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FLY-FISHER'S ENTOMOLOGY 
 
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^.- \ 
 
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THE 
 
 -FISHER'S ENTOMOLOGY 
 
 ITH COI.OrrtKJ) EEPRESENTATIONS OF 
 
 IFICIAL INSECT, AND A FEW 
 N-STBUCTIONS ON 
 
 RY ALFREP RONALDS 
 
 n \i ir- -' 
 
THE 
 
 FLY-FISHER'S ENTOMOLOGY 
 
 WITH COLOUKED REPRESENTATIONS OF 
 THE NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL INSECT, AND A FEW- 
 OBSERVATIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS ON 
 
 TROUT AND GRAYLING FISHING 
 
 BY ALFEED RONALDS 
 
 ftlitlj Ctoi^ntii Col0urtlr fUtes 
 
 NINTH EDITION 
 
 ' Devouring Ephemerals ! Can you not suffer the poor insects to spoi t out tlieir day ? 
 They must be insipid eating — but here are some savoury exceedingly .... they carry 
 sancp piqnante in their tails. Do try the taste of this Bobber— but any of the three you 
 plea«e There I Hold fast, Kirby— for that 's a Whopper '—Christopher North 
 
 LONDON 
 LONGMANS, GEEEN, AND CO. 
 
 1883 
 
RC 
 
 PEEFACE. 
 
 In the Midland Counties, and especially in 
 Derbyshire, the "Fly-Fisher's Entomology " 
 has long been considered an authority ; and 
 as the Derbyshire waters have of late years 
 risen in the esteem of the fly-fishers, a new 
 and more complete Edition of the work 
 has been rendered indispensable. In these 
 counties, the streams, though preserved, 
 are thrown open by the liberality of the 
 proprietors ; and here the angler, availing 
 himself of the facilities of the rail, may be 
 found enjoying his holiday at many a plea- 
 sant country inn, in the county of the Dove, 
 the Wye, and the Derwent. The Blithe, a 
 sweet trout-stream in Staffordshire, close 
 to Cresswell Station, was the scene of 
 
 Ivi842082 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 Ronalds' early experience ; on the little 
 bridge, close to the present Station, stood 
 his ohservatoi^y (p. 5) ; and though his resi- 
 dence, at a later period in Wales, extended 
 his knowledge of the art, and enabled him 
 to adapt his instructions to the different 
 waters in which he fished, yet the Midland 
 streams are still the proper home of his ob- 
 servations : that Dove^ w^here Cotton erst 
 hung up the thick-bodied fly of more south- 
 ern counties, " in his window, to laugh at." 
 
 The Author of the present work trusts 
 that it may be considered and judged of as 
 the labour, or rather the amusement, of an 
 amateur, whose chief object has been to 
 facilitate, to the tyro in the art, the making 
 and choice of artificial flies, on a plan of 
 elucidation derived from personal experi- 
 ence. 
 
 Having himself sorely felt the inade- 
 quacy of mere verbal instructions to enable 
 him to imitate the natural fly correctly, or 
 even approximately, and the little utility 
 of graphical illustrations unaccompanied 
 by the principal requisite — colour, he has 
 been induced to paint both the natural and 
 
PREFACE. Vll 
 
 artiticial fly from nature, to etch them with 
 his own hand, and to colour, or superintend 
 the colouring of each particular impres- 
 sion. 
 
 He therefore presumes to hope that he 
 has succeeded in giving a useful collection 
 of the leading flies for every month in the 
 season, and that anyone who may be led 
 by it to a choice of flies from the stock of 
 the manufacturer, or to the construction 
 of his own, will not have cause to repent 
 having consulted the catalogue, chiefly 
 composing the fourth chapter. 
 
 One thing is certain, that whoever mas- 
 ters the art of making the delicate Duns 
 and dashing Palmers of Ronalds, will be 
 at no loss to frame those coarser imitations 
 of nature that are successful in Scotland or 
 elsewhere. Learn to imitate the various 
 patterns of this work, exactly, first ; and 
 when once an adept, you may vary your 
 imitation almost endlessly ; and following 
 the guidance of Nature's self, may 
 
 Snatch a grace beyond the i-ules of art. 
 
 But to sit down by the brook-side, and 
 
Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 copy the fly that you have just beaten from 
 a bush upon the stream, is a feat that the 
 learner had better not attempt. Enough 
 for him, if he can, in a warm, sunny win- 
 dow, with all his tools about him, first 
 make his droppers, hacklewise, and point 
 his lash with the best he can purchase, till 
 study and practice have perfected him 
 sufficiently to make a Winged fly also, well 
 put together — the hackle just covering the 
 point and bend of the hook, and no more ; 
 and the wing the exact length of the fly, 
 from head to tail, and neither too full in 
 the feather, nor too scanty. 
 
 The present edition of the " Fly-Fisher's 
 Entomology " has the full sanction of the 
 Author, for whose approval the chief alter- 
 ations were sent to him in Australia. These 
 will be found to consist mainly in revising 
 the nomenclature of Chap. IV. and ascer- 
 taining the specijie names of all the insects 
 where not previously given, so that the real 
 insect may be examined in the collections 
 of naturalists, and often obtained from them. 
 It is to be hoped that some fly-makers 
 will adopt the plan of keeping cases of the 
 
PREFACE. IX 
 
 real insects for sale, as well as the artificial 
 imitations. A set of such S23ecimens, pinned 
 in a small glazed case, lined with cork 
 about three-sixteenths of an inch in thick- 
 ness, w^ould be a very useful illustration and 
 accompaniment of the present work. And 
 the difficulty will appear trifling, when it is 
 considered that while to an entomological 
 collector the rarity of a species enhances its 
 value, to a fly-fisher, on the other hand, the 
 frequent occurrence of a species, and its 
 being tvidely dispersed, or found upon all 
 ivaters, constitute the strongest reasons for 
 preferring it ; because the fish {ceteris pa- 
 ribus) feed upon such species the more 
 readily, as we see in the instances of the 
 green drake, and of various caddis flies. 
 
 Another addition is the number of the 
 hook proper to be used in imitating each 
 fly, and remai'ks wherever a variation in 
 this respect is to be recommended. 
 
 The fourth chapter of the w^ork has also 
 received an Introduction of some lengih, 
 and the Plates have been corrected ; and 
 where the meaning of the Author seemed 
 imperfectly conveyed, a fuller explanation 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 has been given in the text. A few other 
 alterations too will be found. Particular 
 attention has been bestowed on the Double 
 Palmers, as these are so important a feature 
 in the work, and so deservedly celebrated. 
 There are anglers on the Dove who never 
 use any other fly on their lash but two of 
 these Palmers, Nos. 45 and 46. This, 
 however, is going to an extreme, and 
 savours of prejudice, or laziness, rather 
 than of sportsmanlike skill and industry. 
 Such anglers seldom make their oicn flies ; 
 and unless this accomplishment has been 
 attained, half the pleasure of fly-fishing has 
 not been tasted. 
 
 As this book is intended to encourage 
 and assist the observation and ingenuity of 
 the young angler, the instructions have 
 been in places simplified, as in the section 
 showing " How to make a Fly ; " for to en- 
 cumber the process with " invisible knots," 
 and other niceties, seemed too discouraging 
 to the beginner; and he will find that 
 newly made flies will not come to pieces 
 (though finished with a very simple knot) 
 before the gut is frayed near the head of 
 
PREFACE. XI 
 
 the fly. This danger, more imminent, has 
 been provided against, by advising to make 
 all large flies on loops, and so guard the 
 weakest point. The fear of " cracking " 
 off a fly is thus lessened materially, and 
 the pleasure of the beginner much en- 
 hanced. 
 
 The prospects of the fly-fisher are mate- 
 rially brightened by the recent investiga- 
 tions of scientific men on the subject of 
 breeding fish artificially. The protection 
 of the spawn and of the young fish ap- 
 pears so simple a means of multiplying our 
 best fish, that we may hope to see many 
 a troutless stream replenished, and fresh 
 Subscription Waters started, under the 
 most hopeful auspices. The fear of thin- 
 ning the fish will not haunt the proprietor 
 of a good stream so painfully as heretofore, 
 and the graceful art of fly-fishing will gain 
 fresh votaries. That anyone who has once 
 conceived a taste for it, should transfer 
 his affections to other sports, need not 
 be apprehended. For, to use the words of 
 Mr. Bainbridge, to whom fly-fishing is so 
 deeply indebted, " It is a fact worthy of 
 
Xll rilEFACE. 
 
 notice, that although many persons have 
 quitted other sports for the amusement of 
 fly-fishing^ yet memory does not furnish a 
 single instance of a fly-fisher deserting his 
 occupation, and transferring his preference 
 to any other of the list of rural sports." 
 
 PlSCATOR. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS OX THE TROUT AND GRAYLING. 
 
 Of the Trout. His Weight, Colour, Condition, Haunts, 
 
 &c. Description of a Fishing-hut or Observatory. 
 
 The Trout's sense of Hearing. Sight. Taste and 
 
 Smell. Manner of Feeding, &c. 
 Of the Grayling. Size. Colour. Season. Localities. 
 
 Habits. Food, &c. ..... page 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 OF ROD, LINE, AND OTHER TACKLE. 
 
 The Rod. Line. Reel. End Line. Hooks. Dubbing- 
 hag. Feather-book. How to make a Winged Fly and 
 a Palmer. Dyes for Feathers. Fly Books. Creel. 
 Landing Net. Tackle- makers, &c. ... 25 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 MANNER OF FISHING FOR TROUT AND GRAYLING. 
 
 Preparation of the Rod and Line. Art of Throwing. 
 Choice of Weather. State of the Water. Choice of 
 a Fly. Appearance of life to be given to the Fly. 
 
XIV CONTENTS. 
 
 Buzz Flies. Rising short, &c. Sudden cessation of 
 Rises, &c. Places to be whipped, &c. Throwing to 
 a Trout just risen. Striking. Killing. Landing. 
 Difference between Trent and Grayling fishing. 
 Manner of Presenting the Fly to a Grayling. Landing 
 him, &c PAGE 43 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 USED IN FLY-FISHING. 
 
 Introduction. Flies to be used in March. Flies for April. 
 For May. For June. For July. For August. For 
 September. Palmers for the Season, &c. . . 55 
 
LIST OF PLATES, 
 
 Trout, Grayling, and Parr . Frontispiece 
 
 I. Haunts of the Trout, &c. . . . page 4 
 
 II. Optical Diagrams ..... 10 
 
 III. Fly-making Processes . . . .32 
 
 IV. Red Fly.— Blue Dun.— Red Spinner . 60 
 
 V. Water Cricket. — Great Dark Drone. — 
 
 Cow-dung Fly 64 
 
 VI. Peacock Fly. — March Brown.— Great Red 
 
 Spinner 68 
 
 VII. Golden Dun Midge.— Sand Fly. —Stone 
 
 Fly 76 
 
 VIII. Gravel Bed.— Grannom.— Yellow Dun . 80 
 IX. Iron Blue Dun. — Jenny Spinner. — Haw- 
 thorn Fly 84 
 
 X. Little Yellow May Dun.— Black Gnat.— 
 
 Oak Fly . ' . . . . . 88 
 XI. Turkey Brown. — Little Dark Spinner. — 
 
 Yellow Sally 92 
 
 XII. Sky Blue.— Fern Fly.— Alder Fly . , 96 
 
 XIII. Green Diake. — Grey Drake. — Orange Dun 100 
 
 XIV. Marlow Buzz. — Dark Mackerel . . 104 
 XV. Pale Evening Dun.— July Dun.— Gold- 
 
 eyed Gauze-wing .... 108 
 
 XVI. Wren Tail.— Red Ant.— Silver Horns . 112 
 XVII. August Dun. — Orange Fly. — Cinnamon 
 
 Ply 116 
 
 XVIII. Blue Bottle.— Whirling Blue Dun —Little 
 
 Pale Blue Dun.— Willow Fly . . 120 
 XIX. Red Palmer. — Brown Palmer. — Black and 
 
 Red Palmer 128 
 
THE 
 
 FLY-FISHEE'S ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TROUT AND GRAYLING. 
 
 *'l arrived there at dusk, and, beginning at the top of the stream, 
 fished it step by step. When I came to the middle of the stream, 
 where it was still very rough, there was a splash at the fly, as if some 
 one had thrown into the water a large paving-stone, and my line 
 flew over my head. On looking at it, the sixteen hairs were 
 staring in all directions, but thejiy was gone." — Arundo, p. 31. 
 
 The Trout, — Salmo Fario of the Naturalist, — 
 is generally the prime favourite of the fly» 
 fisher, both for his beauty, and for the sport 
 he affords. His enamelled sides, studded as 
 with rich gems, and his tints of yellow gold, 
 make him bear comparison with the salmon in 
 point of beauty ; while the amount of sport 
 annually enjoyed in Trout-fishing far exceeds 
 that yielded by his rival in this country. 
 
 Of the three varieties, the red, the yellow, 
 
 B 
 
Z OBSERVATIONS 
 
 and the white, the red is preferred both for 
 beauty and flavour. 
 
 This justly-esteemed fish, when in the best 
 condition, measures from the nose to the fork of 
 the tail twice as much as his girth. The weight 
 of trout usually taken with the fly is from two 
 ounces to two pounds and a half ; but they are 
 sometimes taken of four, and five pounds, and 
 even larger ; but under three or four ounces 
 they are too small for the creel. 
 
 The Trout has eight fins, viz. one dorsal, one 
 anal, one caudal, two pectoral, two ventral, and 
 a little fleshy one without spines on the back 
 near the tail-fin. 
 
 Sir H. Davy says (Salmonia, p. 73) : "I have 
 known the number of spines in the pectoral fins 
 different in difi'erent varieties of Trout : I have 
 seen them twelve, thirteen, and fourteen ; but 
 the anal fin always, I believe, contains eleven 
 spines, the dorsal twelve or thirteen, the ventral 
 nine, and the caudal twenty-one." 
 
 The back fin has a pale brown colour, with 
 darker brown spots upon it ; the others (in- 
 cluding the tail) have a red tint. The colour 
 of the back, when in perfect condition (which is 
 generally in May, but in some waters not until 
 June), is usually a dark olive green, studded 
 with a mixture of black and brownish spots. 
 The sides are shaded ofi* from the olive to a 
 
ON THE TROUT. 3 
 
 greenish yellow, studded with red spots ; the 
 black spots gradually vanishing. Lower down 
 the yellow tint approaches a salmon colour, and 
 the belly is nearly white, without any spots. 
 
 The whole surface of the fish, when in con- 
 dition, presents a beautiful gradation of tints : 
 but the complexion varies greatly in different 
 waters, and also in all waters at different periods 
 of the year. It is principally modified by his 
 state of health. 
 
 Sir H. Davy says : " The colouring matter is 
 not in the scales, but in the "surface of the skin 
 immediately beneath them, and is probably a 
 secretion easily affected by the health of the 
 animal." (Salmonia, p. 40.) 
 
 After spawning time, (i.e.) the month of Sep- 
 tember or October, both the male and female 
 lose their more beautiful tints, become thinner, 
 and are considered quite out of season ; and 
 towards the end of the winter, and even in 
 March, some parasites, like leeches, about an 
 inch long, green and semi-transparent, are found 
 adhering to them. When in this sad state the 
 flesh, if cooked, cuts soft, and looks white, and 
 very different from the rich salmon colour which 
 always indicates good condition and quality. 
 Every true disciple of Izaak Walton who may 
 take such a thin hlack looking Trout will return 
 the lanky trophy to its native element. 
 
 B 2 
 
4 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 Haunts. 
 
 To enumerate the rivers, streams, and brooks 
 of this country, which the common Trout in- 
 habits, would be an endless and useless task ; he 
 may be said to frequent almost all of them, and 
 will even sometimes be discovered in a mere 
 ditch (in spawning time), having scarcely depth 
 of water enough to cover the back. 
 
 He delights in rapid clear-running waters, 
 with a rocky or gravelly bottom. An attempt 
 has been made in the annexed plan to point out 
 his favourite haunts, &c. in such waters. They 
 are, — 1st. The head and tail of a stream^ in other 
 words, the ends of a rapid, as A. 2ndly. The 
 eddies formed by water passing round an obstruc- 
 tion in the current, as B. 3rdly. Such tracks as C, 
 where a chain of bubbles or little floating objects 
 indicate the course of the principal current ; 
 which course is chiefly dependent upon various 
 reflections of the water, from projecting bank^, 
 rocks, scours, and shoals, and may often be 
 guessed at, when not sufficiently visible, by attend- 
 ing to the position of the banks, &c. 4thly. At 
 the roots of trees, or in other places where the 
 froth (called in Staffordshire Beggar's Balm) 
 collects. 5thly. In little whirlpools, as G, he 
 will often be found dwing a fresh. He may then 
 be angled for, if the water is much discoloured, 
 with ant-eggs, wasp-grubs, or gentles ; but a few 
 
PL I. 
 
 10^ 
 
 -^. 
 
 J' 
 
 
ON THE TROUT. 5 
 
 hours will often clear the rivers in the Peak, and 
 enable the angler to resume the fly-line. 6thly, 
 and lastly, a current between weeds^ as at Q, where 
 the bottom is gravel, is a sure harbour for fish : 
 as^ the weeds not only shelter the Trout, and give 
 him boldness, but also are the lodgings of nu- 
 merous water insects. All such places are most 
 favourable for sport ; for insects follow the same 
 course as the bubbles, &c., and are there sought 
 by the fish. 
 
 The larger Trout are on the scours, as at D, 
 in the night, chasing minnows and other small 
 fish. In the day, they are cautiously watching 
 for food in deep holes, under hollow banks, or 
 roots of trees, or in the angles of rocks, as E. 
 In May and June, when the fish are strong, they 
 are chiefly to be found in the more rapid parts 
 of the water, as F ; and on the feed^ conse- 
 quently. 
 
 These remarks, although not strictly applic- 
 able to all streams, may still, perhaps, not be 
 found useless, and particularly in respect of 
 brooks and small rivers. 
 
 The great shyness of the Trout renders it 
 extremely diflicult to obtain any accurate know- 
 ledge of his habits, by ocular demonstration. 
 Even a thick bush will seldom be found suffi- 
 ciently opaque to conceal the observer. 
 
6 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 Observatory. 
 
 With a view to obviate this difficulty I built 
 a little fishing Hut, or Observatory, of heath, 
 overhanging a part of the river Blythe, near 
 Uttoxeter, in Staffordshire, which seemed fa- 
 vourable for the purpose. Its form was octa- 
 gonal, and it had three windows, which being 
 situated only four feet and a half above the 
 surface of the water, allowed a very close view of 
 it. The middle one commanded a Scour, each 
 of the two others a small Whirlpool or Eddy. 
 The curtains of the windows were provided with 
 peepholes, so that the fish could not see his 
 observer, and a bank was thrown, up in order to 
 prevent a person approaching the entrance of the 
 hut from alarming the fish. 
 
 The stream was regularly fished, and nothing 
 more was done to interfere with the natural state 
 of its finny occupants. 
 
 The stationary position in which the Trout is 
 enabled to maintain himself in the most rapid 
 stream, poised like a hawk in the air, was the 
 first thing which struck us, in our observations. 
 Even the tail, which is known to be the principal 
 organ of propulsion, could scarcely be observed 
 to move, and the fins, which are used to balance 
 him, seemed quite useless, excepting when he 
 saw an insect ; then he would dart with the 
 greatest velocity through the opposing current 
 
ON THE TROUT. 7 
 
 at his prey, and as quickly return. The station 
 which he occupies in this manner is invariably 
 well chosen. Should a favourite haunt where 
 food is concentrated by the current be rather 
 crowded by his fellows, he will prefer contending 
 with them for a share in it, to residing long in 
 an unproductive locality. 
 
 A Trout will chiefly frequent one place during 
 all the summer months. It is well known that 
 he quits the larger waters, and ascends the 
 smaller brooks for the purpose of spawning in 
 October and November, when the male assists 
 the female in making a hole in the gravel where- 
 in to deposit the ova. By some it is supposed, 
 that they both lie dormant in the mud during 
 the greatest severity of the winter. 
 
 Sense of Hearing, 
 
 In order that we might be enabled to ascertain 
 the truth of a common assertion, (viz.) that fish 
 can hear voices in conversation on the banks of 
 a stream, my friend, the Rev. Mr. Brown, of 
 Gratwich, and myself, selected for close observa- 
 tion a Trout poised about six inches deep in the 
 water, whilst a third gentleman, who was situ- 
 ated behind the fishing-house, (i.e.) diametri- 
 cally opposite to the side where the fish was, 
 fired off* one barrel of his gun. The possibility 
 of the flash being seen by the fish was thus 
 
8 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 wholly prevented, and the report produced not 
 the slightest apparent effect upon him. 
 
 The second barrel was then fired ; still he re- 
 mained immovable ; evincing not the slightest 
 symptom of having heard the report. This ex- 
 periment was often repeated, and precisely si- 
 milar results were invariably obtained ; neither 
 could I, or other persons, ever awaken symptoms 
 of alarm in fishes near the hut by shouting to 
 them in the loudest tones, although our distance 
 from them sometimes did not exceed six feet. 
 The experiments were not repeated so often that 
 they could become habituated to the sound, if 
 heard. 
 
 It is possible that fishes may be in some manner 
 affected by vibrations communicated to their ele- 
 ment, either directly, or by the intervention of 
 aerial pulsations ; although it does not seem to 
 be clearly proved that they possess any organ ap- 
 propriated exclusively to the purpose of hearing. 
 At all events, it appears that neither the above- 
 mentioned explosions, nor the loud voices, had 
 power to produce vibrations or undulations in 
 the water, which could so affect them. 
 
 Leaving the discussion of this intricate subject 
 to more able and learned speculators, we will 
 deem it sufficient for us to know that the above- 
 mentioned Trout had no ears to hear either the 
 voices or the gun ; and I firmly believe, that the 
 
ON THE TROUT. \) 
 
 zest which friendly chat often imparts to the 
 exercise of our captivating art, need never be 
 marred by an apprehension that sport will be 
 impaired thereby. 
 
 Sight. 
 
 Of all the senses in fish, sight is perhaps that 
 which is of most importance to them. Their 
 eyes are of course well adapted to the element 
 they inhabit ; indeed their subsistence seems to 
 depend mainly upon the great sensibility of the 
 optic nerve, and the just adaptation of the cry- 
 stalline and other humours to their proper office. 
 
 A fish can perhaps frequently distinguish 
 much more of objects which are out of his own 
 element than it is often imagined that he can. 
 
 When Mr. A. B. (fig. 1, plate 2), for instance, 
 situated upon a certain eminence at a given 
 distance from a fish, C, which is near the bottom 
 of the water, looks over the edge of a bank, D, 
 in the direction AFZ, he might (if unacquainted 
 with the laws of refraction) imagine, that neither 
 the fish C, nor any other fish below the line of 
 his direct vision, AFZ, could see him ; whereas 
 C could see A B by means of the pencil of light, 
 AFCEB, bent, ov refracted at the surface of the 
 water, EF, and the image of AB would appear 
 in the eye of the fish shortened and transferred 
 to GH. The fish, in fact, could see the whole of 
 
10 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 the man, round, or over the corner of the bank, 
 by the aid of the water above C, if both were 
 situated as respectively represented in the dia- 
 gram ; but if the surface of the water should be 
 at IK, (i.e.) about as low as the fish's eye, 
 then he could not see any part of the figure AB, 
 because a straight or unrefracted pencil of light, 
 ACB, would be obstructed by the bank. 
 
 Increased obliquity in pencils of light falling 
 from an object upon a surface of water, is ac- 
 companied by still more rapidly increasing refrac- 
 tion : but the distinctness with which the object 
 is seen d'^creases in an inverse proportion. 
 
 The bending or refraction which a pencil of 
 light, as NEOFM (fig. 2), falling very obliquely 
 upon the surface of the water, undergoes before 
 arriving at the eye of a fish, at 0, is suffi- 
 cient to produce very great indistinctness and 
 distortion of the image of MP formed in his 
 eye. 
 
 Perhaps indistinctness of vision may, on other 
 accounts, also take place in the eye of a fish look- 
 ing through air. The crystalline and various 
 other humours may not be capable of such com- 
 prehensive adjustment as would enable him to 
 see so distinctly through air as he can through 
 water. 
 
 But long before a pencil of light as, N E L, 
 becomes horizontal, it will not enter the water at 
 

 
 
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ON THE TROUT. 11 
 
 all ; consequently, although the fish at may see 
 the upper part of the man situated at MP, he 
 will do so very indistinctly, and in a new posi- 
 tion, because the pencil N E F M will be very 
 much refracted ; he will not see the part, N L, 
 of the man at all, because the pencil, N E L, 
 does not enter the water at all ; and he will see 
 probably his legs, L P (in the clear water), be- 
 cause there is neither refraction nor obstruction 
 to prevent him. So that the figure M P will, 
 in the eye of the fish, be cut into two portions, 
 separated from each other by a long unsub- 
 stantial interval.^ 
 
 The application of those two little theorems 
 to the use of the fisherman is very obvious. 
 
 In the first place, a low bank, almost on a 
 level with the water, is a great advantage to 
 the fisher, who is there seen with less distinct- 
 ness by his game : thus the shelving gravel 
 beds which reach far into the Dove, and other 
 Trout streams, are so many most, advantageous 
 positions for the angler. (PI. I. K.) 
 
 ^ This diagram is constructed on two well-known optical laws, 
 viz. first, the sine a. b. of the angle of incidence, A E f, of a ray 
 of light passing out of air into water, is always to the sine, c d, of 
 the angle of refraction, E e, as about four to three ; and se- 
 condly, light will not pass out of air into water, if the angle of 
 incidence, N E f (fig. 2) exceeds about 88 degrees, but will be 
 reflected. 
 
 The old experiment of the shilling and the basin of water affords 
 an easy practical demonstration of the first theorem in the text. 
 
12 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 Secondly, the wader, who is but ankle deep, 
 has an advantage over any angler on the bank : 
 and by very moderate wading, many scours and 
 shallows may be fished with success, where, in 
 bright summer weather, nothing could be done 
 from the banks : for example, in the clearer parts 
 of the Dove, and other bright streams. 
 
 Thirdly, in brooks, where fish are looking 
 up-stream for the flies and other food which 
 float down to them, good sport is to be had in 
 bright weather by walking up the middle, and 
 casting either fly or worm before you, especially 
 where the water is broken^ either by running 
 over stones, or by tumbling over ledges of rocks, 
 &c., into little pools and basins. And observe, 
 that fish cannot see behind them ; all optics for- 
 bid it, especially when they are not looking out 
 sharply. 
 
 Taste and Smell. 
 
 It seemed almost impossible to devise experi- 
 ments relative to the sense of smell in fishes, 
 which would ofl*er the prospect of satisfactory 
 results, without depriving the animal of sight ; 
 the cruelty of which operation deterred me fi'om 
 prosecuting the inquiry. 
 
 Observations on the taste of fishes are involved 
 in still greater difliculty. I once threw upon 
 the water, from my hut (by blowing them 
 
ON THE TROUT. 13 
 
 through a tin tube), successively, ten dead house- 
 flies, towards a Trout known to me by a white 
 mark upon the nose (occasioned by the wound 
 of a hook), all of which he took. Thirty more 
 with Cayenne pepper and mustard plastered on 
 the least conspicuous parts of them, were then 
 administered in the same manner. These he 
 also seized, twenty of them at the instant they 
 touched the water, and not allowing time for the 
 dressing to be dispersed ; but the other ten re- 
 mained a second or two upon the surface before 
 he swallowed them, and a small portion of the 
 dressing parted and sank. The next morning 
 several exactly similar doses were taken by the 
 same fish, who probably remembered the pre- 
 vious day's repast, and seemed to enjoy them 
 heartily. From these and similar experiments, 
 such as getting Trout to take flies dipped in 
 honey, oil, vinegar, &c., I concluded that if the 
 animal has taste, his palate is not peculiarly 
 sensitive. 
 
 My experience goes to prove, contrary to the 
 opinion of some who say that the Trout will take 
 every insect, that he does not feed upon the Honey 
 Bee {Apis mellijica), or Wasp (Vespa vulgaris)^ 
 and that he very rarely takes the Humble Bee 
 {Bomhus). 
 
 It seemed to be a common practice with those 
 who plied for food near the hut, to make a very 
 
14 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 strict inspection of almost every little object 
 which floated down the stream, taking it into 
 the mouth, sometimes with avidity, sometimes 
 more slowly, or cautiously, as if to ascertain its 
 fitness, or unfitness, for food, and frequently to 
 eject it instantly.^ This seems to favour the 
 notion, that if the Trout has not a taste similar 
 to our own, he may be endowed with some equi- 
 valent species of sensation. It may also account 
 for his taking a nondescript artificial fly ; but it 
 furnishes no plea to quacks and bunglers, who, 
 inventing or espousing a new theory, wheTeby 
 to hide their want of skill or spare their pains, 
 would kill all fish with one fly, as some doctors 
 would cure all diseases by one pill. If a Trout 
 rejects the hrown hive bee at the time that he 
 greedily swallows the ^^voh-hrown fly, it is 
 clear that the imitation should be as exact as 
 possible of the last, and as dissimilar as possible 
 to the first. 
 
 I have very frequently watched fish in an 
 apparently hesitating attitude when Bees and 
 Wasps were within their ken. How far either 
 smell or taste may be concerned in this seeming 
 indecision I cannot determine. 
 
 On one occasion I observed a Humble Bee 
 which floated down the stream visited by Trout, 
 
 ^ After having, perhaps, appropriated some little insect em- 
 barked upon it. 
 
ON THE TROUT. 15 
 
 who suffered himself to descend also with the 
 current just under the Bee, his nose almost 
 touching it for about three feet, but he struck 
 away without taking it. 
 
 At another time I saw a fish swim up to 
 a Humble Bee which was thrown to him, and 
 examine it very attentively ; he then cautiously 
 and leisurely took it in his mouth and descended 
 with it, but immediately afterwards gave it up ; 
 he then seemed to be closely occupied with ano- 
 ther Humble Bee, swimming up to and away 
 fi'om it, six times, each time almost touching it 
 with his nose. Ultimately he took this also, but 
 immediately rejected it again. 
 
 Sir H. Davy (Salmonia, p. 28) says : " The 
 principal use of the nostrils in fishes, I believe, is 
 to assist in the propulsion of water through the 
 gills for performing the office of respiration ; but 
 I think there are some nerves in these organs 
 which give fishes a sense of the qualities of 
 water, or of substances dissolved in or difixised 
 through it, similar to our sense of smell, or 
 perhaps rather our sense of taste, for there can 
 be no doubt that fishes are attracted by scented 
 worms which are sometimes used by anglers that 
 employ ground baits." Also, p. 184, he says : 
 " We cannot judge of the senses of animals that 
 breathe water — that separate air from water by 
 their gills ; but it seems probable that as the 
 
16 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 quality of the water is connected with their life 
 and health, they must be exquisitely sensible to 
 changes in water, and must have similar rela- 
 tions to it, to those which an animal with the 
 most delicate nasal organs has to the air." 
 
 Surely no reasoning can be more sound than 
 this. Should not our endeavours be directed, 
 rather to this discovery of sensations in fish, 
 which we have not, than to attempts at com- 
 parison between our own senses and theirs ? ^ 
 
 Having examined the stomachs of many 
 Trouts taken in almost every week throughout 
 the three last entire fishing seasons, with a view 
 chiefly to assist my choice of flies for the catalogue 
 in our fourth chapter, I found that his food con- 
 sisted, besides Flies and Caterpillars^ principally 
 of Water Larvoe^ as Strawbaits, and Stonebaits, 
 swallowed whole, with the stones and small 
 shells adhering to them, — Squillce, or Fresh-water 
 Shrimps, Small Fish, Young Craw-Jlsh, Spiders, 
 
 ^ Those who may have curiosity enough to pursue this interest- 
 ing topic, might possibly find amusement in the perusal of a paper 
 read to the French Institute hy M. Dumeril, August 24th, 1807, 
 and translated in Nicholson's Journal, vol. xxix. p. 344, in which 
 many circumstances judiciously adduced, and fairly reasoned on, 
 lead him to three general conclusions ; viz. 1st. That the organ 
 of taste in fishes, if taste they have, " does not reside in the mouth." 
 2ndly. That the sensation of taste, or some equivalent sensation, 
 " is imparted to them hy the apparatus which had hitherto been 
 considered as adapted to perceive the emanations of operate 
 bodies." And, lastly, "that no real smell can bo perceived in 
 water." 
 
ON THE TROUT. 17 
 
 Millipedes^ Earwigs, and Water Beetles. I never 
 discovered Frogs, Snails, or Mice, but have no 
 doubt that other waters afford other dainties ; 
 and " Sauce piquante of fish-hooks " is common 
 to most Trout streams. 
 
 A convenient method of examining the con- 
 tents of the stomach is to put the materials into 
 a hair sieve and pump clean water upon them ; 
 when parted and sufficiently clean the whole 
 may be put into a large cup of clean water, for 
 examination. 
 
 This method of testing the actual food of the 
 fish in different waters and seasons will give the 
 angler most valuable information respecting his 
 game. Worms are the earliest bait that can be 
 employed with success after the winter ; then 
 comes the troller's turn, with his spinning min- 
 now or hleak for the larger Thames Trout ; and 
 the fly-fisher will find the fish in the humour 
 for feeding on the various insects that skim the 
 surface of the brook, as the advancing spring 
 brings forth its teeming myriads, and peoples 
 the glad waters anew with winged life and ani- 
 mation. 
 
18 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 THE GRAYLING. 
 
 ^^Most writers, in treating of this fish, have stated that it 
 struggles but for a very short time, and is, therefore, productive 
 of little diversion ; but the contrary is not unfrequently the case." 
 
 — BA-INBRIDGB. 
 
 The Grayling, Salmo Thymallus of the natu- 
 ralist, is a more elegantly- formed fish even than 
 the Trout. He has a smaller head and mouth, 
 is broader across the shoulders, and tapers off 
 more rapidly towards the tail, which is more 
 forked. The front of the eye is elliptical, and 
 the pupil much more elongated than that of the 
 Trout, the side towards the nose being drawn 
 out to an acute angle. The opposite side is less 
 acute. 
 
 His back fin is very large. It has twenty- 
 three opines, the ventral fin (near the head) has 
 sixteen, the pectoral ten, the anal fourteen, and 
 the tail eighteen. 
 
 He sometimes grows to the weight of about 
 three pounds, though one of a pound and a half 
 is considered a good-sized fish, and larger are 
 not very often caught with the fly, the usual 
 weight being from two ounces to a pound of 
 those which rise freely to it. The fish of the 
 
ON THE GEAYLING. 19 
 
 spawn of April or May (measuring from the 
 nose to the fork of the tail) grows to about six 
 inches by the next April. 
 
 A general tint, which may be called a light 
 blue silvery grey, pervades nearly the whole 
 surface of his body, excepting the belly, which 
 is white or nearly so, but the scales often exhibit 
 iridescent hues, of great beauty.^ The back and 
 head are of a much darker grey, but its com- 
 ponents cannot, perhaps, be described verbally. 
 Some lines of brown are intermixed with the 
 grey of the sides, and a few black spots are seen 
 near the shoulder. The back fin has a purplish 
 tint studded with large dark spots, the other fins 
 are not so red as those of the Trout, but have 
 more yellow-brown in them shaded off with 
 purple. The tail is a kind of slate colour. The 
 colours vary a little in different waters, and 
 unlike the Trout, the better the condition, the 
 
 ^ From a very curious series of experiments detailed by Sir 
 David Brewster in his excellent treatise on optics (p. 113 et 
 seqq.), " it is obvious that the splendid colours of mother of pearl, 
 &c., are produced by a peculiar configuration of surface ; and by 
 examining this surface with microscopes, he discovered in almost 
 every specimen a grooved structure like the delicate texture of the 
 skin at the top of an infant's finger," &c. By cutting grooves 
 upon steel at the distance of from the 2,000th to the 10,000th of 
 an inch apart, Mr. Barton produced still more brilliant hues, and 
 his ii'is ornaments on brass and other metal buttons, and orna- 
 ments of dress, are the result of machinery constructed on this 
 grooving principle, upon which, we believe, depend similar pheno- 
 mena in the peacock's feather, &c. In sun, gas, or candle-light 
 some iris ornaments rival " the brilliant flashes of the diamond." 
 
 c 2 
 
20 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 darker is the fish, especially upon the hack and 
 head : '' and you are to note," that the throat 
 has a long very dark brown patch upon it, 
 visible when the mouth is open, when he is in 
 high condition, but it is hardly to be seen other- 
 wise. He is, however, seldom or never found 
 in the miserable state so common to Salmon and 
 Trout after spawning. 
 
 The Grayling is an excellent fish both for sport 
 and the table, and as his finest condition occurs 
 during the Autumn and Winter months, when 
 the Trout season ceases, the Angler finds great 
 pleasure and consolation in visiting the streams 
 in the autumn in search of him, or even on fine 
 days in winter. On this account, those who have 
 not the Grayling in their waters, would some- 
 times do well in trying to introduce him. 
 
 The waters in which he thrives may be either 
 clear or discoloured, but a rather peculiar forma- 
 tion of the bed of the current seems to be re- 
 quired, his favourite streams having now some- 
 what shallow and rapid, then long, slow-running, 
 deep tracts ; in which latter places he poises him- 
 self about three or four feet below the chain of 
 insects, &c., as at H H (see plate 1). 
 
 As he feeds principally on larvse and flies, he 
 should, according to Malthus, be populous (all 
 other things being equal), in proportion as these 
 insects are so. 
 
ON THE GRAYLING. 21 
 
 Temperature, both atmospheric and aqueous, 
 no doubt affects both the food and fish, as also 
 may the chemical properties of the stratum over 
 which the stream flows ; the mineral held in 
 solution by the fluid which he breathes cannot 
 fail to affect his constitution in some measure. 
 
 But there exists no authority for the localities 
 of the Grayling at all comparable with Sir H. 
 Davy, who " has fished much in, and inquired 
 much respecting the places where it is found." 
 At p. 221 (Salmonia) he says : '' In the Test, 
 where the Grayling has been only recently intro- 
 duced, they have sometimes been caught between 
 three and four pounds ; in this river I never took 
 one above two pounds, but I have heard of one 
 being taken of two pounds and a half. The 
 Grayling is a rare fish in England, and has never 
 been found in Scotland or Ireland ; and there are 
 few rivers containing all the conditions necessary 
 for their increase. I know of no Grayling river 
 farther West than the Avo7i in Hampshire ; they 
 are found in some of the tributary streams of 
 this river which rise in Wiltshire. I know of no 
 river containing them on the North coast West 
 of the Seve^m ; there are very few only in the 
 upper part of this river, and in the streams 
 which form it in North Wales. There are a few 
 in the Wye and its tributary streams. In the 
 Lug, which flows through the next valley, in 
 
22 OBSERVATIONS 
 
 vBerefordshire, many Grayling are found. In 
 the Dee, as I said before, they are found, but are 
 not common. In Derbyshire and Staffordshire 
 the Dove, the Wye, the Derwent, the Trent, and 
 the Blithe, afford Grayling ; in Yorkshire, on the 
 North coast, some of the tributary streams of 
 the mhhle, — and the Swale, from Richmond to 
 two miles below Catterick, — and in the South, 
 the Ure, the Wharf e, the Humher, the Derwent, 
 and the streams that form it, particularly the 
 Rye." 
 
 Again, at p. 203, he says : " Having travelled 
 with the fishing-rod in my hand through most 
 of the Alpine valleys in the South and East 
 of Europe, and some of those in Norway and 
 Sweden, I have always found the Char in the 
 coldest and highest waters ; the Trout in the 
 brooks rising in the highest and coldest moun- 
 tains ; and the Grayling always lower, where the 
 temperature was milder : and if in hot countries, 
 only at the foot of mountains, not far from 
 sources which had the mean temperature of the 
 atmosphere ; as in the Yipacco, near Coritzea, 
 and in the streams which gush forth from the 
 limestone caverns of the Noric Alps. 
 
 '^Besides temperature, Grayling require a 
 peculiar character in the disposition of the water 
 of rivers. They do not dwell like Trout in 
 rapid shallow torrents ; nor like Char or Chub in 
 
ON THE GRAYLING. 23 
 
 deep pools or lakes. They require a combination 
 of stream and pool ; they like a deep and still 
 pool for rest, and a rapid stream above, and 
 gradually declining shallow below, and a bottom 
 where marl and loam is mixed with gravel ; and 
 they are not found abundant except in rivers that 
 have these characters. '' 
 
 The Kev. Mr. Low says : " The Grayling is 
 frequent in the Orkney Islands, as it is in Lapland 
 and Switzerland ; but it is rare in Scotland, and 
 confined in England to the Avon near Salisbury, 
 the Ure near Fountain's Abbey, the Dee between 
 Corwan and Bala, and the Dove ; also the Trent, 
 the Wharfe, the Humber, the Rye, and the Der- 
 went." 
 
 The Grayling is seldom known to take the 
 Minnow, and I have never found any in his 
 stomach, although I have taken out many Larvae 
 covered with cases of sand, and some having six 
 stones attached to each, as also Larvae when in 
 the Nympha state. I have always found flies, 
 and those principally of the more delicate sorts 
 of Ephemerae. 
 
 He rises with great velocity and almost per- 
 pendicularly to seize his prey, at the top of the 
 water, and descends as quickly after making a 
 summerset, for the performance of which feat 
 the figure of his body and the great dorsal fin 
 seem well adapted ; his agility on this occasion 
 
24 OBSERVATIONS ON THE GRAYLING. 
 
 is indeed so great, that he seems a phantom or 
 flitting shadow ; hence, say some, the appellation 
 Umbra changed into Umber. It has been sup- 
 posed that he feeds upon the water-thyme, but 
 I never found any vegetable whatever in the 
 stomach, though I have opened as many Gray- 
 ling as Trout. He has, however, a rather pecu- 
 liar scent when just taken from the water, 
 fragrant and grateful to the fisherman, and 
 thought by many to resemble that of thyme ; 
 whence he has been called by Linnaeus Salmo 
 Thymallus^ and by St, Ambrose " the Flower of 
 Fishesr 
 
 He seems to be more social in his habits than 
 the Trout, and is not so easily driven from his 
 station by an approach ; but whether this be 
 owing to his lying lower down in the water, or 
 from his being naturally a less timid and more 
 simple fish, remains yet to be ascertained. It is, 
 however, probable that he has less acute percep- 
 tions than his rival the Trout ; for the young 
 angler will soon find that, after missing him 
 once, he may count upon a second rise ; when, 
 if he is not flurried, perhaps he may secure his 
 prize with greater certainty than if the fish had 
 been hooked at first ; for he will take care not to 
 check him during his first rush, but have line 
 ready to give him as rapidly as the occasion 
 requires. 
 
25 
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 
 OF ROD, LINE, AND OTHER TACKLE. 
 
 " Omnia qii£e multo ante memor provisa repones, 
 Si te digna manet divini gloria ruris." 
 
 ViRG. Georg. i. 167. 
 
 " First, all thy tackle thoughtfully provide, 
 Ere April call thee to the Wandle's side : 
 So shall the glory of the streams he thine. 
 The spotted trophies of the tapering line ! " 
 
 Like the bow of the Archer, the Rod of the 
 Angler should be duly proportionate in dimen- 
 sions and weight to the strength and stature of 
 him who wields it. The strong or tall man may 
 venture upon a rod about fourteen or fifteen feet 
 long : but to the person who is shorter or less 
 robust, one so short even as twelve or twelve feet 
 and a half, and light in proportion, is recom- 
 mended, as the command will be more easily ob- 
 tained, and with very much less fatigue to the 
 arm. The best materials are asli for the stock, 
 lance- wood for the middle, and bamboo for the 
 top ; the butt should have a hole drilled down it 
 containing a square top, and a spike is made 
 to screw into the end, which is found useful to 
 stick into the ground, and keep the rod upright 
 when landing a good fish. The ferrules of brass 
 should fit into each other with screws. 
 
26 THE ROD AND LINE. 
 
 A good Rod should be such that its pliability 
 may be felt in the hand ; yet it should not de- 
 viate or droop by its own weight, if held by the 
 butt in a horizontal position, much more than a 
 foot or two from a straight line. 
 
 The rings are usually too small ; not allowing 
 such slight obstacles on the line, as can never 
 be totally prevented, to run with sufficient free- 
 dom through them ; they should all be of the 
 size of those usually put upon the stock. The 
 rod may not have quite so neat an appearance 
 thus treated, but this will be found to be amply 
 compensated in its use ; for the sudden stops 
 occasioned by an accident to the line, whilst 
 being pulled up rapidly, has often caused the 
 escape of a good fish, the straining of, if not 
 breaking a good rod, and sometimes a total loss 
 of the angler's Vade Mecum, good temper. 
 
 Rings may be had split down the middle, 
 in the manner of key rings, very little heavier, 
 yet larger, than the usual rings. These can be 
 easily substituted upon the little metallic loops 
 in lieu of the smaller rings, by the possessor 
 of the rod himself, without at all injuring it. 
 Verbum sapienti. 
 
 Beel Line, 
 
 The beginner should not take the finest Fly 
 Line he can buy, but rather choose the strongest 
 
 I 
 
THE REEL. 27 
 
 line of this kind to be had, since too fine a line 
 will not only be more likely to break than a 
 heavier one, but will not be so easy for him to 
 throw. A taper line entirely of hair, is the 
 easiest to cast with. 
 
 EeeL 
 
 Notwithstanding the many complaints which 
 have been made of the Reel usually sold, no 
 very great improvement upon it seems to have 
 been put into practice. The prmcipal requisites 
 seem to be, in the first place, a capability of 
 winding up the line rapidly ; secondly, smallness ; 
 thirdly, lightness ; fourthly, freedom from liabi- 
 lity to derangement. 
 
 Perhaps rather too much of the first requisite 
 is generally sacrificed for the sake of cheapness, 
 and for the purpose of obtaining the second and 
 third. A reel having a sheave upon which the 
 line is to be wound, whose groove for the recep- 
 tion of the line is three quarters of an inch broad, 
 whose barrel is two inches in diameter, and 
 whose total diameter is two inches and three 
 quarters, would receive a trout-line of twenty 
 yards perfectly welL The whole diameter of 
 such a reel need not exceed three inches and a 
 quarter, nor the whole breadth one inch and a 
 quarter. The wheels might multiply five times, 
 and therefore the average rate at which it would 
 
28 OF TACKLE. 
 
 wind up the line would be nearly three feet for 
 every revolution of the handle, whereas a com- 
 mon reel (now before me), multiplying four 
 times, winds up at every turn of the handle, 
 when the line is nearly out, only three inches, 
 and when it is nearly wound up, eighteen inches, 
 making a mean of ten inches and a half. The 
 proposed reel would therefore wind up the line 
 more than three times as fast, and besides this 
 superior rapidity, would possess the advantage 
 of winding up the line almost as quickly when 
 it is nearly all out, as when it is nearly all in. 
 It might also be so constructed as to weigh very 
 little more than the common reel, made for such 
 a line, and would be less liable to derangement, 
 in consequence of both the multiplying wheels 
 being larger than usual. 
 
 For Trout-fishing a well-made brass multiply- 
 ing reel of medium size is to be preferred, such 
 as is usually sold for 7 or 8 shillings. If at- 
 tached to the extreme butt end of the rod, its 
 weight will be found an advantage. 
 
 A reel has been invented lately containing a 
 spiral spring which acts (in the manner of the 
 spring in a window blind) upon the axis to wind 
 up the line. 
 
 And it has been recently, and very ingeniously 
 proposed by an experienced brother in our art 
 to inclose, either wholly or partially, a kind of 
 
I 
 
 THE END LINE, AND HOOK. 29 
 
 reel in the butt of the rod. If sufficient rapidity 
 can be given to such a reel, without much lia- 
 bility to derangement (which does not seem a 
 very difficult task), it will be an invaluable and 
 elegant acquisition. This hint seems to have 
 been pai^tially adopted since our first edition 
 appeared. 
 
 End Line. 
 
 For making a good End or Casting -line ^ gut is 
 recommended in preference to weed, or hair ; it 
 should be of the very best quality, round, and 
 of even thickness, clear, and hyaline in colour. 
 If preferred, it can be steeped a few minutes in 
 warm ink and water. 
 
 It may be made light, although as strong or 
 nearly so as the end of the line. The length of 
 the bottom should be about equal to that of the 
 rod : or say, a foot shorter. 
 
 Four or five of the very finest lengths of gut 
 should first be chosen, then three or four more 
 of the middle size, and lastly one or two much 
 stronger, rejecting the flat ends. 
 
 These may be further proved before they are 
 put together, thus : — One end of a length may 
 be put between the teeth or held wtth pliers, 
 and the other pulled until the gut breaks at the 
 weakest part. This operation may be repeated 
 with the best portions, until they snap with 
 
30 OF TACKLE. 
 
 considerable resistance. Then the ends may be 
 reversed, and the operation proceeded with as 
 before, until the last remaining piece is deemed 
 strong enough for its office. This sacrifice of 
 the bad portions will not appear extravagant, 
 but the contrary, when it is considered that the 
 loss of a whole or large part of the foot-line, 
 with a fly or two, and perhaps a fine Trout, may 
 be the consequence of an undue weakness exist- 
 ing in any part of it. After all, fineness is not 
 to be sacrificed to strength, in Fly-tackle. 
 
 The selected lengths of gut must now be 
 steeped in water, and tied together with the 
 giit-knot, and the strongest must be provided 
 with a loop, whereby it may be attached to the 
 line. This should be done in such a manner, as 
 to be able to detach it again readily : which is 
 eff*ected by having a simple knot at the end of 
 your reel-line. 
 
 Hook. 
 
 The Hook requires particular attention. It is 
 a trial of temper to discover that one has made 
 a good fly upon a bad hook ; but to lose a good 
 fish in consequence is still more provoking. 
 
 The Kendal or Sneck-bend hook (see ^g. 40, 
 plate 17) is generally preferred in the midland 
 counties, if not made too long in the point. The 
 Limerick is also a good hook for large flies, 
 
THE DUBBING BAG, AND FEATHER BOOK. 31 
 
 but made lighter than the Irish pattern. The 
 Carlisle or Eound-bend hook may also rank 
 amongst the good ones, fig. 38, plate 17. The 
 Kirby is used by some, and is an elegant shape, 
 for small flies ; see fig. 37. All these, together 
 with the Kirby Kound, which is the Round-bend 
 lifted^ like the Kirby, are manufactured well by 
 Messrs. Hutchinson and Son, of Kendal, successors 
 to, and (late) partners of the famous Adlington. 
 They have kindly undertaken to keep Grayling 
 Hooks, and Hooks for the Double Palmers, made 
 expressly for the present work. 
 
 To prove the temper of a hook, stick the point 
 into a piece of soft wood before it is fastened to 
 the gut, and pull by the shank. If it is well 
 tempered, it will not break or bend without con- 
 siderable resistance. 
 
 Duhhing Bag. 
 
 The Dubbing Bag contains everything in the 
 world in the way of furs, mohairs, wools, and 
 silks. Some people have neat little cabinets 
 with cedar drawers made expressly ; we cannot 
 blame their taste, for they possess the means of 
 keeping their materials safe and ready for use. 
 
 Feather Booh. 
 
 As good feathers are valuable, they should be 
 guarded from the moth, by camphor, Russia 
 
32 OF TACKLE. 
 
 leather J or other preservatives. It is a good 
 way to gum thein in rows, in a book, placing a 
 strip of paper over the quills. The most neces- 
 sary feathers are : hackles from the neck of blue 
 dun hens, especially those with a ginger- coloured 
 edging : hackles from the neck, and near the tail 
 of game cocks, both red and furnace : hackles 
 from the neck of a black Spanish cock : scapular 
 feathers of the woodcock or grouse : and brown 
 mottled feathers from a partridge's back. These, 
 with wings of the starling, landrail, and hen 
 pheasant, and tail feathers of the wren, with 
 some peacock and ostrich herl, may suffice to 
 begin with. Some grey and brown mottled fea- 
 thers from the wild drake may also be provided. 
 
 Fly Making. 
 
 Many books, after trying to tell us how to 
 MAKE A FLY, Very justly add, that the art cannot 
 be communicated by writing, the practice must 
 be seen. We shall follow the fashion by way of 
 furnishino; a few hints for those who are unable 
 to meet with a friend to direct them. 
 
 1. Take a piece of very fine round gut, and 
 singe it in a candle at one extremity, in order 
 that it may be less liable to slip after being tied 
 to the hook, previously waxed. Then holding a 
 fine silk thread lightly waxed with soft shoe- 
 maker's wax, ABC D, plate 3, fig. 1, in one 
 
{J 
 
 [ \ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
4 
 
FLY MAKING. 33 
 
 hand, whip a part of it three or four times round 
 the end of the shank of the hook, beginning to 
 whip at B, and leaving a few inches of thread at 
 A B hanging down, with a pair of forceps, or 
 little weight at the end of it. 
 
 2. Hold the burnt end E, fig. 2, of the gut 
 EOF, in contact with the shank of the hook, 
 and wind tightly the portion of thread, C D of 
 fig. 1, first once or twice round the gut close to 
 the end of the shank, fig. 2, and then over the 
 portion of gut C E, the three or four coils B C, 
 already made, and the shank of the hook, C B E, 
 leaving out the piece of thread, A B, still hanging 
 down. 
 
 3. Bring two or three stylish whisks from a 
 red hackle into the position shown in ^g. 3, 
 and bind them securely there, for the tail, by 
 means of the same end (c, d) of silk as was last 
 used. Bind in, at the same time, the extremity 
 of a piece of fine gold twist (e, f), and also one 
 end of some dubbing of orange and red floss silk 
 mixed. Then spin the floss silk on to the rem- 
 nant (c, d) of thread, and wind it on the shank, 
 or wind it on the shank without spinning. 
 
 4. Run the remnant (c, d) round the shank, 
 as far as B, and make it fast there with the 
 thread A B ; then wind the gold twist (e, f) 
 over the coils made by c, d in the manner shown 
 
 D 
 
34 OF TACKLE. 
 
 in ^g. 4, and make it fast also with the thread 
 A B. This completes the body. 
 
 5. Bring the butt end of the red hackle 
 stained amber colour into the position shown in 
 fig. 5, tie it there by means of the well-waxed 
 thread, A B, and cut off the projecting piece (G) 
 of the hackle. 
 
 6. Wind the other part of the hackle, B H, 
 fig. 5, two or three times round the upper end 
 of the body, and bind it tightly and neatly there 
 with A B, and in such manner that the fibres 
 may stand as shown -in fig. 6. This represents 
 the legs. 
 
 7. Take two pieces, as shown in fig. 6, from 
 the under covert feather of a starling's wing, and 
 bind them on (with the butt end towards the 
 top of the shank) firmly and neatly, at nearly 
 the same place B (a little nearer to the top of 
 the shank). Part them, if you choose ; snip off 
 the butt ends obliquely, bind the short stumps 
 down upon the shank (so that they may not be 
 seen), and fasten off. You will now possess a 
 Great Red Spinner complete, provided always 
 that you have seen a little more of the art than 
 you have here read, and that you have been 
 yourself a tolerably good dubbing -spinner. 
 
 To make a Buzz-fly with a hackle (see fig. 30, 
 plate 14), the upper or pointed end of the hackle 
 
FLY MAKING. 35 
 
 must be tied at the tail E, fig. 3, plate 3, with 
 the ends of the material of the body (by means 
 of the thread c, d), and the hackle must be 
 wound up over the dubbing, and fastened off 
 with the thread A B, after the gold or silver 
 twist or other ribbing has been wound on and 
 fastened off with A B. 
 
 If a Buzz-fly (as figs. 28 and 29, plate 13) 
 is to be made with any other feather than a 
 hackle, the feather should be stroked back, its 
 pointed end should be tied on at the shoulder B 
 (fig. 4, plate 3) of the fly, three or four coils of 
 the feather should be made round the part above 
 B, and the strands or fibres of the feather should 
 be carefully picked out, as the coiling proceeds, 
 otherwise it will not lie well. The butt end of 
 the feather must be tied in at the head of the fly 
 with the thread A B, which must be fastened off 
 as usual. 
 
 In making a fly with wings intended to reprcr 
 sent natural wings at rest (as ^g. 2, plate 4), 
 the hackle feather may, in some cases, be dis- 
 pensed with, and a little of the dubbing may be 
 left out in the warping, or picked out of the body 
 with a needle, after the winding or warping, to 
 serve for legs instead of the hackle feather. In 
 every other respect the fly may be made in the 
 manner prescribed for the Great Red Spinner. 
 (See above, p. 32.) 
 
 D 2 
 
36 OF TACKLE. 
 
 When a hackle or other feather is used for the 
 purpose of imitating a winged fly -buzz, its tint 
 should be lighter than that of the natural wings ; 
 for the effect of the buzzing motion is to give 
 this lighter appearance. 
 
 To make a Palmer. 
 
 1. Burn in a candle the end of a strong piece 
 of gut, and whip a part of the thread A B C D, 
 fig. 1, plate 3, round the end of the shank of a 
 hook (as before, see p. 32). 
 
 2. Place the gut in contact with the hook, 
 and wind the portion of thread, C D, of fig. 1 
 over the part of gut C E, fig. 2, the three or 
 four coils B C, and the shank of the hook C B E, 
 &c., not leaving the end of thread, as before, 
 hanging from B, but including it in the new 
 coils, and allowing it to hang from E, fig. 7. 
 
 3. Wind rapidly (or run) c d back again to 
 C, and include the butt end of a red hackle G H 
 (fig. 7) in the four or five last coils of this 
 winding. 
 
 4. Bring another smaller hook, I, into the 
 position shown in fig. 7, and attach it to the gut 
 E C F, by winding the same thread, c d, round 
 its shank and the gut. Then wind c d two or 
 three times round the gut only (close to the end 
 of the hook), and back again two or three coils 
 over the shank, to form the head of the Palmer . 
 
FLY BOXES. 37 
 
 5. Tie in (with the same thread, c d) another 
 hackle, K L, by the butt, together with three 
 peacock's herls, M N. 
 
 6. Wind the thread c d with the peacock's 
 herls, spun or rather twisted on it, back to C 
 and make it fast there (or hold it tight), but do 
 not cut off the remnant. Also wind the hackle 
 K L over the dubbing of peacock's herl back to 
 C, and tie it, picking out any strands which may 
 happen to be tied in, and snip off the ends of 
 KL. 
 
 7. Now wind the remaining dubbing-^pun 
 piece of silk (c d) over the coils of thread and 
 the shank of the first-mentioned hook down to 
 E ; bind it there with the well-waxed thread 
 A B ; wind also the hackle Gr H over the dubbing 
 down to E, make all fast by means of the thread 
 A B, snip off all the remnants, and your red 
 Palmer (see fig. 45, pi. 19) will be ready to 
 make a pilgrimage in search of a Trout. 
 
 Fly Books, Boxes, et cetera. 
 
 Having lost many flies out of the boxes and 
 books usually sold, I at last adopted the follow- 
 ing little device of a friend, which has certainly 
 served to retain them better, and to keep them 
 in better order for selection. Several round 
 pieces of cardboard (as fig. 8, plate 3) are first 
 fitted to the box. At the centre of each of these 
 
38 OF TACKLE. 
 
 is fixed a piece of cork, round which two con- 
 centric circles of stitches of gut (or sometimes 
 very well waxed fine silk thread) are formed, 
 and they are covered at the back (or under side 
 of the card) with a piece of paper pasted over 
 them. On the upper side and under these 
 stitches the barbs of the hooks are passed, the 
 long ends of the gut are put through a hole in 
 the centre of the cork, and these cards are 
 packed in the box over each other, without 
 injury or derangement to the flies upon them. 
 
 Experience has suggested a still better 
 method of securing and preserving them in good 
 order, viz. to stick them upon fine flannel, and 
 to arrange them in a fly-case or book containing 
 ^ separate space for each sort. By these means, 
 when one is wanted in a hurry, it is easily and 
 without derangement found. The flannel (fine 
 Welsh flannel is the best) may be gummed upon 
 the parchment of the leaves, the oil in Avhich, 
 together with that of the wool, preserves the 
 hook from rust ; a point of much importance. 
 
 The Basket or Creel should not be large and 
 cumbersome, and should neatly fit the back. It 
 may be painted black. 
 
 The Landing-net should be light, the handle 
 long, and the net deep. 
 
 Nothing need here be said of the other little 
 necessaries, conveniences, and luxuries which 
 
DYEING. 39 
 
 tackle- makers know so well how to describe and 
 recommend. These gentlemen should be listened 
 to, even although one may sometimes pay rather 
 dearly for the whistle. More fish than cash is 
 taken by their nets after all ; and everybody 
 knows the peculiar comfort of being well pro- 
 vided with tackle (and Prog by the bye) when 
 distant from the sources of provision. We also 
 know the pride and pleasure of supplying a 
 " Yenator " with a seasonable well-made fly or 
 a length of gut, all which has many a time led 
 to an agreeable acquaintance with a brother 
 angler. 
 
 RECIPES FOR DYEING ANB STAINING 
 FEATHERS, ETC. 
 
 1. TO DYE WHITE FEATHERS A DTJN C0L0T7K. 
 
 Make a mordant by dissolving about a quarter 
 of an ounce of alum in a pint of water, and 
 slightly boil the feathers in it, taking care that 
 they shall be thoroughly soaked or saturated 
 with the solution ; then boil them in other water 
 with fustick, shumach, and a small quantity of 
 copperas, put into it until they have assumed 
 the required tint. The fustick and copperas will 
 make a yellow dun tint ; the shumack and cop- 
 peras a blue dun tint. The greater the quantity 
 of copperas the deeper will be the dye. 
 
40 OF TACKLE. 
 
 2. TO TUKN RED HACKLES BROWN. 
 
 Put a piece of copperas, the size of half a 
 walnut, into a pint of water ; boil it, and whilst 
 boiling put in the red feathers. Let them 
 remain until by frequent examination they are 
 found to have taken the proper colour. 
 
 3. TO STAIN FEATHERS AN OLIYE DUN, ETC. 
 
 Make a very strong infusion of the outside 
 brown leaves or coating of an onion root, by 
 allowing the ingredients to stand warm by the 
 fire for ten or twelve hours. If dun feathers 
 are boiled in this dye they will become an olive 
 dun ; and white feathers a yellow. If a small 
 piece of copperas be added the latter colour will 
 become a useful muddy yellow, darker or lighter 
 as may be required, and approaching to a yellow 
 olive dun, according to the quantity of copperas 
 used. 
 
 4. TO DTE A mallard's FEATHER FOR THE GREEN DRAKE. 
 
 Tie up some of the best feathers in bunches of 
 a dozen, and boil them in the same mordant of 
 alum as given in No. 1, merely to get the grease 
 out. Then boil them in an infusion of fustick 
 to procure a yellow, and subdue the brightness 
 of this yellow by adding nitrate of copper to the 
 infusion. 
 
DYEING. 41 
 
 6. TO DYE FEATHERS DARE: RED AlO) PURPLE. 
 
 Hackles of various colours, boiled (without 
 alum) in an infusion of logwood and Brazil wood 
 dust until they are as red as they can be made 
 by this means, may be changed to a deeper red 
 by putting them into a mixture of muriatic acid 
 and tin, and to a purple by a warm solution of 
 potash. As the muriatic acid is not to be satu- 
 rated with tin, the solution must be much diluted. 
 If it burns your tongue much, it will burn the 
 feathers a little. 
 
 6. TO DTE RED HACKLES A CLARET COLOUR. 
 
 Boil a tea- spoonful of Brazil wood in half a 
 pint of water, and simmer some lightish furniss 
 hackles in this for a quarter of an hour. Then 
 take them out and immerse them in muriate of 
 tin, with the addition of a little muriatic acid. 
 Wash and dry. 
 
 7. TO DTE FEATHERS VARIOUS SHADES OP RED, AMBER, 
 AND BROWIT. 
 
 First boil them in the alum mordant (see No. 
 1 ) ; secondly, boil them in an infusion of fustick 
 strong enough to bring them to a bright yellow 
 (about a table- spoonful to a pint of water),. then 
 boil them in a dye of mather, peach wood or 
 Brazil wood. To set the colour, put a few drops 
 of ''dyer's spirit '^ (i.e nitrate of tin combined 
 
42 OF TACKLE. 
 
 with a small quantity of common salt), which 
 may be had from a silk dyer, into the la&t-men- 
 tioned dye. 
 
 8. TO STAIN SILK GUT THE COLOUK OF EET, WEEDS, ETC. 
 
 Make an infusion of onion coatings (see No. 3), 
 put the gut into it when quite cold, and let it re- 
 main until the hue becomes as dark as may be 
 required. 
 
 Gut may be stained in an infusion of green 
 tea, a useful colour for some waters. 
 
 A dye of logwood will turn it to a pale blue ; 
 especially with the addition of a little copperas. 
 
 Although anglers mostly prefer the natural 
 feather to the dyed one ; yet, as the exact tints 
 cannot be always obtained, artificial means must 
 be frequently resorted to. Even prejudice too 
 must admit that dyed feathers take the water 
 more readily than others. The difficulty of 
 wetting some feathers, especially of sea-fowl and 
 pigeons, is a great objection to their use. 
 
43 
 
 I 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 MANNER OF FISHING FOR TROUT AND GRAYLING. 
 
 " With rod and line I sued the sport 
 Which that sweet season gave." 
 
 WOEDSWOKTH. 
 
 When the rod is put together, the rings upon it 
 should fall into a line with each other. The 
 reel containing the line is sometimes attached 
 to a belt round the body, but generally to the 
 rod at the distance of ten to fourteen inches 
 from the end of the butt, (i.e.) that place where 
 it produces a small and pleasant degree of coun- 
 terbalance to the upper end of the rod.^ The 
 fine end of the line with a loop receives the foot 
 line with a draw- knot, and to the fine end of the 
 foot line is attached a fly or palmer, which is 
 called the Stretcher. Other flies, which are 
 made fast to the foot line, are called Droppers, 
 two of which are generally sufficient. The first 
 dropper is placed at about one yard and a quar- 
 ter distant from the stretcher, the second about 
 a yard fi:om the first, each upon a piece of gut 
 about four inches long. And the knots used 
 
 * Some of the best rod makers now place it quite at the end, and ' 
 my practice seems to prove that this is the best position for it. 
 
44 OF FISHING FOR 
 
 for this purpose are so contrived, that they can 
 be detached and resumed at pleasure. 
 
 Throwing, 
 
 In order to acquire the art of throwing a fly, 
 it may be advisable to practise, previously to 
 visiting the stream, in a space free from trees, 
 where a piece of paper may represent the spot 
 required to be thrown to. Taking the wind in 
 his back, the tyro, with a short line, at first 
 may attempt to cast within an inch or two of 
 the paper, and afterwardSj by degrees, lengthen 
 his line, as his improvement proceeds ; he may 
 then try to throw in such a direction that the 
 wind may in some measure oppose the line and 
 rod ; and, lastly, he may practise throwing 
 against the wind. In this way any person may 
 become an adept in throwing a fly, much sooner 
 than by trusting solely to the experience which 
 he may get when at the water- side ; for his 
 attention being then wholly engrossed by the 
 hope of a rise, &c., a bad habit may be very 
 easily engendered, which will not be as easily 
 got rid of. 
 
 He should endeavour to impart to the end of 
 the line a uniform sweep or curve round his 
 head ; for if it returns too quickly or sharply 
 from behind him, a crack will be heard and the 
 fly whipped ofi^. There is some little difiiculty 
 
 I 
 
TROUT AND GRAYLING. 45 
 
 in acquiring this manipulation. The larger the 
 fly the more resistance it meets with in the air ; 
 this resistance causes it to make a better curve, 
 and the danger of smacking it off is lessened. 
 A Palmer, made as shown in plate 19, is not 
 easily lost in this manner. 
 
 An attempt to describe all the precautions 
 and manipulations requisite for throwing a fly 
 successfully and gracefully would be as hopeless 
 a task as that of trying to teach dancing by 
 words. It must be abundantly evident that the 
 fly should drop as lightly as possible on the 
 water, and that an awkward unmannerly splash 
 must inevitably mar the illusion. 
 
 Weather' and Water, 
 
 The best days to select for fly-fishing are the 
 warm and cloudy, with a gentle breeze from 
 South or West causing a ripple upon the water ; 
 by which the fish is not only prevented from 
 seeing the fisherman so plainly as in smooth 
 water, but is also deprived of so good an oppor- 
 tunity of detecting the fly-maker's artifice. 
 
 The water after a flood sometimes remains for 
 several days too turbid for fly-fishing. When it 
 is very low in its bed and clear, the circum- 
 stances are also unpropitious, and success is ob- 
 tained with difficulty. When the water is un- 
 usually high, though it be not discoloured, the 
 
46 OF FISHING FOR 
 
 fish seem to be feeding more at the bottom than 
 above ; but these two last obstacles will not deter 
 the sportsman from trying his skill. 
 
 Choice of Flies, 
 
 The selection of a fly requires more judgment, 
 experience, and patience, than any other branch 
 of the art. The beginner will soon discover that 
 his choice cannot be absolutely decided by refer- 
 ence to the catalogue in the foUowmg chapter 
 merely, or to any catalogue whatever. For 
 when a fly is (in the former) said to be in sea- 
 son, it does not follow that it is abroad on every 
 day of its existence. The state of the weather, 
 in respect of heat and moisture, has great in- 
 fluence in this respect ; he should therefore bear 
 in mind that the Coleopteron, or Beetle, will be 
 on the water on hot days principally : the Ephe- 
 mera, or fish fly, on rather cold days : the Phry- 
 ganea, or water fly, as the Grannom, &c., on 
 cloudy days with gleams of sunshine : the 
 Diptera and other land flies as the Cow Dung, 
 &c., on windy days. He would often do well to 
 begin fishing with a Palmer as a stretcher, and 
 the fly which seems most suitable for the day as 
 a dropper, one yard and three quarters from it : 
 not changing these until he can discover what 
 fly the fish are actually rising at. The Palmer 
 
TROUT AND GRAYLING. 47 
 
 is never totally out of season, and is a good fat 
 bait. 
 
 It should never be forgotten, that, let the state 
 of the weather or the water (in respect of clear- 
 ness) be what it may, success in fly-fishing very 
 much depends upon showing the fish a good 
 imitation, both in colour and size, of that insect 
 which he has recently taken : an exact resem- 
 blance of the shape does not seem to be quite so 
 essential a requisite as that of colour, since the 
 former varies, according to the position of the 
 insect either in or upon the water ; but a small 
 fly is usually employed when the water is fine, 
 because the fish is then better enabled to detect 
 an imitation, and because the small fly is more 
 easily imitated. The resemblance of each parti- 
 cular colour, &c. is not required to be so exact 
 as in the case of a large fly. 
 
 When the fly is thrown on the stream, some 
 little resemblance of life must be attempted to 
 be given to it ; this I imagine to be best accom- 
 plished by throwing across and down the cur- 
 rent : the top of the rod should in this case, after 
 throwing, be held over the side of the stream, on 
 which the fisherman stands ready to strike ; the 
 current will then act against the part of the line 
 lying on the water, and cause the fly to sail over 
 towards the same side, yet still to float down a 
 
48 OF FISHING FOR 
 
 little, as a natural fly when struggling might be 
 supposed to do. 
 
 When the fly is thrown into a still place, a few 
 gentle jerks (after it has remained a second or 
 two on the water) may be given to it ; but no 
 greater force should be used than is sufiicient to 
 move a foot or two at a time. 
 
 Some fishermen generally prefer their flies 
 made huzz^ (i-^O representing probably flies 
 with their wings fluttering, or in rapid motion ; 
 whilst others succeed best with their flies made 
 with the wings to represent the appropriate 
 natural wings at comparative rest. Probably a 
 difi*erence in the mode of fishing may create this 
 difference of choice in the make of a fly. He 
 whose manner of fishing is that of throwing 
 down the stream, close to the bank on which he 
 stands, and then drawing the fly up the current, 
 towards him, or in any manner giving it a good 
 deal of motion, may find that the Buzz fly, made 
 with a three -year old cock's hackle, is best suited 
 to that method, on account of the above-men- 
 tioned fluttering appearance^ ; whilst the artifi- 
 
 ^ Any person may become convinced of this resemblance by 
 Tisiting the Serpentine in Hyde Park (or similar waters) on a 
 warm evening of April, and by very carefully watching the motions 
 of the Golden Dun (see Chap. IV. No. 10) immediately after it 
 has quitted its nympha state. He will then see it buzzing along 
 upon the surface of the water for some yards (previously to taking 
 flight), and assuming an appearance exactly like that of the buzz 
 hackle, &c. 
 
TROUT AND GRAYLING. 49 
 
 cial wings, resembling the natural wings of a fly 
 partially immersed in the water, would be more 
 suitable to the quieter mode of fishing. 
 
 Much valuable time is frequently lost by 
 changing the fly often. It is better to persevere 
 with that which produces tolerable sport, than to 
 do so. 
 
 Bising short, <^c, 
 
 A fish is said to rise short when he does not 
 seize the bait voraciously and confidently ; and 
 this want of zeal is no doubt frequently occasioned 
 by the imitation shown to him being too faint a 
 resemblance of the real insect. 
 
 Fish will sometimes rise freely at one moment, 
 and in ten minutes afterwards not a rise is to be 
 seen. One frequent cause of this is no doubt a 
 want of food to rise at. A sudden change of 
 weather, so slight as to be hardly perceptible to 
 us, may have great influence upon the insects, as 
 we perceive that it often has upon cows, asses, 
 dogs, and many other animals. 
 
 Another cause for diminution or cessation of 
 sport may be the falling of the water in the bed 
 of the brook or river, occasioned by the stopping 
 of a mill above the situation of the fisherman. 
 I have observed from the fishing-house very 
 frequently a remarkable diminution of rises in a 
 given interval to occur as soon as the water 
 
 E 
 
50 OF FISHING FOR 
 
 began to drop in consequence of such a stoppage. 
 When this case occurs he will, generally, do 
 better by going below the next mill which is 
 working, or above that which has just stopped, 
 than by remaining in the first place. 
 
 We have already pointed out in the plan or 
 map, and in Chap. I. p. 4, the places in a brook 
 where Trout and Grayling are chiefly to be 
 found : such places should be carefully whipped. 
 Two or three throws in the same place are gene- 
 rally sufficient. 
 
 We have also shown above the great advan- 
 tage of avoiding high stations, of seeking low 
 ones, of stooping down sometimes as low as 
 possible, and even of wading, provided that the 
 fisherman takes care not to get " caught by the 
 fish." W^aterproof fishing boots as used in 
 Scotland, or India-rubber overalls, as about 
 Sheffield, are good things. 
 
 An endeavour to prevent our shadow, and 
 even that of the rod, from falling on the water 
 should also be adopted, when practicable. 
 
 Throwing to a Fish just risen, and killing him. 
 When a fish has just risen at a natural object, 
 it is well for the fisherman to try to throw into 
 the curl occasioned by the rise, and left as a 
 mark for him ; but should the undulations have 
 nearly died away before he can throw to the 
 
TROUT AND GRAYLING. 51 
 
 spot, then he should throw (as nearly as he can 
 judge) a yard or two above it, and allow the flies 
 to float down to the supposed place of the fish ; 
 if a rise does not occur, it may be concluded 
 that the fish has removed without seeing them : 
 he may then try a yard or two on each side of 
 the place where the curl appeared, when he may 
 probably have a rise, and may possibly hook the 
 fish, provided he has the knack of striking, which 
 knack, like all others, is acquired only by prac- 
 tice ; it must be done by a very sudden but not 
 a very strong stroke, a twitch of the wrist. 
 Having hooked him, the rod should be carefully 
 retained in that position which will allow its 
 greatest pliability to be exerted. To do this, it 
 may be advisable to get it up over the shoulder, 
 and present the butt-end towards the fish. A 
 gentle pull must now be kept upon the fish, and 
 he should be led down the stream by all means, 
 making use of the reel as occasion may require 
 to shorten the line. But if he runs in towards 
 the bank upon which the fisherman stands, it 
 will be necessary to approach the edge of the 
 water as nearly as possible, holding the rod with 
 an outstretched arm in almost a horizontal po- 
 sition ; and if the reel is of the usual bad con- 
 struction, it will be also necessary to pull in the 
 line as quickly as possible with the left hand : 
 this may prevent the fish from reaching his 
 
 E 2 
 
 I 
 
52 OF FISHING FOR 
 
 harbour : if it should not, he will most likely- 
 twist the gut round roots or weeds, and break 
 away. 
 
 To kill him, the nose must be kept up as much 
 as possible ; should he be very importunate and 
 resolute, he may be lent a little more line now 
 and then, but it must be promptly retaken with 
 tremendous interest, and got up as short as pos- 
 sible. After various fruitless efforts to escape, 
 which exhaust his strength, the nose may be got 
 fairly out of the water, he may be towed gently 
 to the side, and the landing net passed under 
 him. 
 
 From the time of hooking the fish, if a large 
 one, to the time of landing, care must be had 
 that the line shall not be touched by the hand, 
 excepting under the just mentioned circum- 
 stances ; all should depend upon the pliability 
 of the rod. In case a landing net should not be 
 at hand, the reel may be stopped from running 
 back, the rod stuck up in the ground by the spike, 
 and both hands being disengaged, the fisherman 
 may stoop down and grasp him firmly behind 
 the gills. But the angler would do well rather 
 to take the fish down stream to the nearest 
 shallow, and draw him gradually upon some 
 shelving bed of gravel, where this is practicable. 
 The rod can then be retained in the left hand, 
 while the fish, even if a trout of 5^lbs, weight, can 
 
TROUT AND GRAYLING. 53 
 
 be gently but firmly grasped with the other ; as 
 the writer has once proved to his satisfaction. 
 
 If a fish of less than six ounces is hooked 
 fairly, he may be cautiously lifted out by the 
 line ; but should he begin to struggle in the least 
 degree, he must be allowed to drop into the 
 water, where he will be again under the influence 
 of the pliable rod, when he must be towed up 
 again, and another effort made to secure him. 
 
 The pinncipal differences between Trout and 
 Grayling Fishing are, that the latter requires a 
 more delicate hand, a quicker eye, and the use 
 of smaller flies upon the finest gut. The strike 
 must be made on the instant of the rise. The 
 fish may be sometimes seen, if he be of a good size 
 and the water bright, a few inches before he gets 
 up to the fly, and the fisherman must strike im- 
 mediately that he does so, for his motion at the 
 instant of seizure is too rapid to be visible. 
 
 When the fisherman comes upon a favourable 
 place for Grayling, he should recollect that this 
 fish does not follow the fly as the Trout does, 
 and should therefore allow it to float down the 
 stream in a natural way ; for should a Grayling 
 be waiting for it, when it is drawn away, " the 
 fish will be disappointed of that which it was 
 the fisherman's intention to entertain him with.'' 
 
 It must also be remarked here that the mouth 
 of the Grayling is much more tender than that 
 
 h 
 
54 FISHING FOR TROUT AND GRAYLING. 
 
 of the Trout, therefore much more care in land- 
 ing is required ; and a landing net is generally 
 indispensable, especially where the banks are 
 high, for the mouth will seldom bear the weight 
 of the fish out of the water. 
 
 An exception in regard to striking must be 
 made in the case of large Grayling or Trout ; as 
 such will generally strike themselves, if the line 
 is not too slack. There is much danger of 
 breaking your hold or tackle by striking such 
 fish ; and especially if you are throwing down 
 stream. Many an angler has lost his fly, or 
 broken the point of his hook, by striking at the 
 moment of a good rise. The point of the hook 
 is in danger, when it catches the bony part of a 
 Trout's mouth ; and the fly is lost by the gut 
 snapping, close to the head, when the movement 
 of a large fish is simultaneous with the angler's 
 striking. In such a case both angler and fish 
 pull at once, a point always to be avoided. 
 
55 
 
 CHAPTEK IV. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF INSECTS FOR THE FLY-FISHING 
 SEASON, ;\'ITH THEIR IMITATIONS. 
 
 " Although the imitation of nature is the principal object to be 
 desired by the flymaker, yet in some instances it will be advisable 
 to enlarge or diminish the proportions of the artificial fly. ... If 
 the river be very high, the fly may be dressed larger than nature ; 
 if very low, the size may be reduced, and the body made thinner 
 than the natural fly appears." — Bainbkidge. 
 
 We now enter upon our special province ; for 
 hitherto we have been occupied with introduc- 
 tory matters. This Fourth Chapter supposes the 
 angler to be in some degree a proficient, fairly- 
 provided with the materials for making a fly ; 
 with the finest silks, red, lemon colour (called 
 primrose silk by the angler), and purple, with 
 orange and claret, if possible ; also blue dun 
 furs, light and dark, hare's ear, and fox ; a few 
 wings of the unsunned starling, as the softest, 
 taken just before the birds quit the parent nest, 
 also of the landrail, hen pheasant, and hen black- 
 bird ; and, above all, some dun hackles^ from the 
 neck of blue dun hens, light and dark, and some 
 with a golden edging or fringe ; some red and 
 furnace hackles from the neck of game cocks, 
 
56 CATALOGUE OF INSECTS 
 
 some black from a Spanish cock ; some peacock 
 herl of a ruddy copper tint ; and a little gold 
 twist of two sizes. These and some of the finest 
 gut, and choice sneckbend hooks, are required of 
 necessity. And it is supposed that the angler 
 who aspires to make a fly can fasten a hook to 
 gut neatly with very few turns of silk, and can 
 fasten-off cleverly. But, now he is passing on 
 to fly -making, let him observe that his silk had 
 better be only half as thick as what he has 
 hitherto considered the very finest. Ah ! what 
 trouble would this hint have saved the writer 
 when he began to make flies. The beginner will 
 make twice as many turns with the silk as the 
 skilful adept, and his silk therefore must he of the 
 finest. 
 
 Aim first at neatness hot at strength. Adjust 
 the hackle to the size of the hook, by observing 
 that the fibre, or half the feather, is the exact 
 length of the hook from head to bend. The 
 same of the feather for the wing. As a rule, 
 make the wing exactly the length of the hook. 
 Afterwards you will vary a little, as judgment 
 shall direct. By making all the flies in this list 
 in turn you will acquire dexterity in imita- 
 tion ; but a begiimer would do well to take the 
 easiest first, as No. 30, and then No. 27, and so 
 proceed to the Duns and Spinners after a little 
 practice. 
 
WITH THEIR IMITATIONS. 57 
 
 The Duns are the small Ephemeridae (or day- 
 flies) in the Imago or winged state, but imper- 
 fect^ and preparing to cast off a fine skin that 
 envelopes them (wings and all), and to become 
 Spinners. In the former state they are less 
 transparent, and their wings best imitated by 
 the upper surface of a starling^ s feather ; but 
 in the latter they are bright and glossy, and the 
 under surface of the feather used for the wings 
 should be shown. 
 
 The bodies of these delicate insects are some- 
 times beautifully imitated by stained hair and 
 gut ; but a fly should be made as soft as silk, and 
 softer, if it is to be retained in the mouth of a 
 fish many seconds. This is the chief reason why 
 wings stiffened with varnish and gut bodies can- 
 not supplant the old-fashioned furs and feathers. 
 
 It will be a great assistance to procure a set of 
 flies dressed according to the directions of this 
 book, which can be had of Mr. Eaton, Nos. 6 
 and 7, Crooked-lane, London, long commissioned 
 by the author to sell his flies. 
 
 The first effect may possibly be one of dis- 
 appointment, because they will not look so large 
 or so bright as the engravings. But neither irnll 
 the real insects. So that seeing them will correct 
 erroneous impressions, and help the book in 
 giving instruction most powerfully. One word 
 to the finished artist, who may perchance cast a 
 
58 CATALOGUE OF INSECTS 
 
 glance at these pages, and we will enter on our 
 Catalogue. His praise will be appreciated even 
 when qualified with censure. If he grants that 
 something has been done in the right direction 
 by ascertaining the scientific name and some- 
 what of the habits of the chief angling flies, 
 and that the imitations are simplified, as far as 
 practicable, and the instructions sound in the 
 main, this is great praise from a judge^ or we 
 are mistaken. After all, what is a descriptive 
 catalogue of the best insects for fly-fishing ? If 
 followed blindly without intelligence, it will be 
 as useless as a dictionary in the hand of untu- 
 tored youth. But use it intelligently as a help^ 
 not as an oracle, and it will assist and facilitate 
 your studies. But it requires ingenuity and 
 perseverance, observation and judgment, aye, 
 travel too, and experience, to make an angler ! 
 
 A glance at the subjoined classification of in- 
 sects may encourage the fly-fisher to take an 
 interest in those orders on which his sport 
 chiefly depends. These will be seen, in the 
 sequel, to be the Neuroptera and Diptera ; and 
 next to them, the Coleoptera, 
 
 Insects, properly so called, are winged, have 
 six legs and two antennae. They are divided into 
 1. Mandihulata (or chewers), and 2. Haustel- 
 lata (suckers). Of the former there are four 
 orders : Coleoptera (beetles), Orthoptera (grass- 
 
WITH THEIR IMITATIONS. 59 
 
 hoppers, &c.), Neuroptera (may-flies, &c.), and 
 Hymenoptera (bees, &c.). These are furnished 
 with mandibles. The Haustellata, which live by 
 suction, form five orders, as follows : — 
 
 Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Diptera 
 (oak-fly, &c.), Homoptera (cicada, &c.), Hete- 
 roptera (known as '' heavy cavalry ^^^ &c.), and 
 Aphaniptera ("light infantry,'^ &c.). These, 
 then, are our nine orders of insects, to be still 
 subdivided into families , genera, and species. 
 
 To descend to minor matters, the hooks re- 
 ferred to below are those of Messrs. Hutchinson 
 and Son, Kendal (successors and late partners of 
 the famous Adlington), of the sneckbend form, 
 longs and shorts, with twoNos. of Grayling Hooks, 
 finer in the wire, and two of Double Hooks, for 
 Palmers, made expressly for this edition. Should 
 description, after all, fail to convey the minute 
 instruction requisite for the beginner, he is re* 
 commended to seek the aid of some proficient, 
 who will kindly examine and correct his first 
 essays at fly-making, and send him patterns to 
 copy with the exact materials for each fly.^ 
 
 ^ Mr. Edward Moore, of Stanton Ford, Baslow, Derbyshire, 
 kindly permits a reference to be made to himself, as willing to 
 afford assistance to the beginner, either by letter, or by receiving a 
 visitor into his house on the Derwent, and imparting a few practical 
 instructions by the water-side. 
 
60 FLIES FOR MARCH. 
 
 No. 1. THE EED FLY (Old Joan). 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Perlidde 
 Genus, Nemoura 
 Species, nebulosa^ 
 
 No. 2. THE BLUE IDUN (Cock Tail). 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 
 Family, Ephemeridoe 
 
 Genus, Potamanthus 
 
 Species, rufescens {Pseudimagd), 
 
 No. 3. THE EfiD Sl^INNEE. 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Ephemeridoe 
 Genus, Potamanthus 
 Species, rufescens {Imago), 
 
ni\ 
 
 c 
 
I 
 
FLIES FOR MARCH. 61 
 
 Na 1. THE RED FLY. 
 
 In a forward spring this fly comes out about 
 the middle of February ; it is in season until the 
 end of March, and may be used on fine but ra- 
 ther windy days until the Blue Dun and other 
 flies come in. I have taken very large Grayling 
 with it. It is abundant at Bakewell in March 
 and April. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. The dubbing is composed of the dark 
 red part of squirrel's fur, mixed with an equal 
 quantity of claret- coloured mohair, showing the 
 most claret colour at the tail of the fly. This is 
 spun on brown silk thread, to form the body. 
 
 Wings. From the softest quill feather of the 
 pea- hen's wing which approaches the tint. 
 
 Legs. Of a claret-coloured stained hackle. 
 No feather of its natural colour, that I know of, 
 is of the proper shade. Clip some of the upper 
 fibres ofi*, that the wings may lie flat. Hook 
 No. 2, short. 
 
 Remarks. This is the earliest fly in North 
 Derbyshire. The tint of the wings is that of a 
 cake of glue held between the eye and the sun. 
 It is best made hackle-way, with the under covert 
 
62 FLIES FOR MARCH. 
 
 feather of a woodcock's wing wound upon the 
 above body. In Lancashire it is called "Old 
 Joan," and the body is made rough with claret- 
 coloured German wool. Thus made it kills well 
 in the Derwent. 
 
 No. 2. THE BLUE DUN. 
 
 This fly lives three or four days in the state 
 represented ; then becomes the Red Spinner. It 
 begins to be plentiful in the early part of March, 
 should the weather be mild. When in full season 
 it will be found on the water, chiefly on rather 
 cold windy days. It endeavours to take flight 
 in three or four seconds after emerging from the 
 Pupa. On cold days it seems to have rather 
 more difficulty in rising from the water than in 
 warm weather, and consequently becomes very 
 frequently food for fishes at the moment of its 
 assuming the winged state. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Fur of a hare's ear or face, spun very 
 thinly on fine yellow silk, and wound on thickest 
 
FLIES FOR MARCH. 63 
 
 at the shoulder. Some of the dubbing is then 
 picked out to form legs. 
 
 Tail. Two fibres of a Dun Hackle. 
 
 Wings. From a quill feather of the starling's 
 wing, which may be slightly stained in onion 
 dye. 
 
 Legs. If a sufficient quantity of dubbing 
 cannot be picked out for the legs, two or three 
 turns of a Ginger Dun hackle can be added, and 
 will help to keep the wings upright. Put these 
 on last, whipping them on the hare hook^ and 
 finish at the head. Hook No. 2, Grayling. 
 
 Remarks. This elegant fly kills well till June 
 made as follows : Body of yellow silk waxed, 
 with a very little Blue Dun fur from rat, mouse, 
 mole, or rabbit, spun upon the silk so that the 
 yellow shows through. Body tapering from 
 shoulder to tail. 
 
 Legs. A Honey Dun hackle ; four or five 
 turns. 
 
 Wings. A starling's quill feather, put on 
 last, on the bare hook, so as to stand up boldly. 
 
 Thus made, it is a good Fly for Parr. When 
 you can put this fly together well you have 
 reason to hope you are improving : for the Duns 
 are delicate insects to imitate. Wax your silk 
 lightly. 
 
64 FLIES FOR MARCH. 
 
 No. 4. WATEK CRICKET. 
 
 Order, Hemiptera 
 Family, Hyd/rometridce 
 Genus, Velia 
 Species, rivulorum. 
 
 No. 5. GKEAT DARK DRONE (Saw Fly, 
 Gee AT Dark Dun), 
 
 Order, Hymenoptera 
 Family, Tenthredinidce 
 Genus, Dolerus 
 Species, niger. 
 
 No. 6. COW-DUNG FLY. 
 
 Order, Diptera 
 Family, Muscidce 
 Genus, Scatophaga 
 Species, stercoraria. 
 
 I 
 
ri. V. 
 
 * 
 
 ..», 
 
 I 
 

FLIES FOR MARCH. 65 
 
 No. 3. THE RED SPINNER. 
 
 This is the name given to the Blue Dun, after 
 it has cast off its olive dun coat. It now appears 
 of a bright red brown, and its wings, which were 
 before rather opaque, are transparent. It lives 
 
 :i 
 
 four or five days. It sports in the sunshine 
 and will be more successfully used in warm than 
 cold weather ; but when the sun becomes too ^ 
 powerful, this delicate insect seems to be disabled 
 fi'om continuing abroad in the middle of the day, 
 and is to be considered more as an evening fly. 
 Several of the other Spinners (or Ephemeridae 
 in the perfect imago state) resemble it so nearly, 
 that it may be kept as a model ; the tint only 
 varying, as will be subsequently shown. This 
 is a diflicult fly, for the beginner. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Thin, of bright brown silk, ribbed 
 with fine gold twist. 
 
 Tail. Two whisks of a red cock's hackle. 
 
 Wings. Upright, from a mottled grey feather 
 of the mallard, stained to match the colour of 
 the natural wings. 
 
 Legs. Plain red cock's hackle. Hook, No. 2, 
 Grayling. 
 
 Remarks. Some of the best Derbyshire 
 
 F 
 
66 FLIES FOR MARCH. 
 
 anglers make it thus : — Wing, upright from 
 under covert wing feather of a young grouse. 
 Body, silk, the colour of Russia leather, and rib- 
 bed with the finest yellow silk. Two dun fibres 
 for tail. 
 
 But after a frosty morning they make it as 
 follows : — Wing, starling onion dyed ; body, 
 claret silk ; legs, dead furniss hackle. Thus 
 made, it is called the " Frost Fly." 
 
 No. 4. THE WATER CRICKET. 
 
 This insect lives upon small flies, &c., whose 
 blood it sucks in a manner similar to that of the 
 land spider. It runs upon the water, and darts 
 upon its prey while struggling on the surface, 
 and is amongst the first insects which the Trout 
 finds there. In the hot summer months it is 
 provided with wings. It may be fished with 
 throughout this month, and the next, on all sorts 
 of days, but principally when the Blue Dun is 
 not very abundant upon the water. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Orange floss silk, tied on with black 
 silk thread. 
 
FLIES FOR MAKCH. 67 
 
 Legs. Are made best of one of the two 
 longest feathers of a peawit's topping. If this 
 cannot be easily procured, a black cock's hackle 
 will answer the purpose and is easier to use. 
 Either of these must be wound all down the 
 body, and the fibres then snipped off, as far 
 up as is shown in the figure. Hook, No. 0, 
 or 1. 
 
 Remarks. The rib may be formed with black 
 silk, and the hackle fastened under the shoulder. 
 This is an easier way. 
 
 No. 5. GREAT DARK DRONE. 
 
 This fly is found upon the grass in a very dull, 
 almost torpid, state, until nine or ten o'clock in 
 the morning, whence its name of Drone ; but 
 when the sun begins to warm the air, it takes 
 wing ; and afterwards, if there be a slight breeze, 
 it will be found upon the water. 
 
 There is a great variety of colour in the genus. 
 A bright orange is sometimes seen all over the 
 body, a lemon colour sometimes pervades only 
 the middle part of the body, the knee joints are 
 sometimes tipped with orange, sometimes orange 
 veins appear in the wings ; and there is one 
 
 F 2 
 
68 FLIES FOR MARCH. 
 
 No. 7. PEACOCK FLY (Little Chap). 
 
 Order, Coleoptera 
 Family, Staphylinidce 
 Genus, Quedius 
 Species, hceraorrhous. 
 
 No. 8. MAKCH BKOWN (Dun Deake, called in 
 
 Wales the Cob Fly). 
 
 Order, Nenroptera 
 
 Family, Ephemeridce 
 
 Genus, Baetis 
 
 Species, longicauda ^ {Pseudimago). 
 
 No, 9. GEEAT EED SPINNER (Light 
 Mackerel). 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Ephemeridce 
 Genus, Baetis 
 Species, longicauda {Imago), 
 
^^^^H^' 
 
 ^n^ 
 
FLIES FOR MARCH. 69 
 
 variety of the most beautiful pea green colour 
 imaginable ; but the black body is by far the 
 most frequently met with, and therefore the fly 
 with this colour is usually fished with. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Mole fur, ribbed over with black 
 ostrich, when spun on black silk. 
 
 Wings and Legs. Made buzz with a dun 
 hackle, the tint a shade or two lighter than that 
 of the natural wings. Hook, No. 4, long. 
 
 When this fly is made with wings and legs not 
 buzz, the dun feather of the wing of the mallard 
 is used, and a grizzled hackle for legs, upon the 
 same body. 
 
 Remarks. The use of a smaller ' Spring Black ' 
 than the above is recommended in preference. 
 
 Body. Black ostrich herl. 
 
 Wings and Legs. Purplish breast feather of 
 a cock starling, wound on as a hackle. Hook, 
 No. 1, long. 
 
 The larger black flies are seldom observed so 
 early in the season. But a black fly of one sort 
 or another is seldom useless on your lash. 
 
70 FLIES FOR MARCH. 
 
 No. 6. COW-DUNG FLY. 
 
 This fly is to be seen throughout the year. 
 It is very abundant about the middle of March, 
 when vast quantities are seen upon the water if 
 there be a high wind. The colour of the male, 
 when newly hatched, is a very bright tawny 
 yellow, that of the female a greenish brown ; she 
 is rather smaller than the male, is found in as 
 great numbers on the water, and is as good a fly 
 to imitate. This insect is not in full season after 
 the end of April, but in very blustering days 
 may be used all the year round. It is a fly that 
 varies much in size, the early specimens being 
 mostly small. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Yellow worsted, mohair, or camlet, 
 mixed with a little dingy brown fur from the 
 bear, and left rough, spun upon light brown silk. 
 
 Wings. From the landrail. 
 
 Legs. Of a ginger- coloured hackle. 
 
 The female is made buzz thus : 
 
 Body. Olive- coloured mohair, or worsted, 
 spun on silk of the same colour. 
 
 Wings and Legs. Of a red cock's hackle, 
 changed to a brown colour by putting it into a 
 solution of copperas. Hook, No. 3, short. 
 
FLIES FOR MARCH. 
 
 71 
 
 No. 7. PEACOCK FLY. 
 
 This fly represents a small beetle, extremely 
 abundant on warm sunny days. Its usual habit 
 on alighting is to gather up the wings under its 
 short wing scales (a habit like that of the earwig, 
 which flies about in autumn) ; but when it falls 
 upon water, it cannot always succeed in doing 
 so ; then, therefore, the wings lie nearly flat 
 upon its back. However fine the day may be, 
 and however clear the water, some sport may 
 still be expected with this fly, until the end of 
 May, but it is most successfully used on a sultry 
 gloomy day. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Ruddy brown peacock's herl, dressed 
 with mulberry-coloured silk. 
 
 Wings. The darkest part of a wing feather 
 of the starling. 
 
 Legs. A hackle stained dark purple ; ap- 
 pearing black when looked down upon ; but 
 when held up to the light, having a most beauti- 
 ful dark tortoiseshell hue. (See Dyes, Chap. IL 
 article 5.) Hook, No. 1 or 2, short. 
 
 Remarks. The Buzz form of this fly is a 
 great Grayling killer, in spring and autumn, and 
 is much prized on the Derwent, near Rowsley. 
 
72 FLIES FOR MARCH. 
 
 It is made thus : Body, the reddest strand of a 
 peacock's feather. 
 
 Legs and Wings. A lightish dun hackle; 
 made with mulberry -coloured silk. It is called 
 " The Little Chap," and is described with varia- 
 tions, hyArundo, in " Practical Fly-fishing," p. 26. 
 
 No. 8. MARCH BROWN. 
 
 The nymph a of this fly seems to require a 
 warmer day to enable it to rise to the surface of 
 the water, and to change to a fly, than is re- 
 quired for the similar rise and metamorphosis of 
 the Blue Dun's nympha (No. 2) ; the fly lives 
 three days in the state represented in the figure, 
 then changes into the Great Red Spinner (see 
 fig. 9). The male has a chocolate hue, and the 
 female a green brown ; it generally appears in 
 great numbers upon the streams, where it is 
 found toward the latter end of March, and is 
 very eagerly devoured by the Trout. It con- 
 tinues in season until May ; and although it can 
 only occasionally be found later, recent ex- 
 perience has convinced me of the propriety of 
 using it, upon some waters, as late even as July 
 or August. 
 
FLIES FOR MARCH. 73 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Fur of the hare's face ribbed over with 
 olive silk and tied with brown. 
 
 Tail. Two strands of a partridge feather. 
 
 Wings. Quill feather from the middle of the 
 hen pheasant's wing, which may be found of the 
 exact shade. 
 
 Legs. A brown mottled feather from the 
 back of a partridge. Hook, No. 2, 3, or 4, long. 
 
 Remarks. The female of this excellent fly 
 must by no means be neglected ; and observe 
 that females are generally a few days later in 
 their appearance on the water than the males. 
 
 Body. Pale olive green wool, ribbed with 
 fine gold twist. 
 
 Legs. A honey dun hackle, that is less 
 bright than a golden dun. 
 
 Wings. Upright, the same as for the male ; 
 but the hackle will impart a lighter shade. 
 
 This is a great killer on the Dove. In Wales, 
 they make it as a hackle with a brown mottled 
 feather of a partridge, and rib with pale green 
 silk. 
 
 It is equally celebrated in Scotland, as a first- 
 rate killer : and certainly may be used with suc- 
 cess, again in July. 
 
74 FLIES FOR MARCH. 
 
 No. 9. GREAT RED SPINNER. 
 
 The Dun Drake (fig. 8) changes into this 
 Spinner, and enjoys for three or four days its 
 newest state and title. It seems to be in season 
 much longer than the Dun Drake, and may even 
 be used on warm evenings during most of the 
 summer months : yet although the Dun Drake is 
 not seen on the water after the middle of May, 
 it would seem that it must still continue to come 
 into existence afterwards, otherwise the Great 
 Red Spinner could be in season only three or 
 four days longer than the Dun Drake.^ 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Hog's down dyed red-brown (or orange 
 and brown floss silk mixed), spun on brown 
 silk. It is ribbed with fine gold twist. 
 
 Tail. Two long whisks of a bright amber 
 red hackle. 
 
 Wings. From an under covert feather of the 
 starling's wing. 
 
 Legs. A bright amber red hackle. Hook, 
 No. 2, 3, or 4, long. 
 
 ^ Although I have spoken of this Spinner as appearing through- 
 out most of the summer months, I am by no means certain that the 
 specimens which are produced later than the middle of May may 
 not be a distinct although similar species of Baetis. 
 
FLIES FOR APRIL. 
 
 75 
 
 No. 10. GOLDEN DUN MIDGE. 
 
 The male has feathered antennae, which the 
 female has not. It seems to require a warm 
 day to disengage itself from its water nympha. 
 On such days very great sport may be had with 
 it until the end of May. In its larva state, it 
 is the Blood-worm of anglers. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Olive floss silk ribbed with gold twist, 
 and tied with dun silk thread. 
 
 Wings. From the palest feather of a young 
 starling. 
 
 Legs. A pure dun hackle, wound on in front 
 of the wings. Hook, No. 1, Grayling. 
 
 Remarks. No fly is more abundant, espe- 
 cially in showery weather, and just after rain. 
 It is a prime favourite on the Dove. A delicate 
 hand is required to make this fly handsomely^ and 
 the finest silk. Though shoemaker's soft wax 
 is generally to be preferred, as most durable, 
 colourless wax has an advantage for making 
 delicate flies like this and the Jenny Spinner. 
 
76 FLIES FOR APRIL. 
 
 No. 10. GOLDEN DUN MIDOE (Golden Dun). 
 
 Order, Diptera 
 Family, Tipulidoe 
 Genus, Chironomus 
 Species, plumosus. 
 
 No. 11. SAND FLY. 
 
 Order, Trichoptera 
 Family, Phryganidce 
 Genus, Limnephilus 
 Species, flavus. 
 
 No. 12. STONE FLY. 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Perlidce 
 Genus, Perla 
 Species, hicaudata. 
 
 I 
 
FL PI1\ 
 
 11 
 
 \3 
 
FLIES FOR APRIL. 77 
 
 No. 11. SAND FLY. 
 
 This fly comes from a water larva. It is 
 highly extolled by Mr. Bainbridge, who says, 
 *' that it may be reckoned as one of the best flies 
 for affording diversion which can possibly be 
 selected, for it may be used successfully at all 
 hours of the day, from April to the end of Sep- 
 tember, and is equally alluring to the Trout and 
 Grayling." (Fly-Fisher's Guide, p. 143.) My 
 own experience leads me to recommend the use 
 of it during April and May, on days when there 
 is no abundance of any particular insect on the 
 water. A fly very like it is used in September 
 and October, called the Cinnamon fly. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Of the sandy coloured fur from the 
 hare's neck, spun on silk of the same colour. 
 
 Wings. From the landrail's wing made full. 
 
 Legs. From a light ginger feather from the 
 neck of a hen. Hook, No. 2, long. 
 
 Remarks. A good variation of this fly is to 
 use orange silk, and show it most at the tail ; and 
 instead of a light ginger hen's hackle, use one 
 with a dark stripe down the middle. In any 
 case cut off the upper fibres of the hackle that 
 the wings may lie flat. The above is a good 
 Grayling and Dace fly, in July and August. 
 
78 FLIES FOR APRIL. 
 
 No. 12. THE STONE FLY. 
 
 This fly comes from a water larva. It is heavy 
 in its flight, but uses its legs with extreme 
 activity, and is generally found amongst the 
 stones or close to the sides of the water. I have 
 kept one alive for three weeks, during which 
 time it drank much water. It is in season from 
 the beginning of April until the end of May, and 
 should be used in the rapid parts of streams, 
 and on windy days where the water is rough. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Fur of hare's ear mixed with yellow 
 worsted or camlet, ribbed over with yellow silk, 
 leaving most yellow at the tail. 
 
 Tail. A strand or two of a brown mottled 
 partridge feather. 
 
 Wings. Quill feather from the hen pheasant's 
 wing. 
 
 Legs. A hackle stained greenish-brown : or a 
 natural dark grizzle. Hook, No. 4 or 5, long. 
 
 Eemarks. This fly kills best, when used in 
 its natural state, either by dibbing with a short 
 line in still deep water : or by wading up the 
 streams, and throwing carefully with a few yards 
 of line. Used thus, it kills the largest trout from 
 early morning till late at night. 
 
FLIES FOR APRIL. 79 
 
 No. 13. THE GRAVEL BED. 
 
 This fly is not found upon all waters : upon 
 those where it is found it is extremely numerous 
 on fine days ; but in cold weather it seeks shelter 
 amongst the larger stones of the gravel. It may 
 be used all the day. It comes in about the 
 middle of April, and lasts about three weeks. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Dark dun, or lead-coloured silk thread 
 dressed very fine. 
 
 Wings. From an under covert feather of the 
 woodcock's wing. 
 
 Legs. A black cock's hackle rather long, 
 wound, twice only, round the body. Hook, No. 
 or 1, long. 
 
 To make it buzz, a dark dun cock's hackle 
 may be used, with a ginger tinge at the edges. 
 
 Remarks. This fly kills well in May ; weather 
 bright, water clear, and when no other fly will 
 raise fish. Some prefer the brightest outside 
 (scapular) feather of woodcock's wing : and use 
 the same feather, to make it buzz. The silk for 
 the body should be of the most repulsive, ashy, 
 livid hue that you can find. 
 
80 FLIES FOR APRIL. 
 
 No. 13. ORAVEL BED (Spider Fly, Sand Gnat). 
 Order, Diptera 
 Family, Tipulidce 
 Genus, Aniso'inera 
 Species, ohscura. 
 
 No. 1 4. GEANNOM (Granam, Green Tail, Shell 
 ' . Fly). 
 
 Order, THchoptera 
 Family, Phryganidce 
 Genus, Limnephilus 
 Species, striatus, 
 
 1 No. 15. YELLOW DUN (Dotterel Dun). 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 
 Family, EphemeridcB 
 
 Genus, Baetis 
 
 Species, flavescens (Pseudimago), 
 
15 
 
 I'l. VIII 
 
 F^ 
 
 .y 
 
 Id 
 
■ 
 
 FLIES FOR APRIL. 81 
 
 No. 14. THE GRANNOM. 
 
 This fly comes from a water larva, and is upon 
 the surface at about the same season as the Gravel 
 Bed (No. 13), and chiefly in the morning and 
 evening. It lasts a little longer. The green tint 
 of its body is derived from the colour of the 
 eggs. It lays these upon the water. There are 
 several species, but the figure (14) represents 
 the most common kind, and I have taken many 
 of these flies out of the stomachs of Trout, even 
 in August, which had a green colour at the tail 
 of their bodies, and were as nearly as possible of 
 the same size and general tint as those of 
 April. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Fur of hair's face left rough, spun on 
 brown silk. A little green floss silk may be 
 worked in at the tail to represent the bunch of 
 eggs there. 
 
 Wings. Feather from the partridge's wing, 
 and made very full. 
 
 Legs. A pale ginger hen's hackle. Hook, 
 No. 2, long. 
 
 Made buzz with a feather from the back of the 
 partridge's neck, wound upon the above body. 
 
 Remarks. The Shell Fly, or Palmer, as this 
 G 
 
82 FLIES FOR APRIL. 
 
 is sometimes called, kills well made buzz with 
 a landrail's scapular feather. Body, pea-green 
 German wool. Make with orange silk, shown 
 only at the head. 
 
 It is a good fly all the summer months, and 
 into September. 
 
 No. 15. THE YELLOW DUN. 
 
 This beautiful fly, proceeding from a water 
 nympha, lives in the form shown about three 
 days. It is on the water generally from ten 
 o'clock until three, and is one of our best flies. 
 There is a larger variety upon some waters, 
 having a greenish yellow cast in the body and 
 butt of the wing, but which hitherto has not 
 proved so successful as that represented. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Yellow mohair, mixed with a little 
 pale blue fur from a mouse. Or yellow silk 
 thread waxed, and with the least blue rabbit fur 
 spun upon it, and ribbed with yellow silk. 
 
 Wings. Upright, from the hghtest part of a 
 young starling's quill feather. 
 
 Legs. A light yellow dun hackle. Hook, 
 No. 2, Grayling. 
 
FLIES FOR APRIL. 83 
 
 To make it buzz, a lighter dun hackle than is 
 represented in the figure is wound upon the 
 same body. In either case make with primrose 
 silk, and delicately. 
 
 This Yellow Dun changes to a Spinner of 
 rather a lighter and yellower brown than that 
 which the Blue Dun (No. 2) turns to, is very 
 nearly of the same size, and lives nine days. It 
 is to be used on warm evenings. Its imitation 
 may consequently be made of the same materials 
 as that of the Red Spinner (see No. 3), only 
 choosing lighter tints. 
 
 Remarks. If made as a hackle, prefer a cock's 
 hackle for Grayling, a hen's hackle for Trout ; 
 and rib with unwaxed yellow silk over the body, 
 as above. When made with the feather of a 
 dotterel as a hackle, it is called the " Dotterel 
 Dun," a far-famed fly. 
 
 No. 16. THE IRON BLUE DUN. 
 
 After emerging from its water nympha, this 
 fly remains about two days in the state shown, 
 and then changes to the Jenny Spinner (see No. 
 17). It is one of the smallest flies worth the 
 angler's notice, but not the least useful. The 
 
 G 2 
 
84 PLIES FOR APRIL. 
 
 No. 16. IRON BLUE DUN. 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 
 Family, Ephemeridce 
 
 Genus, Cloeon 
 
 Species, diptera {Pseudimago). 
 
 No. 17. JENNY SPINNER (Spinning Jennt). 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Ephemeridce 
 Genus, Cloeon 
 Species, diptera (Imago), 
 
 No. 18. HAWTHORN FLY. 
 
 Order, Diptera 
 Family, Tipulidce 
 Genus, Bibio 
 Species, Marci ^ 
 
n.ix. 
 
 16 
 
 ■^ 
 
 \ " 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 ^W' 
 
 18 
 
i 
 
FLIES FOR APRIL. 85 
 
 male has a brownish red crown or cap on his 
 head. The female is also crowned, but her cap 
 is too small to be easily seen. It is in season 
 from the latter end of April until the middle of 
 June, and is on the water chiefly on cold days ; 
 influenced by weather in a manner similar to the 
 Blue Dun. (See No. 2.) 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Blue fur from a mole. Reddish brown 
 floss silk may be tied on for the head. 
 
 Tail. A whisk or two out of a yellow dun 
 hackle. 
 
 Wings. From a feather of the under- side of 
 the cormorant's wing ; or, in default thereof, 
 a feather from the breast of the water hen, the 
 tip of which must be used. Or the upper end 
 of the wing feather of a tomtit when in full 
 plumage. 
 
 Legs. A very small yellow dun hackle 
 Hook, No. 0, short. 
 
 It is difficult to find a hackle feather of the 
 tint proper to make this fly buzz. 
 
 Remarks. A feather from the Merlin hawk's 
 wing may be used, if procurable, to wing this 
 fly. (Arundo, p. 29.) 
 
86 FLIES FOR APRIL. 
 
 No. 17. THE JENNY SPINNER. 
 
 This is the name given to the Iron Blue (No. 
 16) in his new dress, and it lives four or ^ye 
 days after the metamorphosis, sporting in the 
 still summer atmosphere. The Iron Blue must 
 be coming out of its nympha at the same time 
 that this fly is in season : the Iron Blue is, 
 however, found on the water chiefly on cold days, 
 from the end of April until the middle of June.^ 
 The Jenny Spinner lasts all the summer, is out 
 on mild days, particularly towards the evening, 
 and is a killing fly even when the water is ex- 
 tremely fine. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. White floss silk wound round the 
 shank of the hook, &c. and tied on at the head 
 and tail with brown silk, which must be shown. 
 
 Tail. A whisk or two of a light dun hackle. 
 
 Wings and Legs are best imitated by making 
 
 ^ A little dark dun with a brown head, not exactly similar to, 
 but very much like the Iron Blue, is found in August, and then a 
 Spinner like the Jenny Spinner has an orange-coloured head, and 
 the extremity of its body a lighter colour. 
 
 There is also upon some waters a rather smaller ephemeral fly, 
 similar in colour to the Jenny Spinner, whose metamorphosis does 
 not change much, in tint, from the original. It is to be found, in 
 some seasons, upon the Blithe, in Staffordshire ; but upon lake 
 Tal-y-Uyr, in North Wales, this insect is so numerous, on warm 
 evenings, as to form clouds, settling upon the dress of a person 
 passing by the lake (or upon any other object), where, in five 
 or ten minutes, it changes its coat, leaving the old one upon the 
 dress, &c., which, if of a dark colour, becomes spangled with seem- 
 ingly white spots. The tail increases to quite four times its original 
 length when this change takes place. 
 
FLIES FOR APRIL. 87 
 
 them buzz, for which purpose the lightest dun 
 hackle that can be procured should be used. 
 Hook, No. 0, short. 
 
 No. 18. THE HAWTHORN FLY. 
 
 This fly may be seen about the last week in 
 April, when the air is warm, sporting up and 
 down by the sides of hedges, and mayUhen be 
 used. There are three very common species, 
 one of the size represented, another much larger, 
 arid another much smaller. The female of each 
 has dark wings, and opaque ; whereas those of 
 the male are black, but transparent. Her head 
 is very much smaller than that of the male, and 
 her body thicker. The male is most abundant. 
 The figure (18) represents him. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Black ostrich herl. 
 
 Wings. A feather of the starling's wing. 
 
 Legs. A black cock's hackle ; or one of the 
 two largest feathers from a pea wit's top knot. 
 Hook, No. 2 or 3, long. 
 
 The fly cannot very easily be made buzz, un- 
 less the female is imitated, in which case a black 
 hackle, wound over the above-mentioned black 
 ostrich herl, will answer the purpose ; and the 
 fly so made is sometimes called the Black Palmer, 
 or Black Caterpillar. 
 
88 FLIES FOE MAY. 
 
 No. 19. LITTLE YELLOW MAY DUN (Silk 
 Fly). 
 
 Order, Reuroptera 
 Family, Ephemeridce 
 Genus, Cloeon 
 Species, striata {Pseudimago). 
 
 No. 20. BLACK ONAT (Black Midge). 
 
 Order, Diptera 
 Family, Empidce 
 Genus, Rhamphomyia 
 Species. Aethiops, 
 
 No. 2L OAK FLY (Downhill Fly, Ash Fly, 
 Cannon Fly, Downlooker, Woodcock Fly). 
 
 Order, Diptera 
 Family, Rhagionidce 
 Genus, Leptis 
 Species, scolopacea. 
 
^ 
 
 21 
 
 \f 
 
 / A 
 
<"t 
 
FLIES FOR MAY. 89 
 
 No. 19. THE LITTLE YELLOW 
 MAY DUN. 
 
 This fly, proceeding from a water nymplia, 
 remains in the state represented about three 
 days, then changes to a very light red, or amber- 
 coloured, spinner. It lasts (as shown) in season 
 until the Green Drake (No. 2S) comes in at th« 
 end of May, or beginning of June. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Pale ginger-coloured fur from behind 
 the hare's ear, ribbed over with yellow silk 
 thread. 
 
 Tail. One or two whisks from a dun hackle. 
 
 Wings. Mottled feather from the mallard, 
 stained as for the Green Drake. (See list of 
 Dyes, Chap. III. p. 34, article 4.) 
 
 Legs. A light dun hackle also very slightly 
 stained yellowish in the same dye. Hook, No. 
 2, long. 
 
 The Light Amber Spinner, to which this fly 
 changes, lives in its new state about four days. 
 It is used successfully on the evenings of warm 
 days. 
 
90 FLIES FOR MAY. 
 
 No. 20. THE BLACK GNAT. 
 
 This insect skims the brook all day long in 
 immense crowds, flying at great speed for about 
 ten yards up and down the stream. When night 
 approaches, or on cold wet days, it may be found 
 on the grass at the water side. The stomachs 
 of Trout have been found nearly gorged with this 
 fly. It is in season from the beginning of May 
 until the end of June. This is not a Gnat 
 (Tipulidae), but a Midge (one of the EmpidoB). 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Black ostrich herl. 
 
 Wings. The dark part of a feather from the 
 starling. 
 
 Legs. A black hackle. Hook, No. 0, or 1, 
 short. 
 
 To make it buzz, a light dun hen hackle may 
 be wound upon the above body; and thus made, 
 it kills decidedly best. 
 
 Remarks. There is another imitation of the 
 Black Gnat, of which Grayling are very fond. 
 
 Body. Black ostrich herl. 
 
 Wings and Legs. The purplish breast feather 
 of a cock starling, wound on hackle-wise. 
 
 The Black Midge should be made like the 
 winged imitation of the Black Gnat, but with the 
 
I 
 
 FLIES FOR MAY. 91 
 
 substitution of a thin black silk body. These 
 black flies resemble many small beetles, and may 
 be ranked among '' general flies.' ^ In fine low 
 water, after Midsummer, they are most useful, 
 in the rapid parts of streams. 
 
 No. 21. THE OAK FLY. 
 
 This fly may be found upon the trunks of any 
 kind of tree or post near the water side. As soon 
 as it alights, it turns its head downward. It is 
 in season throughout May and June, and may 
 be used with most success on windy days. It 
 kills well in the natural state, by dibbing with 
 it in the still deeps of trout rivers. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Orange floss silk tied with ash- 
 coloured silk thread, which may be shown at 
 the tail and shoulders. 
 
 Wings. From a scapular feather of the wood- 
 cock. 
 
 Legs. A furnace hackle (i.e. a red cock's 
 hackle, with a black list up the middle, and 
 tinged with black also at the extremities of the 
 
92 FLIES FOR MAY. 
 
 No. 22. TUKKEY BEOWN (Little Bkown Dun). 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Ephemeridce 
 Genus, Potamanthus 
 Species, roseus (Pseudimago), 
 
 No. 23. LITTLE DAEK SPINNEK. 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Ephemeridce 
 Genus, Potamanthus 
 Species, roseus {Imago). 
 
 No. 24. YELLOW SALLY (Flat Yellow). 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Perlidce 
 Genus, Tenthredo 
 Species, viridis. 
 
 i 
 
n ja. 
 
 24- 
 
FLIES FOR MAY. 93 
 
 fibres). This should be struck from tail to head, 
 and the fibres snipped off nearly up to where 
 the wings are set on, leaving a sufficient quantity 
 for the legs. Hook, No. 2 or 3, long. 
 
 Remarks. The small woodcock and grouse 
 feathers (which can be used indifferently) make 
 very neat hackle flies ; and the beginner will 
 find a pleasure in making the Oak Fly of various 
 sizes in the following easy manner : — Body, 
 orange floss silk, ribbed with fine black silk, 
 which may be slightly waxed. Then form the 
 head of your fly with your arming silk (brown), 
 and choosing a woodcock or grouse feather, 
 whose fibres are the exact length of the hook^ stroke 
 it back, and tie it (upside down) by the tip to 
 the arming of your hook, just clear of the head, 
 and wind the feather round as a hackle, holding 
 it by the quill, and fasten off under the shoulder. 
 
 The fly so made, of Green Drake size, is an 
 excellent Chub fly in the Trent and most rivers, 
 and may be used with a large Coch-y-bonddy on 
 the same lash. It is not every angler who lives 
 on the banks of a trout stream. Optandum qui- 
 dam, erat. 
 
 The imitations of the Oak Fly resemble also 
 another fly still more abundant and common, 
 called the Scorpion fly {Panorpa communis). 
 
94 FLIES FOR MAY. 
 
 No. 22. THE TURKEY BROWN. 
 
 This fly comes from a water nympha, lives two 
 days as shown, and then turns to the Little Dark 
 Spinner (see No. 23). It is to be used on cold 
 days ; is a very good fly upon some waters, and 
 is in season from about the time that the March 
 Brown becomes scarce until the end of June.^ 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Dark brown floss silk ribbed with 
 purple silk thread. 
 
 Tail. A whisk or two of a red cock^s 
 hackle, stained as for the legs. 
 
 Wings. Tip of the brownest feather from 
 a partridge's tail, or, if well selected, a feather 
 may be found on the back of the partridge. 
 
 Legs. Red cock's hackle, stained a good 
 brown with copperas. 
 
 To make it buzz, a feather from the grouse 
 may be tied on hackle-wise, in the manner shown 
 for the Green Drake, No. 28. 
 
 ^ A fly is found upon some waters, similar in every respect to 
 the aboye, except that the win^s partake of the colour of the Iron 
 Blue. The little Dark Spinner, No. 23, answers for its meta- 
 morphosis. 
 
FLIES FOR MAY. 95 
 
 No. 23. THE LITTLE DARK SPINNER. 
 
 This is the metamorphosis of the Turkey 
 Brown (No. 22). It is a most killing fly just 
 at the beginning of dusk. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Mulberry- coloured floss silk ribbed 
 over with purple silk thread. 
 
 Tail. Three or four whisks out of the stained 
 hackle feather which is used for the legs. 
 
 Wings. From a feather of the starling's wing. 
 
 Legs. From a purple stained hackle which 
 appears black when looked down upon, but 
 which shines with a dark tortoise-shell tint 
 when held up between the eye and the light. 
 Hook, No. 1, long. 
 
 No. 24. THE YELLOW SALLY. 
 
 This fly has been believed by some persons 
 
 to last in season only six days, but it continues 
 
 ^for six weeks or more, and may be used not un- 
 
 ►rofitably on very warm days. The wings are 
 
 transparent. 
 
96 JFLIES FOR MAY. 
 
 No. 25. SKY BLUE. 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 
 Family, Ephemeridce 
 
 Genus, Gloeon 
 
 Species, auliciformis (Pseudimago), 
 
 No. 26. FEEN FLY (Soldier Fly). 
 
 Order, Goleoptera 
 Family, Telephoridce 
 Genus, Telephorus 
 Species, lividus. 
 
 No. 27. ALDER FLY (Orl Fly, in Wales called 
 the Hump-Back). 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, SialidcB 
 Genus, Sialis 
 Species, lutarius. 
 
PI.XTI. 
 
 -^^^^ 
 
 of- 
 
 ^t 
 
FLIES FOR MAY. 97 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Any yellowish buff fur ribbed with 
 yellow or apple- green silk. 
 
 Wings. From a wing feather of a white hen, 
 or fieldfare, stained pale yellow. 
 
 Legs. From an extremely pale ginger hackle, 
 or a white feather dyed of a yellowish tint. 
 Hook No. 2, short. 
 
 No. 25. SKY BLUE. 
 
 This fly comes from a water nympha, main- 
 tains its present state of existence two or three 
 days, and then changes to a much lighter fly or 
 spinner, which lives three or four days. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Pale ginger mohair mixed with light 
 blue fur. 
 
 Tail. A whisk or two of the hackle used for 
 the legs. 
 
 Wings. From a feather of the sea swallow^, 
 or of a very light blue dun hen. 
 
 Legs. Hackle stained a pale yellow. 
 Hook No. 0, short. 
 
 H 
 
98 FLIES FOR MAY. 
 
 The body of the above-mentioned spinner is 
 more brilliant than that of the Sky Blue ; the 
 wings perfectly transparent, and almost colour- 
 less ; it is very little used. 
 
 No. 26. THE FERN FLY. 
 
 Two of the most common varieties of this 
 genus are known by the appellations of the 
 soldier and the sailor ; one wears a red, the 
 other a blue coat : both are much admired by 
 fish, and taken until the end of July, principally 
 on hot days. They live upon other insects, such 
 as aphides, or plant-lice. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Orange floss silk. 
 Wings. The darkest part of a feather from 
 the starling's wing. 
 
 Legs. A red cock's hackle. 
 Hook No. 2, short. 
 
 To make it buzz, a lightish furnace hackle 
 is wound upon the above body. It kills very 
 well thus made. 
 
FLIES FOK MAY. 99 
 
 No. 27. THE ALDER ELY. 
 
 This fly comes from a water nympha. It is 
 earlier on some waters than on others. It lays 
 its eggs upon the leaves of trees which overhang 
 the water, and delights to skim the brook, but it 
 may also be found, at some distance from it. It 
 is in season from about the last week in May 
 until the end of June. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Dark mulberry floss silk, or peacock's 
 herl, tied with black silk. 
 
 Wings. From a feather of a brown hen's or 
 peahen's wing. 
 
 Legs* Dark umber stained hackle, or, in case 
 of need, a black cock's hackle will answer the 
 purpose tolerably well. 
 
 Hook No. 3 or 4, long. 
 
 To make it buzz, a dark dun hackle tinged 
 brown may be wound upon the above body. 
 
 Remarks. Fine black German wool (a little) 
 dubbed on dark reddish- brown silk, makes the 
 body of this fly very well. 
 
 It is a good fly for dibbing in the natural 
 state, when abundant. 
 
 H 2 
 
100 FLIES FOR JUNE. 
 
 No. 28, a. GKEEN DKAKE (Mai Fly, Cadow). 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 
 Family, Ephemeridce 
 
 Genus, Ephemera 
 
 Species, vulgata ? {Pseudimago), 
 
 No. 28, 6. GrKEY DEAKE (Gtlossy-winged 
 Drake). 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Ephemeridce 
 Genus, Ephemera 
 Species, vulgata $ {Imago), 
 
 No. 29. OEANOE DUN. 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Ephemerida3 
 Genus, Baetis 
 Species, sulphurea. 
 
26 a 
 
 €f<f 
 
 :m 
 
FLIES FOR JUNE. 101 
 
 No. 28, a. THE GREEN DRAKE. 
 
 This fly, proceeding from a water nymph a, 
 lives three or four days as shown ; then the 
 female changes to the Grey Drake (No. 28, 6), 
 and the male to the Black Drake (see p. 103). 
 The Green Drake cannot be said to be in season 
 quite three weeks on an average. Its season 
 depends greatly upon the state of the weather ; 
 and it will be found earlier upon the slowly 
 running parts of the stream (such as mill dams) 
 than on the rapid places* 
 
 IMITATIOl^. 
 
 Body. The middle part is of pale straw- 
 coloured floss silk, ribbed with silver twist. 
 The extremities are of a brown peacock^s herl, 
 tied with light brown silk thread. 
 
 Tail. Three rabbit's whiskers. 
 
 Wings and Legs. Made buzz from a mottled 
 feather of the mallard, stained a pale greenish 
 yellow. (See Dyes, Chap. II. article 4.) 
 Hook No. 5, 6, or 7, long* 
 
 To make it with wings in their state of rest, 
 part of a feather similarly stained must be used, 
 and a pale brown bittern's hackle, or, in case of 
 need, a partridge feather, must be wrapped round 
 the same body under the wings. 
 
102 FLIES FOR JUNE. 
 
 No. 28, h. THE GREY DRAKE. ^ 
 
 This is the metamorphosis of the female Green 
 Drake. She lives three or four days, and is 
 caught by the fish whilst laying her eggs on the 
 water. She lasts a few days longer than the 
 Green Drake, and is to be fished with in the 
 evening. Some fishermen prefer other flies in 
 season to this ; when well made, it will however 
 furnish excellent sport, especially towards the 
 evening. The buzz form is intended to imitate 
 it when struggling and half-drowned. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. The middle part is of white floss silk, 
 ribbed over neatly with silver twist. The ex- 
 tremities are of brown peacock's herl tied with 
 brown silk thread. 
 
 Tail. Three rabbit's whiskers. 
 
 Wings ANb Legs. Made buzz from a mottled 
 leather of the mallard, stained a faint purple. 
 Hook No. 5 or 6, long. 
 
 To make it with wings at rest, the same pale 
 purple stained feather may be used for them, and 
 a dark purple stained hackle for the legs, upon 
 the above body. 
 
FLIES FOR JUNE. 103 
 
 THE BLACK DRAKE 
 
 Is the male green drake metamorphosed. Its 
 term of existence is about the same as that of 
 the female above mentioned. It is smaller than 
 the female, and very much darker, and is erro- 
 neously supposed by some, who call him the 
 Death Drake, to kill her. He is never in season 
 without her, but is not here represented, because 
 he is not so fat and tempting a bait. 
 
 No. 29. THE ORANGE DUN 
 
 This is anothei* species of Dun of some im- 
 portance on the Dove and other Derbyshire 
 waters. It is equally attractive to Trout and 
 Grayling, and is a prime favourite in its day-^-- 
 tne end of June, July, and August. 
 
 IMITATION* 
 
 Body. Dark orange silk, and the fly to be 
 iressed with the same. 
 
 Tail. Two fibres of a starling's feather. 
 Legs. A dark dun hackle. 
 
104 FLIES FOR JUNE. 
 
 No. 30. MARLOW BUZZ (Hazel Fly, Coch-a- 
 BONDDU, Shorn Fly). 
 
 Ordevy Goleoptera 
 Family^ Melolonthidce 
 Oenus, Phyllopertha 
 Species, horticola, 
 
 No. 31. DAKK MACKEREL. 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Ephemeridce 
 Genus, Ephemera 
 Species, Danica ? 
 
FLXLY. 
 
 :',0 
 
 '"\^ 
 
 ^^^ 
 
FLIES FOR JUNE. 105 
 
 Wings. The dark part of a starling^s quill 
 feather. 
 
 Hook No. 2, long or short. 
 
 This fly should be made small and fine. Its 
 metamorphosis is believed to be of a pale lemon 
 tint, which should be used in the evenings at 
 the same season. Imitation similar to No. 32. 
 
 No. 30. THE MARLOW BUZZ. 
 
 This insect comes from a pupa which inhabits 
 the earth. It is very abundant in hot weather 
 at the water side, from the beginning until the 
 middle of June, flying about amongst poplar 
 trees, and feeding ■ upon the leaves. A very 
 similar species is found in great numbers upon 
 fern. They are called Bracken- clocks in the 
 North, and well taken by the Trout. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Black ostrich herl twisted with pea- 
 cock herl and made with red silk thread. 
 
 Wings and Legs. Are made buzz with a 
 dark furnace cock's hackle. 
 
106 FLIES FOR JUNE. 
 
 There are other species, some much smaller, 
 of Red Beetles, and Ladybirds (Coccinellidce), 
 which may be imitated in a similar manner, and 
 used when numerous. This is one of the largest 
 employed. 
 
 To make it with wings at rest, the darkest 
 part of the starling's wing and a red cock's 
 hackle may be wound upon the above body in 
 the same way as for the Fern Fly, No. 26. 
 
 Remarks. A famous fly for both Trout and 
 Grayling, aiid may be used till the end of 
 September, 
 
 iSTo. 31. THE DARK MACKEREL. 
 
 This is the name given to the insect repre- 
 sented by the figure on the right-hand side of 
 the plate, after it has changed from a dark kind 
 of Green Drake shown on the left side. Both 
 the male and female change to the dark brown, 
 but the former is the smallest and darkest fly. 
 Their habits are similar in every respect to the 
 Green and the Grey Drake (Nos. 28 and 29). 
 Sir H. Davy says that '' the Green Ephemera, or 
 May Fly, lays her eggs sitting on the water." 
 (Salmonia, p. 249.) My observations lead to the 
 
FLIES FOR JUNE. 107 
 
 conviction tliat neither the dark nor light Green 
 Ephemera lay eggs (being imperfect insects), but 
 that their metamorphoses, the Grey Drake and 
 the Dark Mackerel,^ lay eggs (whilst rising and 
 falling, &c.). This is an important fly on the 
 Blithe, and continues in season until the end of 
 June, and for part of July. 
 
 ^ The egg of this fly and that of all the last metamorphoses of 
 the EphemeridsB, here spoken of, sinks to the bottom of the water, 
 and is there, in a few days, hatched into a white grig ; this larva 
 undergoes several transmutations before it becomes a nympha, 
 which, rising to the surface at its appointed season, bursts the case 
 or skin which encloses it (at the shoulders), displays beautiful 
 wings, quits its old husk, and, after the lapse of a second or two, 
 generally flies to the nearest terra firma, where it remains in soli- 
 tude and shelter (from the wind and sunbeams) for about two 
 days (see fig. 22, plate 11). It then undergoes its last metamor- 
 phosis, and enters upon its imago or perfect State (see fig. 23), 
 changing the whole of its envelopes, even those of its fine tails and 
 legs. The tails and the two fore legs of the male increase to 
 about double their former length, those of the female receive an 
 accession of not quite one-third. The colour is generally altered, 
 the wings become shining and transparent. The male carries two 
 large steramata upon his head, and a pair of callipers at the end of 
 his body, which two peculiarities chiefly distinguish his appearance 
 from the female. He is also usually rather smaller than she is. 
 He may be seen merrily dancing, as it were, up and down in the 
 air in vast crowds, frequently near a bush by the water side, 
 whilst the female is to be discovered busily employed rising and 
 falling and hovering over the water, and sometimes touching the 
 surface and making use of her long tails to spring up again. She 
 lays her eggs at this moment. 
 
 The genus Potamanthus has three tails, or caudal setse ; Baetis 
 and Cloeon have only two of these appendages. 
 
108 FLIES FOR JULY. 
 
 No. 32. PALE EVENING DUN. 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Ephemeridce 
 Genus, Gloeon 
 Species, PumUa* 
 
 No. 33. JULY DUN (Dark Blue Dun, Merlin), 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Ephem^eridce 
 Gdnus, Baetis 
 Species, ohscurd. 
 
 No. 34. GOLD-EYED GAUZE WING. 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Hemerohiidce 
 Genus, Chrysopa 
 Species, vulgaris. 
 
 I 
 
^ 
 
 32 
 
 
 Fl.XK 
 
FLIES FOE JULY. 109 
 
 IMITATION, 
 
 Body. Dark mulberry floss silk, ribbed with 
 gold twist. 
 
 Tail. Three rabbit's whiskers. 
 
 Wings. From a brown mottled feather of 
 the mallard, which hangs from the back over a 
 part of the wing. 
 
 Legs. A purple dyed hackle, appearing 
 black when looked down upon, but of a dark 
 tortoise-shell hue when held between the eye 
 and the light. (See Dyes, Chap. II. article 5.) 
 
 No. 32. THE PALE EVENING DUN. 
 
 This fly comes from a water nympha, lives 
 two or three days as shown, and then changes to 
 a brighter yellow-bodied fly. It may be strongly 
 recommended as a fly which can be used when 
 the water is fine. 
 
 imitation. 
 
 Body. Yellow martin's fur spun on pale 
 fawn-coloured silk thread. 
 
 Wings. From a very fine grained feather of 
 the starling's wing, stained of rather a lighter 
 
110 FLIES FOR JULY. 
 
 yeUow than that which is used for the Green 
 Drake, No. 28, a. 
 
 Legs. Pale dun hackle. 
 
 Hook No. 1, short. 
 
 The brighter yellow -bodied spinner, to which 
 this changes, lives four or five days, is fainter 
 coloured, and more transparent in the wing. 
 The change is not given, as the Dark Mackerel 
 (No. 31) is very much preferable for the even- 
 ing. 
 
 Remarks. The hair of an abortive calf, which 
 would have been red if born at the proper time, 
 is of a resplendent gold colour, and forms a good 
 material for the legs of Summer Duns. It is tied 
 on in the manner of wings. Make the above. 
 Small Red Spinner^ for June and July : — Body, 
 clear yellow silk ; Legs, a red cock's hackle ;: 
 Wings, starling's quill feather, from the middle 
 of the wing, and the bird a young one. 
 Hook No. 1, short. 
 
 No. 33. THE JULY DUN. 
 
 This fly comes from a water nympha, lives 
 three or four days as shown, and then changes 
 to a very small Dark Spinner. It affords a great 
 treat to the Trout and Grayling, and lasts until 
 
FLIES FOR JULY. Ill 
 
 the August Dun takes its place, in the beginning 
 of the following month. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Mole's fur and pale yellow mohair, 
 mixed and spun on yellow silk. 
 
 Tail. Two or three whisks of a dark dun 
 hackle. 
 
 Wings. Dark part of a feather from the 
 starling's wing, stained darker in strong onion 
 dye. 
 
 Leqs. Darji du^ hackle. 
 
 Hook No. 2, short. 
 
 To make it buzz, a lighter hackle may be 
 wound upon the above body. 
 
 The tint of its metamorphosis is the same as 
 that of the Dark Mackerel (No. 31). It will 
 catch well late in the evening. 
 
 Remarks. At this season several kinds of 
 Dun will be found on the water together ; and 
 especially a lighter Blue Dun than No. 2, described 
 above, and a Dark Orange Dun. The angler's 
 own observation, or the experience of others who 
 know the water, will be called into requisition 
 here. 
 
 The above ''Dark Blue Dun," or ''July 
 Dun " of Ronalds, is a great favourite on the 
 Dove at Mappleton, where the writer was in- 
 
112 FLIES FOR JULY. 
 
 No. 35, a. WEEN TAIL (Frog-Hoppee, Pale 
 Brown Bent-Hopper). 
 
 Order, Homoptera 
 Family, Gercopidce 
 Genus, Cercopis 
 Species, spumaria, 
 
 •No. 35, h. 
 
 Order, Homoptera 
 Family, Gercopidce 
 Oenus, Amblycephalus 
 Species, viridis. 
 
 No. 36. RED ANT. 
 
 Order, HyWyCnopiera 
 Family, Formicidce 
 Genus, Myrmica 
 Species, rubra. 
 
 No. 37. SILVER HORNS (Black Silver 
 Twist). 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Sub-order, Trichoptera 
 Family, Leptoceridce 
 Genus, Leptocerus 
 Species, niger. 
 
Fl. J<j7-I. 
 
 36 
 
 s\ 
 
FLIES FOB JULY. 1135 
 
 formed that one of the best anglers on the spot 
 had it always on his lash. The wing feather of 
 the Merlin Hawk which ''Arundo" commends 
 for this fly was found very successful in this 
 very water. (" Practical Fly Fishing," p. 22.) 
 
 I 
 
 No. 34. THE GOLD EYED GAUZE-WING. 
 
 This is rather a scarce insect upon some 
 waters, but where it is found aff*ords great sport: 
 on windy days. Both larger and smaller species-, 
 than that represented, of this apple-green tint, 
 are to be found, and also one of a lighter and 
 yellower shade. The eye possesses wonderful 
 brilliancy. It may be used as soon as the Green 
 Drake goes out, for about three weeks, and is to 
 be found even as late as September. The smell 
 is fetid. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Very pale yellowish green floss silk, 
 tied on with silk thread of the same colour. 
 
 Legs. The palest blue dun hackle which 
 can be procured. 
 
 Wings. Any transparent feather, stained 
 slightly green. (See " Ephemera.") 
 Hook No. 2, long. 
 
114 FLIES FOR JULY. 
 
 Remarks. To show the multiplicity of 
 similar species, out of which one has to be 
 selected as a type, there are eleven British species 
 of the " Gauze- wing," viz. vittata, vulgaris, sub- 
 falcata, alba, angustipennis, 7 -punctata, aspersa, 
 abbreviata, perla, capitata, and fulviceps. No 
 wonder imitations differ. 
 
 No. 35, a, and b. THE WREN TAIL. 
 
 There are many species of these hoppers : the 
 pale brown, the dark brown, and the greenish 
 blue are the most common. They are very busy 
 on hot days, hopping about and taking flights 
 of about twenty yards, and this is the time to 
 use the imitation, for they sometimes drop short 
 and fall upon the water. In colder weather they 
 are found upon the long grass principally : not 
 much on the water. On very cold days they 
 seem to seek shelter near the roots of the grass. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Ginger- coloured fur ribbed with gold 
 twist. 
 
 Wings and Legs. Feather from a wren's 
 tail, wound on hackle- wise. 
 
 Hook No. 1, short. 
 
I 
 
 F LIES FOR JULY. 115 
 
 No. 36. THE RED ANT. 
 
 This insect is very abundant on the water 
 after a swarm or flight of Ants and Emmets, the 
 time of which is uncertain. " Myriads of swarm- 
 ing ants," observes Mr. Newman, in his " History 
 of Insects," "attracted by the brilliant surface 
 of water, illumined by an autumnal sun, rush into 
 the fatal current, and are seen no more." There 
 are many species, but the black and the red, of 
 the size shown and a size smaller, which are used 
 later in the season, are enough for the angler. 
 The ant-eggs used as a bottom bait, after a fresh, 
 are, in fact, cocoons, enclosing the insects in the 
 pupa state. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Peacock's herl tied with red brown 
 silk. 
 
 "Wings. From a feather of the light part of 
 a starling's wing. 
 
 Legs. A red cock's hackle. 
 
 Hook No. 00, 0, or 1, long or short. 
 
 The Black Ant is made of peacock's herl, and 
 black ostrich mixed, for the body. Wings from 
 the darkest part of the starling's wing, and legs 
 a black cock's hackle. 
 
 I 2 
 
116 TLIES FOR AUGUST. 
 
 No. 38. AUGUST DUN. 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Ephemeridw 
 
 Genus, Baetis 
 
 Species, fluminum {Pseudimago). 
 
 No. 39. OKANOE FLY. 
 
 Order, Hymenoptera 
 Family, Ichneumonidw 
 Genus, Pachymerus 
 Species, calcitrator. 
 
 No. 40. CINNAMON FLY. 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Sub-order, Trichoptera 
 Family, Phryganidce 
 Genus, Limnephilus 
 Species, stigmaticus. 
 
n. xj^^L 
 
 ^ 
 
 40 
 
 /*. 
 
 ^ 
 
I 
 
FLIES FOR JULY. 117 
 
 No. 37. THE SILVER HORNS. 
 
 This fly is extremely abundant upon some 
 waters, and is well taken both by the Trout and 
 Grayling until the end of August throughout 
 the day and principally in showery weather. 
 The figure represents the female. The male has 
 black horns.^ 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Black ostrich herl tied with black 
 isilk, and dressed ofi*. 
 
 Wings. Feather from the wing of the cock 
 blackbird. 
 
 Legs. Small black cock's hackle. 
 
 Horns. Grey feather of the mallard. 
 Hook No. 2, short. 
 
 To make it buzz the body is ribbed with silver- 
 twist upon the black ostrich herl and a nearly 
 black hackle wrapped all down. 
 
 * There is a species upon some waters which has a shining jet- 
 black wing. 
 
118 ELIES FOR AUGUST. 
 
 No. 38. THE AUGUST DUN. 
 
 This fly comes from a water nympha, lives two 
 or three days, as shown, then changes to a Red 
 Spinner. It is quite as important a fly for this 
 month as the March Brown is for March. It is 
 in season from the beo^innins: of Aus^ust to the 
 middle of September. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Brown floss silk ribbed with yellow 
 silk thread. 
 
 Tail. Two rabbit's whiskers. 
 Wings. Feather of a brown hen's wing. 
 Legs. Plain red hackle stained brown. 
 Hook No. 2, short. 
 
 It is made buzz with a grouse feather wound 
 upon the above body. 
 
 The Red Spinner, to which it changes, is very 
 (Similar to that which the Blue Dun (No. 2) 
 turns to, and is a good fly on a mild evening. 
 
FLIES FOR AUGUST. 119 
 
 No. 39. THE ORANGE FLY. 
 
 This is one of the best flies that can be used, 
 especially for Grayling. There are a great 
 many species ; some larger, some smaller, than 
 the representation. It may be used all day. 
 Although discovered alive with difficulty, it is 
 found abundant in the stomachs of the fish. 
 It is furnished with apparatus called the sting, 
 or ovipositor^ used for the purpose of piercing the 
 skin of caterpillars, in which it deposits its eggs, 
 the grub from which grows in, and ultimately 
 kills, the insect in which it was hatched. These 
 Ichneumon flies are the great check to the mul- 
 tiplication of the insect tribes. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Orange floss silk tied on with black 
 silk thread. 
 
 Wings. Dark part of the starling's wing, or 
 feather of a hen blackbird. 
 
 Legs. A very dark furnace hackle. 
 Hook No. 1, short. 
 
120 FLIES FOR SEPTEMBER. 
 
 No. 41. BLUE BOTTLE (House Fly, Shade 
 Fly). 
 
 Order, Diptera 
 ■ Family, Muscidce 
 Genus, Sarcophaga 
 ies, striata. 
 
 No. 42. WHIELINQ BLUE DUN. 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 
 Family, Ephemeridce 
 
 Genus, Cloeon 
 
 Species, ochracea {Pseudimago), 
 
 No. 43. LITTLE PALE BLUE DUN (Willow 
 Fly). 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 
 Family, Ephemeridce 
 
 Genus, Cloeon 
 
 Species, fuscata {Pseudimago). 
 
 No. 44. WILLOW FLY (Shamkock Fly). 
 
 Order, Neuroptera 
 Family, Perlida^ 
 Genus, Nemoura 
 Species, fuliginosa. 
 
FL2mil. 
 
 ^ 
 
 J^ 
 
 44- 
 
 ^ 
 
 C"^^ 
 
FLIES FOR AUGUST. 121 
 
 No. 40. THE CINNAMON FLY. 
 
 This fly comes from a water pupa. There are 
 many species. The larger ones being stronger 
 can resist the force of rain and wind better than 
 that represented, and are therefore not so well 
 known to the fish. It should be used after 
 a heavy shower, and also on a windy day. In 
 both cases very great diversion may be expected 
 with it. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Fawn-coloured floss silk, tied on with 
 silk thread of the same colour. 
 
 Wings. Feather of a yellow brown hen's wing, 
 rather darker than the landrail's wing feather. 
 
 Legs. A ginger hackle. 
 
 It is made buzz with a red hackle from the 
 grouse, or a red hackle stained brown with cop- 
 peras, and tied on the same body. 
 Hook No. 3, long. 
 
 Eemarks. So numerous are the species of 
 Caddis Fly resembling the above, different on 
 different waters, that the angler must use his 
 own observation. A wren's tail feather, wound 
 round a hare's ear body, will aid him in giving 
 the rich hrown tint common to many of the 
 genus, and the landrail's quill feather will be 
 sufficiently dark with this hackle. 
 
122 FLIES FOR SEPTEMBER. 
 
 The Sheffield anglers use a fly they call Par- 
 tridge Rump, which may be noticed here as 
 proper for this part of the season. 
 
 Hook No. 4, long ; body, yellow silk (not 
 floss) ; feather, partridge rump. The head is 
 formed with copper- coloured peacock's herl. A 
 good killer in Derbyshire waters. It is the 
 yellow-bodied Harry-long-legs. 
 
 No. 41. THE BLUE BOTTLE. 
 
 This and the House Fly become blind and 
 weak in this month, and are therefore frequently 
 driven on to the water on windy days, when 
 very good sport may be expected with them. 
 The Blue Bottle is perhaps to be preferred. It 
 may be used until cold weather sets in, especially 
 after a frosty night. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Bright blue floss silk tied with light 
 brown silk thread, showing the brown at the 
 head. 
 
 Wings. Feather of the starling's wing. 
 
 Legs. Black hackle from a cock wrapped 
 down the principal part of the body. 
 Hook No. 3, short. 
 
 1 
 
FLIES POR SEPTEMBER. 123 
 
 To make it buzz, a dark dun hackle may be 
 wound upon the above body. 
 
 Kemarks. The House or Shade Fly (Musca 
 domestica) may be noticed here. A first-rate 
 angler used to make it thus, for July : — 
 
 Wings. From under covert feather of water- 
 lien's wing. 
 
 Legs. Blue starling feather. 
 
 Body. Light brown and pea-green wool mixed. 
 
 Head. Green peacock's herl, and three laps 
 under the wings. 
 
 Hook No. 2, short. 
 
 A first-rate killer. 
 
 The larvw of various flesh-flies, of which, 
 under the name of " gentles," even the fly -fisher 
 at times avails himself to conceal his hook, have 
 a curious history of their own. The eggs laid 
 by the parent fly, when she " blows " any fish or 
 flesh, sometimes hatch in the short space of two 
 hours. It has been found (by Redi) that these 
 maggots, of which one day it took thirty to 
 weigh a grain, weighed the next day seven 
 grains each : having thus in twenty-four hours 
 become about 200 times heavier than before 
 {Kirhy and Spence^ vol. ii. p. 398). When full 
 grown, these gentles quit their prey, to bury, 
 and assume the pupa state. 
 
124 FLIES FOR SEPTEMBER. 
 
 No. 42. THE WHIRLING BLUE 
 DUN. 
 
 This fly comes from a water nympha, lives 
 about three days as shown, then turns to a 
 Light Red Spinner. It is in season until the 
 middle of October, and on the water chiefly in 
 blustering cold weather. It has been supposed 
 to be a second edition of the Yellow Dun of 
 April. If compared with that it will be found 
 rather smaller and more of a ginger colour. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Squirrel's red brown fur mixed with 
 yellow mohair, tied with yellow silk thread well 
 waxed. 
 
 Tail. One' or two whisks of a pale ginger 
 hackle. 
 
 Wings. Feather from a starling's wing not 
 very light. 
 
 Legs. Pale ginger hackle. 
 
 Hook No. 2, Grayling. 
 
 The Red Spinner lives three or four days. 
 In making it, reference may be had to ^g. 3, 
 plate 4. It must be rather lighter than that 
 figure. 
 
FLIES FOE SEPTEMBER. 
 
 12- 
 
 No. 43. THE LITTLE PALE BLUE 
 DUN. 
 
 This fly comes from a water nymplia, lives two 
 or three days as shown, then changes to a more 
 delicate fly than that represented. It is upon 
 the water at the same time as the Whirling Blue 
 (No. 42), and lasts until the end of the fishing 
 season. It is very abundant, and taken equally 
 well by both Trout and Grayling. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Very pale blue fur mixed with a very 
 little yellow mohair. 
 
 Wings. Feather from the sea swallow. 
 Legs. The palest blue hackle to be had. 
 Hook No. 1, Grayling. 
 
 To make it buzz, a sea swallow's feather only 
 may be wound upon the same body. 
 
 The metamorphosis of this fly has very trans- 
 parent wings. It is too delicate to be imitated. 
 
 Eemarks. This is called by some anglers the 
 " Willow Fly." 
 
126 FLIES FOR SEPTEMBER. 
 
 No. 44. THE WILLOW (or WITHY) 
 FLY. 
 
 This fly comes from a water larva. It is 
 extremely abundant during this month and the 
 next, and even later in the season. On very fine 
 days it may be even found on the water in 
 February. It generally flutters across the stream, 
 and is best imitated buzz fashion. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Body. Mole's fur (a very little) spun upon 
 yellow silk. 
 
 Wings and Legs. A dark dun hen's hackle 
 
 with the edges strongly tinged a copper colour : 
 
 sometimes called a golden dun feather, or a yellow 
 
 dun. 
 
 Hook No. 1, Grayling. 
 
 Remarks. As the fishing at this season, and 
 in October, is, or should be, for Grayling ex- 
 clusively, the hackle form of No. 7 may be re- 
 called to the angler's notice, as now coming 
 again into season, and killing the largest fish. 
 
 This and the Willow Fly, made as above, or 
 with the addition of wings from the dark part of 
 a starling's quill feather, are good killers in the 
 Derwent till November. 
 
 In the excellent little manual, called "Prac- 
 tical Fly-fishing," by " Arundo," the above is 
 called the " Shamrock Fly." 
 
PALMERS FOR THE FISHING SEASON. 127 
 
 No. 45. THE EED PALMER. 
 
 This is the caterpillar of Arctia caja, or the 
 Garden Tiger Moth. I have found this Palmer 
 more abundantly than any other early in the 
 spring, and can recommend the use of it as soon 
 as the water is fit for fishing after a flood ; also 
 on windy days. Cuvier remarks that this cater- 
 pillar changes its skin ten times, during its 
 growth, changing slightly its colours. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Peacock herl with a red cock^s hackle wrapped 
 over it, and tied with light brown or red silk 
 thread. This corresponds also with the larvaa 
 of the Drinker Moth {Odonestis potatoria). 
 
 It may be varied by a imhy stained hackle ; 
 which answers well on the Dove. Hook No. 6, 
 Palmers. 
 
 No. 46. THE BROWN PALMER. 
 
 This is the caterpillar of Spilosoma luhrice- 
 peda^ or the Spotted Bufi* Ermine Moth, found 
 on nettles, &;c., in July and August. 
 
128 PALMERS FOR THE EISHING SEASON. 
 
 It will catch fish throughout the fishing 
 season, and may be used with most success after 
 a flood and on windy daysi 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Mulberry- coloured worsted spun on brown 
 silk, and a brown stained cock's hackle wrapped 
 over the whole. 
 
 It may be varied (to imitate S. Menthastri) 
 by making the body of ostrich herl, of a drab 
 colour, and winding a grizzled hackle over. 
 Hook No. 6, Palmers. 
 
 No. 47. THE BLACK AND RED 
 PALMER. 
 
 This is the caterpillar of Arctia caja, or the 
 Garden Tiger Moth, full-grown. 
 
 It is used in May, June, and July principally. 
 
 IMITATION. 
 
 Black ostrich herl ribbed with gold twist, and 
 a red cock's hackle wrapped over it. This Fly 
 
n.xix. 
 
 
 X 
 
 47 
 
I 
 
PALMERS FOR THE FISHING SEASON. 129 
 
 may be made large, and will kill large Thames 
 Trout of 3, 4, and 5 lbs. weight, and Salmon 
 Trout, with great success. The feather at the 
 shoulder should be a large furnace hackle from 
 the rump of a game cock, and the ostrich herl 
 should be wound thickest there. The gold twist 
 should be shown clearly at the tail, and the tail- 
 hook should be large and strong. 
 Hook No. 7, Palmers. 
 
 Not many years ago, a gentleman had just 
 arrived, about the middle of June, as a stranger 
 at a Fishing Station on the Thames. Meeting 
 the head fisherman of the place by the water- 
 side, he asked " What Fly was most successful in 
 raising the Thames Trout there;" and receiving 
 no immediate reply, suggested the above "Large 
 Red Palmer." "Oh no !" was the reply: ''per- 
 fectly useless." " Indeed ! " said the gentleman, 
 " it raises large Trout everywhere else in Eng- 
 land." " It's useless here, however." " Well, I 
 shall give it the first trial, nevertheless." 
 
 That evening the gentleman went down about 
 half-past six, and about seven o'clock had landed 
 a Trout of 3| lbs. with a fly made as above. 
 
 Another evening he hooked and played a 
 larger, and lost it. Subsequently he took two 
 one morning, before 7 a.m., the larger of which 
 weighed b\ lbs. ; and various others. 
 
 K 
 
130 PALMERS FOR THE FISHING SEASON. 
 
 The Large Ked Palmer was the '' best fly that 
 could he used " for Trout there ever after. 
 
 Show plenty of gold at the tail ;» and let your 
 feather be a good black near the head, and shade 
 off to a rich game red. A fly of this kind falls 
 more lightly, and shows more life in the water, 
 than other large flies. The elastic fibres of the 
 hackle open and close as it is drawn across the 
 stream, and it displays its colours to the best 
 advantage. A hackle fly is never on its back. 
 The Black and Red, or Large Red, Palmer, will 
 ever be a standard Trout fly. For a Dropper, 
 a smaller fly of similar materials, on a single 
 hook (No. 7), will be found a good accompani- 
 ment. That this is taken for a beetle of some 
 kind by the Trout is highly probable. 
 
 The caterpillar of the Garden Tiger Moth is 
 common on nettles during the autumn and spring ; 
 that of the Drinker Moth is abundant in spring 
 on rank grass. Both rejoice in the familiar 
 name of Woolly -hears in some places. Before 
 these spin their cocoons, which they do in May 
 and June, they wander from their food often to 
 a, great distance; and from this circumstance 
 are called Palmers. It is probably during these 
 pilgrimages mostly that they fall a prey to the 
 fish through various mischances. 
 
131 
 
 INDEX 
 
 TO FLIES DESCRIBED. 
 
 Alder Fly, 96. 
 Ant Flies, 112. 
 Ash Fly, 88. 
 August Dun, 116. 
 
 Bent Hopper, 112. 
 
 Black Ant, 112. 
 
 Black Caterpillar, 84. 
 
 Black Gnat, 88. 
 
 Black Midge, 88. 
 
 Black and Red Palmer, 128. 
 
 Black Silver Twist, 112. 
 
 Blue Bottle, 120. 
 
 Blue Dun, 60. 
 
 Brown Palmer, 127. 
 
 Caddis Flies, 121. 
 Cadow, 100. 
 Cannon Fly, 88. 
 Cinnamon Fly, 116. 
 Cob Fly, 68. 
 Coch-a-bonddu, 104. 
 Cock-tail, 60. 
 Cow-dung Fly, 64. 
 
 Dark Dun, 108. 
 Dark Mackerel, 104. 
 Dotterel Dun, 80. 
 Down-looker, 88. 
 Dun Drake, 68. 
 
 Fern Fly, 96. 
 Flat Yellow, 92. 
 
 Gold-eyed Gauze-wing, 108. 
 Golden Dun Midge, 76. 
 Grannom, 80. 
 Gravel-bed, 80. 
 Great Dark Drone, 64. 
 Great Red Spinner, 68. 
 Green Drake, 100. 
 Green Tail, 80. 
 Grey Drake, 100. 
 
 Hawthorn Fly, 84. 
 Hazel Fly, 104. 
 Hoppers, 112. 
 House Fly, 120. 
 Hump-back, 96. 
 
 Iron Blue Dun, 84. 
 
 Jenny Spinner, 84. 
 July Dun, 108. 
 
 Light Mackerel, 68. 
 Little Brown Dun, 92. 
 Little Chap, 68. 
 Little Dark Spinner, 92. 
 Little Pale Blue Dun, 120. 
 Little Yellow May Dun, 88. 
 
 March Brown, 68. 
 Marlow Buzz, 104. 
 May Fly, 100. 
 Merlin Fly, 108. 
 
 Oak Fly, 88. 
 
132 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Old Joan, 60. 
 Orange Dan, 100, 
 Orange Fly, 116. 
 Orl Fly, 96. 
 
 Pale Evening Dan, 108. 
 Peacock Fly, 68. 
 
 Red Ant, 112. 
 Red Fly, 60. 
 Red Palmer, 127. 
 Red Spinner, 60. 
 
 Sand Fly, "7^. 
 Sand Gnat, 80. 
 Saw Fly, 64. 
 Shade Fly, 120. 
 Shamrock Fly, 120, 
 Shell Fly, 80. 
 
 Shorn Fly, 104. 
 Silk Fly, 88. 
 Silver Horns, 112. 
 Sky Blae, 96. 
 Soldier Fly, 96. 
 Spider Fly, 80. 
 Stone Fly, l^o. 
 
 Turkey Brown, 92. 
 
 Water Cricket, 64. 
 Whirling Blae Dan, 
 Willow Fly, 120. 
 Withy Fly, 120. 
 Woodcock Fly, 88. 
 Wren-tail, 112. 
 
 Yellow Dan, 80. 
 Yellow Sally, 92. 
 
 120. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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 INDEX. 
 
 Abbey 6* Overton's English Church History 14 
 
 Abney's Photography 10 
 
 Acton's Modem Cookery 20 
 
 A. K. H. B. Essays of 7 
 
 Allen's Flowers and their Pedigrees 11 
 
 Amott's Elements of Physics 9 
 
 Alpine Club Map of Switzerland 17 
 
 Guide (The) 17 
 
 Amos's Jurisprudence 5 
 
 ■ Primer of the Constitution 5 
 
 50 Years of English Constitution 5 
 
 Anderson's Strength of Materials 10 
 
 A rmstrong's Organic Chemistry 10 
 
 Arnolds (Dr. ) Lectures on Modem History i 
 
 Miscellaneous Works 15 
 
 Sermons 15 
 
 (T. ) English Literature 6 
 
 Atelier (The) du Lys 18 
 
 Atherstone Priory 18 
 
 Autumn Holidays of a Country Parson ... 7 
 
 Ayre's Treasury of Bible Knowledge 20 
 
 Bacon's Essays, by Whately 5 
 
 Life and Letters, by Spedding ... 5 
 
 Promus, edited by Mrs. Pott 5 
 
 Works 5 
 
 Bagehot' s Biographical Studies 4 
 
 Economic Studies 21 
 
 Literary Studies 6 
 
 Bailey's Festus, a Poem 18 
 
 ^dizVj James Mill and J. S. Mill 4 
 
 — — Mental and Moral Science 6 
 
 on the Senses and Intellect 5 
 
 Emotions and Will 5 
 
 Baker's Two Works on Ceylon 17 
 
 5d!//'j Alpine Guides 17 
 
 Ball's Elements of Astronomy 10 
 
 Barry on Railway Appliances 10 
 
 Bauerman sMineraXogy 10 & 11 
 
 Beaconsfield' s (Lord) Novels and Tales 17 & 18 
 
22 
 
 WORKS published by LONGMANS 6^ CO. 
 
 Beaconsfield' s (Lord) Speeches i 
 
 ■ Wit and Wisdom 6 
 
 Becker's Charicles and Gallus 7 
 
 Beesly's Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla 3 
 
 ^/ar^'j Treatise on Brewing 20 
 
 Blackleys German- English Dictionary 7 
 
 Bloxam 6^ Huntington's Metals 10 
 
 Boultbee on 39 Articles 14 
 
 's History of the EngUsh Church... 14 
 
 Bourne's Works on the Steam Engine...i3&i4 
 
 Bawdier' s Family Shakespeare 19 
 
 Bramley-Moore' s Six Sisters of the Valleys . 18 
 
 Bramston df Leroy's Historic Winchester . 2 
 
 Brande's Diet, of Science, Literature, & Art 11 
 
 Brassey's British Navy 13 
 
 Sunshine and Storm in the East . 17 
 
 Voyage in the ' Sunbeam ' 17 
 
 Bray's Elements of Morality 16 
 
 Browne's Exposition of the 39 Articles 14 
 
 ^n?w«?;zyj Modem England 3 
 
 Buckle's History of Civilisation 2 
 
 Buckton's Food and Home Cookery 21 
 
 Health in the House 12&21 
 
 Bults Hints to Mothers 21 
 
 Maternal Management of Children . 21 
 
 Burgomaster's Family (The) 18 
 
 Burtofi's Home Farm 21 
 
 Cabinet Lawyer 20 
 
 Calvert's Wife's Manual i6 
 
 Capes' s Age of the Antonines 3 
 
 • Early Roman Empire 3 
 
 Carlyle's Reminiscences 4 
 
 Life 4 
 
 (Mrs.) Letters and Memorials ... 4 
 
 Cates's Biographical Dictionary 4 
 
 Cayley's Iliad of Homer 19 
 
 Changed Aspects of Unchanged Truths ... 7 
 
 Chesney's Waterloo Campaign 2 
 
 Christ our Ideal 16 
 
 Church's Beginning of the Middle Ages ... 3 
 
 Colenso's Pentateuch and Book of Joshua , 16 
 
 Commonplace Philosopher 7 
 
 Conder's Handbook to the Bible 15 
 
 Conington's Translation of Virgil's ^neid 19 
 
 ■ Prose Translation of Virgil's 
 
 Poems 18 
 
 Contanseau's Two French Dictionaries ... 7 
 
 Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul 15 
 
 Cotta on Rocks, by Lawrence 11 
 
 Counsel and Comfort from a City Pulpit... 7 
 
 Cox's (G. W.) Athenian Empire 3 
 
 ' Crusades 3 
 
 General History of Greece 2 
 
 — — Greeks and Persians 3 
 
 Creighton's Age of EHzabeth 3 
 
 ■ England a Continental Power 3 
 
 Papacyduring the Reformation 2, 14 
 
 Shilling History of England ... 3 
 
 ■ Tudors and the Reformation 3 
 Cresy's Encyclopaedia of Civil Engineering 14 
 
 Critical Essays of a Country Parson 7 
 
 Culley's Handbook of Telegraphy 13 
 
 Curteis's Macedonian Empire 3 
 
 Davidson's New Testament 14 
 
 Dead Shot (The) 19 
 
 De Caisne and Le Maout's Botany n 
 
 De Tocquevilh's Democracy in America... 5 
 
 Dewes's Life and Letters of St. Paul ...... 15 
 
 Dixon s Rural Bird Life 11&19 
 
 Doyle's English in America i 
 
 Z^/vjj^rj Arts of Japan I2 
 
 Eastlakes Hints on Household Taste 13 
 
 Five Great Painters 13 
 
 Foreign Picture Galleries 13 
 
 Edersheim s J esus the Messiah 1 6 
 
 Edmonds's Elementary Botany ii 
 
 Ellicott's Scripture Commentaries 15 
 
 Lectures on Life of Christ 15 
 
 Elsa and her Vulture 18 
 
 Epochs of Ancient History 3 
 
 Enghsh History 3 
 
 Modern History ...„ 3 
 
 Evans's Bronze Implements u 
 
 Ewalds Antiquities of Israel 15 
 
 Apostolic Age 15 
 
 Christ and His Times 15 
 
 History of Israel 15 
 
 Fairbairn's Information for Engineers 13 
 
 Mills and Millwork 13 
 
 Farrar's Language and Languages 7 
 
 Fitzwygram on Horses 19 
 
 Francis's Fishing Book 19 
 
 Freeman's Historical Geography 2 
 
 United States i6 
 
 Froude's Caesar 4 
 
 English in Ireland ; 1 
 
 History of England , 1 
 
 Luther 3 
 
 Short Studies 6 
 
 Gairdner's Houses of Lancaster and York 3 
 
 Ganot's Elementary Physics 9 
 
 ■' Natural Philosophy 9 
 
 Gardiner's History of England 2 
 
 Outline of English History ...... 2 
 
 Puritan Resolution 3 
 
 ^Thirty Years' War 3 
 
 (Mrs.) French Revolution 3 
 
 Glazebrook' s Physical Optics 10 
 
 Goethe's Faust, by Birds 18 
 
 by Selss 18 
 
 by Webb 18 
 
 Goodeve's Mechanics and Mechanism 13 
 
 Gore's Electro-Metallurgy lo 
 
 Gospel (The) for the Nineteenth Century . 16 
 
 Grant's Ethics of Aristotle 5 
 
 University of Edinburgh 6 
 
 Graver Thoughts of a Country Parson 7 
 
 Greville's ]oumal i 
 
 Griffin's Algebra and Trigonometry 10 
 
 Grove on Correlation of Physical Forces... 9 
 
 Gwilt's Encyclopaedia of Architecture 13 
 
 Hale's Fall of the Stuarts 3 
 
 Halliwell-Phillipps' s Outlines of Shake- 
 speare's Life •. 4 
 
 Hamilton's {^\vVJ.)'L\{e 4 
 
 Hartwig's Works on Popular Natural 
 
 History, &c lo&n 
 
 H assail' s Climate of San Remo 17 
 
 Hatton's Whom Nature Leadeth 17 
 
 Haughton's Physical Geography ...,,.,...,. 19 
 
WORKS published by LONGMANS 6- CO. 
 
 23 
 
 Hcatons Memoir 3 
 
 Heer's Primeval World of Switzerland 11 
 
 Helmholiz s Scientific Lectures 9 
 
 HerscheTs Outlines of Astronomy 8 
 
 Hobart' s Medical Language of St. Luke... 6 
 
 Hopes Because of the Angels 17 
 
 Hopkins's Christ the Consoler 16 
 
 Horses and Roads 19 
 
 Howitt'sV\s\is to Remarkable Places 19 
 
 Hullah's History of Modern Music 11 
 
 — — Transition Period 11 
 
 ^/^/;/z^'j Art-Instruction in England 13 
 
 Hume's Philosophical Works 6 
 
 Ihne's Rome to its Captiu-e by the Gauls... 3 
 
 In the Olden Time 17 
 
 Ingelow's Poems 18 
 
 Jagds Inorganic Chemistry 12 
 
 yameson's Sacred and Legendary Art 12 
 
 /'C^/'/Vy Story of my Heart 6 
 
 yenkin's Electricity and Magnetism 10 
 
 yohnsons Normans in Europe 3 
 
 Patentee's Manual 21 
 
 Johnston s Geographical Dictionary 8 
 
 yukes's New Man 15 
 
 Second Death 15 
 
 Types of Genesis 15 
 
 Aa/iJ^A'j Bible Studies 15 
 
 ■^— — — Commentary on the Bible 15 
 
 ■ — Path and Goal 5 
 
 Keary's Outlines of Primitive BeHef. 6 
 
 Keller s Lake Dwellings of Switzerland.... 11 
 
 Kerts Metallurgy, by Crookes and Rohrig. 14 
 
 Kocstlins\J\iQoi\j\x\h&x 4 
 
 Landscapes, Churches, &c 7 
 
 Lathatn's English Dictionaries 7 
 
 Handbook of English Language 7 
 
 Lecky's History of England i 
 
 ■ European Morals 2 
 
 ' Rationalism 2 
 
 • ' Leaders of Public Opinion 4 
 
 Leisure Hours in Town 7 
 
 Z^j/zV J Political and Moral Philosophy ... 6 
 
 Lessons of Middle Age 7 
 
 Lewes' s History of Philosophy 2 
 
 £^w/j on Authority 6 
 
 Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicons 8 
 
 Lindley and Moore's Treasury of Botany ... 20 
 
 Lloyd's Magnetism 9 
 
 Longman's (F. W.) Chess Openings 20 
 
 ■ Frederic the Great 3 
 
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