vienna before 
 
 the 15th of this month they should regard themselves as en 
 
 e'tat de guerre with the King of Hungary : I found with him 
 
 when I arrived Mr de Bethune-Charost, upon his leaving 
 
 the room Mr du Mouriez remarked with a smile that a 
 
 Minister was obliged to admit even vn foil into his house. 
 
 I asked him what he thought of Mr de Luckner's letter which 
 
 your Lordship will see in this day's Logographe, he said, 'twas 
 
 not the Marechal's writing, but that it was un tour de Vennemi 
 
 who had persuaded him to put his name to it. He added that 
 
 it was absolutely necessary to have a considerable force in the 
 
 south ; that Mr de Muy being unfit to command there that they 
 
 had sent Mr de Witgenstein but finding that he was too fund 
 
 of German tactics for soldiers in their present state of 
 
 discipline the King had appointed Mr de Montesquiou to that 
 
 command, who is known to your Lordship as a writer on the 
 
 finances of this country. It appears that Aries and Avignon 
 
 are both in the hands of the Patriots, for so they call them, 
 
 whose numbers increase most rapidly. I inclose a copy of 
 
 a letter from Mr du Mouriez concerning the Tobago creditors, 
 
 and another informing me that His Most Christian Majesty has 
 
 given orders to the Departments of the Seine inferieure the 
 
 Loire inferieure and Morbihan to allow the goods which were 
 
 shipt before the publication of the decree of the 24-th of 
 
 February to leave the kingdom. Mr Lomas's cotton wool 
 
 &C. can therefore now proceed to their place of destination. 
 
 The soldiers of Chatcauvieux had the Honneurs de la 
 Stance in the Assembly last Monday. Their fete is to take 
 place on Sunday next. Mr de Narbonne is dangerously ill 
 in consequence of a fall from his horse Mr Emanuel de Maulde 
 succeeds Mr de Gonvernel at the Eague. Mr Le Hoc goes
 
 172 april, 1792. 
 
 to Hamburgh in the room of Mr de Bourgoing who will remain 
 at Madrid. Mr de Vibrage goes to Copenhagen and Mr Villars 
 to Mayence. 
 
 Paeis, April 13th, 1792. 
 
 During the last week this metropolis has enjoyed more 
 quiet than perhaps in any other week since the Revolution, 
 but it has the appearance of that sort of calm which portends a 
 storm. The majority of the National Guard, especially those 
 who are attached to Mr de la Fayette, murmur at the indecency 
 and impropriety of leading as it were in triumph those soldiers 
 of Chateauvieux whose sole merit consists in having disobeyed 
 orders, but who are now used as tools to render Mr de la 
 Fayette and the Feuillants unpopular. 
 
 Mr de Narbonne's fall from his horse will probably be 
 attended with no other bad consequences for him than the loss 
 of a finger : it has been observed upon this occasion quil est a 
 un cloigt de sa porte. 
 
 Mr D'Abbadie, an Englishman settled at Eochefort as 
 broker and interpreter for the English captains coming to 
 that port, informed me, by a letter of the 26th of July 1791, 
 that, contrary to the 18th Article of the Treaty of Commerce, 
 the Directeur des Douanes had refused to receive his report of 
 an English vessel, assigning for reason that he was not a 
 sworn broker and interpreter. I applied to Mr de Montmorin, 
 who, the 16th of October following, informed me that the 
 above mentioned Article of the Treaty of Commerce was so 
 evidently in Mr D'Abbadie's favour that the minister des 
 Contributions had given orders to the Custom House to receive 
 his reports equally with those of the sworn Brokers. On 
 the first of December following, Mr D'Abbadie having a report 
 to make, it was received by the Custom House but absolutely 
 rejected by one Mr Maureau Juge de V Amiraute : I applied 
 a second time to this government and on the eleventh instant 
 I received the inclosed answer from Mr Dumouriez. I must 
 observe that I have never received a communication of the 
 observations of Mr Bert rand.
 
 DESTRUCTION OF CHATEAUX. 1715 
 
 P.S. I inclose a copy of a letter to me from Mr du 
 Mouriez inclosing sundry papers relative to the late affair 
 in the Bay of Honduras. 
 
 Paris, April 20th, 1792. 
 
 Owing to the moderation and proper behaviour of the 
 National Guard, the absurd Fete 1 of last Sunday concluded 
 without any disturbance : upon the whole it has tended more to 
 affect the popularity of the promoters of it than of those 
 against whom it was aimed. The same party, of which are 
 almost all the Municipality, had determined upon removing 
 the busts of Mr de la Fayette and Mr Bailly, but the threats 
 of the National Guard have prevented them from executing 
 that project. 
 
 At a time when the National Guards in the South are not 
 only permitting, but assisting in the destruction and pillage of 
 the Chateaux of those unhappy proprietors whose political 
 sentiments are not a la hauteur de la Constitution, the Minister 
 of the War Department asks and obtains the permission of 
 the Assembly to withdraw the regular troops which he had 
 lately sent to that part of the kingdom. The inhabitants of 
 Lyons tremble for their property nor does the consideration 
 that the Minister of the Interior is their country-man at all 
 diminish their fears. Orders are sent to conduct back to prison 
 Jourdan, who is at Aries in triumph and exultation : it will 
 be well if they can obtain force a la loi. 
 
 Mr Duranton of Bordeaux is at last appointed Minister of 
 Justice : in his speech upon the occasion to the Assembly 
 he boasted much of having past twenty years in retirement 
 occupied in the study of Rousseau and other great political 
 writers, and promised to act upon the true principles of the 
 present happy Constitution of France: he has however already 
 incurred the censure of some patriots for having countersigned 
 His Most Christian Majesty's letter notifying to the Assembly 
 that he had appointed Mr Fleurien Governor to the Prince 
 
 1 The fete dc la libertt held on April 15, 1792.
 
 174 april, 1792. 
 
 Royal. Eleven millions extraordinary for the army have been 
 voted this week, since which it has been decreed that the 
 soldiers shall be paid entirely in specie, an increase of expence 
 to the Treasury of at least eight millions per month. [The 
 amount of money in specie in the Treasury is twenty-four mil- 
 lions of livres.] Six-hundred thousand have been also voted for 
 Cherbourg ; it will soon be decided by the Assembly whether the 
 prosecution of that work according to the original great plan is 
 advisable at present. Other reasons besides the miserable state 
 of the finances must be brought against it, for we are taught by 
 the charlatans in finance who are friends to the present Govern- 
 ment, that the sale of the forest lands will render the state of 
 the finances absolutely flourishing; in the meantime the 
 various drafts upon the national treasury are enormous. The 
 commissioners at St Domingo have taken the liberty to draw 
 upon the treasury for three millions and, by their dispatches to 
 Government, it appears that they require a much more con- 
 siderable sum to be sent immediately for the assistance of 
 that colon} 7 . 
 
 The Duguay Trouin having been forced back by contrary 
 winds, the soldiers on board have demanded an additional pay 
 of two months which has of course been complied with. Six 
 thousand men, four of which, National Guards, are to be sent 
 immediately to St Domingo and two thousand to the other 
 West India Islands. 
 
 Two letters from Mr de Noailles, which are printed in this 
 day's Logographe, were yesterday communicated to the National 
 Assembly by Mr du Mouriez, in consequence of which, the 
 Assembly being convinced that the instructions of the Minister 
 have been properly attended to by that Ambassador, they have 
 revoked the Projet de Decret of impeachment which was 
 proposed against him last Saturday. But this communication 
 was the prelude of an event of the greatest consequence. 
 
 By a letter from the King the Assembly was informed that 
 His Majesty would be there the next day. I shall send to-mor- 
 row by an extraordinary messenger the detail of this day's 
 debate, for after the Rapport des Ministres au Roy had been 
 read and the King had informed the Assembly that, in conse-
 
 
 DECLARATION OF WAR. 175 
 
 quence of it, he was come to propose to declare war in form 
 against the King of Hungary and Bohemia, it was found 
 necessary to adjourn till five o'clock in order to clear the Hall of 
 strangers who had placed themselves in every part of it. I can 
 only add to what your Lordship will see in the inclosed Journal 
 du Soir that there can be no doubt that the Assembly will 
 coincide in opinion with His Most Christian Majesty's ministers 
 and that war will be immediately declared against the King of 
 Hungary. 
 
 Paris, April 22nd, 1792. 
 
 I have received your Lordship's Dispatches No. 14, 15, and 
 I shall not fail to observe punctually the instructions contained 
 in the last of them. 
 
 In order to send your Lordship an accurate account of the 
 debate on Friday evening in the National Assembly, I have 
 delayed dispatching Staley till this day. 
 
 Your Lordship will see by the account of the debate in the 
 inclosed Logographe that the Assembly was almost unanimous 
 for war. Although any mention of the King of Prussia was 
 cautiously avoided in the Minister's memorial, the Assembly is 
 sufficiently aware that by declaring war against the King of 
 Hungary they have involved themselves also in one against the 
 King of Prussia ; but I find it to be a very general notion, at 
 least in the Assembly, that if France can preserve a neutrality 
 with England she will be able to cope with all the rest of 
 Europe united. This notion is encouraged by a persuasion that 
 the influence of the Jacobins and an inoculation of their 
 principles will occasion an insurrection, Avhich according to their 
 language is le plus saint des devoirs, in every country whose 
 Government shall dare to oppose them in arms. 
 
 Their first military plan seems to be an attack upon Ostend 
 and Liege ; and, in order to embody their friends in that part of 
 the world it is in contemplation to raise three Legions: one to 
 be called La Legion Brabangonne another Liegeoise and the 
 
 1 This was the successor of Leopold n, Francis n. who was not yet formally 
 elected Emperor or crowned.
 
 170 april, 1792. 
 
 third des Patriotes Hollandois. Mr de Bethune-Charost is still 
 here but I have reason to think that he will leave Paris in the 
 course of this day. Your Lordship will recollect the proposal 
 that he made to Government two years ago with regard to Ostend. 
 
 Mr de Narbonne, who is perfectly recovered from his fall 
 without even the loss of a finger, having obtained leave from the 
 National Assembly, will go to-night to Metz : he expresses 
 hopes of great success in the beginning of the campaign but I 
 believe he confines his hopes to that period. 
 
 The Marechal de Luckner, to judge from his letter which 
 was read in the Assembly on Thursday night, and which your 
 Lordship will see in yesterday's Logographe does not seem to 
 think that his army is perfectly in a condition to begin the 
 campaign. 
 
 Mr du Mouriez, in a letter to the Assembly has shewn some 
 anxiety for the persona] safety of the Charge des Affaires of the 
 court of Vienna, but it is rather singular that although it is as 
 long ago as last Monday that Monsieur de Blumendorf desired 
 from him a passport for a courier whom he wished to dispatch 
 to Vienna, that minister has not yet complied with his request. 
 Mr de Chauvelin will probably be in London before Staley, as 
 he left this place last night. Mr de Talleyrand is to follow him 
 in a few days. 
 
 Paris, April 27th, 1792. 
 
 With this dispatch I send one to your Lordship from 
 Mr Trevor: as a supplement to which I have to add that 
 Mr du Mouriez communicated yesterday to the National 
 Assembly the circumstance of Mr de Semonville having been 
 stopped at Alexandria and that the court of Sardinia had 
 refused to permit him to proceed into the interior part of 
 Piedmont. Mr du Mouriez's dispatch to Mr de la Lande, in 
 consequence of this event was then read and much applauded 
 by the Assembly. In this dispatch the Minister complains, in a 
 very unreserved manner, of the insults offered to the French 
 nation in the person of Mr de Semonville and instructs Mr de 
 la Lande to demand that the orders given by the Sardinian
 
 STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY. 177 
 
 Government to prevent Mr dc Sdmonville from proceeding 
 on his journey should be recalled and that the Court of Turin 
 should give an explanation of its conduct in twenty-four hours. 
 He is also instructed to go to Alexandria in order to receive 
 Mr de Semonville and to present him to His Sardinian Majesty, 
 but, in case the Court of Turin should refuse to comply with 
 these demands, he is to accompany Mr de Semonville back to 
 Genoa. 
 
 Mr de Barthe'lemy has been negotiating, without success, for 
 a revocation of the recall of the Regiment d' Ernest : the Govern- 
 ment of Berne, with great temper and firmness, insists that the 
 French King shall order the recall of that regiment to be put 
 into immediate execution. The state of the French army on 
 the frontiers is such that in no other time or country it would 
 be possible to suppose that it could venture to oppose a regular 
 well-disciplined army although far inferior in number ; and it is 
 believed that the impetuosity of the Ministry will be counteracted 
 by the prudence of the Generals ; both seem to place their 
 greatest confidence in the desertion of the enemy's forces. 
 Corruption of every sort and in every manner is employed without 
 reserve, and this mode of making war seems to be the boast of 
 the Assembly as well as of the Ministry ; it has decreed six 
 millions of secret service money. 
 
 It is believed that Mr de Biron, who has the command at 
 Valenciennes, will make the first attack in the enemy's country, 
 his popular manners joined to some military experience in 
 America render him perhaps the most proper person they could 
 have chosen for the business in which he may be engaged. 
 Mr Walkicrs, whose ambition was disappointed in the late 
 revolution in Brabant, will probably act under him. We expect 
 every hour to hear that the army of Mr do Luckner has marched 
 to occupy the pass of Porentrui. 
 
 While there is every reason to believe that dissensions 
 subsist between the Generals and the Ministry there is a 
 certainty of very ill blood among the members of the Jacobin 
 Society who employ themselves in reciprocal denunciations. 
 Tantaene animis on elestibus irae ! 
 
 G. C. 12
 
 178 may, 1792. 
 
 Paris, May 3rd, 1792. 
 
 In hourly expectation of official accounts of the engage- 
 ments which have taken place between the French and Austrians 
 near Tournay and Mons, in both of which the former have 
 been entirely defeated, I have been prevented from sending to 
 your Lordship an extraordinary messenger. 
 
 The official intelligence from Mr de Biron which was this 
 day communicated to the National Assembly, is so very similar 
 to the first reports which must have reached London before this 
 time, that I am induced to send this dispatch by the ordinary 
 messenger tomorrow, especially as it is most probable that the 
 very interesting event of Mr de la Fayette's enterprize against 
 Namur will be known before that time. 
 
 By the Mare'chal de Rochambeau's journal it appears that 
 he had orders to form three camps ; one of eighteen thousand 
 men at Valenciennes, another of four or five thousand at 
 Maubeuge, and a third of three or four thousand at Dunkirk. 
 On the 24th he received dispatches from Mr de Grave and 
 Mr Dumouriez with instructions to place under the command 
 of Mr de Biron a body of men consisting of ten battalions of 
 infantry and the same number of squadrons of horse who were 
 to present themselves before Mons before the 30th. The same 
 number of horse under the command of a Mare'chal de Camp 
 were to arrive at the same time before Tournay and a detach- 
 ment of twelve hundred men were to go from Dunkirk to 
 Fumes. The Mare'chal had also orders to assemble all the forces 
 that could be spared from the garrisons in order to be ready to 
 march with them as soon as possible to support Mr de Biron, of 
 whose success against Mons there could be little doubt, con- 
 sidering the correspondence that the Ministry had with that 
 country. Your Lordship will observe that these instructions 
 gave virtually a command to Mr de Biron, superior to that of 
 Mr de Rochambeau, and that the former received direct instruc- 
 tions from the Minister of Foreign Affairs as well as from the 
 Minister of the War Department which were not communicated 
 to the Mare'chal. Mr Dumouriez has in fact assumed the office of
 
 REPUBLIC OF GENEVA. 179 
 
 Prime Minister and he would have taken the title had it not 
 been contrary to the constitution of this country. 
 
 The Assembly not trusting entirely to the dons patriotiques 
 for the support of the war, has voted an additional creation of 
 three hundred millions in assignats, fifty millions of which are 
 to be paid immediately into the National Treasury by the 
 Caisse de V Extraordinaire. 
 
 It was the intention of the Ministrv that this new creation 
 should be employed only in the support of the war, but they 
 were not able to obtain that point. 
 
 I enclose two dispatches to your Lordship from Mr Trevor. 
 
 Mr Tronchin, the Minister to this Court from Geneva, informs 
 me that his republic have exprest to him their alarm at the 
 present critical situation of things in that neighbourhood, and 
 especially since they have heard that a camp is to be formed 
 between Lyons and Geneva, for they have certain knowledge 
 that the Jacobins have intrigued with those who are disaffected 
 to their present government, and particularly with one Grenus, 
 against whom Mr Tronchin has been instructed to present a 
 reclamation to the French Government, a copy of which I 
 inclose. He presses me strongly to mention to Mr Dumouriez 
 the good intelligence which subsists between the Court of St 
 James and the Republic, which I do not think myself authorized 
 to do unless I receive instructions from your Lordship to that 
 purpose. 
 
 Mr Truguet is appointed to the command of a squadron 
 consisting I believe of seven sail of the line fitting out at Toulon, 
 and the American and eleven smaller sail consisting of frigates 
 and sloops are fitting out at Brest under the command of Mr 
 Kerkalin. 
 
 Mr de Blumendorf is still here, having been instructed by 
 the Comte de Mercy to remain till he should receive further 
 instructions; he did not obtain a passport for his courier till 
 last Friday night. The troubles continue in St Domingo and 
 the greater part of the plantations in the Plaine des Cazes have 
 been destroyed. 
 
 1-2— 2
 
 180 may, 1702. 
 
 May Mi, 1792. 
 
 By the most authentic accounts of Mr Dillon's catastrophe 
 it appears that the destruction of his little army was occasioned 
 by his own imprudence. Totally unprepared for an engagement 
 which he was instructed not to risk, he had ventured so near 
 the enemy that he was attacked while his horses were grazing. 
 The suspicion of treachery which was the cause of his cruel 
 death as well as that of some officers under his command is 
 entirely done away, and the horrors committed by his worse 
 than cannibal soldiers are attributed even by the Jacobins to 
 the discourses and writings by which the minds of the soldiers 
 have been perverted within the last three years. 
 
 This is at least one step gained, and it is to be hoped for the 
 sake of this country that they will at last discover that even in 
 civil society, subordination, good- order and morals are necessary 
 for its well-being. 
 
 With regard to Mr de Biron's affair before Mons, we must 
 wait for the particulars of it in his next dispatch : it appears by 
 what we know of it at present that he shewed more abilities 
 and more of the experienced officer than Mr Dillon; he however 
 seems with the instructions of Mr Dumouriez to have imbibed 
 too much of his impetuosity. Till he had left Quievrain all 
 appeared prosperous. A small body of Houlans abandoned that 
 town upon his approach, which gave him an opportunity of 
 erecting the tree of liberty in the enemies' territory, and his 
 troops that of getting drunk and dancing to the tune of ga ira. 
 The next day however when he arrived near Mons he discovered 
 that General Beaulieu had occupied the high ground near the 
 town which he fondly imagined would have been left for him 
 to possess, and on that account the town could not be taken by 
 the force which he had with him. He determined therefore to 
 rest his army for a few hours and then to retreat, having at 
 that time learnt the fate of Mr Dillon. At five o'clock P. M. 
 he had a slight skirmish with the enemy. At ten the 
 regiment de la Reine Dragons retreated crying out they were 
 betrayed ; Mr de Biron followed them and brought back the
 
 DILLON AND BIRON. 181 
 
 greater number ; upon his return finding the whole army in 
 confusion, he immediately began the retreat, which he effected 
 without much loss, till he arrived at Quievrain from whence the 
 Houlans had driven the French garrison : he retook the place 
 after an obstinate resistance but was obliged to abandon it 
 immediately. His whole army was completely routed, and fled 
 in the greatest confusion to Valenciennes, where he narrowly 
 escaped the fate of Mr Dillon, leaving their baggage, tents, 
 artillery and military stores. 
 
 The news of these two total defeats which arrived within 
 the space of a few hours, stunned the Jacobins ; Mr de Grave 
 proposed the establishment of courts martial to try military 
 offences without the intervention of a jury ; this however was not 
 sufficiently relished to be immediately adopted, and the only 
 proof that the Assembly has given as yet of its disposition to 
 suppress licence is the Decret d' Accusation, which was past 
 yesterday against the authors of the periodical papers called 
 Vami du roy and I'ami du peuple. It is probable that the 
 present Ministry will not be able to withstand the shock. Mr 
 Dumouriez informed the Assembly this morning that Mr de 
 Rochambeau, in consequence of the Minister's direct orders to 
 Mr de Biron his inferior officer, has refused to correspond with 
 them, but that he has written to the King and sent him his 
 resignation. The Minister also said that the plan of attack was 
 that the Marechal de Luckner's army should take possession of 
 the passes of Porentrui. This I find has been effected by Mr 
 de Custine, who at first refused to obey the Marshal's orders, 
 owinsf to a want of confidence in his soldiers ; he has however 
 since that occupied the passes which had been relinquished by 
 the Austrian troops. Mr de la Fayette was to attack Namur: 
 no account is as yet arrived of that expedition. The business 
 of the army of the Marechal de Rochambeau and its success or 
 rather want of it is well known. By advancing thus on all 
 sides into the enemy's country, the intention, said the Minister, 
 was to kindle a general insurrection; at this expression even 
 the Assembly murmured. Mr de Luckner is to succeed Mr de 
 Rochambeau in the command of the northern army. Between 
 six and seven millions have been voted for the naval armament.
 
 182 may, 1792. 
 
 Mr de Walkiers has not left Paris. It was my intention to 
 Lave sent your Lordship an account of the number of troops on 
 the frontiers. I hope to be able to send it by the next 
 messenger. 
 
 Paris, Maij llth, 1792. 
 
 I inclose to your Lordship a letter from Mr Trevor. 
 
 The repulses before Tournay and Mons have been attended 
 with circumstances which oblige the French army to adopt 
 defensive measures. In the northern army many of the officers, 
 especially those of the Artillery, have resigned their commands, 
 and to this circumstance is in a great measure to be attributed 
 Mr de Graves' resignation. His successor, Mr de Servan, brother 
 of the last Attorney General of the Parliament of Grenoble, 
 unites to much activity principles which render him very well 
 qualified to associate in council with the rest of His Most Chris- 
 tian Majesty's present Ministers. At Valenciennes the soldiers 
 are obliged to remain in cantonments until tents can be pro- 
 vided to supply those which were lost at Quievrain. There has 
 been a slight skirmish between the outposts near Maubeuge. 
 
 At Lille the military begin to be ashamed of their late 
 atrocious conduct and the town is become quiet. The only 
 force which remains beyond the frontiers is a body of three 
 thousand men, which Mr de la Fayette sent to Bouvignes under 
 the command of Mr de Gouvion, and which remains there in 
 order to obtain forage, of which among many other essential 
 articles that army is in great need ; it is not improbable that 
 this small body may be surrounded and taken by the Austrians : 
 the rest of that army is in a state bordering on insurrection, 
 encamped near Givet in a position secure from any immediate 
 
 elLLEtCK. 
 
 Mr de Luckner is at Paris. 
 
 Mr de Rochambeau throws the blame of the disgrace which 
 the French arms have incurred, upon Mr Dumouriez ; that 
 Minister however holds firm and shews at least that he possesses 
 the virtue of courage. For Mr de Rochambeau's opinions I 
 must refer your Lordship to his letter to the National Asscm-
 
 SOUTH OF FRANCE. 183 
 
 bly in this day's Logographe : he and Mr de la Fayette agree 
 that they were egregiously deceived with regard to the good 
 dispositions of the inhabitants of the Low Countries towards the 
 French. 
 
 The proceedings in the south of France are not of a nature 
 to conciliate the minds of those who wish to trust their pro- 
 perty and personal security to the protection of the Executive 
 Power. In an official letter to Mr de Grave, Mr de Montesquiou 
 says: J'espere que nous nentendrons pas parler d' Avignon, il 
 s'exercera vraisemblablement quelques vexations dans ce nialheu- 
 reux pays, par le Parti quelque temps opprime et aujourd'hui 
 triomphant, je crois que c'est Id que se borne V ambition marseilloise 
 dont on a voulu nous effrayer. 
 
 This is the sentiment of a man entrusted with the command 
 of an army to enforce justice and maintain peace. 
 
 Ubi solitudinem fecerunt pacem appellant. The Assembly 
 has however ordered to their bar the Commissioners of the 
 Bouches du Rhone who attended and partook of the triumphal 
 entry of Jourdan and his banditti into Avignon, and the Minis- 
 ters, contrary to their disposition, are compelled to give force to 
 the law against that band of murderers. 
 
 For the whole of the extraordinary expences for the last 
 month the Caisse de V extraordinaire is to pay into the National 
 Treasury between forty-five and forty-six millions. 
 
 Paris, May IStlt, 1792. 
 
 I have endeavoured to procure for your Lordship's infor- 
 mation, but without success, an exact account of the present 
 state of the French army : the result however of my inquiries is 
 that the number of private soldiers is nearly the same as it was 
 when Mr de Narbonne gave his statement to the Assembly, that 
 is to say that there are still fifty thousand deficient, for although 
 a considerable number of recruits have been obtained, that 
 number has been counterbalanced by desertion. The propor- 
 tion of officers that have quitted their regiments is still greater. 
 All the four armies arc extremely ill provided. The regiment
 
 184 MAY, 1792. 
 
 of Royal Allemand, cavalry, except seven men, has joined the 
 Austrians. The regiment of Saxe, Hussars, had set them the 
 example, but 92 of the latter have returned with 88 horses. 
 Many of the men and the officers of the regiment of Berchini 
 have also quitted France. Nobody can be surprized at Mr 
 de Riccd's resignation, who has read his account of the insurrec- 
 tion in the camp of Tiercelet printed in the Supplement No. 3 
 of the Gazette Universelle, which I sent to your Lordship by last 
 Monday's post. 
 
 Mr de Luckner went on Monday to Valenciennes, he has 
 not, I believe, been able with the splendid and singular offer of 
 serving as his Aide de Camp, to persuade Mr de Rochambeau to 
 remain in command, but it is supposed that he will immediately 
 conduct a second attack against Mons. 
 
 The Comte de Goltz has received orders to quit this court 
 without taking leave, and he intends to accompany Mr de 
 Blumendorf out of France in the beginning of the next week. 
 The Russian Charge d' Affaires has also received orders to leave 
 this court. 
 
 Mr Bertrand, the late Minister of the Marine has entered a 
 prosecution against Carra the journalist for having asserted at 
 a meeting of the Jacobins that he is a member of the Austrian 
 Committee which meets at the Thuilleries. In order to en- 
 courage the belief of this pretended Committee, an invitation 
 was sent to Mr Renaud de St Jean d'Angely to meet Mr Malouet 
 and Mr Bertrand at the Princesse de Lamballe's apartment in 
 the Thuilleries, at a time however when the princess happened 
 to be in the country. Two men who were haranguing the 
 group in the Palais Royal against the Royal Family, being 
 carried before a Justice of the Peace, produced their tickets for 
 admission to the club of the Jacobins, in order to prove their 
 integrity, but, this not satisfying the justice, he ordered them 
 to be uncloathed, and their shoulders betrayed marks that they 
 had been whipt and branded. 
 
 In order to render less rapid the consumption of the 
 300,000,000 lately decreed, and which is already reduced to 
 187,000,000, the Assembly has decreed that the Cre'ances exigi- 
 bles not amounting to more than 10,000 livres shall be paid in
 
 M. DE MONTESQUIOU. 185 
 
 assignats, the rest in Quittances de finance, bearing an interest 
 of 4 per cent. 
 
 Paris, May 2oth, 1792. 
 
 I have presented His Majesty's letter to the Most Chris- 
 tian King in the usual form. 
 
 It appears that the reason why Mr de Luckner has not yet 
 made his projected attack upon Mons, is the total impossibility 
 of Mr de la Fayette's co-operation (without which such an 
 attack would be hazarding another defeat to little purpose) 
 owing to the miserable state of his army in every respect. 
 
 Mr de Rochambeau and his son arrived here last Tuesday ; 
 the Marechal, in public conversation attributes his own resigna- 
 tion to his infirm state of health, and in general condemns the 
 conduct of those officers who have resigned since the affairs of 
 Mons and Tournay, and he expresses a wish that his son would 
 return to his post. 
 
 Among the many officers who have resigned I should 
 mention to your Lordship the son of the Duke of Crillon. 
 
 The army in the south under the command of Mr de Mon- 
 tcsquiou is to form three camps, one near Lyons, another at 
 Barraux, near the fort of Ecluse, and the third on the Var. 
 That army is in the same state as the others on the frontiers, in 
 want of everything. The Minister has been obliged to acknow- 
 ledge a deficit of 2000 men in the Artillery. The Minister of 
 Justice has informed the Assembly that the brigands of Avignon 
 have fled from that city and que tout est ventre sous V empire de la 
 loi; a weak empire where the most flagrant crimes are suffered 
 to pass unpunished, and where magistrates are sent to prison for 
 daring to do their duty. The Justice of Peace la Riviere 
 having proceeded in a regular course of justice against the libel- 
 lous authors of the report of a pretended Austrian Committee 
 has been sent to the prison of Orleans, and is to be tried by the 
 High National Court for having summoned three members of 
 the National Assembly to appear before him. .Messieurs 
 Gensonno and Brissot undertook upon that occasion to prove to
 
 186 JUNE, 1792. 
 
 the Assembly the existence of an Austrian Committee, and that 
 Mr de Montmorin and Mr Bertrand deserved to be tried for 
 high treason; for the force of their arguments and the clear- 
 ness of their proof, I must refer your Lordship to the Wednes- 
 day's debate in the Logographe of this day. It is probable that 
 Mr Brissot will not succeed in this attempt of sending more 
 Ministers to Orleans, especially since Mr Duranton has, inad- 
 vertently I believe, rendered himself liable to accompany the 
 Ex-ministers, by having countersigned His Most Christian 
 Majesty's letter to the Assembly upon that occasion. Mr le 
 Cointre, a member of the Comite de Surveillance, having of his 
 own accord written to the Municipality of Befort, in the name 
 of that Committee, to stop and search some Swiss soldiers, who 
 were returning with passports to their own country, has been 
 ordered by the Assembly to pass three days in the prison of the 
 Abbey of St Germain, as a punishment for this infraction of the 
 Constitution, a mere shew of justice. 
 
 The deportation of Catholic Priests who shall refuse the 
 civic oath, has been decreed by the Assembly as a measure of 
 police. 
 
 The premium of fifty livres per tun, which was granted by a 
 Decree of the Constitutional Assembly to foreign whale- fishers 
 in order to encourage the Nantucket people, is now extended to 
 .French southern and northern whale-fishers. 
 
 Paris, June 1st, 1792. 
 
 In order to impress into the minds of the people an 
 apprehension of imminent danger to the State, occasioned by 
 the machinations of the pretended Austrian Committee, and, by 
 that means, of effecting the destruction of the King's Guard, 
 the National Assembly voted itself permanent last Monday, and 
 has continued in that state. The Assemblies of the depart- 
 ment and Municipality, and the still more efficient Assembly of 
 the Jacobins have followed its example. 
 
 The accusation against Mr de Montmorin and Mr de 
 Bertrand, having at least for the moment failed of its success,
 
 DISBANDING OF KING'S GUARD. 187 
 
 the battery has been turned against another quarter ; the next 
 object was the disbanding of the King's Guard. From the first 
 formation of that body a natural jealousy has subsisted between 
 it and the National Guard, which has been industriously foment- 
 ed, and the indiscreet conversation of some of the young men, 
 who have been admitted into it, has tended to excite the minds 
 of the populace against it. These circumstances and the pre- 
 vailing influence of the Jacobins, has induced the National 
 Assembly to decree that the King's Guard should be disbanded, 
 and Mr de Brissac impeached and sent to Orleans. This 
 Decree immediately received the Royal sanction, and has of 
 course been put into execution. Upon the whole this measure 
 has been approved of, but not by a large majority, by the 
 National Guard, who have again the honor, together with the 
 Swiss, of guarding the Royal Family in the interior of the 
 Palace, but the service of the Swiss will probably be but tem- 
 porary, every occasion is taken to affect the public mind against 
 them. A drunken conversation at an alehouse has been quoted 
 and made the most of for that purpose ; the white predomin- 
 ated over the blue and red in their cockades, but it is not true 
 that they were entirely white. Another event, for the purpose 
 of giving credit to the belief of an Austrian Committee, was 
 brought before the Assembly, the burning of thirty large bales 
 of papers at the manufactory at Seves, which proved to be no 
 more than an awkward mode of destroying printed copies of an 
 infamous publication. 
 
 To the Princess de Vandemont's journey to England I 
 attribute the absurd report of Mr de Montmorin being gone 
 there in company with the Princess de Lamballe. 
 
 It appears to be the mutual wish of the King of Hungary 
 and this Government, that no letters of marque and reprisal 
 should be granted. 
 
 The miserable state of the army of this country exceeds all 
 belief. In order to increase the number of soldiers, it has been 
 proposed by the Minister that every department should raise 
 one thousand men to receive a pay of three sous per diem and 
 to be ready when required. They embrace the offers of any 
 foreign officer who is willing to serve, and in tact they are
 
 188 june, 1792. 
 
 absolutely reduced to this measure from the great scarcity of 
 French officers who remain. 
 
 I received a visit the other day from the Vicomte de 
 Noailles who informed me that His Most Christian Majesty 
 having accepted his resignation, he had determined to go to 
 England, but with no other motive than that of living in a 
 country whose Constitution and Government he admired, when 
 it was impossible, from his peculiar political situation that he 
 could continue in his own country, and he assured me in the 
 most positive terms that he has, and would continue to have, 
 no political connection with any of his countrymen who may 
 be supposed to have views adverse to the present Government 
 in England. According to his own account, the Mare'chal de 
 Luckner will find it difficult, if not impossible to introduce 
 discipline among his soldiers; their indecent behaviour to an 
 English woman of the name of Nash has given a second proof 
 of the degree of insubordination to which they are reduced. I 
 am informed by him that an account of that affair will be sent 
 to your Lordship. 
 
 By the resignation of the Vicomte de Noailles, it is agreed 
 by those who do not think favourably of his political conduct, 
 that the army has lost an able officer, and that his place will 
 not be sufficiently supplied by the Duke of Orleans, who is 
 gone to join the army having beforehand written to the Minister 
 of the Marine to offer his services to his country in his naval 
 capacity : of this I was informed by Mr Dumouriez who at the 
 same time said, that he had prevailed upon him to delay his 
 journey to Valenciennes for some days, having suggested that it 
 might be proper to know Mr de Luckner's opinion upon that 
 subject ; but I believe the journey was undertaken before the 
 arrival of the Mare'chal's opinion. 
 
 A plan of a strong police is in agitation and of a sort of 
 dictatorial power to be given to Mr Pethion and the Comite* de 
 Surveillance. 
 
 The Polish Minister at this court is gone to Geneva, and 
 from thence he is to proceed to Genoa, in order to negotiate a 
 loan at those places, the security for which are to be the 
 Starosties.
 
 m. dumouriet:. 189 
 
 The permanence of the National Assembly has ceased, and 
 the capital is again tranquil. 
 
 Paris, June 8th, 1792. 
 
 I inclose a copy of a letter from Mr Dumouriez to me 
 concerning the 217 French negroes which were landed by 
 Captain Colmin at English Key, and inclosing a copy of an 
 Arrete of the Colonial Assembly of St Domingo upon that 
 subject. 
 
 Mr Dumouriez was upon the point of resigning at the end 
 of the last week, but, finding that all parties were desirous 
 that he should continue for the present in office, and the 
 responsibility for the six millions being no longer imposed upon 
 him he has consented to remain in the Ministry. His projects 
 however of offensive war continue to be frustrated by the 
 contrary opinion of Mr de la Fayette, and the impossibility of 
 either that General's army or that of Mr de Luckner being, for 
 some time in a condition to act offensively. It is calculated 
 that the army of the Marechal will consist of between fifty and 
 sixty thousand men, and may be fit for action by the twenty- 
 fifth of this month. Although that army is well disposed 
 towards the Duke of Orleans he is expected at Paris. The 
 disposition of the other army is probably not so favourable to 
 him if one may judge from the well known sentiments of Mr de 
 la Fayette and Mr Gouvion. Mr de Custine will command the 
 army in Alsace. 
 
 The frivolousness and absurdity of the last denunciations in 
 the National Assembly have thrown a ridicule upon that mode 
 of attacking the Feuillants : a more serious and formidable 
 measure is now in agitation. Preparations are making to 
 convey in case of necessity His Most Christian Majesty and the 
 Assembly to the banks of the Loire, if not timely prevented by 
 the alarms of the proprietors in the capital. Having disbanded 
 the King's Guards which they may hereafter have occasion to 
 discover is not tantamount to dispersing them, their nexl plan 
 is to controul the National Guards by a superior force, and for
 
 190 june, 1792. 
 
 that purpose the Assembly has decreed an augmentation to the 
 army of twenty thousand men to be raised in all the Cantons 
 of the kingdom, and to be assembled at Paris on the fourteenth 
 of July. The National Guard has taken the alarm, and the 
 Assembly will possibly be obliged to repeal this decree. The 
 army in general, I understand, is dissatisfied at His Most 
 Christian Majesty having given his sanction to the decree 
 which disbanded his Guard. 
 
 The Dutch patriots are to raise a body of between four and 
 five thousand men ; their uniform, except that of the Chasseurs 
 and Sapeurs, is to be black turned up with light blue, owing to 
 the scarcity of white and coloured cloth. Mr Abbema who is the 
 richest man among them, although nearly equalled in that respect 
 by Mr de Witt undertakes to provide the money for this purpose. 
 
 Mr Yriarte conversed the other day for some time with 
 considerable earnestness with Monsieur Dumouriez, but I have 
 seen no other symptoms of a Spanish mediation. Mr Dumouriez 
 however takes every opportunity to boast of the frankness 
 which exists in his correspondence with Mr D'Aranda. A son 
 of Doctor Priestley, who is come here to be naturalized has 
 been received to-day with great applause, by the National 
 Assembly. 
 
 Paris, June 15tli, 1792. 
 
 A change has taken place in the Ministry of this country, 
 which though it may tend in some measure to unite the Jaco- 
 bins may ultimately prove their destruction. 
 
 Messrs Rolland, Servan and Claviere have been dismissed 
 from His Most Christian Majesty's council. Mr Dumouriez 
 succeeds Mr Servan in the War Department, and he is to be 
 succeeded in that of Foreign Affairs by Mr de Naillac, a gentle- 
 man who has lately travelled in Spain, and who was formerly 
 employed in the diplomatic line at Vienna, he is at present the 
 French Minister to the Duke of Deux-Ponts. Mr Mourgues 
 formerly Directeur des Travaux at Cherbourg is appointed to 
 the Home Department : that of the Finances remains vacant.
 
 CHANGE OF MINISTRY. 101 
 
 I informed your Lordship in my last dispatch that Mr Du- 
 mouriez after having hesitated for some time, had determined 
 to continue in office. When he talked of resigning his plan 
 appears to have been to have joined the army, if he could have 
 obtained the permission of the Assembly, and from thence to 
 have sent an account of the wretched condition of the army and 
 the defenceless state of the frontiers, which would have had 
 more effect than the Memoire sur le Departement de la Guerre, 
 which he read to the Assembly upon his acceptance of that 
 department. I am therefore induced to believe that a notion, 
 that without his presence, energy would be wanting and reso- 
 lution fail, and consequently the dismission of the three 
 Ministers, which has since been effected, might not have taken 
 place, confirmed him to the metropolis. 
 
 The blow is now struck, but it is to be doubted that he will 
 be able to maintain his ground. He relies however upon the 
 impression which the public will receive from the infamous 
 conduct of his three greatest enemies, the lately dismist 
 Ministers and their adherents, and, considering his own account 
 of the army, he certainly expects more from negotiation, than 
 from the sword, and I can easily believe that his dispatches from 
 Madrid have in a great measure prompted him to undertake a 
 task, similar and equally difficult to that of clearing the Augean 
 Stable. His activity and his courage are equally extraordinary. 
 
 On Tuesday last, an hour after the change in the Ministry 
 was resolved upon, but of which I was at that time ignorant, in 
 the course of a private conversation, he desired me to inform 
 your Lordship, that if Mr de Talleyrand's mission was in any 
 manner disagreeable to His Majesty or his Ministers, he should 
 be recalled; this I promised to do, but I avoided all comments 
 upon the subject. 
 
 Against Mr Rolland and Mr Servan he means to prove the 
 plan of carrying off His Most Christian Majesty to the southern 
 provinces, and in addition to that, against Mr Claviere he has a 
 most infamous tale to unfold with regard to a plan of employing 
 the six millions of secret service money for his private use. 
 Mr Claviere having a million in the French funds, which he had 
 borrowed at Genoa was a great promoter of the scheme of the
 
 192 june, 1792. 
 
 assignats in order to occasion a temporary rise in the funds : 
 in this he succeeded, but the exchange with foreign countries 
 fell so low that his profit in the rise of stocks was not equal to 
 the loss by the exchange, it was therefore necessary to raise the 
 latter before he could pay his debt at Genoa. The means of his 
 friend Mr Bidermann being nearly exhausted by this sort of 
 agiotage, he employed as much as he could venture of public 
 money, he next insisted that he should have the use of the six 
 millions of secret service money till called for by Mr Dumouriez ; 
 but the latter minister, being apprized that Mr Bidermann had 
 very lately placed that sum in the East India Funds, discovered 
 the plan and resisted, in consequence of which the house of 
 Bidermann is on the brink of bankruptcy. A failure of still 
 greater consequence is likely to take place, the house of Tourton 
 and Ravel. 
 
 The deficit for this month, for one is naturally led from 
 private to public bankruptcy, is above thirteen millions ; the 
 whole to be paid by the Caisse de I' extraordinaire is fifty-three 
 millions. It is calculated that of twenty- four hundred millions, 
 already en creation only one hundred will remain for the 
 expences of the next month. 
 
 The suppression of casual feudal rights without indemnifica- 
 tion unless proved to be a concession in virtue of a titre primitif 
 has been decreed by the Assembly ; a violation of property to 
 the amount of six hundred millions. 
 
 The Duke of Orleans is returned to his country seat. The 
 loss of Mr Gouvion in the late skirmish is deservedly lamented, 
 by the movements of both armies a general engagement may be 
 expected sooner than the time I mentioned to your Lordship 
 last week. 
 
 Paris, June 18th, 1792. 
 
 I omitted, in my last dispatch, to inform your Lordship 
 that Mr Morris has delivered his credentials to His Most Christian 
 Majesty as Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States. 
 A new change has taken place in the Ministry : Mr Du- 

 
 RESIGNATION OF DUMOURTEZ. 193 
 
 mouriez having resigned, is succeeded in the War Department 
 by Mr la Jarre formerly Aide de Camp to Mr la Fayette and 
 Adjutant-General in the National Guards of Paris ; the Depart- 
 ment for Foreign Affairs is given to Mr Chambonas formerly 
 mayor of Sens and commandant of this department : Mr 
 d'Ormesson, formerly Controleur General has the Departement 
 des Contributions. 
 
 Paris, June 22nd, 1792. 
 
 The resignation of Mr Dumouriez is to be attributed to 
 His Most Christian Majesty's refusal to sanction the decree 
 relative to the transportation of the clergy who refuse to take 
 the oaths, and that which had been proposed by Mr Servan for 
 raising twenty thousand men: that minister having judged 
 that the sanction of those decrees was absolutely necessary 
 in order to preserve sufficient popularity to carry on the govern- 
 ment. His successor in office is, like him, a member of the 
 Jacobin club, but, like him also, he is intent on its destruction. 
 
 The Minister of the War Department is devoted to Mr de la 
 Fayette. I misinformed your Lordship with regard to that of 
 the finances ; that department is given to Mr Beaulien, one of 
 the Commissaires de Comptabilite, motives of prudence having 
 prevented the appointment of Mr d'Ormesson to that office, 
 and, in that light, his having been a member of administration 
 during the former Government was a sufficient reason. Mi- 
 Terrier de Monciel, President of the Department of Jura, and 
 connected with the Lameths, is Minister of the Interior. Mr 
 Duranthon and Mr la Coste remain for the present. Upon the 
 whole it is to be expected that the measures of the new adminis- 
 tration will be according to the principles of the Feuillants. 
 
 The late attempt 1 of the Jacobins to intimidate His Most 
 Christian Majesty has failed entirely and has served only to im- 
 press more strongly on the minds of those who wish for order and 
 good government an abhorrence of their principles and practices. 
 The majesty of the throne was sullied, but ii gave the King a 
 
 1 The attack on the Tuilcries of June 20, 1792. 
 G. C. 13
 
 194 june, 1792. 
 
 happy opportunity of displaying an extraordinary degree of calm- 
 ness and courage, which may be of infinite service. The circum- 
 stance of his having applied the hand of a grenadier to his heart, 
 saying "feel here if there are any signs of fear" is perfectly true. 
 As your Lordship will see in the Logographe the several 
 accounts which the deputies gave the National Assembly 
 of the transactions in the palace, I shall not enter into a detail 
 of them, I shall, however, inform your Lordship of all the 
 particulars not mentioned by them, which have come to my 
 knowledge. The King, finding the mob determined to force the 
 door of the antechamber of his apartment, ordered his attendants 
 to withdraw, and placed himself in the recess of one of the 
 windows, where, attended by a few grenadiers, he suffered the 
 mob to approach him, accepted from them a red cap with tricolor 
 ribands, which he wore during the whole time that they 
 remained in the palace, and, upon their expressing a wish that 
 he should drink to the health of the nation, His Majesty 
 condescended to comply with their request, and drunk the 
 remains of some wine in a cup, out of which a grenadier had 
 previously drunk. During this time the Queen and the 
 Dauphin with their attendants were in the council chamber 
 guarded by a table from the too near approach of the mob. It 
 is singular considering that the populace was in every part of 
 the royal apartment except the King's private bedchamber, 
 that no other mischief should have been done except taking 
 away the locks, and breaking the panels of the doors. 
 
 The admission of the mob is entirely to be attributed to the 
 infamous conduct of the municipal officers : the commander of 
 the National Guard had in his pocket an order from the adminis- 
 trators of the department to oppose force by force, but the orders 
 of the Municipality were wanting. A dreadful responsibility 
 would have awaited Mr Pethion had any unfortunate event 
 taken place. Courtray being taken, it is imagined that the 
 Mare'chal de Luckner's next object will be Ghent. 
 
 The command of the army in Alsace was intended to have 
 been given to Mr de Biron, not to Mr de Custine, although 
 that was generally believed, but it may be doubted whether the 
 present ministry will place that command in the hands of an 
 intimate friend of the Duke of Orleans. 
 
 I
 
 june 20, 1792. 195 
 
 Mr de la Fayette after the letters which he has written to 
 the King and to the National Assembly, an exact printed copy 
 of which I enclose, may be said to have past the Rubicon. The 
 letters which your Lordship will see in the Logographe from 
 Mr la Morliere and Mr de Broglio, shew that the same senti- 
 ments actuated the officers of the army in Alsace : it remains to 
 be seen what line of conduct Mr de Luckner will take, but it is 
 scarcely possible to suppose that he will support the Jacobin 
 faction. 
 
 I have discovered the reason why I could not decipher your 
 Lordship's dispatch No. 22 ; the sixth octavo edition was con- 
 sulted instead of the ninth which is the one I received from 
 your Lordship. With regard to any apprehensions that may be 
 entertained in Holland respecting the legion of Dutch patriots, 
 so called because the officers are of that country, and which is 
 not yet formed, I conceive them to be perfectly ill-founded. The 
 measure seems to have been adopted by the French Government, 
 simply as a means of raising four-thousand two-hundred and 
 fifty men. So far from the legion being raised entirely at the 
 expence of the Dutch, as was reported, I find that Mr Du- 
 mouriez advanced seven hundred thousand livres for that 
 purpose out of the six millions of secret service money. It is 
 remarkable that, of those six millions, only nineteen hundred 
 thousand have been expended, twelve hundred thousand soon 
 after the decree and seven hundred thousand more, just before 
 Mr Dumouriez's resignation. 
 
 With regard to the Dutch legion, I understand that recruits 
 are too scarce, for it to be in any considerable forwardness. It 
 is to be commanded by the man who attempted to defend 
 Amsterdam against the army of the Duke of Brunswick, which 
 circumstance alone will account for the apprehensions enter- 
 tained in Holland. 
 
 Paris, June 2^th, 1792. 
 
 In consequence of your Lordship's instructions I delivered 
 a letter last Tuesday to Mr Chambonas, a copy of which I 
 
 1 r>— 2
 
 196 june, 1792. 
 
 enclose. I had again mentioned the subject to Mr Dumouriez 
 a few days before he left the ministry and I had received a 
 promise from him that he would press Mr Vergniaud to make 
 the report without any further delay. I have reason to believe 
 that if a reward had been promised to the members of the com- 
 mittee, it would have been made before this time. 
 
 Considering the sentiments exprest by Mr de la Fayette in 
 his letters to His Most Christian Majesty and to the National 
 Assembly, your Lordship will not be much surprized to hear 
 that he appeared yesterday before the Assembly to acknowledge 
 himself the author of the letters and to declare his opinion and 
 that of his army with regard to the transactions of the 20th at 
 the Thuilleries. His speech which was totally destitute of that 
 eloquence which excites a popular assembly, had that effect 
 which his friends had expected, that of intimidating the Jacobin 
 party. 
 
 Among the many addresses which have arrived from the 
 administrations of departments in the neighbourhood but prin- 
 cipally to the north of Paris declaring their abhorrence of the 
 proceedings of the 20th and their readiness to support the 
 government and constitution against factions, the most con- 
 spicuous is that of the Somme which offers the support of two 
 hundred battalions of National Guards. By observing the 
 dispositions of the several parts of the kingdom, one is induced 
 to allot a republican form of government to that half of it 
 which lies south of the Loire and a monarchical one to the other 
 half. 
 
 His Most Christian Majesty has proposed to the Assembly 
 to raise forty two battalions of national volunteers in order to 
 form a camp between Paris and the frontiers, in the neighbour- 
 hood of Soissons, but the committee to which that proposal was 
 referred, has not yet made its report upon the subject. 
 
 By a report of the extraordinary committee of twelve, it 
 appears that the deficit in the regular troops is only near 
 twenty seven thousand, but one may be allowed to doubt the 
 accuracy of that calculation. 
 
 From information which I have since obtained I must 
 retract my opinion that apprehensions entertained in Holland
 
 
 MADAME ELIZABETH. 197 
 
 with regard to the Dutch legion are perfectly ill-founded. It 
 was originally to have consisted of four thousand two hundred 
 and fifty men but it is now to be augmented to six thousand. 
 Your Lordship may rely upon the authenticity of the inclosed 
 paper No. 1 as it has been drawn up by Mr Abema himself, the 
 other I have also obtained from good authority. 
 
 Mr de Valence, who was sent here by Mr de Luckner to 
 desire an additional force of ten thousand men, is returned to 
 the army but with what answer it is not known. 
 
 The Minister of the War Department and Mr de la Fayette 
 had a long audience of His Most Christian Majesty before the 
 Leve'e this morning, since which that Minister has informed the 
 Assembly, that he has received a letter from Mr Luckner dated 
 the 26th which from motives of prudence he wishes to communi- 
 cate to a committee rather than to the Assembly. He at the 
 same time read a letter from that general to His Most Christian 
 Majesty expressive of the indignation which he and his army 
 felt at the proceedings of the twentieth, and their admiration of 
 His Majesty's courage. 
 
 Give me leave, my Lord to take this opportunity of mention- 
 ing what I am ashamed to have omitted in my last dispatch, 
 but which was owing to my not being absolutely certain of the 
 fact, the magnanimity of Madame Elizabeth who did not quit 
 her brother's side for an instant during the whole of that 
 infamous evening, and whose presence and dignified behaviour 
 contributed essentially to keep the populace in awe. The 
 dialogue which your Lordship has seen between His Most 
 Christian Majesty and the Mayor of Paris past nearly as it is 
 expressed in the Gazette Universelle. 
 
 Since Mr de la Fayette has left his army an engagement has 
 taken place, in which according to the account read to the 
 Assembly the French have taken eighty three prisoners, among 
 which are five officers, but the French accounts are apt to be so 
 erroneous that I feel always ashamed of writing them to your 
 Lordship. 
 
 Although we enjoy perfect tranquillity in this capital at, 
 present, we have reason to doubt the continuance of it, for it is 
 certain that the members of the mother club have sent pressing
 
 198 june, 1792. 
 
 invitations to the affiliated members, to assist at the fete on the 
 fourteenth of July. 
 
 The Assembly takes every possible measure to oblige the 
 Ministers to send to the frontiers, before that period, the three 
 regiments of regulars which are here at present. 
 
 Paeis, July Sth, 1792. 
 
 We are at the eve of a great crisis. The two contending 
 parties must soon make the experiment which has the greatest 
 force : in the mean time both sides shew signs of fear. His Most 
 Christian Majesty expects the event with that courage which 
 religion is known to inspire, but his Ministers seem to act 
 without any well concerted or fixed plan. Mr de la Fayette's 
 conduct during his stay in Paris was not sufficiently bold and 
 energetic to affect the Jacobins with that degree of fear which 
 it was intended to have produced, and it has only served to 
 make them more active in sending for the assistance of their 
 friends from all parts of the kingdom. Those friends are accord- 
 ingly arriving from all quarters, from Marseilles, from Bordeaux, 
 from Brest, and their arrival is legalized by a decree of the 
 National Assembly which has received the royal sanction. Their 
 stay in Paris according to that decree, for which I refer your 
 Lordship to the Logographe No. 276 is indeed to be of short 
 duration, but it will be long enough to answer any sinister 
 purpose. On the other hand it may be doubted that Mr de la 
 Fayette will be able, if he should think it necessary, to bring his 
 army to the assistance of the metropolis. In this awful state of 
 suspense, the inhabitants of Paris are waiting for the celebration 
 of the fourteenth, at which the King and the National Assembly 
 will assist. For my own part having the honour to represent a 
 King universally revered and beloved, I consider myself in as 
 little danger as it is possible to be in the anarchical state of 
 this country: there are however members of the diplomatic 
 body, who, not having the same cause for security, exprest to 
 me yesterday a desire that we should continue assembled 
 together in one house during the time of danger. My answer,
 
 APPROACH OF THE MARSEILLAIS. 109 
 
 which I hope your Lordship will approve, was that I should 
 remain at my post which I considered to be my own house, or 
 the Palace of the Thuilleries, at the time when His Most Christian 
 Majesty receives the foreign ministers, and in fact to do otherwise 
 would be insulting unnecessarily the French nation as well as 
 acting contrary to the dignity of that nation whose sovereign I 
 have the honor to represent at this court. 
 
 Your Lordship will observe that the Assembly has past a 
 decree, which subjects the Hat major of all the corps of National 
 Guards belonging to towns containing 50,000 souls or upwards 
 to be re-elected, by which means the prevailing party in the 
 Assembly hope to get rid of the present officers of the National 
 Guard, at least of the greater number who are of the Feuillant 
 party. Another decree which has been made this week respect- 
 ing the mode of declaring that the country is in danger is also 
 aimed asrainst the Feuillants. 
 
 O 
 
 Mr de Joly, formerly Secretaire de la Commune and lately 
 appointed Secretary of the Council has succeeded Mr Duranthon 
 as Minister of Justice. 
 
 The Minister of Foreign Affairs has notified this day to the 
 Assembly the march of the Prussian troops. 
 
 I enclose a copy of a letter which I have received from Mr 
 Chambonas relative to Tobago together with a copy of another 
 from that minister to Mr Koch President of the Diplomatic 
 Committee. 
 
 Paris, July l'itli, 1792. 
 
 I congratulate your Lordship most sincerely upon the 
 very satisfactory intelligence which has been received from the 
 East Indies. 
 
 Nobody was the dupe of the feigned coalition which served 
 only to amuse the spectators who were present last Saturday 
 during that farcical proceeding in the National Assembly. 
 Perhaps I should except His Most Christian Majesty, the good- 
 ness of whose heart leads him to expect good from quarters and 
 by means totally inadequate. 
 
 The solemn declaration of the Assembly that the country is
 
 200 july, 1792. 
 
 in danger has had very little effect at least in the metropolis 
 where the minds of the inhabitants are entirely occupied with 
 providing lodgings for the Federe's as they improperly call those 
 who are arriving for the approaching ceremony, and with the 
 arrete of the administration of the department which has 
 suspended the Mayor and Procureur de la Commune on account 
 of their improper conduct with regard to the proceedings on 
 the twentieth of last month. This sentence after some days' 
 consideration has been confirmed by the King, and to-day the 
 National Assembly has taken off the suspension of Mr Pethion, 
 and has postponed their decision on Mr Manuda until they 
 shall have heard his defence. 
 
 The number of people from the provinces as yet arrived, is 
 not so great as was expected ; great care is taken to provide 
 accommodation for them by the Jacobins, lest they should be 
 influenced by the Feuillants. Mr de Narbonne and indeed 
 almost all the j)rincipal general officers in the armies of the 
 Mardchal de Luckner and Mr de la Fayette are here. 
 
 The ceremony in the Champ de Mars will be similar to 
 that at the federation in the year 1790. The Assembly will 
 walk in procession, but the King will go in his carriage. 
 
 I refer to the Logographe of this day for the minister's 
 report on the state of the nation : that part of it respecting the 
 armies is not to be relied upon. They are increasing that of 
 the Rhine which will be again commanded by the Marshal de 
 Luckner and diminishing the others. Twenty battalions are to 
 be sent to it from the southern army, which will weaken it so 
 as to render it almost useless. It will still however be sufficiently 
 strong to take the Castle of Bannes in the Department of the 
 Ardeche which is occupied by a Mr Saillant with a body of 
 near two thousand aristocrates the remains of the camp of 
 Jales. 
 
 The plan of raising a Dutch legion has been communicated 
 to the Assembly, but the committees to which it was referred, 
 have not yet made their report upon it. The deficit for the 
 last month, including everything, is in the usual proportion 
 above fifty millions. 
 
 All the ministers resigned last Tuesday. They however 

 
 SITUATION OF THE KING. 201 
 
 continue in office till His Most Christian Majesty can fix upon a 
 new ministry. 
 
 Mr de Semonville, it is said, will be appointed Ambassador 
 to the Porte. 
 
 Paris, July 20th, 1792. 
 
 I have communicated to Mr Chambonas the papers 
 which your Lordship has sent to me in justification of the 
 conduct of the captain of the Nemesis and I make no doubt 
 that the French Minister will see that affair in its true light. 
 
 Your Lordship's note to Mr Chauvelin in answer to his of 
 the 18th of June has been communicated to the National 
 Assembly, it has had the effect of rendering prevalent a notion 
 that His Majesty is willing to act as mediator: an event 
 generally wished for, since all parties are sensible of the 
 impossibility of resisting the combined forces of the Emperor 
 and the King of Prussia. 
 
 From a want of resolution on one part and from a regularly 
 conducted system on the other, the situation of His Most 
 Christian Majesty becomes daily more and more perilous. I 
 have reason to believe, that the resignation of the present 
 ministers, is to be attributed, when it came to the point, to a 
 refusal to retreat from Paris. Notwithstanding which, from the 
 present posture of affairs, I shall not be surprized if I have 
 to inform your Lordship of His Most Christian Majesty's 
 arrival at Rouen where he will find a great majority of the 
 inhabitants ready to support his cause. 
 
 The Jacobins finding that the three regiments of regular 
 troops in this town, were not sufficiently indisciplined to be 
 relied upon by them, have contrived that they should be sent to 
 the frontiers. There remains one regiment of Swiss which it 
 will be difficult to dispose of in the same manner, owing to the 
 treaty with the cantons, and to the sentiments of the private 
 soldiers, as well as of the officers of that regiment. 
 
 The ministers who have resigned except Mr Terrier de 
 Monciel, continue to act, as nobody has yet been found to supply
 
 20*2 july, 1792. 
 
 their places ; that minister having absolutely refused to act any 
 longer, the Minister of Justice transacts also the business of his 
 department pr. interim. 
 
 Owing to French levity and impatience, Mr de Saillant has 
 met with an untimely end having neither fallen in the field nor 
 suffered to sustain a regular trial. Your Lordship will see the 
 details of this affair in the Logographe. By a decree of the 
 Assembly, a number of National Guards is to be raised 
 sufficient to make the army amount to four hundred and forty 
 or fifty thousand men : the execution of this decree will meet 
 with innumerable difficulties. Of three thousand federe's who 
 are arrived here, only two thousand have entered their names 
 for the camp at Soissons. 
 
 Paul Jones died here on Wednesday night of a dropsy in 
 his breast. 
 
 Many, if not all, of the administrators of this deqartment 
 have resigned. 
 
 The Marechal de Luckner is gone or is immediately going 
 to join his army at Metz. Mr de la Fayette is to command the 
 northern army and Mr de Biron that of Alsace. 
 
 I cannot conclude without expressing to your Lordship my 
 happiness that His Majesty should have approved of my conduct 
 with regard to the proposition that was made to me by some of 
 the diplomatic body. 
 
 Paris, July 27th, 1792. 
 
 I inclose for your Lordship's information a copy of a 
 letter to me from Mr de Bonchage, the new Minister of the 
 Marine, and also for Foreign Affairs per interim. 
 
 Mr Champion is appointed to the Interior and Mr d'Aban- 
 court to the War Department. 
 
 The measure employed by the generals who command in 
 Alsace for increasing their army by repuiring from the several 
 departments in their neighbourhood a considerable reinforce- 
 ment of National Guards has been approved of by the Assembly 
 and adopted as a means of reinforcing the other armies. In
 
 CONDUCT OF THE FEDJSRES. 203 
 
 consequence of which and considering that the ministers had 
 been prevailed upon to detatch only ten instead of twenty 
 battalions from his army, Mr de Montesquiou, for whose 
 report I refer your Lordship to the Logographe No. 299, returns 
 to-day to the south. The committee of twenty-one before 
 whom that general was examined, had agreed to report a 
 project of a decree to declare that the Crown was forfeited, but, 
 upon his assuring them, that not only every officer but every 
 soldier would oppose them, they desisted : this sufficiently 
 accounts for the speech made by Mr Brissot yesterday in the 
 Assembly. It does not however follow that from the abortion 
 of this scheme, His Most Christian Majesty is to be considered 
 in a less dangerous situation than formerly ; I rather fear the 
 contrary. I understand that notwithstanding the opinion of 
 his friends, at least of many of them, His Majesty is determined 
 to remain at Paris. A fresh insult was offered to him on 
 Saturday night, by the Assembly decreeing that a part of the 
 garden of the Thuilleries adjoining to the Hall of the Assembly, 
 and which is called la Terrace des Feuillants, from the neigh- 
 bouring church, belongs to the nation, and is subject to the 
 police of the Assembly. By this means the garden is open to 
 all those whom the Assembly may choose to admit, unless a 
 wall or an iron-rail be erected to separate the royal from the 
 national part of the garden. 
 
 Between two and three thousand Fe'dere's are gone to the 
 camp at Soissons, but many still remain in the capital and an 
 additional number is expected, especially from Marseilles : those 
 from Brest arrived yesterday, and after having partaken of what 
 they choose to call a fraternal fete-civique on the ruins of the 
 Bastille, they seized upon some canon in a neighbouring church 
 and were proceeding to the palace, but Mr Petition and Mr San- 
 terre, the leading man in the Faubourg St Antoine harangued 
 the mob and dissuaded thorn from their wicked purpose. 
 
 Mr la Croix having yesterday read a private letter from 
 England by which he was informed that a very considerable 
 naval armament was begun there, the Assembly decreed that 
 the Minister for Foreign Affairs should inform them of such of 
 the particulars of this armament as were come to his knowledge;
 
 204 july, 1792. 
 
 and the necessity of immediately arming thirty ships of the 
 line was mentioned. In the evening the minister communicated 
 to the Assembly a dispatch from Mr Chauvelin which was 
 referred to the committee, and at the same time informed them 
 that there was no serious cause for alarm, since the English 
 fleet of observation had provisions on board only for a fortnight. 
 To-day Mr Rouger said that although he was too much con- 
 vinced of the generosity of the English, to suppose that they 
 intended a perfidious attack yet being informed that there 
 were two fire ships in the English fleet, he should move for 
 further information upon that subject from the Minister for 
 Foreign Affairs. 
 
 The taking of Bavay by the Austrians, has considerably 
 deranged the plans of the French generals as it will cut off the 
 communication between Valenciennes and Maubeuge. At the 
 moment when I was going to dispatch the messenger I was 
 informed that there was a considerable disturbance in the 
 garden of the Thuilleries, I accordingly delayed his departure 
 till I could learn the particulars of it. It appears that Mr 
 D'Epresmenil was seen by the Federes walking on the Terrace 
 des Feuillants. He was immediately surrounded by them and 
 dragged from thence to the Palais Royal at which place and in 
 his way thither he received many wounds from the mob who 
 were armed with sabres and other weapons. With great difficulty 
 the National Guard conveyed him to the Hotel du Tresor 
 Royal where he is at present well guarded, and it is hoped that 
 his wounds are not mortal. The National Guard are all under 
 arms and there is a strong guard at the Thuilleries. The 
 Assemblies of the Sections are permanent, their permanence 
 was yesterday declared legal by the National Assembly. 
 
 Paris, August 3rd, 1792. 
 
 Since the cruel ill-treatment which Mr D'Epresmenil 
 experienced on the Terrace des Feuillants the populace who 
 frequent that part of the garden of the Thuilleries have con- 
 tented themselves with uttering imprecations against the royal
 
 THE GARDEN OF THE TUILERIES. 20.") 
 
 family and those who are styled aristocrates : that they should 
 have refrained from approaching the palace or even putting their 
 feet on any other part of the garden which is separated from the 
 terrace only by ribands which they themselves have placed 
 there, is a singular circumstance, and carries the appearance of 
 a sentiment worthy of a free people, but it may be accounted 
 for on other principles : it being the interest of their leaders 
 that they should not at this moment offer violence to the royal 
 family. They may have had the good policy to form this silken 
 separation, which strengthened by opinion is stronger than one 
 of stone or iron, for whoever should venture to pass those limits 
 would be regarded by the rest as an Austrian or an avistocrate 
 and treated accordingly. 
 
 The ferocious disposition of the five hundred Fedtires from 
 Marseilles was but too conspicuous on the very day of their 
 arrival : Mr Du Lamel a young man of a good character, by 
 trade an exchange broker, fell a victim to their barbarity. It 
 will be well for this town if they can be prevailed upon to join 
 the projected camp at Soissons, where there are about nine 
 thousand men already arrived. It is to be commanded by Mr 
 de Custine, under whom Mr Servan, the late minister, is to have a 
 command. 
 
 The republican spirit of the south has shewn itself in a con- 
 spicuous manner in the arretes of the Department des Bouches 
 du Rhone, and of the municipalities of Marseilles and Aix which 
 have ordered the public money of that department to be em- 
 ployed in raising six thousand men for the southern army 
 instead of being sent to the national treasury: but the Assembly 
 has interfered and informed them that they have more zeal far 
 than knowledge of the constitution. 
 
 The National Assembly has decreed that five hundred and 
 eighty thousand livres shall be allowed for carrying on the 
 works at Cherbourg, which it appears to be their design to 
 complete, so as not to be demolisht by the sea. 
 
 A fresh creation of three hundred millions has been decreed 
 without any debate, for which they have mortgaged some 
 religious houses not formerly included, the bishops' palaces, 
 and scattered parts of the forest lands.
 
 20G august, 1792. 
 
 The Duke of Brunswick's declaration, which has not been 
 officially notified, has produced very little sensation here. The 
 aristocrates are dissatisfied with it, and the democrates affect 
 to despise it. 
 
 We have reports from the northern army that many 
 Austrians have deserted and come over to them, and they assert 
 that the evacuation of Bavay was rendered necessary by a plan 
 of a desertion of three thousand men being discovered by the 
 Austrian general. These reports serve to keep up the spirits 
 of the Jacobins. 
 
 Mr Bigot de Sainte Croix, the late minister at Coblence 
 and formerly at Stockholm, has, after mature deliberation, 
 accepted the Department for Foreign Affairs. He is esteemed a 
 man of abilities, of information, and what is essential at present 
 of courage. 
 
 At the end of this day's Logographe, your Lordship will see 
 a curious letter from the Duke of Orleans to the Assembly, in 
 which he complains that this country will probably cease to be 
 benefited by his services. 
 
 In the inclosed journal of this evening your Lordship will see 
 that the National Assembly has refused to order the printing 
 of a letter from His Most Christian Majesty, and that it has 
 sent to the examination of a committee a petition presented by 
 the Mayor and Common Council of Paris in the name of the 
 forty eight sections for the King's destitution. 
 
 Quo tanta dementia cives ! 
 
 
 Paris, August 4.th, 1792. 
 
 In the present extremely precarious state of the royal 
 family, I have been desired to express to the Minister of Foreign 
 Affairs the sentiments of His Majesty with regard to the pro- 
 ceedings of the National Assembly and the Municipality and 
 sections of Paris derogatory to and attacking the safety of Their 
 Most Christian Majesties. I have declined to act in this 
 business till I can receive instructions from your Lordship. The 
 person of Her Most Christian Majesty is certainly in imminent
 
 august 10, 1792. 207 
 
 danger. On Thursday the extraordinary committee is to make 
 its report upon the King's destitution. I wish therefore to 
 receive your Lordship's instructions as soon as possible. 
 
 Paris, August 12th, 1792. 
 
 Staley arrived this morning with your Lordship's dispatch 
 No. 27. 
 
 The inclosed letters will prove my anxiety to dispatch a 
 messenger with an account of the late proceedings and they will 
 at the same time shew your Lordship the cause of the delay. 
 
 The Assembly having on Wednesday last acquitted Mr de 
 la Fayette of the several charges which had determined their 
 Commission extraordinaire to propose a decree of impeachment 
 against him, gave rise to a considerable discontent among the 
 people. This disposition which first appeared by threats and 
 acts of violence against the members who had voted in 
 favor of the general continued during the following day, when 
 in the evening they learnt that the great question of His Most 
 Christian Majesty's deposition fixed for Thursday, had scarcely 
 been mentioned. The numbers assembled in the Faubourg St 
 Antoine increased considerably during the night which past in 
 the midst of the alarm occasioned by the beating of the drums 
 and the sound of the tocsin, but without any accident. 
 
 The greatest part of the regiment of the Swiss Guards, and 
 a considerable body of National Guards were placed at the 
 Palace of the Thuilleries. 
 
 Early on Friday morning, the people having first taken 
 possession of the arsenal moved towards the Thuilleries with a 
 train of artillery : on their road they put to death several 
 persons who had formed a false patrole. At ten o'clock (lie 
 danger being imminent, the King with the royal family left 
 the palace, and crossing the garden by the advice of the 
 members of the department, look refuge in the National 
 Assembly, in a room adjoining to which they have continued 
 ever since. A short time after the action began between the 
 people and the Swiss, who were left to guard the palace; the
 
 208 august, 1792. 
 
 National Guards havin£ either retired or gone over to the 
 other side, a very sharp fire was kept up for near twenty 
 minutes, when the Swiss were overpower'd and almost all killed 
 at their posts or in their flight : the number of killed on both 
 sides is not yet known, but cannot be less than fifteen hundred : 
 several persons of distinction, among whom was Mr de Clermont 
 Tonnerre were put to death in different parts of the town : the 
 furniture of the palace was destroyed by the people, and the 
 out-buildings adjoining to it are all burnt to the ground. The 
 Assembly having first declared itself permanent, decreed, in the 
 course of the day, that the executive power was withdrawn 
 from the King, that his ministers had lost the confidence of the 
 nation and that, for the present, the government should be 
 trusted to a ministry named by themselves : that the primary 
 assemblies should be convened for the twenty-sixth of this 
 month, to which all citouens should be admitted without 
 distinction of rank or property in order to appoint a national 
 convention to meet at Paris on the twentieth of September to 
 decide ultimately upon the forfeiture of the Crown and the mode 
 of establishing an executive power : that His Most Christian 
 Majesty should be lodged in some place of safety and that the 
 civil list should no longer be continued. 
 
 The Assembly has named for Ministers, Mr Danton pour la 
 Justice, Mr le Bran pour les Affaires Etrangeres, Mr Monge 
 pour la Marine, Mr Servan pour la Guerre, My Claviere pour les 
 Contributions, and Mr Roland pour I'lnterieur. Commissioners 
 have also been named by the Assembly and sent to the several 
 armies with very extensive powers. The people of Paris on 
 their side have named a new Common Council which has 
 already broke the municipality except Messrs Pe'thion and 
 Manuel. 
 
 Mr Mandat the late commander of the National Guard is I 
 believe put to death, and they have given his place to Mr 
 Santerre, 
 
 The people having begun to destroy the statues of Louis 
 XIV and Louis XV, the Assembly by a decree ordered all the 
 statues of Kings to be taken down. 
 
 The Assembly has ordered a Court Martial to be formed to
 
 LORD GOWER RECALLED. 200 
 
 inquire into the conduct of the few remaining Swiss officers 
 and soldiers and has issued a decree of impeachment against 
 Mr D'Abancourt, the late Minister of the War Department, for 
 not having removed the Swiss soldiers from the capital. 
 
 Mr Dundas to Lord Gower. 
 
 Whitehall, August Ylth, 1792. 
 
 In the absence of Lord Grenville, I have received and 
 laid before the King your Excellency's dispatch No. 40 by 
 Morley. 
 
 His Majesty learns with the deepest concern the heighth to 
 winch the distractions in Paris have been carried and the 
 deplorable consequences to which they have led, which are 
 doubly affecting to His Majesty from the regard which His 
 Majesty invariably feels for the persons of Their Most Christian 
 Majesties, and his interest in their welfare, as well as from the 
 wishes which he forms for the tranquillity and prosperity of 
 a kingdom with which he is in amity. 
 
 Under the present circumstances as it appears that the 
 exercise of the executive power has been withdrawn from His 
 Most Christian Majesty, the credential under which your 
 Excellency has hitherto acted can be no longer available : ami 
 His Majesty judges it proper, on this account, as well as most 
 conformable to the principles of neutrality which His Majesty 
 lias hitherto observed, that you should no longer remain in 
 Paris. It is therefore His Majesty's pleasure that you should 
 quit it, and repair to England, as soon as you conveniently can, 
 after procuring the necessary passports. 
 
 In any conversation you may have occasion to hold previous 
 to your departure you will take care to make your language 
 conformable to the sentiments which are now conveyed t" you : 
 and you will particularly take every opportunity of expressing 
 that, while His Majesty intends strictly to adhere to the 
 principles of neutrality in respect to the settlement of the 
 
 G. C. 1 1
 
 210 
 
 AUGUST, 1792. 
 
 internal government of France, he at the same time considers 
 it as no deviation from those principles to manifest by all the 
 means in his power, his solicitude for the personal situation of 
 Their Most Christian Majesties, and their royal family ; and 
 he earnestly and anxiously hopes, that they will at least be 
 secure from any acts of violence which could not fail to produce 
 one universal sentiment of indignation through every country 
 of Europe. 
 
 Lord Gower to Lord Grenville. 
 
 Paris, August 18th, 1792. 
 
 Your Lordship's instructions in your dispatch No. 27 
 were precisely such as I expected and desired to receive, but I 
 thought it my duty to have the authority of such instructions 
 before I could give a decided answer. 
 
 The inclosed newspapers will inform your Lordship, as fully 
 as it is possible in the present circumstances, of the proceedings 
 in this metropolis ; I have only to add that Their Most Christian 
 Majesties and the royal family are placed in the tower of the 
 Temple, the only building in which the Municipality would 
 answer for their security, and in order to render that still more 
 secure, they are now forming a, fosse round it. 
 
 It appears that the National Assembly waits to see what 
 impression the papers discovered at the Tuileries and which 
 the new commissioners will communicate to Mr de la Fayette 
 may have upon his final plan of conduct. 
 
 I inclose the proces verbal of the proceedings at the 
 English and Irish seminary and a letter to me upon that 
 subject from the commissioners of the Conseil General de la 
 Commune.
 
 TREATMENT OF VENETIAN AMBASSADOR. 211 
 
 Note from King George III. 
 
 Weymouth, August 18th, 1792. 
 4.11p.m. 
 
 The drafts to Lord Gower and Mr Lindsay transmitted 
 to me by Mr Secretary Dundas, which were drawn up in conse- 
 quence of a Cabinet meeting, have my fullest approbation, and 
 I perfectly subscribe to his opinion, that the note delivered by 
 Mr Chauvelin renders the measure the more necessary. I see 
 no objection to the sending copies of them to him, with a note 
 
 acknowledging the receipt of his note. 
 
 G. R. 
 
 Lord Gower to Lord Grenville. 
 
 Paris, August 23rd, 1792. 
 
 Staley the messenger arrived here early on Monday 
 morning with Mr Secretary Dundas's letter of the 17th inst. 
 signifying his Majesty's pleasure that I should quit Paris and 
 return to England as soon as the necessary passports could be 
 procured. I lost no time in communicating the contents of the 
 above dispatch to Mr Le Brun, the person appointed Minister 
 for Foreign Affairs by the National Assembly, and he assured 
 me that passes should be ready by the next day, Tuesday; I 
 have however not yet received them. 
 
 On Tuesday last His Excellency the Chevalier Pisani, Ambas- 
 sador from the Republic of Venice to the Most Christian King, 
 set out from hence with his family on his journey to England : 
 in a few minutes after his departure his carriages were surrounded 
 by the people and he was forced back to the H6tel-de-Ville 
 where he underwent a long examination as to the cause of his 
 quitting Paris in the present critical situation of affairs. After 
 being detained several hours he was permitted to return to his 
 hotel, four commissaries of the Municipality being ordered to 
 accompany him and to examine his papers, which they accord- 
 ingly did. The above event needs no comment and will give 
 your Lordship a just idea of the present state of this unfortunate 
 capital as well as of the strength of the present government. 
 
 Advices were yesterday received from the department of 
 
 14— *2
 
 212 august, 1792. 
 
 Ardennes that Mr La Fayette accompanied by most of the field 
 officers of his army quitted the troops under his command and 
 retired on the 19th inst. beyond the frontier. 
 
 Yesterday Mr D'Afry the commander of the late Swiss 
 guards was brought to his trial before the Haute Cour Nationale 
 for his conduct on the 10th inst. and was acquitted. 
 
 Mr Montmorin formerly Minister for Foreign Affairs and 
 who since the disturbances of the 10th had thought proper to 
 hide himself, was discovered the day before yesterday in disguise, 
 was brought to the bar of the National Assembly and examined, 
 but nothing of a criminal nature appearing against him he was 
 discharged. 
 
 Your Lordship will see in the inclosed journals the proceed- 
 ings of the National Assembly since 1 had last the honour of 
 addressing myself to you. 
 
 As I am every hour in expectation of receiving my passports, 
 it is of course unnecessary for me to trouble your Lordship at 
 present with a long letter. 
 
 Paris, August 27th, 1792. 
 After having gone through a number of forms, perhaps 
 necessary in the present circumstances, I am in hourly expecta- 
 tion of receiving my final passport from the Municipality, and I 
 hope in a few days to be able to pay my respects to your Lord- 
 ship in London. 
 
 Mr W. Lindsay to Lord Grenville. 
 
 Paris, Aug. 23, 1792. 
 My Lord, 
 
 I received on Sunday last a letter of the 17th from 
 Mr Dundas signifying that His Majesty judged it improper for 
 me to stay any longer at Paris in the present circumstances and 
 desiring me to concert with Lord Gower the time and manner 
 of my departure from this place, and I have the honour to 
 inform your Lordship that I am quite ready to return to 
 England and only wait for the necessary passports to set out. 

 
 ESTABLISHMENT OF PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. 213 
 
 Paris, Aug. 27, 1792. 
 My Lord, 
 
 Although Lord Gower has not yet been able to procure a 
 passport he is in expectation of receiving one every hour, and 
 as his Excellency has directed me to remain two or three days 
 at Paris after his departure, I think it my duty to address 
 myself to your Lordship, as well to keep up the regularity of 
 the correspondence, as to send as much information as has 
 come to my knowledge since the post of Thursday last. I have 
 the pleasure to assure your Lordship that the wise and dignified 
 sentiments set forth in the dispatch of which Lord Gower gave 
 in a copy to the Minister of Foreign Affairs a few days ago on 
 the subject of the system of strict neutrality adopted by His 
 Majesty and his confidential servants with respect to this 
 country have had every good effect that could be expected from 
 them, and the recall of the English mission from Paris in the 
 present circumstances is considered rather as the necessary 
 consequence of the above mentioned system of neutrality than 
 as the forerunner of hostility. 
 
 The situation of Paris is more quiet than could be expected 
 after the late violent convulsion ; and as the people are all 
 armed and the Government extremely feeble, the present tran- 
 quillity of the town is a strong proof of how much pains must 
 have been taken to instigate the multitude to the unwarrant- 
 able proceedings of the 20th of June and 10th of August. The 
 Jacobins seem to have gone farther than they at first intended, 
 and not to have foreseen that the mob, the instrument with 
 which they overturned the old government, was likely soon to 
 become formidable to themselves ; the Assembly itself being 
 now a good deal under the influence of the rabble ; for though 
 the six ministers form what is called a conseil executif provisoire, 
 the real power is transferred to the Municipality and different 
 sections of Paris. The Municipality has been entirely occupied 
 since the 10th in collecting as much evidence and as many 
 proofs as possible to inculpate the conduct of Their Most 
 Christian Majesties. For this purpose every suspected house has 
 been searched and seals put on all papers belonging to the
 
 214 august, 1792. 
 
 emigrants or their relations ; many hundred people connected 
 with the court and the aristocracy have been thrown into prison, 
 and two or three of the most obnoxious have been executed. It 
 is generally thought that Her Most Christian Majesty will be 
 brought to her trial in the course of a few days, and your Lord- 
 ship must not be surprised at hearing the most disagreeable 
 account on her subject; for she is regarded as the cause of all 
 the late misfortunes and is held in such general detestation 
 that hardly anybody will be bold enough not to find her 
 guilty. 
 
 It being contrary to the Constitution to try the Most 
 Christian King, the fate of that unfortunate monarch will 
 probably be left undecided by the present Assembly ; but the 
 people will take effectual care that nothing shall divert the 
 attention of the new Legislature from concluding the great 
 business of the King immediately after it meets. It is supposed 
 that His Majesty will at least be confined for life, his family 
 excluded from the throne, and the new Government assume the 
 form of a republic. The Primary Assemblies (where every 
 individual except servants has a vote) met yesterday to choose 
 the electors. These are to elect the deputies next Sunday and 
 the Convention is to meet at Paris on the Tuesday sennight 
 following for the dispatch of business. Almost all the members 
 of the late and present Assemblies who have distinguished them- 
 selves by espousing the cause of the people in opposition to the 
 court and the aristocracy are likely to obtain seats in the 
 Convention National. 
 
 Your Lordship will be surprised that these measures should 
 be carrying on at a time when a great and formidable army 
 commanded by the ablest general in the world is penetrating 
 the country ; it is however equally true and unaccountable that 
 the approach of the Duke of Brunswick does not excite that 
 alarm which might be expected. The public declarations of His 
 Serene Highness have only served to irritate, and nothing can 
 exceed the unanimity and confidence which prevails through 
 the country. As to any party which might second the views 
 and facilitate the operations of the combined armies, I have 
 reason to believe that if any does exist it is too insignificant
 
 CAPTURE OF LONGWr. 215 
 
 both in numbers and power (except perhaps just on the frontier) 
 to merit attention. It is thought that if the Duke of Bruns- 
 wick winters in France, his army will be enervated and lose its 
 discipline, and if he returns to the frontier he will be obliged to 
 begin everything again on the opening of a second campaign. 
 They say it is very possible he may penetrate to and conquer 
 Paris, but in that case the Convention will remove to the south, 
 where the enemy will find much difficulty in following them. I 
 have reason to believe, my Lord, that these are the sentiments 
 of the ablest people and of those who have at present the most 
 influence in this country. I regret much not being able to write 
 to your Lordship in cypher, as the present circumstances afford 
 much curious and interesting matter which prudence forbids mo 
 to commit to the common post. 
 
 Your Lordship will perhaps be surprised at Lord Gower's 
 being detained so long after he has received his orders to quit 
 Paris, but it would be ridiculous to talk of dignity or even of 
 propriety to the present Government in the present circum- 
 stances unless in obedience to particular orders from your Lord- 
 ship. A report prevailed the day before yesterday that Longwy 
 had surrendered to his Parisian Majesty's arms, no official 
 account however of that event is yet received at Paris. 
 
 It is also rumoured that Mr Barte'lemi is imprisoned by the 
 Swiss Government on account of the affair of the 10th inst. 
 
 Paris, August 29th, 1792. 
 My Lord, 
 
 His Excellency Earl Gowcr set out on Tuesday morning 
 with part of his family on his return to England. I have not 
 yet been able to obtain my passport but am in expectation of 
 receiving it every hour. 
 
 An authentic account of the surrender of Longwy having 
 appeared in the Bruxelles Gazette, which arrived here on 
 Monday last, the event could of course be no longer kept secret, 
 and your Lordship may judge of the impression it has made on 
 the public mind, by the conduct of the National Assembly, who, 
 immediately after receiving the intelligence, came to a Decree
 
 21G august, 1792. 
 
 " que les dangers de la Patrie s'accroissent ", and that 30,000 men 
 be forthwith raised in Paris and its environs, to reinforce the 
 army. 
 
 Some orders which were lately given by this Government for 
 arms from England and Holland not having been executed, the 
 scarcity, particularly of musquets, is so great, that yesterday 
 evening the Minister of Justice, Mr Danton, applied, in the 
 name of the Executive Power, to the National Assembly for 
 leave immediately to authorise the different Municipalities to 
 search every private house through the kingdom and seize 
 upon all arms, horses, waggons, and in general upon whatever 
 property be judged in the present exigence useful to the public 
 service. He prefaced his speech by stating the alarming 
 situation of the country which called for the most vigorous 
 exertions, and seemed to intimate that in his opinion the 
 public danger was much greater than generally imagined. 
 After a short discussion the proposition of the minister was 
 agreed to and decreed. 
 
 Preparations are carrying on to fortify the hill of Mont- 
 martre which commands most of the town of Paris, and a camp 
 is marked out extending from the Bois de Boulogne all round the 
 north part of the town. The accounts of the combined armies 
 are so vague and contradictory that it would be impertinent in 
 me to mention them but as mere reports to your Lordship who 
 must be so much better informed from other quarters. It was 
 rumoured yesterday that some of the Prussian Cavalry had been 
 seen in the neighbourhood of St Menehoud (nearly half way 
 between the frontier and Paris). I rather think however, not- 
 withstanding the rapidity of the Prussian motions, that they 
 cannot yet have penetrated so far ; having a large river to pass, and 
 no accounts of the capture either of Thionville, Metz, or Verdun, 
 being yet arrived ; though from the tenour of the Minister's 
 speech last night in the National Assembly (which I heard 
 delivered) and from the strong colours in which he painted 
 the public danger, I am inclined to think he knew of worse 
 news than he dared mention. It is in contemplation to form a 
 camp between Meaux and Chalons which is to be commanded 
 by Marshal Luckner, while General Kellerman is left on the
 
 PREPARATIONS FOR INVADING NETHERLANDS AND SAVOY. 2l7 
 
 frontier. Mr Du Mouriez is said to have orders to penetrate 
 into the Netherlands towards Bruxelles, on the principle, that 
 Rome acted wisely in carrying the war to the gates of Carthage 
 whilst Hannibal was at her own door. I am also assured that 
 Mr de Montesquiou has been directed to enter Savoy, which 
 province is supposed to be very disaffected to its present 
 sovereign, and likely to become an easy convert to the cause of 
 liberty and equality. Mr de Montesquiou has about 42,000 
 troops of the line under his command, but as they are dispersed 
 in the different garrisons along the South and South-east 
 frontier, he cannot easily or quickly collect above 12 or 15,000 
 men. 
 
 In addition to what I had the honour to state in my last on 
 the insignificancy of any party in the interiour of France likely 
 to co-operate with or facilitate the progress of the Duke of 
 Brunswick I must observe that since the revolution in 1789 
 the political sentiments of almost every individual are pretty 
 generally known, and the best informed people agree that 
 almost all the aristocrats or friends to the old despotic form of 
 government are either out of the kingdom or are with the 
 Princes, and do not amount altogether to above 50,000. But, 
 my Lord, notwithstanding this appearance of unanimity such is 
 the levity of disposition of the people of this country that it is 
 impossible to judge what effect a rapid progress of the combined 
 armies might have on the public opinion and conduct. With 
 respect to the National Convention about to assemble, the 
 election of the deputies is carried on precisely in the same 
 manner as that of the late Assembly, except that the right of 
 voting which was confined to the citoyens actifs is now 
 extended to every individual indiscriminately, servants excepted. 
 This mode is thought to be more perfect as being more compre- 
 hensive, and persons en etat de domesticite are excluded only 
 because their suffrages might be supposed to be influenced by 
 the people whose wages they receive. The only material 
 alterations which will probably be made in the Constitution l>\ 
 the National Convention are 1° the abolition of the twenty-five 
 millions now allotted to the Civil List, and 2°, the transferring 
 the executive power from the King to the Conseil du pouvoir
 
 218 august, 1792. 
 
 executif consisting of the six Ministers who are to be respon- 
 sible to the nation for their conduct. Paris is at present fixed 
 upon for the meeting of the National Convention, but if the 
 enemy should approach too near they will remove to Tours or 
 Bourdeaux. 
 
 In the course of the present week the National Assembly 
 has decreed the suppression of all feudal rights. I don't know 
 if Lord Gower mentioned to your Lordship that a person of the 
 name of Noel, a clerk in the office of Foreign Affairs, is about to 
 be sent to England with a commission similar to that lately 
 entrusted to Mr de Talleyrand. 
 
 The Dutch ambassador Mr de Berkenrod has received orders 
 from T. T : H. H : M. M : similar to those lately sent to Lord 
 Gower, and His Excellency intends, I believe, to apply to-morrow 
 for the necessary passport to enable him to quit Paris. Mr 
 Morris, Minister from the United States of America to the Most 
 Christian King, had a meeting this morning with the French 
 ministers on the subject of some money owing by America to 
 France, but as he has no credentials to the new executive power 
 he of course refused to enter into any negociation with them 
 until he should be more fully acquainted with the sentiments 
 of his superiours on the new order of things established here 
 since the 10th. I have the pleasure to assure your Lordship 
 that Their Most Christian Majesties and the rest of the Royal 
 Family are in as good a state of health and spirits as can be 
 expected in their present unfortunate situation. In reading 
 this letter I must in treat your Lordship to make allowances as 
 well for the shortness of my residence at this Capital as for the 
 difficulty, in the present state of confusion, of sifting out any 
 thing like truth from amidst the variety of contradictory and 
 exaggerated accounts continually in circulation. 
 
 Paris, August 2,0th, 1792. 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 The confusion in this unfortunate city increases daily : 
 an insurrection of the inhabitants of the Fauxbourgs was ex- 
 pected yesterday evening, but the whole body of the National
 
 LIBERTY AND EQUALITY. 219 
 
 Guard being under arms all night in order to execute the 
 Decree for searching private houses for arms &c. no material 
 disturbance took place. The Assembly and the Municipality, 
 jealous of each others' powers, are at variance, and the Jacobins 
 have quarrelled among themselves. A decree having passed the 
 day before yesterday that the barriers of Paris should be thrown 
 open and a free communication be reestablished through the 
 interiour of the kingdom, which has been interrupted since 
 the 10th by the difficulty of obtaining passports and the 
 impossibility of travelling without them, two or three of the 
 leading demagogues who are afraid of not being elected to the 
 Convention if the Assembly should change its present quarters, 
 and who wish to exclude some of the moderate people such as 
 Messrs Condorcet, Kersaint &c. from being reelected, have made 
 the people believe that the measure of opening the barriers is 
 only a pretext to enable the Assembly and deputies to fly from 
 Paris to the south and make a bargain with the enemy in case 
 circumstances should render such a conduct necessary to their 
 own safety. In this persuasion many of the Fe'dere's are averse 
 to leave Paris or join the army notwithstanding the urgency of 
 the moment. The Assembly may be regarded as in a sort of 
 imprisonment and the Convention will soon be in a similar 
 situation if it should meet in this cai3ital. In order that your 
 Lordship may be enabled to judge of the language, sentiments 
 and conduct of the men of the people in this country I have the 
 honour to inclose an account of a speech delivered a few days 
 ago in the Jacobin Club. All the 83 departments have now 
 sworn to adhere to the new order of things and support what is 
 called Liberty and Equality. 
 
 I am in hopes of obtaining my passport this evening and 
 of proceeding on my journey to England in the course of 
 to-morrow. 
 
 Paris, August '31st, 1792. 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 I had the honour to mention in my last that the 
 Assembly and the Municipality of Paris were at variance in conse-
 
 220 august, 1792. 
 
 quence of the latter having arrogated to themselves more power 
 than is allowed them by the constitution, and having acted in 
 open defiance to the orders of the Legislative and Executive 
 Power in many instances, but particularly in having stopped for 
 several hours the business of the War office under pretence of 
 searching for some suspected people supposed to have been 
 concealed in the house of the War Minister. Yesterday evening 
 the quarrel between them was brought to a sort of crisis by a 
 vigorous determination and decree of the Assembly to break 
 the commissaries of the Municipality and to order them to 
 appear at the bar and answer for their conduct. This decree 
 was no sooner announced to the public, than addresses were 
 sent from most of the sections of Paris to the Municipality, 
 expressing their approbation of the conduct of those who had 
 incurred the displeasure of the legislature, swearing adherence 
 to the municipal officers, and obedience to their commands. The 
 Municipality thought proper however to obey the orders of the 
 Assembly, and, attended by a great concourse of people, ap- 
 peared this morning, with Mr Pethion at their head at the bar, 
 where after reading a long justification of their conduct, they 
 informed the Assembly, that as the Municipality enjoyed the 
 confidence of the people, who had sanctioned all its proceedings 
 by the more general approbation, they desired the Legislature to 
 reflect whether it would not be more prudent in them to 
 reconsider the decree passed yesterday. The President of the 
 Assembly in his answer to them made use of the most con- 
 ciliatory language, represented to them the fatal effects which 
 must ensue from the continuation of any misunderstanding in 
 the present moment, between the Legislature and the Munici- 
 pality, and told them that the very existence of the country 
 depended upon the unanimity of the different members of the 
 Government. He promised, however, that their case should be 
 taken into immediate consideration and exhorted them to obey 
 whatever the Assembly in its wisdom might judge right. The 
 affair has, I understand, been made up within these two hours, 
 the Municipality has been persuaded to give way, in conse- 
 quence of Mr Pe'thion having exerted all his influence to bring 
 his fellow citizens to reason, and the sections are now pro-
 
 M. DE MONTMORIN. 221 
 
 ceeding to elect new commissaries according to the decree of 
 the National Assembly. 
 
 Mr de Montmorin late governor of Fontainebleau was 
 yesterday acquitted of some charges brought against him for 
 his conduct on the 10th. He is however still detained in prison. 
 Mr de Montmorin the Ex-Minister for Foreign Affairs was 
 yesterday decrete d 'accusation on account of his behaviour 
 during his Ministry, and is now in the prison of the Abbaye. 
 A report prevailed last night that Longwy had been retaken ; I 
 only mention it to your Lordship lest you should hear it from 
 other quarters, as there is every reason to believe the report is 
 unfounded and is circulated by the Government merely to 
 keep up the spirits of the people. An account is arrived that 
 d'Etain, a small fortified place near Verdun, surrendered to forty 
 Prussian Hussars. It is not thought Verdun can make much 
 resistance, being a place of little natural strength, and its 
 fortifications in very bad order; from thence to Paris the 
 country is quite open. 
 
 A new marriage law was decreed yesterday by which divorces 
 are allowed of, nearly in the same manner as in Switzerland and 
 Poland, on the mutual consent of the husband and wife. 
 
 A courier arrived this morning from Mr de Biron, who 
 commands near Strasburg, with intelligence that everything 
 was quiet in that neighbourhood. Madame de Tarente, Dame 
 d'honneur to Her Most Christian Majesty, was arrested yester- 
 day, and taken to the prison of the Abbaye. She has been 
 several times strictly examined, and as she was known to be 
 much in the confidence of Her M. C. M. the High Court are in 
 hopes that something which may drop from her may tend to 
 criminate her Royal Mistress. 
 
 Pakis, September 2nd, 1792. 
 My Lord, 
 
 I have reason to believe that my being detained so long- 
 in expectation of receiving a passport does not proceed from 
 any wish or intention of the people in power here to insult the
 
 222 SEPTEMBER, 1702. 
 
 English Mission, but is merely in consequence of the late 
 quarrel between the Assembly and the Municipality which of 
 course suspended for a time all intercourse between them, and 
 it is necessary according to a late decree of the Assembly that 
 all passports given by the Executive power should be revised at 
 the Municipality before they can be of any use. As, however, it 
 is now near a fortnight, since, in consequence of your Lordship's 
 directions, I made my first application to Mr Le Brun for 
 a passport, and as I have taken care to remind that Minister 
 every two or three days that my orders to leave Paris were as 
 precise as possible, and as I have as yet obtained no satisfactory 
 answer on the subject, I thought proper to write to Mr Le 
 Brun a letter of which the inclosed is a copy. 
 
 I likewise inclose a letter I have just received from Lord 
 Kerry, and have only to observe on it that there are many 
 English here at present in a situation similar to that of his 
 Lordship. 
 
 In case I should receive no answer from the Minister for 
 Foreign Affairs I humbly intreat your Lordship w T ould be 
 pleased to send me orders how to conduct myself; whether it 
 would be right to remain quiet at a time when the Government 
 is so disorganized that it would be ridiculous to talk of justice, 
 propriety or the Droits des Gens, or whether it would be 
 expedient for me to take any step either with respect to myself 
 or the rest of the English who cannot obtain passports. While 
 I am writing, my Lord, the alarm guns are firing, the Tocsin 
 is ringing, and drums beating to arms all over the town. I 
 understand that a courier is j ust arrived who brings an account 
 that the Prussians are near Chalons. I fancy however that the 
 whole truth is not made public but that the enemy is much 
 nearer. 
 
 This event will probably occasion so much confusion that I 
 shall not obtain my passport for some time longer.
 
 SEPTEMBER MASSACRES. 223 
 
 Paris, September 3rd, 17'Jii. 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 I had the honour to mention in my last letter that a 
 courier arrived here yesterday afternoon with an account that 
 the Prussians were some leagues on this side Verdun. Imme- 
 diately on receiving this intelligence the National Assembly 
 decreed that as universal an alarm as possible should be spread 
 through the whole country in order that no time might be lost in 
 preparing for the general defence ; in consequence however of 
 the fermentation excited in Paris by the sounding the Tocsin, 
 firing the alarm guns and beating to arms, the peojjle assembled 
 in different parts of the town in a very tumultuous manner, 
 and at about seven o'clock in the evening surrounded the 
 church called l'Eglise des Carmes, where about 160 Priests non 
 sermentes, and taken into custody since the 10th, were confined. 
 These unfortunate people fell victims to the fury of the enraged 
 populace and were massacred with circumstances of barbarity 
 too shocking to describe. The mob went afterwards to the 
 prison of the Abbaye, and having demanded of the jailors a list 
 of the prisoners they put aside such as were confined only for 
 debt, and pulled to pieces most of the others. The same cruelties 
 were committed during the night and continue this morning in 
 all the other prisons of the town. When they have satiated 
 their vengeance, which is principally directed against the re- 
 fractory Priests, and those who were concerned in the affair of 
 the 10th, it is to be hoped the tumult will subside, but as the 
 multitude arc perfectly masters, everything is to be dreaded. 
 The Assembly deputed some of its most popular and most 
 eloquent members to endeavour to bring the people to reason 
 and a sense of their duty. These gentlemen escaped being 
 insulted but were not listened to. The Royal Family were all 
 safe and well late last night. It is impossible to describe to 
 your Lordship the confusion and consternation which at presenl 
 prevails here. The Prussians are advancing rapidly, they have 
 already cut off the communication between the armies of Messrs
 
 224 
 
 SEPTEMBER, 1792. 
 
 Luckner and Dumouriez ; and intelligence is just arrived that 
 a detachment of 2000 men lately sent from hence to reinforce 
 Verdun is fallen into the enemy's hands. 
 
 P.S. It is confidently reported that Mesdames de Lamballe, 
 de Tourzelle and de Tarente were among those who fell victims 
 to the popular fury, and the number of people already mas- 
 sacred are said to amount to four thousand. I have received no 
 answer from Mr Le Brun. 
 

 
 George Monro to Lord Grenville. 
 
 September 4th, 1792. 
 
 About one o'clock on Sunday fore-noon three signal 
 guns were fired, the Tocsin was rung, and one of the Munici- 
 pality on horseback proclaimed in different parts of the city, 
 that the enemy was at the gates, Verdun was besieged, and 
 could only hold out a few days. The inhabitants were therefore 
 ordered to assemble in their respective sections, and from thence 
 to march to the Champ de Mars, where they were to select an 
 army of sixty thousand men. 
 
 The first part of this proclamation was put in execution, 
 but the second was totally neglected ; for I went to the Champ 
 de Mars myself where I only saw M. Pethion, who on finding no 
 one there returned home. During the time the officer of the 
 Municipality was making the proclamation, two others attended 
 at the bar of the National Assembly to acquaint them with the 
 steps that had been taken by the direction of the Conseil de la 
 Commune. The Assembly applauded their conduct, and imme- 
 diately passed a decree, directing that those who refused their 
 arms to those that wished to serve, or objected serving them- 
 selves, should be deemed traitors and worthy of death, that all 
 horses of luxury should be seized for the use of the army, and 
 that those who refused to obey the orders of the present 
 executive power should be punished with death. It concluded 
 by decreeing that twelve members of the National Assembly 
 should be added to the other six that at present compose the 
 executive power. As soon as these decrees were passed, the 
 carriages and horses of gentlemen were seized in the streets 
 (agreeable to the spirit of the decree). Their owners were obliged 
 to walk home, and the horses in general were sent to the Ecole 
 Militaire, and the carriages were put under the care of different 
 guards. The proceedings with the beating of drums, firing of 
 cannon, and the marching up and down of armed men of 
 course created no little agitation in the minds of the people. 
 That however was nothing to the scene of horror that ensued 
 soon after. A party at the instigation of some one or other 
 o. c. 15
 
 220 SEPTEMBER, 1792. 
 
 declared they would not quit Paris, as long as the prisons were 
 filled with Traitors (for they called those so, that were confined 
 in the different Prisons and Churches), who might in the 
 absence of such a number of Citizens rise and not only effect 
 the release of His Majesty, but make an entire counter-revo- 
 lution. To prevent this, a large body of sans-culottes attended 
 by a number of Marseillais and Brestois, the hired assassins of a 
 Party, proceeded to the Church de Carmes, rue de Vaugirard, 
 where amidst the acclamations of a savage mob they massacred 
 a number of refractory Priests, all the Vicaires de Saint Sulpice, 
 the directors of the Seminaries, and the Doctors of the Sorbonne, 
 with the ci-devant Archbishop of Aries, and a number of 
 others, exceeding in all one hundred and seventy, including 
 those that had been confined there since the tenth. After this 
 they proceeded to the Abbaye, where they massacred a vast 
 number of prisoners, amongst whom were also many respectable 
 characters. These executioners increasing in number, different 
 detachments were sent to the Chatelet, the prison de la Force, 
 de S te Pelagie, and the prisons of the Conciergerie. At all 
 these places a most horrid massacre took place, none were 
 exempted but debtors, and many of these fell victims to the 
 fury of the people. During this sad scene, the more humane, 
 which were but few in number, hurried to the National Assembly 
 to obtain their interference for stopping such melancholy 
 outrages. They immediately decreed that six of their members 
 should go and see if it was possible to prevent such cruelties. 
 With difficulty these members arrived at the Abbaye ; when 
 there, one of them got upon a chair to harangue the people, 
 but neither he nor the others could make themselves heard, and 
 with some risk, they made their escape. Many of the Munici- 
 pality attended at the different prisons, and endeavoured to 
 quell the fury of the people, but all in vain ; they therefore 
 proposed to the mob a plan of establishing a kind of Court of 
 justice in the prisons, for the immediate trial of the remaining 
 offenders. They caught at this, and two of the Municipality 
 with a detachment of the mob, about two on Monday morning, 
 began this strange Court of justice. The gaoler's list was 
 called for, those that were confined for forging assignats, or
 
 SEPTEMBER MASSACRES. 227 
 
 theft, with the unhappy people that were any way suspected to 
 be concerned in the affair of the 10th, were in general massacred ; 
 this form took place in nearly all the prisons in Paris. But 
 early on Monday morning a detachment with seven pieces of 
 cannon went to attack the Bicetre. It is reported that these 
 wretches charged their cannon with small stones and such other 
 things, and fired promiscuously among the prisoners. I cannot 
 however vouch for this, they have however not finished their 
 cruelties there yet, and it is now past six o'clock Tuesday 
 evening. To be convinced of what I could not believe, I made 
 a visit to the prison of the Abbaye about seven o'clock on 
 Monday evening, for the slaughter had not ceased. This 
 prison, which takes its name from an adjoining Abbaye, stands 
 in a narrow street, which was at this time from a variety of 
 lights, as light as day : a single file of men armed with swords, 
 or piques, formed a lane of some length, commencing from the 
 prison door. This body might consist of about fifty ; these 
 people were either Marseillais, Brestois, or the National Guards 
 of Paris, and when I saw them seemed much fatigued with their 
 horrid work. For beside the irregular massacre that continued 
 till two o'clock on Monday morning, many of them delighted 
 with their strange office continued their services when I left 
 them, which was about nine on Monday evening. 
 
 Two of the Municipality were then in the prison with some 
 of the mob distributing their justice. Those they found guilty 
 were seemingly released, but only to be precipitated by the door 
 on a number of piques, and then among the savage cries of vive 
 Id notion, to be hacked to pieces b} r those that had swords and 
 were ready to receive them. After this their dead bodies were 
 dragged by the arms or legs to the Abbaye, which is distant 
 from the prison about two hundred yards ; here they were laid 
 up in heaps till carts could carry them away. The kennel was 
 swimming with blood, and a bloody track was traced from the 
 prison to the Abbaye door where they had dragged these 
 unfortunate people. 
 
 I was fortunate enough to be present when five men were 
 acquitted. Such a circumstance, a by-stander told me, had not 
 happened in the operations of this horrid tribunal; and these 
 
 I 5—2
 
 228 SEPTEMBER, 1792. 
 
 inconsistent murderers seemed nearly as much pleased at the 
 acquittal of a prisoner as they were at his condemnation. The 
 Governor of the Invalides 1 happened to be one of those I saw 
 acquitted, the street rung with acclamations of joy, but the old 
 man was so feeble with fear, and suspense, and so overcome with 
 the caresses of his daughter, who was attending to know his 
 fate, that they both sunk lifeless into the arms of some of the 
 spectators, who carried them to the Hospital des Invalides. The 
 same congratulations attended the others that were acquitted and 
 the same those that were condemned. Nothing can exceed the 
 inconsistency of these people. After the general massacre of 
 Sunday night many of the dead bodies were laid on the Pont- 
 neuf to be claimed, a person in the action of stealing a handker- 
 chief from one of the corpses was hacked to pieces on the spot, 
 by the same people who had been guilty of so much cruelty and 
 injustice. 
 
 One of the Municipality was fortunate enough for that night 
 to save some of the women, but many of these underwent the 
 same mock trial next day ; and the Princess Lamballe, after 
 having been butchered in the most shocking manner, had her 
 head severed from her body, which these monsters carried about, 
 while others dragged her body through many of the streets. It 
 is even said they attempted to carry it to the Queen, but the 
 Guards would not permit that. Mademoiselle de Tourzelles was 
 also reported to have been murdered, but I understand that she 
 and Madame de S te Brice were saved from the fury of the 
 people, and carried a la section des droits de Vhomme. Many 
 other women of family were killed and others escaped. Major 
 Bauchman of the Swiss Guards was beheaded on the Place 
 de Carouzel early on Monday morning. Mr Montmorin, Gover- 
 nor of Fontainebleau and nephew of Mr Montmorin late 
 Minister, who was killed at the Abbaye, had been regularly 
 tried and acquitted on Friday, but not being released was also 
 massacred at the Conciergerie. Monsieur d'Affry was acquitted 
 by the people and escaped. In all it is supposed they have 
 
 1 This was M. de Sombreuil about whom the apocryphal story is told that he 
 was released upon his daughter drinking a glass of blood. The account here 
 given by an eye-witness disproves this legend.
 
 ROYAL FAMILY IN GOOD HEALTH. 229 
 
 murdered four thousand, some say seven, but I think that 
 exaggerated. 
 
 By what I can understand it was late on Sunday evening 
 before Mr Pethion took any steps to prevent the progress of this 
 unexampled outrage, and the National Guards of course made 
 no opposition to such irregularities. The Mayor however at last 
 sent to the Temple the Commandant General of the National 
 Guards, and I am happy to inform you that in the midst of all 
 this confusion, though there was a crowd in the street, yet the 
 court of the Temple was quiet. The Section du Marais has 
 sworn not to permit any violence to be exercised against the 
 prisoners in that place, and the National Assembly have also 
 appointed six of their members as a safe-guard to the sacred 
 persons of Their Majesties, and a number of the Municipality 
 also attend. A motion was made last week to confine Their 
 Majesties in separate apartments ; that right was however found 
 to rest with the Municipality, and I have the pleasure of saying 
 that Their Most Christian Majesties still enjoy the comfort of 
 being together, and were, not an hour ago, in perfect good 
 health. 
 
 I ask pardon for giving such a detailed account of such 
 uncommon barbarity, which I am sure must be as disagreeable 
 for you to read as it is for me to commit such acts to paper, but 
 they ought to be particularized to the eternal disgrace of a 
 people who pretend to be the most civilized among the nations 
 of Europe. 
 
 Wednesday, half past 2 o'clock. 
 
 The proceedings of the dispute that existed between the 
 National Assembly, backed by a section or two, and the Conseil 
 de la Commune has no doubt been explained by Mr Lindsay. 
 That affair after having been carried to a considerable length, 
 from conciliatory measures being adopted by both sides was 
 almost dropped : and on Sunday from the critical state of the 
 Nation the Assembly on a motion of Mr Thuriot's decreed that 
 the Council General de la Commune should be augmented to 
 two hundred and eighty-eight, including the Municipal Officers,
 
 230 SEPTEMBER, 1792. 
 
 the Mayor, the Procureur de la Commune, and his substitutes ; 
 that the Commissaires which had been appointed on the 10th 
 of August should however be members of the Conseil General, 
 without the sections wished to displace them. 
 
 A decree on the same day authorized the Ministre de la 
 Guerre, to take the cavalry's carabines, and arm the troops that 
 wanted them at the camp of Soissons, which is the case with 
 most of them that are there. 
 
 On Tuesday a report was circulated that the National 
 Assembly meant to replace His Most Christian Majesty on the 
 throne, or invite his Royal Highness the Duke of York to 
 occupy his place. The Ministre de la Guerre complained much 
 of the evil occasioned by such reports, which only tended to 
 agitate the minds of the people : the Assembly on this decreed 
 that some of their members should be sent to the different 
 sections to contradict such reports, and soon after Messrs 
 Dubayet et Laviviere made a motion which they all swore to, 
 that no stranger should ever give laws to Fiance, and that no 
 King should ever sully their liberty. 
 
 While such proceedings were carrying on in the National 
 Assembly, a Moris. Moras in the Club of the Jacobins was 
 inciting them in the strongest language to address the National 
 Assembly for the immediate trial of His Most Christian 
 Majesty, and avowedly persuading them to establish a republican 
 Government. As this motion, though received with approbation 
 was not seconded, I had the satisfaction of seeing it dropped. 
 
 On Monday the address of a Monsieur Mossy, a citizen of 
 Marseilles, to the electors on the approaching National Con- 
 vention was read in the same club : this man follows the same 
 steps as Mr Moras, but with greater insolence recommends it 
 strongly to the electors to make choice of no one to represent 
 them that will not insist upon the prompt punishment of Their 
 Majesties, and in strong language he likewise directs them to 
 stipulate with their representatives that they will adopt no 
 Government but a Republic. 
 
 Nothing else material has happened in either of these two 
 houses, if you except an account of plots and risings in different 
 parts of the country, many of which I am afraid are imaginary ;
 
 DEFENCE OF PARIS. 2'M 
 
 and different detachments of armed citizens, who were going to 
 the army, that had the honour of marching through the hall of 
 the Assembly: as also their decreeing that all the gold and silver 
 belonging to the Royal Palaces, or the Hotels of the Emigrants, 
 should without loss of time be sent to the Mint for the purpose 
 of being made into money. I must likewise add they have 
 passed a decree, that the Municipality, the Conseil General, les 
 Corps administratifs, and the commandant of the National 
 Guard &c. with all the citizens of France are invited to take an 
 oath to defend the lives and property of the people, et la liberte, 
 Vegalite. Extraordinary couriers have also been sent into the 
 different departments to cherish the spirits et echauffer les cosurs 
 of all the inhabitants. Such things, with an account that the 
 Russians are inarching twenty-two thousand men to their fron- 
 tiers, and that with a fleet they have in the Black Sea they mean 
 to attack their coasts, formed the chief of their proceedings till 
 Wednesday morning. In the mean time the different sections 
 of Paris have been forming and are still forming their respective 
 quotas for the army. This has created a good deal of inconve- 
 nience to the inhabitants, and of course some discontent. I 
 however cannot but observe on the whole, that the party is 
 strong in opposing the combined powers ; but they are all 
 conscious, that undisciplined troops can make no stand against 
 such as they have to oppose; and I have no doubt, were a 
 Prussian army once to appear before Paris, that many of the 
 King's friends, who are either quiet or concealed citizens that 
 want peace, and a vast number of people that are averse to the 
 Jacobin principles, would readily declare themselves for the 
 Royal party. Twelve of the National Assembly are directed 
 to attend daily some works they have begun to throw up on the 
 heights round Paris ; of these and the citizens that are gone and 
 are still going I shall be able to give you a better account in my 
 next. I cannot help adding that, notwithstanding a tolerable 
 unanimity, there exists a general complaint of some kind or 
 other. The Ministers of every department are complaining of 
 being unable to carry on the routine of their different offices 
 for the interference of people who are ignorant of the nature of 
 them ; in short they all wish to be directors, but except the
 
 232 SEPTEMBER, 17D2. 
 
 poor people that have been compelled to go to the army none 
 wish to be actors, and, from what I can see and hear, they want 
 a confidence in their army, which is not a little increased by 
 the loss of Verdun. 
 
 As I expected Mr Lindsay to go every day, to show you I 
 was not idle I meant to have begged him to have taken this, 
 but that gentleman did not acquaint me with his departure till 
 he was gone. 
 
 Paris, September 6th, 1792. 
 
 I find the massacre at the Maison de la Force only ended 
 this morning at seven o'clock, and that of the Bicetre yesterday ; 
 one may therefore have some idea of the number by the time 
 they took to murder them : at the Maison de la Force they 
 began on Sunday evening and at the Bicetre on Monday 
 morning, and continued killing at both places with little 
 interruption, till nothing more was left for their yet unsatiated 
 vengeance. On the whole I find at least seven thousand have 
 actually been destroyed. I am however happy to learn that 
 many of the women have escaped, and that amongst these are 
 Madame de Tourzel and her Daughter, and Madame de S te 
 Brice, both of Her Most Christian Majesty's household. The 
 fate of poor Madame Lamballe is but too true, as well as that of 
 their carrying her mangled body to the windows of the Temple. 
 Mr Pethion and the Ministre de l'lnterieur, in their addresses to 
 the public, seem much hurt at this shocking event, though it is 
 certain the former took but little pains to prevent it, and the 
 latter's influence without the assistance of the Mayor was really 
 I believe of little consequence. But as Mr Pethion by a decree of 
 the National Assembly had the whole military force of Paris at 
 his direction, it was therefore certainly in his power, from that, 
 and his popularity with the mob, to have prevented, at least in 
 some degree, the sad scenes that have happened ; particularly 
 as he has been since boasting that the citizens of Paris have 
 such respect for the laws, that a ribbon tied across what is most 
 sacred is a sufficient barrier ; and in fact while there was a mob 
 collecting in the Rue de Temple on Wednesday night, that
 
 MILITARY MOVEMENTS. 233 
 
 system was put in practice, and by these singular people was 
 perfectly respected. That amounts I think to a clear proof 
 that these massacres, if not set agoing by some one, were at 
 least never intended to be stopped. 
 
 The prisoners that were confined at Orleans were brought 
 here (notwithstanding an order given by the National Assembly 
 to the contrary) on Friday, but were immediately sent back to 
 Versailles ; the people at Rheims have also massacred some 
 prisoners that were confined there. 
 
 On Wednesday evening dispatches were received from 
 General Luckner, acquainting the Ministre de la Guerre, that 
 after having made an unsuccessful attempt to relieve Verdun 
 with the advanced guard of the national troops, he had fallen 
 back upon Chalons. The object of the French seems at present 
 to be that of uniting as much of their force as possible to make 
 what stand they can at that place ; for that purpose most of the 
 armed citizens, and other troops that have as yet left this place, 
 and which this morning amounted to forty thousand, twelve 
 thousand of which are armed with piques, are ordered to join 
 what force is already there. A great part of the army at 
 Soissons are also moving to that point, and Rheims ; the whole 
 if attacked will I daresay fall gradually back till they come near 
 the Capital, where if they make a stand at all, their vanity will 
 of course prompt them to do it, for I would fain flatter myself 
 that all the opposition they can make at Chalons will be too 
 late at least for any operations of consequence, for there seem 
 authentic accounts that the Duke of Brunswick was at Clermont 
 on the 5th, which is only eleven leagues from Chalons. One 
 must therefore naturally conclude, if he means immediately to 
 push forward, which one would wish him to do, that none of 
 these people, the great body of which began to march on the 
 third, can possibly be at that place before His Highness ; ami if 
 they are unaccustomed to march, or carry arms, they can 
 therefore only add confusion to anything General Luckner may 
 have with him that is regular. Be that as it will, three of th.' 
 National Assembly left this last night for Chalons to arrange 
 with General Luckner what is necessary for their defence, as 
 well as to give confidence to the troops, and to organize that
 
 234 
 
 SEPTEMBER, 1792. 
 
 swarm of people, that are gone and are yet going from all 
 quarters ; for they were taken from their respective sections 
 and departments without being formed into regiments. It is 
 also hinted, and indeed I have it from pretty good authority, 
 that Dumouriez is to take the command of that army and 
 Luckner is to command the camp at Paris. For the present 
 however the following officers are named for the chief command 
 of that camp, Mr Beureyer Lieut. General and Commandant 
 General, Archile Duchatelet Lieut. General second in command, 
 Messrs Charton et Jarjaye Marechals de Camp, Messrs Rolland 
 et Capes Commissaries of arms and ammunition. Most of 
 these, I am informed, the people have little or no confidence in. 
 I went this day to see the kind of works they are carrying 
 on about Paris, and I found they were constructing lines, which 
 began at the village Clichy Garenne on the banks of the Seine, 
 and crossing the Picardy road went over Mount Belleville to the 
 Marne at Vincennes. This of course occupies an immense tract 
 of country. When I rode over the whole there were about six 
 working parties, each party consisting of about five hundred, 
 and when you looked at their works, at least that part you 
 could see from Mount Mater 1 , though they had been working 
 four days, they seemed scarce to have done anything ; nor 
 indeed do I think it possible that such lines can ever be 
 completed. The National Assembly have decreed that three of 
 their own Members, three of the executive power, and three of 
 the Municipality shall have the direction of these works ; some 
 of the civil power are constantly attached to all their military 
 operations, for I am more convinced than ever that they put but 
 little confidence in their Generals although they strongly profess 
 the contrary. 
 
 Had a supply of gunpowder not been obtained from Rouen 
 they would have been badly off for that, and shot, although 
 they have now also got some of that, with cannon, howitzers, 
 and some firelocks from Rochefort. The inhabitants are giving 
 in their iron pots to supply the place of shot, and are depriving 
 the dead of their coffins to make musquet balls ; and it has 
 
 Montmartre.
 
 LINDSAY ARRIVES IN LONDON. H'lo 
 
 even already been proposed to kill all the dogs in the capital 
 as so many useless months, but notwithstanding the cruelties 
 they have committed, yet they revolted at this act of barbarity. 
 General Kellerman was at Metz the fourth instant, and after 
 leaving six thousand men before Thionville he proposed moving 
 immediately towards Chalons with the rest of his army, but I 
 should suppose he will scarce be permitted to do this. But it is 
 really so difficult to get at the real operations of the army, which 
 they try to conceal as much as possible from the people, that I 
 can scarce venture to affirm anything respecting it. 
 
 Friday night, September 1th. 
 
 W. Lindsay to Lord Grenville. 
 
 Whitehall, Sept. 8, 1792. 
 Saturday, 1 o'clock p.m. 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 I have the honour to inform your Lordship that having 
 received my passport on Tuesday last from Mr Le Brun I set 
 out the next morning and am just arrived in London. I am 
 sorry to say that when I left Paris, the town was still in great 
 confusion though the tumult was in some measure subsided. 
 
 The Royal Family were all safe in the Temple on Wednesday 1 
 
 morning. 
 
 Madame de Lamballe was massacred on Monday in a manner 
 too shocking to describe to your Lordship ; the other ladies 
 confined in the Prisons escaped. 
 
 The Duke of Brunswick was, according to the latest accounts 
 made public, between Chalons and Bar le Due: it was confi- 
 dently reported also that the garrison of Verdun having made 
 some resistance had been put to the sword to the amount of 
 four thousand men. 
 
 G. Monro to Lord Grenvillk. 
 
 Saturday, Sep. 8th, 
 I think it necessary to acquaint you that there is a 
 considerable scarcity of grain in many parts of this country, 
 particularly in the south, Normandy, and Haute Guyenne, and 
 
 1 September 5.
 
 23G SEPTEMBER, 1792. 
 
 the National Assembly have agreed to give a premium to 
 encourage its importation. 
 
 The barriers have been open for some days, and passports 
 are even now dispensed with, excepting you mean to go within 
 ten leagues of the frontiers. Last evening Mr de la Roche- 
 foucault, President du Directoire du De'partement de Paris, who 
 was making his escape, was stopped near Gisors, by a detach- 
 ment of the National troops, and making some resistance was 
 killed. A quantity of money was also stopped the same day ; 
 and it has been discovered that people have been coining their 
 money in imitation of the Spanish coin, in order to carry it out 
 of the country. They have therefore passed a decree of the 
 National Assembly prohibiting any kind of coin to be carried 
 out of the country. 
 
 There is an account arrived from Charleville that the people 
 of that place have risen, and killed the Officer and detachment, 
 that were conducting two waggons loaded with arms for 
 Chalons under pretext that they were for the Austrians, and 
 that the people, when the express came away, were threatening 
 to burn all the magazines that contained arms. Should this 
 take place it will be a serious loss to the French. 
 
 Dispatches were received to-day by the Ministre de la Guerre 
 from General Kellerman, saying that he was upon his march for 
 Pont-a-Mousson, but the General declines communicating his 
 present plan, but the Ministre de la Guerre says he has the 
 greatest confidence in it, as well as in General Dumouriez, from 
 whom he also received a dispatch this day, which beside the 
 private business it contained, stated that the Prussians were 
 still encamped at Oudeville under Verdun. General Luckner 
 has also wrote, but their dispatches are all secret. The Ministre 
 de la Guerre even declined communicating them to the Assembly, 
 but the Duke of Brunswick I daresay will soon clear it all up, 
 as some stroke must be struck then, if he means to come 
 directly on. 
 
 As you may hear such reports from other hands, I think it 
 necessary to inform you of the ridiculous reports that are in 
 circulation here. Last night it was said there had been an 
 action near Stenav, in which the combined forces had been
 
 ANARCHY IN PARIS. 237 
 
 beaten and lost more than three thousand men, among whom 
 was the Prince Royal of Prussia. There has likewise been a 
 report to-day which has gained much ground among the people, 
 and which has been twice mentioned to the National Assembly ; 
 it comes from a strange side of the country, the department of 
 the Meuse, and states that the English are off Brest with twelve 
 sail of the line, and have made a disembarkation of twenty 
 thousand troops. The National Assembly passed the order of 
 the day each time the report was made, but the people's minds 
 are much agitated about it. There has likewise been a report 
 this afternoon which gained still more ground ; this states that 
 the King of Prussia riding out with a detachment of dragoons 
 was nearly shot by a peasant, and that his horse was killed 
 under him, but that he fortunately escaped. 
 
 Mr Payne is chosen one of the Deputies for the Departement 
 de l'Oise, and Mr Robespierre one of those for Paris, Mr Pethion 
 for the Departement d'Eure et Loire, and Messrs Gregoire et 
 Chabot for the Departement de Loire et Cher. The elections go 
 on very fast, and I am sorry to find that the principles of the 
 Jacobins have extended much into the interior part of the 
 country. Two hundred of the Swiss Guards who escaped the 
 affair of the 10th and the late massacre, have consented to be 
 incorporated in the National Guards, in order to save their lives. 
 The Marseillais still remain in Paris. They consist of about 
 four hundred, and there is not the smallest doubt but they are 
 Genoese assassins, hired for the purpose. We are also in daily 
 expectation of five thousand of the National Guards of Bour- 
 deaux, who are little better. I can assure you as a fact that 
 many of the citizens are in daily fear of a general pillage, ami 
 sooner or later it will certainly take place. The National 
 Assembly have directed the Mayor to make a report of (In- 
 state of the city every day, but his report is not to be attended 
 to, for the police of the city is entirely annihilated. The other 
 evening in the Palais Royal, which was always bad but is now 
 intolerable, a poor man happened to say that sending all these 
 citizens to the army was sending them to be butchered. He 
 had scarcely pronounced the word, when he was killed by the 
 blows of a hundred swords and clubs.
 
 238 
 
 SEPTEMBER, 1792. 
 
 Paris. Sep. 9th, 1792. 
 
 The number of men, for I cannot call them troops, that 
 have left this for the army is prodigious. Exclusive of the 
 adjacent villages, Paris alone has sent seventy thousand, and 
 they are still enrolling ; many of whom, as the Hotel I live in 
 joins that of L'Hotel de la Guerre, I had an opportunity of 
 seeing, and I am convinced as a military man that they must 
 tend more to create confusion in a regular army than to be of 
 any advantage to it. As the Duke of Brunswick of course has 
 good intelligence, he knows this. I have heard to-day that the 
 multitude of people that are besides this either at or going to 
 Chalons is beyond belief. As not half of these can however be 
 armed or clothed, and none of them scarcely disciplined, they 
 must therefore be so many useless mouths. Indeed General 
 Luckner and the Ministre de la Guerre are aware of this and 
 have made several applications to the Assembly to prevent 
 people going that have not arms. 
 
 The cause among the lower order of people is more popular 
 than I imagined, I cannot therefore help thinking the Duke of 
 Brunswick ought to get before Paris as quick as he can. There 
 has been a report flying about to-day, that Thionville is taken, 
 and that Metz is besieged, but I cannot vouch it as a fact, as it 
 comes from no authority. Horses and waggons have been 
 impressed in vast numbers to-day to carry provisions, camp 
 equipage, and other things to the army. I don't know how 
 they mean that Paris should stand a siege, for they seem to be 
 carrying most things out of it. A quantity of assignats were 
 again burnt on Friday, but neither gold nor silver nor yet even 
 copper is scarcely to be seen. The National Assembly from 
 the multiplicity of complaints that were made have put a stop 
 to their taking any more of the coffins of the dead, and have 
 given directions that the prison de Chatelet should be taken 
 down, which will add much to the beauty and health of that 
 part of the town. 
 
 Doctor Priestly, it is announced to the Assembly this day, 
 has been elected one of the Deputes for the Departement of the 
 Somme.
 
 MASSACRE OF PRISONERS. 239 
 
 The deplorable state of Landau has this day been represented 
 to the National Assembly ; which is without provision or 
 ammunition. I however have the honour of inclosing you the 
 paper which is this moment come from the press, and which 
 contains most of what is new that has happened to-day which I 
 have not mentioned. I am however sorry to inform you that it 
 is said the King has been for some days confined in a separate 
 apartment from Her Majesty. I have however the pleasure of 
 adding that the whole Royal family are in perfect health. The 
 King's valet de chambre was confined for sincnno; Richard, 
 mon Hoi. 
 
 Sunday evening, 7 o'clock. 
 
 Monday, Sept. 10th to Wednesday, Sept. 12th. 
 
 The same evening I had the honour of closing my last, 
 the unfortunate prisoners that had been removed from Orleans 
 were massacred at Versailles, by a party of the guard that had 
 conducted them, and of a detachment of the Paris sans-culottes. 
 Amongst those murdered were the Duke of Brissac, who resisted 
 these villains for a considerable time. The late Bishop of Per- 
 pignan and the Governour of the same place shared alike fate, as 
 also Monsieur Bertrand, late Ministre de la Marine, and Monsieur 
 Delessart, late Ministre de lTnterieur. This last they seemed 
 to have a particular dislike to, as they dragged his mangled body 
 about the streets; besides these three there were many other 
 people of consequence, and a number of the late Gardes de Roi, 
 with a Juge de paix. In all they amounted to fifty-three, exclusive 
 of thieves and other prisoners they put to death, that were con- 
 fined in other prisons of Versailles. 
 
 Notwithstanding this Mr Pethion reported to the Assembly 
 this evening, that Paris was perfectly quiet, and that the law- 
 reigned in its full plenitude. This transaction lias not been 
 mentioned in the National Assembly, nor are half of the irregu- 
 larities mentioned publicly that are going on. 1 only mention 
 this to show you the little attention that is to be paid to the 
 Mayor of Paris's reports.
 
 240 SEPTEMBER, 17 l J'2. 
 
 The dispatches received from General Kellerman this day, 
 acquaint the Ministre de la Guerre that he is now arrived at 
 his destination between the Duke of Brunswick's array and 
 Paris, that is he is at Vry, Boulay and St Arold, which are 
 almost upon the frontiers, near Sar-louis, and that General 
 Dumouriez is ready to join him ; he adds that these two, with 
 Generals Luckner and Labourdonnaye, who commands at Sois- 
 sons, are on the very best terms, though this is known not to be 
 at all the case ; but the whole of this account is inconsistent, 
 and seems a bait for the people. The Ministre de la Guerre 
 likewise informs the Assembly that he has letters from General 
 Moreton dated the 9th, which acquaint him that the detachment 
 taken from him by General Dumouriez's order, had so weakened 
 him, that in a council of war it was thought expedient to quit 
 Maulde, that this was done with the greatest courage, and good 
 order ; that both in that, and the evacuation of St Amand, though 
 much harassed, they had lost but few men, though people talk 
 here of their having lost two thousand. He also adds that the 
 Commandant of Lisle writes that he has his fears about that 
 place, which the Austrians begin to threaten. As all this has 
 happened nearer you than me, you of course have much better 
 information on that head, but it has created a universal alarm, 
 and discontent here. The Ministre de la Guerre finished the 
 detail of his dispatch by contradicting an assertion, contained in 
 a letter signed or pretended to be signed by the officers of the 
 garrison of Landau, stating the place was without provisions. 
 He assured the Assembly that the direct contrary was the case, 
 that there was near fifteen thousand sacks of flour in the garrison, 
 and that other stores were in proportion ; it is however said this 
 is far from being the case, in point of munitions de bouche they 
 are pretty well off, but in other respects not at all sufficiently 
 provided. 
 
 A Commissaire from the army of the Rhine informed the 
 Assembly that the Commandant of Huningen was stopped as 
 he was quitting that place to join the Emigrants, and that Mon- 
 sieur d'Aiguillon was suspended, as they had strong suspicions he 
 meant to do the same; le Ministre lTnterieur likewise informed 
 the Assembly that Messrs. Victor, Broglie, and Briche were
 
 SCARCITY OF GRAIN. 241 
 
 arrested. The money coined out of the silver, brass, and bills of 
 the late suppressed Monasteries amounts in all to thirty-eight 
 millions and three hundred thousand livres ; and they have 
 passed a decree this day, directing that within twenty-four 
 hours after the publication of the decree, the Municipality of 
 the different Departments all over France, shall choose among 
 themselves a certain number, who shall visit and give in an 
 exact state of all the furniture or utensils either in gold or silver, 
 that belongs to any Cathedral, Parish Church, or other places of 
 worship, and that whatever was found should immediately be 
 sent, by the shortest and safest way to the nearest Mint to be 
 made into money. 
 
 They seem apprehensive that the scarcity of grain will breed 
 much confusion, and its effects I believe have already begun to 
 be felt, towards the South ; the Ministre de l'interieur has stated 
 to the Assembly that Lyons, and Nevers, with many other parts 
 are far from being supplied as they used to be, and that riots 
 and murders on that account are continually happening. This 
 however he does not impute to the badness of the crops, but to 
 the schemes of their enemies, added to the vast demand of grain 
 for the army and the capital, as also the last year's scarcity in 
 the South ; though it is well known they have had bad crops 
 this year in many places, and the troops and cavalry who were 
 without subordination destroyed a vast deal of grain while green, 
 and in addition to that a good quantity has been carried out of 
 the country. 
 
 As I saw, when I had the honour of writing you last, that 
 though apparently otherwise yet there existed a want of con- 
 fidence in their generals ; this has now begun to shew itself, and 
 a public complaint has been made by one of the Commissaires 
 at Chalons to the Municipality of Paris (for they have also three 
 of their body there), and they by a deputation communicated it 
 to the National Assembly. This complaint states that they 
 found Chalons in the greatest confusion and agitation, and that 
 the same spirit that surrendered Longwy and Verdun reigned 
 there, that there was only one good patriot in the whole place, 
 and that on asking General Luckner some questions respecting 
 these things they got nothing but iusignitieaut answers : that 
 G. c. 1G
 
 242 SEPTEMBER, 1792. 
 
 the General had then taken no steps to form the camp, and that 
 there was plenty of saltpetre but scarce any gunpowder and only 
 tents for eight thousand men; they also added that on their way 
 there, they met a detachment of Walsh's regiment (who had 
 been taken at Verdun) on their march to Meaux, by General 
 Luckner's order ; they sent this regiment back escorted by the 
 gendarmerie : that this corps had spread a report wherever they 
 went, how well they had been treated by the King of Prussia, 
 and that white cockades were found to the amount of three 
 hundred in their baggage. The National Assembly sent this 
 complaint to their commission extraordinaire, and except the 
 discontent it has raised I have heard no more about it ; it is 
 however supposed they have sent to arrest Luckner, should they 
 find the complaint well founded, on the spot. Soissons and 
 Rheims are also I understand in the greatest disorder. In every 
 place where prisoners are confined the mob seem to take the 
 law into their own hands : at Chalons it was with much difficulty 
 the Deputies of the executive power could save the prisoners 
 there, and in Paris the mob seized two soldiers whom they sus- 
 pected to have robbed the regimental chest, and it took even 
 all the influence of the Mayor to prevent their being put to 
 instant death. This conduct of course displeases even the most 
 violent, who sincerely wish success to the Revolution, but who 
 dread to be governed by the mob ; and I am certain if these 
 scenes continue, the most inveterate enemies of the old Govern- 
 ment will gladly embrace any other than the present. I see 
 this in a great degree already here, and it will of course extend 
 to every one that has the smallest property. The dread of a 
 general pillage is so great that they are forming associations to 
 defend their property. 
 
 The complaints this day (Tuesday) are much increased, 
 Luckner is now openly abused, and they complain they have 
 too many of the late nobility in their army ; should they meet 
 with any considerable check I dread the fate of these officers, 
 for they will certainly be massacred. The National Assembly 
 are quite the reverse from being unanimous. The walls are 
 covered with their different hand-bills, for that is the way they 
 take of referring their opinions to the public ; I would fain hope
 
 KELLERMANN AT LIGNY, 243 
 
 the King will find his party stronger than may be expected, 
 although I am afraid there is but little chance of that. 1 think 
 it a pity the Duke of Brunswick had not if possible approached 
 nearer the city; it perhaps would have awed the King's enemies, 
 and have encouraged his friends. We are kept perfectly in the 
 dark here about his intentions, but every moment that is lost is 
 of consequence, as the French are not only daily getting more 
 strength, more arms, and better discipline, but will also soon 
 make the works about Paris respectable ; and if they can get 
 the better of the present licentiousness of the mob, which they 
 will of course by degrees try to do, things will then wear a 
 different appearance, and what would be an easy conquest at 
 this period, may in the course of a month be a very difficult 
 one. 
 
 The Ministre de la Guerre informs the Assembly that he 
 has received letters from General Kellerman, who is arrived at 
 Ligny. That General must have made a rapid march from 
 Boulay, Vry and St Arold, almost on the frontiers, now to be at 
 Ligny ; if he is there it is a tolerable position. 
 
 Monsieur Marbeuf late Archbishop of Lyons was arrested 
 this afternoon about seven leagues from Paris; Monsieur 
 Chabot one of the Deputies has arrested what he calls a 
 counter-revolutionist with a large sum of money in gold; the 
 name of this person is concealed as he has accomplices whom 
 they expect to seize. 
 
 Monsieur Amclot reminded the National Assembly that 
 many of the members had neglected to pay their subscriptions 
 for carrying on the war, most of them out of their eighteen 
 livres a day I am afraid will find that a hardship. 
 
 The authority of the Pope in the French colonies which 
 they had forgotten when they made their last attack on that 
 Pontiff arc, by a decree totally annihilated. It is firmly believed 
 that their army in the South means to attack the King of 
 Sardinia's dominions at Poncharra and Chapariellan, and that 
 our Royal Master as Elector of Hanover means to supply the 
 Emperor with six thousand Hanoverians. 
 
 1G— 2
 
 244 SEPTEMBER, 1792. 
 
 Sept. 12th to Friday Morning Sept. 1-lth. 
 
 There is but little going on to-day ; the town, excepting 
 the complaint of the inhabitants respecting the little progress 
 their arms make, is as quiet as a place can be where the mob 
 are masters. The people of Paris since the Duke of Brunswick 
 has made a halt think no longer of the defensive ; they even 
 blame their favourite, General Dumouriez, for not attacking the 
 combined army ; but things cannot remain much longer in this 
 situation, a stroke must be struck. 
 
 The interior dissentions amongst people in power seem 
 daily increasing. Monsieur Holland, the Ministre de l'interieur, 
 has been obliged to stick his defence up against the walls : it 
 fills a large sheet of paper, most of which is in praise of himself. 
 What made him take this step was a paper stuck up in the 
 same manner signed Marat, " a friend of the people and a good 
 citizen." This affiche attacks the Ministers, many of the 
 members of the Assembly, and the generals of the army; he 
 insinuates that most of these are in correspondence with the 
 enemies of France, and that a letter of Monsieur Rolland's to 
 the National Assembly was a complete piece of craft and 
 perfidy. 
 
 This Marat was one of the Municipality, a violent man lay- 
 ing himself out for what party he shall find best ; he was 
 prosecuted by Lafayette, and a number of citizens have since 
 petitioned the Assembly that the prosecution might be dropped, 
 which I believe is done, and he is elected one of the Deputies 
 at the approaching National Convention. 
 
 A complaint has been made to the National Assembly that 
 vast quantities of cattle are daily exported from the coast of 
 Normandy to the islands of Jersey and Guernsey, where 
 many emigrants and refractory priests have taken refuge; the 
 Assembly upon this have prohibited the exportation of cattle 
 from any part of France. They have also decreed that the 
 fathers and mothers of emigrants shall be obliged to fur- 
 nish two soldiers completely armed and clothed, and that they 
 shall also be obliged to subsist these two men, at the rate of
 
 REPORTS FROM THE ARMY. 245 
 
 twenty-five sols during the war ; three weeks are allowed them 
 to prove where their children are, and if absent on account of 
 commerce, education or any other good reason, they, as well as 
 poor widows who can prove this, are to be excused. 
 
 General Dumouriez acquaints the Ministre de la Guerre, 
 that a part of the combined troops have made a precipitate 
 retreat from one of their camps (he does not say which), and 
 that he seized this opportunity to take possession of a very 
 advantageous piece of ground ; he adds that General Kellerman 
 is now at St Dizier. It is almost difficult to follow this 
 general upon paper ; he marches from Vitry, St Arold and 
 Boulay, to Ligny, and from thence to St Dizier as if it was 
 nothing. It is almost impossible to get at the real situation of 
 the French troops, for this is seldom mentioned, and, when 
 mentioned, is again contradicted : I however now find that 
 General Luckner is at Chalons, that General Kellerman is on 
 his right at St Diziers, and General Labourdonnay is on his 
 left at Soissons. General Dumouriez is encamped at Grand 
 Pre*, with an advanced guard under the command of General 
 Dillon at St Me'ne'hould, and that the detachment that was 
 taken from the army at Maulde, had arrived and halted at 
 Rhetel ; these different armies amount to about eighty thousand 
 of what can be called soldiers, and they are getting much 
 encumbered with volunteers unarmed, who are daily coming in. 
 
 Although the law respecting divorces has scarcely been 
 passed a week, and that respecting the situation of the children 
 in such cases is not yet made, yet the juges de paix have 
 already separated many unhappy couples, for the law proceed- 
 ings are so simple that it comes within their jurisdiction. 
 They have given General Bruycr who is to command the camp 
 at Paris the Hotel d'Egmont which belonged to Monsieur 
 Pignatelli, who has at present a command in the Emigrant 
 army. It is reported that General CI airfail is killed, and that 
 the combined army are in great want of provisions. I only 
 mention this as a report. 
 
 The departments of the North have proposed raising and 
 arming t wm ty-thousand men, and I find thai a vast number of 
 the volunteers thai wenl from here are gone to the South,
 
 246 SEPTEMBER, 1792. 
 
 The Ministre de l'interieur is again making heavy com- 
 plaints to the National Assembly of the Municipality of Paris ; 
 he says they send a deputation of their members about the 
 different departments, who exercise an authority that creates so 
 much discontent that he will soon be able no longer to answer 
 for the consequences. He says they enter people's houses which 
 they call suspected, and take their plate, and other valuables. 
 The Municipality of other places are now copying that of Paris, 
 and even rival the executive power in authority ; he particular- 
 ly mentions two who went to the Assemble electorale at Meaux 
 (he makes an apology for using their language which I do also) 
 and after making use of a great deal of improper language, 
 concluded their harangue, by directing that a cannon should be 
 cast of the calibre of His Most Christian Majesty's head, that in 
 case of an invasion they might fire the head of that traitor at 
 the enemy. 
 
 The Cardinal de Rohan has written a letter to the National 
 Assembly, which is accompanied with the Duke of Brunswick's 
 manifesto ; he abuses the revolution, and declares he will 
 make the Deputies answerable for his property which they 
 have confiscated ; he concludes his letter by hoping he will soon 
 see an exemplary vengeance inflicted on them. 
 
 The want of small assignats is very much felt, and the 
 people begin to be very clamorous about them. The poor men 
 that the mob were going to have put to death for robbing their 
 military chest, have this day been tried, and found perfectly 
 innocent. 
 
 Feiday Uth to Monday Sept. \lth, 1792. 
 
 The want of police has got nearly to the height I 
 expected it would ; the blackguards of Paris have begun this 
 day to stop people publicly in the streets, and take their 
 watches and buckles from them; they have even taken the 
 ladies' rings from their fingers, and from their ears : my 
 traiteur was obliged to bring me metal spoons for fear of the 
 others being taken; a general pillage as I said before will at 
 last take place. The Mayor has exerted himself a little in this
 
 MASSACRE AT LYONS. 247 
 
 business, and the people have assisted in protecting themselves. 
 One woman killed one of these villains with her scissors. I 
 myself never move out but with pistols in my pocket, as I find 
 them more necessary here than in Turkey. 
 
 Information is arrived this day, that a general massacre of 
 the prisoners at Lyons has taken place, and that although the 
 Municipality did everything in their power to save them, yet it 
 was found impossible and a vast number have suffered. In 
 other parts their treatment of the refractory priests is as 
 shameful and cruel as the rest of their conduct. In many 
 places they shave, and duck them, and those who wish to get 
 out of the country are refused passports, although it was 
 decreed by the Assembly that they should leave France in a 
 given time, and that those who were found in the country 
 afterwards should be transported to Cayenne ; those that can- 
 not escape will I daresay be soon massacred. 
 
 It is reported here that the combined army has been 
 repulsed before Thionville, and that they have lost five hundred 
 and fifty killed, among whom is the Prince of Waldeck, and 
 other two, whose names they do not know. This is the report 
 made by Mr Merlin one of the Deputies whose father resides in 
 Thionville ; he however makes no mention of what loss the 
 garrison sustained, or at least makes it so trifling, as to make 
 me suspect very much his partiality. 
 
 The Ministre de la Guerre says he received letters from 
 General Kellerman dated the 12th inst., that he had at that 
 time advanced to Bar-le-Duc and that the advanced suard of 
 the Prussians had on his approach fallen back upon their main 
 body. A letter from General Luckner inclosing a note from 
 General Dumouriez says that the combined army attacked him 
 on the 13th inst. by attempting to penetrate at the Abatis de 
 Croix aux Bois, at the same time that they attacked his right 
 and left wings at Marel and Mortand ; he adds that this attack 
 was only made by the light troops and that he had dispatched 
 General Chazot with seven batallions, five squadrons, and some 
 artillery, and hopes by this time he has dispersed them ; for the 
 affair was not finished when General Dumouriez dispatched the 
 note to Luckner. General Kellerman on hearing this fell b.nk
 
 248 SEPTEMBER, 1792. 
 
 to St Dizier to cover Chalons and Paris whatever might be the 
 event. I hope I shall be able to give you a satisfactory account 
 of this action before I dispatch my letters ; a decisive one 
 would give this business nearly a final blow at least on this side 
 of Paris. 
 
 I need not inform you of the proceedings of the Diet of 
 Ratisbone ; the Ministre des affaires etrangeres has informed 
 the Assembly that the Emperor has pressed the Diet to declare 
 war against France, and that the Hanoverian ambassador is 
 the Ministre that has made a progress through the different 
 circles to solicit their adhesion to the Emperor's wish and that 
 of most of the Germanic Body. He added with much emphasis, 
 for I was present when the letter was read, that the intentions 
 of a certain Power began now after having been long suspected 
 to discover itself. He added that the French Minister at 
 Ratisbone was warned to quit it, and that the Emperor was 
 trying to get any other French Minister in Germany sent back. 
 Upon this, Mr Merlin made a motion to recall all their 
 ambassadors, which was referred to the Comite Diplomatique. 
 
 I need not also tell you, that the French have commenced 
 hostilities by this time against the King of Sardinia. Orders 
 were dispatched from Paris to General Montesquiou, the 10th 
 inst. for that purpose, and he had been prepared some time 
 before, and only waited for the arrival of the order to put the 
 plan in execution. It has also been reported to the National 
 Assembly by the department of the Hautes-Pyrenees, that the 
 King of Spain had declared war against France on the 2nd 
 inst. and that he had appointed Generals Rabi, Alvares, and 
 Delasny to command the army of invasion. The Ministre des 
 affaires etrangeres has this day (Sunday) given the particulars 
 of the proceedings of the Diet of Ratisbone, and confirmed the 
 certainty of the members almost unanimously agreeing to 
 declare war against France. He however observes that the 
 formation of their respective contingents, cannot take place 
 for some time yet, they have therefore nothing to fear from 
 this campaign. Complaints have been made in the National 
 Assembly against the Commissaires of the executive power, 
 who when sent to the Departments exceed the instructions
 
 LETTERS FROM DUMOURIEZ. 249 
 
 they are sent with, and dismiss at their pleasure people in 
 public employments, and appoint others as they think proper. 
 The Assembly have therefore decreed that in future they shall 
 be obliged to shew their instructions, before any one shall be 
 bound to obey them, they also decreed at the same time that 
 no municipal officer can exercise any authority out of his 
 Municipality, and that if they attempt it after this decree they 
 are to be prosecuted for rebellion. 
 
 The Swiss Cantons have demanded an official account from 
 Mr d'Affy of the affair of the 10th of August and have desired 
 him to collect the remainder of the Swiss Guards, and return 
 with them ; he will find a difficulty in collecting them, for those 
 that remained were glad, poor people, to save their lives by 
 entering into French regiments. 
 
 A decree respecting the houses in the Palais Koyal has 
 been passed at the instance of the Duke of Orleans, who passes 
 a considerable part of the day at Paris, and goes to the country 
 in the evening. It is very long and as it was private business 
 I scarce looked at it. 
 
 Letters are at last arrived from General Dumouriez, in 
 which he talks of an advantage gained, but which nowhere 
 appears ; on the contrary by his falling back to cover Rbeims 
 and Chalons, I think it appears quite the reverse from an 
 advantage ; as the Ministre de la Guerre's letter will best prove 
 this, I shall take the liberty of translating the whole account, 
 and you can then judge for yourself. 
 
 " Monsieur Filassier, the Secretary, read a letter from the 
 " Minister of war, in which he tells the Assembly that Mr 
 " Dumouriez after confirming the news of the advantage that 
 " we gained sends him the following note of General Chazot's. 
 
 " My Dear General, 
 
 "After having the greatest success yesterday I have just 
 "been attacked by a force much superior in number to mine, 
 " and it is not possible to suppose that my small army of five 
 "thousand men could be able to withstand one often or twelve 
 " thousand. 
 
 " We have had a few men killed and about twenty wounded.
 
 250 SEPTEMBER, 1702. 
 
 "the enemy has lost a great many more than we ; you see that 
 " what I feared has happened, I hope we shall be more success- 
 " ful another time. 
 
 Signed Chazot. 
 
 " Mr Dumouriez," continues the Minister of War, " afterwards 
 •'gives me an account of the measures he has taken to prevent 
 " the enemy from advancing. He has marched with his army 
 " to cover Rheims and Chalons, and he now occupies a position 
 " in which two French generals prevented, during a whole 
 " campaign, the enemy from proceeding in their intention to get 
 " to Paris. 
 
 " Prince Charles de Ligne was killed in the last action and 
 "we have taken a secretary of the King of Prussia's carrying 
 " dispatches to the Duke of Brunswick ; Mr Dumouriez is 
 " getting these dispatches translated, and will send them imme- 
 "diately to the National Assembly. The Assembly sent the 
 " Minister's letter to the Committee of Extraordinaries." 
 
 There appears to me no advantage got here and I have 
 never seen any other account of this affair ; there was a report 
 in the streets that General Dumouriez had killed four thousand 
 Prussians, and that the King himself was besieged in Verdun; 
 but this was all nonsense ; I therefore understand that the 
 whole advantage was, that General Chazot stood his ground the 
 first attack, which was perhaps more than was expected. After 
 a seeming hesitation they have at last directed that the Play- 
 house of the Tuileries shall be fitted up for the National 
 Assembly, and as soon as two hundred of the members of the 
 Convention assemble, the powers of the National Assembly 
 shall then cease. Tom Payne I find by Mr Mason, who only 
 arrived here last night, is on his road to take his seat ; I have 
 heard nothing of Dr Priestly, he has perhaps more sense than 
 to come among such fools. What must a nation come to that 
 can have so little discernment in the election of their represent- 
 atives, as to elect such a fellow ? For he has been chosen for 
 three or four places. 
 
 Last night the Garde Meuble, where everything that was 
 valuable in the palaces was kept, and amongst those the 
 Regalia of France, was broke open and robbed of a variety of
 
 ROBBERY OF THE GARDE-MEUBLE. 251 
 
 things of the greatest value, amongst which was the remarkable 
 large diamond. The people that committed this robbery broke 
 in at the back part of the house, and the guard in the front 
 heard nothing of it. The particulars are not yet known, but it 
 has happened on an unlucky day, as I am afraid they will 
 search Mason, as they search everyone that goes out at the 
 barrier ; as it will however be the same tomorrow and for many 
 days to come, I shall however dispatch him. 
 
 half past 4 o'clock, p.m. 
 
 Sept. 20th, to the 22nd. 
 
 Nothing happened on Monday although the whole day 
 was a day of alarm ; the sections were all extremely attentive, 
 and seemed unanimous in keeping the peace. The streets were 
 constantly patrolled with strong patrols, and when they chose, 
 the police seemed again to exist. I natter myself from the 
 order that was kept, that Their Majesties were even ignorant of 
 the horrid plans that were talked of without some of their 
 attendants were ill-natured enough to inform them, which is 
 not at all unlikely. During the day frequent proclamations 
 were made, and the people were advised to be on their guard 
 against the enemies that were dispersed among them, and were 
 entreated to protect the lives and property of every individual. 
 The great gates of the garden of the Tuileries were also shut, so 
 that no one could have access during the day to the National 
 Assembly but by the small passages, and when it grew dark 
 every avenue but that of the Feuillants were shut, and the 
 guard there was reinforced, and the sentries doubled. Lafay- 
 ette's deputies were sadly alarmed and I really believe not 
 without reason; I was acquainted with two, who expressed their 
 fears to me, and their anxiety to get away never to return- 
 Marat the associate of Robertspier, in order either to complete 
 what was dreaded, or to add still more to the universal alarm, 
 had stuck up hand bills in every place they could be stuck, 
 abusing as before most of the National Assembly, bhe Minister.-
 
 252 SEPTEMBER, 1792. 
 
 and generals, and exciting the people in the plainest terms to 
 punish the traitors (as he termed it) when there existed so 
 much treason ; the Ministre de l'interieur he was particularly 
 severe upon ; and poor Madame Roland, who they say has 
 great influence with her husband, and whom he addressed as 
 the real Minister, had everything said against her that could 
 excite the people instantly to destroy her. 
 
 The National Convention met agreeably to order on the 
 20th, but did little else that evening than mention the authority 
 they were assembled by, name Mr Pethion for their president, 
 Messrs Camers, Vergniaod, Brissot, Rabant, and Lasource for 
 their secretaries, and call over the names of three hundred and 
 seventy-one members which was all that were then present, and 
 which after some little conversation was agreed to be a 
 majority. 
 
 Next day after some little ceremony between them and the 
 National Assembly, as the hall of the Tuileries was not quite 
 finished they adjourned to that of the Assembly ; their coming 
 there was announced some time before by a deputation from 
 the Convention, of which number was Philip Joseph Egalite' 
 ci-devant Duke of Orleans, so that everything was ready for their 
 proceeding immediately to business which was done by Mr 
 Manuel moving that the president of the Convention should be 
 lodged in the palace of the Tuileries and every time he opened 
 the sitting, the members should rise, that they might never for- 
 get their rights, nor the respect due to the Sovereignty of the 
 people. The previous question was passed upon this motion 
 without any opposition ; and after a variety of other debates, 
 some wishing to declare all the powers of the old government 
 null and to reappoint them, others opposed this, and the 
 debate turned chiefly upon the Sovereignty of the people, and 
 the attention that ought to be paid to their wishes in forming a 
 new constitution, and that they should almost individually 
 sanction such an act. Upon this Mr Danton after resigning his 
 place of Ministre de la justice, said it was impossible to have 
 any constitution, but that which was accepted by a majority of 
 the people in the Assemblies primaires; and that all persons 
 and property of whatever kind should be put under the safe- 

 
 ABOLITION OF ROYALTY. 253 
 
 guard of the people. This was passed, and they also decreed 
 that all laws that were not repealed, and the powers that were 
 not suspended, were still provisionally to exist, and that all 
 taxes and public contributions should be collected as before. 
 The Convention was then going to adjourn for an hour or two 
 when Mr d'Herbois, one of the members for Paris, said there 
 was a declaration they could not dispense making that night, 
 which was the abolition of Royalty ; this after a very short 
 conversation was unanimously agreed to, and on Saturday the 
 suppression of every attribute of Royalty wherever it might be, 
 and the destruction of everything that recalled the idea of such 
 a government was decreed ; the seal was to be changed and to 
 bear a Roman fasces surmounted with a cap of Liberty, and the 
 exergue La Republique Francaise, and all public deeds were in 
 future to be dated from the first year of the Republic. The 
 rest of the day was passed in regulating the tribunals, and in 
 renewing them, and all the corps administratifs, among which 
 was to be included the Municipality and justices of the peace ; 
 after a good deal of conversation on this business in which Mr 
 Danton again took the lead, and in which Mr Thomas Payne 
 took part by the means of Mr Gonpillian who was his truche- 
 ment 1 , for he speaks little or no French, it was decreed that the 
 people should choose their own judges and from among what- 
 ever class of people they thought proper, not caring whether 
 they were acquainted with the forms or nature of the law or 
 not; indeed it seemed particularly wished that lawyers should 
 not be chosen. It would however be doing injustice to a whole 
 nation to say such an absurdity was decreed without opposition. 
 I forgot to tell you in my last that a number of departments 
 insist upon dismissing and re-electing their members as they 
 think proper, and some of them have actually dismissed those 
 that they had chosen for the Convention. This right must of 
 course now be discussed. 
 
 1 I.e. trucheinan, dragoman, interpreter.
 
 254 SEPTEMBER, 1702. 
 
 Sept. 22nd to 23rd, 1792. 
 
 On Thursday evening the Ministre de la Guerre in- 
 formed the Assembly that the armies of Dumouriez, and 
 Kellerman had formed a junction some time on the 19th ; but 
 by dispatches received from General Kellerman, I find his army 
 which was encamped upon the heights of Valmy was attacked 
 on the 20th and that after an action of twelve hours, he was 
 obliged to fall back to Dampier a village to the left of Chalons, 
 and the Duke of Brunswick continued his march followed by 
 a column of Hessians and Emigrants as was supposed for 
 Rheims. 
 
 General Kellerman by his own account in this action 
 (which is the first they have yet acknowledged any loss), says 
 he has only lost about two hundred and fifty killed and 
 wounded, among which are some officers of rank ; but I under- 
 stand their loss is really very considerable, as well as the loss of 
 cannon, which they make no mention of, or have ever yet done 
 in any of their actions. General Dumouriez who also writes 
 the same day says, — " I shall not remain long in the position 
 " I now am, but follow the march of the enemy." He has sent 
 back the fourteen volunteers that behaved ill in his last action, 
 they are the sons of respectable bourgeois ; what will be their 
 fate is yet unknown. Two batallions are also daily expected 
 for the same crime, this I daresay will cool the military ardour 
 of the Parisiens a little. The different sections have however 
 been making what they call a review of their batallions to-day, 
 I saw a number of them, and not one quarter of them have fire 
 locks, and at least one half of them are old men. 
 
 General Luckner is returned to Paris. Whether he has 
 been recalled or is come to resign is not yet known, as he only 
 came here last night. General Montesquiou of whose army we 
 have yet heard nothing since the declaration of hostilities on 
 that side, has been some nights ago denonce or impeached in 
 the club of the Jacobins, as well as his whole e'tat major. I 
 have therefore no doubt but he will likewise soon be recalled, 
 as I understand the matter has been taken up in another
 
 STATE OF THE PROVINCES. 255 
 
 quarter very seriously. Mr Fauchet bishop of Calvados, a 
 member of the late Assembly and of the present Convention, 
 has been expelled that society, and I daresay will soon be 
 expelled the Convention, if he gets off only with that. His 
 alleged crime is that of assisting Mr Narbonne to make his 
 escape : during this enquiry Madame Stael's name has been 
 brought much upon the carpet, luckily she got off about the 
 time of the massacres and is now with her father who I think 
 is Mr Necker. 
 
 I imagine the French are getting arms from England, they 
 will also get corn if they can, indeed I know some has already 
 been procured ; if it is therefore wished to prevent the expor- 
 tation of these articles, they cannot be too strict on the coast of 
 England, Scotland and Ireland, as I know the French will 
 almost give any price for them. 
 
 Just before the authority of the National Assembly ceased, 
 Mr Theodore Lameth wished to intercede for his brother 
 Charles, who has been confined at Rouen as an accomplice of 
 Lafayette's for this month past, but the order of the day was 
 passed on the motion ; and it was also decreed, as some Bishops 
 who were Deputies received pay for both appointments, those 
 that had, should be obliged to reimburse the allowance of one 
 of those places. 
 
 A scarcity of everything still prevails at Lyons, the magis- 
 trates have been obliged to lower the price of bread and other 
 articles, and the farmers of course now bring nothing to 
 market. Troyes and Rouen also complain much, but are as yet 
 quiet, but only till they can get an opportunity to break out. 
 Orleans is in an absolute state of civil war ; the sections had 
 suspended the Municipality, and they refused to comply with 
 this suspension, and defended themselves in a house with 
 cannon. A deputation of the National Convention have been 
 sent to arrange this, and are not yet returned. The inhabit- 
 ants of Versailles have refused to allow the different furniture 
 of the palace &c to be taken away agreeable to an order of the 
 National Assembly, and the Convention have been obliged to 
 decree that it shall remain there in place of being put into the 
 Museum here, which was decreed by the Assembly. I forgot
 
 2o6 SEPTEMBER. 1792. 
 
 to say the women at Lyons were the people that broke into 
 the different magazines, and took everything they could lay 
 their hands upon. There are a good many English here who 
 have entered the service of this country, but who seem to do 
 little else than walk about the streets in their uniforms. By 
 their appearance I take them to be rather low people. 
 
 To-day I find General Montesquiou's command has been 
 taken from him during the night's sitting of the National 
 Convention; they are now to have two armies in the South, 
 one to make head against the King of Sardinia, and the other 
 to watch the motions of the Spaniards. Perpignan and 
 Bayonne are I understand at present perfectly defenceless. 
 They also mean to attack Sardinia from Corsica ; I think they 
 begin to have their hands pretty full. 
 
 I should have sent you an account of what has passed 
 lately before this, but M. is not yet returned. I should be 
 uneasy about him, did I not know his steadiness. I hope you 
 received my two last by the post dated from the 17th to 20th. 
 Their Christian Majesties are perfectly well, the Convention 
 begin to talk of deciding their fate, which I think they have 
 pretty well done already. Marat has begun to attack Mr 
 Pethion in affiches ; Robespierre has as yet not opened his 
 mouth, no Mayor has yet been chosen, but some shock I am 
 sure is at hand. One of the thieves who was going to be 
 beheaded yesterday, on condition that they would pardon him, 
 said he would discover where many of the diamonds were 
 concealed that were stolen from the Garde Meuble, which was 
 accordingly done, and they have found to the amount of some 
 millions laid at the bottom of a tree in the Champs Elysees. 
 
 Monday half past 12 o'clock, a.m. 
 
 Pakis, Dec. 17th, 1792. 
 
 After some trifling difficulties, which I shall have the 
 honour of explaining when I have the pleasure of seeing you, I 
 saw my friend Mr Martin at Chambley. He shewed me every 
 kind of attention, and I daily expect to have the happiness of 
 seeing him in Paris, as he told me he should follow me next
 
 king's answer to charges. 257 
 
 day, or next again ; he readily accepted the remittance, for 
 which I have his receipt, and said it was about what was due 
 to him. I must also add that he was much affected and cried 
 like a child, and repeatedly told me to take care of myself. I 
 told him I ran no sort of risk as I was upon no public business, 
 that I had always made it a practice to correspond with my 
 friends, and to write them what was going on in any part of the 
 world I had yet been, and that I should still continue to do so, 
 and be happy to get any information I might think it worth 
 while to convey to them. The newspaper I had the honour of 
 sending you from Chambley will convince you of the dignity 
 and propriety of most of the King's answers to the different 
 charges that were brought against him by the National 
 Convention on the 11th inst. I assure you this conduct has 
 made a considerable revolution in the minds of the people here, 
 and those that were perhaps indifferent to what had passed 
 before begin now to regret the approaching and most probable 
 loss of a sovereign, whose life they considered as sacred : papers 
 are publicly hawked about saying in his praise what would 
 have cost a man his head, had he dared to utter so much some 
 weeks ago ; I have the honour of inclosing an abstract from one 
 of these papers. 
 
 The trial of His Most Christian Majesty was to have come 
 on last Friday, but after much confusion and violent debates it 
 is now delayed till the 26th inst. Messrs. Tronchet and 
 Malesherbes are to be his counsel ; many have offered and only 
 one named Target has refused; on his refusal the King fixed 
 on the above two : the gratitude of the one and the propriety of 
 the other's letter make me take the liberty of enclosing them. 
 Ladies ambitious of defending their Sovereign's cause have 
 even offered their services and were anxious to obtain that 
 honour. 
 
 The National Convention have decreed that His Majesty 
 should again be permitted to communicate with the Royal 
 family, but with that barbarity that has marked the whole of 
 this Revolution, add that he shall not see them all together ; if 
 he sees the Royal children first, they are not to be seen 
 afterwards by Her Majesty or Madame Elizabeth, but in the 
 G. C. 17
 
 258 DECEMBER, 1792. 
 
 presence of some of the Municipality. The absurd reason they 
 assign for this cruelty is that no messages may pass between 
 the Royal family by means of the children; they are all in 
 perfect health, and I am happy to find people more interested 
 about them than they were. 
 
 General Kellerman by this time has taken the command of 
 the Southern army ; I spoke to one of his aides-de-camp this 
 day, who told me he left Nancy for that purpose on Wednesday 
 last. I understand General Anselme's situation begins to be 
 very embarrassing, and his having taken, evacuated, and again 
 retaken Sospello, shows the necessity of his having this post, 
 the trouble it occasions him to keep it, and the impossibility of 
 his doing so. His army as well as all the others are extremely 
 ill off for all kind of clothing, and the volunteers are quitting 
 them daily in large bodies. The National Convention have 
 taken up this very seriously and passed several decrees to 
 prevent it, but as yet all their efforts have been in vain. Parties 
 run extremely high here at present. The conduct of the 
 Municipality of Paris, who addressed the Convention to 
 empower them to make the most strict search of the persons 
 of the council of the King every time they went back and 
 forward to His Majesty, created much confusion, and was almost 
 universally scouted by the Convention. 
 
 Robespierre's party is still strong; Rolland's is strengthening 
 with Brissot's, and P^thion within these few days has considerably 
 altered his tone. Ministers I understand have been privately 
 threatened by Robespierre's party, and Marat is suspected to be 
 on the eve of deserting it: Chambon, the present Mayor, is 
 reputed to be a moderate man and averse to the proceedings of 
 the Municipality. Rolland and Brissot's party are certainly 
 struggling to save the king in order to humble Robespierre's 
 party, and I myself from everything I can learn have not the 
 smallest doubt but they will succeed. 
 
 You have of course heard of the retaking of Frankfort by 
 the combined armies long before this. General Custine in his 
 official dispatches says he lost only 300 killed and 1158 taken 
 prisoners, but it is confidently reported that he lost no less than 
 ten thousand men. There was a report to-day that the French
 
 DECREE OF DECEMBER 15. 259 
 
 had retaken it, but upon enquiry I find the report entirely 
 without foundation. 
 
 General Miranda has taken Ruremonde and the whole of 
 Austrian Guelders ; he adds in his official account that the 
 navigation of the Scheldt is now open. 
 
 A decree was passed on Saturday regulating the treatment 
 of the conquered countries, the principal parts of which are as 
 follow ; that in those countries of the enemy occupied by the 
 French armies, all imposts, tithes, personal servitude, corvee, 
 and all feudal privileges and particular rights should be 
 abolished : they declare to the people of these countries that 
 they bring them peace, brotherly love, succours, liberty and 
 equality ; they immediately, by way of convincing them of this, 
 decree the suppression of all nobility, and other privileged 
 orders, as also the then existing authority, and direct the people 
 of these countries to assemble in assemblies primaires to form a 
 provisional constitution ; the generals are then directed to put 
 all the property of Princes, and other absent people under the 
 safeguard of the nation, and they conclude this strange piece 
 by declaring that they will treat those as enemies who will not 
 accept what they are pleased to call liberty and equality, as 
 also those that enter into any treaty with their former sovereigns, 
 and declare they will not lay down their arms till they have 
 established liberty in all the countries they have entered. This 
 is certainly to all intents and purposes forcing their present 
 constitution upon these provinces they have entered, without 
 consulting their wish or asking their consent. 
 
 I have this moment had a visit from my friend Mr Martin 
 and enclose a note he has given me, which he desires may be 
 given to the person that wrote him. He seems positive the life 
 of His Majesty will be saved, and tells me that a decree will 
 soon be passed entirely to expel all the Princes of the blood 
 royal from France ; this blow is intended at the Duke of 
 Orleans, who is the soul of Robespierre's party. I find this has 
 actually taken place, and it was decreed last night that every 
 branch of the Bourbon family except these in the Temple should 
 < Hi it Paris in twenty-four hours, and the Republic in three days. 
 Rolland and Pache, the Ministre de la Guerre, are likewise to 
 
 17—2
 
 260 DECEMBER, 1792. 
 
 be dismissed ; these decrees were passed in the greatest tumult 
 and confusion that has ever taken place in the Convention. 
 They are busy in all their dockyards fitting out ships but are 
 particularly so at Brest. I thought it better to be here than at 
 my old Hotel, should you therefore have occasion to write me 
 you will address me at White's Hotel, No. 7 Passage des petites 
 Pretres, Place des Victoires. 
 
 Paris, December VJth, 1792. 
 
 The party of conspirators here have now formed themselves 
 into a society, the principles of which I have the honour of 
 inclosing ; they have however as yet met with but few 
 subscribers ; many of them that signed the late address heartily 
 repent it. 
 
 Mr Merry, who married Miss Brunton the actress, and who 
 is the author of some pretty poetical pieces, is the present 
 president of this society, he however seems ashamed of his 
 associates, and but when on business is never with them. Sir 
 Robert Smith, Messrs Raymond, Sayer, Joyce, and two Mr 
 Sheares with a Mr York are the leading men, the two Sheares 
 are Irish gentlemen and brothers, and Mr York brought an 
 address from Derby to the National Convention : those three are 
 violent men and great Republicans, but men neither of weight 
 or abilities to do much mischief. Doctor Maxwell has at last 
 obtained a company in the French service, and I understand- is 
 soon to leave this to join the army; a Doctor Edwards of his party 
 is just arrived here to pay him a visit. 
 
 Mr Frost has left this house and seldom makes his appearance ; 
 he is however one of the society : he appears however a good deal 
 alarmed at his situation, as he told me a reward was offered for 
 apprehending him. Tom Payne is in the country unwell or 
 pretending to be so. Mr Stone has left this and is now in 
 England. 
 
 The society met yesterday to receive a brotherly kiss from 
 the Municipality of the different sections, but few either of the 
 society or the sections attended. I cannot as yet discover that
 
 EXPULSION OF NOBILITY. 261 
 
 they at present are encouraged by any people in power in this 
 place, indeed they have too much on their own hands to attend 
 to the wishes of this society or any other at present. 
 
 Mr Joel Barlow is gone with the Commissioners to Savoy in 
 order to assist in the organizing of that new department. 
 
 Government have many friends in this house who exert 
 every nerve in the defence of our happy constitution : those 
 consist chiefly of half-pay officers of the army and navy. 
 
 Paris, December 20th, 1792. 
 
 Since I had the honour of writing you last I have nothing 
 very material to communicate but what you will find in my 
 friend Mr Martin's note which I have the pleasure of enclosing : 
 I think I may however add that things are getting to that 
 crisis that the massacre of a part of the National Convention or 
 a civil war are consequences unavoidable. 
 
 There is a scheme at present in agitation to expel all the ci- 
 devant nobility ; should such a thing take place the confusion 
 it will create can easily be imagined : you will however see by 
 the journal I have the honour of inclosing that the National 
 Assembly are afraid to proceed farther in the expulsion of the 
 Bourbon family at present, and have therefore postponed the 
 discussion of that business till after the trial of His Most 
 Christian Majesty. The forty-eight sections of Paris attended 
 to present an address in favour of that family, but although 
 the Mayor was at the head of this deputation they would not 
 admit it. 
 
 You of course know that armed ships have gone up to the 
 Scheldt, and of the demands that the French have made. 
 
 Letters are also received from General Beurnonville, but they 
 contain little else than the praise of his army in general, and of 
 some officers in particular ; at the time he wrote, he occupied 
 Mertzieg, Frcdenburg and Saarbruck, and General Pully had 
 been attacked on his left wing at Kavel by the troops of 
 Grevenmaker, which he obliged to retreat. 
 
 General Miranda writes that he has pursued the Austrians
 
 262 DECEMBER, 1792. 
 
 as far as Herkelens and Bergen, where he found they were upon 
 their inarch for Cologne. What remains of Custine's army is 
 in the greatest want of everything ; the whole of their armies 
 are badly off, but this is the worst. Most of the generals 
 complain of a want of assignats ; Dumouriez does not correspond 
 with the Ministre de la Guerre ; General Vallence has taken 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, and General Kellerman has arrived some days 
 past at Chambery, where he is making every preparation to 
 proceed farther against the king of Sardinia. 
 
 Considerable preparations are making at Brest and Toulon, 
 to fit out what ships they can ; different quotas of seamen are 
 moving towards these places, and they talk of being able to fit 
 out thirty sail of the line, exclusive of the squadron they have in 
 the Mediterranean, but this I do not altogether believe. 
 
 At the request of Mr Martin I have presumed to give him 
 400 livres (about ten pounds), which he means to lay out for 
 our mutual advantage in trade, I therefore hope you will have 
 no objections to what I have done. He talks of leaving this on 
 Monday, and I hope you will have an opportunity of talking to 
 him on this business some time next week. 
 
 White's Hotel. 
 No. 7. Passage des Petits Peres, Place des Victoires. 
 
 Since I had the honour of writing you yesterday I have 
 nothing new to communicate but what is contained in the 
 inclosed papers, which I take the opportunity of sending by 
 young Mr Woodfall, who leaves Paris this afternoon. 
 
 You will see by the Journal du Soir, that the confusion in 
 the National Convention is, if it is possible to increase, daily 
 increasing : such anarchy I think can only end one way. 
 
 I have been informed this day that five or six sections have 
 presented similar discourses to the one I had the honour of 
 inclosing yesterday to Mr Hammond ; but I have not been able 
 to procure copies of them ; I am however well informed they all 
 contain the same sort of violent language, and that they are 
 cheerfully received by the friends of our constitution here,
 
 DESPATCHES FROM BEURNONVILLE. 263 
 
 I have been told, and indeed I know it to be true, that these 
 proceedings have occasioned Sir Rt. Smith to quit their party, 
 as well as many others. And they have been heard to say that 
 if England declares war now, it will in a great measure defeat 
 their purposes, as they are not yet thoroughly prepared for such 
 a circumstance. I however once more add that although 
 England ought to be on their guard against all such parties, 
 this appears to me to be wishing to make themselves of 
 much greater consequence than they really are. Their dispo- 
 sitions are such that I am however sure they would, with the 
 assistance of France, put anything in execution that could 
 injure their country, let the measure be never so desperate. 
 
 Paris, Dec. 21st, 1792. 
 9 o'clock p.m. 
 
 A person from Manchester has arrived this day from that 
 place, and brings letters from Mr Coopper ; I don't yet know his 
 name but shall find it out before Monday's post. 
 
 Paris, Dec. 2ith, 1792. 
 
 You will of course receive my letter of the 21st inst. which 
 I had the honour of transmitting you by Mr Woodfall before you 
 can possibly receive this; in the course of the two days that 
 have succeeded nothing particular has happened. 
 
 General Beurnonville after a variety of actions has had some 
 little success, and it is reported has taken Graven-maker ; his 
 own account of this business is perhaps the most replete with 
 gasconnade you ever heard. Having in three columns on the 
 loth inst. attacked his enemy who was posted on the heights of 
 Wavren, which at that time were covered with snow three feet 
 deep, they had on that day a very considerable advantage, and 
 slept all night on their arms ; the action was renewed next day, 
 and the Austrians, though reinforced during the night, were 
 chased from all their posts, and the whole country between the 
 Sarre and the Moselle, as far as the bridge of Consaarbruck, 
 has fallen into his hands. He concludes these two dispatches 
 by saying he has only lost one grenadier in the first day's
 
 264 DECEMBER, 1792. 
 
 action, when on the same day the loss of the Austrians was 
 very considerable ; on the second day he lost five men, but took 
 fifty-eight of the enemy prisoners, fourteen deserted and five 
 hundred were killed ; he also adds that the French were twelve 
 hundred strong, and the Austrians three thousand. Such are 
 the official accounts of this officer, while private information 
 that I can almost depend upon assures me his loss must be 
 very considerable. This general in a third dispatch continues 
 to add, that after a cannonade of seven hours he broke down 
 the bridges of Consaarbruck, and put to flight three thousand 
 Austrians. This last letter is dated the 20th inst., prior to which 
 he mentions two other actions, which he says were only 
 disputes of position. The Austrians were however beaten in all 
 these actions and lost a number of men, while the French lost 
 only the little finger of a chasseur. He however adds that he 
 could not take that useless place Traves (for these are his own 
 words), and that some of his gendarmes were surprised, and cut 
 off; he makes the number only five, but I understand they 
 were nearer fifty. In the actions of the 15th and 16th he 
 complains much of a party of his army, under the command of 
 General Humbert, who commanded the third column, behaving 
 ill. He .has particularly mentioned the battalion of Loth, and 
 has sent it to Sarre Louis till he can make an example of it. 
 He concludes the whole of this official account by saying that 
 in seven actions fought since the 6th inst. he has always been 
 victorious, and has killed or taken 1200 of the enemy and three 
 pieces of cannon with scarcely any loss. General Anselme 
 having lost the confidence of his army is superseded by General 
 Brion; and it is reported here that Custine has met with 
 another serious check, and that it is now in agitation to recall 
 him. There is a report that General Dumouriez has resigned, 
 this wants confirmation ; while Marat is accusing him of having 
 the most ambitious views on the Low Countries. 
 
 The department of the Lower Rhine is in the greatest confu- 
 sion; this has originated at Strasbourg and is still at the greatest 
 pitch there : the Convention have sent three of their members 
 to quiet and enquire into this ; how far they will succeed is a 
 question here.
 
 OPENING OF LETTERS. 265 
 
 Troops in small detachments are daily arriving in the 
 capital, amongst which are a battalion of Marseillois; this is 
 without the order of the Ministre de la Guerre. Great disturb- 
 ances are expected on Wednesday ; although it is generally 
 supposed the King's trial will not come on yet, the sans-culottes 
 it is said are determined either to have him acquitted or 
 condemned at the sitting of that day. The French propose 
 making a treaty offensive and defensive with America, and for 
 this purpose have appointed Monsieur Genest their Minister. 
 He is to set out for that part of the world without loss of time. 
 Some of the States of Flanders are much discontented with the 
 French ; they allege that in place of leaving them the liberty of 
 making a constitution of their own, they have dictated the out- 
 lines of one to them in the most arbitrary manner ; the French 
 have however their party there. 
 
 They are at present extremely industrious here in circulat- 
 ing a report, that all letters coming from England are opened 
 at the General Post-office in London, or if they are sent by 
 private hands at the Custom-house at Dover, or whatever other 
 port they may come from. So much pains has been taken to 
 circulate this idea that I am sure they mean to use it as a 
 pretext for retaliation, and I now expect that every letter will 
 be opened. A son of Sir John Blackwood's, an officer in the 
 British navy, who has lately left Bruxelles, brought some 
 letters here. This gentleman has been taken up and examined 
 before the Comite' de Surete\ This Comite' not approving of the 
 style of the letters, have confined him for the present a prisoner 
 in his own hotel. 
 
 I have not seen Mr Martin since Thursday last ; on that day 
 he agreed to set out for London, as yesterday evei-ything was 
 settled, and it was agreed he should have the cabriolet I 
 brought from Calais. I hope nothing has happened to him ; if 
 I do not see him to-morrow I shall write to him. I take the 
 liberty of sending you some journals. 
 
 11 o'clock A.M.
 
 266 DECEMBER, 1792. 
 
 Paeis, December 27th, 1792. 
 
 It is in agitation, and has been indeed proposed in the 
 National Convention, to withdraw the greatest part of the 
 French armies from the countries they have taken, and put 
 them in winter quarters in their own frontier towns ; a certain 
 number of these troops are however to remain in the countries 
 they are now in, to protect the liberty of the inhabitants, as 
 they are pleased to call it. This scheme is not to be put in 
 execution till the different generals have finished the expe- 
 ditions they have undertaken. When that is done, and the 
 troops cantoned, the different commanders in chief are then to 
 repair to Paris to consult on a plan for the ensuing campaign. 
 This scheme is held out to the people for no other purpose 
 than to deceive them, for I can scarce suppose the National 
 Convention capable of adopting such a prudent plan. The fact 
 is, Dumouriez's army in want of everything must from necessity 
 soon fall back. General Custine's army, it is confidently re- 
 ported here, has been entirely defeated, 16,000 have been 
 killed, and 6,000 taken prisoners. The army on the Var is so 
 harassed by the inhabitants and peasants of the country, that 
 their daily loss is considerable, added to that they are ill 
 supplied with everything. Kellerman's army is making no 
 progress, it is scarce possible to do anything among the moun- 
 tains of that country at this season. His volunteers are daily 
 quitting him, and his army is badly off for everything ; added to 
 all these things, the difficulty and expense of supplying these 
 armies at such a distance, in the winter, when the roads are cut 
 up, is scarce possible, and even I believe beyond the resources of 
 France. What they are therefore obliged to do from necessity 
 they wish the people to believe originates from prudence. 
 
 The capture of Mayence is said to have followed the defeat 
 of Custine's army. The Convention however make no mention 
 of all this, nor have they mentioned for some time past a word 
 respecting that army. As the report is however current and 
 generally believed, I think it my duty to mention it, and 
 sincerely hope it may prove true. 
 
 They are as busy in their dock-yards as they can be ; at
 
 THE KING BEFORE THE CONVENTION. 267 
 
 Toulon they have lately launched the Sans-culottes of a hundred 
 and ten guns, and are now busy upon another of the same rate. 
 I understand they import quantities of hemp from England, and 
 as 1 had the honor of mentioning before are very busy at Brest. 
 The Municipality here directed the Churches to be shut 
 from the evening of the 24th to the morning of the 26th inst. 
 As this is a feast of great consequence amongst the Catholics 
 this arbitrary measure enraged the people to such a degree, 
 that they broke open the Church doors, tore the scarves of the 
 Municipality, and otherwise handled them very roughly ; they 
 however did no other harm, and attended their midnight mass 
 with much decency. His Most Christian Majesty made his 
 appearance yesterday at the bar of the National Convention. 
 He left the Temple about nine o'clock, and as he went as fast as 
 the coachman could drive, he arrived at the Convention in 
 about ten minutes. He appeared to me perfectly composed 
 and in good health ; his appearance and address had again a 
 very great effect upon the people. He left the Convention about 
 twelve o'clock, and returned to the Temple in the same style he 
 left it, no disturbance of any kind happened, and everything at 
 this moment is perfectly quiet. After His Majesty and his 
 Council retired, the debates that ensued in the Convention 
 were attended with the most extreme violence and confusion. 
 A motion was made by Monsieur Manuel to suspend any 
 farther proceedings on the business before them till the opinion 
 of the eighty-four Departments was taken upon it. This was 
 opposed by Robespierre's party, and increased the confusion. 
 The president attempted to take the voice of the members on 
 the motion, but eighteen or twenty of Robespierre's party flew 
 from their seats, and with their fists clenched threatened the 
 president in the most violent manner. Similar scenes continued 
 till near five o'clock, when they adjourned and are to continue 
 the same business to-morrow. The King makes no farther 
 defence, so that the Convention have only to decide whether he 
 is guilty or not, and what shall be his punishment. This I am 
 confident embarrasses them much, and I have every reason to 
 hope if he is not massacred his life will be saved, which I most 
 fervently pray to the Almighty may be the case.
 
 268 DECEMBER, 1792. 
 
 The greatest confusion imaginable happened in all the 
 coffee houses. Whenever the King's friends and his enemies 
 met they came to blows, but no other accident happened. I 
 saw my friend Mr Martin two days ago, he positively leaves 
 Paris on Sunday. Should I want a little money I shall take 
 the liberty of drawing upon Mr Lamb for it. Our countrymen 
 that were in such strength here begin to change their senti- 
 ments ; from being levellers and enemies to our constitution, 
 many are now become friends of Royalty. Mr F — t and Tom 
 Payne are not on such good terms as they were ; the Depute' 
 treats his friends with much hauteur. We have however still 
 many enemies here, who would stand at nothing to ruin their 
 country, but the National Convention and all the Ministers are 
 too much occupied with their own affairs to attend to anything 
 else. 
 
 There was a report that General Dumouriez was in Paris, 
 but from every enquiry I have made I cannot ascertain the 
 truth of this report ; I therefore suspect the veracity of it, as no 
 one I know has seen him. I have the honour of inclosing some 
 journals ; that of the National Convention is the most authentic, 
 as it is published by their direction. 
 
 I cannot help remarking that while the Counsel of the King 
 was addressing the Convention, one of Robespierre's party 
 called out, " Monsieur le President nous demandons que vous 
 faire taire ce gueux la." 
 
 
 Paris, December 31st, 1792. 
 
 Our countrymen here, who have been endeavouring to 
 ruin their country, are now really much beneath the notice of 
 anyone; struggling for consequence among themselves, jealous 
 of one another, differing in opinions, and even insignificant in a 
 body, they are, excepting a few, heartily tired of politics and 
 addresses. Tom Payne's fate and the unanimity of the English 
 has staggered the boldest of them, and they are now dwindling 
 into nothing. 
 
 Another address was however proposed for the National Con- 
 vention ; this motion I understand was made by Tom Payne,
 
 ENGLISH REVOLUTIONISTS IN PARIS. 269 
 
 and seconded by Mr Mery ; it was opposed by Mr Frost, seconded 
 by Mr Mc Donald. High debates took place on the occasion, 
 and the further discussion of it was postponed till yesterday ; the 
 debates then nearly ended in blows, and I cannot as yet say 
 how it has been carried ; as they are ashamed of their pro- 
 ceedings they keep everything as secret as possible. 
 
 Mr Raymond scarcely attends any of their meetings, I have 
 an idea he has got employed here in the finance department ; 
 many others have left them, and those that remain are 
 constantly quarrelling among themselves. 
 
 Some American gentlemen belonged to this society ; from 
 their abilities they engrossed too much consequence, a motion 
 has therefore been made to expel them as subjects of another 
 state ; in short their debates and conduct are not worth 
 mentioning. Frost's remittances I suppose are not large from 
 his employers, for he has left this hotel, and gone to one where 
 he lives extremely cheap. Mr Yorke is a very violent man, as 
 I had the honor of saying before he brought an address from 
 Derby ; if possible he merits to be punished, he is constantly 
 with Frost. 
 
 I have heard nothing of the Manchester address, I therefore 
 suppose it has not been presented, indeed I have every reason to 
 believe the Convention are tired of such nonsense, seeing the 
 insignificancy of the people that present them. 
 
 Should I however see anything worth mentioning in the 
 proceedings of such a wretched society I shall lose no time in 
 giving you my opinion of them. 
 
 Paris, December 31st, 1792. 
 
 The debates respecting the fate of His Most Christian 
 Majesty have been carried on with still more indecency and 
 violence since I had the honour of writing you on the 27th inst. 
 Their debate on this business had scarcely begun on Thursday, 
 when after a variety of opinions Monsieur St Just proposed 
 putting His Majesty to death without waiting for the opinion of 
 the different Departments (for the referring his fate to them 
 had been proposed by many). This unjust, and i nh uma n
 
 270 DECEMBER, 1792. 
 
 proposal gained universal applause from the Tribunes, which 
 was even encouraged by some of the Deputies ; the majority 
 however resented this savage conduct, and the remainder of the 
 day from 12 o'clock till six in the evening, in the midst of this 
 melancholy transaction which occupies even the mind of the 
 most thoughtless, was spent in debating whether applauding on 
 this occasion should be permitted or not. After blows, and the 
 most scandalous behaviour that can possibly be conceived, it 
 was decreed that applauding should be permitted, but that one 
 of the members should be reprimanded for having encouraged 
 it. 
 
 The debates since that have been carried on with a little 
 more decency, though the bloodthirsty party of Robespierre 
 exert every nerve to excite the Convention and the people 
 to terminate the days of their unfortunate monarch : whether 
 this will take place or not is however yet undecided. A 
 majority of the Convention is clearly for sparing his life, 
 and should it be referred to the Departments most of them are 
 decidedly in his favor ; much however is to be dreaded from the 
 populace of Paris, whom Robespierre's party is exciting to the 
 most execrable and most horrid act. 
 
 Women who pretend to have lost their husbands or children 
 in the affair of the 10th of August have been induced by that 
 party to present addresses to the Jacobin club, insisting upon 
 the execution of the King, and threatening the Convention 
 should such an act not soon take place. A part of some sections, 
 from similar instigations, have followed similar steps, and even 
 gone greater lengths ; no tumult of any consequence has 
 however yet taken place, and I sincerely hope a majority of the 
 people of this capital are averse to any such step, and that the 
 National Convention will not be intimidated by any threats. 
 
 A new president was named on the evening of the 27th. 
 Monsieur Treilhard, not of Robespierre's party, is nominated by 
 a great majority for that. Pethion, who I understand the other 
 day narrowly escaped being assassinated, has not yet spoke, though 
 he has attempted it once or twice; he and Monsieur Manuel 
 have been expelled from the Jacobins, and the latter has also 
 been denounced by the section of the sans-culottes. In short
 
 SALE OF PROPERTY OF EMIGRES. 271 
 
 Robespierre, the nephew of Damier, who attempted to assassin- 
 ate Louis the Fifteenth, with his bosom friends Marat and 
 Egalite', will stop at nothing to assassinate those who wish to 
 save the life of Louis the Sixteenth. Complaints are daily 
 increasing respecting the state of their armies; the Ministre de 
 la Guerre has been denounced for this by one or two members 
 of the Convention. I hear nothing more of General Dumouriez ; 
 if he is however not in Paris, he is daily expected here. 
 General Custine is not mentioned by the Convention either one 
 way or another ; as the report I had the honor of mentioning to 
 you last is not contradicted, I therefore hope it is true. The in- 
 habitants of Liege and other countries complain much of being 
 pillaged and ill-treated by the French troops ; and report 
 assures us that the combined armies have received very con- 
 siderable reinforcements indeed. A Dutchman has proposed 
 raising a Dutch corps ; this however was opposed on account of 
 offending that republic, with whom they were not at war. The 
 man that made this proposal, as far as I can trace him, seems to 
 be a man of no consequence, and perfectly unknown to some 
 Dutch gentlemen who are here. 
 
 By the Journal I have the honor of inclosing, you will see 
 the note of the Spanish Charge d' Affaires presented to the 
 National Convention by the Ministre des affaires Etrangeres. 
 This piece was treated with very little ceremony; some members 
 proposed its being sent to the Comite diplomatique, others that 
 no official papers should be read in the Convention till the fate 
 of the King was decided ; and others again proposed that they 
 should hold no communication with " qu'on appellc tetes cou- 
 roiinees" till they formally acknowledge the French Republic. 
 
 I observe some people in England have advanced that the 
 lands and goods of the emigrants have not been sold; I am sure 
 this assertion may be easily confuted on your side of the water, 
 by many an unfortunate Frenchman, who lost everything he 
 once possessed ; and I can assure you from this side that many 
 of their estates and goods have been sold, others are selling 
 every day, and the corner of every street is papered with 
 ajjiches, announcing the approaching sale of the remaining 
 property of these unfortunate but loyal people.
 
 272 DECEMBER, 1702. 
 
 Tom Payne has proposed banishing the royal family of 
 France, and I have heard is writing his opinion on the subject ; 
 his consequence seems daily lessening in this country, and I 
 should never be surprised if he some day receives the fate he 
 merits. 
 
 There are vague reports flying about this capital stating 
 that a great part of the province of Normandy are protesting 
 against putting the King to death, and that many of the towns 
 are in an absolute state of counter-revolution ; although I can- 
 not in the smallest degree vouch for this, yet as the disposition 
 of the greatest part of Normandy is well known to be attached 
 to their Sovereign, I think it not at all improbable, and I 
 should not be surprised to see other provinces follow their 
 example, for by a letter I received yesterday from the secretary 
 to the Russian Embassy at Madrid (who is on his way to Spain) 
 I find the whole of the provinces he has passed through are in 
 general much discontented with the violent proceedings against 
 the King and the emigrants. Mr Mariin I presume will be 
 with you before this letter : he told me at parting that a gentle- 
 man would call upon me from time to time, but I have as yet 
 seen nothing of him. 
 
 I have taken the liberty of drawing upon your friend 
 Mr Lamb for fifty pounds sterling, which I hope will be 
 honored; the bill is at sight and payable to Mr White. 
 
 The moment his most Christian Majesty's fate is decided, I 
 shall not lose a moment in communicating it to you, whatever 
 it may be, and I pray to God that it may be as I wish it. 
 
 half-past 11 o'clock, a.m. 
 
 Pabis, Jan. 1th, 1793. 
 
 The National Convention is now so torn to pieces bv 
 party, and their time so much taken up with abusing each other, 
 that the King's business is attended but by starts. This is no 
 doubt done by one party with an intention of gaining time, that 
 the different Departments may express their sentiments in favor 
 of his Majesty, and I am happy to find this plan begins to 
 succeed, and tk_. som them have already presented
 
 WAR WITH ENGLAND. 273 
 
 addresses to the Convention requesting the dismission of 
 Robespierre, Marat, Chabot, Merlin and some others ; whether 
 their good example will be followed by others or not, is 
 uncertain, but there remains no doubt but the King has a great 
 majority in his favour ; when his trial will be finished is 
 however uncertain, for there are a great number of deputies for 
 and against him yet to speak. That with the different inter- 
 ruptions gives us every hope that things may take a favourable 
 turn, and his life to a certainty be saved. 
 
 The people of Paris are at present quiet, and I flatter myself 
 there is a party strong enough to protect the lives of Their 
 Majesties in case Robespierre's party should arm his Banditti 
 against them : but from every appearance at present, assassin- 
 ations are more likely to take place in the Convention than 
 anywhere else. To effect, or avoid that, I understand the 
 deputies of both parties in general carry concealed arms about 
 them. 
 
 I have the honour of inclosing } T ou Pethion's speeeh, and by 
 the Journal of yesterday, which I also inclose, you will see to 
 what a shameful height their debates are carried, and I assure 
 you from any reading it is impossible to form any idea of that 
 without being present, and then any one would be convinced 
 that it far surpasses any country cock-match, or other place 
 where the most irregular and riotous meetings are held. 
 
 The prospect of a war with England of course creates a good 
 deal of conversation here, the people speak for and against it 
 according to the party they are of. The King's friends of course 
 wish it, in hopes of creating a counter-revolution; and the 
 Republicans sensible how materially it may affect their strange 
 Constitution wish by every means to avoid it, though at the 
 same time they talk exceeding big, and even seem to threaten 
 England. Notwithstanding all this you may rest assured they 
 are in no state to go to war with England, and, should such a 
 war take place, it is the opinion of most people here that it will 
 effectually ruin France and their new Constitution. 
 
 The latest accounts we have from Savoy are dated from 
 Chambe'ry the 30th ult. They state that the music of the 
 79th regimen! had been denounced for playing a variety of airs 
 
 G. c. 18
 
 274 JANUARY, 1793. 
 
 out of Richard Cceur de Lion 1 , and that General Kellerman had 
 put the Colonel of the regiment in arrest and confined the band 
 of music ; this official account states nothing else, but it is 
 currently reported that on this account a misunderstanding 
 arose between the troops of the line and the National Guards, 
 in which many lives were lost on both sides. A letter of the 
 same date states that a revolution has taken place in Geneva 
 and that the citizens of that Republic have abolished the great 
 and lesser Council ; the letter stating this is extremely short and 
 adds nothing else. 
 
 Letters are at last received from General Custine and that 
 part of them which they think proper has been given to the 
 public. They give an account of his retreat from Francfort to 
 Mayence, which if one may believe him was conducted in the 
 most masterly manner, and in which as usual he lost but few 
 men, but the Prussians a vast number. He bestows much praise 
 on his army, but adds he cannot help saying they are in want of 
 everything and are justly making the most serious complaints. 
 Most people believe here that Mayence by this time is either 
 taken or near it. 
 
 General Lamorliere writes from Ruremonde that he has 
 finished the plan of the campaign that was allotted to him, and 
 gives an account of the contributions he has levied on the 
 following places, viz. : Prussian Gueldres 200,000 florins, the 
 principality of Meurs 100,000, the city of Crevelt 225,000, and 
 Closter-camp 80,000, making in all 605,000 florins, part of which 
 he has received, and taken hostages for the rest. In his letter 
 he affects great delicacy for the Dutch territories and such 
 affectation begins to be pretty common here, since we have 
 declared the part we should take, in case they made any encroach- 
 ment upon the United States 2 . 
 
 Even the Commissaries sent to the army of the Var give the 
 most dreadful account of the want of all kind of discipline in 
 that army, which has committed the most horrid brutalities and 
 
 1 An opera of Gretry's. The favourite royalist air was "O Richard o mon 
 roi, l'univers t'abandonne." 
 
 a The United Provinces of the Dutch Republic.
 
 JUDGMENT ON THE KING. 275 
 
 excesses of every kind. They have therefore suspended General 
 Anselm and General Brune commands till Biron's arrival. 
 
 General Dumouriez is at last arrived in Paris ; he has not 
 however been at the National Convention, nor does he mean to 
 go till they send for him : it is however supposed that the 
 present Ministre de la Guerre will be dismissed as it is said 
 Dumouriez wishes to succeed him. Some one or other is 
 constantly denouncing the present Minister, so that the way is 
 perfectly paved for Dumouriez' plan. He wishes to save the 
 life of the King and is connected with the proper party so that 
 such a change will do no harm. 
 
 Considerable damage has been done in the camp of Meaux 
 by fire which begun in one of the hospitals, but no lives have 
 been lost. 
 
 Monday half past 11 o'clock a.m. 
 
 Taris, January 10th, 1793. 
 
 On the same day I had the honour of writing you last, 
 the National Convention from an immense number of members 
 having put their names down to speak on the subject of His 
 Majesty's trial, came suddenly to the determination of finishing 
 the debate, and voted that judgment should be finally passed on 
 him on Monday the 14th inst. This was passed without much 
 difficulty, and there is little doubt but on that day, whatever 
 their sentence may be, it will be referred to the Departments : 
 this, as I have always said, I hope will gain time, and in order 
 to secure success large bodies of armed men are daily arriving 
 here from the different provinces; and it is generally reported 
 that exclusive of the troops that arc now in Paris, no less than 
 one hundred thousand men will be in this capital from the 
 Departments prior to Monday ; and it is generally supposed 
 that these men are intended to protect the decision of the 
 National Convention whatever it may be, and that there is 
 a majority really wishing to save His Majesty's life is not to be 
 doubted. 
 
 The official report made by the Commissaries that were 
 
 18—2
 
 276 
 
 JANUARY, 1793. 
 
 sent to the Belgique army are as deplorable as can well be 
 conceived. It is in want of forage, provisions and clothing 
 of every kind ; in short they acknowledge that they are in such 
 a situation, that the Generals have pronounced it impossible to 
 go forward ; when such a thing is publicly advanced by 
 authority one can scarcely doubt that, if they have not already 
 fallen back, they will soon do it: and when they put that 
 in execution, they are in such a situation, that they will be 
 obliged to make their retreat extremely rapid : for the Liegeois 
 are extremely discontented, and the Brabantees, notwithstanding 
 the addresses of some individuals, are still more so. 
 
 I have the honour of inclosing you General Dumouriez' 
 official letter to the National Convention ; there seems not the 
 smallest doubt but that officer will be Ministre de la Guerre, 
 and it is then supposed that a certain party will denounce 
 him; but I flatter myself that his party is -so well taken, and 
 his principles so much as I wish them, that whatever they are 
 he will carry them through. 
 
 Various reports have been this day circulated here, most of 
 which I suspect to have originated in stockbroking finesse ; but, 
 whatever they are, I think it necessary to mention them. One 
 says a cessation of arms has taken place for three months 
 between the Emperor, the King of Prussia, and the French ; 
 and another says that England, Holland and France have 
 arranged matters so that there will be no war. 
 
 The Royal family are in perfect good health, and His 
 Majesty as well as the Queen and his sister are perfectly 
 reconcile"d to their fate whatever it may be ; I understand His 
 Majesty has been in better spirits since his trial began than he 
 has ever been since he entered the Temple. 
 
 Notwithstanding every effort they are using to put their 
 fleet in some sort of order, they are totally at a loss for officers ; 
 and for that reason are giving the command of what ships they 
 can fit out to the captains of merchantmen. Their inferior 
 officers are ignorant sailors, and every ship they have, I under- 
 stand, is totally without discipline. 
 
 I think it necessary to acquaint you, that one, Thomson, a 
 bookseller, who was Delegate to Division No. 5 of a society,
 
 MONRO S PERSONAL DANGER. 277 
 
 that I became a member of in order to see what was going on 
 there, and at similar societies arrived here last week. As you 
 may perhaps be unacquainted with this circumstance, Mr 
 Nepean will explain it to you. This man recollected my face 
 and reported that I was a spy in London and that I was here 
 for the same purpose. I of course checked him personally for 
 this, and others that have assisted him in spreading this report, 
 but in all the coffee-houses it still gains ground. You may how- 
 ever assure them whom I have the honor of being employed by, 
 that however much my character may suffer or my person be in 
 danger, nothing w r ill ever force me to commit them ; they may 
 therefore rest perfectly easy on that head, and I flatter myself I 
 have taken such steps, that, whatever may be done in a legal 
 way, (if the mob does not interfere) will perfectly acquit me of 
 whatever may be alleged against me. But I do'nt think there is 
 the smallest prospect of its going to that length ; but in case it 
 should I have taken every precaution that prudence could 
 dictate. 
 
 Before this I presume you have seen Mr Martin ; I have 
 seen nothing of the gentleman that was to call upon me since 
 he left me, if he will give me his address, or that of any of his 
 other friends I will call upon them, as they might be useful to 
 me in many respects. 
 
 The society of our friends here presented an address to the 
 Jacobin Club last night, and mean to present a similar one to 
 the National Convention to-day ; the nature of these addresses 
 I have not been able as yet to learn, but hope by next post to 
 give you some account of them. I think I told you that Mr 
 Frost and a number of our other friends have withdrawn from 
 this society, but they have been reinforced by Captain Perry, 
 who means to publish his Argus here. 
 Half past 11 o'clock a.m. 
 
 Paris, January 13th, 1793. 
 
 I embrace this opportunity of writing you a few lines by 
 a friend of Mr Somers's who leaves Paris for England this 
 evening.
 
 278 JANUARY, 1793. 
 
 Mr Brissot in his official report from the Comite Diplo- 
 matique states that France as a powerful Republic has been 
 grossly insulted, and treaties infringed and broken by some late 
 proceedings of the Court of St James'sj that the Republic ought 
 therefore to insist upon the immediate repeal of the Alien Bill, 
 the bill respecting the paper currency of France, and a revo- 
 cation of the embargo laid upon a variety of ships in different 
 ports of England and Ireland, laden with corn and provisions 
 for France ; and that the executive council ought also to direct 
 their Minister in London to insist upon a speedy reparation for 
 the insult offered to France by the first mentioned bill. The 
 impression of this report was ordered, and the executive council 
 are charged to direct the Minister of the Republic at the Court 
 of St James's to insist upon a prompt and categorical answer to 
 the above specific demands. You may therefore expect this to be 
 made directly, if it has not taken place before you receive this. 
 
 The preamble to this report states how vulnerable the 
 British Empire is in a variety of places ; our possessions in the 
 East and West Indies are immediately to fall, Ireland is to re- 
 volt, Canada and Nova Scotia are to be attacked, the resources 
 of England are almost exhausted, its inhabitants are in general 
 discontented with its present constitution, and the people so 
 oppressed with taxes that they will not contribute to the 
 expense of a war. The whole of this nonsensical report ends with 
 the thread-bare story of the war : " should it take place, it ought 
 to be considered as the war of the Minister, and not of the 
 British nation, and that the Republic of France will refer it to 
 their justice " ; I forgot to say that they also insist upon England 
 disarming immediately. 
 
 Robespierre made a trial of his strength last night at the 
 Come'die Francaise. The Municipality of Paris had decreed that 
 a new piece called L'ami des lois which was very popular should 
 not be again performed. This is a very aristocratical piece, and 
 a severe satire upon the present anarchy, and the unjust pro- 
 ceedings against the King. The piece notwithstanding the 
 decree was performed. Robespierre's party opposed it, but were 
 much too weak ; the Mayor was sent for, and General Santerre 
 arrived with twelve hundred horse ; both the Mayor and he 

 
 KING CONDEMNED TO DEATH. 279 
 
 were obliged to sit in a box till the opinion of the National 
 Convention was taken upon the business. They passed the 
 order of the day upon it, and the play again commenced and 
 continued till the end without any further interruption The 
 Mayor and General Santerre were obliged I understand to stay 
 till its conclusion. Similar riots were attempted in other 
 quarters of the town but with as little success ; no lives have 
 been lost and everything is at present quiet : disturbances are 
 however expected tomorrow, but I flatter myself such precautions 
 are taken that nothing will happen. 
 
 As soon as the King's business is finished I shall lose no 
 time in communicating the result of it to you by Mr L — g. 
 I am this moment informed from very good authority, that 
 a counter-revolution has commenced at Rouen, they have 
 burnt the tree of Liberty, mounted the white cockade, and have 
 sent the Republic to the Devil, while they are shouting Vive le 
 Roi. At this exact period such a circumstance is unlucky. 
 
 General Custine has met with another defeat in which he 
 has lost seven thousand men and is now besieged in Mayence. 
 Excuse this hasty scrawl which I have scarce time to finish, as 
 the gentleman is just going and I have only known an hour of 
 his intended departure. 
 
 January 21st, 1793. 
 
 I am sorry it has fallen to my lot to be the messenger of 
 the most disagreeable intelligence, that I, or any one else was 
 perhaps ever obliged to communicate. The National Convention 
 after sitting near thirty-four hours on Thursday 1 night, voted 
 that the punishment of death should be inflicted upon His 
 Most Christian Majesty. This unjust, and iniquitous judgment 
 was carried by a majority of rather more than a hundred ; fifty 
 of this number, though they voted for death, differed in opinion 
 from the rest in respect to the time it should be inflicted ; some 
 thinking it should not be put in execution till the war was 
 finished, and others proposing it should be postponed, till the 
 
 1 Jan. 17.
 
 280 JANUARY, 1793. 
 
 voice of the people was taken : Pe'thion and many of the 
 leading members voted for death with these restrictions. 
 
 The sudden turn the opinions of the majority of the 
 National Convention took, after what I at different times have 
 had the honour of communicating to you can be more easily 
 imagined than described ; the King's friends were confounded, 
 and amazement was strongly painted in the face of most men I 
 had an opportunity of speaking to : few of the members who 
 went to the National Convention on Thursday morning with a 
 positive resolution voted as they intended ; this sudden change 
 in their sentiments can therefore only be imputed to fear or 
 some such other base principle : that there was however some 
 reason for this must be allowed, for, notwithstanding a report 
 made to the Convention to the contrary, the mob had become 
 very alarming, and had even threatened some of the members, 
 particularly Mr Villette, whom they threatened to massacre if 
 he did not vote for the death of His Majesty. 
 
 If this was not the cause of such a sudden change in opinion 
 it can then only be imputed to political views, which had for 
 their object England and Spain making some proposals to save 
 the life of His Majesty. For this reason they came suddenly to 
 the resolution of passing sentence of death upon him, in hopes 
 if possible to intimidate these two nations, whom they naturally 
 suppose much interested for the life of the King. For this 
 reason also, it is supposed death will not yet be inflicted upon 
 him, in order to give these nations an opportunity of making 
 proposals if they wish it : but should either of them declare war 
 it is said His Majesty will immediately be put to death. This 
 opinion Mr Somers had from some of the members of the Comite 
 de defense ge'ne'ral ; I however think it my duty to remark 
 that this worthy and well informed gentleman is so much 
 attached to His Royal Master, that on this occasion he may 
 perhaps have thrown out such a hint in hope it might at least 
 be tried by one of these powers in order if possible to save 
 the life of the King. I am however myself really much afraid 
 if His Majesty is not already dead he can scarcely be saved. The 
 day I left Paris there were some thousands of armed men 
 parading in different parts of the city ready to commit any sort
 
 PHILIPPE EGAL1TE\ 281 
 
 of riot, and threatening destruction should the King not be put 
 to death. 
 
 I cannot express the horror that was painted even in the 
 countenance of every individual in the National Convention 
 where the very worst of the very worst of mankind are 
 assembled, when Egalite gave his vote for the death of His 
 King and relation ; Manuel in a very proper and spirited 
 manner attacked him upon it. This execrable branch of the 
 House of Bourbon has had a remittance of more than twenty 
 thousand livres sent him lately from England ; this in some 
 manner contributes to the payment of the assassins he and 
 Robespierre have now in pay. 
 
 The King is perfectly reconciled to his fate, the situation of 
 Her Majesty, Madame Elizabeth, and the Princess Royal is 
 melancholy indeed. The last mentioned of this Royal Family 
 has for some time past been unwell, and the indelicate conver- 
 sation that took place in the Convention upon the Queen 
 applying for her physician is not to be described. The Dauphin 
 is perfectly well and universally beloved by all ranks of people. 
 Should they attempt to put the King to death horrid scenes 
 will then happen in Paris, indeed every one's mind is already 
 prepared for it, and in order to intimidate the Royal party 
 nothing but proscriptions and massacres are held out by Robes- 
 pierre's party. One list is said to contain the names of more 
 than forty thousand people. Many of the members of the 
 National Convention I have spoke with never expect to escape, 
 and fear possesses the mind of the strongest. 
 
 The counter-revolution that was begun in Normandy was 
 so miserably conducted that it scarcely merits being mentioned : 
 the ringleaders were soon seized, and are now in prison, but that 
 province as well as a majority of the others are for saving 
 the life of His Majesty, and discontent and the dread of war 
 with England reigns through them all. 
 
 As I could commit nothing regularly to paper in Paris, I 
 shall have the honour of communicating the remainder of my 
 intelligence to you some time to-day, as I can extract it from 
 the almost unintelligible notes I have. 
 
 Monday morning 7 o'clock.
 
 282 JANUARY, 1793. 
 
 London, January 21st, 1793. 
 
 Mr McDonald who I think writes for the Morning Post, 
 and two other men who call themselves Sheares and are 
 brothers, set off from Paris on Wednesday with an intention 
 of going either to England or Ireland by way of Ostend. These 
 three people particularly the two last are men of the most 
 violent disposition, and are capable of executing the most 
 desperate designs. If they cannot succeed in breeding disturb- 
 ances in Ireland, which I think they mean to attempt, I am 
 sure they will not hesitate in attempting to set fire to the 
 dockyards or in doing this country any other kind of injury in 
 their power. 
 
 The Sheares are tall men, about six foot high, and the 
 eldest has a large purple scar upon the right side of his face. 
 Mr McDonald is perfectly known in London. 
 
 As I passed through the provinces, more than three-fourths 
 of every Department I spoke to were very averse to putting 
 His Majesty to death, and I am confident that France has never 
 been so torn to pieces by party since the Revolution began as 
 it is now, and I am well convinced that, if they were left to 
 themselves for a short time, the unavoidable consequence would 
 be a civil war. If it was possible to prevent the exportation of 
 horses it might put the French to a considerable inconvenience, 
 as they procure vast quantities of horses from England ; on the 
 road I met with several strings. Many of their regiments are 
 at present dismounted for want of horses and before the winter 
 is at an end there will be still more.
 
 
 DIARY 
 
 OF THE SECOND 
 
 VISCOUNT PALMERSTON 
 
 IN FRANCE. 
 July 6— August 31, 1791.
 
 DIARY. 
 
 1791, July 6th. Set out for Dover at half past one, arrived 
 there at ten. Found the Packet just going to sail, embarked 
 and got out of the harbour a little after twelve. Fair wind but 
 very little, great swell. Got to Calais about four. Went to bed 
 at Dessains. 
 
 July 7th. Set out about two o'clock for Paris by the 
 Flanders road, received a pass from the municipality of Calais, 
 which is granted of course without any further trouble than 
 sending a " Laquais de Place" for it, but which is examined 
 often on the road. To Ardres 2 Posts, La Pecousse 1, to 
 St Omer 2, to Aire 2. 
 
 The road is very good and the country in general after you 
 pass Ardres fine and prettily diversified. The crops upon the 
 ground are very fine. 
 
 We were advised at Calais to put national Cockades in our 
 hats, which we did, but I believe it was not necessary. Aire is 
 a dull melancholy town and the inn bad. Day fine. Miles 35. 
 
 July 8th. To Lillers H Posts, Bethune 1|, Touchet 2, 
 Arras 1J, Hervillers 2, Bapaume 1, Sailly 1, Pe'ronne 1£. 
 
 As far as Peronne the road lies through a fine rich country, 
 generally open but beautifully diversified with woods villages 
 and inequality of ground. We passed several fine abbeys 
 situated on commanding eminences whose appearance is mag- 
 nificent. All these I was told are broke up and together with 
 their estates are upon sale. This idea gave me concern and 
 impressed me with those melancholy reflexions that attend the 
 destructions of ancient splendid institutions. The present 
 Government of France may subsist for a while on those spoils, 
 but it appears to me that the country must suffer, as these 
 possessions cannot fall into the hands of such good landlords as 
 the last, and the numerous poor who were assisted by them
 
 ARRIVAL AT PARIS. 2S5 
 
 must either starve or become a charge upon the publick. The 
 fortifications which we saw seem going to decay, and we have 
 not seen the face of a custom house officer who used to stop 
 passengers at the entrance of most of them. Beyond Peronne, 
 which is properly the ancient limit of France, we found the 
 country much worse, less beautiful and less well cultivated. In 
 all the former part of our journey we were much struck with 
 the goodness of the crops of all kinds of grain. We likewise saw 
 much flax and great quantities of poppies of which they make 
 oil. To Marche le Pot If Posts. To Fonches 1. To Roye 1. 
 
 Some rain in the morning : fine afterwards. Miles 80. 
 
 July 9th, To Conchy If Posts. Cuvilly 1 P. Flat, ugly 
 country greatly inferior in every respect to what I saw yesterday. 
 Gournay 1 P. Bois de Lihen If P. Pont St Maxence If P. 
 Country much improved, Pont St Maxence a town on the Oise 
 with a handsome new bridge and the Seine round it pretty. 
 
 Senlis If P. Chappelle en Serval 1 P. Lanvres If P. 
 Bourget If. Paris If. The journey from Senlis is uninteresting 
 till you come near Paris, when the prospect opens and presents 
 several interesting objects, such as the Abbay of St Denis, 
 Chateau d' Ecouen belonging to the Prince of Conde', the Hill 
 of Montmartre and several others, together with the town itself 
 which however does not show itself on that side in a very 
 conspicuous manner. 
 
 I found the roads good and the Posts well served, and as my 
 carriage was light I was driven at the rate of nearly a Post and 
 a half which is equal to 7f miles in the hour. Weather fine. 
 Miles 55. Went to the Italians where I heard a very pretty 
 comick opera as far as relates to the musick and the acting. 
 The musick is very Italian but the stile of singing quite French 
 and a severe strain upon ears that are not in the habit of hearing 
 it. No good company there. Went to take a turn in the 
 Palais Ro} r al which is the great rendezvous of all sorts of people 
 at night and indeed throughout the day. Excessively bad 
 company and in a much worse stile than anything I remember 
 here formerly. 
 
 Sunday, July 10th. .Went with the Vicompte de Noailles 
 to the National Assembly, not a day of much business but was
 
 286 july, 1791. 
 
 glad to see their forms and appearance by that means at my 
 ease. The room is very long, fitted up with rows of benches some- 
 thing like our House of Commons or perhaps something more 
 like Westminster Hall during a trial, though infinitely inferior. 
 The president sits in the middle of one side and the tribune or 
 desk from which reports and regular speeches are made is 
 opposite him. At each end are great galleries raised which 
 hold large numbers and are filled with very low people. On 
 the sides are smaller galleries which are rather more select in 
 their company and more difficult to get admittance to. The 
 confusion and want of order is very extraordinary at first and 
 the president's bell has a very odd effect.. There are several 
 officers of the Assembly who walk about in the middle and 
 endeavour to keep silence. All the end of the house on the 
 president's right hand is given up to the malcontents and his 
 left to the supporters of the new order of things. The great 
 question that agitates the minds of people at present is the 
 decision upon the measures to be taken respecting the King, who 
 since he has been brought back remains in confinement with his 
 family, not separated though obliged to have an officer con- 
 stantly in the next room with the door open, and all his functions 
 in a state of suspension by a decree of the Assembly, till some 
 further determination is come to. The question of what is to 
 be done is referred to a committee who are to make their report 
 in a day or two. Their opinion and that of a most decisive 
 majority of the members of the Assembly is known to be in 
 favour of the King, and for passing over what has happened, and 
 restoring him to the same situation in which he was before, 
 except that I suppose he will be better watched. The com- 
 mittee to whom this was referred consists of all the members of 
 the other principal committees united, and amounts to 80 or 90 
 persons, being the principal men of business in the Assembly ; 
 of these only three were against the King. Out of the Assembly 
 the opinions (of those at least who declare them) seem as violent 
 and as prevalent the other way, and the addresses sent up daily 
 to the Assembly breathe nothing but resentment against the 
 King and an eagerness that the most violent measures should be 
 taken against him.
 
 AN EVENING AT THE JACOBIN CLUB. 287 
 
 In the evening I went to a meeting of the Jacobins Club 
 which is extremely numerous and consists indifferently of those 
 who are and those who are not members of the Assembly. It was 
 extremely full, not much less than 1000 persons. The question to 
 be debated was an adjourned one, it consisted of several points, viz, 
 can the King be tried ? ought he to be tried ? who should try him ? 
 and how should he be tried ? Two speeches took up the whole 
 time. The first was by a Mons r . Goupel, an old man who 
 spoke for the King ; very diffuse and without method, and very 
 indiscreet as he rested chiefly on the absolute inviolability of 
 the King in all possible cases, an argument and a position not 
 at all suited to the present temper of the times. He was heard 
 or rather not heard with a kind of indignation and tumult that 
 can scarce be described. After him Mons r . Brissot, (both of 
 them members of the National Assembly) read a speech very 
 violent and inflammatory to prove that the King's person was 
 inviolable only for those Acts of Government which are trans- 
 acted through his Ministers, that there was a case in which he 
 was personally answerable, that he ought to be tried for his 
 conduct and that there was no danger to be apprehended from 
 foreign powers on that account. His speech was lively and full 
 of declamation, well suited to the temper of his audience who 
 received it with such continued bursts of applause as almost 
 deafened me for the rest of the evening. He was very deficient 
 in point of argument and totally passed over what are con- 
 sidered as the most material grounds by those who hold the 
 other opinion. These are first how the King can be said to 
 have committed any crime by withdrawing himself, it being 
 clear that there is no decree or existing law to make it so, the 
 only one that could have had that effect not having passed or 
 been presented for the King's sanction. The argument therefore 
 is this ; The King has made himself perfectly contemptible and 
 shewn he cannot be trusted, but he is not guilty of any breach 
 of the law, therefore he cannot legally be punished or deposed, 
 and if he could, it would be highly inexpedient to do so, because 
 in addition to the general resentment of all foreign powers such 
 an attempt would divide the country and produce a civil war at 
 home. Mons r . Brissot's speech however was perfectly satisfactory
 
 288 july, 1791. 
 
 to his audience, and the shouts of applause given by so many 
 hundred people on such a subject shewed a kind of ferocious- 
 ness of disposition which was infinitely disgusting to a moderate 
 mind. It was ordered to be printed and distributed over the 
 country which I doubt not will be much inflamed by it. This 
 transaction of last night and the similar spirit which seems to 
 prevail among the people at large puts the National Assembly 
 in a very awkward and difficult situation, and is very likely to 
 create a division between them and the people at large and the 
 " Gardes Nationales." If that happens to a serious degree, and 
 sooner or later it must happen, their power and authority is 
 gone and they will be turned out, as the English Parliament was 
 who voted for treating with King Charles. If that should 
 happen I do not see what is to succeed them but confusion, 
 anarchy, weakness, ruin, and as the natural consequence of all 
 this, despotism. Much rain in the night. 
 
 Monday, July 11. The procession of Voltaire which was to 
 have taken place early this morning was deferred on account of 
 the bad weather. Breakfasted at Lord Sheffield's. Made some 
 visits. Dined with Monsieur de Noailles, Pelham and Tarlton, at 
 Robert's a Restaurateur or tavern-keeper in the buildings of 
 the Palais Royal famous for his good cookery. The dinner was 
 very well dressed but dirty and ill-served. The conversation as 
 usual political. The plan of many in the Assembly is to restore 
 the King to the same nominal situation he possessed before, but to 
 give him a council who are in truth to act for him, and as far as 
 I understand are to be responsible for that part of his conduct 
 as King, which is separate from the functions of his ministers. 
 The queen is now scarce mentioned and her excuse for her 
 flight, viz., that she attended the King her husband, is fully 
 admitted, so that those who wish to try the King have no view 
 against her. In reality the true object of most of them who are 
 professed republicans is by a formal sentence of deposition to 
 put a final end to the monarchy, and the idea of declaring the 
 Dauphin King with a regency is only held out to draw on those 
 who are less decided. Monsieur de Noailles was one of the two 
 deputies of the Assembly sent out on the alarm of the mob who 
 had surrounded the coach when the Queen was to get out at
 
 PROCESSION OF VOLTAIRE. 289 
 
 the Tuilleries. The pretence was to prevent the Gardes de 
 Corps from being torn to pieces but the real object was to 
 secure the Queen. When they came they found all order at an 
 end and the National Guards absolutely inactive in keeping off 
 the people, who were between the coach and the steps in such 
 temper and numbers as would have made it very dangerous if 
 practicable to have conveyed the Queen through them. La 
 Fayette, who, though personally brave, has no presence of mind 
 or decision, was haranguing them to little purpose and holding 
 up his sword with both his hands, and declaring he would break 
 it (i.e. give up his command) if he was not better obeyed. The 
 deputies however by proclaiming in the name of the Assembly 
 and the law that every good citizen must draw back, at length 
 with difficulty made such an opening as enabled them to convey 
 the Queen, one having hold of her arm on each side, in safety to 
 the steps. 
 
 This afternoon the procession of Voltaire took place though 
 the weather was very unfavourable as it was found inconvenient 
 to defer it. It was very long, but a great part of it consisted of 
 very shabby, ill-dressed people whose appearance was made 
 worse by the mud and dirt they had collected. Great 
 quantities of National Guards attended ; but in disorder and 
 without arms, except such as were on duty. Deputations of 
 different orders of people and among others the Academy. A 
 figure of Voltaire, very like him, in a gown was carried first 
 sitting in an elbow chair, and afterwards came the coffin on a 
 very fine triumphal car drawn by twelve beautiful gray horses 
 four abreast. The coffin was covered and over it a waxen figure 
 was laid on a bed. After having made a great circuit round the 
 town they came to the house of the Marquis de Villette, who is 
 married to Voltaire's niece and where he died. There the 
 figures stopped, a kind of hymn was sung, Madame Villette and 
 her child came down, mounted the car and embraced the figure 
 and then with several other ladies followed it on foot, during 
 the remainder of the procession, to the new Church of 
 St Genevieve where it is to be deposited. 
 
 There is a Committee appointed to revise all the Decrees of 
 the Assembly and to select and arrange such as are permanent 
 
 G. c. 19
 
 290 JULY, 1791. 
 
 and out of them to form a plan of a Constitution ; and the idea 
 of many persons is to present this to the King, supposing him 
 restored to his situation, and to give him his choice whether he 
 will accept it or not and if he declines it to give him full liberty 
 to retire. 
 
 Wednesday, July lMh. On this day the report of the 
 Committees, to whom united the consideration of the King's 
 flight and the measures to be taken thereon was referred, made 
 their report. The tendency of this was to consider the whole 
 business as a plot of Monsieur de Boville who had deceived the 
 king and, by filling his mind with false apprehensions, induced 
 him to leave his capital in order afterwards to overturn the 
 Constitution and introduce foreign armies into France. It 
 proposed therefore that the Assembly should decree that 
 Monsieur Boville' and all the other persons concerned in the 
 king's flight should be proceeded against, and such of them as 
 were in custody should be tried by the High Court established 
 for that purpose at Orleans. At the same time the Rapporteur 
 said that the Committees did not consider the king's flight as a 
 constitutional crime in him, and that if it was so the Inviola- 
 bility belonging to his person did not allow his being tried for 
 it. This report, on which the Committees were almost 
 unanimous, was well received by the Assembly. Motions were 
 made to put off the consideration of it till it was printed which 
 was rejected, and it was determined to be proceeded on immedi- 
 ately and that no other business should intervene. Accordingly 
 Monsieur Petion, a popular leader, made a violent speech against 
 the report and for bringing the king to a trial. When he had 
 finished the Assembly adjourned. 
 
 Thursday, July 14tth. The Assembly continued their debate 
 and adjourned it again. A violent party is rising in Paris 
 among the lower class of people against the plan of not trying 
 the king. 
 
 This was the anniversary of the Federation and was again 
 celebrated in the Champ de Mars. Mr Pelham and I got an 
 order to go into the Ecole militaire, which commands the whole 
 scene. There were by all accounts considerably fewer troops 
 than last year and the bridge over the Seine and the triumphal
 
 FETE OF THE FEDERATION. 291 
 
 arch were not there, but the weather was fine and the 
 concourse of people on that account was greater than before. 
 The procession as it entered passed before the Ecole militaire, 
 but the fine object was the general coup d'oeil of the whole 
 multitude when collected. So many troops and such a number 
 of people were I dare say never assembled before in a place so 
 formed to shew them to advantage without a possibility of any 
 considerable inconvenience from the crowd. The area is 
 900 yards long and about half that extent in breadth. The 
 great altar, which is a building raised high from the ground to 
 which four ample flights of steps in a circular form lead up, and 
 on which altogether I doubt not but 2000 persons might stand, 
 is in the middle. The Ecole militaire, a very handsome build- 
 ing, is at one end ; the other extends nearly to the Seine. The 
 whole area except in front of the Ecole militaire is surrounded by 
 a bank of a breadth and size proportionable to the place, sloping 
 inwards down to the area, on which last year there were 
 benches placed. This year the people stood. The numbers it 
 would contain cannot be estimated. The people of Paris were 
 pouring out to it the whole morning and yet it was not half full, 
 though at a little distance it appeared to the eye of a spectator 
 tolerably well covered. The troops which consisted of large 
 detachments of the Gardes Nationales of Paris and all the 
 neighbourhood I should suppose might amount to 20,000. 
 They made no great figure in the area but they kept the people 
 out. The procession consisted besides of great bodies of troops 
 which marched with them, of detachments from all the great 
 bodies of people concerned in all the departments of the 
 government, the Courts of Justice, the Academies and various 
 Societies of the Capital. The National Assembly who last year 
 attended in a body sent this year a deputation of 24 members. 
 The whole procession marched to the altar where were already 
 placed about 00 priests, all in their white robes of ceremony ; and 
 as candles could not be used four fires were kept burning at the 
 corners in vases raised on vast tripods in antique forms. The 
 whole altar was now a cluster of people; and the banners which 
 every Corps carried before them formed a circle completely 
 round it. The Mass attended with musick took up some 
 
 19—2
 
 292 July, 1791. 
 
 considerable time and afterwards the banners were carried in 
 procession round the altar for a great while and every one in its 
 turn was presented and had a long ribbon with the national 
 colours tied to it. This closed the business, and those who had 
 formed the procession marched back as it happened without 
 much order. A little before the end the people contrived to 
 get into the area which they appeared to fill and by that means 
 presented a new scene which was curious in a different way. 
 
 The Assembly this day continued their debate and several 
 members delivered regular speeches from the Tribune. The 
 debate was again adjourned. Great fermentation prevails in 
 the town where great pains are taken by persons who do not 
 give themselves so much trouble gratis to exasperate the people 
 against the King and to induce them to take measures to 
 compel the Assembly (whose intention is now well known to be 
 more favourable to him) to bring him to a trial, and in 
 consequence of that to proceed to his deposition at least. 
 Republican principles are now avowed in every street ; and the 
 Palais Royal, which is the centre of discontented politicians, is 
 filled with groups who are listening eagerly to a number of little 
 orators who are zealous and indefatigable in propagating 
 sedition. Plans were proposed for assembling in great bodies 
 and signing on the altar at the Champ de Mars petitions, or 
 rather requisitions, to the Assembly not to proceed to decide the 
 question before them till they had received the sense of the 
 people. It was observable that, though the numbers were great 
 in the Palais Royal and the groups large, yet the speakers and 
 applauders were few. The rest were silent and gave no marks 
 of their opinions. 
 
 Friday, July loth, The Assembly began by reading an 
 insolent petition of the kind before mentioned, signed by about 
 120 names quite obscure and some of them ridiculous. No 
 notice was taken of it and the debate was resumed. Two 
 speeches were made in favour of the report of the Committee, 
 one by Monsieur Salle, the other by Monsieur Barnave which 
 were very good and produced (particularly the first) a very great 
 effect on the Assembly. Monsieur Salle, who maintained the 
 inviolability of the king's person for the advantage of the State,
 
 MEETING OF THE ASSEMBLY. 293 
 
 proposed however that the Assembly should decree that in 
 future a King who should make war upon the country or who 
 should retract the oath he had taken should not be tried, but 
 considered as abdicating his throne and that he should become 
 liable to be tried for any acts committed after such abdication. 
 These propositions which were to have no retrospect met with 
 general approbation and were directly voted. After Mr 
 Barnave's speech the Assembly determined to finish the discus- 
 sion ; the question was put and the proposal of the Committee 
 was adopted by a very great majority. Those who were of a 
 different opinion scarcely shewed themselves as it is not the 
 custom to proceed to any division or to number the votes 
 except in very nice cases. 
 
 The members of the opposition, or cote droite, of course 
 approved of this measure in preference to any more violent, but, 
 in conformity to their resolution to take no further part in any- 
 thing but what affects the King personally and only as far as is 
 necessary for his service, none of them spoke in these debates. 
 In the evening great violence was shewn by particular people 
 about the town, and great anxiety seemed to prevail among the 
 inhabitants at large as to the consequences. The Jacobins met 
 and came to very violent resolutions against the decrees of the 
 Assembly and voted addresses to the other clubs of the 
 kingdom to join them. Detachments of mob went to the 
 different theatres after the representations were begun in order 
 to stop them. In some they succeeded, in others they were 
 prevented by the Guards. At night there were great 
 assemblages of people in the Palais Royal. To disperse these 
 the method used was, to march detachments of Grenadiers up 
 and down the gardens and always through the thickest of the 
 crowd, by which means the orators were perpetually interrupted. 
 
 Saturday, July 16th, This day the town was much in the 
 same state as yesterday. Matters seem to be ripening for 
 tomorrow, when petitions and associations are to be signed at 
 the Champ de Mars. The Assembly have directed the 
 municipality to preserve the publick peace by all the means 
 the law puts into their power. 
 
 Sunday, July 17th. This morning early there were gather-
 
 294 July, 1701. 
 
 ings of people in the Champ de Mars, and very unfortunately 
 two men were discovered to have got into the great cavity 
 under the Autel de la Patrie where they had carried their 
 dinner and seemed to have proposed passing the whole day. 
 They were discovered by boring holes through the steps and 
 sides of the place ; and the only conjecture that seems to have 
 any probability with regard to their intentions, is that they 
 thought they should see what might happen without being 
 crowded, and that they should have a good prospect of the 
 women's legs who might come up the steps. One of them is said 
 to have been an invalid with a wooden leg, but a young man. 
 This frolick however cost them very dear for the mob immedi- 
 ately decided that they were placed there to blow up with 
 powder the altar with all the most zealous friends of the Patrie, 
 and seized and carried them before some little inferior 
 magistrates of the Quarter. But finding these doubtful and 
 undecided what they should do, they took them away again 
 and executed them themselves with many circumstances of 
 inhumanity. The Municipality of Paris, having had information 
 the day before that a large body of people were to meet early 
 at the ruins of the Bastile and from thence proceed to the 
 Champ de Mars, had met early at the Hotel de Ville and their 
 chief attention had been directed to the quarter of the Bastile. 
 There however nothing passed nor was any mob assembled. 
 When they received the first information of the murder at the 
 Champ de Mars, they immediately sent some of their body with 
 a battalion of Guards to act as the occasion should require. 
 The accounts they received from these Commissioners were 
 unsatisfactory and at length they returned to inform their 
 brethren of the very disorderly state of affairs. That they had 
 met the mob carrying the heads of the two men (which is a 
 favourite amusement) on poles, that one of the bearers had been 
 seized but afterwards rescued, that a man had attempted to 
 shoot Monsieur de la Fayette, but had been prevented, that the 
 man had been seized but released at the desire of Monsieur de 
 la Fayette, that on proceeding to the altar they had found a 
 number of persons signing petitions against the Decree of the 
 15th, that the National Guard had been repeatedly insulted
 
 TUMULT IN THE CHAMP DE MARS. 295 
 
 and driven away, that on the Commissioners presenting them- 
 selves to remonstrate they had been very ill received, but that 
 the mob had insisted on sending 12 persons on their part as 
 deputies to the Hotel de Ville who were waiting without. The 
 Municipality who had determined immediately before the 
 arrival of their Commissioners to hang out the drapeau rouge 
 which, accompanied with a proclamation is an establishment of 
 martial law, and to proceed in a body accompanied with a very 
 strong force to the Champ de Mars, agreed, however, to stop in 
 order to hear what the mob ambassadors had to offer. These, 
 however, on the sight of the drapeau rouge and of the troops 
 and cannon prepared had stepped off and were probably gone 
 back to apprize their friends. The expedition now proceeded. 
 It was seven in the evening when they reached the Champ de 
 Mars — in all the environs of which they found great crowds of 
 persons who appeared as spectators. The bank, or glacis, as it is 
 called, on each side the opening through which they were to 
 enter was covered with people who began to insult them by 
 calling out, a bas les bayonettes, a, bas le drapeau rouge. The 
 Mayor made a stop just in the entrance, and was proceeding to 
 have the usual proclamations made when they were interrupted 
 by a volley of stones from the bank and a pistol fired at the 
 Mayor, which narrowly missed him and wounded a soldier just 
 behind him. On this the troops without waiting for orders, as 
 it seems, began to fire but probably in the air as it does not 
 appear that any-one was killed by the first discharge though it 
 was a pretty considerable one. The firing was stopped and the 
 march continued into the Champ de Mars. The altar in the 
 middle was now deserted so that the allied corps of civil and 
 military continued their course between it and the bank which 
 was now covered with people who had resumed their -courage on 
 finding no one killed, and renewed their attacks with stones and 
 pistols. A more serious fire then took place from the troops 
 and the cavalry began to charge with their swords, by which 
 some execution was done. It is difficult to know the exact 
 numbers that suffered, but the most probable accounts say 
 about 16 killed and as many wounded who remained behind. 
 Several of the troops were wounded with stones etc. and three
 
 296 July, 1791. 
 
 were killed who are said to have been single when attacked. A 
 complete dispersion now took place, the mob all flying into the 
 town where they threaten the most violent revenge with fire 
 and sword, that the National Assembly shall be driven out and 
 Monsieur cle la Fayette not suffered to live another day. Their 
 fire however spent itself very much during their running, and 
 the people of Paris were so little disposed to be inflamed by 
 them that (proper guards being posted in various parts of the 
 town) the remainder of the evening and night passed off with 
 the utmost tranquillity. 
 
 Monday, July 18th. This day the town seems perfectly 
 quiet. The Mayor and his brethren came to the Assembly to 
 give an account of the transactions of yesterday. Their conduct 
 was approved : they were directed to proceed with the utmost 
 vigilance and firmness to preserve the publick peace and punish 
 the disturbers of it, for which purpose the drapeau rouge 
 is to continue displayed at the Hotel de Ville. The Assembly 
 ordered strict search to be made after the man who presented 
 his piece at Mr la Fayette ; and afterwards they proceeded to 
 pass some strong Decrees against any persons who should either 
 by voice, publication or affiche incite the people to any acts of 
 violence, and likewise a long imprisonment to any who should 
 insult the National Guards or endeavour to induce them, either 
 by threats or persuasions, from doing their duty when under arms. 
 This was opposed by Monsieur Pe'tion as much too arbitrary 
 a decree and an infringement of public freedom and the liberty 
 of the press. Pe'tion together with Robespierre had been for 
 some time distinguished for their Republicanism and had been 
 the great leaders of the violent party at the Jacobins and were 
 now become very unpopular in the Assembly, so that Pe'tion 
 could scarce obtain an hearing and met with no support. The 
 Jacobins had proceeded with so much violence both before and 
 after the decree of the Assembly respecting the King and 
 particularly afterwards when they came to resolutions which 
 amounted to little less than a protest against the Assembly and 
 an invitation to all the other debating societies of the kingdom, 
 which are become innumerable, and to the country at large to 
 join them, that all the members of the Assembly who belonged
 
 PREPARATIONS FOK A CONSTITUTION. 297 
 
 to them except two or three and a great number of moderate 
 men who were not of the Assembly quitted them, and those who 
 were members of the National Assembly instituted a new society 
 who met at the Feuillants. The first intention seems to have 
 been not to admit any but members and to make a kind of 
 committee of the Assembly to prepare and debate business that 
 must come before the Assembly, much mischief having been 
 experienced from the indiscriminate admission to the Jacobins, 
 where by that means the most violent people had got the 
 ascendancy and taken the business out of the hands of the 
 members of the Assembly. However it is now proposed, but 
 not yet determined, to admit other persons by ballot. It is 
 worth notice that the Jacobins' Club was instituted or at least 
 supported in opposition to the Quatre vingt neuf which was a 
 much more respectable and moderate society who used to meet 
 to debate publick business, but who have for some time ceased 
 to have any regular debates, though they still continue a club. 
 
 Tuesday, July ISth, Perfect tranquillity continues. Many 
 persons are taken up on account of the late disturbances, and 
 among others a Jew who is an agent of the King of Prussia. 
 
 Wednesday, July 20th. The party of the Assembly seems 
 to have entirely prevailed. The country, as far as can be 
 known, appears well satisfied with their Decree. The street 
 orators are all vanished and the Palais Royal, though thronged, 
 is silent as to politicks. Guards are continually there, who 
 whenever they perceive any particular groups march directly 
 through them by way of dispersing them, and repeat this 
 measure continually. The plan of the Assembly seems now to 
 be to get the report of their Committee of revision ready as 
 soon as possible. Their business is to select out of the confused 
 mass of Decrees something that may bear the appearance of 
 a regular constitution. This, when it is approved by the 
 Assembly, is to be presented to the King and he is then to be 
 at full liberty to accept it or refuse it ; and if he chooses the 
 latter he is to be free to retire from the kingdom or even to 
 remain in it, if he will, as a private man subject to the law. 
 
 Thursday, July 21st. Many of the members of the Quatre 
 vingt neuf Club have joined the Feuillans. The remaining
 
 298 july, 1791. 
 
 Jacobins are endeavouring at a reunion and have offered to select 
 30 of each side who shall strike out all obnoxious names. 
 
 Friday, July 22nd. The theatres here are become innumer- 
 able, as since the Revolution all privilege is abolished and all 
 who will may open theatres. There are at least 20 established 
 theatres and more preparing. They have all good actors and 
 seem to have tolerable audiences. Went to-day to a theatre of 
 an individual Mademoiselle de Montansier, where I saw an enter- 
 taining piece called Le Sourd very well acted. It is something 
 upon the idea of our deaf lover. 
 
 Saturday, July 23rd. Went to see some of their painters, 
 Daniel Vincent and La Grenice, all in the historical line. They 
 seem to draw well and finish with care but their colouring is cold 
 and there is a tameness and insipidity in the whole composition. 
 Many persons are taken up upon suspicion of being concerned 
 as instigators of the late disturbances ; but most of them are 
 found innocent or at least no proof is found against them. The 
 men however who put to death the two unhappy victims in the 
 Champ de Mars are taken up and, I understand, upon clear 
 evidence. 
 
 Sunday, July 24?th. The Assembly, while they are waiting 
 for the report of the Constitution, are much taken up with the 
 state of the frontier and the attack with which they are threat- 
 ened from without. Had the King escaped I find it is scarcely 
 denied that all the regular troops in that part would have join- 
 ed him ; but that being over and the officers gone who were his 
 friends, the case is very different and nobody can say how the 
 troops will act. They profess adherence to the Assembly. They 
 are numerous enough ; but they have few officers and no disci- 
 pline. The accounts of whether anything and what is preparing 
 to attack them are so uncertain that no dependence can be 
 placed on them. Monsieur Duveyrier, who was sent with a 
 summons to the Prince de Conde' and who has been lost for a 
 great while, is returned. The Prince de Conde contrived to give 
 him no answer and frightened him away with apprehensions of 
 what would happen to him from the officers in his suite. After- 
 wards he was put into prison at Luxemburgh upon some frivol- 
 ous pretence and kept there 3 weeks, after which they sent him
 
 FRENCH OPERA. 299 
 
 with a guard to the frontier of France and turned him loose ; from 
 whence he returned to Paris as wise as he went. Detachments 
 of National Guards in addition to those of the districts are going 
 towards the frontier and about 1,800 were yesterday mustered at 
 Paris. The Assembly have ordered the proper officers to proceed 
 to the sequestration of the Prince of Conde"s property. 
 
 Monday, July 25th, The most authentick reports seem to 
 give some credit to the projected attempt upon the frontiers. 
 In the meantime the Assembly are hastening as much as 
 possible their plan of a Constitution, which they wish to have 
 accepted before any new event happens, and they are trying to 
 form some plan which may bring back their troops of the line to 
 something like military discipline. Saw this evening a very 
 pretty French Opera at the Italians called " Raoul barbe bleu." 
 It is very interesting and Mademoiselle Cre'tu, who acts the wife, 
 does it admirably. The present stile of musick at Paris is very 
 good as the composers have adopted the Italian stile, tho the 
 performers adhere too much to the old French method of singing. 
 
 Tuesday, July 26th, Went to the National Assembly. They 
 were passing a report of 40 articles concerning the manner in 
 which the military force should be called in to assist the civil 
 power. Went to Grand Pre, a picture dealer, who has some of 
 the finest Dutch pictures I ever saw, but most enormously dear, 
 4, 5 or 600 £ apiece. I have before been with my old acquain- 
 tance Donjeu, who is in a very bad state of health. He has some 
 very good pictures and his prices much more reasonable. Leb- 
 run has parted with his collection. Hammond in the Palais Royal 
 has some good ones. Went to see Racine's " Athalie " at the 
 French theatre. It is a finely written piece but heavy in the 
 performance, and rendered more so by the Choruses being set to 
 dull noisy French musick. The performers of the Italian and 
 French theatres have joined to perform this play, and exhibit it 
 alternately at the two theatres. The musick makes it so long 
 that there is no time for any after piece. The theatre was 
 extremely full. It is much the finest theatre at present in 
 Paris in all respects, as the approaches and rooms attached to it 
 are really magnificent. The busts of the principal dramatick 
 writers are in the great room which is very proper. The front
 
 300 july, 1791. 
 
 has a large portico and on the stones of the columns which are 
 numerous are stuck the titles of favourite plays which is per- 
 fectly ridiculous. 
 
 Wednesday, July 27th. Went again to Grandpre with Lord 
 Gower and Lady Sutherland. Saw a vast number of fine pic- 
 tures I did not see before. I had no idea of any dealer having 
 such a capital lying dead in pictures. The prices he asks are 
 enormous. Went to the French Theatre to see the " Coquette 
 corrige'e," a good comedy written about 30 years ago. Mole, 
 Mademoiselle Raucoux and Mademoiselle Contat acted in it. 
 Mole', whom I remember an excellent actor in the lively parts of 
 comedy and a very pretty figure 25 years ago, is now grown old 
 and clumsy, and is so much changed that I should not have sus- 
 pected him to be the same man. He goes on to perform lovers' 
 parts and by use does not appear to the people here so unfit for 
 them in appearance as he does to me. He is however a very 
 good actor. Mademoiselle Raucoux is a fine actress both in 
 tragedy and comedy, but her figure would not suit very young 
 parts. The character of the Coquette was played by Made- 
 moiselle Contat, who is a charming actress full of spirit and ele- 
 gance. She appears to have a very fine face and is young enough 
 for most characters on the stage; but she is very large and I un- 
 derstand is much increased lately in size. 
 
 Thursday, July 2Hth. Saw a piece at the Italians called Mir- 
 vah and Adelaide. It is interesting and well acted. The latter 
 part resembles the deserter and the distress is carried farther to 
 a degree highly disgusting, as the hero of the piece is actually 
 placed on his knees with his eyes covered and his hands tied, 
 and the party who are to shoot him are just levelling their mus- 
 quets when the reprieve arrives. 
 
 Friday, July 29th. Dined at Auteuil, about two miles out 
 of Paris, with Madame Helvetius, widow of the celebrated 
 author of L'Esprit. They were both very amiable and were 
 among my earliest acquaintance at Paris. She lives very com- 
 fortably in a little retirement where she seems to have a pleasant 
 society about her and never comes to stay at Paris. Went in the 
 evening to some of the little theatres on the Boulevard, which 
 seem to be very low both as to performance and audience. There
 
 DISCUSSIONS ON POLITICS. 301 
 
 is one at the corner of the Rue de Bondy called Theatre Comique 
 and Lyrique, which seems to be a very pretty one. They have 
 got a favourite performance there called " Nicodeme dans la 
 lune " which has little or no merit but being written for the 
 time has great success. 
 
 Sunday, July \Mh, Rode in the morning to Montmartre, 
 where the view of Paris and all the adjacent country is extreme- 
 ly fine. It is so near that the town almost reaches to it. Dined 
 with Monsieur Suard at a small house at Fontenay aux Roses 
 about 4 miles from Paris. The country about it is very beauti- 
 ful and his garden commands a pleasing view over a valley 
 prettily diversified with villas, gardens and woods. Monsieur 
 Suard is a literary man of a moderate and amiable character; 
 and as I knew some sensible well-informed men were to be of the 
 party I was in hopes to have got more amusement and informa- 
 tion than has hitherto fallen to my share. But in this I was as 
 much disappointed as usual. Eternal politicks and political dis- 
 putes ingrossed the whole attention of the party. The French 
 Revolution seems to me to level people's understanding as much 
 as their ranks and situations : blind and violent zeal seems to 
 have taken place of reason, and he who harangues in the 
 Palais Royal garden talks with just as much wisdom and 
 clearness on these subjects as the people of the first under- 
 standings of the country. Two Monsieurs Garats were there, 
 brothers, and both of the Assembly and of very opposite 
 principles. I was told their politicks had no effect upon their 
 friendship which I believe is true; but they disputed so violently 
 that people in England in the same case would probably have 
 come to an open quarrel. The younger one, who is a Dernocrate, 
 was quite furious ; the other kept his temper much better and 
 now and then introduced some little stroke of humour, which 
 served to take off something of the edge of the dispute. I was 
 diverted with a repartee which was told of the elder Garat, who 
 being at some ceremony when a new bishop, who had just taken 
 the oaths and was acquainted with Garat, said to him with a 
 triumphant kind of sneer, Bonjour Aristocrate; to which the other 
 instantly replied in the Masquerade stile, Bonjour beau Masque. 
 The Democrates seem much out of spirits as they have lately
 
 302 july, 1791. 
 
 received alarming accounts of a very serious League that is form- 
 ing against them by the neighbouring powers, and feel every 
 day more and more the weakness of their means of defence and 
 the insufficiency of their Government. The weather is so hot 
 as to be quite inconvenient. At seven in the evening it was im- 
 possible to walk with any sort of comfort and the thermometer, 
 which has been for these two days above 87, was today very 
 near 89. 
 
 Monday, August 1st. Went to the National Assembly. 
 Complaints having been made by some of the members the day 
 before that the decrees of the Assembly met with great difficul- 
 ties and delays in the execution, it was ordered that some of the 
 Ministers should attend the Assembly, at least every other day, 
 to give an account if called for or to state any difficulties they 
 met with in the execution of the decrees of the Assembly in 
 their departments. 
 
 Tuesday, August 2nd. Rode thro' the Champs Elisees, which 
 consists of a wood of young trees planted in rows with an ex- 
 cessive broad strait road thro' the middle of it. The dust is 
 excessive and the soil being like pulverised mortar the trees 
 themselves are quite white in dry weather. The whiteness of 
 everything about Paris (except the complexions and linen of 
 the inhabitants) is a great inconvenience, as all the buildings 
 are stone and all the soil like mortar ; and the very little grass 
 that is to be seen is generally parched with the sun and whitened 
 with the dust. At Neuilly there is a fine new bridge over the 
 Seine of five arches wide and very flat. By means of the flatness 
 of the arches and the height of the banks above the river, the 
 upper line of the bridge is perfectly strait without any eleva- 
 tion whatever. Proceeded along the road which leads towards St 
 Germains, and turned off to the left to ascend a remarkable hill 
 which is the highest and most conspicuous spot on the horizon 
 of Paris. It is called Mont Valerien and Mont Calvaire. There 
 is a religious house upon it and some chapels and hermitages, 
 which used to draw a good subsistence from the religious zeal of 
 the adjacent country whose inhabitants made frequent visits 
 to the holy brotherhood. At present the visitors are so few that 
 the Hermits are gone for want of company. The prospect from
 
 ST CLOUD. 303 
 
 this place is very fine. The Seine winding through a large extent 
 of country just below it, the bridge of Neuilly, the Chateau de 
 Madrid, the Bois de Boulogne, the palace and woods of St Cloud, 
 the full view of Paris and Montmartre form the principal objects 
 of this delightful view. Went on to St Cloud. This palace 
 built by the Duke of Orleans, brother to Louis XIV., has been a 
 few years ago sold, improved and new fitted up. The ground 
 Salon, the Gallerie d'Apollon and the Cabinet de Diane, which 
 form a fine apartment highly ornamented and painted, remain as 
 they were. There are no good pictures, but some portraits by 
 Mignard of the characters of the time of Louis XIV., that are in- 
 teresting. The prospect from the house is fine but glaring. The 
 gardens are well-wooded but still formal, tho less so than many. 
 They run along a rising ground over the Seine which is the best 
 circumstance belonging to them, not excepting even their artifi- 
 cial cascades. They look very handsome from without. Rode 
 home thro' the Bois de Boulogne, which is the great resort of the 
 riders and drivers of Paris. It is extensive and has a wild forest- 
 like appearance but not much beauty. This and the following 
 evening saw two operas both called Lodoiska, both formed upon 
 the same story and both brought out nearly at the same time at 
 the Italian Theatre and the Theatre de Monsieur. The musick 
 of the Italians is much the most pleasing, and I think the piece 
 the best written. The scenery of the other is superior. The 
 characters are Poles and Tartars, and both pieces end with the 
 burning and blowing up a castle, which is performed upon the 
 stage with an effect of fire far beyond anything I ever saw 
 attempted. 
 
 Saturday, August 6th. Saw a French opera, called Raoul de 
 Cre'qui, extremely interesting and admirably acted. The man- 
 agement of their scenery has a great effect ; particularly in a 
 method they have adopted and often make use of dividing their 
 stage lengthwise into two parts. Thus in Raoul de Crequi there 
 is the dungeon where he is confined and the jailor's apartment, 
 where much of scene passes, both open at once to the audience. 
 
 Monday, August 8th. The Assembly entered upon the dis- 
 cussion of their new Constitution as formed by their Committee 
 out of the various decrees which the Assembly have passed.
 
 304 AUGUST, 1791. 
 
 This Constitution, which is to be the French Magna Charta it is 
 supposed, is never to be altered by any future Legislature ; but 
 if ever necessity should call for any alteration it is to be made 
 by something which they call a National Convention. The busi- 
 ness therefore of the Committee is to select such things as are 
 purely Constitutional points, to simplify as much as possible, to 
 avoid details and to omit everything that is not absolutely es- 
 sential or which is likely to require alteration or modification. 
 The Committee consists of some of the most prudent men they 
 have, and are supposed to have fulfilled their task as well as the 
 violent materials they have to work with will allow them. Some 
 small progress was made today with great appearance of heat 
 and animosity. 
 
 Wednesday, August 10th, Rode to Bellevue, a house built 
 by Madame de Pompadour, purchased of her by Louis XV, and 
 now belongs to the Mesdames who are gone to Italy. The 
 house is a very good one and has been newly fitted up by them. 
 The ornaments are elegant without being shewy. The chief 
 merit of the place is its prospect, which is extremely fine. It is 
 placed on a continuation of the same rising ground over the 
 Seine on which St Cloud stands : many of the objects are the 
 same. On the whole I think the prospect of Bellevue preferable. 
 Immediately below Bellevue is the village of Seve remarkable 
 for its Porcelain manufacture, which is beautiful and carried on 
 with more experience and in a greater stile than any of the 
 other manufactories which have arisen since. The King being 
 the proprietor, and of course greatly out of pocket every year 
 without reckoning what he takes or gives, which is or at least 
 used to be considerable. There are some of the most beautiful 
 vases of blue porcelain with gilt bronze ornaments about 7 feet 
 in height, the price of which is about £800 each. 
 
 Thursday, August 11th. I saw a new piece at the French 
 Theatre, called Les victimes cloitre'es. It is one of those pieces 
 called dramas which are generally extremely affecting as this is 
 thro' great part of its progress, tho it ends happily. It is 
 the severest attack that can possibly be made upon the Clergy, 
 and one can hardly believe oneself in a Catholick Country while 
 one sees it. The applause with which it is received is excessive
 
 MADEMOISELLE DEVKEUX. 305 
 
 and if there was anything more to be taken from the Church or 
 anything more severe that could be inflicted on the religious 
 Orders, such a representation would be sufficient to excite the 
 violence of the people against them. 
 
 Friday, August 12th. Saw the Hotel de Salm, built at an 
 enormous expense by the Prince of Salm, a petty German 
 sovereign. The entrance is very fine, some of the apartments 
 are elegant and magnificent, but it is not half finished and is to 
 be sold. In the evening saw a pretty comedy excellently acted, 
 called L'Intrigue Epistolaire, at the Variety's, a very elegant new 
 theatre in the Palais Royal opening to the Rue de Richelieu. 
 
 Saturday, August 13th. Went with the Pelhams and 
 Madame d'Astorgue and Monsieur Alexandre de la Roche- 
 foucault to see Mademoiselle Devreux's house, which is the 
 most celebrated thing of the kind in Paris for the expense 
 and elegance with which it is fitted up. She is a lady who 
 with very little beauty has had the good fortune to have a 
 succession of rich lovers and the wisdom to realise a large 
 fortune out of their prodigality, notwithstanding she has 
 always lived well and behaved generously on many occasions 
 and is much liked by those who are of her society. Her house 
 is small but convenient and well disposed, and the fitting up 
 and the furniture in the highest stile of elegance. It is said 
 she is almost ruined by play and must sell her house. 
 
 Wednesday, August 17th. Went to see the Hospital des 
 Enfans trouves. They receive all children that are presented, 
 which are given as soon as possible to nurses out of the country, 
 who must come to receive them and must bring a certificate of 
 their characters. The nurses at first are given 12 f. per month, 
 which is diminished if the child stays with them beyond a 
 certain age. The nurses often keep the children till they are six 
 or seven years old, and sometimes adopt them entirely when all 
 payment ceases. Those who are returned to the hospital are 
 kept principally in a large place on the Faubourg St Antoine, 
 where they are instructed till they can be placed out. About 
 6000 children on an average are received every year. The 
 house where they are taken in is near Notre Dame. When I 
 was there there were about 140 who had been received within 
 
 g. C. 20
 
 306 august, 1791. 
 
 a few days, and were none of them a week old. They are fed 
 by hand till the nurses come for them. The greatest part of 
 them appeared healthy, and nothing can exceed the neatness 
 and care with which they seem to be managed. They are 
 under the care of women of a religious order called Sceurs de la 
 Charite, who deserve much credit for the zeal and humanity 
 with which they execute their office. Near this place is the 
 great hospital of the Hotel Dieu, where all sick persons are 
 admitted, and of the bad air and unwholesomeness of which, 
 from the patients being overcrowded, so much has been said and 
 written. Some reformation particularly in the lower wards has 
 been effected since Madame Necker's time, who gave much 
 attention to it. And in those wards more than two are never 
 placed in the same bed, and in some parts only one, but upstairs 
 it remains in the same state that it was, excepting that more 
 care is taken by the attendants to preserve cleanliness as far as 
 depends on them. I went through most of the wards. The 
 beds are extremely good and the space very large with windows 
 on each side, so as to make a thorough air. It being warm 
 weather all the windows were open and as all who were able to 
 be out of bed were so I was not sensible of the inconveniences 
 to which the patients are exposed when the beds are full and 
 the windows obliged to be shut. The Foundling Hospital and I 
 believe the Hotel Dieu have both suffered a diminution of 
 their revenue by the revolution, as they were in part supported 
 by the duties imposed on goods and provisions brought into 
 Paris. 
 
 Went to the Jardin du Roi, which is at the same time a 
 botanical garden and a publick walk, the choicest plants being 
 within enclosures. It is on the skirts of the town, and from its 
 size, airiness and situation on the bank of the river, is the finest 
 publick garden in Paris, but being in a remote quarter is little 
 frequented. Went to the General Hospital or Salpetriere, which 
 is an immense building or rather collection of buildings. It is 
 entirely for females, and there are great establishments for the 
 care and education of children and for the maintenance and 
 support of such as are passed their labour. There is a large 
 place for mad women who are but ill taken care of. Women of
 
 LE RAINCY. 307 
 
 disorderly lives used to be sent here by the police to be confined 
 for a time, but that is over. There is still a part appropriated 
 for the confinement of female criminals who are sentenced to be 
 confined for a certain time in consequence of particular crimes. 
 The young and the old seem to be well taken care of. 
 
 Saturday, August 20th. Went to see the Hotel de Marbceuf, 
 which is newly fitted up in a very expensive manner by the 
 owner who is a rich widow ; it is not on the whole in good taste 
 though there are fine parts of it. 
 
 Went to the Duke of Praslin's, which is a large hotel ; some 
 of the rooms and one in particular are magnificently fitted up 
 and furnished. The floors are the most elegantly and expen- 
 sively inlaid I ever saw. But what chiefly deserves attention 
 in the house is a very valuable collection of pictures, particularly 
 Flemish. 
 
 Sunday, August 21st. Dined at Raincy, a seat of the Duke 
 of Orleans about 9 miles from Paris. It is on the whole a fine 
 place, the house is very good with handsome stables and various 
 offices. It is situated at some distance from the road with an 
 avenue of large poplars. There is a forest adjoining to it and 
 an extensive pleasure ground about it, of which a large part is 
 laid out in the English taste. This is the worst part, as all the 
 trees are young and do not thrive, the water trifling, and the 
 grass, of which there is too much, in such bad order by the heat 
 of the summer, the badness of the soil, and the want of rolling 
 and mowing, that it looks like a very rough poor field. 
 
 Thursday, August 25th. Received from Monsieur Suard an 
 academiciens ticket to attend the annual meeting on St Louis's 
 day for the distribution of prizes etc. Marmontel took the 
 chair and opened with a speech, in which he declared that the 
 spirit of politics had so far overpowered the spirit of literature 
 that the Academy had not found any performance worthy of a 
 prize among those sent in for the present year. The prizes 
 were therefore reserved, except that for the most distinguished 
 act of virtue, which was decreed to a little association of the 
 servants of a man in very extensive business. The master met 
 with heavy losses, broke, and died insolvent. The servants who 
 had lived with him long were all losers of considerable sums due 
 
 20—2
 
 308 august, 1791. 
 
 for wages which they had left in his hands. Notwithstanding 
 which they united their industry and their little possessions and 
 maintained among them with the utmost care and attention a 
 child of their late master who was left totally destitute and 
 incapable from severe infirmity of supporting himself. There 
 being no prize productions to be read, Monsieur de la Harpe read 
 a dissertation on the state of literature from the age of Augustus 
 to that of Louis 14th. Then Monsieur Florian repeated some 
 fables, and the Abbe Delisle some parts of a poem on imagina- 
 tion, which it is to be hoped he soon means to publish. These 
 performances had all much merit in their different ways. 
 
 Saturday, A ugust 27th. Went to see St Denis. The Abbey 
 is fine and the quantity of tombs of the different kings and 
 other remarkable persons well worth seeing. The treasure 
 is curious enough and does not take up much time, as the 
 priest who shows it has as little inclination as the spectators can 
 have to give more than is necessary. 
 
 Sunday, August 28th. Went to see the Duke of Orleans' 
 house and garden on the skirts of Paris, called Monceaux, which 
 is well worth the trouble. The house is not good but has many 
 rooms, is fitted up with expense and in a very whimsical manner, 
 and is well adapted to parties and entertainments. The 
 gardens are extremely pretty, in the English taste, with much 
 variety and a great number of buildings, some of which are in 
 very good taste. 
 
 Tuesday, August 30th. Went to a breakfast at Mr Morris's. 
 He is an American, a gentlemanlike sensible man of property 
 and estimation in America. He was concerned in the line of 
 finance during the war. He has only one leg, having been 
 obliged to undergo an amputation in consequence of jumping 
 from a window in an affair of gallantry. Made an acquaintance 
 with Madame de Flahaut, a very sensible agreeable woman. 
 Her husband and she have apartments in the Louvre, where 
 they live much at home and have a small society most evenings. 
 The chief purpose of the meeting was to hear the Abbe' Delisle 
 read some passages of his poem on the imagination, which he 
 did. They were very beautiful, and from what I have heard the 
 poem must be a delightful work. It is hoped it will be pub- 
 lished this winter.
 
 LE BICETRE. 309 
 
 Wednesday, August 31st. Went to see the Bicetre, about 
 two miles out of Paris. It is a very large respectable looking 
 place. It is a prison and at the same time an hospital for 
 various kinds of objects, and particularly madmen and idiots, and 
 it is likewise a kind of workhouse for poor infirm people who 
 live there and have an allowance. The prisons consist of a 
 great number of small cells, where the people are confined 
 separately. Each has a window with iron bars, through which 
 the prisoner can converse with any person in the courts and 
 yard. Strangers are admitted very freely, and the entrance of a 
 new visitor seldom fails to bring the inhabitants of all the cells 
 to their grates, where they have all something to ask or some- 
 thing to offer for sale. Those who are so situated as not to 
 have a good view have little looking glasses which they hold out 
 at windows and catch a sight of the objects of their curiosity by 
 that means. We found that notwithstanding the new laws in 
 favour of liberty this prison was full of people who had been 
 there many months and some of them years without being- 
 brought to any trial or having any hearing. The truth is that 
 hitherto the machine does not move. The destruction of old 
 institutions has been complete enough, but the substitution 
 of new ones is very imperfect and in many cases quite ineffec- 
 tual. Rode afterwards to Vincennes crossing the Seine by 
 a ferry at Charenton. Vincennes has a great appearance of 
 ancient grandeur.
 
 APPENDIX
 
 312 FEBRUARY, 1794. 
 
 Lord Elgin to Lord Grenyille. 
 
 This letter shews the extreme difficulty of obtaining infor- 
 mation as to the state of affairs in Paris after the outbreak of 
 the war in Feb. 1793. 
 
 [Most secret.] 
 
 Bruxelles, Feb. 14, 1794. 
 My Lord, 
 
 In consequence of the verbal instructions which I received 
 in London, and from the prospect of ultimate success, which a 
 variety of private considerations led me to hope for, I have used 
 every means in my power, since my return from England, to 
 establish in various ways channels of information from Paris and 
 different parts of France. Hitherto the innumerable obstacles I 
 have had to contend with have made me silent on the subject : but 
 I forward to your Lordship by this day's post, what I trust will be 
 the best proof that I have not been ill-advised in my perseverance. 
 
 My endeavours, as long as they were confined to this frontier, 
 were fruitless : I had frequently sent to Paris, without success ; I 
 had placed persons in different points for the purpose of communica- 
 tion • but they have all hitherto, in a very short time, been thrown 
 into prison. The person whom I especially employed to establish 
 correspondencies in France has tried various directions : he is 
 now as far as Switzerland, and he sends me the enclosed memorial 
 as the result of his first researches. Your Lordship may rely upon 
 it, as containing nothing, but on authorities worthy of credit, and 
 compared with much care. Fugitives from the army, who have 
 quitted their country one, two or three months ; fugitives, from the 
 smaller administrations, from the Convention, from the principal
 
 LORD ELGIN TO LORD GRENVILLE. 
 
 313 
 
 towns in France, and from Paris itself, have been all repeatedly 
 consulted : and they have been found to correspond in the result of 
 their observations, notwithstanding their being connected with 
 discording parties. 
 
 All agree in representing the evil as of the greatest magnitude, 
 but all equally agree in the possibility of discovering effectual 
 remedies. 
 
 The second memorial that is promised me shall be forwarded to 
 your Lordship the moment I receive it. 
 
 I have the honor to be, with the utmost respect, 
 
 Endorsed, 
 Brussels, Feb. Uth, 1794. 
 Lord Elgin 
 R. 18th (Most Secret) 
 By Mason. 
 
 My Lord, 
 your Lordship's 
 Most obedient 
 humble Servant, 
 ELGIN.
 
 
 RESUME D'INFORMATIONS EXACTED 
 AU 25 JANVIER 1794. 
 
 Le Gouvernement de la Revolution a change de caractere : ce n'est 
 plus une constitution ideale, abandonnee, comme en 1791 et 1792, a 
 la clesobeissance publique ; ni une anarchie interne, entre deux 
 factions, divisees stir le regime a donner a la Republique, comme en 
 1793; ni la confusion resultante du triomphe d'un parti toujours 
 menace et mal affermi, comme durant Fete dernier. 
 
 Pendant ces trois periodes, la Convention nationale etoit encore 
 independante ; chaque voix comptoit plus ou moins ; l'autorite 
 executive exercee par les Ministres, rognee a chaque instant par les 
 comites, et divisee, pour ainsi dire, entre chaque membre de 
 lAssemblee, chaque corps populaire, chaque administration, chaque 
 agent revolutionnaire, chaque clubbiste, manquoit de force, d'har- 
 monie, de secret, de centre d' unite. 
 
 Un autre regime est survenu, par l'institution, et par la toute 
 puissance, du Comite de Salut public; le peril de la Republique, et 
 la defiance du pouvoir executif lui donnerent naissance : son influence 
 s'agrandit avec les dangers ; elle s'est perpetuee et afferinie par les 
 succes. 
 
 Ce Comite exerce la Dictature dans toute son etendue ; il 
 redige les plans, et les execute ; les Ministres ne sont que ses commis; 
 la Convention qu'une machine a decrets, pour sanctionner les 
 decisions de ce conseil. II dispose souverainement des armees, du 
 generalat, des fonds publics, des tribunaux revolutionnaires, des 
 autorites secondaires, des agens innombrables de la force publique, 
 des capitaux, des revenus, des biens meubles et immeubles, de la vie 
 de chaque citoyen, des inquisitions, des Comites de surveillance, 
 meme des clubs. 
 
 II a legalise sa tyrannie, et l'a rendue methodique, par l'adoption 
 du Gouvernement revolutionnaire, devant lequel se taisent les droits 
 de l'homme, la souverainete du peuple, les constitutions precedentes
 
 THE GOVERNMENT. 315 
 
 et toute liberte. Ce regime a rencontre des oppositions parmi les 
 anarchistes ; mais le credit du Comite a fait trembler les murmura- 
 teurs ; et ce pouvoir epouvantable a ete monte a tour de bras, sans 
 qu'un seid Jacobin ait ose lui disputer l'existence. 
 
 De ce moment la puissance populaire s'est aneantie ; ou du 
 moins se trouve entierement suspendue ; les assemblies electorates, 
 les administrations de district, les Municipalites ont disparu ; le 
 pouvoir des Directoires de Departement est assujettie dans chaque 
 detail de son exercice. 
 
 Des Delegues conventionels nommes par le Comite font les 
 fonctions de proconsuls absolus dans ces Departemens. Des agens 
 nationaux encore nommes par le Comite, les secondent dans les 
 districts ; et y font executer leurs ordres ; ces Commissaires cassent 
 a volonte les directoires, et les corps Municipaux ; destituent les 
 officiers du peuple, sans le consulter ; remettent l'administration, a 
 qui il leur plait, et ont ainsi prevenu les conflicts d'autorite, ceux 
 d'opinion, de parti et l'anarchie qui en resultoit. 
 
 En leur absence, les Commissaires sont represented par ces agens 
 nationaux de la creation du Comite qui ont succede aux Procu- 
 reurs Syndics, nommes jadis par le peuple, dans les districts, et les 
 communes. Derriere ces Administrations et celles des Departemens, 
 se placent les clubs ; le moindre bourg, les gros villages ont chacun 
 le leur. De leur sein est tire un comite de surveillance, qui exerce 
 l'inquisition publique non seulement sur les simples individus 
 quelconques, mais encore sur les corps administratifs, lesquels, toute 
 execrable qu'est leur composition actuelle, sont en masse et en detail 
 journellement controles par les surveillans. Pour surcroit de pre- 
 caution, le Comite de Salut public, et les propres clubs, dont ils 
 sont ext raits, les entourent d'espions et de denonciateurs, charges de 
 rendre compte et d 'observer la conduite des comites inquisitoriaux. 
 
 Cette cliaine de satellites correspondans, et mutuellement delateurs 
 Us uns les autres, repondent de leur lidelite aux Comites de 
 Salut public, et de surete generale : ce dernier est le bureau 
 d' informations, la seutinelle du comite de salut public auquel il 
 est subordonne. Nous en parlerons ailleurs. Par la defiance 
 necessaire, qui les domiue tous, ils ont pour instruction generale de 
 denoncer et de faire arr^ter comme suspect quiconque est souj)conne 
 de professor en secret, ou d'avovr profess^ 1<> royalisme, L'ainouar de la 
 religion, le feuillantismc, le federalisme, et le moderantisme. 
 
 Dana cette derniere classe si>nt compris tons crux qu'on nomme
 
 316 JANUARY, 1794. 
 
 gens jxiisibles: les arretes des Commissaires conventionnels, clans les 
 divers Departemens, qualifient ces citoyens d'ego'istes, de vampires, 
 d'agitateurs secrets : presque tous sont proprietaires ; la grande 
 ruajorite d'entre eux sont detenus ou guillotines, sequestres ou 
 condamnes a des contributions enormes et arbitraires pour les 
 frais de la guerre. 
 
 On ne peut se former au loin une idee juste de la soumission et 
 de la terreur qu'a produit ce nouvel arrangement de tyrannie : 
 personne n'ose reclamer une loi, un droit, un principe, une possession. 
 Les supplices sont aussi frequens dans les provinces qu'a Paris ; et 
 dans les canipagnes que dans les villes. Pas une parole, pas une 
 demarche, pas une fortune n'echappent a cette armee de delateurs, 
 tous animes de l'emulation de rencherir en atrocite les uns sur les 
 autres. Le mois dernier, en voyant passer quelques jeunes gens de 
 la premiere requisition, qui se rendoit a 1' armee d' Alsace, un paysan 
 octogenaire et aise de la Franche Comte, s'ecria : Ces pauvres 
 enfants, ce sont des veaux qu'on mene a la boucherie. Des le soir il 
 fut arrete, et buit jours apres guillotine ; on citeroit mille exemples 
 pareils. 
 
 Insensiblement et graduellement depuis quatre mois, il s'est done 
 forme une organisation d'abord invisible ; aujourd'bui regulierement 
 montee, independante de toute espece de pouvoir populaire, en 
 tenant lieu, et recevant son existence, comme sa conservation, des 
 cbefs du Comite de Salut public. Tous les Jacobins moderes, les 
 republicains incertains, les caracteres froids, ceux en qui pouvoit 
 s'elever encore un repentir, un sentiment de pitie, une idee de crainte 
 ou de retour vers un autre ordre de choses, ont ete expulses des 
 emplois ; a force de placer, et de deplacer on est parvenu a avoir 
 des hommes capables et bien prononces, soit dans les armees, soit 
 dans les administrations. 
 
 A Paris, ainsi que dans les departemens, ces divers agens sont 
 exclusivement des sans-cidottes dans la force du terme : plus rien de 
 l'ancienne bigarrure : ces nou veaux parvenus foulent sous leurs 
 sabots et font trembler les proprietaires de toute classe : ils ont reduit 
 le reste des liabitans a la nullite la plus absolue; un interet 
 commun, un fanatisme atroce, ou une sceleratesse sans bornes, sont 
 les garants de leur zele a remplir leurs fonctions et a concourir 
 energiquement au maintien du despotisme actuel. 
 
 Le pouvoir revolutionnaire, dont 1'exercice leur est confie, agit 
 maintenant par des regies fixes et avec une \ ioleiice habituellement
 
 DELATION. 317 
 
 systematique. On ne craint plus de choquer l'opinion xii les princ- 
 ipes de la premiere revolution. 
 
 Les Commissaires de parti ont pris l'appareil, la representation, 
 le langage des bachas ; traines dans des carosses a, six chevaux, 
 entoures de gardes, assis a des tables de 30 couverts, mangeant au 
 bruit de la musique, avec un cortege de courtisannes, d'bistrions, de 
 pretoriens; toujours mena^ans, et ne perdant jamais le ton du 
 commandement ni celui de l'enthousiasme, ils ont frappe le peujile 
 subitement de terreur ; le meme esprit, les memes formes exterieures 
 distinguent proportionellement les sous ordres ; en un mot, ci 
 devant, les ministres de la puissance nationale affectoient aupres du 
 peuple le ton de Pegalite, de l'liumilite, du respect, et semblant 
 obeir en ordonnant avec faiblesse ; aujourd'hui on parle en maitre, 
 et la moindre desobeissance est un crime irremissible. 
 
 Les trab isons, les complots, les reactions, les soulevemens que 
 facilitait jadis la multiplicite des autorites et l'incoherence de leur 
 exercice sont maintenant pbysiquement et moralement impossibles. 
 
 Trois, quatre personnes, a moins d'etre les complices meme du 
 Comite, ne sauraient se rassembler ni s'entretenir sans danger; soit 
 a, la promenade, soit dans leurs maisons. Le fermier est espionne 
 par son valet de charrue, le maitre par son domestique, le mari par sa 
 femme, le fabriquant par ses ouvriers, le marchand par ses commis. 
 
 Les retraites les plus impenetrables sont a tout moment decelees. 
 Rabaut de St-Etienne 1 et son frere, caches depuis cinq mois a, 
 l'extremite d'un fauxbourg, dans une loge recouverte d'une boiserie a 
 trape, et oil leur bote seul leur apportoit a, manger, ont ete enfin 
 trabis, arretes, et executes. La crainte fait autant de delateurs que 
 l'interet ou la fureur du parti. 
 
 On ne peut plus ni parler, ni ecrire. Le Palais Royal, cet ancien 
 rendezvous des revolutionnaires, est absolument desert : on a vide le 
 jardin, et les maisons, meme les caffes ; pas un groupe n'ose se 
 former; a la nuit, clmcun se retire chez soi : on appelle cette retraite 
 aller coucher sa Liberie. 
 
 Toutes les boutiques sont fermees avant huit heures du soir ; les 
 lieux de ralliement, les entretiens les plus indifferens, la solitude, les 
 affaires privees, les correspondances, sont egalement dangereuscs. 
 Chaque section dans les villes a son comite de surveillance : lorsqu'on 
 lui echapperait, on seroit investi des sliirres de la Commune ou du 
 comite de surete generale qui sortent de dessous les pa\ es. 
 1 He was guillotined December 5, lT'.'-'i.
 
 318 JANUARY, 1794. 
 
 Tout ce qui pouvoit conserver quelque influence par sa fortune, 
 par un ancien credit, par des services rendus nienie a la Revolution ; 
 quiconque dont le nom offriroit une addresse, une esperance aux 
 mecontens, est arrete, fugitif, ou assassine. Les prisons de Paris et 
 les maisons d'arret en renferment 18 raille: chaque ville de province 
 a proportion : un exil volontaire a derobe, et en derobe encore, un 
 grand nombre a la Guillotine : il en sort toutes les semaines au 
 travers de mille perils ; plusieurs auxquels j'ai parle ont fait a la lettre 
 le tour de la France sous divers deguisemens, sans avoir pu trouver 
 une issue ; ce n'est qu'a la suite des aventures les plus romanesques 
 qu'ils sont enfin parvenus, a, vol d'oiseau, a gagner la Suisse : seule 
 frontiere encore un peu accessible a, cette foule d'infortunes. 
 
 Ce sont la plupart des liabitans des villes ou contrees reassujetties 
 par la convention, des federalistes, des anciens constitutionels, et 
 des royalistes de toute denomination. 
 
 Lorsque les eleruens d'une insurrection, lorsque la faculte de la 
 preparer, celle d'en rassembler les instruments, et la volonte de la 
 /aire ne seroient pas radicalement detruits, il n'y auroit aucune 
 possibilite de l'executer; car en ce moment, le peuple entier est 
 desarme. II ne reste pas un fusil, ni dans les villes, ni dans les 
 campagnes. Si quelque chose atteste la puissance surnaturelle dont 
 jouissent les meneurs de la Convention c'est de voir dans un instant, 
 par un seul acte de leur volonte, et sans que personne ose leur resister 
 ni s'en plaindre, la nation ramenee, de Perpignan jusqu'a Lille, a la 
 privation de toute defense contre 1' oppression, avec une facilite plus 
 inouie encore que celle dont se fit en 1789 l'armement universel du 
 royaume. 
 
 Voici un trait remarquable de cette facilite. On se rapelle les 
 fieres annonces de la ville de Bordeaux apres la journee du 31 Mai 
 dernier, qui abbatit le parti- Giron din; on voulait marcher snr Paris ; 
 on menagait, on insultait la Convention, on rompit avec elle, on la 
 provoqua au combat. Tous les muscadins de Bourdeaux, et des 
 villes voisines s'etaient equipes, montes, exerces : ils etaient si 
 enivres de leur bravoure que le general Wimphen, apres sa deroute en 
 Normandie, etant alle leur porter des propositions d'alliance avec la 
 Vendee, ils les rej efferent comme incompatibles avec leurs idees sur 
 la Monarch ie. 
 
 Au commencement d'Octobre quatre Commissaires de la Conven- 
 tion se mirent en marche de La Reole, avec 1800 paysans et 
 brigands : un herault alia ordonner cle leur part aux braves de
 
 TALLIEN AT BORDEAUX. 319 
 
 Bourdeaux, tie sortir de la ville en bataillons, et de venir les recevoir 
 a la porte. Personne n'ignorait qu'ils etaient suivis de bourreaux, 
 de geoliers, et de coupeurs de bourse. Neanmoins, 12,000 Bordelais, 
 gens de commerce, ou d'industrie, ayant fait depuis l'origine de la 
 Revolution le service de Gardes Rationales avec un grand etalage, 
 obeirent a cette requisition ; ils se rendirent a la porte, armes, en 
 uniforme, et leur chefs a, leur tete. Pour mieux celebrer l'arrivee 
 de leurs assassins, ils avaient prepare des couronnes de chene au 
 Conimissaires. Aussitot Tallien, le principal de ces delegues, apres 
 une harangue foudroyante et outrageuse, ordonna a un detachement 
 de ses bandits d'aller arracher a la troupe doree ses branches de chene, 
 ses epaulettes, ses cocardes : l'execution s'etant faite, sans aucune 
 resistance, Tallien cassa les bataillons Bordelais, et entre en ville 
 avec sa troupe de gueux il proclama l'ordre a tous les habitans sans 
 distinction, d'avoir a deposer en 36 heures, et sous peine de tnort, 
 leurs armes sur le glacis du Chateau Trompette : avant le terme. 
 trente mille fusils, les epees, les pistolets, jusqu'aux canifs furent 
 livres : une poignee de scelerats conduits par quatre magiciens 
 desarma une cite en rebellion ; 100,000 citoyens recurent la loi, sans 
 oser proferer un murmure ; les arrestations, et les supplices com- 
 mencerent le lendemain ; ils n'ont pas discontinue ; Bordeaux est 
 aujourd'hui aux fers et pour to uj ours; il sera demoli comme Lyons 
 et Marseilles. 
 
 II est superflu d'aj outer qu'on a detruit tout principe de souleve- 
 ment, toute confiance dans les puissances etrangeres, toute opinion, 
 tout desir de revolte par l'abandon a jamais deplorable de Lyons, de 
 Toulon, de la Vendee. Quiconque serait tente de croire aux 
 promesses du dehors, a des esperances fallacieuses, a des invita- 
 tions mensongeres, a la possibilite du moindre succes tournerait ses 
 regards sur les ruines de Lyons baigne du sang de ses citoyens egorges; 
 il se convaincrait bien vite que le sort d'une rebellion appuyee 
 sur le concours de la guerre etrangere, est cent fois plus horrible 
 que la soumission au rasoir national et au despotisms de la Conven- 
 tion. 
 
 Ainsi, il sera prudent de renoncer a toutes cliimcres a ce sujet, de 
 fermer l'oreille aux menteurs, aux flatteurs, aux colporteurs de 
 fausses informations qui viendront imprimer, ou dire aux Cabinets, 
 que les opprimes les invoquent, et qu'on pout compter sur leur 
 assistance. Jc deniens a l'avance ces allegations emphatiques, et 
 j'jvffiriae que les puissances out egorge 1'annee dernilre toute faculte
 
 320 JANUARY, 1794. 
 
 d'insurrections interieures en France, a, moins qu'elles ne s'ouvrent 
 l'interieur du royaume a force ouverte. 
 
 Les Jacobins ont profite, avec leur habilite ordinaire, de leurs 
 victoires sur les revoltes : elles ont ranime le zele de leurs partisans, 
 rendu la confiance aux plus tiniides, tourne contre les puissances la 
 haine des oppriroes sacrifies, generalise le niepris et l'horreur de la 
 Royaute, rallie a, la Convention les incertains, subjugue la masse du 
 peuple, et extirpe par l'enormite des vengeances exercees toute 
 senience de soulevement. On n'a plus d'amis, plus de parens, plus 
 de communications verbales ou epistolaires : la moitie de la nation 
 est effacee et ne compte plus que pour servir aux besoins du fisc et 
 des armees. 
 
 Les plans et les decrets prenant tous leur source dans le Comite 
 de Salut public, il exerce l'initiative de la legislation : il jouit en 
 meme temps du droit de decision par l'asservissement ou il a plonge 
 l'Assemblee Nationale ; elle ne renferme pas 200 ou 250 membres ; 
 le reste a ete guillotine, arrete ou mis en fuite. La parole est a peu 
 pres exclusivement reservee a trente ou quarante montagnards au 
 plus ; Robesjrierre, Danton, Couthon, Billaud- Varennes tiennent les 
 amies, les langues, les poignards dans leurs mains : on ne permet plus 
 ni debats, ni discussions ; chaque representant etranger a cette pha- 
 lange dominatrice tremble pour sa liberte ou pour sa vie, et rachete 
 l'uue et l'autre par une soumission silencieuse aux volontes des cbefs. 
 
 Au nombre des absens, il faut mettre encore les commissaires 
 envoyes aux armees et dans les departemens. Le Comite pouvant 
 les revoquer a toute beure arbitrairement, et cette revocation 
 devenant le prelude d'un arret de mort, ces deputes ambulans n'ont 
 qu'un interet, qu'un vceu, qu'une pensee ; ils s'accordent tous a se 
 montrer dans leur commission aussi inexorables, aussi forcenes que 
 leurs commettans et a leur prouver un devouement illimite. 
 
 Le Ministre prend les oi'dres immediats du Comite, lui refere les 
 moindre details, execute ponctuellement ses ordonnances, et loin de 
 contrarier sa puissance, en est l'instrument passif, servile, et avili : on 
 n'y place que des valets; leurs bureaux sont leurs surveillans; chaque 
 commis un peu important est a la devotion des Dictateurs. 
 Bouchotte 1 , Ministre actuel, est un imbecile, il n'a que sa signature 
 et sa responsabilite. Pache quoique Maire de Paris est encore le 
 veritable chef du Departement. Les autres Ministres ne meritent 
 pas d'etre nommes. 
 
 1 Minister of War till April 1, 1794.
 
 FINANCES. 321 
 
 Finances. L'emploi illimite des fonds publics est abandonne aux 
 decisions du comite du salut public. C'est un abime impenetrable : 
 La profusion des depenses est calculee sur la fecondite, sur la promp- 
 titude, sur la nature des ressources. Les finances se divisent en 
 revenus et en capitaux, les revenus se tirent des impositions exigees a 
 usure des proprietaires ; eux seuls acquittent les taxes ; le peuple 
 propreinent dit ne paye rien et on ne songe pas encore a l'y obliger : 
 la regie et l'usufruit des bieus nationaux invendus forment une autre 
 branche de revenu: l'une et l'autre sont des gouttes d'eau dans 
 l'ocean ; mais a l'aide des contributions arbitraires et locales, qu'on 
 impose sans mesure sur tous ceux qui ont quelque fortune visible, 
 elles suffisent aux depenses courantes ordinaires dont le montant a 
 diminue et diminue chaque jour. 
 
 Cette diminution resulte, 1", de l'extinction graduelle et mainte- 
 nant enorme des rentes sur l'etat. On ne paye plus celles qui sont 
 dues aux creanciers de sujets des puissances belligerantes : on a gagne 
 le capital et les interests appartenant aux emigres : la guillotine et les 
 confiscations en eteignent successivement : on a suspendu le paie- 
 ment des rentes dues aux communautes ; les pensions allouees au 
 clerge sont supprimees, ainsi que les traitemens assignes au clerge 
 constitutionnel ; enfin l'etablissement du grand livre ou les parties 
 prenantes sont obligees de faire enregistrer les titres de leur.s 
 creances diverses sous un meme n° a fourni le moyen de profiter 
 des negligences, de mettre en discussion toutes les creances, de 
 connaitre celles qui appartiennent aux gens suspects et de couler a 
 fond tout ce qu'on voudra aneantir de la dette publique. 
 
 -". Les depenses du culte sont nulles. 3°. Celles d'administra- 
 bion locale sont rejetees sur les departemens. Une multitude d'autres 
 branches telles que les secours de cliarite, les etablissemens publics, 
 l'entretien des routes sont egalement supprimees ou tres reduites. 
 
 Les depenses extraordinaires, rendues inevaluables, sont acquittees 
 par les i-essources extraordinaires qui ont quadruple depuis un an. 
 
 Ces ressources consistent en creations d'assignats, en confiscations 
 de capitaux, en spoliations de tout genre, et dans l'emprunt force 
 d'un milliard. 
 
 Quant au premier objet, il est impossible d'en savoir la valeur, 
 puisqu'il se fait au besoin des creations clandestiues, et qu'en divers 
 lieux les commissaires delegues ont iise et usent encore d'une planche 
 d'assignats. Le total de ce papier en circulation a diminue 1 depuis 
 qu'on a demonetise les assignats royanx. 
 
 G. C. -21
 
 322 JANUARY, 1794. 
 
 II ne parait pas, au surplus, que la quantite plus ou moins 
 considerable des billets ait influe sensiblement depuis six mois sur le 
 cours des changes ni sur le prix de l'or et de l'argent. 
 
 II faut attribuer les variations a, d'autres causes ; l'etat des affaires 
 a l'exterieur, les chances de la guerre intestine, les manoeuvres des 
 gens de banque, les soldes plus ou moins considerables d'achats et de 
 services payes au dehors par le gouvernement, y ont eu une part plus 
 speciale. Ainsi du mois de mai au mois d'octobre, les assignats 
 etaient tombes de 60 a 75 pour 100 de perte ; ils sont remontes 
 maintenant a 33 a 35 dans Paris, a, 45 ou 50 dans les pays qui 
 soutiennent encore des rapports commerciaux avec la France. Ce 
 dernier prix se soutient depuis cleux mois ; mais depuis la reprise de 
 Toulon, les a vantages en Alsace et la defaite de la Vendee, les 
 assignats ont encore hausse un moment de valeur clans le royaume. 
 II est des departemens ou ils ne perdent que 25 ou 30, et ils seroient 
 encore plus bas a Paris sans les frequens achats de numeraire qu'a 
 faits la tresorerie nationale dans le mois de decembre et le com- 
 mencement de celui-ci. Mais les deux causes actives du credit des 
 assignats sont: 1°, La defense d'exporter les marchandises de France 
 a l'etranger, defense qui a rendu les assignats inutiles a celui-ci. 2°, 
 L'emigration immense des capitalistes et des negocians qui ne 
 pouvant exporter l'or et l'argent, font sortir l'assignat dont le nombre 
 surcharge l'etranger. Par ces deux causes le papier monnaie ne 
 tardera pas a, retomber. Au surplus, depuis la loi du maximum qui 
 par son extension a la plupart des denrees et des marchandises 
 embrasse toutes les consommations essentielles, la depreciation des 
 assignats n'est plus onereuse au gouvernement que dans l'acquisition 
 des fournitures etrangeres. Cette loi s'execute avec rigueur: personne 
 n'ose plus s'en plaindre : elle a delivre la republique de toute la 
 depense equivalente a, l'excedant du prix qu'elle payait ci-devant pour 
 ses consommations : c'est une economie enorme ; la convention ne 
 pouvoit prescrire a l'opinion de prendre les assignats au pair ; mais 
 elle a rempli le meaie but en soumettant a, un tarif invariable la 
 valeur des denrees et des marchandises. 
 
 Lorsqu'on est parvenu a forcer le citoyen non seulement de 
 vendre, mais encore de vendre a un prix independant de la valeur 
 que le papier monnaie peut perdre au cours de la place, et que la 
 nature meme du papier monnaie doit laisser toujours au-clessous du 
 numeraire, il est fort indifferent que ce papier ait plus ou moins de 
 credit. La convention a done fait a, la fois une operation tres
 
 PAPER MONEY. 323 
 
 economique et une operation tres populaire ; car les sans-culottes 
 consommant et ne possedant pas, il leur est fort doux d'acheter m 1 
 papier a un prix qui lese exclusivement celui qui vend. 
 
 L'essentiel a, considerer, c'est qu'aujourd'hui, malgre l'enormite 
 des depenses, les nouvelles creations d'assignats sont moins necessaires 
 parce qu'il en faut une moindre quantite pour solder les besoins du 
 gouvernement et parce que, ainsi que je le dirai dans l'instant, il 
 paye en argent ce qu'il tire de l'etranger. D'ailleurs le comite de 
 salut public ne regarde plus ces emissions nouvelles que comme une 
 ressom-ce subsidiaire : il la menage et la menagera : ses efforts tendent 
 au contraire a, soutenir et a elever le papier, a en diminuer Femploi, 
 a. restreindre la masse en circulation, et a faire remonter les changes 
 par des paiemens en especes. 
 
 C'est dans cette vue que le comite de salut public s'est empare 
 dernierement de l'actif et du passif de la banque de Paris, et du 
 royaume ; en prenant tout le papier sur l'etranger qui se trouvait 
 cliez les banquiers, et en se chargeant de payer leurs creanciers au 
 dehors. Vraisemblablement le but de cette operation qui se 
 consomme en ce moment avec peu de succes, est, on de spolier le 
 commerce de ses creauces dans l'etranger, ou de faire hausser les 
 changes en faveur de celles-ci, en offrant, ainsi que le fait le comite, 
 d'acquitter les remises en argent ou en assignats. 
 
 En general, on doit conclure 1°, que le discredit des assignats est 
 et sera, toutes choses egales d'ailleurs, moindre qu'il ne fut l'annee 
 derniere ; 2°, que la convention en fera des emissions moins 
 frequences, 3°, que la masse circulante, jointe a celle de numeraire 
 qu'elle possede, suffit a ses monstrueuses operations. 
 
 Ce sont autant de verites de fait qui deviendront sensibles en 
 apprenant les ressources indefinies que la convention s'est ouvertes 
 depuis trois mois. 
 
 Elle a mis a, sa disposition toutes les proprietes du royaume, 
 capitaux et revenus. Les substances, les materiaux de fabrication 
 necessaire au service public, toiles, draps, metaux, fruits de la terre, 
 denrees coloniales, tout est reconnu, verifie, pris ou mis en requisition. 
 Elle vole une partie de ces consom mat ions, elle paye 1' autre au prix 
 du maximum. Quiconque possede six chemises est oblige d'en 
 donner une, pour les besoins de l'armee, des fournitures de souliers, 
 de guetres, de bas, de chapeaux, sont exigees des proprietaires de 
 toute classe. Les detachemens de l'armee revolutionnah-e escortant 
 des eommissaires en tournee dans les departemens font des visites 
 
 21—2
 
 324 JANUARY, 1794. 
 
 domiciliaires jusque dans les hameaux; ils se font clelivrer, outre les 
 articles deja indiques, toute la fonte, le cuivre et le fer (excepte 
 celui des instrumens aratoires) : on a enleve jusqu'aux marmites des 
 patres ; ils ont rafle de meme tons les bijoux, la vaisselle et le 
 numeraire des particuliers, en donnant cependant des assignats en 
 echange ; mais seulement a ceux qu'il leur plait de ne pas declarer 
 suspects. 
 
 Vous voyez done que non contente de posseder les metaux et le 
 papier rnonnaie qui sont les signes des choses, la convention s'est 
 emparee des choses meuies qui constituent la ricliesse reelle. Ses 
 immenses spoliations privies, ajoutees aux spoliations publiques, au 
 numeraire acquis par l'echange des assignats, et la faculte de graduer 
 a volonte cette richesse de papier rnonnaie depuis qu'on a determine 
 le prix des choses que cette rnonnaie represente, ouvrent a la conven- 
 tion autant de sources intarissables de thesaurisation et de depenses. 
 Je le repete; generalement tout ce qui est dans la sphere de ses 
 besoins et de ses crimes est en etat de requisition permanente, e'est a 
 dire en sa pleine puissance ; car personne ne disposerait de ce qui 
 lui appartient dans ce sequestre provisoire, sans encourir une 
 confiscation totale ou l'assassinat. 
 
 Maintenant si vous desirez connaitre les vols effectifs, les appro- 
 priations au fisc, deja executes par la convention, inclependamment 
 des fortunes, des revenus, des immeubles, des produits de la terre ou 
 de l'industrie qui restent encore precairement dans les mains de leurs 
 possesseurs, et assujettis a la condition qui les rend exclusivement 
 disponibles pour la nation vous devez recapituler : 
 
 1°. Toute Fargenterie, les ornemens, les monumens metalliques 
 des eglises de ville et de campagne. 
 
 2°. La vente ou la saisie du mobilier des emigres de toute epoque 
 depuis 1789 a 1794, tout ce qu'on trouve dans leurs maisons, dans les 
 depots notariaux, chez les banquiers, dans les fouilles repetees des 
 caves, des souterrains, des mui-ailles : nombre de maisons ont ete 
 demolies uniquement sur le soupcon qu'elles recelaient des effets 
 caches dans les murs ; on continue ces decouvertes sans interruption. 
 
 3°. Les enlevements faits a force ouverte par les commissaires et 
 les detachemens revolutionnaires dans les departemens de toutes les 
 matieres d'or et d'argent fabriques ou monnayes appartenant aux 
 particuliers. 
 
 4°. Les depouilles des villes soulevees telles que Lyon, Bordeaux, 
 Strasbourg, Marseille ; cet article est d'une valeur immense : a Lyon
 
 CONFISCATIONS. 325 
 
 la presqiie totalite des negocians des marchands et des fabricans aises 
 a ete enfermee, mise en fuite, guillotinee et spoliee. Par une ruse digne 
 d'eux, les vainqueurs en entrant dans la ville, affecterent les paroles 
 de moderation et rassurerent les habitans. Le commerce reprit tie la 
 securite, on rouvrit les magasins, on sortit de leur cachette les grands 
 livres de recette, les portefeuilles, les marchandises precieuses. 
 
 Peu de jours apres, le glaive se leva, les prisons et le tresor du 
 fisc se remplirent ; l'imprudence des negocians combla la rapacite des 
 cominissaires, et le butin fut plus considerable qu'il ne l'aurait ete si 
 les massacres eussent commence a, la reddition de la ville. Les meil- 
 leurs negocians de Marseille et de Bordeaux, ici les respectables Gradis, 
 la des Tarterons, out ete assassines et leurs biens confisques. Tous 
 ceux qui ont fui ont laisse une grande partie de leurs proprietes aux 
 conliscateurs. J'ai vu la 32ieme liste des emigres de Marseille 
 seulement, dont les biens ont ete confisques et mis en ente ; il s'en 
 trouve 12 mille, et les listes ne sont pas achevees. 
 
 5°. La fortune des particuliers quelconques guillotines, est 
 egalement acquise au fisc: or comme il est peu de proprietaires riches 
 qui echappent au supplice, ou a la detention, qui en est le prelude, 
 l'opulence de la convention n'a d'autres bornes que celles de son 
 avarice et de sa cruaute. Notaiies, fermiors generaux, bauquiers, 
 Caisse d'Escompte, Compagnie des Indes &c., toutes les corporations 
 sont confisques en gros et en detail. Suivant les etats que je me suis 
 procures, il parait que, sans compter les grands massacres, les fou- 
 dniiemens a coups de canon, tels que ceux qui ont eu lieu a, Lyon, et 
 les submersions artificielles des batimens charges de detenus, qu'on a 
 ciules lias dans plusieurs rivieres, il parait, dis-je, que la guillotine fait 
 perir en France 350 a 400 personnes par semaine. Nous vojons 
 fcomber sous ce rasoir, outre les aristocrates, les contre-revolutionnaires, 
 les fedei alistes, beaucoup de francs republicains et de sans-culottes 
 eurichis. Aussitot qu'un revolutionnaire, qu'un des employes publics, 
 qu'un des membres meme de la convention a fait, et a laisse paraitre 
 une fortune nouvelle, il est arrete, juge et tue. Fabre d'Eglantine, 
 quoique l'un des douze du comite de salut public, expie 1 eu ce 
 moment, son carrosse, ses festins, ses maitresses, sa maison de eam- 
 pagne. Les ad minis trateurs des vivres, des chariots de l'armee, les 
 fournisseurs quelconques, les generaux, les etats-majors, les agens de 
 finance une fois enrichis, subissent cette loi. La convention specule 
 savamment sur ces fortunes de parvenus • elle ne met aucun obstacle a 
 1 lie was accused Jan. 13, and executed April 5, 1794.
 
 326 JANUARY, 1794. 
 
 leur formation; elle s'en empare aussitot qu'elles sont formees ; son 
 systeine consiste a piller les citoyens riches, et a, piller ensuite suc- 
 cessivement tons ceux qui le deviennent: on a vu des biens nationaux 
 retomber quatre fois dans une annee aux mains de la nation, par des 
 confiscations successives ; une grande partie des domaines ecclesias- 
 tiques deja vendus depuis 1791, se retrouve encore aujourd'hui a 
 vendre, par cette navette de brigandages qu'entretient la convention 
 a la plus grande satisfaction des sans-culottes ; en guillotinant ainsi 
 les agens divers qui out accepte des entreprises pour les divers 
 besoins publics, et qui ont fait des benefices, elle fait rentrer ses 
 assign ats peu de temps apres les avoir depenses. 
 
 L'emprunt force d'un milliard se perc,oit, et est recouvre en grande 
 partie, par une taxation imperative sur les revenus, taxation dont on 
 a vu le tarif exorbitant dans un decret de l'ete dernier; on crut cette 
 perception impraticable, ou du moins tellement lesive que les contri- 
 buables y echapperaient par ruse ou par force. Yaine conjecture ! la 
 terreur et les delations ont fait payer, meme avec un empressement 
 que les proprietaires ont considere, a tort, comme moyen de stirete. 
 
 Je ne parlerai que pour memoire des contributions extraordinaires, 
 exigees revolutionnairement ; elles s'appellent taxes seches. A Stras- 
 bourg elles ont ete de 9 millions 33,000 livres, repartis sur chacun de 
 ceux qui possedaient quelque fortune; a, Mai'seille de douze millions. 
 
 II ne m'a pas ete encore possible d'obtenir une recapitulation 
 approximative du produit de ces divers articles ; des gens instruits 
 ni'ont seulement certifie et clemontre par des pieces justificatives la 
 probabilite que, du ler novembre 1793 au premier Janvier 1794, il 
 etait entre, ou qu'il existait, de trois a quatre cent millions de matieres 
 d'or ou d'argent en fabrication ou monnayeesaux hotels des monnaies 
 et d'especes au tresor public. Chaque mois, la depense extraordinaire 
 emporte environ 300 millions : cet etat dure depuis le milieu de l'ete 
 dernier; on n'y comprend pas l'usage des assignats illegitimes cad. 
 frappes sans decret, et dont la quantite est un mystere. La convention 
 ni le peuple n'osent plus demander, ni on ne leur presente de comptes 
 detailles. L'immensite des brigandages et leur fecondite faisant 
 croire a des ressources inepuisables, personne ne s'occupe de la 
 depense. 
 
 Celle-ci augmentera, loin de diminuer. Le comite souverain a 
 pris pour base de conduite des "efforts sans bornes": on doit s'attendre 
 qu'il tiendra parole, et ne pas s'etourdir sur la certitude de sa resolu- 
 tion a ce sujet. Encore bien des mois il soutiendra le fardeau sans
 
 EXTRAVAGANCE. 327 
 
 epuisement. Sa methode (et c'est la bonne) est de ne jamais regarder 
 a une depense, lorsqu'elle est necessaire. II considere cette necessite 
 d'abord, et la somme ensuite : Qu'un objet coute cent ecus ou cent 
 mille ecus, si le service public l'exige, la difference est annullee et 
 Ton va en avant. J'ai une infinite de preuves de fait a, cet egard. Par 
 exemple, le comite achete en Suisse a 20, 25, 30 louis d'or payes en 
 especes, des clievaux qui n'en valent pas 10 a 12. II fait couper en 
 ce moment les forets de la Savoie pour les chantiers de Toulon, quoique 
 ces bois vendus en province doivent couter trois fois ce que coutaient 
 les bois d'Albanie ou du Nord. Depuis quelques mois le comite s'est 
 applique avec son infatigable zele a, acheter de l'etranger, non seule- 
 ment ce qui lui manque, mais encoi'e ce qu'il veut conserver dans le 
 royaume pour des besoins urgens. Geneve et Bale sont les deux 
 grancles arteres par ou elle fait circuler son or, ses commandes, ses 
 extractions de marcbandises et de denrees. 
 
 De ces deux points, elle fait passer ses remises en Allemagne, en 
 Hollande, en Angleterre, en Italie. Ses emissaires vont et viennent 
 sans cesse; des depots sont etablis pres des frontieres pour recevoir 
 les achats ; elle fait fabriquer 60 mille paires de souliers dans le 
 Canton de Berne, et deux cent mille dans l'etendue de la Suisse. Elle 
 tire d'Allemagne des cuirs, des draps, des toiles, des chevaux, des 
 armes, du fei', de la fonte, du cuivre, des bestiaux, du souffre dont 
 elle etait a la veille de manquer. 
 
 Ces articles, ainsi que les grains dont nous parlerons pins bas, sont 
 soldes liberalement, de maniere a exciter les vendeurs timides a, la 
 contrebande, qui se fait chaque jour par l'imbecille incurie ou la 
 collusion des regences allemandes. 
 
 Yous pouvez conclure de cet apcrgu des ressources financieres de 
 la convention, apercu etabli sur des informations certaines, que la 
 rqmblique est plus riche, et met en dehors plus de ressources que 
 tous les souverains de la coalition reunis ; car ici c'est la richesse 
 nationale dun ciiq)ire, et l'accumulation des richesses depuis un siecle 
 dans cet empire, qui se battent contre les faibles revenus de quelques 
 princes; si Ton laisse echapper cette verite, il ne sera pas etonnant 
 de voir perpetuer le miserable systeme d'economie etroite et routiniere 
 qui a ruine les causes des puissances dans les deux dernieres cam- 
 pagnes. 
 
 Armee. Maintenant je passe a, l'arm6e, a, son commandement, a 
 son entretien, a son etat moral, aux principes sur lesquels on la dirige, 
 et a sa force numerique. L'armee a change pour ainsi dire sa nature ;
 
 328 JANUARY, 1794. 
 
 autrefois elle etait soumise au ministre de la guerre, et au coinite 
 militaire de l'assemblee nationale ; ministre et coinite soumis eux- 
 memes a, cette asseinblee : aujourd'hui elle depend, dans sa composi- 
 tion, dans son regime, sa discipline, ses chefs, ses mouvemens, d'un 
 conseil tout-puissant, de douze chefs de parti reunis par le meme 
 peril individuel, par les memes vues generales, par les memes passions 
 et investis d'un pouvoir presque illimite. Le ministre ne peut don- 
 ner ni retirer un emploi, creer ou destituer un general, secourir on 
 faire assieger vine place, disposer des fonds, statuer sur un point de 
 discipline, ni gouverner dans tel ou tel sens les coeurs comme les 
 bras du soldat, sans l'attache du comite du salut public. Quelquefois 
 il est vrai, ce comite a montre de la condescendance pour certaines 
 nominations des bureaux cle la guerre, ferine les yeux sur les fripon- 
 neries, les manoeuvres, les horreurs de quelques-uns de leurs proteges 
 et repousse les denonciations qu'on lui adresse pour solliciter contre 
 ces miserables Fexercice de la responsabilite. Ce cas est arrive 
 pendant la guerre de la Vendee oil 27 generaux ont successivement 
 paru sur la scene, et oii, a l'exception de quatre, tous eussent merite 
 la mort par leur anerie, par leurs vols, par leurs debauches affreuses; 
 mais le comite avait ses raisons pour tolerer des coquins qui le 
 servaient sous d'autres rapports ; aussi des qu'il a juge le moment 
 favorable, il a fait arreter Ronsin, Vincent et Maillard, trois des 
 scelerats qualifies qui ont figure dans les revers de l'ete dernier a, 
 Sauinur et sur la Loire Inferieure. Le comite menagera de meme 
 toute cabale qn'il a dans sa main, quelle que soit sa conduite, jusqu'a 
 l'instant ou il pourra la reprimer sans perdre des creatures utiles. 
 
 II n'existe plus d'autre titre d'avancement qu'un zele feroce et 
 un devouement sans bornes a la convention. 
 
 Quant au commandement en chef, les promotions sont determinees 
 moins par la capacite que par la fidelite du sujet. II ne reste aucun 
 general des premiers temps de la revolution, ni des 18 premiers 
 mois cle la guei-re. Des officiers de fortune, des bas-officiers, des 
 aventuriers actifs et entreprenans les ont rem places. Dugommier 
 qui a emporte Toulon et qui est alle prendre le commandement des 
 Pyrenees passe pour le plus eclaire et le plus capable ; c'est un 
 ancien officier d'artillerie. 
 
 II etait difficile qu'a force de mutations il ne sortit de ce ressasse- 
 ment continuel de generaux des hommes propres a, la guerre revolu- 
 tionnaire clans laquelle ils ont ete eleves et pour laquelle ils 
 montrent rles talens analogues aux circonstances, a l'espece do
 
 SPIES WITH THE ARMY. 329 
 
 troupes qu'ils commandent, et encore au genie des generaux qui leur 
 sont opposes. 
 
 En se confiant a des generaux tires de la far.ge, le comite a 
 senti que leur abaissement passe et leur elevation presente lui 
 servaient de caution de leur loyaute. Nonobstant cela, il les a 
 entoures d' Argus et des Mentors. Les commissaires conventionnels 
 qui siegent aupres des ai'mees sont dans le fait des especes de con- 
 suls investis de la double autorite civile et militaire, tandis que les 
 generaux representent les lieu'tenans-generaux de cavalerie chez les 
 Romains. lis president aux conseils de guerre, sanctionnent, ou 
 cliangent les plans et donnent a l'armee une impulsion souveraine. 
 A leurs ordres se trouvent une nuee d'espions et de delateurs, qui 
 leur rendent compte de la conduite de chaque chef, de ses discours, de 
 ses relations, de ses habitudes ; cette surveillance tient en bride les 
 agitateurs incommodes, dont le comite s'est debarrasse au dedans en 
 leur donnant de l'emploi a la frontiere. Les etats- majors, qui forment 
 le conseil de guerre sont l'ame de l'armee ; ils redigent et preparent 
 les operations. La plupart, officiers d'artillerie et du genie, ont ete 
 choisis avec discernement. Aides de secours immenses en cartes, 
 plans, reconnoissances, recueillis au depot de la guerre, ils operent 
 reellement d'apres l'experience et les lumieres des plus grands 
 generaux de l'ancienne monarchic 
 
 Le general execute ce que ces etats-majors et les commissaires 
 out decide; il n'a que sa voix clans la deliberation : partout ailleurs il 
 est l'instrument subordonne : l'armee n'est nullement clans la main 
 de son chef : il ne disposerait pas d'un bataillon ; sa suprematie 
 expire le lendemain d'un jour de bataille, et ce jour-la, on ne connait 
 que le general et les soldats. Les officiers sont absolument effaces. 
 Que le general soit pendu ou deifie, cela ne change rien a l'esjn-it de 
 l'armee qu'on a rendu independant cle celui de son chef; on a prevenu 
 1' influence cle 1 'amour ou la confiance qu'elle pourrait mettre en lui ; 
 elle obeit a la chose, nullement a, la personue. Ainsi isoles, et avertis 
 par la rigueur comme par la frequence des suppliccs, les generaux 
 actuels sont contraints cle faire leur devoir et de le faire sans 
 negligence. 
 
 L'entretien et la subsistance des armees se sont fort ameliores ; le 
 comite a porte une attention scrupuleuse a prevenir le denuement qui 
 amene la defection et la mortalite. Le soldat est generalement 
 mieux vetu et mieux 6quip§ : l'administration des vivres s'est 
 perfectionnee par des chatimens, par la aecessitS, el remplit plus
 
 330 JANUARY, 1794. 
 
 facilement ses approvisionnemens, depuis que toutes les denrees sont 
 en requisition, et a un prix fixe ; en consequence les armees ne se 
 ressentent point encore de la disette qui afflige plusieurs parties du 
 royaume. Les memes moyens tyranniques secondent le transport 
 des subsistances. Apres la prise des lignes de Weissembourg, il 
 n'existait que 900 sacs de farine a Strasbourg, la ville ne pouvait 
 tenir six jours. Les commissaires, les jacobins, les chefs du 
 departement avaient deja charge leurs effets ; les chevaux etaient 
 atteles, on se preparait a evacuer. M. de Wurmser perdit 5 jours 
 avant d'approcher ; pas un detachement de cavalerie ne s'avanc,a 
 pour soutenir la terreur. Strasbourg respira ; des detachemens revo- 
 lutionnaires furent expeJies dans la haute Alsace et la Franche-Cornte : 
 an bout de douze jours, on eut rassemble dans la ville 30 mille sacs. 
 
 On se tromperait fort de presumer que l'administration civile de 
 l'armee est exempte d'abus; des dilapidations monstrueiises se renou- 
 vellent et se perpetuent dans toutes les branches ; mais nonobstant 
 cet esprit de rapine general qui est porte a, des exces fabuleux, le ser- 
 vice ne manque point, et si le cornite punit les gaspillages et les vols, 
 c'est plutot pour ravir la depouille du voleur, que pour reprirner des 
 prevarications qui ne s'etendent pas jusqu'a laisser souffrir l'armee. 
 Les contributions universelles et excessives, imposees pour son 
 entretien, la soutiendront encore 6 mois dans une espece d'aisance ; 
 et le comite laissera plutot perir de faim et aller tous nus la moitie 
 des habitans que de diminuer 1' embonpoint de ses defenseurs. 
 
 On travaille maintenant a, la grande mesure si longtemps retardee 
 de l'incorporation des volontaires dans les troupes de ligne, et de 
 remplir les cadres de celle-ci avec les gens de la premiere levee ; 
 jusqu'ici on n'avait ose tenter cette operation : la toute-puissance du 
 comite a surmonte les difficulte.s; l'armee aui'a desormais plus d'unite 
 et de consistance. Le regime de terreur a passe du royaume dans 
 les camps. 
 
 II y a brise tout esprit commun, toute intimite, tous rapports 
 sociaux entre les officiers et les solclats, et des soldats entre eux. 
 Kul n'ose courier sa pensee a son camarade. Chacun craint de 
 trouver un traitre dans un confident : cette defiance tient lieu de 
 discipline ; toujours effacee dans l'interieur, dans les camps, dans les 
 garnisons, parce que la convention veut perpetuer le defaut de 
 consideration oil est tombe Fofficier, elle renait au jour d'action: dans 
 aucun temps, le general n'obtint de sa troupe plus d'obeissance en 
 presence de l'ennemi.
 
 SPIRIT OF THE ARMY. 331 
 
 Cet effet resulte de l'etat moral de l'armee en general. Elle n'est 
 plus, connne ci-devant, raisonneuse, politiquante, stimulee au desordre 
 dans des clubs, ni excitee contra ses chefs et ses officiers. Les 
 revolutions de l'interieur, la discorde des parties, les constitutions 
 faites et a faire, tout cela lui est devenu etranger et indifferent. On 
 n'y souffie plus que des harangueurs soldes par les commissaires ; on 
 ne permet qu'avec mesure et choix l'usage des papiers publics, menie 
 aux officiers ; autant qu'on le peut, on les entretient dans une 
 ignorance profonde des desavantages qu'essuie la republique, des 
 pertes qu'elle eprouve, des disputes qui s'elevent a, Paris. Devenue 
 etrangere a ces vicissitudes, Tarmee a change d'enthousiasme : ses 
 passions sont concentrees dans une exaltation de haine fanatique 
 contra les ennemis de la republique, de desir ardent de les battre et 
 de certitude enthousiaste d'y reussir. 
 
 Tel est aujourd'hui son esprit universel : melange d'orgueil et de 
 rage; de patriotisme furieux et d'amour de la gloire; il soutieut la 
 bravoure, le ruepris de la mort, l'obeissance, la patience a supporter 
 les privations, les travaux et le froid : l'armee est en quelque sorte ni 
 royaliste ni republicaine ; c'est une nation sauvage qui abhorre et 
 qui poursuit les armes a, main d'autres nations. 
 
 Les etrangers et les cabinets se nourrisseut des idees les plus 
 fausses a cet egard. Les flatteurs, les etourdis, les ignorans ne 
 cessent de leur dire que l'armee est pleine de mecontens, et qu'on 
 am-a bon marche de rassemblemens forces, agites par les dissensions. 
 Oui, sans doute, le nombre des soldats et officiers mecontens egale 
 peut-etre celui des zelateurs de la convention. C'est nn fait certain, 
 que si les uns sont reunis sous le drapeau par le fanatisme de l'egalite, 
 et de la licence, les autres le sont par violence et par terreur : 
 beaucoup d'entre eux ne sont dans les camps que pour y chercher 
 leur surete, et celle de leurs families ; reduits a, opter entre le 
 tranchant de la guillotine ou le fer de l'ennemi, ils ne balancent pas : 
 mais l'erreur consiste a penser, qu'il resulte de cette difference d'o- 
 pinions et de motifs une difference dans la maniera de combattre.— 
 Non ; un esprit, uu sentiment coinmun anime tons les soldats; nul 
 ne veut avoir l'air d'etre vaincu par des etrangei's; les mecontin^ 
 sont d'abord franca is et ensuite royalistes. La jiresence des armees 
 ennemies affaiblit chez eux l'iivteret, qu'ils prennent au retablissement 
 de la monarchie ; car le militaire, sans raisonner, ne veut ni penser 
 ni surtout agir conformement a la pensee de celui avec qui il va se 
 battre pour opinion. Cette observation est particulierernent vraie du
 
 332 JANUARY, 1704. 
 
 soldat francais dont la vauite forme l'instinct. Combinee avec 
 l'enthousiasme du temps, cette passion entreprend tout et brave tout. 
 Voila le vrai caractere des armees franchises en ce moment. 
 
 Plusieurs causes, qui ne remontent pas an dela, de la derniere 
 campagne, l'ont produit, fortifie, et peuvent le perpetuer. La phis 
 puissaute est cet art d'electriser les tetes et les coeurs dont la conven- 
 tion fait un usage prodigieux, et habituel : pour cela elle met a, profit 
 tous les evenemens • le niepris est verse a pleines mains sur les 
 ennemis ; elle les peint a ses troupes, tantot comme des anthropo- 
 phages, tantot comme des laches imbeciles. Ces instructions se 
 repetent non pas deux jours, mais tous les jours, et par mille voies. 
 
 Le delire du patriotisme s'augmente par 1' opinion universelle dans 
 l'armee et commune a, tous les partis que les puissances n'ont d'autre 
 but que de miner la France, de la demembrer, d'en saocager les villes 
 et les campagnes; que leur interet pour les malheurs de la famille 
 royale n'est qu'hypocrisie, et que sans distinction de monarchie ou 
 de republique, c'est a la Frauce meme, non a la France anarchique 
 qu'elles font la guerre. 
 
 Enfin la mollesse de leurs operations, le decousu de leur ligue, leur 
 eternelle defensive, l'etude particuliere qu'ont faite leurs geiieraux de 
 laisser toujours evanouir les fruits de la victoire, et de ne poursuivre 
 aucun avantage, leurs armees toutes successivement battues, deux 
 campagnes perdues, out porte l'ivresse des Francais au dernier 
 point. La nouvelle de la prise de Toulon a excite des transports de 
 folie dans les armees; on y a joint cles fetes, des hyinnes, des orgies ; 
 l'exaltation actuelle passe toute croyance. 
 
 Vous penetrerez facilement encore combien ce fanatisme belli- 
 queux recoit d'energie par le genre de guerre auquel on l'emploie. 
 La tactique du comite n'est pas compliquee ; attaquer toujours en 
 grandes masses; voila son theme et nous venous de voir si c'est le bon. 
 Or des soldats toujours agissans, toujours ebranles par l'esperance 
 d'enfoncer un ennemi plus circonspect, et auxquels cetelan ne permet ni 
 de voir ui de calculer le danger, contractent une habitude de temerite 
 et une ardeur impetueuse a, marcher au combat. Celerite et impe- 
 tuosite sont pour eux les deux elemens de la guerre, elemens parfaite- 
 ment conformes a, leur caractere et a une guerre revolutionnaire. 
 Comment voudrait-on qu'ils redoutassent des ennemis sans cesse 
 inferieurs, sans cesse culbutes par le nombre, sans cesse enfermes dans 
 un cercle d'operations defensives, et qui n'ont jamais voulu prendre 
 la peine de leur montrer qu'ils etaient redoutables. Lorsqu'on voit
 
 CONTRAST BETWEEN THE FRENCH ARMY AND THE ALLIES. 333 
 
 un general autrichien retranchc derriere quelques recloutes, se laisser 
 attaquer trente et une fois en cinq semaines sans aller lui-meme une 
 seule fois a l'ennemi, se laisser ecraser en detail, force ensuite a une 
 deroute qu'on compare a, celle de Rosbach et perdre en cinq jours le 
 prix du sang de la plus belle armee ; lorsque d'une autre part, on voit 
 un sergent d'artillerie (Pichegru) devenu general en chef, ramener 
 chaque jour pendant un mois ses soldats sur les Autrichiens et finir 
 par un triomphe eclatant, on peut s'attendre a un exces d'enthou- 
 siasme dans ses troupes et a l'opinion la plus exageree de leur irresis- 
 tible intrepidite. 
 
 Ainsi vous avez maintenant a, cornbattre ce qu'il n'a tenu qu'aux 
 generaux et aux cabinets de la coalition d'eviter : vous avez a 
 cornbattre ce qui n'existait pas dans la premiere campagne et a, un 
 fail >le degre dans le debut de la seconde, des armees passionnees aux 
 prises avec les passions des souverains, un peuple soldat, fanatise, 
 auquel on oppose des soldats mater ids, indifferens a Vobjet de la que- 
 relle et dont la discipline n'a pas prevenu les defaites. 
 
 Get immense desavantage est parfaitement connu du comite, des 
 generaux, de chaque bataillon : ce ne sera pas le seul qu'on aura gagne 
 en s'amusant a faire trainer la guerre jusqu'a une quatrieme campagne 
 et a speculer tranquillement sur la revolution. 
 
 Vous ne trouverez plus des ennemis desorganises, des constitu- 
 tionels et des federalistes au commandement des troupes et des places, 
 ni des armees en haillons et dissoutes comme l'etait celle de Dumon- 
 riez. 
 
 Le comite eleve ses sacrifices a la hauteur de ses dangers, de ses 
 esperances, de ses plans. Non seulemeut il entretient dans l'armee la 
 soumission, non seulement il redouble de moyens pour l'exalter, il a 
 travaille de plus a lui procurer les secours dont elle manquait. On 
 a forme un corps innombrable de tirailleurs qui, a Faide des positions 
 que les etats-majors choisissent toujours avec art, incommodera les 
 armees alliees autant qu'il a incommode celle de M. Wurmser en la 
 forcant d'etre toujours sur ses gardes. Ces troupes legeres sont 
 maintenant plus que doublees. 
 
 On a multiplie l'artillerie a cheval surtout dans les armees d' Al- 
 sace et du nord; on l'augmenterait encore ainsi que la grosse artillerie 
 I'nqiloyee en campagne sans le manque de chevaux dont la perte a ete 
 incalculable. Au mois de novembre on avait pris de force en Alsace 
 une partie des attclages de l'entreprise des charrois pour le service de 
 l'artillerie a cheval; d'apres les renseignemens quo tn'a fournis un des
 
 *t: 
 
 34 JANUARY, 1794. 
 
 chefs de cette entreprise, echappe de Strasbourg au commencement de 
 l'annee, il me parait impossible que ce deficit de chevaux de trait ne 
 mette pas hors de combat une partie de l'artillerie si la campagne 
 s'ouvre avec vivacite. 
 
 Quant au service du canon, tous les teihoignages que j'ai consultes 
 me confirment qu'il est aujourd'hui tres inferieur a ce qu'il etait au 
 commencement de la guerre. En officiers et en artilleurs on a fait 
 des pertes qui ne se remplacent pas comme celle d'un simple fantassin, 
 mais l'exercice continuel et la quantite de gens des professions meca- 
 niques qui ont repeuple les anciens regimens de canonniers diminuent 
 chaque jour l'imperfection du service. 
 
 La cavalerie s'est trouvee presque aneantie au milieu de lete 
 dernier ; elle n' etait encore un peu considerable que dans l'annee 
 d'Alsace ou les regimens de chasseurs a cheval ont fait leur devoir 
 avec distinction, et ont soutenu le choc de la cavalerie autrichienne. 
 
 La convention se flatte et le comite de salut public annonce 
 que l'armee aura 60 mille cavaliers et dragons, et 40 mille homines de 
 cavalerie legere, pour la prochaine campagne. Cette promesse est-elle 
 une gasconnade? Je ne puis le decider; mais des rapports auxquels j'ai 
 confiance m'attestent unanimement qu'on fait des efforts prodigieuxpour 
 en remonter. Le comite achete des chevaux a tout prix; depuis trois 
 mois la Suisse lui vend les siens, il en est sorti 3 a, 400 chaque semaine 
 par le compte de Neuchatel, autant chaque semaine par Bale, d'autres 
 convois ont traverse Geneve. Cette exportation que les cantons 
 ont defendue et dont les ministres etrangers n'ont daigne se plaindre 
 que lorsqu'elle a ete achevee, a tellement epuise le pays que s'il avait 
 besoin de six cents cavaliers il ne trouverait pas aujourd'hui a les 
 monter. Je parle d'apres les connaissances positives parvenues aux 
 chefs du gouvemement. 
 
 Ce n'est pas tout; 8,000 chevaux ont ete achetes dans le 
 Wirtembourg : on en fait sortir chaque jour d'Allemagne par la 
 Suisse. J'en ai rencontre avant-hier un convoi de 180 qui se rendait 
 en Savoie. Un de mes amis en a vu passer un pres de Soleure de 
 270, venant de la Souabe et allant dans le Sundgau. Cette foire ne 
 discontinue pas : l'appat d'un gain exorbitant l'emporte sur les risques 
 de la contrebande ; paysans, marchands, entremetteurs, chacun la 
 favorise. A ma connaissance un seul paysan du voisinage de Berne 
 avait il y a 15 jours 20 quintaux d'ecus en depot pour achat de 
 chevaux. Ce canal de la Suisse que les puissances ont laisse ouvert 
 avec tant d'imprudence sert au comite a l'acquisition des fournitures
 
 INFORMATION OF THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT. 335 
 
 quelconques qui lui sont necessaires, et de plus a transniettre ses 
 manoeuvres et ses corruptions au dehors. 
 
 Pratiques au dehors. Trop preoccupee l'annee derniere de ses 
 divisions intestines et ne vivant que d'assignats, la convention avait 
 rallenti le cours de ses pi'atiques exterieures. Elle a repris, etendu, 
 alimente ce genre d'hostilites par des sacrifices pecuniaires. Dans 
 les villes qui avoisinent ses armees, dans les capitales oil siegent les 
 gouvernemens, dans les camps meme, elle paye des espions, des traitres, 
 des revelateurs. Vo-ici des faits constans. Les commissaires savaient 
 a Strasbourg jusqu'aux moindres details de 1'armee de Wurmser et de 
 ses projets. Quoique Landau fut bloque, tons les deux jours les com- 
 missaires en recevaient le bulletin. Les membres du comite de salut 
 public et leurs affides annoncerent la prise certaine de Toulon pies de 
 20 jours avant l'attaque : ce fut par suite de la connaissance exacte 
 qu'ils avoient de la faiblesse de la garnison, des divisions existant 
 entre les Espagnols et les Anglais et des detaehemens charges de la 
 defense de chacun des forts, que le comite ordonna a, 1'armee assie- 
 geante d'attaquer d'assaut. La flotte anglaise n'a pas fait un mouve- 
 ment ni prepare une sortie que les Jacobins n'en aient ete instruits 
 d'avance. 
 
 lis se vautent assez publiquement, et le comite avec plus de 
 discretion, des intelligences qu'ils out au dehors : ils prodiguent trop 
 d'argent pour le prodiguer en vain : ce que je sais de certain c'est que 
 par l'entremise de Geneve, Bale, Zurich, Hambourg et Genes ils font 
 passer, ainsi que je l'ai rapporte plus haut, des remises considerables, 
 en Italie, en Allemagne, en Angleterre. 
 
 Ils ont des emissaires et des correspondans nationaux en Saxe, en 
 Baviere, a Berlin, a, Turin, a Milan, a Londres. 
 
 N'esperant rien obtenir en Autriche, ni y faire reussir des intrigues 
 trop directes, ils se contentent d'y semer des bruits alarmans et d'y 
 provoquer le desir de la paix. Leur politique a, l'egard de cette 
 puissance se reduit a, travailler a la priver de ses allies. 
 
 Ils se reposent sur l'ancienne rivalite des deux couronnes, sur la 
 duree de la guerre, et sur le parti qui est mecontent a. Berlin, pour 
 dissoudre l'alliance des deux chefs de la coalition en Allemagne ; ils 
 entretiennent des amis secrets charges de fomenter des divisions de 
 declarer contre la guerre et de leur faire des pensionnaires dans les 
 etats-majors et dans les bureaux. 
 
 Ils destinent Genes a etre le brulot de 1' Italie; de la leurs 
 emissaires tres nombreux et tres actifs dans cette ville empoisonnent
 
 336 JANUARY, 1794. 
 
 le Piemont et la Lonibardie ; divers conmiis et meme des chefs sont 
 soupgonnes dans plus d'une cour d'Ifcalie d'etre a leur solde. Et ce 
 soupgon n'est peut-etre pas calomnieux. 
 
 Mais leurs efforts en ce genre se dirigent principalement snr 
 l'Angleterre. J'ai appris par plusieurs canaux differens, mais tons 
 venant de Paris et aboutissant au comite, qu'il se vante d'avoir des 
 gens a lui dans les bureaux de l'arniraute, de la guerre et des 
 affaires etrangeres. Certainement quelques-uns des cliefs de la con- 
 vention d'Ecosse etaient gages par lui. II entretient des messagers 
 anglais qui vont et viennent pour son compte tantot par Ostende, 
 tantot par Helvoet, qui se rendent en France et qui en ressor- 
 tent. 
 
 Ce commerce se fait a l'aide de faux passeports, ou avec des 
 passeports surpris aux auiba?sadeurs, a leurs secretaires, aux 
 regences des etats neutres. Tres recemment un agent du comite 
 de salut public nomine Mazeliere est arrive a Bale ; la il a mis un 
 bras en echarpe, a coupe ses moustaches et s'est dit venant de 
 l'armee du Prince de Conde. Son dessein etait d'obtenir un passe- 
 port de Lord Fitzgerald ou du ministre imperial pour se rendre en 
 Angleterre : il avait apporte une somme forte en or, outre un 
 portefeuille d'assignats qu'il a echanges a Bale contre des traites but 
 Londres et Amsterdam. Instruit du projet de ce coquin par une 
 personne qui avait achete sa protection pour sortir de Paris, j'en ai 
 prevenu Lord Fitzgerald. 
 
 Mais le plan favori du comite consiste a, renverser le ministere 
 actuel, a former en Angleterre un foyer revolutionnaire, ainsi que le 
 rapporte l'ecrivain d'une des lettres annexees a, ce resume, a faire 
 baisser les foncls publics et prevaloir des propositions de paix ou de 
 guerre defensive. 
 
 On poursuit ce projet par toutes les voies imaginables ; il fait 
 oublier au comite toutes ses entreprises etrangeres. Ce conseil 
 s'efforce d'attaquer le gouvernement anglais par les revers, par 
 Fopinion, par l'argent, par la corruption des subaltern es, dont la 
 venalite n'est malheureusement que trop constatee ; et des qu'il sera 
 parvenu a susciter quelque secousse interieure il tentera une descente 
 dont on prepare les elemens. 
 
 La semaine derniere, il est echappe a, Barthelemi, ministre de 
 France aupres du corps helvetique, de dire a un magistrat Suisse de 
 qui je tiens ce discoui-s : Nous travaillons dans ce moment et avec 
 activite ct renverser le ministre anglais et a faire demander In pat.':
 
 STATE OF PROVISION'S. 337 
 
 au Parlemeat. Si cela reussit nous sommes sauves, si cela manque, la 
 revolution est perdue, nous rt irons pas a la fin de la campagne. 
 
 Subsistances. Dans le nombre infini des propheties, des illusions, 
 des notions fausses qui ont exalte les tetes au dehors et produit tant 
 d'absurdes combinaisons, la pretendue famine de la France a joue et 
 joue encore un grand role. On trouve commode de reposer son 
 incurie sur des fleaux extraordinaires qui tueront la revolution sans 
 qu'on ait besoin d'inquietudes et d'efforts pour s'en delivrer. 
 
 Cette histoire de la famine doit etre releguee parmi les fables, 
 ainsi que l'espoir fonde sur l'anarchie, sur la lassitude, sur l'exces de 
 la tyrannie, et autres billevesees de cette espece. 
 
 Si Ton entend par la famine une rarete locale de grains, une 
 diminution dans la consommation du pain, une alteration de sa 
 qualite, un defaut d'abondauce porte jusqua ne laisser dans le 
 royaume que le necessaire, on a raison : mais toute idee au dela est 
 exageration. 
 
 La recolte derniere a ete generalement bonne en France et 
 excellente dans quelques provinces. Apres avoir mis tous les grains 
 ancieus ou nouveaux en requisition, le Comite a ordonne un premier 
 recensement dans chaque departement : les administrations qui l'ont 
 execute ont trouve dans la pluralite un deficit sur la quantite 
 necessaire a la consommation annuelle. 
 
 Instruit que ce deficit resultait des fraudes et des reticences et 
 qu'il existait des grains caches, le Comite a fait faire un second 
 recensement par les agens revolutionnaires : alors le deficit a disparity 
 et il s'est trouve partout un excedant plus ou moins considerable, 
 excepte dans le petit nombre de provinces qui ne recueillent jamais 
 assez de grains pour leur consommation: j'ai vu les releves des deux 
 recensemens faits sur 27 departemens, ils emportent un excedant de 
 15, 20, 30, 35 mille setiers de grains. 
 
 II n'y a done pas disette effective, mais les besoins enormes des 
 armees et l'appro\ isionnement des jdaces entrainent une accumu- 
 lation de subsistances dans les magasins publics, les gaspillages 
 inevitables dans la formation et la distribution de ccs magasins 
 occasionnent des non-valeurs. Ainsi on peut presumer que le 
 superflu existe aujourd'hui dans peu de departemens, et qu'en temps 
 ordinaire on aurait peine a atteindre le niveau jusqu'a- la recolte 
 prochaine. 
 
 Cependant plusieurs circonstances modifient l'effet de cette rarete. 
 1°. Dans tout le royaume excepte a Paris on ne mange que d'un 
 
 G.c. 22
 
 338 
 
 JANUARY, 1704. 
 
 seul pain, nomine pain de FEgalite. II est mele de seigle on d'orge 
 et de son, il ne vaut pas le bon pain de munition ; mais le citadin et 
 le villageois sont trop heureux d'en avoir de cette espece et si un 
 fermier on un bourgeois s'avisait d'en fabriquer de meilleur pour son 
 usage, en reservant le pain d'Egalite pour ses valets, il serait 
 denonce, pille, incarcere et probableruent egorge. 2°. La quantite de 
 grains necessaire pour sa consommation etant fixee, personne ne 
 s'avise de l'exceder par la crainte d'en manquer. 3°. Les adminis- 
 trations sont seules autorisees a faire vendre des grains dans les 
 marches ; et elles n'en delivrent en chacun qu'a, raison du besoin 
 de l'instant, et avec une extreme parcimonie. Dans les villes, la 
 consommation de chaque famille est rigoureusement fixee; nul 
 boulanger n'oserait delivrer plus de pain que les arrets municipaux 
 n'en allouent a, chaque individu. 4°. On a mis en requisition les 
 chataignes, les pommes de terre, les navets, les mais, le millet, tout 
 ce qui peut suppleer an ble. On fait consommer ces derniers aux 
 liabitans des campagnes pour economiser les grains et augmenter 
 d'autant la quantite disponible de ceux-ci. 5°. Enfin, nialgre les 
 precautions, (il est vrai, aussi faibles qu'imparfaites des puissances 
 belligerantes) le Comite se procure des grains de l'exterieur par le 
 concours des puissances neutres, et par celui du commerce de tons 
 les pays qu'on attire a, force d'or. Deux negocians du Havre m'ont 
 affirme que pendant le seul cours du mois de novembre, il etait 
 entredans ce port 18 navires charges de grain; c'etaient des batimens 
 danois et hollandais ; les dei-niers ne se font aucun scrupule de ce 
 trafic ; ils prennent de faux connaissemens pour le Portugal et 
 l'Espagne et vont decharger dans les ports de France. Leurs 
 cargaisons sont payees en especes sonnantes a, tres bon prix et 
 avee toutes sortes d'encouragemens. Plusieuis ont deja, fait deux 
 voyages. 
 
 II echappe encore nombre de navires des Etats-Unis, et de toutes 
 les parties du nord. A la fin de decembre un navire danois 
 chai-jre de trente mille fusils euti'a an Havre apres avoir ete visite 
 par une fregate anglaise, qui le laissa passer sur un faux connaisse- 
 ment pour la Corogne. 
 
 Genes a approvisionne l'annee derniere l'armee de Nice, celle de 
 Marseille et la Provence. Lorsque Toulon fut pris par les allies, ce 
 trafic continua avec plus de difficultes et moins d'etendue, par la 
 route de terre on par le cabotage clandestin a, Nice et a, Antibes. 
 
 11 vient de reprendre sa funeste activite ; le blocus tardif du port
 
 IMPROVEMENT TX SUPPLIES. 339 
 
 de Genes, et ties croisieres que la saison rend insuffisantes, le gcnent, 
 il est vrai, depuis quelques semaines ; mais le mal est fait, les 
 magasins de Provence sont alimentea pour quelque temps : l'incon- 
 stance des mesures employees envers Genes par les allies, ees 
 demandes hautaines, hasardees et retirees ; ces declarations qui out 
 irrite les esprits ; ces menaces non executees et devenues un sujet de 
 derision; la perte de Toulon; la fermentation et la preponderance du 
 parti franqais ; enfin l'inconcevable indolence des allies a, l'egard de 
 cette ville, qui devient le briilot de l'ltalie et qui bientot, si on ne 
 prend un parti decisif, en ouvrira les portes aux Francais ; tout cela 
 a fortifie la hardiesse, la cupidite et l'emulation des interlopes. 
 
 Depuis que le comite de salut public a fixe les renes dans ses 
 mains, l'admmistration des subsistances s'est ameliorec : Paris s'est 
 principalement ressenti de ce cliangement ; il est plus facilement, 
 plus abondamment approvisionne qu'il ne l'etait il y a trois mois : 
 le pain est meilleur et en plus grande quantite : les inquietudes 
 sont ajournees. 
 
 Si vous faites attention, que les grands consommateurs, les riches 
 proprietaires sont ou retranches de la population, on reduits au 
 moindre taux de subsistance; que plus de 200 mille d'entre eux, detenus 
 dans les differentes A r illes du royaume, ne vivent, dans leurs prisons, 
 ou maisons d'arrets, que d'une faible ration de pain ; si vous observez 
 que chaque jour la population diminue par les supplices, par les 
 pertes de la guerre, par Immigration, vous serez convaincu que la 
 Prance ne se trouve encore qu'a un degre de disette relative, qui 
 anciennemeut eut amene la famine et que le regime du jour pent 
 soutenir. 
 
 D'ailleurs tenez pour certain que le principe fondamental du 
 comite est de nourrir la capitale et les armees : les besoins du reste 
 ill' la republique ne lui donnent pas une beure de soucis ; au 
 contraire il spicule sur ses souffrances, il sait qu'elles tendent a trans- 
 former en soldats ceux qui ne peuvent plus vivre en citoyens. La 
 disette grossit les levees par requisitions ; la disette excite les afiames 
 a clurclier leur subsistance dans les camps et aux invasions qui 
 promettent le pillage des contrees et des magasins ennemis ; cYst 
 tete levee, sans pudeur, avec raffiche, que le comite, les Jacobins, les 
 agens revolutionnaires proposent et projettent des massacres; pour 
 diminuer la consommation des vivres, si besoin est, ils viendront a 
 egorger leurs prisonniers, lis femmes, les vieillards, comma autanl de 
 bouches inutiles. 
 
 9 9 9
 
 340 FEBRUARY, 1704. 
 
 Quel sera l'effet de cet etrange etat de clioses 1 Nous le dirons 
 dans la seconde partie de ce resume ou je vous developpei-ai le 
 caractere et la classification des sentimens du pen pie; ce qu'il faut 
 penser des divisions actuelles entre les Jacobins, de la duree, de la 
 politique, du but general du comite de salut public; et enfin des 
 bases de conduite que cette masse de notions indique aux puis- 
 sances. 
 
 Je commencerai cette seconde partie par un aperqu exact de la 
 force des armees ; du nombre auquel elles seront portees ; des limites 
 pen connues ou cette masse militaire doit necessairement renter ; et de 
 l'emploi actuel des levees de premiere requisition. 
 
 Finis. 
 
 Endorsed 
 In Lord Elgin's, Feb. 11th. 
 
 Extrait d'une lettre aclressee a Milord Elgin. 
 
 16 fev., 1794. 
 
 Voici, My Lord, la suite du premier depouillement, dont vous 
 recevrez la derniere partie par l'un des courriers de la semaine. Je 
 voudrais pouvoir rendre ces bases historiques tres completes, pour 
 fixer votre jugement, et prevenir les erreurs de fait sur lesquelles je 
 persiste a craindre qu'on n'edifie les plans de conduite pour cette 
 annee. Ne j)erdez point de vue que vous avez affaire a gens qui ont 
 organise la disorganisation et que vous finirez mal une guerre 
 malheureuse qu'il faudra recommencer bientot, si elle n'entr'ouvre 
 pas avant six mois le cceur meme de la revolution. 
 
 J'ai regu un billet timide et couvert de mon voyageur a, Paris. 
 II me demandait des explications ; aussitot qu'il les aura recues il doit 
 se remettre en route. II renvoie a ce moment de me rendre conrpte, 
 n'osant pas, avec raison, se confier a la poste. II a eu beaucoup de 
 peine a s'accrediter aupres des personnes que je lui ai designees; on 
 n'ose se fier a, son meilleur ami, a plus forte raison a, un visage 
 etranger, avant d' avoir bien authentique son caractere et sa mission. 
 
 Par les derniers avis que j'ai recus en date du 2 et du G 
 j'apprends que le comite va lever la seconde requisition de 25 a 45 
 ans ; preuve de plus que la premiere n'a servi qu'au complement des 
 cadres de 1'armee : la seconde donnera plus de sujets, ainsi que vous 
 le verrez dans le travail inclus.
 
 STATE OF FINANCES. 341 
 
 Par un nouvel etat plus correct, qui m'a ete fourni, je crois qu'a 
 la date du 24 Janvier, le comite avait 75 millions monnayes an 
 tresor public, et pour au dela de 330 millions de matieres d'or et 
 d'argent. Cette somme est un peu plus forte que celle que je vous 
 avais indiquee. On en verrait bientot la fin, si de nouvelles rapines 
 ne remplacaient les vides. Les assignats sont retombes au dehors a 
 56 p. 100 de perte : dans l'interieur, point de prix fixe : il varie depuis 
 le pair jusqu'a 33 : le papier etant devenu rare surtout dans les 
 campagnes, et personne n'osant payer en especes, pour vivre les 
 particuliers sont obliges de sortir leur or et leurs ecus, et d'aller 
 les echanger au pair au bureau de leur district ou de leur munici- 
 pal ite. 
 
 Le comite va faire fondre des especes qu'on reduira en lingots, 
 pour s'en servir au dehors et masquer la source. Cette manoeuvre 
 n'a point suspendu les remises et les operations, que Ton fait 
 aux trois chefs-lieux, Genes, Bale et Geneve. La entr'autres, il 
 rachete les assignats a 55 ou 56 de perte, pour les replacer dans 
 l'interieur au pair a 10, 20, 30, suivant les lieux et les circon- 
 stances. 
 
 Ses plans de corruption exterieure continuent a, regarder essen- 
 tiellement l'Angleterre et l'ltalie. Voila, les deux points fortement 
 travailles. Le Piemont Test a outrance ; l'esprit du peuple s'y gate 
 visiblement, et a la maniere dont les chores y sont dirigees, on peut 
 croire que 1' argent de Paris n'y a pas ete seme en vain. 
 
 Quant a l'Angleterre ils esperent toujours y exciter quelque 
 ebraalement et y former un embryon revolutionnaire que Ton soutien- 
 drait ensuite a main armee. Les troupes ci-dev* employees contre 
 la Vendee doivent renforcer celles des cotes de la Manche. Mais 
 pour Pinstant le grand effort va se porter sur la Flandre ; l'attaque 
 de Valenciennes et une irruption dans les Pays-Bas sont a l'ordre du 
 jour : si Ton penetre clans la Belgique, le projet est de la cliatier en la 
 mettant a feu et a, sang. On compte emjdoyer 100 mille h. et les 
 garnisons a cette entreprise : vous ne tarderez pas a etre vigoureuse- 
 ment attaques, et f on ne vous laissera siirement pas le temps de finir 
 A'os longs preparatifs, ni terminer vos quartiers d'hiver. La secontle 
 requisition sex-a encore plusieurs mois hors de service, car on est hors 
 d'etat de l'equiper, de l'armer et de la nourrir ; mais si Ton fait la 
 meme faute que l'annee derniere, si Ton se moque de cette levee et 
 qu'on lui laisse le temps de s'organiser, cette nouvelle pepiniere vous 
 tombera sur les bras au milieu de l'€te.
 
 •342 FEBRUARY, 17D4. 
 
 Le nombre de malades dans l'armee est prodigieux ; la mortalite 
 y est terrible : il eu est mort G000 dans les seuls hopitaux de 
 Besancon : une fievre epidemique les moissonne et est meme passee 
 aux habitans. Elle vient aussi de se declarer a Lyon, ou elle peut 
 devenir pestilentielle par l'infection des cadavres qu'on laisse presque 
 sans sepulture, ou qu'on jette dans le Rhone, d'ou ils sont portes sur 
 la cote, ou ils pourrissent. Toutes les campagnes des environs de 
 Lyon sont infectees de cette puanteur. 
 
 Le systeme pillard des massacres ne discontinue point a Paris. 
 Tous les banquiers, negocians et marchands y passeront. On a 
 formellement exclu de l'adniission aux Jacobins tous les individus 
 de ces classes : c'est assez vous dire qu'elles sont destinees a la 
 bouclierie. Ilya des departemens ou les ~ des proprietes sont aux 
 mains de la Convention. 
 
 Robespierre, toujours meneur en chef, commence a sentir le 
 poids de sa dignite, le danger de son elevation, et des embarras de 
 toute espece. II voudrait arreter Taction du gouvernement revolu- 
 tionnaire, et ne sait comment s'y prendre. II emploie Camille Des- 
 moulins a, lui ramener l'opinion populaire, qu'on lui enleve, jour par 
 jour : il est observe par ses coadjuteurs, qui epient le moment de le 
 culbuter et qui font son tourment. Quoique son credit actuel soit 
 encore tres superieur au leur, il n'ose les attaquer de front. II a 
 perdu sa cause dans l'affaire de Ronsin, Vincent, et Maillard, qui 
 sont elargis, et qui vont travailler avec ses ennemis a, lui debaucher 
 l'armee revolutionnaire qui formait son corps de Janissaires. Si les 
 allies faisaient autrement la guerre, et qu'ils poussassent de grands 
 et rapides succes en debutant, le comite de salut public volerait en 
 pieces : Robespierre et Danton seraient egorges. 
 
 II a peri 350 mille ames dans la guerre de la Vendee, y compris 
 les vieillards, femmes et enfans. Les cinq departemens qui en ont ete 
 le theatre sont en cendres. 
 
 Par les derniers renseignemens que j'ai eus, je vois que la disette 
 de plusieurs articles essentiels est au plus haut degre. Les bestiaux 
 manquent generalement, il est defendu au peuple de manger du boeuf 
 et de la vache ; cette viande etant reservee aux troupes. Dans 
 beaucoup de departemens il ne reste pas un mouton. Cela est vrai, 
 meme du Dauphine et de la Provence, qui en abondaient : la loi du 
 maximum a acheve cette depopulation, en mettant la viande a, la 
 portee de toutes les classes du peuple. La disette des bestiaux a 
 entrainc celle des cuirs, celle des moutons, la rarete des laines. On 

 
 STRENGTH OF THE ARMY. 343 
 
 ne trouve presque plus de marchandises dans les villes, bourgs, et 
 villages de la province. An pied de la lettre, il est impossible en 
 Franche-Comte et en Bourgogne, par exemple, d'acheter une 
 calotte. 
 
 La conversion des rentes viageres en annuites a, un prix tres 
 onereux pour les rentiers est arretee et passera au premier jour a la 
 Convention. 
 
 Le blocus du port de Genes continue toujours a ne rien bloquer ; 
 tout passe a Nice, grains, vivres, marchandises, poudres &c. Les 
 grains de la Lombardie par l'inipardonnable negligence du Ministre 
 de l'Empereur C te de Wilseek ont ete exportes par les Genois : ils out 
 enleve aussi une bonne partie de ceux de la Toscane, et des etats du 
 Pape ; en sorte que les grains ont rencheri partout, et surtout en 
 Piemont, et en Lombardie. 
 
 Les troupes qui etaient survenues en Savoie sont reparties pour 
 les Pyrenees. 
 
 On poursuit les executions a Lyon, 40, 50, 80 par semaine : 140 
 maisons a demolir par mois. Mem.es scenes a Marseille et a 
 Bordeaux. 
 
 In L 1 Elgin's N° 24. 
 
 Premiere suite du resume. 
 
 15 fiv., 1794. 
 
 Force des armees. Les militaires et les ministres se sont 
 obstines jusqu'a ce jour de rire du nombre denue d'exercice et de 
 discipline ; mais l'experieuce, plus savante que l'art, vient de nous 
 apprendre a ne plus mepriser le nombre, quand il est anime par les 
 passions et quand il est dirige par des hommes a, qui leur peril 
 personnel a fait un besoin de tout prevoir comme une loi de tout 
 oser. 
 
 Je ne puis fournir aucun etat rigoureusement exact des diflferentes 
 armees de la Convention, ni de la distribution arithmetique des 
 forces qui sont en ce moment sous les drapeaux. Quant au nombre, 
 total d'bommes disponibles pour le service militaire deja employes 
 on a enqiloyer en vertu des deux dernieres requisitions generates qui 
 embrassent tous les individus de 18 a 45 ans, je me suis procure des 
 releves, dont l'exactitudc approximative me paraii d^montr^e par le
 
 344 FEBRUARY, 1794. 
 
 calcul de verification, que je joins a cet envoi : cet accord des notions 
 positives, et des evaluations resultant de la table de la vie humaiue, 
 est un puissant indice de verite. 
 
 On peut regarder sans crainte de cominettre une erreur impor- 
 tante, le maximum des forces actuelles en exercice comme etant 
 d'environ 400 a 450 mille hommes, et Fexcedant que fourniront au 
 printemps les levees d'individus de 18 a 45 ans, comme borne au plus 
 haut a 250,000 li. Voila a quoi se reduisent le gigantesque appareil 
 de cette nation de soldats et ces fameuses masses dont l'imagination 
 yrossit le nombre indefiniment. 
 
 Ce total de 6 a, 700 mille hommes sera diminue avant l'ouverture 
 de la campagne de toutes les pertes que les blessures et les maladies 
 ont preparees a la fin de l'automne. Cette mortalite est prodigieuse 
 depuis un mois dans les hopitaux, oil il s'est manifeste, entr'autres a, 
 Strasbourg et a Besancpn, une epidemie d'un caractere pestilentiel ; 
 la rarete des drogues medicinales dont la France commence a 
 manquer, fait empirer journellement le service. 
 
 Mais d' autre part, il faut observer que les provinces frontieres oil 
 sejournent les armees sont obligees, au besoin, de leur fournir sub- 
 sidiairement toute la population male, capable de porter les armes 
 et de seconder ces irruptions impetueuses, en grandes masses, 
 dans lesquelles le comite a place une confiance justifiee par lo 
 succes. 
 
 II est d'ailleurs indubitable que si les circonstances l'exigent, un 
 decret et la guillotine feront marcher les habitans maries, comme les 
 celibataires et les adolescens de 15 a, 18 ans, ainsi que les personnes 
 de 45 a 60. Et qu'on ne s'y trompe pas ; le pere partira de meme 
 qu'il a laisse partir son fils, et l'epouse n'osera pas plus retenir son 
 mari qu'elle n'a ose retenir ses enfans. 
 
 Malgre la ferocite de la tyrannie, cette mesure cependant 
 echouera en grande partie, dans les provinces eloignees du theatre de 
 la guerre ; Ton ne trouvera clans ce ramassis, ni le clesir, ni l'apti- 
 tude a sucer le fanatisme militaire, Ton manquera de temps et de 
 facilites pour l'exercer aux armes; et, inutile pour la defensive, 
 impossible a maintenir en permanence dans les camps, on ne s'en 
 servira qu'a, l'un de ces efforts du nombre qui va container a faire 
 la tactique du comite. 
 
 La repartition des armees a la fin de l'automne, soit des 
 400,000 h., que je considere comme leur dernier nombre effectif, 
 etait a peu pres conforme aux apercus suivans :
 
 MILITARY STRENGTH. 345 
 
 Armee d'Alsace ...... 45,000 
 
 Armee de la Moselle 25,000 
 
 Corps de la Haute Alsace 10,000 
 
 Armee des Alpes, et de Lyon .... 12,000 
 
 Armee assiegante de Toulon .... 40,000 
 
 Armee de Nice 18,000 
 
 Armee de la Vendee, du Poitou aux cotes del 
 Bretagne et de Norinandie . . . A 
 
 Armee du Rousillon et de Bayonne . . . 45,000 
 
 Armee des Ardennes et du Nord . . . 55,000 
 
 Garnisons 80,000 
 
 Total 400,000 
 
 Ce denombrement correspond tres egalement a ceux qu'ont represented 
 souvent les relations des allies. On les a entendns dire par exemple 
 qu'en Alsace, ils avaient a se defendre contre cent mille hommes. II 
 n'en est pas moins certain, que l'armee francaise du Rhin, n'atteignait 
 pas a la moitie de cette force. Celle-ci, il est vrai, n'etait que trop 
 suflBsante contre 18 a, 20 mille Autrichiens mines de fatigues, 
 d'epuisement, manqnant de tout, et reduits par leur general an role 
 de Stoiciens, qui 40 jours de suite, ont du attendre et recevoir la 
 mort en detail sans se permettre une seule attaque contre I'ennemi. 
 
 La meme remarque s'applique a Toulon; eussent-ils ete d'accord, 
 et aussi intrepides que la moitie d'entr'eux ont ete laches, les 11,000 
 hommes qui defendaient la place ne pouvaient la conserver, contre 
 40,000 assaillans, se precipitant a la fois sur les ouvrages. 
 
 Ainsi l'extreme inferiorite relative des armees alliees a cause 
 leurs revers, beaucoup plus que les enumerations fabulenses des 
 forces de leurs ennemis : l'orgueil fait exagerer ces denombremens 
 apres les defaites comme la presomption les affaiblit, lorsqu'il faudrait 
 se mettre en mesure de leur resister. 
 
 C'est encore un desavantage essentiel que la distance oil les 
 armees alliees se trouvent les unes des autres ; l'isolation de leurs 
 parties, le peu de concert qui a regne dans les operations, tandis 
 qu'au premier geate du comite de salut public, !<■* divisions plus 
 contigues de ses forces militaires se soutiennent, se reunissent, se 
 fortitient avec une rapidite que leurs ennemis n'ont su dans aucune 
 occasion, ni pi'evoir, ni prevenir, ni imiter. — 
 
 Les gens de la premiere requisition de IS a 25 ans sont tous 
 rendus aujourd'hui a leur destination provisoin ; qeneralement on
 
 346 FEBRUARY, 17!)4. 
 
 les a laisses sur les derrieres des armees, dans les chefs -lieux de 
 districts, oil on les arme, ou on les exerce, ou Ton enivre leur esprit, 
 en ayant soin de leur corps — dans les differens lieux de leurs canton- 
 nemens, il est defendu aux habitans de consommer du bceuf et de la 
 vache : on reserve cette nourriture aux bataillons en noviciat. Vers 
 la fin du mois dernier [Janvier] en Alsace, Lorraine, Franche-Comte 
 telle etait la proportion existante dans ces miliciens de nouvelle levee, 
 que 10 liommes etaient amies de fusils et 10 de piques par com- 
 pagnie: plus de la moitie inanquait encore d'uniformes : cette 
 proportion a, peu pres generale dans les provinces voisines des 
 frontieres est plus faible en individus amies dans celles de l'in- 
 terieur. 
 
 Le plus grand nonibre a marche par contrainte, beaucoup ont 
 deserte, soit a l'etranger, soit pour revenir chez eux : le chagrin et la 
 fatigue ont occasionne des maladies, et c'est grossir la verite, loin de 
 la reduire, que de porter a 100,000 h. V ultimatum effectif de cette 
 premiere levee. 
 
 La seconde de 18 a, 45 fournira plus de sujets. Des fermiers 
 riches m'ont informe que sur dix valets ou journaliers a leur gages, 
 la premiere requisition de 18 a 25 ne leur en avait enleve que deux; 
 que la seconde leur en enleverait trois de plus, et que le reste se 
 composait de gens maries ou au-dessus de 45 ans. 
 
 L'education militaire cle ces malheureux avait ete jusqu'au mois 
 de Janvier aussi nulle que grotesque ; ils s'exercaient avec des 
 batons ; ayant le droit de choisir, et ayant choisi dans leur sein des 
 officiers aussi ignorans qu'eux; a peine savaient-ils le pas de marche, 
 mais depuis cette epoque, cles bas officiers tires des armees sont 
 charges de dresser celles des indices qu'on n'a pas encore incorporees 
 dans les cadres des anciens regimens. Quant a leur education 
 morale, elle est confiee a des clubistes d'elite, qui les catechisent, et 
 qui leur inspirent l'exaltation commune aujourd'hui a une grande 
 partie des soldats. 
 
 Afin de briser l'esprit de fraternite, prevenir 1'efFet des mecon- 
 tentemens, et detruire les inclinations locales, on a divise chaque 
 bataillon en deux moities, pour les meler a, d'autres demi-bataillons 
 qui leur fussent etrangers : par cet arrangement, et en exportant ces 
 corps hors du territoire de leurs foyers, on les a entierement 
 depayses. 
 
 Apres vous avoir developpe la generalite des faits, dont j'ai pu 
 hie procurer une connaissance exacte, et qui pcuvent fonder voti'e
 
 CONDITION' OF PUBLIC SPIRIT. 347 
 
 jugement touchant l'etat politique de la France, celui de ses ressources, 
 de ses finances, de son armee, de ses forces disponibles, de ses 
 subsistances, de ses manoeuvres au dehors, il me reste a vous presenter 
 le caractere des dispositions publiques de la nation, et de la conduite, 
 comme des desseins generaux du comite du salut public. Get expose 
 completera la carte morale du royaume. 
 
 Quand l'esprit francais serait aussi susceptible qu'il Test peu 
 de perseverer longtemps dans les memes sevitimens, la violence des 
 vicissitudes de la revolution l'eut forcement modifie. Aucun objet 
 d'observation n'est cependant plus difficile a, constater que ce change- 
 ment d'opinion ; rien ne merite autant de defiance que les rapports 
 journaliers que Ion entend cliaque jour a cet egard ; rien de si 
 dangereux que les hypotheses tranchantes et les plans de conduite 
 construits sur la fausse base de ces rapports. 
 
 Au mois de novembre dernier l'esprit public en France differait 
 deja, de celui qui existait durant l'ete, et aujourd'hui les sentimens 
 ne sont plus les memes qu'ils etaient au mois de novembre : les 
 evenemens ulterieurs developperont sans doute de nouvelles variations : 
 ainsi les faiseurs de tableaux et de descriptions devraient soigneuse- 
 mentajouter la date a, leurs peintures, et surtout se garder de prendre 
 des nuances pour un caractere general et des localites passageres pour 
 une situation universelle et permanente. 
 
 On se trompe d'ailleurs journellement sur les causes qui produi- 
 •sent telle ou telle disposition publique ; on cu tire des inductions 
 erronees pour les futurs contingens ; on edifie sur des etres de raison 
 la probabilite de tela ou tels evenemens prochains. 
 
 Cette reflexion m'est dictee par plusieurs passages des discours 
 que viennent de pronoucer dans les deux chaiubres du Parlement, les 
 principaux membres ministeriels, qui ont vote l'adresse a S. M. 
 lis se sont tous accordes a conclure du regime effrene de la Conven- 
 tion qu'il genera lisait le mecontentement, et que le mecontentement 
 amenerait la fin de la tyrannie. Cette maniere de voir annonce une 
 connaissance superficielle de la nature et des motifs du mecontente- 
 ment, ainsi que des consequences qui pourraient en resulter. 
 
 Chaque jour on repute que la grande majorite des habitans de la 
 France est asservie par la minorite ; en cela on repute une veiite 
 incontestable, dont neanmoins on meconnait les limit* x, et dont on 
 discerne mal les consequences. La fcres petite minorite gouverne en 
 diet avec un sceptre d'acier tranchant ; une autre minorite marche 
 volontairement a la suite de la premiere, dont elle partage les passions,
 
 348 FEBRUARY, 1794. 
 
 et execute les desseins : l'autorite, l'attachement a la revolution toute 
 entiere, un voeu commun de la conserver, de la defendre, d'en jouir par 
 toute espece de crimes, sont l'apanage de ces deux classes dominantes: 
 reunies par des interets, et par des perils communs, elles tendent 
 au meme but avec une egale energie, quoiqu'il existe quelquefois 
 entr'elles des dissidences sur la distribution des roles et des profits. 
 
 La majorite, au contraire, est un faisceau epars, subdivise en 
 plusieurs branches sans analogic 
 
 Une portion de cette majorite improuve l'usage que Ton fait 
 maintenant du regime anarcliique et revolutionnaire sans improuver 
 le regime meme. Adoucissez la tetricite des mesures ; resserrez le 
 cercle des delations, des supplices, des confiscations, des recrues 
 forcees ; diminuez la rarete des comestibles et la perte des assignats, 
 cette classe nombreuse redeviendra presque aussi ardente que les deux 
 premieres pour le service de la revolution et pour les succes de la 
 guerre. Son improbation actuelle, fruit de la crainte et du malaise, 
 ne lui inspire ni ne lui inspirera jamais une pensee de revolte : elle 
 obeit sans murmure et se console des souffrances qu'elle ressent par 
 l'espoir plus ou moins stupide d'un avenir prospeie, aussitot que la 
 guerre sera finie et la revolution consolidee. 
 
 Dans la majorite se trouvent encore tous ceux qui ont differe, ou 
 qui different encore d'opinion avec la minorite regnante, soit dans la 
 formation de la republique, soit dans la proscription de la royaute. 
 Les Monarchistes, les Feuillans, les Federalistes, et beaucoup de 
 republicains chancelans, que le malheur a corriges, forment cette 
 classe sous le couteau, generalement frappee d'anatheme, et qui sent 
 que la soumission la plus humble ne suffit plus aujourd'hui a 
 garantir sa vie et sa propriete. 
 
 Ajoutez a, ce denombrement, les hommes etrangers aux systemes 
 politiques, qui s'accommoderaient de la republique, du gouvernement 
 revolutionnaire comme de la monarchie, pourvii qu'on les laissat 
 .paisibles, et qui dans leur egoisme recevraient Robespierre pour roi, 
 aussi bien que Louis XVII, s'ils pouvaient boire, manger, dormir, 
 speculer, et se divertir sans inquietudes. Designer cette classe, c'est 
 indiquer suffisamment, qu'elle n'est pas la moins nombreuse de la 
 majorite mecontente. 
 
 II faut encore placer en ligne de compte la section intermediaire 
 des indifferens, qui n'ayant ni une idee, ni une volonte, ti'ainent une 
 vie animale entre les assassins et les voleurs, et sont prets constam- 
 ment a penser, et a faire tout ce que le plus fort exige d'eux. Con-
 
 PUBLIC FEELING IN FRANCE. 349 
 
 siderant, maintenant, la population politique sous d'autres rapports 
 nous en trouvons uu quart de chefs, de satellites, ou de fauteurs 
 prononces de la tyrannie actuelle. Environ un autre quart mecon- 
 tent dans un sens relatif, mais dispose a se joindre aux premiers des 
 qu'il y verrait un avantage, ou qu'on lui montrerait plus de manage- 
 ment. Un quart de la seconde moitie, suit le torrent de la necessite, 
 sans regarder an passe ni a l'avenir, et borne l'expression de son 
 mecontentement a quelques gemissemens tacites. Tout le reste, c'est 
 a dire plus des deux cinquiemes des habitants, abhorre la Conven- 
 tion et les Jacobins, le regime et les regisseurs : pour cette classe la 
 France est un vaste cachot, ou cliacun au moindre bruit croit voir 
 arriver son bourreau, oil nul ne s'endort sans la crainte de se reveiller 
 charge de fers, ou. le soupcon de la richesse est un delit irremissible, 
 oil Ton se regarde sans oser se parler, oil Ton se parle sans se confier, 
 ou le voeu general et continuel est de s'enfuir, et oil Ton ne prolonge 
 son atTreuse existence que par des demonstrations hypocrites et 
 inefficaces du civisme le plus emporte. 
 
 Ces deux cinquiemes que Ton pent merne sans hyperbole pousser 
 a la grande moitie des habitans, ne connaissent que deux sentimens : 
 celui de l'effroi et le vceu le plus ardent pour etre delivres de leurs 
 oppresseurs. 
 
 Ce nombre, ou la majorite en general comprend les six huitieines 
 des grands, des mediocres, et des petits proprietaires. Parmi ces 
 derniers il en est eucore beaucoup qui tiennent a la revolution actuelle 
 par les envahissemens qu'on leur permet a, tres bas prix sur les 
 domaines du clerge et des emigres. Cette majorite renferme encore 
 la grande pluralite des marchands, des fabricans, des chefs d'etablisse- 
 mens d'industrie, des negocians, des gens d'affaires, des gens de robe, 
 des artisans jadis aises, des fermiers, et des gens vivant de leur travail, 
 qui out conserve quelque principe de religion, et de probite, ou qui 
 sont depourvus de 1'activite et de l'effervescence necessaires pour 
 sortir du neant, et sentir les avantages de la condition de sans- 
 culottes. 
 
 En repartissant cette majorite tacitemeut rebelle sur les villes, et 
 sur les campagnes, on trouvera trois bourgeois contre un dans les 
 villes, et un habitant contre deux dans les campagnes. On ne fait 
 pas compte ici des difterences locales; cette proportion varie suivant 
 les departemens, mais elle est exaete en resultat total. 
 
 Sous un autre point de vue, et en general isant encore davantage, 
 il est de fait que l'attachement a la revolution pris dans le sens absolu,
 
 350 FEBRUARY, 1704. 
 
 et a la republique meme n'existe plus que cliez cette population vague, 
 batarde et scelerate cle miserables qui n'avaient, il y a quatre ans, ui 
 etat, ni existence; dont l'oisivete, la licence, et l'impunite ont grossi 
 le nombre, qui prominent leurs affreux talens sur les divers theatres 
 de l'auarchie, la servent a, pi-ix d'argent, on aspirent a etre delivres 
 de la necessite du travail en participant aux fruits des brigandages 
 publics. 
 
 Cette foide toujours croissante d'opprimes et de mecontens est 
 beaucoup moins divisee dans ses sentimens politiques qu'elle ne l'etait 
 il y a six mois ; les opinions, plus ou moins revolutionnaires se sont 
 successivement attenuees ; en sorte que les constitutionnels ont 
 generalement abandonne la constitution de 1791; les federalistes et 
 les Brissotins, la republique; et beaucoup cle republicains, le Jacobi- 
 nisme et le regime du jour. II serait done infmiment plus aise de 
 trouver aujourd'hui un point de contact entre les anciens partis et 
 de rallier unanimement a des principes communs, ou du moins de 
 prevenir toute resistance de la part de quelqu'un d'entr'eux. 
 
 Les royalistes restes dans l'interieur sont beaucoup plus raison- 
 nables que les emigres : la persecution et l'infortune dont ils sup- 
 portent tout le poids, les ont rendus accessibles aux idees de conciliation 
 avec leurs anciens ennemis, qu'ils voient maintenant punis et en 
 partie corriges. 
 
 On peut definir la progression des idees et le vceu de la majority 
 en disant qu'avant tout et par dessus tout elle desire voir renverser 
 la domination aotuelle, qu'elle demande ensuite la monarchie, qu'en- 
 fin elle voudrait en derniere analyse la monarchie plvis ou moins 
 limitee. 
 
 ]\lais Ton s'abuserait de supposer a ces dispositions assez d'energie 
 pour faire entreprendre aucune demarche de salut. Non : cette 
 masse si nombreuse est abattue par l'effroi, par ses defaites, par le 
 plus profond decouragement : loin d'etre en etat de rien oser, elle n'a 
 pas meme la pensee d'une resistance possible ; sa douleur est inerte 
 et passive; elle apprehende cle montrer ses souffrances; elle ressemble 
 aux negres qui s'etranglent avec leurs langues plutot que de se 
 plaindre ; et la plupart cherchent leur siirete dans la dissimulation, 
 ou affectent le civisme le plus outre. 
 
 II ne faut done attendre aucim mouvement spontane de la 
 majorite tyrannisee. Je vais plus loin en vous certifiant que tout 
 ardent et universel qu'est parmi ses membres le vceu d'un changement, 
 la moindre partie d'entr'eux ne s'arrete pas la et porte des vuea
 
 CHANCES OF A RESTORATION. 351 
 
 moiiis etroites sur l'etablissement de la monarchie, et sur la maniere 
 de la composer. Je m'explique. Cette pluralite n'est pas contraire 
 a ces deux fins, elle les desire, mais vagueraent comme Ton desire 
 une chose dont on desespere, et dont la possession trop difficile ne 
 vaut ni un effort ni un sacrifice. 
 
 Tel est le thermometre d'un grand nombie d'esprits. L'idee et 
 1'image, l'habitude de la royaute s'effacent en raison de l'intervalle 
 qui s'ecoule depuis la destruction du trone et en raison de la consistance 
 que prend la republique. On s'accoutume a regarder le retour du roi 
 comme un chateau en Espagne, et de ce sentiment a, une tendance 
 naturelle vers le premier ordre cle choses qui promettra paix, et surete, 
 ou seulement treve, la distance n'est rien. Aussi le vceu non moins 
 general de cette classe considerable de mecontens, se trouvet-il 
 vers la fin de la guerre, en laquelle l'ete dernier ils plac.aient toutes 
 leurs esperances, parce qu'ils considerent la guerre comme la cause 
 efficiente de la puissance de leurs tyrans, des persecutions, des pillages, 
 des proscriptions dans l'interieur. 
 
 Si la lassitude et les enormites cle la revolution out detache une 
 masse tres nombreuse d'adherens, beaucoup s'unissent a leurs ennemis 
 dans la crainte de retomber sans conditions sous le joug des emigres 
 et tous, clans la defiance et l'aversion pour la force etrangere. Les 
 Jacobins abhorrent celle-ci comme dangereuse a leur surete ; les 
 mecontens la ha'issent comme dangereuse a la monarchie et comme 
 impuissante ou mal disposee a les secourir. 
 
 L'eloignement pour les emigres diminue chaque jour, il s'eteindrait 
 tout a fait, il ferait place aux sentimens opposes, si les princes 
 paraissaient armes de quelques moyens secourables et si leur etendard 
 cessait une fois de conserver la couleur chevaleresque, exclusive 
 et tyrannique qu'on a l'aveuglement de ne pas abandonner. 
 
 Mais la prevention contre les etrangers a des racines profondes et 
 nationales. Non seulement la guerre exterieure sert de point de 
 ralliement aux diverses factions jacobines, qui s'entredechireraient ; 
 elle alimente de plus l'inertie des mecontens, elle les livre pifds ei 
 poings lies a la Convention. Elle les force a, se battre pour leurs 
 bourreaux, parce qu'elle n'a offert jusqu'ici aucune perspective de con- 
 solation ou de succes et qu'elle s'est toujours presentee sous 1'image 
 d'une guerre faite a la France meme, par des rivaux, par des ennemis 
 de la France, d'une guerre ou on ne vent rien obtenir <|u<> par la 
 force armce, dontle veritable but est un mystere qui ecrase la monar- 
 chie sans offrir aucun secours a la majorite souffrante et dont les re-
 
 352 FEBRUARY, 1794. 
 
 vers perpetuels ont generalise l'opinion, que le pire danger pour les 
 mecontens etait cle compter sur elle. 
 
 Voila l'exacte verite; quiconque, my Lord, vous tiendra un autre 
 langage cherche a vous tromper. Vous ne terminerez pas beureuse- 
 inent la guerre sans contre- re volution ; si vous ne changez le carac- 
 tere, les moyens, et le but de la guerre. Voulez-vous reunir toute la 
 France contre vous sans distinction de parti 1 il suffira de poursui- 
 vre le plan de conduite observe jusqu'a, present. Voulez-vous rendre 
 absolument inutile le concours de cette immensite de mecontens, 
 perdu dans une ocean de conjectures sinistres sur vos desseins et 
 etouffer le principe de reaction qui menacerait les Jacobins 1 continuez 
 a laisser croire que peu vous importe le salut de la France et que vous 
 etes la pour l'asservir et non pour la sauver. 
 
 Persuadez-vous que cette defiance tres augmentee des projets des 
 allies contrebalance l'effet et le nombre des liaines interieures conjurees 
 pour l'aneantissement de la revolution, persuadez-vous que, soldat 
 de gre ou de force, chaque Francais vous combattra opiniatrement, 
 et qu'en vous bornant a, essayer sur les frontieres une contre-revolu- 
 tion indecise, des tatonnements militaires, vous succomberez en 1794 
 comme en 1793. 
 
 On vous a crus longtemps tres redoutables et vous l'etiez ; mais 
 les allies n'ayant su ni profiter des circonstances, ni poursuivre un seul 
 avantage, a l'opinion de votre inferiorite s'est unie en France celle de 
 votre inbabilete. Depuis que les Jacobins n'ont plus craint de se me- 
 surer avec vous et a outrance, les mecontens ont perdu tout espoir, 
 toute confiance dans vos armes. lis savent, ils disent, ils repetent 
 partout que les Piemontais et la prise de Toulon ont fait sacrifier 
 Lyon, que la discorde des allies, la faiblesse de leurs moyens et le 
 desir d'aneantir la marine francaise ont fait sacrifier Toulon; qu'on a 
 prepare quelques demonstrations de secours pour la Vendee au moment 
 oil elle etait exterminee, et qu'en un mot, les puissances seraient bien 
 facliees qu'il s'elevat dans l'interieur une reunion capable de sauver la 
 France qu'elles n'aspirent qu'a envabir. 
 
 Voila l'opinion jDopulaire, generale : or, tout opprime qui en est 
 imbu preferera jouer le Jacobinisme et aller se battr-e aux frontieres 
 pour sa surete plutot que de courir le risque de former un vceu 
 dangereux pour vos succes qui lui serait inutile ou de passer les 
 frontieres pour etre chasse de lieu en lieu comme un pestifere et 
 raourir de faim au coin d'une route. 
 
 Dans la procbaine suite de ce travail, je vovis exposerai, my Lord,
 
 st just. 353 
 
 les moyens qui me paraisseut seuls capables de detruire ces dispositions 
 et de les faire servir au but commun. 
 Endorsed 
 In Lord Elgin's No. 24. 
 
 A Milord Elgin, 
 Bruxelles. 
 
 Informations additionnelles. 
 
 Le 15 mars, 1794. 
 
 La mobilite des variations qu'eprouvent les differentes parties du 
 tableau de la France, necessite de six semaines en six semaines des 
 correctifs ou des additions. Vous ne devez pas done trouver contra- 
 dictoires des rapports faits a, divers intervalles: e'est la scene qui 
 change, et non la tete de l'observateur. D'ailleurs, l'instruction s-e 
 rectifie, s'etend, se fixe, avec plus de precision, a mesure que les 
 informations s'augmentent et se perfectionnent. 
 
 Complement du comite de scdut public. Les bases generales que 
 je vous ai developpees sont immuables, mais plusieurs details ont 
 varie, ou me sont mieux connus. Je vais les reunir dans un bref 
 supplement. 
 
 Le douzieme membre du comite de salut public dont j'avais laisse 
 le nom en blanc est St Just. Relegue longtemps dans une espece d'ob- 
 scurite, il en est sorti par des declamations furieuses, oil Ton decouvre 
 de l'esprit, de la facilite, un emploi quelquefois heureux du neologisme 
 du jour. Ses principes paraissent aussi emportes que ses discours. 
 Quant a ses mceurs, il en a fait l'essai au mois de 9 re a Strasbourg, oil 
 le comite l'envoya exercer en son nom le proconsulat. Les prisons et 
 les echafauds ne suffisaient pas a ses poursuites : il accabla de taxes 
 exorbitantes ceux qu'il ne fit pas egorger, et couvrit cette ville de 
 sang et de deuil. Les Jacobins y avaient perdu leur predominance ; 
 un parti puissant appelait hautement les Autrichiens. La grande 
 majorite des habitans, de l'etat-major, de la municipality et du 
 district, s'etaient prononces contre les Maratistes. St Just remit les 
 clioses en ordre et sortit triomphant de Strasbourg, sur les cadavres 
 de plus de 2000 guillotines. Fut-on affecte de son eloquence] On le 
 supposerait plutot bel esprit revolutionnaire (juc facticux anient: on 
 pourrait douter de la sincerite de son zele, et en trouver la cause, en 
 derniere analyse, dans la necessite d'6chapper an supplice. Ce soupQOD 
 est fortific par 1'inclination (pie montre St Just a embrasser la cause 
 la plus effrenee, si celle de Roberspierre vient a decliner. 
 
 g. c. 23
 
 354 march, 1794. 
 
 Religion. II est surprenant qu'on a mis en doute dans la chambre 
 haute de votre pavlement l'adoption publique et legale de l'atheisme, 
 comme seule religion de la France. L'hypocrisie de quelques entor- 
 tillages de Robespierre, au moment oil Ton decreta le culte de la 
 raison, n'a pas empeche que ce culte ne soit devenu exclusif et national. 
 Aucune eglise n'est ouverte a la religion chretienne; tous les clocbers 
 sont abattus ; tous les ustensiles du service divin, voles ; les autels, 
 demolis, et les pretres qui refusent de rendre leurs lettres de pretrise 
 et d'abjurer le sacerdoce, incarceres. Voila la regie generale; la 
 celebration plus ou moins secrete du culte religieux dans quelques 
 villages en fait l'exception. 
 
 La Convention et la municipal ite de Paris ont remplace la religion 
 par les spectacles : 40 theatres sont ouverts dans la capitale et 
 journellement peuples d'ouvriers et de canaille des deux sexes. On 
 y joue des pieces civiques et historiques sur les evenemens de la 
 guerre, ou de la revolution; la population s'y infecte d'un fanatisme 
 atroce; l'autorite en a fait un de ses ressorts, et a positivement trans- 
 forme l'art dramatique, ramene a son enfance, en sacerdoce public. 
 
 Force des armees. Depuis les premiers resultats que je vous ai pre- 
 sented, on m'a communique Petat des bataillons de la premiere levee, 
 dans chacun des 549 districts. Ce releve, dont je n'ai pu obtenir 
 copie, offre une difference considerable avec le denombrement approxi- 
 matif, annexe a, la premiere suite du resume. Lorsque les districts 
 ont fourni trois bataillons de 800 a 1100 homines, plusieurs en ont 
 donne deux ; la pluralite, un, complet ou incomplet. 64 districts 
 restent pour memoire et n'ont pu lever une compagnie, (ceux de la 
 Vendee, des Deux-Sevres, de la Mayenne, de Maine et Loire, du 
 Morbihan, quelques-uns du Var, des Pyrenees orientales, du Nord et 
 du Bas-Rhin forment ce nombre negatif). 
 
 Des 485 restans, 166 n'avaient encore fourni que des compagnies, 
 et non un bataillon a la date du 15 fevrier. 
 
 319 ont leve, et fait partir, au dela de 286,000 homines, qui 
 joints aux troupes de ligne et aux anciens volontaires formeront une 
 armee totale pour 1794 de pres 700,000 hommes. 
 
 Les desertions, qui ont ete tres nombreuses dans la premiere levee, 
 compensent a, peu pres la fox'ce additionnelle des compagnies auxquelles 
 se reduit le contingent de 166 districts. Ainsi la somme de 700,000 
 soldats de toute classe constitue l'etat tres probable de l'armee natio- 
 nale aujourd'hui en exercice. 
 
 Dans mon premier denombrement elle etait reduite a 650 mille
 
 THE ARMY. 355 
 
 en y comprenant Its deux requisitions. Voici la source de cette 
 difference. 
 
 La famine, qui en 1707 procura 150 mille hommes a Louis qua- 
 torze, et la terreur, non moins energique que la famine, out precipite 
 dans la premiere levee de 18 a 25 ans, une foule de sujets au-dessous 
 de 18 ans et au-dessus de 25. 
 
 Elle n'embrassait que les celibataires : beaucoup de gens maries, 
 ont marche par le meme motif, pour subsister. 
 
 La seconde requisition de 25 a, 45 ans ne tardera pas d'etre exigee, 
 le comite s'en occupe depuis quelques semaines. Outre les celibataires, 
 le decret qui l'ordonnera, doit embrasser les gens maries sans enfans, et 
 les gens maries sans enfans, dont neanmoins les femmes sont enceintes. 
 Cette disposition tend a obvier a Tabus d'une quantite de manages 
 qui ont eu lieu, et surtout a Pai'is, pour echapper au devoir de 
 marcher. 
 
 On remarqua que les premiers volontaires nationaux de 1792 
 contracterent de jour en jour un esprit analogue a celui des troupes 
 de ligne. Quelques revers un peu decisifs amortiraient leur exaltation 
 de gloire, et feraient eclater la lassitude, le degout, le mecontentement, 
 le desir d'un changement. Mais les derniers venus aux armees 
 sont en general execrables, comme moins rassasies de la vie licencieuse 
 et pillarde, et comme faisant journellement la comparaison de l'abon- 
 dance oil ils se trouvent, avec la misere de leurs habitations domes- 
 tiques, ou ils crevaient de faim sous des haillons. 
 
 La fabrication des armes a pris une grand e activite : outre les 
 anciennes manufactures on en a monte plusieurs nouvelles. Paris est 
 un vaste atelier. Au commencement de fevrier on y fabriquait 700 
 fusils par jour, 100 sautent ou se deteriorent a l'epreuve. On espere 
 pousser la fabrication journaliere a mille fusils parce que les ouvriers 
 se perfectionnent. 
 
 La fonte des canons va egalement grand train ; environ 100 sor- 
 tent des fourneaux de la capitale tous les douze jours ; il y en avait 
 3,000 a 1'arsenal le 10 fevrier. 
 
 L'extraction du salpetre a occupe a Paris un monde infini. On ne 
 voyait que chaudieres et lessives de terre dans les sections, mais ce 
 grand travail a etc tres sterile, et ne pent se soutenir, car le comite 
 ne paye que 24 sols la livre d'un salpetre qui revient a 1^ francs de 
 fabrication, et qu'il faut ensuite raflfiner. 
 
 Subsistances. Leur disette se manifeste journellement ; div< 
 consoiiniiations, jadis de premiere necessite, sont 6puiseesj d'autres 
 
 23—2
 
 356 march, 1794. 
 
 deviennent rares de plus en plus, la source de la reproduction est tarie 
 dans plusieurs provinces. Quant au pain, toujours suffisant aux 
 besoins de la capitale, on ne s'en procure pas, saus peine, dans la 
 grande pluralite des departemens. Les habitans ont ete mis a la 
 ration journaliere, c'est a dire a demi-livre, ou trois quarts de livre 
 de pain par individu. 
 
 A Lyon, dans les provinces environnantes, dans la plupart des 
 villes du second ou du troisieme ordre, on manque meme souvent 
 de pain, des semaines entieres. Une infinite de families ne s'en 
 procurent qu'en l'achetant des soklats de l'armee revolutionnaire, 
 auxquels on en donne deux livres par jour, et qui en revendent la 
 moitie. 
 
 Le peuple dans les villes et les campagnes vit de clioux, de feves, 
 de pommes de terre, de racines ; mais ces denrees diminuent rapide- 
 ment. Peu d'auberges sur les routes oil Ton ne trouve d'autre nourri- 
 ture qu'un pain noir et desseche (de veritable biscuit) et que des legu- 
 mes en petite quantite. 
 
 La viande a presque generalement disparu : on ne voit plus que 
 quelques moutons epars dans les provinces meridionales, ci-devant 
 couvertes d'innombrables troupeaux. 
 
 La loi du maximum a devore ce que les armees n'avaient pas 
 encore englouti, parce que, dans les premiers temps de son emanation, 
 le paysan, le journalier, tous ceux qui ne mangeaient de la viande 
 qu'une fois par semaine, excites par le bas prix, ont augrnente la 
 consommation. 
 
 On a tue les vaches faute de fourrage, ou l'administi'ation des 
 subsistances militaires et l'armee revolutionnaire les ont enlevees; les 
 veaux sont encore plus rares que les moutons. Quant au boeuf, son 
 usage, ainsi que celui de la vache, est generalement interdit excepte a 
 Paris et dans le3 armees. Vous voyez que depuis plusieurs semaines 
 la disette de viande a gagne meme la capitale. Elle est privee de savon, 
 d'huile, de cafe, de suci"e que les apothicaires ont remplace par un 
 sirop de melasse : le peu de cassonade qu'on se procure est noire 
 comme la suie. Plus de gibier ni de volailles : un chapon s'est paye 47 
 francs, le 20 fevrier; les gens de la campagne ayant mange leurs poules 
 faute de grains pour les nourrir, et fait de leurs vaches des salaisons, 
 les ceufs, le lait, le beurre sont devenus denrees de luxe : la rarete de 
 la morue et des legumes ne permet qu'a un tres petit nombre d'indivi- 
 dus d'en faire usage. Aussi quand Barrere, effraye de la disette de 
 viande, a propose un careme civiqrte, il proposait un ordre aux dix-
 
 FAMINE. 357 
 
 huit vingtiemes des Parisiens de se nourrir de pain. Le via consomme 
 dans la capitale n'est pas altere, car les marchands le fabriquent, et 
 vendent cette boisson qu'on dit detestable, par l'impossibilite d'ache- 
 ter, de transporter et de revendre de veritables vins, au prix du 
 maximum. 
 
 Cette calamite vient d'exciter a, Paris des murmures, des clameurs 
 a, la halle, quelques placards menagans; mais dans le reste du 
 royaume, tels sont l'inconcevable effroi et la soumission du peuple, 
 qu'un village sans pain voit passer cliaque jour des convois de vivres 
 pour l'armee sans oser y porter la main. 
 
 La disette de bestiaux a amene celle des cuirs : la disette des 
 moutons paralyse les fabriques, qui n'out plus de laines. Afin de 
 suppleer au cuir, il a ete defend u a tout cordonnier de faire une paire 
 de souliers pour aucun particulier, sous peine de 4 ans de fers. Leur 
 travail et la matiere sont en requisition forcee; aussi a Paris, ainsi 
 que dans le royaume, les deux sexes sout en sabuts: on devient suspect 
 en portant des bottes ou des souliers. Quant aux etoffes de tout 
 genre, on ne trouve a acheter que le rebut des magasins, que des 
 hardes de friperie, ou clandestinement, a, des prix excessifs, quelques 
 etoffes moins mauvaises et cachees par les marchands et qu'ils vendent 
 en secret au risque de passer pour des accapareurs. 
 
 Je vous ai deja, annonce les efforts et les sacrifices par lesquels le 
 comite de salut public cherche a soutenir les choses dans cet equilibre 
 entre les privations et la famine rigoureuse. Je vous ai indique les 
 theatres de ses achats, ses courtiers a l'etranger et le succes de ses 
 profusions en ce genre. Nous venons de voir un nouvel exemple de 
 celles-ci dans une foire de bestiaux tenue a Berne il y a quinze jours, 
 et ou en 6 heures les agens de la Convention ont achete pour huit cent 
 mille livres de bestiaux ; huit paires de bceufs ont ete vendues douze 
 mille livres. Tous les achats payes en especes, et au comptant, Favi- 
 dite d'un gain exorbitant a fait passer les vendeurs sur toute espece 
 de prudence: tel fermier a vendu ses attelages sans se douter qu'il 
 ne trouverait plus a, les racheter, ou qu'il les racheterait a, 1'usure. 
 Enfin lorsqu'une immense quantite" de bestiaux a etc enlevee et la 
 viande rencherie, lorsque les boucheries ont ete en souffrance, ainsi 
 <pie les consommateurs, le gouverneinent a rendu une prohibition 
 generale et severe d'exporter , mais le mal etait fait en tres grande 
 partie. 
 
 Cette defense embrasse aussi les chevaux, donl le seul canton do 
 Berne avait vendu au l er mars t,800, pass,'- en France
 
 358 march, 1794. 
 
 Les autres cantons out imite cette niesure tardive; ceux cle 
 Fribourg et de Soleure les avaient devances. 
 
 II serait superflu de vous redire, ce dont plusieurs de mes lettres 
 vous ont instruit, que les fournitures de la Suisse meme en bestiaux, 
 chevaux, cuirs, toiles, fromages, bornees par la nature du pays, et par 
 les defenses des gouvernemens, ne pourraient soulager six semaines les 
 depresses de la- France. Mais les exportations d'ltalie, d'Allemagne, 
 du nc-rd &c. pour le corapte des marchands de Bale, Neuchatel, 
 Geneve, Genes, et transniises aux Francais par les commissionnaires, 
 procurent des ressources plus etendues, et en procureraient d'intaris- 
 sables. II est sorti de la Lombardie, et de la Souabe 60 niille betes a 
 cornes et chevaux, qui par l'intermediaire de la Suisse, ont passe en 
 Alsace. Les draps, les cuirs, nombre d'articles et meme cles grains 
 ont pris la meme route. D'apres la multiplicite et l'accord des rapports 
 qui me sont parvenus, je ne puis douter que cles regences allemandes 
 entrainees par l'amour du gain, ou seduites par les corruptions fran- 
 chises, n'aient seconde de leurs invigilance cette contrebande ; les 
 grands proprietaires, soit en Lombardie, soit en Souabe, s'empressent 
 aussi a la favoriser pour vendre leurs bles a liaut prix aux ennemis de 
 toute propriete. 
 
 L'association de banquiers formee a Paris dans le dessein de 
 provoquer et de solder ces versemens etrangers de marcliandise et de 
 denrees est une conspiration sur laquelle les puissances doivent porter 
 une prompte et severe attention : le fond de cette entreprise est de 
 60 millions founds par 40 maisons de banque. Le comite de salut 
 public les a obligees a cette reunion et a taxe chacune d'elles a sa quote 
 
 part. 
 
 Celle de Mallet, pere et fils, est raneonnee de 1200 mille livres : 
 les autres a proportion : le comite appelle cette contribution une 
 avance a rembourser apres les fournitures faites. La crainte de la 
 mort et de la confiscation ont concouru avec l'infernal esprit de 
 commerce a la condescendance de ces banquiers. Je vous ai instruit 
 que trois d'entr'eux s'etaient rendus a leur destination, savoir, Grivel 
 associe de Fulchiron a Genes, Perrigaux, a Neuchatel, et un anonyme 
 a Hambourg. lis ont ordre d'acheter a tout prix, grains, draps, cuirs, 
 bestiaux, salpetre &c. &c. 
 
 Finances. Malgre les depenses enormes en especes, la Convention 
 soutient son tresor, entre quatre a cinq cent millions, par l'accapare- 
 ment journalier de numeraire et des matieres d'or et d'argent ; la 
 terreur et Farmee revolutionnaire les font sortir avec une abondance
 
 FINANCES. 359 
 
 proportionnee au danger. On coiu-t en foule aux hotels des monnaies 
 ou Ton echange ses especes et sa vaisselle contre des assignats ait, pair. 
 Une personne qui, le 26 du mois dernier, avait acconipagne une dame 
 a la monnaie, oil elle allait porter sa vaisselle, m'a assure qu'elles 
 attend irent 3 heures et demie sans ponvoir entrer a, cause de la foule. 
 A cette elate l'or se vendait clandestinement a 40, a, 100 de benefice 
 sur l'assignat. 
 
 Par les informations que j'ai recueillies touchant le pillage de 
 Lyon, il parait qu'au milieu de fevrier les commissaires avaient 
 recueilli 20 millions especes ou assignats, qu'une somme aussi forte 
 etait enfouie, et que 30 millions ont ete exportes par les proprietaires. 
 
 Quant a, la valeur des marchandises saisie*, elle est inappreciable. 
 
 J'ai recu avant-hier par deux temoins dignes de creance des infor- 
 mations sur l'etat de la campagne, et de l'armee aux frontieres 
 d'Espagne vers le milieu du mois dernier. 
 
 II en resulte que l'armee de Rousillon a ete renouvelee deux fois, 
 et qu'elle a perdu l'annee derniere 40,000 homines par les combats, la 
 disette, le climat, les epidemies. Avec plus de celerite les Espagnols 
 se fussent empares de Perpignan, ou un parti nombreux se disposait 
 a les recevoir ; le moment ayant ete manque, ce parti a succombe et 
 expie dans les supplices sa connivence avec l'ennemi. 
 
 L'armee de M. De Ricardos avait perdu environ 12^00 homines 
 pendant la campagne. Depuis la prise de Collioure, Bellegarde, Fort 
 St Elme et Port-Venclres, elle a pris une position retranchee qu'on 
 regarde comme inexpugnable. Sa cavalerie fait de frequentes ex- 
 cursions et extermine tous les detachemens qui s'ecartent de l'armee 
 franca ise. 
 
 Celle-ci a laquelle on a envoye partie de l'armee de Toulon, do 
 celle de Lyon et tout ce qu'on a pu tirer de bataillons de volontairea 
 dans le midi est aujourd'hui de cent mille hommes, en deux divisions 
 inegales : l'une sur Bayonne, l'autre sur Perpignan. 
 
 Endorsed 
 
 Intelligence 
 
 E. 7tb April. 
 
 (1.)
 
 3G0 march, 1704. 
 
 A Milord Elgin, 
 Bruxelles. 
 
 20 mars, 1794. 
 
 Un retour d'indisposition, qui ne m'a perm is de reprendre le 
 travail qu'avant-hier, retard e encore d'un courrier la conclusion que 
 vous attendez : voici celle des informations. 
 
 Vous aurez vu, Milord, dans les papiers de France, l'appel du club 
 des Cordeliers a 1'insurrection, la deputation fraternelle des Jacobins 
 a ce club, le pas retrograde de celui-ci, et leur reunion par le ministere 
 de Collot d'Herbois. Je vous dois la clef de cette comedie. Elle ne 
 signifie autre chose que les deux partis, jugeant leurs forces respectives 
 balancees, veulent se donner le temps de recruter chacun de leur cote, 
 et d'assurer leurs nioyens de guerre. Collot d'Herbois, en feignant 
 d'improuver les Cordeliers, n'a dans le fait improuve que leur 
 precipitation : il a souffle a Roberspierre toujours malade, le role de 
 mediateur, et saura profiter, en temps et lieu, du credit que vient de 
 lui donner cette demarche. Cette ti-eve entre les deux factions va 
 etre scellee par le massacre des 61 deputes detenus, par celui de 99 
 membres de la Convention, et probablement par celui d'une partie 
 des detenus particuliei-s. Roberspierre et Couthon gardent toujours 
 leur maison. Le choc ne sera pas aussi prompt qu'on pouvait le 
 croire et son issue dependra absolument des premiers evenemens de 
 la campagne. Si vous la brusquez, si vous obtenez de grands succes, 
 le comite est perdu, et vu la detresse de Paris pour les subsistances, 
 la commotion pourra s'etendre jusqu'a la Convention elle-meme. 
 
 Vous aurez lu aussi un decret rendu sur un rapport de Barrere et 
 qui permet l'exportation aux neutres des marchandises sur abond antes. 
 J'ai appris d'une maniere sure le but d'un decret en apparence 
 contradictoire avec tous ceux qui Font precede : c'est une parade : il 
 ne s'agit uniquement que de faciliter la vente a 1 etranger des diamans 
 de la couronne, des soieries prises a Lyon et autres effets precieux 
 invendables dans Finterieur. Les 42 banquiers qui ont fourni 60 
 millions pour achats au dehors, Font fait, non en especes, ni assignats, 
 mais par leurs billets solidaires, delivres au comite. Celui-ci, pour 
 faciliter le credit et le placement de ces billets, leur a donne, pour 
 hypotheque, les diamans et autres effets designes plus haut ; les 
 vendeurs etrangers pourront se payer avec ces valeurs ou bien elles 
 leur serviront de nantissement pour la surete des billets.
 
 THE TERROR. 361 
 
 La nouvelle de la prise dc Bastia etait prematuree. Rien d'ltalie 
 depuis huit jours. 
 
 L'armee du Rhin est a cinq livres de fourrage par jour pour 
 chaque cheval. 
 
 Plus d'avoine ; les magasins pris sur l'ennemi ayant ete pilles en 
 detail par les escortes, les conducteurs, les paysans, ils n'ont ete 
 d'aucun secours. 
 
 Endorsed 
 
 Intelligence 
 
 R. 7th April. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 Extrait d'une lettre de la frontiere en date du 22 
 
 mai 1794. 
 
 S'il pouvait en exister un plus terrible que celui sous lequel nous 
 sornmes, je vous dirais, que nous allons au galop vers le despotisme. 
 A force de faire jouer la hache, le comite de salut public s'en tirera 
 a lionneur. Vous devez remarquer qu'elle tranche de toutes parts ; 
 aristocrates, democrates, patriotes, peu importe. Tout ce qui a un 
 nom, de la fortune, du genie y passera. Le dernier rapport de 
 Roberspierre a laisse tout le monde stupefait ; parce qu'on ne voulait 
 pas lui accorder du talent. Pour cette fois il n'y a plus moyen de 
 nier ; ce n'est plus la plume virile de Sieyes son ancien faiseur : c'est 
 trop doux, trop redondant. Si ce rapport est de Roberspierre, vous 
 n'avez plus qu'a lire l'histoire d'Auguste. Avec la guillotine et 
 du talent nous arriverons au meme point. Les mcmbres de la 
 Commune sont arretes depuis deux jours : on n'ose en souffler mot. 
 
 Je doute qu'en aucun temps il ait existe un peuple plus discret 
 que les Francais d'aujourd'hui. On a affiche une recompense, pour 
 qui pourrait donner des nouvelles de l'armee du nord, elle n'a tente 
 j)ersonne. Ne croyez nullement aux grands progres ulterieurs de 
 Cobourg: il tatera le manche de la guillotine et voila tout: il affermira 
 le gouvernement, qui voudra ensuite se mettre en posture de faire la 
 paix. 
 
 Deux personnes differentes echappees de Paris et arrivees, il y a 
 peu de jours, m'ont tenu a peu pres le meme langage. II results de 
 lours informations et de celles que j'ai recueillies rccemment, qu'il 
 n'y a rien, absolument rien, a attendre <lc rintericur ni de Paris. Les 
 provinces abattues fcremblent au seul nom de cette capitale, et
 
 302 may, 1794. 
 
 marcheront eternellement sur ses traces, a, moins qu'une force tres 
 superieure ne vienne les ressusciter. On s'est habitue a la misere et 
 a toutes les calamites ; personne n'ose ni ne songe a en murmurer. 
 
 Quant a Paris, ses habitans n'appartiennent plus a l'espece 
 humaine. Les uns plus feroces et plus redoutables a chaque nouveau 
 crime sont lies irremissiblement et chaque jour de plus en plus a la 
 cause de Roberspierre. Le reste des habitans ne vaut guere mieux. 
 Hebetes par les evenemens journaliers, ils n'y sont plus merae 
 sensibles, chacun s'attend a finir par le dernier supplice et cherche 
 a, reculer ce dernier moment a force de precautions et de bassesses. 
 Cette multitude animalisee n'a plus meme l'instinct de sa propre 
 defense, resienee a tout elle se verrait mourrir de faim sans oser 
 proferer un murmure. Soit par complicity, soit par egarement 
 stupide, soit par lachete, Paris entier est une argile clans les mains du 
 comite. Plus une etincelle d'esperance dans le coeur de qui que ce soit. 
 Je vous avais annonce, My Lord, ces dispositions depuis longtemps et 
 combien il etait absurde de compter sur le desespoir, sur la tyrannie, 
 sur la famine, sur quelques succes des frontieres. 
 
 Le credit de Roberspierre s'affermit et s'augmente a vue d'ceil : il 
 est plus puissant, que ne fut jamais Louis XIV. Je vous certifie 
 que personne n'a la hardiesse de penser a lui disputer son autorite. 
 St Just, pour avoir manifeste quelques opinions differentes de celles 
 du chef dans le comite, s'est mis au pied de l'echelle ; il cherche a s'en 
 tirer par des bassesses, et par un devouement plus servile ; mais il 
 n'echappera pas a sa destinee. 
 
 La terreur a tue le germe des factions, et l'aneantissement du 
 pouvoir populaire en a eteint l'aliment. Les Commissaires aupres 
 des armees, les bureaux du gouvernement, les administrateurs, les 
 accusateurs publics sont autant de creatures de Roberspierre. Sa 
 cruaute ne fait point baisser sa popularite ; d'abord parce que le 
 peuple de Paris n'est plus touche de la cruaute, ensuite parce que 
 Roberspierre agit comme il parle, a des mceurs conformes a son role, 
 n'aspire ni a, la fortune, ni aux diguites, et a persuade le vulgaire de 
 la sincerite de son republicanisme. 
 
 Fouquier Tinville accusateur public au Trib. Revol. de Paris 
 etait ami de Danton, qui l'avait place ; au premier mot de Robers- 
 pierre il n'hesita pas a faire perir son bienfaiteur. 
 
 Ces exemples sont innombrables. Le tribunal ne se donne plus 
 la peine d'interroger les accuses. Le comite paye 1500 francs par 
 jour a la galerie qui va applaudir aux sentences et courir aux
 
 THE PROVINCES. 363 
 
 executions. Celles-ci tiennent lieu de spectacles : c'est une erreur 
 de penser que le peuple en est rassassie ; an contraire il murmure 
 lorsque les charrettes qui trainent les condanmes au supplice se 
 reduisent a une ou deux. 
 
 II n'est pas plus question, a Paris, de la Vendee, de ses exploits, 
 de ce preteudu siege de Nantes annonce dans vos gazettes, que si elle 
 n'existait pas. Le comite n'a pour le moment aucune inquietude de 
 ce cote-la ; du moins il ne la montre par aucune disposition. 
 
 Toujours du pain assez abondaut, et rarete extreme d'autres 
 comestibles, surtout de viande ; tel est l'etat actuel des subsistances a 
 Paris. Dans les provinces on se nourrit de legumes de printemps : la 
 recolte est generalement belle et tres avancee : on moissonne les 
 orges en Provence, en Languedoc, dans le Bas-Dauphine : tous les 
 grains seront recueillis a, Test et au midi avant la fin de juin. 
 Quant a l'exterieur, le plan du comite est seulement de vous resister 
 en Flandre, de prevenir vos progres en Picardie, de vous harasser 
 par des combats journaliers et des diversions, et de vous laisser 
 consumer en sieges la campagne. Pour la guerre offensive je vous 
 repete qu'ils la destinent et qu'ils la portent impetueusement avec de 
 grandes forces a l'ltalie et a l'Espagne. 
 
 Extrait d'une lettre de la frontiere, en date du 29 
 
 mai 1794. 
 
 La fabrique des fusils, et des canons augmente tous les jours 
 d'activite : on a du salpetre ; quoique les anciens canonniers soient 
 presque tous tues, les eleves faits cet liiver commencent a les remplacer 
 avantageusement. II reste encore deux cent mille homines de la 
 premiere requisition non employes, et disponibles. On ne procedera 
 a la 2° levee que sur la I'm de la campagne pour opposer des troupes 
 fraiches a, des troupes liarassees : ces requisitions, n'en doutez pas, 
 marcheront sans la moindre resistance au premier ordre du comite. 
 
 Paris est approvisionne en ble pour six semaines ; il n'y a pas de 
 viande, on ne tue (pie 32 moutons par jour, cliaque individu ne 
 peut avoir qu'une livre de viande par decade; les ceufs et le beurre 
 sont rares, le jardinage, tres abondant. 
 
 On s'est fait a cette vie, on la supporte sans murmurer : d'ailleurs 
 nil a lcve des animaux, l'enlevement <!*• 30 a l<* mille chevaux de 
 luxe, vend les fourragcs aboinliins et les a fail refluer aux amines.
 
 364 may, 1794. 
 
 Plus de factions proprement dites, plus de partis prononces, le 
 comite plane sur tout. Les factions ne naissent et ne se soutiennent 
 que par Pespoir, et il n'y a plus d'espoir quelconque dans le cceur de 
 personne, pas plus du dehors que de l'interieur. 
 
 Les exces moins cruels peut-etre mais plus grossierement neces- 
 saires d'Hebert, de Ronsin et autres sans-culottes a moustaches et a 
 sabres roulans font trouver l'etat actuel de Paris plus supportable. 
 L'exercice frequent de la guillotine n'empeche pas le grand nombre 
 de s'en croire encore eloigne, tant qu'on reste dans la soumission, le 
 silence, et le devoueuient au comite. D'ailleurs on peut aujourd'hui 
 s'habiller decemment meme avec gout : plus de bonnets rouges, 
 plus de tutoiement affecte : on peut aller aux spectacles, et chez les 
 lilies, sans y etre insulte par les sans-culottes ou par les satellites de 
 l'armee revolutionnaire. Ainsi, a tout prendre, notre situation est 
 un peu moins mauvaise. 
 
 Ce n'est pas en outre sur le comite de salut public que retombe 
 la haine qu'inspire la frequence des supplices, c'est sur celui de surete 
 generale, son agent, et qui sera bientot sa victime. On parle de la 
 clemence de Roberspierre avec la meme bonne foi, qu'on parlait a 
 Pome de celle d' Auguste. 
 
 C'est a, force d'adresse et d'habilete que le chef a su eviter les 
 benedictions, qu'on voulait lui prodiguer aux spectacles et aux 
 Jacobins. Ce n'est pas que des succes eclatans et rapides des 
 Autrichiens, que l'occupation de la Picardie, et une marche acceleree 
 ne changeassent bien vite ces dispositions ; mais ces victoires, cette 
 marche, on les a tant de fois attendues, et toujours si vainement que 
 Ton n'ose plus meme y penser. 
 
 On attend un immense convoi de l'Amerique : c'est pour le 
 proteger que notre flotte est sortie de Brest; la derniere division 
 vient de mettre a, la voile. Si nous pouvions attendre la recolte, 
 nous sommes appi'ovisionnes pour deux ans. Jamais autant de 
 semence ne fut jetee en terre : jamais elle ne promit une si abon- 
 dante restitution. Tout a ete mis en culture ; jacheres, bruyeres, 
 allees, avenues, promenades, biens royaux, jardins nationaux. On 
 a soin de dire aux paysans que depuis qu'ils ne prient plus le bon 
 Dieu, la nature leur donne toutes ses richesses. 
 
 Quoiqu'il n'y ait plus de factions, Roberspierre a du moins des 
 jaloux dans le comite ; mais ces rivalites sourdes n'ont ni effet, ni 
 influence. Par le moyen des Jacobins on vient de detruire les 
 societes sectionnaires, ou populaires : plus de rassemblemens excepte
 
 ROBESPIERRE. 36o 
 
 aux Jacobins, qn'on conserve pendant la guerre pour exciter 
 1'enthousiasrue j mais qu'on fera casser par la convention, lorsqu'il 
 en sera temps. Collot et Couthon sont charges clu gouvernemcnt 
 de cette societe. Roberspierre ne veut d'autre titre que celui do 
 membre du comite de S.P. II se contente de gouverner sous son 
 nom. 
 
 Ses collegues ont une assez belle part pour en etre contens. Us 
 disposent de la fortune, des places, des revenus pour leurs amis et 
 leurs cliens. 
 
 Endorsed 
 In Lord Elgin's, June 10th. 
 
 De la frontiere. 30 mat 1794. 
 
 II n'est pas douteux que mes correspondans de Paris sont moins 
 exacts, Fun tient de si pres aux guillotineurs, qu'il apprehende 
 toujours d'etre guillotine, l'autre sans le meriter autant, a la merae 
 crainte ; ils me l'ont fait savoir tous deux par ecrit, et de vive voix 
 par des emigres : ce que je vous ecrivis le 27 de ce mois etait le resultat 
 d'une lettre du premier, et d'une longue conversation avec un de ses 
 intimes, ci-devant lie avec les faiseurs. U m'apprenait en outre, dans 
 sa lettre, que la crainte et la terreur etaient encore plus a l'ordre du 
 jour dans Fame des membres du comite de S. P. que dans celle des 
 autres Francais, il entrait meme a cet egard dans quelques details 
 sur les precautions que prend Roberspierre pour echapper aux coups 
 que sa conscience sans doute lui fait apprehender des lors ; dans une 
 lettre rec_ue avant-hier, il me mande Fassassinat manque de Collot, 
 m'ajoutant que cette entreprise ne servira pas peu les projets des 
 chefs, et qu'ils songent a, en tirer parti pour leur autorite : Fexemple 
 de Pisistrate est deja dans Fesprit de tout le monde ; qu'au reste co 
 coup va servir de pretexte a de nouvelles cruautes, qu'on les fera 
 porter sur plusieurs membres de la Convention dont on voulait encore 
 se defaire. Les papiers ne nous disent pas que Collot etait avec un 
 de ses amis qui a rec,u un coup de couteau a la goi'gc: Robespierre n'.i 
 pas ose sortir le lendemain, mais sa peur fera verser bien du sang. 
 Les commissions populaires sont composees uniquement de gens sous 
 sa main, aussi s'attend on qu'elles feront beaucoup de mal et peu de 
 bien; tout ce qui est riche sera guillotine; soyez-en sur; nous avons 
 de mauvaises nouvelles de Flandre, nous les tenons secretes, pour 
 ne parler que de quebjues avantages du c6t^ de Thuin, et sur lea
 
 366 may, 1794. 
 
 bords cle la Sambre. Voila monsieur l'extrait de ma lettre de 
 mercredi, et mon correspondant m'ajoute : " Je comprends vos plain - 
 "tes sur mon silence, mais vous ne jugez plus Paris ce qu'il est; 
 "l'egoi'sme est dans tous les coeurs; l'apathie est dans tous les esprits ; 
 "ne vous figurez plus qu'on s'interesse au sort de tel ou tel membre 
 "du Comite de S. P. ou de ses adversaires, ce qu'on desire uniquement 
 "et ardemment, c'est qu'il domine en paix ; les partis qui se sont 
 "eleves ont tous entraine, dans leur chute, la mine et la mort d'une 
 "infinite d'honnetes gens, et les factions de Brissot, Dumourier, Hebert, 
 "Danton ont toutes prouve que meme parmi les scelerats : Quidquid 
 "delirant Reges, plectuntur Acliivi : II est vrai qu'ici les Grecs sont 
 "bien les plus laches des hommes : Que m'importe, pourvu que je ne 
 "porte pas les coups : voila la pensee de tous ces tiers republicains 
 "de Paris. Je ne saurais trop vous le repeter : II y a des jaloux 
 "secrets, mais point de factieux hardis, point de parti prononce : 
 "obtenez quelque succes sur les frontieres et vous les verrez renaitre 
 "avec l'espoir de reussir : vous verrez le comite de S. P. harcele, et 
 "environne de conteidicteurs, mais il faut des revers, sans quoi le 
 "mot de faction n'existera pas meme. II y a plus : nous en sommes au 
 "point que Ton est plus pret a donner a Robespierre des benedictions, 
 "qu'a, le charger de reproches, et pour peu qu'il paraisse s'adoucir, il 
 "sera bientot traite comme un Dieu ! Je vous ecrirais tous les jours 
 "que je ne vous en dirais pas davantage. Si d'ailleurs il y avait 
 "quelque chose d'important soit pour l'interieur, soit pour des projets 
 "sur l'etranger, ou de descente en Angleterre a, laquelle personne ne 
 "pense plus, je vous en ferais part. Quand je ne vous ecris rien, c'est 
 "qu'il n'y a rien, du moins a ma connaissance; soyez sur d'ailleurs que 
 "nous vivons beaucoup au jour le jour." 
 
 Voila, monsieur, tout ce que j'ai a vous mander aujourd'hui ; j'ai 
 ete si occuj)e ce matin par le retour des Bernois pour la transaction 
 des solidaires que je n'ai pu encore vous envoy er prendre mes lettres 
 d'ltalie : veuillez faire dire a notre ami que j'ai recu sa lettre, et que 
 je lui ecrirai demain. 
 
 Endorsed 
 In Lord Elgin's June 17th. 
 
 Mercredi matin, A juin. 
 Je viens de recevoir votre lettre ; vous paraissez ajouter foi a 
 1'afTaire du 22 ; c'est un motif de plus pour moi d'y croire ; nous lan- 
 guissons comme vous d'en apprendre les resultats.
 
 THREATENED EXECUTION'S. 307 
 
 On me confirme de Genes la prise de Bastia, qui s'est rendu le 19 
 faute de vivres ; de Turin, rien de plus sur que l'arrivee de bon nom- 
 bre d'Autrichiens; la cour a pris enfin Failure ferme ; si elle va bien, 
 les peuples iront de meme: il y a plusieurs personnes arretees; on parle 
 d'une conspiration assez grave, on dit qu'un million avait etc offert 
 au commandant d'Exilles, et que ce brave homme a repousse l'offre et 
 les offrans ; je n'ai pas sur ces objets de details officiels, la lettre qui 
 les contiendra, si le fait est vrai, ne me sera donnee que dans une 
 heure, je vous les transmettrai vendredi. Une indiscretion francaise 
 m'a fait connaitre une lettre recente d'un membre du comite de sal. 
 pub.; elle exprime les plus vives inquietudes; il parle de chercher un 
 lieu de retraite, il dit que la pluralite du comite voit les choses 
 comme lui ; c'est-a-dire apprehende l'exterieur et l'interieur ; mais 
 s'ils doivent perir, ce sera dans les Hots de sang qu'ils auront fait 
 verser dans l'interieur, et sur les cadavres des victimes qu'ils se seront 
 immolees : mon correspondant m'ecrit aussi dix lignes, pour me parler 
 des assassinats a peu pres comme vrais ; il m'assure qu'ils seront le 
 pretexte d'vme efFroyable tragedie, qu'elle portera en grande partie 
 sur la Convention, et sur les detenus actuels : la terreur regne cliez 
 tous les Conventionnels, ils redoutent a chaque instant l'ceil et le 
 geste de Robespierre et de Barrere qui doit les designer au supplice : 
 il m'assure qu'il ne font aucun fond sur les succes de Pichegru, et qu'ils 
 s'attendent a le voir battu ; il croit meme que dans la nuit du jour 
 qu'il m'ecrit, le 28, ils out regu de mauvaises nouvelles; il me 
 confirme que la Vendee, quoique faible, existe et a des succes. 
 Malgre tout cela, il ne peut croire aux resultats decidement contre- 
 revolutionnaires et aux succes decisifs des allies; il croit que Robers- 
 pierre trouvera, dans sa cruaute et le genie de Sieves, des ressources 
 si effroyables, que la tei-reur renforcee de tous leurs autres moyens 
 exageres, leur procurera des armees sans cesse renaissantcs ; a moins, 
 termine-t-il toujours, que des coups rapides et considerables, nejetteni 
 une alarme salutaire, jusqu'au cceur de la capitale. 
 
 Je n'ecris pas a notre ami ; ce sera vendredi ; il y a six jours que 
 je n'ai rien de lui. Je Fembrasse ainsi que vous, excellent i >1 V( i 
 tueux homme. J'cspere (pae notre ami n'a pas ete fache de la lettre 
 que je lui ecrivis samedi sur la reconnaissance. 
 
 Berne, Le 8juin 1794. 
 
 Ce que vous lirez de Paris, ]My Lord, dans Iv 
 confirme bier par h ■ e correspond .,.■ i'ai r. ,u.-
 
 368 June, 1794. 
 
 moi-meme de la capitale en date du 30 et que je n'ai pas encore eu le 
 temps de dechiffrer en entier ; enfin par le temoignage d'une de mes 
 connaissances, homme d'un esprit superieur et d'une rare energie, 
 sorti de Paris il y a 12 jours. A son depart, ainsi qu'a celui des 
 lettres, on avait la plus sinistre opinion de l'armee du nord, et Ton 
 parlait du rappel de Pichegru, auquel on nommait pour successeur 
 Scherer, Alsacien, qui commandait l'liiver dernier a Huningue. 
 
 Le coinite a de vives craintes ; c'est un fait avere : sa confiance 
 existe principalement dans les nioyens multiplies de corruption et 
 d'intelligence par lesquels il travaille a, operer des soulevemens et des 
 troubles cliez ses ennemis. Regardez ces efforts comme le fond de sa 
 politique exterieure. Quant a l'interieur, il prepare de nouveaux 
 massacres. II va continuer a supposer des complots dans les prisons, 
 des projets d'assassinats, des preparatifs de revolte, et il egorgera. 
 La terreur a encore augmente a Paris parce qu'on y pressent cet orage, 
 comme les animaux par leurs mugissemens annoncent ceux de l'atmo- 
 sphere. Tout projet de descente en Angleterre est absolument 
 abandonne. 
 
 J'ai dans mes mains les materiaux d'un quatrieme memoire histo- 
 rique sur l'interieur actuel de la Prance. J'ai remis cette redaction 
 a un autre temps, je me borne a vous en indiquer les resultats que voici : 
 
 1°. Aucun espoir de soulevement interieur ni a Paris ni dans 
 les departemens. Les homines ne sont plus que des cadavres mar- 
 chant dans les rues, et plus vils que des vermisseaux, il n'existe encore 
 quelque reste de courage que chez les femmes. 
 
 2°. Cet etat moral ne changera qu'apres des succes eclatans et 
 successifs de la part des allies, et au moment oil leurs armes inspire- 
 ront plus de terreur que le comite. 
 
 3°. La Vendee sur laquelle on debite toutes sortes de fables a 
 Londres et a Bruxelles, est reduite a 18 mille hommes cernes par 50 
 mille : elle a repousse plusieurs attaques sur son terrain, ou elle 
 se defendra sans faire de progres : elle a perdu tout ce qu'elle avait 
 de troupes regulieres, et le plus marquant, le plus utile de ses chefs, 
 Mr de Lescure. II etait anime d'un fanatisme communicatif qui 
 magnetisait tous ces paysans : nul ne le remplace dans cet ascendant. 
 Le Pr. Talmont a certaiiiement ete pris, juge, decapite a Laval, ou sa 
 tete est encore plantee devant la porte de sa maison. Les seules 
 provinces desquelles on pourrait attendre quelque chose, apres un 
 changement de circonstances, sont la Normandie, la Franche-Comte 
 et une partie de la Bretagne.
 
 
 THE INTERIOR. 369 
 
 4°. Le projet du comite est de renverser la Convention. Brissot, 
 Hebert, Danton eurenfc le meme dessein : le comite l'a fort avance ; 
 les representans tremblent devant lui ; il prepare le massacre de la 
 nioitie de ceux qui res tent et des 42 detenus. 
 
 5°. Robespierre domine ; mais a besoin des bras du comite : il 
 n'est pas encore assez fort pour se defaire de ses cooperateurs, il est 
 douteux qu'il le soit jamais. Voici la distribution des roles. Robes- 
 pierre fait les plans, tient la tribune, prepare les decisions : on lui 
 donne l'abbe Sieves pour souffleur. 
 
 Couthon tres influent anterieurement, s'est fait le valet et Fecho 
 de Robespierre. Collot d'Herbois est charge de la partie des crimes, 
 des massages, des fourberies. Barrere conserve les rapports et la 
 manoeuvre de l'enthousiasme. S* Just administre : ses collegues n'y 
 entendant rien, sa capacite lui a donne cette branche presque exclu- 
 sivement ; elle le menera loin ; Robespierre le menage ; Carnot tient 
 toujours la guerre ; les autres membres ne sont que des commis. 
 
 6°. On poursuit le plan de faire perir successivement les pro- 
 prietaires, pour faire vivre la republique de confiscations. 
 
 7°. II ne faut absolument compter ni sur la famine, ni nieme 
 sur la disette. Chacun s'est habitue a la penurie actuelle qui va 
 diminuer par l'abondance des l'ecoltes. Jamais la France ne fut 
 cultivee comme elle Test ; il n'y a pas un arpent qui ne soit ense- 
 mence, sauf dans les lieux ou operent les armees belligerantes. Cette 
 culture universelle a ete forcee par les Directrices, la oil on ne la 
 faisait pas volontairement. 
 
 8°. On manque entierement d'articles essentiels qui ne sont pas 
 des subsistances ; par exemple de savon : aux armees on ne fait que 
 laver le linge ; les miasmes infects y restent impr6gnes ; il en est 
 resulte une gale lepreuse du caractere le plus virulent: les sold.it s 
 Font communique^ aux bourgeois: elle fait des ra\ages immenses 
 partout oil les troupes sejournent ou ont sejourne ; on est oblige de 
 la traiter comme la verole, par 24 frictions mercurielles. 
 
 9". La 2° requisition de 25 a 45 ans sera levee gen^ralement 
 apres les recoltes, ainsi que je vous l'ai mande, ce qui n'empeche pas 
 qu'on ne Fait deja executee dans beaucoup de districts. Elle 
 s'operera sans murmure. Tout ce qui restait de disponible dans Les 
 provinces orientales vient de partie pour I'Alsace presque sans defense. 
 Si Farmee autrichienne du Rhin valait cello de Prusse, il ne t'ui pas 
 echappe un bataillon de tout ce que les Frangais avaient du Rhin au 
 Vosges, et de Spire a, Bitche. 
 
 g. c. 24
 
 370 june, 1794. 
 
 10°. Le but du decret qui defend de faire prisonniers les Anglais 
 et les Hanovriens, du rapport de Barrere et de l'adresse de la 
 Convention a ce sujet, est de pi'ovoquer la desertion dans vos troupes, 
 d'arreter les levees, de fournir un texte a l'opposition, d'exalter la 
 haine nationale contre vous, et de forcer les patriotes a se battre en 
 desesperes. Vous verrez se multiplier les mesures de ce genre et le 
 comite ordonner ensuite des forfaits, devant lesquels tout ce qu'il 
 s'est permis sera des actes de vertu. 
 
 Ainsi, My Lord, je vous repete ce que je vous disais dans mon 
 dernier memoire, tant que Ton aura la simplicite de se concluire avec 
 douceur, de respecter le droit des gens, et celui de la guerre, de croire 
 eviter les represailles, de traiter les Francais d'aujourd'hui comme 
 on les traitait en 1756, en un mot, de rester sur un systeme militaire 
 incompatible avec la revolution, les circonstances, et la nature de 
 vos ennemis, vous n'en viendrez jamais a bout. 
 
 Le courrier d'ltalie arrive hier nous confirme la prise de Bastia ; 
 la garnison reste prisonniere de guerre. Le bruit courait que Paoli 
 venait de declarer la guerre aux Genois : une escadre espagnole 
 considerable arrivait dans la Mediterranee. Les neiges nouvelles ont 
 fait partout retrograder les Francais en Piemont, ou Ton a repris 
 courage ; les arrestations ont continue a Turin : deux officiers d'artil- 
 lerie sont detenus, outre les persounes que je vous designais dans ma 
 derniere lettre. II n'y avait pas de veritable conspiration, mais les 
 preliminaires ; intelligences, correspondances, corruptions ; tout cela 
 avait des ramifications etendues, nienie jusqu'en Suisse. 
 
 Endorsed 
 In Mr Bkuce's June 1794. 
 
 Extraits. 
 
 Les frontieres le 19 juin 1794. 
 
 J'ai regu hier une lettre de la capitale en date du 13, on me 
 mande que le rapport, et le decret sur le tribunal revolutionnaire ont 
 petrifie de stupeur cet amas de betes brutes qu'on appelle les 
 Parisiens. Chacun se prepare a recevoir la mort ; nul n'ose avoir 
 la pensee de la donner. Plusieurs membres de la Convention, Collot- 
 d'Herbois, Bourdon de L'Oise, Tallien, Euamps, Bernard de Saintes, 
 et d'autres vont etre immoles : puis 80 a 100 meurtres par jour. Je 
 vous avais deja, mande le presage de ce redoublement de fureur. Le 
 comite n'est jamais satisfait de la terreur qu'il inspire ; plus il frappe,
 
 SCARCITY IN PARIS. 371 
 
 plus il sent le besoin de frapper; il a autant de craintes que les 
 victimes. Au surplus, il n'existe qu'un sentiment, la peur ; qu'une 
 opinion, la peur ; qu'un pavti, celui de la peur. Jacobins, patriotes, 
 aristocrates, tous se regardent comme destines a, etre atteints tot ou 
 tard. 
 
 Depuis 15 jours, la moitie de Paris, ne vivait que de pain, et 
 d'herbes bouillies, mais pas une plainte. On fiuit par me repeter, ce 
 qui est maintenant bien inutile a dire, et que j'eus l'lionneur de vous 
 exprimer des le mois de mars, c'est que l'effet d'une defaite, et d'une 
 marche rapide des allies eut ete et serait encore incalculable ; mais 
 le comite ne l'apprehende guere, et connait parf'aitement la situation 
 ou les allies se sont reduits par leur opiniatrete a persister dans les 
 mesures mecliocres et decousues, qui leur ont deja coute deux 
 campagnes. 
 
 Depuis que les Suisses ont ferme leurs frontieres a l'exportation 
 des objets necessaires au comite, celui-ci diminue chaque jour de 
 tendresse a leur egard, et s'il continue a etre victorieux, il ne tardera 
 pas a leur montrer que la reconnaissance n'est pas une vertu 
 republicaine. II ne leur declarera pas la guerre, mais il attaquera de 
 front leur tranquillite ; il les inondera d'incendiaires et soutiendra 
 les premiers perturbateurs qui se deploieront. La contrebande de 
 FAllemagne continue avec d'immenses accroissemens. 20,000 boeufs 
 ont ete achetes par les Francais en Souabe : il en est deja sorti 3,000 
 qui traversent la Suisse : meme trafic pour les bles. La friponnerie 
 des preposes et l'avidite des proprietaires allemands soutiennent ce 
 commerce en depit des ordonnances du cercle. 
 
 Milord Elgin. 
 
 24—2
 
 372 June, 1791. 
 
 II. 
 
 A Monsieur D. S. Curtis a Paris. 
 
 Monsieur, 
 
 Vous avez sans doute hi quelques ouvrages sur la revolution fran- 
 9aise dans lesquels se trouve rapportee l'arrestation de la famille royale 
 a Varennes; les differentes versions different plus ou moins entre elles. 
 Je pense que vous lirez avec plaisir la seule vraie qui a ete ecrite par 
 l'aine des six enfants de mon grand-pere ; mon oncle Simon Fouche, 
 ne a Metz le 3 Janvier 1772, etait le 20 juin 1791, age d'un peu plus 
 de 19 ans et se trouvait en etat de rendre un compte exact de ce qu'il 
 a vu et entendu ce jour-la et les suivants. 
 
 Ses deux sceurs ainees, mes tantes, rn'ont raconte plusieurs fois ce 
 qui s'etait passe et differaient du recit de mon oncle en un seul point ; 
 suivant elles, mon grand-pere ignorait, quand il s'est adresse a la 
 reine, a qui il parlait, mais Drouet et son ami Guillaume, seuls, le 
 savaient. J'avais lu cette relation en 1852, lors d'un voyage que je 
 fis a Epinal (Vosges), ville clans laquelle mon grand-pere et les deux 
 aines de la famille ont termine leurs jours : ce n'est qu'apres le deces 
 de ma tante Catherine, arrive en 7 bre 1860, que l'idee m'est venue de 
 chercher dans ses papiers cette relation qui ne s'y trouvait plus, parce 
 que son auteur en avait fait don an commissaire de police d'Epinal, 
 lequel a bien voulu permettre au plus jeune de mes oncles et a moi 
 d'en prendre copie. 
 
 Agreez en meme temps Fassurance 
 
 de ma consideration distinguee, 
 
 S. FOUCHE. 
 Paris, rue Neuve des Petits Champs, 6.
 
 THE KING ARRESTED. 373 
 
 Relation du voyage de la famille royale a, Varennes. 
 
 Le 20 juin 1791, a onze heures du soir, ma soeur entendant 
 du bruit dans la rue, en avertit mon pere, qui, a demi habille, sort de 
 la maison, et se trouve vis-a-vis de Mr Drouet maitre de poste de Ste 
 Menehould accompagne de Mr Guillaume. — " Vous etes le comman- 
 dant de la garde nationale? — Oui. — Eh bien ! Deux voitures qui se 
 trouvent a l'entree de la ville vont arriver ; c'est la famille royale 
 qui fait, il faut l'arreter; l'aites battre la generale, et assemblez 
 la garde nationale, pendant que j'irai cliez le procureur de la com- 
 mune et que je barricaderai le pont." 
 
 Mon pere rentre chez lui, passe son uniforme, m'avertit d'en faire 
 autant, et nous nous rendons a l'auberge du bras d'or, oil Leblanc et 
 son frere Poulot deja avertis se trouvaient sur la porte; le tambour 
 qui demeure vis-a-vis regoit Fordre de battre la generale et le bruit 
 des deux voitures se fait entendre. 
 
 Drouet, les deux Leblanc, mon pere, moi, et deux autres personnes 
 avec le procureur de la commune, Sausse, a, l'arrivee des voitures, se 
 trouvaient corame un poste, et mettant la main sur la bride des che- 
 vaux, l'un de nous cria: " Halte la! vos passeports." 
 
 Une voix de femme avait crie, de la voiture, de passer outre ; 
 mais il fallut montrer le passeport au nom de Mme la Bne de Korff 
 signe Montmorin. 
 
 Apres la lecture qui en fut faite, Drouet dit; que quoique le 
 passeport fut bon, cependant il y manquait la signature du president 
 de l'assemblee nationale pour passer a l'etranger ; qu'ainsi il fallait 
 de toute necessite s'arreter puisque Ton n'avait point de chevaux de 
 rechange, Varennes n'etant point un lieu de poste et que d'ici a 
 demain on chercherait a se procurer des chevaux. On descendit done 
 de la voiture; l'auberge ne convenant pas pour s'y arrSter, Mr Sausse 
 offrit son logement. 
 
 On accepta, on descendit la rue, on entra d'abord au rez de chaussee 
 qui servait a la fabrique de chandelles ; il y sentait le suif, les femmes 
 se plaignirent qu'il etait impossible de supporter cette odeur; on leur 
 dit qu'on preparait la chambre qui leur etait destinee, et un moment
 
 374 june, 1791. 
 
 apres on y monta par un escalier tournant et etroit. Mon pere me 
 dit alors : "Tu resteras dans la chanibre; tu m'avertiras si tu vois des 
 dispositions de fuite. je serai a la porte de la maison." Je suivis done 
 la famille royale dans cette chambre assez grande qui donnait sur un 
 jardin ou une cour, il s'y trouvait des bancs et des chaises, deux fau- 
 teuils, une table, un lit a colonnes, une cheminee, un portrait du roi 
 en platre colorie; le roi prit place dans un fauteuil qui se trouvait 
 au milieu de la chambre, les dames sur les bancs et les chaises adossees 
 aux croisees, les 3 gardes du corps au coin. Quand toute la famille fut 
 placee, le procureur de la commune vint avec sa femme demander 
 quels ordres on avait a lui donner; et regardant le roi, le comparant 
 au portrait, il dit: "Sire, je vois que j'ai le bonheur de posseder la 
 famille royale, et je viens vous offrir mon respect et mes services. — 
 Oui, je suis votre roi, voila mon epouse, mes enfants et ma sceur, nous 
 vous conjurons de nous traiter avec les egards qui nous sont dus et 
 nous nous reposons sur votre loyaute." Cette espece d'effusion passee, 
 la reine demanda de l'eau chaude, des ceufs, du vin, des clraps de lit, 
 que l'on plaga pendant que Ton mangeait et apres ce repas improvise 
 les 2 enfants furent couches et presque aussitot ils s'endormirent. 
 
 La generale battue, la garde nationale fut bientot sur pied ; les 
 messagers envoyes dans les villages avec ordre de communiquer par- 
 tout la nouvelle de l'arrivee du roi a Varennes en amenerent de toutes 
 parts. 
 
 Les postes places aux entrees de la ville n'avaient pu refuser 
 aux 40 hussards de Lauzun de passer pour retourner a leur quartier. 
 Mon pere, les voyant arriver et s'arreter dans la rue qu'il occupait, 
 les fit mettre en bataille au lieu de rester en colonne, aborda 
 l'officier qui les commandait et lui ordonna de conduire sa troupe au 
 quartier ; l'officier, au lieu d'executer cet ordre, remit son com- 
 mandement a, un marechal des logis et partit. 
 
 Cette troupe apres etre restee 16 heures a, cheval ne demandait 
 que du repos et les hussards se trouverent heureux de recevoir 
 Fordre de retourner aux Cordeliers (leur caserne). 
 
 Ils y allerent done en criant vive la nation, et mon pere fit 
 adosser sa garde aux maisons pour les laisser passer. En se 
 debarrassant de ces hommes suspects, il faisait place aux detache- 
 ments qui arrivaient, renforcait les postes a mesure et fermait les 
 issues de la ville. J'etais done de planton dans la chambre. J'y 
 vis arriver successivement des officiers qui venaient tres humblement 
 se justifier aupres de la reine; elle paraissait tres irritee; le roi
 
 DEPARTURE FROM VARENNES. 375 
 
 restait sur son fauteuil, l-egardait ses trois gardes du corps couches 
 l'un sur l'autre et ronflant ; ce qui excitait son sourire. 
 
 Messieurs de Goguelat, Charles de Damas et de Choiseul se 
 trouvant reunis, le roi se leva, prit place pres de la reine, et, pendant 
 que ce conseil deliberait, madame Elisabeth vint a moi, me prit par 
 les revers de mon uniforme, m'attira pres du lit oil les enfants 
 dormaient, et me dit : " Ne serait-ce pas dommage qu'il arrivat 
 malheur a ces innocentes creatures ? — II faut esperer, madame, qu'il 
 n'en arrivera pas. — Vous le croyez ? — J'en suis persuade. — Yous 
 pensez done que nous pourrons continuer notre voyage 1 — Je le pre- 
 sume." Elle me retint assez longtemps en me faisant divei*ses autres 
 questions. Mais je n'etais pas dupe du motif qui m'eloignait du conseil ; 
 elle voulait m'empecher d'entendre ce que Ton y disait et je ne pus 
 entendre que le nom de Bouille souvent repete. 
 
 Apres que les officiers furent sortis, vers cinq heures du matin, 
 Mr de Romeuf et son compagnon, en assez mauvais equipage, 
 arriverent en se disant envoyes par l'assemblee nationale et portant 
 l'ordre d'arreter le roi et sa famille et de les ramener a Paris. 
 Cette declaration fut comme un coup de f oudre ; la reine surtout en 
 paraissait indignee; le roi dit alors: "II n'y a plus de roi en France." 
 
 La chambre donnant sur la rue etait pleine de monde ; on la fit 
 evacuer. On demandait a, voir le roi, et le procureur de la commune 
 vint prier le roi de vouloir bien se montrer a la croisee de cette 
 chambre. II y alia, non pour entendre l'acclamation qu'il attendait 
 sans doute, mais le cri de vive la nation, que toute la garde nationale 
 jeta a sa vue. II pronone,a quelques pai'oles et retourna a la 
 chambre de derriere, d'oii bientot apres il descendit pour monter 
 dans sa berline et partir pour son retour a, Paris. 
 
 Lorsque l'heure du depart, vers 7 heures, fut arrivee, Messrs de 
 Choiseul et de Damas rentrerent et redescendirent avec la famille 
 royale; lesvoitures etaient devant la porte; la rue etait encombree do 
 gardes nationales, enfin le roi et sa famille y reprirent leur place 
 et elles partirent fort lentement. 
 
 Peu de gardes nationales de Varennes suivirent les voitures, 
 bien assez d'autres le firent. Mais le fils de Mr Georges, le com- 
 mandant d'honneur, Poulot Leblanc et d'autres les accompagnerenl 
 jusqu'a Paris. Lorsque ces deux jeunes gens furent presented par 
 la commune de Paris a, l'assemblee Nat le et accueillis par elle, on 
 admira leur courage et on leur en fit compliment. .Mais .Mi- < reorges 
 fils ne pouvait se parer des plumes qui ne lui appartenaient pas;
 
 376 
 
 JUNE, 1791. 
 
 mon pere homme prudent et experimente fut prie par le procureur 
 de la commune, son ami, de ne pas abandonner Varennes, au moment 
 ou la vengeance de Mr de Bouille pouvait leur faire payer cher 
 l'audace d'avoir dejoue tous ses plans. En effet le fils cadet de 
 Mr de Bouille, qui etait parti de Yarennes pour Stenay a, l'instant ou 
 le roi avait ete arrete, reparut sur les hauteurs de la ville du cote 
 de Chipy avec des compagnies du Regt de Royal-Allemand. lis 
 purent voir le convoi de la place qu'ils occupaient, mais ils ne 
 furent pas assez hardis pour entrer dans Varennes ni forcer les 
 gardes nationales qui en defendaient l'entree. 
 
 Ce fut un bonlieur satis doute que 10 mille hommes au moins 
 se trouvassent dans la ville ; un plus grand nombre y arriva dans la 
 journee de sorte que la municipalite et mon pere n'eurent rien autre 
 chose a faire qu'a loger les arrivants et a leur fournir des vivres. 
 Si les principaux acteurs eurent une faible indemnite en assignats, la 
 repartition n'en fut pas tres equitable, car mon pere n'eut que trois 
 mille francs sur la somme decretee le 11 juillet suivant. 
 
 Croisee Croisee 
 
 Bancs et chaises des dames 
 
 Table 
 
 Fauteuil 
 
 a3 
 
 N 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 du roi 
 
 bd 
 p 
 c 
 a 
 
 & 
 
 CD 
 Ul 
 
 15 
 
 &. 
 a 
 
 CD 
 
 Mon oncle s'est borne a ecrire ce qu'il a vu, et pour le detail du 
 retour a Paris, il renvoie aux journaux du temps.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Abancourt, M. d' (Charles-Xavier- 
 JosephFranquevilled') (1758— 1792), 
 nephew of Calonne ; minister of war 
 after June 20, 1792 ; accused after 
 August 10 ; imprisoned at Orleans 
 and assassinated with other prisoners 
 at Versailles. 202, 209 
 
 Abbadie, Mr d', an Englishman ; settled 
 at Eochefort as broker and inter- 
 preter. 172 
 
 Abbema, Balthazar, M., a Dutch pa- 
 triot ; took part in the insurrection 
 against the Stadtholder in 1784 ; 
 fled to France in 1787,andestablished 
 a bank ; returned to Holland and was 
 minister at Hamburg. 190, 197 
 
 Aelders, Baronne d' ; see Palm, Etta 
 
 Affry (Louis Augustin Philippe, 
 Comted'), 1743—1810. Lieutenant 
 general in the French service ; com- 
 mander of the Swiss Guards ; retired 
 to Switzerland after August 10, 
 1792. 212, 228, 249 
 
 Aguylar, Marquis d', mayor of Perpig- 
 nan, 1790. 8 
 
 Aiguillon, Due d', son of the minister 
 of Louis XV. ; he died at Hamburg 
 in 1800. 21, 240 
 
 Ainslie, Sir Robert, Bart. (1730—1812), 
 ambassador at Constantinople 1770- 
 1794 ; M.P. and numismatist. 42 
 
 Aire, at the junction of the Lys and the 
 Laquette, a town in the county of 
 Artois about 10 miles from St Omer. 
 284 
 
 Aix (Aqum Sextire), formerly the capital 
 of the county of Provence. 205 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, an old Imperial town, 
 it belonged to France from 1794 to 
 1814. 262 
 
 Albert, M., Comte de Rioms (1740— 
 1806), a distinguished sailor ; fought 
 under d'Estaing and de Grasse ; com- 
 manded at Toulon in ITH'.l; received 
 the command of the licet intended 
 
 to support Spain against England 
 in 1790 ; emigrated. 11, 34, 37 
 
 Algiers was from the beginning of the 
 16th century a nest of pirates. The 
 Dey made himself independent of 
 the Porte from the beginning of the 
 18th century. It was first conquer- 
 ed by the French in 1830. 11, 133, 
 139 
 
 Alkirch (Altkirch) in the Sundgau, the 
 southern part of Alsace, a district 
 which was long possessed by Austria. 
 66 
 
 Alsace formed at this time a military 
 government with Strasburg as the 
 capital. As a pays d'itranger effec- 
 tif it had a line of customs on the 
 side of France. The three bishoprics 
 were Metz, Toul and Verdun in 
 Lorraine, conquered by Henri II. in 
 1552, and definitely ceded to France 
 in 1648. 19, 20, 41, 52, 59, 61, 65, 
 70 
 
 Alvarez, a Spanish general. 248 
 
 Amelot, M. , son of a ministre do la 
 Maison du roi ; intendant of Burgun- 
 dy 1786 ; cornmissaire au departe- 
 ment de la caisse de l'extraordinaire 
 in 1790. 243 
 
 Andre, M. d', ci-devant conseiller au 
 parlement; member of the National 
 Assembly for the Senechaussee of 
 Aix. 78 
 
 Angers, capital of Anjou. 33 
 
 Anselni, servant to the Swedish am- 
 bassador. 147 
 
 Anselme, General (Jacques Bernard 
 Modesto d') (1740—1812), conquered 
 Nice 1792; retired from the service 
 L793. 258, 264, 275 
 
 Antibes, a fortified town in the county 
 of Provence. 338 
 
 Ardeche, a ill nl nn responding 
 
 to the ancient Vivarais. 32 a. 
 
 Ardres, a town between Calais and SI
 
 378 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Omer in the pays reconquis. Near 
 Ardres the interview of the field of 
 the Cloth of Gold took place in 1520. 
 284 
 
 Arnay-le-duc, in Burgundy near 
 Beaune. 64, 68 
 
 Arras, the capital of Artois. 284 
 
 Artois, Comte d', born at Versailles 
 October 9, 1757 ; died at Goritz 
 Nov. 6, 1836 ; married Marie-Therese 
 of Savoy 1773; emigrated 1789; 
 lived in England after 1795; suc- 
 ceeded to the throne of France as 
 Charles X. 1824 ; abdicated August 
 2, 1830. 5, 8, 48, 49, 59, 65, 87, 92, 
 94, 102, 115, 118 
 
 Artois, Comtesse d', Marie Therese, 
 daughter of King Victor Amadeus 
 III. of Sardinia ; born Jan. 31, 1756 ; 
 died June 2, 1805 ; married the 
 Comte d' Artois Nov. 16, 1773. 8 
 
 Aubert du Bayet, M. (1759—1797), 
 fought in America under La Fayette ; 
 depute to the Legislative from the 
 Isere and to the Convention ; mini- 
 ster of war under the Directory. 
 169, 170, 171, 230 
 
 Aurillac, the chief town of Haute 
 Auvergne. 18 
 
 Autun, Bishop of (Charles Maurice de 
 Talleyrand-Perigord), Prince of Be- 
 nevento (1754 — 1838), agent-general 
 of the French clergy in 1780 ; bishop 
 of Autun in 1788 ; member of the 
 States General ; celebrated mass at the 
 Fete of the federation, July 14, 1790; 
 asserted the civil constitution of the 
 clergy; executor of Mirabeau; sent 
 as envoy to London ; minister of 
 foreign affairs 1797, 1799, 1825; 
 ambassador to London 1830. 47, 
 48, 51, 60, 73, 75, 82, 83, 95, 98, 
 140, 147, 148, 149, 158, 162, 167, 
 168, 176, 191 
 
 Auxerre in the N. W. corner of 
 Burgundy, formerly capital of the 
 county of Auxerre; bought by 
 Charles V. in 1370; given by the 
 Treaty of Arras 1435 to the Duke of 
 Burgundy; and finally joined to 
 France in 1477. 63 
 
 Avesnes, a frontier fortress in Hainault, 
 taken by the Russians in 1814, and 
 by the Prussians in 1815. 19 
 
 Avignon, Avenio, capital of the Cavari, 
 on the Rhone. It was part of the 
 kingdom of Aries, and afterwards 
 became an imperial town governed 
 by consuls but did homage to the 
 Marquises of Provence, Counts of 
 Toulouse. The Pope settled there 
 
 in 1309 and Clement VI. bought it 
 from Joanna of Naples in 1348 ; when 
 the Pope returned to Rome in 1376 
 Avignon and the Venaissin were 
 governed by papal legates down to 
 1791. 7, 50, 76, 83, 84, 89, 90, 123, 
 126, 183 
 
 Bailly, M. (Jean Sylvain), 1736—1793, 
 a man of great literary and scientific 
 distinction, member of the Acade"mie 
 des sciences 1763 ; of the French 
 Academy 1784; member of the 
 States General for Paris ; President 
 of the Constituent Assembly 1789; 
 mayor of Paris July 16, 1789— Nov. 
 18, 1791. Guillotined Nov. 10, 1793. 
 His chief work is the history of 
 Astronomy. 7, 8, 9, 15, 17, 22, 37, 
 64, 80, 125, 173 
 
 Bale, the ancient seat of a Prince 
 Bishop; it became a free town in 
 1527 ; and was joined to France in 
 May, 1793. 334, 335, 341, 358 
 
 Balfour, M. 93 
 
 Bannes, a castle in the Ardeche. 
 200 
 
 Bapaume, a town on the frontier of 
 Artois, ceded to France by Spain at 
 the Treaty of the Pyrenees. 284 
 
 Bar-le-duc, in Lorraine on the river 
 Ornain. 24, 235, 247 
 
 Barmond, Abbe", deputy of the clergy 
 to the States General; opposed the 
 union of the Three Orders; emigrated; 
 was taken with Bonne- Savardin at 
 Chalons sur Marne; was tried at the 
 Chatelet but acquitted. 21 
 
 Barnave, M. (Antoine Pierre Joseph- 
 Marie), 1761—1793, deputy from 
 Dauphine to the States General. 
 The best orator after Mirabeau ; 
 tried to reconcile the court with the 
 constitutional party ; guillotined 
 Nov. 28, 1793. 25, 46, 55, 56, 68, 
 78, 79, 83, 87, 98, 101, 106, 114, 
 122 
 
 Barrere (Bertrand Barere de Vieuzac), 
 1755 — 1841, deputy to the States 
 General ; presided over the assembly 
 Dee. 1, 1792 when the execution 
 of the king was decreed ; member of 
 the comite" de salut public ; supported 
 the Terror; was member of the 
 conseil gen6ral des Hautes Pyrenees 
 till 1840. 360, 367, 370 
 
 Barthelemy, Francois Marquis de, 
 1747 — 1830, a distinguished diplo- 
 matist ; negotiated the peace of Bale 
 in 1795. 146, 158, 160, 177, 215, 
 236, 336
 
 INDEX. 
 
 879 
 
 Bastia, on the east coast of Corsica, 
 capital of Corsica under the Genoese. 
 100, 367, 370 
 Bastille, The ; the fortress standing at 
 the end of the Bue St Antoine in 
 1789. Begun 1369 ; finished 1382 ; 
 captured July 14, 1789; and entirely- 
 destroyed. 6, 7 
 Bauchrnan, Major of the Swiss Guards. 
 
 228 
 Bavay in Hainault became French in 
 
 1678. 204, 206 
 Bayonne, a sea-port of Guienne on the 
 Adour in the South of France. 256, 
 359 
 Beaulieu, General, John Peter Baron 
 de, 1725 — 1819, born in Brabant ; 
 fought in the seven years war, in the 
 revolutionary war, and against 
 Napoleon who beat him at Min- 
 tenotte and Lodi. 180, 193 
 Befort or Belfort, part of the Sundgau 
 belonging to Austria, became French 
 in 1636. 41, 186 
 Bellegarde, a fortress in the Pyrenees 
 near the Col des Pertus, between 
 Perpignan and Figueras ; taken by 
 the Spaniards in 1793; retaken by 
 Dugommier in 1794. 359 
 Bellevue, a village between Sevres and 
 Meudon, with a country house built 
 by Madame de Pompadour in 1748, 
 and destroyed in the Bevolution. 63, 
 304 
 Belport, M. , a spy. 156 
 Berenger, M., French minister at the 
 
 diet of Eatisbon. 144 
 Bergen (Bergheim), a town on the 
 road from Erkelens to Cologne. 
 262 
 Berkenrod, M. de, Dutch ambassador. 
 
 218 
 Bernard de Saintes (Adrien Antoine), 
 so called because he was president of 
 the tribunal of Saintes in 1791 ; 
 member of the legislature, and the 
 Convention ; he was imprisoned in 
 1793 but was amnestied ; he went to 
 America in 1816, and died there. 
 370 
 Berne, capital of Switzerland. 357 
 Bernis, Cardinal de (Francois Joachim 
 de Pierres de), 1715—1794 ; favoured 
 by Madame de Pompadour ; acade- 
 mician 174 I ; ambassador at Venice 
 and Rome; lost everything by refusing 
 to take the oath in 1791 ; lived upon 
 a pension of the Spanish govern- 
 ment. 56 
 Bertrand de Molleville (Antoine 
 Francois Marquis de), 1711 L818; 
 
 intendant of Brittany; minister of 
 Marine 1791 ; after August 10 took 
 refuge in England ; wrote a history 
 of the Bevolution and memoirs. 10, 
 127, 128, 161, 184, 186, 239 
 Besancon, a town on the Doubs, 
 capital of Franche Cornte' ; became 
 French in 1679. 344 
 Bethune, a town of Artois ceded to 
 
 France in 1659. 284 
 Bethune-Charost, M. de (Armand 
 Joseph de Bethune, due de Charost), 
 1738 — 1S00; a distinguished soldier 
 and philanthropist ; imprisoned 
 under the Terror, but escaped. 171, 
 175 
 Beureyer, M., is probably a mis- 
 take for Beauharnais (Alexandre 
 Vicomte de), 1760—1794; born at 
 Martinico; married Josephine Ta- 
 scher de la Pagerie who afterwards 
 became Empress ; deputy of the 
 nobility to the States General ; sup- 
 ported the Revolution ; served under 
 Custine ; was guillotined. 234 
 Beurnonville (Pierre de Ruel Marquis 
 de), 1752 — 1821 ; minister of war ; 
 sent to arrest Dumouriez ; taken 
 prisoner and remained so till 1795 ; 
 joined the Bourbons ; Marshal of 
 France in 1816. 263 
 Bicetre, a castle outside Paris built in 
 the thirteenth century by John 
 Bishop of Winchester ; at first a 
 hospital for invalid soldiers, then 
 half a hospital and half a prison. 
 Bicetre is said to be a corruption of 
 Winchester. 309 
 Bidermann, M., banker. 192 
 Bigot de Sainte-Croix, M. de, minister 
 
 to the Elector of Treves. 144, 206 
 Billaud-Varennes (Jacques Nicolas), 
 1756—1819; a member of the 
 Jacobin Club, and of the Convention ; 
 one of the leaders of the Terror ; 
 exiled to Cayenne in 179.1. 320 
 Biron (Armand Louis de Gontaut), 
 (1747—1793), first Due de Lauzun, 
 then Due de Gontaut-Bimn : deputy 
 of the nobility of Quercy to the States 
 General; partisan of the Duke of 
 Orleans; employed againsl Monsand 
 in I ,;i Vendue ; guillotined December 
 81, 1793. II. 1 19, 150, 177, 178, 
 180, 194, 2(1-2, 22] 
 Bitche, a small fortress in Lorraine 
 attacked without success by the 
 Prussians in 1793. 369 
 Blancheland, M. (Philiberl Francois 
 Rouxel de), 1 7 : i "- L793; governor 
 of Sun Domingo ; brought to l'i
 
 380 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 and imprisoned after August 10. 
 90, 160 
 
 Blumendorf, charge* d'affaires of the 
 Court of Vienna. 176, 179, 184 
 
 Bomhelles (Marc Marie Marquis de), 
 horn 1744 ; ambassador at Lisbon 
 and at Venice ; emigrated ; became 
 a priest in 1792, and in 1819 bishop 
 of Amiens. Before the Eevolution 
 he married two wives, one by the 
 protestant, the other by the catholic 
 ritual. 76 
 
 Bonchage, M. de, Le Vicomte Dubou- 
 chage, born 1750 ; minister of 
 Marine and Foreign Affairs in 1792 ; 
 emigrated ; minister of Marine under 
 Louis XVIII. 202 
 
 Bonne-Carrere(Guillaume),born 1754 ; 
 president of the Societe des Amis de 
 la Constitution; expelled from the 
 Jacobin Club in 1791 ; director 
 general of foreign affairs in 1792. 
 75, 76, 147 
 
 Bonne-Savardin, Le Chevalier de, a 
 Sardinian officer who opposed the 
 Eevolution. In 1790 he became 
 intermediary of a correspondence 
 between the Comte de Maille- 
 bois and the Count of Turin ; he 
 was imprisoned and escaped, but 
 was taken at Chalons sur Marne, 
 July 29, 1790 ; was tried at Orleans 
 in 1791 and acquitted. 17, 21 
 
 Borde, M. la, F. L. J. de Laborde 
 Mere"ville, son of the court banker ; 
 deputy of Etampes to the States 
 General ; retired to England and died 
 in London 1801. 150 
 
 Bordeaux, capital of Guyenne; be- 
 came French in 1453. 26, 198, 
 237, 318, 319, 324, 343 
 
 Bouchotte (Jean Baptiste Noel), 1754 — 
 1840 ; captain of cavalry in 1789 ; 
 Minister of War after Beurnon- 
 ville until April 1, 1794 ; a man of 
 high character, lived in retirement 
 at Metz. 320 
 
 Bougainville (Louis Antoine de), 1729 — 
 1814 ; the celebrated navigator, 
 travelled in the South Seas 1766 — 
 1768 ; created Senator and Count 
 by Napoleon. 40, 60, 125 
 
 Bouille, M. de (Francois Claude Amour 
 Marquis de), 1739— 1800 ; fought in 
 the seven years war, governor of 
 Alsace, Lorraine and the three 
 Bishojirics till 1791 ; after the failure 
 of the flight to Varennes he retired 
 to England and wrote memoirs. 
 19, 24, 29, 30, 31, 41, 97, 98, 100, 
 101, 110, 115, 376 
 
 Boulay, a town in Lorraine near Metz. 
 240, 245 
 
 Bourbon, Fort, the capital of Martinico, 
 now called Fort de France, or Fort 
 Eoyal. 86. 
 
 Bourdon de l'Oise (Francois Louis), a 
 member of the Convention, attacked 
 the Girondists ; defended the Terror ; 
 aided in the fall of Eobespierre; 
 exiled after 18 Fructidor and died in 
 1797. 
 
 Bourget, Le, a port between Senlis and 
 Paris. 285 
 
 Bourgoing, Jean Francois Baron de, 
 1748 — 1811 ; a distinguished diplo- 
 matist. 147, 154, 172 
 
 Bouvignes, a town close to Dinan on 
 the left bank of the Meuse. 182 
 
 Brailow, a fortress in Eoumania on 
 the left bank of the Danube ; also 
 called Braila and Thaila ; declared a 
 free port in 1836. 86 
 
 Brasseur, M. le (J. A.), 1745—1794; 
 intendant of San Domingo ; chosen 
 as minister of Marine in 1792, but 
 La Coste was appointed instead ; 
 condemned to death June 15, 1794. 
 125 
 
 Brest, in Basse Bretagne, the chief war 
 port of France ; erected by Colbert. 
 12, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 42, 44, 
 53, 60, 72, 79, 198, 203, 262, 267, 
 364 
 
 Breteuil, Louis Auguste le Tonnelier 
 Baron de, 1733 — 1807 ; ambassador 
 at various courts ; minister of state 
 1783 ; opposed the States General ; 
 succeeded Necker; emigrated; treat- 
 ed on behalf of the king with foreign 
 powers ; returned to France in 1802. 
 115 
 
 Briche, M., arrested with Prince Victor 
 Broglie. 240 
 
 Brienne, Cardinal de (Etienne Charles 
 de Lomenie de Brienne) (1727—1794) , 
 archbishop of Toulouse 1763 ; aca- 
 demician 1770 ; friend of Turgot ; 
 succeeded Calonne as finance mini- 
 ster 1787 ; chief minister the same 
 year ; Bishop of Sens 1788—1794 ; 
 summoned the States General 1789 ; 
 resigned August 25 ; made cardinal 
 December 15 ; took the civic oath ; 
 arrested at Sens November 9, 1793 
 and died soon afterwards. 56, 63, 
 70, 73, 75, 121, 125 
 
 Brissac, de (M. Louis Hercule Timoleon 
 deCosse,ducdeBrissac), 1734—1792; 
 captain-colonel of the Swiss Guard, 
 and governor of Paris ; refused to 
 emigrate ; imprisoned at Orleans
 
 INDEX. 
 
 381 
 
 and massacred at Versailles. 130, 
 187, 239 
 
 Brissot (Jean Pierre), 1754 — 1793, born 
 at Warville near Chartres ; of humble 
 origin ; member of the legislature 
 and of the Convention ; was pro- 
 scribed with the Girondists, and was 
 guillotined with them October 31, 
 1793. 124, 141, 149, 203, 278, 287, 
 366, 369 
 
 Brittany became French in 1532. 57, 
 59, 61, 65 
 
 Broglie, Marechal de (Victor Francis, 
 due de Broglie), 1718—1804; was 
 made Marshal of France in the 
 seven years war ; minister of war in 
 1789 and commanded the Emigres in 
 1792. 73 
 
 Broglie, Prince de (Claude Victor), 
 1757 — 1794 ; fought in America ; de- 
 puty to the States General and presi- 
 dent of the Constituent Assembly ; 
 condemned to death by the revolu- 
 tionary tribunal June 27, 1794. 
 73, 195, 240 
 
 Brune, General (Guillaume MarieAnne), 
 1763 — 1815 ; founder of the Cordeliers 
 Club ; entered the army 1792 ; served 
 under Napoleon and became Marshal 
 of France; murdered by the populace 
 at Avignon. 275 
 
 Brunswick-Luneburg (Charles William 
 Ferdinand, Duke of] 1735—1806; 
 generalissimo of the Austrian and 
 Prussian troops invading France in 
 1792; resigned in 1794; mortally 
 wounded in the campaign of Jena 
 1806. 206, 214, 217, 233, 235, 238, 
 243, 246, 254 
 
 Brunswick, the capital of the Duchy of 
 the same name. 60, 265 
 
 Bruxelles, capital of the Duchy of 
 Brabant on the Senne, taken by the 
 French in 1746 and 1792. 265 
 
 Buzot, M. (Francois Nicolas Leonard), 
 1760—1793; member of the States 
 General; one of the heads of the 
 Girondist party ; poisoned himself 
 with Potion ; was found half eaten 
 by wolves. 90, 108 
 
 Cahier de Gerville, a lawyer ; sent to 
 Nancy in 1790; minister of the in- 
 terior from Nov. 27, 1791, to Feb. 
 18, 1792. 139, 155, 161 
 Cailhaisson, M., financier. 169 
 Caloune (Charles Alexander de), 1734 — 
 1802 ; controller general of linances 
 1783; convoked the Notables in 17s7 ; 
 exiled by the King to Lorraine ; with- 
 drew to England ; assisted the Emi- 
 
 gre's at Coblentz ; returned to France 
 a month before his death. 43, 52, 
 62, 145 
 
 Cambon (Joseph), 1754 — 1820 ; mem- 
 ber of the legislature, and of the 
 Convention; erected the grand lure 
 of the public debt. 169 
 
 Camus (Armand Gaston), 1740 — 1804, 
 deputy from Paris to the States 
 General; strict Jansenist; one of 
 those sent to arrest Dumouriez and 
 imprisoned by the Austrians. 6, 
 252 
 
 Capes, M., commissary of arms and 
 ammunition. 234 
 
 Carnot (Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, 
 comte), 1753—1823; a brilliant 
 officer of engineers ; deputy to the 
 legislature, and the Convention ; 
 voted the death of Louis XVI.; 
 member of the Comite de Salut 
 Public ; took no part in the Terror ; 
 was the chief author of the new 
 military tactics and organization 
 which caused the triumph of the 
 revolutionary armies ; died in exile. 
 369 
 
 Carpentras, capital of the Comtat Ve- 
 naissin which belonged to the Popes 
 from 1274 to 1791. Carpentras re- 
 mained faithful to the Pope. 50, 
 53, 54, 85, 86, 89, 92 
 
 Carra (Jean Louis), 1743—1793; pub- 
 lished with Mercier the Annales Pa- 
 trioticpies, and the Journal de 1' Em- 
 pire et de Citoyen; a leader of the 
 Jacobins; member of the Convention; 
 fell with the Girondins ; executed 
 Nov. 1, 1793. 184 
 
 Carthagena, a seaport town on the 
 coast of Murcia in Spain. 41 
 
 Castelnaudary, Castellum Novum Aria- 
 QOrum, a town in Lan^uedoc. 8 
 
 Castries (Arm am I Charles Augustin, 
 due de), 1756 — 1842; member of the 
 States General ; fought a duel with 
 Charles de Lameth; son of the 
 Marquis de Castries, marechal de 
 France. 43 
 
 Cavaillon, a town of the Venaissin, 
 once a bishopric. 50 
 
 Cayenne, an island in French Guyana. 
 57,247 
 
 Cazales, M. (Jacques Antoini Marie de), 
 1758- 1806; deputy of the nobility 
 to the States General; opposed the 
 union of the Three Orders; defended 
 the royal authority in the Consti- 
 tuante; left Paris after \ a\ a t 10, 
 and assisted thi ; refused to 
 
 serve under Napoleon. 25, 79, 101
 
 382 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cernon, M., Baron de Cernon-Pinte- 
 ville ; deputy of Chalons sur Marne to 
 the Constituante ; spoke against the 
 division of France into departments. 
 74 
 
 Cette, a town in Languedoc founded 
 by Louis XIV. 1666—1678. 21 
 
 Cevennes, a chain of mountains in the 
 S.E. of France. 65 
 
 Chabot (Francois), 1759—1794, son of 
 a cook; a Capuchin ; member of the 
 legislature and the Convention ; be- 
 longed to the extreme left ; guillo- 
 tined April 5, 1794. 237, 243 
 
 Chaillot, a village on the right bank of 
 the Seine, joined to Paris in 1659. 
 99 
 
 Chalons sur Marne, a town in Cham- 
 pagne. 21, 216, 233, 235, 236, 241, 
 242, 248, 250, 254 
 
 Chambery, the capital of Savoy. 20, 
 262—273 
 
 Chambonas (Marquis de) ; minister of 
 foreign affairs June, 1792; went to 
 England after August 10, where he 
 gained his living as jeweller and 
 watchmaker. He died in London 
 very poor 1807. 193 
 
 Champion, M. (de Villeneuve), son of 
 a royal valet ; minister of the In- 
 terior July, 1792. 202 
 
 Chandernagor, a town in Bengal not 
 far from Calcutta ; belonged to 
 France from 1676 — 1688; taken by 
 the English in 1757 ; restored in 
 1763 ; since that time alternately 
 taken and restored. 52 
 
 Chantilly, a property belonging first to 
 the Montmorency family, then 1632 
 to the house of Conde, since 1830 to 
 the Due d'Aumale. 59 
 
 Chapariellan, a place in Savoy or 
 Piedmont not identified. 243 
 
 Chapelier (Jean Bene Gui le), ,1754 — 
 1792; deputy of the Tiers Etat; a 
 distinguished member of the Giron- 
 dist party; guillotined. 102 
 
 Chapelle en Serval, a post between 
 Senlis and Paris. 285 
 
 Charles II., King of England, 1660— 
 1685. 2 
 
 Charleville, a town in Champagne; 
 founded by Charles of Gonzaga due 
 de Nevers in 1606. 19, 236 
 
 Charton, M., French general; com- 
 manded at Aix ; named marechal du 
 camp at Soissons ; was killed in the 
 battle of Castellaro Sept. 1796. 234 
 
 Chatelet, M. de, Colonel of the Begiment 
 du Boy. 30 
 
 Chatelet, the Grand Chatelet, a fortress 
 
 on the right bank of the Seine ; was 
 destroyed in 1802 ; it was the seat of 
 the ordinary royal justice, and was 
 also a prison. 24, 34, 45 
 
 Chaton, M., commanded the National 
 Guard Oct. 1791. 129 
 
 Chauvelin (Francois Bernard, Marquis 
 de), 1766—1832. When the Bevo- 
 lution broke out was master of the 
 King's wardrobe ; ambassador in 
 London 1790 — 1793 ; on his return 
 to France imprisoned for eleven 
 months ; held many public appoint- 
 ments. 167, 168, 176 
 
 Chazot, General, commanded a division 
 under Dumouriez in 1792. 247, 
 249 
 
 Cherbourg, a town of the Cotentin 
 in Basse Normandie. A great war 
 port opposite Portsmouth ; the sea 
 wall, begun in 1783 under Louis 
 XVI., was finished in 1853 under 
 Napoleon III. 48, 205 
 
 Chipy (Cheppy), a village close to 
 Varennes. 376 
 
 Choiseul (Claude Antoine Gabriel, due 
 de), 1760 — 1838, made due et pair 
 1787 ; helped to .prepare the flight 
 of the Boyal family to Varennes in 
 1791 ; was imprisoned at Verdun 
 and at Orleans ; emigrated after 
 September 1792 ; was made peer of 
 France at the restoration ; was aide- 
 de-camp to Louis Philippe. 100 
 
 Choiseul-Gouffier (Marie Gabriel Flo- 
 rent Auguste, comte de), 1752 — 1817 ; 
 travelled in Greece; ambassador to 
 Constantinople in 1784 ; refused the 
 embassy to England 1791 ; retired to 
 Bussia in 1792; returned to France 
 in 1802; left his antiquities to the 
 Louvre. 86, 144 
 
 Clairfait, General (Francis Sebastian 
 Charles Joseph de Croix, comte de 
 Clerfayt), 1733—1798; a Belgian; 
 general in the Austrian Service; 
 fought in the seven years war, against 
 the Turks, and in the invasion of 
 France ; was superseded by Archduke 
 Charles in 1796. 245 
 
 Claviere (Etienne), 1735—1793; born at 
 Geneva ; made a fortune at Paris a3 
 a financier ; a friend of Mirabeau ; 
 joined the Girondins; killed himself 
 in prison December 8, 1793. 162, 
 163, 167, 190, 191, 208 
 
 Clermont en Argonne, capital of a 
 country ceded to France at the Treaty 
 of the Pyrenees 1609, and given at a 
 later date to the House of Conde. 
 233
 
 INDEX. 
 
 383 
 
 Clermont-Tonncrre (Stanislas, comte 
 de), 1747 — 1792; grandson of the 
 marshal; deputy of the nobility to 
 the States General ; president of the 
 Constituante ; founded the Societe 
 des Amis delaMonarchie; massacred 
 by the mob after August 10. 53, 208 
 
 Clermontois, a county adjacent to the 
 Bishopric of Beauvais N.E. of Paris ; 
 had counts since the tenth century ; 
 was given in 1250 by Louis IX. to 
 his sixth son Robert. 71 
 
 Clichy la Garenne, a village on the right 
 bank of the Seine close to St Denis. 
 234 
 
 Clootz (Jean Baptiste, Baron de), called 
 Anacharsis; 1755 — 1794; very rich; 
 posed as the apostle of universal 
 philanthropy ; proclaimed himself 
 in 1790 the orator of the human race, 
 and in 1792 the personal enemy of 
 God ; was made a French citizen ; 
 guillotined March 23, 1794. 142 
 
 Clostercamp, a town in Rhenish Prussia 
 not far from Diisseldorf. 274 
 
 Coblence, a town formerly belonging 
 to the elector of Treves ; at the j unction 
 of the Moselle and the Rhine ; a 
 favourite seat of the emigres. 206 
 
 Coignie, Chevalier de (Due de Coigny), 
 died 1821 ; deputy of the nobility to 
 the States General ; emigrated in 
 1792 ; returned to France in 1814 ; 
 made marshal of France. Ill, 113, 
 115 
 
 Collioure, a fortified town in the Eastern 
 Pyrenees; taken by the Spanish in 
 
 1793, and retaken by Dugommier in 
 
 1794. 359 
 
 Collot d'Herbois (Jean Marie), come- 
 dian,1750— 1796; member of the Con- 
 vention ; attacked the Girondists ; 
 member of the Committee of Public 
 Safety ; president of the Convention 
 on Thermidor 9 ; transported to 
 Guyana April 1795, where he died 
 of yellow fever. 253, 360, 365, 369, 
 370 
 
 Colmar, a town in Haute Alsace; taken 
 by Louis XIV. in 1673. 59, 65 
 
 Cohnin, Captain, commanding the ship 
 Emmanuel. 168, 189 
 
 Compiegne, a town in the He de France 
 celebrated for its royal chateau. '.Hi 
 
 Comtat, le, the Comtat Yenaissin, some- 
 times erroneously called the Comtat 
 dAvignon, called after Venasque 
 which was the capital before Car- 
 pentras. It belonged to the popes 
 from 1274 to 1791. See Carpentras. 
 83, 84, 90, 93, 123, 126 
 
 Conchy (Chouchy les Pots), a post be- 
 tween Roye and Pont S fc Maxence. 
 2^5 
 
 Conde (Louis Joseph de Bourbon, 
 Prince de), 1736—1818; was the 
 first to emigrate after the capture of 
 the Bastille ; founded an army of 
 emigres ; took refuge in England in 
 1801 and returned to France with 
 Louis XVIII. 21, 24, 43, 48, 49, 51 , 
 52, 59, 60, 62, 65, 70, 71, 79, 85, 92, 
 94, 95, 114, 145, 336 
 
 Consaarbruck, a village on the Sarre, 
 a short distance from Treves. 263, 
 264 
 
 Conway, Mr, returns from the Be de 
 France. 46 
 
 Cordeliers (Club des), a political club 
 founded in 1790 ; its chiefs were 
 Danton, Camille Desmoulins, Marat, 
 Hebert aud Chaumette. It was the 
 first to demand the overthrow of the 
 King, to establish the power of the 
 commune, and to attack the Giron- 
 dists. After the destruction of the 
 Hebertists and the Dantonists it 
 coalesced with the Jacobins. 360 
 
 Cordon, Abbe, Comte de, a relation of 
 the Sardinian minister. 10 
 
 Corff, Baronne de, the Russian lady 
 in whose name the passport was 
 made out under which the Royal 
 family escaped to Varennes. 100 
 
 Corsica, an island in the Mediterranean, 
 finally joined to France 15 May — 15 
 August, 1768 ; it tried to place itself 
 under England, 1794—1796. 102 
 
 Court, M. de, a gentleman from the 
 West Indies who dropped a dagger in 
 the Queen's apartment on the Jour- 
 nee des Poignards, Feb. 28, 1791. 
 In the Tableaux Historiques de la 
 Revolution he is called apparently 
 the Marquis de Curl. 66 
 
 Courtray, a town on the Lys taken by 
 the French iu 1643, 1646, 1679, 
 1683, 1744, 1792 and 1794. 194 
 
 Couthon (Georges), 1756 — 179 1 ; mem- 
 ber of the legislature and of the 
 Convention; a close follower of 
 Robespierre; guillotined with him 
 L3 Thermidor, an n. (July 28, 1794). 
 320, 360, 365 
 
 it. a town near Diisseldorf; 
 founded by the Protestant refill 
 in the 1 7 tli century. 27 1 
 
 Croix-aux-Bois, La, a defile of the 
 Ardennes; a short distance from 
 Von ;iers. 247 
 
 Curt, M. , deputy of Guadeloupe to the 
 Constituent Assembly. 21
 
 384 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Custine (Adam Philippe, comte de), 
 1740 — 1793 ; served under Rocham- 
 beau in the American war; com- 
 manded the army of the Ehine after 
 Luckner ; took Mayence ; guillotined. 
 181, 189, 194, 205, 258, 262, 264, 
 266, 274, 279 
 
 Cuvilly, a post between Koye and Pont 
 S' Maxence. 285 
 
 Damas, M. de, governor of Martinico. 
 42, 53 
 
 Damas (Joseph Francois Louis Charles, 
 comte de), fought in the American 
 war ; was arrested at Varennes ; emi- 
 grated ; became duke in 1825, and 
 died in 1829. 100 
 
 Dampier (Dampierre), a village near 
 S tc Menehould. 254 
 
 Danton (Georges Jacques), 1759 — 
 1794 ; founded the Club of the Cor- 
 deliers ; as minister of justice organ- 
 ized or permitted the massacres of 
 Sept. 1793 ; lost his credit after the 
 fall of the Girondists and was guil- 
 lotined April 5, 1794. 109, 208, 216, 
 252, 320, 362, 366, 369 
 
 Darfort, M. de (Durfort), minister at 
 Florence and Venice. 76 
 
 Dauphin, The (Louis Charles de France) , 
 born March 27, 1785, died June 8, 
 1795 ; became dauphin after the death 
 of his brother Louis Joseph in 1789. 
 101, 102 
 
 Dawson, Mr, an English subject who 
 complained to Lord Gower. 49 
 
 Defresney, M. (Dufresney), secretary 
 of the Cardinal de Rohan. 68, 75 
 
 Delasny, General, a Spanish general. 
 248 
 
 Delessart, M. (Antoine de Valdee de 
 Lessart), 1742—1792; a friend of 
 Necker ; controller general in 1790 ; 
 minister of the interior and after- 
 wards of foreign affairs ; one of the 
 Orleans prisoners murdered at Ver- 
 sailles Sept. 9, 1792. 45, 54, 66, 68, 
 239 
 
 Denoue, M., commander of the Regi- 
 ment du Roy at Nancy. 30 
 
 Desilles, M., born 1767 ; on August 31, 
 1790, during the insurrection at 
 Nancy, he threw himself in front of 
 the cannon of the insurgents pointed 
 against his fellow-citizens, but was 
 killed in the attempt to prevent 
 bloodshed. 57 
 
 D'Esterno, 1739—1790, minister of 
 France at Madrid. 36 
 
 Deuxponts, Duke of (Karl August 
 Christian), 1746—1795 ; his brother 
 
 was Maximilian Joseph 1756 — 1825, 
 succeeded on his death; he became 
 elector of Bavaria Feb. 16, 1799, and 
 King of Bavaria Dec. 26, 1805. 72 
 
 de Witt, M., a Dutch patriot. 190 
 
 Dietrich (Philippe Frederic, Baron de) 
 1748 — 1793 ; first constitutional 
 mayor of Strasbourg ; a learned 
 mineralogist ; perished on the scaf- 
 fold. 162 
 
 Dillon (Theobald, comte de), 1745— 
 1792, born at Dublin ; commander of 
 Lille ; murdered by his troops April 
 29, 1792. 180, 245 
 
 Dorset (John Frederick Sackville, Duke 
 of), 1744—1799, succeeded 1769; 
 ambassador in France 1784 — 1790. 
 5 
 
 Douai, a town of French Flanders, 
 finally joined to France in 1668; 
 before the Revolution the seat of a 
 famous university. 74, 112 
 
 Drome, la, a department in the S.E. of 
 France formed partly from Daiiphine' 
 and partly from Provence. 54 
 
 Drouet (Jean Baptiste), 1763—1824; 
 was post-master of Sainte Menehould 
 in 1791 ; arrested the king at Va- 
 rennes ; deputy to the Convention ; 
 was favoured under the Empire, but 
 proscribed after 1815 ; died at Macon 
 under the name of Merger. 372, 
 373 
 
 Du Barry (Marie Jeanne Gomard de 
 Vaubernier, comtesse de), 1746 — 
 1793 ; mistress of Louis XV.; of 
 humble birth ; presented at court 
 April 22, 1769; went to England 
 July 1792, but returned ; guillotined 
 Dec. 8, 1793. 62 
 
 Dubazet, M., see Aubert du Bayet 
 
 Dubois de Crance (Edmond Louis 
 Alexis), 1747 — 1814; lieutenant of 
 the marshals in 1789 ; deputy to 
 the States General ; voted the death 
 of Louis XVI., and the destruction 
 of the Girondists ; supported the 
 Directory who made him minister 
 of war in 1799 ; opposed the coup 
 d'e"tat of Brumaire 18. 168 
 
 Duchatelet, Achille, one of the officers 
 in command of the camp at Paris. 
 234 
 
 Dugommier (Jean Francois Coquille), 
 1736 — 1794 ; born at Guadeloupe ; 
 represented Martinico in the Con- 
 vention ; took Toulon Dec. 1793 ; 
 died in the Catalonian war 1794. 
 328 
 
 Dumas (Mathieu Comte), 1755—1837; 
 served under RochambeauinAmerica;
 
 INDEX. 
 
 :K" 
 
 member of the legislature ; exiled by 
 the Convention ; served under Na- 
 poleon I., Joseph King of Naples, the 
 restoration, and the government of 
 July. His memoirs are published. 
 125 
 
 Dumouriez (Charles Francis Du- 
 perier), 1739—1823; fought in the 
 seven years war ; minister of foreign 
 affairs March 15 — June 1792 ; won 
 the battle of JemappesNov. 6; beaten 
 at Neeuwinden March 18, 1793 ; de- 
 serted to Austria ; died in England. 
 162, 163, 161, 167, 171, 172, 178, 
 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 216, 
 221, 234, 236, 240, 244, 245, 247, 
 249, 254, 262, 264, 266, 275, 276, 
 366 
 
 Duport (Adrien), 1759—1798, deputy 
 of the nobility to the States General ; 
 joined the Tiers Etat ; formed a tri- 
 umvirate with Barnave and Alexandre 
 Lameth; paid special attention to 
 judicial legislation ; escaped after 
 August 10, 1792 ; died at Appenzell 
 in Switzerland. 101, 168 
 
 Duport-Dutertre (Marguerite Louis 
 Francois), 1754 — 1793; minister of 
 war 1790; guillotined with Barnave 
 Nov. 28, 1793. 45, 49, 90, 91 
 
 Duportail, M. (N), an ofiicer of en- 
 gineers; fought in America; minister 
 of war in 1790 ; concealed himself 
 during the Terror, and escaped, but 
 died on the passage from America 
 1802. 43, 50, 65, 73, 91, 105, Ki'.i, 
 118, 120, 125, 129, 133, 140 
 
 Duranteau (Duranton), 1736 — 1793; 
 minister of justice in March 1792; 
 guillotined Dec. 20, 1793. 166, 173, 
 193, BIO 
 
 Duveyrier (Honore Nicolas Marie), 
 boi-n 1753; a distinguished advocate; 
 sent in 1796 to appease the troubles 
 at Nancy ; imprisoned in 1792, and 
 just escaped being massacred ; held 
 various appointments under the con- 
 sulate and the empire. 106, 110, 111 
 
 r 
 
 Ecluse, L', a fortress on the Rhone not 
 far from Bellegarde on the frontier 
 of France and Switzerland. L85 
 
 Ecouen, the chateau was built by the 
 constable Montmorency. 285 
 
 Elizabeth (Philippine .Marie Helene ie 
 France, madame), 1764 — 1794; sister 
 of Louis XVI.; a pure, brave and 
 excellent character ; guillotined May 
 9, 1794. 197 
 
 Elliot, Hugh, The Honble., brother of 
 the first Lord Minto ; 1752—1830 ; a 
 
 G. C. 
 
 distinguished diplomatist ; sent by 
 Pict on a secret mission to Mirabeau. 
 38, 40 
 
 Emmery, M. (Jean Louis Claude, conite 
 de Grozj^eulx), born 1752 ; deputy 
 from Metz to the States General ; 
 retired into private life after August 
 10, 1792, but was employed under 
 the consulate. 109 
 
 Ephraim, a Jew employed by the King 
 of Prussia ; a Jew of that name was 
 employed by Frederick the Great to 
 coin false money in 1759. 107, 109, 
 
 , no 
 
 Epinal, a town in Lorraine in the Vosges 
 district. 372 
 
 Epresnunil (Jean Jacques Duval d'), 
 1746 — 1794; opposed the king in 
 parliament ; as deputy of the noblesse 
 to the States General defended the 
 ancien regime ; after August 10, re- 
 turned to Havre ; condemned to 
 death April 21, 1794, and guillo- 
 tined. 204 
 
 Estaing (Charles Henri, comte d'), 
 1729 — 1794; served in India and 
 America; member of the assembly 
 of notables in 1787 ; admiral 1792 ; 
 guillotined 1794. 37 
 
 Estampes, a town in the Bearne ; part 
 of the domain of the House of Capet . 
 159 
 
 Kxilles, a fortress in Piedmont, not 
 far from Susa. 367 
 
 Expilly (Jean Joseph, abbe d'), 1719 — 
 1793 ; a great traveller and geo- 
 grapher. 48 
 
 Ezmar (Abbe d'Eymard), deputy from 
 Alsace to the Constituante. 68 
 
 Fabre d'Eglantine (Philippe Francois 
 Noyaire),1755 — 1794; poetandwriter 
 of comedies ; called after the flower 
 with which he was crowned at the 
 floral games; Danton's secretary; 
 member for Paris to the < mi ; 
 
 proposed the maximum, and the 
 republican calendar; guillotined April 
 5, 1791. 325 
 
 Fauchel (Claude), 1711 1 793 ; p 
 led the people to the attack of the 
 1 lastille ; made constitutional bishop 
 of Calvados in 1791 : mi mber of 
 legislative and the Convention ; 
 perished on the caffold with the 
 Girondists October 31, 1793. L24, 
 H.s. 255 
 
 lYiietran-e. Fern or Finstrin- 
 
 gen, a town in Lorraine. 62 
 
 Fernan-Nunez, M. de, ambassador of 
 Spain at Paris. 9, 16, 22 
 
 25
 
 386 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ferrieres, M. , commanded some troops 
 at Avignon at the time of the mas- 
 sacres. 131 
 
 Fersen (Axel, Count of), 1750—1810 ; 
 colonel of the regiment Royal Sue- 
 dots in France; prepared and assist- 
 ed the flight of the king to Varennes 
 in 1791 ; murdered by the populace 
 at Stockholm in 1810. 100 
 
 Feuillans (Club des) ; when the Club 
 Breton became the Club des Jacobins, 
 the Club des Feuillans was establish- 
 ed for those who wished to maintain 
 the constitution. La Fayette and 
 Bailly were at its head. It dis- 
 appeared after August 10, 1792. It 
 derived its name from the convent 
 in which the sittings were held. 145 
 
 Fini, Claude, alias Chameron. 50, 60 
 
 Fitzherbert, Mr Alleyne, afterwards 
 Lord St Helens; English ambassador 
 to the Court of Spain. 9, 24 
 
 Fleurien (Charles Pierre Claret, comte 
 de Fleurieu), 1738—1810 ; took part 
 as sailor in the seven years war ; 
 director of ports and arsenals in 
 1776 ; directed the naval war in 
 America 1778 — 1783 ; made minister 
 of marine 1790; governor of the 
 dauphin 1792 ; imprisoned after the 
 king's death ; senator under the 
 Empire. 40, 77, 78, 85 
 
 Florian (Jean Pierre Claris de), 1755— 
 1794 ; became academician in 1788 ; 
 published Fables in 1792. 308 
 
 Florida Blanca (Don Jose" Monina, 
 Count of), 1728—1808 ; ambassador 
 of Spain to Pope Clement XIV. ; 
 minister of foreign affairs ; imprison- 
 ed and exiled by Godoy in 1792. 9, 
 24 
 
 Fonches, a post between Peronne and 
 Boye. 285 
 
 Fontainebleau, a town in the pays de 
 Gat ; seat of a royal palace built by 
 Francis I., Henri II. and Henri IV. 
 63, 65 
 
 Fontenay aux Roses, a village close 
 to Sceaux and not far from Paris. 
 301 
 
 Fouche, Simon, born 1772 ; a resident 
 at Varennes where he witnessed the 
 arrest of the king. 372 
 
 P'ouquier - Tinville (Antoine Quentin), 
 1747 — 1795; public prosecutor at the 
 revolutionary tribunal of 1793 ; he 
 was condemned to death and exe- 
 cuted May 8, 1795. 362 
 
 Fraser, Mr, under secretary in the 
 Foreign office. 46 
 
 Fredenburg (Freudenburg), a town 
 
 near the Sarre between Saarburg 
 and Mentzig. 261 
 
 Friteau, M. (Emmanuel Marie Freteau 
 de St Just), 1745—1794 ; member of 
 the parliament of Paris and after- 
 wards of the Constituante ; guillo- 
 tined June 14, 1794. 22, 113, 114 
 
 Fulchiron, a banker at Genoa. 358 
 
 Garat Paine" (Dominique), 1735—1799 ; 
 deputy to the States General; of 
 moderate opinions. The story of 
 him in the text is told differently: 
 ' ' Un jour 1'abbe Gregorie descendait 
 de chez M. Talleyrand. Garat mon- 
 tait : Adieu aristocrate ! dit l'e'veque 
 de Blois; Adieu, beau masque! re- 
 pliqua l'avocat ; et les rieurs furent 
 de son cote'." Biographie Univer- 
 selle, 65, 103. 301 
 
 Garat le jeune (Dominique Joseph), 
 1749 — 1833 ; avocat to the parlement 
 of Bordeaux ; deputy to the States 
 General ; a strong liberal ; succeeded 
 Danton as minister of justice October 
 12, 1792 ; and Boland as minister of 
 the Interior March 14, 1793 ; pro- 
 fessor at the Ecole Normale ; served 
 under Napoleon in 1814 ; voted the 
 decheance of Napoleon ; disgraced 
 after 1815. 301 
 
 Gamier (le comte Gemiain), 1754 — 
 1821 ; member of the States General ; 
 refused the ministry of justice in 1792; 
 retired to Switzerland ; afterwards 
 joined the consular government ; 
 translated Adam Smith. 164 
 
 Garran de Coulon (Jean Philippe), 
 1748—1816 ; lawyer in 1789 ; member 
 of the legislative in 1791 ; member 
 of the Institute. 121 
 
 Genes (Genoa), a republic and free port 
 on the Mediterranean between Nice 
 andPisa. 188, 335, 341, 343, 358, 367 
 
 Geneva in Switzerland was a republic 
 from 1535 to 1798. 57, 63, 65, 179, 
 188, 334, 335, 341, 358 
 
 Gex, Pays de, between the Jura and 
 Geneva, was taken from the Duke of 
 Savoy in 1601, and joined to France 
 by Henry IV. 71 
 
 Ghent, capital of Flemish Flanders, 
 at the junction of the Scheldt and the 
 Lys ; capital of the county of Flan- 
 ders in 1180 ; revolted against Charles 
 V. in 1538 ; taken by the French in 
 1678, 1708, 1745, 1792, 1794. 194 
 
 Gisors, capital of the Vexin Normand. 
 236 
 
 Givet, a frontier town of France on 
 the Meuse ; belonged originally to
 
 INDEX. 
 
 387 
 
 Luxemburg; ceded to France in 1678. 
 182 
 
 Gobel (Jean Baptiste Joseph), 1727 — 
 1794 ; bishop of Lydda in partibus in 
 1772 ; bishop suffragan of Bale in 
 1789 ; member of the States General ; 
 took the civil oath Jan. 3, 1791 ; 
 guillotined with the Hebertistes 24 
 Germinal, an n. (April 13, 1794). 
 48, 71 
 
 Goltz (Bernhard von der), 1730—1795 ; 
 ambassador of Prussia to Paris 1772 ; 
 made count 1786; returned to Prussia 
 in May 1792 ; went to Bale to con- 
 duct the negociation of peace with 
 Barthe'le'my but died there. 153, 184 
 
 Goguelat (Francis Baron Goguelas), 
 aide de camp of Bouille in 1791 ; sent 
 by bim with a detachment of hussars 
 in 1791 to help the escape of Louis 
 XVI.; was wounded in the shoulder; 
 entered the service of Austria, but 
 returned at the restoration. 375 
 
 Gonpillian (Jean Francois Goupilleau) 
 of Fontenay; deputy to the legisla- 
 tive and the Convention. 253 
 
 Goupel (Goupil-Pre'feln), deputy from 
 Alencon to the Constituante ; died 
 Feb. 18, 1801. 287 
 
 Gournay (sur Aronde), a port between 
 Boye and Pont S. Maxence. 285 
 
 Gouvernet, M. de, son of M. Tour du 
 Pin ; minister of France to the 
 Hague. 75, 171 
 
 Gouvion, M. (Jean Baptiste), served 
 under La Fayette in America, and in 
 France; killed in action June 11, 
 1792. 29, 182, is 1 .), 192 
 
 Gouy d'Arcy (Louis Henri, marquis 
 de), 1753— 1794; deputy of S. Domin- 
 go to the National Assembly ; sent 
 to Najac as Mare"chal-de-camp ; ac- 
 cused of cowardice and guillotined. 
 156 
 
 Grower (George Granville, Earl), 1758 — 
 1833 ; ambassador to France 1790 — 
 1792; became Marquis of Stafford 
 and was created 1'uke of Sutherland, 
 having married Elizabeth Countess 
 of Sutherland in her own right. 1, 
 5 
 
 Grand Pre", a town in the liethelois near 
 a defile of the Argonne. 2 15 
 
 Grave, M. de (Le Chevalier de Grave) ; 
 minister of war in 1792 ; fled from 
 France to England; returned in 
 1800. 162, 181, 182 
 
 Gregoire (Henri), 1750— 1831; sent to 
 the States General by the clergy of 
 Lorraine ; took an active part ; con- 
 stitutional bishop of Blois; elected 
 
 - to the Convention 1792 ; wished to 
 Christianize the Revolution ; senator 
 in 1801 ; count of the Empire ; ended 
 his life in study. 237 
 
 Grenoble, the capital of Dauphine ; 
 became French in 1349. 13 
 
 Grevenmaker (Grevenmachem) , a town 
 near Luxemburg. 261 
 
 Grivel, a banker at Genoa. 358 
 
 Groschlag, Baron de ; minister pleni- 
 potentiary from the King of France 
 to the circle of the Upper Rhine. 
 52, 70 
 
 Groves, Mr, King's messenger. 50 
 
 Guadeloupe, a West Indian island ; one 
 of the Lesser Antilles ; discovered by 
 Columbus 1493 ; occupied by the 
 French in 1635. 21, 95 
 
 Guibert, M., representative of the 
 Island of Guadeloupe. 21 
 
 Guignard (Francois Emmanuel, comte 
 de S. Priest), 1735—1831 ; a diplo- 
 matist ; minister of the Interior in 
 1789 ; emigrated in December 1790, 
 and returned in 1814. 17 
 
 Guillaume, M., a clerk at S t0 Mene- 
 hould, acconqmnied Drouet to Va- 
 rennes. 372, 373 
 
 Guv, M. (Pierre Augustin Guys), 1724 — ■ 
 1801 ; a distinguished and erudite 
 navigator in the Mediterranean. 24 
 
 Guyanne (French Guyana) lies be- 
 tween Dutch Guyana and Brazil on 
 the N. E. coast of S. America. 57 
 
 Hamburg, a free town of Germany at 
 the mouth of the Elbe ; a great scat 
 of commerce. 335, 358 
 
 Havre, Le, a port on the Channel found- 
 ed by Francis I. in 1557, and first 
 called Ville Francoise, then Havre de 
 Grace. 338 
 
 He'bert (Jacques Rem'), 1755—1794; 
 published a disgraceful journal; called 
 the Pere Duchenej organized the 
 worship of the goddess Reason ; 
 executed with the leaders of his 
 partj March 21, 1794. 364, 366, 369 
 
 Hector (Le comte d), intendant of 
 marine in the port of Brest. 36 
 
 Helvoetsluis, the part of Rotterdam 
 taken bj the French in 17'.t">. 336 
 
 Henilly (Louis Charles, comte' d'), 
 1755 — 1795; foughl in Amei ica ; com- 
 manded the infantry (other accounts 
 say the cavalry) in the constitutional 
 guard 17'.H ; emigrated to England 
 and was mortally wounded in the 
 expedition to Quiberon. 130 
 
 H^rault, L\ the d< partment of France 
 of which Montpellier is the capital ; 
 
 25—2
 
 388 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 it was formerly part of Bas-Langue- 
 
 doc. 32 n. 
 Herkelens (Erkelens), a town in the 
 
 province of Jiilich. 262 
 Hervillers (Ervillers), a post between 
 
 Arras and Bapaume. 284 
 Hesse, Prince Charles, Landgrave of 
 
 Hesse Cassel, 1744—1831; stadthold- 
 
 er of the Schleswig and Holstein 
 
 Duchies. 17, 79, 168 
 Hoc, M. le, talked of as minister of 
 
 Marine after the resignation of 
 
 Fleurieu May 1791; afterwards 
 
 minister at Hamburg. 86, 171 
 Huber, M., a friend and correspondent 
 
 of Lord Auckland ; one of the Com- 
 
 missaires de la Tresorerie. 78, 86 
 Huningue, a town on the left bank of 
 
 the Rhine in Haute Alsace. 66, 
 
 240, 368 
 
 He de France, an island in the Indian 
 Ocean. It was discovered by the 
 Portuguese in 1505, who called it 
 Cerno ; occupied by the Dutch from 
 1598 to 1712, who called it Mauritius; 
 became French in 1721 ; it was taken 
 by the English in 1810. 45, 46, 76, 
 133 
 
 Isnard (Maximin), 1751—1830; born 
 at Grasse ; member of the legislative 
 and the Convention ; joined the Jaco- 
 bins ; left public life on the advent of 
 Napoleon to power, and died in his 
 native town. 139, 146 
 
 Jacobins, Club des, founded a few days 
 after the meeting of the States 
 General under the name of Club 
 Breton ; after the removal of the 
 king to Paris, the club established 
 itself in the convent of the Jacobin 
 or Dominican friars in the Hue St 
 Honore" ; became very important and 
 corresponded with 1200 clubs; it 
 became all powerful after August 10. 
 The club was closed after the fall of 
 Robespierre Nov. 11 , 1794. 9, 38, 53, 
 55, 56. 66, 99, 106, 108, 145, 154, 287 
 
 Jales, Chateau de, in the Ardeche. 
 Some nobles met here under the 
 name of the Camp of Jales to cor- 
 rect a rising against the Consti- 
 tuante. The castle was burnt in 
 1792. 32, 65, 68, 70, 200 
 
 Jarjaye, M. de, Mare"chal du Camp at 
 Soissons. 234 
 
 Jarre, M. de la (Pierre Auguste de 
 Lajard), 1757-1837; aide de camp to 
 La Fayette ; minister of war in 1792 ; 
 fled to England and returned to 
 
 France after Brumaire 18 ; was mem- 
 ber of the Corps Le"gislatif from 
 1808 to 1815. 193, 197 
 
 Jarry, M. de, sent on a mission to 
 Berlin ; perhaps Baron Etienne Anas- 
 tase Gedean, born 1764. 147 
 
 Joly, M. de (Dejoly), minister of justice 
 June 29, 1792, between Duranton 
 and Danton ; served under Napoleon 
 till the Restoration. 199 
 
 Jones (John Paul), 1747—1792 ; born 
 in Scotland ; took service in America 
 1775 ; received at Versailles ; served 
 in Russia ; died at Paris. 202 
 
 Jourdan (Mathieu Jouve-) , called Coupe- 
 Tete 1749—1794; organized the 
 massacre of the glaciere at Avignon 
 in 1791 ; was guillotined May 27, 
 1793. 173 
 
 Kaunitz (Wenceslas Antony, count of 
 Riefberg, prince of Kaunitz), 1711 — 
 1794 ; diplomat ; signed the treaty of 
 Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 and the 
 alliance between Austria and France 
 in 1756. 165 
 
 Kavel cannot be identified ; perhaps a 
 mistake for Doeil = Dyle. 261 
 
 Kellermann (Francois Christophe, due 
 de Valrny), 1735—1820; won the 
 battle of Vahny Sept. 20, 1792 ; made 
 Duke by Napoleon I. 216, 235, 236, 
 240, 243, 245, 247, 254, 258, 262 
 
 Kerkahn, M. (Kerguelen), either the 
 famous navigator Yves Joseph de 
 Kerguelen-Treniarec (1745 — 1797) or 
 one of his sons. 179 
 
 Koch, Christian Guillaume de, 1737 — 
 1813; professor of p ublic law at Stras- 
 burg, 1780; elected to the legislative 
 in 1791 ; imprisoned after August 10 ; 
 member of the Tribunal 1802—1807; 
 author of Abrege des Traites de Paix. 
 199 
 
 La Bourdonnaie (Anne Francois Au- 
 guste, comte de), 1747 — 1793; served 
 in the seven years war ; general of 
 division in 1792 ; died at Dax in 
 Feb. 1793. 240, 245 
 
 La Corogne (La Corufia), a harbour of 
 Galiciain Spain, called in old English 
 books The Groyne. 338 
 
 La Coste (N), minister of marine from 
 March to Julv 10, 1792 ; ambassador 
 in Tuscany. 162, 170, 193 
 
 Lacroix (J. F. de), 1754 — 1794; member 
 of the legislative and the Convention ; 
 friend of Danton; opposed the Giron- 
 dists ; perished in the ruin of Danton 
 and the Mountain. 203 

 
 INDEX. 
 
 389 
 
 La Fayette (Marie Jean Paul Eocli 
 Yves Gilbert Mottier, marquis de), 
 1757—1834 ; married 1774 ; went to 
 America 1777; deputy from the 
 noblesse of Auvergne 1789; took an 
 active part in the Revolution ; emi- 
 grated after August 10, and was 
 imprisoned by the Austrians ; was 
 set free by the Treaty of Campo 
 Formio ; took part in the Revolution 
 of 1830. 7, 9, 17, 21, 22, 29, 31, 33, 
 37, 38, 42, 44, 45, 54, 63, 64, 67, 80, 
 81, 82, 98, 99, 102, 107, 121, 124, 
 129, 136, 138, 143, 158, 163, 172, 
 173, 178, 189, 195, 196, 198 
 
 La Harpe (Jean Francois de), 1739 — 
 1803 ; critic and man of letters ; 
 admitted to the Academy 1776 ; most 
 successful as a lecturer on literature ; 
 his lectures began 1786, were inter- 
 rupted during the Revolution and 
 continued in 1794; he must not be 
 confounded with the Swiss tutor of 
 the Emperor Alexander. 208 
 
 Lajaille, M. de, commander of one of 
 the vessels destined for Domingo. 
 139 
 
 La Lande, M. de(M. Delalande), charge 
 d'affaires in Savoy in 1792. 176 
 
 La Marck (Auguste Marie Raymond 
 d'Aremberg), 1755 — 1833; grandson 
 of Leopold Philip de Ligne prince 
 of A.remberg ; deputy to the States 
 General ; friend of Mirabeau who 
 died in his arms ; died in the Dutch 
 service. 80, 83 
 
 Lamballe (Marie The'rese Louise de 
 Savoie-Carignan, princesse de), 1748 
 — 1792 ; daughter of Louis Victor de 
 Savoie-Carignan ; married in 1767 
 tlic due de Lamballe son of the due 
 de Penthifevre ; left a widow in 1768; 
 a great friend of Marie Antoinette ; 
 accompanied her to the Temple; 
 perished in the massacres of Septem- 
 ber 3, 1792. 187, 228, 232, 235 
 
 Lambert, M. (C. G.), 1726— 1793; con- 
 troller general for a short time ; 
 guillotined. 35, 45 
 
 Lamel, M. Du (M. Duhamel), a young 
 broker; killed by the Federes of 
 Marseilles in the Champs Elysees 
 August 1792. 205 
 
 Lametb (Alexandre Victor Theodore, 
 comtede), 1760—1829; deputy of the 
 nobility to the States General ; im- 
 prisoned with La Fayette in Austria ; 
 tied to London ; employed by Louis 
 XYIII. ; wrote several books. 55, 
 68, 110 
 
 Lameth (Charles Malo Francois, comte 
 
 de), 1757—1832; fought with his 
 brothers Theodore and Alexandre in 
 America ; deputy of the nobility to 
 the States General ; fought a duel 
 with the due de Castries 1790. After 
 August 10 fled to Hamburg ; em- 
 ployed by Napoleon and Louis 
 XVDII. ; took part in the Revolution 
 of 1830. He formed with his brother 
 Alexandre (1760—1829) and Barnave 
 a kind of triumvirate who put them- 
 selves into opposition against Mira- 
 beau. 12, 18, 44, 68, 78, 87 
 Lamorliere, General (Alexandre), 1707 
 — 1793; commanded Alsace in 1792. 
 195, 274 
 Landau, a town in the Bavarian Pala- 
 tinate ; belonged to France from 
 1697 to 1815. Ill, 239, 240 
 Landolphe (Antoine), a French officer; 
 director of a philanthropic establish- 
 ment on the coast of Africa ; at- 
 tacked treacherously in 1792 by two 
 vessels belonging to Messrs Dobson 
 and Co. of Liverpool. 49, 111, 112 
 Languedoc, a French province of which 
 Toulouse was the capital. In old 
 days the Loire divided the Langue 
 d'oc from the Langue d'oil ; it did 
 not become entirely French till 1589. 
 21, 26, 36 
 Lanvres (Louvres), a post between 
 
 Senlis and Paris. 285 
 La Porte (Arnauld de), 1724— 1792 ; 
 intendant of the Civil List ; guillo- 
 tined. 96 
 Laqueuille, marquis de; deputy of the 
 nobility to the States General; one 
 of the earliest emigres ; died abroad. 
 115 
 La Recourse, a post-station between 
 
 Ardres and St Omer. 284 
 La Re"ole, a town on the Garonne ; 
 capital of the Gironde ; it contains 
 an old castle of the Visigoths. 318 
 La Rochefoucauld d'Enville (Louis 
 Alexandre, due do la Roche Crayon 
 e\ de), 1713 -1792; deputy of Paris 
 to the States General ; was one of 
 the first to join the Tiers (tat\ was 
 president de l'administration du 
 departement de Paris: massacred at 
 GisorsSept. 11. L792. 83, 101, L02, 
 236 
 Laaource (Marie David Albin), 1762 
 1793: born at Angles mar Mont- 
 pellier; was a mi mbi i of 1 he legis- 
 lative a emblyand the Convention ; 
 joined the Girondins and perished 
 with them. 252 
 Latouche-Levassor, chancellor of the
 
 390 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Duke of Orleans ; deputy from 
 Montargis to the Constituante. 13 
 
 La Tour-Maubourg (Marie de Victor de 
 Fay, marquis de), 1766 — 1850; lieu- 
 tenant of the gardes du corps who 
 defended Marie Antoinette on Oct. 6 ; 
 taken prisoner by the Austrians with 
 La Fayette ; fought under Napo- 
 leon ; ambassador to London under 
 Louis XVHI. 98 
 
 La Tour du Pin Gouvernet (Jean 
 Frederic de), 1727—1794 ; fought in 
 the war of the Austrian succession, 
 and the seven years war ; deputy to 
 the States General ; minister of war 
 1789 ; was imprisoned August 1792 ; 
 guillotined. 24, 29, 30, 75 
 
 Laval, a town in Maine, formerly 
 capital of the duchy of Laval ; the 
 Vendeans gained a victory here in 
 1793. 368 
 
 Laviviere (Pierre Francois Joachim 
 Henri de Lariviere), 1761 — 1838 ; 
 deputy to the legislative ; joined with 
 the Girondists ; member of the Con- 
 vention; fledtoLondon andreturned 
 at the Eestoration. 230 
 
 Lavoisier, M. (AntoineLaurent), 1743 — 
 1794; became member of the 
 Academy in 1768 ; deputy to the 
 National Assembly ; guillotined. 
 He was a great chemist and the 
 discoverer of oxygen. 78 
 
 Lebrun, Charles Francois, due de 
 Plaisance, 1739—1824; a friend of 
 Maupeou ; member of the Consti- 
 tuante ; third consul with Napoleon, 
 under whom he afterwards held im- 
 portant offices. 208, 211 
 
 Le Cointre (Laurent), 1750—1805 ; 
 cloth-merchant when the Revolution 
 broke out ; member of the Legislative 
 and the Convention ; member of the 
 Comite de Surveillance. 186 
 
 Leeward Islands, part of the Antilles, 
 comprising Antigua, Montserrat, S. 
 Kitts, Nevis, Dominica and the 
 Virgin Islands. They possessed a 
 common legislature as far back as 
 William and Mary. 24 
 
 L6montey (Pierre Edouard), 1762 — 
 1826 ; lawyer ; deputy to the Legisla- 
 tive ; fled to Switzerland after August 
 10 ; returned to Paris in 1797 ; aca- 
 demician in 1819. 142 
 
 Lescure (Louis Marie, marquis de), 
 1766—1793 ; a leader of the Vendean 
 insurrection ; was mortally wounded 
 at La Tremblaye Oct. 15, 1793, and 
 died Nov. 3. 368 
 
 L'Escuyer or Lescuyer, one of those 
 
 who took part in the murders of 
 the glaciere at Avignon 1791. 130 
 
 Lessart (Antoine de Valde"e de), 1742 — 
 1792 ; maitre des requetes in 1768 ; 
 controller general in 1790 ; accused 
 by Brisson in March 1792 ; sent as 
 prisoner to Orleans and massacred 
 at Versailles Sept. 9. 136, 137, 144, 
 145, 147, 150, 156, 161, 162, 168 
 
 Liege in Belgium, became a bishopric 
 in 708 ; was conquered by the 
 French in 1801 ; passed to Holland 
 in 1814, and to Belgium in 1830. 76 
 
 Ligne (Charles, prince de), the eldest 
 son of the famous Prince de Ligne 
 (1735 — 1814) ; was killed in the cam- 
 paign of 1792. 250 
 
 Ligny, on the Ornain ; the chief town 
 of a county which belonged suc- 
 cessively to Bar, Luxemburg and 
 Lorraine. 243, 245 
 
 Lille, the capital of French Flanders; 
 conquered by Louis XIV. in 1667. 
 69, 182, 318 
 
 Lillers, in Artois, ten miles from Be- 
 thune. The first Artesian well was 
 made here. 284 
 
 Linange, Prince of (Charles Frederick, 
 prince of Leiningen), 1779—1807. 72 
 
 Lisle (Lille), a fortress on the north 
 frontier of France. It was taken 
 by France in 1667 ; the Duke of 
 Saxe-Teschen bombarded it for eight 
 days in 1792. 240 
 
 Longwy, a fortress near the Belgian 
 frontier belonging to the Duchy of 
 Bar. 215, 221, 241 
 
 L'Orient, in Brittany ; one of the five 
 great war ports of France ; founded 
 by the East India Company of Louis 
 XIV. ; it was bought for the govern- 
 ment by Louis XV. 18, 51, 57, 65 
 
 Louis, abbe, ambassador of France to 
 Denmark ; took the civil oath. 115 
 
 Louis XVI. (Louis Auguste) (August 
 23, 1754— Jan. 21, 1793), King of 
 France ; son of the dauphin Louis 
 and of Maria Josepha of Saxony ; 
 called first the Due de Berry ; lost 
 his father in 1765 ; his mother in 
 1767; succeeded his grandfather Louis 
 XV. 1774; married May 16, 1770, 
 Marie-Antoinette daughter of Maria 
 Theresa. 5, 6, 12, 14, 16, 22, 96 
 
 Lozere, a department of France, former- 
 ly part of Languedoc. 32 n. 
 
 Luckner (Nicolas, baron de), 1722— 
 1794 ; a Bavarian by birth ; served 
 under Frederick the Great ; joined 
 the French service in 1763 ; com- 
 manded the army of the Rhine, and
 
 INDEX. 
 
 391 
 
 then that of the North ; was re- 
 pulsed by Kellermann after the battle 
 of Longwy in 1792 ; was condemned 
 to death as a conspirator at the end 
 of 1793. 113, 158, 163, 171, 176, 
 177, 181, 182, 184, 185, 188, 189, 
 194, 197, 202, 216, 224, 233, 234, 
 240, 241, 243, 245, 254 
 Luneville, a town in Lorraine. 30 
 Luxembourg, Palais de, on the left bank 
 of the Seine at Paris ; built by Marie 
 de Medicis 1615 — 1620 ; bought by 
 Louis XV. from the Orleans family 
 and given by Louis XVI. to his 
 brother the Comte de Provence. 63 
 Luzerne (Charles Henri, comte de la), 
 1737—1799; minister of Marine 
 1787 ; died in Austria 1799. 18, 21, 
 30, 31, 34, 41, 42, 44 
 Luzerne (M. Anne Cesar, Chevalier de 
 la), 1741 — 1791 ; ambassador in Ba- 
 varia 1776, America 1778, England 
 1788. 124 
 Lydda, Bishop of ; see Gobel 
 Lyons (Lyon), once capital of the 
 Kingdom of Provence ; annexed to 
 France by Philippe le Bel. 10, 19, 
 34, 49, 185, 241, 247, 255, 256, 319, 
 324, 343, 356, 359, 360 
 
 Macnamara, Mr, killed in the Mauritius. 
 76 
 
 Maillard (Stanislas), 1745—1805; ar- 
 rested de Launay, governor of the 
 Bastille ; directed the march to 
 Versailles Oct. 5, 1789 ; presided 
 over the massacres of September ; 
 changed his name during the Em- 
 pire, and died in misery. 328 
 
 Maille", M. de, governor of S. Domingo. 
 160 
 
 Maillebois (Yves Marie Desmarets, 
 comte de), 1715—1791 ; accused of a 
 conspiracy in 1790; he took refuge 
 in Liege where he died. 17 
 
 Mallet du Pan (Jacques), 1749—1800; 
 a publicist ; obtained reputation as 
 a writer before the Revolution ; wan- 
 dered in Switzerland and Belgium 
 from 1792 to 1798 when he went to 
 England; died there in L800. 358 
 
 Malouet (Pierre Victor, baron), 1740 — 
 1814; deputy of the commons to the 
 States General ; in favour of a con- 
 stitutional monarchy ; lied to London 
 in September 1792 ; returned in 1801; 
 died as minister of Marino. 56 
 
 Malseigne (Le Chevalier Guyot de) ; 
 sent to Nancy L790; emigrated and 
 fought against France; died L800 at 
 Anspach. 25, 29, 30 
 
 Mandat (Jean Antoine Galyot de), 
 1731—1792; commanded the Na- 
 tional Guard on August 10, and was 
 shot at the Hotel de Ville. 208 
 
 Mangin, M., a surgeon at Varennes 
 sent to announce the capture of 
 the King to the Assembly. 97 
 
 Manuel, M. (Pierre Louis), 1751—1793 ; 
 member of the Convention; guillo- 
 tined November 14, 1793. (Mis- 
 spelt Manuda in 200.) 208, 270, 281 
 
 Marat (Jean Paul), 1744—1793; a 
 doctor; published the Ami du 
 Peuple (1789—1793) ; implicated in 
 the massacres of Sept. 1792 ; mur- 
 dered by Charlotte Corday July 13, 
 1793. 244, 251, 256, 258, 271 
 
 Marboeuf (Yves- Alexandre, M.), 1734— 
 1791 ; bishop of Autun ; arch- 
 bishop of Lyons ; his younger bro- 
 ther, the Marquis de Marboeuf, was 
 governor of Corsica and arrested 
 the Napoleon family. 2 13 
 
 Marbois, M. de, ambassador of France 
 at the diet of Ratisbon and at 
 Vienna. 144, 152 
 
 Marche-le-Pot, a post between Feroune 
 and Rove. 285 
 
 Marel, a place near La Croix aux Bois 
 not mentioned in the despatch of 
 the Moniteur and not to be identi- 
 fied. 247 
 
 Marmontel (Jean Francois), 1723— 
 1799; a versatile man of Letters; be- 
 came permanent secretary of the 
 French Academy in 1783. 307 
 
 Mars, Champ de, a large plain to the 
 S.W. of Paris between the Seine and 
 the Ecole Militaire; made about 
 1770 as a field of exercise for the 
 pupils. The name is obviously an 
 imitation of Campus Martins. 6, 9, 
 11, 13, 51, 58, 68, 72, 75, 76. 78, 79, 80 
 
 Marseilles on the Mediterranean; the 
 first harbour of France; it suffered 
 deeplv in the Revolution. 49, L98, 
 203, 205, 319, 324, 313 
 
 Martigues, Les, a decayed port in the 
 South of France, W. of Marseilles. 1 1 
 
 Martineau, M. (N. ) lawyer; deputyfrom 
 Paris to the Constituante; escaped 
 the Terror and died 1800. L9, 20 
 
 Martinique, an island in the Smaller 
 Antilles; discovered by Columbus 
 on Saint Martin's day 1 193 ; colo- 
 nized by the French in 1635; t, 
 by the English in 1794 and 1802; 
 bored to France in 1815. 10, 12. 
 15, 53, 57, 74, 80, 95, 112 
 
 Maubeuge, a town on theSambre; ac- 
 quired by France through the treaty
 
 392 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 of Nimeguen; besieged by the 
 Austrians in 1793, and saved by the 
 victory of Wattignies. 182, 201 
 Mauduit, M. , colonel of a regiment at 
 Port-au-Prince in the Island of 
 Hayti; assassinated there in 1791. 
 83 
 Maulde, M. de (Etienne) ; ambassador 
 of France at the Hague ; arrested 
 during the Terror but escaped. 171 
 Maulde, a village in Belgian Hainault 
 near Tournay ; a camp was formed 
 here by tbe French which was aban- 
 doned at the approach of the 
 Austrians Sept. 1792. 245 
 Maureau, M., judge of the Admiralty. 
 
 172 
 Maury (Jean Siffrein), 1746—1817; 
 son of a shoemaker ; deputy of the 
 clergy to the States General ; emi- 
 grated ; made Cardinal in 1794 ; 
 took office under Napoleon I. ; was 
 disgraced at his fall. 57, 75, 79 
 Mayence, Elector of, Friedrich Karl 
 Joseph von Erthal, from 1774 to 
 1802. 65 
 Mayence, a fortified town on the 
 Bhine ; formerly the seat of a prime 
 archbishop; it was taken by the 
 French in 1644, 1688 and 1792, but 
 recovered by the Germans in 1793 ; 
 was ceded to France in 1797. 266, 
 274 
 Mazeliere, agent of the Comite de 
 
 Salut Public. 336 
 Meaux, capital of the Brie on the 
 
 Marne. 216, 242, 275 
 Mercy-Argenteau (Florimand Claude, 
 comte de), 1722—1794; Austrian 
 ambassador to France from 1766 to 
 1790; afterwards governor of the Low 
 Countries; died in England. 19, 116 
 Mertzieg, a town on the Sarre, between 
 
 Sarre Louis and Saarburg. 261 
 Metz, a fortress of Lorraine ; one of the 
 three bishojDrics acquired for France 
 by Henri II. in 1553; ceded definitely 
 in 1648 ; ceded to Germany in 1870. 
 18, 24, 31, 44, 105, 216, 235, 238, 
 372 
 Meurthe, department de la ; forms part 
 of Lorraine, and contains the towns 
 of Nancy, Lune"ville and Toul. 25 
 Meuse, a river flowing through France, 
 Belgium where it is called Maes, and 
 Holland where it is called Maas. 19, 
 20 . 
 Mezieres, a town in the Ardennes, sepa- 
 rated by the Meuse from Charleville. 
 18, 19 
 Mirabeau (Andre Boniface Louis 
 
 Eiquetti, vicomte de), 1754 — 1792; 
 representative of the nobility in the 
 States General ; an aristocrat ; emi- 
 grated ; called Mirabeau-Tonneau 
 from his fatness. 8, 145 
 Mirabeau (Honors' Gabriel Eiquetti, 
 comte de), 1749-1791. Treated 
 harshly by his father during his 
 youth, and often imprisoned ; deputy 
 of the Tiers etat to the States 
 General ; tried to reconcile the 
 Eevolution and the monarchy. 21, 
 24, 26, 31, 34, 51, 55, 58, 68, 73, 
 74, 76, 77, 78, 80 
 Miranda, Francis, 1750—1816 ; a Span- 
 iard by birth ; served under Dumou- 
 riez ; fled to England in 1793, to 
 America in 1806. 259, 261 
 ' Mollegaert, Capt., complained of ill- 
 treatment by the Captain of the 
 Nemesis. 170 
 Monaco, Prince of (Honore HI. Camil- 
 lus Leonor Grimaldi), 1720 — 1795 ; 
 resigned Monaco to France Feb. 
 14, 1793. 15 
 Monge (Gaspard), 1746—1818; geo- 
 metrician ; minister of Marine August 
 1792— April 1793 ; went to Egypt 
 with Napoleon ; was greatly honoured 
 by him ; but was disgraced under 
 the restoration. 208 
 Mons, the capital of Belgian Hainault 
 called Bergen in Flemish. It was 
 taken by the French in 1691 and 
 1746. It is the key of Belgium on 
 the side of France. 180, 182, 184, 
 185 
 Montmedi, a fortress; formerly part of 
 the Duchy of Luxemburg ; joined to 
 France in 1659. 105 
 Montmorin, M. de, a relation of the 
 foreign minister who commanded at 
 Fontainebleau in Feb. 1791. 65, 
 373 
 Montmorin - Saint - Herein (Armand 
 Marc, comte de), 1745—1792 ; suc- 
 ceeded Vergennes as minister of 
 foreign affairs ; perished in the Sep- 
 tember massacres. 7, 9, 15, 16, 19, 
 21, 22, 24, 28, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 40, 
 41, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 82, 83, 86, 87, 
 91, 93, 97, 100, 102, 105, 111, 115, 
 132, 172, 186, 187, 211, 221, 223 
 Moras, M., member of the Jacobin 
 
 Club. 230 
 Moret, a small town a short distance 
 
 S. E. of Fontainebleau. 65 
 Moreton-Chabillart, Gen., 1750—1793; 
 served in the A oierican Avar ; ardent 
 revolutionist ; served under Du- 
 mouriez ; died at Douai. 240
 
 INDEX. 
 
 393 
 
 Morris (Gouverneur), 1752 — 1816; 
 American member of the Convention 
 1787 ; ambassador in France 1792 — 
 1794 ; member of the American 
 Senate 1799—1803. 192, 218 
 
 Mortand, a place near St Dizier; not 
 mentioned in the despatch of the 
 Moniteur and which cannot be iden- 
 tified. 247 
 
 Mossy, M. , member of the Jacobin 
 Club. 230 
 
 Mourgues (Jacques Augustin), born 
 1734 ; Minister of the Interior June 
 1792, between Eoland and Terrier 
 de Monciel ; escaped the Terror ; and 
 lived in retirement. 190 
 
 Moustier (Eleonora Francois Elie, 
 comte, and afterwards marquis de), 
 1752 — 1817 ; served as diplomate at 
 Lisbon, Naples, Treves, London, 
 Washington, Berlin, Constantinople; 
 helped the emigres. 36, 86, 87, 127, 
 128, 129, 130, 144, 153 
 
 Moysset, M. de (Guillaume Monysset) ; 
 judge ; member of the legislative ; 
 served under the consulate and 
 empire. 157 
 
 Mulot, abbe (Francois Valentin), 
 1749 — 1804 ; mixed up in the affair 
 of the diamond necklace ; member of 
 the legislative; imprisoned during 
 the Terror but escaped ; wrote 
 numerous works. 131 
 
 Muy (Jean Baptiste Louis Philippe de 
 Felix, comtede), 1751 — 1820 ; served 
 in America ; at Avignon, in the 
 army of the South ; went to Egypt 
 with Napoleon ; served in the cam- 
 paign of Jena ; became Peer of France 
 after the Eestoration. 171 
 
 Na iliac, M. de, minister of France to the 
 Duke of Deux Ponts in 1792 ; minister 
 of war the same year for a short time ; 
 minister at Genoa till 1794. 190 
 
 Namur, a town of Belgium at the 
 confluence of the Meusc and the 
 Sambre; taken by Louis XIV. in 
 1692; recovered in 1695, by William 
 of Orange; retaken by the French 
 in 1746, 1792 ami L794, after which 
 it remained French till 1814. 181 
 
 Nancy, capital of Lorraine, taken by 
 Louis XIII. in 1633, and by Loui 
 XIV. in 1660. 25, 29, :;i , 46, 258 
 
 Nantes, a town on the Lower Loire; it 
 suffered greatly in the Revolution; 
 repulsed the army of the Vendeana 
 under Cathelineau in L793. 363 
 
 Nantucket, an island belonging to the 
 State of Massachusetts in America. 
 186 
 
 Naples, king and queen of, Ferdinand 
 IV., Anton Pascal John Nepomuk; 
 Seraphiu Januarius Benedict de 
 Bourbon (1751—1825); regent of 
 Naples and Sicily, 1759; king, 1767; 
 married Mary Caroline Louisa Jo- 
 hanna Josepha Antonia (1752 — 
 1814), daughter of the Emperor 
 Francis I. ; they had 16 children, 7 
 sons and 9 daughters. 62 
 
 Narbonne-Lara (Le Comte Louis de), 
 1755 — 1814 ; made minister of war 
 Dec. 1791; disgraced .March 10, 
 1792; emigrated after August 10; 
 returned 1800. 133, 141, 142, 144, 
 149, 161, 163, 167, 171, 172, 176, 200 
 
 Necker, M. (Jacques), 1732—1801 : a 
 banker; born at Geneva; controller 
 general in 1777; retire 1 in 1781; 
 recalled in 1788 ; dismissed July 
 1789; recalled immediately after 
 wards; retired definitely in Sept. 
 1790. 12, 28, 31, 33, 78, 125, 162 
 
 Neuchatel, a town and canton in the 
 west of Switzerland. The county 
 of Neuchatel belonged to Burgundy 
 in the 12th century and then to the 
 Empire; it came to Prussia in 1707 
 and remained under Prussian suze- 
 rainty till 1856 ; it became a canton 
 in 1814. 334, 358 
 
 Neuilly, a village on the Seine below 
 St Cloud; the bridge' was built by 
 Peronnet. 31 12 
 
 Nevers, capital of the Nivernais on the 
 right bank of the Loire. 241 
 
 Nice, on the Mediterranean; capital of 
 a county of that name; dependent 
 upon Savoy after 1388; taken by 
 the French in 1792 and remained 
 French till 1814; ceded again to 
 France in L860. 20, 19, 343 
 
 Nimes, a town in Languedoc; became 
 French in 1259; a sect of Calvinistic 
 Protectants. 5, 6 
 
 Noailles (Louis Marie, vice 
 
 1756 — 1804; second son of the Mare 1 
 dial de Mouchy; fought in America 
 under ha Fayette; deputy to the States 
 General; proposed the abolition of 
 i ders on AiiL'ii-t l ; emigrated to 
 England and Amei ica but returned 
 mortally wounded in a naval action 
 1804. 171, L88, 285, 288 
 
 Noel (Francois Joseph Michel), 175.". 
 
 1 - I I ; at 3ch00l W itb Robl 
 
 iilo\ . d in many diplomatic i 
 sions under the Revolution; the 
 
 author of a number of scl ' bo 
 
 including a French grammar. 21 - 
 Nootka Sound, a bay on the YV. c 
 of Vancouver's Island, the subject
 
 394 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 of a dispute between England and 
 
 Spain in 1790. 9 n., 23 n., 39 n. 
 Noyon, a town in France, N.E. of 
 
 Paris. 158, 159 
 Nyon, a town on the Lake of Geneva, 
 
 not far from Lausanne. 48 
 
 O'Dunn, French ambassador at the 
 court of Lisbon. 135 
 
 Oraczewski, court minister from Po- 
 land to the court of France in 1791. 
 76 
 
 Oran, a town in Algeria; founded by 
 the Moors driven out of Spain; 
 belonged to the Spanish from 1509 
 to 1708; taken by the French in 
 1831. 41 
 
 Orleans, a town of France, S. of 
 Paris, on the Loire. 69, 70, 74, 78, 
 186, 187 
 
 Orleans, bishop of, Louis Francois Ja- 
 rente Senac d'Orgeval ; appointed 
 1788; took the civil oath in 1791; 
 died 1810. 56, 73 
 
 Orleans, Duchess of (Maria Louisa 
 Adelaide), 1755—1821; marriedl769, 
 divorced 1792; imprisoned and ex- 
 iled to Spain ; returned to France in 
 1814. 79 
 
 Orleans (Louis Philippe Joseph, due 
 d'), 1747 — 1793; surnamed Egalite, 
 became very rich by marrying the 
 daughter of the due de Bourbon- 
 Penthievre; deputy of the nobility 
 to the States General ; belonged to 
 the Jacobin Club; elected to the 
 Convention under the name of 
 Philippe-Egalite' ; joined the Moun- 
 tain ; guillotined November 6, 1793. 
 9, 13, 14, 24, 26, 31, 35, 37, 79, 103, 
 104, 118, 188, 192, 249, 259, 281, 290 
 
 Osmond (Rene" Eustache, marquis d'), 
 minister of France to the Hague in 
 1789 and to St Petersburg in 1791; 
 remained abroad till the Restora- 
 tion; minister in London 1815. 75 
 
 Ostend, a seaport town in West 
 Flanders. 282 
 
 Oxon, an English malefactor whom 
 they requested the French to deliver 
 up. 146 
 
 Pache (Jean Nicolas), 1746—1825; 
 minister of war October 1792 — 
 Feb. 1793; mayor of Paris; joined 
 the Hebertists; died in obscurity. 
 320 
 
 Paine (Thomas), 1737—1809; born at 
 Thetford in Norfolk; wrote the 
 Rights of Man ; chosen a member of 
 the Convention ; pleaded there the 
 cause of Louis XVI., and was im- 
 
 prisoned; died in America. 237, 
 250, 253, 260, 268, 272 
 
 Palm, Etta, ne'e Baronne d'Aelders, 
 wrote Appel aux Francaises sur la 
 regeneration des mceurset la necessity 
 de rinfluence des femmes dans un 
 gouvernement libre, 1791. 109, 110 
 
 Paoli (Pascal), 1726—1807; defended 
 the independence of Corsica against 
 the Genoese, and at a later period 
 against the French; gave the island 
 to the English ; went to England in 
 1796 and died there in 1807. 100, 
 370 
 
 Paris, bishop of, Antoine Leonore Leo 
 Leclerc de Juigne; bishop 1781 — 
 1801; died in Paris, March 19, 1811. 
 73 
 
 Pe"ronne, a fortress in Picardie. 284 
 
 Perpignan, bishop of, Antoine Felix 
 de Legris Desponchez 1788 — 1801; 
 died at Maline. 239 
 
 Perpignan, the ancient capital of 
 Rousillon in the Pyrenees ; taken 
 by the French from the Spanish in 
 1475 and 1642 ; left to the French by 
 the treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659. 
 8, 256, 318, 359 
 
 Perrigaux, a banker at Neuchatel. 358 
 
 Perry, Captain, an English supporter 
 of the Revolution. 277 
 
 Petion de Villeneuve (Jerome), 1753 — 
 1794 ; deputy to the States General ; 
 sent to Varennes to bring back the 
 royal family; mayor of Paris; first 
 president of the Convention ; joined 
 the party of the Gironde; arrested 
 June 1793 and fled; was found with 
 Buzot June 1794, their bodies half 
 eaten by wolves. 79, 98, 108, 136, 
 188, 194,200, 203, 208, 220, 225, 229, 
 232, 237, 239, 252, 270 
 
 Peynier, M., governor of St Domingo, 
 45 
 
 Peyroux, M. la, misspelling for Jean 
 Francois Galaup de La Pe"rouse ; 
 born 1741 ; a celebrated navigator ; 
 started in 1781 on a long voyage of 
 discovery from which he never re- 
 turned; the remains of his ships 
 were found in 1826. 246 
 Pichegru (Charles), 1761—1804; gene- 
 ral of the army of the Rhine 1793 ; 
 commanded the army of the North 
 1794 ; arrested and transported after 
 18 Fructidor (Sept. 1797); went to 
 London and Germany; joined the 
 conspiracy of Georges Cadoudal and 
 died in prison at Paris. 333, 367, 368 
 Pierre Encise, a prison near Lyons. 47 
 Pisaui, Le Chevalier de; ambassador 
 from Venice to Paris. 211
 
 INDEX. 
 
 305 
 
 Polignac (Gabrielle de Polastron, com- 
 tesse and duchesse de), 1749—1793; 
 married 1767; governor of the in- 
 fants of France 1782; emigrated 
 July 1789 and died at Vienna. 62 
 
 Polignac (Jules, comte and due de), 
 the husband of the favourite friend 
 of Marie Antoinette; he emigrated 
 and died in Eussia 1817. 62 
 
 Poncharra, a place in Savoy or Pied- 
 mont not to be identified. 213 
 
 Pondeves, M. de, navigator. 24 
 
 Pondicherry, a French settlement in 
 India, founded in 1675; taken by the 
 English in 1761 and restored at the 
 peace of 1763. 46, 51 
 
 Pons, marquis de, French ambassador, 
 first to Sweden and then to Spain. 11 
 
 Pont a, Mousson, a town on the 
 Moselle in Lorraine, at the foot of 
 the mountain of Mousson. 236 
 
 Pont de Beauvoisin, a village on the 
 frontier between France and Savoy, 
 between Lyons and Chambery. 10 
 
 Ponthieu, due de, a mistake for Louis 
 Jean Marie de Bourbon, due de 
 Penthievre (1725—1793), son of the 
 Comte de Toulouse and father of 
 the Duchess of Orleans, step-father 
 of the Princesse de Lamballe. 79 
 
 Pont-1'abbe, M., commander of the 
 cavalry October, 1791. 130 
 
 Pont St Maxence, a town of the duchy of 
 Valois on the Oise ; the bridge across 
 the Oise was built by Peronnet. 285 
 
 Porentruy was, before the Revolution, 
 the seat of the sovereign bishop of 
 Bale, and might in case of war be gar- 
 risoned by the French; joined to 
 Fiance in 1793. 76, 81 
 
 Port au Prince, formerly the capital 
 of St Domingo ; now of the republic 
 of Hayti; founded in 1745. 10, 148 
 
 Port-Vendres (Portus Veneris), a fort- 
 ress and harbour of France in the 
 Eastern Pyrenees. 359 
 
 Priestley, Dr (Joseph), 1733—1804; 
 dissenting minister; librarian to 
 Lord Shelbume, 1773—17*0; wrote 
 on electricity; discovered oxygen, 
 1774 ; replied to Burke on the Revo- 
 lution; went to America in 1791. 
 238, 250 
 
 Queille, de la, see Laqueuille, Marquis 
 
 de. 
 Quercy, part of Aquitaine ; divided 
 
 into Haut-Quercy, capital Cahors; 
 
 andBas-Quercy, capital Montauban; 
 
 it belonged for some time to the 
 
 English and became definitely 
 
 French in 1472. 59 
 
 Quievrain, a town of Belgian Hainault 
 not far from Mons on the frontier of 
 France; taken by the French, April 
 29, 1792. 180, i81, 182 
 
 Babaut-Saint-Etienne (Jean Paul), 
 1743 — 1793 ; a protestant mini 
 deputy to the Constituante ; member 
 of the Convention; joined the Giron- 
 dists; executed Dec. 5, 1793. 252, 317 
 
 Babi, a general in the Spanish service. 
 248 
 
 Batisbonne (Regensburg in German), 
 a town on the Danube ; the diet of 
 the Empire was held here from 
 1663 to 1803. 20, 72 
 
 Raynal (Guillaume Thomas Francois, 
 called l'abbe), 1713 — 1796 ; pupil 
 of the Jesuits; exiled from France, 
 1781—1788; deputy from Marseilles 
 to the States General; died at 
 Chaillot. 91 
 
 Re"thel, formerly capital of the Rethe- 
 lois, on the Aisne. 2 !■"> 
 
 Rheims, on the Vesle; capital of the 
 Remois in Champagne; famous for 
 the cathedral in which the French 
 kings were crowned. 233, 250, 254 
 
 Ricardos (Antonio, comte de), 1727 — 
 1794; a Spanish general; governor 
 of Catalonia in 1793; he was made 
 Captain (leiieral in IT'.i 1, and died 
 perhaps by poison in the same j i 
 359 
 
 Ricce, M. de, member of the Society 
 of Friends of the Constitution; ap- 
 pointed ambassador of France to 
 Berlin. 184 
 
 Richebourg, M. de, postmaster-general 
 at Paris. 150 
 
 Riviere, M. de, captain of the ship La 
 Forme. 36 
 
 Robespierre (Francois Joseph Maxi- 
 milien Isidore de), 1759 -17'.' I: 
 born at Arras; deputy to the States 
 ( reneral; member of the Convention; 
 attacked Louis \VL; i stablished the 
 revolutionary tribunal; daring the 
 Terror was dictator of Prance; guil- 
 lotined July 28, 1794. 11, 7'.'. L08, 
 109, 149, 163, 237, 256, 258, 271, 
 273, -27*. 281, 320, 353, 360, 361, 
 362, 364, 365, 366, 367, 369 
 
 Bochambeau (Donatien Marie Joseph 
 de Vimeur, vicomte de), 1750 
 1813; son of the Marshal ; Berved 
 in America ; reduced Saint Domi 
 to obedicm to Martinico in 
 
 1793; in Italy in 1802; t 
 time prisoner in England; killed at 
 the battle of Leipsig. 135, 1 I". 
 143, 185
 
 396 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Rochambeau (Jean Baptiste Donatien 
 de Virueur, comte de), 1725 — 1807; 
 marsbal of France; served in the war of 
 tbe Austrian succession ; in America; 
 commander of the army of the North, 
 1791; retired in 1792; nearly exe- 
 cuted in the Terror. 112, 151, 158, 
 163, 178, 181, 182, 184, 185 
 
 Kochefort-sur-Mer, a port of war in 
 Aunis; established by Colbert in 
 1666. 31, 234 
 
 Rocroy, a town in the Ardennes, on 
 the Meuse. It was fortified by Fran- 
 cis I., Henry II., and Louis XIII. 19 
 
 Eohan (Louis Rene Edouard, cardinal 
 de), 1734 — 1803; made coadjutor of 
 the bishop of Strasburg in 1760; 
 ambassador to Vienna 1772 — 1774; 
 grand almoner of France 1777 ; 
 cardinal 1778 ; bishop of Strasburg 
 1779 ; involved in the affair of the 
 diamond necklace; was arrested and 
 sent to the Bastille ; deputy to the 
 States General 1789 ; emigrated 1791. 
 20, 21, 68, 78, 92, 246 
 
 Roland de La Platiere (Jean Marie), 
 1734—1793 ; deputy from Lyons to 
 the Constituante ; joined the Giron- 
 dist party ; minister of the interior 
 for three months from March 1792 ; 
 returned to the ministry after Au- 
 gust 10, until Jan. 23, 1793 ; killed 
 himself on hearing of bis wife's exe- 
 cution. 164, 190, 208, 234, 244, 258 
 
 Romeuf, M. de, aide de camp of La 
 Fayette ; sent to arrest the Royal 
 Family. 375 
 
 Ronsin (Charles-Philippe), 1752—1794 ; 
 began life as a man of letters ; then 
 general in the army ; joined the 
 He"bertistes and was executed with 
 them. 328, 364 
 
 Rosbach, a village in Saxony between 
 Merseburg and Naumburg ; the 
 French were defeated here by 
 Frederic the Great, Nov. 5, 1787. 
 333 
 
 Rouen, the capital of the province of 
 Normandy. 234, 255 
 
 Rouen, bishop of, Cardinal Dominique 
 de la Rochefoucauld de Saint Elpis; 
 bishop 1759—1800; died at Mini- 
 ster. 135 
 
 Rouger, M. (Jean Pascal Rouger), 
 deputy from the Herault to the legis- 
 lative. 204 
 
 Rouille de l'Etang, M., Commissioner 
 of the Treasury. 78 
 
 Roume-St Laurent, M. , sent as Royal 
 commissary to St Domingo ; made a 
 commercial treaty with the United 
 States. 105, 115 
 
 Rousillon, a county in the South of 
 France ; joined to France by the 
 Treaty of tbe Pyrenees 1659. 359 
 
 Roveray, M. du, a Genoese sent with 
 Talleyrand and Chauvelin as an 
 embassy to England. 66, 169 
 
 Roye, a town in Picardie on the Arre. 
 285 
 
 Ruamps (Pierre Charles), deputy to the 
 legislative and the Convention ; 
 member of the Comite de surete" 
 generale ; a member of the Moun- 
 tain ; remained neutral during the 
 events of Thermidor; was condem- 
 ned for complicity in the rising of 
 1 Germinal ; but was amnestied and 
 died in obscurity. 370 
 
 Ruremonde, a town at the junction of 
 the Meuse and the Roer; from 1702 
 to 1793 capital of Austrian Guel- 
 ders. 258, 274 
 
 Russia, Empress of, Catherine II. ; 
 born May 2, 1729— died Nov. 17, 
 1796; daughter of the Prince of An- 
 halt-Zerbst ; married 1745, Charles 
 Peter Ulric, duke of Holstein Got- 
 torp, who succeeded his aunt Eliza- 
 beth, Empress of Russia. 105 
 
 Saarbruck, a town on the Sarre near 
 the French frontier ; formerly the 
 residence of tbe Princes of Nassau- 
 Saarbriick. 261 
 
 Saarlouis, a town on tbe Sarre ; built 
 by Louis XIV. in 1680 ; given to 
 Prussia in 1815. 264 
 
 Saillant (comte Dusaillant), M. de, 
 counter-revolutionist ; accused of 
 exciting conspiracy at Perpignan ; 
 procures the surrender of the castle 
 of Bannes ; killed July 1792. 200, 202 
 
 Sailly, a post between Bapaume and 
 Peronne. 284 
 
 Saint Domingo, an island at the en- 
 trance of the Gulf of Mexico ; dis- 
 covered by Columbus in 1492 and 
 called by him Hispaniola; the 
 western portion was seized by France 
 inl664,and called Haiti; the other half 
 remained Spanish till 1795, when it 
 was surrendered to France by the 
 peace of Bale ; an insurrection broke 
 out in 1791. 21, 33, 34, 45, 83, 88, 
 90, 102, 106, 108, 131, 134, 139, 146, 
 148, 179 
 
 Sainte M^ndhould, a town of the 
 Perthois ; formerly capital of the 
 Argonne. 97, 216', 245, 373 
 
 Saint Just (Louis Antoine de), 1767 — 
 1794; deputy to the Convention; 
 closely allied with Robespierre ; one 
 of the principal authors of the Terror ;
 
 INDEX. 
 
 397 
 
 guillotined with Kobespierre. 269, 
 353, 362 
 Salm-Kyrbourg (Frederick, Prince of), 
 1746_ 1794 ; he built a large hotel 
 at Paris ; which afterwards became 
 the palace of the legion of honour ; 
 he was guillotined during the Terror 
 as an aristocrat. 305 
 Santerre (Antoine Joseph), 1752 — 
 1809 ; a brewer ; commander of a 
 section of the national guard ; took 
 part in the emeute of the Champ de 
 Mars 1791 ; commander general of 
 the national guard ; died in retire- 
 ment. 203, 208, 278 
 Sardinia, King of, Victor Amadeus III., 
 born June 26, 1726 ; King of Sar- 
 dinia March 20, 1773 ; died October 
 16, 1796. 17, 20, 48, 49 
 Sausse, M. (Sauce), procureur of the 
 commune of Varennes in 1791. 373 
 Scherer (Barthelemi Louis Joseph), 
 1747—1804; made general in 1794; 
 served in the army of Italy ; minis- 
 ter of war in 1797 ; lost the battle 
 of Magnano in 1799. 368 
 Segneville, M. de, Secretaire a la 
 
 Conduite des Ambassadeurs. 15 
 Segur (Louis Philippe, comte de), 1753 
 — 1830 ; took part in the American 
 war ; ambassador to Kussia in 1784 ; 
 sent ambassador to Rome 1791, but 
 was dismissed ; failed in his embassy 
 to Prussia 1792 ; held high office 
 under Napoleon ; supported the 
 Revolution of July. 75, 76, 121, 
 130, 132, 133, 144, 147, 152, 153 
 Semonville (Charles Louis Huguet, 
 marquis de), 1759 — 1839; a diplo- 
 mat; sent to Belgium 1790, Genoa 
 1791, Turin, where he was not 
 received, 1792 ; imprisoned by the 
 Austrians 1792—1795; senator 1805; 
 took office under the Restoration. 
 176, 201 
 Senlis, a town in the lie de France. 285 
 Servan de Gerbey (Joseph), 1711 
 1808; wrote in the Encyclopedic ; 
 joined the Girondins; minister of 
 war under Roland ; imprisoned in 
 the Abbaye 1793. L82, 190, 193, 
 205, 208 
 Sevres (Seve), a town on the left bank 
 of the Seine; famous for the manu- 
 facture of porcelain, established 
 there in 1750. 56, 187 
 Sieves, abbe (Emmanuel Joseph, after- 
 wards comte), 1748—1836; author 
 of Qu'est-ce que le tiers §tai '.' L789 ; 
 a prominent member of the States 
 General, and of the Convention ; 
 invented the consular constitution ; 
 
 served under Napoleon. 71, 81, 82, 
 83, 361, 367 
 
 Simolin, M., Russian ambassador at 
 Paris. 49, 100, 105, 147, 154 
 
 Soissons, capital of the Soissonnais, 
 one of the ten pays of the He de 
 France. 196,233,245 
 
 Soleure, on the Aar ; capital of a 
 canton of Switzerland. 331 
 
 Sombreuil (Charles Francois Ven it, 
 marquis de), 1727 — 1794; governor 
 of the Invalides ; imprisoned at the 
 Abbaye, and saved during the mas- 
 sacres of September by the devotion 
 of his daughter (Marie-Mantille), 
 1774_1823. 228 
 
 Sospello, a town in the Maritime Alps 
 on the Bevena ; the French heat the 
 Piedmontese here in 1793. 258 
 
 Spire, bishop of, Damianus Augustus 
 Philip Charles of Limburg-Styrum ; 
 bishop 1770—1797. 52, 70 
 
 Spires, a town in Rhenish Bavaria ; 
 formerly an important imperial city. 
 369 
 
 Stael-Holstein (Anne Louise Germaine 
 Necker, baronne de), 17615 — 1817; 
 daughter of the banker Necke] ; 
 married the Swedish ambassador; 
 retired to Switzerland after I he 
 massacres of September ; was exiled 
 by Napoleon, and went to (urmany; 
 resided at Coppet on the lake of 
 Geneva ; returned to Paris at the 
 Restoration. 255 
 
 Stael-Holstein (( lui Marquis,Baron of), 
 1749—1802 ; Swedish Ambassador 
 in France 1783 ; married Mile 
 Necker 1786 ; welcomed the Revolu- 
 tion : was recalled 1792; returned in 
 1795 and was again recalled in 1 7 ' ' '. » - 
 9 n., 15, 150 
 
 Stanhope, Lord, president of tin 
 ciety of Friends of the Revolution ; 
 Charles Earl Stanhope 1753 1816 ; 
 educated at Geneva; married Pitt's 
 sister; a man of deep and various 
 attainments; a strong Liberal. L8 
 
 St Arold (St Avoid), a town in Lor- 
 raine. 21(1. 215 
 
 St Cloud, a \ illage on the Seine ; about 
 five miles X. E. of Versaill* i. The 
 domain was given by Louis XIV. to 
 his brother the Duke of Orleans 
 who built the palace about 1658; it 
 was bought bj Marie Antoinette in 
 1789, and was restored bj Napoleon; 
 it was burnt by the G in > s 7i . 
 
 26, 80, 81 
 
 Ste Brioe, Madame de, saved b; I 
 in the massacres of September. '-"-' s . 
 232
 
 398 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ste Croix, M. de, a French diplomat. 
 69, 149, 160 
 
 St Denys, the Abbey church was built 
 between 1130 arid 1285. 285 
 
 St Dizier, a town in Champagne on 
 the Marne. 245, 248 
 
 Ste Foy, M. de, destined to accompany 
 the embassy to England, Jan. 1792. 
 150 
 
 St Elme, a frontier fortress of France 
 in the Eastern Pyrenees. 359 
 
 Stenay, a town belonging to the house 
 of Conde near Montme'dy on the 
 Meuse. 236, 376 
 
 St Germain-en-Laye, a town not far 
 from Versailles on a height above 
 the Seine ; the palace was built by 
 Charles V. in 1370. 302 
 
 Stockholm, capital of Sweden. 22, 
 206 
 
 St Omer. on the Aa ; a town in Artois, 
 famous for its Jesuit College. 284 
 
 St Pol, Bishop of, Jean Francois de la 
 Marche; bishop 1772—1802; died 
 in London Nov. 25, 1806. 61 
 
 Strasburg, on the Ehine ; during the 
 middle ages a free town of the 
 Empire governed by its bishoj) ; it 
 embraced Protestantism at the lie- 
 formation ; Louis XIV. annexed it 
 in 1681 ; it was the capital of Alsace 
 till 1790. 21, 44, 59, 68, 76, 78, 
 221, 264, 324, 326, 330, 344 
 
 Sturt, Miss, married M. Huber. 78 
 
 Stuttgard, the capital of Wiirtemberg. 
 51, 60, 62 
 
 Sundgau, the southern part of Alsace 
 containing Be"fort and Huningue. 
 It belonged for some time to Austria, 
 after the rest of Alsace was French. 
 334 
 
 Talleyrand, M. de ; see Autun, Bishop 
 of. 
 
 Tallien (Jean Lambert), 1769—1820; 
 member of the Jacobin Club ; took 
 part in the massacres of September, 
 and directed those of Bordeaux; 
 attacked Bobespierre ; member of 
 the Comite du Salut Public ; after- 
 wards became more moderate ; fol- 
 lowed Bonaparte to Egypt ; after 
 1802 lived in obscurity. 319, 370 
 
 Talmont, Prince de (Antoine Philippe 
 de la Tre'rnouille), aide de camp of 
 the comte d' Artois in 1792 ; joined 
 the Vendean insurrection in 1793 ; 
 he fled after the defeat of Mans, 
 bitt was arrested and executed at 
 Laval in 1794. 368 
 
 Tangiers, a port on the Atlantic be- 
 longing to the Empire of Morocco ; 
 
 belonged to the Portuguese from 
 1472 to 1662 ; it came into English 
 hands as part of the dowry of 
 Catherine of Braganza 1662, and 
 remained till 1684. 34 
 Tarascon, a town on the Rhone ; not 
 far from Aries. 85 
 
 Tarbe, M. (Louis Hardouin), ministre 
 des contributions publics 1791 ; 
 afterwards minister of finance ; es- 
 caped with difficulty after August 10, 
 1792 ; died 1806. 92 
 
 Tarente, Madame de, dame d'hon- 
 neur to Marie Antoinette ; massacred 
 in September 1792. 221, 224 
 
 Ternant, chevalier de, ambassador 
 from France to the United States. 
 69, 93 
 
 Terrier de Monciel (Antoine Marie 
 Rene'), 1757—1831 ; minister of the 
 interior June 18, 1792 ; emigrated ; 
 returned to France in 1806. 192, 
 201 
 
 The'venard(Antoine Jean Marie, comte), 
 1733 — 1815; naval officer ; minister 
 of the marine, May 16 — September 
 17, 1791 ; took office under the Em- 
 pire. 87, 102, 111 
 
 Tbionville (Diedenhoven), a fortress 
 on the Moselle ; belonged successively 
 to Luxemburg, Burgundy, Austria 
 and Spain ; taken by Conde - in 1643 ; 
 and remained French ; besieged by 
 the Prussians in 1792. 216, 235, 
 238, 247 
 
 Thuin, a town of Hainault on the 
 Sambre not far from Charleroi. 365 
 
 Thuriot-Larosiere (Jacques Alexis), 
 deputy to the legislative and the 
 Convention ; member of the Comite 
 du Salut Public ; presided at the 
 famous sitting of 9 Thermidor; 
 served under Napoleon ; after the 
 Revolution settled down as a lawyer 
 at Liege. 164 
 
 Tippoo Saib, 1749—1799 ; Rajah of My- 
 sore ; fought against the Mahrattas 
 1775—1779, and against the English 
 1780—1782 ; succeeded 1783 ; fell at 
 the siege of Seringapatam 1799. 
 51, 52 
 
 Tobago, discovered by Columbus in 
 1498 ; claimed by the English in 
 1580, and 1608 ; given by Charles I. 
 in 1645 to James Duke of Courland; 
 Dutch settled in the island also ; in 
 1662 the island was claimed by the 
 French ; in 1748 the island was 
 declared neutral, but in 1763 was 
 ceded to the English ; in 1781 it 
 was captured by the French and 
 secured to them in 1783 ; in 1793 it
 
 INDEX. 
 
 3D 9 
 
 was taken by the English and se- 
 cured to them in 1814. 9, 10, 31, 
 60, 77, 78, 145, 154, 188, 199 
 Touchet (Souchez), a post between 
 
 Be"thune and Arras. 284 
 Toul, an imperial town governed by 
 sovereign bishops; one of the three 
 bishoprics seized by Henri II. in 
 1552 ; secured to France by the 
 Treaty of Westphalia 1648. 30 
 Toulon, the principal arsenal of France 
 in the Mediterranean ; it owes its 
 magnificence to Louis XIV. ; it was 
 delivered up to the English for a 
 short time in 1793. 18, 32, 34, 36, 
 37, 262, 319, 328, 332, 345, 352, 
 359 
 Toulouse has been the capital of the 
 kingdom of the Visigoths; of the 
 duchy of Aquitaine, and of the 
 county of Toulouse. 37, 65, 76 
 Tournay, a town of Belgian Hainault 
 on the Scheldt ; it was lost by 
 France in 1709 ; retaken in 1745 ; 
 given up in 1748 ; taken again in 
 1792; restored to the Low Countries 
 in 1814. 182, 185 
 Tour-Taxis, Prince de; the family is of 
 Italian origin; united the titles of 
 Torre, and Tasso near Bergamo. 
 They were post-masters of the empire 
 from an early period. 72 
 Tourzelle (Louise Elisabeth Felicite 
 Francoise de Croy d'Havro, marquise 
 and afterwards duchesse de), 1748 — 
 L832 ; in 1789 succeeded Madame de 
 Polignac as gouvernante des enfants 
 "de France ; accompanied the Queen 
 in the flight to Varennes and to the 
 Temple; arrested in 1793, 1794, 
 1795 ; exiled during the Empire ; 
 made duchess by Louis XVI. 224, 
 228, 232 
 Treguier, Bishop of, Augustin Louis 
 Ren6 le Mointier, 1780—1801 ; died 
 at London. 61 
 Treilhard (Jean Baptiste, comte), 1712 
 — 1810 ; deputy to the States General 
 1789 ; presided over the trial of 
 Louis XVI. ; refused the ministry of 
 justice L796; member of the Direc- 
 tory May 15, 1798 ; minister of State 
 and comte in 1808 ; took a large 
 share in preparing the Code Civil. 
 27(1 
 Tremblay, M., commissioner of the 
 
 treasury. 78 
 Treves, a town on the Moselle; capital 
 of a spiritual electorate from 1356 to 
 1794. 73, 264 
 Trist, Mr, an Englishman. 161 
 Trompette, Chateau; a castle at Bor- 
 
 deaux built by Charles VII. and 
 
 destroyed in 1817. 319 
 Tronchin, M., minister from Geneva to 
 
 the court of Versailles. 17!l 
 Troyes, formerly capital of the county 
 
 of Champagne. 255 
 Truguet(Laurent Jean Francois, comte) , 
 
 1752 — 1839; a distinguished sailor; 
 
 fought in America under D'Estaing 
 
 and deGrasse; commanded a squadron 
 
 in 1792; minister of marine under 
 
 the Directory in 1795. 179 
 Turin, the capital of Piedmont ; a 
 
 favourite residence of the emigre's. 
 
 10, 48, 65, 367 
 
 Ukraine, an expression meaning frontier 
 in Polish; the Russian Ukraine was 
 conquered from Poland in 1667 and 
 1686; the PoliskUkraine in 1793. 68 
 
 Ulm, formerly a fortress of the Ger- 
 man confederation, now belonging 
 to Wurtemberg. 94 
 
 Uzes, a town in Bas-Languedoc, not far 
 from Nimes. 65 
 
 Val-de-Grace, a Benedictine convent 
 founded by Anne of Austria as a 
 thanksgiving for the birth of Louis 
 XIV. under the name of Val-de- 
 Grace de Notre-Dame de la Crfiche; 
 built between 1645 and 1665; it be- 
 came a military hospital under the 
 Empire. 99 
 
 Valence (CyrusMarie Alexandre de Tim- 
 brune, comte de), 1757—1822; mar- 
 ried daughter of Madame de Genlis; 
 deputy to the States General; served 
 under Luckncr and Dumouriez; 
 commanded the reserve at Valniy; 
 deserted with Dumouriez ; returned 
 to France in 1799: served under 
 Napoleon and Louis XVIII. 197 
 
 Valenciennes, capital of French 1 1 
 nault; became French in 1677. 68, 
 181, 182, is l, L88, 204 
 
 Vahny, a village of the Perthois near 
 S tc M< n. luiuld when- the duke of 
 Brunswick was defeated by Keller- 
 mann Sept. 20, 1792. 25I 
 
 Vandemont, Princesse de. l s 7 
 
 Van-der-Noot (Henry Charles Nicolas), 
 1735—1827; raised the insurrection 
 of the Belgian patriots against the 
 Austrian governmenl in 1789; he 
 
 was (lei'eate 1 ; ret m 111 d to Bi I [ium 
 
 in 1797 and died in obscurity. 29 
 Vannes, a small sea-port town in 
 
 Brittany. < i 1 
 Var, a river in the south of Fi 
 
 which formerly divided Provi 
 
 from Nice. 185, 266
 
 400 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Yarennes en Argonne, the town where 
 Louis XVI. was arrested June 22, 
 1791. 373, 374, 376 
 
 Vaucluse, the French department which 
 contains Avignon. 84 
 
 Vayne, M. de, commissioner of the 
 public treasury. 78 
 
 Venaissin, le Comtat. See Comtat. 
 
 Venice, an Italian republic on the 
 Adriatic. 49, 02 
 
 Verdun, formerly capital of the bishop- 
 ric and county of Verdun ; one of the 
 three bishopries conquered by Henry 
 II. in 1552. 30, 216, 221, 225, 232, 
 235, 241, 242 
 
 Vergniaud, M. (Pierre Victurnien), 
 1753—1793; administrator of the 
 department of the Gironde 1790; 
 elected to the legislative 1791; be- 
 came a distinguished member of the 
 Girondist party; executed October 
 31, 1793. 149 
 
 Versailles, the favourite seat of the 
 French court ; Louis XIV. dwelt in 
 the Chateau from 1672, and the 
 court was established there in 1682. 
 41, 56, 69, 84 
 
 Vibraye, M. de, diplomat ; minister of 
 France to Sweden and Denmark; 
 remained faithful to the king. 75, 
 135, 172 
 
 Vienna (Wien), capital of Austria. 24, 
 62 
 
 Villages, M. de, commandant de la 
 station at St Domingo. 87 
 
 Villars, M., diplomatist; minister at 
 Mayence and Genoa. 172 
 
 Villette (Charles, marquis de), 1756 — 
 1793 ; served in the seven years war ; 
 a friend of Voltaire, who died in 
 his house; was deputy to the Con- 
 vention. 280 
 
 Villette, La, a suburb of Paris to the 
 North. 54 
 
 Vincennes, a short distance from Paris; 
 the Chateau was built by Philip 
 Augustus, and was a royal residence 
 till Louis XIII. 67, 68, 70 
 Vincent (Francois Nicolas), 1767 — 
 1794 ; revolutionary agent ; mem- 
 ber of the club of Cordeliers; took 
 part in August 10; perished with 
 the He"bertists. 328 
 Vitry le Francois, a town of the 
 Perthois in Champagne; founded by 
 Francis I. in 1545 to receive the 
 inhabitants of Vitry le Brule, burnt 
 by Louis VII. and Charles V. 240, 
 245 
 
 Vivarois, a district of France with 
 capital Viviers ; became part of the 
 royal domain in 1229. 32 
 
 Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet de), 
 born 1694 ; died May 30, 1778. 105 
 
 Waldeck, Prince of, a general in the 
 Austrian service; killed September 
 1792. 247 
 
 Walkiers, Edouard de ; Belgian officer 
 who took part in the Belgian revo- 
 lution. 177, 182 
 
 Weissemburg ; the lines of Weissemburg 
 extended in front of the river Lauter 
 from Weissemburg to Lauterburg. 
 They were erected by the Austrians 
 and occupied by the French, who 
 were driven from them by Wiirmser 
 in 1793 ; they soon recovered them 
 under Hoche and Pichegru. 330 
 
 Wilseek, Cte de, minister of the 
 Emperor in Lombardy. 343 
 
 Wimpfen (Felix de), 1745—1814; 
 served in America; deputy of the 
 nobility to the States General; 
 defended Thionville against the 
 Prussians; commanded the coast 
 of Cherbourg; general of the army 
 of Calvados in favour of the Giron- 
 dins, but had little success; served 
 under the Empire. 318 
 
 Wittenkopf, General, commanding the 
 troops of Nagor. 158 
 
 Wittgenstein, M. de, lieutenant general 
 commanding the second military 
 division in April 1792; superseded 
 by General Montesquiou. 171 
 
 Worms, an imperial town from the 
 11th century; now belonging to 
 Hesse Darmstadt ; it became part 
 of the French Empire in 1802. 94 
 
 Wiirmser (Dagobert Sigismund, comte 
 de), 1724—1797; an Austrian general 
 of Alsatian origin ; he fought in the 
 seven years war, and died soon 
 after his ineffectual defence of Man- 
 tua against Napoleon in 1797. 330, 
 333 
 
 Wurtemberg, Duke of (Charles Eugene) , 
 from 1737 to 1793. 70, 72 
 
 Yriarte, M., Spanish Minister in Paris, 
 190 
 
 Zurich, a town in Switzerland, capital 
 of a Canton ; situated on the lake of 
 Zurich, and on the Limmat; it 
 joined the Swiss confederation in 
 1351. 335 
 
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 — Spectator. 
 
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 " Auf Grund dieser Quellen ist der Text Quarterly Review (Jan. 1881). 
 
 bei Swete mit musterhafter Akribie h "Ilernn Swete's I tune ist eine so 
 
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 solchen I '■ crwartet gelehri u (Sept. 1881). 
 werden kSnnen. . . . Von dun drei Haupt- 
 
 Volume II., containing the Commentary on i Thcssalonians — 
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 1 ieisses." — Theologische •Literaturzeitung parmi on appreciera surtout un 1 
 
 (Sept. 23, 1882). oeuvres dogmatiqu 
 
 "Mitdeiselben Sorgfalt bearbeitet die wir I dee d'une n ou 
 
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 THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 9 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN CLASSICS, &c. 
 
 SOPHOCLES : The Plays and Fragments, with Critical 
 
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 the poet, as not so many years ago would have No man is better fitted to express in relation to 
 
 needed a small library, and all this instruction Sophocles the mind of the present generation." 
 
 and assistance given, not in a dull and pedantic — The Saturday Review. 
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 AESCHYLI FABULAE.— IKETIAES XOHTOPOI IN 
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 Aeschylus, etc. and J. E. Sandys, M.A. Fellow and Tutor of St John's 
 College, and Public Orator in the University of Cambridge. 
 
 Part I. Contra Phormionem, Lacritum, Pantaenetum, Boeotum 
 de Nomine, Boeotum de Dote, Dionysodorum. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 "Mr Paley's scholarship is sound and literature which bears upon his author, and 
 
 accurate, his experience of editing wide, and the elucidation of matters of daily life, in the 
 
 if he is content to devote his learning and delineation of which Demosthenes is so rich, 
 
 abilities to, the production of such manuals obtains full justice at his hands. . . . We 
 
 as these, they will be received with gratitude hope this edition may lead the way to a more 
 
 throughout the higher schools of the country. general study of these speeches in schools 
 
 Mr Sandys is deeply read in the German than has hitherto been possible." — Academy. 
 
 Part II. Pro Phormione, Contra Stephanum I. II.; Nicostra- 
 tum, Cononem, Calliclem. Crown 8vo. js. 6d. 
 
 " It is long since we have come upon a work mosthenes '." — Saturday Review. 
 
 evincing more pains, scholarship, and varied " the edition reflects cred.it on 
 
 research and illustration than Mr Sandys's Cambridge scholarship, and ought to be ex- 
 contribution to the 'Private Orations of De- tensively used." — Athenceum. 
 
 DEMOSTHENES AGAINST ANDROTION AND 
 
 AGAINST TIMOCRATES, with Introductions and English Com- 
 mentary, by William Wayte, M.A., la,te Professor of Greek, Uni- 
 versity College, London. Crown 8vo. js. 6d. 
 
 "These speeches are highly interesting, as prehended subject matter .... Besides a most 
 
 illustrating Attic Law, as that law was in- lucid and interesting introduction, Mr Wayte 
 
 fluenced by the exigences of politics . . . As has given the student effective help in his 
 
 vigorous examples of the great orator's style, running commentary. We may note, as being 
 
 they are worthy of all admiration ; and they so well managed as to form a very valuable 
 
 have the advantage — not inconsiderable when part of the exegesis, the summaries given with 
 
 the actual attainments of the average school- every two or three sections throughout the 
 
 boy are considered — of having an easily com- speech." — Spectator. 
 
 PLATO'S PH/EDO, literally translated, by the late E. M. 
 Cope, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, revised by Henry 
 JACKSON, Litt. D., Fellow of Trinity College. Demy 8vo. 5-r. 
 
 London : C. J . Cla y & Son, Cambridge University Press Warehouse, 
 
 Ave Maria Lane.
 
 THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. u 
 
 THE TYPES OF GREEK COINS. By Percy Gardner, 
 
 Litt. D., F.S.A., Disney Professor of Archaeology. With 16 Autotype 
 plates, containing photographs of Coins of all parts of the Greek World. 
 Impl. 4to. Cloth extra, £l. i is. 6d.; Roxburgh (Morocco back), £1. is. 
 
 "Professor Gardner's book is written with is less purely and dryly scientific. Neverthe- 
 
 such lucidity and in a manner so straightfor- less, it takes high rank as proceeding upon a 
 
 ward that it may well win converts, and it may truly scientific basis at the same time that it 
 
 be distinctly recommended to that omnivorous treats the subject of numismatics in an attrac- 
 
 class of readers — 'men in the schools.' The his- tive style and is elegant enough to justify its 
 
 tory of ancient coins is so interwoven with and appearance in the drawing-room .... Six- 
 
 so vividly illustrates the history of ancient States, teen autotype plates reproduce with marvellous 
 
 that students of Thucydides and Herodotus can- reality more than six hundred types of picked 
 
 not afford to neglect Professor Gardner's intro- specimens of coins in every style, from the 
 
 duction to Hellenic numismatics." — Saturday cabinets of the British Museum and other col- 
 
 Review. lections. — Athcnieum. 
 
 ' The Types of Greek Coins ' is a work which 
 
 THE BACCHAE OF EURIPIDES. With Introduction, 
 Critical Notes, and Archaeological Illustrations, by J. E. Sandys, 
 M.A., Fellow and Tutor of St John's College, Cambridge, and Public 
 Orator. New and Enlarged Edition. Crown 8vo. 12s. 6d. 
 
 "Of the present edition of the Bacclue by Mr able advance in freedom and lightness of style. 
 Sandys we may safely say that never before has . . . Under such circumstances it is superfluous 
 a Greek play, in England at least, had fuller to say that for the purposes of teachers and ad- 
 justice done to its criticism, interpretation, vanced students this handsome edition far sur- 
 and archaeological illustration, whether for the passes all its predecessors." — Atheiuruiu. 
 young student or the more advanced scholar. " It has not, like so many such books, been 
 The Cambridge Public Orator may be said to hastily produced to meet the momentary need 
 have taken the lead in issuing a complete edi- of some particular examination ; but it has em- 
 tion of a Greek play, which is destined perhaps ployed for some years the labour and thought 
 to gain redoubled favour now that the study of of a highly finished scholar, whose aim seems 
 ancient monuments has been applied to its il- to have been that his book should go forth totus 
 lustration." — Saturday Review. teres atque rotundus, armed at all points with 
 
 "The volume is interspersed with well- all that may throw light upon its subject. The 
 
 executed woodcuts, and its general attractive- result is a work which will not only assist the 
 
 ness of form reflects great credit on the Uni- schoolboy or undergraduate in his tasks, but 
 
 versity Press. In the notes Mr Sandys has more will adorn the library of the scholar." — Tlit 
 
 than sustained his well-earned reputation as a Guardian. 
 careful and learned editor, and shows consider- 
 
 ESSAYS ON THE ART OF PHEIDIAS. By C. Wald- 
 STEIN, M.A., Phil. D., Reader in Classical Archaeology in the 
 University of Cambridge. Royal Svo. With numerous Illustrations. 
 1 6 Plates. Buckram, 30^. 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS AD. M. BRUTUM ORATOR. 
 
 A revised text edited with Introductory Essays and with critical 
 and explanatory notes, by J. E. Sandys, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of 
 St John's College, and Public Orator. Demy Svo. 16s. 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS DE FINIBUS BONORUM 
 
 ET MALORUM LIBRI QUINQUE. The text revised and 
 
 explained ; With a Translation by JAMES S. REID, Litt. D., Fellow 
 
 and Tutor of Gonville and Caius College. 3 Vols. [In the Press. 
 
 VOL. III. Containing the Translation. Demy Svo. Ss. 
 
 M. T. CICERONIS DE OFFICIIS LIBRI TRES, 
 
 with Marginal Analysis, an English Commentary, and copious 
 Indices, by H. A. Holden, LL.D., late Fellow of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. gs. 
 
 "Dr Holden has issued an edition of what assumed after two most thorough revisions, 
 is perhaps the easiest and most popular of leaves little or nothing to be desired in the lull- 
 Cicero's philosophical works, the de Officii*, ness and accuracy of its treatment alike of the 
 
 which, especially in the form which it has now matter and the language."— Ac ademy. 
 
 M. TVLLI CICERONIS PRO C RABIRIO [PERDVEL- 
 LIONIS REO] ORATIO AD QVIR1TES With Notes Introduc- 
 tion and Appendices by W E HE! i LAND MA, Fellow and Lecturer 
 of St John's College, Cambridge. Demy Svo. "js. 6d. 
 
 London: C. J. Clay &> Soy, Cambridge University Press Warehouse, 
 
 Ave Maria Lane.
 
 12 
 
 PUBLICATIONS OF 
 
 M. TULLII CICERONIS DE NATURA DEORUM 
 
 Libri Ties, with Introduction and Commentary by Joseph B. 
 Mayor, M.A., late Professor of Moral Philosophy at King's Col- 
 lege, London, together with a new collation of several of the English 
 MSS. by J. H. Swainson, M.A. 
 Vol. I. Demy 8vo. \os. 6d. Vol. II. 12s. 6d. Vol. III. I or. 
 
 ' Such editions as that of which Prof. Mayor jetzt, nachdem der grosste Theil erschienen 
 
 has given us the first instalment will doubtless 
 do much to remedy this undeserved neglect. It 
 is one on which great pains and much learning 
 have evidently been expended, and is in every 
 way admirably suited to meet the needs of the 
 student . . . The notes of the editor are all that 
 could be expected from his well-known learn- 
 ing and scholarship." — Academy. 
 
 " Der vorliegende zweite Band enthalt 
 N. D. 11. und zeigt ebenso wie der erste einen 
 erheblichen Fortschritt gegen die bisher vor- 
 handenen commentirten Ausgaben. Man darf 
 
 P. VERGILI MARONIS OPERA cum Prolegomenis 
 et Commentario Critico pro Syndicis Preli Academici edidit Ben- 
 jamin Hall Kennedy, S.T.P., Graecae Linguae Professor Regius. 
 Extra Fcap. 8vo. 5s. 
 
 ist, sagen, dass niemand, welcher sich sachlich 
 oder kritisch mit der Schrift De Nat. Deor. 
 beschaftigt, die neue Ausgabe wird ignoriren 
 diirfen." — P. Schwencke in JB. f. cl. Alt. 
 vol. 35, p. 90 foil. 
 
 " NelP edizione sua e piu compiuto, che in 
 qualunque altra edizione anteriore, e in parte 
 nuove, non meno 1' apparato critico dal testo 
 che 1' esame ed il commento del contenuto del 
 libro." — R. Bonghi in Nuova Antologia, Oct. 
 1881, pp. 717-731. 
 
 MATHEMATICS, PHYSICAL SCIENCE, ftc. 
 
 MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS. By 
 Sir W. THOMSON, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., Professor of Natural Phi- 
 losophy in the University of Glasgow. Collected from different 
 Scientific Periodicals from May 1841, to the present time. Vol. I. 
 Demy 8vo. i8j. Vol.11. 15^. [Volume III. In the Pi-ess. 
 
 "Wherever exact science has found a fol- — The Times. 
 lower Sir William Thomson's name is known as "We are convinced that nothing has had a 
 
 a leader and a master. For a space of 40 years greater effect on the progress of the theories of 
 
 each of his successive contributions to know- 
 ledge in the domain of experimental and mathe- 
 matical physics has been recognized as marking 
 a stage in the progress of the subject. But, un- 
 happily for the mere learner, he is no writer of 
 text-books. His eager fertility overflows into 
 the nearest available journal . . . The papers in 
 this volume deal largely with the subject of the 
 dynamics of heat. They begin with two or 
 three articles which were in part written at the 
 age of 17, before the author had commenced 
 residence as an undergraduate in Cambridge." 
 
 electricity and magnetism during the last ten 
 years than the publication of Sir W. Thomson's 
 reprint of papers on electrostatics and magnet- 
 ism, and we believe that the present volume is 
 destined in no less degree to further the ad- 
 vancement of physical science. We owe the 
 modern dynamical theory of heat almost wholly 
 to Joule and Thomson, and Clausius and Ran- 
 kine, and we have here collected together the 
 whole of Thomson's investigations on this sub- 
 ject, together with the papers published jointly 
 by himself and Joule." — Glasgow Herald. 
 
 MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL PAPERS, by 
 George Gabriel Stokes, M.A., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., Fellow of 
 Pembroke College, and Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in the 
 University of Cambridge. Reprinted from the Original Journals and 
 Transactions, with Additional Notes by the Author. Vol. I. Demy 
 8vo. 15-r. Vol. II. 15J. [Volume III. In the Press. 
 
 The volume of Professor Stokes's papers necessary, dissertations. There nothing is 
 
 slurred over, nothing extenuated. We learn 
 exactly the weaknesses of the theory, and 
 the direction in which the completer theory of 
 the future must be sought for. The same spirit 
 pervades the papers on pure mathematics which 
 are included in the volume. They have a severe 
 accuracy of style which well befits the subtle 
 nature of the subjects, and inspires the com- 
 pletestconfidenceintheirauthor." — The Times. 
 
 contains much more than his hydrodynamical 
 papers. The undulatory theory of light is 
 treated, and the difficulties connected with its 
 application to certain phenomena, such as aber- 
 ration, are carefully examined and resolved. 
 Such difficulties are commonly passed over with 
 scant notice in the text-books . . . Those to 
 whom difficulties like these are real stumbling- 
 blocks will still turn for enlightenment to Pro- 
 fessor Stokes's old, but still fresh and still 
 
 A HISTORY OF THE MATHEMATICAL THEORY 
 OF ELASTICITY, from Galilei to the present time. By the late 
 I. Todhunter, D. Sc, F.R.S., edited and completed by Karl 
 PEARSON, M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. 
 
 [In the Press. 
 
 Lcfidon : C. J. Cla v cV 
 
 So.v, Cambridge University Press Warehouse, 
 Ave Maria Lane.
 
 THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 13 
 
 THE SCIENTIFIC PAPERS OF THE LATE PROF. 
 J. CLERK MAXWELL. Edited by W. D. Niven, M.A. In 2 vols. 
 Royal 4to. [In the Press. 
 
 A TREATISE ON NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. By 
 Sir W. Thomson, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., Professor of Natural 
 Philosophy in the University of Glasgow, and P. G. TAIT, M.A., 
 Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh. 
 Parti. Demy Svo. 16s. Part II. Demy 8vo. iSs. 
 
 "In this, the second edition, we notice a form within the time at our disposal would be 
 large amount of new matter, the importance of utterly inadequate." — Mature. 
 which is such that any opinion which we could 
 
 ELEMENTS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. By Pro- 
 fessors Sir W. Thomson and P. G. Tait. Part I. Demy Svo. 
 Second Edition. <^s. 
 
 A SHORT HISTORY OF GREEK MATHEMATICS. 
 By J. Gow, Litt.D., Fellow of Trinity College. Demy Svo. \os. 6d. 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE THEORY OF DETERMI- 
 nants and their applications in Analysis and Geometry, by R. F. 
 Scott, M.A., Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. Demy Svo. 
 
 I2S. 
 
 HYDRODYNAMICS, a Treatise on the Mathematical 
 Theory of the Motion of Fluids, by HORACE Lamb, M.A., formerly 
 Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Demy Svo. 12s. 
 
 THE ANALYTICAL THEORY OF HEAT, by Joseph 
 
 Fourier. Translated, with Notes, by A. FREEMAN, M.A., Fellow 
 of St John's College, Cambridge. Demy Svo. 16s. 
 
 DIOPHANTOS OF ALEXANDRIA; a Study in the 
 History of Greek Algebra. By T. L. HEATH, B.A., Fellow of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge. Demy Svo. ys. 6d. 
 
 THE ELECTRICAL RESEARCHES OF THE Honour- 
 able HENRY Cavendish, F.R.S. Written between 1771 and 1781. 
 Edited from the original manuscripts in the possession of the Duke 
 of Devonshire, K. G., by the late J. CLERK Maxwell, F.R.S. 
 Demy Svo. iSj. 
 
 "Every department of editorial duty ap- faction to Prof. Maxwell to see this goodly 
 pears to have been most conscientiously per- volume completed before his life's work was 
 formed ; and it must have been no small s.ui^- done."— A thciiu-um. 
 
 AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE on QUATERNIONS. 
 By P. G. Tait, M.A., Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh. Second Edition. Demy Svo. \\s. 
 
 THE MATHEMATICAL WORKS OF ISAAC PAR- 
 ROW, D.D. Edited by W. WHEWELL, D.D. Demy Svo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 AN ATTEMPT TO TEST Till': THEORIES OF 
 
 CAPILLARY ACTION by FRANCIS BASHFORTH, B.D., and 
 J. C. Adams, M.A., F.R.S. Demy 410. £1. is. 
 
 NOTES ON QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS. Concise and 
 Explanatory. By H. J. H. I-'i NTON, M.A., F.I.< , F.i J., D< mon- 
 strator of Chemistry in the University of Cambridge. Cr. in>. 7 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS, 
 by S. H. Vines, M.A., Fellow of Christ's Coll. \ arly r< 
 
 COUNTERPOINT. A Practical Course of Study, by Pro- 
 fessor Sir G. A. MACFARREN, M.A., Mus. Doc. Fifth Edition, 
 revised. Demy 4to. 7s. 6d. 
 
 London: C.J. Clay &* S \mbridge University Press Warehouse, 
 
 . 1 ve Maria Lane.
 
 14 PUBLICATIONS OF 
 
 A TREATISE ON THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF 
 
 CHEMISTRY, by M. M. Pattison Muir, M.A., Fellow and Prae- 
 lector in Chemistry of Gonville and Caius College. Demy 8vo. 15^. 
 
 "Properly to review this excellent book on Dr Tilden's ' Introduction to Chemical Philo- 
 
 philosophical chemistry 1 should have to ask sophy', an admirable book in its way, but rather 
 
 for half-a-dozen pages of the Academy. To slender. Mr Pattison Muir having aimed at a 
 
 give a notion of its scope and of its treatment more comprehensive scheme, has produced a 
 
 of the important topics discussed in its 470 systematic treatise on the principles of chemical 
 
 pages, I might quote the Preface in its en- philosophy which stands far in advance of any 
 
 tirety, and give a precis of the table of con- kindred work in our language. It is a treatise 
 
 tents . . . The value of the book as a digest of that requires for its due comprehension a fair 
 
 the historical developments of chemical thought acquaintance with physical science, and it can 
 
 is immense." — Academy. hardly be placed with advantage in the hands 
 
 "Theoretical Chemistry has moved so rapidly -of any one who does not possess an extended 
 
 of late years that most of our ordinary text knowledge of descriptive chemistry. But the 
 
 books have been left far behind. German advanced student whose mind is well equipped 
 
 students, to be sure, possess an excellent guide with an array of chemical and physical facts 
 
 to the present state of the science in 'Die can turn to Mr Muir's masterly volume for 
 
 Modernen Theorien der Chemie' of Prof. unfailing help in acquiring a knowledge of the 
 
 Lothar Meyer ; but in this country the student principles of modern chemistry." — Athenaum. 
 has had to content himself with such works as 
 
 THE FOSSILS AND PALyEONTOLOGICAL AFFIN- 
 ITIES OF THE NEOCOMIAN DEPOSITS OF UPWARE 
 AND BRICKHILL with Plates, being the Sedgwick Prize Essay 
 for the Year 1879. By W. Keeping, M.A., F.G.S. Demy 8vo. ioj. 6d. 
 
 A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS AND PAPERS ON PRO- 
 TOZOA, CCELENTERATES, WORMS, and certain smaller groups 
 of animals, published during the years 1861 — 1883, by D'Arcy W. 
 Thompson, B.A., Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge. Demy 8vo. 
 
 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS made at the Obser- 
 vatory of Cambridge by the late Rev. James Challis, M.A., F.R.S., 
 F.R.A.S. For various Years, from 1846 to i860. 
 
 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS from 1861 to 1865. 
 Vol. XXI. Royal 4to. i$s. From 1866 to 1869. Vol. XXII. 
 Royal 4to. [Nearfy ready. 
 
 A CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTION OF BIRDS 
 
 formed by the late H. E. Strickland, now in the possession of the 
 University of Cambridge. By O. Salvin, M.A. Demy8vo. £i.is. 
 A CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN FOSSILS (in- 
 cluding Tasmania and the Island of Timor), Stratigraphically and 
 Zoologically arranged, by R. Etheridge, Jun., F.G.S. , Acting Palae- 
 ontologist, H.M. Geol. Survey of Scotland. Demy 8vo. ioj. 6d. 
 
 "The work is arranged with great clearness, consulted by the author, and an index to the 
 and contains a full list of the books and papers genera." — Saturday Review. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, 
 VERTEBRATE AND INVERTEBRATE, for the Use of Stu- 
 dents in the Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy. Second 
 Edition. Demy 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 A SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE 
 BRITISH PALAEOZOIC ROCKS, by the Rev. Adam Sedgwick, 
 M.A., F.R.S., and Frederick M c Coy, F.G.S. One vol., Royal 4to. 
 Plates, £1. is, 
 
 A CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTION OF CAM- 
 BRIAN AND SILURIAN FOSSILS contained in the Geological 
 Museum of the University of Cambridge, by J. W. Salter, F.G.S. 
 With a Portrait of Professor Sedgwick. Royal 4to. 7s. 6d. 
 
 CATALOGUE OF OSTEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS con- 
 tained in the Anatomical Museum of the University of Cambridge. 
 Demy 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 London : C. y. Cla y &° Son, Cambridge University Press Warehouse, 
 
 Ave Maria Lane.
 
 THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 15 
 
 LAW. 
 
 THE INFLUENCE OF THE ROMAN LAW ON 
 
 THE LAW OF ENGLAND. Being the Yorke Prize Essay for 
 1884. By T. E. Scrutton, M.A. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. 
 
 AN ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY. By E. C. 
 Clark, LL.D., Regius Professor of Civil Law in the University of Cam- 
 bridge, also of Lincoln's Inn, Barrister-at-La\v. Crown Svo. js. 6d. 
 
 "Prof. Clark's little book is the substance Students of jurisprudence will find much to 
 
 of lectures delivered by him upon those por- interest and instruct them in the work ot Prof, 
 
 tions of Austin's work on jurisprudence which Clark." — Athetuetim. 
 deal with the "operation of sanctions" . . . 
 
 PRACTICAL JURISPRUDENCE, a Comment on Austin. 
 
 By E. C. Clark, LL.D. Regius Professor of Civil Law. Crown 
 
 Svo. 9.C 
 
 "Damit schliesst dieses inhaltreiche und tical Jurisprudence."— Konig. Centralblatt/ilr 
 nach alien Seiten anregende Buch iiber Prac- Rechtswisseuschaft. 
 
 A SELECTION OF THE STATE TRIALS. By J. W. 
 Willis-Bund, M.A., LL.B., Barrister-at-Law, Professor of Con- 
 stitutional Law and History, University College, London. Crown 
 Svo. Vols. I. and II. In 3 parts. Now reduced to 30s. {originally 
 published at 46^.) 
 
 "Mr Willis-Bund has edited 'A Selection of work than Howell's." — Saturday Review. 
 Cases from the State Trials' which is likely to " But, although the book is most interesting 
 form a very valuable addition to the standard to the historian of constitutional law, it is also 
 literature ... There can be no doubt, therefore, not without considerable value to those who 
 of the interest that can be found in the State seek information with regard to procedure and 
 trials. But they are large and unwieldy, and it the growth ot the law of evidence. We should 
 is impossible for the general reader to come add that Mr Willis-Bund has given short pre- 
 across them. Mr Willis-Bund has therefore faces and appendices to the trials, so as to form 
 done good service in making a selection that a connected narrative of the events in history 
 is in the lirst volume reduced to a commodious to which they relate. We can thoroughly re- 
 form." — The Examiner. commend the book." — La-.u Times, 
 
 "This work is a very useful contribution to "To a large class of readers Mr Willis- 
 
 that important branch of the constitutional his- Bund's compilation will thus be of great as- 
 
 tory of England which is concerned with the sistance, for he presents in a convenient form a 
 
 growth and development of the law of treason, judicious selection of the principal statutes and 
 
 as it may be gathered from trials before the the leading cases bearing on the crime of trea- 
 
 ordinary courts. The author has very wisely son . . . For all classes of readers these volumes 
 
 distinguished these cases from those of im- possess an indirect interest, arising from the 
 
 peachment for treason before Parliament, which nature of the cases themselves, from the men 
 
 he proposes to treat in a future volume under who were actors in them, and from the numerous 
 
 the general head ' Proceedings in Parliament. '" points of social life which are incidentally i IIu -s- 
 
 — The Academy. trated in the course of the trials. On these 
 
 "This is a work of such obvious utility that features we have not dwelt, but I i red 
 the only wonder is that no one should have un- to show that the book is a valuable contribution 
 dertaken it before ... In many respects there- to the study of the subject with which it pro- 
 fore, although the trials are more or less fesses to deal, namely, the history of the law of 
 abridged, this is for the ordinary student's pur- treason." — Athetuzum. 
 pose not only a more handy, but a more useful 
 
 Vol. III. In the Press. 
 
 THE FRAGMENTS OF THE PERPETUAL EDICT 
 
 OF SALVIUS JULIANUS, collected, arranged, and annotated by 
 
 BRYAN WALKER, M.A., LL.D., Law Lecturer of St John's College, and 
 
 late Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Crown Svo. 6s. 
 
 " In the present book we have the fruits of such a student will be interested as well as per- 
 tbe same kind of thorough and well-ordered haps surprised to find how abundantly the ex- 
 study which was brought to bear upon the notes taut fragments illustrate and clear up points 
 to the Commentaries and the Institutes . . . which have attracted his attention in the ( 
 Hitherto the Edict has been almost inac- mental litutcs, or the Digest." — 
 cessible to the ordinary English student, and l.,r;v J'n 
 
 London: C.J. Clay &■» SON, Cambridge University Press Warehouse, 
 
 Ave Maria Lane.
 
 i6 
 
 PUBLICATIONS OF 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF JUS- 
 
 TINIAN'S DIGEST. Containing an account of its composition 
 and of the Jurists used or referred to therein, together with a full 
 Commentary on one Title (deusufructu), by Henry John Roby, M.A., 
 formerly Prof, of Jurisprudence, University College, London. Demy 
 8vo. 1 8 j. 
 
 "Not an obscurity, philological, historical, 
 or legal, has been left unsifted. More inform- 
 ing aid still has been supplied to the student of 
 the Digest at large by a preliminary account, 
 covering nearly 300 pages, of the mode of 
 composition of the Digest, and of the jurists 
 whose decisions and arguments constitute its 
 substance. Nowhere else can a clearer view 
 be obtained of the personal succession by which 
 the tradition of Roman legal science was sus- 
 
 tained and developed. Roman law, almost 
 more than Roman legions, was the backbone 
 of the Roman commonwealth. Mr Roby, by 
 his careful sketch of the sages of Roman law, 
 from Sextus Papirius, under Tarquin the 
 Proud, to the Byzantine Bar, has contributed to 
 render the tenacity and durability of the most 
 enduring polity the world has ever experienced 
 somewhat more intelligible." — The Tunes. 
 
 THE COMMENTARIES OF GAIUS AND RULES OF 
 
 ULPIAN. With a Translation and Notes, by J. T. Abdy, LL.D., 
 Judge of County Courts, late Regius Professor of Laws in the 
 University of Cambridge, and Bryan Walker, M.A., LL.D., Law 
 Lecturer of St John's College, Cambridge, formerly Law Student of 
 Trinity Hall and Chancellor's Medallist for Legal Studies. New 
 
 Crown 8vo. 16s. 
 
 Edition by Bryan Walker. 
 
 "As scholars and as editors Messrs Abdy 
 and Walker have done their work well . . . For 
 one thing the editors deserve special commen- 
 dation. They have presented Gaius to the 
 reader with few notes and those merely by 
 
 way of reference or necessary explanation. 
 Thus the Roman jurist is allowed to speak for 
 himself, and the reader feels that he is really 
 studying Roman law in the original, and not a 
 fanciful representation of it." — Athejiceum. 
 
 THE INSTITUTES OF JUSTINIAN, translated with 
 Notes by J. T. Abdy, LL.D., and Bryan Walker, M.A., LL.D. 
 
 Crown 8vo. 16^. 
 
 "We welcome here a valuable contribution 
 to the study of jurisprudence. The text of the 
 Institutes is occasionally perplexing, even to 
 practised scholars, whose knowledge of clas- 
 sical models does not always avail them in 
 dealing with the technicalities of legal phrase- 
 ology. Nor can the ordinary dictionaries be 
 expected to furnish all the help that is wanted. 
 This translation will then be of great use. To 
 
 the ordinary student, whose attention is dis- 
 tracted from the subject-matter by the dif- 
 ficulty of struggling through the language in 
 which it is contained, it will be almost indis- 
 pensable." — Spectator. 
 
 " The notes are learned and carefully com- 
 piled, and this edition will be found useful to 
 students." — Law Tunes. 
 
 SELECTED TITLES FROM THE DIGEST, annotated 
 by B. Walker, M.A., LL.D. Part I. Mandati vel Contra. Digest 
 xvil. 1. Crown 8vo. $ s - 
 
 Mr Walker deserves credit for the way in which 
 he has performed the task undertaken. The 
 translation, as might be expected, is scholarly." 
 — Law Times. 
 
 "This small volume is published as an ex- 
 periment. The author proposes to publish an 
 annotated edition and translation of several 
 books of the Digest if this one is received with 
 favour. We are pleased to be able to say that 
 
 Part II. De Adquirendo rerum dominio and De Adquirenda vel 
 
 amittenda possessione. Digest XLI. i and 1 1. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Part III. De Condictionibus. Digest XII. i and 4 — 7 and Digest 
 
 Xlll. 1—3. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 GROTIUS DE JURE BELLI ET PACIS, with the Notes 
 of Barbeyrac and others ; accompanied by an abridged Translation 
 of the Text, by W. Whewell, D.D. late Master of Trinity College. 
 3 Vols. Demy 8vo. 12s. The translation separate, 6s. 
 
 London 
 
 C. J. Cla y <S~= Son, Cambridge University Press Warehouse, 
 Ave Maria Lane.
 
 THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 
 
 17 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 LIFE AND TIMES OF STEIN, OR GERMANY AND 
 PRUSSIA IN THE NAPOLEONIC AGE, by J. R. Seeley, 
 M.A., Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of 
 Cambridge, with Portraits and Maps. 3 Vols. Demy 8vo. Now 
 reduced to 30^. [originally published at 48^.) 
 
 " Dr Busch's volume has made people think 
 and talk even more than usual of Prince Bis- 
 marck, and Professor Seeley's very learned work 
 on Stein will turn attention to an earlier and an 
 almost equally eminent German statesman. It 
 has been the good fortune of Prince Bismarck 
 to help to raise Prussia to a position which she 
 had never before attained, and to complete the 
 work of German unification. The frustrated 
 labours of Stein in the same field were also 
 very great, and well worthy to be taken into 
 account. He was one, perhaps the chief, of 
 the illustrious group of strangers who came to 
 the rescue of Prussia in her darkest hour, about 
 the time of the inglorious Peace of Tilsit, and 
 who laboured to put life and order into her 
 dispirited army, her impoverished finances, and 
 her inefficient Civil Service. Stein strove, too, 
 — no man more, — for the cause of unification 
 when it seemed almost folly to hope for suc- 
 cess. Englishmen will feel very pardonable 
 pride at seeing one of their countrymen under- 
 take to write the history of a period from the 
 investigation of which even laborious Germans 
 
 are apt to shrink." — Times. 
 
 " In a notice of this kind scant justice can 
 be done to a work like the one before us; no 
 short resume can give even the most meagre 
 notion of the contents of these volumes, which 
 contain no page that is superfluous, and none 
 that is uninteresting .... To understand the 
 Germany of to-day one must study the Ger- 
 many of many yesterdays, and now that study 
 has been made easy by this work, to which no 
 one can hesitate to assign a very high place 
 among those recent histories which have aimed 
 at original research." — Athenunnn. 
 
 "We congratulate Cambridge and her Pro- 
 fessor of History on the appearance of such a 
 noteworthy production. And we may add that 
 it is something upon which we may congra- 
 tulate England that on the especial field of the 
 Germans, history, on the history of their own 
 country, by the use of their own literary 
 weapons, an Englishman has produced a his- 
 tory of Germany in the Napoleonic age far 
 superior to any that exists in German." — Ex- 
 a miner. 
 
 THE GROWTH OF ENGLISH INDUSTRY AND 
 COMMERCE. By W. Cunningham, B.D., late Deputy to the 
 Knightbridge Professor in the University of Cambridge. With 
 Maps and Charts. Crown 8vo. \2s. 
 
 " Mr Cunningham is not likely to disap- 
 point any readers except such as begin by mis- 
 taking the character of his book. He does not 
 promise, and does not give, an account of the 
 dimensions to which English industry and com- 
 
 merce have grown. It is with the process of 
 growth that he is concerned ; and this process 
 he traces with the philosophical insight which 
 I ;uishes between what is important and 
 what is trivial." — Guardian. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE FROM THE 
 EARLIEST TIMES TO THE ROYAL INJUNCTIONS OF 
 1 535, by J. B. Mullinger, M.A., Lecturer on History and Librarian 
 to St John's College. Part I. Demy 8vo. (734 pp.), 12J-. 
 
 Part II. From the Royal Injunctions of 1535 to the Accession of 
 
 Charles the First. Demy Svo. i8j. 
 
 "That Mr Mullinger's work should admit able decision in all matters on which a decision 
 of being regarded as a continuous narrative, has to be given . . . He has succeeded per- 
 
 which character it has no predecessors 
 worth mentioning, is one of the many advan- 
 tages it possesses over annalistic compilations, 
 even so valuable as Cooper's, as well as over 
 Athenae." — Prof. A. W. Ward in the Academy. 
 
 "The entire work is a model of accurate 
 and industrious scholarship. The same quali- 
 ties that distinguished the earlier volum 
 again visible, and the whole is still conspi- 
 cuous for minuti ! fidelity of workman- 
 ship and breadth and toleration of view." — 
 Notes and Queries. 
 
 " Mr Muihnger has brought to his present 
 task an intimate and extensive acquaintance 
 with the literature of the period, the true 
 student habit of minute and patient inve 
 tion of details and the real judicial instinct 
 of sifting materials, weighing evidence, and 
 honestly endeavouring to arrive at an i 
 
 fectly in presenting the earnest and thoughtful 
 student with a thorough and trustworthy his- 
 tory." — Guardian. 
 
 " Mr Mullinger's narrative omits nothing 
 which is required by the fullest interpretation 
 of his subject. He shews in the statutes of 
 the Colleges, the internal organization of the 
 
 rsity, its connection with national 
 blems. its studies, its social life, and th': 
 activity of its leading members. All this he 
 manages to combine in a form which i^ 
 eminently readable." — Pkof. CKlilGIITON in 
 the Cottt. ReVU 
 
 " Mr Mullinger displays an admirable 
 thoroughness in his work. Nothing could be 
 more exhaustivi cientious than his 
 
 method: and his style, when not cramped by 
 detail, i- picturesque and elevated." 
 — Times. 
 
 TRAVELS IN NORTHERN ARABIA IN [876 .WD 
 1877. By Charles M. D01 GHTY, of Gonville and Cains College. 
 
 With Illustrations. Demy Svo. 
 
 [/// the I 
 
 London : C. J. CLAY 
 
 Son, Cambridge University Press Warehouse^ 
 Ave Mafia Lane,
 
 1 8 PUBLICATIONS OF 
 
 STUDIES IN THE LITERARY RELATIONS OF 
 
 ENGLAND WITH GERMANY IN THE SIXTEENTH 
 CENTURY. By C. H. Herford, M.A. [In the Press. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF GREEK HISTORY. 
 
 Accompanied by a short narrative of events, with references to the 
 sources of information and extracts from the ancient authorities, by 
 Carl Peter. Translated from the German by G. Chawner, 
 M.A,, Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Demy 4to. \os. 
 
 "As a handy book of reference for genuine ticular point as quickly as possible, the Tables 
 students, or even for learned men who want to are useful." — Academy. 
 lay their hands on an authority for some par- 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 By the same. [Preparing. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF ST JOHN THE 
 EVANGELIST, by Thomas Baker, B.D., Ejected Fellow. Edited 
 by John E. B. Mayor, M.A., Fellow of St John's. Two Vols. 
 Demy 8vo. 24^. 
 
 "To antiquaries the book will be a source "The work displays very wide reading, and 
 
 of almost inexhaustible amusement, by his- it will be of great use to members of the col- 
 
 torians it will be found a work of considerable lege and of the university, and, perhaps, of 
 
 service on questions respecting our social pro- still greater use to students of English his- 
 
 gress in past times; and the care and thorough- tory, ecclesiastical, political, social, literary 
 
 ness with which Mr Mayor has discharged his and academical, who have hitherto had to be 
 
 editorial functions are creditable to his learning content with 'Dyer.'" — Academy. 
 and industry." — Athenceum. 
 
 HISTORY OF NEPAL, translated by Munshi Shew 
 Shunker Singh and Pandit Shri Gunanand; edited with an 
 Introductory Sketch of the Country and People by Dr D. Wright, 
 late Residency Surgeon at Kathmandu, and with facsimiles of native 
 drawings, and portraits of Sir Jung Bahadur, the King of Nepal, 
 &c. Super-royal Svo. Now reduced to IOj. Qd. {originally pub- 
 lished at 2 1 j.) 
 
 " The Cambridge University Press have volume. The coloured lithographic plates are 
 
 done well in publishing this work. Such trans- interesting." — Naticre. 
 
 lations are valuable not only to the historian "The history has appeared at a very op- 
 
 but also to the ethnologist;. . . Dr Wright's portune moment. ..The volume. ..is beautifully 
 
 Introduction is based on personal inquiry and printed, and supplied with portraits of Sit Jung 
 
 observation, is written intelligently and can- Bahadoor and others, and with excellent 
 
 didly, and adds much to the value of the coloured sketches illustrating Nepaulese archi- 
 tecture and religion." — Examiner. 
 
 SCHOLAE ACADEMICAE: some Account of the Studies 
 at the English Universities in the Eighteenth Century. By Chris- 
 topher Wordsworth, M.A., Fellow of Peterhouse ; Author of 
 " Social Life at the English Universities in the Eighteenth Century." 
 Demy Svo. Now reduced to 10*. Qd. (originally published at 15s.) 
 
 "The general object of Mr Wordsworth's "Only those who have engaged in like la- 
 book is sufficiently apparent from its title. He bours will be able fully to appreciate the 
 has collected a great quantity of minute and sustained industry and conscientious accuracy 
 curious information about the working of Cam- discernible in every page . . . Of the whole 
 bridge institutions in the last century, with an volume it may be said that it is a genuine 
 occasional comparison of the corresponding service rendered to the study of University 
 state of things at Oxford . . . To a great extent history, and that the habits of thought of any 
 it is purely a book of reference, and as such it writer educated at either seat of learning in 
 will be of permanent value for the historical the last century will, in many cases, be far 
 knowledge of English education and learning." better understood after a consideration of the 
 — Saturday Review. materials here collected." — Academy. 
 
 THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF THE UNI- 
 VERSITY AND COLLEGES OF CAMBRIDGE, by the late 
 Professor Willis, M.A. With numerous Maps, Plans, and Illustra- 
 tions. Continued to the present time, and edited by John Willis 
 Clark, M.A., formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 [/Yearly ready. 
 
 London: C. J. Clay Qr 1 Son, Cambridge University Press Warehouse, 
 
 Ave Maria Lane.
 
 THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 19 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 KINSHIP AND MARRIAGE IN EARLY ARABIA, 
 
 by W. Robertson SMITH, M.A., LL.D., Lord Almoners Professor of 
 Arabic in the University of Cambridge. Crown 8vo. ys. 6d. 
 
 "FROM SHAKESPEARE TO POPE"; an Inquiry into 
 the causes and phenomena of the rise of Classical Poetry in England. 
 By Edmund GOSSE, Clark Lecturer in English Literature at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 THE LITERATURE OF THE FRENCH RENAIS- 
 SANCE. An Introductory Essay. By A. A. Tilley, M.A., Fellow 
 and Tutor of King's College, Cambridge. Crown Svo. 6s. 
 
 THE DESPATCHES OF EARL GOWER, English Am- 
 bassador at the court of Versailles from June 1790 to August 1792, 
 to which are added the Despatches of Mr Lindsay and Air Monro, 
 and the Diary of Lord Palmerston in France during July and 
 August 1 79 r. By OSCAR BROWNING, M.A., Fellow of King's College, 
 Cambridge. Demy Svo. 1 5.5-. 
 
 A CATALOGUE OF ANCIENT MARBLES IN GREAT 
 BRITAIN, by Prof. Adolf Michaelis. Translated by C. A. M. 
 Fennell, Litt. D., late Fellow of Jesus College. Royal Svo. Rox- 
 burgh (Morocco back), £2. 2s. 
 
 "The object of the present work of Mich- German, but appears for the first time in the 
 
 aelis is to describe and make known the vast English translation. All lovers of true art and 
 
 treasures of ancient sculpture now accumulated of good work should be grateful to the Syndics 
 
 in the galleries of Great Britain, the extent and of the University Press for the liberal facilities 
 
 value of which are scarcely appreciated, and afforded by them towards the production of 
 
 chiefly so because there has hitherto been little this important volume by Professor Michaelis." 
 
 accessible information about them. To the — Saturday Review. 
 
 loving labours of a learned German the owners "'Ancient Marbles' here mean relics of 
 
 of art treasures in England are for the second Greek and Roman origin which have been 
 
 time indebted for a full description of their rich imported into Great Britain from classical 
 
 possessions. Waagen gave to the private col- soil. How rich this island is in respect to 
 
 lections of pictures the advantage of his in- these remains of ancient art, every one knows, 
 
 spection and cultivated acquaintance with art, but it is equally well known that these trca- 
 
 and now Michaelis performs the same office sures had been most inadequately described 
 
 for the still less known private hoards of an- before the author of this work undertook the 
 
 tique sculptures for which our country is so labour of description. Professor Michaelis has 
 
 remarkable. The book is beautifully executed, achieved so high a fame as an authority in 
 
 and with its few handsome plates, and excel- classical archaeology that it seems unneces- 
 
 lent indexes, does much credit to the Cam- sary to say how good a book this is." — The 
 
 bridge Press. It has not been printed in Antiquary. 
 
 LECTURES ON TEACHING, delivered in the University 
 of Cambridge in the Lent Term, 18S0. By J. G. Fitch, M.A., Her 
 Majesty's Inspector of Schools. Crown Svo. New Edition. $s. 
 
 "The lectures will be found most interest- seen something of the machinery of our higher 
 
 ing, and deserve t<> be carefully studied, not schools. . . Mr Pitch's book covers so wide a 
 
 only by persons directly concerned with in- field and touches on so many burning questions 
 
 struction, but by parents who wish to be able that we must he content to recommend it as 
 
 to exercise an intelligent judgment in the the best existing vade mecum for the teacher. 
 
 choice of schools and teachers for their chil- — Pall Mail < 
 
 dren. For ourselves, we could almost wish to "There! >Ut reviewing the book for 
 
 be of school age again, to learn history and the second time, we arc glad to avail ourselves 
 
 geography from some one who could teach of the opportunity I attention to the 
 
 them after the pattern se( by Mi 1- itch to his re-is 1 ilume in the five-shilling form, 
 
 audience" — Saturday Review. ine it witl in ■ • reach of the rank and 
 
 " As principal of a training college and as a file of the profession. We cannot let the oc- 
 
 Governmentin p ctor of schools, Mr Fitch has casion pass without makiti 
 
 got at his fingers' ends the working of primary the cxcell ihments' in the 
 
 education, while as assistant commissioner to lectureon 'Discipline' "- 
 the late Endowed Schools Commission he has 
 
 RHODES IN ANCIENT TIMES. By CECIL Turk, MA. 
 With six plates, io.c 6d. 
 
 London: C. J. Clay &•» SON, Cambridge University Press Warehouse, 
 
 Ave Maria I.
 
 20 PUBLICATIONS OF 
 
 STATUTES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE 
 
 and for the Colleges therein, made published and approved (1878 — 
 1882) under the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act, 1877. 
 With an Appendix. Demy 8vo. 16s. 
 
 GRADUATI CANTABRIGIENSES : SIVE CATA- 
 
 LOGUS exhibens nomina eorum quos ab Anno Academico Admis- 
 sionum MDCCC usque adoctavum diem Octobris MDCCCLXXXIV 
 gradu quocunque ornavit Academia Cantabrigiensis, e libris sub- 
 scriptionum desumptus. Cura HENRICI RICHARDS LUARD S. T. P. 
 Coll. SS. Trin. Socii atque Academias Registrarii. Demy8vo. \2S. 6d. 
 
 THE WOODCUTTERS OF THE NETHERLANDS 
 
 during the last quarter of the Fifteenth Century. In three parts. 
 I. History of the Woodcutters. II. Catalogue of their Woodcuts. 
 III. List of the Books containing Woodcuts. By William Martin 
 Conway. Demy 8vo. iar. 6d. 
 
 A GRAMMAR OF THE IRISH LANGUAGE. By Prof. 
 
 Windisch. Translated by Dr Norman Moore. Crown 8vo. js. 6d. 
 
 STATUTES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 With some Acts of Parliament relating to the University. Demy 
 8vo. 2 s - 6d' 
 
 ORDINANCES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAM- 
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 TRUSTS, STATUTES AND DIRECTIONS affecting 
 (1) The Professorships of the University. (2) The Scholarships 
 and Prizes. (3) Other Gifts and Endowments. Demy 8vo. 5^. 
 
 COMPENDIUM OF UNIVERSITY REGULATIONS, 
 
 for the use of persons in Statu Pupillari. Demy 8vo. 6d. 
 
 CATALOGUE OF THE HEBREW MANUSCRIPTS 
 preserved in the University Library, Cambridge. By Dr S. M. 
 Schiller-Szinessy. Volume I. containing Section 1. The Holy 
 Scriptures j Section II. Commentaries on the Bible. Demy 8vo. 9^. 
 Volume II. In the Press. 
 
 A CATALOGUE OF THE MANUSCRIPTS preserved 
 in the Library of the University of Cambridge. Demy 8vo. 5 Vols. 
 10s. each. 
 
 INDEX TO THE CATALOGUE. Demy Svo. 10s. 
 
 A CATALOGUE OF ADVERSARIA and printed books 
 containing MS. notes, preserved in the Library of the University of 
 Cambridge. 3^. 6d. 
 
 THE ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS IN THE LI- 
 BRARY OF THE FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, Catalogued with 
 Descriptions, and an Introduction, by William George Searle, 
 M.A., late Fellow of Queens' College, and Vicar of Hockington, 
 Cambridgeshire. Demy Svo. ys. 6d. 
 
 A CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF THE GRACES, 
 
 Documents, and other Papers in the University Registry which 
 concern the University Library. Demy Svo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 CATALOGUS BIBLIOTHECiE BURCKHARDTIAN^. 
 
 Demy 4to. 5-y. 
 
 London: C. y. Clay <S-» Son, Cambridge University Press Warehouse, 
 
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 THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 21 
 
 Cfje Cambrian? 3Sfok for ^djools; antr 
 
 Collect 
 
 General Editor : The Very Reverend J. J. S. Perowne, D.D., 
 
 Dean of Peterborough. 
 
 The want of an Annotated Edition of the Bible, in handy portions, suitable for 
 School use, has long been felt. 
 
 In order to provide Text-books for School and Examination purposes, the 
 Cambridge University Press has arranged to publish the several books of the 
 Bible in separate portions at a moderate price, with introductions and explanatory 
 notes. 
 
 The Very Reverend J. J. S. Perowne, D.D., Dean of Peterborough, has 
 undertaken the general editorial supervision of the work, assisted by a staff of 
 eminent coadjutors. Some of the books have been already edited or undertaken 
 by the following gentlemen : 
 
 Rev. A. Carr, M.A., late Assistant Master at Wellington College. 
 
 Rev. T. K. Cheyne, M.A., D.D., late Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. 
 
 Rev. S. Cox, Nottingham. 
 
 Rev. A. B. Davidson, D.D., Professor of Hebrew, Edinburgh. 
 
 The Ven. F. W. Farrar, D.D., Archdeacon of Westminster. 
 
 Rev. C. D. Ginsburg, LL.D. 
 
 Rev. A. E. Humphreys, M.A., late Fcllcnv of Trinity College, Cambria] 
 
 Rev. A. F. KiRKPATRICK, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Regius Professor 
 
 of Hebrew. 
 Rev. J. J. Lias, M.A., late Professor at St David's College, Lampeter. 
 Rev. J. R. Lumby, D.D., Norrisian Professor of Divinity. 
 Rev. G. F. MACLEAR, D.D., Warden of St Augustine's College, Canterbury. 
 Rev. II. C. G. MOULE,, M.A., late Fellow of Trinity College, Principal of 
 
 Ridley Hall, Cambridge. 
 Rev. W. F. Moulton, D.D., Head Master of the Leys School, Cambridge. 
 Rev. E. II. PEROWNE, D.D., Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 
 
 Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of St Asaph. 
 
 The Ven. T. T. Perowne, M.A., Archdeacon of Norwich. 
 
 Rev. A. Pi.ummer, M.A., D.D., Master of University College. Durham. 
 
 The Very Rev. E. II. Plumptre, D. I>., Dean of Wells. 
 
 Rev. W. SiMCOX, M.A., Rector of WeyhUl, Hants. 
 
 The Very Rev. R. Payne Smith, D.D., Dean of i ' ay. 
 
 \Y. Robertson Smith, M.A., Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic. 
 
 Rev. II. D. M- Mi N< 1 . M.A., Hon. Canon of Gloucester Cathedral. 
 
 Rev. A. W. Streane, M.A., Fellow of Corpus Christi Col idge. 
 
 "The modesty of the general title of this series has, we believe, led many to misunderstand 
 its character and underrate it.-, value. The books are well suited for study in tl 1 
 our best school-, but not the less are they adapted to the wants of all Bible studi re not 
 
 specialists. We doubt, indeed, whether any of the numerous 1 mmentariea recently 
 
 issued in this country will be found more serviceable for general use." — Academy. 
 
 London: C. J. Clay &* Son, Cambridge University Press Warehouse > 
 
 . 1 .-, .- 1 ! .1 ft .y /.Jit.' 
 
 Arc Maria Lane.
 
 22 PUBLICATIONS OF 
 
 THE CAMBRIDGE BIBLE FOR SCHOOLS & COLLEGES. 
 
 Continued. 
 
 Now Ready. Cloth, Extra Fcap. 8vo. 
 
 THE BOOK OF JOSHUA. By the Rev. G. F. Maclear, D.D. 
 
 With 2 Maps. is. 6d. 
 
 THE BOOK OF JUDGES. By the Rev. J. J. Lias, M.A. 
 With Map. 3 j. 6d. 
 
 THE FIRST BOOK OF SAMUEL. By the Rev. Professor 
 
 Kirkpatrick, M.A. With Map. 35. 6d. 
 
 THE SECOND BOOK OF SAMUEL. By the Rev. Professor 
 Kirkpatrick, M.A. With 2 Maps. 3^. 6d. 
 
 THE BOOK OF JOB. By the Rev. A. B. Davidson, D.D. 5s. 
 
 THE BOOK OF ECCLESIASTES. By the Very Rev. E. H. 
 Plumptre, D.D. , Dean of Wells. 5J. 
 
 THE BOOK OF JEREMIAH. By the Rev. A. W. Streane, 
 M.A. With Map. 4s. 6d. 
 
 THE BOOK OF HOSE A. By Rev. T. K. Cheyne, M.A, D.D. y. 
 
 THE BOOKS OF OBADIAH AND JONAH. By Archdeacon 
 Perowne. 2J. 6d. 
 
 THE BOOK OF MICAH. By Rev. T. K. Cheyne, M.A., D.D. 
 
 IS. 6d. 
 
 THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST MATTHEW. By the 
 Rev. A. Carr, M.A. With 2 Maps, is. 6d. 
 
 THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST MARK. By the Rev. 
 
 G. F. Maclear, D.D. With 4 Maps. is. 6d. 
 
 THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST LUKE. By Archdeacon 
 
 F. W. Farrar. With 4 Maps. 4-f- 6d. 
 
 THE GOSPEL ACCOR.DING TO ST JOHN. By the Rev. 
 A. Plummer, M.A., D.D. With 4 Maps. 4s. 6d. 
 
 THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. By the Rev. Professor 
 Lumby, D.D. With 4 Maps. 4s. 6d. 
 
 THE EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS. By the Rev. H. C. G. 
 
 Moule, M.A. 35. 6d. 
 
 THE FIRST EPISTLE TO THE CORINTHIANS. By the Rev. 
 J. J. Lias, M.A. With a Map and Plan. is. 
 
 THE SECOND EPISTLE TO THE CORINTHIANS. By the 
 Rev. J. J. Lias, M.A. is. 
 
 THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS. By Archdeacon Farrar. 
 ■§s. 6d. 
 
 THE GENERAL EPISTLE OF ST JAMES. By the Very Rev. 
 E. H. Plumptre, D.D., Dean of Wells, is. 6d. 
 
 THE EPISTLES OF ST PETER AND ST JUDE. By the 
 
 same Editor, is. 6d. 
 
 THE EPISTLES OF ST JOHN. By the Rev. A. Plummer, 
 M.A., D.D. 3J. 6d. 
 
 London : C. J. Cla y &> Son, Cambridge University Press Warehouse, 
 
 Ave Maria Lane.
 
 THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 23 
 
 THE CAMBRIDGE BIBLE FOR SCHOOLS & COLLEGES. 
 
 Continued. 
 
 Preparing-. 
 
 THE BOOK OF GENESIS. By the Very Rev. R. Payne Smith, D.D. 
 
 THE BOOKS OF EXODUS, NUMBERS AND DEUTERO- 
 NOMY. By the Rev. C. D. GlNSBURG, I.I,. D. 
 
 THE FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF KINGS. By the Rev. 
 Prof. LUMBY, D.D. 
 
 THE BOOK OF ISAIAH. By Prof. W. Robertson Smith, M.A. 
 
 THE BOOK OF EZEKIEL. By the Rev. A. B. Davidson, D.D. 
 
 THE BOOKS OF HAGGAI AND ZECHARIAH. By Arch- 
 deacon Perowne. 
 
 THE EPISTLES TO THE EPHESIANS, PHILIPPIANS, 
 COLOSSI AXS AXD PHILEMON. By the Rev. H. C. G. MoULE, M.A. 
 
 THE BOOK OF REVELATION. By the Rev. W. Simcox, M.A. 
 
 THE CAMBRIDGE GREEK TESTAMENT 
 
 FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES, 
 
 with a Revised Text, based on the most recent critical authorities, and 
 
 English Notes, prepared under the direction of the General Editor, 
 
 The Very Reverexd J. J. S. PEROWNE, D.U. 
 Now Ready. 
 
 THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST MATTHEW. By the 
 Rev. A. Carr, M.A. With 4 Maps. 4J. 6J. 
 "Copious illustrations, gathered from a great variety of sources, make his notes a very valu- 
 able aid to the student. They are indeed remarkably interesting, while all explanations on 
 meanings, applications, and the like are distinguished by their lucidity and good sense." — 
 Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST MARK. By the Rev. 
 G. F. Maclkak, D.D. With 3 Maps. j,s. 6d. 
 
 "The Cambridge Greek Testament, of which 1 >r M i le it's edition of the Gospel according to 
 St Mark is a volume, certainly supplies a want. Withoul ing to compete with the leading 
 
 commentaries, or to embody very much original research, it forms a most satisfactory introdi 
 to the study of the New Testament in the original . . . Dr Maclear's introduction contains all that 
 is known of St Mark's life, with references to passages in the New Testament in which he is 
 mentioned; an account of the circumstam es in which the Gospel v. d, with an i -timate 
 
 of the influence of St Peter's teaching upon St Mark : an excellent sketch of the special character- 
 istics of this Gospel ; an analysis, and a chapter on the text of the New Testament generally . . . 
 The work is completed by three good maps." — Saturday Review. 
 
 THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST LUKE. By Archdeacon 
 
 Farrar. With 4 Maps. 6s. 
 THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST JOHN. By the Rev. A. 
 Plummer, M.A., D.D. With 4 Maps. 6s. 
 " A valuable addition has also been made to The O ' 1 |t for Scho 
 
 Dr Hummer's notes on ' 1 I I according to St John ' an , and instructive, 
 
 and embody the results of much thought and wii 
 
 THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. By the Rev. Prof. Lumby, D.D., 
 
 with 4 Maps. 6j. 
 THE FIRST EPISTLE TO THE CORINTHIANS. By the 
 
 Rev. 1. J. Lias, M.A. [/« the 1 
 
 THE EPISTLE T( » THE HEBREWS. By Archdeacon Farrar. 
 
 THE EPISTLES OF ST JOHN. By the Rev. A. Plummer, 
 M.A., D.D. U" ■ 
 
 London: C. J. Clay & SON, Cambridge University Press Warehouse, 
 
 . 1 vt Maria Lane.
 
 24 PUBLICATIONS OF 
 
 THE PITT PRESS SERIES. 
 
 I. GREEK. 
 
 SOPHOCLES.— OEDIPUS TYRANNUS. School Edition, 
 
 with Introduction and Commentary, by R. C. Jebb, Litt. D., LL.D., Professor 
 of Greek in the University of Glasgow. 45. 6d. 
 
 THE ANABASIS OF XENOPHON, Books I. III. IV. 
 
 and V. With a Map and English Notes by Alfred Pretor, M.A., Fellow 
 of St Catharine's College, Cambridge, is. each. 
 
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 LE DIRECTOIRE. (Considerations sur La Revolution 
 
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