liii '.riK'sUwvHii. ■liii !i (TTTTTTTTTTTTTTToT^ i »- iU\ 7 2 3 5 ^ THE WARS OF SUCCESSION OF PORTUGAL AND SPALN, FROM 1826 TO 1840 : WITH RESUME OF THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF PORTUGAL AND SPAIN TO THE PRESENT TIME. MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. BY WILLIAM BOLLAEET, F.R.G.S. CORK. MEM. UNIV. CHILE ; ETHNO. ROCS. LONDON, NEW YORK, ETC. VOL. I.— PORTUGAL. CONTAINS ACCOUNT OF THE SIEGE OF OPORTO, 1832-3. LONDON: EDWARD STANFORD, 6 and 7, CHARING CROSS, S.W. 1870. [the eight of tkanslation reserved.] LONDON : rniVTET) T!Y RANKF.N AND CO., DRURY HOUSn, ST. MABY-LE-STKAND, W.C. V.I SUMMARY OF VOLUME I. CHAPTER I. The French invade Portugal, 1807; Sir Arthur Welleslcy goes to the Peninsula— Fall of Napoleon, 1814 — Marquis of Louie assassinated — Dom Miguel hanished — Dora Pedro abdicates in favour of Donna Maria ; she is affianced to Dom Miguel ; he usurps the throne and bums the Constitution — Commencement or War of Succession, 1826 — Villa-Flor heads Liberals in the Islands and declares in favour of Donna Maria — 1831, Dom Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil, and comes to Europe. .... Page 1-26 CHAPTER IL Miguel and Absolutism, Pedro and Liberalism — Sartorius takes Dom Pedro to the Islands ; lands him and his army at Oporto, 8th July, 1832 ; retreat of Miguelites — Dom Pedro gains battle of Ponte Ferreira, &c. — Sartorius blockades Lisbon — Commencement of Siege of Oporto, 8th September — Grand Miguelite attacks fail 27-52 CHAPTER III. Memoir of John VI.— Attempt to dethrone him — Dies in 1826 . 53-57 CHAPTER IV. Memoir of Queen Carlota — Her despotism — Dies 1830 . 58-61 CHAPTER V. Memoir of Dom Miguel — Conspiracies to dethrone the King — Dom Miguel banished, 1824 — Affianced to Donna Maria, 1827 — Usurps the throne, 1828; persecution of the Liberals; his army numbers 82,000 men — Liberals take the Islands ; Dora Pedro joins them ; he lands at Oporto, 8th July, 1832, with 8000 men . . 62-66 CHAPTER VI. Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, 1825 ; at war with Portugal and La Plata — Iberian Republic — On the death of his father abdicates the throne of Portugal in favour of his daughter. Donna Maria — Dom Miguel usurps the throne — Dom Pedro abdicates the throne of Brazil, April, 1831 ; comes to Europe to defend the rights of Donna Maria 67-83 4S82a"? iv SUMMARY OF VOLUME I. CHAPTER yil. Author goes to Oporto, October, 1832 ; Volunteer" Rifle Cadet— Sartorius actions of 10th August and 11th October— Miguelite army and iiuance . • 84-100 CHAPTER A^III. Kovemher — Bombardments— Villa-Flor created Duke of Terceira— Serra Convent— Opinions of Royaltj-— Flint-lock rifles; rifles of 1868 — Sortie across the river — English mutiny for pay — Sortie on the Antas — Deserters shot — Sortie of Carvalhido ; English " light like devils"— Clothes sold for food .... 101-124 CHAPTER IX. December — Severe bombardments — Inez de Castro — Provisions scarcer — Energy of Dom Pedro— Our "Wine sortie "— Famine — British merchants establish suup-kitchens — Christmas day ; get meat, was it beef?— History of Portugal, Pombal . . . 125-142 CHAPTER X. 1833— Jawwary — Spanish Liberals in power — Marshal Solignac commands Pedroites — Oporto must surrender (?) — Sartorius and fleet badly treated — Fearful bombardments ; poor mothers curse both parties — Solignac not supported in his sortie — Arrival of Saldanha — Fourteen political parties in Oporto ! — Dom Pedro's fortitude . 143-164 CHAPTER XI. February — Cholera increasing — Saldanha builds important batteries — Only ten days' provision in the city — Great misery ; dogs, cats, rats and mice eaten — Only powder for one fight . . . 1G5-180 CHAPTER XII. March — Attack of 4th repulsed — Dom Pedro's " glorious " obstinacy — Heavy bombardments — Sir J. Campbell commands Jliguelites — Sir J. ]SI. Doyle goes to Vigo to arrest Sartorius, who arrests hini — Dora Pedro ill — We lose and retake Antas batteries — Rothschild's idea of settling the war — Mendizabal our financier — Only one barrel of gun- powder! — Hospital — Art of war . . . .181-210 CHAPTER XIII. April — List and fate of the Rifles — Desertions from the English — Great misery — We take the Cobello Hill — Attack on Lordello — Desertion from the Jliguelites — Height of misery in Oporto — Terrible bombard- ments—Cholera ...... 211-236 CHAPTER XIV. Matj — Cholera and want in Jliguelite army — Our Captain of the Rifles dies of cholera — Dynastic arrangements fail — Military executions — Severe bombardments -Autlior joins the Artillery — Pedroite forces 8000 ; Miguelite, CO,OUO -Bombardments . . . 237-247 SUMMARY OK VOL. 1. CHAPTER XV. June — Napier arrives with reinforcements — Dom Mii^uel gets funds from French Legitimists, and Marshal Bourmont to command his army — Councils of war — Sartorius hands fleet over to Napier — Solignac resigns — Napier and Terceira go south — City terribly bombarded — Author forms rocket brigade — Terceira lands in the Algarves — Details of lines and batteries (p. 266. See Plan) . . . 248-275 CHAPTER XVI. July \st to lith — Miguelite plans — Palmerston and Talleyrand favourable to Donna Maria — Miguelite attack of 5th July repulsed ; Saldanha's charge — Napier defeats Miguelite fleet same day— AVe ofler terms to the enemy ; not accepted ; we prepare for the worst. . 276-301 CHAPTER XVII. July I5th to 31s<— We have only 7000 bayonets — 25/^ Juhj, Bourmont's grand attack ; he fails (see plan of lines) ; Saldanha's splendid charge — Incidents — Dom Miguel's misery — Lisbon taken by Ter- ceira — Dom Pedro goes to Lisbon ; leaves Saldanha in command of Oporto. ... .... 302-334 CHAPTER XVIII. ^M^jisi— Miguelites retreating — Baron de Haber's proposal to Saldanha to save the wine at Villa Nova ; rejected — Loss of life during the siege — Our Lord of Matozinhos ; our Lady of Lujan — 16/A, wine blown up — \^th, Saldanha's brilliant sortie ; he raises the siege — Saudades — Don Carlos banished to Portugal — France recognises Donna Maria — Saldanha thinks he ought to be in Lisbon — Stubbs' sortie — Joiio Paulo gun. ..... 335-359 CHAPTER XIX. To September 1 2 ('/«— Sorties on Baltar, Villa do Conde, &c. — England and Sweden acknowledge Donna Maria — Failure of Bourmont's attack on Lisbon on the 5th — Author goes to Lisbon — Donna Maria pro- claimed — Author resigns and returns to England — Loss on both sides. ....... 360-363 CHAPTER XX. To end of December, 1833— Donna Maria arrives in Lisbon — Bourmont's attack of 14th September fails ; he resigns — Ferdinand VII. dies — October lOfh, Dom Pedro attacks the Miguelites commanded by General Macdonald ; beats them ; they retire to Santarem — Don Carlos' partizans rise in the Basque Provinces — Loss of Pedroites at Alcacer do Sal — The brave Colonel Pacheco mortally wounded at Oporto — Santarem besieged by the Pedroites. . . 3G4-376 vi f;u:\iMAHY of volume i. CHAPTER XXI. Januari/ to June, \?>',U — Saldanha takes Leiria — February, Dom Pedro ill — ^^Saldauha f^ains tht; battles of Pomes and Almosttir — Napier's soldiering in the north — Torres and Terceira in the north-east — Terceira accepts Rodil's services — Quadruple alliance — May, Thb Last Battle at Aceiceira ; on the \&th, Terceira defeats the Miguel- ites ; Convention of Evora on the l&th — Dom Miguel leaves f'T Italy, Don Carlos for England. .... 377-391 CHAPTER XXII. From Jul;/ to September — Dom Pedro takes Donna Maria II. to Oporto ; returns to Lisbon ; gives up the Regency ; he becomes very ill ; the Queen declared to be of age — Death of Dom Pedko, 2Ath Septimher — casualties during the war — Absoluto and Liberal nobility. . 392-411 RESUME OF THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF PORTUGAL FROM 1834 TO THE PRESENT TIME. CHAPTER XXIII. THE REIGN OF DOXXA MARIA II. Marriage of the Queen, January, 1835;. her husband dies in May — The Queen marries again April, 1836 — Civil war; Bandeira and the Constitution ; Saldanha and the Charter ; the latter defeated — The Church — Remechido, the Miguelite guerilla, 1837 — Saldanha and Chartists defeated, 1838 — Costa Cabral Minister, 1840 — War between Portugal and Spain; prevented by Saldanha — 1842, the (Jliartur restored — 1844, Costa Cabral's arbitrarj' decrees — 1846, Rising against the Cabrals ; they fly to Cadiz — Das Antas forms Supreme Junta at Oporto; defeated by Saldanha— 1847, British squadron take the Junta's fleet ; Bandeira submits — 1849, Cabral ^linister — 1851, Saldanha's insurrection against Cabral; successful — 1853, Donna Maria II. dies. .... 412-448 CHAPTER XXIV. THE KEIGN OF UOM I'EDKO V. Proclaimed King, 1853 ; began to reign, 1855 — Slaves on Royal domains 8(,'t IVee — 1 856, Saldanha retires from his long ministry — Railways and ti.'legraphs established — 1857, afl'airof the " Charles et Georges " - 1K58, Marriage of the King— 1859, Death of the Queen— 1860, Deaths of Terceira and Xapii^r — 1861, the King opens Oporto Exhi- bition — (jih Sovimbir, the Infante Dom Fernaadodies of typhus — llth November, the King dies of same ; great grief of the nation. 449-454 SUMMARY OK \'()L. I. Vll CHAPTER XXV. THE REIGN OF DOM LUIZ I. Began to reign, 1861 ; Ro3'al ceremonies — Death of the Infante Dom Joao in December of typhus — Riots ; the people suppose the King and his brother have been poisoned — 1862, the King marries the Princess Pia, daughter of the King of Italy— 1863, great fire in Lisbon — 1864, Duke of Palraella dies — Frontier treaty concluded with Spain — 1865, the King opens the Oporto International Exhibi- tion — 1866. their Majesties inaugurate the monument to Dom Pedro IV. in Oporto — Dom Miguel dies in Germany — 1867, Monument to Camoens in Lisbon —1868, General Prim's insurrection in Spain; fails; retreats to Portugal, then to England — Statistics — A party in Spain wishes for Dom Fernando as king — Revolution in Spain ; flight of Isabella II. to France in Sept ember — Parties in Spain — 1869, .state of finances, heavy national debt — Saldanha in Rome ; sent for ; he goes to Paris as ambassador — Seditious proclamations for Iberian Union — Religious intolerance and fanaticism — Dom Fernando will not accept the crown of Spain — Loans — Taxes proposed — Wars and taxation — Morganatic Marriage of Dom Fernando — New Loan — The Queen ill, leaves for Italy — Montpensier may reside in Portu- gal ........ 455 CHAPTER XXVI. 1869. — July — Tax Disturbances — Bandeira Ministry resigned; difficul- ties with South-Eastern Railway — Louie Ministry ; Cortes closed — Mineral wealth of Portugal — The King refuses the Spanish Crown — Loan of £12,000,000, at 32^— The Duke of Saldanha in Lisbon ; requested to return to Paris, refuses — The family of Brandocs — 1870, Opening of Cortes ; Ministerial Resignation ; Chambers dissolved ; new elections — Proposals to reform the House of Peers ; Ministerial responsibility — Duke of Saldanha returns to ofiice^Inauguration of .statue to Dom Pedro IV. in Lisbon . . . 479 ILLUSTRATIONS VOL. I. 1. Plan of Oporto; Lines, Butteries, &c.. Frontispiece. 2. Portrait of Dom Miguel . . . . . . 62 3. Portrait of Dom Pedro ...... 67 4. View of Oporto, from Cerra Convent .... 307 y. Lines of Santarem ...... 386 WAR OF SUCCESSION OF PORTUGAL CHAPTER I. Introduction — Frencli invade Portugal — Eoyal Family emigrate to Brazil — Sir A. AVellesley in Portugal — Fall of Napoleon — John VI. returns. Dom Pedro, his eldest son, Emperor of Brazil — Queen of Portugal Absolutist — Makes her son Dom Miguel Chief of Army — Liberals resist — Assassination of Marquis Louie — Absolutes wish the King to resign in favour of Dom Miguel — the King takes refuge on board British man-of-war — Lord Bercsford — Dom Miguel banished from Portugal — the King dies — Dom Pedro King ; he abdicates in favour of his eldest daughter, Donna Maria II. — Despotism of the old Uucen — Saldanha and other Liberal leaders come to blows with Absolu- tists — 1826 begins the War of Succession — Canning sends British troops to Lisbon — France cautious — Diplomatic Strategy — Dom Miguel affianced to Donna Maria, allowed to return to Portugal ; he burns the Constitution — Absolutists declare him King — Oporto declares for Donna Maria II., 1828 — Failure of Liberals in Oporto- Donna Maria arrives in England — Absoluto atrocities — Liberals in the Azores, Villa Flor gets there — Saldanha not allowed by Tory Government of England to land at Terceira — Miguelite fleet beaten from the Islands — Palmerston's opinion of Dom Miguel — Donna Maria returns to Brazil, 1831 — Dom Pedro's difficulties in Brazil; abdicates in favour of his son and comes to Europe with Donna Maria — His Letter to Villa-Flor; his Manifesto — Louis Philippe favours his Equipment of a Fleet, and with troops he sails for the Azores — La Biplomatie prevents Saldanha going with Dom Pedro — Mendizabal's great exertions for Donna Maria — Portugese celebrities — Dom Pedro's actiA'ity. Eeligioits and civil persecutions in England di'ove many of her best citizens to the wilds of North America ; and when they had, after severe trials, laid the foundation of rising colonies, they were visited with taxation they had not been led to expect at the commencement of the reign of Greorge III., which brought about the War of Indepen- dence of 1 770, 2 AN' All OF SUCCESSION lu 1778, Louis XVI. assisted tlio revolted colonists against England, wlien many of liis subjects were allowed to join theii" revolutionary army. Spain also had allied itself with the American insm-gents. At the peace between England and America in 1782, and recognition of the independence of the revolted colo- nies, now called the United States,* this successful example of popular will in the working and amelioration of govern- ment, stu-red the French people to seek how they might obtain a more rational system of rule, for they had only, in 1780, procured the abolition of toi-tui'e in judicial pro- ceedings. The despotic government of the later sove- reigns, the haughty conduct of the nobles, and the mind- depressing power of the Romish Chm-ch ; all this, by taking tlie great majority of the good things of life to themselves, and leaving so little to the real producers of wealth, brought about, in 1789, the commencement of the most sanguinary revolution on record — Louis XVI. being beheaded by a maddened people in 1793. Out of this revolution arose Napoleon, the most extra- ordinary man of modem tunes : he ruled France, and subdued for a time many nations. As regarded Spain, the occupation of that country by his armies was not of any duration, but long enough to lead to the severance and independence of the Spanish colonies from the mother country, t Turn we to Portugal — the Prince Regent (son of the nearly insane Queen Donna Maria I.), afterwards • The Anglo-American colonies advanced in prosperity and free insti- tutions, until their oppression by the British Government drove them to rebellion and independence, giving rise to one of the most wonderful nations of the world. t The people of the Spanish American Republics were hampered liy the disadvantages of ignorance, hereditary bigotry, and superstition, bad elements for a Democracv. OF PORTUGAL. 6 Jolm VI., liaving refused to enforce tlie Berlin decree by closing his ports against England, Napoleon made Spain enter into a treaty of partition of Portugal with, hiin, and sent at once 30,000 men tkrough Spain to take possession of his country, publishing at the same time the bombastic edict, that the House of Braganza had ceased to reign in Europe !* The Portuguese Court retreated to its beauti- fid Brazilian colony with some 15,000 followers, November 29th, 1807, and on the 30th the French army, under Junot, entered Lisbon. England now ordered Sir Arthur Wellesley with an army to Portugal, when, on the 17th August, 1808, his fii'st success against the French, under Laborde, was at Roliga ; on the 21st he beat the same general at Vimeu-o, which led to the sometimes so-called disgraceful Convention of Cintra, signed by Sir Hew Dalrymple, allowing Junot and over 24,000 men to evacuate Lisbon in English ships. f On the fall of Napoleon, Brazil was raised to the rank of a kingdom, and John YI. was crowned at Rio in 1818. Portugal was but indifferently governed by a regency. In Jidy, 1821, John YI. retm-ned to Poi-tugal with 3,000 dependents, promising to uphold the constitution in the mother country, which meant Liberals v. Absolutists, leaving his eldest son, Dom Pedro, as his viceroy in Brazil, which had forced the king to give it a constitution. Subsequently John YI. was ill-advised in trying to * Napoleon also said : " The Bourbons have ceased to reign in Europe ; " l)ut it took to the period of 1868 to remove the last, in Isabella II. of Spain. t Napoleon agreed with the Duke of Wellington that the Convention of Cintra was disadvantageous for the cause of England, and that Junot, even after Vimeiro, had still the means of prolonging the contest. Napo- leon conferred the title of Due d'Abrantes on Junot, which title was something Kke bitter fruit of the French expedition to Portugal. b2 4 AVAll or SlCfESSlOX rediico 13iazil lo a colony ; this Avas immediatelj' resented, when the country declared itself independent, and named I )oni Pecbo, in 1825, its constitutional emperor. John VI., finding himself again in possession of the thi'one of Portugal, wished to lead a pacific life, and, under judicious guidance, would have settled down with the con- stitution so much desu-ed hy patriotic Portuguese. How- ever, his queen, Donna Carlotta Joaquina, daughter of Charles IV. of .Spain, became the daring and despotic ruler of the country, in A^•hich she was aided by many of the old nobilit.)' and the body ecclesiastic generally, forming the " Governo assoluto e fradesco," or absolute and monkish government. Doni Miguel, now about twenty years of age, the Queen's second s(jn, was named commander-in-chief, and he seconded the views of his mother. The Constitutionalists (or Libe- rals) in Portugal, who liad commenced the organisation of free institutions in 1820, now became very active, and even ofl'ered armed resistance to the Crovernment (or Apostolic) party, particularly at A'^illafranca, in 1823. Towards the close of January, 1824, the King resolved to pass the carnival at the palace of Salvatierra Avith Dom Miguel and a portion of the coiu-t. Tt was arranged by the Absoluto party that there must be one especial victim, and that a fellow named Leonardo should perform the act after the perfonnance at the theatre, which adjoined the palace; 80 the Marquis of Louie,* an old and devoted friend of the king's, and a liberal-minded man, was assassinated at Sal- vatieiTa, the 29th February, 1824, an act which the king * His son, the present Duquo de Loulu, became Iho husband of the Infanta Donna Ana ; bhe died in 1857. Ho was by the side of Dom Pedro during tlio defence of Oporto, and has continued to be an important per- sonage in Portugal. OF PORTUGAL. O liimself called the "tenebroso crime," the dark crime. All the patriotic men of importance were to be got rid of, including the diplomatic veteran, the Marquis Palmella ;. the Conde de Saldanha,* the grandson of the great Pombal,t and champion of Constitutionalism; the perse- cuted Conde Villa-Flor, and others, preparatory to forcing the king to abdicate in favour of I)om Miguel. Misrule continued ; there was conspiracy and rebellion on the part of the (iueen and her adherents; when the King escaped from his palace the latter end of April, 1^24, taking refuge on board the ' Windsor,' English man-of-war, Lord Beresford being the monarch's staunch friend on this, as well as on many other occasions.:!: Dom Miguel was sent for by the King and detained. * Saldanha was the lirst to proclaim ia 1820 the (Jonstitution adopted hy the Spanish Cortes. After the i'eninsular War, he went to Brazil, where he held high military and Government offices. Eeturning to Lis- bon in 1822, ho found the garrison in open mutiny, caused by the des- potism of the Queen, which he quelled ; he opposed the Miguelite party, and calmed a popular movement. On 31st May, 1823, he was prominent in inducing the King to sign a Liberal proclamation ; but the Absoluto party was too strong for him, Palmella, and other patriots. f Lafa3'ette's opinion of Pombal: — "A etc un grand homme, mais un grand despote." Metternich's : — "A etc un grand homme d'etat, mais il a trop donne dans les ideas du XVIIe Siecle." ;{: William Carr Beresford, for his great services in the Peninsula, was created a Portuguese Field-Marshal, Duque de Elvas, and Marques de Santo Campo ; also a British Peer, with the title of Baron Beresford. In 1814 he was sent on a mission to Brazil, returning to England the follow- ing year. After a visit to Portugal, he went again to Brazil, but shortly came back to Portugal, when he resumed the command of the army there. He resigned this post at the end of a few years, not approving of the eiforts then being made to establish a Constitutional Government. From 1828 to 1830 he was Master-General of the Ordnance. lie continued to take an active part in Tory politics. In 1826 he assisted in sending Eng- lish troops for the support of Dom Sligucl, for which he was afterwards deprived of his rank of PorLuguese Field-Marshal. lie died January, 18 J4. 6 \y\n OF SUCCESSION He was bauished from Portugal ou the 13tli May, going away in the frigate ' Perola,' remaining absent about four years.* Portugal for a time was allowed to breathe a somewhat purer political air. John YL, full of sorrow, now rapidly broke down, and died in Lisbon 20th March, 182G, leaving his cro"svn to his eldest son, Dom Pedro, the Emperor of Brazil, who was proclaimed King Pedro IV. of Portugal, in conformity with John VI.'s decree of 13th May and edict of 5th November, 1825, Dom Pedro's sister, Donna Isabel Maria, acting as his Pegent with a Junta. Dom Pedro abdicated his right to the Portuguese crown in favour of his eldest daughter, Donna Maria, May 2nd of same year, giving a charter of constitution to Portugal, which was enthusias- tically promulgated, particularly by Saldanlia, the then Grovernor of Oporto, recognising the Infanta Isabel Maria as Pegent. This charter became the law of the land, to maintain which so much blood was to be shed. Although Donna Isabel was the regent for Donna Maria, the old Queen — often styled the mao-occulta (hidden * During the disordered period of Dom Miguel's power a minister named Pamplona (Condc and Marquis .Subserra) mainly managed affairs. This individual and his wife had come to Portugal with ]\Iassena, consequently sjTnpathised, or had to do so, in favour of French occupation, and appeared at one time to have considered themselves as Vice-King and Queen. In regard to the wife, the following appeared about her in 1824 : — " Isabel travessa Nao Hoste Painha, Mas Iloste Condessa " — Isabel, the naughty, if you did not become a queen, still turned out a countess. Baron Ilydo de Neuvillc, the French Minister, was made Conde de Bemposta, and Sir Edward Thornton Condc de Cassilhas, with a domain from the Crown for three lives. Sir "\Vm. A' Court succeeded Thornton, and upset the Pamplona Minis- try, Neuvillc retiring to Paris. It was now that an-angements were made for the recognition of Brazil. OF PORTUGAl,. 7 liaucl) — and her Absolutist camarilla, had nearly all the power of the State. Saldanha was lured at this period from Oporto to Lisbon to bo Minister of War, but his office was made so un- pleasant to him that he shortly resigned. Soon afterwards the Liberals, with the old cry of " Arrayal" (to the field), headed by Saldanha and Villa- Flor,* and the Government, which had become completely Absolutist, came to blows in various parts of the country, when a large number of Government troops under Condo' Amarante had to fly from before the Liberals into Spain (the Government of which country fully sympathised with the despotic doings in Portugal), scarcely knowing for whom they were fighting, whether for the Regency, the old Uueen, Dom Miguel, Dom Sebastian (a Spanish Infante), or for Conde Abrantes, now Marques de Chaves, whose insurrection took place on the 6tli October, 1826, when he was saluted as Manuel II. by his sup- porters. Villa-Flor defeated Chaves at Ponte de Prado, causing him much loss. So desperate was the state of affairs that, on the 3rd December, the Princess Pegent solicited the assistance of England, and on the 17th troops were sent to Lisbon. Canning on this occasion asked, had a casus /(ederis arisen ? He decidedly believed it had. Bands of Poyalist deserters, the tools of Dom Miguel, having been equipped in Spain, had invaded Portugal. " We go," he said, " to plant the standard of England on the well-known heights of Lisbon. Where that standard is planted, foreign dominion shall not come." Portugal was saved. France,, * Villa-Flor had been imprisono.l in Bclem Castle in 1824, afterwards at Peniche. 8 AN All OF SUCCESSION the real priucipal, AA'as cowed ; no blow was struck, uor a life lost. In 1826-7, Dom Miguel was at Vienna, when the Court of Austria, in particular, was anxious that he should have something to do in the affairs of Portugal. Dom Miguel took the oath of fealty in Vienna, October 4th, 1826. After much diijlomatic strategy, Dom Pedro consented that his brother, Dom Miguel, should retmn to Portugal as his lieutenant, during the minority of Donna Maria, who was affianced October 29th, 1826, to him as Donna Maria II., Queen of Portugal. Dom Miguel visited London in December, 1827, arriving in Lisbon, February 22nd, 1828, and took the oath as Eegent. He had come from the Absolute schools of the north — was anything but weU received, although he had solemnly sworn to defend the Constitution. In a short time, and mider the guidance of his mother, the Queen, the Constitution was abolished, and the charter burnt in the public square. Pequisitions poui^ed in fi'om the Apostolic party, urging Dom Miguel to occupy the throne instead of Donna Maria. The promises Dom Miguel had made to Dom Pedro — to the Com-ts of Austria, England, and France — were at once put aside. He dissolved tlie Three Estates, and allowed himself to be called King of Portugal. Even imder these circumstances, it is thought by many, in and out of Portugal, that had lie given to the coimtry a moderately consti- tutional I'orm of government, with no persecution of the Liberals, a majority of the people would have supported him in his usm-pation. However, his party hailed him as " Nosso Ee assoluto," and he acted as one.'-' * The ALi-(jluto partizans were sirong in Portugal. It v.as Metternich who arranged, in conjunction ^vith the C'arlists in France and Tories in OF rORTUGAL. 9 lu Ma}', 1828, Oporto was iu revolt against Bom Miguel's assumption of tlie Crown. On the 28tli the I^-ovisional Junta issued a manifesto in the name of Dom Pedi'o IV., iu which the details of Dom Miguel's usm-pa- tion were fully set forth. The Colonel of the Gth Eegiment was ordered to be arrested by the Lisbon Grovernment, when his officers and men assembled in disorder in the Campo da Regencia, giving vivas for Pedro IV., and death to the Miguelites. The revolution broke out before its time, but the Junta, organised by the Liberals of Oporto, was adliered to by the neighbouring provinces, and a small army was formed. The arrival in Lisbon of the news of these proceedings produced a panic, and it is said that had tlie Liberals then had experienced leaders, they might have entered Lisbon and overthrown Dom Miguel. The Liberals advanced slowly on the road to the capital, under a valiant officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Schwalbach, a (xerman, so as to give time (for there had been great delay) for their chiefs, Saldanha, Palmella, Stubbs, Sampaio, Villa - Flor, Azeredo, Baron Eendufe, C. J. Xavier, Soiu-a, Condes of Taipa and Calharis, and others to come from England, France, and Belgium, whence they had emigrated. Schwalbach had a brush with the advance of Dom Miguel's army, near Coimbra, and then came back to Oporto. The chiefs, who had now arrived, it is generally England, for Dom Miguel's return to Portugal as Eegent, and that ho should marry his niece, Donna Maria. Saldanha advised Dom Pedro not to enter into these views, for, Dom Miguel once Regent, he would usurp the Crown. Saldanha's envoy arrived in Brazil two days after Dom Pedro had signed the Regency and marriage arrangements. Saldanha resigned the Ministry of War, and left for England. Dom Miguel returned to Lishon, and twenty-nine days afterwards he declared himself King'. However, Oporto became the focus for the Liberals. 10 WAR OF SUCCESSIOX reported, seeing so small a force, and not being agreed amongst themselves, retired in great haste from Oporto, as did the Jnnta and principal citizens ; this was in July, 1828. General Pizarro, who commanded the retreating Liberal troops, deposited his arms at Orense, in Gralicia, and marched to Ferrol, whence he embarked for England.* Greneral Povoas became the Miguelite governor of Oporto, but he was too lenient, and was superseded. I>onna Maria left Brazil for Lisbon, ignorant of what was going on in Portugal against her ; but ere she got to the Tagus she was informed of the deplorable situation of affairs, so continued her voyage to England, arriving at Falmouth 24th September. tShe was received as Queen at Windsor, by Greorge IV., December 22nd. Dom Miguel had amongst his ad\isers the Bishop of Vizeu, and the Conde de Bastos, denominated by the Liberals as two old " pirronicos" — stolid in their bigotry ; amongst their views was an intense hatred of foreigners,! * The Junta, composed of lawyers, made Palmella, the diplomatist, commander-in-chief. The Liberal army consisted of some 7,000 men. .Saldanha wished to make a stand in Oporto ; this the Junta opposed. Had all the military portion of the Portuguese, who had emigrated to England, France, and Belgium, been allowed by the Governments of those countries to have gone to Oporto, Saldanha could have held the place and much more against Dom Miguel ; but the Legitimists were in power in Prance and the Tories in England, and they prevented this. Then there was a rivalry between Palmella and Saldanha, pen and tongue v. sword. Still, it may be a question whether the right moment had arrived in 1828 to do what was done by Dom Pedro in 1831-2. The Brazilian Minister in London put a vessel at Saldanha's disposal ; but there was a deteiiiioH of fourteen daij.s! Saldanha and his party got at last to Oporto; but all was lost, for the Liberals had been beaten by the Miguelites at the Cruz de Mourocas. Saldanha and his followers returned to England. t The English, in particular, were the "'foreigners.'' These had como to the assistance of Portugal whenever required ; they had turned Napoleon's annies out of the country ; they had given peace to the land, find helped to preserve the crown to the House of Braganza. OF rOKTU(;AI,. 11 and they held the Liberals as heretics and " pedi'eiros libres" — Freemasons. The Liberals called them two of hell's furies, having for their colleagues tliose imps of Satan, the monks. Two inhuman tribunals were formed, called " Alc/ada," — judicial commissions — one in Lisbon, the other in Oporto, to discover, judge, and sentence the unfortunate Liberals. The prisons were soon filled with men, Avonien, and children ; and in the public library at Oporto there is a list of 8,247 prisoners of the Aloada of that place. The 4th Regiment was disarmed in Lisbon, and several composing it were shot. Monkish tribunals were even erected to investigate the conduct of their own fraternity, when those of Liberal tendencies were incarcerated in their own convents. Eegiments of royalist volunteers were peremptorily ordered to be formed all over the kingdom. Forty-eight regmients of militia were called out, and those who did not come willingly were pmiished ; forced recruiting for the regiments of the line was carried on with great severity. The brigades were composed of troops of the line, militia and royalist volunteers, so as to watch over each other. Forced loans Avere exacted, taxes were imposed — one of which was of about two shillings on each window of a house. In April, 1828, the British troops were withdrawn from Portugal, and nearly all the foreign ministers left the country. Several Liberals were executed in Oporto — many imprisoned there ; and at least 30,000 persons were confined in the prisons of Lisbon ; also over 50,000 families were despoiled of means of subsistence on the score of politics. The 6th March, 1829, was a day of mourning, when the following Liberals of importance were executed in 12 ^VAH OK SUCCESSION Lisbon, at the Caes do Sodi-e : — General Friere, the fSenhores Braga, Perestrello, Pereira, Scharnichea, and Chaby ; others were deported to Africa. The 7th May ten of the foremost Liberals were executed at Oporto. Among these were Da Yiega e Lima, De Brito e Cunha, Colonel da Loiizii, De Madeiros e Vasconcellos. With these executions at Lisbon and Oporto the country was horrified. Many political jDrisoners were massacred tlirougli the priests going to the prisons of Elvas. We now come to the heroic acts of the Liberals in the Azores, a chosen few without a name, wanderers and poor, liaving foiu'-fifths of Europe openly or secretly their ene- mies. The first military affair of note was the daring attack by Colonel Torres — who had served as a captain of cavahy under D'Urban in the l^eninsidar War — with a small but determined force, on 7,000 of the enemy at Pico Celeiro, in the island of Terceii\a, the 28tli October, 1828, which made him master of the island. (Saldanha left Plymouth, in command of a lumiber of ])olitical emigrants, with the intention of landing at the island of Terceira, arriving there the 19th January, 1829. He was, however, prevented in his object by a British squadron, and made his way for the coast of France.* The 8th March, 1829, Colonel Brito arrived at Terceii-a with two vessels filled with troops, including the volun- teers of Donna Maria. The Conde Yilla-Flor, having escaped from Lisbon, got there on the 22nd June.f * Saldanha went to the Island of Terceira, in the Englis.h brig ' Suzana,' accompanied by the Eni;li.sh brigs ' Lira' and ' Minerva,' and a Russian galley ' Delphim,' 640 ollicers and men. Commodore "Walpolo (under Tory orders) would not allow him to land, and after firing at the ' Suzana,' when a soldier of the 18th Itegimcnt was killed, the expedition left for IJrcst. t He subsetjueutly went to Kio, and obtained assistance from Dom Pedro. OF PORTUCAL. 1^> A Ivegency was now established in tlie name of tlio Qneen Donna Maria II. At this period a Miguelite fleet of twenty-one vessels, with 6000 troops, came off Terceira. The Villa da Praia, five leagues from Angra, offered them a place of disembarkation, which was, however, ably de- fended by Colonel Menezes. On the 11th August boats from the fleet brought 1114 bayonets on shore; these were attacked at once, routed, and 389 prisoners were taken. A second landing was tried with 2670 men ; these Avere also routed ; after this the discomfited Migue- lite Admiral Maritimo made the l^est of his way back to Lisbon. We will now retrace om' steps to the moment when Donna Maria, who had returned to Rio in August, 1820, again approached the shores of England, where slie was received at Falmouth "with Eoj^al lionoiirs. When the frigate which conveyed her arrived, her conductors were acutely and painfully uncertain whether she would be received as Duchess of Oporto or as a Sovereign. Everything hung now on a few moments. But all was well. The Royal salute came thundering over the waters from the forts and ships, and up went the flags on every hand. Then up went the Royal Standard of Portugal, and the 3"oung girl and her retinue knew that she was acknowledged Queen by Great Britain. George IV. and the Ministers paid the child every attention ; but still it continued to be m^ged that we could not actively undertake her cause ; that we were bound by treaty to Portugal to protect her against external, but not internal enemies. In this policy of abstention, Palmerston (then in Oppo- sition) by no means concm-red, and he more than hinted that Ministers, in their hearts, wished success to Dom 14 WAR OF SUrCESSlOX Miguel.* On the 1st June, lS-2!), Sii- James Mackintosli brought forward a motion on the affliii-s of Poi-tugal. Lord Pahnerston, in a long and telling speech, pounded into Dom Miguel. " The civilised Avorld rings with execrations upon Miguel ; and jet this destroyer of constitutional freedom, this breaker of solemn oaths, this faithless usm-per, this enslaver of his country, this trampler upon public law, this violator of private rights, this attempter of the life of helpless and defenceless women, is, in the opinion of Em^ope, mainly indebted for the success which has hitherto attended hun to a belief industriously propagated by his partisans, and not sufficiently refuted by any acts of the British Government, that the Cabinet of England look upon his usurpation vdth no mifriendly eye. In the opmion of many, this impression is confii-nied by much Avhich the Government have done, and by much which * Tories r. Liberals. Legitimists r. the Masses on the Continent, 1865, July. On the occasion of the Westminster Election, Mr. J. S. Mill referred to Mr. Gladstone's definition of the above :— " LiberaHsm is trust in the people, limited only by prudence; Toryism is distrust of the people, limited only by fear." Mr. Mill observed :— " A Liberal is he who looks forward for his principles of government ; a Tory looks backward. A Tory is of opinion that the real model of good government lies somewhere ' behind us in the region of the past, from which we are drifting further and further— that it lies in the subjection and dependence of the great mass of the community in temporal matters to the hereditary possessors of wealth, and in spiritual matters to the Church ; and they oppose to the last moment anything that could possibly lead us away from this model. When beaten they may accept a defeat as a necessity of the age ; but they still think good government means the restoration, in some shape or other of feudal principles, and they continue to oppose all further progress in a new direction. A Liberal is something very different to this." But the Apostolical Absolutists of .Spain and Portugal Avere very much worse than the Tories or Legitimists. When the Liberals of the Peninsula got a little fair play (with assistance from the Liberals in England, l-'rance, and Bel-ium), they were successful. OF rORTUGAL. 15 they have omitted to do. On the one hand, it is said that they have shown a great alacrity to back up his measures of war by their recognitions ; and on the other, it is thought that they have displayed a very patient forbear- ance under indignities offered to England, in the persons of British residents in Portugal ; while their steady refusal to interfere in cases in Avhich their interference would have been prejudicial to Don Miguel has been contrasted with their promptitude and vigour to interfere when their inter- ference was subservient to his projects. All these things, it is said, seem to show that they look upon his conduct and political existence with very different eyes from the rest of mankind, and appear to countenance the supposi- tion that they have attempted by negotiation to give a legitimate sanction and permanent existence to his usurpa- tion, and have even contemplated the project of delivering up to the keeping and custody of a man who has attempted to imbrue his hands in a sister's blood, that infant Queen whose life is one barrier between him and the throne which heeovets."* Donna Maria returned to Eio in August, 1829. In 1830 Captain Charles Napier was sent by the Tory Ministry to the Western Islands, " to restrict lawless pro- ceedings, particularly against British vessels." He ob- serves that the obstinacy of Dom Miguel (" as well as the rank stupidity of his surroundings ") in refusing an amnesty, had prevented his being recognised by the Dulce of Wellington's administration. About this time the celebrated "H. B." commenced his caricatures relating to Dom Pedro and Dom Miguel ; one, November oth, was " A Cabinet Picture," representing * Fahnerstoiusm (Tory view). The " ism " of Lord Palmerston : old- Holdierism ; soft-soaiJ ; Hp-salve for the millions. — Charnock's " Verba Nominalia." 16 "WAU OF ST^f'CESSlOX Wellington, the Premier, saving, " Having been obliged to recognise the King of the French, Ave must as a set-oft' acknowledge our friend Miguel. The Belgians — poor people ! — not knowing how to take care of themselves, must be protected from the evils of independence !" Two years were passed at Terceira, when the Liberals organised an expedition to the island of St. George, where the Queen's flag was hoisted the 9th of May, 1831. Gralheatea was taken on the 11th, and Yilla-Flor pos- sessed himself of Fayal on the 24th June. St, Michael's was well fortified by the Miguelites, garrisoned by the 4th Regiment and militia, and also protected by a brig- of-war and a guarda cof-'ta. Villa-Flor left Terceira the 1st August vdth. 1400 men, disembarking at Ladera da Yelha. His enemy was well posted and entrenched on the Serra da Yelha, 5000 strong, and had abundance of artiller3% Yilla-Flor advanced to the attack on the 2nd, when the enemy was at once routed, losing a very large number of their men in killed and Avounded, the rest becoming prisoners. The Gfovernor and his staff, with Admiral Prego, escaped to Lisbon. If consternation Avas caused in Lisbon Avhen it Avas knoAA'u that the Liberals Avere in armed force in the islands, what must have been tlieir dilemma when it AA^as communicated that they Avere preparing for a descent upon Portugal ? However, Dom Miguel's land force of regulars Avas estimated at 80,000 line and militia, and 40,000 volun- teers, making 120,000 bayonets ; and his fleet consisted of fifteen men-of-Avar. It may be mentioned that at the end of 18-30 his troops were seven months in arrears of pay, and Government paper Avas at thirty per cent, discount. Early in 1831 a series of difficulties occurred in Brazil, particularly betAveen the Emperor and tlie deputies : ihey- OF PORTUGAL. 17 were so serious that on the 6th April there was an affra}', at the head of which was the Democratic party. The Emperor at once resigned in favour of his son, then under age, who became Pedro II. He then retired on board the ' Warspite,' British man-of-Avar. Dom Pedro took the title of Duke of Braganza, and left Brazil on board H.M.S. ' Volage,' Lord Colchester, the 13th April, accompanied by his wife, their daughter, and Donna Maria. In a notice of Dom Pedro further on, some details will be given accounting for his abrupt departiu-e from Brazil. The Brazilians had made him Em^Deror on Constitutional prin- ciples, and he had managed to reign some ten years. Love of military glory had led hmi into an unsuccessful war witli Monte Video, which crippled his finances. Then the Liberals of Portugal looked to him for help ; he had abdicated his rights to the crown of Portugal in favour of his daughter Donna Maria, but his brother Dom Miguel had usurped the tlirone, persecuting the Liberals ; then the Liberal party in Brazil urged him to rule his country constitution- ally, and when he told them " I will do everything for the people, but nothing by the people," he surely must have had his thoughts on the displacement of Dom Miguel and placing Donna Maria II. on the throne of Portugal, when at 2 a.m. of the 7th of April, 1831, he himself wrote out his abdication. Passing the island of Fayal, he sent through the British Consul the following letter to the Conde Villa-Flor : — " On board the frigate ' Volage,' " 30th May, 1831. " My dear Count and Friend, " In consequence of a revolution of the troops and c 18 "WAPv, OF SUCCESSION people wliicli took place in Brazil, I liave aLdicateJ in favour of my son, nov>- 1). Pedro II. The crown which the Brazilians spontaneously offered me I defended as long as my honoiu' and the Constitution permitted me ; then I resolved to come to Europe, which I have done, on board the English man-of-war ' Volage.' " After a voyage of forty-seven days, I find myself in sight of the port of the island Eayal, when I learn that Y. E., animated by the pure sentiments of fidelity and love for your country and the august person of the Senhora D. Maria II., my beloved daughter, has just succeeded in again triumphing in the cause of justice and reason, by supplanting the usurping power in the islands of S. Jorge and Pico. " The Queen of Portugal, who left Rio Janeiro on the same occasion as myself, now goes to the port of Brest, in the frigate ' Seine.' " As the natural guardian of my daughter, as a faithful Constitutionalist and affectionate friend of Y. E.'s, I take advantage of this happy occasion to give you a proof of my respect for so much valour and constancy ; and my tl tanks for such heroic and continued sentiments of honour and fidelity in the sovereign cause of legal liberty ; and in the name of her Most Faithful Majesty D. Maria II., I authorise you to make known to all the brave defenders of her imdoubted rights the high consideration in which the same auffust ladv holds their s^reat services. " Let me assure Y. E. , and all honourable Portuguese, that I shall be untiring in promoting in Eiu-ope the interests of my daughter, and in favom* of the cause of legitimacy and the constitution. " J). Pedro be Alcantara DE Braganga e Bottrron.'" OF PORTUGAL. 19 Dom Pedro arrived in Eiirojae, and visited the coui'ts of France and England. He left his v^ife and Donna Maria in Paris ; went to Belle Isle, when he embarked with troops on board his fleet* for the Island of Terceira ; but before starting- issued the following manifesto, under date 12th February, 1832, from on board the ' Rainha de Portugal ' : — " Called to succeed my august father to the tlirone of Portugal as his eldest son, and by the fundamental laws of the monarchy, as laid down in the Carta de Let e Edido Perpetuo, of IbtJi November, 1825, I was formally recog- nised as King of Portugal by all the Powers and the Portuguese nation. . . . And that the independence of both countries (Brazil and Portugal) should not be com- promised by the union of both crowns on one head, 1 decided to abdicate that of Portugal in favoiu* of my daughter, D. Maria, who was equally recognised by all the Powers and the Portuguese people. " In conformity "with my august father's procla,mation of 31st May, 1823, and Carta de Lei, 4th June, 1824, I pro- mulgated the constitutional Charter of 29th April, 1826, in wliich was recognised the two fundamental principles, viz., that the laws should onlj^ be passed by the Cortes, and that the camara should be composed of the clergy and nobility. . . . Not to risk anything by the minority of my daughter, I thought the best I could do was the allying her to a Portuguese prince, even to my brother. " This was the reason I selected D. Miguel ; a most unfortunate occiurrence, which many innocent victims have to deplore ; the effects of which mark one of the most disastrous epochs of Portuguese history. * On his arrival in France he found many to assist him voluntarilj' ; one M. G. Malo or Maloque, a shipbuilder at Dunlrirk, who put two armed vessels at his disposal. c 2 20 AVATJ OF SrCCl^SSTOX " D. Miguel, after liaving svrorn i'oalty io mo as his natural sovereign, and to the Constitution ; after having solicited to be the Regent of Portugal, which post I con- ferred on him under the title of my Lof/rir Tcnente, hj decree of 3rd June, 1827 ; after having entered into the exercise of his functions, which he undertook to resign into the hands of D. Maria II. when of age, dared to commit imexampled acts. " He commenced by convoking the throe States of the Kingdom in a most illegal manner, and declared that the crown of Portugal belonged to him and not to me. " The foreign Powers stigmatised tliis as an act of rebel- lion, and then* ambassadors left Lisbon. Thousands were the Aictims who protested agninst such Adolence and illegality. . . . To sustain a government whicli was blazoned forth as one emanating from the wish of the peo- ple, it ^^'as necessary to erect scaffolds, on Avhich perished a great number of patriots, who attempted to resist the atrocious yoke of usiu'pation. The prisons were filled ; iimumerable citizens were sent to the deserts of Africa, others had to expatriate themselves ; tliis and much more has my country been suffering for over four ^'ears. " The Island of Terceu^a offered an asylum to Portuguese liberty, and a deputation having come to me and my daughter from the "Western Islands, in the name of the Ilegency, I resolved to leave Brazil and come among the loyal Portuguese. " There shall be a general amnesty for all civilians and military who shall leave the usurping power. . . . " I hereby declare that I am not going to take the horrors of a civil war to Portugal, but peace and recon- ciliation. " I). Pi:dro, Duque dk Braganca." OF POUTLCiAI,, 21 Doni Pedro was sure of* the LiLenils iu Portugal and Spain, of the friendship of Louis J'hilippe, the eitizen King of the Freneli, of Leopold, King of the Belgians, and the Whigs were not always baekwai'd in supporting him. "William IV- was now on the throne. The Tory papers — John Bull, Moniiiiy Pod, Age, standard — supported Dom Miguel. However, Louis Philippe gave to Dom Pedro the port of Belle Isle as a rendezvous for a fleet, which was quickly got together in England, to take him and his followers — Portuguese as well as foreign adherents — first to the Western Islands, thence to the projected conquest of Portugal. About the 7th Februaiy were heard the first cries of " Death to Dom Miguel," the prisons were soon filled with Liberals, and seven were executed. In August there was a rising in Portugal in favour of Donna Maria, in which more than 800 lives were sacrificed, including some forty who were tried and shot. Seilor Mendizabal, a Spanish patriot, was one of Dom Pedi-o's most energetic and successful agents in England, procming for him the sinews of war, ships, and an English naval captain, Sartorius, to command them, in December 1831 ; also such men as Hodges, Staunton, Burrell, Shaw,* an old 52nd and 5)0th, moreover a Waterloo man, and others to lead his English and Irish auxiliaries. * Sir Charles Shaw, in a letter to the writer in I8G0, states he left London for Belle Isle on the 12th December, 1831, with 300 officers and men, all of whom are now dead excepting himself. There were Portu- guese about Dom Pedro who hinted to him that he might become Empe- ror of the Peninsula, and his daughter Queen or Yicc-Ciueen of Portugal. According to Soriano (" His. do Cerco do Porto," v. 1.), before he left Paris, he went to his daughter's room, and said before those assembled : " Lady, here is a Portuguese General, who goes to defend your rights, and restore you to your throne." Also, that his own wish was to retire to Mimieh, and lead a country life. 22 A\AK OF SUCCESSION The daring Mendizabal and Lis colleagues had much opposition thrown in their way by the Tory party in England, who espoused the political views of Ferdi- nand VII. and those of Dom ]\Iiguel. Dom Pedi"o had his difficulties, one of which was, who should command the army : the pure Constitutionalists were for Saldanha, to whom Dom Pedro had promised the command. Dom Pedro, who was then in Paris, asked Saldanha, as a personal favour to hunself, not to go with the expedition from Belle Isle, as Ferdinand YII. had declared, if he went, the Spanish Government would at once assist Dom Miguel with 50,000 men.* This, although most complimentary to Saldanha, was a heavy blow to him. Still he occupied himself in raising recruits. He had been for some time supporting himself in Paris mainly by his pen. Dom Pedro requested Soult to give him a French general, but no one could be induced, as was said, "to risk his reputation." Saldanha published the following at onceiutheiV7/^/o;?r//, which was republished with another letter in a pamphlet : — " Paris, 13th January, 1832. " GrEXERAL SaLDANHA TO HIS FRIENDS. " H. I. M. Dom Pedro having called me to-day to a private audience, informed me that La Diplomaiie prevents * A great error was committed by Saldanha not being allowed to go with the expedition. There was an intrigue against him, headed by Villa-Flor and the Minister of Y/ar, Freire, which caused him to remain in Paris. Saldanha had the full confidence of the soldiery in Portugal, and had he been in command, his name alone would have caused many to leave the standard of D. Miguel. Ho also would have had the full con- fidence of the foreigners who went to fight for Da. Maria. It was even reported to D. Pedro that Saldanha wanted a Republic for Portugal. — " La Veritc sur I'expedition do U. Pedro." .iVmstcrdam, 1832, pamphlet par un Officer Volontair, Chas. E. Fauche. OF PORTUGAL. 23 my taking part in tlie projected expedition to re-establisli in my country tlie Charter, and tlie throne of the Queen Donna Maria II. ; and that in consequence of such oppo- sition, H. I. M. cannot employ me in the said expedition. Having counted up to this moment, and with the greatest anxiety, for this occasion to serve, the blow I have just received is the greatest that could have fallen upon me ; but I shall be able to support this grief, if my friends will have the goodness to believe in the unchangeableness of my sentiments, and in my goodwill. " CoXDE DE SaLDANHA." Then follow Jose da Silva Passos' observations of loth January : — " Here it is seen he was obstructed. By whom ? We do not know ; but probably by one of the principal Eiu'opean Groveruments (Spain). Never was a greater honoiu'. We condole with the Queen. Saldauha has oiu- homage. It seems that in 1827 the Portuguese Ministry promised Spain that Saldanha should uever be in the Ministry again. Is the Concle to be sacrified for his loyalty to Donna Maria ? It is a useless crime. Your crown is safe from traitors. Oporto will defend her rights, like unto another Saragossa Numancia, and Sagunto. Lisbon will help us. You are to be our Queen, or the others will have to reign over our graves. Call to your side the loyal Conde de Saldanha, as the heroic Margaret of Anjou called Lord Percy. Dom Miguel must fall ; soon shall we return to our beloved land. Out on Sal- danha's calumniators, and infamous enemies of the Queen and liberty."* * The pampUet containing these letters and other matters was printed in Paris by Auguste Mie. R. Joquelet, No. 7, Place de la Bourse, 1832. I am obliged to my friend, l)r. Hyde Clarke, for perusal of two volumes of pamphlets connected with Portuguese afifuirs of this and previous periods. -Ji AVAR OF SUCCESS10^' By superior order, F. de Almeida, by cii'cular of 18tli February, invited nearly all the fidalgos then in Paris, also several general officers, to accompany Dom Pedro ; however, such decided Liberals as Sir T. Stubbs, J). L. Cabreira, J. M. de Moiu-a, and Correia de Mello were not allowed to g'o. The French Grovernment had violent correspondence with Dom Miguel, occasioned by fresh insults, and the ill- treatment of two French citizens in Lisbon ; and until the matter should be arranged, several of his ships of war were taken possession of by the French, which was a well- arranged and favourable move for Dom Pedro. On the 10th February, 1832, Dom Pedro sailed from Belle Isle for the Azores, with his fleet, composed of the * Painha,' ' D. Maria,' ' AmeHe,' schooner ' Terceira,' and a transport, the ' Fileria.' Palmella went Avdth the expedition. It must be confessed that Dom Pedi^o had undertaken a great and most important task, no small portion of wliich was to conciliate many of those lie had with him. There were some who did their best to persuade him that he was equally great as an admiral as a general. This brought him into collision with Sartorius, and led often to the honourable and straightforward endeavoui's of the admiral being unfortunately thwarted. On the authority of Admiral Charles Napier, Dom Pedro, on his passage to the Western Islands, had not shown any partiality to his British auxiliaries ; he had been persuaded by those about him that his presence in Portugal was alone necessary to the success of the Queen's cause, and Portuguese jealousy of foreigners, and consequent intrigue, began with the expedition, and continued throughout the arduous struggle. At tlie island of Terceira, April 2nd, Dom Pedro pub- OF ruKTLG.VI,. 25 licly assumed tlie liegeuey of Portugal ou behalf of liis daughter, Donna Maria II., and fealty was sworn to her banner. The Eegency had been composed of the Marquis Pal- mella, the Conde Villa-Flor, and Gruerreiro. Dom Pedi-o now appointed Palmella, Foreign Minister ; Villa-Flor, Commander-in-Chief; Freire, War and Marine ; and Mouzinho de Silveira for Finance and Justice.* Silva-CarvaUio had been a Minister of Justice ; he was of opinion that not a hostile shot would be fii-ed on Portu- guese ground. Mendizabal, a Spaniard, was really Finance Minister, banker, and one of the most useful men Dom Pedro had. He negotiated a loan under the greatest of difficulties in England. Few men possessed more talent for raising- money than this active-minded man, and few knew less how to take care of it, or were more liable to be imposed on, by the nmnerous agents he Avas obliged to employ. The very natm'e of the service required the assistance of charlatans and intriguers, who distinguished themselves by the * Napier"s opinions of some parties connected with Portuguese aflairs : — The Marquis Palmella, well known in Europe as a statesman, had been the rallying point of the Liberals and the head of the llegency. Villa-FIor was much thwarted by intriguers, who managed to get about D. Pedro. He was f too mild and kind a disposition. Guerreiro remained unemployed and neglected. Freire had been President of the Cortes, an ultra-Liberal ; was a man of neither military genius nor talent ; had everj'thing to gain and nothing to lose. Silveiia had been imprisoned in St. Julian's, and was a man highly respected in his native country. There were several influential men around D. Pedro, as Candido Xavier, his private secretary, a cunning old fox, who preferred that post to a portfolio. He had served in the French army against his country in the Peninsular war, and had been Minister of War before the return of D. jMiguel. 26 WAR OF SI'CCESSIOX, honourable uame of friends to tlie cause, and in this capacity they risked much and robbed more.* Napier adds : — " From the moment the Emperor arrived in the islands, he evinced the most indefatigable activity. He was general and admiral ; sometimes did harm, but he knew his countrymen ; and, with all liis faidts, had it not been for his activity, the expedition never would have left the islands. He was the only Portuguese I ever saw who did not understand ' Amanha ' — to-moiTOW." * Ardoin in Paris, and Ricardo in London, through Mendizahal, nego- tiated a loan for Donna Maria, capital £2,000,000. Bonds of this had to be handed to the holders of Maberley's old loan ; other bonds were put into the hands of Army and Xaval Contractors to negotiate, which they did at 48. There were several financering and other siftings, so only £340,529 in cash was handed in, and 16 per cent., or £100,000 per annum, had to be paid on this loan. (Soriano, " His. do Cerco do Porto," I.) CHAPTER II. 1832. British Government tries to open relations with Dom Miguel — Miguel and Absolutism, Pedro and Liberalism — Dom Pedro sails with .. his armament from the islands, lands at Oporto 8th July — Miguelites abandon Oporto — Dom Pedro's and Dom Miguel's proclamations — "H. B.'s" caricature — Shaw and his English followers first to plant Donna Maria's flag on landing — Schwalbach leads the van, and enters the city of Oporto — Political prisoners liberated — Dom Pedro's entry —Commencement of defence of the city — Sortie onPenafiel; retreat of Miguelite commander, Cardozo — Monks poison wine — Sortie on Valongo — Pedroites hard pressed, Dom Pedro decides on the attack — Battle of Ponte Ferreira — Dom Pedro master of the field, but Portonians doubtful of his ultimate success — Incendiary Miguelite Monks — Sartorius blockades Lisbon — Miguelites hope to starve Pedroites into surrender — Order of the Tower and Sword — Schwal- bach's sortie on the Coimbra road — Retreat sounded instead of advance — Panic — Moral and physical courage — Three days' bombardment of the Serra Convent — Commencement of the Siege of Oporto, 8th September — Anxious moments — Three days' attack on the Serra Convent, defended by the veteran Torres — His sortie drives the enemy from Villa Nova — Miguelites now decide to besiege Oporto Serra Convent— Sortie of 16th September by Bomfim— Col. Staunton killed — 29th September, grand Miguelite attack — Obstinate defence, in which the English and French distinguish themselves — Col. Bur- rell killed — Miguelites retire some miles — Woolridge and Shaw wounded, carried to the rear — Shaw returns with the colours — Again wounded and robbed — Oporto safe — Miguelite bombastic proclama- tion — Miguelite fleet comes before Oporto — Sartorius drives it off Severe bombardment of the Serra — Attack repelled by Torres Pedroite authors of the war, no Miguelite authors of importance. In the beginning of June, 1832, the British Government sent Lord William Eussell, Colonel Hare, and Lieut. - Colonel Badcock* to Portugal, to open with an old ally « " Rough Leaves from Journal kept in Spain and Portugal by Lieut.- Col. Badcock." 18o2-4. 28 >VAK OF .SL(^E^SS1()^• those ancient relations which had been broken in upon during the usurpation of Doni Miguel ; and it Avas supposed that a new order of things would restore oui- ibrnier position. This visit was also to ascertain if Spain had sent forces to Portugal, which it had not. War has been called the malad}' of piinces, particularly wars of conquest. CiA'il and religious A\'ars are of various sorts ; but this present one in Portugal had a positively twofold character. The usui'j)ation of Dom Miguel repre- sented old-fashioned, worn-out Portuguese despotism, of which their unbending Pomish Church system was part and parcel, backed up principally by the absolute Governments of Ferdinand VII., Austria, Russia, Naples, &c. Dom Pedro, the elder brother of Dom Miguel, acting lor his daughter, the Constitutional Queen, around whose banner the Libertds of Portugal braA'el}' rallied — this pai-ty found substantial sympathy from the Liberals in England and France. The Portuguese War of tSuccession was Absolutism and usm^pation, rcrsu^s a Constitutional fonn of government and the legal rights of Donna Maria II. On the 20th June, Dom Pedi'o left the islands vrith. fn-ty- two sail of transports,* under the protection of the fleet commanded by Admiral Sartorius, composed of the ' Rainha de Portugal,' 46, Captain Crosbie, bearing the Admiral's flag ; ' Donna Maria,' 42, Captain Mins (Bingham) ; 'Anielie,' Captain Bertram (Pryce), on board was Dom Pedro ; ' Villa-Flor ' brig 16 ; * Terceira,' 7, ' Coquette,' 7, ' Liberal,' 1), ' Boa Speranza,' ' Eugenie,' 10, and some schooners, manned principally by English. The expedition came before Axilla da Condo on the 7th, • Care was taken to give high numhers to the transports, some heing oTcr a hundred. OF PORTUGAL. 29 and on the 8th July the fleet was at anchor in the Ba}' of Mindello, two leagues from Oporto, when the flag of Donna Maria was saluted by H.B. Majesty's ship ' Stag,' Sir T. Troubridge. On nearing the shore the ' Donna Maria ' hoisted the English flag, sending a boat to the Foz castle, pm-- porting that it came from a British man-of-war, informing the Grovernor that the Pedroites amounted to over 30,000 men. At this the Grovernor posted off to Oporto to apprise the Visconde Santa Martha, Jose de Sousa Sampaio, Dom Miguel's commander, who must have belio^•ed the report, for he abandoned the city (then containing 100,000 souls) at once, retreating panic-stricken with 10,000 men across the Douro, leaving large supplies of arms and ammunition in the arsenal. The Miguelite (xeneral Jose Cardozo's brigade was near to the shores of Mindello, to wdiom Dom Pedi'o sent one of his aides, Sa de Nogueira, with his proclamation, to accept the terms of it, or take the consequences of refusal. Cardozo refused '' to treat with traitors." Dom Pedro issued the following : — " Soldiers ! These shores are those of unhappy Portugal. There yom- fathers, mothers, children, wives, relations, and friends are grateful indeed for your coming, and confide in your sentiments of valour and generosity. " You come to bring peace to the entu'e nation, and war only to the usurping, hypocritical, and despotic Grovem- nient. The enterprise is glorious, the cause just and noble, and the victory certain. " Your companions in arms will come and strengthen you and be honoured by fighting by your side ; and if there be some who continue to defend despotism, bear in 30 WAR OF SUCCESSION mind tliat you liave hpforo you Iho same deluded Portu- guese Avho fled from your courageous presence at A'ilki da Praia. " Conquerors of S. Michael and S. Gfeorge ! whose valour in the combats of Yilla das Yellas, Urselina, and Gralhetea, and of the Ladera da Yelha, could not be restrained — there is your country ; it calls on you ; there you will find the reward of your labours, the end of youi' sufferings, the completion of your glory. " Soldiers ! Let youi' war-cry be — Long live Donna Maria II. and the Constitutional Charter. Your motto — Protection to the defenceless, generosity to the conquered. "DoM Pedro, Duke of Braganca." " Loyal inhabitants of the city of Oporto ! The pleasing impression made on me by the truthful interest you have fallen in the just cause of my august daughter, and the success of the Constitutional Charter, corresponds to the idea I had formed of your loyalty and patriotism, and of the adherence you have manifested this day to those two sacred principles and to my imperial person — such has penetrated deeply into my heart. " Illustrious Portuenses, by yom' pacific conduct imder such extraordinary circumstances, and the warmth of your patriotism, you have proved more than once that you are worthy of enjoying the benefits of a free and just government, and be sure that your hopes will not be deceived. " Eeceive, then, faithful Portuguese, in the name of the Queen Donna Maria II., and in my own, the expressions of the livehest gratitude : holding it for certain, that if yoiu" sacrifices have been great, greater will be the recom- pense awoa'ded io you by lustory ; and if you have been OF PORTUGAL. 31 victims of a sanguinaiy and ferocious despotism, a govcni- mont of tenderness and justice comes with me to heal tlie wounds inflicted by oppression and tyranny. " D. Pedro, Duke of Bragansa. " 9th July, 1832." Dom Miguel also issued proclamations to the army and to the people. In the former he said, " My brother, after having made war on my father, after having stolen Brazil, having cruelly expulsed Portuguese citizens ; — then he himself was obliged to leave Brazil ; now he has joined the rebel Portuguese in the unjust and shameful aggres- sion against Portugal. Soldiers ! our forces are far superior to those of our enemies, our valoiu" is that of honourable Portuguese, our cause is that of religion, the throne, and national independence." In that to the people of 1 1th July he called to mind theu" fidelity to his person, to religion ; also that the rebels, in their untiring madness and false hopes, had dared to stain Portuguese territory.* . . " Let us save our religion, the nation. Pun all to arms. Rise as one man ; respect property, listen to the authorities, and help my brave army, of which I am at the head. Let the same * One of " H. B's" (the elder Doj-le, died Jan. 1865) caricatures in July, 1832, is entitled " A Battle Eoyal, or, a set-to for a Crown," John Bull says : " Come, gentlemen, it is time you should be at business." Tallej'rand and Louis Philippe are in the background, looking on, when Liberal ralmerntoH, as bottle-holder, turning to them, says: " I think we have a fair chance if they don't interfere on the other side." Bom Pedro (throwing up his cap and looking at Dom Miguel) : " Why don't you throw up your castor like me ?" Botn Miguel : " Time enough, brother." (Has his cap on.) Tory WeUington : " Have at him, my jewel." J^arl Greg : " Ab n, I'll take you two to one." Ab n : " Done." A Con- servative : " If it should appear to be going against Miguel, let us rush in and have a general fight." A Military Man : " I say, keep back; don't break the ring." Another ditto : " I'll not break it, if they don't." 32 WAR OF SUCCEf=SIOX ardour be renewed in defence of the country and the throne as was shown in 1808 and 1828, then the countrj^ "will be saved," Sartorius landed Dom Pedro's army on the shores of the Bay of Mindello* in the space of ten hours, commencing at 2 p.m. on the 8th. The English were under the command of Colonel Hodges, Captain Shaw leading the advance guard. There is a little discrepancy as to the number of men Dom Pedro had with him ; Soriano says under 8300 men ; another informant 7500 ; whilst a French officer, Fauche, gives 7775, composed as follows : the 2nd, 3rd, 5tli, and 12th Caoadores, light inflmtry, 3000; the 3rd, Gth, 10th, and 18th of the line, made up of Miguelite deserters and j^ri- soners from the islands, 2500 ; volmiteers of Donna Maria, 858 ; academicos of Coimbra, 80 ; guides and cavalry — men only — 40 ; sacred corps of officers, 70 ; French, Italians, Belgians, Grermans, and Poles, called "■ Atira- dores," 550 ; English, about 300 ; six pieces of artillery, ■with 150 men ; the staff, 35=7775, and this in the face of some fifteen times their nimiber I It was death or victory ! The Miguelites had it reported that Dom Pedro's l)rigancls consisted of 500 English adventurers and 3,000 Portuguese, who would desert on knowing they would be pardoned ; that his vaunted fleet consisted of two so-called frigates, a corvette, and three schooners. What imperti- nence ! with such a force to attack 82,000 soldiers, and make war upon three millions of Portuguese, decided to defend their old laws and their country ; it was madness. Dom Pedro had ordered his, the 5th Cagadores, to plant the flag of Donna Maria ; but Shaw says it was his EngKsh * Where Dom Pedro landed, a small obelisk has been erected to mark the spot, at Arnosa. OF PORTUGAL. 83 who (lid it, wliicli is corroborated by Fauclie. The Por- tuguese give tbe credit to Yilla-Flor. Shaw " took young Racket's firelock, and sent a ball whistling at the cavalry picket," and says, " I was the first man to pull a trigger in Portugal."* Schwalbach, who commenced his career in the Eno-lish 60th regiment, was promoted into the Portuguese army, married a Portuguese lady, and settled in the country ; he fought for the Liberals in 1828, went to the Brazils and entered Dom Pedro's service ; he was present at the captm-e of the Azores. This fine old officer commanded the right division by the sea-shore ; Colonel E. Xavier the left by the interior, Dom Pedro bringing up the roar. This arrange- ment prevented the Miguelite Glencral Cardozo's force uniting with his commander Santa Martha ; so the former retired in some confusion upon Penafiel. The march of the Liberals to Oporto the next day may be called an undisputed one. At 8 a.m. Schv/albach, com- manding the van with the 2nd and 3rd Caoadores, en- tered the city, greeted by the acclamations of the j^opulace, who, to use their ovvti expression, " breathed the air of freedom after four years of suffering." The political pri- soners were at once liberated. " The pitiless, mocking executioner, Joiio Branco," was pierced by a dozen bullets. f At noon, Dom Pedro, at the head of his devoted band, entered the city in triumph. He went to the Paoos de Concello — town-hall — in the Praga Nova (now that of Dom Pedro) , and appeared at the balcony with Palmella, * Shaw's Memoirs, i., 380. t T. G. Shaw. " Wine and the Wine Cellar, 18C3," p. 116. " During the time of Dom Miguel's usurpation, the prison at Oporto was crammed so full that it was represented to the Governor — the notorious ToUes Jourdao — that there was no space for more. ' Is it full to the ceiling P he demanded.' ' No.' ' Then,' added he, ' don't tell me that it is full.' " D 34 WAR OF SUCCESSION Villa-Flor, and otliers, wlieu lie gave tlie {blloA\dug vivas : — " For Donna Maria" — " The Charter" — " The heroic peo- ple of Oporto" — which were enthusiastically responded to ; after which he went to the palace of Moraes or Carrancas, as his future residence. On the 10th the light division, under Schwalbach, crossed the Douro and cleared the front, obliging the enemy to retire a league on the road to Lisbon. The Serra Convent on the opposite side of the river, as it commanded much of the city, was occupied on the 11th. Only three monks were found in this beautiful and pic- turesque edifice, who asserted that they had been immured there for the last three years, on suspicion of being Liberals, which story was not believed; but they were allowed to remain to take care of the convent.* Dom Pedi'o had but little artillery, and no cavalry. He began at once to put the city into some state of defence, digging trenches across the streets, erecting breastworks and barricades, and sent for some guns and ammunition he had on board the fleet. The decided Liberals of the inhabitants enrolled themselves as volunteers at once. As the greater portion of the Miguelite force had passed to the south of the Douro, Dom Pecbo sought to get ground towards Braga, Guimaraes, and Penafiel, so as to obtain provisions, recruits, and horses. On a detachment going to Braga, it was found to be deserted. At Guima- raes, the Pedroites were well received, and joined by Manuel Lobo and a devoted band of Liberals, afterwards known as the battalion of the Minho. * It was the general impression that the Serra Convent would not have been occupied if Colonel Hare, the British military commissioner, had not anxiouslj' pressed it, it being at all times of the greatest importance to Oporto. OF PORTUGAL. 35 {The first affaii' of the Pedroites, as a formal reconnais- sance, namely, on Penafiel, three leagues from Oporto, was on the 17th July, when Colonel Hodges went out with his command — the Donna Maria volimteers, and other troops. The Miguelite Greneral Cardozo occupied the place with a force of 12,000 men. The Liberals advanced, boldly attacked Penafiel, and took it after a desperate defence, in which the armed monks fought hard. The enemy dis- persed, leaving 200 in killed and wounded. The Pedro- ites, having fired the convent,* returned to the city on the 19th. Corporal Knightf says that fifteen men died of fatigue on the march to and from Penafiel.^ After the battle at this place, Shaw was thanked for the manner in which he got possession of the convent and forced the enemy to retire. Early on the morning of the 22nd there was another formal reconnaissance. A. column of the Liberals, under Colonel Henriquez da Silva, marched and met the advance of the enemy on the Yallongo road. They first routed a body of cavalry, killing its commander ; continuing the fight, the enemy were obliged to unmask their positions, and defend them. This reconnoitring party retired to the * The Pedroite Volunteers, in particular, were actuated Ly a feeling of tlie most deadly hatred and enmity to the friars, " who had introduced sorrow and shame into their families." — Shaw i. 384. t " The British Battalion at Oporto," &c. By Corporal Knight, K.T.S., formerly of the 95th Eifle Brigade. 1834. I "We arrived at Balthar, three leagues from Penafiel, when the men had a ration of wine served out gratis. While in Spain I heard from the very best authority that this wiae had been poisoned, and now I am in- clined to believe the truth of it, as all who drank of it suffered more or less, and of the eleven who died, all were men who were given to drink. I, myself, took very little ; yet I suffered. Until, however, I heard the reports, the idea of poison never entered my mind, thinking the deaths of the men arose from excessive fatigue ; but, certainly, none except those who drank wine suffered." — Shaw's Memoirs, i. 386. 36 "WAPv OF SrCCESSION ILio Tiuto, between Vallongo and Oporto, at wliieli point they sustained some loss. Xavier, in command of tho 5th Cagadores, after four hours' fighting, lost fifty of his men, and he himself was wounded. Dom Pedro, being informed of what had taken place, decided to attack on the morrow, Avith the whole of his disposable force of about GOOO men, the presumed number of 15,000 of the enemy, in their strong position of Ponte Ferreu-a, half a league from Vallongo. On the 23rd, at five a.m., three divisions were formed. At eleven a.m. the battle conmienced. At two P.M. it was a severe general engagement. Seven houi's the bloody fight continued of Poutc Ferreira, and when night came on Dom Pedro was master of the field, the i\Iiguelites having fled by the Baltar and Penafiel roads. Officers and men wore that day sincerely thanked by Dom Pedro on the field. That night Dom Pedro and his daring band rested on tlio victorious battle-ground. . The two days' fighting, however, had cost over 440 of his soldiers in killed and wounded. The loss of the Miguelites was about 1200. AVhilst the action of the 23rd was going on, the Miguelites took the Serra Convent, but were shortly dislodged. It is said that many of tho people of Oporto proffered but little assistance to Dom Pedro at this time ; maybe they did not know how to act, and many of them believed that the invaders must soon be driven away by the overwhelming numbers of their opponents. However, the handful of Dom Pedro's followers were at least of one mhid, that of taking possession of Portugal, whilst the commanders of Dom Miguel's legions appeared to be in a liopeless state of uncertainty as to theu' coiu"se of operations. Tho Miguelite monks set fire to the Convent of San Francisco, then filled witli Pedroite troops, in the middle " of tlie niglit, and it seemed to liavo been their intention to OF rOIlTUC.AL. 37 burn tlie city down. Those plans failol, wlion several were torn to pieces by the populace ; one monk was shot. This act of incendiarism settled the question as to the suppression of the religious orders in Portugal. Tliero were then in Oporto and Villa Nova no less than twenty- four monastic establishments. Sartorius, having landed Dom Pedro and his army, sailed off to Lisbon to blockade that port, keep watch on Dom Miguel's fleet, and, if it came out, to attack it. Schwalbach had some skirmishing on the other side of the river, and went as far as Grigo on the 27tli. It was now decided by Dom Pedro to abandon offensive operations generally, to fortify Oporto, and await the course of events. Admiral Napier observes : — " In this undertaking the Emperor vfas unanimously supported by all parties. Tliero was no intriguing hero ; the fu'st law of natm'e — self-preservation — came home to all, and perhaps this is the only instance in the whole war in wliich honest men and intriguers perfectly agreed. Dom Pedro's Ministers ought to have been suspended on a gallows fifty cubits high for not removing the large quantity of wine from the stores of Villa Nova, for it was the only secmity he had for a loan of £200,000 Palmella had or was about to contract for in England. Subsequently the enemy destroyed the wine." Dom Pedro lost no time in forming as best he could his lines of defence, which had anything but strong fieldworks and batteries. His enemy hoped so to place themselves as to cut off supplies, and thus starve him into surrender. In the Chronica Comt'dndonm do Porto, 5th August, 1832, having for its motto (from Camoes) "0 Eeino prospero fioresce Em Constltuigoes ; Leis, y Costumes," are the names of those who were decorated with the order of 3(S WAR OF SUCCESSION the Tower and SworcL* The Commission for recommend- ing for tlie distinction was composed of Colonels Fonseca, Scliwalbaeli, and Hodges. They recommended 24 decora- tions to the 5th Cagadores ; 10 to the Ai'tillery ; 18 to the Volunteers of Donna Maria ; 10 to the Marines (British), t for the sortie of the 22nd July, and the battle of the 23rd at Ponte Ferreira ; the 2nd and 3rd Cagadores had 18 ; 3rd and 10th Infantry 18 ; Atii\adores Portuguezes 12 ; and the 1st Battalion of Infantry G. The Gruias were also decorated. Corporal Knight was decorated with the order of the Tower and Sword for his distinguished bravery at Ponte Ferreira. On the 7th August, Villa-Flor and Schwalbach, with 3500 men, crossed the Doiu-o, going out on the Coimbra road some fourteen miles to oppose, as was thought, a moderate number of the enemy, under Greneral Povoas, but they found some 9000 ; still, at them they went, and when in the thick of the fight a Captain Pebocho, of the 12th Cagadores, sounded a retreat instead of an advance — supposed by some to have been a mistake. This threw the Pedroites into confusion, and they got back to Oporto as well as they coidd. The Miguelites considered this a victory for their side, and say they put over 400 lion^ dc roN/haf. The Liberals give no account of their losses. * The Order of the Tower and Sword, created by Alphonso V. in 1 1-59 as a recompense for those knights who fought in Africa, restored by John VI., on his going to Brazil, and reorganised by Dom Pedro under the title of " The ancient and most noble order of the Tower and Sword of Valour, Loyalty, and Merit." It is divided into Grand Crosses, Commanders, and Knights ; and is given for military and civil services, to Portuguese as well as to foreigners. t When one of the Marines heai'd he had got the " Tower and Sword," he exclaimed : " What ! clap a fellow in the Tower, and put him to the Sword." — " Naval Sketch Book." By Captain Glascock, II. N. OF roRTUGAI,. ;}f) Rebocho was condemned to be sliot, but bis punishment was commuted to degradation and bard kibour for life, lie sbortly committed suicide. Pabnella went off to England after this sad affair — the " triste scena en os Campos de Souto Redondo " — and it was believed he had instructions to treat with some British officers to command the troops, and to act on the Emperor's staff.* Bernado de Sa proposed to Dom Pedro that he should retreat to the Azores. Santa Martha made some cautious approaches towards Oporto ; had he made a dash after the defeat of the Liberals at Souto Redondo Dom Pedro's position would have been most critical. Sir Charles Shaw favours me with the following : — " Jloird courage in a soldier in the field, compared with physical courage, I have always calculated at 80 per cent. In 100 common soldiers nearly 25 per cent, have no corn-age, which will always be seen in night work. " A panic is neither more nor less than human mental electricity. If in a flock of sheep one leaps over a bridge, all follow. " Words and tones of voice affect soldiers. On the 7th August, 1832, when we were driven by the enemy from their lines at Oporto, I was ordered to move quickly up a road parallel with the one on which the enemy was retreating. I was double quick, trotting at the head of the Gfrenadiers. * For much of the information as to the landing of D. Pedro, and the affairs of Penafiel, Vallongo, Villa-Flor's sortie on the Coimbra road, the writer is indebted to Mr. Sloano, an Irish gentleman, who was in the Pedroite Cadet Rifle Corps some time. Ho had joined the army in tho Islands, and preferred being a full private volunteer than, as he said, to be "bothered" with a commission. He was decorated, early in the defence of Oporto, with the Tower and Sword. He subsequently became a colonel under General Evans ia Spain. 40 WAR OF SUCCESSION Casting my eye to the riglit, I saw by a tiu-n to the right I Avould catch prisoners, when Sergeant Ebrcll, of the Grenadiers, called out in a loud voice, ' Colonel, the enemy arc in our rear !'' The column, without my orders, came to a dead halt at the words, ' Enemy in the rear,'' and we lost two or tlrree minutes ; but they moved off quickly. Laughing, I called out, ' D d fool, don't you see we are in iheir front ? ' this momentary panic being caused by the words, ' Enemy in the rear,' and destroyed at once by, '■Enemy in front.' " If soldiers get diamk v/ith Spiritf<, they are mad, cruel, and mutinous : " With Beer and Ale, stupid, careless, and Tiscless : " With Wine, very mischievous, merry, ready at repartee, and not mutinous. " The Germans will stand any tyranny from the nar- cotics, beer and tobacco. " A swearing, bidlyiug commanding officer is Averse than all. Lord Harris, of the 73rd, used to call to the men, ' D — n your eyes ;' to the officers, ' D — n me eyes.' " The best of all soldiers will almost all run to shelter not in front, preferring rear." Dom Pedi'o found that the ]\Iiguelite forces were rapidly increasing, and that the enemy's fleet was destined to blockade Oporto ; so he at once began to protect his position — preparatory in all probability to a long siege — increasing his lines of defence, and placing batteries at the extremities of the city. There was found in the arsenal fifty pieces of ai-tillery, as well as balls, left by the enemy ; with these, and others he got from the fleet and merchant vessels, ho began to foi-tify his works. A voluntary loan of money was made to him ; movable, OF PORTUGAL. 41 fixed, and provisional battalions were now organised, ready and willing to defend the city. For tlii-ee days— the 27th to the 29th August— the Scrra Convent was unsuccessfully attacked. Major Bravo was its defender on this occasion, with some troops of the line. commence:ment of the siege. The memorable siege and defence of Oporto com- menced on the 8th of September. While it lasted, the Pedroites had to be on the watch day and night, par- ticularly on the 3rd, 4th, and 5tli of the month, believ- ing they would be attacked in force, whilst they were not confident in their means of defence. There were moments that tried the nerves of the bravest soldiers. Villa-Flor was well on the alert, encouraging the soldiers, and aiding by example. Shaw, with the British, and some Caoadores, received the thanks of Yilla-Flor for theu- untiring vigilance at the outposts. We now come to the three attacks on the Serra do Pilar Convent and the lines, on the 8th, 9tli, and lOtli of Sep- tember. The rough defences of the Serra were not com- pleted wlien the attack of the 8th commenced, so promptly repelled by the Liberals. Bernardo de Sa Nogucira, who was outside, lost an arm, and had to retire upon the convent, now defended by the veteran Torres with a foAv troops and his Yilla-Nova volunteers, who for theu* courage and determination obtained the name of Polacos. Dom Pedro was in the battery of the Seminario dm-ing the attack, aiding in the defence of the Serra with well-directed shot upon the enemy's columns. The Liberals lost thirty-eight men. Whilst this attack was going on, the Miguelites appeared in considerable force in front of Agua-ardente, Covollo, and the Serio, when, after 42 AVAll OF «UCCP]SS10N seven hours' skirmisliing, tliej had to retire with some loss. The besieged lost eleven. On the 9tli the attack on the tScrra was continued, on the same positions as on the pre- ceding day. The Miguelites took the pickets of Paranhos and Casa Amarelha at the Antas, but soon had to give them up, having ten of their men killed and many wounded. Colonel Hodges, with 150 men, at a critical moment, came on the enemy's flank, making them retreat precipitately. tShaw was severely contused on the right shoulder by a stone from a wall, tliiven I)}- a cannon ball ; his horse was also wounded. On the 10th was the third attack on the Serra. The enemy came up to the trenches, when the Liberals rushed out and put them to the rout ; only three Liberals were wounded, one being Celestino Maloque, a native of Dun- kirk, who had come with a brother (these gentlemen ]iave been ah-eady alluded to) and two of their vessels to assist the cause of Donna Maria. The same evening the enemy came again under the walls of the Serra, when Ton-es ordered a sortie ; there was some severe fighting, but the Miguelites had to leave Yilla-Nova. Dui-ing the conflict of tliese three days, the wounded who were in hospital and could bear arms came out ; the armed inhabitants rushed to the trenches, and Dom Pedro was to be seen at all the points of attack. The ^liguelites, seeing they could not now obtain possession of the city by storm, decided upon besieging it in due form ; they erected more batteries, and in a few days their works were pretty complete. Sir Charles Sliaw gives mo the following incidents in connection with the attacks on the Serra : — " The Serra Convent was about the best position as a for- OF rOHTUGAL. . 43 tification, but it was on tlio evo of bciug- abandoned, -which Colonel Hare, the British Commissioner, prevented. It was surrounded with beautiful trees, which Major Bravo cut down, inaking what was, according- to military ride, a great mistake ; ho left the thick stems, about four and a half feet high, his idea being that it was sufficient that he could see the approach of the enemy. The mistake, however, saved the convent (that is. Oporto) . " One afternoon I saw the enemy's columns forming for attack fi'om my position at Bomfim, while their formation was, on account of the hollow, unseen by the garrison. I sent information at once across the river to Torres, and also to the Emperor and Yilla-Flor in the town. Just as they arrived, the three enemy's columns moved onwards. The first colmnn went beautifully forward, with the Colonel flom-ishing his sword at their head. The stems of the trees were about thii-ty yards from the Serra works. They marched steadily about one hundi-ed and fifty yards, I rcall}^ thinking they would walk into the garriscjn ; but the fire was so very heavy upon them as they approached the stems that the head of the column broke and sheltered themselves behind the sfeuis, so the next leading company halted, and then broke, and the column ran away. The next column advanced, however, boldly ; but, as they showed themselves, seeing some of the first column behuid the stems, their leading company ran forward to avoid the heavy fire, and the column broke, and ran away. Tlie third advanced boldly ; but the leading men (the bravest) , when the fire was heavy, could not resist the teuijitatioii shelter, and bolted behind the stems. On the enemy's retreat, these brave fellows were taken prisoners. Seeing this gave me the idea of safety trajps for brave men, which I 44 AVAR OF SUCCESSION practised with perfect success on the 25th July (the follow- ing year) at LonlcUo.'^ The object of the sortie of the IGth September on the enemy's camp from Bomfim was to destroy their works in front of the Serra in Lindo Valle and Agua-ardente. The Liberals marched out in three columns, when in less than an hour several of the enemy's fortifications were disabled. The Miguelites now advanced in great numbers, when fighting commenced, which lasted until eight at night ; the enemy, it is supposed, lost 700 in killed, wounded, and prisoners. Dom Pedro's loss was 151, 20 being officers, and amongst the killed was the universally regretted Colonel Staunton. The English and French did good work on this day. Of those who distinguished themselves, the list is numerous ; but Brito, Xavier, Pacheco, Pimentel, Schwalbach, Shaw, and Staunton must stand pre-eminent. The Miguelites appeared to have had 30,000 in the field. They were now being rapidly reinforced, including large numbers of monks and Grovernment officials, who were promised the sacking of the city, with attendant horrors. The Miguelites made a grand and long-threatened attack on the lines of the Liberals on the 29th, being St. Miguel's Day. Here is the Pedroite official account :* — At 7 a.m. they appeared in great force in front of the Liberal lines from Padrao de Campanhii to the Serio, diiving in their pickets, with some loss on both sides. The trenches on the road from St. Cosmo to Padrao were defended by a battalion of Atiradores, under Colonel Count St. Leger, when he was attacked by 5,000 nien ; these got into a * I shall often have to refer to the Portuguese official reports, which are to be found in " Ccrco do Porto," por um Portueusc, IS 10, where a little more about foreign assistance might have been aUudcd to. Also to Soriano's " His. do Cerco do Porto," 1816. OF PORXrCAL. 40 street afterwards called Eua 29 de Setembro -witli two pieces of artillerj and a howitzer ; their further advance was disputed during two hours of very hard fighting ; St. Leger was reinforced by companies of the Gth and 10th Infantry, 3rd Caoadores, some volunteers, and 28 of the Cavalry Gruias ; he was very severely wounded. The enemy had to retire, with considerable loss; the Liberals lost over 200. Another column of 2000 men came and surprised the Praoa das Plores on the Yallongo road, in front of the bat- teries of Bomfim and Fojo, defended by the English imder Colonel Burrell. Here there was a determined fight, in which Burrell fell. The greater portion of his force was killed and wounded — the remainder had to retire within their lines. The Liberals were ' attacked at the Lomba battery, and lost 100 men. At two P.M., the enemy tried to break through this portion of the lines, but the English (imder Shaw), who had been reinforced by two companies of the oth Caoadores, under Major J. il. da Souza, obhged the enemy to retire. At the same time a force of 5000 men attacked the trenches and battery of Captivo defended by the 18th Ee- giment, under Santos Barrozo. The enemy got to the parapet and gate of the Quinta, but wand France— Sortie of Carvalhido to destroy enemy's works — English " fight like devils " — Rifle corps unmanageable, the Quartermaster resigns— Short rations —City fiercely shelled — Clothes sold for food. On the 2n(i November, Dom Pedro reviewed 3000 troops ; this was preparatory to a sortie. There could be little doubt that both Dom Miguel and Dom Pedro were well served by spies. On the 3rd we lieard that Dom Miguel was at Braga, a little to the north of Oporto, accompanied by his two sisters — that he had 102 AVAR OF SUCCESSIOX g'iven audience to kiss liands in all the towns tlirougli Avliicli lie passed. He was followed by a numerous train of carnages and litters, and foot-stools, for dismounting, borne by footmen in State liveries. He had 20,000 men in and about Braga ; he was much displeased with his generals, and had soundly rated them. The Miguelites should not have alloAved theu- enemy, not 8000 in number, to have landed, when they had more than 80,000 at their com- mand. I asked a Portuguese officer if he could give me any explanation on this point. He said it "was a general opinion that the Miguelites were not anxious to prevent Dom Pedro and his few followers landing, and even taking possession of Oporto (?), for such a state of things Avould afford a good pretext to batter down the ever-revolutionary city whenever it suited, burying Dom Pedro and his negroes, malhados, piebald ; ^jfc/re/ros lihres, freemasons, in the ruins. I have no doubt that many Miguelites had such dreamy ideas at the time — but it w^as more positively said that Santa Martha retired in the haste he did from Oporto, fearing Avholesale desertion to the ranks of Dom Pedro. There was also a population of about 100,000, the great majority being Liberals. " Freemason Grovernment in Portugal." — Under this title appeared a series of letters in the Tablet^ 1865, a London weekly in the Roman Catholic interest, Avritten by A. E. Saraiva, Dom Miguel's old agent in London. Dom Pedro was a freemason, for in a letter to his father, dated Eio, July 15th, 1824, he says, " I, my father, entered myself a mason, and I know that the Fidalgos, in 1806, were invited by the masons, and that they would not join." (Probably concerning some combinations about a contingent regency.) Dom Pedro, in the above letter, called masonry OF ]'()]ITU0.V1.. 10;] " a pliilantliropic institution." Saraiva attributes all the weight of the political troubles, revolutions, and civil wars in Portugal and other countries, to freemasonrj-. This is not the case; it was Liberalism rc;-.s«.s worn-out Despotism. He says, " Oh that somebody would point out to me tho post-office in the next world ; I would willingly incur the expense, stamps and all, in forwarding to the prejudiced Liberator (Dom Pedro), and those of his old tail, who have joined him, a few numbers of the Tablet, where I have shown, and will show still more, Gfod permitting, the direful consequences to religion and morals that have followed in my country and its possessions, from the freemason system and government they have so much helped to impose upon Portugal (?). They would perhaps have, in eternity, a little spare time to read what conse- quences ensued from their proceedings, which we found impossible to make them listen to om- reclamations and expostulations 35 years ago." (!) Saraiva accuses the " Freemason Swindle " of 1820 of serving up the cat for the hare, in the shape of the Spanish Eevolutionary Constitution. " There was foisted upon Portugal one of those freemason mushroom constitutions, the daughters of the French Eevolution, Yoltairian philo- sophy, and grand-daughter of the Eeformation, of Pro- testantism." (!). Saraiva forgot to add that in 1817 the absolute regency executed twelve illustrious patriots at Lisbon, among whom was the good old soldier Gromez Freii-e de Andrade. He was the chief of the masons in Portugal. These executions led to the revolution of Oporto in 1820 against the sanguinary Absolutes. There is no doubt that Freemasonry was brought whole- sale into Portugal by the French in 1807, and, doubtless, a Supreme Grrand Council was then formed. It is also most 104 WAR OF SUCCESSION probable that many of the Liberal paiiy, in particular, were masons, and would materially assist each other politically ; however, as the Grovernment of the country had been so long under Apostolic Despotism, masonry had to be carried on in secret. Of late years masonry, under Supreme Grand Councils, has been established in Portugal, as well as Brazil. I began to examine oiu- lines and batteries, which did not appear of any strength ; they were, hovrcver, being daily extended. "Whilst exploring the nature of the works by the river side, a shell went over my head, and exploded hard by in a new house, setting it on fire. Although shot was continually playing about, occasionally killing and wound- mg, trade was still brisk. In my rambles I came upon the Praoa de St. Ovidio, on the extreme north of the city ; here Dom Pedro had a look-out at the Lapa signal-post, 505 feet above the sea, whence he could see nearly all roimd both lines. Pecruits were noAV coming in, English, French, Bel- gians, Poles, ItaHans, and some Grermans. Colonel Bacon, who had the reputation of being a dashing cavalry officer, arrived •with 130 lancers. Colonel Cochrane had come vnth. 350 men ; but there was a cabal against him, and instead of commanding them as a separate battalion, he was only offered a captaincy in it, which he refused. The foreign troops, it appeared to me, had too much wine served out, and, as a consequence, at times got drunk and disorderly. Of the English, many were rough-looking fellows, but there was plenty of good fighting material in them, and, when judiciously managed and justly treated, there was little fault to find. Seiior Mendizabal was very busy financiering in London, and it was reported that he had been able to procui'e from private parties £600,000 for Dom Pedro. OF TOllTUGAL. 105 The uiglits were beautiful find clear, wlien I often wan- dered up and down tlio hilly, ancient streets and praoas, struck with the beauty and solidity of the chiu'ches and convents and mansions, all built of granite, upon hills of the same rock. The churches were visited by a few of the faithful, the convents deserted ; and the houses of the Miguelite nobles, who Were with "their king," were now turned into barracks and billets. In a back street, at a small eating-house, I found I could get a meal for seven vintems (the\intem is equal to KDd., consisting of salt fish or sardines, bread, potatoes, and a bottle of 2iure port, very neAv, thin, sour, and highly- coloured ; but, as for meat, there was none to be had. The Miguelites were now erecting new batteries. On our side there seemed to be apathy ; still I supposed Doni Pedro's engineers knew their own affairs best. The soldiers on our side were obedient and plucky ; feeling they were fighting under the banner of "Liberdade," they roughed it admirably with but poor rations, ofttimes only maize bread, onions, and cabbage leaves, and very little and most iiTegular pay. The Conde Villa-Flor, noAv Duke of Terceii-a, found it convenient to hand over the command of the army to Dom Pedro, when Sir J. M. Doyle became one of the Emperor's aides. As money was very scarce, the foreign officers agreed to receive privates' pay until Lisbon should be taken ; this, at least, showed some confidence in the cause they had espoused. I crossed the river with a party to the Serra Convent, which was roughly fortified and commanded by one of the bravest and most energetic officers in Dom Pedi-o's service — Colonel Torres. To see him was to respect and like him. 10(5 wAn or SUCCESSION His fortress was being continually bombarded and attacked, but lio stood his ground with little loss, making con- siderable havoc with his guns. Whilst there a shell was sent at us ; it fell short and did no damage. It is a most remarkable circumstance that the Miguelites did not strongly fortify this commandmg position against Oporto, which they could easily have done and have held. Some said it was treason on the part of Santa Martha ; others, that he did not wish to be so near the Malhq,dos,* Negros, and Revolutionists, for fear of contamination. There were now a lot of monks at Yilla Nova continually firing musket shot across the river, whenever they could get a chance at any one on our side. Pretty ecclesiastical amusement ! On the 7th the mail from England having arrived, I accompanied Colonel Rochfort in quest of the English factory-house, in the hope of having a look at newspapers from home, but found it locked up. Nearly opposite resided an English merchant, Mr. B , A\'ho, observing our disappointment, came out of his house and politely invited us to peruse the English papers, and, moreover, insisted on our partaldng of a substantial meal, for which we were very thankful. As the siege progressed and pro\'isions became scarce, approaching starvation-point, our mercantile countrymen in particular, established in Oporto, were never unmindful of our wants whenever they could assist us. Colonel Rochfort had quarters in a perfect palace. A shell a few days before had come through the roof and burst in the drawing-room whilst lie was there ; he had a * Mcil/iados. As Dom Miguel was fond of bull-fjghting, and as it was remarkod that spotted bulls are the most ferocious, the Absolutes called the Liberals Malhndos, indicating that the Liberals should be treated as wild-bulls — but they turned out to bo too wild even for Dom Miguel. OF PORTUGAL. 107 narrow escape. I often perambulated the now silent chapel, galleries, halls, rooms, stables, vaults, outhouses, and garden of this noble structiu'e, and felt that a novelist would have been delighted mth my chance. One day I went with a Senhor, Sampayo to his house, to take a glass of wine and smoke a cigar. Being comfort- ably settled, a shot from a nine-pounder came through the roof, knocked the tiles and rafters about, went through the room we were in, covering us mth dust, struck the top of a high wall, and ricochettecl off, to do a little more damage. These sort of adventures began to be ordinary occur- rences. On another occasion, I had gone to look after a wounded comrade, when a ball came in at one comer of the room, going out at the opposite. I got my friend into another and safer billet as soon as possible. On the 9th, whilst at a rubber of whist, we heard that the major-domo of our quarters at St. Gill was making preparations to set fire to the place. One piece of evidence was, that he had beaten a servant for calling him a Miguelite. We armed ; all hands advising, no one obey- ing. We examined the place, from the vaults to the attics. We discovered a light in the major-domo's room which we ordered him to put out, and remain in his chamber until morning on pain of a bullet through his brains. We kept watch that and several succeeding nights ; however, all we discovered in the shape of fii^e was some burning rags in the dust-heap. Whilst exploring the vaults we came upon a well-stored wine cellar, and more than once cbank the absent visconde's health in his ovm good wine. On the 10th om- party, some forty in number, of gentle- men volunteers — now denominated Dom Pedro's Rifles, being considered as cadets — were ordered to the parade ground of the Seminario, the barracks of the greater 108 ANAR OF SUCCESSION nimiLer of the Englisli. Dom Pedro came with .Sir J. M. Doyle, making a long and thoughtful visit of inspection. There had been for some time complaints on the part of many of the EngHsh officers that they had been neglected. Somehow or other, Sir J. M. Doyle got command of the British troops, when Colonel Hodges immediately resigned the service and left for England. He took with him the good wishes of his old comi'ades, who felt they had lost a friend, and the cause of Donna Maria a good soldier. Napier states* that the "War Department so disgusted Hodges that ho resigned and retm-ned his decoration of the Tower and Sword to the Emperor. Doyle was put in command of the British, which so offended Shaw and others, that many sent in their resignations, which were not accepted. Su* John was shortly removed from the command. ^Vfter Hodges embarked for England, 400 of the English got imder arms, marched to the Emperor's quarters, and demanded their pay. Sir Charles Shaw communicates to the author that as early as the 28th of October, Hodges had disputes with the Grovernment, caused by Sir J. M, Doyle, and he resigned. Hodges never got a farthing of the pay due to Iiim. He, like other officers of the British army, was engaged under pay and a four years' gratuity, and compensation for any losses they might sustain from the British Grovernment ; also compensation for wounds. There was an incredible state of confusion owing to the speeches of Sir John to officers and men. On the 10th of November Doyle put Shaw under arrest, but the latter had a private message from the Emperor to obey, and laugh at the affair. On the 14th, Sir John resigned, whilst Shaw had crossed the Dom-o Avitli Schwalbach to surprise the enemy. * " Account of the AVar." OF PORTUGAL. 109 Pedroites and Miguelites in Oporto tallved very freely about Portuguese royalty. The Pedi'oites asserted that Doni Miguel was the son of a gardener and an irreclaim- able savage, and that he was banished from Portugal for conspiring against the life of the King, &c., &c. The Miguelites said that Dom Pedro was haughty and despotic, but could be civil when it suited his purpose ; that he wanted to kill his father in Brazil, but sent him off, and made himself Emperor ; that not being able to make the hrara gente brasileira go his way, and afterwards finding himself politically uncomfortable there, and wishing also to star in Europe, he abdicated in favour of his son, declaring his daughter, Donna Maria, Queen of Portugal, without the slightest shadow of right. Day and night one heard singing about the streets Donna Maria's hymn, composed by Senhor Castro, Secre- tary to Ereire the Minister of War. The Miguelites would roar out to the Pedroites the old cry of " A Mal- hados " (piebalds) ; wliile the Pedroites replied, " Cor- cundas " (hunchbacks) and " Gray a Piros" (rogues of Gfaya). They would work themselves into a rage, and then run to their batteries and fire away. The Miguelites would also cry out, " Your King may sit in his chair and see all his dominions at a glance ! " The Pedi'oites rejoined, "that they did not know the extent of their kingdom, but that the Miguelites had been nine months marching and had not yet arrived at their capital." DOXXA MAEIA'S HYMN. A fillia de Pedro, Eainlia ha de scr Por ella juremos, Yencer ou morrer. Chorus. — As armas 6 Luzos, fcrro cmpunhemos Maria Seguuda, ao throno elevemo3 As armap, as armas, as arma'?. 1 llU "WAR OF SUCCESSIOX Xos maos da Eainha, Vengando a seu Pai Punir Tj'rano, O Luzos jurai. Se a patria A'oltarmos, Com as armas na milo Sera nosso grito, A Constitucilo. Se para o teu solio, For de sangue a estrada Morte sangue espalhe, Dos Luzos a Espada. Em quanto hum proscripto, Hum so respirar Nao ha de o Tyrano, Seguro reynar. The fii'st verse may be thus translated : — " The daughter of Pedro, our Queen she shall be ; For her let us swear to die or be free. To arms then, brave Lusians, your swords bravely wield, And Queen Jlary's throne your arms let them shield — To arms, then ! to arms, then ! to arms, then ! " The chorus of Dom Pedro's hymn was : — " Viva, viva, viva Pedro Viva c Santa Keligao, Viva Maria Segunda Liberal Constitucao." "Whilst, on the other side of the river, the Miguelites screamed out their favourite song : — " Dom Miguel chegou a terra Sua mai Ihe deu ;i mao ' Vem c;i meu rico filho Nao queiras constitucao.' Eei chegou ! Rei chegou I E em Belem desembarcou." Or— " Dom Miguel has come to laud — ' His mother gave to him her hand : ' Come hither my beloved son, Do not have the Constitution." The King has come ! The King has come ! And has landed at Belem." Tliis is tlic first verse of a song composed on the retimi 4 OF rORTUO.VL, 111 of Dom Miguel to Portugal, after his four years of forced travels. On the 13th the enemy, now under a new commander, the Conde Barbacena, poiu-ed into the city a heavy fire from eight of their batteries on the south — so om- side set to work to build others to oppose them. Our Cadet corps was now formed, and placed imder the command of an old rifle officer, Car)tain Phaelan. The author was one of this body, then numbering about thirty, never more than forty ; and as officers of the foreign regi- ments were killed off", so were our chances of commissions in the British battalions. Quarters, such as they were, were given us in Eua Montebello, Campo Grande, very near to the north-east lines. We began to draw daily rations — 1 lb. beef, 1 lb. bread, half a pint of wine — and accepted privates' pay. Until we could get a rifle uniform made — for we were the only corps that had rifles — we had artillery undress served out — blue turned up with red — and in this guise we went to see the Emperor, who sent Greneral Yaldez to thank us. I was appointed quartermaster. I picked up a chubby, almost naked boy, Jose Gomez, making him my orderly, and a capital fellow he turned out, accompanying me daily to the Seminario for the rations. Om' rifle diill now commenced, which did not give much trouble, for we were all pretty good shots. I do not think there were at this period a hmidi-ed flint-lock rifles in Oporto. We had fifty handed to us. Subsequently rifles were given to an Italian volunteer company. The British had muskets, many with the "Tower mark;" the French had muskets either from France or Belgium ; the Portuguese may have had some of English make, but 112 W\U OF RUCCESSIOX tliey also had some of the roughest thmgs of reninsular manufacture. This was in 1832.* On the 14th Schwalbach, om- Blucher, with 1'jOO men, made a sortie across the river from the ' China ' to Que- brantoes, in the face of 6000 of the enemy. He succeeded in disabling the S. Christavao, Bancleira, and Pinhal, three of the enemy's batteries, one of which had eleven guns in it. Torres sallied forth from the Serra, giving a good helping hand. The Pedroites killed and wounded about 500 men, took 80 prisoners, and 74 volunteers passed over ; but we lost, in killed and wounded, at least 100 men. Among the former was the brave Captain Morgell,t who had * 1866. Compare -witli the percussion rifle of this date or the Prussian needle-gun — but especially -with the hreech-loader to be made out of the Enfield for the British Army, Volunteers, and Militia. The cap and car- tridge for the new breech-loader are now made up together and fired by a hammer striking a bolt. As compared to the Prussian needle-gun, the eiiiciency is nearly four times greater in accuracy and rapidity of fire. Seven rounds per minute have been fired from the needle-gun, whilst twenty-one have been fired from English breech-loaders — say ten for an average, with an average deviation of only four inches at a range of 500 yards. Then the cartridge cannot be rendered useless, if accidentally it should fall into the water. 1SG8. — Riflemen have'sure practice at three- quarters of a mile ; field artillery, from two to three miles. November. — Experiments at Shoeburyness: the longest range on record 'was by Whit- worth's nine-inch muzzle-loader gun of 14 tons, firing a shot of 250 lbs., with a charge of 60 lbs. ; the range was 10,300 yards (nearly six miles), which exceeds by 225 yards that made by a seven-inch Lynall-Thomas gun! 1869. February. — Captain IMoncrieff has just been financially rewarded for his beautifully protected barbette gun-carriage, in a gun- pit. t Captain Morgell was a lieutenant of the 'Chacabuco," under Lord Cochrane, in Chile, in 1818. He gallantly put down a mutiny on board that vessel in Januarj', 1819. Cochrane left Valparaiso with the Chilian fleet, including two fire-ships, in September of same year, arriving at Callao on the 30th. On the 5th October, Lieutenant Slorgell stood into the bay with one of the fire-ships, at eight p.m., towards the Spanish shipping ; but tlie wind dying away, it exploded at too great a distance to do any serious mischief. In July, 1822, Captain Cro.sbie cut out in the OF PORTUGAL. 11 -J co-operatecl in tliis daring affair to destroy the Furada mortar battery, whicli was opposite the arsenal on the river. Morgell's body was rescued from the enemy by the extra- ordinary exertions of Captain George, of the Pedroite Navy. With Morgell fell Lieutenant Hayward, and six men. There were fourteen wounded of this party. Dom Pedro himself, from the Seminario battery, became artillery- man. By half-past nine a.m. the fierce affair was over. I saw many of the wounded, several mortally, carried to the hospitals, their blood sprinkling the streets, and death marked in their bronzed and haggard faces. But they cried out "Viva la patria," " Viva Donna Maria II." We learnt that the Miguelite dead were stripped and bundled into holes like so much carrion. Our wounded left in the enemy's hands, it was feared, had no quarter — better had they been killed outright. Our rifle corps was ordered to present themselves in marching order before Dom Pedro, which was done much to his satisfaction, and he duly notified this to us in person, talking to several of us. On retm^ning to oiu" charters, we met one of the English battalions, in open mutiny, on their way to Dom Pedro, their main complaint being that their pay was long in arrear. He at once good- humouredly ordered them to be paid. We had been on the tramp in heavy marching order for many hours, often in torrents of rain. It became very dark, when we got bogged occasionally in the mud in reaching our quarters. Our path was every now and then lit up by the biu-sting of Miguelite shells. most masterly manner three merchant vessels in Callao harbour. In those affairs Captains Morgell and Simpson particularly distinguished them- selves. Simpson (an Englishman) has been for many years Admiral and a Chilian Senator. 114 WAR OF SUCCESSION For eight vintems each, a number of us went to the gallery of the theatre on the night of the 16th. The performance consisted of " La Heredera Legitima de Ormuz" ("the legitimate inheritress of Ormuz"), an Italian song, and a Portuguese farce. We at least got a lesson in Portuguese. Petm-ning, we were met by Sir J. M. Doyle, who ordered us to quarters, to get under arms at once witli plenty of ammunition. The enemy on the north had been reinforced with fresh troops under Telles Jordiio ; theii' batteries and entrench- ments had been rapidly augmented, particularly a strong one at Pedra do Cao, in front of the Foz. All this showed a change in their plan of operations from attacks to serious bombardments on the city. There was some desertion of the Portuguese, as well as from the English and French, to the Miguelites, principally on the score of getting provisions. Oporto was not provisioned in any way for the support of its inhabitants and the army. Tlic winter was approach- ing, and the bar at the mouth of the river was almost impassable by reason of the tempestuous weather. Under these circumstances Dom Pedro resolved upon a sortie on the north, to attack and destroy entrenchfiients and batteries in that direction, fire the enemy's camps, and in a measure open the way for the entry of food. From official report — on the 17tli, Schwalbach, with a column composed of the 1st and 6th Infantry, a portion of the English, Guides and Lancers, marched out on the Vallongo road. A body of the 5th Caoadores occupied the Antas heights, dislodging the enemy posted there. Then they protected the movements of the 3rd Caoadores and Atiradores under Sequeira, going by the Captive OF PORTUGAL. 115 battery to attack the enemy posted in that direction. Part of the 2nd Caoadores advanced by the S. Cosme road, protecting the right. Schwalback drove off the pickets in front of the chapel of S. Eoque, half a league from the city, on the Yallongo road, following them up. Soares, with 200 of the 2nd Cagadores, advanced by the S. Cosme road and forced the enemy back beyond the Ponte de Campanha. The column under Zeferino, which had marched by the Captivo, found a large force in his front well intrenched, which obliged him to prolong his Kne to the Eegateira road, dislodging the enemy from all their positions, which he kept during the sortie. Whilst the right and centre colmiins of the enemy were hard at it, the volunteers of Donna Maria at Agua-ardente, under Pimentel (who got badly wounded), attacked and dislodged the enemy from positions they had taken up in his direction. A portion of the 18th, commanded by Miranda, attacked Fort Covello, to the left of Agua-ardente, when, after great resistance, they overcame the enemy, making prisoners. Thus, in a distance of half-a-league, from Yalbon to Covello, the Miguelite entrenchments and batteries were destroyed and camps burnt ; so for many days afterwards .some provisions found their way in from the surrounding country. The Liberals lost ahout 200 in killed and wounded, 17 being officers. Captain G-las- eock says, " As usual the British and French bore the brunt of this fight." Tliis was the first field-day of the Rifle corps, also that of the Lancers under Colonel Bacon. On oiu" march out, Sir J. M. Doyle ordered me off to bring up a party of Italians, which I did, and was in time to assist in taking a battery near the Antas and burn a camp. During this victorious fight, and whilst the Eifles were hard at it, i2 116 "VVAK OF STT'CESSTOX Major Shaw, wlio was iii command of the eastern lines, was borne past on a door very badly wounded in both tliighs and with a contused shoulder from three shots he had received ; he had been most gallantly rescued by Ensigns Cowley and Kierrulff. We promised hun to give a few well-dii'ected shots on his account, for which he thanked us. Dom Pedro, who was at the Hed House battery diu'ing the day, must have been satisfied with the work he had seen accomplished. Having got back to cpiarters as hungry as wolves, I quickly served out the rations, and as each was his own messman, to work v^'e went cooking ; and, while the camp- kettles were boiling, cleaned our arms. Our side lost about 200 in killed and wounded. Tlie wounded were taken to the hospitals in the city, the dead were buried witlun the walls. Our killed would be generally collected and stripped wliilst a pit or trench was being made ; some note taken of who they were, and then the trench covered up. At the muster of the regiment it would be seen who were missing — as killed, wounded, taken prisoners, or deserters.* Thirty-three years afterwards, the author had occasion to correspond with Mr. Cowley. Extract of a letter from Ei/s/'f/ii Coirte//, ilafed — ''Home Park, Windsor, Dec. 28, 18Go. " Well do I recollect handing our beloved Major Shaw to the care of some men, after almost carrj-ing him \\\) the side * "When possible, the killed in aclion ;irc buried with military honours. But in general they are stripped and idundcred on the field of battle. This c\istom may have arisen from soldiers p^enerally wearing a belt con- taining their money under tlieir shirts. After a battle those who remain on the field supply themselves with good sliirts and shoes from the dead. OK rOKTUGAT,. 117 of tlio hill, and down pretty nearly to the base of the ollior, assisted by Ensign Iviernilff, witli a host of Miguelito rilic- men pinging at ns, and rushing like maniacs to blood their bayonets in an Englishman's breast ; and I well remember calling on our men to rally, and seeing the welcome faces of a body of rifles coming up in close column at the double to our support. Can it be possible you were of that gal- lant band, and that after so many years I should only noAv be able to tell you I heartily thanked your appearance at that moment? You must have seen me — a tall, thin boy — standing alone on the side of that hill when you came up, screaming to the men who had stopped their flight to come on, and come on they did, and, as you know, maintained the post on that hill until the enemy retired. I have never thought anything of all this ; but now, when I see about me men decorated for acts I should have deemed only common humanity in the Portuguese war, I feel a little dissatisfied at having nothing to show for all I suflered and what I did." Extract of letter from Sir C. Shaw, Qth Ma//, 1865, to Mr. Coiclcy, Windsor Castie : — " On the 17th November (1832) the enemy was press- ing sharply on us, and the Emperor sent for my battalion to try and stop them ; none of my officers or men had ever before been under fire, and as we were marching to the spot indicated under a heavy fire, I watched all the young officers so as to be able to judge in whom I could place the greatest reliance when we halted. I saw it was neces- sary to have reinforcements, as the enemy had almost got between us and Oporto. I recollect calling you, and then saying, * Cowley, you must go through that field where you 118 AVAR OF SUCCESSION see the balls tearing up the dust ^^dth a message, and as you are going to the rear you must wallc very slowly, with a devil-may-care look, deliver your message, and como back here as hard as you can pelt.' You executed my orders admirably.. " I then took up a position behind the little wall outside Lugar das Antas, and you and Ensign Kierrulff were most active in assisting me to form the men. There was afterwards a tussle at the wall, where I got a severe blow on the shoulder from the enemy, " "We retii-ed again, when I received a shot in the left thigh, which did not disable me ; but another shot, hitting me in the right thigh, prostrated me at once, and the enemy seeing me fall, leapt the wall and were within a few yards of me when you and Kierrulff carried me off, and saved me from being bayoneted." * On the 19th, our Rifles marched with detachments of reguncnts to Avitness the shooting of a deserter of the 3rd Cagadores, in the Campo S. Ovidio. He had arranged ■with seven others to go over to the enemy, but when entering the Miguelite lines, his party repented and wished to retrnm. He would not. A fight took place, when he woimded four; the other two overpowered him I and brought the deserter back. His pluck deserved a] better fate. We formed a hollow three-quarter square. The roll ofi * Major Blair gave Cowley a certificate, dated Almoster, the following i year, slating " that Cowley was constantly present at the harassing duties ; cf the Foz (at Oporto), and had served with him in all the actions since ia which the Marines had been engaged." Up to Deceinher 18(58, Mr. Cowley ! had not even received the medal for the " Campanhas da Liberdade," ■ilthough he had long since duly applied for the same. He well merited the < uider of the Tower and Sword, or medal of Mcrilo Militar, for rescuing hia ] commanding officer from the bayonets of the enemy." OF PORTUGAL. 119 lialf-a-dozen soldiers told oif to shoot the prisoner — the crime and sentence read — his eyes Landagod — then the dread volley ! " Oh God ! it is a fearful thing To see the human soul take wing In any shape, in any mood ; I've seen it rushing forth in blood ! 'B\-iws—Pnso7w of Chillon* On the 20th, the Miguelite batteries of Yilla Nova poiu'ed shot and shell continuously the whole day into the city, doing, as a matter of course, much damage. It was generally reported that the Pedroites had from 13,000 to 14,000 men imder arms, including volunteers ; however, Colonel Hodges, in his work, gives as under, for this period : — Infantry of the line, including 3 Battalions of British, and 1 French ..... 5650 Oporto Volunteers 2200 French and English Cavalry . . . . 150 Guides 100 Effective force .... 8100 3 field-pieces, 9 pounders ; 3 of G ; 3 of 3 ; and 3 5 1 -inch howitzers. Portuguese troops in hospital .... 760 British „ .... 130 French „ .... 96 9086 * In Sjjain the culprit is sometimes tied to a post, having a seat. After execution, the body may be handed to friends or the Church for interment, when it is carried ofl' the ground in a coffin. With the English, when shooting for desertion or military crimes, the victim is placed in such a position that he receives the fire and falls into a grave already dug. 120 AVAR OF SUCCESSION "We had now aLout 'JO batteries of all sorts and sizes, exclusive of the Foz castle and the Scrra convent. Dom Miguel had before Oporto at least '30,000 infantry, 9 squadrons of cavalry, abundance of horse artillery, to say nothing of the number of guns in his 30 batteries, 20 being on the south of the Douro. Up to this time the Serra convent had been unsuccess- fully attacked nine times, the enemy being generally repulsed with great slaughter, by its valiant defender Torres and his devoted men. The Miguelites had a battery called the Pinhal, above Villa Nova, which was rather annoying to vessels stealing in with recruits, provisions, horses, &c. ; however, on one occasion, out of twenty-three of their shots, only four told ! French soldiers can tipple as well as English. Return- ing to quarters from Sir J. M. Doyle's with a comrade on the night of the 21st, pitch dark, and the rain coming- down in torrents, we heard a heavy splash, then a gurgling sound. We made for the spot, when we fomid a man struggling in the deep ditch, now full of water, at the redoubt of Seda Feita. After a time we got the individual out, who proved to be a French soldier. He had taken too much wine, lost his way, and slipped into the ditch. He was all gratitude, calling us " Mes saveurs — mon • colonel — ^mon capitaine." The ducking had sobered him, and he w^ent his way heaping maledictions on the mne he had taken too much of. The w'intry weather had now set in with heavy rains and gales of wind, which Avere not propitious for fighting. There was much quarrelling amongst the officers of the English regiments, which demoralized the men, and, as pay was by no means regular, barrack rows were of frequent occurrence. There were many officers without OK roRTrcAr,. IJl commands ; even some of tlie lUllo Corps not getting com- missions, and not admiring the rough service they were on, talked of leaving Oporto.' Dom Pedro himself was surrounded by political, military, and other squabblers. However, in the midst of these troubles, we heard from Spain that the " Constitution " had been proclaimed there, and that England and France had recognised Isabella II. This was bad news indeed for Dom Miguel,* who was now levying heavy forced loans, particularly in Lisbon. Dom Pedro sent two of his ministers, Palmella and Mouzinho, to England and France, doubtless to thank the French and English governments for their political action in regard to Spain, so favourable to him ; also to look after the raising of funds for himself. Napier gives the following information for this period : — Palmella left Oporto on the 22nd November, in the ' London Merchant ' steamer. On board, Greneral Mina was also embarked. He had been examining various parts of the coast of Spain and Portugal (in disguise) . Palmella's mission to England was to raise funds, and obtain, if possible, the direct interference of England and France in Donna Maria's favoiu'. France and England refused to interfere, except Dom Pedro and Dom Miguel left Portugal. It was absurd to ask this from Dom Pedro. He, with all his faults, was the heart and soul of the cause. On the arrival of Palmella in London, Napier proposed to him to embark the army fii'om Oporto at the Foz, to hire a dozen steamboats, run up the Tagus at night, land at Black Horse Square, and settle the question at once. This was easier said than done. * The Miguelites were very wroth at the bad news for them from Spain, and on the 26th they gave us shot and shell for many hours. Two of the Rifles very narrowly escaped from a round shot. 122 WAR OF SUCCESSION Sortie of Carvalhido. The official report is as follows : — The enemy had imited large forces in front and on the left ; they had also continued to construct considerable works, wliicli effectually prevented provisions coming into the city. The sortie of the Liberals of the 2(Sth November had for its main object to damage, if not destroy, some of these new works, which would interfere with the landing of the expected arrival of men, horses, and munitions of war from England and France. General Brito had his orders to march out with a force by the Ramalde road ; another under Queiroz, by the Padriio da Legua. At midday both columns rushed out, surprised the enemy's pickets, and damaged the entrenchments, carrying all before them as far as Siio Grens and the Senhora da Hora ; whilst those who had been Miguelite prisoners, -under Barreiros, destroyed works, and set fire to their former comrades' camps. By two p.m., the camps of Scrio, Padrao, Hora, liamalde, Boucas, and Serralves were in flames. Fifty- two prisoners were taken, and twenty-two deserters came over. This sortie struck the enemy with a panic, and they lost about 1000 men. The Liberals retiu'ned at 4 p.m., having suffered a loss of 272 in killed and wounded, including 32 officers. The rapidity with wliich the sortie was executed was a complete surprise, and Telles Jordiio, the commander, hereabouts was nearly taken prisoner. I was, with our coi-ps and some Italian Eifles, placed in the battery of Bom Succsso as a reserve. On om- right the English and Cacadores engaged the enemy, driving them back gallantly, setting fh'e to their camps. Oui' side, on returning with prisoners, bullocks, and all sorts of camp I OF PORTUGAL. 123 plunder, had a march stolen on them by the enemy. A severe fight ensued, in ■whicli om* side lost a good many men. A Caoador oJERcer, very badly wounded and bleed- ing, was brought past us shouting, " Viva e liberdade." Greneral Schwalbach told mo in the evening that the English fought like devils in this affah, but without method ; still it was no bad way to do the work. On getting to quarters, the Rifle Corps was in a most disorderly state ; and, having served out the day's rations, I requested the commanding officer, Captain Phaelau, to accept my resignation as quartermaster. At first our rations were good and plentiful, but as provisions became scarce, so did our rations become beauti- fully less — from fresh beef to salt, then salt fish, then rice instead of biscuit. That same night the city was fiu-iously shelled. One shell fell and exploded, setting fire to a flax warehouse, as well as to the convent of Santo Domingo. On this occa- sion, the great gun " Joit Paolo Cordeho " was much used by the Miguelites, and was materially to assist in destroy- ing Oporto ! This gun was placed on the Gaya battery ; the sailors on board the ' Orestes ' called it the " 84-stone gentleman." Having no official duties, I took to examining the batteries and lines, looking about the city, and visiting comrades who had been wounded on the 28th. It seemed to me that no complaints could be made as to hospital treatment. Many began selling spare clothes for food. Bartering was the order of the day — I exchanged an umbrella for a first-rate haversack. On the 30th there was much firing upon the city, killing some and wounding many of the inhabitants. I went on board the ' Villa-Flor ' in charge of Lieutenant Salter, an 124 MAH OF SUCCESSION OF PORTUGAL. tild South American friend, thence to dine on board the ' Mindello,' Captain Rnxton. These vessels were about heaving the river to get out of the way of Miguelite shot. Adniu'al Sartorius was going in one of them to the fleet, then in winter quarters at Vigo. 12o CHAPTEE IX. DECEMBER. The Rifles steal a pig — Jew quartermaster— "Dom Miguel reviews his troops — Rifles steal another pig, cautioned from high quarters — An old soldier of Bolivar's army — Severe bombardment — " Inez de Castro" — Court news — Not appointed to erect Arabida battery — Provisions scarcer — Energy of Dom Pedro — 3ilarshal Solignac coming to com- mand us — Miguelites fire at British men-of-war ; they should get out of their line of fire — Recruits from England — Our " Wine sortie" — Dom Miguel reviews his troops, at same time he could have made a good dash at the city — Affair of the ' Fulminence ' — Humanity of Captain Glascock and the Miguelites — Bombarding — Custom House fired- — Dealers secrete provisions — British merchants establish soup- kitchens for the inhabitants — Army on very short commons — British Government anxious to settle the war, but it was of the Kilkenny cat sort — Fear of desertions — Christmas Day, got roast meat, was it beef ? Reflections — I return to my post as quartermaster — Picket-firing unsoldierly — jMendizabal's brother's opinion of the war — Shaw com- mands Scotch Fusiliers — Close of 1832 — Wellington's Passage of the Douro — Kis battles in Portugal — Sketch of History of Portugal — Pombal. Is^ December. — Provisions were getting very scarce, consequently rations were on the short-allowance system. Some of oiu' Eifles chased and stole a pig, whilst others appropriated half a cart to cook it. The celerity with which the porker was killed, scalded, and cut up was something surprising. We had now a Jew from Hounds- ditch for a quartermaster. Pig's-flesh he called veal. He was fond of a hit of fighting.- There was continual picket-firing, causing us to ho on the alert, in momentary expectation of a general scrimmage. 126 WAR OF STTCCESSION Dom Pedro and his ministers were thouglit by some to be very slow coaclies. I believed lie knew better what lie was about than the mere talkers and would-be politicians, Sunday, 2)id. — On retui'ning from service at the English Protestant Chapel — the first allowed to be built in Por- tim-al — the chaplain of which was the Pev. Mr. Whiteley,* f^licll and shot was poured into the city in large quantities ; but the stone walls of the houses, being from two to three feet thick, were capable of standing a tremendous amount of pounding. The ' Mindello,' Pedroite man-of-war, had accidentally got on shore, but was mistaken by the Miguelites for a British vessel, or she could have been easily sunk by them. She got afloat safely. On the 3rd, Dom Miguel reviewed those of his troops near to om' northern lines, on which occasion we could l)lainly hear the regimental music of the enemy. I was glad to accept a dinner at Baron Kierulffe's, an old German officer ; and, when I returned to quarters, found my comrades busy again in another stolen-pig anatomy. Tliis nearly got us into difficulty, for it was stoutly sworn to tliat the Eifles had been the thieves ; however, the proofs were not sufficient to lead to a con- A-iction — " not proven ;" still, wo received an intimation Irom a high quarter not to show too great a predilection for other people's pork. During one of my rambles I met with a fellow-coun- tryman, terribly out at elbows, and in a miserable state of licalth. I entered into conversation with him, when he told me liis name was Captain B , and that he was brother- in-law of General M , who Avas an old South American * Still alive in 1869. OF PORTUGAL. 127 friend of mine. 1 toolc him to my quarters and satisfied the inward man. He informed me he had been an artillery officer in Bolivar's army in ColoniLia, that ho liad liad many unsatisfactory adventures, had found his way to St. Michael's, was wounded there, left behind, l)ut had come on to Oporto to continue soldiering. I had no reason to doubt his story. I stood his friend and he was grateful. I got him into oiu" corps — clothed, armed, and accoutred him — and, after a few days' food and rest, he did me credit. When not on duty, he was always busy cleaning his rifle and seeing that it was in first-rate order, brushing his clothes, polishing his boots, brightening his black belt, doing his best to make himself smart — indeed, the very model of a soldier. On the 7th the Eifles w^ere moved into better quarters in the Rua Conceicao, near S. Ovidio. At night there was a very severe fire of shot and shell kept up upon the city, ac- companied with flights of heavy rockets. On the following day we retiu-ned the enemy the compliment as well as we were able — some 150 rounds of shot and shell. Still, with this continual bombardment, killing and wounding the people, and injuring more or less the houses, the general affairs of life went on pretty much as usual, and the poorer classes could be seen at times, particularly in the Praoa Nova, enjoying theii^ national dances, concluding them with vivas for Donna Maria II. Sunday, the 9th, was a grand day at the theatre. The to me Shakespearian-looking tragedy of " Inez de Castro" was performed. I should have liked to have understood Portuguese well, so as to have fully appreciated it.* Then * I never missed seeing this fine historical tragedy, when announced for performance. It appears to have been written by the poet Gil Vicente, about 170 years after the death of Inez de Castro. This story forms the 128 WAR OF SUCCESSIOX oamo dancing, and tlie I'arco of the "Morto Yivo." As there were many British soldiers present, the orchestra gave " God save the King." On returning to c^uarters, T found our captain in a very bad temper. He quarrelled with all, pai-ticularly with myself for having resigned my office as quartermaster. I was to be put under arrest, &c., &c. 13^// Bccemhc)-. — Up to this date, our corps had been de- nominated "Dom Pedro's British Volunteer Rifle Cadets," but were more generally known as " The Eifles." But with the appearance of the CJironica, all those hereto- fore called cadets were declared to be "Aspirantes a officiaes," and were ordered to wear as a distinction an angular piece of gold lace above the cuff of the right arm. There were two newspapers in Oporto, the Chronica and the Arauto Porfueiisr, the former gave the " Court news." From this same date I offer the following specimen : — " Palace, 12th Dec. — II.I.M. the Duke of Braganza at lialf-past eight a.m. received details of what had occurred during the night about the lines. At half-past ten a.m. he was engaged with the officers who had the superintend- ence of the three divisions of the army ; afterwards he received those persons who had the honour of speaking to him. At two o'clock he went on horseback accompanied by subject of the most beautiful episode in Camoen's " Lusiad." "What a subject for the dramatist ! The Infante's love for the Castilian damsel Inez ; their correspondence by the " Fonte de Amores" (the fountain of love) at Coimbra ; their secret marriage, and her being placed for safety in what was afterwards called the " Quinta das Lagrimas" — garden of tears ; the King's visit to her and her children ; his irresolution to kill her ; but the murder effected by three of his courtiers, January 7th, 13iJ5. .... Dom Pedro's incurable grief. He took up arms against his fjither. On his accession to the Crown, seven years after the death of his beloved Inez, he had her corpse disinterred, and she was crowned with every splendour. Two of her inuidcrers, Coelho and Gonsalvcs, were executed, but rucheco escaped. OF POP.Trf.AT.. 120 Captain Bastos, tlie oflicor of tlio da}-, and tlio (.'ommandor Almeida, his chamberlain, going from Carvalhido to tlio extreme right of the lines ; after which li.I.M. visited M. St. Leger, Count of Bemposta (who was so severely wounded on the 29th September) , returning to the Palace at five o'clock. From eight to ton he had a council of ministers. Shortly after ten he retired to his room, in the best state of health." My protege, B , as already mentioned, had been in the Artillery, and I became his willing pupil ; we were on the look-out in the hope of being able to distinguish our- selves. We had also become infected with the idea that om" side required more batteries ; so we went to the pine grove of Eabida, whence the seven-gun battery of the enemy, the Sampayo, could be annoyed. Whilst making the necessary observations, lying down flat and screened, as we supposed, by the pine trees, we were saluted by some round shot, which closed our work duiing daylight. We imparted our doings to Senhor Texeira, one of Dom Pedro's aides, who gave us a pass to go to and fro at pleasure ; indeed we were now on special service. The next night we continued our observations, and creeping along the shores of the river, passed the arsenal, and scaled the abrupt side of the high bank of the river, making for the pine grove. We were full of elevated, sunken, half-sunken, and other forms of batteries, ditches, berms, parapets, banquettes, trenches, fascines, gabions, fleches, &c., &c., and were at least to have command of the projected battery, with a complement of guns, howitzers, mortars, and rockets ! To our surprise and disgust, on arrival we found we had been forestalled ; there were several Miguelite prisoners with a picket in charge of two English officers throwing up a breastwork, imder orders of the Colonel of Engineers, V'jO WAll OF SUCCKSSIOX L)a Costa. We were sold, and I had the greatest difficult}^ to restrain the rage and disappointment of my companion ; we might have had the compliment paid us of being attached to the party erecting this battery. Monte Rabida was a very exposed position, for during that night and morning the working party had nine wounded. Provisions were getting scarcer. The yoiuig hands com- plained of the salt beef and pork, when the " old Penin- sulars " told them to be thankful, for we should soon be glad to get dead horse, ass, mule, even dogs and eats. I heard casually that at " Cooper's on the wall," a ship- chandler's, there were red herrings for sale at three pence a piece ; I hastened there at once, procuring a supply. Dom Pedi'o appeared to be the most active man in the army ; he was to be seen in the saddle early and late, often with a thoughtful and determined look. I liked to stoj) and salute him, when he gave a smile. He visited the various barracks and batteries, planning new ones, strengthening the lines, and doing all in his power to ameliorate the sorry condition of the inhabitants of Oporto.. It was now reported that the French Greneral, Solignac, woidd shortly be here to take the command, also that Saldanha might be expected. The enemy's batteries on the south had been continued to the coast, whence they could fii-e upon the Liberal men-of-war then in the river, obliging them to think of leaving, which could" now only be done at great risk. The ' Ave de Graoa *■ was sunk by the enemy's shot ; other vessels, which could not easily be got out, were sunk, so as to prevent their being disabled. It was now that the English man-of-war cutter, ' Paven,' was fired into by the Miguelites, killing a man ; the ' Childers,' another man- of-war, was damaged and a man wounded. The OF PORTUGAL. 13 1 Miguelites in reply to English representations, said that the shot was intended for the Foz, and, as the English vessels were in their line of fire at the time, the occiuTences could not be helped, A French ship laden with flour was sunk off the bar, also a Portuguese vessel laden with Indian corn meal. Just before these events took place there had been landed 500 recruits from England, horses, artillery, and munitions; and there were still outside munitions and provisions wait- ing for a lull in the tempestuous winter weather to be got on shore. On the 17th was the " Wine Sortie " on the stores of Cobago. At 3 a.m. the Rifles marched to the Rabida, when shortly after their arrival came two field-pieces and a homtzer. Our duty was to pick off those we could who might annoy our side from the opposite shore, wliilst the guns were to do their best against the Sampayo battery. We now heard that the object of the present sortie was mainly to capture wine, very much needed in the city, belonging to the Oporto Wine Company, at Villa Nova, which had Miguelite sympathies ; also to pull down some walls near the Serra Convent, under cover of which the enemy's pickets could fire, without any risk to themselves, at the shore on the other side. Two thousand men were ferried across the Douro, and at it they went, some driving the Miguelites before them, and other's broke into the stores, taking out a quantity of wine. Whilst this was going on, the batteries on both sides of the river were en- gaging smartly with each other. We opened fire from the Rabida on the Sampayo at 8 a.m., and they gave us some forty rounds from their 18-pounders and a few shells in return. We were reinforced by a company of the 3rd English Battalion ; so, what with shot, musketry, and K 2 13'2 M"AR OF SUCfESs;iOX rilles, the euemy had no oliuiice of making a satisfac- tory dash across the river and attempting to take our guns. About 2 p.m. "\ve could hear vivas and music in our rear ; this, we afterwards discovered, was in consequence of Dom Miguel reviewing his troops in that quarter ; there was also some picket-firing in that direction. Had the enemy known the defenceless state of our lines thereabouts, they could easily, from the north, at this moment have taken the Kabida, the guus and men there. Our casualties in the battery were two wounded of the 3rd, while our captain was struck by a spent ball on the hand. Two of the Miguelite prisoners who had assisted to build the breastwork, when crossing an open spot, were killed by a round shot. • At dusk we returned to the cit}' to miser- able quarters, having done fom'teen liom-s' good service. No mess awaited us, so each had to sally forth to pm-chase a few vintems' worth of bread and fried fish, and, as dessert, boiled rice smothered with cinnamon powder. Dming the evening we learned that, although a considerable quan- tity of wine had been taken, and the Convent of San Antonio burnt — for it was from this the Miguelite monks used to pop at ouj.^ side continually — our loss had been heavy, about seventy-fom*, including five officers and a general officer killed. The opinion was, that Icjeu ne ralait pm la cJKOtdcUc. Captain Glascock was in command of a small British squadron in the Douro during the siege of Oporto. In his " Naval Sketch-book" there is much to be learnt from that portion called " Jack in Oporto." To keep neutral and friendly with both parties Avas most difficult, still he managed to do so, certainly not to the detriment of the Pedroites in an}' way. In Marshal's " Naval Biography " OF PORTUGAl,. 133 will be found some very interesting official communica- tions connected with this period of the sieo-o. Captain Grlascock says, referring to the " Wine Sortie ": — " After the wine had been taken ; San Antonio plun- dered and set fire to, the Pedi-oites had to retreat in great dis- order. A heavy fire of musketry was opened on them, and the boats left the beach in the utmost disorder. Some took shelter under cover of H.M. ships 'Orestes,'* 'Echo,' and 'Etna.' f A boat full of Pedroites attempted to get on board the ' Echo,' commanded by Lieutenant llobert Otway, Avho felt it his duty to decline affording them a refuge ; how- ever, some caoadores ascended the deck of the ' Echo,' took possession of the paddle-boxes, and began to load their pieces. Otway compelled them at once to retire to their boats." The following is the official account of the ""Wine Sortie ":— " At 7 a.m. troops embarked from Massarellos, landing near the Cobaoo wine stores ; they attacked the pickets up to the Candal heights, where for some time the Liberals sustained their ground, whilst the wine was taken out of the stores and the walls of the Convent of S. Antonio destroyed. But as the eneiuy was in a position to con- centrate shortly 6000 men at this spot, the Liberals had to retire precipitately to the river side, where they hoped to have found boats ready for their embarkation : what was their surprise when they did not find one ! The boats had taken the wine over to the other side, and the crews were not desirous to re-cross in face of the fire of the enemy. The soldiers were now very hard pressed, having * A man oa board the ' Orestes ' was severely wounded from the Miguelite side. t Its commander, Lieutenant T. Mitchell, was wounded in the leg. 134 WAR OF SUCCESSION no other ground to stand on tlian tlio narrow quays. Close by there -were thi'ee English men-of-war and some merchant vessels. Many of the soldiers jumped into the river and got hold of the cables of these vessels. Some of them were taken on board the merchant vessels (parti- cularly the ' Eedport ' and ' Lusitania'), whilst the fight continued ; others whose fate took them in the direction of the English men-of-war were not allowed to get on board, the English being determined to maintain their neutrality ; and as these j)oor fellows could not get on shore again, not to be taken prisoners, they fell victims and were drowned." (liather a garbled accoiint.*) There was a deal of angry correspondence, arising out of this sortie, between Captain Glascock, the government of Dom Pedro, and the Miguelite Viscount Santa Martha. The Pedroites calumniated Glascock and his officers ; the Miguelites woimded one of his men and one officer, also, by taking stead}' aim at officers and crews on board his vessels. In a note, p. 157 of " The Civil War," &.C., the whole matter thus winds up — " Dom Pedi-o had the good taste, in reply to a spirited appeal from Lieutenant- Colonel Hare, to remark that ' he was compelled to give credence to the statement of his oicn officers,' one of whom, * Shaw says ("Memoirs," I. p. 475) — " Many bad characters and invalids were put on board the ' Fulminense ' in December for shipment to England. In going down the river the enemy's batteries opened on her, when she grounded. Many poor creatures had been wounded, others swam to our side of the river on seeing the Blignelite boats approaching to take pos- session. It has been stated that there were not seven days' provisions on board the vessel. Why she sailed is incomprehensible, as it was hardly possible to escape being sunk by the enemy's batteries. The merit of mercy, however, rests with the officers of the British squadron, who thus gave a splendid answer to the calumnies formerly heaped on them,bysendingmedi- cal assistance on board. And to the Miguelites it is but fair to say they landed these men, treated them tolerably well, and sent them to England." OF POllTUGAL. 135 a certain colonel, wlio had been the la^f to /anr/aml ilie /irst to fit/, was the inventor and chief propagator of the calumnies." On the 18th, the eneni}^ got the range of the Palace of >S. Gill, in which were billeted several foreign officers ; shot and shell were thrown into it, but no harm was done to the inmates. The batteries on the south were pretty regular in bom- barding the city day and night. They gave us occasion- ally some rockets, one of which set fire to the Custom House, when more than £20,000 worth of goods was destroyed. The dealers in provisions, now very scarce, began to secrete their wares. Under these cii'cum- stances the Grovernment issued a decree purportmg that if such a system were resorted to, the provisions would be sought after, and, when found, would be sold at the fair market price, and the tradesmen punished. The terrible cholera now commenced to show itself amongst the soldiery as well as amongst the inhabitants, and famine was too plainly approaching. The Grovernment itself was in a depressed state ; but it was now that Dom Pedro showed himself equal to this wretched position of things. He worked most assiduously with his ministers ; he helped the inhabitants to the best of his power, particularly in the matter of hospitals for the cholera patients. The more wealthy citizens and foreign merchants, the British being in the great majority, came nobly forward and established soup-kitchens. Of the British merchants, the name of one at least must not be forgotten, namely, that of Mr, Theophilus Isles Smith.* He was one of the first to get together food for * This amiable and kind-hearted man died in London, in July, 185i», sincerely regretted by a large circle of friends, amongst whom the author had the pleasure of being one. 136 WAR OF SUCCESSION the perishing inhabitants, to arrange for a " Sopa Econo- mica " (souj)-ldtchen) , which was located in the Carmelite convent — liis first instalment of meat being a pet calf. For a long period hundreds of rations were daily dis- tributed. Mr. Smith was also most assiduous and enterprising in having provisions, in paiiicular, brought b}' sea to the starving city. One of his ships was the ' Avon.' She drove into the harbour ^^dth a signal of distress (a ruse), but fell into the hands of the Miguelites, who plundered and set fire to her with yells of triumph, the British flag flying at lier mast-head. Mr. Johnson (then in the employ of Mr. Smith, but now a partner of his son, Mr. Greorge Whitely Smith, of Oporto) was wounded in the knee, in the dangerous opera- tion of disembarking provisions at the Foz. I must not omit to state that the more afiluent Portu- guese followed this noble example of the British mer- chants, and Colonel Sorrell, the British Consul, having previously subscribed, likewise gave a considerable sum out of the funds he had received from England for charitable purposes ; the remainder of those funds he dis- tributed amongst the poor of all the parishes. The Rifle corps was for a time quartered at the Car- melite convent, and the author confesses that he has often, when the savoury cooking odours have reached him, been tempted to go with his pannikin and beg for a portion of the hot substantial liquid, or that he had been one of the poor recipients of the "" sopa economica." But as this food was for the patient, suffering, and starving ])oot — men, women, and children — he had to be contented with the short and unsubstantial rations served out for so long a period to the besieged anny. This was not playing at soldiers ! OF PORTUGAL. 137 The rains were hard and contmuous, so Ave liad poaco- ful times. We had now, it was said, as many as 10,000 men under arms. The Miguelite portion of the population had been pretty well weeded out, so that tlie people Avho remained were ready to fight to a man. B , a light-hearted Irishman, C , and myself got an empty billet in Rua da Picaria. Foraging in the city we fell in with an abandoned furnished house, so we helped ourselves to what we required and were soon com- fortable on the score of furniture. At this period we were glad to gnaw a salt-beef bone and munch hard black bis- cuit for a dinner. The mail from England brought news that the British Grovernment was anxious to propose some arrangement between Dom Miguel and Dom Pedro. We did not see how this could be done, for the war was now that of the Kilkenny cats. Indeed some said that it would be as well if both brothers left Portugal. 22nd. — Went to a public concert at Peixe's hotel. A Signora Massei (Mrs. Massey) sang very well, but II Signor may have had a voice once, but it was now clone for. A party of us volunteered to go on picket, the object being to see there was no desertion from the 18th, a Portuguese regiment * stationed at the advanced posts of Carvalhido — a post of honour for us. Mj" friend B led us, he being the most experienced soldier of the lot. We remained all night within pistol-shot of the enemy's pickets. After a miserable day and night on duty, we got to oiu' quarters, and made a meal of a little salt fish and pota- toes, and glad to get it. Being Christmas Eve, a party of us went to a wretched cafe and had a few glasses of punch. * One was shot on Ulli May, 1833, for desertion. 138 WAR OF SUCCESSION C/irisfmas Day. — During tlie night the city had its dose of shell and shot. At 10 a.m. the temperature was 50° and fine. Before om* windows, in a garden, the orange trees were laden "VNath ripe fruit. Soldiering is pleasant enough in well-provisioned quarters, but the reverse under the circumstances we were in. War appears to be a neces- sary state of things occasionally for all countries. The prizes are few for ofScers and men ; the real fighting soldier offers his life for distinction, promotion, a ribbon — his more general lot is a glorious (!) grave. I dined on this festive day at the Seminario barracks, with some English officers, and, among other dishes, we had roast meat — was it beef? — and as good a plum- pudding as could be made with the ingredients at com- mand. Oui' Israelite quartermaster was put imder ari-est, when I was requested to take my former post, v/hich I did. B returned from picket duty, informing us that a Miguelite had given him a shot. B watched his opportunity and picked his man off". AYe, however, came to the conclusion that picket-firing was a most unsoldierly proceeding. As a treat of another sort, the enemy's round shot fi'om the other side' of the river came flying occa- sionally up our street. The Pedroites went on steadily digging trenches, erecting batteries, and making the best of theii' position, I had several chats with a brother of b'eilor Mendizabal (he had but one arm). He had come to see how affairs looked. He had an idea that Dom Pedi'o ought to leave Oporto, get to Lisbon by sea, and take it. Our general im- pression here was that we could not have got a^'ay wdthout very great loss ; that Dom Miguel's navy was guarding the Tagus ; oiu-s, at Vigo, not in a good state ; that the OF PORTUGAL. 130 best thing we coiild do was to remain in Oporto, do our best to defend it, and tire Dom Miguel out. On the 28th December, Shaw was in bed recovering from the severe wounds received on the ITtli November; but, hearing that the English were engaged at the Foz, went there as a volunteer and was placed in command of the advanced position. On the 1st January, 1833, he was appointed to the command of the Scotch Fusiliers. The year 1832 closed with much sickness in Dom Pedro's army, — fevers, some of a bad sort, and pulmonary com- plaints, being very common, consequent on exposm-e and bad living ; and the cholera increasing ! I could not resist the opportunity of examining the various points connected with Wellington's passage of the Douro, 12th May, 1809.* There stood the rock with the Serra convent, behind which the army, British and Portu- guese, were secretly concentrated — the French under (as the Portuguese called him " the butcher " f) Soult occupying the city. There was the river deep and swift between the contending foes. The Seminario on the other side caught Sir Arthur's eye, and its easy access from the river. He instantly resolved to force a passage, in face of a brave and veteran army, his means being as scanty as his resolu- tion was great. Colonel Waters the night before was taken across by a barber accompanied by the Prior of Amarante, when he returned with three empty barges. The passage commenced at 10 a.m., and was soon won, when the enemy was shortly in fidl retreat. The English lost twenty killed and about a hundi'ed wounded ; the French five hundred in killed and wounded. * See Napier for details. t I saw ia Oporto a large engraving, depicting " Soult's carnage Oporto," when 10,000 Portuguese were slain and drowned. 140 WAK OF SUCCESSION I A\ill just refer to "Wellington's doings in Portugal. He beat the Frencli at Roliea, liis first battle, the 11th and 12th August, 1808, and at Viniiero, the 21st, which led to the convention of Cintra and evacuation of the French under Junot. In 1809 was his famous passage of the Douro. In 1810 Napoleon sent Massena with a large army to Portugal, when Wellington beat him at Bussaco, 27th September, 1810. He retired on Santarem, remaining there till the 5th ^larch, 1811. In his retreat Massena was vanquished at Fuentes de Honor, 3rd May. The greatest force of the Portuguese army, it is said, was in 1811, and amounted to 107,431 men. Then followed the brilliant battles in Spain, finishing with that of Toulouse, 14th April, 1814. John VI. retmiied from Brazil, 1821. Civil war soon coimnenced, — Liberals r. despots. This was followed by the usurpation of Dom Miguel, the commencement of the War of Succes- sion, the arrival of Dom Pedro in Oporto, 1832, to defend tlie rights of his daughter. Donna Maria II. , and give consti- tutional liberty to his country ; the siege of Oporto, 1832-3. A few words about Portuguese history. The Portuguese may well be proud of their Lusitanian forefathers, although the country was successively overrun by Carthaginians, Eomans, Goths, and Moors. The Conde Henrique, the father of the Kings of Portugal, commenced driving the Moors out of the land in the lltli century. He fought them in seventeen battles ; the more celebrated were those of Coimbra and Lamego. The Bitrgtotdkoi JJijnaiitij commenced with his son, born ill 1109. He gained the celebrated battle of Ourique in 1139 against five Moorisli kings. The Portuguese still had difficulties both with Moors and Spaniards. The Dynasty , of Aviz commenced under John I., born in OF POnilTiAT.. 141 l:>-")7. Tho ]4tli Aug'ust, loS-j, was tlie iUiiious action of AljiibaiTota, in wliieli, according to native historians, " G500 Portuguese destroyed more than 80,000 Castilians." In this reign the learned Prince Henry and others laid the foundation of the discoveries of the Azores and in Africa, which led to the "doubling" of the Cape of Good Hope by Diaz. Under Manuel I., born 1449, Vasco de Grama discovered the coasts of India. Brazil was dis- covered by Cabral in 1500. The Jesuits found their way to Portugal in 1541 ; the establishment of the "unholy " Inquisition soon followed. In 1578 was the battle of Alca- cerf[uiver in Africa against the Moors, and death of D. Sebastian, with the flower of the Portuguese nobility. It is said that some few in Portugal believe that J). Sebastian is still alive, and that he will retm-n to occupy the throne ! The great poet Camoens died 10th June, 1560, " poor and abandoned by all." The S2xniish Dynmiij. — Sixty years of oppression. The Braganza Bi/nasf//. — Commenced with John IV. There were many successful battles against the Spaniards, terminating with the peace of Utrecht, 1713, The celebrated writer Antonio Jose was burnt by the Inquisition, 1745. Pope Benedict XIV. conferred the title of "most faithful " on the kings of Portugal. Under Joseph L, born 1714, Sebastian Jose de Car- valho, Marquis of Pombal, commenced liis great and brave reforms. Conspiracy of nobles, and attempt to assassinate the King, when he was ^vounded. Several nobles executed 13th January, 1759 ; on the 19th, Pombal had the daring to arrest the Jesuits and expel them from the couutr}'. Revolt in Oporto, caused principally by the ultra- Chm-ch party, 12th October, 1757. 283 persons of botli sexes condemned to death, to the galleys, and other punish- ments, and much confiscation of propert3^ When Pombal, 42 WAR OF srrcEssiON of Portugal. tlu'ough intrigues of the Jesuits and tlieir friends, was forced to retii'e fi"om the luinistry, he left in the mint treasury 48 millions of cruzados, and 38 millions in the treasury of taxes = 86 millions.* Maria 1. proclaimed, 1777. Pombal was tried for his "terrible crimes."! His enemies hoped to bring him to the scaffold. However, the " clemency " of the Uueen interposed — (he was still to be feared) — so he was banished from the capital. This bold and %dgorous refonner died in 1782. Some modern Portuguese Amters, although they call him the " great Pombal," say that he shoidd have paved the way for a representative form of Grovemment, instead of which he gave all the power to the Cro"WTi. But do these writers take into consideration the political elements he had to work with, and early in the 18th centurj^ ? Portugal had gone through the rough feudal times, then the Church for a long period had unlimited sway. Then came the ambition of the nobles, who made war on the King. It was now that Pombal considered it best to make the Cro"SMi powerftd, when in time there would be a better form of rule. However, it was reserved for Dom Pedro IV., afterwards Eegent for liis daughter Donna Maria II., to give the Portuguese a constitutional form of government. * IH of these cruzados = £1, -which gives nearly eight millions o pounds sterling. . t The church of llemoria at Belem was founded hy Jose I. the 3rd September, 1760, to commemorate an unsuccessful attempt upon his life ■while passing the spot, on the night of the 3rd of September, 17^8. In order to punish the perpetrators of this plot, which was, without doubt, contrived by Pombal — (where is the n for this mere assertion ? doubtless a Jesuit calumnj'. W. B.) — several of the nobility, among whom were the Duke of Aveiro and the Marquis and IMarchioness de Tavora, were put to death on the 13th of January, 1759, and their dead bodies being consumed by fire, the aihes were thrown into the Tagus. — Bradshaw's " Spain and Portugal," by Dr. Charnock, 1865. 143 CHAPTER X. JANUARY, 1833. Marshal Solignac arrives — Resmm- of Miguelite and Spanish doings to date — Disembarkation of provisions — Newspaper reports — Miguelite shot could be thrown from the south across Oporto into their own lines on the north — Miguelite desertion — Treasure-trove — Spanish Liberals in power — Solignac reviews the army — Serra Convent — Eecruits from France, England, and Belgium — iliguelites believe the city must surrender ; "Never say die " — Sartorius and fleet off Oporto, bad state of the navy, no money to pay sailors — Two days' fearful bombardment ; poor mothers curse Dom Miguel and Doni Pedro — Solignac's sortie of Pasteleiro, not properly supported ; intrigues against him — Arrival of Saldanha ; memoir of to date — Fourteen known political parties in Oporto ! — Villa-Flor resigns command, created Duke of Terceira — State of the army — Dom Pedro boars u]) manfully imder a load of difficulties — Cadet Rifle Corps attached to Scotch at Lordello — Soldier's funeral — Bombarding the citj- generally from 4 a.m. till 9 a.m., and 3 p.m. to 8 p.m. — Rifles quartered in Carmelite Convent. The population of Oporto before the siege was estimated at 120,000 souls ; now it was about 70,000. The year 1833 commenced with the arrival of General Solignac, one of Napoleon's old Peninsular soldiers ; on the 3rd January he was made a marshal and a major- general. With him came several French officers, and French troops were to follow. He was a stout, lieart}-- looking man, but rather too old for the sort of campaign- ing he had come to. It was current that Dom Pedi'o had written to Louis Philippe to send him a French general. Excelmans was applied to by Soult, then Minister of War, but declined. Soult, who wished to get rid of SoHgnac, 144 WAK OF SUCCKSSIOX who tJirGatened to pTiblisli certain unpleasant corresponcl- onee about the Duchess tie Bern, got him to accept tlie appointment to Portugal. The Greneral had ah'eady some personal experience of what Britishers could do. At the battle of Yimiero, Solignac went to the northward, to turn part of the posi- tion which appeared to be unprotected Brennier endeavoured to effect a junction with Solignac, who was at that moment occupied in turning the left flank of the English. . . . Solignac had achieved his circuitous march and had come upon the left flank, which, to his astonish- ment, he found to consist of three strong brigades, instead of the line of sku'mishers he expected. At the same time the artillery, opening upon his columns as they advanced along the ridge, swept everything before it. He retreated in good order, leaving six of his guns, and was himself severely wounded. . . . Brennier was taken prisoner . . . Then followed the convention of Cintra. On the 5th January the enemy brought a field-piece to bear upon the ' Coquette,' Pedroite gun-boat, and sunk her. Captain Hill, her commander, at that time was occu- pied in building a platform for guns below the Seminario. Lieutenant-Colonel Badcock came to Oporto to replace Colonel Hare, as British Military Commissioner. This officer -wTote an interesting volume, " Eough Leaves from a Journal kept in Spain and I'ortugal, 1833-4," from which I offer a rc.sniiK; of Avhat concerns political affairs from June, 1832, to his arrival in Oporto : — About June, 1832, Lord W. Eussell and Colonels Hare and Badcock were appointed by the British Government to go to Lisbon to ascertain what Dom Miguel was doing, and Colonel Badcock to see what the Spaniards were about on the frontier. Dom Miguel at this period was OF POllTUGAI,. 145 very fond of cruising about in a. schooner painted rod with much gilding and ornament. There was an unusual still- ness in the city, and tlie police in numbers patrolled the ] u-incipal streets. On the 1 1th Juno Colonel Badcock started for the frontier. " Viva l)oni Miguel " Avas the cry, and the Miguelites said, " What can Dom Pedro do with 8000 against 120,000 ? " No Spaniards were on the frontier, so Badcock returned to Lisbon. He found Dom Miguel sailing about in his schooner, receiving salutes from his own and the American squadi'on, whilst the British fleet was mute. Eeports spread that Dom Pedro's expedition had been spoken with at sea, which caused double vigilance on the part of Dom Miguel's Government. On the 4th July, Badcock went again to the frontier, and into Spain by Badajos, On the 16th being at Placencia, it was reported that Dom Pedro had landed at Oporto on the 8th, which could not be believed. On the 19th he was at Salamanca, where he met with the Spanish General Sarsfield in command there ; v/itli him were Generals Pastor and Canterac and Colonel Leopold O'Donnell. Peceiving instructions from the English Minister at Madrid, Mr. Addington, to go there, at Ciudad Eodrigo he found General Pomagosa* as governor. The Spaniards, particularly the Realisfas and priests, were very suspicious of Badcock's movements. There were now appearances of Sjianish troojDs marching to the assistance of Dom Miguel. On the 18th September Badcock was at Salamanca ; news arrived of the King of Spain's illness, and rumours of his death, though no Spaniard dared to speak to another on the subject. The King rallied. About the middle of October it was obvious that Spain would not, and dared not, meddle * Shot as a Carlist some time afterwards in Catalonia. L 14G WAll OF SUCCESSION in favour of Dom Miguel. Being at Salamanca he h.ad an interview mth General Sarsfield, who received liim walldng up and down a plouglied field. He had been very ill and looked pale, and, being clothed in a loose white dress, appeared like a ghost. He said he received his visitor there, as he could converse while taking his exercise. Badcock believed that the Portuguese would beat the Spaniards any day. By the end of October he got to Madrid, Avhere he found Mr. Addington. The state of Ferdinand VII. was uncertain, and the line of policy about to be adopted very doubtful. He saw Don Carlos and his wife, and other members of the royal family. Ferdinand appeared more dead than alive, and when his chikben wore brought to him, he could not be roused to recognise them. An alarm took place one night ; it was supposed that the royal guard was going to revolt and declare for Don Carlos. Theii- commander was superseded in Novem- ber. The illness of the King, the threatening aspect of affau'S, and the dread of some convulsion put an end to society. By the 28th, Zea Bennudez arrived and entered on his functions as prime minister. On the 11th December Badcock had orders to retui'u to Lisbon. Being at Pcgoes in Portugal ho fell in with Miguelite cavalry ; he asked them why they had not driven Dom Pedro out of the country ? They said they were waiting to see which side England would take. AiTi\ing at Lisbon, Lord W. Pussell ordered him to go to Opoi-to, where he arrived the 7th January. On the 8th a general disembarkation of provisions and horses was arranged to take place at the Foz. The -pre- vious niglit launches and boats went out under fire of the Cabedello battery, built on the sandy point on the south side. Colonel Bacon and his lancers were posted on the heights of Pasteloii'o and Lordello to observe the movements of I OF PORTUGAL. 147 the enemy, and secure safe transit from the Foz to the city, whilst the detachments at the Foz and the Liiz, or light-house battery, were reinforced by volunteers and a portion of the French, who protected the landing at 7 a.m. In two hours, 130 horses, 200 oxen, 4000 quintals of salt fish, sheep, poultry, &c., were landed. Telles Jordao, the Miguelite Greneral, did his best to oppose this operation by attacking the Foz, but he was re- pelled, leaving many dead and 180 wounded of his com- mand on the field. The Liberals lost 1 major and 4 volunteers killed, and a few wounded. Colonel Badcock thus describes Dom Pedro at this time : He was of middle statui-e, upright and active — his com- plexion not good, and he did not bear the stamp of health. The great fatigue he had endured and the harassing life he had led did not conduce to good looks. His manners were good and conciliating. He was very abstemious, di'inking nothing but water, and taking a glass of "wine only as a compliment to strangers. Intelligence from the seat of war, as a matter of course, was of an opposite and varied character. The Miguelites generally reported victories to France and England, when they had been beaten, which the Legitimists and the Tory party commented upon favourably in their respective newspapers. This kept up the spirits of the partizans of Dom Miguel, as well as quotations of his loan contracted in Paris. On the other side, the Pedroites did not make the worst of their sorties and various difficulties, and it must be allowed that their defences were satisfactory. They also had their friends, particularly in France and England, who were kept well-informed as to the real state of affairs, good, bad, or indifferent, and who could give the necessary amount of publicity. L 2 148 "WATl OF SUCCESSION Some of the foreign ofRecrs wlio had been disappointed in not being able to " play at soldiers," ^vi-ote unjust letters to their respective countries. There may have been " own correspondents " for nev.'s- papers. The only one I saw, occasionally, was Mr. Mac- kinrod, but I do not recollect for wliicli paper he ^vrote — I think for the IlerahL On the 9th Colonels Badcock and Hare went round the lines. Here is their view : — Certain points were exceed- ingly strong, but many quite the reverse. The city was more like a fortified camp. The Miguelites occupied some points so exceedingly close that many parts were continu- ally exposed to the lire of musketry ; indeed, from several heights they could overlook the v\'hole of the city. When the Miguelites had fully established theii* batteries, there was no part of the city or lines of Dom Pedi'o across which the Miguelites could not throw shot to their own lines, so completely were the Pedroites under fire. Several officers, who had deserted from Dom Miguel, came from Lisbon, begging to be received into the Pedi'oite service, which was accorded. The Government got information that treasure was secreted in a Miguelite house. Search was made, when it was found, and reported to be as much as 750 lbs. weight in silver. On the 10th, Sir J. M. Doyle gave the Rifles a break- fast, at which they appeared in tlieir now uniform of green, witli Ijlack cuffs and collars, gold lace on right cuff, to mark their being cadets ; shako ^\'ith hair plume, and sword. "We were exempt from ftitigue duty — in fact gen- tleman soldiers, and on 5d. a day ! Sir John told me privately that " he had something good in his eye for me." I will give him all credit for the desire to serve me. OF rORTUGAL. 1 If) Our spies informed us tliat Doin Miguel was tl)ou at Braga, and had just received unsatisfactory news Ironi Spain, namely, tliat the Liberals then composed the ministry, which was good. news for us. 17tJi. — Badcock dined with Solignac, " who made some fine speeches on liberty, which did not seem to be perfectly understood or agreed to by the company." G-eneral Solignac having examined our batteries and lines, on the 19th reviewed the troops, and must have taken many of us for a precious rough lot. * Solignac commenced at the Seminario, carefully scrutin- ising the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 10th, and 12th Car?adores ; tlio Portuguese regiments of the line, 9th, 10th, and 18th ; Volunteers of the Queen ; several other battalions of Volunteers ; the Fixers (troops who do not march out) ; and the Mobiles (troops movable to any part of the king- dom) ; then some foreign corjos ; and one Grerman regi- ment (nominally Belgians). The field artillery consisted of 1 2 pieces ; there were tAvo brigades of nine-pounders ; Bacon's Lancers, 160, and 80 of the 11th. This force was very small, but sufficient to bo shut up in a closely- watched place. The British were composed of the Irish regiment, the Scotch at Lordello, under Shaw, an officer of much exjie- rience, and the Cadet Rifles. On the left were the French and a corps of Italian Riflemen. All seen under arms did not amount to 5000 men : 1500 were at the Foz and Lordello, and 400 in the * Captain Glascock, ("Naval Sketchbook,") givc3 the following de- scription of the Pedroite army : — " There were cross-belted beggars there belonging to every nation o' the face of the fighting globe — raw Scotch, wild Irish, Lunnun light uns, heavy Garmans, long Poles, short Swias, Lazy-Koney (Italians), French hop-kickcrs, Belgian braves, &c., &c." 150 WAR OF SUCCESSIOX garrison of tlio Sorra. They wore surrounded by more than ten times their number of Miguelites. 12///. — Badcock crossed the river to visit the Serra, and its defences. "The situation was very strong, but the defences really weak ; and how the gallant G-ovemor Torres managed to maintain the place dmin^ such a pro- tracted siege, and under continual fire, was really wonder- ful, and will do him and his brave garrison lasting credit. lie will receive his meed of praise from all military men who visit it. lie accompanied me round the place ; in- deed, lie always did so whenever I weoit, which was but seldom. It soon became too hot for a visit of pleasure." IGf/i. — An explosion took place in the Serra, which killed two officers and five men. 19//?. — Very heavy bombardment on the city. Did the enemy think to frighten us into a sui'render ? On the 20th, I went with some comrades to see the landing of a battalion of French. Sartorius had come fi'om Yigo, and was off the bar with his fleet ; he dii-ectcd a few shots at the Queijo battery. An English frigate at the same time saluted Donna Maria's flag, which must have been unpleasant to the Miguelites. We accompanied the French troops, wlio were well officered, to Oporto. They gaily tripped along the road, singing " En avant marchons," &c. They had a hearty reception on entering the city. Tliey had a Cantiniere, mounted on horseback, with barrels and baggage. There were some few women with the English and Irish, but they had none of the character about them of La Belle Cantiniere. Ileciniits from England, Belgium, and the Western Islands arrived. The Miguelites now persuaded themselves that, bom- OF PORTUGAL. 151 bardod by tlioir numerous batteries, and our suflbring from famine and cholera, the city must soon surrender ; and that it was not necessary for them to make anotlier general attack. Seeing that the Liberals only had that narrow strip of land from the Foz to the city by which to convey what they succeeded in landing at the Foz, they put their batteries of Pinhal, Monte Castro, and Serralvcs in a good state to annoy the Foz and the road to the city. We now extended our lines of Carvalhido, Ramalde, Lordcllo, Pasteleiro, thence to the Luz. The city* was closely invested, but the Miguelites had not yet made redoubts, nor got up all their battering train. The river is not generally more than 360 yards wide, but varies to 600, and is everywhere within musket range. The Miguelites had foiuieen miles of lines to defend ; the besieged moved in a much smaller circle. " Then Dom Pedro had a considerable body of foreigners, whom the Portuguese had long been taught either to dread or admire, as excelling them in arms." Admiral Sartorius was now in Oporto. He had come to inform Dom Pedro as to the state of naval affairs, which was not satisfactory, mainly on the score of pay. He doubtless received instructions to co-operate at sea in Solignac's projected sortie on Monto Castro and the Queijo forts. The naval force off the bar was as follows : — ' Dom Pedro,' 'Rainha,' 'Donna Maria,' ' Oonstituciio, ' 'Mindello,' ' Yilla-Flor,' ' Portuense,' comprising 240 gims and 1200 men. Not in commission, and in the Douro (many of their gims in use in the batteries) : — the ' Eegencia,' * Veinte tres de Julio,' 'Liberal,' and 'Grraziosa.' The 'Fayal' was nm away mth by its crew to England. The ' Terceira ' had been * Badcock, p. 139. 152 AVAR OF SUCCESSION sunk off the Seira convent, tlie ' Coquette ' also off tlie Seminario, and the ' Archer ' was a hulk in the river. On the 23rd, at 5 a.m., the enemy opened fire from all the batteries they could command upon the city. It lasted five hours, and a fearful affau' it was. Grreat damage was done ; some of the inhabitants were killed, and many wounded. At 6 a.m. a shell came rattling down the side AA\all of my billet, which was in a narrow cross street, burst- ing in a garden a few yards from the room I was in. The explosion broke all the windows at the back of the house. A piece of the shell went through the Avindow of the ad- joining house, falling on a bed Avhercin two children were sleeping, but did them no harm. I heard the poor starving mother curse in the bitterest terms both Dom Miguel and Dom Pedro. The following day there was a repetition of the bombard- ing, continuing until 9 p.m. These were bad times indeed. For some days we had been expecting Solignac to give us a specimen of his tactics. On the 24th, early in the morning, nearly all Dom Pedro's disposable force was under arms and marched to various posts. This Avas Solignac's sortie on Monte Castro. There was scrimmaging on the right, but it was on our left, at the Foz, where the fight took place, dmiiig a bold sortie upon Monte Castro, which locality and its immediate vicinity must have been occupied by at least 10,000 men, prepared to oppose us, less than 2000 men. My jom-nal merely mentions — for our corps was much on tlie march that day — that there was heavy fighting in advance of the Foz, that we gained some ground, and, althovigh we punished the encni}', our loss was great, particularly of ofiicers. An old London friend of mine. Captain Clarke, was mortally wounded. OF PORTUGAL. 153 Tlie author, of "The Civil AVar in rortugal" was a looker-on. From liis work I epitomize the following : — Soliguac moved out with the design of attacldng Monte Castro, containing six guns, which commanded every move- ment for the disembarkation of provisions and reinforce- ments. He intended to follow up the attack by an assavdt on the Castello do Queijo, a fort close to the coast. Sarto- rius with his ships was to support this latter part of the operations by a cross j&re ; and, while Solignao was attack- ing these positions in front, a strong column by the Lordello road was to take the enemy in flank and rear. Everything was ready on land, but the ships were far to the south. The sailors, from discontent, had refused to obey their officers. This caused some delay. The Marshal then moved on, and the height was taken. Day was fast closing, and no flanking column appeared. Towards dusk he sent a small force to reconnoitre the Queijo in the hope that it might have been abandoned in consequence of the can- nonade of Sartorius. This detachment was repulsed. At 8 p.m. the Marshal abandoned Monte Castro and returned to the city. The Pedroites lost in killed and wounded 252 ; 25 were officers. Solignac was informed that the flanking column had been halted by the Emperor, in consequence of his having received information that the enemy were moving in force, threatening the city. The Marshal said he would not take upon himself the whole responsibility with only half a command. It was reported to Dom Pedro that he had observed, " I never knew but one emperor a soldier, and that was Napoleon." This remark soon paved the way to his losing Dom Pedro's friendship. There was a suspicion that there had been a premeditated intention in the false report made to the Emperor, and which had 154 WAR OF SUCCESSION induced him to halt the column. Solignac henceforth gave up all idea of advancing into the country without a great increase of force. Extract from Solir/iiac's order of the day, Ihtli January, 1833 :— " By extraordinary circumstances, none of which depended on him, he was obliged to remain in position with the small force he had on the heights of Pasteleiro for a longer time than he intended, or was conve- nient, which allowed the enemy to unite so superior a force, that, notwith- standing the devoted bravery and firmness of the army ho had the honour of commanding, he found himself under the necessity of cither abandoning the position and retiring, or suffering a great reverse," Shaw calls this the battle of Pasteleiro : in it he had charge of the left flank. Napier observes: "After the affair on the heights of Pasteleiro, Portuguese intrigue was too much for Solignac." In the seventh chapter of this volume it is stated that the Pedroitc fleet, after the severe action of the 11th of October, remained in Vigo Bay to repair damages. I again refer to Mr. Williams' notes : — " Cholera broke out fearfully on board the flag -ship the ' Rainha.' It also became virulent on board His Majesty's ship ' St. Vincent,' 120. Our squadron moved for a change to the Baiona Islands, where the crew of the ' Rainha ' was landed on the more southern, whilst the ship underwent fumigation ; however, when the crew returned on board, the disease continued to spread. Thirty officers and men fell victims ; whilst not a case occurred on board the * Donna Maria.' Many graves of brave men might now be traced resting on the summit of that Avild, yet pretty little uninhabited isle. " The ' AVellington,' an old East Indiaman, had been OF PORTUGAL. 155 purchased and turned into a 50-gun frigate, named the ' Dom Pedro,' and made to look like a seventy-four, and was commanded by Captain Goble, late H.N. " The crews of the ' Donna Maria ' and the ' Rainha ' showed symptoms of insubordination ; the agreement with them was that they should be paid quarterly. In Novem- ber (1832), eight or nine months' pay was due. * Pay us,' said Jack, ' and let us dispose 'of our money as we please, and then we shall be willing to fight.' Admiral Sartorius continued to urge on Dom Pedi'o the claims of his men, but with no good result. The men would wait no longer, and begged the Admiral would land them at Vigo. All hands were piped to muster on deck. The Admiral said, 'AH men who desire to remain till their rights are ob- tained, stand on the starboard side, the others to the port side.' About 90 men elected to stay ; the rest, about 160, were landed at Yigo ; a few returned to their ships. Many officers resigned. Captain Mends Bingham went to Oporto and resigned. The crew of the ' Dom Pedi'o ' became disaffected and threatened to put to sea. " On the 2nd January, 1833, Captain P. Massey, late P.N., took command of the ' Donna Maria.' Shortly after a vessel arrived, and reported that they had heard a cannonading off Oporto, and thought they could descry a fleet, supposed to be Miguelites capturing mer- chantmen. Our crews gave three ringing cheers. Signal was made for the squadron to weigh ; the anchors came to the bows in much less time than on previous occasions, and all sail was set for Oporto. Signals were made to prepare for action. " Arriving off Oporto, we found the reported firing had proceeded from a cruiser bringing to a fishing-boat for a supply of fish. 15G ^VAR OF SUCCESSION " There was every expectation tliat the enemy contem- plated a grand attack on the Foz Castle at the mouth of the Doui'o, Avlien, in the event of success, they might be able to blockade the port and starve the Pcdi'oite army into surrender. " To assist in defending the Foz a party of 100 marines and 100 blue-jackets were landed; but a fortnight having elapsed without sign of disturbance, we returned to our respective ships. " A sortie being determined on for the 24th by Solignac to attack the Monte Castro and (iucijo batteries ; the squadron was to engage the (iuoijo battery with the view of drawing off its fire from the trooj^s on shore. The ' Donna Maria ' went in as close as practicable to recon- noitre, when v\^liiz, whiz, came shot from the battery flying over us. " On the 24th January the three frigates and the ' Villa Mor ' stood in and anchored in line ; the ' Dom Pedro ' northernmost, the ' Rainha ' in the centre, the ' Donna Maria ' to southward ; the ' Villa Flor ' drawing less water, close in. Fuing commenced from the ships about dusk, and was rctiu'ned from the Queijo battery, which soon found om- range and made good practice. The ' Dom Pedro ' lost her mizen-top-mast ; the ' Rainha ' was hidlcd several times, and lost some men in killed and wounded. " The ships continued to fire as long as tlio sortie lasted on shore, after which the squadron weighed and stood off to the anchorage in the roadstead." On the 27th, General Saldanha, Sir T. Stubbs, J. M. do Moura, and J. C. de Mello wore off the bar in a brig under American colours. It was said that Saldanha had come rather on his own account, and it was hinted that OF POllTUCVL. 157 tlicro were doubts as to a cordial rccoption by Dom Podi'c* There was a general opinion in Oporto that Saldanha sliould have been by Dom Pedro's side long since, and why lie had not been was, that his niotto was, " Donna Maria and the Charter." (Subsequently it appeared that, previous to Solignac's failure before Pasteleiro, a large portion of the army had wished for Saldanha's presence ; and whatever Dom Pedro thought on this point, it would seem that he was sent for in ratlier ah indirect manner — that all Portuguese patriots would be received in Oporto. In the Introdution I state that Saldanha remained behind at the express desire of Dom Pedro, who told him if he went with the expedition from Belle Isle|_to the Islands, Ferdinand VII. of Spain would at once assist Dom Miguel with 50,000 men. " Um Portuense," writing in 1840, on the point of Saldanha's being left behind in Paris, when he wished so much to go with Dom Pedro, says : — ■ " Deixou ficar em escjuecimento aquelle digno, sabio, e valiente Greneral" — that worthy, wise, and valiant Grenoral was left behind totally forgotten ; also that Solignac knew Saldanha's worth, and doubted not that he would bo able to convince Dom Pedi'o of the error under Vt'hich he laboured in not appreciating his military talents, and what he could effect in the cause of liberty, also that he would confront the intrigues that had been organised against himself. Solignac, it was said, succeeded in so far that Dom Pedro sent an order to Paris for Saldanha to come * Shaw, i. 30.3, speaking of Dom Pedro when at Xante3, before the sailing of the expedition, says : — " He appeared over-thonghtful, and well he might, as even among his own followers disgust was shown at the decree issued, not only preventing Saldanha and Palmella from going with the expedition, hut ordering them to be shot if found in any part of the Por- tuffucsc dominions." 158 WAR OF SUCCESSION at once to Oporto, where he arrived towards the end of January, uniting himself with its defenders when theii- posi- tion was most unsatisfactory. He was received by the army and the inhabitants with every demonstration of affection. The author will now refer to " Extraits de I'Histoire des Hommes d'Etat et des Hommes de Guerre," in course of publication at Gleneva, in which there is much material connected with the Duke of Saldanha's distinguished and interesting career. Great is the list of Saldanha's titles, dignities, decora- tions, scientific and literary rewards. Joao Carlos Saldanha Oliveii-a e Daun was born in Lisbon, 17th November, 1790. The first Conde de Sal- danha married Dona Ximena, the sister of Alfonso, King of Castile. The son of this Conde, the famous Bernardo del Carpio, fought for Spain against the legions of the new Emperor of the East, Karl the Great. Saldanha, on his father's side, is related to the Princess Rohan-Chabot ; on his mother's (his father's second marriage) he is grandson to the great Pombal, and Count Daun, brother to Marshal Daun. The Duke of Saldanha by his first wife, an English lady, had three children ;* his second wife is also an English lady. He entered the army in 1805 ; two years after he was a captain. When Junot entered Lisbon, in 1808, he served under Su' A. "Wellesley, In 1810 he so distinguished him- self at the head of his battalion at his first battle, tliat of Busaco, that the Begent of England sent him a medal. In 1812 he commanded a division before Bayonne, and was at the battle of Toulouse. Dming 1815 Europe was at peace. Portugal, or rather Brazil, was, liowever, * One became the Conde do Almoster ; he died a few j'cars since ; another is Marquis of Saldanha, the olhur Countess of Farrobo. OF rOKTUGAL, 150 at war with tlie Banda Oriental, wlien lie went to the New World ; that war continued five years, and in it he added to his reputation. In 181G he was Captain-General of Rio Grande do Sul. In 1820, true to his Liberal views, he proclaimed and adhered to the sentiments of the Spanish Constitution. He became chief of the Provisional Government of Brazil. In 1822 he was Governor of Brazil ; but, not being properly supported by the home Government, he returned to Portugal, much to the dislike of the authorities at Lisbon. He was brouglit to court-martial, but it was found necessary to employ him to quell a rising of the garrison instigated by the Queen, which he did, and the country was quieted. He strenuously opposed the Miguelito party, and was instrumental in causing the King to sign a constitutional proclamation. The Liberal Palmella was premier, but the Absoluto party were too strong for him. The King- died in 1826. Saldanha was then Governor of Oporto, and very popular with the people, and, being assm-ed of the troops, he at once proclaimed the constitutional charter of Dom Pedro. In 1826 he commanded the army of the north, which was agitated by the Miguelite party ; he managed to quell this, changing the political opinions of many of the soldiery from Absolutism to Liberalism. In 1828 Dom Miguel, who had been banished, got back to Portugal, through Metternich, Legitimist Franco and Tory England consenting ; all united in asking Dom Pedi'o to confer the Regency on his brother. Saldanha, who was then Minister of War, niost strenuously lu-ged Dom Pedro not to do it, but his messenger arrived two days after the arrangement had been signed. Saldanha resigned and went to England. Dom Miguel returned as Regent, and was soon saluted by the Absolutos as King. Saldanha and 160 "VVAll OF SUCCESSION other Liberals went to Oporto, but as their party had been l)oaten at the Cruz do Mourocus by the Mig-uclitcs, tlioy roturned to England. In January 1829 Saldanha sailed Avith troops in three vessels to Terceira, but was not allowed to land by the English Commodore Walpolo, then under Tory orders. He consequently made for Brest. In 1830 {Saldanha assisted Lafayette during the Three Days in Paris. He became a paid contributor to the Natioual, then under Ai-mand Carrel. In 18ol Dom Pedro came to Europe, and accepted Saldanha's services to command his army ; but diplomatic intrigues, particularly on the part of Ferdi- nand VII. of Spain, caused Dom Pedro to request Saldanha to remain behind, much to his sorrow and disappointment. In 1833 Dom Pedi'O was in the throes of his celebrated de- fence of Oporto ; affairs looked gloomy, when the troops and people called for Saldanha, and thcii" call was not in vain. Up to 1833 we have seen Saldanha as a soldier. As early as 1816, as an administrator, we find him captain- general of Brazil ; in 1820, president of the government ; in 1822, governor of Brazil, a position equal to that of viceroy. Not being supported by the Portuguese Govern- ment, ho retired from his post ; however he reformed very many of the colonial abuses. He became governor of Oporto, and on the death of the King, although siu'- roiuided by every difficulty, he proclaimed the Constitution. As a writer, Saldanha employed his pen on Liberal articles, particularly in the National. His linguistic knowledge was great ; besides his own, the Portuguese, being a scholar in the Spanish, French, German, English, and Italian lan2ruao:es. AVitli regard to this critical period, the author of " The Civil War in Portugal " observes : — Saldanha lia\'ing arriA'cd, and being a great favomitc OF poin-rcAi,. IGl with the ami}' and willi tlio iuliahitants of O]tovto, ])avlios began to intrigue more than ever. There were : — \. ( 'o/i.s/i- f/ifioiia/kf.s — Notliing hut Uneen and Cliarter; no Pedro. 2. Consfifi(fioua/isf.s — Queen and (jliarter ; Dom Pedro Ile- gent. 3. CoufitifufioiaJlsts — Queen and one Chamber ; no Pedro, no peers. 4. Pedroites — Pedro absohite ; neither Queen nor Constitution. 5. 3I'Kji(cHtc>i — Let the Queen marry her uncle (or the d 1 take her). 6. UHra-Lihcrah — Cups of coffee for all the royal family (probably meaning poison). 7. MinisteriaHats — Out with Solignac ; he won't force the lines. 8. Solignac^ — Out with the ministry ; they are asses. 9. Saldaiih/sf.s — Queen and Constitution ; neither Pedro nor Solignac. 10. Torceiras — Up to-day, down to- morrow ; anything for success.* 11. Airndgcaiudu — General amnesty with English influence. 12. Amal- gmnisls with French influence. 13. Terrorists — We are * According to C. Napier, Villa-Flor, in consequence of selfish intrigues of Dom Pedro's surroundings, sent in his resignation, offering to eerve his country under any other commander than the Emperor's A.D.C. , Candido Xavier. Dom Pedro was alarmed and would not accept it. Villa- Flor removed Colonel Baptista (de Silva Lopez), the chief of the staff, and Captain Pimentel, the Quartermaster- General. Baptista was appointed to command the artillery, and Pimentel hecame A.D.C. to Dom Pedro. The Emperor now took command. Xavier became military secretary, afterwards Minister of the Interior ; Pimentel, Quartermaster-General. Villa-Flor was created Duke of Terceira, and first A.D.C. to the Emperor. Such were the empty rewards hestowed on Villa-Flor, who had performed such eminent services to his country. There was not in Portugal a better, a milder man, and it was to be regretted that in those dangerous times he had not assumed a higher tone. Had he held up his finger, he might have driven the Emperor's imbecile advisers, not only fro 11 his presence, but from Oporto ; and had he done so, his conduct would have been applauded by all right-thinking men. Mouzinho de Albuquerque resigned the Marine department to Bernado de Sii. Loulo the Emperor's brother-in-law, succeeded Palmella. Silva Carvalho had finance and jvistice ; the portfolio of finance was widely opened, while that of justice was securely locked up in the Minister's bureau. Carvalho, however, was not to blame. 162 WAR OF SUCCESSION all lost ; tliey (the Migiielites) cei'tainly will get in. 14. Capituhdiata — Make terms, with or without Queen, Pedro or Miguel ; give us peace, with good- will to all men who are not revolution-spinners. But when the signal-bell tolled one, all parties were on the alei*t ; two, they armed; three, "turn out;" and rushed along the streets to the lines for the general defence, fighting like heroes, shouting " Viva Donna Maria II.," " Yiva a Constituoao," "Morra Dom Miguel!" Dom Pedi'o must have had a most perplexing time of it. Shaw says he believed there was treachery in Dom Pedro's suite during the whole of the war, and that there was one man who ought to have been himg. There were now three battalions of English and Irish, one of Scotch, the small English Rifle corps, and two French regiments. The cavahy, principally lancers, were under the command of Colonel Bacon. As to the drill among the British, I do not think there was much attempted, but in one waj^ or another some old soldiers talked diill and duty to the young ones, who, when fighting was to be done, were always ready and willing, even under the greatest privations. As to their barracks, they were generally in a fair state, considering the want of means for rendering them in any way com- paratively habitable. The French soldiers were more orderly than the English ; it was more natural in them to be the showy militaire, and they did their duty well. Colonel Bacon got his lancers into good order, and a very efficient body they were. The Scotch battalion, under Colonel Shaw, was a most united, compact, and daring corps, and for a lengthened] time had very exposed quarters, namely at Lordello ; they] did a deal of capital soldiering. OF PORTUGAL. 163 As to the regular Portuguese army, composed of caga- clores, regiments of the line, artillery, and engineers, their drill was good and tlieir barracks orderly. As to the Oporto Volunteers — some 3000 of them — why, they looked after themselves, and were most useful. When the Miguelite partisans had heen cleared out, it may be said that every man, woman, and child of the population fought in the defence of Oporto. The whole number of bayonets of the Pedroites, includ- ing the volunteers, were now under 10,000 men ; and it was cm-rently reported that there were some 60,000 of the enemy around Oporto. It was well-known that Dom Pedro was surrounded by all sorts of difficulties — the want of union amongst his followers ; the diminution of the army by war and sickness ; and the fact that while provisions and other resom-ces were off the bar, to get them was a slow process, accompanied with no little risk. There was a cargo of powder outside, but the master of the vessel would not give it up without the cash, and the treasury was almost empty. Under these and other conflicting elements, Dom Pedro, ably seconded by his War Minister, Freire, and the Minister of the Treasuiy, Oarvalho, did wonders, especially in filling up places wanting in the different regiments, as well as augmenting the number of volunteers, ofttimes on the no-compulsion but you-must system. Cash found its way into the treasmy sufficient to meet the more urgent demands, for Dom Pedi-o's signature to a financial document had a value. The Cadet Eifle Corps was now attached to Colonel Shaw's Scotch Battalion of Fusiliers. We were rather complimented by this, and we well knew that Shaw had a peculiar way of his own of leading his friends on to glory. Sir Charles Shaw writes me : — " February the 3rd, 1833, I was ordered with the Scotch, Volunteer Kiflemen, M 2 IH-l- WAR OF STTTE^STOX OF POP.TrCAL. aiul a Jotacliment of tlio I2i]i Caoadores, to command Lordollo for three da3's, but was kept there si.v mo)d]tsy The 28th was the first time I liad seen a soldier's luueral ; those who were off duty met and followed to the grave in the English cemetery Adjutant Marly and Captain Clarke, who were much respected ; they had been mortally wounded on the 24tli. Sixty shells were thrown into the city in the evening, which, falling into streets and houses, made much havoc ; numbers of men, women, and children, who remained in their homes, suffered. The troops, being halted near the lines, escaped. Desultory firing took place night and day, generally from 4 till 9 p.ni, and from 3 to 8 in the morning, when ambulances went round to cany off the mutilated bodies. At the end of the month the Cadet Rifles had the beau- tiful Carmelite convent given to them as quarters ; it had been sadly riddled by shot, and Imocked about by shells. We found here excellent cooking arrangements, furniture, some bedding, religious books, and heaps of manuscript sermons. At the end of January there was some desei-tion to the Miguelites from the foreign corps, mainly in search of food. 16o CHAPTER XI. FEBRUARY. Saldanha's reception of the Kifles— Desertion to the enemj-— Cholora increasing— Dine on board H.M.S. 'Etna;' a dinner worth having— Slightly wounded— The Rifles go with the Scotch to Lordello— Sup- posed dialogue between Dom Pedro and Saldanha about strengthening the lines— Saldanha builds the Pinhal and other batteries — The renl dialogue appeared in 18G6— Cholera increases — Only ten days' pro- visions and at starving point in the cit}'- — ^Misery indeed — Shaw wants to attack, take, and keep Serralves battery; not allowed — Bag of powder story — Captain Warner, he did nothing — Murderous inven- tions — Foz, a " deserted village," Colonel Fonseca its brave governor — Lemos asksTorres to surrender the Serra ; in vain — Shaw's knowledge of Portuguese not favourable for him— His opinion of the Eifles — Some steal food — General starvation — Dom Pedro's quartermaster- general a magician — Horses, mules, donkeys, cats, dogs, rats, and mice eaten — Jliguelite prisoners allowed to return to their camp ; wo have no food for them— Only powder for one fight — Baron Trenck — Mutinous state of the Rifles — I apply to join Portuguese artillery — A good dinner — Starvation dialogue — Charity. Fehruar// Ls/. General Coude de Saldaulia had a recep- tion, to which the Eifle corps was invited. It was quite refreshing to hear him talk to his English visitors in their own language. He had heen refused a passage by the English (Tory) Grovernment's packet sailing from Falmouth. He went to Plymouth, thence, almost by stealth, to Oporto. He was a fine, soldierly-looking man, and we believed in him being an uncompromising Liberal. He asked us how we were getting on and if we had any complaints to make. "We replied in the negative, but that we had rather rough times 66 AVAR OF SUCCESSION of it. " Such is war, my good young friends, and to be a good soldier, independently of being brave, one must know well how to suffer." At parting he said, *' "Whenever you think I can be of service to you, i^ray come to me." We went away quite charmed with the old Peninsular commander. Saldanha was about six feet in height, had grey hair, moustache and whiskers, wore spectacles, and was then in his fifty-third year. Wo gave a party at our new quarters in the convent, and a right merry night wo had of it, with port-wine negus in abundance. We profanely wished that some of the former fair occupants had been there, tlien we might have had a dance. The next day we found that fom" of our servants had been stealing the leaden water pipes of the convent. They were flogged and dismissed. There was still a little desertion from our side, but more from the other, to us on political grounds. The cholera was making very rapid strides ; provisions were very scarce, and, as a matter of course, extremely dear. One day I was invited to dine on board H.M. bomb- ship 'Etna' (Captain Belcher), by Lieutenant Mitchell. We had been shipmates on board the ' Adventm'e ' dis- covery ship in South America. One of the dishes was roast-mutton, which I had not tasted for many a long day. After dinner I landed at tlie Wall, and pm'suing my way to quarters, I got a spent shot from the other side of the river, striking the calf of my left leg, which dropped me. I was taken into a house hard by, when the wound, being only a slight flesh one, was dressed. But I stopped there that night, liaving every attention shown me. On the 6th, our Rifles, excepting eight who were in OF PORTUGAL. 167 liospital, accompanied the Scotch to their quarters on the Lordello lines, to act as an advance picket in a most ex- posed position, having the " Yellow house " given to us. On the second night, the pickets of our Eifles were diiven in twice, but at daybreak two of the enemy's were picked off by oiu^ boys. The weather was cold and wet, so a nip of spirits in the raw early morn warmed us up. As usual, the enemy ga,ve Oporto shot and shell in abundance. I saw one poor woman struck down and killed by a cannon ball. Several soldiers were killed and wounded in their barracks at this period. A few pages back it is mentioned that doubts were expressed whether Dom Pedro would receive Saldanha, but the Greneral, as a matter of course, presented himself at head-quarters. I am led to believe that he was not well received ; but he had Dom Pedi'o's orders to examine the lines and batteries and give his opinion as to their state of efficiency. Saldanha proceeded at once to his work, and on his reappearance before Dom Pedro, something in these terms appears to have passed : — "Well, Greneral, I am sure you found the lines and batteries in fair condition — say." Saldanha : " The river, the eastern and northern lines, are in a good state of defence ; the north-east is weak ; Lor- dello is most unsafe, as well as the lines to the north-west of it ; the enemy should have no difficulty, supported as they are by their Serralves and Ervilha batteries and inter- mediate field works, in cutting off om^ connection with the Foz at any moment, which would be om- ruin." Dom Pedro : " What would you advise ? " Saldanha : " Strengthen the lines of Lordello and erect there a couple of batteries." Dom Pedi*o : " Then have the goodness to attend specially to that matter." 168 ^VAR OF SUCCESSION This Saldanha did at onco, 500 men being put at his disposal, by strengtliening the works at Van Zeller Qiiinta, and by the erection of two strong batteries to the north-west of Lordello — one, at first called the Pinhal, subsequently the Saldanha,* and the Pasteleiro, which was a masterly engineering move. Before the Pinhal was half completed, seven carpenters had been killed, so close were these works to the eneni}-. Saldanha took command of the left with his head- quarters at the Foz, the hottest part of the whole line of defence, t Sir Thomas Stubbs had his old command as Governor of Oporto. He had been a distinguished officer during the Peninsular War. At the battle of Vittoria, 2l5t June, 1813, the following is said of him : — " The Portu- guese troops in the 3rd and 4th divisions, under Briga- dier-General Power and Colonel Stubbs, led the march, with a steadiness and gallantry never surpassed on any occasion." In " Extraits de I'Histoire Generale dos Hommes d'Etat ct de Guerre," already alluded to, at page 92 there is a valuable letter written by the Didce of Saldanha, dated Cintra, 22nd October, 1866, wherein he states :— That the difficulties with the amiy in particular were such that the government of Dom Pedro was obliged to call liini ; but to disguise the consideration this would give * Shaw's Mem., ii., 17: At head-ciuartcra this new redoubt got the name of the "Pinhal,' but in every return of duty furnished them, I named it " Saldanha Battery," and before long it generally received that appellation. r A friend informs me that " Lord George Paulct, when in command of II.B.M. ship ' Xautilus,' in the Douro, could tell much of the interior working and di (Terences of Dom rcdro and Saldanha, caused by that poor creature, General Valde::." i OF rORTUGAL. 169 liiiii, Dom Pedi'O sent an order to Paris that all vniitjrca icitliout exception should go to Oporto. Lafa3^otte and Sir Sydney Smith advised him not to go, witlioiit ho received a letter from Dom Pedro ; still he started, and arriving off Oporto, went on board Sartorius' sliip, the Admiral advising him to return to England, if he and his companions did not wish to add to the victims ; however, Saldanha landed that same night. The cold reception he had from the Emperor was fully compensated by the enthu- siasm of his old comrades. On the morning after landing, and whilst returning from visiting the lines, he met the Em- peror, who asked him what he thought of the defences. He replied, they were bad, and he was convinced there were fom- points by which, with a few regiments, such as lie had commanded, he could get into the city ; " but the worst is," said Saldanha, " your Majesty being hermetically sealed, you must surrender." " Wliy so ? " asked the Emperor. Saldanha replied — " The enemy has a very powerful bat- tery at Serralves, near to Lordello ; from Serralves to their fort Castro, the direction of the enemy's line is more than a league, and from the same battery to the river there is only a quarter of a mite. If, instead of continuing the line to the sea, it was taken from Serralves to the Douro, it would be impossible for us, absolutely impossible, to receive munitions of war or provisions from outside. Your Majesty will not have a great loss in my person ; let me have five hundred men; I will go outside the lines to see what is to be done." He had ah-eady taken note of a height covered with pine-trees — a Piuhal — where Solignac had been beaten on the 24th ; it completely commanded the beach at the Foz, where munitions and provisions for the garrison had to be landed. The following mornmg, in an interview with Solignae, the latter observed 170 AVAR OF SUCCESSION that on the 24th ho was figlitinf^ there for some hours ; that it was now occupied by the enemy's pickets, that it was gross folly to think of trying to take it ; and positively ordered Saldanlia not to attempt it. lie left Solignac pro- foundly afflicted, for he had the conviction that all would be lost if that height was not taken. He was persuaded that his conscience would for ever accuse him of having lost the Queen's cause and that of libei-ty, if he obeyed Solignac's order. At midnight he attacked the picket of the enemy at the point of the bayonet, with four companies of the 10th of the line, and took the heights. Half-an-hour afterwards. Colonel Barrieros, aide-de-camp to Solignac, came to inquire what was the cause of so brisk a fire on the part of the enemy. Saldanha " begged him to say that he had captui'ed the height (on which he wished to erect a strong battery), of which he had spoken to him in the morning, and that all the forces of the enemy should not dislodge him. Subsequently he remarked : " I have the conviction that this act of disobedience saved the cause I defended." Here he erected the " Saldanha Battery," of which many of us were very proud. It was currently believed that we had only ten days' rations of salt fish* in the city ; the cholera became worse, but the melancholy fact was kept as quiet as possible, so as not to increase alai*m. Starvation of the worst sort was seen in all dii'ections ; indeed we now experienced every species of misery, and ♦ The only luxury of the common people in Portugal is tobacco ; and when any one can reach the height of a dried cod-fish or Bacalhao, he regards himself as at the summit of his earthly felicity . Bacalhao is salted poor-jack, ling, cod-fish ; so named from Bacalhao, an island off the S.E. of Newfoundland, where they are found. — Brad- shaw, 1866, by Dr. Charnock. OF PORTUGAL. 171 one had to be selfish for one's own preservation. At this time, when on a march, I saw a famished mother extended in the streets, her child clinging to her, crying pitcously for food. It was a dreadful spectacle ! I myself considered half a biscuit, or a piece of maize bread and an onion, a good meal. We had cold weather, with tremendous gales of wind and torrents of rain ; the bar at the mouth of the river was impassable on account of the heavy rollers, wliidi pre- vented vessels outside disembarking provisions. The enemy had been annoying us very much at Lor- dello from the tSerralves battery ; to try and stop this, or at least to show them we were on the alert, we got a couple of field-pieces and a howitzer into position, retm-ning them occasionally the compliment. The "Saldanha" battery, then in course of erection, gave them a few shot and shell also. The Scotch under Shaw, at their exposed and advanced quarters, and the Rifles at the Casa Amarelha picket, had to be well on the watch. Colonel Shaw was so much annoyed by the Serralves battery that he had serious ideas of taking and keejoing it. I was honoured by being of his council on this occa- sion. One of his plans was the following : — That I should be one of a party to hook on to the gates of the Serralves a hide bag containg fifty pounds of powder, explode it, which would have blown the gates open — this would liave produced the panic he required ; he would have attacked, taken the battery, and would liave done his best to have kept it with his Scotch. But he was not allowed to dis- tinguish himself on this occasion. Thirty-three years after this period, T wrote to Sir Charles Shaw for particulars on this head, when he sent me the following : — The Story of the Barj of Gnnpoialer is this : — " I met 172 WAll OF SUCCESSION Captain Warner one night wlien I went to Oporto. lie spoke of liis invention to blow up Serralves. I told liim if the materials were not very heavy, I, with the assistance of two or three brave fellows, could place it below the batter}', not more than 150 yards from my quarters. I gave him a small room in the Fabrica with a sentry over it, in which room he deposited a barrel. He offered me a share in his invention, which of coui'se I declined ; but I said to Sergeant Mitchell, ' If he tells you the secret, do not tell me ; but if you think he is Immbugging, tell me quietly.' Mitchell mentioned to me a young gentleman who was a chemist, and it must have been you ; and I told Saldanha one of the Rifles was to be with me. Warner's affair was all humbug, and he did nothing. It appeared to me that fulminating silver was Warner's principal agent, the use of which, by percussion, Avould biu'st a shell without a fuze." Under date 29th January, I note that a Captain (pro- bably Warner) had brought out " a wondcrfid artillery vessel ;" that he was to give the Miguelite battery near the mouth of the river a sound banging. This did not come off. Shaw says,* in September, 1832, there came to Oporto a person "who was said to have invented a horribly destruc- tive instrmnent, in the shape of small pellets which ex- ploded by being trampled on, tearing the legs of those who put their feet on them. When I first began war it was thought unnatural to use slugs instead of musket- balls ; this is altered, therefore I have little doubt that * In " Memoirs," i. 425, p. 423, is a description of Wilkinson's method of dctcctinf^ poachers. Shaw sug^gosts a little alteration by which it could ho used at out-posts with half the sentries, and would save soldiers from over-fatigue and want of sleep before an enemy. OF roiITT'OAT. 173 those pellets will in time l)e coiii-idered small sliells, iliDugh more destructive. 1868-9. — For some years past inventors of destruc- tive shot, shell, &c., have also turned their attention to a most destructive and explosive niusket-ltall. It would a}»pcar that the various Grovernments do not think it ri^-ht or prudent to patronise the new devilry. When a soldier is ho)-H dc coiiihaf, what more is wanted ? When not on picket duty, a favourite stroll of mine, fully accoutred, was from Lordello along the high road to St. Joao da Foz, at the mouth of the river, the only door to our well-besieged and cooped-up position. The little town had already been battered into ruins, and might well be called a " deserted village," the population having left, its lines and defences only occupied by soldiers. The active officer here was Colonel Jose da Fonseea ; he had been aide-de-camp to Sir Robert Wilson dming the Peninsular war. He had put La Senhora da Luz — the lighthouse to the north of the village — into a good state of defence, and rendered it capable of holding a battalion of infantry ; the Foz, or castle, although roughly fortified, was strong and imposing ; and his advance lines, having the Luz battery to protect them, were good, considering the scanty nieans at his disposal. The whole of the district was a most exposed position, and ought to have been taken by the enemy over and over again ; but they left it, like many other of their projected operations, for amaiihaa — to-morrow, which day never comes. On the 10th a proposition was made by the Miguelite General Lemos to surrender the Serra, which, as a matter of course, was indignantly refused. Sir Charles Shaw informed me in 1868, that on the lOtli of February, 1833, the Duke of Tereeira, Fronteira, and de 174 WAR OF SUCCESSION Camara, came to Lordello ; tliey went up into the belfry of the church, accompanied by himself, and after examining the lines and formidable battery of Serralves, Fronteira in particular, seeing the strength of the Miguelite posi- tions, said in Portuguese, " /^ ican ckar fhat they iiiu-^t capitulate.'''' Shaw abruptly observed : "I understand the Portuguese language very well ; you may capitulate, but myself and my Scotch would not surrender, but rather cut our way through to Spain." Fronteira, especially, never forgave Shaw's knowledge of Portuguese. The Miguelites* on the 11th opened another battery of fom* guns, 18 and 24-pounders, and two mortars, opposite the Eabicla, the fire being principally dii-ected against the Torre daMarca ; at the same time their battery on the Castro Hill was getting on fast, and a strong redoubt near Lordello threatened to cut off all supplies from Oporto. Several houses in the city that had hitherto been considered safe now suffered ; some inhabitants barricaded their dwellings mth bags of cotton, and strewed bullocks' hides to defend them against shells. The Emperor took me one morning into his room to ask me if I thought it secm^e — it was, in- deed, but a small place for a bed. The Miguelite redoubt at Serralves especially threatened the communication with the Foz ; this was pointed out by Duvergier, and repre- sented to the Emperor and the Marshal. Indeed, it was self-evident that, if the enemy took possession of our passage between the kitchen and dining-room, we should get no dinner. I was detailed with a comrade to go to our convent quar- ters in the city, and when near the stockade of the Villar battery, a shell from the enemy burst on a wall hard by. Fortunately, we only got a dusting ; but before we could * Badcock, p. 194. OF PORTUGAL. 175 shake oiu-selves a canuou ball came whizzing over our heads. These salutes were from a new battery on the other side of the river, firing at the Yillar lines and at our battery of the Conigos. On the 12th the Eifles were relieved from the out-line post of Casa Amarelha by a company of the 12th Caoa- dores, when we marched back to quarters.* With privates' pay in arrears, rations at sore starvation point, some of my comrades sallied forth that night to steal food, one party retui'ning with a string of sausages. A few days afterwards, I went to the hospital to see my friend B and other comrades — afterwards for our now homoeopathic rations. I had divided the salt fish, stone- hard black biscuit, and wine as equally as possible, when a scramble took place by my comrades. Baron Kierrulff 's son, who had arrived with the intention of getting something to eat with me, managed to grab a small salt fish, otherwise we should have been badly off. A chum of mine, the son of a baronet, got a large quantity of wine, which had been portioned off, in a wash-hand basin. After our truly Lenten meal, I sallied out, and met with Sir J. M. Doyle, who was on his way to the theatre. He took me with him. It was a gala night and under the patronage of Marshal Solignac, who was not, however, present. " Cato was the play, with an amusing afterpiece. The next day * Shaw's Mem. ii., 102. "About this tune some forty young gentlemen, the greater proportion of whom had come out with promises of commis- sions from Sir J. M. Doyle, had been formed into a company of riflemen, and in a flattering manner had volunteered to serve under my orders. 1 gave them the post of honour, placing them in the house of Pasteleiro, about half-way between Lordello and Foz — and here for nine days they did their duty in a noble manner, without covering, always exposed to shot, and with little or nothing to eat — as to sleep, that was out of the question." 170 WAK OF sTfCEssiny I liad again to resign ni}' post as quartermaster. Tlicre was one good reason, for no more rations were given out. How Dom Pedi'o managed to procure food for tlie soldiery for so long a period was to me a wondi'ous fact. He must have had a magician for his quartermaster-general. Animal food (query horse ?) was at two shillings the pound. A worthy friend, Mr. D , a merchant, gave me a very plain breakfast at Peixe's — the charge for two persons was twelve shillings. Had it not been for this gentleman, I should occasionally have had very hard times of it, both for food and clothing. Famine was rife, dogs and cats were declared Miguelites, particularly by the French and Belgians. One of my comrades had caught a cat ; a sort of Irish stew was made of it, and eaten. The smell was enough for me. I was informed that the rats that used to run about the streets " screaming" at night were heard no longer — they had been caught, and eaten. We had now many Miguelite prisoners in the cit}' ; they were clothed in scarlet, and did fatigue dut}', some of them being in chains. Those who had been wounded had the option of retm-ning to Dom Miguel, which they did not readily take advantage of. However, I saw at tunes a few on crutches and sticks hobbling across the lines, generally in quest of food. On the 14th, a considerable discharge of artillery was kept \\p all day on the city. A rich priest was killed. On the 15th, heavy fire in the afternoon. At the public kitchen the soup was composed of little more than rice, but it kept alive thousands of people. Donkey flesh sold at one shil- ling per pound. Numbers of poor were starved to death ! People might be seen growing daily weaker and weaker, until they dropped off. There was not more ammunition left than requu-ed to fight one action. Solignac was OF PORTUGAL. 177 pressed to do sometliiug decisive — lie sliowed his returns, and said lie certainly could get liis army destroyed in two hours, but that there was no hope of a successful sortie. On the 18th Colonel Sorrel, the British Consul, and Colonel Badcock, the British Military Commissioner, con- sulted, and it was proposed that the latter should go to Braga with terms ; for four more days' provisions could not be calculated on. The Emperor, however, was firm, and resolved to abide to the last extremity. tSome salt fish and other provisions were disembarked at the Foz the same evening. Those of the foreign officers who had means were very kind to those of their countrymen and others who had not, or who could not readily obtain funds from " home." I sometimes passed a pleasant evening, particularly at Captain Harpiu-'s* quarters, when we had a rubber at whist, pianoforte music, some singing, and a light supper, often of bread and cheese and onions, and port-wine negus. I occasionally dined with the Swedish Baron Kierrulf, who, with his son, were volunteers. The Baron was rather a celebrity. He was then over seventy years of age, and a fine, tall, brisk, handsome man. He had a wonderful collection of military stories connected with the Continental wars, some most amusing. One of the most interesting of his recitals was an account of his early days when in a Swedish prison for eighteen months, having for his companions a colony of mice he had tamed. He told us he had known Baron Trenck.f * Died as Colonel in Lisbon, 1866. t Baron Trenck, a Prussian officer, born in 172C. His accomplishments won the heart of the Princess Amelia, sister of Frederick, who resolved N 178 "VVATl OF SUCCESSION I have already adverted to a Jew who "belonged to tho Eifles. He was so jeered at by some of his comrades, hut without cause, for his want of bravery, that, to prove he had pluck, he shot himself through the right arm — a flesh wound, which caused him to go to the hospital. This scandalous affair was hushed up, and the Miguelite pickets got the credit for his woimd. Our Eifle corps was now in a high state of disorganization, want of provisions being the general cry. Indeed there was more than a rumour that even some of the foreign officers woiild have had no objection to become Miguelites, regular pay, promotion, and good fare having been offered. Seeing the mutinous state of the Eifles, I became anxious to leave them and join the Portuguese artillery, for which purpose Sir J. M. Doyle introduced me to the Commandant of Artillery, Colonel Baptista da Silva Lopez, who promised to forward my views, but averred that he had an excess of officers and cadets — also, that from my being a foreigner, it was contrary to the rules of the ser- vice to admit me. Sir J. M. Doyle pressed upon the Commandant that I was a particular friend of his, "muito cientifico," &c., &c. " Muito bem," said the Colonel, " I am very busy just now, come and see mo again." I began studying artillery. Colonel Shaw wrote a noble letter to Dom Pedi'o, ex- pressing a wish, under present circumstances, in the name of himself and his officers, that they would receive no pay until they got to Lisbon, which, of coui'se, was acceded to. to punish him. He was imprisoned in tho fortress of Goltz, but contrived to escape. In 1758 ho was siezed at Dantzig, and was conveyed to Mag- deburg, whore, loaded with irons, he was for years incarcerated. lie pro- cured his liberation in 17G3 ; he ultimately settled in France in 1701 ; and in 170-1, having been charged with being a secret emissary of the King of Prussia, he closed his career under the axe of the guillotine. OF PORTUGAL. . 179 On the 21st tlio Rifles were ordered to turn out of the convent, and go again on picket duty to Lordello. There were only six ready and willing to go, namely Bentinck, W. Doyle, Linton, Deacon, Lacy, Holms, and the author —upon the principle of duty first, dimission afterwards. One of our corps, S , sent a challenge to a Baron W , when S was ordered to prison. Myself and a guard had to see him there, when I found an Engiisli officer incarcerated on suspicion of carrying on correspon- dence with the Miguelites. Some fifteen of the llifles now sent in their resignations. The 22nd, the anniversary of Dom jNIiguel's return to Portugal in 1828, from his forced travels and long resi- dence at the northern courts. The Miguelites stationed at Villa Nova must have had extra rations of wine and agua-ardente on the occasion, for they were all day and night shouting out " Re chegou, re chegou " — the King has come, the King has come — their batteries giving us abundance of shot and shell as salvos, particularly against the Foz, at six a.m., at noon, and at sunset. On the 2'3rd, Colonel Badcock saw the soldiers put their whole ration of provisions into their mouths at once. Wine was good and in plenty, which was the main-stay of the army. The ' Lord of the Isles ' steamer got safely into the river bringing French and Belgian recruits. 25th. — In advance of our Yellow-house picket at Lordello, the battery. there being nearly finished, Linton and self went to see if we could not punish the Miguelite picket-firers, but were not allowed to do so, although shots were flying and falling about us, one nearly wounding me in the leg. At one p.m. we heard heavy firing up the river, which put us all in motion. We were, however, soon informed that II.B.M. ships 'Orestes,' 'Echo,' 'Etna,' n2 180 WAR OF SUCCESSION OF PORTUGAL. and ' Nautilus ' had been firing a salute, it being the birthday of Queen Adelaide, oui" battery at Torre da Marca saluting at the same time. During the afternoon I went to the cit}^, when a comrade hurried me off to "Cooper's on the Wall" — a ship-chandler's, not 300 yards from the Miguelite side of the river — when we had such a dinner — pea-soup, pickled pork, roll-pudding, and no want of good drinkables. This night Oporto was visited by a terrific thunder-storm, with most vivid lightning, hail, and torrents of rain. Several of om' corps had got tired of soldiering in a besieged and starving city, and left for England. Those of the Rifles who had obeyed late orders had good billets apportioned to them, and were otherwise looked after in the way of rations and pay, thanks to our good friend, Colonel Shaw. Whilst passing a sort of chandler's shop, I heard the following, in reply to a would-be customer : — " Ay ! Lord Jesus ! we have neither lard nor oil — we have nothing. Death to the Miguelites ! I wish the others (meaning the Pedroites) were at the de\il ; we shall all die of starvation." " Have you any snuff? " " Not a pinch left." I was on most friendly terms with Senhor P and his son, most devoted followers of Donna Maria. The father came to see me at my billet, and, handing me a packet, disappeared instanter. I opened it, when I found a handful of cruzados novos (each worth about 2s. 3d). This was real charity. The enemy now got some guns to bear upon the Oporto bridge, thus endangering very much our connection with the Serra convent, particularly dui'iug the day. All the cats and dogs in Oporto had disappeared. 181 CHAPTER XII. MARCH. Oporto past and present — Attack on 4th March ; Rifles in action ; Shaw's wonderful energy ; Saldanha saved Oporto ; his great military- talents ; Miguelite corporal shot by his own people ; double rations ! after the fight — Napier oiiered the command of the navy — Dom Pedro's glorious "obstinacy" — Heavy bombardment of the city — Scotch and Eifles thanked for their doings on 4th March — Author ill ; goes to hospital — Some of the Eifles eat their dog " Cribb " — • Provisions lauded- — Cruelties of war — Sir John Campbell in com- mand of the Miguelites — The Scrra pounded — Dom Pedro ill — Church bells turned into coin — Sartorius dismissed — Funeral ceremonies — Dom Pedro's difficulties increase — Pedroite and Miguelite officers meet on board British men-of-war ; no arrangements effected — Our lines attacked ; those in hospital turn out ; we lose and retake the Antaa batteries ; Colonel Sadler killed — Eeflections — No treason in our camp — Patriotism — Scotch and Eifles decorated with the order of the Tower and Sword for the 4th and 24th March — Author leaves hospital ; malicious Court of Inquiry held upon him; honourable acquittal — Eifles turbulent — Eothschild's idea of settling the war — Mendizabal, our financier, arrives — Only ojic barrel of powder in the arsenal — Dom Pedro ill again — Sir J. M. Doyle goes to Yigo to arrest Sarto- rius ; but who arrests him— French fleet oS' the coast — Fowls £3 the pair — Author studies theoretical artillery in hospital — Hospital parasites — Miguelites and Pedroites swear by their beards — Sick, wounded, lulled — Military hospitals — My library — Art or game of March l.sf.— Our comrades the Scotcli, imcler Colonel Shaw, now left their quarters, the church of Lordello, for another, that of Mattau Sept, which was much nearer to the enemy. The Colonel of the 12th Cagadores had taken the heavy leaden weights of the church clock to make bullets. 182 WAU OF SUCCESSION What a difference now did Oporto present compared to •when I arrived, only six months before ! All the^shops were then open, the streets were crowded, hospitable receptions were given by the inhabitants, there was abundance of provisions, fruit and wine, and the weather was beautiful. Now the shops were closed, the houses had been battered by shell and shot, the few families remaining lived in the most retired and even underground portions of their once comfortable dwellings and happy homes, and when any one now required admission, from behind a strongly-bolted door there was heard a sm^ly "Quem esta ahi?" ("Who is there?") and, generally, the answer that there was no one at home. One street, the well-to-do and picturesque Eua Nova dos Ingleses (containing the English factory-house, the imposing-looking Bishop's palace on a high rock at its farther end) was nearly battered to pieces, and deserted • except, now and then, one met with hungry, tattered officers and soldiers. I ofttimes felt this state of famine myself, although, not long before, I had served a good apprentice- ship in the starvation line Avhen on my journey from Peru to Chile along the coast of the great desert of Atacama. The Miguelite Commander-in-chief, Santa Martha, was superseded by Count St. Lorenoo,* so we sup- posed he woidd soon see what ho coidd do with us " rcbeldes." We could have informed him that our little force within the devoted city was quite ready. * The author of the " Civil War " observes : — At the commencement of March, 1833, Dom Miguel's people had behaved with considerable irre- gularity in Braga, particularly some of those placed near to their master's person. Santa Martha was suddenly dismissed from the command of the j^Iiguelite army. There had been a council of war, in which ho expressed his decided opinion that terms of capitulation should be offered, Buch as the besieged could accept. Dom I\liguurs answer to this opinion •was naming the t'oude de San Lorcnfo his commander. OF rORTUGAL. 183 Suii(I((>/, tJic Qrd. — liaining in torrents all day, and licavy bombardment. At nigbt the liifles got to a new picket house at Lordello in a mill below the stream. I was corporal of the picket, so was up all night, expecting some- thing or other. 4:th March. — Grreat attack on Lordello and Foz lines. At 5 a.m. Colonel Shaw came to om- Eille picket, telling us that there would be some warm work before the day was over, so we looked well to our rifles and ammunition. As corporal, I was ordered, with some companions, to an aban- doned fabrica, a silk factory, to do om' best there, and onl}^ to retire if driven out by the enemy. AVhen it was getting light, we heard firing on our right, but the real attack was evidently intended for our part of the lines. In a short time the fabrica got smartly peppered with musket shot, the enemy coming on in strong and deep columns*' uj)on our position, when myself and party had to retreat into the Foz road. The Scotch were hard at it firing splendid volleys. We were now joined by the gallant 10th, Pacheco's regiment. The Rifles now got on an elevated spot under pretty good cover, and where they could see what they were at. There was now a fierce and sustained attack on the Pasteleiro, Saldanha, and Luz batteries, during which time I had to ridi f to our picket-house for a ban-el of ammuni- tion, bringing it on my shoulder. The fire of the enemy after a time slackened, and we heard them sound a retreat. We were soon informed that the enemy had been repelled from our lines several times. Had they not, we must have * This advancing in column was bad management, the more particu- larly as we were in line, and behind walls and breastworks, and in houses, to say nothing of the shot and shell from our batteries, making death- dealing passages through the masses. t Having been seen to run, led most maliciously to a Court of Inquiry, of which see further on. 184 "^VATl OF SUCCESSION been cut off from tlio Fez, our only point of communica- tion with the outer world. Of the Scotch, Ensign Smith fell early in the defence of his post; his brother, the Captain, shortly afterwards received tlu^ee wounds, falling on his brother's body. I assisted to carry the Captain to Colonel Shaw's quarters. I was dead beat about noon, and had a parching thirst. I swallowed a cup of coffee, threw myself on the ground, and went soundly to sleep. At 4 p.m., the enemy showed symptoms of renewing the attack upon our part of the lines. They advanced in good order, but there was a descent to make, and then an ascent before they could well get at the defenders of this portion of the lines, and in the descent they suffered consider- ably, as we could take steady aim at them. They wanted a little of the bull-dog rush, so essential in such sort of attacks ; still we agreed that, with their overwhelm- ing numbers, the}' ought to have succeeded in their object of cutting us off fi'om the Foz, and then to have got into the city.* The sturdy defence the Scotch had made, and the assistance afforded by a handful of llifles, was soon known at head-quarters, and at six p.m. thanks and wine were sent to us by Dom Pedro, also double rations for the defenders of Lordello. The activity and energy of Colonel Shaw Avas something astonishing, considering he had been lately so seriously Avounded. He was ubicputou;^, witli fiis red woollen night- cap, pea-jacket, and big stick. His ammunition failed him about half-past nine. Shaw was in his glory — he got the loan of a field-piece from Saldanha (who must have * Badcock, p. 209. — " Had the Miguelites thrown themselves with force to the right they would have possessed themselves of the Foz, when the whole of Dom Pedro's supplies must have hecn cut ofiF, and a surrender compelled. But their operations were miserably conducted." OF PORTUGAL. 185 had his hands Ml), and away ho blazed at approaching columns with grape and canister, which surprised and staggered the enemy. Shaw* observes : " Saldanha know that Lordello was the key to Oporto, and watched it much. He was in the Pas- teloiro battery before da^dight on the 4th, 3000 of the enemy came down on Lordello with very heavy firing on us. From the number of dead in front of the Scotch, their intrenchment was named the ' Flecha dos Mortos.' Oiu* fire was under cover, cool, sure, and deliberate, and con- tinued for five hours on heavy exposed columns. SaldanJia saved Oporto^ but I fear intrigue won't give him credit. It was a glorious day for a soldier, and I shared it with him." (The Duke of Saldanha, when in London in 1864, talking about the defence of Oporto, thirty-two years afterwards, with the writer, spoke of the 4th March and 25th July, 1833, with soldierly pride and feeling.) Extract of a letter from Sir 0. Shaw, October, 1865 : — " Early on the morning of the 4th March, I knew from Saldanha I was to be attacked at Lordello, and, of course, was prepared. We repulsed the enemy, and a small fleche was erected, afterwards called the " Flecha dos Mortos,' from the number we had killed. This was garrisoned by the Scotch and Ritles (at the White House, [the author's], your first quarters)— but in ths beginning of July the English joined the Scotch and were put under my command. About the 20th July Saavedra came, with many compli- ments tome and the Scotch, hut that I loas aware the English were a drunken stt and could not he depended on. I denied it, and brought to his recollection the 29th September, 1832, and even on the 17th November, when he must have seen how beautifully they behaved whkn he left them. My people were ordered out of the Flecha and replaced, after the Ith March, by the loth Portuguese, their best regiment." In another letter Shaw calls this the " Fight at Lor- dello," for the defence of which he was thanked by the Emperor, Saldanha, Solignac, and Terceira, was pro- * Memoirs, ii., 237. ISG ^VAR OF SUCCESSION motod to a lieutenant-colonelcy, and made an ofFicer of the order of tlie Tower and Sword. " At (lay-break on the 4th,* the enemy made a false attack on the right, but heavy columns moved on Saldanha's position. He had three strong points of defence, the batteries of Pasteleiro, the Pinhal, and the Senhora da Luz. The intermediate spaces, all cavalry ground, were filled up with the thin line of a few, but chosen, troops, amongst which were the noted Pacheco's 10th, Major Shaw's regiment, both of which had often distinguished themselves — .some young men of a better class, called Enr/lish rijlcincii, u-ho had come out as volunteers; the 12th Caoadores ; and Major Pangle's " movable " battalion. The , Miguclites came rushing in the certainty of taking, as they supposed, the gunlcss battery. The first column was allowed to approach " until the batteries could be distin- guished," accoi'dingto Saldanha's orders, when they were received with such discharges of grape-shot that they fell back on their second column, and great confusion and carnage were the result. A wicked attempt was made on the interval between the Pasteleiro and the Pinhal, the weakest point, well supported by their cavalry. The Flecha dos Mortos was wel^ fought for, when the brave Scot charged, and his foe gave way. Pacheco fought as he had always been accustomed to do, and Colonel Fonscca, in the defence of the Luz, sent some rockets among their columns, when the afl'air ended in their having the field unusually covered with killed and wounded. A demonstration was made on the Scrra convent, but the enemy soon re- tired. It had been bombarded all the preceding night. " On the 3rd of March a man from Villa Nova, then living in Oporto, received information that Saldanha's position was to be attacked' next morning — because a corporal of the 10th regiment had that day deserted and had informed the enemy that the new battery had not a gun laid. Guns were at once sent to the battery, with orders to work them. The corporal who had deserted to the enemy, and had given true information, was shot, after the action was over, by his newly adopted friends, for having, as the}' supposed, intentionally deceived them." The Oj/lclal Ih'jm-i. The fort of Monte Castro, abandoned by the IMiguelitcs on the 2-Uh January, was again fortified ; the Serralves was strengthened — these and other immediate works were very troublesome to the Liberals; Saldanha, however, had constructed batteries, and dug trenches communicating with some by a covered way. His two fine batteries of Pinhal and Pasteleiro, by their cross fire, Atcre a match for Monte Castro, and protected in a great * "Ci\inVar"p. 177. OF rOHTUCAL. 1S7 measure La Lnz. On the 3rd he got information that liis position woxilil be attacked on the following day, so during the night he jDlaccd guns in his scarcely completed works. At day-light on the 4th the enemy made a false attack on the right, after which heavy columns came on Saldanha's batteries. Pacheco defended the Pinhal with a battalion of the lOtli, and the Minho battalion under Osorio. Tasteleiro was in charge of Cabral with a portion of the 3rd regiment. The Heche which joined these two batteries was occupied by a strong picket of the 3rd and 10th. The Luz was defended by the 1st Jlovablcs under Rangel. The commimication between Pasteleiro and Lordello was confided to Major Shaw and his Scotch Fusiliers, and the English liiOo Volunteers. Lordello was occupied by a battalion of the 9th infantry. A host of Miguelite skirmishers came on, followed by strong detach- ments, and then formidable columns marching boldly upon Lordello, Pasteleiro, Pinhal ; and at the same time another column came on between the Pinhal and La Luz. Saldanha prohibited firing until the enemy had come quite close ; then he ordered his fire to commence, and his men went to the charge. Such was the mortality caused among the enemy that those men who had retired from their attack could not be brought back. The guns of the Pasteleiro and rockets from La Luz completed the discomfort of the enemy, who left 300 dead on the field, their wounded amounting to 1200. The Liberals lost in this stubborn and successful defence 2 ofRcers and 13 men kQled ; 10 officers and 81 men wounded.* OOicers and men so dis- tinguished themselves that they at once received thanks from Dom Pedro and the gratitude of the inhabitants. At 3 a.m. there was a fierce bombardment of the Serra, and more than a thousand shell and shot were thrown into the convent. Besides this the enemy left their camp at Carabella, in two columns, one by QucbrantoeS) another by Feronica, towards the Serra, with heavy firing. Torres gave their reserves, in particular, such quantities of well-directed grape and canister that by nine o'clock the enemy withdrew, having sustained con- siderable loss ; that of Torres was only 1 officer and -3 men. In Saldanlia's f preparations for tlie defence of the Lor- dello lines previous to the attack on them on the 4th March, 1833, it is stated in the " Extraits," there were some who said he would be beaten^ hut rdl had to recog- nise the justness of his plans. To make war advantageous, it is not siifllcient to hare * " Civil War," p. 178, says 158, iucluJiiig 17 officers. + "E.dr.iitj del'IIis. des Hommes d'Etat," &c. Geneva, ISCS-O, p. 6 188 WAR OF SUCCESSION brave soldiers led by cbiefs of ability and courage ; it is not always tliat tbe greater number must conquer ; it is indispensable to know well the ground on wliich the fight is to take place, to know how to choose favoiu'able points and to drive the enemy where they cannot operate favour- ably ; it is requisite to preserve all one's strength and liberty of action, to weary those to be attacked, or against whom one has to defend oneself. If the general does not know sufficiently the theatre of the war, the place of the scene, all eiforts and advantages will be enfeebled or destroyed, and the most learned tactics upset. This is what often occurs when war is made in an enemy's country. This happened with Grenerals Bourmont and Solignac, in Portugal, and under opposite circum- stances. This is what gave Saldanha the victory over the former (25th July, 1833), and aided him to gain a position (the height on which Saldanha built his battery at Lor- dello, February, 1833, and his success on the 4th March) that Solignac judged to be disadvantageous. Saldanha knew Portugal inch by inch, he knew every hole and comer, could appreciate the good and the bad military positions, he knew how to choose some and leave others. Solignac saw tliat his designs miscarried, his opinions were not taken ; so ho resigned, and Saldanha took his post as Chief of the Imperial Staff. Thus master of the position, Saldanha hacT full liberty of action, and it was not lonj? before he chano-ed the course of the constitutional cause. The Miguelite army was beaten at all points ; good generals, even Bourmont himself, were repulsed from before Oporto (25th July, 1833), as well as from before Lisbon, in October, same year. OF PORTUOAL. 189 Saldanlia, in a letter from Ciutra, iu the "Extraits," dated 186G, says : — " On the 2nd March, a corporal of the 24th of the line deserted to U3. On the 3rd he had gone back. I was immediately persuaded that he was a spy, and would report that the redoubt (Saldanha) had no guns, and that I should be attacked the following morning. We worked incessantly during all that day and by night, and got two guns and a mprtar in posi- tion. As I had surmised, at break of day the 21th of the line and 8lh Caga- dores of the enemy attacked the battery. I had ordered that no one was to fire until I gave the word of command, so when the two columns were at fifty paces my shot and musketry routed the assailants. The attack continued all daj- ; the enemy got possession of the Foz for a while. General Telles Jordao had attacked with 10,000 men. My 690 brave fellows had resisted a force ten times their number — thus the 4th of March, 1833, will always be a memorable one in the pages of the constitutional history of our country."* The following morning, the 5th March, each of the Eifles had for his breakfast the animal food of the pro- mised double rations — a piece of fresh pork two and a half inches square, and the thickness of half a dozen sheets of paper ! On the 6th, fifteen days' salt fish landed at the Foz, and fifty bullocks. An extraordinary " Chi-oniea " was issued, which spoke in glowing terms of the defence of the 4th. We are informed by Napier f that in February he had been offered the command of Dom Pedro's squadi^on, wliicli he would not accept without the consent of Sartorius, and wrote him privately on the matter, so as to put him on his guard ; also that the Minister of War, Freire, wished Solig- * Shaw, " Mem.," i., p. 312. — "Lieutenant Barrieros, of the Engineers, when at the Islands, was considered one of the most talented oiScers in the army ;" — ii., p. 18, " Saldanha was well assisted, particularly by Colonel Barrieros. He was not only a theoretical but a brave practical engineer. The works at the Pinhal he constructed were within musket shot of three formidable batteries, and within pistol-shot of another, the Ervilha." t " Account of the War.'' 100 WAR OF SUCCESSION nfio to take the field — on paper tliore were 18,000 men; not lialf were fit to take the field. That the enemy's force round Oporto was 39,000 infantry and 1500 horse, and Solignao was right not to go out to bo beaten. It is said that tlie British consul, Colonel Sorrell,* having formed an opinion that the place could not hold out any longer, had proposed to the Emperor that he should enter into terms with Dom Miguel, if they should he listened to (and this after the brilliant defence of Lordello on the 4th) . Dom Pedi'o declared his resolution to abide by the result of the siege to the last extremity. This interference was unfortunate, for on subsequent occasions, when advice might have been iufluentially useful, it was received with suspicion, and Dom Pedro subjected himself to tlie accusa- tion of " obstinacy." It was likewise ill-timed ; for the bar, that had been for many weeks impassable, by a sudden change of weather admitted the landing of a portion of ammunition and provisions. Captain Gflascockf mentions, date Gtli March, that " the * 23rd de Julio,' brig- of- war, was sunk in the river by tho Miguelites ; she had fom'teen killed and wounded. Four vessels were sunk in deep water to save them. Subse- quently one or two of Sartorius' young gcmmcn took the * Liberal' out — English of com'se." This was my friend Lieutenant Salter's dashing exploit. On the 8th the Miguelites bombarded the city from all their batteries, but without doing anything like the damage intended. Colonel Shaw came to om' picket and read a most flattering order of tho day, in which the Scotch and lliflcs were thanked by Dom Pedro for their services. Just afterwards a captain of artillery, whilst looking * " Civil War," r- 180. t " Kaval Skctcli-Look." OF rORTUGAL. 101 tlirour>-li fm cnilbrasure of our Yollow-liouso battery, was shot through the head by a Migiielite picket ; tlie llillos iustanter did their best to revenge his death, ricket-flring became uow very common on the part of the enem}', ^\•hich we had to answer. Our spies brought intelligence that Doni Miguel had ordered up to tlie northern lines of Oporto GOOO fresh troops, I had been very ill for some days past with inflammation of the lungs and severe cough, consequent on exposure and want of food. I went to the city to see Dr. Alcoek,* who ordered me to the Formosa-street Hospital A\Ttli a ])re- soription. Here I found ni}' protcijc, 13 , laid up with the same complaint. I had no rations, no bed, and had to plank it that night, wrapt up in my Spanish cloak, which had been a useful companion many a time for years past. Next day my boy Joze brought me a mattress and other necessaries, attending on me with the greatest care. Being on the sick-list, I had soup niaigre and a little fresh meat, which I had not tasted for many weeks, dming which time I had often been glad to make a meal off a small piece of toasted salt fish and half a biscuit. Some of the Rifles had lately killed oiu* dog ' Cribb,' and feasted on him. Corporal Knight states, the French showed us the example, and before long there was scarcely such a thing as a dog or a cat to bo seen in Oporto. " We used to collect snails, and boiling them in two waters with a little salt, they made pretty good prog." Thii'ty boat-loads of provisions had just been landed, consisting of bullocks, pigs, sheep, and flom*, which was a most merciful godsend; still meat, when procm'ablc, * Afterwards Sir Iiuthcrford Alcoek, K.C.I!,, t^c, kc. 192 AVAR OF SUCCESSION was four sliillings a pound. "WTiilst sick in hospital, Mr. P , a Pedi'Oite naval officer, came to see me, insisting on my acceptance of some casli to piu'cliase " little com- forts." Captain Grlascock, in liis " Naval Sketch-book," says : The Pedroites were very badly off for surgeons. The assistant-siu-geons of the English squacbon attended daily. As for the English hospital, the less we say of it the better. Indeed it was quite a toss-up which exceeded each other in filth, the French or the British. We lia"\'e it from Corporal Knight, tliat about this time " two of the French and one British were taken prisoners, and hung next day within sight of ourselves, putting us all, hut esjDecially the French, in a great rage ; however, there they hung for some weeks before we could get at them and cut them down, and that morning the French bayonetted forty-two Miguelites, whom they took in a field ; so after that little cparter was given on either side, by the French or Portuguese." Sir John Campbell was in command of the Miguelites, and we heard that we might expect some real sport. On our side we had been reinforced by Colonel Cotter from Ireland with 400 men, and a Portuguese regiment had joined us from the Azores. On the 10th as many as seventy-two boat-loads of pro- visions were landed within and without the bar. That same day the Serra Convent was terribly pounded, but its glorious defenders stood their ground like heroes. The enemy also set fu-e to some houses in advance of Lordello. Shelling went on at night ; many of the missiles burst in the ab', which was rather a soiu'ce of amusement. We were all much grieved to hoar that Dom Pedro was ill, and had been so for some days ; and thought that, OF PORTUGAL. 193 should he die, there wouJd be a grand scramble for power. Louie, Terceira, and Solignac were also ill. Many of the church bells were melted and made into forty-reis pieces (225d.). Solignac meditated on having a forced loan, not a politic move. On the 13th Admiral Sartorius was officially dismissed from his command of the fleet. Fui'thor on arc details on this subject. On the 15th the city was much annoyed b}'- a kind of shot which broke into splinters on striking the granite Avails. Some people were killed. St. Patrick's Day, 17th of March, om* Hibernian com- rades kept up even in hospital, singing their " Sprig of shillelagh and shamrock so green " whilst the enemy's shot and shell were whistling about the building. The following day I crept out of the hospital miasma for a walk. On passing the church of San Ildefonso, seeing it lit up, I went up the steps and found that a grand funeral ceremony was about to commence. Before the altar was suspended a square, black velvet canopy, ornamented with gold and silver lace and white silk, under which was a stand to receive the coffin. A large number of wax candles were now lit upon the several small altars, beautifidly painted screens were pulled up, discovering in niches the images that were represented on the screens, the paintings of which were much more artistic than the figures, of a dead Christ, the Virgin, and sundry saints. There were in attendance some twenty priests, who had lighted w\t,x candles six feet in length handed to them. The arrival of the corpse was announced, when it was met by the priests, and choristers ; the large silver cross, lighted wax tapers and censer borne by the church officials. The choristers took charge of the coffin, placing it under the canopy. l!)4 WAR OF SUCCESSION Then commenced the chaunting of the funeral service, the coffin bemg sprinlded several times with holy water and incense biirnt round it. An aged priest appeared to be the chief mourner ; tears ran down his cheeks whilst he muttered prayers in a low tone. This part of the cere- mony concluded, all quickly departed ; the candles were rapidly extinguished, the coffin unceremoniously hauled into the adjoining churchyard, the lid removed, when some gilt finery was taken from the corpse and a sacra- ment cup out of the hands — for the deceased was a priest. The body was lowered into the grave about three feet deep, w^hich being done and the grave about to be filled in, a poor woman approached begging that her dead babe might be put into the same coffin. The old gravedigger took the dead child, laid it gently in the coffin with the priest, shovelled in the earth, whilst the poor mother knelt in prayer until the grave was closed, and then went away sobbing, I saw in a copy of the Times that Oporto had been taken by Dom Miguel, and all the Pedi'oites and nearly all the inhabitants put to the sword ! This same day the 'Avon,' laden with flour and oil, ran in under a flag of distress. The Sampaio battery brought her to ; the crew abandoned her, she diifted under the battery, and was burnt dimng the night. 18^/?. — Continual bombardment of the city, when some people were killed and many wounded.* * About this time, Mr. Wright, a British merchant, was in his drawing- room, when he was struck by an 18 -pound shot. Ur. Jebb had to take the arm out of the socket, and part of the blade-bone at the back ; to close the jaw, split at the chin with the loss of two teeth ; and to cure a wound in the head. Dr. Jebb cured several severe wounds received by Major fShaw, and one through the throat, and another through the lips of a JMr. Glynn, who was aide to Sir Thomas Stubbs. — "Civil War," p. 184. OF PORTUGAL. 190 Now it was tliat Dom Pcclro foimd himself assailed by unheard-of difficulties.* A powerful and numerous army surrounded him from without ; disease and famine, shot and shell, with every kind of intrigue, harassed him and his troops within ; the enemy's works daily encroaehed upon the city ; the wounded, the widow, and the orphan at every step met his eye, and his table and his soirees were clouded by dismal faces ; the ministry outrageously demanded that Solignac should take the field ; he as coolly answered that nothing was more easy than to do so, bmy- ing four or five thousand men for the glory of the cause, and laying down his arms with the remainder ; for that he had neither ammunition nor transport — he could neither fight nor run away. 21.si! March. — Colonel Badeoek dined on board the * Etna,' Captain Belcher,! with one or two officers in Dom Pedro's service, and met there the Marquis Torrebello, aide to the Miguelite Ceneral Lomos. The object in bring- ing parties together in a neutral vessel was to see if any arrangement could be made between them. Nothing was efiected. Napier states that there had been a meeting on board Lord H. Paulet's brig between Saldanha and Torrebello. It was believed that nothing short (on the part of the enemy) than Dom Miguel marrying Donna Maria would bo listened to. At this meeting Solignac was very angry. I went to the theatre. " Inez de Castro " was tlie play. I had hung my Spanish cloak (it had cost me in Chile £14) up in the box ; wont out between one of the acts, when on my return it was gone, although a comi-ade of the Ilifles remained in the box. It was fortunate that the ordinary * <' Civil War," p. 170. t Captain Belclicr mado a survey of tho Douro whilst in tho river. o 2 196 WAR OF SUCCESSION soldier's grey greatcoats had been given to us, or I must have suffered much more from the weather. Sunday, 24:th. — Attack on the lines from the Antas to the Foz. The Antas retaken. About 11 a.m. firing was heard on the right of the line, whilst Dom Pedro, his staff, and many officers were at high mass. The 10th Eegi- ment sustained the first shock, being quickly reinforced by the 1st and 2nd English. Those in the hospital I was in, and who had their arms with them and were strong enough, were at once paraded, and we took up a position, looking more lilce scarecrows than soldiers, in the Congregados Battery in the N.E., where we found Dom Pedro, and his staff in full di-ess, bedizened with decorations. Dom Pedro turned artilleryman, working at a 24-pounder and a mortar. At 2.30 the English advanced upon the enemy, getting to close quarters with the bayonet ; now one, now the other, had the advantage ; at last we got sight of our red jackets running after a retreating enemy ; at this Dom Pedro looked delighted, and spoke in high terms of the English, and he was bound to do so. Colonel Bacon and his Lancers were all eagerness to have a dash, and we hoped to have seen them at work at the Miguelite cavalry, but they kept at too great a distance. The enemy took two of our batteries — the Antas, but soon had to give them up. North of the Congregados the City Volunteers managed admirably, and, assisted by a gun in position, succeeded in getting over some fields to the picket-houses of the enemy in that direction, and burnt them. There was some heavy firing in the N.W. At 5.30, when things looked quiet, Dom Pedro, in his uniform of Colonel of the 5th Cagadores,* and his staff moved leisurely into the city. * Dom Pedro was generally in undress and cocked hat, point in front, as seen in the statue of him in Oporto, and on a strong small horse. Ho had a capital seat. OF rORTUfJAT.. 197 Our side took about 70 prisoners; one lot, consisting of tliirteen, were brought up to Dom Pedro as he was riding home ; they clamoured loudly as to their patriotic senti- ments, swearing by all the saints that it had been their intention to come over at the first opportunity. Dom Pedro pulled up, gave them a most scarcliing look, asking if they had fired on his soldiers. There was a pause, when one replied in the affirmative ; in a moment Dom Pedro said, " Send them to the Casa Pia" (prison). He had been informed that a monk was amongst this party ; this did not appear to be the case, at which he was much disappointed. Had a monk been discovered, it would have gone hard with him — he would probably have been shot. In the evening, from some of the wounded who were brought in, we learnt that the main object of this attack was to take or disable the Saldanha and Pasteleiro bat- teries, and even try to get possession of the castle of the Foz. They got well into our lines, and even into the tower of the Foz, but were driven back, their retreat being well covered by their cavalry and artillery. This affair, how- ever, was a severe lesson for the Miguelites. Our loss in killed and wounded was great, about 330*, including 31 officers. Of the Portuguese, the Minister of Marine, Bernardo de Sa was wounded ; and the English had to deplore the loss of the brave Major Sadler. This was an attack on our lines from the Antas to the Foz. I could not understand hov/ it was that Dom Miguel, having so very many more men than Dom Pedro ever had, always four or five to one, did not take and keep at least the narrow track from his lines through * Mcany of these wcro " secretly and silently" consigned to pits and trenches during the night. 198 WAR OF SUCCESSION Lordello to tlio river, or the similar strip of ground on which stood the Saldanha and Pasteleiro "batteries ; for by so doing the castle of the Foz must have been his. It was often a matter of surprise to me that we were not all swal- lowed up by the Miguelites, they being in such over- whelming numbers. At this juncture I supposed Dom Miguel's men had got dispirited, and that his officers were not fitted for the occasion. They could always keep up their physical strength, having plenty of provisions at com- mand, whilst we were starving and of enfeebled frames — no beef, no man. It was said there was treason in both camps ; in that of ours I did not believe. There was much grumbling and difference of opinion amongst our generals as to the best way of attack and defence ; but whenever the enemy com- menced an attack, all hands were in an instant ready to go out and fight. When there was no fighting to be done, the folks occupied themselves with " la politica " and the state of famine and disease to which the city was reduced. Official Account. On the 2 1th the IMiguclites made a feint on the right with 3000 men, and took the Liberal works at the Antaa. Their main object was an attack on the left. Three columns came, one upon the Pinhal battery, defended by Colonel Torres with part of the Gth regiment, and was so vigorously repelled that the Miguelite officers could not get their men to re-attempt its capture. Another column went against the Pasteleiro, which was well received by great guns, congreve rockets, and musketry, and it had soon to beat a retreat. Villa-Flor formed two columns to drive the enemy from the Antas ; the 1st, composed of a part of the 9th and another of the 10th regiments, and a battalion of English under Major Brownson. This column was com- manded by tSchwalbach, who went out on the Vallongo road. He attacked the left of the enemy there, and cut oflf their communication with the left of the road. The other column, composed of the 1st battalion of English under Major Sadler, a detachment of the 3rd regiment, and another of OF rOKTUGAL. 199 the oth Caoadores under Silva Perrcira, combined their movements with the first column, and attacked the enemy's right at the Antas. Perreira commenced with rapidity, when the enemy abandoned, after a time, the position they had taken. However, one and the other disputed ground with great determination, and it was now that excellent man and good soldier, Major Sadler, was mortally wounded. Whilst this was going on Schwalback's column fiercely attacked and dislodged the enemy on the left, which retreated, like those on the right, to their entrench- ments, when the Liberals re-established their pickets on the Antas. Three squadrons of cavalry now defiled, threatening Schwalbach's column, when 80 Lancers, commanded by Antonio de Mello, and 30 of the G-uidcs, rapidly took up a position to oppose the enemy's horse, which now con- tented itself in forming and being the spectators of the retreat of their infantry. Simultaneously the enemy had prolonged on their^ right their light infantry, when a picket of the Volunteers of Donna Maria, and another of the 10 th, charged these to beyond the Casa Negra. It was now nearly night, the Liberals remained masters of the redoubt of the Antas and other positions, and the enemy had retreated within their entrenchments. The Miguelite generals exerted their utmost in this attack, reposing much of their hopes on the fresh troops that had been sent from Lisbon, not doubting of a success they did not achieve. There was a hopeful feeling in the city. The inhabitants armed them- selves and rushed to the lines to take part in the defence ; convalescents in the hospitals could not be restrained from sallying forth, some joining their battalions. The Liberals lost in killed and wounded 325, 31 being officers. The Miguelites left dead on the Antas 18G, and 65 prisoners were taken. They had about 1000 wounded in all. Their loss was great in front of the Pinhal and Pasteleiro, in consequence of having no reserve there to cover their retreat. The Minister of War, Freire, was in the thick of the fight, as also was the Minister of Marine, Sa Nogueira, who was wounded. Whilst the fight was progressing, the batteries on the south threw shot, shells, and grenades into the city. No sooner was the call to arms sounded from the Clerigos than all left their w urk, armed, and ran to the lines. Some of these fell ; their widows might be seen retiring from the trenches with the arms and other objects that had belonged to their brave and patriotic husbands, sobbing for their loss, repeating, " He is no more, he no longer wants my care, he died for the liberty of his country." Such conduct may be imitated, but cannot be excelled. 200 WAP. OF SrCCESSIOX To make an account of the attack of tlie 24tli complete, it must be stated that the enemy had advanced their pickets to within thirty yards of Shaw, at Lordello, and had occupied a house about a thousand yards off, and barricaded the street. Shaw says :* — Greneral Saldanha told me to try and take the house. I did the thing com- pletely, alarming the whole army of Dom Miguel. I formed the Kifle Volunteers at nine at night, secretly, behind a house about a hundred yards from the enemy. When all was ready I whistled through my fingers. The lliflemen rushed on with cheers to the barricade and took it. The Scotsmen then darted forwards, cheering. In a moment the whole horizon was inflamed from the mus- ketry and the bright flame of our rockets. In this bustle the fire-party advanced, broke open the doors of the house with axes, and as soon as I saw the flames burst forth I whistled again as a signal to retire. I got Saldanha's thanks in the morning for the neat manner in which it was done. There could bo little doubt but this "regular spree," as Shaw calls it, brought on the attack of the 24th. Sir C. Shaw writes me that it was hard fighting at Lordello, while the English suffered at the Antas. I left hospital on the 26th. On taking my post at the picket at Lordello, long smouldering crimes (!) I had committed dming my super- intendence of the commissariat were angrily and untruth- fvdly brought against me, which I indignantly repelled. When one of the party accused me of showing the " white featlior " dming tlic desperate defence of the 4th, to tliis I replied that I insisted on an immediate Coui-t of Inquiry, and tliat if the charge was proved, my present * Memoirs, ii., p. 245. OF I'ORTUGAI,. 201 occupation of a soldier was gone. Tlio I'ollo'sving day the matter was gone fully into. The charge was that I had been seen running down a lane, so my vilifiers concluded that I was running away. My denial to this was supported by the picket I was in command of, wlio averred that, after firing all our ammunition, I volunteered to go, whilst shot were flying about pretty tliickly, to oiu* picket-house for a fresh barrel of cartridges, which I did, and ran again up the said lane to my comrades. The decision was — honour- ably acquitted. Colonel Shaw himself was a witness to my running down the lane, and when he heard the occasion of it, and the ill spirit that caused the inquiry, was the more my friend, and ever continued so.* I retained my rank as corporal. Shortly after this various arrests took place in our corps, when the turbulent and unquiet spirits found it convenient to leave ; after which we only numbered 28, 6 of whom were in hospital. I had occasion to go to the city for pay and provisions, when I picked up the following : that Baron Nathan Rothschild was willing to lend Donna Maria a million of money or more on his own account, if he were allowed to * When I left the Eifles for the Portuguese Artillery, Colonel Shaw gave me the following certificate : — Lordello, 21st May, 1833. I certify that Mr. BoUaert has served in the Dom Pedro's British Rifle Volunteers since their formation in November last. While under my command he was in action with me on the 4th March, and on that day, and during the whole period, he acted with credit to himself and benefit to the service. (Signed) Charles Shaw, Lieutenant-Colonel, Scotch Fusiliers. Sir C. Shaw, in August, 18GS, told me several anecdotes of brave mili- tary men who had been falsely accused of " white-fcatherism," some of whom had great difiiculty to prove to the contrary. 202 WAR OF SUCCESSION send 10,000 men to Portugal, wliicli would shortly, accord- ing to his view, finish the war. So we gave the Israelite the credit of having most practical military, as well as financial, ideas. I also saw much of the active and ener- getic Seiior Mendizabal, who had just arrived from Eng- land to see for himself our real position, to advise us as to future operations, and arrange the financial means of carrying them out. We heard that Dom Pedro's agents in France had just despatched about 600 recruits to Oporto ; but the English capitalists who had primaiily assisted Dom Pedro were getting tired of his being so long cooped up in the besieged city. Oporto continued to be bombarded, doing it every sort of damage. Thousands had been carried off by the war, starvation, fevers, and cholera, and it is a well- attested fact that at that moment there was but one barrel of poicdcr in the arsenal. Dom Pedro himself was ill, and it was known that the loss sus- tained by his army on the 24th preyed very much on him. I often inquired as to the nature of his illness, but got no satisfactory reply. Sartorius and the Fleet. — The mutiny of the unpaid and unfed fleet on the 24th January was a crime, in the eyes of the Government, and by not coming readily to assist fSolignac's sortie increased it ; so Dom Pedro treated Sartorius with marked coldness. The Admiral had taken his fleet back to Vigo for pro%dsions and water. Ee- peated and pressing letters were sent to Oporto for some pay for the crews, which were not heeded. Sartorius, on the 10th March, -vvi'ote to Dom Pedi^o complaining how badly the fleet was treated, obser\ing that " he held it in pa^vn, and would carry it off for the payment of liis men." " If," he continues, " the ships' companies are not paid according to an-augemeuts, to prevent the fate of the OF rOllTUGAL. 203 ' Eugenie ' occuvring to the other vessels " (she had been run away with), "I shall be obliged to quit your Majesty's service with the squadron. Sickness and privations of more than fourteen months certainly merit consideration. Should your Majesty wish to appoint another commander, I shall most willingly give up my command, as soon as I see all my officers and men satisfied." It is more than probable that the receipt of this letter led Dom Pedro on the 13th to deprive Sartorius of his command, appointing Captain Crosbie (" Lord Coclu'ane's fighting Crosbie ") to take charge meanwhile of the fleet, despatching Sir J. M. Doyle with a " Carta Eegia " and instructions to bring Sartorius a prisoner to Oporto. Sii' John, accompanied by Crosbie, his nephew Bentinck Doyle, and some Cagadores, repaired to Yigo on the 15th in a small vessel. He went on board the flag-ship, saying to Sartorius, "Admiral, you are my prisoner." The Admiral instantly arrested Sir John, and sent him below to be kept in confinement. Crosbie was put under arrest. The fleet shortly left Vigo, appeared off Oporto about the 25th, but was driven to sea for some days by bad weather. The general idea with us in Oporto was that Dom Pedro would have to rescind the order of the 13th inst. for Sartorius' dismissal. Sir John returned to Oporto in the ' London Merchant.' * I now refer to Mr. Williams' notes : — One morning a schooner was seen entering Vigo Bay. On her coming to anchor it was ascertained that Dom Pedro had commissioned Sir. J. M. Doyle to embark a company of the 5th Caoadores to proceed to Vigo, arrest the Admiral, and bring him a prisoner to Oporto. lie * Corrected, with additions, from Annual Register. 204 WAK OF ST'fTF.SSinX Avns also to convey a sum (^f money as an instalment of' pay to the squadron. "Whilst Sir John was making his mission known to the Admii-al on his own quarter-deck, the crew, with feverish haste to learn the meaning of the presence of the soldiers in b^o^vn uniforms, crowded along the waist, as far aft as the mainmast, and when the announcement was made, a broad grin was on each face as the Admiral replied by ordering Sir John to his cabin under arrest. Armed boats were sent to the schooner for the cash, and no time was lost in paying the crews, as far as it would go, which had the effect of infusing new life into them, and after a little liberty on shore the squadron was once more ready for sea.* The author may observe that, in a military point of view the Pedroite fleet under the command of Sartorius was our real first line of defence, and maintained our communication by sea. After the drubbings he gave the Miguelite fleet on the 10th August and 11th October, 18'i2, it only came out of the Tagus in June, 1833, to be taken by Napier on the 5th July. A French fleet appeared off the coast of Opoi*to, which gave rise to many sumiises. It was bound for the Medi- terranean. French troops arrived, and provisions and flour were landed. * BaJcock, p. 211 . — After all his labour, and havini^ prevented the blockade of the Douro, twice beaten off a superior fleet, having to contend with unpaid and mutinous sailors, and being badly provided in every way, he managed to keep the sea in most boisterous weather, frequently reduced to the greatest extremity for want of provisions, water, and clothing. The Admiral was no doubt ill-treated. lie was expected to perform impossi- bilities. The fleet was then lying in Vigo. The Admiral refused to resign till his ships were paid their dues. The Emperor sent Sir J. 51. Doyle to arrest the Admiral and bring him prisoner to (Jporto. Sir Jolm undertook this foolish commission ; ho was arrested by Sartorius. OF I'ORTUGAL. 205 The Miguelites wore working by saps and a covered way towards the lighthouse at the Foz, and were establishing new works. Fowls, brought in from the ]\Iiguelite country, cost thii'ty shillings each. Whilst in hospital I had been studying Portuguese, and the " Collegao dos Exercicios d'Ai-tilheria," printed by order of Yilla-Flor at Angra, 1829, and a good little work it was. I also had the opportunity of investigating the habits of no less than three species of hospital parasites — pedieuli ; one appeared to be peculiar to the hair of the head, another to the beard (for all those who could culti- vate the hirsute appendage did so, sicearing not to shave until Lisbon was attained by them ; the Miguelites on the other side had sn-oni not to shave until the Pedroites had been annihilated), the third those that tormented the body, which, after luxmiating there, could be found in swarming colonies between the stitches of the shirt. I say nothing of other inconveniences of the hospital, excepting fleas, and they were outrageous. In Portugal, the hos- pital for the wounded in battle is called " Hospital de Sangue " (Hospital of Blood), which is most appropriate — in other words, human shambles. Sir C. Shaw gives me the following : — There was little good for sick and wounded in Oporto until I got assist- ance from England. The killed were buried where they fell, except those who fell on the 29th September. I gathered about forty-five, dug a grave not far from Bomfim church, cut laurel branches, put them over their bodies, and read the funeral service. Burrell and other officers were buried in the English cemetery. These had their clothes on ; but on all fields of battle men are stripped, how and by whom has been my astonishment. My men on the 29th were shamefully mutilated. The Portuguese and Spaniards are dreadfully cruel to each other, as all enemies are who speak about the same language. On the 25th July, 1833, I had personally to 206 WAll OF SUCCESSION defend the prisoners I took in the Flecha dos jMortos, from the 10th Regi- ment, when I was putting them in safety in the Pasteleiro battery. Soldiers listen to the call of mercy from the sound working on their feelings, but if they understand the language in which mercy is asked, they answer, " D n you, do you recollect what your fellows did to us on such and such a day ? " I am obliged to Sir C. Shaw for the following, sent to me in 1865 : — " Military Hospitals. " Civilians are apt to suppose that hospitals are chiefly organised for those officers and soldiers who have been wounded in action by musketry. The late Colonel Leitch, of the Eifle Brigade, an experienced officer, showed that in the Peninsular War about 250,000 soldiers were put hors de combat ; but of those not more than 40,000 were the victims of gun- shot. About 100,000 died from fevers and disease, while the remainder were discharged as being rendered incapable of further service in the field. From good authority, the Russian army on the banks of the Theiss and Danube for fourteen years generally consisted of about 200,000 men, and during the whole of that time 140,000 annually passed through the hospital, of whom about 10,000 died every year, and not one of these patients from gun-shot wounds. In the times of ' Good Brown Bess,' Colonel Schlimmbach, of the Prussian Artillery, an officer of great expe- rience, whose statistical calculations extend over a long series of engage- ments during the wars of the First Napoleon, states the indisputable fact, that, on the average, a man's own weight in lead, and ten times his weight in iron, were consumed for each individual placed hors de combat. At A'ittoria only one musket shot in 459 took effect. At the Cape of Crood Ilope one party tired 80,000 ball cartridges, and hit 25 Kaffirs, being just 3200 cartridges to one Kaffir. Indeed, General Gassendi cal- culates that 3000 cartridges are expended to every man disabled. General Decker, of the artillery, fixes the lowest limit at 10,000 cartridges for each man. In 1830, the French at Algiers, in fifteen days, fired three millions of cartridges, and with comparatively little slaughter. These details are given to show that disease, not gunpowder, is the great bane of an army. But the sufferings of the wounded by gun-shots in hospitals are heart- rending. How little do young men know of war and all its miseries ! How apt a young man is to be led away, when he sees an officer at homo without his arm, to say to himself, ' How I should wish to look like that officer!' He is ignorant of the starvation endured before going into action, the cold and bitter nights spent iu drenched clothes in the wet i OF roUTUGAL. 207 fields of tho bivouac, the momentary forgetfulncss of all misery in action, until the shoulder bone, by a shot, is splintered into bits ; then the little sympathy felt, everyone now being for himself; then the excruciating pain endured by the shaking of the bullock-waggon, or the want of caro in carrying him away, the little bones coming through the skin, making him shriek with agony ; then the long and weary time he must be on the cold floor, say of a church, until the surgeon comes to dress him in his regular turn ; then the pain of amputation ; and even when that is over, the necessity of shutting his ears to the sobbing prayers and screams of the dying, and his eyes to the corpses of those carried past him, who a few minutes before had suffered an operation similar to his own. This appears to the sufferer very shocking ; but this is nothing compared to the disgust which he experiences in the dressings, washings, splinter- ings, bandagings, and cuttings out, which are the daily, nightly, hourly detail of military surgery. Of the foul air caused by so many confined in the same spot, and suffering the same inconvenience, some idea may be formed, but no description can be given. "Worst of all, the patient is obliged to witness the deaths of many around him, who, almost before the breath is out of their bodies, are robbed, and have their effects distributed among the attendants, many of whom have volunteered this service to have the opportunity of plundering the dead and the dying. Often when a patient is thirsty, these attendants are either too hardened or too drunk to be able to give him drink, and very possibly offer the patient the nearest liquid at hand, probably something which was intended for a wash. Or while the expiring man is saying his prayers, a wretch is holding up his head with the one hand, while he is stealing the money of the dying man with the other. With some Officers it may be better ; but take away the romance, and let the truth appear, and who would eagerly embrace the military profession ? A handsome young fellow is lying in a comfortable bed ; he has a severe gun-shot wound in his leg — this you do not see ; but come into the room when the surgeon is dressing the wound, and you are driven out by the insupportable stench. Alas ! instead of taking an interest in, you have almost a feeling of disgust for, the sufferer. " These details may give an idea how much the British army has been indebted to Miss Nightingale and the Soeurs de Charite." MiUtarij and other hoolcs. — My library^ scientific and liter- ary, was scant, consisting of Beucliant's " Naval Gunner," 1818, Yilla-Flor's " Artillery Practice," Shakespeare, Milton, Homer, Seneca, and Junius. What would I not have given for such an illustrated compilation as " Lo Jcu 208 WAU OF SUCCESSION do la Guerro," (really the Ai't of War), published about 1715 y It appears to have been on a sheet about three feet square, divided into some sixty partitions, numbered from 1 to GO. In each was represented the subject, with a few lines of observations, and was intended for the " Game of War." Sir C. Shaw translated the observations, with consider- able additions up to 1805, suggesting the modernizing of the illustrations. He intrusted it to mo, but I could not find a publisher.* I offer a list of the chapters, and give the first, which relates to " Officers." Officers. Promotions. Medical department. Recruits. Equipment. Uniform. Pay. Barracks, tents. DriU. Gymnastics, swimming Engineers. Artillery, gunpowder. Infantry. Brown Bess, Enfield. Cavalry. Embarkation. Railways. Militia, Volunteers. Parades, reviews. Military terms. General remarks. Camps, Livouacs. Hospitals. March. Advance, rear-guards. Outposts, pickets, paroles. Encampment, cantonment. Entrenched camp. Ditches, abattis, palisades. ]\Iarch to attack and retreat. Street fights, defiles, ambush. Surprises, guerillas, partisans. Defence, attack of bridges. Passage of rivers. Patroles, skirmishers. Foraging parties. Taking up a position. Council of War. Order of battle. Reserves. Battle. Wounded in action. Burial of dead. Prisoners of war. On parole. General remarks. * Colonel J. J. Graham in 1866 proposed to publish, by subscription, " The Soldier's Compendium." 1869, not issued. OF PORTUGAL. '.09 Arsenals, defence of coast. Concentration of fire. Field-works. Defence and retreat. Contributions, marauders. Court-martial. Deserters, mutiny. Provost-Martial. Reconnoissances. Night attack. Detachments. Convoy of stores and artillery. Blockade. Breaking of ground. Hiege. Sortie of enemy, how repulsed. Palisades, sand-hags, fascines. Chevaux-de-frises, crow-toes. Loop-holes, rifle-pits. Traps for brave men. 8carps and counterscarps. Korgusson's System of Fortifica- tion. General remarks. Batteries. Banquettes, glacis, esplanade. Casemates, Place d'Armea. Covered way, sally-ports. Drawbridge, portcullis. Sapping and mining. Going into trenches. Rockets, shell-guns. Fire-balls. Bombardment. Forlorn hope and petard. General attack. Storm, escalade, rapine. Citadel. Flag of truce, surrender. Peace. Promotions, honours, decorations. " Officers are gentlemen who am supposed to have some peculiar superior qualities for instructing and commanding those over whom they are placed. In Great Britain they are appointed for their birth, family connections, parliamentary influence, from the military academies, and by purchase ; but as each candidate for the army must now undergo a strict examination as to his general education, the apparent evils of this system are in some measure counteracted. Unless an ofiicer, besides being gen- tlemanlike in his manners and of good education, be able to show that he understands the details of his profession, he never can have proper influence over those he commands In France all candidates must attend the Government military schools. They are subjected twice a year to competitive examination, and, according to their ability and pro- ficiency, are appointed to the staiF, engineers, artillery, infantry, and cavalry ; but if they fail in their examinations for three years, they are then sent to serve in regiments as private soldiers; but they do not lose the right possessed by all French soldiers of offering themselves for examina- tion to become officers as if they had attended the military schools. If there be three vacancies among the subalterns in a French regiment, two of these vacancies belong to the non-commis.sioned officers of that regiment, the Emperor having the right to appoint one from the military school. 210 WAR OF SUCCESSION OF PORTUGAL. Every French soldier may become a Marshal of France. In Prussia, during the time of Frederick the Great, no one could become an officer who was not nobly born. At present, five-sixths of the staff-officers of the Prussian army are nobles, three-fourths of the cavah-y, and one-half of the infantry, but only one-sixth of the officers of the engineers are noble, and only one-fourth of officers of artillery are noble. No non- commissioned officer or soldier in the Prussian army can ever become an officer. The Prussian candidates have to undergo a very strict technical professional examination, those of greatest ability being appointed to engineers and artillery. "In Austria military candidates are subjected to a very severe examina- tion, especially those for engineers, artillery, and cavalrj', but the officers of the staff of all ranks are appointed principally on account of their birth, or through Court influence ; but since the late misfortunes this system has undergone many changes, and many non-commissioned officers in the Austrian army are appointed officers. Officers on the staff of the Conti- nental armies must serve a certain time in the infantry, cavalry, and artillery — a system well worthy of being imitated in the British army. " The French have been successful over the Germans owing to their superior system of promotion, rewards, and honours. A general in com- mand is the moving power, the officers of the staff are the hinges of the machine, and the regimental officers are the interior springs. " It is still a problem which is the best system for appointment of officers. " Xenophon was a literary man at the Court of Persia, and forty years old . He took the command of the 10,000 Greeks and made the celebrated re- treat, though followed by an overwhelming force led by the old and experienced officers of Persia. The German troops, led by the officers who had learnt the art of war during the Seven Years' War, were routed by the revolutionary officers of the French army, who had been educated us advocates, medical men, and bankers' clerks. Lord Lynedoch, one of the most celebrated British generals, did not enter the army till he was forty years of age." 211 CHAPTER XIII. APRIL. Provisions landed — Pay — Recollections of home — Door-signs — List and fate of the Rifles — Rations— Dom Pedro's critical position — Mr. Van Zeller sends powder from England— Donna Maria's fourteenth birthday — Desertions from the English — Miguelites pepper the Lighthouse and Foz — Colonel Sadler's funeral — Enemy erects battery on the Cobello — Expected attack — Great misery — Neither party will cede right to the throne — Fresh meat and double rations of wine — Secrecy ! and taking of the Cobello works in seven and a half minutes ! — Dom Pedro was proud of this operation — Attack on Lordello and vicinity — Promotions and decorations for 24th January, 4th and 24th March, to eighteen of the Rifles, three decorations of the Tower and Sword, (Bronze medal for the Campanhas da Liberdade, " 1826 to 1834," instituted in 1864 !)— Duke and Duchess of Oporto, the second title in Portugal — Firing at Dom Miguel — Desertion from Miguelites — Misery in their camp — Napier invited to supersede Sartorius — The height of misery in Oporto — Lisbon becoming Pedroite — Intrigues against Solignac — Author applies to enter Portuguese Artillery — Sartorius and fleet come off" Oporto— City terribly bom- barded — Cholera — Pedroite guerillas at Figueira — Enemy erecting stockades and more batteries — We ought to have been eaten up long ago — Sartorius and Fleet ; Napier — Rows among the French — Solignac bewildered — Provisions ofl" the bar — Saldanha very active — Death of Dom Pedro's second daughter — The Miguelite Joao Paulo (Cordeiro) great gun — Ammunition and provisions landed at last. The commencement of the month of April saw provi- sions landed in small quantities, and money came from some source or other (probably brought by Mendizabal), for it was announced that the troops were to be paid regularly twice a month. Foreign officers' present pay was £2 8s. per month ; soldiers 4d. a day, with short p 2 212 WAK OF srCfESSIOX rations of salt fish, biscuit, and wine. Many a time did T hear officers and men exclaim, " Oh for a beef-steak, a mealy potato, and a pint of porter in any of the slap-bangs in the back slums of London" — in which I perfectly coin- cided. One day when taking pay to comrades who were in hospi- tal, on my route I noticed, among others, the following street signs : on the door of a midwife a white cross was painted ; on the door of a dentist, or rather tooth-drawer, himg a large model of a molar ; and a barber had a polisheel antique brass platter-like basin, the Mambrino's helmet of Don Quixote. The lines and batteries continued to be strengthened, especially about Lordello, which gave the Rifles in their turn the duty of j)rotecting the exposed working parties. In consequence of the troubled state of the Rifle corps, it was considered judicious to dissolve it, and we had orders to signify our intentions as to joining as cadets any of the foreign battalions. I selected, as a favour, to enter the Portuguese Artillery. Lint of Cadet Hi/fes. Captain Phaelan of the British Rifles (died of cholera in Oporto), Bentinck, W. Doyle acting Lieutenant (British Consul at Pernambuco, 1867), William Bollaert, Quarter- master.* Arcott, Bullock, Captain Brown (had been in Boli- * After the "Wars of .Succession in Portugal and Spain were over, I went to Texas to examine land for English emigration, which land did not meet approval. I went a second time to South America. Later j'cars wore occupied with business pursuits in London. Leisure hours were filled up in writing memoirs for learned societies and periodicals, on the Geography, Antiquities, Anthropology, &c., of the New World ; also in a work on South American Antiquities (Triibner, 1860) ; translation of Ursua's expedition on the Amazons (I06O- 1) for Ilakluyt Society (1861). In 1860, having Heriously ruptured my right lung, I became an invalid, when I commenced writing the "Wars of Succession of Portugal and Spain." OF PORTUGAL. 213 var's army, died in Oporto), Breaiy (surgeon), Baggot, Lieut. Cooper, two Chadwicks (served in Spain, one killed, the other severely wounded), Carpenter, Carew, Cooksley, Deacon, Davis, Ekin,Fitzpatrick, Grlover (got commission in o9th), Hogg (lieutenant-colonel in Spain, wounded there), Hey wood, Holmes, Jennings (captain in Spain), Kennedy, Linton* (Knight of the Tower and Sword, served in Spain, also under Sir C. Shaw when he was in charge of the police force at Manchester), Lumley, Lyster (major in Spain), Lacy (killed in Oporto 25th July, 1833), Max- well, Moorsom, Mackie, Mills, Marshall, Phaelan, jun. (served and severely wounded in Spain, afterwards the author met him in Texas) , Pogson, Orme, Russell (badly wounded, 2oth July, 1833), Stanley, Sloane (K.T.S. for 29tli September, 1832), Lieutenant Potter, Yogan, Watkins. There may have been three or four more in the corps for a short period. The Pities when first formed counted about 30, which increased to about 40. Some were killed in Oporto, others wounded, a few joined, as officers, the Scotch and the other British battalions. The Pities were first quartered in Paa Montebello, Campo Orande ; then Nos. 5, 6, 7 Pua Concecao, near St. Ouvidio ; then in the Carmelite Convent ; but they were principally on picket duty at Lordello. They had a very simple form for rations, stating how many were on duty, in quarters, and in hospital, for the total number of rations required. From 13th November to 20th, 1832, we had fresh beef, bread, wine and spirits. Then salt beef to end of month. December, occasionally fresh beef, but the salt fish * LintoQ, Mackie, and, I think, Hogg, had the third K.T.S., for the defence of Ith and 24th March, 1833. 214 WAR OF SUCCESSION (bacalhao) began; in January, 1833, occasionally no rations ; rice instead of bread or biscuit ; then half rice, half bread, no meat, little salt fish. As time went on quantities dimi- nished ; then a few pence instead of rations, but then there were no provisions to purchase ; then no pay and no rations — soldiering and starvation. I here give Sir Charles Shaw's opinion of the Eifles, embodied in a letter to the author in 1865 : — " What did I think of the Eifles ? They were young, well-educated, and, with one or two exceptions, they were gentlemen. This was the reason why I, on the 3rd February, 1833, placed them at Pasteleii'O, the most dangerous point — in fact from Lordello to that point iccis the key of the position. I have alwaj^s looked upon three hundred intelligent men as equal to one thousand common soldiers, therefore I pointed out to Solignac, Saldanha, and others, that ofiicers for the British troops should be chosen from among the Rifles; but my repeated applications for such were interfered with, particularly by Colonel Saavedra.* Of coui-se the Rifles had faults, which, of course, / did not choose to see, because they were badly treated, deceived, and often starved. Even educated men will plunder when actuated by hunger." " Jack in Oporto " — " We once or twice discovered a batch of young English riflemen planted behind casks at the Torre da Marca poppin' away at black pigs, bald-pated friars, and every crawling creature as comed afore the muzzles of their rifles." By the breaking up of the Rifles my protege, B , who had been an old artillery officer, got occupation in the batteries at the Foz. * " Shaw's Memoirs" i. 466. The foreigners "suffered more seriously out of fire " from Saavedra, than they did " in fire ;" ii. 91, speaks of him as " cold-blooded." OF PORTUGAL. 215 Srd May. — Colonels Badcock and Sorrell waited on the Emperor and Solignac. The former says * — " For, as affau"s were becoming every day more critical, we wished to be a little informed of their intentions. It had long been evident that Dom Pedro's army could not act on the offensive, and they did not seem able even to keep their defensive positions, but suffered their enemies to erect batteries wherever they pleased ; indeed I believe that the Miguelites might have placed one in the middle of the city without interruption. (?) The Marshal said, ' "We have no powder,f and we are accUmaU — a battery more or less will not signify.' The Emperor declared that he expected large reinforcements and that he should await events. " The press extolled the repulses into splendid vic- tories gained by the Pedroites. That Dom Miguel had no army left — Dom Pedro only existed by the great mili- tary blunders and intrigues of opposing generals. Trade was ruined, thousands of people were starved to death or carried off by disease. Still the inhabitants did not com- plain (?) but said that Heaven punished them for their sins. Meat was from 2s. 6d. to 3s. per pound. Young * Badcock, p. 199. t Mr. F. Van Zeller, tlie Consul-general for Portugal in London, tells me the following : — At the beginning of the Siege his father heard we ■were short of powder in Oporto, so he went round among the ship- owners, and, after a vast amount of trouble, got a ship from one who already had a heavy stake in the success of the Liberals. Van Zeller loaded the vessel with about four hundred tons of powder, which was safely landed at Oporto. Now for the horror. When the ship arrived ' there was only one barrel of powder in the maijazine at Oporto. Only fancy one having found out that secret a week before the ship arrived ; should we not have slept comfortably, without the least fear of the magazine destroying the town by an explosion I — E. S. Cowley's letter from "Windsor Castle to the author, April, 1867. 216 AVAK OF r^UCCESSlON girls, to save their families from starving, often sold their hair to a French hairdresser for a trifle." The 4th was Donna Maria's fourteenth bu-thda}'. Those who had wine drank success, health, and happiness to her. That night a battalion of the enemy made a dash upon the iScotch quarters, but was soundly beaten back vdth. considerable lor^s. There had been desertion from the English regiments, mainly on the score of starvation. It would have been better had they invalided and " cleared out " — poor devils ! I afterwards ascertained that they had not improved their situation. There were Miguelites in the city who had been tam- pering with some of the foreign ofiicers, and it was believed that a few had gone over to the enemy — commands, pro- motion, and good pay being the inducements. At noon on the 5th, Grood Friday, there was a beat to arms, and a general attack expected. The city was bom- barded. Those of us former Eifles who were still at Lor- dello marched out. We could see tremendous firing jfrom the enemy's castle of Castro and Quiejo on om* left, and from some of their batteries on the other side of the river, directed at the Foz — the main object appearing to be the destruction of the light-house. Seeing that our post was in no danger, some of us got leave to go to the Foz, where my friend B was in his glory, firing shells out of an old carronade at some new works, in which were a 12 and a 6-pounder on the Cabedello point, opposite the Foz, distant some 600 yards. We at once helped him with our rifles at some Miguelite- infantry, who were peppering him. The scrimmage being over, the Rifles went to the Luz lines, occupied by th(^ Irish, who were digging a trench round the light-houiie. The officers insisted on our Of I'OKTl OAL. 217 stopping to mess with them, e:illiug us "broths of boys" for coming down to the Foz in the hour of need. On the folloAving day I was one of a large number at Colonel Sadler's funeral. He was well-known to have been a good and brave soldier. He left a wife and large family to nioui*n his loss. Soldiers should not marr}^, as a rule. On this day Donna Maria's " anniversario " was partially celebrated. We had been promised fresh pro- visions on the occasion, and we certainly had six ounces of salt horse or mule served out ; still it was a change from the eternal and scurvy-inducing salt-fish. On the 5th the Miguelites threw up a battery on the Cobello hill, on the north, from which they could easily annoy the locality where Dom Pedro and his ministers lived, as well as Solignac and other princijial officers. It was evident that, unless something was done, the city woidd become rather too hot to live in. On the 8th, the whole garrison was under arms at day- break, for deserters had given information that there was to be an attack. None took place, so there was time to have public rejoicings in honour of Donna Maria's birth- day. Church bells rang, there vrere salutes from the bat- teries, and rockets flew about. There was high mass at the church of Our Lady of Lapa, after which Dom Pedro held a levee. In the evening there were attempts at illu- minations, and transparencies exliibited, some with the portrait of Donna Maria. The Miguelites also joined in this celebration, but with shot and shell, when Colonel Shaw got a severe contusion from a ricochet cannon ball. " Um Portuense '' notes that, just before the taking of the Miguelite battery of Cobello, Oporto was at the crisis of its sufterings, when Providence came to the help of the 218 WAR OF SUCCESSION devoted city. At a time when the situation of the Liberals was at its most critical height in every respect, augmented by the continuance of the tempestuous 'udnter, which so much impeded the disembarkation of provisions — when there vras not a barrel of powder in the arsenal — when the materials for manufacturing it in the Quinta de Bello had all been used — when the enemy felt sure, under such appalling circumstances, the besieged would sue for peace, although they could not bo conquered by force of arms — Providence, in its mercy, caused the tempests to abate, and the seas went down, so that about the middle of April the city began to receive the more necessary sup- plies. In April,* the British naval authorities in the Douro facilitated personal interviews between the general ojfficers of the contending parties, in the hope of their being able to bring about some amicable arrangement of differ- ences, as both appeared to be tired of their nearly twelve months' warfare. These meetings ceased, for nothing could be effected, as neither would cede the disputed point, namely, the right to the throne. I have to particularise the day of the 9th as being the first for a long period of our having half a pound of fresh meat and double rations of wine ; also the night of this day. The enemy had erected a 5-gun battery on the Cobello hill, on the north, which bid fair, if not prevented in time, to do considerable harm to the upper part of the city- The attack * on it was kept a profound secret until the hour arrived. Ten minutes were given for the operation, and being very cleanly done, from the first shot fired to the tivaa given as they took possession, seven * "Civil War." I OF PORTUGAL. 219 minutes and a half were spent. The next morning, the 10th, the enemy made a savage attempt to regain it ; but during the night there had been thrown up a more con- centrated work. The enemy was twice repulsed by Pacheco, with his 10th Eegiment. He was one of the best officers in the service. Dom Pedro was as proud of it as it was evident the Miguelites were sore upon the subject ; but, with all their exertions, they never again trod that groimd. At 10 a.m. the enemy commenced an attack on the lines to the left of Lordello ; there were only eight of us Eifles on duty, but we crept in the direction of the fire, using our arms at all stragglers. Ensign Hogg, late of our company, took a Miguelite ofiicer prisoner. At noon, the enemy drew off", but the Sampayo batteries on the other side of the river gave Lordello a severe pounding. The Official Account. The enemy's position of Covello, in which, it had an almost finished intrenched battery, commanded the lines of the Liberals fromAgua-ardente to the Serio. The heights were occupied by the 12th and 13th Infantry, 1st Battalion of Militia, and 1st of Royalist Volunteers, of the Miguelites. On the evening of the 9th, a force of 600 men, under Pacheco, composed of thol2th Cagadores, 3rd, 9th, and 10th Infantry, divided into two columns, went out on the Serio road, Dom Pedro being present. Pacheco advanced rapidly with part of a column to the left of Covello ; the other part on the Casa de Nora, where there was a strong picket of the enemy. Part of the other column was also in active movement, whilst the other went on Monte Secca, the reserves marching on to the attack in front. Now there was a glorious surprise, for in a few minutes the enemy was dislodged, dispersed, and the Cobello belonged to the Liberals, a most important position. That same night it was entrenched and fortified by the victors, although the enemy did their test to retake it by advancing on Monte Secca, defended by the 3rd Regiment, which had been reinforced by some of the English. At 4 a.m., on the 10th, picket-firing of the enemy had ceased; the 220 WAR OF .SUCCESSION Liberals retired to their quarters, garrisoning the Covello and its vicinity ■with three compani'^s of the 10th, a hundred of the 12th Cacadores, and the 9th Infantry. At 5 a.m., the enemy had augmented its force ■with their 7th, 19th, and 22nd Regiments, and attempted four times to retake the Covello, hut ■were beaten back. At the same time other of the enemy's forces stationed at Parhanos, came out in the direction of IMonte Secca, ■which "was at once occupied by two companies of the English, who sustained that position, repelling a much larger force at the point of the bayonet, and taking twenty-seven prisoners. Four reserve companies of the Regiment of the Queen ■were on the Agua-ardente road; one of these advanced to support the right of Covello ; ■when the enemy appeared in force on the road of the Cruz da Regateira, this company charged them back to their entrenchments. At 7 a.m. the enemy opened fire on the ■whole of the Antas lines, ■which ■was promptly replied to. At 1 1 a.m. four of the enemy's columns advanced at quick march in the direction of the left upon Lordello, ■which ■was defended by the 15th Regiment, under Colonel Celestino, but they met with so ■warm a reception that they did not get farther than their picket lines. At 3 p.m. two columns of the enemy moved upon the right of the Antas, and ■when the order was given to their 8th Caoadores to charge, they did not obey, but retired into their lines. At 5 o'clock, another attack ■was made on the Covello, ■n^hich ■was bravely repelled. The IMiguelites must have lost on the night of the 9th and day of the 10th at least 600 men, inde- pendently of their very important post of Cobello. The loss of the Liberals was 178, including 19 officers. This same position, on the 29th of March, 1809, opened a pass for the French arms under Soult, when he took Oporto. Sir C. Hhaw informs the wi-iter, " that he sustained at Lordello a very sharp attack, but the enemy was followed, and their advanced picket-houses burnt. There was a continued fire of musketry, shot, and shell, starvation, and no money for officers at Lordello, while English officers at Oporto were receiving table-money of three shillings a day." On the 11 til the Chronica Constitucional do Porto Extra- ordhuirUi a])peared, being the order of the day No. 71, wherein Lorn Pedro, Duke of Braganza, is spoken of as Commander-in-Chief of the Liberating Anny, and Marshal OF rouTroAT.. 221 Solignac as Major- General. First, was a considerable list of promotions, amongst whioli was the brave Solnvalbaeh,* to be brigadier- general, for liis " gallantry on the 24th of March." Barrieros was made a major for his works on the lines from Lordello to La Luz. Fonseca, the Gfovernor of the Foz,t was made a colonel of cavalry for his services in the actions of the 24th of January and 4th of March. There were promotions in the '3rd, 9tli, 10th, loth, and 18th Infantry; in the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th Cagadores, 12th Battalion ; in the Engineers and Artiller}-. Of the >Scotch Fusiliers, Major 8haw became lieutenant-colonel. Ensign E. Smith, lieutenant; and J. E. Russell (a volunteer) and Sergeant John Boyd, ensigns; the latter had much distinguished himself. Then followed the names of those who had been decorated. For the action of the 24tli January, to be Knight of the Tower and Sword, Colonel du Vergier. For the 24th January, 4th and 24th March, Commander of the Order of Aviz, Colonel Jose Pacheco. Also the order of the Tower and Sword to several officers, including Fonseca. For the 24th March, the Order of Concepcion, Colonel Perreira; and the Tower and Sword to Captain Harley, of the 2nd English Regiment, Marechal do Campo, * The stauncli old Peninsular soldier, Schwalbach, was made a bri- gadier-general principally at Solignac's recommendation. He had been one of the early Liberals in Portugal. The author knew him in the ser- vice of Dom Pedro in the Brazils in 1830-1. He had fought bravely in the defence of Oporto, and was a great favourite. It was said that had the Liberals taken his advice when they first declared themselves in Oporto, and marched at once on Lisbon, the civil war might have been prevented. t At the age of fifteen, he was aide to SirR. Wilson. "His services may be trac'^d through every campaign in which the Portuguese troops were engaged." 222 WAR OF SUCCESSION Brito Cabreira, to be Commander of the Tower and Sword. To eacli company engaged in the actions of the 24th of January, 4th and 24th of March, one decoration of the Tower and Sword for each action they were in. To the Battalion of Scotch Fusiliers, and the Company of Voluntarios de Dom Pedro (our Rifle Corps), three decorations of the Tower and Sword, for the valour each of those bodies hud shown.* As there Avere only eighteen of us rifles in the action of the 4th March, they proceeded to give votes for those con- sidered most deserving. It is well to know that they fell to good and brave men, namely, Linton, Maclde,t and, I think, Hogg. We, however, thought that it would have been more satisfactory to have had the smallest medal suspended from the narrowest ribbon for each of our little band. What gave general satisfaction was the creation of Greneral Torres Baron do Pico do Celeiro, the name of one of the Azores, for his most gallant ser- vices there and in Terceu-a ; subsequently, for his daring- defence of the Serra Convent, he was created Visconde da Serra do Pilar. The title of Duke and Duchess of Oporto was now decreed by Dom Pedro as the second title in the king- dom. More than thirty years after the war, a bronze medal was issued to the defenders of Oporto and the war gene- • In the Chronica, of oth August, 1832, are the details of reformation of the Order of the Tower and Sword — the Legion of Honour of Portugal. The State was annually to make an allowance — I. For the support of an asylum for the invalids and poor of the order. 2. A college for their children and orphans. 3. Pensions, &c. t Mackie was killed in Spaia, serving under General Shaw. OF PORTUGAL. 223 rally, called "The Medal of D. Pedro and Da. Maria." On one side it has the busts of Dom Pedro and his daugh- ter, with the words " D. Pedro IV., Da. Maria II. ; " on the other side, " Campanhas de Liberdade, 1826 to 1834." Same for officers and men. It is suspended from a blue ribbon, having a very narrow streak of white in the centre. They have clasps with the number (algarismo) of the years of service rendered, and the name of the reci- pient is published in the " Ordem do Exercito."* The author heard casually of the existence of this medal in 1864; the Duke of Saldanha was then in London. His Excellency examined his certificates of service, copies of which, with a memorial to the King, were sent to Lisbon. The medal was forwarded at once, and received on the 4th March, 1865, on the thirty-second anniversary of one of the severe attacks on Lordello, in which he was engaged. After the taking of the Covello battery by the Pedroites, Dom Miguel arrived to review his troops. f A lieutenant of artillery had laid his guns, and everything was pre- pared to fire the instant the waving plumes should pass the spot at calculated distance. At that moment Dom Pedro rode up to the battery, therefore, according to the Portuguese etiquette, the lieutenant dared not to fire his guns without asking leave. Upon doing so, Dom Pedro answered, " If my brother is there, no," and moved on. Those words saved Dom Miguel ; for the officer at the head-quarters returned down the line, fired one gun, which killed a man near, and wounded a woman at a distance from Dom Miguel. During the battle of Waterloo, an artillery officer rode * There is another medal of gold for " Merito Militar." t " Civil War," p. 198. 22 i WAR OF srCCESSION up to the Duke of Wellington, and said, " Your Grace, I have a distinct \iew of Napoleon, attended by his staff. My guns are well pointed in that direction, shall I open fire!-'" The Duke replied, "Certainly not, I will not allow it. It is not the business of commanders to fire upon each other." However, one of his axioms is, "I cannot discover the policy of not hitting one's enemy as hard as one can, and in the most vulnerable place." — "Despatches," vol. xi., p. 547. This review of Dora Miguel's, as was expected, reno- vated the vigour of the Miguelite army ; their shouts whilst it took place were astounding, and such as never before had been heard by the besieged. The royal "visit was necessary to keep the army together. Amongst their troops of the line considerable discontent had appeared, and the desertions from the militia to their homes liad been increasing. The out-post duty was chiefly performed by volunteers, as a watchful safeguard to prevent many joining the Pedroites. On the left bank of the Dom-o, the subordination of their anny had been destroj'ed. An order from an officer, of whatever rank, checldng the devastations or disorders, was answered by an accusation of disaffection to the cause of Dom Miguel ; and such was the general tendency to suspicion, that the proudest chief dared not incur the slightest charge of that nature from the vilest indi- vidual. Nothing could be more horrible than the information, received from that part of the Miguelite army, of the wretched position of the sick and wounded ; without a sufficient nimiber of surgeons, they were in a state of destitution perfectly Hottentot. After their attacks, the very severely wounded had, in more than one case, been OF PORTUGAL. 225 removed in the carts of the ah-eacly dead. This may appear exaggerated ; it was but too well authenticated afterwards. " He is dying, yet bring him," " No, he is dead, take him there," were the fiats of the unpitying peasantry, forced to the irksome and dangerous work of clearing the field of battle, inwardly cursing those they were sent to succour. Xapier had been spoken to as to his taking command of the Pedroite fleet, which he would not do without the sanction of Sartorius. Napier says,* " The ministers were ungrateful and mad enough to deprive Sartorius of the command of the squadron, and under date 13th. March, Captain Crosbief was appointed to succeed him. The only error Sartorius committed was not proceeding imme- diately to Oporto, and insisting that Freire, Carvalho, and C. Xavier should be dismissed." Now it was that a few Pedroite officers, English as well as Portuguese, met with Miguelite officers at dinner on board the British men-of-war in the river. They did their best to pump one another, also to deceive ; oui-s spoke very decidedly of soon being in Lisbon, the others that the thing was impossible. We were in the middle of April, and when the suff'erings of the inhabitants of Oporto were at their greatest height. The inhabitants were daily dying by scores of famine and disease. A very little loaf of bread, seldom to be had, * His account of the war. t Crosbie was with his celebrated commander, Cochrane, in South America, the Brazils, and Greece. In one of C'ochrane's most daring and brilliant actions — the cutting out of the Sjianish man-of-war 'Esmeralda' from Callao Bay — Crosbie led one division of the boats, Guise the other. The writer had often the pleasure of having long talks with Captain Crosbie upon his South- American doings ; he has also to record here his thanks for very many substantial kindnesses during the siege of Oporto. Q 226 WAR OF SUCCESSION cost eighteenpence. Provisions were so scarce that to us volunteers the sum of seven vintems (about sevenpence- halfpenny) was issued in lieu of daily rations. I had a billet in a small abandoned house in the Eua de Picaria. After my boy Jose and self had had om- meal, some of his family would come and see if a few crumbs of black biscuit had been left. More than once I shared a very scanty meal with a poor family, my neigh- bours, who were often perishing of hunger — a biscuit, a small piece of salt fish, a little rice, and a little wine were godsends to them. For myself, when I could get an}' oil, or fat, or grease, on went the frying-pan, and, when hot, a biscuit that had been steeped in water was fried, which was rather a treat ; salt and pepper were scarce, so I had not often deviled biscuit. Those were hard times indeed. There was considerable desertion from Dom Miguel's lines, also much division in his councils. One day seventy soldiers came by sea from Lisbon, informing us that things were getting ripe there for a revolt against Dom Miguel. In my joui'ual I liave merely the following entry, at this period, in regard to General Solignac : — " Solignac is losing his reputation, and it is publicly said that if Sal- danha had the command our military affairs would go on better." Colonel Badcock* throws some light on this period. He says : — " Solignac was not exempted from intrigues. An attempt Avas made of a serious nature, which in its results might have involved a very murderous scene. The commissioners of the parish districts were told by authority to collect companies, and to go in front of the palace, " Civil War,' p. ly". i OF PORTUGAL. 227 slioiiting out ' Death to Solignac' They desii-ed to receive written instructions, which having been refused, this absurd plot was discovered, and measures taken to pacify »Solignac. Had the affair broken out, perhaps with no other view than to get rid of Solignac, then too near Dom Pedro, Colonel du Vergier, the friend of Solignac, and chief of his staff, and who was beloved by the Portuguese as well as the French soldiers, would have created an awful moment in Oporto." 1 now took a letter of recommendation from Colonel Shaw to Senhor Da Cunha, as to my entering the Portu- guese artillery as a cadet. Da Cunha di'ew up a memorial for me to Dom Pedro, requesting to join the First Battalion, which I delivered to Greneral Valdez. I now commenced a plan of Oporto, its lines, and the positions of the batteries, for my own instruction. Some provisions and bullocks were occasionally landed at the Foz, but under the greatest difficulties, or we must have died of starvation. On the 18th, Sartorius, with the squadron, came off the Douro. At three in the morning a dashing affaii- was performed by Lieutenant Salter, who towed the ' Liberal ' man-of-war, of 22 guns, safely oiit to sea, having run the gauntlet of the enemy's batteries by going down the river in the very teeth of them. Her commander, Soares, gave the enemy gun for gun, as he crossed the bar. One of oui- late Rifles, wlio had volunteered to go with Salter, was shot — only one of the crew was wounded. Salter volunteered to take another vessel out the same day, and would have done so had he been permitted. Three hundred French troops arrived, well clothed and armed. The weather was improving. During the night of the 21st, the Miguelites must have Q 2 228 WAR OF SUCCESSIOX thrown 300 sliells, besides tons of shot, into the cit}-, causing a horrid and hissing din. I was offered a good billet in the city at San Bento, which I did not accej)t, it being in the vicinity of three hospitals, one for the cholera patients, another for fevers, and the other for incurable and contagious diseases ! I visited the first-named, and saw several dying of this new and fatal visitation, which terrible plague had been spreading rapidly amongst us. We now hoard that there were movements in Lisbon favourable to Donna Maria, and that Pedroito guerillas were active at Figueira, near the mouth of the Mondego. Desertions from the enemy were becoming important. The Miguelites were erecting stockades north of the Pasteleiro, preparatory to the erection of more batteries. Our side was not inactive in the same sort of work. The lighthouse at the Foz was now nearly knocked to pieces. We supposed the enemy had 25,000 men on the north side of the river, and from 7000 to 8000 on the south ; by these 32,000 or 33,000 men we ought to have been eaten up at any moment. " I am glad to hear that people in authority are behaving rather more rationally to Sartorius. I wish he had a little more of the devil in him." This is how the observation stands in my joimial. I will here offer a few remarks regarding Admiral Sartorius. When Palmella, Mendizabal, and others were acting under a Eegency in Donna Maria's name in London, their first operation was to scrape funds together ; then there were two other very important things to be done : one was to organise a navy, the other to invite volunteers. It was no easy affair to get a British naval officer as Admiral. At last, Captain Sartorius, R.N., accepted the 1 OF PORTUGAL. 220 command of a small lleet lio got together, wliich rendez- voused at Belle Isle, and conveyed Dom Pedro and his followers to the Azores. Dom Pedi'o now prepared for the invasion of Portugal. I will now refer to Shaw's "Memoirs:" — "Coolness, unfortunately, arose between Dom Pedro and Sartorius about a toast which the latter proposed at a party when in the Islands, at which the Emperor was present. Sar- torius gave ' The empire of women.' The Emperor, to the astonishment of all, looked sulky, expressed him- self displeased, and refused to drink the toast. I haA'e sometimes suspected that there must have been some truth in the report that, though Dom Pedro went out as Regent to Portugal, he intended to re-assume the crown in place of his daughter, and he might have con- strued Sartorius' ' empire of women ' into a very broad hint to give up such an idea." It seems there was some truth in the "suspected" expres- sion of Shaw's, and from what I subsequently gathered my- self during the early portion of the defence of Oporto, there were in Dom Pedro's surrounding, and amongst those who Avere in his most intimate confidence, persons who sympathised with him in that idea. It was also asserted in Oporto, that Palmella and some others did not admire this view of Dom Pedro's, and waited their time (say the taking of Lisbon) to come out clearly on the point, for "Donna Maria and the Constitution." But there were others, at the head of whom was Greneral Saldanha, who openly avoAved their adherence to Donna Maria 11. , and a rational form of government for Portugal, which meant also the exclusion of Dom Pedro from the crown. It must be recollected that Saldanha, when governor of Oporto, in 1826-7, the moment he got hold of the " Constitution " 230 WAR OF SUCCESSION offered to Portugal by Dom Pedro, with Donna Maria II. as Queen, boldly proclaimed it, whicli was tbe serious blow to the absoluto party, including the old Queen, who were camarilla ad\dsers of the llegency in Lisbon. In fact, this energetic act of Saldanha's was a pretty good quantity of the thin end of the wedge driven into the rotten trunk of the tree of the very old-fashioned and woni-out despotic monarchy in Portugal. Bartorius and the foreign ofl&cers generally considered themselves some- thing more than mere mercenary volunteers. They were men of liberal political feelings, and the banner of the Constitution and Donna Maria 11. had some chann for them ; so that when it came to their knowledge that if they succeeded in driving Dom Miguel out of Portugal, that Dom Pedro was to be the monarch instead of Donna Maria, for whom they had drawn their swords, like true and honest men, they resented such a finale to their efforts. Palmella (who was a friend to the foreigners) must have had a difficult card to play with Dom Pedro ; but he did it, and his efforts were crowned with success. Sai-torius had one of the most awkward positions pos- sible to manage. His ships ^vere called men-of-war, but it was the courage and fight in the bone and sinew of his British officers and men that kept Dom Miguel's navy from annoying or blockading Oporto dmiug the lengthened siege of that city. His men were but little cared for by the Grovernment, and ill-paid ; as a matter of course, they became discontented, and at times almost unmanage- able. It was the affection they bore the amiable, kind- hearted, and honest Sartorius that prevented them, more than oure, from sailing away with the fleet from the shores OF PORTUGAL. 231 of Portugal, say to England, and washing their hands of the war. Sartorius, when passing some of the winter period at Vigo, applied as blandly as possible to the treasury of Oporto. "You must wait a little while longer," was the general reply. Sartorius doubtless informed Dom Pedro that if the " amanhaa " (to-morrow) system was prolonged, there would be a mutiny, and the sailors would take the ships away, which would have been a very serious affair. It is thought that about this time Dom Pedi'o saw pretty clearly that he must at once give unmistakable signs that his banner was that of Donna Maria II., and that whatever pretensions he might have dreamed of becoming King of Portugal must be laid aside. This being done, Palmella and his friends went to work with confidence ; Saldanha, who was then in Paris, came out, and some money found its way to Oporto, principally from London. " Um Portuense " observes : — Repeated orders were sent by Dom Pedro's Grovernment to Sartorius, then at Vigo, for him to go with the fleet before Lisbon, which he did not comply with. In consequence of the " desintilligencia " * (misunderstanding) between Sartorius and the Grovernment, H.I. Majesty accepted his resignation, and appointed in his place Charles Ponza (Napier) . Napier says : — " Freire, Carvalho, and Candido Xavier behaved badly to Sartorius. Had the Emperor no power ? or did he tolerate such low conduct to so good a man ? " Napier t thus writes for end of April : — The fleet for want of pay, &c., was in a very bad state. Lima and * " Um Portuense " shonld have given some little explanation of this " desintilligencia." t " Account of the War." 2'32 AVAR OF SUCCESSION Meiidizabal begged of me to concert measures to save the Queen's cause. I made proposals to Dom Pedro's Govern- ment, but got no answers. . . . Still I consented to assist, if Palmella and Mendizabal went with me. Money was required, when Seuhor da Silva (Baron Lagos) was the first to engage his father-in-law, Mr. Pratt, JVIr. Hum- phreys, Mr. Wright, Mi\ Easthope, and Mr, Pitta to advance the necessary sum of money, on condition that the troops I took A\dth me did not land at Oporto. Mr. Pratt had already lent the Queen £25,000, which was the salvation of the Terceira Regency. The dissensions in the squadron had not subsided. Captain Mins has published one account — Captain Boyd has replied to it. Captain Pose was brought to a court- martial on various charges and acquitted. The discretion of the Admiral may be here questioned. If the Admiral was dissatisfied with his officers, and of opinion they were plotting mischief and intriguing against him, they ought to have been superseded — or one might have been selected and punished without the ceremony of a coTirt-martial. Had the Admiral been supported by his officers as he ought to have been, whatever was the cause of complaint, this mutiny would not have taken place. I now refer to Mr. Williams's MS. notes : — In the autumn, of 1831 two ships were purchased, one formerly an old teak store-ship, the ' Sir Francis Drake,' narrow, wall-sided, and slow, with scarcely room for the recoil of guns ; she was called ' Donna Alaria II.;' the other, the 'Congress,' supposed to have been an old Swedish frigate, oak-built, named the ' Rainha de Portugal.' They were iitted for sea in the City Canal, as merchantmen, and sailed in ballast for Belle Isle. I was engaged by Admiral Sartorius (who lived in King ' Street, St. Jjimes's). In December I embarked in a steamer, the ' Sir Joseph Banks,* H'ith a large detachaient of officers and men, under Captain Blackiston, and on the 5th January, 1832, joined the ' Donna iNIaria II.' at Belle Isle. Our English crews having received an advance of wages, were in a 01' roRTiciAi.. 233 drunken, quarrelsome state, and a period of wretchedness prevailed. One tine specimen of a tar staggered to the quarter-deck the first day of hoisting Donna Maria's blue and white ensign, and addressing Captain Mins, said : " Look here, sir— hie I that 'ere ain't the British flag, and I don't mean to fight under no other." The captain, making allowance for the occasion, smilingly told him to go to the ship's painter, and give him an order to paint the British ensign on his tarpaulin hat, which would enable him to keep his word. The man was satisfied. The ship 'Tyrian' arrived with guns and stores, the 'Donna Maria' receiving forty-two medium 18-pounders, the 'Rainha' forty-six of the same calibre. The British Articles of "War were adopted, and read to the crews. The ' Edward' transport [arrived with a batch of Englishmen, raised at home as settlers, a pretext for getting them from England unmolested. Arrived at Terceira, the "settlers" were landed, and turned into troops. The squadron weighed the 10th February, 1832, and sailed for the Western Islands, with Dom Pedro. The ' Yilla-Flor,' eighteen gunf , Portuguese crew, joined the squadron, and after visiting St. Michael's and other islands, it was arranged that the Admiral should go in the * Donna Maria' to Madeira, to endeavour to negotiate ^vith the governor for its surrender, and appropriate its revenues. The governor replied that he would have nothing to say to Sartorius, " except at the point of the bayonet." On nearing the islands, chase'; was made after a brig under Miguelite colours — she proved to be a shaky craft laden with bones. Just before going to Madeira it was reported that the Miguelite 28-gun corvette ' Sybelle ' was expected there. This vessel had been collecting much church plate and other treasure to take to Lisbon. One morning a sail was seen : it was a corvette. The Admiral had the blue-and- white ensign run up at the peak ; the ship being before the wind, it was not seen. But the Vice- Admiral's flag was soon up at the fore. It was the ' Sybelle.' In an instant she was off before the wind — away she flew like a frightened bird. The ' Donna Maria ' was yawed to bring a bow gun to bear ; a shot fired went even beyond her ; this repeated caused us to lose ground. Studding-sails were crowded on our old ship, various trims tried, guns aft and gims forward, swinging weights to stays, hammocks piped down, placing two or three shot in each, &c. , &c. Now the breeze freshens, the ' Sybelle's ' studding-sail booms are carried away ! Our oflicers with sex- tants in hand, report we are rising her fast ; but the little fugitive is smart aloft, shifts her damaged booms, and quickly the sails are upon her. and again she begins to draw away. Night comes on — stiU she is near enough to be seen. And thus the chase goes on for three days and nights, now gaining when the wind freshens, then losing when it fulls light. At last it was supposed she had 234 WAR OF SUCCESSION thrown her guns overboard to lighten her, when on the third night we lost her in the haze and obscuritj'' caused bj' a clouded moon. We shaped our course once more for Madeira, whilst the ' Sybelle ' got safely to Vigo with her treasure, leaving the crew of the ' Donna Maria ' to growl like bears with sore heads at the loss of so valuable a prize. In consequence of the tardiness of H.M.S. ' Magician,' in showing her colours one morning, she was very nearly getting a broadside from the ' Donna Maria.' The order of fire was given, as soon as the guns would bear. The troops having been organised and transports assembled, of all sorts and sizes, probably 100 in all, we made sail for Oporto, the Emperor Dom Pedro going in an armed merchant vessel, the 'Juno' (Amelie). The troops landed a little to the north of Oporto, the 8th Jul}', on a sandy beach, upon which Donna Maria's colours were planted by Captain Rosenberg, under cover of the frigates, a few shots having been fired to clear a wood of some horsemen seen there. The army being landed, a large warlike vessel was seen off Oporto roads at anchor. All boats were sent at night to cut her out. I (A. "Wil- liams) had charge of the first cutter, and with mufiBied oars rowed in silence to the vessel, and dashed alongside. She was a large ship from Brazil. I was left in charge with my men, under command of Mr. Fitz- Costa. Oporto being taken, the prize was sent into the Douro. I returned to my ship. I can give no explanation why Dom Miguel did not send forth his over- powering fleet to annihilate our straggling convoy of transports during the long passage from the Azores to Oporto. His force, having the heels of our squadron, might have done this work with comparative impunity. Then how could the disembarkation of the troops have been effected in the presence of the ' Dom John,' 74, and the other vessels. Having neglected this second opportunity, it is clear he had lost his best chance for securing easy victory, which was never destined to be offered again. There were great rows among the French troops, and several of their officers were placed under arrest. Solignac, I was persuaded, would have been glad to have been back in Paris ; the old marshal was no match for the manoeuvring here. The position of Oporto was militarily and politi- call}'' critical, still I did not believe in treason ; but what had I, a soldier, to do with politics r' Let the soldier mind his own slaughtering business — stand up and be shot at for glory and a lew vintems a day ! i OF POKTUGAL. 235 There were now many vessels, mainly English, off the har with provisions ; but as the weather was stormy with heavy seas, transhipping and landing was attended with great danger. The most serious occurrence which took place was on the night of the 25th. A very large launch, Avith a crew of thirteen men, had taken in its cargo, consist- ing of thirty bullocks and thirty barrels of floui-, when it was capsized and all lost. General Saldauha was very active day and night in the lines, particularly in those on the left. One evening about tattoo, the Scotch, some Cagadores, and a few of the Rifles, drew up along the Foz road to receive Saldanha ; he looked well, was in cheerful spirits, and spoke like an old comrade to many who were there. On the 26th Dom Pedro received news from Brazil of the death of his second daughter. The Miguelite batteries, one especially, the Cobadello, at the mouth of the river, were very troublesome to boats and launches going out for, and coming in with, provisions ; so the Foz Castle had generally brisk night work on its hands to protect the landing ; it was reported that many boat- men had been killed. The 29th was the anniversary of Dom Pedi-o giving the Constitution to Portugal. It was a gala night at the theatre, but the royal box was empty in consequence of the recent intelligence Dom Pedro had received of the death of a daughter. We had again information of Pedroite guerillas mus- tering at Lavage, on the Monclego ; and there was a talk of sending 2000 men by sea to assist them. Towards the end of the month, I went to General Valdez, complaining that I had not received my appointment to join the Portuguese .Artillery. 1 got for answer, " that it 236 AVAK OF SUCCESSIOX OK PORTUGAL. was against tlieir laAvs to admit foreigners into the regular army." I posted off to my friend Senhor da Cunlia, who went immediately to Valdez, giving him some good ad\ice as to my wishes, which he took kindly, and said he. would reconsider the matter. The redoubt at the top of the Graia hill was finished for seven guns, and a battery behind for five mortars.* After- wards the great gun Joao Paolo (Cordeiro) was placed there, which was of a new constraetion, and could discharge shot of 80-lbs. (granite shot or grenades) point-blank, and was to be the terror of the city. '20//'. — Some powder, shot and shell, and provisions landed at last ; still 5000 rations of soup were distributed to the poor daily. I 20///. — A beso-manos (kiss hands), or court, was held in honour of the Constitution. The ' Etna,' Captain Belcher, having finished a survey of the river, left for the Mediter- ranean. * "Badcock," p. 236. 237 CHAPTER XIY. MAY. Sartorius reinstated — Dom Pedro and .Solignac review the garrison — Englisli ofticers quarrel ; duels, &c. — Cholera in Miguelite camp — Beef cheaper, Is. 6d. per lb. — Cats and dogs long since thinned oft', particularly by the French — Mi.sery continues— Our Captain of the Rifles dies of cholera — Want in Miguelito camp — Attempts at dynastic arrangements fail — Solignac examines defences — Military executions — Oporto ''a sink of vice and low intrigue" — Shaw's "lark" — Col. W. H. Rochfort leaves — French landed — Nuns killed — Severe bom- bardment — " JoSo Paulo " gun — Author joins Portuguese Artillery — Dom Miguel invites foreigners to desert ; no go — He has some 60,000 men around Oporto— Pedroite forces, say, 8000 fighting men — Author detailed to Saldanha battery ; description of — Studies rocket practice — Friends in need — Solignac complains — Provisions and pow- der landed — Heavy bombardments — Portuguese frauds — Pedroite lady-spy. May 1. — Sartorius reinstated in his command. May 4f/i. — Dom Pedro, Solignac, and staff reviewed the garrison in detail, 8000 in all in the city and in the lines, which indicated that business was on hand. Dom Pedro looked thoughtful. The officers of the English regiments were terribly at loggerheads; duels and resignations were expected, conse- quently there would be promotions for the more orderly. There were many arrests. " An extraordinary scene* took place in the presence of Sir Thomas Stubbs, commanding the English in Oporto. Major Williams ordered the battalion to 'shoulder arms,' * Shaw's " Memoirs,'' ii. p. 39. 238 WAR OF SUCCESSION Major Brownson ordered them to ' order arms,' so that one part was at the ' shoulder,' the other at the ' order.' Colonel Williams comes on parade, and gives the com- mand to ' shoulder,' but Major Brownson orders them to ' stand fast.' This ended by Brownson being removed. He afterwards entered the service of Dom Miguel." Although the enemy had not forgotten to give the city shell and shot, some of the families ventured on receiving visitors. Miguelite deserters came from Lisbon. There was a Spanish female spy, who now brought us the information that the cholera was bad in the Miguelite camp. Some little beef in the city, but it was eighteenpence a pound. With fourpence a day and no rations such a luxury was out of the question, so it was a case of look and long. The' dogs and cats had been thinned off long since. The French would give chase to either cat or dog, and put a bullet through their heads, bagging the prey as if it had been choice game. Mr. Greo. W. S , of Oporto, with whom I became acquainted in 1864, informed me that even some of the foreign merchants had to make a meal off horpe-flesh."' * During the siege of Florence, in which Michael Angelo turned soldier, carcases of mice sold for five shillings each . Siege of Gibraltar, 1789 to 1783 — Provisions at times became very dear, partly through the avarice of the inhabitants, which so enraged the sol- diers, that in one instance they roasted a pig by a fire made of cinnamon. A round of beef, sold at auction, fetched 4s. per lb. ; a bullock's heart, 93. 4d.: onions, 23. 4d. per lb. ; bullock's head, with tongue, £1 Is.; a tur- key, £2 6s. lOd. ; sugar, by auction, 16s. 6d. per lb. ; tea, £1 8s. 6d. per lb. ; an egg, 8d. ; bread. Is. 6id. per lb. ; rum, 4s. per bottle. During the late war in the United States, at Richmond, in Virginia, the capital of the Confederates, meal was often at £30 per bushel, and a party thoui^ht himself lucky to get a bushel of potatoes for £15. I OF PORTUGAL. 239 Misery and disease were now at their very greatest height, so much so that we did not talk about our deplorable and starving position. Our commander of the Rifles, Captain Phaelan, died of cholera. If we were in such circum- stances, we had reliable information that Dom Miguel's army was in anything but a satisfactory state, seeing that they could make no impression of importance upon Oporto. We were, however, surprised to hear that the Miguelite camp was in want of provisions, and that disease, espe- cially camp fever and cholera, had broken out. Our pickets " on the wall " by the river, and the Miguelite ones on the other side, amused themselves by calling each other hard names — theirs screamed out, "Negros and Pedreiros-libres (Freemasons) ;" ours "Devils, slaves, and absolutists," and then they would have a ping-pang at each other. More deserters came to us from Lisbon. Weather fine ; there were flower-beds in some of the batteries, even among the fascines and sand-bags. 7th. — Colonels Badcock and Sorrell vs^ent on board H.B.M. ship 'Nautilus,' Lord Greorge Paulet, to meet the Miguelite general, Conde Torrebello, to see if any arrangement could be come to. Colonel Badcock and Greneral Saldanha dined on board the ' Nautilus ' the same day. I one day doffed uniform (not to be shot at), being- invited to dine on board the ' Rowchester,' Captain Swain- ton, in the port- wine trade ; he gave me a famous meal, which was duly appreciated. The vessel was within twenty yards of the Miguelite side of the river; near to it were H.M. ships ' Orestes,' Captain Grlascock ; the ' Echo,' Commander Otway; and the 'Nautilus,' looking on, and doing their best to see fair play. The circum- 240 WAR OF SUCCESSION stance of the British meu-of-war being here was of great service to the Pedi'oite cause. On the 8th, Solignac examined with mnch attention the Lordello lines. The Scotch and the few Rifles were drawn up in the road to receive him. He expressed a wash that there had been 500 of the Scotch; and seeing the liifles in so tattered a condition, called me out, telling me that he would see that we had fresh clothing, to M'hieli I replied, " Merci, mon Greneral." A number of vessels, with provisions, olf the coast. I went on the 11th to Campo S. Ouvidio to witness the execution of three soldiers : one was a Frenchman, for the murder of a comrade ; the other two were Poiiuguese, for desertion. The}' looked nearly dead before they were shot, and ere they got to the ground their power of speech had failed them. From what we coidd learn, Dom Pedro was only induced, under the most pressing circmnstanees, to allow an execution of any sort. Under date May 11, 1833, Colonel Shaw* wrote to Colonel Hodges, who was then in London, by which it will be seen he did not think lightly of us Pifles. " The affair (Napier's expedition) is to me qiute indif- ferent. I like the Jark, provided it can be done -with honour, or rather without loss of honour, as Oporto is such a sink of vice and low intrigue that I would dare an}'- thing to get out of it; but I must not, and "svill not abandon the cause. Of Scotchmen, I would have every one in Oporto. Of volunteer gentlemen (the Pifles) thirty, if permission were obtained for me — there is the diffi- culty." AVhat this " lark" was I did not know, but Shaw was just the man to do a daring j> .... oth . . 500 12th . . 600 French, Belgians, k^'. . 1st . . 1950 Germaii!-, Poles, Italians, kc. . 2ud . . 6o0 English .... Ist . . 200 ,, .... 2nd . . 300 Scotch and Eifles . 140 Lancers . . . . . . 200 Irish . . . . . . 330 Dodgin's Eegiment . . 300 Aftilleiy . 1000 Ac^demi'^os . . . . . 150 Officers' Cavalry . 80 8900 MqvaLle troops . . 400 City Volunteers . 5000 (P) 14.300 Of these there were some 4000 in hospital ; 1500 in the Serra convent ; 2500 at the Foz ; the rest, 6300, in the lines, ready to concentrate on points attacked. On the 20th I got my orders as under : — " 1st Battalion of Artillet}'. — This will he handed to you hy the Cadet Volunteer, Guilhcrme Bollaert, who M'ill serve in the battery of the Pinhal. He has been attached to the battalion, and hia ]'ay and rations will commence from this date, or from the day he may present himself. "To Lieutenant Bibeiro. " Da Costa. " Head-Quarters, Porto, 20th May, 1833." I presented myself at once at the celebrated Pinhal or OF PORTUGAL. '45 Saldanlia battery in my riilo uniform. Tjio little Lit of gold lace on the cuff showed that I was a cadet, and I was received very kindly by the officer in command. I asked for leave to remove my kit from Lordello to a billet and procure artillery uniform. I missed my old comrades, and my good rifle — but the best of friends must part ! I went to the Foz to see my friend B , who did not like his quarters or service at the castle, and wished to join my battalion. I told him the great difficulty I had had to be allowed to join the regular Portuguese army, and that merely as a volunteer, but not to despair; I had got in, and would try to drag him in also, for he was an old aiiillery officer. I now went on duty to the Saldanlia battery, which was the most elaborate and strongest we had. It had a con- siderable ditch, with a drawbridge in the rear. Before the entrance was a stout parapet, independent of the ban- c^uettes all round. In front, Avhich faced due N., was an 18-pounder ; on the right angle a long 24-pounder ; on the loft angle a 24-pounder carronade ; on the right flank was a lo-pounder caiTonade ; on the left a 24-pounder. About two-thirds within the battery were a 12 and a 9-pounder mortar, with parapets in front. Behind the 13-pounder was a long protected shed for infantry with a parapet in front of it; and another shed in front of the 24-pounder on the flank. The magazine, rendered shot and shell proof, was in the corner on the left ilank. Thus it was tolerablj^ offensive, and if attacked by infantry, and even surrounded, could defend itself from within, aided by musketry, until reserves could come up to its assistance. I took my turn at battery ex( rcise, after which I noti- fiecl that I had been for some time studying Yilla-Flor'g 246 WAR OF SUCCESSION artillery instructions, repeating tlie names of tlie " coiisas pertencients a guerra — Palavi'ascle comando — Posisicaos," &c., also that I was instructing myself in rocket exercise, for I had been led to believe that I might be occupied in that service. The following day I received orders from the Commandant of Artillery, Da Costa, to go to the Serio, the military academy in the Lapa road, to continue my big-gun exercise, and to go on with my plan of the batteries and lines ; with the injunction when I heard of an attack in the vicinity of the Pinhal, to go to it forth- with. 21sf. — Both sides repairing batteries. 24:th. — Heavy fire from the Graia, Christobal, and other batteries. Our Torre de Marca and Quinta returned fire. 26t/i. — Oui* Torre de Marca battery satisfactorily showed the Graia, above Villa Nova, what it could do in the way of retaliation. The weather was now fine. At 8 a.m. the temperatui'e was 64 deg. Fahr. ; at noon, 72 deg. Fahr. Provisions were being landed in some quantities at the Foz. I was very much in want of cash to pay for my new uniform, and for some grocery and provision debts. I told my difficulties to Mr. D , a merchant of Oporto, who at once stood my banker, and would not take a receipt for the sum advanced. Commander Robert Otway, of H.M. steamer, ' Echo,' was also very land to me ; and on the 26th I had for once a really good dinner on board his hospitable vessel. That same day on board the ' Orestes,' Captain G-lascoek gave a large dinner party, where officers from both sides tried their best to pump one another. 26fh. — Solignac complained bitterly to his friends of the way in which he had been treated. OF PORTUGAL, , 247 21 fh. — Large disembarkation of provisions and gun- powder. Heavy fire on the city all day. ZQth. — Bombarding from their Cosmo redoubt upon Bomfim ; the Graia, Cavaco, Yellow-house, and other batteries upon the city ; replied to by our Yirtudes, Vic- toria, Conigo, and Torre de Marca. 31s^ — Badcock went with Sorrell to Louie to confer with him on what had passed on board the ' Nautilus' with the Miguelite Marquis Torrebello ; then to Saldanha. I had but few Portuguese acquaintances ; but during this month I was introduced to the very kind and amiable Castro family in Rua Cedafeita, where I always found a welcome and passed a pleasant evening. I had also the pleasure of being of some little service to them, particularly in getting the mother and her son off to England, by the river, in an English man-of-war's boat. 248 CHAPTER XV. JUNE. Fire-wood dearly purchased — Napier, Palmella, and Mendizabal an-ive with reinforcements — Napier in London — A shell among the Lancers — Dom JMigucl gets funds from=French Legitimists — Marshal Bour- mont coming to command his army — Babel of tongues in Oporto — Sartorius" views of Napier's prospects — Description of Napier — Grand Councils of War — Negotiations ; Dom Miguel no objection to marry Donna Maria — Baron de Haber receives order from Dom Miguel to treat with Dom Pedro ; frustrated by the arrival of Napier — Liberals and Legitimists — Solignac's views not taken — Sartorius hands fleet to Napier — Solignac resigns — Fever and cholera — Decided that Napier and Terceira go south ; this creates great uneasiness in Miguelite camp — Napier's account of his interviews with Dom Pedro ; Expedition to the South planned without his knowledge ; showed temper, but got over it — Account of the Council of War — City terribly bombarded — Solignac wounded leaving Oporto — Author forms Pocket Brigade — Napier and Terceira sail south — Lady spy dies of cholera — Medal struck for Torres and his band of the Serra — Provisions coming in — Try rockets at the enemy — Furious bombardment — Fleet off Cape St. Vincent ; landing of Terceira — Dom Pedro most active — Sharp bom- bardment — Our lines strengthened — Details of Pcdroite and Miguelite lines and batteries (see plan) — Todleben's Defence of Sebastopol — Artillery reminiscences — Defend Lisbon, leave Oporto open ; why ? On the 1st of June, whilst exercising at the Serio, orders came to get under arms in this direction, in consequence of a party of French having a smart brush with the enemy's pickets. The French had no wood for cooking and made a forage upon an abandoned house very near the ]\[iguelite lines. Our side lost eight killed and twelve wounded. Hero was firewood deai'ly purchased. Jieavy bombardment this night, WAH OF SUCCESSION OF PORTUGAL. 249 We had on the 2iid impovtaut arrivals off the bar from England, namely, Charles Napier,* Palmella, and Mendi- zabal, with five steamers, several naval officers, 400 sailors, and 400 soldiers, under Colonel Dodgin ; also 400 Bel- gian soldiers.f Mendizabal had scraped up some £50,000, which he brought to Dom Pedro. Three of the enemy's batteries, the Graia, Pinhal, and * Charles Napier, born 6th March, 17S6. In 1S09 he aided in the reduction of Martinique, when he scaled one of the forts, accomj^anied by only five men. He was made captain in the same year of the French vessel which had been taken mainly by his efforts. lie was wounded at Busaco. In 1811 he was appointed to the 'Thames,' and was instru- mental in constructing a fleet in the Mediterranean. In 1814 he led the way in the ascent and descent of the Potomac, and took part against Balti- more. He remained out of active service for fourteen years. He estab- lished the first steamers on the Seine, and ventured to cross the Channel in one of them in 1821. Appointed to the ' Galatea' in 1829, he adapted to this vessel paddle-wheels worked by manual labour, and thus urged on the adoption of better means of propulsion in the Xavy. t T. G. Shaw, in "Wine and the Wine Cellar," (1SC3) says : — " ' Charley' Xapier dined with me the day before he set off on his daring resolution to take Dom Miguel's fleet. With several active supporters of Dom Pedro, there was the Spanish guerilla chief, Espoz-y-Mina, so renowned in the old Spanish war, and so denounced at a later period by O'Connell, for shooting the mother of Cabrera. " Napier was a slovenly-looking man; his trousers, for instance, had evidently once been white, but were now the worse for wear, and had become of a brown yellow. He was fond of saying eccentric things, and of pretending to be in a great passion ; while it was evident ho was merely affecting it in words and manner, and had all his wits about him. Although he wished to be thought impelled by romantic feelings to help a young Queen to her throne, still it was not difiicult to see that no man ever entered on an enterprise with more cool calculation than he did before agreeing to lead this expedition, or more resolved to be well paid, alive or dead, by prize money or insurance. Well do I remember, on that evening, his declaring to my friend George Bell, that unless the steamers were provided with certain things, they must look out for some one else. When asked what he would do if he did not meet with Dom Miguel's fleet, he replied, ' I'll look for a black night ; I'll try to slip past Belom ; I'll run on to Lisbpn, laud there, and — then we shall see what we shall 250 WAR OF SUCCESSION Candal, on tlie other side of the river, were continually blazing upon S. Ovidio, where Bacon's Lancers had their quarters. On the night of the 2nd a shell burst in a room where twenty of the lancers were in bed ; one was killed, and all the beds were smashed, causing a complete scene of devastation. Some shells also fell into the garden of Solignac's quarters. The next day, as I was passing the Praga Nova, a shell came into it, bui'sting about two seconds after touching the ground. I had just time to get within a door- way. At midnight the Gaia gave us fifty shells in about as many minutes. We gave them a few shot in return, and would have given more, but we had no powder to throw away. A mail ]iad arrived from England. I went to the English Factory-house to read the papers, in which it was stated that Dom Pedi-o's affairs were not considered in so desperate a condition as some little time back. "We heard from the other side, that Dom Miguel had received money, part of the produce of a loan contracted for him in France, that the subscribers to it were nearly all of the French Legitimist party, and that the French Marshal Bourmont, with French officers, were about joining the enemy ; also that the Duke of Wellington had just sent Dom Miguel a wigging letter. From the number of difierent uniforms seen in the city, one might have imagined there were detachments from every European army. As I went up the Eua >S. Antonio one day, I counted at least fifty. There were many volun- teer corps, each with its own uniform ; then the Miguelite deserters in theirs ; then soldiers of the several regiments of the line, Caoadores; English, Scotch, Irish, French, Poles, Grermans, Italians, and Spaniards (who passed for Italians) . Sketches of these woidd have been interesting:. Tlien the I OF PORTUGAL. 251 Babel sound of languages, and the attempt of all to speak Portuguese ! On Napier's arrival he went at once on board Sartorius' ship the ' Rainha/ whom he found disgusted with the ser- vice, and indignant at the conduct towards him. Napier says, " From what I could collect from him, the prospect before me was by no means brilliant." On the 4th I met Napier and Palmella, in most energetic conversation, going to Dom Pedro's quarters. He looked ill, and had his face bound up. Napier was about 5 feet 8 inches in height, spare made, black hair and whiskers, straight nose, and sallow complexion, and fifty years of age. There was no regard to personal appearance, but he looked most intent on what he was about. Sartorius was about giving up the command of the fleet to " Charley." We all felt assured the new Admiral meant mischief to Dom Miguel's fleet whenever he could get at it. There was a severe bombardment nearly all night; eighty-one grenades* fell in one locality ; several girls and children were killed. 6//^ — No flring during the day, supposed to be on account of its being the feast of Corpus Christi. At night a few shells were thrown into the city. 7th. — Grrand councils of war were being held, and plans of operations discussed. Afiairs seemed to be somewhat desperate. The Miguelites, in great force, had completely walled us in by a line of redoubts, connected by deep ditches and high palisades. Every height of theirs was crowned with works, some of a formidable description ; indeed, a sortie on our part so late in the day promised little chance of success. It was, therefore, ultimately proposed to change the seat of war, and try a landing * "Badcock," p. 261. 252 WAR OF SUCCESSION at somo place iu tlie south. At miduight there was a fearful bombardment from all quarters ; a number of lives were lost, and much damage done. The city had now been nine months besieged, and although it had suffered much, it still reared its head undauntedly. The gardens were filled with the most beautiful flowers. The vineyards of the whole country around were in bloom, and added to the fragrance of the ail' ; so that, in the interim of sulphur and smoke, the atmosphere was perfumed with the smell of plants. The camelia bloomed in the open air, in every variet}'' ; j asmines, mimosas, briar- roses, hedges of fuchsias, oleanders, pomegranates, were to be seen in every garden ; the sweet- scented heath, " sempre noiva " (always a bride), orange and lemon-trees, affording flowers, fruit, and shade ; roses, ranunculu;:es, azaleas, trias, kalmias, &c. There was a magnolia at Villar ten feet six inches in girth, the spread seventeen yards, and the flowers two feet six inches round. Sartorius was preparing to leave for England. He would carry with him the good wishes of all who knew him, and the feehng was that Napier would now snatch the prize that ought to have been his, namely, Dom Miguel's fleet. There appeared no reason to doubt that Dom Miguel had just then received some £80,000, introduced it would seem by the river Douro ; that he had been promised by the Legitimist party all the money he chose to ask for, if he would only take Oporto ! This we believed there was no chance of his doing, except by wholesale treason, which did not exist in our camp. Colonel Shaw * observes : — " What were the jjegotia- * "Memoirs," ii, p. 38. OF POUTUGAL. 253 tlons wliicli took place on board II.M.S. ' Nautilus,' Lord Henry Paulet, I will not pretend to say, as there are various different statements coming from good authority. "What I positively know is, that Laron de Haber, a political and favoiu'ed friend of Dom Miguel, received permission from him to have a meeting with Dom Pedro, with full authority to adjust differences ; but this attempt was frustrated by the arrival of Napier and the expedition to the south. Dom Pedro was anxious first to see the result of that expedition, and Dom Miguel was confident in his power of taking Oporto, weakened by the departure of Pedroite troops." Napier* says, at one meeting between Saldanha and Conde Torrebello on board the ' Nautilus,' it was believed that nothing short of Donna Maria marrying Dom Miguel woidd be listened to. I am led to believe that Baron de Haber had long seen that Dom ^Miguel and those who surrounded him were not the individuals to cope with the then Liberal politics of England and France, and the increasing Constitutional views in Spain ; that the interior of Portugal was getting impoverished and tired of the war, and that Dom Miguel's dispirited legions had more than their match in the few but determined defenders and inhabitants of Oporto ; and it was likely that the Baron would have proposed that both Dom Pedro and Dom Miguel should leave Portugal, and that Donna Maria IT. should be placed on the throne ; still the greatest difficulty for the Legitimist party was, would the Portuguese accept her without the Constitution ? I should say they would not. So what would the Miguelite party have gained ? Why little or nothing, as they woidd * " Acc3unt of the War." 254 WAR OF SUCCESSION never be allowed to go back to the old despotic order of things. On the 9th I dined with a party of Pedroite officers on board H.M.S. ' Echo,' whilst the Miguelite commander, Sir J. Campbell, and some of his officers, dined on board the ' Orestes.' This was an amiable state of things ! Captain Glascock * puts these prandial affairs thus : — " Mogul's officers used often to meet Dom Pedro's gemmen aboard the different ships of the English squadron. They used to bundle below, and grub and grease their mous- taches together at the same table." lOf//. — Councils of war still held, and numerous were the intrigues going on. Solignac fancied he could out-do the Portuguese, but in this he was mistaken. 11^/^ — The councils of war were over, all had been satisfactorily arranged, and the Duke of Terceira was to be the Greneral ; so Napier left Oporto, embarked and went on board Sartorius' ship, who gave up the command of the ileet to the new Admiral, on receiving from him letters of thanks from the Ministers in the name of Dom Pedro. Sartorius soon left for England. Dom Miguel arrived at S. Ovidio, and was to be seen reviewing his troops on the other side of the river. 12tli. — Caoadores, other Portuguese troops, and a bat- talion of French were embarked. The Marquis Palmella was created Duke of Funchal. Many military arrangements had been under considera- tion. Solignac proposed to attack the enemy's lines ; or to go with an expedition of 5000 men to take Lisbon, or that some other commander should go, and he would remain in charge of Oporto. None of his views Avere accepted, so he resigned. * "Naval Sketchbook." OF PORTUGAL. 255 The price lieretofore given to tlio Miguelite spies for information was ten cruzados novos ; liowever, onr pro- jected doings had become so important that a liundred was offered, but they generally got misled. Dom Pedro was well and reasonably served for the love of the Liberal cause. Our side tried to impress upon the enemy that Dom Pedro would abandon Oporto at once, and make a dash upon Lisbon, which was not exactly the move. The mail brought information from England that the result of the debate for the recognition of Donna Maria was a majority of 260 in the Commons, but 17 minority in the Lords. It was the Commons we looked to, caring but little about the Lords. I called on a Portuguese family, whose acquaintance I had made. The wife and two daughters had just died of malignant fever. There was scarcely a family, even of the upper classes, in the city but had lost one or more of its members by fever or cholera. On the 14th, late at night, T was in a position to ascer- tain with every certainty that when Dom Miguel — who was at Carvalho, two leagues from Villa Nova — knew that Napier had taken charge of the Pedroite fleet, and that Terceira was to move south with a force, there was very much uneasiness in his camp, and heavy baggage was at once moved from before our lines towards Lisbon. This I communicated at 11 p.m. at Dom Pedro's quarters. It was now known that Napier would have about 2500 men in his fleet under the command of the Duke of Terceira, and that Palmella and Mendizabal would be on board. Their course was to the south, and it was their intention to land there. Two great objects were in view, the enticing of Dom Miguel's fleet out, and doing their best to take it, which being done, Lisbon was looked upon as ours. 256 WAR OF SUCCESSION Admiral Napier'' a account of arriral at Oporlo and sailing south ill search of Doni Mi'jueVs fleet : — I explained to Terceira how we came to Oporto and what brought us. Louie was Minister of Marine, and he cautioned me to say nothing of my projected expedition (1) I was received at the door of the apartment hy the Emperor, who stood with his hands behind him, looking very angry and speaking as roughly as he looked.* The Emperor asked me if I wished an expedition immediately. He then referred me to Solignac. The inter- view with him was not more satisfactory. I wanted 6000 men — he had not more than 6000 bayonets in Oporto. I complained at the reception I had met with, and if something was not immediately done I should return to England. f Evil-disposed persons had put it into Dom Pedro's head that we had brought the expedition out to displace him. The next morning I saw the Emperor : he was gracious. I told him he had no choice but to lay down his arms, or take a decisive step. The shortest was to force the Tagus or send a force to the south. Freire was idle, incapable, and an intriguer ; Candido Xavier a worn- out old man ; and Silva Carvalho unpopular, though clever. Solignac now said he had 9000 capable of taking the field. The Emperor did not like Palmella. There was a general Council of War, com- posed of some twenty, including the Emperor, ministers, generals, and officers. We were to state our opinions, and the Emperor was to decide. The first arrangement was that I was to have the Emperor with me and 0000 men out of Oporto. In the course of the day all was changed : the Emperor and the IMarshal were to remain in Oporto, and a smaller expe- dition sent to land where it was most desirable. I now received my commission as Yice-Admiral and Major-Gencral, with authority to * Badcock (p. 259) says : — " I mentioned to the Emperor the expected arrival of reinforcements (Napier and his party). 'He did not seem well pleased at it, as it was an expedition planned without his knowledge. I believe nothing but the extreme \irgency of the case made him consent to it." t Extract of letter from Sir C. Shaw, Dec, 18^5 : — " Napier was the most egotistical, selfish man I ever knew, but clever and brave. He never wrote or spoke well of any one with whom he served, 1 always held my own with him, but pretended not to scf: when he was fishing me. " lie was so displeased' with the tntouruge of Dom Pedro that it waa with the greatest difficulty the late Mr. Bell and I prevented him from returning to England the day of his arrival in Oporto." OF POTITUOAL. 2-J < appoint my officers, took leave, and embarlceJ at the Fo7. al'tev Jarlc. ( >n tlio morning of the 1 1th I got safely on hoard Hartoriiis' ship, wlio gave lip the command of the squadron. The Duke of Tcrccira was to go in command of 2o00 men, and PalmcUa and Mendizahal were to go also. Solignac, who disapproved of the move, resigned, and the Emperor took command of the army with Saldanha as chief-of-the-staff. By the 181h all were on hoard, and on the 20th we got away. Intlie " Extraits" concerning tlie Duke of Saldanlia, in liis letter from Cintra in 1866, is the following : — On the arrival of Palmella, Mendizahal, and Kapier, there were several Councils of War ; and whilst these were going on there was much excite- ment in the city and among the troops. In the Council ahout the 7th, on the right of the Emperor was Solignac, then the ministers and Palmella ; .Saldanha came next, then came sixteen other generals and chiefs of corps. Solignac proposed to attack on the south of the Douro, and a march upon Lishon ; those of his party approved of his opinion. Saldanha opposed this, and proposed an expedition to the Algarves and Setuhal, thus occupying the country at various points, so that the Liberals, who were dispersed over the kingdom, could easily join. Ho added that an attack on the lines south of the Douro was a most difficult enterprise, and that if it succeeded, a march of fifty leagues — during which the Liberals would be surrounded by the army of the enemy, which was so supe- rior, and had ten times their number of cavalry — would be a most hazardous enterprise. The sixteen generals and chiefs who followed him wore of his opinion. Those who had previously spoken asktd the Em- peror's permission to change their votes, and they agreed with Saldanha. Solignac then rose, and, addressing the Emperor, said : " Sire, your Majesty sees that all the chiefs of the army have voted against me. I cannot con- tinue in this position — I must resign." The Emperor accepted his resigna- tion. In 1827, when Saldanha quitted the ministry of war, theintendant of police, Bastos, had done his best to cause it to be believed that, if Saldanha had sustained the charter with so much ardour, it was because he was a republican. During the emigration, Saldanha's adversaries followed in Bastos' wake, and gave the Emperor so bad an impression of the General that, in the order of the day announcing that the 4th. March had been glorious for the Liberal army, Saldanha, who commanded, was not men- tioned, neither did the Emperor send him one word of thanks However, when Saldanha was in personal communication with him, his distrust dis- appeared, and proofs of the greatest esteem and consideration were bestowed by the Duke of Braganoa on the chief- of- his-staif, General Saldanha. S 258 WAR OF SUCCESSION "Whilst Napier * was embarking Terceira and his troops, Doni Miguel continued to keep up the spirit of his army by reviews. The shouts of liis soldiers shook the air as he passed down the lines, excited by their officers to please him, animate themselves, and discourage the besieged, who were now undeceived with regard to the so frequently and studiously propagated report that their enemies round Oporto did not exceed 22,000 men. Upwards of 80,000 were on the commissariat returns for rations distributed daily at that time in the Miguelite army, including the numerous peasantry and transport services. The pro- visions for this crowd of combatants and non-combatants were procured at a cheap rate. The cattle were diiven, and the corn taken wherever it could be found, in quotas, from the farming proprietors, by the active exertions of the local authorities, who, in that service, were throughout harslily inflexible and unwearied. On the night of the loth the city was terribly bom- barded. Well was it that it was built of sturdy granite, or it must have been long since knocked down. I had turned in, but could not sleep for the banging of the shot and the whirring of the bm\st shells, so got up and went to my battery. Dom Miguel was reported to be at Carvalho, two leagues from Villa Nova. On the night of the 16th, ]\Iarshal Solignac tried to get over the bar on his return to Franco, but the sea was so rough he had to return, and got wounded in the arm.f * "Civil War." + ]\Iucli conversation had taken place in Dom Mig'uel 'scamp, at the few men wounded by the soldiers, and Baron de Ilaber told ]\Iiguel he was sure he could manage better. Dom ^Miguel, putting on a private's shacko, ■went down with the Baron to the beach, and there placed bits of white paper by which the boats must pass during the night. This night the Marshal embarked and was wounded. — Shaw's Memoirs, ii.,p. 50. OF PORTUGAL. 259 We all knew tlicat he had reformed the commissariat ; he had looked into the claims of foreign officers, for whom he felt a sympathy ; but he could not understand the political and military manoBuvres going on in Oporto. Dom Pedro * treated him mth the most friendly atten- tion at his departure, giving him honours both civil and military. That he was essentially useful in the defence of Oporto they must be ungrateful who deny. Dom Pedro resumed the chief command, having Sal- danha, now made major-general, by his side. He re- viewed the troops in the lines on the 16th, and was in good spirits. The Miguelites opened a new battery of •guns and mortars at Banderinha. A tower of the church of St. Domingo fell and smashed fom- people sitting below. On the 17th the commander of the artillery, Da Costa, informed me that he was about forming a rocket brigade, to be composed of " rapazes inteligentes " (intelligent lads), requesting me to be one of them, and give up my duty at the Saldanha battery. So at last I got into scientific soldier- ing. Through my good friend Captain Crosbie, Captain Bertrand (Prj^ce) offered me a room in his quarters in the Rua do Principe, where I had a clean and comfortable billet, which I had not had for the last eight months, and where I could rest, read, write, and go on with my plan of Oporto, its lines and batteries, in perfect enjoyment. I need scarcely add that Captain Crosbie shared his provisions with me. It was time I had the opportunity to take some little care of myself — I was very thin, sallow, and had a troublesome cough, which rather alarmed me. We had an over-abundance of camp fever, typhus, and still some cholera. * " Civil War," p. 20C. S 2 260 ^VAll OF SUCCESSION- IS///. — Dom Miguel had come to the north side, and had been to Matozinhos and Infesta. \dth. — Heavy cannonading of the city from the north. Dom Miguel reconnoitring on the north side. 20iA. — I was ordered, witli a party of artillery turned into rocket men, to place a few 1211) carcass rockets -svith stands in the Yirtudes battery (where I found ni}^ friend B in command), which was just opposite the Graia and Candal batteries, on the other side of the river, so as to be in readiness. This same day Napier sailed south with the fleet. During the night the Gaia battery became offended, for some reason or other, with the Yii-tudes, and ga^'e it several shot. This was too much for B , so I assisted him to return the compliment bang, bang, bang, after which I went to my billet and tui-ned in. Under date of 21st Badcock* states there was much sick- ness among the troops. The bad diet and long confinement did not conduce to healtli, add to which the putrid carcasses of horses and mules, devom-ed by the French and Belgians, was, one would have supposed, sufficient to poison an army. I now met in society witli a Brazilian lady. Donna Maria Carlotta , who had been for two years im- prisoned in Lisbon for her Liberal Ava}' of thinking. •She escaped, got to Oporto, and had given niucli important information to Dom Pedro, and was returning to Lisbon with Pedroite instructions. We looked upon her as a devoted patriot, the Miguelites as a spy, and, if caught by them, she would have been shot. I had the charge of her to the river, took her on board the , after v\-hich slie would find her way to Lisbon. f • " Civil War." t This lady, shortl}' after her arrival in Lisbon, died of cholera ; as did an Irish priest to whom I had an address to iind her, when I got there. OF rOKTlGAL. 261 The weather was now getting warm ; at 10 a.m. in a room it was 75° Fahr. A medal of honour was struck for Torres and his devoted defenders of the Serra convent. Provisions in fair quantities were finding their way into the besieged city. The Gaia battery became very active, particularly with shells, as many as four at a time making their diabolic curves and noise in tlie air. A poor woman was near me during a part of this shelling. She exclaimed, '' Grod Jesus ! don't come near us. Keep awa}^ — don't kill any one. devils of Miguelites ! " On St. John's Eve, the 23rd, there were bonfires, squibs, and crackers about the town. Children made puny batteries, charging little guns with powder they had begged of the soldiers, mimicking war and its operations. The Graia and Banderinha batteries played on the city. We retm-ned the fire. The next day was a holiday, when it was ex- pected the enemy would make an attack in the neighbour- hood of the Cobello. Saldanha was there before daybreak ; but at 8 a.m. all was quiet. In the evening there was much shelling and occasional picket-firing about the Foz and Quinta de Van Zeller lines. We got information that our fleet was off Lisbon, somewhat to the surprise of the Miguelite Grovernment. On the 25th the Rocket Brigade was formed, when I had the honom' of being placed in command, but as to the " rapazes inteligentes," or intelligent lads, I never saw any of them to assist me, and had to draw upon our Portu- guese artillerymen. A Mr. Anderson had brought from England a large quantity of shell, shot, carcass, and con- greve rockets, 9, 12, 18, and 24-pounders. On the follow- ing day I had orders to escort him, rockets, tubes, and stands, to a position, and try them upon some houses occu- pied by the enemy's pickets in advance, and between the 262 WAR OF SUCCESSION Cobello battery and As Medallias. This job and the time consumed to transport the rockets, &c., in the lumbering native carts, I shall not easily forget. Dom Pedro had placed himself in the Gloria battery to our left, to note proceedings. Having fixed the tubes and stands, we got the range and commenced directing the several sorts of rockets upon the picket-houses and encampment, which disturbed the peace of the parties there, much to Dom Pedro's amusement. Oui- troops were in readiness to repel any advances, but the enemy was not anxious just then to show their teeth. I carted off and housed the rockets in a magazine in the neighbom-ing battery of Ramada Alta, now my head-quarters. On the 28th, I was ordered with rockets to Monte Branco, and put up a 24-pounder frame, it being sup- posed there would be an attack the following day in this direction. We now heard that the fleet had rounded Cape St. Vincent, in the far south of the kingdom, and that our troops had been landed at Cacella on the 24th. This was quick work. From a reliable soui'ce I was informed that England ere long would acknowledge Donna Maria II. as Queen of Portugal. I saw much of Dom Pedro at this period ; he was generally on horseback ; he was very active and seemed to be in the best of spirits. Colonel Dodgin and his command were ordered to the Foz to strengthen the lines there ; as many went as were sober. But we were sure they would all fight well, when they got at it. 2Qth. — The enemy was reinforced from the south. It was reported they were making ladders for an assault on the city. Some few of the British merchants began to make inquiries concerning means and preparations for OF PORTUGAL. 263 their safety. There were three British men-of-war on the river. Siitidaij, oOf/i. — With many others, I accompanied Doni Pedro and suite to high mass at La Lai:)a. The moment mass was over, the enemy commenced a tre- mendous shelling, which lasted two hours. I ran off to my rockets at Monte Branco, so as to be in readiness. The Gaia battery got pretty well dusted from our Torre da Marca and the two Yirtudes. We afterwards learnt why we were thus treated ; it was the fifth anniversary of the discomfiture of the Constitutionalists of Oporto, and the entry of the Absolutes, when they committed great excesses. Another bombardment in the evening. Dom Miguel was much on the northern lines ; indeed, he had been repeatedly seen riding about with his staff. I believe had Colonel Bacon been allowed, he with his fine regiment of lancers could have captured him, which would have settled the war at once. That same Sunday night we got another dose of shells, including some shrapnels. The Miguelite desertion to us was getting rather considerable. A memorandum to me of Sir C. Shaw's runs thus : — The enemy had enclosed us so completely, and at such short distances, that at any moment they might be amongst us, so I was always ready with my men under arms. No one came from Oporto ; the firing was dan- gerous. There was little to eat, as dogs, cats, and mules had been disposed of. DESCRIPTION OF THE LINES AND BATTERIES (SEE PLAN.) The first lines of defence of the city had a front on the river of about 800 yards ; slight trenches and barricades L'Gl AVAK Ol' SUCCESSION across the streets, and a few mines. The next were from near Torre da Marca, alon^- the river front of the city to Fontainhas, thence sweeping- round by S. Ovidio. Above the river in the town were some batteries, pointing south at the Miguelites. As the siege progressed, deeper trenches, stronger bat- teries, and other works stretched outwards in all direc- tions, until the linos of the Liberals, in many places, reached to within pistol-shot of the enemy's works, some of which were soon taken and occupied by the Liberals. By the end of June, 1833, all had been done that could be in the way of fortification. The advanced lines on the north commenced on the sea- shore at the Senhora da Luz, or light-house, to the Pinhal redoubt, fleches in ailvance, redoubt Tasteleiro, Mexa dos Mortos, sweej^ing round by various works to the redoubt Van Zeller, crossing the Villa do Conde road beyond Carvalhido, having the redoubts of Medalhas and Cobello in advance of the general lines, by the redoubts of Das Antas, still in advance of the lines, then coming south, by Bomfim, Lomba, and Campanha batteries down to the river. There was an interior line opposite the re- doubt Van Zeller known as that of Bom Successo. From the first point, La Luz, came the Foz Castle at the mouth of the l)uuro, the northern shores by Giro, the batteries of Babida, Bicalho, Conego, Torre da Marca, and, on elevations within the city, those of the Virtudes, Victoria, Fontainhas, Seminario, to the China. The Pedi'oitcs had most fortunately the Serra Convent on a fine elevation, opposite the city, on the other side of the river, and on the Miguelite side, as well fortified as possible, in charge of the veteran Torres. The siege and defence of Oporto commenced about 01' roRTUGAi,. 265 the 8tli of September, 1832. The city is about three miles from the sea, built on high hills and valleys, offering lines of defence easily tiu'ned into a fortress, but also easily assailed from other heights on both sides of the river. The Pedroites had to protect about twelve miles of lines, the enemy some sixteen ; but the latter fortified according to the best methods, every farmhouse being pro- tected by loophole-walls. Of plans, Mr. Wyld published two or three partial ones whilst the siege was progressing. Captain Belcher sur- veyed the river Dom*o at the same time. I also drew up a plan of the lines and batteries, by bearings and cross- bearings, a tedious operation on account of the hilly natm'o of the ground. I heard years afterwards of the existence of Colonel Moreira's " Carte Topographique et Militaii-e," but it was only in August, 1867, through the kindness of Conde de llilvas, the Portuguese charge cVaffaircH in London, I obtained a lithograph copy of Moreira's "Carta Topographica das Linlias do Porto." In 1846-7, there was much warlike disturbance in Por- tugal. One party, under Conde das Antas (F. Xavier da >Silva Pereira) fortified themselves in Opoi-to in the old works of 1833. After the commotion was over, the Government had all the said works destroyed. Eeferring now to Moreu-a's " Carta Topographica," to materials sent me by Sir Charles Shaw, taking Belcher's survey of the river, and my own plan and observations, I proceed to give details of the interesting lines and batteries of Oporto in 1832-3. 266 WAR OF SUCCESSION PEDEOITE WORKS. 1. Castle of S. Joao da Foz, to protect the entrance of the Douro. It ■was put into a state of defence and in charge of Colonel Jose da Fonseca Gouvea (made Baron de Lordello).* 2. B. opposite Cabedello. 3. B. Cantereira, near the Anjo Chapel, 140 feet ahove the sea. 4. B. Trem, near the river. 6. B. S. Caterina, above Giro. 6. B. Monte Rabida. Had seven embrasures. 240 feet above the sea. 7. B. Bicalho. 8. B. Do Conigo Texeira. Three guns. 9. B. Torre da IMarca. Two heavy guns. 10. B. Quinta das A^irtudes. One gun. 11. B. Virtudes. Three guns. 12. B. da Alfandega. 13. B. da Victoria. Three guns, one a GS-pounder, and a mortar cas in Oporto. There was the one-gun battery beyond "Cooper's on the wall." 14. B. Porta do Sol. Two guns. 15. B. Fontainhas. Three guns. 16. B. da Cortcceira. 17. B. do Seminario. Four guns ; one mortar. 18. Bs. da China (two). The works now go north. 19. B. das Oliveiras. 20. Fort Campanha. 21. B. Bom Retiro. 22. B. Lomba. 23. B. Bomfim. Five guns. 24. B. Goelas de Pao, or Red House Battery. This commanded the valley and road to Valongo. 25. B. do Cativo, or Captivo. 26. B. Povoa de Cima. 27. B. and Telegraph of the Congregados on Monte Bello. One gun and one mortar generally. This commanded the Antas Valley to the Cruz das Regateiras on the Guimaraes road, from which to that of Braga the eminences were fortified. 28. Redoubts of Antas (three) on Monte Fojo. Taken from the enemy 17th November, 1832. * Shaw should have been made Baron de Lordello, and Fonseca, Baron or Conde da Foz. OF PORTUGAL. 267 29. B. Agua-ardente. 30. Redoubt of Cobello. This was taken from the enemy on the 9th of April, 1832. 31. B. Donna Maria. 32. B. Uom Pedro. 33. Fort San Bras. Three guns; one mortar. Defended Lindo Valley. 34. Redoubt Medalhas. Commanding the valley of S. J\Iamede. 35. Fort Gloria. Four guns ; one mortar. Monte Pedral (a granite quarry), 440 feet above the level of the sea. 36. Bs. at Carvalhido. 37. Fort S. Paulo. 38. B. Ramada Alta. 39. Redoubt Van Zeller. Three guns. 40. B. das Alemaes. 41. Redoubt Monte Branco. 42. B. de Matozinhos. In the rear. 43. B. near the Cemetery, and to south the " Castello." 44. B. Lordello. 45. B. Salabert. 46. B. Terra Seca. 47. B. Casa Branca. 48. B. Pinheiro. 49. B. Oiteira. 50. Fortified House of Mata Sete (here was Shaw and the Scotch), having communication with the Flexa dos Mortos. oOa. The Rocket Trenches or battery, in the rear of Mata Sete. 51. Redoubt Pasteleiro. Three guns. In the rear a fortified house. Approaching B. Pinhal more fleches. 52. Redoubt Pinhal or Saldanha's. Six guns; one mortar. 53. Forte da Luz. 220 feet above the sea. Stockades. 54. The Serra do Pilar Convent, on the south side of the Douro : is 272 feet above the sea. Had two guns at Eiza ; two at the Eira trenches ; two at the Convent House ; two at the gate of the garden ; three at the Pedreira or quarry ; one at the Chapel ; two at the Braganza battery ; and two mortars near the Pedreira — indeed our citadel. Some few of the batteries were known under other names. The rather slight Pedroite defensive works were of the rough and ready description, generally of stones, earth, and wine pipes filled with earth ; many having neither 268 ^^AK, of succession ditch or any other proteetiou iu front, and open in the rear. AVith the extensive means the enemy had at its disposal, if the Miguelites had been made of the proper stuff, the Pedroite works would have been of no avail. None of the Pedroite works equalled those of the enemy, for the reason that the former had not the same resources at command. But the Liberals woidd have up lialf-a-dozen useful works whilst their opponents would be measuiing the ground for one of theirs, arranging for the ditch, berm, parapet, banquette, trench, platform, gabions, fascines, &e. Indeed, as the siege progressed, many of the Miguelite works were more like defensive than offensive structures. Todlehen^n* PJtnt for Sti'ciirjtheniixj the Defence of S<'ha>i- topol ill 1854. — He resolved " to choose a position as little extended and as near the town as the nature of the ground would allow, and to arm its principal points with a for- midable artillery ; to connect these points hy trenches, to be defended by musketry ; to establish there separate bat- teries, and in this way to concentrate upon all the approaches of the town a powerful front and flank fire of artillery and musketry, endeavouring to sweej) with as much fire as [)Ossible all the beudings of the broken ground by which the enemy might approach." His main purpose was expressed by the word "mitrail" — grape and canister, a pelting blast of it. The round- shot, shell, bayonets, and the rifleman's far-ranging bul- let had each, he acknowledged, its use, and now, too, if ever in war, the spade and pickaxe were needed. Todleben had about four miles of lines to defend, and that on the land side ; the coast could take good care of itself. * Kinglake's " Crimea," iii., p. 20-5. I OF I'OKTrOAT,, 209 Tlie foregi^ing- is somotliing like what was done, but on a smaller scale, in Oporto in 1832-3. Wo had our whole river front, of live miles, to defend, and a curve of about seven miles on the land side, including two miles of the narrow and tender part, Lordello being in its centre ; the enem3'''s Serralvos battery (Xo. All) being within 400 yards of the Lordello lines, and about 800 from the Douro, We had only a little side door, the Foz, which was most exposed. The knowledge and energy of our engineer officers, particularly of Barreiros, were severely tested ; and Saldanha gave the finishing stroke of the work by insisting on and erecting the Pinhal (No. 52) and the Pasteleiro (No. 51) batteries, at our weakest points. Saldanha had groat faith also in " mitrail." We took the Antas, Cobello, and Pinhal heights, and kept them. MIGUELITE WOKKS. They commenced theii' offensive works of cireumvallation and investment on the south side of the river, and about a mile from those of the besieged on the north, having very good positions, particularly on a serrated ridge, so as to prevent provisions coming into the city, to attack Oporto, whenever they wanted a field-day, and to l)ombard it at pleasure. They had every sort of support, with abun- dance of powder, shot and shell, to carry out their projects. They had generally a narrow trench cut in front of the muzzles of their guns, from whence they could load securely ; the guns being braced up to the embrasm-es. Their batteries and works were as follows, commencing on the south at the mouth of the Douro. A. On Cabedello point, three batteries. B. Pedra da CT\.o, two batteries on the heights. 270 WAR OF SUCCESSION C. Moinhas (:\rills), fortified. D. Sam-Paio batteries, one 170 feet above the sea. E. B. Furada, land burrowed with rabbit warrens. F. B. A^erdinha, on the heights of Candal. G. Castle of Gaia,* on hill of same name. IT. B. do Pinhal de D. Leonor, on a height. I. Fort Lavoura. J. Redoubt Villa Xova. K. B. Fonte Santa on llonte Fartura. L. Fort da Barroza. In the rear were the camps of the Lamego and Aveiro Militias. M. Bs. of lilonte Cravelo, with camp of the 16th Regiment. N. B. Pinhal Miudo. O. B. Nova. P. Fort Cr astro. Q. B. Campo Bello. * The following is an Oporto tradition as to the origin of the name of the Gaia hill on which the powerful Miguelite battery was placed : — " Between the ninth and tenth centuries a Moorish chief of the Almo- ravides had his castle on the said eminence. He had stolen the lady Gaia, the young and beautiful wife of the Christian Governor of Oporto, and had shut her up in an apartment of his stronghold, where through the bars of her prison she could see the opposite shore, but to which she looked in vain for help. . . . She resisted every entreaty and menace on the part of the moslem to be added to his harem. ... At his last interview with his unhappy prisoner he said, ' ]\Iira Gaia, que nlio tornas mais a mirar' — ' Look, Gaia, it is the last time j'ou will gaze on the other side (of the river)'. . . . He then severed her head from her body." Thus the hill on which the Moorish Castle stood was called Gaia, and the opposite side Slira Gaia. We know not the name of the Moorish castle and settlement ; but under the Romans we find the term Cale given to the district. Later the hill and its vicinity was called Gaia. Subsequently Gaia increased to the river side, and became Villa Nova da Gaia ; but that por- tion towards the hill is still distinguished as Gaia. There is a poem called " Gaya," on the abduction of the Princess Zahara, by Dom Ramero, A.I). 932 (Badcock, p. 172). Two versions are given for the origin of Portucal or Portugal. When the northern side of tlie river was built upon it was called Porto or Porlus Cale. In 899 the Gascons and French re-settled the district, and from the latter it received the name of Portus Gallorura. OF rORTUGAL. 271 R. B. da Oliveira. S. B. Quinta do Baetas. T. B. da Pedra Salgada. The river was now crossed. U. Fort Val-bom, on heights. V. Fort do Tim, on a height. W. Fortified Camp do Sobral. X. Fort do Pinheiro Queimado and camp. Y. Fort do Contemil. To the right the Camp of Valongo. Z. Redoubt de Curraes. A 1. Fort d'Aricza. A 2. Fort da Regateira. A 3. Fort de Lamas. In front of which was the Antas taken from the Miguelites. A 4. Redoubt de Arreteia (Trou de Loup). A 5. Fort de Dom Miguel. Very strong. In front of the Cohello. A 6. Redoubt da Tilheira. A 7. Fortified houses of Arreteia. A 8. Fort Bulgos. Also fortifications at Prelada. A 9. B. de S. Jaens. A 10. B. das Cruzinhas. All. Fort Serralves or Serra Alves. A 12. Fort da Vilarinha, near to which was Camp of the 5th Infantry, and to the north Camp of Arganil. A 13. Fort da Ervilha. A 14. Fort Castro. A 15. Battery near the sea. A IG. Fort de Queijo, sometimes called Black Fort. One mile from the Foz. AnTiLLERY Eeminiscences. — My first instructor was Colonel Roclifort, from whom I obtained some of the theoretical portion ; my principal practical master was my protege, Captain Brown, who had been a captain of artillery in Colombia under Bolivar ; he also assisted me in the rocket-works at Lordello. From Count Fatti, a Cepha- lonian by birth, who had command of Dom Pedro's bat- tery — he was a most skilful artillery officer — I occasionally, when he was returning shots, took a lesson, also at any battery my friend Brown happened to be at. I attended •)70 WAR OF SrC'CEJ^SIOX drills at the Serio, an