NOTES 
 
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 THE LIBRARY 
 
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 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
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 WILLIAM GEORGE'S SONS LTD. 
 
 BOOKSELLERS 
 89 PARK STREET, BRISTOL
 
 "
 
 GLOUCESTERSHIRE 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES, 
 
 BY 
 
 JOSEPH STRATFORD, 
 
 Author of "Good and Great Men of Gloucestershire" "Wiltshire 
 and Its Worthies," $c., <&c. 
 
 " Live well ; how long or short, permit to heaven." Milton. 
 " For live we how we can, yet die we must." Shakespeare. 
 " But life shall live for evermore." Tennyson. 
 
 GLOUCESTER : 
 
 PRINTED AND PUBLISHED AT THE " JOURNAL " OFFICE. 
 
 1887.
 
 DA 
 
 THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED 
 
 TO THE 
 
 MEMORY OF A BELOVED SON 
 
 MDCCCLXXXII. 
 
 601015 
 
 2NCLISH LOCAL
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE " Notes " contained in this Volume consist of a series of 
 papers which appeared in the Gloucester Journal during 1886, 
 and also of several others which have been written since. 
 The materials of which they are composed have been 
 obtained from many sources, some of which 'are acknowledged 
 in the body of the work. To enumerate all would be tedious 
 and unnecessary ; but I would gratefully acknowledge my 
 obligations to J. P. Wilton, Esq., whose large and valuable 
 collection of local works has been of great help. Mr. C. H. 
 Dancey, Senr., also an enthusiastic collector of Gloucester- 
 shire books, has likewise kindly afforded me similar 
 assistance. It is difficult to describe my indebtedness to Mr. 
 H. Y. J. Taylor, who by the loan of books, the contribution 
 of original facts, and the collection of information, has much 
 facilitated my labours. 
 
 Many of the clergy, both in the County and outside, of 
 whom I have had to make enquiries, have most promptly and 
 courteously replied, often furnishing particulars which could 
 have been got from no other quarter. To these, and also to 
 other gentlemen without whose aid and approval some of 
 the sketches would not have been written, I beg to offer my 
 best thanks. 
 
 Long as is the goodly array of names contained in this 
 and the previous volume, I have still to say that " it is not 
 presented as a full roll of our County Worthies ; it could be
 
 VI. PREFACE. 
 
 greatly lengthened by names from the lists of the dead and 
 the living." 
 
 The tone of the present work will be found to differ in 
 some respects from that of the Volume which I published 
 twenty years ago. In reference to much contained in that 
 book, I must say in the words of Sir Thomas Browne, written 
 under somewhat similar circumstances: "It was set down 
 many years past, and was the sense of my conception at that 
 time, not an immutable law unto my advancing judgment at 
 all times ; and therefore there might be many things therein 
 plausible unto my past apprehension, which are not agreeable 
 unto my present self. [Preface to Relujw Mcilici.~\ 
 
 Should the perusal of these pages afford my readers 
 anything like the pleasure and interest which I have found in 
 their preparation, my labours will not have been in vain. 
 
 J. S. 
 
 Gloucester, 
 
 April, 1887.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix. 
 
 BISHOP CARPENTER AND OTHER PRELATES . . . . . . . . 1 
 
 JOHN WINCHCOMBE, alias JACK OF NEWBURY 8 
 
 BISHOP Fox 22 
 
 ARCHBISHOP JUXON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 
 
 DR. THOMAS WASHBOURNE . . 34 
 
 SIR ROBERT ATKYNS, SENR. . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 
 
 BISHOP FRAMPTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 
 
 SIR EDMUND SAUNDERS G4 
 
 BISHOP FOWLER 69 
 
 SIR JOHN POWELL 7G 
 
 SIR ROBERT ATKYNS, JUNR. . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 
 
 THOMAS GARDINER 92 
 
 ARCHBISHOP HORT . . 100 
 
 DR. JAMES BRADLEY, F.R.S 103 
 
 BISHOP WARBURTON 112 
 
 DEAN TUCKER 129 
 
 JOHN CANTON, F.R.S 137 
 
 ARCHBISHOP MOORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 
 
 DR. JOSEPH WHITE 153 
 
 CHARLES BRANDON TRYE, F.R.S 161 
 
 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.R.S 170 
 
 SIR CHAS. WHEATSTONE, D.C.L., F.R.S 188 
 
 SAMUEL BOWLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 
 
 JOHN CURTIS HAYWARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 
 
 SIR JOHN ROLT 220 
 
 THOMAS NICHOLSON 228 
 
 CANON LYSONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 
 
 THOMAS BAHWICK L. BAKER 243 
 
 JOHN J. WAITE 251 
 
 SEBASTIAN STEWART DICKINSON . . 265
 
 VIII. CONTENTS. 
 
 SYDNEY DOBELL 273 
 
 HENRY S. WINTERBOTHAM 287 
 
 MAJOR W. E. PRICE 293 
 
 REMARKABLE CHURCHMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 
 
 NOTABLE NONCONFORMISTS 308 
 
 LITERARY MEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 
 
 MEN OF SCIENCE 327 
 
 AGRICULTURISTS AND MEN OF BUSINESS 335 
 
 CENTENARIANS 341 
 
 PATRON SAINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 
 
 CONCLUSION 351 
 
 INDEX 353 
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS 357
 
 I N T E D U C T I N . 
 
 THE writer's previous work " Good and Great Men of Gloucestershire " 
 has long been out of print, and copies of it are now rare. It has, 
 therefore, been thought that the present volume may be rendered more 
 complete and interesting if introduced by a summary of the contents of 
 the former one. In attempting this, little can be done beyond an 
 enumeration of the subjects of the several parts of which it consists, 
 and a brief indication of the chief facts which are narrated. 
 
 A short introduction on the Geography and History of the County, 
 is followed by Thirty-one Biographical Sketches entitled and arranged 
 as follows : 
 
 I. KING Lucius, the First Christian Prince of Britain. The 
 various accounts of this ancient British chief, as supplied by old writers, 
 are briefly given. He lived in the latter half of the second century ; 
 and is said to have died at Gloucester and been buried in the church of 
 St. Mary de Lode. At the west end of the north aisle of the Cathedral 
 a beautifully illuminated window has been erected to his memory by 
 William Viner Ellis, Esq. 
 
 II. SIB BICHAED WHITTINGTON, the Model Merchant. The story 
 of Whittington and his cat, as " rescued from the region of fable, and 
 placed in its proper position in the History of this County," by Canon 
 Lysons, is summarised. " Dick," the son of Sir William de 
 Whittington, appears to have been born at Pauntley, in the reign of 
 Edward III. His mother had been previously the wife of Sir Thomas 
 de Berkeley, of Cubberley, where she was buried in 1373. 
 
 III. WILLIAM TYNDALE, the Bible Translator. The birthplace of 
 this noble man is somewhat uncertain. He was born in 1484, but 
 whether at North Nibley, or at Hunts Court, Stinchcombe, or in the 
 parish of Slimbridge, cannot be decided. Educated at Oxford, he 
 afterwards spent some time at Cambridge, and in 1519 became tutor 
 and chaplain in the family of Sir John Walsh, of Little Sodbury. Here 
 he resolved upon that great work which has rendered his name 
 immortal. His translation of the Scriptures, the foundation of
 
 X. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 all subsequent versions, was accomplished amidst difficulties and 
 persecutions, eventually costing him his life. He was martyred at 
 Vilvoorde, near Brussels, October 6, 1536. A noble monument erected 
 to his memory on Nibley Knoll, was inaugurated November Gth, 1SGG. 
 
 IV. JAMES BAYNHAM, the Martyred Bible Reader. Baynham was 
 a son of Sir Alexander Baynham, of Westbury-on-Severn. He was 
 educated for the law, and practiced in London, in the reign of Henry 
 VIII. Having excited the suspicions of the Papists he was arrested in 
 
 1531, and after suffering cruel tortures professed to abjure his opinions, 
 and escaped with a heavy fine and a humiliating penance, in February, 
 
 1532. Bitterly repenting of this recantation he again avowed his faith, 
 and suffered death at the stake, in Smithfield, April 30th. Sir William 
 Tracy, of Toddington, who was animated by the same principles, was 
 his contemporary. He escaped martyrdom, but after his death was 
 tried and condemned in Bishop Stokesley's court, and his body was 
 dragged from its grave and left without Christian burial ! 
 
 V. BISHOP HOOPER, the Protestant Martyr. Born in 1495, Hooper 
 went to Merton College, Oxford, at the time when both Erasmus and 
 Tyndale were at that University. He seems to have left shortly after 
 Tyndale had been driven away in 1517. He subsequently entered the 
 monastery of Black Friars at Gloucester, where he stayed till its 
 dissolution. His Protestant opinions subjecting him to persecution he 
 sought refuge on the Continent. In the reign of Edward VI. he 
 returned to England, and in 1550 was nominated Bishop of Gloucester. 
 On the accession of Mary, in 1553, he was cast into prison. After 
 seventeen months' cruel confinement he was sentenced to death, and 
 being brought from London to Gloucester, was burnt on Saturday, 
 February 9th, 1555, in St. Mary's Square, where a fine monument, 
 bearing his statue, was dedicated to his memory on February 9th, 1863. 
 
 VI. THOMAS DBOWBY, and other Martyrs. The martyrdom of 
 Hooper was followed by that of others. Drowry, a blind boy of 
 Gloucester, was one of these victims. He and Thomas Croker, a 
 bricklayer, were burnt at Gloucester, on the 5th May, 1556. John 
 Home, a carpenter, and a woman whose name is unknown, were burnt 
 at Wotton-under-Edge, September 25th, of the same year. John Piggot 
 suffered death about the same time at Little Sodbury, and Edward 
 Home, at Newent, on 15th November, 1558. John Coberley, of 
 Cheltenham, was burnt, with two others, near Salisbury in March, 1556. 
 
 VII. WILLIAM SAETON, and other Martyrs. A marble tablet in 
 Highbury Chapel, St. Michael's Hill, Bristol, is inscribed to the memory of 
 five martyrs who, during the reign of Queen Mary, were burnt to 
 death on the spot where the Chapel now stands. In addition
 
 INTRODUCTION. XI. 
 
 to these, William Sarton, a weaver, was martyred, Sept. 18, 1556. 
 
 VIII. JOSEPH WOODWARD, and other Puritans. Born at Upper 
 Cam, Woodward was educated at Oxford, and, after being for some time 
 Master of Wotton-under-Edge Free School, he hecame rector of 
 Dursley. He was a typical puritan minister. He died shortly after 
 the Restoration of Charles II. William Blackwell, of Beckford,. 
 Richard Capel, of Pitchcombe, Valentine Marshall, of Elmore, and Dr. 
 Robert Harris, of Broad Campden, were men of the same stamp. 
 
 IX. JAMES FORBES, and other Nonconformists. After being 
 preacher at the Cathedral for six years Mr. Forbes was ejected for 
 Nonconformity in 1660. He remained in Gloucester suffering frequent 
 imprisonment ; but persevered in the exercise of his ministry, building 
 the Meeting House now known as Barton Street Chapel, and residing in 
 his own house immediately opposite. He died in 1712 at the age of 
 eighty-three years, fifty-eight of which were passed in Gloucester. 
 Anthony Palmer, of Bourton-on-the-Water, Edward Fletcher, of 
 Duntisbourne Abbots, John Langston, of Ashchurch, John Dunce, of 
 Hazleton, Peter Gwilliam, of Slimbridge, and Richard Flavel of 
 Willersley, were ejected at the same time. John Biddle, of Wotton- 
 under-Edge, who has been called "the Father of English Unitarianism," 
 was suffering much persecution about this period. He was at one time 
 Master of the Crypt Grammar School in Gloucester. 
 
 X. ALEXANDER GREGORY, and other Nonconformists. Gregory, 
 who was vicar of Cirencester, was one of a large number of clergy who- 
 were cast out of their livings in various parts of the county, by the Act 
 of Uniformity, on St. Bartholomew's Day, 1662. Many of these were 
 well-known and eminent men. 
 
 XI. JOHN CORBET, and other Nonconformists. Among several 
 others who suffered ejection, John Corbet was a prominent figure. He 
 was the son of a shoemaker, and was born at Gloucester in 1620. After 
 being educated at Oxford, he became incumbent of St. Mary de Crypt 
 Church in his native city, where he played an active part during the 
 siege in 1643 ; and wrote " An Historical Relation of the Military 
 Government at Gloucester, &c." 
 
 XII. SIR MATTHEW HALE, the Upright Judge. Born at Alderley 
 Nov. 1, 1609 ; entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford, at the age of seventeen 
 and became student at Lincoln's Inn in 1629. In 1653 was made 
 sergeant-at-law by Cromwell ; and the next year was elected one of 
 the five Knights to represent Gloucestershire in Cromwell's second 
 Parliament. At the Restoration he was created Lord Chief Baron of 
 England, and in 1671, he was raised to be Lord Chief Justice of the 
 King's Bench. He died at Alderley on Christmas Day, 1676.
 
 XH. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XIII. EDWAED TERRILL, and other Baptists. This worthy man, 
 ' a native of Almondsbury, and Schoolmaster in Bristol, became a 
 member of the Baptist denomination in 1658, and was one of the most 
 eminent and active of their number. He suffered much persecution ; 
 as did also others in various parts of the County ; especially on the 
 Cotswolds, as narrated in " Pictures of the Past : the History of the 
 Baptist Church, Bourton-on-the- Water," by the Rev. Thomas Brooks. 
 
 XIV. JOHN ROBERTS, the Persecuted Quaker. One of the earliest 
 Gloucestershire followers of George Fox. He was a native of Siddington 
 where he resided through his life. His religious convictions brought 
 him into conflict with civil and ecclesiastical authorities, among whom 
 was " George Bull, priest of the parish," afterwards Bishop of St. 
 Davids. Roberts suffered fines and imprisonment. He died in 1683. 
 
 XV. AMARIAH DREWETT, and other Quakers. Drewett, who was 
 .a yarn maker, living in Cirencester, was an intimate companion of 
 Roberts and endured similar sufferings. The Quakers were greatly 
 persecuted in all parts of the county. 
 
 XVI. HENRY DORNEY, the Christian Man of Business. As a 
 beautiful specimen of a particular class of puritans, Dorney is an 
 interesting character. He was youngest brother of John Dorney, the 
 Town Clerk of Gloucester ; he was born at Uley in 1613, and died in 
 1683. 
 
 XVII. GEORGE WHITEFIELD, the Zealous Evangelist. Born at the 
 Bell Inn, Gloucester, Dec. 16, 1714. Educated at Crypt Grammar 
 School, and then sent to Pembroke College, Oxford, where he becamo 
 associated with John and Charles Wesley. Ordained by Bishop Benson 
 in 1736, and curate at Stonehouse till the next year ; from which time 
 he travelled and preached in England and America till his sudden 
 death at Newbury Port, New England, in 1770, in his fifty-sixth year. 
 
 XVIII. THOMAS COLE, and other Fellow-workers with Whitefield. 
 Mr. Cole, who was minister of Southgate Chapel, deeply sympathised 
 with Whitefield's aims and earnestly co-operated with him in his 
 labours in this county. He died while preaching at Nympsfield, in 
 1742, at the age of sixty-three. Thomas Adams, of Rodborough, Thomas 
 Jenkins, of Stroud, William Hogg, of Painswick, with many others, 
 Clergymen, Nonconformist ministers, and laymen, were actively 
 engaged in the same work. 
 
 XIX. ROBERT RAIKES, the Children's Friend. The Founder of 
 Sunday Schools was born in Gloucester, Sept. 14, 1735. He commenced 
 his good work in 1780, and lived to see it widely approved and adopted. 
 He died suddenly in 1811. The Rev. Thomas Stock and others were 
 his worthy co-workers.
 
 INTBODUCTION. XIII. 
 
 XX. EDWARD JENNER, the Benevolent Physician. The Jenners 
 are an ancient Gloucestershire family. Edward was born at Berkeley, 
 May 17, 1749. He was apprenticed to a surgeon at Sodbury, and 
 afterwards practised in his native town. There his great discovery of 
 vaccination was made ; and the first experiment was tried in 1796. The 
 practice rapidly spread, and Jenner received a variety of honours and 
 rewards. He died 1823. A monument to his memory, erected by 
 public subscription, stands at the west end of the nave of Gloucester 
 Cathedral. 
 
 XXI. BENJAMIN PARSONS, the Friend of the People. North Nibley 
 was the birth-place of this eminent Nonconformist minister. He was 
 born Feb. 16, 1797 ; was apprenticed to a tailor ; was trained for the 
 ministry at Cheshunt College ; and became pastor of Ebley Chapel in 
 1826. There his labours were such as to gain for him the titles of the 
 "Bishop of Ebley" and the "Oberlin of Gloucestershire." His 
 singularly active and earnest life closed Jan. 10, 1855. 
 
 XXII. The late EARL of DUCIE. HENBY GEORGE FRANCIS KEY- 
 NOLDS MORETON, second Earl of Ducie, was born May 8, 1802. He was 
 a man of remarkable energy and ability, and in many directions 
 exercised a great influence in the county. He died June 2, 1853. 
 
 XXIII. JOSEPH STURGE, the Christian Philanthropist. He 
 belonged to an old Gloucestershire family, and was born at Elberton, 
 August 2, 1793. His life was chiefly spent at Birmingham, where he 
 and his brother carried on an extensive business as corn merchants. 
 His liberality was abounding, and his labours of love varied and 
 numerous. In the great agitation for the abolition of slavery Mr. 
 Sturge was one of the foremost champions of the oppressed negro. 
 The repeal of the Corn Laws, the spread of education, and the preven- 
 tion of war engaged his sympathy and support. Beloved and honoured, 
 he died suddenly May 13, 1859, in his sixty-seventh year. 
 
 XXIV. JOHN THOMAS, the Indian Missionary. Modern Protestant 
 missions in India owe their commencement to the efforts of this earnest 
 man. He was born at Fairford, and after a medical education became 
 surgeon on a ship of war. He at length settled in Calcutta, and 
 commenced that movement which resulted in the formation of the 
 Baptist Missionary Society and the sending out of Carey, Marshman, 
 and Ward. Mr. Thomas laboured actively for many years, and died 
 in 1801. 
 
 XXV. WALTER H. MEDHURST, and other Missionaries. The son 
 of an innkeeper in Gloucester, Walter Medhurst was apprenticed to a 
 printer, and about 1820 was sent out as missionary printer to Malacca. 
 His career was very remarkable, and the name of Dr. Medhurst shines
 
 XIV. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 brightly on the roll of modern missionaries. He died in 1857. Robert 
 Jennings, Michael Lewis, and Thomas Burchell were contemporary 
 labourers in other parts of the mission field. 
 
 XXVI. WILLIAM CROSS, and other Missionaries. The name of Cross 
 is honourably associated with the Wesleyan Missions in Feegee. He 
 was a native of Cirencester, where he was born in 1797. He died in 
 1842. Richard Williams of Dursley, by profession a surgeon, went out 
 ,s a catechist in the ill-fated Fuegian Mission, and perished with his 
 companions in 1851. 
 
 XXVII. HENRY DE WINT BURRUP, and other Missionaries. Mr. 
 Burrup, who was born at Gloucester in 1830, was a student of Pembroke 
 College, Oxford, and after holding one or two curacies, he went out in 
 connection with the " Oxford and Cambridge Mission to Central Africa." 
 In the course of explorations on the Ruo he was seized with fever, and 
 died February 22, 1862. Joseph and Charles Knight, Thomas Browning, 
 a,nd others belonging to this county laboured as missionaries in various 
 parts of the heathen world. 
 
 XXVIII. MAYNARD COLCHESTER, and other Worthies of the Forest 
 of Dean. The Colchester family have been long connected with the 
 Forest district. Maynard, who was born at Westbury-on-Severn, in 
 1664, was a man of great Christian zeal and benevolence. His name is 
 associated with many of the principal religious movements of the 
 period in which he lived. He died in 1715. The names of many other 
 worthy men, Churchmen and Nonconformists, are found in the annals 
 of this interesting part of our County. 
 
 XXIX. ROBERT OF GLOUCESTER, and other Poets. In addition to 
 the name of the old rhyming chronicler, who lived in the reign of 
 Edward I., there are many more which have been thought worthy of record. 
 
 XXX. JOHN KEBLE, Author of " The Christian Year." Fairford 
 has become widely known as the birthplace of this amiable and gifted 
 man, who was born April 25, 1792. His chief work was published in 
 1827. He became vicar of Hursley, Hants, where he died on Good 
 Friday, March 30, 1866. 
 
 XXXI. RICHARD OP CIRENCESTER, and other Worthies. Following 
 a brief account of the fourteenth century monk and chronicler, are 
 short notices of men who in various departments have achieved some 
 distinction and left names more or less worthy of remembrance. 
 
 Both the former and the present works are in some small measure 
 topographical : had circumstances permitted it would have been a 
 pleasure to have made them more so. Gloucestershire is full of interest. 
 Its natural charms are many and great. Its three distinctly marked 
 divisions present features which, while widely differing from each other,
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 are all of a pleasing character, each possessing a beauty peculiar to 
 itself. Archseologically it is a rich mine. Its chief city and many of 
 its towns and villages are clustered with historical memories. Mr. John 
 Chalmers Morton, writing from long and intimate knowledge says : 
 " There is not a county in the island with such variety, whether of 
 geology or landscape, we had almost said of character as well certainly 
 none more beautiful none more noteworthy for its natural and 
 artificial features." Paxton Hood has described it as a " minature 
 medallion of England," and on another occasion writes : " Gloucester- 
 shire has many claims on the regard of most Englishmen, whatever may 
 be the peculiarity of their individual sympathies. It is both a mining, 
 manufacturing, and agricultural county. It is the birthplace, or the 
 principal channel, of two of the noblest rivers of England the Severn and 
 the Thames. It has dark antique shrines, which contain many precious 
 historical associations. It has fine woods and beautiful patches of 
 forest land and scenery. Among the counties of England it has its own 
 distinct and marked individuality." 
 
 The charms of natural scenes and the interest of places may be 
 increased by association with remarkable persons. It may, therefore, 
 be hoped that these " Notes " associating many historical facts and 
 many interesting names with our ancient chief city, our towns and 
 villages, our hills and vales, our forests and rivers, may tend to heighten 
 the pleasure which the scenes of nature afford, and to deepen those 
 local attachments, which, though not the highest forms of sentiment, 
 are yet worth preservation and culture. 
 
 It is also to be hoped that such sketches may serve other uses. 
 The facts recorded afford abundant proof that mental gifts are limited 
 to no class ; that moral excellence is monopolised by no church ; and 
 that patriotism is confined to no political party. Genius dwells in the 
 cottage as well as in the mansion. In all churches, and outside all 
 churches, there are good men and true. The ranks of both Tories and 
 Radicals furnish genuine philanthropists and sterling patriots. Illustra- 
 tions of these truths may well favour the cultivation of a large and 
 liberal spirit, ready to appreciate ability and worth wherever seen. 
 
 There are many occasions on which the attention of a biographer is 
 drawn to the contemplation of the mysteries of life and death ; and, 
 without intruding into the province of the preacher, he may give 
 expression to thoughts and feelings which facts awaken in his mind. 
 Such reflections, however, seemed scarcely in accord with a series of 
 mere "Notes," and consequently they have been rarely introduced, 
 even in the briefest form. In the endlessly varying situations in which 
 men are placed, and the equally varying experiences they endure, a
 
 XVI. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 thousand problems may be found. Questions which a child may ask, 
 and which, indeed, often come from infant lips, neither divines nor 
 philosophers can answer. Facts which are daily before our eyes 
 receive no solution from the teachings of theology or from the researches 
 of science. These exercises of the mind are likely to become more 
 active as particular individual lives are the subjects of consideration, 
 and the character and career of any one man, rich or poor, are 
 thoughtfully pondered. In every such case there will be found much 
 that is enigmatical ; influences, which no human skill can trace ; 
 results, flowing fr<5m unseen and unknown causes ; events, unexpected 
 and inexplicable ; facts, clothed with mystery which mortal vision 
 cannot pierce. We now see but darkly, and know but in part. The 
 end is not yet. The present is linked to a future in which, we may 
 reasonably hope, darkness will become light, and the enigmas of time 
 be satisfactorily solved by the revelations and adjustments of eternity. 
 Happy are they "who by patient continuance in well doing seek for 
 glory and honour and immortality," animated and sustained, amidst 
 the trials and mysteries of the present world, by hopes of a brighter 
 world beyond.
 
 GLOUCESTERSHIRE 
 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 
 
 BISHOP CARPENTER 
 
 AND 
 
 OTHER PRELATES. 
 [13301523.] 
 
 "HATEVER temporary dignity a Bishop's mitre may 
 confer it does not necessarily secure future fame for 
 its wearer. Many who have filled episcopal thrones 
 have long been forgotten ; others survive only as names. 
 Among those who have escaped oblivion and are still 
 deserving of remembrance, may be found some eminent 
 prelates who were natives of this county ; and to whom the 
 industrious pen of Fuller rightly gives a place in his list of 
 " Gloucestershire Worthies." His brief and quaint narratives 
 will bear re- producing and shall be given in full, with some 
 further particulars gathered from other quarters. 
 
 His first account is of a Cotswolder of the fourteenth 
 century, of whom he thus writes : 
 
 " TIDEMAN DE WiNCHCOMBE was born in this County, at 
 the Market Town formerly famous for a rich Abbey, now for 
 plenty of Poore therein. He was preferred first Abbot of 
 Beaulieu, then Bishop of Landaffe, and lastly of Worcester 
 by King Richard the Second's importunity to the Pope, 
 notwithstanding one John Green was fairly elected thereunto. 
 This Tideman was the King's Physician, and very well skilled 
 in that Faculty. He died 1400."
 
 BISHOP CAIU'KNTER. 
 
 I am obliged by J. H. Hooper, I^sq., of Worcester, with 
 the information that Dr. Thomas, in his " History of 
 Worcester Cathedral," published in 1736, states that there 
 were at that time on the floor of the nave several large marble 
 grave-stones without inscriptions, the largest of which, below 
 the steps into the choir, had on it the impression of a mitre 
 and crozier, and was said to lie over the tomb of Bishop 
 Tideman de Winchcombe. In Green's " Antiquities of 
 Worcester," however, this grave-stone is mentioned as one 
 of those which had been since removed. 
 
 The Cotswold parish of Chedworth, long famous for its 
 fine woods, has become more widely known by the accidental 
 discovery on its northern side of the site of a large Roman 
 villa, in 1864. The remarkable remains thus found, and 
 which are now carefully preserved by the taste and liberality 
 of the Earl of Eldon, attract archaeologists and sight-seers from 
 all parts. This interesting spot is, however, generally reached 
 without passing through the village, which is one of the most 
 picturesque on the Cotswolds, and is to be found in a long, 
 green, and fertile valley on the west side of the old Foss-road, 
 four miles from Northleach and seven from Cirencester. On 
 either side are points from which it can be seen in its entire 
 length, and with its ancient towered Church of St. Andrew, 
 at the Upper End ; its square-built high-roofed chapel on 
 Pancake Hill, at the Lower End ; its farm-houses, cottages, 
 fields, orchards, gardens, and winding roads and paths ; and 
 its tiny rill trickling on its way to join the Coin near Foss 
 Bridge, it presents many a pleasing view. This beautiful 
 locality was the birth-place of another Prelate, who. like 
 Tidemau de Winchcombe, derived his surname from the place 
 of his nativity. 
 
 " JOHN CHEDWOKTH was born in this county, and bred in 
 King's Colledge, in Cambridge, being the third scholar that 
 came thereinto by election from Eaton Schoole, though some 
 (I confesse) for a short time make him admitted in Merton 
 Colledge i:i Oxford. He afterwards was the third Provost of
 
 1USHOP CARPENTER. 
 
 King's Colledge, possessing the place six years, till lie was 
 elected Bishop of Lincoln. He was joyiied in Commission by 
 King Henry the Sixth with Bishop Waiufleet of Winchester, 
 to revise and regulate the Statutes of Eaton and King's 
 Colledges. He sate Bishop about eighteen years ; and dying 
 1471, lies buried in his owu Cathedral, under a marble 
 monument." 
 
 Of this monument the Dean of Lincoln courteously 
 furnishes the following information : " All that remains is 
 the stone itself; the magnificent brass figure of the Bishop 
 having been torn off by the Cromwelliaii soldiers. The 
 matrix, however, clearly shows that he was represented in 
 Episcopal vestments, mitre and chasuble, etc., and with a 
 pastoral staff in his hand. His figure was surrounded with 
 small figures of angels and coats of arms. The stone lies in 
 the Choir of Angels, behind the High Altar, on the uoiih side, 
 adjoining the Chantry chapel of Bishop Flemyng. His 
 inscription is given in Browne Willis' ' Cathedrals,' page 57." 
 
 The next name takes us to the south western extremity of 
 the county, into a locality of great natural beauty and one rich 
 in archaeological interest the parish of Westbury-on-Trym, 
 adjoining that of Clifton, and situated on the north side of the 
 Avon within three or four miles of its confluence with the 
 Severn. 
 
 "JoHN CARPENTER was (as my author [Godwin] rationally 
 <jollecteth) born at Westbury [on Tryni] , in this county ; 
 bred in Oriall Colledge, in Oxford, whereof he became Provost, 
 and Chancellor of the University ; thence preferred Prefect of 
 St. Anthouies, in London, and at last Bishop of Worcester. 
 He was so indulgent to W T estbury, the place of his nativity, 
 that of a mean he made it a maynificent concent, more like a 
 Castle than a Coll erf ye ; walling it about with Turretts ; and 
 making a stately Gate, house thereto. He had a humorous 
 intent to style Himself and Successors (in imitation of Bath 
 and Wells) Bishops of Worcester and Westbury ; which Title 
 {though running cleverly on the tongue's end) never came in
 
 BISHOP CARPENTER. 
 
 request, because therein iinjxu- conjunctio the matching of a 
 Collegiate and Cathedral Church together. He died A.D. 
 1475, and was buried in his native town of Westbury. His 
 tomb since his death (I will use niy Author's words, hoping 
 their ignorance, if alive, understands no Latine) : ' A stolidis 
 quibusdam nebulonibus pudendum in morein mutulatur.' As 
 for the Colledge of Westbury, it is the inheritance of the right 
 worshipful and hospitable house-keeper, Ralph Sadler,. 
 Esquire ; and was, in these Civil Broils, unhappily burnt 
 down ; though those who esteemed themselves judicious in 
 war, apprehended neither necessity thereof, nor advantage 
 thereby." 
 
 For more than two centuries the monument remained in 
 the defaced and desecrated condition to which Fuller alludes. 
 It is satisfactory to record its restoration. A gentleman at. 
 Clifton, who has recently visited the church, kindly supplies 
 the following information, some of which was obtained from 
 the back of a picture hanging in the vestry. After describing 
 other parts of the building he says " There are several 
 good perpendicular windows ; the largest, in the east end of 
 the Canynge Chapel, beneath which is the recumbent effigy of" 
 Sir R. Hill, girt in knightly armour. But on the north side 
 of this chapel, flanking the chancel of the church, is an 
 enclosed tomb roofed with polished Purbeck, upon the ridge of 
 which lies a sculptured crozier. This is the work of the 
 Fellows of Oriel ; and peering within and between the rich 
 traceries of the Bath stone railing there can be descried a 
 gaunt skeleton with immense Roman nose, high chest, and 
 concave continuation. It is the effigy of John Carpenter : 
 originally it lay exposed upon a loftier base above his tomb ; 
 and on the sides of this base were frescoes pourtrayiug 
 incidents in the removal of the body from a temporary resting 
 place to its present place of sepulture. These long ago 
 disappeared, and their very base has now been taken down, so 
 that the effigy lies much nearer the chapel floor than before." 
 
 " The Latin inscription on the restored tomb is in
 
 BISHOP CARPENTER. 
 
 exasperating ecclesiastical black lettering. It describes 
 Carpenter as Professor of Theology at Oxford, and Chancellor 
 of Oriel College ; also as having been bishop of this church 
 thirty-three years. 'On account of his piety,' it adds, 'this 
 monument was restored by the Provost and scholars of Oriel, 
 A.D. 1853.' 
 
 " A mortuary chapel in which the body was buried was 
 discovered underneath the chancel during the restoration of 
 the church in 1851. 
 
 " The Benedictine Monastery or College of Westbury, 
 which was founded in the commencement of the 9th century, 
 was rebuilt in 1447 by Bishop Carpenter and William 
 Canynge, the latter becoming its first Dean after its 
 reconstruction. l All the buildings were standing in the 
 reign of Charles I., but were burnt down by order of Prince 
 Rupert during the war." 
 
 Mr. Taylor, of the Bristol Museum, in a paper read before 
 the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society in 
 April, 1883, after mentioning that " when the province of 
 Wiccia was allotted to Worcester by /Ethelred, King of 
 Mercia, it embraced not only nearly the whole of Worcester- 
 shire and part of Warwickshire, but all Gloucestershire on the 
 east side of the Severn, including Bristol," points out that 
 Westbury was the site of a religious house as early as A.D. 
 794. He then shows that Oswald, successor to Dunstan in 
 the See of Worcester, began a movement for the re-establish- 
 ment of the Benedictine order in England, by " planting in 
 the sequestered valley of Westbury a colony of twelve monks 
 from Fleury. So much favour did Westbury find in the 
 eyes of King Edgar that he oidered more than forty 
 monasteries to be constituted after the same model. . . . 
 About the end of the 13th century the house was changed 
 into a College of Dean and Canons by Bishop Carpenter, who 
 ordained that himself and each successor should be styled 
 * Bishop of Worcester and Westbury.' " 
 
 The chief town of the Cotswolds ancient and historical
 
 G BISHOP CARPENTER. 
 
 Cirencester, which Fuller calls by its old and familiar name 
 Cicester furnishes the fourth Bishop on this list, who is thus 
 sketched : 
 
 " THOMAS RUTHALL, born at Cicester, in this county; bred 
 in Cambridge, where he commenced Doctor of the Laws, was- 
 by King Henry the Seventh, for his great abilities, preferred 
 to be Bishop of Durham. King Henry the Eighth made him. 
 of his Privy Council, notwithstanding the hatred which 
 Cardinal Wolsey bare unto him. It happened King Henry 
 employed him as a politick person, to draw up a Breriute of 
 the State of the Land, which he did, and got it fairly 
 transcribed. But it fell out that, instead thereof, he, deceived 
 with the likeness of the cover and bindiny, presented the King 
 with a Book containing an Inventory of his own Estate, 
 amounting to an invidious and almost incredible summe of 
 One hundred thousand pmtndx. Wolsey, glad of this mistake, 
 told the King ' he knew now where a in awe of money was, in 
 case he needed it.' This broke Euthall's heart, who had paid 
 the third part of the cost of making the Bridge of New- Castle 
 over-Tyne, and intended many more Benefactions, had not 
 death (1523) on this unexpected occasion surprised him." 
 
 Another version of the story is, that "Henry having sent 
 "Wolsey for the royal estimate, the servant who was to fetch 
 the book, by mistake delivered the Bishop's ; and the Cardinal, 
 though he was apprised of the error, being jealous of the 
 prelate, presented it to the King." Wolsey was at this time 
 supreme at Court, with " his blushing honours thick upon 
 him." He had long borne some hatred to Euthall, and 
 having hastened his death, the wily Cardinal succeeded to his 
 bishopric, probably imagining the diocese to be a mine of 
 wealth which he could profitably work. 
 
 However Euthall had heaped up his riches, which were 
 so great as to make him one of the wealthiest subjects in the 
 kingdom, he seems to have been liberal in their use. An 
 escutcheon bearing his arms is found among those of the 
 benefactors whose munificence helped to re-build the nave
 
 BISHOP CARPENTER. 
 
 of the fine parish church of his native town, in the early part 
 of the sixteenth century. Leland, referring to this circum- 
 stance, says : " Ther is nowe but one Paroch Chirch in al 
 Cirecester ; but that is very fayre. The body of the Chirch i& 
 al new worke, to which Kuthall, Bishop of Durhand, borne 
 and brought up yn Cirecestre, promised much, but, preventid 
 with deth gave nothing." It is likely Leland is in some 
 error, as the work was probably accomplished before the 
 Bishop's death ; and the presence of his escutcheon implies 
 that he was a benefactor. 
 
 Dr. A. S. Farrar, Canon of Durham, kindly informs me 
 that there is no monument of Ruthall in Durham Cathedral. 
 Curious mementoes of him are found in the Castle Chapel 
 (the old Palace), where on two ends of pews his arms are 
 carved, and the sculptor, copying from a seal, has forgotten to 
 reverse them. His arms are also carved on those parts of the 
 Bishop's Palace at Auckland which now form the servants' 
 hall and dining room, these portions of the building having 
 been erected by him. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 1. Among the numerous bequests in Canynge's will to the church 
 and college of Westbury are the following: "To the six priests of the- 
 new chapel, lately founded in Westbury by the venerable father in Christ 
 and Lord John, Bishop of Worcester, iijs. iiijd. apiece, to pray for 
 testator's soul. To each of the six poor almsmen and six poor widows of 
 Westbury, lately founded by the said bishop, xijd. To the fabric of the 
 church, xis." The late Mr. G. Pryce, of the Bristol Library, published in 
 1854 memorials of the Canynge family, in which he sets forth their claim 
 to be regarded as the founders and restorers of Westbury College ; but 
 the will of Dean Canynge plainly attributes the work to Bishop Carpenter.
 
 JOHN WINCHCOMBE, 
 
 ALIAS 
 
 JACK OF NEWBURY. 
 [14611520] 
 
 'ITH the ancient town of "Winchcombe, beautifully 
 situated by the little river Isborne, in a dale on the 
 north-western side of the Cotswolds, some notable 
 names and events are associated. An early British settlement, 
 it became a Eoman station, and then in the early Saxon period 
 rose to such importance as to become the capital of the Mercian 
 Kingdom, and, according to tradition, the residence of its Kings. 
 It found such favour in the eyes of King Offa that he made 
 it the site of a nunnery which he founded A.D. 787. This 
 institution, which was of the Benedictine order, appears to 
 have worked so badly that it was abolished by King Kenulf ; 
 and the Black Nuns gave place to three hundred monks, for 
 whom a stately abbey was founded in 811. Abundant 
 provision was made for their wants, the royal founder 
 endowing the Abbey with the manors of Sherborue, Stanton, 
 Twyning, Cow Honeybourne, Snowshill, Charlton Abbots, and 
 some others. Within its walls he found his last resting place 
 in 822, of which an ancient Saxon manuscript thus sings : 
 
 " After his death he was there buried and still he lies there, 
 In the Abbey that yet stands that he himself set there, 
 Great city was Winchcomb then, and rich enough, 
 Of all that half in England as far as his land went." 
 
 The same document describes the life and death of his son 
 and successor Kenelm, an infant seven years of age, murdered 
 at the instigation of his sister, who usurped the Government. 
 The mangled body of the child, said to have been miraculously 
 discovered, was brought with solemn pomp and laid to rest 
 near the grave of his father.
 
 JOHN WINCHCOMBE, ALIAS JACK OF NEWBURY. 9 
 
 The prosperity of the town seems to have continued long 
 after the Norman conquest, its extent being considerable, and 
 its trade nourishing ; while in the course of its history, and 
 that of the district of which it is the centre, many events of 
 great interest have occurred, and some important characters 
 have figured. 
 
 The source from which the foregoing facts have been 
 gleaned, is a magnificent volume, entiiled, " Annals of Winch- 
 combe and Sudeley," published in 1877. The compiler of 
 this remarkable book, Mrs. Dent, of Sudeley Castle, evidently 
 engaged in her task as a labour of love, sparing neither 
 research nor cost to render her history complete and interest- 
 ing. Numerous engravings plain and coloured illustrate 
 its contents, which consist of historical facts and curious 
 legends, gathered from a variety of sources, national and 
 local ; and presented with singular clearness and charm of 
 style. 1 
 
 One of the chapters of this rich contribution to our county 
 history is devoted to a sketch of JOHN WINCHCOMBE, nJinn JACK. 
 OF NEWBURY. The earliest account we have of this worthy 
 was written by Delaney, and first printed in Black Letter, in 
 1596. It bears the title of " The Pleasant History of John 
 Winchcomb, in his younger years called Jack of Newbury, the 
 famous and worthy Clothier of England, declaring his Life 
 and Love, together with his charitable Deeds and Great 
 Hospitalities, and how he set continually five hundred poor 
 people at work, to the great benefit of the Commonwealth ; 
 worthy to be read and regarded." The popularity of the work 
 was so great that it was for " the fourteenth time imprinted" 
 during the life of its author. It is from its pages that Mrs. 
 Dent has prepared her narrative, so admirably epitomising 
 some of the contents as to render portions of her account 
 preferable for quotation to the original history. 
 
 In the reign of Edward IV., but in what year we know 
 not, John Smallwood was born at Winchcombe. Particulars 
 of his family are not given, nor are there any records of his
 
 10 JOHN WINCHCOMBE, ALIAS JACK OF NEWBURY. 
 
 early life or education. While yet a youth, he left his 
 Cotswold home for the Berkshire town of Newbury, where he 
 became apprentice to a clothier, who carried on a prosperous 
 business, and who, perhaps, had made acquaintance with 
 the Smallwood family on his wool-buying visits to the Winch- 
 combe district. It was at this time probably that John 
 received the name of Winchcombe by being called after the 
 town from which he had come. Many such instances may be 
 cited. A yeoman family in Berkeley Vale obtained their 
 present name in this way. Some generations back one of 
 their ancestors crossed the Severn, and for a time lived on its 
 western side. There he became known not by his proper 
 name, but by that of his native village. This name he readily 
 accepted, and his descendants bear it at the present day. 
 It is easy to imagine that the young apprentice would 
 prefer Winchcombe to Smallwood, and willingly adopted the 
 new surname. 2 
 
 Delaiiey's story is divided into ten chapters, the first of 
 which tells of John's " Love and pleasant Life." 
 
 The lad seems to have been one of the right sort active, 
 intelligent, industrious and faithful, and soon gained the good 
 opinion of his master. Hearty and genial, he won the esteem 
 of his fellow-workmen, and also became a general favourite 
 in the town with rich and poor, old and young. Although 
 somewhat overfond of company, he was most careful to avoid 
 excess so as never "to be overcome in drink"; and while 
 " behaving himself with honest mirth," yet " his good 
 government and discretion were noted of the best and sub- 
 stantialist men of the town." Both his character and 
 manners qualified him for superior society, and although only 
 an apprentice he was welcomed into the company of gentle- 
 men one of many instances that pleasing manners and right 
 principles seldom fail to gain a young man good friends. 3 
 
 On the death of his master, which seems to have occurred 
 before or soon after the expiration of Winchcombe' s 
 apprenticeship, the widow found John a valuable help, and
 
 JOHN WINCHCOMBE, ALIAS JACK OF NEWBURY. 11 
 
 gladly placed the working department of the business under 
 his superintendence. She was not mistaken in her estimate 
 of his diligence and fidelity. For three years everything 
 prospered under his hand, and his grateful mistress felt that 
 the services of such a discreet and industrious servant called 
 for some special acknowledgment. But how should her 
 gratitude be expressed ? This, perhaps, had been long settled 
 in her own mind. Though not so young as she once was, she 
 was still comely, and as head of a flourishing establishment 
 and the holder of a good social position, she was sought in 
 marriage by some well-to-do suitors ; a tanner of Wallingford, 
 a tailor at Hungerford, and the parson of Speenhamland ; all 
 men of good repute, who deemed her hand a prize. Would 
 not her worthy foreman deem it so too ? It should be his a 
 reward for his faithful services ; such was the widow's 
 reasoning and resolve. 
 
 As yet she knew nothing of John's mind ; but the tact 
 of a shrewd widow was called into exercise, and the force of 
 a strong will was at hand. On this most important and 
 delicate subject she now took him into confidence, gravely 
 consulting with him about her numerous suitors. Finding 
 some reasons for refusing each and all, she gave many hints 
 of her preference for himself. John, however, kept his own 
 counsel, and feigned not to see her drift. She then related to- 
 him a pitiful dream in which she had found her heart bleeding 
 in her hand, end a hog rustling among the looms ; from 
 which she awoke " all in a sweat, and very ill and groaning,, 
 so that he must needs have heard her." But his sound 
 slumbers had been undisturbed by her distress, and he seemed 
 dense to this pathetic appeal for sympathy. 
 
 These unsuccessful advances called for a change of tactics. 
 " Then for a week she became wondrous sad, and was in 
 nowise cheered by seeing her man Johu give a pair of gloves 
 to a buxom maid at Bartholomew fair, who modestly returned 
 the fairing with a kiss. Then she invited her lovers to- 
 supper, the tanner, the tailor, and the parson, at which John
 
 12 JOHN WINCHCOMBE, ALIAS JACK OF NEWBURY. 
 
 was serving man. After supper they in turn renewed their 
 offers, but she refused them all ; the tailor, because he was 
 loo late, she was already promised ; the tanner she would like 
 to see wed, but not to herself ; the parson, because parsons 
 were only newly allowed to have wives, and she would have 
 none of the first head. So they departed. John, unlike 
 Othello, even upon that hint, spake not ; though in his own 
 mind he had resolved not to lose so great a prize. Next 
 morning she ordered him to carry a link before her into 
 church, where priest, clerk, and sexton were awaiting her. 
 But there was no bridegroom ; and, after waiting some time, 
 feigning to be very angry at his non-appearance, said she 
 would stay no longer, and bade John put aside the link and 
 give her his hand, as she would be wed to none other than 
 him." Married they accordingly were, and on their return 
 home " John entertained his Dame with a kiss ; which the 
 other servants seeing thought him something saucy." 
 
 But it was an ill-assorted match. Great disparity in age 
 is not favourable to matrimonial happiness. The unequally 
 yoked widow and her young workman did not pull well 
 together. A change for the better fortunately came, resulting, 
 according to the tale, from singular circumstances : " The 
 dame was too fond of gossip and gadding about to please her 
 .steady mate, who would gently remonstrate with her ; but 
 this she did not take in good part, thinking he who had been 
 her servant had now no right to act as master. An event 
 soon occurred which, though ludicrous in itself, caused them 
 io be better friends. The dame, according to custom, being 
 out one night veiy late, her husband shut the doors and went 
 to bed. About midnight she came home and knocked for 
 .admittance ; he went to the window and told her to go away 
 and find a bed at the constable's : she ought to take a lesson 
 from the spider, the frog, and the fly, which always returned 
 home at nightfall. In a very humble tone she again begged 
 admittance, promising the like should never occur again. At 
 length, moved with pity, he slipped on his shoes, went down
 
 JOHN WINCHCOMBE, ALIAS JACK OF NEWBUKY. 13 
 
 in his shirt, and opened the door. When she entered and he 
 was on the point of re-locking, she said, very sorrowfully, she 
 had dropped her wedding ring outside, and implored him to- 
 help her to find it with a caudle ; he fell into the snare, and 
 while looking for the ring, which was not there, she locked the 
 door, took the key upstairs, and went to bed. It was then his 
 turn to stand out in the cold and beg for admittance, while- 
 she stood at the casement, and pretty well repeated his own 
 words then, hoping it would be a warning to him in the 
 future, cried ' Catch there's the key ; come in at thy 
 pleasure, and go to bed to thy fellows, for with me thou shall 
 not lie to-night.' Next morning she rose betimes, merrily 
 made him a caudle, and bringing it to him, Avisely effected a 
 happy reconciliation. ' I tell you, husband,' she said, ' the 
 noble nature of women is such, that for their loving friends 
 they will not stick like the pelican, to pierce their own hearts 
 to do them good. And therefore, forgiving each other all 
 injuries past, having also tried one another's patience, let us 
 quench these burning coals of contention with the sweet juice 
 of a faithful kiss, and shaking hands, bequeath all our auger 
 to the eating up of this caudle.' ' Her husband,' Delany says, 
 ' courteously consented, and after this time, they lived long 
 together in most godly, loving, and kind sort, till at the end 
 she died, leaving her husband wondrous wealthy.' " 
 
 Winchcombe, thoroughly established in his new position, 
 and prosecuting his business with great success, was widely 
 known in the district by the familiar but distinguishing title 
 of Jack of Newbury ; and on the death of his wife he might, it 
 is said, " have mated with any lady in the land." The object 
 of his choice was, however, not far to seek, being found under 
 his own roof. As for his first wife he had married his 
 mistress, for his second he resolved to take one of his own 
 servants, " whom he had tried in the guiding of his house a 
 year or two ; and knowing her to be careful in her business, 
 faithful in her dealing, and an excellent good housewife, 
 thought it better to have her with nothing, than some other
 
 14 JOHN WINCHCOMBE, ALIAS JACK OF NEWBURY. 
 
 with much treasure." In addition to this she was of " very 
 comely personage, of a sweet favour, and a fair complexion." 
 John's proposals weie taken kindly, but the maid " would do 
 nothing without consent of her parents," who were poor but 
 worthy people living at Ayleshury. This was soon obtained, 
 and the happy event duly came off. The description of the 
 wedding procession is exquisitely pretty and poetical. The 
 narrative says : 
 
 " The marriage day being appointed, all things were 
 prepared for the wedding, with royal cheer ; and most of the 
 lords, knights, and gentlemen thereabouts were invited. The 
 bride being attired in a gown of sheep's russet, and a kirtle of 
 fine worsted, her head attired with a billimeut of gold, and 
 her hair, which was yellow, hanging down behind, curiously 
 pleated according to the manner of those days, she was led to 
 church between two sweet boys, with bride laces and 
 rosemary tied about their silken sleeves ; the one was son to 
 Sir John Parry, the other to Sir Francis Hungerford. A 
 bride-cup of silver, gilt, was carried before her, wherein was a 
 branch of rosemary, gilded, hung about with ribbons of all 
 colours ; and next followed musicians, who were playing ; 
 after the bride came the chiefest maidens of the country, some 
 carrying gi-eat bride cakes, and others garlands of wheat, 
 curiously gilded, passing in this manner unto the church." 
 
 The ceremony was followed by a great banquet " where 
 was no want of company or good cheer, and no lack of 
 melody. The wedding endured ten days, to the great relief of 
 tho poor who dwelt all about." Contrasts between first and 
 second weddings are commonly striking, but seldom more so 
 than on this occasion. 
 
 On the invasion of the northern counties by the Scotch 
 army, under King James, in 1514, while Henry VIII. was in 
 France, there was a call for men and arms to repel the 
 invaders. Winchcombe was commanded to " set out " six 
 men, and to meet the Queen in Buckinghamshire, where she 
 was raising a great force. His response Avas full and prompt.
 
 JOHN WINCHCOMBE, ALIAS JACK OF NEWBURY. 15 
 
 "In a short time Lie had made ready fifty tall men, well 
 mounted, in white coats, and red caps, with yellow feathers, 
 and Demi-lances in their hands ; and fifty armed men on foot, 
 with pikes, and fifty shot, in white coats ; also every man so 
 expert in handling of his weapon, as few hetter were found in 
 the field ; himself, likewise in complete armour, rode foremost 
 of the company, with a lance in his hand, and a fair plume of 
 yellow feathers in his crest." 
 
 The advance of the Queen's army was rendered 
 unnecessary by tidings of the defeat of the Scots at Flodden 
 Field ; but Winchcombe received especial and high 
 commendation from her Majesty, who in the distribution of 
 gifts and rewards, put a rich chain of gold about the patriotic 
 clothier's neck. 
 
 A few years later, Hemy VIII. nnd his Queen went 
 through Berkshire, and were magnificently entertained by 
 Winchcombe at his own house in Newbury. Banquets were 
 prepared for the royal party in a great hall, and also in fair 
 and large parlours ; that in which the King and Queen dined 
 being hung about with goodly tapestry, and having the floor 
 covered with blue broadcloths instead of green rushes. These 
 cloths, which were of the finest wool, and valued at a hundred 
 pounds each, were afterwards given to the King. " The good 
 wife of the house, with threescore maidens attending on her, 
 presented the King with a bee-hive, most richly gilt with 
 gold ; the bees therein were also gold, curiously made by art, 
 and out of the top of the hive sprung a flourishing green tree, 
 which bore golden apples, and at root thereof lay divers 
 serpents seeking to destroy it, whom Prudence and Fortitude 
 trod under their feet," holding in their hands a poetical 
 inscription conveying some useful political hints to his 
 Majesty. The weavers at their looms and the women at 
 their spinning sang songs for the visitors' delight, and Henry 
 exclaimed, " Well sung, good fellows, light hearts and merry 
 minds live long without grey hairs." On leaving this 
 hospitable house the King would have knighted his loyal
 
 16 JOHN WINCHCOMBE. ALIAS JACK OF NEWBURY. 
 
 entertainer, but this honour Winch combe declined, begging to 
 be let rest in his russet coat, a poor clothier to his dying day. 
 The Queen, however, greeted the good wife at parting with a 
 "princely kiss," and in token of remembrance gave her a 
 most precious diamond set in gold and encircled with six 
 rubies and six emeralds. 
 
 Eestrictions on commerce brought troubles then as well as 
 in later times. " The clothiers of Berkshire and other coun- 
 ties were suffering greatly at one time from the suspension of 
 traffic with merchants of other countries. For thie, blame 
 was attached to Cardinal Wolsey, then Lord Chancellor, and 
 when the King received John Winchcombe's gift of the golden 
 beehive, he meaningly willed the Cardinal to look thereon, 
 commanding it should be sent to Windsor Castle. In their 
 difficulty John invited deputies from all parts to join him in 
 London ; then, one day when the King was walking in St. 
 James's Park, they all fell on their knees and implored him to 
 redress their grief. The petition was handed to the Cardinal, 
 who ordered all the clothiers to be imprisoned. In four days, 
 however, they were released : they gained their desire, and in 
 a short time clothing was again flourishing, with plenty of 
 work found for the poor." 
 
 Statesmen are slow to learn that honest traffic should be 
 held in no fetters ; and that every part of the world should be 
 an open mart for the good gifts of God and the useful products 
 of man. 
 
 " Against his will," we are told, " Winchcombe was chosen 
 Burgess for the town of Newbury, in the Parliament house." 
 It was a position which his business knowledge, good sense, 
 and public spirit well fitted him to fill. On his elevation to 
 this honour and, probably, in anticipation of his wife's 
 appearance at Court, he proposed certain changes in the lady's 
 style of dress, which she, with feigned reluctance, blushingly 
 adopted, donning a French hood, silk gown, and gold chain 
 and bracelets. 
 
 One of the chapters of the story relates "how a draper
 
 JOHN WINCHCOMBE, ALIAS JACK OF NEWBURY. 17 
 
 in London, who owed Jack of Newbury much money, became 
 bankrupt, whom Jack of Newbury found carrying a porter's 
 basket upon his neck ; and how he set him up again at his- 
 own cost ; which draper became an Alderman of London." 
 Winchcombe had been counselled to do as other creditors had 
 done, and cast the unfortunate debtor, one Eandel Pert, living 
 in Watling Street, into prison. This he refused to do, 
 shrewdly and generously saying : " If he be not able to pay 
 me when he is at liberty, he will never be able to pay me in 
 prison ; and therefore it were as good to forbear my money 
 without troubling him, as to add more trouble to his grieved 
 heart, and be never the nearer. Misery is trodden down by 
 many, and once brought low they are seldom or never 
 relieved ; therefore he shall rest for me untouched, and I 
 would to God he were clear of all other men's, so that I gave 
 him mine to begin the world again." 
 
 While the poor bankrupt lay in prison, his wife, " who- 
 before for daintiness would not foul her fingers, now worked 
 hard as a char-woman in rich men's houses," to support her 
 young children. Pert on his release became a street porter, in 
 which condition he was discovered by Winchcombe, who had 
 come up to London in time for the meeting of Parliament. 
 The generous creditor took him in his ragged garments to & 
 scrivener's and obtained from him " a bill of his hand " for 
 the five hundred pounds debt, to be paid when he should 
 become Sheriff of London ! Then supplying his present 
 wants, he arranged for another interview early next morning, 
 when he clothed him in " a fair suit of apparel, merchant- 
 like," and furnished him with a thousand pounds' worth of 
 cloth to re-commence business. The result was satisfactory, 
 for " in the end Pert became so wealthy that while Mr, 
 Winchcombe lived he was chosen Sheriff, at what time he 
 paid five hundred pounds every penny, and after died an 
 Alderman of the city." 
 
 The last chapter tells a strange romantic story of the 
 marriage of one of Winchcombe's serving maidens to Sir 
 
 B
 
 18 JOHN WINCHCOMBE, ALIAS JACK OF NEWBURY. 
 
 George Eigley. Eigley, -whose " valour far surpassed his 
 wealth," was for some time hospitably entertained at 
 Winchcombe's house, where, under promise of marriage, he 
 basely seduced one of the maids ; and then left for London. 
 Winchcombe, on becomining acquainted with the facts, was 
 justly indignant, and fully resolving that the promise of 
 marriage should be fulfilled, he succeeded hi bringing it about 
 by a stratagem. To make matters more smooth he dowered 
 the bride with a hundred pounds, and invited husband and 
 wife to dwell at his house for two years ; where they remained 
 till the King, approving the course which Winchcombe had 
 taken, gave Sir George some appointment for life. 
 
 Some other portions of Delaney's narrative, while interest- 
 ing as illustrative of the times, are often coarse and offensive 
 in their details ; and undeserving of the space they occupy in 
 the book. 
 
 We have 110 particulars of Winchcombe's last days. He 
 must have been a man of vigour when he marshalled his men 
 for war, and could not have been far advanced in life when he 
 died six years after. Even dating his birth from the first year 
 of Edward IV., 1461, he would not have been sixty at his 
 death. 
 
 In his will he described himself as "John Smalwode the 
 elder, als John Wynchcombe," and over his tomb in Newbury 
 Church his descendants placed a brass inscribed with the 
 words : 
 
 Off you charitie pray for the soule of John Smalwode als Wynchcom 
 and Alys hys wyfe. John dyed the xvth day of February, Ao dni. 
 MCCCCCXIX. 
 
 To this brief account we cannot do better than add the 
 quaint sketch of our hero which Fuller gives in his " Worthies 
 of England." 
 
 " John Winscombe, called commonly Jack of Newberry, 
 was the most considerable clothier (without fancy and fiction) 
 England ever beheld. His looms were his lands, whereof 
 he kept one hundred in his house, each managed by a man
 
 JOHN WINCHCOMBE, ALIAS JACK OF NEWBUBY. 19 
 
 and a boy. In the expedition to Flodden Field against James, 
 Bang of Scotland, he marched with an hundred of his own 
 men (as well armed, and better clothed, than any) to show 
 that the paiufull to use their hands in peace, could be valiant, 
 and imploy their armes in war. He feasted King Henry the 
 Eighth and his first Queen Katharine at his own house, 
 extant at Newberry at this day, but divided into many 
 tenements. Well may his house now make sixteen clothiers' 
 houses, whose wealth would amount to six hundred of their 
 estates. He built the church of Newbury, from the pulpit 
 westward to the tower inclusively ; and died about the year 
 1520, some of his name and kindred of great wealth still 
 remaining in this county." 
 
 " His memory," says another old biographer, " has been 
 so effectually respected by his fellow-townsmen that an inn at 
 Newbury still bears his name." This is still the case : the 
 " Jack " being a well-known hotel. 
 
 The late Canon Kingsley, who doubtless found in such a 
 character much to admire, speaking of him in an 
 Archaeological meeting at Newbury, referred to his Gloucester- 
 shire birthplace. Some inquiries were thus originated which 
 led to the discovery of the following entries in the ancient 
 parish register of Winchcombe : 
 
 "Anno Dni, 1539. 
 Junii 28. Robertus filius Johannes Sinallwode, sepult. 
 
 Anno Dni, 1541. 
 Novembris 27. Margareta Smawlwode. purific." 4 
 
 It is probable that Eobert was a son or grandson of our 
 worthy, and these records seem to show that his family kept 
 up the connection with his native place. Of his oldest son, 
 John, the "History of Newbury " makes honourable mention 
 to the effect that in 1549 he had a grant of arms, " for that 
 he was well worthy e from henseforth to be in all places of 
 honour and wourshippe arnouges other noble parsons, 
 accepted and reputed into the uoumber of and company of 
 auncient gentell and nobell men." He -purchased the manor
 
 20 JOHN WINCHCOMBE, ALIAS JACK OF NEWBURY. 
 
 and advowson of Bucklebury, and some 5,000 acres of land in 
 that and the neighbouring parish. 
 
 Mrs. Dent's account is illustrated by a fine portrait copied 
 from an original painting by Holbein, of which Mrs. Dent 
 sa y s: lt is generally supposed to represent John Winch- 
 combe, the founder of the family ; but as he died in the year 
 1520, it doubtless represents his eldest son, 'John 
 Winchcornbe,' the date on the picture, 1550, being the year 
 after the latter received his grant of arms, and was raised to 
 the rank ' of gentell and nobell men.' The arms painted on 
 the left hand corner of the portrait appear a further 
 corroboration. On the top of the picture are the words : 
 
 In Respect of Things Eternall 
 This is Veari Vayne and Mortall. 
 
 and underneath : 
 
 Spend Well Thi mortal Life Therefore 
 That Thou Maist Leve for Evermore." 
 
 The family flourished through several generations, and 
 made many noble alliances. The last heir, who was created 
 a Baronet by Charles II., died in 1703; and with him the 
 male line is said to have become extinct. Frances, his eldest 
 daughter, was the wife of Viscount Boliugbroke. Elizabeth 
 the second died young, and was lamented by the poet Phillips, 
 as leaving " this toilsome world in beauty's prime." Maria, 
 the youngest, married in 1699, Eobert Packer, of Shillingford, 
 and their daughter became wife of Dr. Hartley, a physician of 
 Bath, whose great-grandson, the late Winchcomb Henry 
 Howard Hartley, Esq., D.L.J.P., of Lye Grove, Old Sodbury, 
 was the possessor of the picture to which reference has been 
 made, and the proprietor of the family estates at Bucklebury 
 and Donnington. This gentleman died in 1881, and the 
 property is inherited by his nieces. The name of Winch- 
 combe is, however, still borne by a Gloucestershire family 
 claiming to be descendants of our worthy. 
 
 " Jack of Newbury," it has been well said, " deserves to- 
 be enshrined in local history as a Gloucestershire celebrity.'"
 
 JOHN WINCHCOMBE, ALIAS JACK OF NEWBURY. 21 
 
 His life is not without its lessons. In many points it affords 
 instruction and example ; and on the tomb of John 
 Winchcombe might have been honestly written 
 
 " A man of judgment, will, and heart, 
 Fulfilling well his every part : 
 A servant good, a master just : 
 A man whose word all men could trust : 
 One of whose sort could more be found- 
 More smoothly would the world roll round." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Since the publication of these interesting " Annals," another 
 name has been added to the list of departed worthies of the locality, by 
 the death of John Coucher Dent, Esq., J.P., of Sudeley Castle. This 
 gentleman, by his private and public virtues, had secured the highest 
 esteem of those among whom he had lived for more than thirty years. He 
 died March 25, 1885, aged 65 years. 
 
 2. The following are some of the Gloucestershire surnames derived 
 from places in the county : Awre, Berkeley, Cam, Dowdeswell, Dymock, 
 Kingscote, Longney, Stinchcomb, Stroud, Tuffley, Twyning, Washbourne, 
 Winstone, Witcomb. 
 
 3. Another instance of self-restraint may be mentioned. More than 
 & hundred years ago a Gloucestershire youth was filling some situation in 
 London, and was much exposed to the many evil influences which surround 
 young men in the metropolis. Passing along the streets one day, he saw 
 a device representing a pair of compasses, between the extended feet of 
 which were the words "Keep within." He pondered the advice thus 
 quaintly conveyed, and firmly adopting "Keep within compass" as a 
 rule of life, he successfully resisted temptations to all excess. In course 
 of time he obtained a most respectable public appointment in Gloucester, 
 where he resided many years highly esteemed as an excellent and useful 
 man. 
 
 4. The first of these entries dates from the earliest year of the 
 register.
 
 BISHOP FOX. 
 
 [14921538.] 
 
 all the Gloucestershire prelates whom Fuller enters 
 on his roll of " Worthies," the one whom he most 
 delighteth to honour is EDWARD Fox, who had evidently 
 won his favour by the part he took in the great Reformation. 
 Commenting on the old proverb " You are a man of Dursley," 
 which he takes in an uncomplimentary sense, he says, " Sure 
 I am, there was a man of Durseley, who was a man of men, 
 Edward Fox by name, a right godly and gracious Prelate, of 
 whom hereafter." His further account is as follows : 
 
 " Edward Fox was bom at Duresley in this County ; bred 
 first in Eaton, then in King's Colledge in Cambridge, whereof 
 he was chosen Provost, which place he kept until his death. 
 He was afterwards Almoner to King Henry the Eighth. He 
 first brought Doctor Cranmer to the knowledge of the King ; 
 which Doctor first brought the King to the knowledge of 
 himself, how he stood in matter of marriage with the widow 
 of his brother." 
 
 " This Doctor Fox was after Bishop of Hereford, and was 
 (saith my Author) [Godwin] ' Reformations Ecclesiastic 
 illius tempore coeptae clanculum fauta.' Let me adde, he was 
 the principal Pillar of the Reformation, as to the manayery of 
 the politick and prudential part thereof : being of more 
 activity and no less ability than Cranmer himself. Martin 
 Bucer dedicated unto him his ' Comment on the Gospels ' ; 
 yea, this Bishop wrote many Books, whereof that "De 
 differentia utriusque Potestatis ' was his master-piece. He
 
 BISHOP FOX. 28 
 
 was employed by the King on several Embassies into France 
 and Germany ; and died, to the great loss of God's Church, 
 May 8, 1538." 
 
 Of Fox's birth and parentage we can give no particulars. 
 He was, no doubt, born in the last decade of the fifteenth 
 century. The parish register of Dursley, dating only from 1566, 
 can supply no information of himself or his ancestors. The 
 name is common in this county as in other parts of England, 
 and has been borne by many notable characters. Nothing is 
 known of his early life but that after being at Eton he was 
 admitted scholar at King's College, Cambridge, 15th March, 
 1512. Of this College he became Provost in 1528. Three 
 years later he was made Archdeacon of Leicester, and in 1583 
 Archdeacon of Dorset. It is as Chief Almoner to Henry VIII., 
 which office, including that of Chaplain, he appears to have 
 filled while holding his other appointments, that he first 
 figures in history. He had been introduced to Court by his 
 uncle ; and both Henry and Wolsey seem to have soon 
 discovered qualities in him fitting him for places of trust and 
 the transaction of delicate and difficult affairs. 
 
 Towards the end of 1526, Wolsey, who had set himself 
 co effect the divorce of Henry from Catherine, appeared before 
 the King with Longlaud, Bishop of Lincoln. " Most mighty 
 Prince," said Longland, who was the King's confessor, " You 
 cannot, like Herod, have your brother's wife. I conjure you, 
 as having the care of your soul, to submit the matter to 
 competent judges." " Henry consented," says D'Aubigne, 
 " and perhaps not unwillingly." Fox, Pace, Dean of St. 
 Paul's and Wakefield, Professor of Hebrew at Oxford, were 
 accordingly commissioned to study the passages in Leviticus 
 and Deuteronomy which relate to marriage with a 
 brother's wife. The disputed matter was not readily settled. 
 Ecclesiastical conferences were held ; foreign bishops were 
 consulted ; conflicting opinions were expressed. The King 
 resolved to bring the discussion to an end by an application 
 to Pope Clement for a divorce. The first embassy failed, and
 
 24 BISHOP FOX. 
 
 Henry and Wolsey attributing the failure to the ambassadors' 
 want of firmness and skill, fixed upon Fox and Stephen 
 Gardiner for a further attempt. Gardiner was the Cardinal's 
 secretary, and D'Aubigne describes him as " In small the 
 living image of his master." " Edward Fox, the Chief 
 Almoner," he adds, " was a moderate influential man, a 
 particular friend of Henry's and a zealous advocate of the 
 divorce. Fox was named first in the commission ; but it was 
 agreed that Gardiner should be the real head of the 
 embassy." 
 
 The Pope, who had but recently escaped from imprison- 
 ment under Charles V. of Spain, was at the miserable town 
 of Orvieto, and there the English envoys found him on 
 March 22, 1528. Their mission was but partially successful. 
 Gardiner's boldness and freedom of tongue would have made 
 matters worse but for the discretion of Fox, whose modes of 
 proceeding did not belie his name. 1 
 
 Having at length obtained a sort of conditional bull 
 addressed to Wolsey, Fox returned to London with the 
 document, while Gardiner remained to carry on further 
 operations if necessary. Fox's return was an event of great 
 moment. The King, Anne Boleyn, Wolsey, and the whole 
 nation were waiting to hear his report. Henry was well 
 pleased, but the Cardinal was not. The Pope's letter was not 
 to his mind ; but by a crafty device, to which Fox was a 
 party, he obtained another copy with interpolations which 
 Gardiner managed to foist in. Even this was not sufficient, 
 and the controversy continued on the old lines. 
 
 Fox, whether righteously or unrighteously we do not now 
 inquire, was zealous for the divorce, and did all he could to 
 bring it to pass. At length, in a singular way, he was the 
 means of rendering unexpected aid. Wolsey had been 
 introduced to the King by Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester, 
 and now Edward Fox was destined to introduce to the same 
 monarch one whose influence was to be as great as that of the 
 Cardinal, and whose name was to become as widely known.
 
 BISHOP FOX. 25 
 
 Henry, sometime in 1529, had been taking his pleasure at 
 Woodstock, and in returning to Greenwich stopped for a night 
 at Waltham Cross. Fox and Gardiner, who were with him, 
 were lodged at the house of a gentleman, where they met an 
 old acquaintance Dr. Thomas Cranmer, of Jesus' College, 
 Cambridge. Cranmer had been driven from the University 
 by the plague, and was seeking safety with his friends in the 
 country. At the supper table the divorce question was 
 discussed, and the Cambridge doctor suggested a new mode 
 of settling it. D'Aubigne thus gives the conversation : 
 " The almoner and the secretary asked the doctor what he 
 thought of the divorce. ' You are not in the right path,' said 
 Cranmer to his friends ; ' you should not cling to the decisions 
 of the Church. There is a shorter and surer way which alone 
 can give peace to the King's conscience.' ' What is that ?' 
 they both asked. ' The true question is this,' replied Cranmer, 
 * What xatjx the Word of (rod / . . . Discontinue these 
 interminable Koman negotiations. When God has spoken 
 man must obey.' ' But how shall we know what God has 
 said ?' ' Consult the Universities ; they will discern it more 
 surely than Rome.' " 
 
 Tho next day, having arrived at Greenwich, Fox and 
 Gardiner lost no time in reporting this matter to the King. 
 " Dr. Craumer," said Fox, " whom we met at Waltham 
 yesterday thinks that the Bible should be the sole judge in 
 your cause." Henry caught at this, exclaiming " Mother of 
 God ! (this was his customary oath) this man has the right 
 sow by the ear." Cranmer was immediately sent for, and his 
 life at Court began. 
 
 The results are well-known. Henry professed to be 
 satisfied as to the course he should pursue, and taking the 
 law into his own hands he married Anne Boleyu in 1532, 
 and set the Pope at defiance. In March the next year, 
 Cranmer was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury ; and in 
 May following (the Convocation having declared the King's 
 marriage with Catherine unlawful) the Primate pronounced
 
 26 BISHOP FOX. 
 
 the sentence of their separation; and about the same time 
 confirmed the match with Anne Boleyn. 
 
 In 1585 Fox was engaged in another and most important 
 foreign embassy. Henry, under the curse of Pope Paul, and 
 fearing an alliance of the Catholic powers, felt forced to make 
 some advances towards the Germans, whom the French 
 Emperor was craftily courting. In order, therefore, "to 
 counteract the French emissaries," Froude tells us, 
 " Christopher Mount, in August, and in September, Fox, 
 Bishop of Hereford, were despatched to warn the Lutheran 
 princes of their intrigue, and to point out the course which 
 the interests of Northern Europe " then required. The 
 business was weighty, and " the Bishop's instructions were 
 drawn by the King," who must have had great confidence in 
 the man to whom he committed so great and difficult a matter. 
 " These advances," says the historian, " consented to by 
 Henry, were the act of Cromwell, and were designed as the 
 commencement of a FceJus Eranyelicum a league of the great 
 reforming nations of Europe," which had been first suggested 
 in a Privy Council in December, 1533. " It was a grand 
 scheme," adds Froude, " and history can never cease to regret 
 that it was grasped at with too faint a hand." Fox seems to 
 have ably fulfilled his part, but though " he succeeded in 
 neutralising partially the scheming of the French and partially 
 in attracting the sympathies of the German powers towards 
 England," the union in one faith of the two great streams of 
 the Teutonic race was not accomplished. Burnet attributes 
 the failure to the overbearing demands of Henry. 
 
 Fox, who was now Bishop of Hereford, had scarcely come 
 back from Germany before he was engaged in Convocation in 
 a discussion on the Sacraments, the sufficiency of scripture, 
 and other subjects. John Foxe, the Martyrologist, gives a 
 lengthy report of the dispute in which, among others, Cranmer, 
 Alexander Alesius, a Scotch theologian, and Stokesley, Bishop 
 of London, took part. The man of Dursley bore himself 
 bravely, directing most of his arguments against the doctrines.
 
 BISHOP FOX. 27 
 
 maintained by Stokesley. 2 In doing so be gave bold utterance 
 to facts and sentiments which must bave been as wormwood 
 and gall to some of his opponents. His intercourse witb tbe 
 Protestant Germans bad not been witbout powerful influence 
 on himself. " Tbe lay people do now know the Holy Scripture 
 better than many of us." " There is nothing so feeble and 
 weak, so that it be true, but it shall find place and be able to 
 stand against all falsehood." " Truth is the daughter of 
 Time, and Time is the mother of Truth ; and whatsoever is- 
 besieged by Truth cannot long continue ; and upon whose 
 side Truth doth stand, that ought not to be thought transitory, 
 or that it will ever fall." Such were some of his utterances,, 
 closing with a quotation from Esdras, "A Icing is strong;, 
 wine is stronger ; yet women be more strong ; but truth 
 excelleth all." In this strain he "copiously and discreetly" 
 maintained some of the great principles of the Reformation ; 
 " vigorously seconding," says Burnet, " Crarjmer's long and 
 learned speech." 
 
 Of Fox as a Bishop there is little to be said. He seems to- 
 have spent as much time at Court as in his diocese ; and to 
 have been more actively engaged in matters temporal than in 
 the discharge of tbe purely spiritual duties of his office. The 
 year following his advancement to the See he was again sent 
 abroad. This time it was to France. The object of his visit 
 was to convey a message from Henry to the French King, 
 explaining his marriage proceedings, and setting forth the 
 treatment he had received from the Pope. It was a difficult 
 and delicate business ; but John Foxe records with much 
 satisfaction tbe way in which it was accomplished : " These,, 
 with other like injuries and wrongs of the Pope done to the 
 King, the ambassador Master Fox did declare, open, and shew 
 unto the French King." 
 
 The life of Fox closed early. Supposing he was twenty 
 when he went to Cambridge, he would have been but forty-six 
 at the time of his death in 1538. He bequeathed his body by 
 will to the Church of St. Mary Hault, in London, of which, as- 
 Bishop of Hereford, he was patron.
 
 28 BISHOP FOX. 
 
 Burnet, in his "History of the ^Reformation," invariably 
 speaks well of our worthy. He says " he was esteemed one 
 of the best divines " of the time, Avas of an " ingenuous 
 nature," and "much esteemed and employed by the King, to 
 whom he was a, very acceptable minister." Some of his 
 political maxims have been much extolled. " An honourable 
 peace," he said, " lasts long ; but a dishonourable peace no 
 longer than till Kings have power to break it : the surest way, 
 therefore, to peace is a constant preparedness for war." Two 
 things in his opinion were necessary to support a Government, 
 " gold and iron gold to reward its friends and iron to keep 
 under its enemies," Fox was undoubtedly an able and a 
 sagacious man ; but in these sayings his wisdom appears in 
 questionable shape. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. The insolence of Bonner, when sent as envoy to Clement, was 
 once somewhat checked by the Pope threatening to " burn him alive, or 
 boil him in a cauldron of lead." 
 
 2. It is very probable that Fox and Stokesley had known each 
 other in Gloucestershire, Stokesley having been rector of Slimbridge.
 
 ARCHBISHOP JUXON. 
 
 [15821663.] 
 
 r HBEE parishes bearing the common name of Comptorr 
 were formerly included in the boundaries of Gloucester- 
 shire : Compton Greenfield, seven miles from Bristol,, 
 and three from the New Passage ; Compton Abdale, four 
 miles west of Northleach, on the Cotswolds ; and Little 
 Compton, lying under Barton Hill, on the borders of 
 Warwickshire and Oxfordshire, with Stow and Moreton each 
 two or three miles distant. This last mentioned parish, 
 bearing the ancient name of Compton Parva, formed part of 
 the hundred of Deerhurst, and was so situated that at a 
 certain point the counties of Gloucester, Warwick, and Oxford,. 
 Avitli a detached portion of Worcestershire, ran together. On. 
 this spot a pedestal stands, which at one time bore a sun-dial 
 on its top, and on its south side the inscription : " This is 
 the Four-shire Stone." The legend is no longer correct. By 
 Act of Parliament, a few years ago, Little Compton was> 
 transferred, for all civil purposes, to the hundred of Kineton, 
 in the southern division of Warwickshire ; but ecclesiastically 
 the parish remains in the diocese of Gloucester and Bristol,, 
 and is included in the deanery of Stow. Interesting facts 
 connect the name of Dr. William Juxon with this lost piece 
 of old Gloucestershire. 
 
 In 1869, the late Kev William Hennessey Marah, vicar of 
 the parish, published a volume entitled " Memoirs of Arch- 
 bishop Juxon : with a sketch of the Archbishop's parish, 
 Little Compton." In this work the facts referred to are fully 
 set forth. 1 
 
 Dr. Juxon, son of Eichard Juxon, was born at Chichester 
 in 1582, and after being educated at the Merchant Taylors' 
 School, London, became Fellow of St. John's College, Oxford,,
 
 80 ARCHBISHOP JUXON. 
 
 in 1598, and took his B.C.L. degree in 1603. A few years 
 afterwards lie entered as a law student at Gray's Inn, but 
 after a short period took Holy Orders ; and in 1609 was Vicar 
 of St. Giles, Oxford. His next appointment was to the 
 rectory of Somerton. In 1621 he was elected President of 
 St. John's College, and the next year proceeded to the degree 
 of D.C.L. Other preferments followed, till in 1627 he was 
 made Dean of Worcester. It was probably while holding 
 that office that he purchased the Manor Estate of Little 
 Compton. At a later period he or his heirs bought the rest 
 of the parish, as the whole of that, as well as that of Lower 
 Lemington, became the property of the Juxon family, and 
 was held by the last successor, Lady Fane. 
 
 In 1633 he was elected Bishop of Hereford, but before his 
 consecration could take place he was appointed to the more 
 important bishopric of London, as successor to his friend 
 Laud, who was translated to the see of Canterbury. Three 
 jears later he was made Lord High Treasurer of England. It 
 was an unusual office for an ecclesiastic to fill, and many 
 regarded his appointment to it with disapprobation. As war 
 between the King and Parliament drew near, "Juxon resigned 
 his Treasurer's staff seeing it would be unsafe to stand in so 
 high and obnoxious a post any longer." During the war he 
 retired to his house at Fulham, but was in frequent communi- 
 cation with the King. At the particular request of Charles, 
 Juxon attended him during his imprisonment and trial. On 
 the Sunday after the King's condemnation the Bishop preached 
 before him from Eomans ii., 16, and administered the 
 sacrament. On the morning of the execution, January 30, 
 1649, Juxon, according to the King's own arrangement, spent 
 an hour in private with him, reading the prayers of the 
 Church, and the 27th chapter of Matthew. He then 
 accompanied him to the scaffold, continuing his spiritual 
 consolations and receiving . the monarch's last word, 
 " Eemember." With a few others he was present at his royal 
 master's private funeral in St. George's Chapel, Windsor.
 
 ARCHBISHOP JUXON. 81 
 
 It seemed likely that for a time, at least, lie would be held 
 under arrest, but after an examination by the High Court of 
 Justice he was permitted to go at large, and, with his usual 
 prudence, immediately retired to his estate at Little Compton, 
 and took up his residence in the fine old Manor House, which 
 is still in excellent preservation. Here he must at once have 
 written his sermon on the death of King Charles, as it is 
 dated March 12, and was published anonymously in London 
 the same year. It is founded on Lamentations iv., 20, and is 
 described as " The Subjects' Sorrow, or Lamentations upon 
 the Death of Britain's Josiah, King Charles, most unjustly 
 and cruelly put to death by his own People, before his Koyal 
 Palace, Whitehall." " The Divine and Eoyal Prerogatives, 
 Personal Virtues, Celestial Gifts, and Theological Graces of his 
 late Majesty," are set forth in a style at which we can feel 
 .amused, but which must have been bitterly nauseous to the 
 stern and truth-loving Eoundheads of the period. 
 
 At Little Compton Dr. Juxon, after the publication of his 
 sermon, appears to have lived in retirement, taking no part in 
 public affairs. Although the little church of St. Denis 
 adjoined his residence he did not worship there, as it was 
 probably held by some Puritan whose ministrations he would 
 count an abomination. He therefore resorted every Sunday to 
 the adjacent parish of Chastleton, where, in Chastleton 
 House, the residence of a Loyalist family named Jones, he 
 regularly performed divine service. 
 
 A Gloucestershire octogenarian once wrote an interesting 
 chapter on the "Achievements of Old Men." By numerous 
 instances he showed how at periods of life, when mental and 
 bodily energies are supposed to be failing, men had developed 
 new powers, entered on fresh pursuits, or accomplished some 
 great work. Such cases "are indeed exceptions;" says 
 Longfellow, singing on the same theme : 
 
 " But they show 
 
 How far the gulf-stream of our youth may flow 
 Into the arctic region of our lives, 
 Where little else than life itself survives."
 
 82 ARCHBISHOP JUXON. 
 
 As a singular and somewhat amusing illustration of 
 septuagenarian energy the name of Bishop Juxon may he 
 cited : " For health's sake and to divert his sorrows," it is 
 said, " he used to hunt now and then with some of the 
 neighbouring and Loyal party." Although at this time the 
 weight of three score and ten years was upon him, his love of 
 sport grew strangely strong, and he took effectual measures 
 for its indulgence. It was late in life to set up a kennel and 
 surround himself with a pack of hounds ; yet he not only did 
 this, but seems to have personally undertaken their training. 
 " The Bishop," we are told, " was much delighted with 
 hunting, and kept a pack of good hounds, and had them so 
 well ordered and hunted, chiefly by his own skill and 
 direction, that they exceeded all other hounds in England r 
 for the pleasure and orderly hunting of them." It is 
 satisfactory to read in 'connection with this that " he was a 
 person of great parts and temper, and had as much command 
 of himself as of his hounds ;" in which respect he may be 
 commended as an example to masters of hounds through all 
 generations. 
 
 In connection with his sporting pursuits two anecdotes are 
 related : The Bishop having conferred a great obligation on a 
 gentleman, refused any kind of return. " Give me leave, my 
 lord," said the gentleman, "to add at least one staunch 
 hound to your pack." The offer could not be resisted, and at 
 length a dog arrived, with its collar, on which was engraven 
 " Jowler." Jowler was a silver drinking cup, and it was the 
 law of the house, according to the drinking customs of the 
 times, that every stranger must take off Jowler's head at a 
 draught. 
 
 Some of his Puritan neighbours, it is said, hoped by his 
 fondness for the chase to bring him under the displeasure of 
 Cromwell. An occasion of offence soon arose. His lordship's- 
 hounds ran through Chipping Norton churchyard during a 
 time of public worship. A member of the assembly was 
 deputed to lay a complaint before the Protector. " Pray,"
 
 ARCHBISHOP JUXON. 33 
 
 said Oliver in reply, " do you think that the Bishop prevailed 
 on the hare to run through the churchyard at that time?" 
 " No, and please your Highness ; I did not directly say he 
 did, but through the holy ground the hare did go at that 
 time." " Get you gone," rejoined the Protector, " and let me 
 hear no such frivolous complaints ; whilst the Bishop 
 continues not to give my government any offence, let him 
 enjoy his diversion of hunting unmolested." 2 
 
 At the Restoration Dr. Juxon, emerging from his eleven 
 years' seclusion in his little Gloucestershire parish, was raised 
 to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. In 1662 he published 
 " Xdpts xxi Eipnw [Grace and Peace j , or, some considerations 
 upon the Act of Uniformity," an amiable but weak endeavour 
 to reconcile the non- conforming clergy to that obnoxious 
 measure. The venerable Archbishop, now more than eighty 
 years of age, was " so broken with infirmities that he was 
 ready to be delivered from the burden of the flesh." He died 
 June 4th, 1663, and was buried in St. John's Chapel, Oxford. 
 " My body I commit to the earth, to be decently buried 
 without pomp," were the injunctions in his will, but the 
 funeral was one of great cost and ceremony. Among many 
 other benefactions he bequeathed to the poor of Little 
 Compton 100, to the poor of Lower Lemington 100, and 
 to the poor of Todenham 50. 
 
 The ancient little church dedicated to St. Denis having 
 fallen into decay, a new and larger edifice, dedicated to St. 
 Peter and St. Paul, and built chiefly by the exertions of the 
 late vicar, was consecrated by Bishop Ellicott on Whit- 
 Tuesday, May 17, 1864. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Mr. Marah, who became vicar in April, 1857, died in April, 1885, 
 and is buried in the churchyard. 
 
 2. Stephen Ford, the Puritan minister of Chipping Norton, was 
 ejected in 1662 ; and was afterwards so cruelly persecuted that he had to 
 fly for his life.
 
 DR. THOMAS WASHBOURNE. 
 
 [1606-1687.] 
 
 |Y the courtesy of Mr. W. C. Lucy, I was recently 
 favoured with the perusal of a volume of the " Fuller 
 Worthies Library," of greit local interest. Its title 
 page nms thus : " The Poems of Thomas Washbourne, D.D. 
 Edited, with Memorial Introduction and Notes, by the Eev. 
 Alexander B. Grosart, St. George's, Blackburn, Lancashire. 
 Printed for Private Circulation, 1868. 106 copies only." It 
 is briefly dedicated to G. W. Napier, Esq., of Alderley Edge, 
 near Manchester, as " the first reprint of a worthy dear to 
 him and his friend Alexander B. Grosart." Of the Editor's 
 deep and loving interest in his subject there is abundant proof. 
 He has not only collected nearly all available materials for his 
 " Memorial Introduction," but worked them up with a care 
 and charm which love alone could inspire. From this rich 
 little mine the substance of this present brief sketch has been 
 mostly extracted. 
 
 Six miles north-east of Tewkesbury lie the two small 
 parishes of Great and Little Washbourne. The latter of 
 these was formerly a detached hamlet of Worcestershire, but 
 now forms part of this county. Its extent is about 500 acres, 
 and its inhabitants fewer than two score. Great Washbourne 
 contains a hundred acres more, and has a population of about 
 80 souls. Its little church of St. Mary is an ancient building 
 with a quaint bell tower. In its small churchyard are some 
 old tombstones, bearing family names well known in the 
 district. The bold promontory of Teddington, and other 
 Cotswold spurs rise in the south-west, while noble Bredon 
 looks down from the north.
 
 DR. THOMAS WASHBOURNE. 85 
 
 "Under these Breedon hills southwards," says Camden, 
 writing 300 years ago, " you see two villages named Wash- 
 bornes. whence came the surname of a very ancient and 
 worshipfull Family in this tract," extant records of whose 
 ancestors go back to times before the Conquest. While many 
 branches remain in the old country, scions of the stock have 
 spread far and wide : all the American " Washborns " are 
 said to have originally sprung from the Washbournes of these 
 rural villages. 
 
 Thomas was born about 1606. His parentage is some- 
 what uncertain. His place of birth may have been Wychenford, 
 in Worcestershire, where the family held large estates. Of 
 his early education nothing is known. In due time he entered 
 Baliol College, Oxford, becoming B.A. in 1625, M.A. three 
 years later, and B.D. at the age of thirty. In 1640 he 
 became rector of the pleasant upland parish of Dumbleton, 
 about three miles north-east of the Washbournes. This 
 living of about 300 yearly value, with parsonage and about 
 eighty acres of glebe, he held "through good and evil report 
 for life." Here he married the daughter of the well-known 
 Dr. Fell, by whom he had a large family. 
 
 The seclusion of his rural parish neither prevented his 
 preferment nor secured him freedom from trouble. In 1643 
 he was presented to a prebendaryship in Gloucester Cathedral, 
 which had become vacant by the resignation of Gilbert 
 Osborne. It was a troublous time, and this may account for 
 the strange irregularity of his installation, which took place at 
 night. He and his family were Koyalists, and in the war 
 between the King and the Parliament they made no secret of 
 their loyalty. " Of the many families, all of the ' ancient 
 days,' " says Mr. Grosart, " who staked and lost uncom- 
 plainingly ancestral wealth and position and good name for 
 the King, if not the kingdom, that of the Washbournes is of 
 the foremost." Our worthy's nephew, John, fought for the 
 royal cause at the battle of Worcester, taking with him from 
 his own estates every man who could shoulder a musket.
 
 BO DR. THOMAS WASHBOTJRNE. 
 
 Ill 1650 the loyal rector was himself engaged in a sore 
 conflict. The Eump Parliament had sent forth the 
 " Engagement," and all men, eighteen years old and 
 upwards, were required under heavy disabilities to promise to 
 "be true and faithful to the Commonwealth." Some few 
 Royalists resolutely refused to subscribe ; the majority signed, 
 but here and there men of deep convictions and tender 
 conscience hesitated. Washbourne was of the latter class, and 
 found himself in a painful strait. After striving in vain to 
 reach a satisfactory conclusion, he sought counsel of one who- 
 was esteemed a good man and an able casuist. A letter 
 addressed to his "very worthy and much esteemed friend" 
 Dr. Sanderson, then rector of Boothly Paynell, near 
 Grantham, and afterwards Bishop of Lincoln, has been 
 brought to light by Dr. Jacobson, late Bishop of Chester. In 
 this epistle, dated " Dombleton in Gloucestershire, January 
 7 " [1650] , the troubled rector, in submitting his case,. 
 pathetically says : " I am now required to subscribe the 
 Engagement ; the penalty of refusal may prove the loss of my 
 Church living, which is the main subsistence of my family a 
 wife and five or six small children." [Probably five, and an 
 expected sixth.] 
 
 He then proceeds to give the reasons which incline him to- 
 sign the obnoxious document, and asks to have their worth 
 and weight fairly judged. The reply was, doubtless, 
 favourable to his continuance in his office, for he remained at 
 Dumbletoii, and pursued his course apparently without 
 restraint or annoyance. But whatever amount of freedom he- 
 enjoyed under Cromwell's rule, yet as a Churchman and 
 Royalist, he must have had much disquiet of soul. It may 
 have been as a solace that he cultivated acquaintance with the 
 Muses, finding that 
 
 " for the unquiet heart and brain 
 A use in measured language lies : 
 The sad mechanic exercise, 
 Like dull narcotics, numbing pain."
 
 DR. THOMAS WASHBOURNE. 87 
 
 Certain it is that his modest little volume of " Divine 
 Poems " was published in 1654 the very midst of this 
 uneasy period. Here his deeply cherished sentiments are so 
 frequently and freely expressed as to reveal him "an 
 out-and-out Bayalist and Churchman." On this account, 
 as well as others, the little book is of great interest. The 
 subjects are mainly religious ; founded on some Scripture 
 text, and treated in the quaint style of the period. The 
 doctrine is Puritanical, but the sentiment is often elevated, 
 and there are lines and even stanzas not unworthy of Herbert 
 or Keble. Take the first and last verses of " The Path of the 
 Just " (Prov. iv. 18.) 
 
 " The just man's life the path to heaven ; 
 Though narrow, yet is even, 
 No dark or obscure way, 
 But shining bright as is the day ; 
 And as the day's each moment brighter, so 
 He step by step doth to perfection go." 
 
 " Lord, let Thy grace about me shine, 
 
 That I may not decline, 
 
 The path which leads to Thee, 
 And may it still increasing be 
 Till grace and glory shall unite their rayes 
 Into one perfect light that ne're decayes." 
 
 " God's Bottle," four quaintly beautiful stanzas on Psalm 
 Ivi. 8 ; " Much in a Little," on Psalm xxxvii. 16 ; and other 
 poems would afford further illustrations. "The Vine 
 wasted," Psalm Ixxx. 12, 14, bewails the state of " The 
 Church " during the Commonwealth. 
 
 Others of these compositions are on passing incidents, such 
 as "A great showre of snow that fell on May-Day, 1654;" 
 "A snake in a garden;" "A gentlewoman suffering from 
 toothache;" "Effects of tobacco on myself and a friend;" 
 "Losing my way in a mist." Even in these lighter pieces 
 both the religious and political opinions of the poet find free 
 vent, and in all there is an evidently earnest desire to exercise 
 a good and kindly influence. It was probably for the special 
 benefit of some litigious parishioners that he penned the
 
 DR. THOMAS WASHBOURNE. 
 
 following homely rhyme " To two Parties going to Law about 
 small matters " : 
 
 "Look how the steel forceth with several knocks 
 Fire from the flint into the tinder box : 
 So do you smite each other till yon force 
 Gold from yovir own into the lawyer's purse. 
 
 how like foes they brawle on either side, 
 And yet like friends your money they divide, 
 Leaving you bare as an anatomy : 
 
 All that you get you may put in our eye, 
 And never see the worse ; then take from me 
 This counsel freely, and without a fee ; 
 Agree between yourselves, and make an end : 
 Do you to him, he to you condescend 
 
 1 hus while you both unto each other yield, 
 You! both o'recome, and losing, win the field." 
 
 Good and cheap advice to litigants, but not complimentary to 
 lawyers. 
 
 The Restoration, for which be had so devoutly longed, 
 brought him reward and preferment. He was at once 
 re -installed in his prebendary ship, and aboiit the same time 
 August, 1660 was created D.D. as " a learned, pious, and 
 orthodox person." In addition to this he was made vicar of 
 St. Mary de Lode, " the mother church of Gloucester," a 
 living which he held till 1668. 
 
 St. Bartholomew's Day, 1662, deprived him of a neigh- 
 bour, who, like himself, had appeared in print, and given 
 utterance to his loyalist longings in rhyme Kit-hard 
 Eedes, M.A., of Beckford. This excellent man a fiiend of 
 Baxter unable to express his "assent and consent" to the 
 demands of the Uniformity Act, was ejected from his vicarage, 
 and retired to Gretton. The operation of the same Act, 
 however, brought auotber neighbour nearer: the "saintly" 
 George Hopkins, driven from All Saints' Church, atEvesham, 
 sought refuge at Dumbleton. Here, although sufficiently 
 nonconformist to prefer ejection to subscription, he was yet 
 conformist enough to " constantly frequent the parish church 
 and public prayers and holidays." Calamy describes him as
 
 DR. THOMAS WASHBOURNE. 89 
 
 " a judicious, godly, and peaceable man ;" and even Anthony 
 Wood owns that besides his knowledge in divinity, he was 
 a good mathematician, and an example of great candour and 
 moderation. He was probably influenced in choosing his 
 place of retirement by friendship with Washbourne, in whose 
 parish he might hop 3 to live not only without molestation, 
 but in the enjoyment of some privileges. He died in 1666 ; 
 and lies buried in the chancel of Dumbletou Church. 1 
 
 In addition to his little volume of poems, Washbourne 
 published two sermons. The first, on the death of Charles 
 Cocks, a Master in Chancery, was preached at Dumbleton in 
 1655. The benefactions of Mr. Cocks, whose family has for 
 many generations been connected with the locality, are thus 
 referred to : " He hath by his will given ten pounds to the 
 poor of this parish, ten to Bishop's Cleeve (the place of his 
 birth), five to Tewkesbury, and five to Winchcomb." 
 
 The second discourse, entitled " The Eepairer of the 
 Breach," founded on Isaiah Iviii., 12, was preached in 
 Gloucester Cathedral, May 29, 1661, the anniversary of "His 
 Majesty's birthday and happy entrance into the Emperial City 
 of London." A copy of this sermon has been kindly lent me 
 by Mr. J. P. Wilton. This production is, even for those 
 times, of a laboured and pedantic character, abounding in 
 Latin quotations, mythological allusions and strange conceits, 
 with here and there a Hebrew or Greek word in proper 
 characters. It is amusing to find the preacher denouncing 
 the defunct Cromwell as an " uncircumcised Philistine," and 
 extolling the restored Charles as "a second and greater 
 Zerubbabel," "the Eepairer of all Breaches in Church and 
 State," and " a signet which God had set on His own right 
 hand." Apparently wearied by his own efforts to worthily 
 laud and magnify his most gracknis and religious King, he at 
 length exclaims in despair, " How shall we praise this our 
 Zerubbabel ! how shall we praise him as he deserves ? " 
 
 For twenty-seven years after the Kestoratiou he continued 
 to hold his rural rectory, and, we can readily believe, to fulfil
 
 40 DR. THOMAS WASHBOUBNE. 
 
 the duties of a good pastor. A brass tablet in the Lady 
 Chapel of the Cathedral records his death at the age of eighty 
 on May 6, 1687. While bearing testimony to his Christian 
 character, it tells how he esteemed himself " chief of sinners 
 and least of the servants of God. "2 
 
 The Rev. F. "Willoughby Jones, present Eector of Dumble- 
 ton, informs me that there is no monument to the Doctor in 
 the church, and no reference to him in the parish records. 
 
 Mr. Grrosart, who speaks of Washbourne as " shy, timid, 
 and meek," yet forms a high estimate of the consistency with 
 which he held on his way in times of difficulty and danger. 
 " He looks to me," he says, " as fine a specimen of the Class 
 Royalist as you meet with. 
 
 ' Constant as the northern star, 
 Of whose true fixed and resting quality 
 There is no fellow in the firmament.' " 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Excellent man as Hopkins was, he was yet an active persecutor of 
 the Quakers, stirring up magistrates and people against them. Vide 
 
 41 Evesham Friends in the Olden Time." By Alfred VV. Browne. 
 
 2. Near this brass is a monument to William, a younger brother of 
 Thomas, who was installed Prebend of the Cathedral May 8, 1G69, and 
 died 28th November, 1675, aged 60.
 
 SIR ROBERT ATKYNS, SENR. 
 
 [16211709.] 
 
 THOMAS FULLEB, writing in the middle of the 
 seventeeth century, found the list of Gloucestershire 
 legal worthies notably scant. Although in his opinion 
 the people were as " litigious here as in other places," few 
 lawyers of eminence had been produced. Among the two or 
 three whom he had deemed worthy of mention was Edward 
 Trotmau, a native of Cam, whom he describes as "an 
 eminent Bencher of the Inner Temple," and the compiler of 
 an "Abridgment of Sir Edward Coke's Eleven Volumes of 
 Eeports." He appears to have died in London, being buried 
 in the Temple Church, May 29, 1643. 
 
 Had Fuller written a few years later he would, no doubt, 
 have named William Sheppard, born at Whitminster, and in 
 1656 called to the Bar by the Society of the Inner Temple. 
 Oliver Cromwell made him a serjeant-at-law, and also 
 appointed him a Welsh Judge. He died in 1674. Among 
 the eleven works which he wrote one was " An Epitome of 
 the Common Statute Laws," and another was entitled " The 
 Faithful Counsellor." 
 
 But whatever the quality of Gloucestershire lawyers there 
 was at this period no paucity of numbers. Quaint John 
 Aubrey, writing in 1G89, tells us " Mr. Baynham, of Cold 
 Ashton, in Gloucestershire, bred an attorney, sayes, that an 
 hundred yeares since there were in the county of Gloucester 
 but four attorneys, and now no fewer than three hundred 
 attorneys and sollicitors." Neighbouring counties were 
 similarly favoured. In less than seventy years the lawyers in
 
 42 SIR ROBERT ATKYNS, SENR. 
 
 Worcestershire are said to have multiplied from two to one 
 hundred. Of Somersetshire it was reported that " anciently 
 it had but one attorney, and he was so poor that he went 
 afoot to London ; but now they swarme there like locusts." 
 " 'Tis thought," says the gossiping writer, " that in England 
 there are at this time near three thousand ; but there is a 
 rule in hawking, the more spaniells the more yume." 1 
 
 Referring to the previous lack of Gloucestershire names 
 standing high on the legal rolls, Fuller somewhat pathetically 
 says: "I have been informed, from excellent hands, the 
 natives of the county, that no capital judge of the three great 
 Courts was ever born in this county." But he is encouraged 
 to hope that its "long barrenness in judges may be 
 recompensed with fmitfulneia at last, because Gloucestershiie 
 at this very day showeth two eminent ones, Mr. Justice 
 Atkins and Mr. Justice Hale, which grace the Court of 
 Common Pleas with their known ability and integrity." 
 
 The subsequent careers of these two great lawyers fully 
 justified the high estimate which Fuller had formed of their 
 abilities and worth. Of Sir Matthew Hale uome account was 
 given in a former work ; of " Mr. Justice Atkins " mention 
 will be made further on. 
 
 The Atkyns family was anciently connected with Mon- 
 mouthshire. One of its members, Thomas Atkyns, residing 
 near Chepstow, died in 1513. He was succeeded by David, 
 who, removing into this county, settled at Tuffleigh Court, on 
 the pleasant southern side of Robin's Wood Hill. He died in 
 1552. His grandson and heir, Richard, was in his minority, 
 but on coming of age succeeded to the Manors of Tuffleigh, 
 Hempstead, Morecote in Miusterworth, and Brickhampton in 
 Churchdown ; also to lands in Sodbury and Todeuham. He 
 rose to considerable distinction, becoming Justice of Sessions 
 of North Wales and one of the Councillors of the Welsh 
 Marches. He married Eleanor, the daughter of Thomas 
 Marshe, Esq., of Waresleie, Hunts. Both lie buried in the 
 chancel of Hempstead Church, in which, on the north side, is
 
 SIR ROBERT ATKYNS, SENR. 48 
 
 a fine marble monument, beai-ing a recumbent life-sized effigy 
 of the justice in bis official scarlet robes. The inscription has, 
 unfortunately, disappeared from a mural tablet at its bead,, 
 but as given by Bigland it ran thus : " Here lyeth the body 
 of Eichard Atkyns, of Tuffley, Esquior, waighting for the 
 resurrection to glory, and was buried 8 day Nov., 1610." A 
 tablet to the memory of his wife records her death on April B r 
 1594, but does not give her age, and bears an epitaph, simple 
 in composition, but beautiful in sentiment : 
 
 " Hir godli life hir blessed deathe 
 
 Hir hope and consolation 
 Were signes to us and seales to her 
 Of joyful resurrection." 
 
 Sir Edward Atkyns, the " Mr. Justice Atkins " of whom 
 Fuller wrote, was a son of this worthy couple, and was born 
 in 1587. He attained eminence as a lawyer ; and notwith- 
 standing his political leanings and independent conduct, was- 
 made seigeant-at-law by Charles I. in 1640, and appointed a- 
 Baron of the Exchequer by Charles II. immediately after the 
 Eestoration. 2 He died in 1669. 
 
 His eldest son, Sir Eobert Atkyns, the subject of this sketch,, 
 was born in 1621 probably at Tuffleigh, which was at that 
 time the family seat. There is some question as to whether 
 he pursued his studies at Baliol College, Oxford, or Sidney 
 Sussex College, Cambridge. It is certain that he took his- 
 Master of Arts degree at the former University. Leaving 
 college he applied himself very closely to the study of the law 
 at one of the Inns of Court, and was called to the Bar in 
 1645. In 1653 he was appointed Eecorder of Evesham.. 
 While filling this office he presided, in October, 1655, at the 
 trial of several Quakers, who were prosecuted at the Borough 
 Sessions as disturbers of the peace. In common with most 
 of the authorities of the time, he was strongly prejudiced 
 against these persecuted people, harshly fining them and 
 committing them to prison. Their alleged contempt of Court, 
 by refusing to take off their hats, was, perhaps, their greatest
 
 44 SIR ROBERT ATKYNS, SENR. 
 
 offence in Iris eyes. " I shall fine you every one," he said, 
 with great warmth of temper, " and send you to prison until 
 you know better manners, where you will lie from one 
 Sessions to another, until you come with your hats off." 
 
 He held this office until he was returned as member for 
 the borough to Eichard Cromwell's Parliament in 1659. The 
 following year he was made a Knight of the Bath at the 
 Coronation of Charles II. in April. In 1661 he was chosen 
 .as representative for Eastlow, and in the same year he was 
 appointed Recorder of Bristol. 
 
 About this time the family seat in the vale was exchanged 
 for two on the hills. Swell Bowl, in the parish of Lower 
 Swell, was purchased in 1659, and Sapperton Hall, in the 
 village of Sapperton, in 1660. Swell Bowl estate was 
 anciently Church property, but at the dissolution of monas- 
 teries was appropriated by Henry VIII. and disposed of 
 according to his own sweet will to the Bartlett family. The 
 spacious residence was on the side of the Deckler, which 
 coming down from Dounington through Upper Swell, passes 
 on its way to join the Windrush. It was within one mile of 
 .Stow and fifteen of Sir Bobert's constituency at Evesham. 
 
 Sapperton Hall, " a large stone house," stood near the 
 .ancient parish church of St. Kenelm, in the midst of the 
 picturesque village, which is situated on the east side of one of 
 the most beautiful parts of the upper portion of the Golden 
 Valley, through which the river Frome flows from Brimpsfield 
 .to Stroud. It was for many years the residence of Sir 
 Henry Poole, who is described as "eminent for his great 
 housekeeping." A costly monument in the church records his 
 death in 1616, at the age of 75. His grandson, who bore his 
 name, sold the manor to Sir Bobert.3 
 
 Honours and promotions still followed him. In 1661 he 
 was appointed a King's sergeant-at-law ; and the following 
 year he was made a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. 
 This high office, which he filled with great ability and upright- 
 ness, he resigned under peculiar circumstances in 1679, and
 
 SIR ROBERT ATKYNS, SENR. 45 
 
 retired into private life at Swell Bowl. It was at first thought 
 he had been dismissed ; but his resignation, which was purely 
 voluntary, resulted from his disgust of the Government and 
 his sagacious apprehensions of troublous times. He had given 
 offence by some of his independent decisions ; and also by 
 opposing the payment of pensions to Parliament men, and 
 speaking against the sale of offices by those in high authority. 
 But his chief offence was his own incorruptibility. The 
 Government tried to buy him, but he was not to be bought.. 
 Lord Clifford, bearing a message from the King, offered him 
 500 as some compensation for the losses he sustained in his 
 profession by his attention to Parliamentary duties. " I thank 
 you. I will not accept anything for my attendance in Parlia- 
 ment," was his brief and honest reply. " I did," he says, 
 " take occasion upon this to advise my countrymen that those 
 who took pensions were not fit to be sent up to Parliament 
 again." 
 
 He was a marked man ; but he was a prudent one, and 
 foreseeing evil he judged it wise to retire from his conspicuous 
 station. As the result of some proceedings against him 
 shortly afterwards, he lost his -Eecordership at Bristol. His 
 apprehensions of evil days were verified. The base designs of 
 Charles II. naturally aroused the indignation of patriots, and 
 plans of opposition were devised. This led to the prosecution 
 of Lord William Eussell and others for conspiracy in 1688 ; 
 and their friends sought the opinion and advice of Sir Kobert.. 
 This was given in a letter which manifests his courage and 
 integrity as well as his judgment and learning. "No fear of 
 danger," he says, " shall hinder me from performing the 
 duty we owe to one another to counsel those who need our 
 advice how to make their just defence when they are called in 
 question of their lives." Then, after a lucid expression of his 
 opinion, he writes in conclusion, " I wish with all my soul, 
 and I humbly and heartily pray to God, that these gentlemen 
 who have given so great proof of their love to the true 
 religion, and of the just rights and liberties of their coimtry,.
 
 46 SIB ROBEBT ATKYNS, SENB. 
 
 and of their zeal against popery, may upon their trial appear 
 innocent. I am so satisfied of their great worth, that I 
 -cannot easily believe them guilty of so horrid a crime. I pray 
 God stand by them in their time of distress. I wish I might 
 have the liberty to give them what assistance I could in that 
 wherein I might be in any way capable of doing it." 
 
 His own high character did not raise him above the mean 
 suspicions of Charles and his ministers, nor exempt him from 
 unworthy treatment. It appears from some interesting 
 researches of Sir John Maclean, that in 1684 he was 
 subjected to the indignity of being scheduled among 
 " Dangerous and disaffected persons " whose houses the Lord 
 Lieutenant of the county was directed to search for " Armes, 
 Armour, and Ammunition." " 6 Swords, 1 Hanger, 2 Cases 
 of Pistolls, 2 Blunderbusses, 1 fowling Gunn, and 1 Birding 
 Gunn," formed the terrible munitions of war seized in his 
 house at Swell ! and sent for safe custody to the charge of 
 Mr. Nicholas Webb, Postmaster, at Gloucester. He suffered 
 this dishonour in good company. Sir John Guise, of 
 Eendcomb, Sir Thomas Overbury, of Bourton-on-the-Hill, and 
 many other county worthies receiving like treatment. 
 
 A change came, and having during the many years of 
 misgovernment maintained a steady attitude of resistance, he 
 now favoured the Kevolution with patriotic ardour. It was 
 just and wise that he should be marked out for honour and 
 reward. " The choice of Judges did honour to the new 
 Government," says Macaulay. " Every Privy Councillor was 
 directed to bring a list. The lists were compared ; and 
 twelve men of conspicuous merit were selected." Among 
 these was our worthy. 
 
 At this time, singular to say, his own younger brother, 
 Sir Edward Atkyns, who was born in 1630, made Baron of 
 the Exchequer in 1679, and Chief Baron in 1686, was 
 resigning his office, being unwilling to take the oaths of 
 allegiance to William and Mary. 4 Sir Eobert became his 
 successor ; and of his appointment Macaulay writes : " Sir
 
 SIR ROBERT ATKYNS, SENR. 47 
 
 Kobert Atkyns, an eminent lawyer, who had passed some 
 years in rural retirement, but whose reputation was still 
 great in Westminster Hall, was appointed Chief Baron." This 
 was in May, 1689 ; in the following October, he was chosen 
 Speaker of the House of Lords, in the place of Lord Halifax. 
 These offices he filled with uprightness and ability till he 
 resigned the latter in 1693, and the former two years later, 
 when, at the age of 74, he again sought the quiet of private 
 life. His remaining years were spent in peaceful and dignified 
 retirement at Sapperton Hall. Questions, however, of great 
 legal and national importance continued to occupy some of 
 his attention. He had published protests against the 
 increasing power of the Court of Chancery, lamenting the 
 uncertainty of the law, and maintaining that the exercise of 
 judicial functions by the Lords was a usurpation. On these 
 subjects he now wrote one or two more works. 5 
 
 The connection of the family with Swell Bowl seems to 
 have continued, and Sir Robert's visits to it were probably 
 frequent. The Eev. David Royce, M.A., Vicar of Nether 
 Swell, tells us that in the earliest extant register of the parish 
 there are several entries in his own hand. One is of the 
 marriage of his daughter Ann to John Tracy, of Stanway, 
 7th August, 1699, "By Mr. Callow, ye vicar of ye said 
 church who had christened ye said Anne in ye same church," 
 8 November, 1683. " Written by ye said Robert Atkyns, 
 being in ye 79th year of his age Without spectacles Blessed 
 be God." The last entry was made in his 87th year, and is 
 of the baptism of his grandchild, Ferdinanclo Tracy. 6 
 
 His life was closed among the beautiful scenes of his 
 home, at the age of 88 ; and he was laid to rest in the ancient 
 church where he had been wont to worship. There is no 
 monument ; but the Rev. Hugh T. Cropper, the present 
 rector, kindly furnishes the following entries from the parish 
 register : " 1709. The Hon. Robert Atkyns, Knight of the 
 Bath and some time Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, 
 -dyed February 12th, and was buried February 23rd." " 1712.
 
 48 SIR ROBERT ATKYNS, SENR. 
 
 The Hon. Ann Lady Atkyns buried October 16th." Sir 
 Eobert's second wife. The venerable man died universally 
 respected both for his impartiality as a judge, and for the 
 great probity of his life and character. He has been spoken 
 of as " tinctured with superstition." The opinion is chiefly 
 based upon a speech he delivered when the Lord Mayor was- 
 sworn in before him in 1693. On that occasion he drew a 
 terrible picture of the designs of Louis XIV., King of France, 
 In doing so he expressed his belief that the French monarch 
 had a mighty ally in " the prince of the power of the air," who 
 supernaturally kept him supplied with necessary information,, 
 and otherwise furthered his purposes. In support of his- 
 theory he argued at some length, and brought some curious 
 evidence. It was a species of Manichffianism which is not 
 yet extinct or uncommon. An old Cotswold farmer, who held 
 this belief, was accustomed to attribute foul weather and bad 
 seasons, of which he had large experience, to the agency of 
 the devil and his angels ! 
 
 Such eccentricities of creed may be harmless. The super- 
 stition of Sir Eobert did not injuriously affect his heart or life. 
 Lord Campbell has pronounced him " a virtuous judge"; and 
 Leslie Stephen says of him : " After Hale there was no more 
 learned lawyer of his time, and there was none more honest. 
 His political attitude displayed a moderation and an indepen- 
 dence of spirit which make him a type of what was best in 
 the period of the ^Revolution." 
 
 John Koberts, the Siddingtou Quaker, has told of a sudden 
 quarrel and duel between Sir Eobert and his friend Sir John 
 Guise, of Eendcomb, on the bowling green of Perrott's Brook 
 Inn, in the parish of Bagendon. Both were under the excite- 
 ment of gaming, and probably of wine also ; and both were 
 equally glad that Sir Eobert's sword-thrust, which passed 
 completely through Sir John's body, neither terminated his 
 life nor their friendship. 
 
 Sir Eobert was twice married; his first wife was Mary, 
 daughter of Sir George Clerk, of Walford, Northamptonshire ;
 
 SIR ROBERT ATKYNS, SENR. 49 
 
 and his second Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Dacres. Of his 
 eldest son, Robert, the eminent historian of Gloucestershire, 
 some account will be given in future " Notes." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Some of Aubrey's figures must be wrong : either there must have 
 been a much greater number in the kingdom, or Gloucestershire was 
 allotted a disproportionate share. 
 
 2 Fuller speaks of his being in " the Court of Common Pleas " 
 
 3, Views of both these mansions aie given in Sir Robert Atkyns' 
 History of Gloucestershire. Sapperton Hall was destroyed by fire, and 
 some of the stone of which it was built was used in rebuilding the church. 
 Grassy mounds indicate its site, with its garden terraces and pleasant 
 bowling greens. 
 
 4. Sir Edward, after his retirement, lived very quietly till his death 
 in London, in 1698. 
 
 5. Some of his writings were published in a volume, under the title 
 of "Parliamentary and Political Tracts," in 1734; and include, "A 
 Defence of the late Lord Russell's Innocency." 
 
 6. "The church of St. Mary, Nether Swell." Transactions of the 
 Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, Vol. vii.
 
 BISHOP FRAMPTON. 
 
 [16221709.] 
 
 ANY a valuable and interesting manuscript has had a 
 strange history before finding its way to the printing 
 press. Mislaid, thrown aside, or forgotten, it has lain 
 for generations in oblivion. Even when discovered its worth 
 has not been seen, or its publication has been impracticable ; 
 and for another long period it has rested in obscurity. So it 
 was with a manuscript which more than sixty years ago was 
 in the possession of Mr. George Worral Counsel the then 
 well-known antiquarian solicitor, of Gloucester. It was 
 entitled " The Life of Eobert Frampton, Bishop of 
 Gloucester. Deprived as a Non-juror." It had " passed 
 through the hands of a Sir Charles Burrell, in a chest of 
 drawers which had originally belonged to the Bishop," and 
 in some way had become the property of Mr. Counsel. A 
 young clergyman, the Rev. T. Simpson Evans, M.A., who 
 afterwards became Vicar of Shoreditch, bought it of Mr. 
 Counsel about 1826 ; and fifty years later, sent forth " an 
 exact reproduction" of it in a handsome octavo volume from 
 the press of Messrs. Longmans, Green and Co., London. 
 
 The writer of this interesting work is anonymous, and it 
 affords no clue to his name. It is, however, evidently the 
 production of some most intimate friend ; and seems to have 
 been written with a view to publication at the time, as the 
 names of some persons then living are veiled by initials and 
 blanks. If the tale of its having been found in a chest 
 belonging to the Bishop is true, it is not unlikely that the 
 writer was one of his household. While full of information, 
 its style is far from strong and clear : at times it is so verbose 
 and involved that the sense is obscure.
 
 BISHOP FEAMPTON. 61 
 
 Eobert Frampton, who was born at Pimpern, near 
 Blandford, in Dorset, February 26, 1622, was the son of a 
 worthy farmer. He was sent to Corpus Christi College, 
 Oxford, and afterwards becane Chaplain to Earl Elgin. In 
 1655 he was appointed Chaplain of the Levant Company 
 at Aleppo. His life in the East among Turks, Arabs, 
 Egyptians, and Jews, was full of incident and adventure. He 
 travelled in Egypt, Palestine, and other parts, seeing many 
 strange sights, and having some narrow escapes from death. 
 
 In 1666 he came on a visit to England, and married Mrs. 
 Mary Canning the following year. During this period his 
 reputation as a preacher drew large congregations to hear 
 him, and among other Pepys, who under date October 10, 
 1666, which was a " Fast day for the fire," tells us that he 
 heard Stillingfleet preach in Westminster Parish Church in 
 the morning, after which he went to the Dog Tavern, and 
 took his Fast day meal of herrings. " Then," he says, " to 
 church again, and there was Dr. Frampton in the pulpit, 
 whom they cry up so much, a young man, [in his forty-fifth 
 year !] and of a mighty ready tongue." Three months later, 
 January 20, 1667, he finds the church crammed : but to his 
 great delight, " Mr. Frampton was in the pulpit," and 
 preached, says the lively diaryist, " I think the best sermon 
 for goodness and oratory, without affectation or study, that 
 ever I heard in my life. The truth is," he rapturously adds, 
 " he preaches the most like an apostle that ever I heard man : 
 and it was much the best time that ever I spent in my life at 
 church." 
 
 After three more years in Aleppo, Frampton resigned 
 his chaplaincy and returned to England. His character and 
 abilities secured him offers of preferment, and in 1671 the 
 Lord Keeper offered him a prebendal stall in Gloucester 
 Cathedral. Two years afterwards, on the death of Dr. Viner, 
 he was promoted to the Deanery. A sermon on Atheism 
 which he preached about this time before Charles II. gave 
 that most religious monarch such offence that the preacher's
 
 52 BISHOP FRAMPTON. 
 
 further preferment looked doubtful. An interview, however, 
 smoothed matters, Framp ton's " mighty ready tongue " not 
 only appeasing the King's auger but securing his continued 
 favour. 
 
 Of the manner in which he filled his Deanship, the writer 
 of his life speaks very highly, and gives some interesting 
 instances. " As his charity was eminent," he writes, " so his 
 justice and civility to the tenants of the Dean and Chapter, 
 not once raising a fine or harshly treating any, except what 
 passed between him and the Quaker Esquire may be called 
 such. Giles Fettyplace, Esq., held, as his ancestors did, 
 lands in Coin St. Aldwins, and by another lease the 
 Appropriate Eectory there under the Dean and Chapter, as 
 formerly of the Abbot of Gloucester. This gentleman, a 
 Quaker, came one day with two friends of their ministry to 
 the Dean, who very kindly and respectfully entertained them. 
 Fettyplace told him he was come with a design to renew both 
 his leases. The Dean promised to call a Chapter on the 
 morrow, and did, where Giles in the Quaker way told his 
 business, to which tha Dean answered, since thou canst not 
 show the respect of a gentleman to thy landlords, these men 
 shall show none to thee : and so ordered the officers to put on 
 their hats, and they proceeded to pass the lease for the lands. 
 But when they came to that of the rectory, the Dean refused 
 to renew, telling him, since it was against their principle to 
 pay he saw no reason why he should receive tithes. To this 
 he answered that he took it as the possession of his ancestors. 
 Well, said the Dean, thee shalt have it out of respect to the 
 memory of Sir John thy father, who in the late rebellion 
 times found out some one or other of the ejected Chapter and 
 to him for the rest paid his annual quit rent, when nothing 
 but conscience and the honour of a gentleman could compel 
 him. This so took with Giles that he said, renew my lease 
 and let the Dean (without the thee) set the terms, and I will 
 neither dispute nor refuse them, be they what they will. And 
 ever after paid him great respect." *
 
 BISHOP FRAMPTON. 53 
 
 In 1680, on the death of Bishop Pritchett, the Dean was 
 nominated his successor. The career of such a man in such 
 an office was not likely to be commonplace, and his episcopate 
 was in many respects a remarkable one. His time was at 
 first divided between some livings which he held in Dorset- 
 shire, where ho spent the summer, and his diocese, where he 
 resided through the winter. In 1688 he exchanged his 
 Dorsetshire livings for that of Avening, vacant by the death 
 of Mr. Hall, and came to reside in the old rectory. It was 
 too far from Gloucester, and resigning it to Dr. Bull, then of 
 Siddington, he took the vicarage of Standish, " where he 
 found a ruine to work upon, both in the house and parish." 
 The expenditure of 400 resulted in "a good house and 
 pretty garden," while by his earnest labours in the parish he 
 "had the satisfaction in a great measure to reclaim an 
 head- strong people into a most regular congregation." 
 
 He seems to have been not only an able preacher, but a 
 zealous worker, visiting all parts of his diocese, instructing the 
 people, and using his influence and authority to correct abuses 
 among the clergy. Among the latter were some unworthy 
 men whom he could neither reform nor sequester. Others 
 had Nonconformist tendencies which he sorely disliked. Of 
 this class Nicholas Billings! ey, of Blakeney Chapelry, was one 
 of the most difficult to deal with. Frampton's biographer is 
 especially bitter against this offender, whom he erroneously 
 calls "Benjamin" Billingsley, describing him as of "an 
 anti-monarchical and rebellious temper, and if against the 
 King no wonder against the Bishop." " This mortal," having 
 been obliged to leave " Eoodborough " on account of 
 preaching " downright treason '' after the Eestoration, had 
 got possession of the chapel of Blakeney in the parish of 
 Awre. It is gravely laid to his charge that among " the other 
 very odd things he was guilty of being a wretched pretended 
 to poetry, he would sometimes impose on his auditors a hymn 
 of his own making, though both Sternhold and Hopkins were 
 born in the parish of Awre, upon which he was a dependent."
 
 54 BISHOP FRAMPTON. 
 
 Of such an ill-doer the most charitable conclusion the 
 chronicler can reach is that he was " mad or ignorant, it is 
 hard to say which." Dr. Calamy and others entertained a 
 different opinion, and considered Billingsley as most unjustly 
 persecuted by Frampton and Chancellor Parsons. In the case 
 of James Forbes, who had been ejected from the Cathedral, 
 the Bishop tried other tactics courting him to conform, but 
 without success. 
 
 Of the Bishop's work among the people some examples are 
 given. The following is an amusing one which may be taken 
 cum ijrano sails, and probably occurred somewhere in the 
 Stroudwater district. " At another place," says the narrative 
 " he preached on a Sunday, and read the prayers himself in 
 a congregation of clothiers, who had more school divinity than 
 Thomas Aquinas, and after the evening service the church- 
 wardens, in the name of the parish, were to offer him a glass 
 of wine and thanks for his pains taken among them, and to 
 request the favour of a sermon some other time, and that 
 when he would afford them this favour he would as a further 
 kindness be pleased to use the same prayer, with which they 
 were mightily edify'd. Now that prayer was no other than 
 the Litany ; so long had such well-meaning men as many of 
 them are, and of good understanding, been deprived of that 
 excellent composition that they did not know it to be a part of 
 the Liturgy." This was about twenty years after the 
 Uniformity Act, by which the churches were supposed to be 
 supplied with orthodox and faithful pastors ! 
 
 The vigour with which this engertic Diocesan could 
 enforce discipline is shown by his dealings with some offenders 
 of high rank. "Lord Wharton, the patriot, and some other 
 gentlemen," in a drunken freak, in the early hours of the 
 morning, broke open the doors of a church [Harrington] and 
 committed disgraceful acts. They " rung the bells backwards 
 or confusedly," cut the ropes to pieces, tore out parts of the 
 Bible, and pulled down or defaced the pulpit and goods and 
 ornaments of the church. The Bishop at once proceeded
 
 BISHOP FRAMPTON. 55 
 
 against them, and notwithstanding their attempts at evasion 
 and defiance, at length brought them to a humiliating 
 confession of their fault. Penance or a handsome commuta- 
 tion was the alternative penalty. The latter was chosen by 
 the transgressors as " more conducive to charity or some work 
 of piety; " and, doubtless, as less mortifying to their pride. 
 The report which the Bishop sent to Archbishop Bancroft, 
 after speaking of Wharton and his brother as "true 
 penitents," proceeds to tell how he had required them to meet 
 him at Stow, and there, in the presence of good witnesses, 
 acknowledge their shame and sorrow. " Thither they came, 
 at the day appointed, each of them confessing, lamenting, and 
 asking pardon, first in private, afterwards in publicke, before 
 three of the clergy, and three of the lay. By way of commu- 
 tation for their penance, tLey layd down fifty guineas, ten of 
 which I returned to them, and fourty I gave in their presence 
 towards the repairs of Stow Church." " Wholesome admoni- 
 tions " were administered, and Lord Wharton was so affected 
 by this treatment that " he desired the whole to go to the 
 same pious use, and frankly gave it to the churchwardens." 
 His example was followed by the others, and these sums, with 
 the benefactions of the Bishop and some of his friends, 
 " made that church from a ruine a noble structure." 3 
 
 The damage done in Barrington Church was also repaired 
 at the cost of the wrong-doers. The conclusion of the 
 Bishop's correspondence with the Primate on this case, is 
 followed by a brief postscript : " I pray your Grace to accept 
 of a Lamprey Pie, which will be delivered about the end of 
 the week." 3 
 
 The following incident not only gives us another view of 
 the "facetious, merry, witty, Eobert of Gloucester," as 
 Archbishop Bancroft described him ; but also a glimpse of old 
 times and ways. "Dining at the Lord Chancellor Jefferyes's 
 with many noble persons, he observed one (then unknown to 
 him) to be a very forward speaker,, who at last said he was 
 appointed to go to the Oxford Circuit, and asked his Lordship
 
 56 BISHOP FRAMPTON. 
 
 how the market at Gloucester was supply'd, to which the 
 Bishop reply'd, with good veal, beef, and mutton, and all sorts 
 of fowls, and says he, if your Lordship stops at Frog Mill in 
 your way from Oxford to Gloucester, as many times the 
 judges do, there is a good woman that frys bacon and eggs to 
 admiration : to which he, with an air of assurance and 
 contempt, replys, My Lord, this is nothing to me, it will be 
 lent when I am there, and I can eat none of all this, for I am 
 a Catholic. Are you so, says the Bishop, and not know there 
 is a Salvo for that ? My Lord, I am Bishop of the Diocese, 
 and shall, God willing, be there at that time, and will upon 
 your reasonable request, grant you a dispensation. This so 
 struck that gentleman that he was observed to have a greater 
 restraint upon his tongue in that company while they staid." 4 
 
 The old episcopal residence. " the famous pallace of the 
 Vineyard," which had been built by the Abbot of Gloucester 
 on the south slope of the little eminence through which the 
 Newent Eailway now runs, near Over Bridge Mill, was at this 
 time in ruins, having been " burnt by the rebels in detestation 
 of Bishop Goodman." Frampton resolved to restore it, and 
 much of the work was done, when it was brought to an end 
 by events which were to result in his deprivation of office. 
 
 The design of James II. to re-establish Komanism as the 
 national religion, led to his issue of a Declaration of 
 Indugence in April, 1687. It suspended the penal laws and 
 tests under which Nonconformists and Koman Catholics 
 suffered, and afforded them a measure of toleration which was 
 in itself most welcome. Many of the Dissenters were 
 deceived, and rejoiced in what they deemed a royal favour. 
 But the great majority, including such men as Baxter, Howe, 
 Bates, and Bunyan, saw that this seeming liberality was but a 
 cloke for the furtherance of the King's cherished purpose of 
 overthrowing the Protestant Church Of this the clergy had 
 no doubt, and were consequently in great alarm. A year 
 of agitation followed, during which the nation became 
 thoroughly convinced of t King's intentions. James, still
 
 BISHOP FEAMPTON. 57 
 
 infatuated, sent forth a second Declaration in April, 1688, the 
 clergy to read it in their churches on the twentieth and 
 twenty-seventh of May. 
 
 There was no time to be lost. Meetings of the clergy 
 were held, and on May 18th the Primate and some of his 
 suffragans met at Lambeth and adopted a petition to the King 
 against publishing the obnoxious document in the churches. 
 Frampton was unavoidably absent. "lam sure," said the 
 Archbishop, while waiting Frampton's arrival before proceed- 
 ing to present the petition, " our brother Robert, of 
 Gloucester, with his black mare are on the gallop." It was 
 so, but the Bishop of Ely prevailing with Sancroft not to 
 delay, Frampton did not arrive till half an hour too late. His 
 brethren were committed to the Tower ; but throughout their 
 imprisonment and trial he fearlessly identified himself with 
 them, and was not arrested. He spent most of his time in 
 the Tower, and when leaving " at night his coach was pressed 
 with multitudes of people for his benediction. One Sunday 
 during their confinement he preached at St. Stephens, 
 "Walbrook, and going thence the people on both sides of the 
 way to his lodging in Barge Yard kneeled down to have his 
 blessing." 
 
 Eoyal disapprobation of the part he took in this great 
 struggle was strongly and strangely expressed- " The 
 King," we are told, "made a progress thro' great part of his 
 kingdom and visited Gloster amongst the rest, about two miles 
 from which the Bishop, attended by many of the clergy, 
 waited for him, and upon his approach drew near in his own 
 and clergy's name to gratulate his coming into that his city, 
 but before he could do more than pay his respects, the King 
 without hearing him says, My lord, it will be better for you to 
 withdraw to your clergy, and so rode on to Gloster, where 
 indeed he shew'd him more respect, by giving him free 
 admission to his presence, but mortify'd him at the same time 
 by appointing Father Warner, as he was called, to say Grace, 
 which the good Bishop would not hear, and so withdrew."
 
 68 BISHOP FRAMPTON. 
 
 But strong as were the Bishop's objections to the Popish 
 proceedings of James, he had no sympathy with the Revolu- 
 tion, and in January, 1689, he boldly protested against 
 the accession of William and Mary, refused the oath of 
 allegiance, anil was henceforth a leading nonjuror. The party 
 with which he was thus associated included the Primate, six 
 Bishops, about four hundred of the clergy, and a number of 
 the laity, some of high repute and rank. They maintained 
 the doctrine of passive obedience, and denied the right of 
 subjects, under any circumstances, to resist the lawful 
 sovereign. Hereditary succession to the throne they held to 
 be of divine appointment, and not to be set aside by any 
 human power. They contended that the Church was a divine 
 institution and subject to God only, so that its Bishops could 
 not be deprived by temporal authority : but in spite of such 
 deprivation continued Bishops still, while their successors in 
 office were but usurpers, rebels in the btate, and heretics in 
 the Church ! 
 
 On the 1st of February Frampton was sequestered from his 
 bishopric, but in common with other uou-juring clergy was 
 allowed till the 1st of August to decide between compliance 
 and total deprivation. During this interval great efforts were 
 made to overcome his objections. One of his own clergy who 
 had spoken of him as "an old fool" undertook to set him 
 right, and visited him for the purpose. But when he came he 
 had not the courage to begin till the Bishop, who had heard 
 of his unmannerly expression, said " Come, George, the old 
 iool the Bishop is not satisfied yet, what are thy strong 
 reasons to convince him ?" It was probably Dr. George Bull 
 whose rudeness and presumption were thus good hurnouiedly 
 rebuked by his diocesan. 
 
 Several persons of distinction showed him much kindness : 
 amoug others William Boevey, Esq., of Flaxley Abbey, and 
 his excellent wife, the well-known Mrs. Catherine Boevey, 
 who are said to have offered him a home in their own beautiful 
 residence. He, however, preferred retiring to his "good house
 
 BISHOP FRAMPTON. 59 
 
 and pretty garden " at Standish, where by the connivance of 
 the Bishop of London and others, he was allowed to live as 
 vicar ; 5 but was for a time exposed to some annoyances and 
 persecutions. On one occasion, happening to be in Gloucester, 
 he was summoned to appear before the city authorities at the 
 Tolsey. One of the aldermen, however, so vigorously opposed 
 this proceeding that " their Worships had not courage to go 
 on, and so departed before the Bishop came." At the Quarter 
 Sessions a justice proposed that his person should be secured 
 and his house searched for arms. A Deputy-Lieutenant of 
 the county, who was his neighbour, resisted and ridiculed the 
 motion, but engaged to search the house himself. " Upon 
 this bold speech that matter fell, and the gentleman was 
 as good as his word, visited the house, and found two- 
 spits!" During the panic occasioned by what was called the 
 "Assassination Plot" against William in 1696, Frampton 
 was summoned to London, where he was ordered into 
 confinement. Eepeated examinations, in one of which he 
 was befriended by the Earl of Berkeley, resulted in his 
 discharge, without the payment of any fees. 
 
 Although for some years he took no public part in the 
 regular services of his parish church, but left it all to 
 his curates, he employed himself in many useful ways. 
 His charities were large, not only among his own poor 
 parishioners, but also among such of the evicted non-juring 
 clergy as needed help. For the latter he also acted as the 
 almoner of sympathising friends from whom he received funds 
 for distribution. He seems to have devoted special attention 
 to the children of the parish, to whom, standing in "the 
 Eeader's pew," he was accustomed to expound the catechism, 
 " but with such weighty plain truths that might instruct the 
 parents." 6 " This fact," it has been remarked, " is one that, 
 connects the name of Bishop Frampton with those who 
 anticipated the era of Sunday Schools." At length on the 
 death of one of his curates, he " undertook the service of the 
 afternoon at the Church himself, and read prayers, omitting
 
 60 
 
 BISHOP FRAMPTON. 
 
 the names of the Eoyal Family, and constantly preached to 
 his parish from the pew, till old age overtook him." 
 
 Another work in which during this period he appears to 
 have been much interested, was a great missionary enterprise. 
 Among his neighbours was John Talbot, who, in 1695, had 
 been appointed rector of Fretherne. There is little doubt 
 that Talbot was in heart a non -juror. In 1698 he resigned 
 his living and went out as an agent of the Society for the 
 Propagation of the Gospel. His destination was Burlington, 
 New Jersey, America. Here he founded a church and 
 laboured devotedly till his death, in 1727. Frampton and 
 Mrs. Boevey were two of the chief supporters of the Mission. 
 The latter in 1708 presented to the new church of St. Mary, 
 which Talbot had built, an embossed silver chalice and patten, 
 which are still in use, and money which Frampton bequeathed 
 by his will was invested in the purchase of a rectory, which 
 forms a permanent endowment of the Church. 7 
 
 A writer who drew attention to these facts, in " Glouces- 
 tershire Notes and Queries," in 1881, well remarked that 
 they appear to be of " special interest to Gloucestershire 
 enquirers," as showing that " the foundation of the 
 [Episcopal] Church in America was in its conception distinctly 
 a Gloucestershire work ; " and that this county " had every 
 reason to be proud of the upright and sturdy Eobert 
 Frampton, and of John Talbot, the missionary and first 
 Bishop of North America." May we not add the names of 
 Mrs. Boevey and Maynard Colchester ? The latter was one 
 of the founders of the Propagation of the Gospel Society, 
 and both were liberal supporters of its operations. 
 
 The active and eventful life of the Bishop was brought to 
 a quiet close. For some years he had suffered from an 
 accident which had rendered walking difficult, and as age 
 advanced " the last three years of his life he was almost 
 confined to his house, being unable to ride." His mental 
 activity continued to the last, and among other ways in which 
 he occupied himself was that of " drawing up short meditations
 
 BISHOP FRAMPTON. 61 
 
 upon divine subjects, both in prose and verse ; and as he had 
 great peace in his own soul, so he endeavoured to procure it 
 to others also, exhorting, warning, and instructing as many 
 as came to him." He sent nothing to the press, as he 
 " could not be prevailed on to burthen the already overloaded 
 world with the smallest tract." 
 
 A short illness in May, 1708, brought him to his end. On 
 the morning of the 25th, being Tuesday in the Whitsun week, 
 he was evidently dying, and " the priest attending called the 
 whole family to the bedside, presented them to him, and 
 desired his last blessing for them and his absent friends, 
 begging him upon their knees, as from one that had lived for 
 and was then through mercy going to God, and that if it was 
 too painful for him to pronounce it audibly, that he would by 
 some sign assure them of it. With' this he fixed his eyes 
 upon him and took both his hands in his, raised himself up, 
 and with broken voice said audibly God's blessing be with you 
 all and with them for whom you ask it, which were the last 
 words he spoke." 
 
 "His body, attended by his parishioners and the clergy 
 and neighbouring gentry, was deposited on the north side of 
 the altar at Standish Church, according to his own appoint- 
 ment." Upon the coffin, which was laid in a grave of unusual 
 depth, was placed a flat white stone inscribed: " Underneath 
 this stone lies the body of Eobert Frampton, Bishop of 
 Gloucester, move it not, 1708." A black marble slab on the 
 grave bears the following Latin inscription : 
 
 KOBERTUS FRAMPTON, 
 
 EPISCOPUS GLOCESTRIENSIS. 
 
 CETERA QUIS NESCIT ? 
 
 OBIIT 
 
 Vm. CALEND. JUNIE, 
 ( ^TATIS 86, 
 
 ANNO < CONSECRATIONIS 28, 
 
 ( MRJE CHRISTIANA 1708. 
 
 (Eobert Frampton, Bishop of Gloucester. The rest who 
 knows not ? Died eighth day before June, in the year of his 
 age 86, of his consecration 28, of the Christian era 1708.)
 
 62 BISHOP FRAMPTON. 
 
 The Venerable Archdeacon Sheringham, the present vicar 
 of Standish, in reply to some enquiries, informs me that there 
 is no other memorial of the Bishop in the church ; but 
 furnishes the interesting fact that " there is a sundial on the 
 vicarage put up by him, with the motto " Nescit occasum 
 lumen Ecclesis" [The light of the Church knows no setting.] 
 The sword of the See is reversed and points upward the 
 emblem of a martyr." 
 
 Mr. Evans' volume is embellished by a portrait, in 
 reference to the original of which he says " the portait of the 
 Bishop, bronzed by the sojourn of many years under an 
 eastern sun, hangs in the palace at Gloucester. It was kindly 
 lent me by the late Bishop Monk, and was copied in reduced 
 size by a Gloucester artist." A counter-part of this portrait 
 has been preserved with great care by the Crawley-Boevey 
 family at Flaxley Abbey. It was probably this likeness of 
 which the Bishop's biographer tells a good story. The painter 
 having finished it, submitted it to his Lordship for his 
 approval. " Friend," said the Bishop, " I seldom observe 
 much of my own face, but I believe there is something of a 
 likeness ; but I think thou hast done me a manifest prejudice 
 in it." The artist was startled; and asked to have the 
 fault pointed out. " Why," answered Frampton, " you 
 have put so much colour in my face, that, should it be known 
 at what time it was drawn, some people might be apt to 
 conclude I was angry for the loss of my Bishopric." It is a 
 fine, strongly marked countenance, which while worthy of the 
 lawn, would not be out of character with the uniform of an 
 admiral. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Giles Fettiplace resided in the fine old Manor House near the 
 Church at Coin St. Aldwyns, now occupied by Mr. John Barton. He 
 embraced the principles of Friends in early life, and was accustomed to 
 travel in his coach and six to attend their meetings at Cirencester, about 
 nine miles distant.
 
 BISHOP FRAMPTON. 63 
 
 2. This was the Thomas Lord Wharton whom Macaulay describes 
 as a "hot-blooded, quick-witted young patrician," "the greatest rake in 
 England;" and of whom he says that "to the religion of his country he 
 offered, in the mere wantonness of impiety, insults too foul to be 
 described." As he was in early life so he continued a shameless 
 profligate and partizan. He figures prominently in the history of the 
 period. He was one of the first persons of rank who joined William III. 
 on his arrival in England, and by that Prince was made a privy councillor. 
 Queen Anne created him Earl of Wharton, and George I. raised him to 
 the rank of Marquis. He died in 1715. 
 
 3. Lamprey pies, embellished with ornaments, continued to be sent 
 as Christmas presents from the Corporation of Gloucester to the Sovereign 
 of the Realm, till the Municipal Reformation in 1835. 
 
 4. Frog Mill long retained its repute as a wayside inn, and many 
 travellers have recorded their satisfaction with its bill of fare. It was the 
 half-way house between the upper Cotswolds and Gloucester. An old 
 local rhyme says, 
 
 " From Bourton-on-the- Water, 
 From Stow-on-the-Hill, 
 The nearest way to Gloucester, 
 Is by Frog Mill. " 
 
 5. The chapelry of Hardwicke was then, as now, annexed to the 
 Vicarage of Standish ; as were also the chapelries of Moreton Valence and 
 Saul ; altogether yielding at that time upwards of 500 per annum. 
 
 6. This account reminds us of the pious fraud by which Mr. Venn 
 arranged for a sermon from Dr. Chalmers, in his Church at Hereford, 
 when under cover of an address to the school children the great Scotch 
 divine preached to the people. 
 
 7. History of the Church in Burlington. By the Rev. George 
 Morgan Hills, D.D., Rector of St. Mary's Church, Burlington, New 
 Jersey.
 
 SIR EDMUND SAUNDERS. 
 
 [16301683.] 
 
 r ULLEE'S hope that Gloucestershire would prove fruitful 
 in Judges met with an early degree of fulfilment in the 
 case of Sir Eobert Atkyns. It was soon still further 
 realised. At the very time he was writing, two other natives 
 of the county, destined to make their mark as Judges, were 
 in course of legal development. The senior of these was Sir 
 Edmund Saunders, the strange facts of whose life read like 
 the fictions of a romance. From the rags of a beggar-hoy to 
 the ermined robes of a Chief Justice of the King's Bench, is a 
 long travel, and a difficult one, too. This remarkable 
 character, however, proved it to be possible by successfully 
 accomplishing it. 
 
 From his will we learn that he was a native of Barnwood, 
 in which parish vague traditions of his extraordinary career 
 were long extant, especially among some of the inhabitants 
 who were collaterally his descendants. Of his family nothing 
 is known : but as he left legacies to his " father and mother 
 Gregory," it has been inferred that his father died when he 
 was young, and that his mother married again. He is said to 
 have been born in 1600, but this is plainly an error, and facts 
 would point to a date perhaps thirty years later. It is likely 
 that he was the child of poor parents and received no early 
 education. 
 
 The first glimpse we get of him is as a ragged urchin 
 friendless and destitute, in the streets of London. His native 
 village lay upon what was at that time the highway from 
 Gloucester to the metropolis. Lumbering stage wagons laden
 
 SIR EDMTTOD SAUNDERS. 65 
 
 with goods and passengers, six-horse carriages of nobility and 
 gentry, travellers on horseback and on foot, wending their 
 way to the capital, might have suggested to his enterprising 
 young mind a trip to the golden paved city. As wagoner's- 
 boy, drover's help, or whining mendicant, such a lad would 
 soon accomplish the journey : and there our earliest account 
 finds him. Like many other adventurers in this great 
 Babylon, he doubtless experiencedbitter disappointment, and 
 finding bread could not be obtained by work, he was not 
 ashamed to beg. The field of his operations lay in the 
 precincts of Clement's Inn a locality proverbial for its 
 mumpers where he made his appeals to the hearts and 
 pockets of the lawyers and their clerks. His companions 
 were of his own class and would be likely to include boys as 
 sad in story and as glib of tongue as himself; but the 
 Barnwood waif found special favour in the eyes of the 
 charitable. Roger North, the only contemporary writer 
 who gives any information concerning him, says : " The 
 extraordinary observance and diligence of the boy made the 
 society willing to do him good. He appeared very ambitious 
 to learn to write, and one of the attorneys got a board 
 knocked up at the top of a staircase " where the little fellow 
 by great perseverance made himself a good penman. With 
 this qualification, and under the encouragement of his- 
 patrons, he began to " take in business " on his own account ; 
 and while earning a living by " hackney writing," pursued his 
 studies by means of borrowed books and other helps from his 
 friends, till he became " an exquisite clerk." 
 
 Such was his progress that in 1660 he was gazetted a 
 member of the Middle Temple, being then described as " of 
 the city of Gloucester, gentleman," which " grand old name " 
 we would fain hope he had fairly won, and "bore without 
 abuse." Four years later he was called to the Bar, of which 
 he became a popular and successful member. He gained 
 repute by his readiness and dexterity in pleading, while he 
 made many friends by his pleasant wit and genial sociability.
 
 66 SIB EDMUND SAUNDERS. 
 
 His practice was unusually extensive and bis labours must 
 bave been very heavy. Proof of tbis is found in bis " Reports 
 oftbe decisions of the Court of King's Bench, 1666-1672." 
 This work contains all cases of impoitance tried during that 
 period ; and be was counsel in every one." * 
 
 Charles II. opposing parliaments and contending with civic 
 corporations, found a keen-witted and not over- scrupulous 
 adviser in Saunders. The subtle lawyer, who is said to bave 
 been indifferent to politics, furnished the King with many 
 suggestions which greatly helped him m bis contentions with 
 the Whigs in general, and with the corporation of the city of 
 London in particular. In return for these services Charles 
 created him a Knight. His further help was required. The 
 monarch was resolved to deprive the corporation of the capital 
 of its charter of privileges. Saunders had probably advised 
 this " new and daring scheme," and was best fitted to carry it 
 into effect. He was, therefore, in Januar} r , 1683, raised to 
 the Chief Justiceship of the King's Bench, in which court 
 proceedings were instituted. Irregularities were alleged by 
 which, it was pretended, the municipal authorities bad 
 forfeited their privileges ; and under the appearance of law 
 and according to the regular practice of Westminster Hall, 
 the royal city was worsted, and its charter annulled. 2 
 
 Sir Edmund's advancement to his high office, especially 
 under the circumstances mentioned, greatly augmented his 
 labours ; and, it is natural to suppose, was attended with 
 much that was disquieting to his mind. For the increased 
 demands which were thus made upon him be was not 
 prepared. His physical powers had, unhappily, been 
 weakened by long indulged habits of intemperance, and in 
 less than five months he broke down. He was smitten with 
 palsy ; apoplexy supervened ; and he died in June, 1683, 
 not more, perhaps, at the most, than fifty-five years of age. 
 
 In addition to the legacies left to bis father and mother, 
 who at the time of his death must have been of advanced 
 age, be bequeathed 20 to the poor of Baruwood, thus
 
 SIB EDMUND SAUNDERS. 67 
 
 remembering and acknowledging the village of his birth, 
 which he had ignored when writing himself " of tne City of 
 Gloucester, gentleman." 
 
 High testimony has been borne to his abilities as a lawyer 
 and to his patience and impartiality as a judge ; and eminent 
 as was the position he attained he might have risen yet higher 
 had he been as high principled and temperate as he was 
 diligent and persevering. Some undesirable habits, which he 
 had probably contracted in his early days of poverty, he 
 retained through life ; and was notoriously slovenly in his 
 attire, and dirty in his person. 
 
 Eoger North, who describes his personal appearance and 
 habits in the coarsest terms, yet speaks highly of some of his 
 mental and moral qualities. " Wit and repartee, in an 
 affected rusticity, were," he says, " natural to him. He was 
 ever ready, never at a loss. No ill usage from the bench was 
 too hard for his hold of business, being such as scarce any 
 could do but himself. With all this, he had a goodness of 
 nature and disposition in so great a degree, that he may be 
 deservedly styled a philanthrope. He was a very Silenus to 
 the boys (students) to make them merry whenever they had a 
 mind to it. As to his ordinary dealing, he was honest as the 
 driven snow, and for good nature and condescension there was 
 not his fellow." 
 
 The anonymous author of "The Bar" dwells at great 
 length, and at times in most repulsive style, on this singular 
 character, whom he thus introduces and describes : 
 
 " And there behold a precious theme for song, 
 SAUNDEUS the bold, the bulky and the strong, 
 Whom, as a perfect wonder of her trade, 
 Capricious Nature in a frolic made ; 
 And in the heterogeneous lump combined, 
 Things most admired or hated in mankind ! " 
 
 Then, after using the most offensive language to picture his 
 person and manners, he goes on to sing : 
 
 " Yet spite of all his faults, behold this odd 
 Strange compound at the bar a demi-god ! 
 With coarse good humour, and exhaustless wit, 
 That every point of every case can fit ; 
 Generous as just, from selfish feelings free, 
 As pleased to give as to receive a fee."
 
 68 SIR EDMUND SAUNDERS. 
 
 After further description the rhymster, as if feeling his 
 inability to do justice to his subject, exclaims : 
 
 " Strange mortal mixture of this earthly mould, 
 Whose memory stands in history's page enroll'd, 
 Doomed to remain beyond life's narrow span, 
 A satire and an eulogy on man ! " 3 
 
 Sir Edmund cannot be presented as a model of morality ; 
 but he certainly serves as some illustration, though far from 
 the highest and the best, of Tennyson's " divinely gifted man," 
 
 " Whose life in low estate began, 
 And on a simple village green ; 
 
 Who breaks his birth's invidious bar, 
 
 And grasps the skirts of happy chance, 
 And breasts the blows of circumstance, 
 
 And grapples with his evil star," 
 
 till, conquering all difficulties, he climbs to distinction and 
 power. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. An edition of this work by Justice Patteson and Justice Williams 
 was published in 1824. 
 
 2. The King pursued a somewhat similar course against many other 
 corporations, Gloucester included, intimidating them by suits at law, and 
 other means, to a surrender of their charters, which were re-modelled so as 
 to render the municipalities more dependent upon the Cr^wn. 
 
 3. " The Bar : with Sketches of Eminent Judges and Barristers, a 
 Poem." London, 1826.
 
 BISHOP FOWLER. 
 
 [16321714.] 
 
 HE successor of Bishop Frampton, in the See of 
 Gloucester, was another noteworthy character. Eichard 
 <|g(3 Fowler, who held the chapelry of Westerleigh, in the 
 vicarage of Pucklechurch, was one of the ejected non- 
 conforrning clergy on Bartholomew's Day, 1662. He is 
 described as "a man great both in ministerial abilities and 
 labours." Two of his sons, Stephen and Edward, were in the 
 Church at the same time. Stephen, a Fellow of St. John's 
 College, Oxford, shared the same fate as his father, being cast 
 out from the valuable rectory of Crick, in Northamptonshire. 
 He became minister of a nonconforming congregation at 
 Newbury, where his remarkably laborious and useful life was 
 closed. 
 
 EDWARD FOWLER, the subject of this sketch, who was born 
 in 1632, had been at the College School, Gloucester, of which 
 William Eussell, who had married his sister, was some time 
 master. He afterwards went to Corpus Christi College, 
 Oxford, where, according to Wood, being looked upon " as a 
 young man well endowed with the spirit, and gifted with 
 extemporary prayer, he was admitted one of the chaplains 
 thereof in 1653, and the same year took a Bachelor of Arts 
 degree." Eemoving to Cambridge, he took his Master's degree 
 as a member of Trinity College, and then returning to Oxford 
 was incorporated in the same degree in 1656. Arabella, 
 Countess Dowager of Kent, to whom he became chaplain, 
 presented him to the rectory of Northill, in Bedfordshire. 
 Here the Uniformity Act found him, and he at first refused to
 
 70 BISHOP FOWLER. 
 
 conform ; but at length resolved to take the oath, and so 
 continued in his living. Some doctrinal works on " The 
 Design of Christianity,'' which he published about 1670, 
 brought him into controversy with the author of " The 
 Pilgrim's Progress." Both writers were vehement and 
 abusive. Fowler's reply to Bunyan's book bore the coarse 
 title " Dirt wiped out : or a manifest discovery of the gross 
 ignorance, erroneousness, and most un-Christiaii and wicked 
 spirit of one John Bunyan, lay preacher in Bedford." It was 
 written under great provocation. Bunyan had assailed his 
 work with what Macaulay calls " a ferocity which nothing can 
 justify, but which the birth and breeding of the honest tinker 
 in some degree excuse." Theological contentions are not 
 favourable to the exercise of charity or courtesy. 
 
 It would seem that in high quarters, Fowler's writings 
 
 found favour, for Archbishop Sheldon introduced him to the 
 
 metropolis by collating him to the rectory of All Hallows, in 
 
 Broad Street, in 1673. In February 1676, he was made a 
 
 prebendary of Gloucester. His stall was not an easy seat. 
 
 An undignified contention arose between him and the city 
 
 authorities, who, on probably various religious and political 
 
 grounds, seem to have had a strong feeling against him. Some 
 
 pamphlets published at the time explain in part some of the 
 
 curious causes of this unseemly quarrel, and show the height 
 
 to which the strife ran. One of these contains "A sermon 
 
 preached before the Judges, &c., in the time of the Assizes," 
 
 in the Cathedral, on Sunday, August 7, 1681 ; and "published 
 
 to put a stop to false and injurious representations." This 
 
 discourse, which is founded on I, Timothy i, 19, appears to 
 
 have given much offence when preached ; many of its 
 
 unpalatable utterances being directed against certain of his 
 
 hearers who had taken strong exception to some of his 
 
 proceedings. He, therefore, in a long preface, gives what he 
 
 calls " A faithful narrative of this matter of fact." A curious 
 
 narrative it is. In the west window of the choir of the 
 
 Cathedral there stood what is described as " a most scandalous
 
 BISHOP FOWLER. 71 
 
 picture, viz., of the blessed Trinity," which had escaped the 
 destroying hands of Reformers and Puritans, but which sorely 
 vexed the eyes of Prebendary Fowler, whose attention had 
 been drawn to it by a brother prebend. " It was," he says, 
 "the old Popish picture of the Trinity; God the Father 
 represented by an old man with a very long grey beard, and a 
 huge beam of light about his head ; God the Son, by a crucifix 
 between his knees ; and God the Holy Ghost, by a dove with 
 spread wings under his beard." After long consideration he 
 laid the matter before the other members of the Chapter, by 
 whom "the Idol was most cheerfully voted down." It was 
 Fowler's wish that it should be removed by ^lazier, but for 
 some " great reason," which he declines to give " unless 
 provoked to publish it," this was not agreed to, and it was 
 demolished by his own hand, in the presence of his brother 
 prebendaries, on Midsummer eve, 1679 ; and the proceedings 
 were duly entered in the records of the Chapter. His enemies 
 misrepresented these facts in various ways, and raised an 
 outcry against him as "a rash and furious zealot." Tne 
 preaching of this sermon seems to have revived the clamour, 
 and although two years had elapsed since the occurrence " a 
 complaint of the high misdemeanour" was now laid before 
 the Judges, and an attempt was made to have it presented by 
 the Grand Jury of the city. " Which doughty attempt (as 
 well it might)" says the offender, "made sport enough." 
 
 What effect the publication of the sermon and narrative 
 had does not appear ; but two years later he was again using 
 the press in his own defence. The circumstances were these : 
 On Sunday, August 19, 1683, he preached " A discourse of 
 Offences," taking Mat. xviii., v. 7, for his text. It was pretty 
 full of plain speaking, and contained some passages to which 
 reasonable objection might have been raised : but its moral 
 tone was good. Eeferring to scandals occasioned by the bad 
 lives of ungodly professors of religion, he aays, " What reason 
 have those of us, who are in a publick station, whether 
 magistrates or ministers, to consider this well and lay it to
 
 72 BISHOP FOWLER. 
 
 heart, and to have an extraordinary care of our lives ! For 
 our example will have a much larger influence on others than 
 the example of private persons ; and if by any evil practice or 
 advice we cause any to offend, we are likely to cause many to 
 offend. And, consequently, how extremely miserable must 
 our condition then necessarily be in the world to come." 
 
 It is not to be imagined that the members of the 
 Corporation were such incorrigible evil-doers as to kick at 
 this ; but they kicked at something, for assembling in hot 
 haste the next day, they passed a resolution which " runs thus 
 verbatim," says the Prebend ; archly adding, " but I won't be 
 bound to make true grammar on't" : 
 
 "Whereas Edward Fowler, Doctor of Divinity, and one of the 
 Prebends of the Cathedral Church of this city, hath been frequently taken 
 notice of by the Mayor, Aldermen, Sheriff, and Common Council of this 
 city, in his sermons here to countenance sedition and faction and to 
 preach those things which tend to the disturbance of well-affected men of 
 this city : It is ordered by this House that, when, and as often as he 
 preacheth at the Cathedral Church in this city, that the Mayor, Aldermen, 
 and Common Council of this city shall not go thither with the sword in 
 their formalities ; but shall go to some other church in this city, to hear 
 some loyal orthodox divine, and to be paid at the charge of the city." 
 
 The "haiuous offence" thus taken occasioned a second 
 sermon on the same text, which was preached on September 
 2nd ; and was followed by the publication of both, with an 
 "Epistle Dedicatory" to Bishop Frampton. 
 
 During the period of this contention he had obtained the 
 vicarage of St. Giles's, Cripplegate, and resigned that of All 
 Hallows. His parish, as well as his canonry, brought him 
 trouble. His bold maintenance of Protestantism rendered him 
 obnoxious to the Court, and led to a prosecution against him 
 by some of his parishioners in 1685. He was accused of 
 admitting excommunicated persons to the Communion, and of 
 other violations of Church law. But his chief offence was 
 Whiggism, and the prosecution was largely political. A trial 
 at Doctors Commons resulted in his suspension as guilty of 
 violating some of the canons of the Church.
 
 BISHOP FOWLEK. 73 
 
 His indomitable spirit was, however, in no degree crushed, 
 and he was well to the front at the Revolution in 1688. The 
 part he then bore is well told by Macaulay. The London 
 clergy held a meeting to decide whether on Sunday, May 20th, 
 they would or would not obey the King's command to read the 
 Declaration of Indulgence in their churches. Fifteen Doctors 
 of Divinity were present. " The general feeling of the 
 assembly," says Macaulay, " seemed to be that it was, on the 
 whole, advisable to obey the Order in Council. The dispute 
 began to wax warm, and might have produced fatal conse- 
 quences, if it had not been brought to a close by the firmness 
 and wisdom of Dr. Edward Fowler, Vicar of St. Giles's, 
 Cripplegate, one of a small but remarkable class of divines 
 who united that love of civil liberty which belonged to the 
 school of Galvin, with the theology of Armiiiius. Standing 
 up, Fowler spoke thus : ' I must be plain. The question is 
 so simple that argument can throw no new light on it, and 
 can ouly beget heat. Let every man say Yes or No. But I 
 cannot consent to be bound by the vote of the majority. I 
 shall be truly sorry to cause a breach of unity. But this 
 Declaration I cannot in conscience read.' Tillotsoii, Patrick, 
 Sherlock and Stillingfleet declared that they were of the same 
 mind. The majority yielded to the authority of a minority so 
 respectable. A resolution by which all present pledged 
 themselves to one another not to read the Declaration, was 
 then drawn up. Patrick was the first to set his hand to it : 
 Fowler was the second." 
 
 For this and other services he was rewarded by preferment 
 to the See of Gloucester, in place of Bishop Frampton, in 
 1691. His position in the bishopric was attended with many 
 difficulties. His predecessor still retaining his tide, and 
 residing at Siandish, continued to exercise great influence in 
 the diocese, often rendering Dr. Fowler's path a difficult one 
 to tread. Frampton and his non-juring friends declared that 
 in succeeding to the See he had sacrificed his real principles 
 and practised hypocrisy. As Bishop he was to them but a
 
 74 BISHOP FOWLER. 
 
 base usurper, filling an office which by divine appointment 
 belonged to another. In the opinion of many of the 
 Nonconformists he was doctrinally unsound. 1 He was also 
 constantly under the suspicious eyes of his old opponents, the 
 city authorities ; and some of his acts, such as the stoppage of 
 the episcopal palace building at the vineyard, and his sale of 
 the materials, were not likely to add to his popularity. He 
 continued to hold his living at St. Giles', and appears to have 
 been much respected by his parishioners. Amidst the labours 
 of his diocese, the cares of his parish, and the burden of a 
 large family, he yet found time for theological controversy ; 
 and published two or three more works. One of these 
 consisted of " Two pieces on the doctrine of the Trinity," 
 in which he says, " the doctrine is so explained, according 
 to the ancient fathers, as to speak it, not contradictory to 
 natural reason." In 1695 he published a discourse on " the 
 disingenuity and unreasonableness of repining at afflicting 
 providences," occasioned by the death of Queen Mary; with a 
 preface " touching her excellent endowments and exemplary 
 life." The following year he was himself bereaved of a 
 beloved wife, the mother of his numerous family. He some 
 time after married again. His death took place at Chelsea, 
 and his burial at Hendon, Middlesex, where, in the chancel of 
 the parish church, is a monument to his memory, bearing 
 an inscription, of which a friend at Hendon sends me the 
 following copy : 
 
 " In Pious Memory of EDWARD FOWLER, D.L., late Lord 
 Bishop of Gloucester, to which Station he was advanced by 
 King William, of glorious memory, in the year 1691, for his 
 known steadiness to the true interests of the Church of 
 England, and of his country in times of danger. He 
 approved himself worthy of that dignity by a faithful and 
 diligent discharge of his pastoral office till, disabled by age 
 and bodily infirmities, he retired from his labours, and was in 
 the 82nd year of his age admitted to partake of his reward. 
 He departed this life August 26th, 1714, and was interred in
 
 BISHOP FOWLER. 75 
 
 the grave of his first wife within this church, leaving hehind 
 him, in the excellent treatises published by himself, lasting 
 monuments of his learning, judgment, piety, and Christian 
 temper of mind. He was twice married : first to Anne, 
 daughter of Arthur Bernardiston, of the Inner Temple, Esq., 
 one of the Masters in Chancery. She departed this life 
 December 19th, 1696. He had by her three sons, Nathaniel, 
 Edward, and Richard ; and five daughters, Anne, Anne, 
 Susannah, Elizabeth, and Mary ; of whom Edward and 
 Richard, Susannah and Mary survived him. His second 
 wife (who likewise survived him) was Elizabeth, widow of the 
 Rev. Dr. Hezekiah Burton, and daughter of Mr. Ralph 
 Trevor, of London, merchant." 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 1. Mr. Forbes, who was the Bishop's contemporary, was a great 
 collector of local books, but none of Fowler's works are found in the old 
 library at Southgate Congregational Church.
 
 SIR JOHN POWELL. 
 
 [16451713.] 
 
 [HE junior of the two Judges, to whom we referred in our 
 sketch of Sir Edmund Saunders, demands a fuller 
 notice. This we are enabled to give by the courtesy of 
 His Honour Judge Powell, who has contributed the substance 
 of the following account of his distinguished namesake and 
 fellow citizen. 
 
 JOHN POWELL, who was successively Town Clerk of 
 Gloucester, a member of Parliament for the city, a Serjeant- 
 at-Law, a Baron of the Exchequer, a Justice of the Common 
 Pleas, and a Justice of the King's Bench, was descended 
 from an ancient Herefordshire family, which migrated to 
 Gloucester, where he was born in 1045. It is not known 
 where he was educated, or whether he graduated at either of 
 the Universities ; but he entered the Inner Temple as a 
 student-at-law in 1664, and was called to the bar in 1671. 
 He appears to have been a Tory in politics, and to have taken 
 an active part in local affairs, for we find upon the dissolution 
 of the old Corporation, his name stands first on the list of 
 Common Councillors appointed by the Charter of Charles II. 1 
 
 In those days when access to London was less easy than 
 it became afterwards, it was the practice of municipal 
 authorities to secure legal advice by electing counsel to the 
 office of town clerk. Powell's father, after filling several 
 minor offices, became Mayor of Gloucester in 1663, and 
 his influence may have smoothed the way for his son's 
 appointment to the town clerkship in 1674, as successor 
 to John Dorney, whose "Diurnall" of the siege, and
 
 SIR JOHN POWELL. 77 
 
 " Speeches " on the annual election of civic officers, are of so 
 much interest in the history of the city. 
 
 In 1685 the office appears to have become the subject of 
 litigation, and Powell was removed the following year. He 
 at once applied to the King's Bench for a quo warranto 
 against his successor, Robert Price. The matter seems to- 
 have been compromised, for Price resigned and Powell was 
 restored in 1687, and held the office till 1692, when he was 
 succeeded by his brother Thomas. 2 
 
 In the year 1685, during which these difficulties arose, 
 Powell had been elected as a member for Gloucester to the 
 first Parliament of James II., and this might have occasioned 
 his removal from the town clerkship. His fellow member 
 was John Wagstaffe. He does not appear to have sought 
 re-election. 
 
 It has been conjectured, but without foundation, that,, 
 immediately after his restoration to his municipal office, he 
 took part in preparing an Address which was presented to 
 James II. by the Corporation. Mr. Henry Jeffs has drawn 
 attention to a " London Gazette, published by authority," 
 and dating from " January 16 to January 19, 1687," which 
 contains the announcement of the presentation to the King of 
 an Address from " The Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, Sheriffs, 
 Common Councilmen, Grand Jury, and Borough Jury of his 
 Majesties City and County, of the City of Gloucester." This 
 said Address, which had been adopted at the General Quarter 
 Sessions held on the 9th of the same month, styling James as 
 " Dread Sovereign ! " extolled " the Reason and Equity of 
 General Indulgence for matters of mere religion." " Nothing 
 can be more our duty," it goes on to say, " both as Christians 
 and Subjects, than first to render to Almighty God, in whose 
 hands are the hearts of Kings, our hearty thanks for putting, 
 it into the King's heart to do so good things for his people. 
 Next in all humility to express, not only our aquiescence but 
 height of satisfaction, in your Majesties so pious, so prudent, 
 so charitable, and kind a determination towards all your
 
 78 SIR JOHN POWELL. 
 
 subjects." Then, assuring the crafty monarch of their 
 " united and utmost efforts to elect for Parliament such 
 members as will joyfully and readily meet and join with him " 
 in his Indulgence design, it proceeds, in a style of pious 
 adulation, to congratulate the " Dread Sovereign " upon the 
 probable birth of a son and heir, " the Image of his heroic 
 mind." It need hardly be said that " His Majesty received it 
 very graciously." It might well be called " a foolish business 
 altogether." The good men of Gloucester, like many others, 
 were deceived by the King's professions, and fell into the trap 
 he had so artfully baited. But as to Powell's authorship of 
 " the fulsome document," there is room for doubt. It was 
 more probably the work of his supplaiiter Price, during his 
 brief occupation of the municipal clerkship, or of some one 
 who may have held the office pro tern between Price's removal 
 and PoweU's restoration. 3 
 
 In 1689 Powell was called to the state of Sergeant-at-Law, 
 and took the oaths at the Chancery Bar. On this occasion, 
 according to custom, he entertained the nobility, judges, and 
 other distinguished persons at Serjeants' Inn, Fleet Street, 
 when he gave rings with a motto, alluding probably to the 
 recent arrival and new government of William III., 
 " Veniendo Eestituit Rem" (His coming restored affairs). 
 
 We read in Narcissus Luttrel's "Diary," under the date 
 May 1, 1691, that His Majesty (William III.) before he went 
 hence was pleased to order that Mr. Serjeant Powell should 
 succeed Mr. Justice Vintris, deceased, in the Court of 
 Common Pleas, and who had thereupon appointed his officers 
 and made hi;s robes; yet notwithstanding at Harwich Sir 
 John Trevor and Henry Guy, Esq., who attended the King 
 thither, prevailed on His Majestic to put a stop to the former, 
 and got his promise for Sir W. Poultney to be the judge ; this 
 is also opposed by the Earl of Nottingham and the Chief 
 Justice Holt, who have put a stop thereto till His Majesties 
 further pleasure be known." The result of this intrigue 
 against him was that he was appointed a Baron of the
 
 SIR JOHN POWELL. 79 
 
 Exchequer and knighted, instead of becoming a Justice of the 
 Common Pleas. 
 
 By a singular coincidence there was at this time another 
 judge bearing the same name. Sir John Powell, of 
 Llangharn, Carmarthenshire, with whom our Gloucester 
 worthy has been frequently confounded, was one of the judges 
 on the trial of the seven Bishops in 1688, and was dismissed 
 from the Bench by the arbitrary James for his independent 
 conduct on that occasion. He was, however, restored to his 
 office by William, and sat as a Justice of the Common Pleas, 
 so that when our Mr. Justice Powell was removed to thai 
 court in 1695, these two judges with the same Christian 
 and surnames sat on the bench of the same court at the 
 same time. In some cases they sat together on special 
 commissions, for Luttrel says " 18 Sept. 1692 Monday 
 fortnight 6 of the judges Treby, Dolben, Eyres, Eokeby, and 
 the 2 Powells sat on a special commission of Oyer and 
 Terminer at Winchester for tryall of several officers in the 
 Yard at Portsmouth for embezzling his Majesties stores." 
 This duality of names, which has since occasioned much 
 confusion, was found to be also inconvenient at the time, and 
 hencft we frequently find attempts to distinguish them in the 
 reports of the period, as Mr. Justice Powell " senior " or 
 "junior"; while sometimes the latter is described as "of 
 Gloucester." Neither had cause to be ashamed of the other. 
 Both were recognised by the profession as upright judges and 
 sound lawyers ; and presided over many important cases 
 which will be found in the Law Keports and in the State 
 Trials. 
 
 The eminent Carmarthenshire Judge did on circuit at 
 Exeter in 1696 : but his younger namesake survived him 
 seventeen years ; becoming a Justice of the King's Bench in 
 1702, and at length dying in his native city, where he lies 
 buried, with others of his family, in the Lady Chapel of the 
 Cathedral. A handsome marble monument, with statue 
 representing him in his judical robes, perpetuates his memory.
 
 80 SIR JOHN POWELL. 
 
 The countenance has been well described as " placid and 
 dignified." Tbere is an elaborate Latin inscription to the 
 following effect : 
 
 ''Here is buried JOHN POWELL, Knight, descended from a noble and 
 ancient family who, having established their residence in Herefordshire 
 during a period of very many years, have long since removed hence into 
 Gloucestershire. He himself conspicuously adorned the reputation which 
 he inherited from his ancestors, his whole life being passed with honour. 
 A man most experienced in the laws of his country, for a long period an 
 advocate, afterwards for 22 years a member of the triple College of 
 Judges in the Court of London, he deserved his reputation for unshaken 
 integrity, unwearied industry, uprightness and courage ; ever conspicuous 
 both in protecting the innocent and punishing the guilty ; never to be 
 moved either by promises or threats. Successively appointed to try actions 
 of the Exchequer under William III., 1st November, 1091 ; to try actions 
 in Court of Common Pleas under William III., 2Gth October, 1G95 ; to try 
 actions in Court of King's Bench under Queen Anne, 23rd June, 1702. 
 He lived 68 years and 19 days, and died 14th June, 1713. " 
 
 " John Snell, Esquire, sole heir by his will, set up this monument out 
 of gratitude, love, and his own duty, to his eminent uncle who highly 
 deserved it at his hands. " 
 
 "Unless what we do is useful, praise is foolish." 
 A black marble slab, with his name and the date of his 
 death, marks the site of his grave at the foot of the monument. 
 The heirship of his nephew is in part explained by the 
 fact that Sir John never married. 4 By his will, dated 11 
 April, 1718, he " recommends his soul to the infinite mercy of 
 Almighty God." He bequeathed 100 " for the support and 
 encouragement of the school lately erected, and for the clothing 
 of poor children, and teaching them to write and read, which 
 my will is should be done." The school referred to was in 
 Lower Northgate Street, and was long known as " The Poor 
 School." 
 
 Much yet remains to be told of the life and character of 
 this interesting and eminent man. 
 
 The evidence of monumental eulogies is not always 
 reliable. It is well when it is confirmed by the testimony of 
 contemporaries and illustrated by facts. It is so in the case 
 of Sir John Powell. Other records, besides that in marble, 
 present him in a favourable light both as a judge and a man.
 
 SIR JOHN POWELL. 81 
 
 Mr. Fosssays, " during the twenty- two years he sat in one 
 court or another, he secured universal respect and esteem " ; 
 and so high was the reputation of the court when he and 
 Chief Justice Holt sat together, that Lord Chief Justice 
 Ellenborough is reported to have said that when Holt and 
 Powell agreed the law was certain ; but that what the law 
 was when they differed was very doubtful. Several important 
 trials in which he took part are reported in Vol. xiv. of the 
 " State Trials." 
 
 Our worthy certainly appears to great advantage in the 
 case of Jane Wenham, " the witch of Walkerne," an elderly 
 woman who was tried before him at Hertford Assizes, on 
 March 4, 1712. It was a superstitious age. Absurd beliefs, 
 which had prevailed through centuries of darkness, still kept 
 their hold not only on the popular mind, but on that of the 
 educated classes. Lawyers and clergy as well as rustics 
 believed in wizards and witches, ghosts and goblins. Even 
 the well-balanced mind of Sir Matthew Hale was swayed by 
 these delusions ; and his condemnation of a poor woman to be 
 hanged as a witch is a shadow upon his honoured name : 
 
 " Now shining forth without a fleck or flaw, 
 A luminous expounder of the law, 
 In wisdom's vast and varied treasures rich 
 Now hanging an old woman for a witch !" 
 
 The conduct of Judge Powell presents a happy contrast to that 
 of his great predecessor. 
 
 An article in Blackwood's Magazine for May, 1859, reviews 
 a narrative of this trial, which was written by Mr. Francis 
 Bragge, " one of the principal actors in the transaction," and 
 published as " a full and impartial Account of Sorcery and 
 Witchcraft practised by Jane Wenham, of Walkerne, in 
 Hertfordshire, upon the bodies of Anne Thome and Ann 
 Street, &c., the proceedings against her from her being first 
 apprehended till she was committed to Gaol by Sir Henry 
 Chauncey ; also her Tryal at Assizes at Hertford, before Mr. 
 Justice Powell, when she was found guilty of felony and
 
 82 SIR JOHN POWELL. 
 
 witchcraft, and received sentence of death for the same, 
 March 4, 1711-12." 
 
 The grand jury, composed, it may be presumed, of 
 educated men, readily found a true bill. Sixteen witnesses, 
 including a lady, two clergymen and other gentlemen, were 
 arrayed against the accused in proof of the most absurd and 
 incredible charges. Everything seemed against the weak and 
 helpless creature, and from the first there was no hope of 
 her escape. But she had the sympathy of the judge. Free 
 from the blinding superstition of the times, the clear-headed 
 and humane lawyer saw through the folly and cruelty of the 
 proceedings. At several points as the trial went on, his 
 feeling found expression in checks which he administered to 
 eager witnesses, and in quiet irony directed against the 
 prosecution. As appeals to reason were useless against 
 ignorance and prejudice, he summed up briefly, having 
 doubtless, resolved upon his own after action. He seems, 
 however, to have made an attempt to win the jury to a kindly 
 mood by a pleasantry which Defoe thus records : " The 
 court being full of fine ladies, the old judge very gallantly told 
 the jury, ' They must not look for witches amongst the old 
 women, but amongst the young.' It was like charming to 
 deaf adders, and proved all in vain : they quickly found her 
 guilty of " conversing with the deril in the shape of a cat." 
 
 For such an offence our enlightened forefathers had provided 
 a terrible penalty. To "consult, covenant with, entertain, 
 employ, feed, or reward any evil or wicked spirit, to or for any 
 intent and purpose," was then a capital felony ! The jury 
 declaring her guilty of this mysterious crime, the judge could 
 then do nothing but pass sentence of death. " Happily," says 
 the writer in Blackwood, " the story of Jane Weuham does 
 not end here. The conclusion sounds more like a fiction than 
 a tale of real life ; nevertheless it is strictly true. Powell all 
 honour to the grey-haired, merry old judge exerted himself 
 successfully to obtain her pardon from the Crown." It is 
 satisfactory to add that on her release from jail powerful
 
 SIR JOHN POWKKL. 88 
 
 friends, probably influenced by Sir John's opinions, afforded 
 her shelter and support. She lived long afterwards and was 
 regarded as "a pious, sober woman." Defoe says that 
 " becoming possessed of a comfortable subsistence, she did a 
 great deal of good with it to the poor, and became as much 
 the object of their esteem as she had been of their detestation." 
 
 For the humane efforts which led to these good results the 
 judge brought upon himself showers of obloquy in the shape 
 of sermons and pamphlets by the clergy of the day, most of 
 them taking for their text or motto " Thou shalt not suffer a 
 witch to live." 
 
 Defoe mentions a further case in whioh a woman who was 
 tried for witchcraft before our worthy had it laid to her charge 
 that she could fly. "Ay!" said the Judge, "And is this 
 true ? Do you say you can fly ?" " Yes ; I can ;" she 
 answered. " So you may if you will then," replied the kindly 
 facetious Powell ; "I have no law against flying," a decision 
 which confounded her accusers, and left the poor woman, who 
 was doubtless insane, at liberty to walk away, if she could not 
 
 %. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Parr, who has fallen into the strange error of 
 attributing Jane Wenham's pardon to a controversy which 
 arose upon her case, rather than to any interposition on the 
 part of Judge Powell, likewise accuses him of having 
 condemned Mary Hickes and her daughter Elizabeth, an 
 infant of eleven years, at Huntingdon, for witchcraft, both of 
 whom, he says, were executed July 17, 1716, The learned 
 Doctor overlooks the evidence which the gross abuse heaped 
 upon Powell by the clergy affords of the humane part he took 
 in the Hertford case ; while in that at Huntington there is no 
 proof that such an execution ever took place, either there or 
 elsewhere, at the date given. If it did, Judge Powell had 
 nothing to do with it ; for, as we have seen, he died three 
 years previously ! Had he tried the case, there can be no 
 doubt as to the course his wise humanity would have taken 
 respecting it. 5
 
 84 SIR JOHN POWELL. 
 
 As by a statute of Henry VIII., judges were then 
 prohibited, under a penalty of 100, going on circuit where 
 they resided. Sir John could not travel the Oxford circuit, and 
 consequently never sat in the courts of his native city. 
 
 Notwithstanding his placid countenance, the Judge, true 
 to his Celtic origin, is said to have been of somewhat choleric 
 temperament, but was nevertheless very genial in disposition , 
 and a most agreeable companion in social life. Even Swift 
 was pleased with his abounding cheerfulness. Writing in the 
 summer of 1711, the Dean says : " In the evening I went to 
 the Lord Treasurer's, and amongst other company found a 
 couple of judges with him. One of them Judge Powell an 
 old fellow with grey hairs, was the merriest old gentlemen 
 I ever saw, spoke pleasant things, and chuckled till he cried 
 again." 
 
 An amusing story told in "The Gentleman's Magazine" 
 for October, 1732, proves his love of a joke, and shows him to 
 have had no more belief in ghosts than in witches. It is as 
 follows: " The late Dr. Fowler, Bishop of Gloucester, and the 
 late Mr. Justice Powell, had frequent altercations upon this 
 subject (Ghosts, &c.). The Bishop was a zealous defender of 
 ghosts ; the Justice somewhat sceptical and distrustful of 
 their being. In a visit the Bishop one day made, his friend 
 the Justice told him that since their last disputation he had 
 had ocular demonstration to convince him of the existence of 
 ghosts." "How!" says the Bishop, "What! ocular 
 demonstration ? I am glad, Mr. Justice, you are become a 
 convert. I beseech you let me know the whole story at 
 large." " My Lord," answers the Justice, " as I lay one 
 night in my bed about the hour of twelve, I was waked by an 
 uncommon noise, and heard somebody coming upstairs and 
 stalking directly towards my room. I drew the curtain and 
 saw a faint, glimmering light enter my chamber." " Of a 
 blue colour no doubt," says the Bishop. "Of a pale blue," 
 answered the Justice; "the light was followed by a tall, 
 meagre, and stern personage, who seemed about 70, in a long
 
 SIB JOHN POWELL. 85 
 
 dangling rugg gown bound round with a broad leathern 
 girdle ; his beard thick and grisly ; a large fur cap on his 
 head, and a long staff in his hand ; his face wrinkled and 
 of a dark sable hue. I was struck with the appearance and 
 felt some unusual shocks, for you know the old saying I made 
 use of in Court when part of a lanthorn in Westminster Hall 
 fell down in the midst of our proceedings, to the no small 
 terror of one or two of my brethren : 
 
 ' Si fractus illabatur orbis, 
 Jmpavidum ferient ruinea.'6 
 
 But to go on. It drew near me and stared me full in the 
 face!" "And did you not speak to it?" interrupted the 
 Bishop, " there was money hid or murder committed to be 
 sure." " My lord, I did speak to it." "And what answer, 
 Mr. Justice?" "My lord, the answer was, not without a 
 thump of the staff and a shake of the lanthorn, that he was 
 the watchman of the niyht, and came to give me notice that he 
 had found the street door open, and that unless I rose and 
 shut it I might chance to be robbed before break of day." 
 The judge had no sooner ended but the Bishop disappeared. 
 
 One of his latest kindly acts is said to have been that of 
 mediating with success as peacemaker between the Mayor of 
 Gloucester and some roistering young citizens, who in an 
 after dinner ramble encountered his worship, and thought it 
 fine sport to roll him in the street gutter ! Those who 
 remember what our city gutters were even fifty years ago, will 
 not wonder that the chief civic magnate failed to see the fun 
 of such a proceeding. 
 
 About the beginning of last century much attention was 
 being directed in several parts of the country to the question 
 of pauperism and the management of workhouses. A 
 workhouse, built by special Act of Parliament in Bristol, and 
 used as a test of destitution, had produced such excellent 
 effects, that the example was followed in many places our 
 neighbour city Worcester among others. Sir John Powell 
 was at this time Governor of the old workhouse which stood
 
 86 SIR JOHN POWELL. 
 
 at the corner of Quay Street ; 7 and it was, no doubt, under 
 his influence, and by his assistance, that an Act of Parliament 
 in 1703 abolished the old government of that institution, so 
 that a new Corporation was formed under the title of " The 
 Governor, Deputy Governor, and Guardians of the Poor of 
 the City of Gloucester," with powers which it was hoped 
 would enable them to deal more satisfactorily with this ever 
 difficult social problem. 
 
 Sir John's Gloucester residence was an interesting spot. 
 The site of the Grey Friars Priory, which at the Dissolution 
 was granted by Henry VIII. to one John Jennings, came, in 
 1630, into the hands of the City Corporation. The building, 
 which had been convened into a private dwelling-house, was 
 occupied by Governor Massey during the siege in 1643, and 
 received some damage from the King's artillery. Kobert 
 Kaikes, referring to it in his Gloucester Guide, 1802, says : 
 "It is remarkable for having been the residence of Judge 
 Powell, a native of this city, and much celebrated for the 
 integrity of his conduct and the soundness of his judgment." 8 
 He also lived, and most probably died, in the house where 
 Eaikes himself dwelt from 1758 to 1802, the fine old 
 residence opposite St. Mary de Crypt Schoolroom which is 
 so closely associated with the name and memory of the 
 venerable Founder of Sunday Schools. He had a country 
 house in the pleasant Severn- side parish of Deerhurst. 
 
 It is amusing to observe that the confusion between the 
 two Judges Powell has extended to their portraits, for the folio 
 engraving by Sherwin bears the inscription " Sir John Powell, 
 Bart.," whereas neither of them were baronets ! The son of 
 the senior judge was created a baronet but died without issue, 
 and the title became extinct. Moreover, the portrait in the 
 National Portrait Gallery, which is described as that of the 
 Welsh judge, is that of our own worthy Sir John Powell, of 
 Gloucester ! 
 
 Another portrait of the judge, one which originally 
 belonged to himself, remained as a sort of fixture in his
 
 SIR JOHN POWELL. 87 
 
 Soutligate-street residence. For some generations it passed 
 from tenant to tenant under certain conditions, but is now in 
 the possession of the descendants of the ]ate Mr. Richard 
 Powell Chandler. His " brief bag," bearing his name, is 
 preserved by Mrs. Witcomb, of London Road, one of his 
 collateral descendants. Another relic is a massive brass dog 
 collar, of a large size, probably buried with some favourite 
 animal, which was found many years ago when the foundations 
 for a house were being dug in Lower Westgate Street. It is 
 engraved " 1701. Judge Powell, in Sergeants' Inn, in 
 Chancery Lane, London ;" and has long been in the possesdion 
 of Mr. Councillor Ward. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. This charter was granted in 1673. Under it the Town Clerk was 
 electd for life ; his election being subject to the approval of the Crown. 
 His duties, which were to assist the Magistrates at Quarter Sessions, and 
 to transact the usual business of the Corporation, could be discharged by 
 deputy. His salary of 8 13s. 8d. per annum was supplemented by certain 
 fees and professional charges for business connected with his office. 
 
 2. Robert Price was a Welshman, born at Cerrig-y-Druidion, in 1653, 
 educated at Wrexham, and St. John's College, Cambridge, and called to 
 the bar at Lincoln's Inn. He was made Attorney General of South Wales 
 in 1682, and Recorder of Radnor the same year. In 1700 he was raised to 
 a Welsh judgeship ; and two years afterwards created a Baron of the 
 Exchequer ; so that there were two judges who had been town clerks of 
 Gloucester on the Bench at the same time. He was removed to the 
 Common Pleas in 1726, and died February 2nd, 1733. 
 
 3. The Rev. John Russell Washbourn, Rector of Rudford, in pointing 
 out that for January, 1687, we should, allowing for difference of style, 
 understand 1688 as the correct date, remarks that about this time the 
 corporation was "regulated" in order that members favourable to the 
 views of James might be elected to Parliament. 
 
 4. John Snell afterwards represented Gloucester in Parliament. 
 
 5. Belief in witchcraft long lingered in our rural districts, and unre- 
 strained by the law, would still have found victims to destroy. A poor 
 woman of exemplary character, who died in the village of Icomb, as 
 recently as 1840, was suspected of "having to do with devils and evil 
 spirits, and using enchantments," so that on one occasion, a rich neighbour 
 stabbed her in the arm with a penknife, saying she was a witch, and
 
 88 SIR JOHN POWELL. 
 
 drawing her blood to break her spells ! The chief ground for these cruel 
 suspicions was, that she was a Baptist ! These superstitions do not seem 
 to be yet entirely extinct either in town or country. 
 6. Horace Odes III. 3 
 
 " Should Nature's pillar'd frame give way, 
 That wreck would strike one fearless head. " 
 
 Conin (/ton's Translation. 
 
 1. On the site of the Ironworks of Messrs. Seekings and Co. 
 8. The present Grey Friars House was built by Mr. Philo Maddy, 
 about seventy years ago.
 
 SIR ROBERT ATKYNS, JUNIOR. 
 
 [16461711.] 
 
 fHE only son of Sir Eobert Atkyns, senr., inherited both 
 his name and his virtues, and is known as Sir ROBERT 
 ATKYNS, jun., the Historian of Gloucestershire. Born 
 in 1646, and educated with great care under the eye of his 
 father, he became in early life a student of antiquities. 
 Having a considerable estate settled upon him, and being 
 happily married, he took up his abode at Pimbury Park, a 
 secluded and delightful residence in the parish of Sapperton. 
 H^re he pursued his favourite studies and exercised old 
 English hospitality. He was repeatedly elected as member 
 for Cirencester ; and also for the county, in which he was 
 highly popular. His political opinions were more Conservative 
 than those of his father, but he was not a prominent member 
 of his party, and seems to have taken no active share in 
 Parliamentary affairs. His preferences lay in other directions. 
 
 For many years during the middle and latter part of the 
 seventeenth century, Dr. Parsons, Chancellor of the Diocese, 
 was collecting materials for a history of this county. Finding 
 that the infirmities of age and the declining state of his 
 health would not permit him to complete his design, he 
 handed his collections to Sir Robert, who undertook to carry 
 on the work. It was one involving much research, but in 
 thorough accordance with his tastes. His position and 
 influence were favourable to his success, and after some years 
 of diligent labour his pleasant task was accomplished. But 
 he did not live to see its publication.
 
 90 SIR ROBERT ATKYNS, JUNIOR. 
 
 A noble monument to his memory in Sapperton Church, 
 the place of his burial, bears the following inscription : 
 
 "In Memory of Sr ROBERT ATKYNS, of Pimbury Park, Glo'ster Shire, 
 Knight, Son of Sr Robert Atkyns, one of Ye Justices of the Court of 
 Common Pleas, in the reign of King Charles II., afterwards Lord Chief 
 Baron of Ye Exchequer and Speaker of the House of Lords ; Grandson of 
 Sr Edward Atkyns who was one of ye Barons of ye said Court. 
 
 " While he lived he was beloved and honoured, and when he died ye 
 Toss of him was lamented by all who knew his private and his publick 
 Virtues. 
 
 " He was always Loyal to his Prince, Loving to his wife, Faithful to 
 his friends, Charitable to ye poor, Kind and Courteous to his neighbours, 
 Just to All ; Sober and Serious in his Conversation and a Peace-Maker to 
 his utmost Power. 
 
 "His obliging Virtues endear'd him to his county who chose him for 
 their Representative in Parliament a? often as he would accept of the'r 
 choice. He lived with great indifference for life and without ye fear of 
 Death, and dyed of a Dysentery at his house at Westminster, on ye 
 xxix day of November in ye year of our Lord MDCCXI, and of his age 
 LXV. 
 
 " He left behind him Louise Lady Atkyns, Daughter of Sr George 
 Cartaret, of Hawns, in Bedford Shire, his most dear and sorrowful 
 Widow, who erected this Monument to his memory, though He left 
 behind him one more durable 'The Ancient and Present State of 
 Glo'ster Shire.' " 
 
 A later hand adds : 
 
 " The Lady who was altogether worthy of so Good and Great a Man, 
 was her self interred in the same Vault with him. She died the 2nd of 
 Dec. 1716, Aged 03." 
 
 The work which is to prove his most "durable monument" 
 is a noble folio volume. The first edition, which was 
 published in 1712, was superbly printed; and was adorned by 
 a fine portrait of the author, by Kip, as well as illustrated by 
 upwards of seventy engravings of the family seats of the 
 county nobility and gentry, by the same skilful artist. These 
 pictures give views not only of the mansions, but of the 
 gardens, grounds and surrounding country ; while, inci- 
 dentally, they illustrate many of the costumes, sports, and 
 habits of the period. It was published at five guineas, but a 
 great part of the edition being destroyed by an accidental fire 
 on January 30, 1713, at the house of Mr. Bowyer, the printer,
 
 SIR ROBERT ATKYNS, JUNIOR. 91 
 
 in White Friars, the price of the few copies that were saved 
 was greatly raised. Even on some of these traces of their 
 nearness to the flames can be observed. 
 
 In 1768 a second edition was published, but, strange to 
 say, a great part of this also was destroyed by fire, so that 
 copies are still rare, and consequently of high price. 
 
 A few extracts from the Preface will show the spirit in 
 which this great work was written and sent forth. 
 
 "Being," says the author, "particularly sensible of the 
 Duty and Gratitude which he owes to the County wherein he 
 dwells, he does, therefore, with a pious affection submit this 
 Book to his Neighbours and Countrymen." 
 
 Referring to benefactions for religious and charitable 
 purposes, he has some admirable remarks on good works as> 
 necessary evidence of Christian faith. " We find by 
 experience," he encouragingly adds, " that the performance 
 of one good work inclines a mail to proceed to the performance 
 of another." His closing words are a fervent prayer : 
 
 " May the Great God, who is the Author of Peace and 
 Lover of Concord, evermore bless and preserve this County in 
 all Peace and Happiness."
 
 THOMAS GARDINER. 
 
 [16571745] 
 
 MONG the non-jurors connected with this county was 
 one whose strange history conies down to us from the 
 pen of a Yorkshire clergyman. In " An Account of 
 a Gentleman who lived fifty years alone at Amney, in 
 Oloucestershire," the Eev Mr. Barnard records some singular 
 facts which he obtained during a visit to Ampney Crucis 
 about 1742. This pleasant village lies about three miles east 
 of Cirencester. The sparkling waters of the Amnis rise 
 within its bounds, and, flowing southwards to join the Isis, 
 give this parish, and three others through which they run, 
 the common name of Ampney. 1 The distinctive apellation, 
 Crucis, is derived from its ancient Church of the Holy Eood 
 or Sanctae Crucis, a picturesque building, described by Sir 
 William Guise as "of transition Norman architecture, and 
 probably originally built about 1200, its transepts being of a 
 later period." A fine mediaeval cross, carefully restored a few 
 years ago, stands in the churchyard. Close to the church, 
 and just within a gently undulating and well-timbered park, 
 is Ampney House, a quaint old mansion of the Elizabethan 
 age. 
 
 THOMAS GARDINEK was born in London, of "a genteel 
 family," about 1657. In 1676 he was elected from the 
 Charter House School to All Souls College, Oxford, and 
 allowed an exhibition of 20 a year towards his maintenance 
 at the University. Here he appears to have been diligent 
 and successful, obtaining a fellowship, and gaining a high 
 repute for scholarship. The election in which he was chosen
 
 THOMAS GARDINEK. 93 
 
 was one of such keen and brilliant competition that for many 
 years after it was called the " Golden Election." He 
 continued at Oxford till the Revolution ; but when in 1689 he 
 was required, as a member of the University, to take the 
 oaths of allegiance to William and Mary, his non-juring 
 principles led him to refuse. He therefore resigned his' 
 fellowship and retired to Ampney, where the Pleydell family, 
 to whom he was nearly related, were residing at the Park. 
 
 Macaulay, in estimating the general character of the non- 
 juring clergy, makes great allowance for the trying situation 
 in which they stood. Many of his remarks would apply to 
 others of the party who found themselves " thrown on the 
 world with nothing to eat and with nothing to do." Gardiner, 
 and many more, as well as the evicted divines, were probably 
 in this position. Some became domesticated as chaplains, 
 tutors, and spiritual advisers in Jacobite families. While 
 admitting that in situations of this kind men of pure and 
 exalted character may preserve their dignity, and more than 
 repay, by their example and instruction, the benefits they 
 receive, the historian is of opinion that " to a person whose- 
 virtue is not high-toned this way of life is full of peril. If he 
 is of a quiet disposition, he is in danger of becoming a servile, 
 sensual, drowsy parasite. If he is of an active and aspiring 
 nature, it may be feared that he will become expert in those 
 bad arts by which, more easily than by faithful services, 
 retainers make themselves agreeable or formidable." Gardiner 
 seems to have been little likely to become either a droning 
 sensualist or an artful scbemer. Simple, sincere, and high- 
 principled, it was evidently his highest aim to live in all good 
 conscience before God and man. 
 
 The last male of the name and family of Pleydell was at 
 this period an infant, having been born in 1687. To this 
 child Robert Pleydell who was heir to the manor and estate 
 at Ampney, Gardiner became tutor. So averse, however, 
 was he to anything like a state of dependence, that instead of 
 living with the family he preferred to live alone. The;
 
 94 THOMAS GARDINER. 
 
 Pleydells, knowing how frugally he fared, seldom having any 
 meat dressed for himself, would occasionally send him some 
 from their own table. To prevent the bestowment of such 
 favours he would give the servant half-a-crown on these 
 occasions, and also bid him ask his mistress if there were no 
 poor people in the parish on whom she could bestow her 
 charity. 
 
 In process of time Gardiner accompanied his pupil to the 
 University of Oxford, and continued with him there and at 
 Ampney till 1719. The relation of tutor and pupil had grown 
 into that of mutual friends. The affection of Pleydell for his 
 tutor had rendered him so susceptible to his influence that it 
 would seem he not only received his peculiar religious views, 
 but was prepared to follow him in the strange course of life 
 which he was then contemplating and afterwards followed. 
 This was prevented by the death of Pleydell at the age of 
 thirty-two. His love for his native parish, and the Christian 
 benevolence of his heart found expression in his will, by 
 which a farm called Kanbury, of about 132 acres, in the 
 adjoining parish of Ampney St. Peter, was bequeathed 
 towards maintaining a schoolmaster, and also clothing six 
 boys and six girls of the parish of Ampney Crucis. A rent 
 charge of 80 a year is payable by the owner of the farm, for 
 this good purpose. There is a marble monument to the 
 memory of the amiable testator inside the communion rails, 
 on the north side of the church. He left two sisters, 
 co-heiresses, one Elizabeth, married Henry Kayner, LL.D., 
 and the other, Charlotte Louisa, married Dawnay, son of Lord 
 Viscount Downe. 
 
 On the death of Mr. Pleydell, and the removal of the 
 family from Ampney, they gave Gardiner a little house near 
 the park, distant from any other in the village. Here he 
 dwelt entirely by himself for above sixteen years, when age 
 and infirmities, and the misfortune of breaking his leg, obliged 
 him to have the attendance of a woman at certain hours of the 
 day, duiing the remaining ten years of his life. 2
 
 THOMAS GARDINER. 95 
 
 This strangely solitary life was spent in studious pursuits, 
 religious exercises, and charitable offices. He had come from 
 Oxford with a very competent knowledge of the Greok, Latin, 
 French, Spanish, and Italian languages ; and, during his 
 University career, had pursued all branches of study that were 
 then most cultivated. In his solitude much of this had been 
 neglected, and his attention almost entirely absorbed by 
 mystical divinity. 
 
 Keligious mysticism was much in the air, both in England 
 
 and other parts of Europe, during portions of the seventeenth 
 
 and eighteenth centuries. Jacob Boehnie, alias Teutonicus 
 
 Philosophus, the unlettered shoemaker of Gorlitz, writing 
 
 from 1612 tiU his death in 1624, sent forth a score of volumes 
 
 mightily affecting religious thought in various quarters. He, 
 
 doubtless, influenced John Saltmarsh, of Chigwell, the 
 
 Puritan preacher, who in 1647 published the little volume 
 
 " Sparkles of Glory," which Dr. Stoughton thinks influenced 
 
 Penn and others of the early Friends. Molinos in Spain, 
 
 Madame Guion in France, Swedenborg in Sweden, Jane 
 
 Leade and William Law in England, and many others, were 
 
 exerting a similar influence through this period. Gardiner 
 
 appears to have been a disciple of the German enthusiast 
 
 whose work "Aurora " he had noted with his own hand, and 
 
 whose principles he had methodised in order to make him 
 
 better understood. To Boehme's works he had added those of 
 
 Thauler, Madame Bourignou, Jane Leade, and Peter Poiret. 
 
 A treatise of the last named on the "Divine Economy" he 
 
 had formerly translated and published. With the writings of 
 
 Plato and Hierocles he was familiar, while from those of 
 
 Dionysius, the Areopagite, he had transcribed large quotations 
 
 in Greek. In support and illustration of his mysticism 
 
 he had also collected a number of texts from the 
 
 Septuagint, extending from Genesis to the Psalms, to which 
 
 he had prefixed the title " Expressions in Holy Scripture, 
 
 countenancing and explaining this heavenly-taught Philosophy 
 
 and Divinity." This was followed by a translation of another
 
 96 THOMAS GARDINER. 
 
 work entitled " The Devout Christian, the Beloved of God." 3 
 
 In addition to his beloved studies and times of religious 
 contemplation he was, as long as he was able, a strict 
 attendant at the parish church, not only frequenting the usual 
 services, but being present at baptisms and funerals, and on 
 other occasions. His critical observation was so keen and his 
 disapprobation so openly expressed that he must have been a 
 rather embarrassing hearer to officiating clergymen. He had 
 studied the Scriptures and the Liturgy with such care and 
 accuracy that not the least mistake could be made by a 
 clergyman in any part of the service but he was sure to note 
 it, and tell him of it. More than this, " if ever anything was 
 said in a sermon which he either did not understand or 
 approve, he always, before the congregation, gave marks of 
 his dislike." His conduct, in other respects, was most 
 singular. Sometimes on entering the church porch he would 
 fall down, and bowing his face to the ground continue there 
 all the service time, saying " he was not worthy to enter into 
 God's house in his present state." At other times, prostrating 
 himself in this manner after morning service, he would so 
 remain till the afternoon. In Lent he sometimes fasted till 
 his strength was almost spent ; and when he met with an 
 accident by which his leg was broken, he refused for a long 
 while to have the bone set, saying " he did not know but God 
 had sent that affliction for his eternal good." 
 
 In declining some services which Mr. Barnard, in one of 
 his visits to him, kindly proffered, Gardiner expressed his 
 thanks, but said that a man who for fifty years had been 
 resigned to the will of God had but little to do at his time of 
 life ; and " thanked God he could meet death the next moment 
 without concern." 
 
 His charities were extensive. During a great part of his 
 life he was in receipt of an annuity which was regularly paid 
 him from Wales, and which he chiefly employed in relieving 
 the wants of others who resorted to him for help. Thieves 
 as well as beggars profited by his eccentricity. He was
 
 THOMAS GARDINER. 07 
 
 repeatedly robbed by wretches who broke into his house while 
 he was at church. On one of these occasions he lost 100, 
 all the money he had, and which he had laid by for a 
 particular charitable use. Yet, the only concern he expressed 
 was that of pity for the miscreant who had committed the 
 theft. At another time when word was brought him, as he 
 was going to church, that a man was robbing his house, he 
 refused to send the key, being unwilling to have the rogue 
 taken. When on a third occasion of his house being plundered 
 he lost his watch, the Pleydell family sent him another, which 
 he kept but a day or two, and then returned to the Steward, 
 being unwilling to keep it lest " it might tempt people to be 
 wicked." A small portion of his time was spent in weeding 
 and keeping remarkably clean a little plot of ground adjoining 
 his house, and which is still called " Gardiner's Park." 
 
 While in the prime of his life he never admitted any 
 visitors but such as forced themselves upon him, and to these 
 he expressed such signs of uneasiness that they soon withdrew. 
 Mr. Barnard was an exception, and in the course of two short 
 visits was able to obtain more information than any one else 
 possessed. "That he had been an excellent -scholar," says 
 Mr. Barnard, " I make no doubt. Though for several years, 
 perhaps, he had not heard the sound of Greek, yet he 
 perfectly understood some parts of the Greek Testament, 
 which I read to him ; and if I made the least mistake in the 
 pronunciation, which I did to try him sometimes, he always 
 observed it. Add to this he gave some ready answers to 
 questions I put to him about difficult places." In answer to a 
 question he said that he " believed the Church of England to 
 be the most sound and pure church in the world, though he 
 differed from it in a few things;" and he maintained that 
 Mie Bible was sufficient to teach all men their duty. 
 ;. He was at this time about eighty-three years of age, and of 
 his personal appearance Mr. Barnard says, " I found him 
 almost sunk under the weight of age and poverty, but with a 
 serene and cheerful countenance." " He seems to bo (for I 
 
 G
 
 98 THOMAS GARDINER. 
 
 saw him sitting) a man of low stature, of a quick, piercing 
 eye, a serene, open, reverend countenance, which is increased 
 by the grey-ness of his hair and beard, the latter of which is 
 grown to a great length." 
 
 During the last years of his life, his friends being dead 
 and his income greatly reduced, his food was charitably 
 supplied to him by the steward of Lord Downe, who had 
 come into possession of the Ampney estate. 4 His death took 
 place in 1745, at the age of 88. The Eev. J. Hinton Bluck, 
 the present vicar of Ampuey Crucis, who has obligingly 
 supplied me with some of the facts in this narrative, says that 
 the parish register contains an entry [of his burial, but nothing 
 more. 
 
 It is no wonder that such a character was an enigma to his 
 neighbours, and that among the villagers he should be known 
 as the Hermit, the Wizard, the Madm/m, and thePopttA Priest. 
 Even the vicar of the parish did not know whether he was in 
 Holy Orders or not : but Mr. Barnard found that he had never 
 been ordained. An acquaintance with his favourite authors 
 will throw some light on the character and conduct of this 
 amiable mystic. The marvel is that his disciplined and well- 
 furnished mind should, under such circumstances of hardship, 
 have continued so long in captivity to his imagination. His 
 life is an instance, and certainly a very striking one, of the 
 strange ways in which earnest inquirers may be led by the 
 many bewildering influences which often respond to their 
 most heartfelt cry, "What is truth?" 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. The other parishes are Ampney St. Peter, or Eastington ; 
 Ampney St. Mary, or Ashbrook ; and Down Ampney, on the border of 
 Wilts. 
 
 2. I have corrected some dates and calculations in Mr. Barnard's 
 account as being evidently erroneous. 
 
 3. Among the strangest religious writers of the seventeenth century 
 was one John (?) Tryon, of Bibury, whose early life was passed as a sheep 
 boy on the Cotswold downs of his native parish. Migrating to London he
 
 THOMAS GAKDINEK. 99 
 
 engaged successfully in busines as a hatter ; and having become possessed 
 of some peculiar religious notions, wrote a little work which even for those 
 times was a most singular production. It is many years since I saw it, 
 and its perusal then suggested that its author was insane ; but perhaps he 
 was some sort of mystic. 
 
 4. The annuity, which he is said to have received from Wales, might 
 have been some regular allowance from funds, contributed by the Boevey 
 family and others, to aid needy non-jurors. As these benevolent patrons 
 died off the supplies would fail.
 
 ARCHBISHOP HORT. 
 
 16731751.] 
 
 fAKSHFIELD, situated- on the South Cotswolds at the 
 lower extremity of our county, and possessing in its 
 ancient church, old chapels, endowed schools, alms- 
 houses, weekly markets, annual fairs, and other buildings and 
 institutions, all the characteristic features of an old English 
 town, was the birthplace of JOSIAH HORT, an Archbishop of the 
 Irish Established Church, who was born February 2, 1G73. 
 He was the son of a Nonconformist gentleman named John 
 Hort, who, after sending him to a Grammar School in Bristol, 
 placed him for higher education, especially the study of 
 philosophy, at the academy of Mr. Thomas Eowe, where Dr. 
 Isaac Watts, one year his junior, was among his fellow- 
 students. This was probably followed by some special 
 training for the ministry, and in course of time, it is said, he 
 became pastor of the Nonconformist chapel in his native town. 
 
 In this position he does not seem to have continued long. 
 Under some influences, which we cannot now trace, he resolved 
 to enter the Established Church. Respectable as was the 
 course of study pursued by young Nonconformists at their 
 academies, yet they could not but feel how much they lost by 
 their unjust exclusion from the national universities, and, 
 doubtless, in some instances, ecclesiastical predilections were 
 sacrificed to ardent longings for higher educational advantages. 
 It might have been so with Hort ; at all events he went to 
 pursue further studies at Clare Hall, Cambridge. 
 
 In 1705 he was admitted into priest's orders by Dr. 
 Patrick, Bishop of Ely, in whose diocese he held a donative
 
 ARCHBISHOP HOET. 101 
 
 parish for some time, till by the favour of Lord Chancellor 
 Cooper he was instituted to the vicarage of Windsor. On the 
 appointment of the Marquis of "Wharton to the Lord 
 Lieutenancy of Ireland, in 1709, Hort accompanied him as 
 domestic chaplain to Dublin. 
 
 From this period his advancement is dated, his patron 
 soon conferring on him a benefice in the diocese of Meath. 
 The patronage being disputed he received no profits from it 
 for seven years ; but compensation was afforded by his 
 appointment in 1718, by Lord Bolton, who had become Lord 
 Lieutenant, to the rectory of Lowth, and the deanery of 
 Cloyne. In 1720 he was made dean of Ardagh, and by the 
 favour of another Lord Lieutenant the Duke of Grafton he 
 was raised in less than a year to the bishopric of Ferns and 
 Leighlin. This he held for six years, when he was translated 
 by Lord Carteret to the sees of Kilmore and Ardagh. During 
 the- sixteen years of his episcopacy here he spent large sums 
 in beautifying the church of Kilmore, improving the episcopal 
 house, and making gardens and plantations. 
 
 He was nearing the seventieth year of his age, when, in 
 January 1742, he was elevated to the Archbishopric of Tuarn, 
 one of the four Archbishoprics into which the Irish Established 
 Church was then divided. In addition to this high and 
 lucrative office he had license to retain the see of Ardagh in 
 commendam : an arrangement which led to the sees being ever 
 afterwards holden together. 
 
 His death at the age of seventy- eight, occurred December 
 14, 1751. He was buried in St. George's Chapel, a small 
 and now little-used church, near Mountjoy Square, Dublin, 
 where a monument to his memory bears a highly eulogistic 
 inscription. Lodge's "Peerage of Ireland" gives a long 
 account of the Archbishop's wife, who w r as a sister of the first 
 Earl of Kerry. Among his descendants are Dr. Hort, of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, one of the Bible Eevision 
 Committee : and Sir William F. G. Hort, Bart., of Kilkenny. 
 
 Among the Archbishop's published works is one entitled
 
 102 ARCHBISHOP HORT. 
 
 " Instructions to the Clergy of the Diocese of Tuam." This, 
 which was his primary charge delivered in 1742, has been so 
 highly approved as to have been reprinted several times by his 
 college at Cambridge. He also published a Thanksgiving 
 sermon in 1707 ; a Visitation sermon in 1709 : an Episcopal 
 charge in 1731 ; and a Volume of discourses in 1738. He 
 was a lover of Church music, and presented Tuam Cathedral 
 with an organ. 
 
 There is now a proposal to erect a window to his memory 
 in the Cathedral of his diocese, and it is hoped the project 
 will shortly be carried into effect.
 
 DR. JAMES BRADLEY, F.R.S. 
 
 [1692 17G2.] 
 
 Thou hast measured the belt of Saturn, thou hast weighed the moons 
 of Jupiter, 
 
 And seen, by reason's eye, the centre of thy globe ; 
 
 Subtly hast thou numbered by billions the leagues between sun and 
 sun, 
 
 And noted in thy book the coming of their shadows ; 
 
 With marvellous unerring truth, thou knovvest to an inch and to an 
 instant 
 
 The where and the when of the comet's path that shall seem to rush by 
 at thy command." 
 
 Martin Tuppcr. 
 
 STEONOMY, treating of the greatest material works of 
 the Creator, may well hold the first place as the 
 noblest of physical sciences. In the extent of its 
 observations and the vastness of its discoveries no other study 
 can compare with it ; nor does any other inquiry make such 
 high demands upon man's mental faculties. To devise means 
 whereby the heavenly bodies may be traced in their courses 
 involves efforts of sublimest genius : while the use of these 
 methods calls for the exercise of equal intellectual power. 
 Qualities of the highest order are, therefore, required for its 
 pursuit ; and as knowledge of its stupendous truths is gained, 
 the mind of its student becomes enlarged and elevated. 
 
 It is no wonder, then, that popular imagination invests the 
 astronomer with somewhat of that glory which pertains to 
 the objects of his contemplation ; and that around the names 
 of the great students of this science there beams a halo of 
 celestial brightness. Grouped in the firmament of human 
 knowledge they form its most glorious constellation ; and 
 where Copernicus and Tycho Brahe, Keplar and Galileo.
 
 104 DR. JAMES BRADLEY, F.R.S. 
 
 Newton, the Herscliells, and others shine as stars of the first 
 magnitude, there our own eminent countyman, JAMKS 
 BRADLEY, fills a conspicuous place. 
 
 The Bradley s, from whom this remarkable man descended, 
 were a branch of a family originally seated at Bradley 
 Castle, in the county of Durham. When, and under what 
 circumstances, they came into Gloucestershire, cannot be told. 
 It is also uncertain where they first settled. The birthplace 
 of James has been thought doubtful ; the honour having 
 been claimed for two rural parishes on the Cotswolds. One 
 of these is the pleasant village of Hampnett, the source of the 
 river Lech, about a mile north-west of the little town of 
 Northleach. That his parents resided there for several years, 
 and that some of their children were born in that parish there 
 can be no doubt. The Rev. W. Wiggin, M.A., the present 
 rector, in reply to some inquiries, courteously writes : 
 
 " I'have gone very carefully twice through the register of this parish, 
 from the year 1080 to the year 1710, and can only find the following 
 entries ; alas ! none of James Bradley : 
 
 Elenor, daughter of William Bradley, yeoman, and Jane, his wife, 
 born 28th December, baptised Gtli January, 1G80. 
 
 John, born 16th July, baptised 21th July, 1C.82. 
 
 Mary, born 18th August, baptised 2nd September, 10S4." 
 
 It would appear that after this date the family removed to 
 the pretty village of Sherborne, lying on the banks of the 
 Windrush, three miles east of Northleach, the register of that 
 parish containing an entry of the baptism of William, son of 
 William Bradley and Jane, his wife, July 27th, 1689. Most 
 accounts give March, 1692, as the date at which James was 
 born, and Sherborne as the place of his nativity. But as 
 " there is a long gap in the register between 1690 to 1703," 
 no record of his birth or baptism can be found. For this 
 omission in the parish records, the Rev. H. Madan Pratt, M.A., 
 the present vicar, who has obligingly furnished these 
 particulars, says he cannot at all account. That Sherborne 
 was the birthplace of the future Astronomer Royal cannot 
 be reasonably disputed.
 
 DR. JAMES BRADLEY, F.R.S. 105 
 
 The boy's early education was obtained at Northleacli 
 Grammar School, and on 15th March, 1711, he was admitted 
 as a Commoner to Baliol College, Oxford. His mother, who 
 was a native of Bishop Cannings, near Devizes, was a sister 
 to the Eev. Dr. James Pound, who, as an astronomical 
 observer and a man of great learning and genius, ranks high 
 among the worthies of Wiltshire ; and young Bradley, who 
 hud been named after him, appears to have owed much to his 
 generosity and influence. Dr. Pound, who was at this period 
 incumbent of Wanstead, in Essex, regarded the boy with 
 much affection, assisted in the expenses of his education, 
 invited him on visits to his own house, and on one occasion 
 nursed him through an attack of the small pox. The affection 
 seems to have been reciprocal : the nephew spent a great part 
 of his vacations with his uncle, acquiring astronomical 
 knowledge and assisting him in his scientific pursuits. This 
 intimate association with so remarkable a man doubtless 
 exercised a great influence upon his character and future 
 career. 
 
 His course at Oxford was successful. He took his B.A. 
 degree in 1714, and proceeded M.A. three years later. In 
 March, 1716, he had sent from Oxford a communication to the 
 Royal Society containing an account of a remarkable Aurora 
 Borealis which had appeared on the 6th of that month. The 
 paper would seem to have made a favourable impression, for 
 on the 23rd October, 1718, at a meeting where Sir Isaac 
 Newton presided, Dr. Halley proposed him as a Fellow of 
 the Society, and he was at once elected, together with 
 another whose name has come down to posterity Nicholas 
 Saunderson, the celebrated blind mathematician. 
 
 Having been educated for the Church, Mr. Bradley wa& 
 admitted into Holy Orders, and in 1719 was presented by Dr. 
 Hoadley, Bishop of Hereford, to the vicarage of Bridstow, 
 near Eoss. The Bishop also appointed him his chaplain. 
 The following year, the Prince of Wales presented him to the 
 rectory of Llandewi, in the north of Monmouthshire.
 
 100 DR. JAMES BRADLEY, F.R.S. 
 
 His position in the Church was good and his prospects 
 bright ; but his heart was with science rather than divinity ; 
 and the study of astronomy was more congenial to his tastes 
 than the performance of clerical duties. His desires were soon 
 gratified. In 1721, though not yet thirty years of age, he 
 was elected Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford ; and 
 accordingly, resigning his preferments and chaplaincy, he 
 was left at full liberty for his astronomical pursuits. These 
 were prosecuted with untiring perseverance and crowned witli 
 much success. 
 
 Among the most important additions which have been 
 made to astronomy since the appearance of Newton's Principia 
 is that of the discovery of the aberration of the fixed stars. 
 As early as 1725 Bradley was occupied at Kew with those 
 intricate investigations of which this brilliant discovery was 
 the outcome. Astronomical writers have delighted to tell of 
 his patient sagacity, and to record the triumphs of his genius. 
 Night after night found the persevering observer at his post, 
 till long years of laborious examination were crowned with 
 success. The phenomenon "which consisted in an apparent 
 movement of all the fixed stars in a minute orbit, which was 
 accomplished in a year for every individual, and showed that 
 it depended in some way on the orbitual revolution of the 
 earth," had long eluded his highest sagacity. He could give it 
 no satisfactory explanation, till, at length, a simple incident 
 suggested the long-sought solution. Accompanying a pleasure 
 party on the river Thames, " he noticed that the wind seemed 
 to shift each time the boat put about, and a question put to 
 the boatman brought the (to him) significant reply that the 
 changes in the direction of the vane at the top of the mast 
 were merely due to changes in the boat's course, the wind 
 remaining steady throughout. This was the clue he wanted. 
 He divined at once that the progressive transmission of light 
 combined with the advance of the earth in its orbit, must 
 cause an annual shifting of the direction in which the heavenly 
 bodies are seen, by an amount depending upon the ratio of 
 the two velocities."
 
 DR. JAMES BRADLEY, F.R,S. 107 
 
 This led to the grand discovery of the aberration of light, 
 which was first announced by the modest discoverer in a 
 letter to his friend, Dr. Halley, who read it to the Koyal 
 Society in January, 1729. "Never," it is said, "was a 
 more minutely satisfactory explanation offered of a highly 
 complex phenomenon, an explanation which has never been 
 disputed, and has scarcely been corrected." This same 
 year he commenced the delivery of lectures on Experimental 
 Philosophy, at Oxford, a work which he continued till 1760. 
 
 In 1732 he took part in some trials at sea of Hadley's 
 sextants, of which he expressed approval. 
 
 His reputation had risen HO high that in 1742 he was 
 appointed Astronomer Royal of England, being the third 
 who had borne this proud title the first having been John 
 Flamsteed, and the second the celebrated Dr. Halley whom he 
 immediately succeeded. The circumstances attending this 
 appointment are worthy of note. Dr. Halley had long been 
 anxious that Professor Bradley should become his successor, 
 and had proposed to resign in his favour. On his death, the 
 Earl of Macclesfield at once applied to Lord Chancellor 
 Hardwicke seeking the office for Bradley. In doing so he 
 used a powerful argument. Sir Isaac Newton had declared 
 Bradley to be the " best astronomer in Europe." This dirtiiin 
 the Earl now quoted and the application was successful. He 
 was appointed on the 3rd February, and was created D.D. at 
 Oxford on the 22nd of the same month. 
 
 The high office to which he was thus raised then yielded 
 but the paltry sum of 100 per annum, the amount originally 
 granted to Flamsteed. Even this was reduced to 90 by fees 
 deducted from it at some of the public offices ! For nearly 
 ten years he received only this unworthy amount for his 
 devoted and valuable services ; and out of this he paid his 
 nephew John Bradley .26 a year for his services as assistant. 
 
 The amount of work he accomplished is described as 
 enormous, and in 1718 his labour were rewarded by another 
 great discovery that of the Nutation of the earth's axis. It
 
 108 DR. JAMES BRADLEY, F.R.S. 
 
 was the result of twenty years' watching and waiting ; and it 
 formed tho subject of a most valuable and interesting 
 communication to the lloyal Society. By this and his 
 previous discovery astronomers were, for the first time, 
 enabled to make tables of the motions of the heavenly bodies 
 with the necessary accuracy. The presentation of the Copley 
 medal was some acknowledgement of the service which he 
 had thus rendered science. 
 
 The meanness of his salary seems at length to have 
 awakened some attention, and in 1751 he was offered the 
 vicarage of Greenwich as a means of augmenting his income ; 
 but feeling the impossibility of fulfilling the duties both of 
 Astronomer Koyal, and of a parish clergyman he conscientiously 
 declined it. His conduct met with approval in the highest 
 quarters, and almost immediately George II. granted him a 
 pension of 250 per annum, " in consideration of his great 
 skill and knowledge in the several branches of astronomy and 
 the other parts of mathematics, which have proved so useful 
 to the trade and navigation of the kingdom." Honours now 
 fell thick upon him. He received distinctions from the learned 
 societies of Berlin, Petersburg!!, Boulougne, and other places ; 
 while correspondence reached him from astronomers in all 
 parts of the world. 
 
 For another ten years he held his high office, labouring 
 with the extraordinary diligence which his love of his noble 
 pursuits impelled. On the 1st September, 1761, he made an 
 entry recording an observation of the sun's transit. It was 
 the last he made there. His health had for some years been 
 failing and producing great depression of spirits ; it now so 
 gave way that he retired to the house of his father-in-law, 
 Samuel Peach, Esq., of Chalford, in his native county. He 
 had often been distressed by the fear that life would be 
 continued after reason had gone ; but his great mental 
 faculties remained unimpaired till his death, which resulted 
 from internal inflammation. He died 20th July, 17C2, having 
 passed , by some few mouths, the allotted " three score years 
 and ten."
 
 DR. JAMES BRADLEY, F.R.S. 100 
 
 He was laid to rest ill Minchinhampton churchyard ; and 
 a table-tomb, with brass plate bearing a Latin inscription 
 written by Dr. Blayuey, of Oxford, was erected over his 
 grave. The inscription has been thus translated : 
 
 "Here lies buried James Bradley, D.D., Member of the Royal 
 Societies of London, Paris, Berlin, and Petersburg]} ; Astronomer Royal ; 
 Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford ; a man highly esteemed for 
 his knowledge of philosophy, especially in the investigation of abstruse 
 points ; so successfully diligent, and of such great wisdom, that those of 
 every nation who devoted themselves to those pursuits freely owned his 
 superiority : and at the same time of such rare modesty, that he alone 
 seemed ignorant of the high reputation in which he was held by the most 
 competent judges. He died 12 July, 1702, aged 70." 
 
 His mother is buried near the same spot and there is, or 
 was, a tombstone bearing the following inscription : 
 
 "Jane, relict of William Bradley, of Combend, in the parish of 
 Elkstone, and mother of the Rev. Dr. Bradley, of Greenwich, died 
 September 20, 1747, axed 94 years." 
 
 Dr. Bradley left a mass of valuable manuscripts behind 
 him. From these a volume of his Observations was published 
 in 1798, which was followed by another volume in 1805. In 
 1832 a third volume was edited and published as his 
 " Miscellaneous Works," by one of his successors in the chair 
 of Astronomy at Oxford, Professor S. P. Bigaud, who 
 prefixed to the publication an interesting memoir. The 
 original MSS. are deposited in the Bodleian Library. 
 
 The moral qualities of this great man were worthy of his 
 mental endowments. So deep and genuine was his modesty 
 that it is said " no homage could overthrow it," and, through 
 all successes and under all honours, he remained the same 
 unassuming man. Humane, benevolent, and land, he was a 
 dutiful son, an indulgent husband, a tender father, and a 
 steady friend. 
 
 Portraits of him are preserved at Oxford. A dial erected 
 by command of William IV. marks the spot at Kew where 
 he began the observations which led to his great discoveries of 
 the Aberration of Light and the Nutation of the Earth's Axis. 
 
 The history of the brass tablet originally placed on his
 
 110 DR. .TAMKS BKADI.EY, F.R.S. 
 
 toinb lias been a singular one. In 1825, a thief named Diego 
 Samiuos (probably a foreigner) stole it from the stone to 
 which it was affixed. He wan arrested, tried at Gloucester 
 Sessions, and sentenced to six months' imprisonment. The 
 brass was recovered, but, instead of being restored to its 
 proper place, was fixed " high out of reach and sight," to the 
 wall on the east side of the southern transept of the church, 
 where it still is. 
 
 The tonib itself is now in a dilapidated condition. 
 Some years ago Mr. C. R. Baynes, of The Lammas, 
 Minchmhampton, in a most intereresting article published 
 in the Xtroud Xews, drew attention to these facts ; and, at the 
 same time, opened a correspondence with Sir John Airey, 
 then Astronomer Eoyal. The laudable object Mr. Baynes had 
 in view was two-fold : the restoration of the tomb to its 
 former condition, and the erection of a suitable memorial 
 tablet in the church itself ; the whole cost of which would not 
 exceed 50. Neither the appeal to the public, nor that to the 
 representative of astronomical science elicited the desired 
 response. 
 
 The project was again revived at the Stroud meetings 
 of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 
 in July, 1880. On that occasion the members visited 
 Minchinhampton Church, and both the rector, the Eev. E. C. 
 Oldfield, M.A., and Mr. Baynes brought the subject under 
 their notice. Nothing was done ; but the Editor of the 
 Transactions, commenting on these proceedings, reasonably 
 observes : "To perpetuate the memory of so eminent a 
 Gloucestershire man is a work which may well be undertaken 
 by the inhabitants of the county, and doubtless the sum of 
 50, if necessary for the purpose, would without difficulty be 
 raised upon a suitable appeal being made." 
 
 The simple facts of the case form the best appeal, and is it 
 too much to hope that they will prove a sufficient one ? The 
 restoration of the tomb should be the first aim : that 
 accomplished, something more might well be done. How
 
 DR. JAMKS BRADLEY, F.R.S. Ill 
 
 maiiy glorious subjects the pages of the Bible and the expanse 
 of the heavens would supply to illustrate the labours and 
 preserve the memory of this devout astronomer ! And would 
 not such memorials of his worth and genius find appropriate 
 places in the church of the parish where the light of hi& 
 life first dawned, and in that of the parish where he was 
 In id to rest when his sun had set ? Thus, though dead, he 
 would yet speak, testifying that " The heavens declare the 
 glory of God ; and the firmament showeth His handy work."
 
 BISHOP WARBURTON. 
 
 [10981779.] 
 
 PEEACHER at one of the recent Lenten services in 
 the Nave of the Cathedral, quoted the opinion of 
 Bishop \Yarburton on a controverted passage of 
 Scripture. In doing so lie spoke of the Bishop as having 
 "lived among the men of Gloucester " more than a hundred 
 years ago. To many of the congregation it was an unknown 
 name. " What Bishop did the preacher say ?" inquired one 
 friend of another. " Warburton," was the reply ; but it 
 was insufficient. " Warburton, Warburton," continued the 
 inquirer, " who was Warburton ?" To this question a mural 
 monument at the west end of the north aisle of the Cathedral 
 supplies some answer ; but it admits of a much fuller one, 
 which this sketch is designed to give. The materials of which 
 it consists have been gathered from numerous sources, but 
 chiefly from " Some Account of the Life, Writings, and 
 Character of Bishop Warburton," by Bishop Hurd, 1788; and 
 " The Life of William Warburton, D.D." by the Eev. John 
 Selby Watson, M.A., M.E.S.L., 1863. 
 
 Dr. WILLIAM WARBURTON, who filled the see of Gloucester 
 from the beginning of 1760 till the middle of 1779, was one 
 of the greatest theological writers and controversialists of the 
 last century. This remarkable man was descended from 
 an ancient Cheshire family, but was born at Newark, in 
 Nottinghamshire, on Christmas Eve, 1698. At the age of 
 eight he was left fatherless ; but his education was carried on 
 at good schools, where he acquired a competent knowledge of 
 Greek and Latin. When fifteen years old he was placed with
 
 BISHOP WARBURTON. 113 
 
 an attorney at Great Markham, with whom he remained five 
 years. During this period the bent of his genius appeared in 
 a passionate love of reading and a devotion to classical and 
 other studies, so that by the time his articles had expired he 
 had laid a good foundation of general knowledge. Eesolving 
 to enter the Church, he placed himself under the instruction 
 of a clerical cousin, and was at length ordained deacon at the 
 age of iAventy-five, and priest at twenty-eight, without having 
 had the advantages of a University education. 
 
 His first living was that of Greaseley, in Nottinghamshire, 
 of about 134 per annum, which he obtained in 1729. The 
 following year having by the influence of Sir Kobert Sutton 
 been create! Master of Arts at Cambridge, he was presented 
 by the same gentleman to the vicarage of Brant-Broughton, 
 in Lincolnshire, worth 560 a year ; where he took up his 
 abode with his mother and sisters. Two years afterwards the 
 Duke of Newcastle presented him to the living of Frisby in 
 the same county, which added 250 to his annual income. 
 It was during this period of rural retirement from 1728 to 
 1746 that he either wrote or projected the works with which 
 his name and fame are most closely associated " The 
 Alliance between Church and State," and " The Divine 
 Legation of Moses." His miscellaneous productions were 
 numerous, and, in addition to the labours of an author, he 
 undertook those of an editor. Having formed a friendship 
 with Pope, he sent out an edition of that poet's works ; and, 
 after devoting considerable attention to a critical study of 
 Shakespeare, he at length issued an annotated edition of his 
 plays, " whereon," he says, " he had bestowed some of those 
 leisure hours which he could spare from the duties of his 
 sacred function." 
 
 In 1745 Warburton married Miss Gertrude Tucker, the 
 niece of Mr. Ealph Allen, a gentleman then residing at Prior 
 Park, near Bath, at which beautiful mansion Warburton soon 
 took up his abode. The following year he was honoured by being 
 unanimously appointed to the preachership of Lincoln's Inn.
 
 114 BISHOP WARBURTON. 
 
 His connection with Gloucester commenced in the early 
 part of 1753. For many years he had been most intimate 
 with Charles Yorke, the son of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke, 
 of Hardwicke Court, and Lord Hardwicke now offered him 
 a prebend at the Cathedral as a mark of regard. He accepted 
 the favour with thanks, and when, in the following year, he 
 published a new edition of " The Divine Legation," he 
 dedicated it to this patron. Bishop Hurd says: " Some who- 
 were curious in observing coincidences, and meant to do 
 honour both to the patron and client, took notice that the 
 stall to which Mr. Warburton was preferred was the same in 
 which the Lord Chancellor Nottingham, that great patron 
 of all the learned Churchmen of his time, had placed Dr. 
 Cudworth." 1 
 
 During the two years he occupied this stall he published a 
 vigorous attack on Lord Bolingbroke's writings, under the 
 title of " A view of Lord Bolingbroke's Philosophy, in Four 
 Letters to a Friend," the first two of which came out in 
 1754, and the others in 1755. In September, 1754, he was 
 appointed one of the King's chaplains in ordinary ; and on 
 this occasion took his doctor's degree from Dr. Herring, 
 Archbishop of Canterbury. The offer of a prebend of '500 
 a year at Durham tempted him from Gloucester. While 
 affecting to depreciate preferment he seems never to have 
 declined it. Of his indifference to clerical vestments and his 
 impatience under personal annoyance, an illustration comes 
 from Durham. " A friend of ours," says a writer in the 
 Quarterly Review, " many years ago, on being shown, among 
 the curiosities of Durham Cathedral, the splendid vestments 
 formerly worn by the prebendaries, asked how they had come 
 to be disused : when the verger said : ' It happened in my 
 time. Did you ever hear of one Dr. Warburton, sir ? A 
 very hot man he was, sir ; we never could please him in 
 putting on his robe. The stiff high collar used to ruffle 
 his great full-bottomed wig ; till one day he threw the robe off 
 in a great passion and said he would never wear it again ,-
 
 BISHOP WARBURTON. 115 
 
 and lie never did; and the other gentlemen soon left off 
 theirs' too.' ' 
 
 In 1756 Warburton was gratified by the birth of a son, 
 the only child he had, and of whom, as the boy grew up, he 
 became extremely fond. " Being asked to what profession he 
 should devote him, he said he would determine according to 
 his ability. If he proved himself a lad of good parts, he 
 should make him a lawyer ; if but mediocre, he should breed 
 him a physician ; but that if he turned out a very dull 
 fellow he should put him into the Church." 
 
 Political influence was again at work for Warburton's 
 further preferment, and he was promoted to the Deanery of 
 Bristol in September, 1757. Some irregularity in "reading 
 himself in " has raised the question whether he ever was, in 
 legal strictness, the Dean of Bristol. It happened to be a 
 Saint's day on which the rubric orders the Athanasian 
 creed to be read. Warburton from some cause omitted it. 
 Dissatisfaction was expressed by leading members of the 
 congregation, and he went through the ceremony, including 
 the omitted creed, on the following Sunday. On neither 
 occasion were the directions of the rubric complied with, and 
 the legal doubt remained ; but the Bristolians were satisfied. 
 
 He had scarcely entered on this new office than he was 
 " tempted to have a stroke at Hume," and published an 
 anonymous work against him. But his deanship was of 
 short duration. In less than two years and a quarter he was 
 nominated to the see of Gloucester vacant by the death of 
 Bishop Johnson. 
 
 At his consecration, January 20, 1760, he requested Dr. 
 Newton, Bishop of Bristol, to preach the sermon usual 
 on such occasions. In doing so, the preacher delicately 
 commended the new Bishop as eminent for literature, 
 conspicuous as a preacher, and illustrious as an author whose 
 advancement to his high station in the Church was both a 
 security to religion and an encouragement to learning. Mr. 
 Pitt, too, gloried in Warburton's promotion, as an honour to
 
 116 BISHOP WARBUBTON. 
 
 his administration, and declared that nothing of a private 
 nature, since he had been in office, had given him so much 
 pleasure as bringing him upon the bench. 
 
 Immediately after his consecration lie appointed Kurd, 
 with whom he had contracted a close and lasting friendship, 
 his chaplain, and assigned him a room called the Abbot's 
 apartment in the old palace of Gloucester. 2 He himself 
 continued for some years to reside at Prior Park. 
 
 On January 30 he appeared as preacher before the Lords 
 on the anniversary of "King Charles the Martyr." The 
 sermon was considered one of his best, and by far the best 
 that had ever been preached on the occasion. It contained 
 much, however, both of fact and of opinion, which must have 
 made the ears of the "Martyr's " admirers tingle. Discussing 
 the King's character in no flattering terms, he concludes : 
 " In a word, his Princely qualities were neither great enough, 
 nor bad enough, to succeed in that most difficult of all 
 attempts, the enslaving a free and jealous people." 
 
 Warburton was nevertheless a stickler for prerogative ; 
 but on some occasions met more than his match. An 
 amusing instance, which occurred at Prior Park, is told by 
 Walpole : " The saucy priest," he says, " was haranguing in 
 behalf of prerogative." Quin (the player) said, "Pray, my 
 Lord, spare me ; you are not acquainted with my principles ; 
 I am a republican ; and perhaps I even think that the 
 execution of Charles I. might be justified." " Aye," said 
 Warburton, "by what law ? " Quin replied, " By all the laws 
 he had left them." The Bishop would have got off upon 
 judgments, and bade the player remember that all the 
 regicides came to violent ends a lie, but no matter. " I 
 would not advise your Lordship " said Quin, " to make use 
 of that inference ; for if I am not mistaken, that was the 
 case of the twelve apostles." There was great wit ad hominem 
 in the latter reply, but I think the former equal to anything I 
 ever heard. It is the sum of the whole controversy couched 
 in eight monosyllables, and comprehends at once the king's
 
 BISHOP WARBURTON. 117 
 
 guilt and the justice of punishing it. The more one examines 
 it the finer it proves." 
 
 In a Triennial Charge delivered in 1761 he emphatically 
 warned his clergy against studies extraneous to their 
 profession hy the pursuit of which they would seem to 
 neglect the interests of the Church. Some of his hearers 
 remembering his editions of Shakespeare and Pope and other 
 literary labours, were probably tempted to retort with the old 
 proverb " Physician heal thyself.'' In the same year he 
 addressed a letter to them on the subject of Confirmation, 
 giving directions coneei'ning the rite and enjoining great care 
 in the due preparation of candidates. There was doubtless 
 much need for this increased strictness. But the Bishop was 
 not very hopeful as to the result. " All will depend," he says, 
 writing to Hnrd on the matter, " upon the clergy's observing 
 my directions, an attention to me which I do not expect." 
 Such incidents give unfavourable glimpses of the clergy of the 
 period. 
 
 It was a stirring period, and of one feature of the times 
 Bishop Hurd thus speaks : " What is called Methodism had 
 now spread among the people. It was a new species of 
 Puritanism, or rather the old one revived under a new name. 
 This sect first appeared at Oxford, where two fellows of 
 Colleges, Mr. George Whitefield and Mr. John Wesley, were 
 its chief promoters and supports. They were both of them, 
 it may he, frank enthusiasts in setting out. The former is 
 said to have been a weak, the latter unquestionably a shrewd 
 man." 
 
 " Warburton having," his biographer goes on to say, 
 " watched Wesley's movements with care for some years, 
 now thought he had gained such insight into his views and 
 character as to be able to give a full and fair account of him 
 to the public." Of Whitefield he had written twenty years 
 before, " I have seen Whitefield's Journal, and he appears to 
 be as mad as ever George Fox the Quaker was :" while he had 
 not hesitated to rank Wesley among " over-heated bigots "
 
 118 BISHOP WABBUKTON. 
 
 and "idle fanatics." Now, seated on the episcopal tliroue, 
 he proceeded to expose and denounce their "unreasoning 
 enthusiasm," in two volumes entitled, "The Doctrine of 
 Grace ; or the Office and Operations of the Holy Spirit 
 Vindicated from the .Insults of Infidelity and the abuses of 
 Fanaticism." The Methodists " not being accessible to 
 reason," says Hurd, " he attacked them with ridicule, in 
 holding up to view and exposing their leader and archetype, 
 John Wesley, out of the materials largely provided for him in 
 that adventurer's own journals." It was not difficult to lind 
 superstitious narrations and weak reasonings in these records, 
 and seizing upon some of these the Bishop dealt many heaA'y 
 blows against Wesley and his friends. If bitterness of spirit 
 and hard speeches could have destroyed the rising sect, 
 Methodism would have perished in its infancy. The core of 
 his fierce feeling is, perhaps, indicated in his enquiry, " What 
 more strongly tends to tumult and disorder than for one who 
 professes to propagate only the plain old religion of the 
 Church of England, to set at nought its established discipline^ 
 by invading the province of the parochial minister ; by 
 assembling in undue places and at unfit times ; by speaking 
 evil of dignities, in scurrilous invectives against the governors 
 and pastors of the National Church ?" 
 
 Wesley replied in " A letter to the Right Rev. Lord Bishop 
 of Gloucester," and \Vhitefield in a pamphlet of twenty- 
 four pages. Another reply proceeded from the Rev. John 
 Andrews, LL.B., of St, Mary's |Hall, Oxford, who, after a 
 long visit to America, had become vicar of Stinchcombe. 
 His pamphlet, containing two hundred more pages than 
 Whitefield's, was a dull and pointless performance, but 
 its publication added fuel to the fire that had long been 
 burning in the prelate's breast. For some time before, 
 Mr. Andrews had given his diocesan offence by his open 
 attachment to Methodism, and his preachings in con- 
 nection with Lady Huntingdon and her followers. The 
 spirit and style in which he had been admonished and
 
 BISHOP WARBURTON. 119 
 
 threatened will appear from the following letter : 
 
 "March 25th, 1763. 
 
 "MR. ANDREWS, I have received several complaints of you. Those 
 which concern your own curacy are on account of your frequent absence, 
 and for not giving your parish service both morning and afternoon on a 
 Sunday. Unless I have satisfaction on these two particulars, more 
 especially the former, I shall revoke your license by process in my court. 
 I shall insist upon your constant residence in your parish, not so much 
 from the good you are likely to do there, as to prevent the mischief you 
 may do by rambling about in other places. Your Bishop and (though 
 your fanatic conduct has almost made me ashamed to own it) your Patron, 
 
 W. GLOUCESTER. 
 
 Andrews replied that he had resided hi his parish two 
 years and. nine months out of three years he had held the 
 living ; and also reminded the Bishop that in a certain 
 interview he had given him leave in consideration of the 
 smallness of the income, and of the delicate state of Mrs. 
 Andrews' health, to officiate at Stinchcombe only once on a 
 Sunday. The Bishop's rejoinder was short, if not sweet : 
 
 "If I indulged you in giving your parish only one service on a 
 Sunday, I hereby revoke the indulgence, and insist on your giving them 
 full service. 
 
 W. GLOUCESTER." 
 
 It was a sort of wolf and lamb controversy, which was 
 brought to a point by the publication of the pamphlet, after 
 which " the diocese of Gloucester was rendered too hot for 
 Mr. Andrews." Archbishop Seeker, however, came to his 
 help, and gave him some preferment in Kent. 
 
 Bishop Hurd predicts that " The Doctrine of Grace " is 
 " a composition which will be read when the ridiculed sect 
 will either be forgotten, or will find a sort of immortality in 
 its pages." This over-confident prophecy is not yet fulfilled ; 
 nor is there, at present, any sign of its accomplishment. It 
 may even be thought by some that, not improbably, the names 
 of Warburton and Hurd will be forgotten before those of 
 Whitefield and Wesley. 
 
 In 1764, Mr. Allen died at Prior Park, leaving legacies of 
 5,000 each to "Warburtou and his wife. In addition to this 
 the reversion of Prior Park and other property of about 3,000
 
 liiO BISHOP WARBURTON. 
 
 a year, was left to Mrs. Warburton on the death of Mrs. 
 Allen, an event which occurred about two years afterwards. 
 Tliis acquisition of riches was counterbalanced by the Bishop's 
 failure of health. He, however, continued to do much work 
 and sent out fresh editions of the " Alliance " and the 
 " Divine Legation." But he was sensible of growing 
 weakness, and in the early spring of 1708 admitted that 
 while he had " the same appetite for knowledge and learned 
 converse he ever had," yet he " had not the same appetite for 
 writing and printing." " It is time," he querulously added, 
 "to begin to live for myself: I have lived for others longer 
 than they deserved of me." It should be said that the season 
 at which he was then writing the months of February and 
 March he considered to be the "most unfriendly to the 
 health of mind and body of any throughout the whole year." 
 
 In the summer of 17G9 he visited Hurd, who for some 
 years had held the living of Thurcastoii, in Leicestershire. 
 His decay of strength was then so apparent that Hurd after- 
 wards wrote advising him to relax his studies. He pleasantly 
 replied : " I have received your kind letter of advice, and shall, 
 in the banker's phrase, accept <uul tumour the content*. You 
 know by experience how difficult it is, when we have got into 
 a wicked habit of thinking, to leave it off. All I can promise 
 is, if that will satisfy you, to think to no purpose ; and this I 
 know by experience I can do, having done so for many a good 
 day. 
 
 " I think you have often heard me say that my delicious 
 season is the autumn, the season which gives most life and 
 vigour to my mental faculties. The light mists, or as Milton 
 calls them, the steams, that rise from the fields in one of these 
 mornings, give the same relief to the views, that the blue of 
 the plum (to take my ideas from the season) gives to the 
 appetite. But I now enjoy little of this pleasure, compared to 
 what I formerly had in an autumn morning, \\hen I used, 
 with a book in my hand, to traverse the delightful lanes and 
 hedge-rows round about the town of Newark, the
 
 BISHOP WARBURTON. 121 
 
 place of my nativity. Besides, my rheumatism now keeps 
 me within in a morning, till the sun has exhaled the Hue of 
 the plum." 
 
 In August of this year (1769), the Bishop left Prior Park, 
 and took up his permanent abode at the Palace at Gloucester,, 
 where he had heen accustomed to spend the summer months 
 of every year. Dr. Tucker was at this time Dean, but they 
 do not appear to have been on very cordial terms. 
 
 An accidental fall while reaching a volume from a high 
 shelf in his library, probably hastened the decay of his powers* 
 In 1771, Hurd, writing to Mrs. Warburton, expressed the' 
 opinion that the Bishop would write no more. Far from 
 resenting this, he wrote in reply, " I received this news with 
 an approving smile. I was charmed with the tenderness of 
 friendship, which contained, in so inoffensive a manner, that 
 fatal secret which Gil Bias was incapable of doing, as he 
 ought, to his patron, the Archbishop of Granada." 
 
 Horace Walpole happening to be at Gloucester in 1774, 
 probably while on a visit to his friend George Selwyn, of I 
 Matsou, made the Bishop a call. He found him very infirm, ^ 
 speaking with much hesitation, and beginning to lose his 
 memory. His powers were still more weakened and clouded 
 by the death of his son the following year. The youth, who- 
 had shown good abilities, had been intended for the law, and 
 was placed at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, but his health was- 
 feeble and he died in his twentieth year. From this date the 
 sorrowing father's existence was little more than a blank. At 
 times his faculties would re-assert somewhat of their old 
 power ; but generally his condition was that of forgetfulness 
 and inattention, and he thus languished till the summer of 
 1779. In the beginning of June of that year he drew near to* 
 death ; and on the 7th " in a momentary revival of intellect 
 he asked an attendant, in a quiet rational tone, ' Is my son 
 really dead,- or not ? ' The servant hesitated how to reply, 
 when the Bishop repeated the question in a firmer voice* 
 The attendant then answered, ' As your lordship presses the
 
 122 BISHOP WARBURTON. 
 
 question, I must say, he is dead.' ' I thought so,' said 
 Warburton, and soon after expired." 
 
 It has been remarked that few men of such eminence have 
 passed to the grave with so little notice. The periodicals, with 
 one or two exceptions, were silent respecting him. Even the 
 Gloucester Journal contained nothing but the following brief 
 notice: " On Monday night last died at the Palace in this 
 city, the Eight Eev. William Lord Bishop of this Diocese, in 
 the 81st year of his age. His lordship was consecrated 19th 
 of January, 1760." Wesley, on hearing of his death, said 
 " He is gone to rest, I well hope, in Abraham's bosom." 
 
 The marble monument in the Cathedral, erected by his 
 widow, bears the following inscription, written by Hurd, over 
 .a medallion portrait ; 
 
 To the Memory of 
 
 WILLIAM WARBURTON, D.D., 
 
 For more than nineteen years Bishop of this See : 
 
 A Prelate 
 Of the most sublime Genius and exquisite Learning, 
 
 Both which Talents 
 He employed, through a long life, 
 
 in the support 
 of what he firmly believed, 
 
 the Christian Religion, 
 and of what he esteemed the best Establishment of it, 
 
 the Church of England. 
 
 He was born at Newark -upon-Trent, Dec. 24, 1098 ; 
 
 was consecrated Bishop of Gloucester, Jan. 20, 1700 ; 
 
 Died at his Palace, in this City, June 7, 1779, 
 
 and was buried near this place, 
 
 His property, which must have been considerable, was 
 bequeathed to his wife ; a portion of his books only being left 
 to be sold for the benefit of the Gloucester Infirmary. Hurd, 
 who was now Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, was his 
 executor. He was Warburton' s most faithful and devoted 
 friend, and his admiration of him was so great that Dr. 
 Thurlow, Bishop of Lincoln, described it as idolatry. His 
 estimate of his works led him to declare that they would 
 " deliver him down to posterity as the ablest divine, the 
 .greatest writer, and the first genius of his age." 3
 
 BISHOP WARBURTON 123 
 
 The age in which Warburton lived was one of controversy, 
 and our polemical worthy, whether as country clergyman, 
 clean, or bishop, was ever in the thick of the fight. " A state 
 of authorship is a state of war," he says, "and when I first 
 drew my pen every popgun alarmed me, but by use, and the 
 experience of no danger, I learned to hear a blunderbuss 
 discharged at either ear without the least emotion." His 
 contentions were varied. He fought pitched battles or 
 exchanged hasty blows with bishops, dissenters, methodists, 
 papists, mystics, freethinkers, critics, poets and players ; and 
 was no sooner out of one encounter than he was looking out 
 for another. On some occasions he was engaged with two or 
 three different opponents at the same time. His style of 
 argument was often so coarse and violent that he has been 
 likened to a clown making furious assaults with a crab-tree 
 cudgel. He knew how to abuse, and freely mingled 
 denunciations and ridicule with his arguments. 
 
 His correspondence was varied and extensive. He 
 appears to much advantage in his letters to Dr. Doddridge, 
 whom he highly esteemed, and to whom he subscribed 
 himself: "Your most affectionate Friend and Brother." 
 These epistles to the eminent Nonconformist certainly serve 
 to support the opinion of Mr. Watson that " whatever faults 
 Warbnrton had, he was no bigot." A letter to the Eev. 
 Joseph Jane, of Christ Church, Oxford, who had played 
 the part of "candid friend" in criticising some of his 
 opinions, is excellent in style and tone. Mr. Jane subse- 
 quently became an incumbent in his diocese, by being 
 preferred to the rectory of Iron Acton, and on all occasions 
 showed with high satisfaction the letter he had received from 
 Warburton. A brief note to Hogarth is complimentary to the 
 artist and characteristic of the writer. The painter was 
 soliciting subscriptions for his " Analysis of Beauty," and 
 Warburton wrote as follows : 
 
 "March 28, 1753. 
 " Dear Sir, I was pleased to find by the public papers that you have
 
 124 BISHOP WAEBURTON. 
 
 determined to give us your original and masterly thoughts on the great 
 principles of your profession. You owe this to your country, for you are 
 both an honour to your profession, and a shame to that worthless crew 
 professing virtit and connoisseurship, to whom all that grovel in the 
 splendid poverty of wealth and taste are the miserable bubbles. I beg 
 you will give me leave to contribute my mite towards this work, and 
 permit the inclosed to entitle me to a subscription for two copies. 
 
 " I am, Dear Sir, with a true sense of your superior talents, your very 
 affectionate humble servant, W. WARBURTOX." 
 
 The life of such a man was likely to abound in incidents 
 of interest, and numerous anecdotes in which he figures are 
 on record. Some of these have reference to his intercourse 
 with other eminent men of his time. 
 
 Hurd, describing him as a companion, says : " In private, 
 with his friends, he was natural, easy, unpretending ; at 
 once the most agreeable and most useful companion in the 
 world. You saw to the very bottom of his mind on any 
 subject of discourse ; and his various literature, penetrating 
 judgment, and quick recollection made him say the liveliest or 
 the justest things upon it." Burke seems to have boen 
 charmed with his conversation. The first time the great 
 orator met Warburton in cotnpany, he sat next to him at 
 dinner without knowing who he was ; but being much struck 
 with his talk, he at last said : " Sir, I think it is impossible I 
 can mistake you ; you nrnst be the celebrated Dr. "\Yarburtou ; 
 nut KrasmuK nut Dial/oliix." 
 
 According to Boswell there was strong mutual dislike 
 between Wavburton and Johnson. " They ought," says Mr. 
 Wilmot, " to have taken to each other, having so many good 
 and evil qualities in common." Of their first interview 
 Johnson gave an amusing account to someone who asked if he 
 had ever been in company with Warburton. " I never saw 
 him," said he " till one evening about a week ago, at the 
 Bishop of St. Asaph's ; at first, he looked surlily at me ; but 
 after we had been jostled into conversation, he took me to a 
 window, asked me some questions, and before we parted was 
 so well pleased with me that he patted me." Patting and 
 tapping on the shoulder seems to have been among his habits.
 
 BISHOP WABBURTON. 125 
 
 His disappointment at not being raised, as he bad expected, 
 to the Bishopric of London, was straiigly and offensively 
 expressed. Preaching at court he took occasion to remark 
 that all preferments were bestowed on the most illiterate and 
 worthless objects, and as he said this, turned about and 
 stared full at Bishop Terrick, who had been recently 
 appointed to that see. 
 
 Many stories are told crediting Warburtou with smart and 
 humorous sayings. When Lord Lyttletou, after holding the 
 office of Chancellor of the Exchequer for a short time, was 
 obliged to retire from incapacity, and was succeeded by Mr. 
 Dowdeswt-11, Warburton remarked" that there was a curious 
 contrast between the two Chancellors, "for the one could 
 never in his lif ; learn that two and two made four, while the 
 other had never learned anything else." 
 
 The following extract from "Priestley's Memoirs" gives 
 the origin of a siying that has become proverbial: " I have 
 frequently heurd," said the late Lord Sandwich, in a debate 
 on the Test Laws, " of the words orthodoxy and heterodoxy ; 
 but I confess myself at a loss to know precisely what they 
 mean." " Orthodox}-, my Lord," said Bishop Warburton in 
 a whisper. " oithodoxy is my doxy, and heterodoxy i 
 another man's doxy.". 
 
 Mr. Counsell tells a story that on the occasion of the 
 Bishop being enthroned he was attended by two vergers whose 
 antiquated appearance tempted him to jocosely remark, " I 
 suppose, gentleman, you have been here ever since the 
 Reformation." Mr. Counsell, however, does not give the 
 reply which tradition attributes to one of these venerable 
 officials, who being somewhat deaf and mistaking the 
 observation, promptly answered "Yes, my lord, we have." 
 This incident, if it happened at all, was connected with 
 his installation as prebend, as it was then that he made his 
 first acquaintance with the vergers, who must have been 
 well-known to him when he returned to the cathedral as 
 Bishop.
 
 12G BISHOP WARBURTON. 
 
 The sincerity, as well as the soundness of his religions 
 belief, has been questioned both by friends and foes. The 
 broadness of his views led the French to ask whether he was 
 really in earnest as the defender of revelation ; and Voltaire 
 thought that instead of being rewarded for his writings with 
 a bishopric, he ought rather to have been required by the 
 Church to recant and ask pardon for the freedom with which 
 he had expressed his opinions. Bishop Hoadley, ranking 
 him with writers who "change sides, receding from their first 
 positions and pretences," preserved his letters that he might 
 some day be amused with his inconsistencies. Cradock, 
 speaking of his work on "Prodigies and Miracles" which his 
 friends were anxious to buy up as having a deistical 
 tendency, says "its great author almost daily gave instances 
 of not being strictly orthodox." Dr. Parr, while seeing no 
 ground to believe him to be inclined to infidelity, yet thought 
 his light manner of expressing himself on sacred subjects was 
 sufficient to make many suspect his sincerity. The opinion of 
 Eowland Hill is freely expressed in his "Village Dialogues," 
 where, quoting an expression used by Warburton, " in the 
 exertion of his zeal against modern enthusiasts," he adds : 
 " Though a bishop of a Church which so repeatedly insists on 
 divine influences, yet, like many others, he entirely denied all 
 divine influences whatever ; thus he completely reduced 
 Christianity to a system of deism, or of natural religion, as it 
 is called, while he pretended to vindicate her sacred cause." 
 
 Although he preached and wrote on the " Nature and End 
 of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper," he is said to have 
 been " extremely lax in his attendance on the communion, 
 even when regard to his office and character seemed to require 
 his presence." 
 
 As an instance of the intense attention with which he 
 sometimes followed a train of thought, it is related that on 
 one occasion, riding on horseback from Brant Broughton to 
 Bilton Hall, he passed through the village of Fulbeck, where 
 a fire was raging at the house of Mr. Fane, without at all
 
 BISHOP WARBURTON. 127 
 
 noticing the circumstance, appearing to those who saw him to 
 be absorbed in some subject of meditation. 
 
 Of himself and his literary habits, he says, writing to Dr. 
 Doddridge, in 1740, " I am naturally very indolent, and apt 
 to be disgusted with what has been any time in my hands." 
 " Distractions of various kinds, inseparable from human life, 
 joined with a habit naturally melancholy, contribute greatly 
 to increase my indolence." To keep himself at work, he says, 
 he had recourse to an old expedient : that of " setting the 
 press on work, and so oblige myself unavoidably to keep it 
 going." Another voluminous writer Thomas Scott is said 
 to have written much of his "Commentary" "with the 
 printing press clanking at his heels." 
 
 His domestic affections seem to have been strong. He 
 was a devoted son and a good brother. Though marrying 
 late in life he appears to have lived happily with his wife, 
 whom he described as " one of the finest women in England," 
 to whom ' to offer up his freedom was to be more free." His 
 love for his son was deep and tender. Two of his sisters, he 
 says, married " unhappily, and a third, on the point of 
 venturing, escaped the hazard, and so engages my care only 
 for herself." This sister lies buried in Dursley Church, 
 where there is a monument to her memory, describing her as 
 " Mrs. Frances Warburton, sister of William Warburton, 
 D.D., Bishop of Gloucester ; a woman of an excellent under- 
 standing, with a benevolent and compassionate heart." The 
 Bishop's widow married the Eev. Stafford Smith, who had 
 been his chaplain, and who, by the presentation of Hurd, 
 became Hector of Fladbury, near Evesham, a living worth 
 more than 700 a year. She died in 1796. 
 
 Bishop Newton confirms the impressions which come from 
 other quarters as to Warburton's person and habits. " He 
 was," says the Bishop, " rather a tall, robust, large-boned 
 man, of a frame that seemed to require a good supply of 
 provisions to support it ; but he was sensible that if he lived 
 as other people do, he must have used a good deal of exercise,.
 
 128 BISHOP WARBURTON. 
 
 and, if he had used a good deal of exercise, it must have 
 interrupted the course of his studies, to which he was so 
 devoted as to deny himself any other indulgence, and so 
 hecame a singular example, not only of temperance, but, of 
 abstinence, in eating and drinking ; and yet his spirits were 
 not lowered or exhausted, but rather raised and increased by 
 his low-living." 
 
 His works, in seven quarto volumes, edited by Bishop Hurd, 
 were published at the expense of Mrs. Stafford Smith, in 1788. 
 A subsequent edition consisted of twelve volumes octavo, to 
 which a thirteenth, containing " Selections from Warburton's 
 Unpublished Papers," was added by the Rev. Francis Kilvert, 
 M.A., in 1841. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Dr. Ralph Cudworth was installed a prebendary of Gloucester in 
 1678, and shortly afterwards published his great work "The True Intel- 
 lectual System of the Universe, wherein the Reason and Philosophy of 
 Atheism are Confuted, and its Impossibility Demonstrated." 
 
 2. In 1767 Hurd was made Archdeacon of Gloucester. 
 
 3. Hurd was translated to the see of Worcester in 1781. As a Bishop 
 he "magnified his office," and deemed it necessary "to support the 
 dignity of his position." He was accustomed to pass through Gloucester 
 on his way to Bristol Hot Wells, in his episcopal coach, with his servants 
 in full dress livery, and a train altogether of twelve attendants !
 
 DEAN TUCKER. 
 
 [17121799.] 
 
 r OE nearly two-thirds of last century from 1735 till 
 1C 1799 Josiah Tucker was filling clerical offices in 
 , ^ Bristol and Gloucestershire, beginning as a curate in a 
 rural parish and ending as Dean of Gloucester Cathedral. 
 He was not a man to pass through life, either in church or 
 world, without its being known that he lived; and in the 
 apparently widely separated spheres of divinity, politics, and 
 commerce he was a prominent figure, taking important parts 
 and having a wide influence. 
 
 By family and birth he was a Welshman, the son of a 
 farmer, of Langharne, in Carmarthenshire, where he was 
 born in 1712. His father, having a small estate left him near 
 "Aberystwith, removed to that locality, and seeing the mental 
 tastes and abilities of Josiah, he -sent him to the Grammar 
 School at Euthin, in Denbighshire. He was neither 
 mistaken as to his son's talents nor disappointed in his school 
 career : the lad made such progress as to secure an exhibition 
 at St. John's College, Oxford. 
 
 He proceeded to the University when about 18 ; and in 
 connection with his life there one of his old friends lias told 
 an interesting tale. At that time the journey between 
 Cardiganshire and Oxford was long and tedious, on account 
 of the badness of the roads. "Our young student for a time 
 travelled on foot. At length old Mr. Tucker, feeling for his 
 son's reputation as well as for his comfort, gave him his own 
 horse. But at his return, after term, young Josiah, with true 
 
 i
 
 180 DEAN TUCKER. 
 
 filial affection, considered that it was better for him to walk 
 to and from Oxford than for his father to trudge on foot to the 
 neighbouring markets and fairs, which had been the case in 
 consequence of this new regulation, and therefore returned the 
 pony, with many acknowledgments, though the old man 
 could hardly be prevailed on to accept it. After this Mr. 
 Tucker continued to go backwards and forwards to the 
 University on foot, with his baggage at his back." Coming 
 from his home, via Brecon and Monmouth, he would pass 
 through Gloucester ; thence by way of Crickley Hill, 
 Frogmill and Northleach on to Oxford, a distance altogether 
 of hard on one hundred and sixty miles. Such a distance 
 with impedimenta and bad roads would be six days' good 
 walking ; but the young Welshman was strong of limb as 
 well as stout of heart. 
 
 On completing his University course in 1735 he entered 
 into Holy Orders, and obtained a curacy in Gloucestershire. 
 Two years afterwards he became curate of St. Stephen's, 
 Bristol. Many of the inhabitants of the parish were 
 merchants, and as the young curate was greatly inclined to 
 the study of commerce, he now had special opportunities of 
 extending his knowledge in that direction. Other studies 
 were not neglected ; and his clerical duties were diligently 
 fulfilled. Dr. Butler was filling the see of Bristol, and with 
 him Mr. Tucker became intimate. The Bishop, recognising 
 his merits, made him his chaplain and appointed him to a 
 minor canonry in the cathedral. A sermon which he 
 preached before the Governors of the Bristol Infirmary in 
 1745 was much approved, as, while setting forth the value of 
 such institutions for the alleviation and cure of bodily 
 sufferings, he directed attention to the moral benefits which, 
 under right conditions, they were fitted to effect. 
 
 His popularity suffered when in 1753 he warmly 
 advocated the bill which was then brought into Parliament 
 for the naturalisation of the Jews in this Kingdom. A spirit 
 of religious tolerance, as well as motives of commercial policy,
 
 DKAX TUCKER. 181 
 
 led him to use bis pen vigorously in support of this wise and 
 humane measure. In doing so he incurred the wrath of the 
 Bristolians, who answered his arguments with abuse; and 
 being denied by the law the pleasure of burning him in 
 pfopriti i>erxi>n<i, they vented their anger by burning his effigy 
 clad in canonical vestments ! 
 
 His knowledge of trade and commerce proved the means 
 of his advancement in the church. In 1755 he wrote an able 
 pamphlet on the Turkey trade, and pointed out the evils 
 resulting from the existence of the Chartered Companies. 
 About the same time Lord Clare (afterwards Earl of Nugent) 
 being a candidate for Bristol, was elected chiefly through the 
 efforts of Mr. Tucker, who, appreciating his acquaintance 
 with commercial matters, deemed him a fit representative for 
 the great trading city. This course of action sorely offended 
 his parishioners, who, for the most part, vehemently opposed 
 Lord Clare's return. Some of these opponents who were in 
 church offices, plainly told him that " if he voted against the 
 i-i'Ntry they would not collect him a single shilling." 
 "Gentlemen, do whatever is right in your own eyes;" he 
 calmly replied, adding, "1 shall certainly vote for Lord Clare, 
 consequently against you. And I shall certainly do my duty 
 to you as your minister, whether you collect for me or not. If 
 you can answer that in your consciences, I am satisfied. 
 Sure I am, my conscience shall never reproach me for my 
 conduct towards you ; and I should be very sorry (for your 
 own sakes) that yours should reproach you for your conduct 
 towards me." This manly behaviour overcame all opposition 
 and secured his usual income. 
 
 The gratitude of the successful candidate was very 
 practically expressed. In return for these political services 
 Lord Clare procured for his supporter a prebendal stall in 
 Bristol Cathedral, then got him passed on from the curacy 
 to the rectorship of St. Stephens, and finally obtained for him 
 the Deanery of Gloucester. A bishopric was subsequently 
 offered him, but this further preferment was declined.
 
 132 DEAN TUCKER. 
 
 It was in 1758 that the sturdy Cambrian was installed as 
 Dean in the old Cathedral city through which he had so often 
 tramped haggage-laden in his student days ; in the same year 
 he took his D.D. degree. Dr. Warhurton followed him the 
 next year as Bishop of the diocese ; and these two remarkable 
 men were thus brought into near association. Their relations 
 were not so happy as to afford illustration of the goodness and 
 pleasantness of brotherly unity. The Bishop affected to hold 
 the Dean's commercial studies and opinions in contempt, and 
 was credited with having sarcastically said that " trade was 
 his religion, and religion his trade." His Lordship was not 
 invulnerable, and the Dean could have retorted with sarcasm ; 
 but he chose a more excellent way. " The Bishop," he said, 
 " affects to consider me with contempt; to which I say 
 nothing. He has said that religion is my trade, and trade 
 is my religion. Commerce and its connections have, 'tis true, 
 been favourite objects of my attention and where is the crime ? 
 And as for religion, I have attended carefully to the duties of 
 my parish ; nor have I neglected my Cathedral. The world 
 knows something of me as a writer on religious subjects ; 
 and I will add, which the world does not know, that I have 
 written near three hundred sermons, and preached them all 
 again and again. My heart is at ease on that score, and my 
 conscience, thank God, does not accuse me." 
 
 His friend by whom this account was written, added his 
 own testimony to the truth of the Dean's declarations, and tells 
 with pleasure, that " lie was a most exemplary parish priest 
 regular in the discharge of all his duties, familiar with his 
 people, kind to their want 1 ', and always attentive to die most 
 important object, namely, their religious improvement." 
 
 In an account of a visit which Warburton, in company 
 with the Rev. Edward Sparkes, Head Master of Gloucester 
 Grrammir School, made to the Deanery, the Bishop shows off 
 the Dean to great disadvantage, as " talking transcendant 
 nonsense;" and "moved with an irresistible ambition of 
 shining as a divine before his Bishop." The gall with which
 
 DEAN TUCKER. 133 
 
 the prelate writes is not sweetened by the term "good-natured 
 Dean " with which he ends his narrative. l 
 
 The Dean was occasionally found engaging in ecclesiastical 
 and theological controversy. The attempt which was made in 
 1771 to procure the abolition of subscription to the Thirty- 
 nine Articles met with his strong opposition. A pamphlet 
 which he wrote on the subject was deemed by his friends a 
 masterpiece of argumentation, " It is, however, worthy of 
 remark," says one reviewer, " that though strongly arguing for 
 the necessity of some declaration as a point of union among 
 the members of a church, he expressed a wish for the 
 omission of the Athanasian ^Creed in the Church service ; and 
 also for excluding from subscription to the Thirty-nine 
 Articles students to the Universities, upon matriculation, and 
 graduates in lay faculties." 
 
 Whatever may be thought of his opinions the tone and 
 spirit in which he carried on discussion was, at least in some 
 instances, most exemplary. " Good sir," he says writing to 
 the Nonconformist Dr. Doddridge, who had pointed out an 
 error in his interpretation of a text, " I thank you heartily 
 for correcting my mistake." Proceeding to express his 
 opinions on certain topics, he remarks that " the arguments 
 on either side are sufficiently strong to induce us to have 
 compassion on those whom we think ignorant and out of the 
 way, considering that we ourselves may appear to be the 
 same kind of weak persons to others that they may do to us." 
 In reference to one point on which he and Doddridge held 
 different views, he says, " May it please the Divine Being to 
 illuminate with His Heavenly light, and to bring into the way 
 of truth whichsoever of us hath erred and is deceived." 
 " Whenever you have a spare hour," he* writes in conclusion, 
 "I should take it as a favour to be honoured with your 
 correspondence," 
 
 In the unhappy differences which arose between Great 
 Britain and her American Colonies, the Dean did not appear 
 to the greatest advantage. He believed the Colonists were
 
 134 DEAN TUCKER. 
 
 making a huge mistake in striking for independence ; and 
 that the Mother Country was making as great a mistake in 
 endeavouring to keep her hold by force of arms. Separation, 
 he argued, would bring ruin to the Americans ; and war was 
 fraught with evil to all concerned. His knowledge of 
 America and its people was evidently at fault, while some 
 political prejudices warped his better judgment. He treated 
 the gallant Colonists scurvily, and ran his head against a rock 
 in opposing Locke's grand doctrine of civil liberty. In his 
 letters " Qui Bono?" addressed to M. Necker, Comptroller 
 General of the Finance of France, he inquires " What 
 benefits will accrue to America supposing her to obtain her 
 utmost wishes of independence in the prosecution of the 
 present war?'' In reply he imagines "American patriotic 
 orators, who are to figure away in future times at their 
 liberty-trees and other places of public rendezvous," 
 bewailing, in most lugubrious terms, the results of "the 
 establishment of an Independent Eepublic." 
 
 Having thus indulged his fancy, the Dean proceeds to 
 prophesy. " The Americans (having gained their independ- 
 dence) will be disappointed, chagrined, and universally 
 discontented. So that when they shall be no longer 
 connected with England they will vent their reproaches 
 against each other, for having been the authors of their 
 respective sufferings. As to the future grandeur of America 
 and its being a rising empire under one head, whether 
 Eepublican or Monarchical, it is one of the idlest and most 
 visionary notions that ever was conceived even by the writers 
 of romance. For there is nothing in the genius of the people, 
 the situation of the country, or the nature of their different 
 climates, which tends to countenance such a supposition !" 
 
 This was written in 1781. 
 
 The reputation which the Dean had gained for his 
 knowledge of commerce led t6 his being requested by Dr. 
 Hayter, tutor to George III. when Prince of Wales, to draw 
 up an elementary treatise on this subject for the use of his
 
 DEAN TUCKER. 185 
 
 Koyal pupil. This work, entitled " Elements of Commerce," 
 was printed in quarto for private use, but was never 
 published. In the construction of the Thames and Severn 
 Canal, between Lechlade and Framilode, the Dean took a. 
 lively interest, furnishing some valuable suggestions as to the 
 making of the locks and other matters. Mr. John Mills has 
 drawn attention to the fact that he also invented some 
 contrivance by which runaway horses could be released from a 
 carriage. For this he was complimented by his friend ; 
 Soame Jenyns, in some verses beginning, 
 
 " Crown'd be the man with lasting praise, 
 
 Who first contrived the pin 
 To loose mad horses from the chaise, 
 
 'And save the necks within." 
 and ending 
 
 " Let all who view the instructive scene, 
 
 And patronise the plan, 
 Give thanks to Glos'ter's worthy Dean, 
 
 For Tucker thou'rt the man. "2 
 
 He was possessed of the Welsh love of music, and often 
 found pleasure in promenading the aisles and cloisters of the 
 Cathedral while Mr. Mutlow was playing on the organ. He 
 was a man of plain habits and vigorous health. 
 
 In 1791, he resigned his living at St. Stephen's, Bristol, in 
 favour of his curate ; and from that time resided chiefly at the 
 deanery, where he died of a paralytic seizure, November 4th, 
 1799, and was buried in the Cathedral. 
 
 On the east wall of the south transept, near his grave, 
 there is a monument inscribed 
 
 " Sacred to the memory of the Rev. Josiah Tucker, D.D., Dean of 
 this Cathedrel, who in the long period of forty-two years, during which 
 he filled that station, was never once obliged by sickness, or induced by 
 inclination, to omit or abridge a single residence ; and the state of the 
 fabric at the time of his death bore ample testimony to the conscientious 
 and liberal interest which he always took in the preservation and improve- 
 ment of it." 
 
 He is further eulogised as " distinguished by a vigorous, 
 comprehensive, and independent mind " ; as " eminently 
 conspicuous for political discernment on the important subject
 
 186 DEAN TUCKEK. 
 
 of national commerce ; for the free spirit of which, unre- 
 strained by monopoly and colonial preference, he firmly 
 contended against prepossessions long and generally enter- 
 tained;" and as a writer of works not soon forgotten. 
 
 NOTES 
 
 1. Another aspect of their intercourse, and some unfavourable 
 references to their marriage relations, may be found in some curious verses 
 of the period, of which Mr. Francis E. Guise has obligingly furnished the 
 following copy : 
 
 Dialogus de venustate Decanissce et de deliciis Episcopissse inter 
 maritos habitus. 
 
 Dean. My wife, Father William, is ugly and old, 
 
 Misshapen, chest-foundered and lame. 
 Bishop. My wife, Son Josiah, you need not be told, 
 
 Is quite in the other extreme. 
 Dean. I have put mine away. 
 Bishop. The deed I applaud ; 
 
 But example can only admire : 
 For you were joined only by man and by God, 
 
 But my obligation is " Ptior." 
 
 This was evidently the production of one who was no friend to either 
 Bishop or Dean. 
 
 2. Little, as well as great, things seem to have engaged his attention, 
 and he was the subject of some trifling jokes by others as well as by his 
 Bishop. One tale that circulated among the citizens was, that walking in 
 College Green he met a small boy, who was evidently newly breeched. 
 The Dean's enquiring mind prompted the question, " Well, my little boy, 
 who made your breeches ?" The urchin's reply was prompt and particular, 
 "Father cut 'em out, and mother sewed the stitches."
 
 JOHN CANTON, F.R.S. 
 
 [17181772.] 
 
 tE COEDS of several early workers in the departments; 
 of natural philosophy and mechanical science are 
 found in the annals of Gloucestershire. Some of 
 o/va- 
 
 these were pioneers of more recent inventions and discoveries \. 
 others are notable for their abilities rather than their attempts 
 or achievements. 
 
 Both Camden and Sir Eobert Atkyns point out St. Mary's- 
 Mills, at Chalford, as the birthplace of the celebrated Eoger 
 Bacon, who was born in 1214. These ancient premises 
 contain a room still called Friar Bacon's study. " The- 
 house," says Canon Lysons, " having been occupied by my 
 grandfather, great-grandfather, and great-great-grandfather, I 
 can answer for the same tradition as handed down to me to- 
 that extent." The Canon with much probability suggests- 
 that Ilchester, which is commonly given as the place of the 
 Friar's nativity, has crept in from a mis- reading in some 
 manuscripts for Cirencester, about eight miles distant from 
 St. Mary's Mills. The evidence certainly seems to justify us- 
 in claiming this great philosopher as a Gloucestershire man, 
 and associating his name and his remarkable discoveries with 
 the village which antiquarian, historian, and local tradition 
 credit with his birth. 
 
 The celebrated Edward, Marquis of Worcester, was by 
 residence and property so connected with this county that 
 Canon Lysons claims him also as a Gloucestershire man. 
 When Eaglan Castle, the seat of the Somersets, had been 
 demolished by the Parliamentarians, that family removed
 
 188 JOHN CANTON, F.K.S. 
 
 their residence to Badminton, where they have continued ever 
 since. It was probably here that the Marquis, after the war 
 was over, carried on those curious investigations resulting in 
 that " Century of Inventions " which he propounded, and 
 some of which contained the germs of great modern scientific 
 achievements. Some of the experiments of this early 
 enquirer between whom and Sir Charles Wheatstone nearly 
 two centuries rolled were directed to the invention of a 
 system of telegraphy. " In the year 1663," says Dr. 
 Gregory, " the Marquis of Worcester affirmed that he had 
 discovered a method by which at a window as far as eye can 
 discover black from white, a man may hold intercourse with 
 his correspondent, without noise or notice taken ; being 
 according to occasion given, a means afforded ex re nata, and 
 no need of provision beforehand ; though much better if 
 foreseen, and course taken by mutual consent of parties." 
 This could be done only by means of a telegraph, which in 
 the next sentence is declared to have been rendered so perfect 
 that by means of it correspondence could be carried on ' by 
 night as well as by day, though as dark as pitch is black,' " 
 What this method of communication was is not revealed, and 
 can now only be conjectured. 
 
 The Eev. Arthur Bedford, a Bristol clergyman, in a letter 
 to the Bishop of Bath and Wells, written in 1703, gives a 
 strange account of Thomas Parks, of Mangotsfield. In 1690 
 Mr. Bedford was lodging at the house of Parks' father, and 
 there became acquainted with Thomas, who was then about 
 twenty years of age, and by trade a blacksmith. He was 
 soon found to be a young man of unusual abilities and 
 attainments, " being extremely well skilled in mathematical 
 studies, which were his constant delight. He also understood 
 arithmetic, geometry, gauging, surveying, astronomy, and 
 algebra." His attention was chiefly devoted to astronomy, 
 and "he could not only calculate the motions of the planets, 
 but an eclipse also, and demonstrate every problem in 
 spherical trigonometry by mathematical principles."
 
 JOHN CANTON, F.E.S. 139 
 
 He was introduced to the Rev. Mr. Bayley, rector of St. 
 James', Bristol, who was endeavouring to set up a 
 mathematical school. This gentleman was astonished at the 
 degree of proficiency he had acquired ; but nothing seems to 
 have been done to further his education. A few years 
 afterwards his mind appears to have become affected, and he 
 was the subject of singular delusions. According to his own 
 accounts, he had midnight communications with spirits at 
 cross roads in Kingswood. With these imaginary beings he 
 professed to converse, asking them hard questions, and 
 inducing them to sing. One called Malchi was his Familiar, 
 and came at his call. Both Mr. Bedford and Mr. Bayley so 
 fully believed these statements that they were afraid to 
 accept his offer to take them to the spot and introduce them 
 to these strange acquaintances. He thus, Mr. Bedford tells 
 the Bishop, " conversed with spirits to his own destruction;" 
 for it was followed by illness which ended in an early death. 
 
 Dr. Smiles in his " Men of Invention and Industry," after 
 speaking of Denis Papiu, of Marburg, as probably the first 
 who made a model steamboat which was destroyed by 
 jealous boatmen while being conveyed to England in 1707, 
 for trial on the Thames, says " The next inventor was 
 Jonathan Hulls, of Campden, in Gloucestershire. He 
 patented a steam boat in 1736, and worked the paddle-wheel 
 placed at the stern of the vessel, by means of a Newcomen 
 engine. He tried his boat on the river Avon at Evesham, but 
 it did not succeed, and the engine was taken on shore again. 
 A local poet commemorated the failure in the following lines, 
 which were remembered long after the steamboat experiment 
 had been forgotten : 
 
 'Jonathan Hull, with his paper skull, 
 
 Tried hard to make a machine 
 
 That should go against wind and tide ; 
 
 But he, like an ass, 
 
 Couldn't bring it to pass, 
 
 So at last was ashamed to be seen.' " 
 
 The failures of some are the stepping stones by which 
 others reach success.
 
 140 JOHN CANTON, F.R.S. 
 
 A few years] later Kichard Owen Cambridge, of Whit- 
 minster, was experimenting on the Severn with a curious 
 vessel of his own invention. It consisted of two distinct 
 boats, each eighteen inches wide and fifty feet long, placed 12 
 feet apart and connected by a deck. This singular structure 
 is said to have possessed great swiftness with equal safety. 
 
 Daring this same portion of the century a native of Stroud 
 was engaged in philosophical researches which entitle him to 
 a high rank among the men of science of that time. The 
 name of JOHN CANTON is not widely known, and the history of 
 his life and labours has never been fully told. Appreciated by 
 his contemporaries who knew his works and admired his 
 genius, he has yet become almost forgotten by the succeeding 
 generations which have profited by his experiments and 
 discoveries. 
 
 This truly " ingenious natural philosopher," as he is 
 termed by;several writers, was born at a house, still standing 
 in Middle Street, Stroud, July 81, 1718; and was the son of 
 a broad- cloth weaver. While yet an infant he was placed 
 under the instruction of a Mr. Davies, a schoolmaster who 
 was an able mathematician, with whom he went through both 
 vulgar and decimal fractions before he was nine years old. 
 He then proceeded to mathematics, and made considerable 
 progress in algebra and astronomy. These pursuits, in which 
 he took great delight, were interrupted by his father removing 
 him from school and putting him to the loom. His desire 
 for the acquisition of knowledge was, however, neither 
 destroyed nor damped, and all his leisure time was devoted 
 to the cultivation of astronomical science. In this he was so 
 successful that by the help of certain tables he was able to- 
 compute eclipses and other phenomena. He also applied his 
 knowledge to the construction of several kinds of dials. 
 
 The studies of the young philosopher, who was engaged in 
 weaving through the day, were necessarily often followed to 
 late hours at night. His father naturally fearing the effect 
 upon his health prohibited these unseasonable occupations.
 
 JOHN CANTON, F.R.S. 141 
 
 and would not allow him the use of a candle but for the 
 purpose of going to bed. It was all in vain ; and while the 
 other members of the family slept, he readjand wrote, and 
 thought and worked. In these hours ^stolen from rest he 
 computed, and with a common knife cut upon stone, the lines 
 of a large upright sundial, which besides the hours of the day, 
 showed also the rising of the sun, his place in the ecliptic, and 
 some other particulars. 
 
 His father, who was astonished at this performance, 
 permitted the dial to be placed before the front of the house, 
 where it soon attracted the attention of some gentlemen in the 
 neighbourhood, and awakened their interest in its youthful 
 constructor. The lad thus obtained access to their libraries, 
 in one of which he found " Martin's Philosophical Grammar," 
 which gave his mind a strong impulse towards natural 
 philosophy. At the house of another of these friends 
 he first iret with a pair of globes, which afforded him great 
 pleasure, as enabling him to solve with ease those problems 
 which he had hitherto been accustomed to compute. 
 
 Among others with whom he thus became acquainted was 
 an eminently scientific clergyman Dr. Henry Miles, of 
 Tooting, a member of the Koyal Society. This gentleman 
 perceiving young Canton's abilities to be too promising for 
 confinement to a country town, prevailed on his father to let 
 him go to London. He accordingly quitted the factory, and 
 went to the Metropolis in March, 1737. After a visit of two 
 months to Dr. Miles Le articled himself for a term of five 
 years as clerk to Mr. Samuel Watkins, master of an academy 
 in Spital Square. So great was his diligence and so excellent 
 his conduct, that on the expiration of his clerkship he became 
 partner with Mr. Watkins, whom, after three years, he 
 succeeded as sole master of the establishment. In 1744 he 
 married Penelope, eldest daughter of Mr. Thomas Colbrooke, 
 a gentleman of London ; and continued to carry on the 
 Academy during the remainder^of his life, 
 i Amidst his arduous and responsible professional occupa-
 
 142 JOHN CANTON, F.B.S. 
 
 tions, his philosophical studies were still unweariedly pursued. 
 Electricity, which was then engaging the thoughts of most of 
 the philosophers of Europe, received his earnest and success- 
 ful attention. He was one of the first to repeat and pursue 
 the experiment of the Leyden jar, and made many discoveries 
 by his investigations. In 1750 a paper on a " Method of 
 making artificial magnets, without the use of, and yet far 
 superior to, any natural ones," was read before the Royal 
 Society, and obtained for him both the honour of election as 
 a fellow of that learned body, and also the presentation of 
 their gold medal. The same year he was honoured with the 
 degree of M.A. by the University of Aberdeen, and in 1751 
 was elected one of the Council of the Eoyal Society. 
 
 Dr. Franklin's hypothesis of the similarity of lightning and 
 electricity, which excited much astonishment and discussion 
 both in America and Europe, was first subjected to experi- 
 mental tests in England by Mr. Canton in 1752. He was 
 thoroughly successful in attracting fire from the clouds during 
 a thunderstorm, thus verifying the American philosopher's- 
 theory, and gaining honour for himself. 
 
 In the following year in a paper on " Electrical Experi- 
 ments with a view to account for. their several Phenomena, >r 
 read to the Royal Society, he communicated his discovery 
 that some clouds were in a positive and others in a negative 
 state of electricity. Dr. Franklin about the same time made 
 the same discovery in America. This circumstance, together 
 with the constant support which Canton had given to 
 Franklin's hypothesis, led the Doctor immediately on his 
 next arrival in England to make him a visit, which resulted 
 in a warm and lasting friendship between the two 
 philosophers. 
 
 Some idea of the extent and variety of his labours may 
 be gained from a brief record of some of his contributions to 
 science. A paper, in 1756, on the "Shooting of the Stars" 
 secured a prize which the editor of the "Lady's Diary " had 
 offered for the solution of some questions relating to that
 
 JOHN CANTON, F.K.S. 143 
 
 phenomenon. Another communication which appeared in the 
 " Gentleman's Magazine " for September, 1759, discussed the 
 electrical properties of the tourmaline, and supplied much 
 information concerning that beaut'ful and interesting mineral. 
 The same year he contributed a paper to the Eoyal Society 
 " On the Variations of the Horizontal Magnetic Needle," 
 illustrated by a complete year's observations of its diurnal 
 variations. The Transit of Venus, on June 6, 1761, was the 
 subject of another of these communications ; and was shortly 
 followed by one in the form of a letter addressed to Dr. 
 Franklin, on certain Electrical Experiments. In the same 
 year he made a curious addition to philosophical knowledge 
 by a paper entitled " Experiments to Prove that 
 Water is not Incompressible." His further and wider treat- 
 ment of this subject obtained the gold medal of the Eoyal 
 Society. 
 
 His investigations into the properties and powers of 
 phosphorus led him near to the invention of the wonderful 
 lucifer match. A paper to the Eojal Society in 1768 treated 
 of "An easy method of making a Phosphorus that will imbibe 
 and emit light like the Bolognian stone ; with experiments and 
 observations." When he first showed Dr. Franklin the 
 instantaneous light acquired by some of this phos- 
 phorus from the near discharge of an electrical bottle, the 
 doctor, filled with wonder and admiration, immediately 
 exclaimed " And God said let there be light, and there was 
 light ! " i 
 
 In 1769 he was associated with Franklin and others of the 
 most eminent electricians of the time, on a committee to 
 consider the best methods for preserving St. Paul's Cathedral 
 from damage by lightning. His last paper to the Eoyal Society 
 was on the " Luminousness of the Sea." In addition to the 
 productions mentioned, he wrote at different periods a number 
 of others on a variety of subjects. 
 
 His close application to study, together with his necessarily 
 sedentary life as a schoolmaster, so unfavourably affected his
 
 144 JOHN CANTON, F.R.S. 
 
 health, that after suffering from dropsy he died on 22nd 
 March, 1772, in the fifty-fourth year of his age. 
 
 Mr. Canton is described as a man of amiable disposition, 
 mild in manner and affable in his conduct. Dr. Gregory, who 
 speaks in high terms of his discoveries and inventions, relates 
 that he " sometimes amused himself by electrifying the latch 
 of his door and giving a shock to the vendors of old clothes, 
 whom he allured by a well-known signal to the magic 
 ground." 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 1. Sulphide of Calcium was formerly known among chemists as 
 Canton's Phosphorus
 
 ARCHBISHOP MOORE. 
 
 [1730-1805.] 
 
 OME of the present inhabitants of Gloucester can 
 remember a quaint old house which adjoined the Fleece 
 Inn, and stood 011 part of the site now occupied by 
 Mr. Lance's drapery establishment, in Westgate Street. It 
 had a gabled front which, with its small paned upper 
 windows, overhung a small butcher's shop. One of its former 
 occupants was George Moore, who, in addition to being a 
 butcher, is sometimes described as a grazier. This latter 
 term, then more common than now, was applied to one who, 
 an old lexicographer says, " deals in, breeds, and fattens 
 cattle for sale." The two callings could be easily combined : 
 they were so in the case of Cardinal Wolsey's father, and 
 appear to have been so in that of George Moore, who held 
 pasture lands at Sandhurst, for the purposes of his business. 
 Of himself we know little beyond the facts recorded on a 
 mural tablet in the south aisle of the Cathedral. From that 
 we learn that he married a widow named Jane Cook, who 
 died March 15th, 1772 ; that he himself died May 10th, 
 1775 ; that they had a son, George, who died October 14th, 
 1792 ; and a daughter Jane, who lived till January 10th, 
 1825, and that they " all lie interred in the Church-yard of 
 this Cathedral." The age is in no instance given. 
 
 Another son of this old citizen has come down to us on 
 the page of history, as " Archbishop and Primate of All 
 England ;" and the narrative of his life is not without interest 
 and instruction. Born in 1730, John Moore, in course of 
 time, became a scholar in the Crypt Grammar School, then
 
 146 ARCHBISHOP MOORE. 
 
 under the mastership of the Kev. Daniel Bond, Vicar of 
 Leigh. His progress was good, and his general conduct 
 satisfactory. While diligently gaining acquaintance with 
 Latin nouns and Greek verbs, he was helpful to his father in 
 business. Saturday afternoons and other times found him 
 shouldering the butcher's tray and delivering orders at the 
 houses of customers ; and when necessary, undertaking some 
 of the work of the slaughter-house, and performing it well. 
 These things were indicative of his commonsense, practical 
 mind, which, influenced by a feeling of duty, went straight 
 on doing what had to be done with care and diligence. His 
 persevering ability rendered him successful at school, and 
 obtaining an exhibition, he was entered a student at 
 Pembroke College, Oxford. 
 
 Whitefield and Wesley, who had left the University some 
 few years before, and were at this time preaching in all parts 
 of the land, had a following among the stud nts, some of 
 whom, embracing their religious views, were also emulating 
 their manner of life. On the other baud, then, as in all 
 periods, there were others by whom all earnest study was 
 neglected, and folly and vice were freely indulged. Moore 
 appears to have identified himself with neither class. Marking 
 out a plain straightforward course, he steadily pursued it, 
 " avoiding," we are told, "the immoralities and eccentricities 
 of College life," and working hard to profit by the priceless 
 opportunities his position afforded him. His efforts were 
 successful. He not only attained some distinction as a 
 student, but secured the favour and friendship of several 
 eminent men in the University. 
 
 Careful observers have often remarked on the apparently 
 small and trivial events which in some instances determine 
 the current of a man's life. A mere incident, a slight 
 mistake, a small disappointment, a casual interview, a brief 
 word and henceforth the stream flows in a new and 
 unexpected channel. Moore's life affords an interesting 
 illustration. Having completed his University studies and
 
 ARCHBISHOP MOORK. 147 
 
 obtained ordination, he sought employment as a private tutor 
 and had arranged for an interview with a gentleman who was 
 likely to engage him in that capacity. Moore was punctually 
 at the place appointed, but, to his great vexation, the 
 gentleman failed to appear. Another gentleman, who had 
 come to the same place for an interview with a clergyman 
 on similar business, was also doomed to disappointment. 
 Enquiries and conversation resulted, and mutual sympathy 
 was felt. The stranger, pleased with the young student's 
 manner and appearance, said nothing, but inwardly resolved 
 to engage him if further inquiries were satisfactory. High 
 testimonials as to character and abilities were furnished by 
 the Dean of Christ Church and Mr. Bliss, Savillian Professor 
 of Geometry, and Astronomer Eoyal ; and Moore was 
 astonished by the discovery that the gentleman whom b.3 had 
 thus accidentally met was the Duke of Marlborough, who 
 engaged him as domestic chaplain and as tutor to his son, the 
 Marquis of Blandford. Suddenly and unexpectedly his 
 steps were turned in a direction which was to lead to the 
 archiepiscopal throne. 
 
 "There's a divinity that shapes our end j , 
 Rough-hew them how we will." 
 
 In his new position his conduct was exemplary. Some 
 time was spent in foreign travel with his pupil, whose regard 
 he so gained that on the death of the duke and the succession 
 of the Marquis to the title and estates, Moore continued to 
 reside at Blenheim. During this period circumstances 
 occurred in which he appears to great advantage. The 
 Dowager Duchess, a lady still in possession of many charms, 
 'had formed so strong an affection for her son's handsome 
 tutor, that she made him proposals of marriage, which Moore, 
 influenced by grateful regard to his young patron, felt it 
 honourable and right to decline. His stay at Blenheim, after 
 'this disturbing episode, was out of the question, and he 
 therefore intimated to the Duke his wish to remove, but could 
 assign no sufficient reason for doing so. However, continuing
 
 148 ARCHBISHOP MOORE. 
 
 fixed in his resolve, the Duke procured for him a golden 
 prebendaryship in the Cathedral of Durham, in 1769. 
 
 On the death of the Dowager Duchess light was thrown on 
 Moore's proceeding. Letters then came into her son's- 
 possession revealing the facts of the case showing the- 
 advances which his mother had made, and the honourable 
 way in which her proposals had been declined. These 
 circumstances raised him still higher in the esteem of the 
 Duke, who, in gratitude, immediately took steps to procure his 
 further preferment, personally soliciting George III. to 
 appoint him to the vacant Deanery of Canterbury. The 
 King not only granted this request, but also promised that 
 the Dean should be made a Bishop when a see became 
 vacant. 
 
 A recent writer tells the story thus, when speaking of 
 Moore as owing his elevation to a " curious accident." " He- 
 was the son of a butcher at Gloucester, and educated at the 
 free school there. Displaying much talent he was sent by 
 some friends to Oxford. He then became tutor to the- 
 Marquis of Blandford, son of the Duke of Marlborough ; but 
 the Duchess, true to the traditions which Macaulay has 
 described for us, would not suffer the young Levite to have a 
 seat at her dinner table. He had to go among the upper 
 servants. But when her husband died, the same haughty 
 darno courted the handsome chaplain, and besought him to 
 marry her, she having a very handsome income. The- 
 tempting offer was refused, and the young Duke, her sou, was 
 so gratified by his tutor's self-denial that he settled 400 a 
 year upon him and pressed him on the King for preferment." 1 
 
 From 1771 to 1775 was but a short time for a Dean of his 
 age to wait for a mitre. At the latter date Moore was- 
 elevated to the Bishopric of Bangor. As a diocesan his 
 course was marked by good sense and the careful discharge 
 of duty ; the useful qualities which had served him as a> 
 chaplain, tutor, and dean, being still prominent and active. 
 
 Further advancement the highest he could obtain yet
 
 ARCHBISHOP MOOKK. 149 
 
 awaited him. In 1783 Archbishop Cormvallis died, and the 
 Primacy of the Church of England was at the disposal of the 
 Crown. The King's thoughts turned to Dr. Lowth, Bishop of 
 London, famous for his Hebrew scholarship and venerable for 
 his great excellence, but the Doctor, feeling the infirmities of 
 seventy-three years, declined the honour. Dr. Hurd, Bishop 
 of Worcester, was next offered the high dignity, but for some 
 reason, modest distrust of himself it is said, he also made 
 excuse. The King now sought the opinion of both Prelates 
 as to a fit and proper person for the office. It is said he 
 requested them to give their opinion independently of each 
 other, by writing some one name upon a slip of paper and 
 handing it directly to himself. This was done, and both slips 
 bore the name of Dr. Moore. The King was well satisfied, 
 and John Moore was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury 
 and Primate of All England. 
 
 The Gloucestt'i- ,hmnil of Monday, April 7th, 1783, 
 publishes the following official announcement from the London 
 ( nr.i'tte : 
 
 "Whitehall, April 1. The King has been pleased to order Conye 
 <T Elire to pass the great seal empowering the Dean and Chapter of the 
 Metropolitical Church of Canterbury to elect an Archbishop of that See, 
 the same being now void by the death of the. Most Reverend Father in 
 God Dr. Frederick Cornwallis: also his Majesty's letter to the Dean and 
 Chapter recommending the Right Reverend Father in God, Dr. John 
 Moore, now Bishop of Bangor, to be by them elected Archbishop of the 
 said See of Canterbury." 
 
 The editor's comment is worth noting : 
 
 " The late appointment of Bishop Moore to the Primacy has verified 
 the following prophecy, made some years ago by an ingenious Kentish 
 lady : ' A few words of comfort from Bangor to Canterbury, on the loss 
 of her Dean : 
 
 ' Cease, Canterbury, to deplore 
 
 The loss of your accomplished Moore, 
 
 Repining at my gain ; 
 I too shall soon have cause to mourn, 
 To you he'll probably return ; 
 
 With me he'll scarce remain.' " 
 It is easy to imagine the pleasant flutter which this
 
 150 ARCHBISHOP MOORE. 
 
 announcement caused among the Archbishop's old friends and 
 neighbours in>*Gloucester, many of whom claimed credit for 
 having " always said it would be so," years and years before 
 the Kentish prophetess ! 
 
 His primacy was not marked by any important eccle- 
 siastical events', nor did he occupy his position with the 
 distinguished ability ot some of his predecessors. Testimonies, 
 however, are not wanting that while avoiding other spheres of 
 activity he worthily fulfilled the duties of his own. His 
 calmness, charity, and moderation tended greatly to the 
 promotion of peace and order in the Church ; and words 
 originally addressed by a Churchman to Dr. Doddridge have 
 been applied to Dr. Moore. " The appellation of pe<tcein<il>rr 
 is infinitely more honourable tban that of pastor, bishop, 
 archbishop, patriarch, cardinal, or pope, and attended with a 
 recompense infinitely surpassing the richest revenues of the 
 highest ecclesiastical dignity." Though gaining no fame as a 
 politician, scholar, or author, he effectually secured the good 
 opinion of his contemporaries, who speak of him as doing 
 honour to his appointment : while Eaikes and others often 
 describe him as " the very respectable Archbishop of 
 Canterbury." His published works consist of but two 
 sermons ; one preached before the Lords on the 30th January, 
 1777, the anniversary of the execution of Charles I. ; the 
 other on the Fast Day, 1781. 
 
 A writer in 1800, in a brief biographical sketch, remarked : 
 " Dr. Moore has been kind to his relatives, which shows that 
 his elevation has not placed him beyond the most amiable 
 feelings of humanity." Facts which were well-known to the 
 people of Gloucester are here referred to. Interesting stories 
 were long current of his hearty and generous consideration 
 for his kindred in the old city, and of his occasional visits to 
 the old home. One of them tells how during one of these 
 occasions his brother reminded him of the expertness in the 
 business which he had shown when a lad, and jocularly 
 suggested that his hand had lost its cunning, by asking if he
 
 ARCHBISHOP MOORE. 151 
 
 had not forgotten how to dress a calf. The Archbishop 
 replied that he could dress one then as well as ever, and 
 proposed to give demonstration of his ability. Arrangements 
 were quickly made, and, doffing such portions of his clerical 
 attire as impeded free action, the Primate performed his task 
 so expeditiously and neatly as to prove the truth of the 
 proverb, " early learned not old forgot." 2 
 
 By his marriage with Miss Eden, sister of Lord Auckland, 
 he had four sons, two of whom entered the Church, and of 
 his care for their interests the magazine writer, already 
 quoted, gives an amusing illustration. " Of course," he says, 
 " the Archbishop enriched his family ; they all did it in those 
 days, no journals existing to denounce them. People still 
 living tell how at a hotly disputed election fifty years ago it 
 was announced on big placards that a certain meeting at 
 Maidstone would be addressed by ' the following learned and 
 reverend divines : a Canon of Canterbury, the rector of this, 
 the vicar of that,' &c., &c., numbering some half a dozen. 
 They were really all comprised in a son of Archbishop Moore, 
 who held many preferments, and some Whig opponent had 
 thus satirised the fact, and done his best to raise prejudice 
 against him." 3 As some set off, we are assured that " the 
 Archbishop was personally a generous man, and his family 
 made good use of the wealth which flowed towards them too 
 freely. 
 
 His life closed at his palace in Lambeth, where, after a 
 Primacy of nearly twenty-two years, he died January 18th, 
 1805, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. He was buried at 
 Lambeth, and his funeral was one of unusual pomp. 
 
 All accounts agree in representing the Archbishop as a 
 man of fine presence a no small advantage in any profession, 
 an especially great one in the Church, and one which in part 
 accounts for his success. The writer before quoted, referring 
 to a full length profile portrait of him in Lambeth Palace, 
 says, " The late Archbishop told me that, according to 
 tradition, he was so painted because a large wen had grown on
 
 152 ARCHBISHOP MOORE. 
 
 the other side of his face. It may be so ; but only yesterday 
 I saw at Madame Tussaud's Hamilton's picture of the 
 marriage of George IV. In that- picture, the Archbishop is 
 actually in the same attitude as in the Lambeth picture, and I 
 feel sure the latter portrait is a replica of the other." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. "One Hundred Years Ago"; English Illustrated Magazine, 
 January, 1886. 
 
 2. On the death of the father in 17i"~> the business was carried on by 
 liis son George till his death in 1792, and then by his daughter Jane, 
 familiarly known in the city as "Jenny M >ore," and described by one 
 who still well remembers her as " a funny little old woman." The tablet 
 in the Cathedral was erected by her executrix according to her directions. 
 She was succeeded in the business by her foreman, the late Mr. Denton. 
 
 3. It is added that a similar joke was played by Sydney SmitT on a 
 rich Canon of Christchurch, Oxford, who being about to travel to Bath, 
 asked Sydney, in an evil hour, to bespeak dinner for him at Hungerford. 
 The jocose canon ordered dinner for the Canon of Christchurch, the 
 Rector of Staverton, &c., &c., about eight in all, which the victim found 
 all ready on his arrival.
 
 DR. JOSEPH WHITE. 
 
 [1746181.1.] 
 
 ^HERE are many interesting points of similarity between 
 the early life of the remarkable man who is the subject 
 of this sketch, and that of John Canton. Natives of the 
 same parish, both were the sons of working broadcloth 
 weavers, both were brought up to the loom, both pursued 
 their studies under similar circumstances of difficulty and 
 discouragement, both met with kindly help, and both 
 eventually were eminently successful. 
 
 Brief notices of JOSEPH WHITE, D.D., are found in several 
 works ; one of the fullest being in an old periodical entitled 
 " The Gloucestershire Repository," published at Stroud in 
 1822. The writer appears to have drawn his information 
 from original sources, and compiled his narative with care 
 and accuracy, having obtained much assistance from Mr. 
 George Harmer, a descendant of Dr. White's uncle, mentioned 
 in the memoir. The present Rector of Melton, in Suffolk, 
 the Rev. C. S. Harris, M.A., F.R,A.S., has also collected a 
 variety of information concerning our worthy ; and has 
 obligingly lent me his MSH. From these and some other 
 quarters the following particulars have been gathered. 1 
 
 On his maternal side, Dr. White was descended from 
 an ancestor whose eventful history is worthy of record. 
 Mordecai Harmer, a Protestant native of Ireland, in the 
 middle of the sixteenth century, had to leave that country 
 on account of religious persecution. He sought refuge in 
 Gloucestershire and purchasing a little property at Randwick,
 
 154 DR. JOSEPH WHITE. 
 
 took up his abode there, and became clerk of the parish. On 
 the accession of Queen Mary and the restoration of popery, 
 he was a marked man, his well-known piety and zeal drawing 
 upon him the notice of the popish authorities. An attempt 
 was accordingly made to seize him, the officers breaking 
 into his house by night. The design was frustrated by his 
 escaping, without his clothes, through the thatched roof of his 
 cottage, running up the hill behind, and gaining shelter in a 
 wood. Here his wants were supplied by his daughter, and 
 after a few days he left his place of concealment and 
 travelling to Oxford obtained employment as a mason's 
 labourer. It was not till after Mary's death that he ventured 
 to return to his home. He was at once reinstated in his 
 office, and immediately proceeded to clear away the rood and 
 other symbols of popery from the fine eld parish church, 
 where they had been in use during his absence. Altogether 
 he held his office for forty years, during twenty of which he 
 was blind ; and at length died full of days and much 
 lamented. 
 
 Dr. White's mother was a direct descendant from this 
 venerable man. Her husband, Thomas White, was a 
 broadcloth weaver, and their son Joseph was born at or near 
 the hamlet of Euscombe, now in the parish of Whiteshill, but 
 which then formed part of the parish of Stroud, about 1746. 
 
 Thomas White was a man of singular attainments for a 
 weaver, being a respectable Latin scholar and having also- 
 some knowledge of Greek. He brought up Joseph to work 
 with him at the loom, and in the intervals of labour often 
 entertained the boy by reading to him passages from old Latin 
 authors, and translating them into English as he went on. 
 The lad thus acquired an early passion for literature, and 
 having an active mind goon gained consideiable knowledge of 
 the Latin language. His father now found it necessary to 
 discourage these studies as they interfered with the operations 
 of the loom. Joseph, however, kept his book pegged to the 
 wall and took every opportunity to glance at its pages,.
 
 DR. JOSEPH WHITE. 155 
 
 especially when the ends of the yam were broken and the 
 loom was stopped while his father was tying them. 
 
 He was fortunate in having a worthy uncle who discerned 
 his abilities and sympathised with his aspirations. Miv 
 George Banner, his mother's brother, secnis to have been a 
 land relative and a ocd and sensible man. Two or three 
 times a week he was accustomed to call at his nephew's home 
 to see how he was progressing in his studies, and to cheer 
 him in his difficulties and discouragements. On these 
 occasions he sometimes assured the lad of his belief that 
 God would provide friends to help him, and that he would 
 become a great man. He himself did what he could to bring, 
 about this result by aiding him with money end books. 
 
 The young student needed and deserved encouragement. 
 His hours of labour extended from four in the morning till 
 nine or ten at night, yet such was his thirst for knowledge 
 that he often sat up two or three nights in the week, in the 
 depth of winter, without a fire, studying by candlelight. As 
 a consequence his health suffered, some of his sinews becoming, 
 contracted, so that he began to fail in his manual labour- 
 About this time he wrote an essay, adopting as a motto : 
 
 "'Tis kingly to assist a studious youth, 
 Whose parents can't him due support afford." 
 
 This, which was his first literary composition, was submitted 
 to his uncle Harmer for his sole perusal. Having read it Miv 
 Harmer obtained permission to show it to Mr. Joseph Ellis, 
 of Ebley, a cultured and generous gentleman who was 
 regarded as the Macenas of the neighbourhood. Mr. Ellis- 
 was so pleased with the production that he requested Mr. 
 Harmer to call at his residence bringing his nephew with him. 
 There they met Mr. Ellis and his two brothers-in-law, Mr- 
 Lane, a solicitor, of Gloucester, and Dr. Samuel Jones, a 
 physician, of Stroud. In an interview lasting nearly three 
 hours these gentlemen obtained abundant proofs of young 
 White's attainments and powers. The result was that after 
 he had been introduced to some of the most intelligent
 
 156 DR. JOSEPH WHITE. 
 
 inhabitants of the district, a subscription was opened and lie 
 was sent to the College School at Gloucester, where he was 
 both clothed and educated by the munificence of his patrons. 
 He also received careful medical treatment to remove the ill 
 effects which had resulted from his long hours at the loom 
 and his cold night studies ; while other accomplishments, not 
 strictly scholastic, were taught him for the sake of exercise 
 and health. 
 
 On the completion of his school course his generous friends 
 sent him to Oxford, where he entered as student of Wadham 
 College, and passed through his terms with great success. 
 Having taken his M.A. in 1773, he proceeded to the study of 
 Oriental languages, having already made great progress in 
 Hebrew. In taking this course he was influenced by the 
 advice of Dr. Moore, then Dean of Canterbury, who, 
 discerning his peculiar taste and talents for philological 
 pursuits, strongly recommended him to apply himself to the 
 study of Eastern tongues and literature. 
 
 After he had taken Holy Orders he visited his native 
 village, and preached in the Parish Church of Stroud to 
 a crowded congregation. Mr. Ellis and others of his 
 patrons were present, and the young preacher embraced the 
 opportunity of publicly acknowledging his obligations and 
 expressing his thanks to those whose liberality had provided 
 for his education and enabled him to enter the ministry of 
 the Church. 
 
 In 1774 he was elected Fellow of his College, and the next 
 year so proficient had he become in Oriental learning, he was 
 appointed Laudian Professor of Arabic at Oxford. His 
 oration on entering upon this office was considered a masterly 
 performance. It set forth the importance of a knowledge of 
 Arabic, especially for Biblical students, and led many to give 
 attention to what had hitherto been a much neglected 
 language. Among other works he edited the Syriae 
 Philoxenian version of the four Gospels, the MS. of which 
 Dr. Gloucester Ridley had given to New College ; and also
 
 DR. JOSEPH WHITE. 157 
 
 published a specimen of the civil and military institutes of 
 Tamerlane, a work originally written by that Mogul conqueror 
 in his own language. About this time he was nominated one 
 of the preachers at the Chapel Royal, Whitehall. 
 
 Having in 1783 been appointed to preach the Eampton 
 lectures in the ensuing year, he chose as his subject "A 
 Comparative View of Christianity and Mahommedanism." 
 When with great ability he had arranged his plan for the 
 treatment of this topic, he submitted it to the Rev. Samuel 
 Badcock, an able Dissenting minister at Moulton, in Devon. 
 From this gentleman, as well as from the celebrated Dr. Parr, 
 he received assistance in the accomplishment of his work. 
 The lectures were received with great approbation, and were 
 published the same year. A second edition appeared in 1785, 
 and contained an additional sermon on the importance of 
 propagating Christianity in the East Indies. 
 
 So high had the preacher's reputation now become, that 
 Lord Thurlow, unsolicited, gave him a prebendal stall in 
 Gloucester Cathedral. It was a welcome preferment, as it 
 raised him from a most embarrassed pecuniary position, and 
 placed him in easy circumstances. He soon afterwards took 
 his degree of Doctor of Divinity, and was regarded as one of 
 ths chief ornaments of the University. 
 
 A cloud was. however, gathering which for a time dimmed 
 his bright reputation. Mr. Badcock, who had entered the 
 Church of England and become curate to Dr. Gabriel, of the 
 Octagon Chapel, Bath, died in 1788 ; and Dr. Gabriel, in 
 examining his letters, discovered that he had rendered Dr. 
 White such great assistance in his Bampton lectures that he 
 had received a promissory note for 500 as remuneration for 
 his share of the work. These circumstances gave rise to an 
 unhappy controversy obliging Dr. White to publish "A 
 statement of his literary obligations " to Mr. Badcock and 
 Dr. Parr. This explanation and apology showed that though 
 Mr. Badcock's share in the lectures was important, yet it was 
 not so large as had been represented ; and that the help which
 
 158 DR. JOSEPH WHITE. 
 
 Dr. Parr had rendered consisted chiefly of verbal criticism. 
 But while Dr. White's University friends and the literary 
 world at large were sufficiently satisfied with his statement of 
 facts, it was generally felt, and, perhaps, by no one more 
 deeply than by himself, that he had erred in not frankly 
 acknowledging his obligations when publishing the lectures. 
 
 In March, 1787, he vacated his College Fellowship, having 
 been presented to the rectory of Melton, near Woodbridge, in 
 Suffolk. His marriage followed in 1791, and was thus 
 .announced in the Jpawich Town for November 5th. 
 
 " Monday, was married at Prestbary, near Cheltenham, the Rev. 
 Joseph White, D.D., Rector of Melton in this county, Archbishop Laud's 
 Professor of Arabic at Oxford, and Prebendary of Gloucester, to Miss 
 Turner, of Gloucester." 
 
 In his rural parsonage his favorite pursuits were ardently 
 followed. He kept a printing press with a large quantity of 
 Oriental as well as English type. Mrs. White assisted him at 
 the composing case : the press was worked by his man and 
 maid servant, and various works were produced, one of which 
 was a handsome folio volume entitled " yEgyptiaca," an 
 edition of Abdolatcff's History of Egypt. His " Diatessaron," 
 a work dealing with the Gospels of the four Evangelists, was 
 printed at the Clarendon Press in 1800. It was dedicated to 
 his friend Dr. Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury, and passed 
 through several editions. In 1808 he published a Greek 
 Testament, showing the alterations of Griesbach and others. 
 
 Some years be "ore his death a fire destroyed the parsonage, 
 and with it his furniture, library, manuscripts and printing 
 press ; the family narrowly escaping with their lives. Great 
 as was the loss to himself, to the literary world it was still 
 greater. 
 
 The life and labours of this diligent and distinguished 
 scholar closed on May 23, 1814, when he died in his canon 
 residence at Christ Church, Oxford, at the age of sixty-eight. 
 He was buried in Christ Church, where there is a monument 
 to his memory. His friend the Bishop of Peterborough was 
 the executor of his will. Mrs. White had died in 1811.
 
 DR. JOSEPH WHITE. 159 
 
 Dr. White is said to have been naturally reserved and 
 taciturn, but uniformly kind. The embarrassed circumstances 
 in which he was at one period placed, resulted chiefly from an 
 imprudent excess of liberality, especially towards those who 
 were engaged in Oriental studies. He was particularly kind 
 to the poor when visiting his native village ; and maintained 
 his father in comfort for more than twenty years previous to 
 the old man's death at the age of eighty in 1804. His 
 mother died of small-pox iii 1772, aged 49 years. 
 
 In rising to distinction he did not become ashamed of 
 his early employment. Once, when on a visit home, in 
 passing along a street in Stroud, the sound of a loom arrested 
 his attention, and entering the house he asked permission to 
 try Lis hand at the shuttle. Having done so, he gave the 
 workman a shilling and went on his way. 
 
 A still more pleasing anecdote is told by Fosbrooke who 
 says that to his parents after his promotion he was a most 
 dutiful son ; and that it was long remembered at Gloucester 
 with wbat eagerness he left his dignified friends the day he 
 was installed Prebendary, to embrace his aged father, who 
 stood looking on among the crowd. 
 
 He was remarkable for the absence of mind that arises 
 from deep pre-occupation of thought. It is related that 
 staying at a friend's house he one morning kept the family 
 waiting some time for his appearance at the breakfast table. 
 When at length he came it was apparent that though arrayed 
 in his morning gown as usual, some other indispensible 
 garments had been forgotten. 
 
 He is described as " one of the old school of Oxford 
 punsters," so that, notwithstanding his absence of mind, 
 he appears to hive had some readiness of wit. The 
 following is one of several instances : Just after his Bampton 
 lecture unpleasantness with Dr. Parr, he went to the baths at 
 Dover. A friend advised him to go into a hot bath. "I 
 thank you, Sir," he replied, "but I don't think I need it, as 
 I have already been Parr-L oiled."
 
 100 DR. JOSEPH WHITE. 
 
 Some true and generous remarks which conclude the 
 memoir referred to, may fitly close this sketch : "Notwith- 
 standing, Dr. White was not a faultless character and 
 where did such an one exist ? his memory is entitled to a 
 high degree of respect ; and he may justly be considered an 
 honour, not only to the neighbourhood of Stroud, hut to the 
 country in which he was born." 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 1. The writer in the Repository is nameless, but the opinion as to his 
 accuracy is confirmed by the following very interesting extract from a 
 letter received from the Rev. Edgar W. Edwards, M.A., curate of 
 Randwick, who, in answer to some enquiries, thus writes : " I placed 
 your letter before the Rev. John Elliott, the aged Rector of this parish, 
 who has been here 67 years ! and probably was applied to when th 
 periodical was published. He asked me to say that your account of him 
 quite agrees with what he used to hear from Mr. George Harmer, the old 
 clerk of this parish, who was in office when he came, and for years 
 afterwards." Mr. Elliott became Rector in 1819, and still continues to 
 preach, although now in his ninety-sixth year.
 
 CHARLES BRANDON TRYE,. F.R.S. 
 
 [17571811.] 
 
 "NDER the beading of " Doctors and Memorials," the 
 manuscript note-book of a curious observer contains 
 the following remarks : " A good doctor is a public 
 benefactor. Skilful and conscientious in the discharge of his 
 professional duties, and upright in his private character, he 
 is one of the most valuable members of society. Moreover, 
 he is one who in most cases is appreciated. In not a few 
 instances he has the gratitude of those whom his skill has 
 benefited, and the confidence of those who have proved his 
 worth as a friend in times of affliction : while the community 
 generally will accord him the respect due to himself and his 
 profession." 
 
 In illustration of these observations reference is made to 
 various memorials erected as tributes to "beloved physicians," 
 by private friendship or public respect ; and among others are 
 the following memoranda : 
 
 " Under a yew tree in the quiet little churchyard of Coin 
 St. Dennis, on the green banks of the " Cleere Colne," is a 
 tomb to the memory of "William Van Hadwen, of Northleach, 
 a young surgeon who died in 1835, at the early age of thirty- 
 four. It? was his wish to be buried in this spot, and the 
 monument which marks his grave was erected by friends in 
 the district whose esteem his many excellent qualities had 
 won. 
 
 "A noble monument, the erection of which was largely 
 due to the affection and gratitude of working men, stands 
 in the beautiful churchyard of Uley, and is thus
 
 162 CHARLES BRANDON TRYE, F.R.S. 
 
 inscribed : ' Beneath rest the remains of Eowlaiid Charles, 
 second son of the late Robert Compton Harding, Esquire, 
 surgeon, who died of consumption, December 25th, 1865, 
 aged 85 years. This monument has been erected by those 
 who enjoyed his friendship while in health, sympathised with 
 him in his affliction, and still regret his early death.' 
 
 " Note also the Jenner, Baron, and Trye memorials in 
 Gloucester Cathedral." 
 
 The last mentioned name leads our thoughts to the west 
 end of the north aisle of the Cathedral, where a handsome 
 mural monument with a marble medallion portrait bears the 
 following inscription : 
 
 " Sacred to the memory of CHARLES BRANDON TRYE, 
 Esquire, F.R.S., surgeon to the Gloucester Infirmary; 
 descended from the ancient family of Trye, of Hardwicke 
 Court, in this county, who died on the seventh day of October, 
 A.D., MDCCCXI., and lies buried in the Churchyard of St. Mary 
 de Crypt. His extensive medical and anatomical knowledge ; 
 his eminent skill in the more hazardous operations of surgery ; 
 his attention and beneficence to the poor ; his strict integrity 
 and genuine piety founded on a firm belief in the truth of 
 Christianity, gained him the general confidence and respect of 
 an extensive district ; and induced his friends to erect this 
 monument as a grateful tribute to his memory." 
 
 Old citizens can well remember the high respect in which 
 the memory of this eminent medical man was held in their 
 early days. Stories of his professional skill were then widely 
 current, and admiration of the many virtues of his character 
 was warmly expressed by those who had personally known 
 him. His name is still in remembrance, and the record 
 of a few facts, in addition to those contained in the inscription 
 given, may help to perpetuate the interest with which it has 
 been ever regarded. 
 
 This brief account will be chiefly compiled from a Memoir of 
 his Life and Character, written by his brother-in-law, the Eev. 
 D. Lysons, M.A., Rector of Rodmarton, and published in 1812.
 
 CHARLES BRANDON TRYE, F.R.S. 163 
 
 The De Tryes are said to be a family of Norrnan origin, 
 the English branch of which may have descended from Sir 
 James de Trye, who is mentioned among the French prisoners 
 who were in England in the third year of Henry V. The 
 first of the name who is known to have been resident in 
 Gloucestershire was Beginald, or Eawlin de Trye, who 
 married Mary, daughter and heiress of Thomas de Berkeley, 
 in the 13th century. In 1449 their great grandson, John 
 Trye, became by marriage the possessor of Hardwicke Court, 
 which from that time was made the residence of the family. 
 His eldest son William married Isabella, daughter of James, 
 Lord Berkeley : his second son John was a representative of 
 Gloucester in the reign of Edward IV., and was appointed as 
 its first Mayor by Eichard III., in 1483. Hardwicke Church 
 contains some old monuments of the family, and also an 
 ancient and interesting " Trye Chapel." 
 
 John, a grandson of the aforesaid William, married a 
 niece of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, and the Tryes 
 inherited an eighth part of the Duke's large estates. The 
 descendants of this John Trye continued to reside at 
 Hardwicke Court in a state of opulence for five generations ; 
 but in the early part of last century Thomas Trye, who had 
 been one of the representatives for Gloucester in three 
 successive Parliaments, having wasted a great part of his 
 inheritance, sold the family residence to Sir Philip Yorke, 
 who when raised to the Peerage in 1730, took his title of Earl 
 of Hardwicke from this manor. Few Gloucestershire readers 
 need be told that Hardwicke Court has long been the property 
 and residence of one who is an honour to our county, Thomas 
 Barwick Lloyd Baker, Esq. 1 
 
 Charles Brandon Trye was the elder son of the Kev. John 
 Trye, Eector of Leckhampton, who was the second son of the 
 Thomas before mentioned. He was born August 21, 1757. 
 At the early age of seven he was sent to the popular Grammar 
 School at Cirencester. He was distinguished as a boy of 
 bright parts, and soon acquired the common elements of
 
 164 CHARLES BRANDON TRYE, F.R.S. 
 
 education. When only nine years of age he had the 
 misfortune to lose his father ; and his mother, of whose pious 
 care in instructing him from his earliest childhood he ever 
 cherished the most grateful remembrance, died about two 
 years afterwards, leaving him an orphan at the age of eleven. 
 It is touching to find that in a brief memoir of himself, he 
 laments that in his early youth, with an ardent thirst for 
 knowledge and a desire to explore the higher walks of litera- 
 ture, he had no guide to direct his course. But he was 
 diligent in his studies, and among his other acquirements was 
 that of facility in writing Latin, which he retained through 
 life and used in the composition of a medical work in that 
 language which he left behind him. 
 
 As circumstances would not allow of his being sent to a 
 University he was placed at the age of fifteen as an apprentice 
 to Mr. Hallward, an apothecary at Worcester, whom he 
 describes as a sagacious and worthy man. During the two 
 last years of his apprenticeship he studied under a Mr. Eussell, 
 and was one of his pupils at the Worcester Infirmary. He 
 was a hard-working and careful student in every branch of 
 his profession. 
 
 In January, 1780, he was chosen Apothecary to the 
 Infirmary at Gloucester ; and with characteristic diligence 
 applied himself most carefully to clinical studies and to the 
 practice of surgery, using every opportunity of improving 
 his knowledge of anatomy by dissection. He removed to 
 London in 1782, and was for nearly twelvemonths house- 
 surgeon at the Westminster Hospital. Here he attended the 
 lectures of the celebrated John Hunter and other eminent 
 men, particularly the anatomist, Mr. Sheldon, whom he 
 assisted in his lectures at the Eoyal Academy. With this 
 gentleman he was about to enter into partnership when 
 circumstances occurred which induced him to return to his 
 native county. 
 
 In July, 1784, being then only twenty-seven years of age, 
 he was appointed senior surgeon of the Gloucester Infirmary
 
 CHARLES BRANDON TRYE, F.R.S. 165 
 
 : 
 
 an office which he held till his death with the highest credit to 
 himself and the greatest advantage to that excellent Institu- 
 tion, in the efficiency and prosperity of which he felt the 
 warmest interest. 
 
 Outside the sphere of his duties connected with the 
 Infirmary, he actively co-operated with benevolent movements ; 
 and in conjunction with the Eev. Thomas Scott established a 
 much-needed charity for the assistance of poor women, which 
 was attended with most beneficial effects. Thoroughly 
 investigating the Vaccine discovery of his friend Dr. Jenner, 
 which at first he regarded with great doubts as " a system 
 apparently inconsistent with the ordinary operations of 
 nature," he became deeply convinced of its efficacy, and 
 earnestly laboured to promote its use, especially by establishing 
 in Gloucester and other parts of the county, institutions to 
 afford every facility for the practice of vaccination. 
 
 In May, 1792, Mr. Trye was happily married to Mary, 
 eldest daughter of the Rev. Samuel Lysons, Eector of 
 Kodmarton. By the death of his cousin Henry Norwood , 
 Esq., in 1707, he came into considerable property, comprising 
 the manor and advowson of Le3khampton and the greater 
 part of the landed property of that parish. Continuing in the 
 practice of his profession and living in his accustomed style, 
 he still maintained his family upon his usual income, while 
 appropriating that of his acquired estate to the most 
 honourable and praiseworthy purposes first of all punctually 
 discharging the whole of the large personal debts of his 
 deceased relative. 
 
 " Having," says Mr. Lysons, " all his lifetime been 
 attached to agricultural pursuits, and fond of embarking in 
 schemes of public utility, for the planning of which he 
 possessed considerable talents, he kept part of the estate in 
 his own hands for the purpose of improving the land by 
 experimental culture ; and he laid the foundation of making 
 the barren rock of Leckhampton Hill the source of future 
 profit to his family. Having ascertained that the stone of
 
 166 CHARLES BRANDON TRYE, P.R.S. 
 
 this rock was of excellent quality, and capable of being 
 worked with great facility he caused quarries to be opened, 
 and at his own expense constructed a railway (with an 
 inclined plane) from the quarries to join the public railway 
 lately made under the provisions of an Act of Parliament 
 from the Bath Road to Cheltenham, and thence to Gloucester, 
 by means of which convenience the Leckhampton stone may 
 be brought thither, and conveyed up and down the river 
 Severn. Mr. Trye's private railway, together with that branch 
 of the public railway which leads from the Bath Road to the 
 town of Cheltenham, was opened on the 2nd of July, 1810 ; 
 the railway from Cheltenham to Gloucester on the 4th of 
 June in the following year." 2 
 
 These useful labours were, however, brought to a sudden 
 and unexpected end by what was apparently an attack of 
 cholera, with which he was seized on Thursday, October 
 8, 1811. His medical friends Drs. Jenner and Baron were 
 promptly in attendance, and did all that skill and affection 
 could suggest to preserve so valuable a life, but in vain. 
 Symptoms grew worse, so that on Sunday all hopes of 
 recovery were gone. Conscious of this, he gave various 
 minute directions concerning his affairs with the utmost 
 calmness ; and while reason remained, engaged in prayer and 
 the receiving of the sacrament with as much composure as 
 when in perfect health. On Monday, October 7, " blessed 
 apparently with a perfect exemption from sufferings either 
 mental or corporeal, he resigned his soul into the hands of 
 his Maker, and thus closed a life of exemplary virtue and of 
 eminent public utility." 
 
 This event occurred at Friars' Orchard, which pleasant 
 residence he had occupied for some years. 3 
 
 During life he had selected a spot for his grave in the 
 churchyard of St. Mary de Crypt, and there on the 12th he 
 was laid to rest amidst deep and general expressions of 
 .respect and sorrow. The (-rlmif ester Joimialoi the day, recording 
 his death and burial, testified that his " great professional skill
 
 CHARLES BRANDON TRYE, F.R.S. 167 
 
 and humane attention to his patients of every rank, will be 
 long remembered and long regretted in the extensive district 
 throughout which he was so often resorted to in cases of 
 difficulty and danger." 4 
 
 A plain marble tablet in Leckhainpton Church speaks of 
 him as late of " Leckhanipton Court," as he, probably, 
 sometimes occupied as well as owned that fine old Elizabethan 
 mansion. The inscription prepared by himself says : " He 
 loved and esteemed learning ; he strove to improve the art of 
 healing ; to be useful was the labour of his life ; and he hoped 
 for God's mercy through the merits of his Saviour." 
 
 Mr. Trye's writings consisted of five pamphlets on special 
 medical subjects, and were published at intervals from 1784 
 to 1811. He left a large number of manuscripts, among which 
 was an unfinished treatise 011 Aneurism, written in Latin. 
 
 The deep and thoughtful religiousness of his character, 
 beautifully exemplified in his daily life, admits of further 
 illustration from some of his private records. Among his 
 papers were found several prayers and meditations of a most 
 devout style and spirit. Some of these were for anniversaries 
 of his birthday, aad also of three occasions on which he had 
 experienced narrow escapes from death. Another of these 
 compositions is deeply interesting as that of a young man 
 aspiring to the attainment of the character of a noble 
 Christian gentleman. He prays "In my moral conduct give 
 me grace to observe constantly the golden rule, to do unto all 
 men as I would they should do unto me ; to promote, as far 
 as I can, the temporal and eternal welfare of all mankind. 
 Let a spirit of charity influence all my thoughts, words, and 
 actions ; that charity which vauuteth not itself, is not puffed 
 up, thiiiketh no evil. Give me courage at all times to vindi- 
 cate my neighbour, when I know he is wronged ; and make 
 me, as far as I am able, on all occasions, the undaunted 
 defender of innocence. Make me ready to forgive injuries ; 
 nor let me ever revenge them, but out of a regard to justice, 
 and the good of mankind. Teach me to mourn with them
 
 168 CHABLES BRANDON TRYE, F.R.S. 
 
 that mourn, and rejoice with them that rejoice ; give me a. 
 heart to feel for the distresses of my fellow-creatures, and a 
 hand to relieve them to the extent of my power ; make me- 
 friendly to my equals, respectful to my superiors, condescend- 
 ing to my inferiors, grateful to my benefactors, affable to all. 
 Give me true Christian humility ; make me firm and steadfast 
 in my friendships ; and bless me, Lord, with discernment 
 to choose real friends. Make me punctual in the performance 
 of my words and promises ; make me, Lord, the noblest of 
 Thy works, an honest man ! " 
 
 Others of these truly devout compositions have reference- 
 to the Divine guidance and help which he deemed needful for 
 the skilful and efficient discharge of his professional duties. 
 His attendance upon an unhappy gentleman who had com- 
 mitted suicide was followed by a prayer, written immediately 
 afterwards, singularly appropriate to the sad event and 
 indicating a profound sense of his own need of Divine keeping. 
 The acquisition of the Leckhampton estate called forth not 
 only his grateful thanks for the bounty received, but his most 
 earnest petitions for grace and wisdom to " apply it to the 
 glory of God and the good of his fellow-creatures." 
 
 It is related as "a remarkable instance of his want of 
 ostentation, that when a friend presented him with an original 
 portrait of his collateral ancestor Charles Brandon, Duke of 
 Suffolk, though gratified with the present he would never 
 consent to have it hung in either of his sitting rooms, but 
 placed it in his bed-chamber, where it remained till his 
 death." 
 
 It is pleasant to think of this excellent man as the 
 contemporary and friend of Jenner and Baron, and Eaikes 
 and Stock, and other worthies of this city and county, men 
 animated by the same principles of love to God and man. 
 
 Mr. Trye was survived by his wife, and a young family of 
 three sons and five daughters. One of his sons, the late 
 Eev. Canon Charles Brandon Trye, M.A., was Eector of 
 Leckhampton from 1830 till his death in 1884.
 
 CHAKLES BRANDON TEYE, F.R.S. 169 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. A biographical notice of Mr. Barwick Baker, whose death occurred 
 a few months after this reference was written, will be found in a later part 
 of this volume. 
 
 2. This line was a horse tramway of little more than three feet 
 gauge. Coming from Cheltenham, it crossed the Barnwood Road at the 
 old Turnpike-gate. Passing down the gentle descent some distance in 
 front of the County Asylum, and running over some of the ground now 
 occupied by its modern successors, it crossed Barton Street in a line closely 
 parallel with the present Midland rails. Thence it took its way along 
 Park Road by the side of Rignum Field (now the Park), round the north 
 back of Brunswick Square, through Albion Street, across Southgate Street 
 to the Docks and the Quay, The traffic from Gloucester consisted chiefly 
 of coal, road stone, salt, slates, and other heavy goods. A portion of Mr. 
 Trye's line running from the top of the hill to some short distance along 
 the Birdlip road, is still in working. 
 
 3. This house, which stands in grounds formerly belonging to the 
 Grey Friars Priory and extending east and south to the old city walls, 
 was built in the latter part of last century by Mr. Shadrach Charleton, 
 grandfather of the late Dr. Charleton. Mrs. Trye's father, the Rev. 
 Samuel Lysous, M.A., of Hempstead Court, Rsctor of Rodmarton and 
 Cherringtcn, died here March 15th, 1804, in his seventy-fourth year, after 
 a short illness. It is now the residence of Mr. Alderman Reynolds. 
 
 4. The candidates for the vacant appointment of senior surgeon at 
 the Infirmary were Mr. Ralph Fletcher and Mr. William Cother. The 
 former was elected by a majority of six the numbers being 101 and 95.
 
 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.R.S. 
 
 [17951877.1 
 
 "F the quaint little town of Painswick, with its beautiful 
 surroundings, were far distant and more difficult of access, 
 its charms would be more loudly sung and its visitors 
 be more in number. Some who have been long acquainted 
 with this picturesque locality often wonder that it is not more 
 frequently sought by those who appreciate such scenes of 
 beauty as it contains. One of its former inhabitants, a 
 Quaker Land Surveyor, used to tell his friends that it was a 
 parish of 5,000 acres, with not a single level one in all the 
 number. l He might have added that these acres present 
 great variety of scenery, and many objects of natural and 
 archaeological interest. 
 
 Few spots consecrated to the burial of the dead can 
 compare with Painswick Cemetery. Lying on the eastern 
 slope of Spoonbed Hill it is truly beautiful for situation, 
 affording scenes which can scarcely fail to calm and comfort 
 mourning hearts. To many of us it is invested with deep interest. 
 Here Sydney Dobell sleeps amidst the shrubs and flowers with 
 which love has embosomed his resting place. Here, after 
 long residence in various parts of our county, the venerable 
 and kindly-hearted Henry Camps has found a tomb at the 
 close of his eighty-five years of earthly pilgrimage. Though 
 not himself a poet, yet how ardent was his love of sweet song. 
 How richly had he stored his memory with the choicest 
 strains of our seventeenth century poets. Standing by his 
 graveside one seems to hear him quoting his favourite Robert 
 Herrick, singing to the " fair daffodils,"
 
 WILLIAM HENEY HYETT, F.B.S. 171 
 
 " We have short time to stay as you, 
 
 We have as short a spring, 
 As quick a breath to meet decay, 
 As you, or any thing. 
 
 We die 
 As your hours do, and dry 
 
 Away, 
 
 Like to the summer's rain, 
 Or, as the pearls of morning dew, 
 Ne'er to be found again." 
 
 Here Sebastian Dickinson, " having served his generation 
 by the will of God," takes his quiet rest. 
 
 And here, too, rests, one whose name for nearly sixty years 
 was inseparably associated with Painswick WILLIAM HENRY 
 HYETT, or, as he was commonly known among his neighbours, 
 " SQUIRE" HYETT, of Painswick House. 
 
 In many respects Mr. Hyett stood out as a man of very 
 marked individuality, and through great part of his long life 
 he was a prominent figure in county affairs. Of magnificent 
 person, of high and honourable character, of great and varied 
 abilities, and of interesting and useful pursuits, his memory 
 will be fresh for many years to come. Such a life and 
 character call for honourable record in any annals of the 
 Worthies of Gloucestershire. 
 
 Mr. Hyett was the eldest son of the Rev. Henry Cay 
 Adams, of Shrewsbury, and was born September 2nd, 1795. 
 At the age of ten he was sent to Westminster School, where, 
 during the term, he sat between the Marquis of Westminster 
 (father of the present Duke) and the son of a Westminster 
 butcher ! He always expressed approval of a school which 
 could so bring all classes together. Here he remained till 
 1812. The following year, on the death of Benjamin Hyett, 
 Esq., who had married a member of the Adams family, he 
 succeeded to the estates in Painswick, Badgeworth, Bulley, 
 and other Gloucestershire parishes, and assumed the name 
 and arms of Hyett in lieu of Adams. 
 
 Two years were now spent with a private tutor at 
 Edinburgh. Here he formed an intimate friendship with
 
 172 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.R.S. 
 
 Francis Jeffrey, the far-famed editor of the Edinburgh Renew, 
 at whose country house he passed two summers, and with 
 whom he made two tours on foot, covering nearly the whole 
 of the Highlands. His intercourse with Jeffrey served to 
 imbue his mind with the principles which were then held by 
 the Whig party. 
 
 He had also imbibed from the same source such views of 
 self-education "as led him, as soon as peace had opened the 
 Continent to Englishmen, to enter upon a course of foreign 
 travel for purposes of observation and study. He was upon 
 the field of Waterloo while it was yet ghastly with the battle 
 strife, the burial of the slain not being completed. Following 
 the allied armies he spent three months in Paris during their 
 memorable occupation of the French capital. Returning to 
 England the same year, he entered as a Gentleman Commoner 
 at Christ Church, Oxford, and kept terms for two years. 
 Among his recollections of his University life were those of 
 the reception accorded to the allied sovereigns, and the 
 commanders Blucher, Platoff and Wellington. One incident 
 on that occasion was the casual appearance of a little grey- 
 headed man, who, in crossing the theatre, was recognised as 
 W T arren Hastings, and greeted with loudest applause : " the 
 nation," says Macaulay, "had forgotten his faults, and 
 remembered only his services." 
 
 Having completed two years at Oxford, Mr. Hyett resolved 
 to resume his foreign travels ; and a more extended tour was 
 commenced in 1817. The summer was passed in. Switzerland, 
 the autumn in Italy, and the winter in Rome. In 1819, he 
 v/ent by Eastern Calabria to Otranto, Corfu, and Albania, 
 where he visited that bold and intelligent but unprincipled 
 Governor, the notorious Ali Pasha, at his capital, Yanina ; 
 spent two months among the classic scenes of Athens ; then 
 procseded to the plains of, Troy, and at length reached the 
 Dardanelles. 
 
 The feat of swimming the Hellespont, which Lord Byron 
 and Lieutenant Ekcuhead had accomplished in 1810 had
 
 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.R.S. 173 
 
 excited much attention ; and Mr. Hyett, resolving not only to 
 emulate but excel it, swam from Sestos to Abydos, not 
 following the short course the poet and his companion had 
 taken, but the longer one attributed to Leander himself. He 
 achieved this feat in one hour and fifty minutes. Besides this 
 performance, he also swam across the Lake of Geneva, near 
 the Geneva end, where it is about two miles broad. This, 
 though less in distance, he said was a more arduous swim 
 than that across the Helespont, on account of the changing 
 temperature of different currents of the water. 
 
 On leaving the Dardanelles, Mr. Hyett proceeded by way 
 of Constantinople, through the Black Sea, and up the Danube 
 to Vienna, where he wintered. 
 
 To a young man of Mr. Hyett's acuteness of observation 
 and retentiveness of memory, these travels were an invaluable 
 addition to the studies by which he was disciplining and 
 informing his active mind. The influences he thus received 
 were apparent all through life. 
 
 But he had no disposition to spend his life as a wanderer ; 
 and the responsibilities connected with his estates had to be 
 assumed. Eeturning to England he took up his abode in 
 Gloucester, occupying a house in Palace-yard, then called 
 Miller's-green. About this time he was made a member of 
 the Corporation of the city. 2 
 
 The year 1821 was marked by his marriage with Anne Jane, 
 daughter of Joseph Seymour Biscoe, Esq., of Hempstead Court: 
 a happy union, followed by fifty-six years of wedded life. He 
 now took up his residence at Paiuswick House, which had been 
 prepared for the reception of himself and bride, and settled 
 down to the life of a country gentleman. 3 In such a life he 
 found much that was congenial to many of his tastes. The 
 improvement of his property, the discharge of magisterial and 
 other public duties, and occasional visits to Scotland for his 
 favourite sport of deerstalking, did not indisposa him t to plans 
 of benevolence for the good of his neighbours, nor prevent his 
 prosecution of some original and interesting scientific enquiries.
 
 174 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.R.S. 
 
 These occupations of his rural life were somewhat inter- 
 rupted by his election to the mayoralty of Gloucester, He 
 had for some time filled the office of Alderman, and in 1829 
 he was called to that of Chief Magistrate of the city. The 
 appointment was an expression of the popular favour in which 
 he was held, and the occasion was one of special festivity in 
 the Corporation circle. 
 
 An " Old Blue Boy," in his reminiscences of this period, 
 says : "I well remember my first introduction to Mr. Hyett. 
 It was on the Feast of St. Thomas, December 21, 1829, the 
 day of my entry to the school. The seven ' young boys ' were 
 arranged at a side desk, waiting the arrival of the Mayor and 
 Corporation. The whole school was in a state of excitement 
 and anticipation, as the feast could not begin till the Aldermen, 
 who had to preside and carve, had come. At length they 
 appeared, ushered in by the worthy Master and Matron Mr. and 
 Mrs. Wood. I shall never forget the impression the first sight of 
 the Mayor made upon my mind. It is now nearly fifty-seven 
 years ago, but that impression is as fresh as ever. I thought 
 him a giant ! So tall, so handsome ! And when he spoke, 
 such a fine sonorous voice ; full, firm, commanding ! and yet 
 with a kindly ringing melody in it. He was the patron of one 
 of the new boys, and wished to know which it was. The little 
 fellow did not show to advantage, his face bearing signs of 
 recent strife, Mr. Hyett after enquiring particulars, which were 
 truthfully told, gave the boy a few words of good advice, wiped 
 some tears from his cheek with his own pocket handkerchief, 
 and at the same time patted him gtntly 011 the head. I have 
 known all the Mayors who have succeeded him, and irany 
 personable men have been included in the number, but I have 
 never met with one of so noble a presence and so commanding 
 a style." 4 
 
 The Eeform Bill of 1832 created the Electoral Borough 
 of Strong, giving its inhabitants the right to return two 
 members to Parliament. The district was at that time one 
 of the most politically intelligent in the county, and one of
 
 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.R.S. 175 
 
 the most independent and Liberal. Nonconformity was 
 strong, and the influence of such men as John Burder and 
 Benjamin Parsons was felt among all classes, especially among 
 the mill operatives. It was a constituency any man might 
 have been proud to represent. 
 
 Three candidates sought the maiden suffrages of the new 
 electors Mr. David Eicardo, of Minchinhampton ; Mr. 
 Poulett Scrope, of Castle Combe, Wilts ; and Mr. Hyett. 
 These gentlemen were of much the same political complexion, 
 the Wiltshire aspirant being the most advanced Liberal of 
 the trio. The popularity of Mr. Hyett was, however, 
 overwhelming. He was elected by a majority of 400 over his 
 successful colleague, and of 423 over the unsuccessful 
 competitor ; the numbers at the declaration of the poll 
 standing thus Hyett, 985 ; Eicardo, 585 ; Scrope, 562. 
 
 A remarkable feature of the polling was that of the 152 
 electors in the Painswick district : all, with one exception, 
 voted for the " Squire." The exception was a worthy 
 Nonconformist minister who, not being satisfied with Mr. 
 Hyett's views on the question of negro emancipation, had the 
 moral courage to record his vote against him. When 
 afterwards he attained a clearer and more satisfactory 
 knowledge of these views, the same moral courage led him to 
 call at Painswick House to explain and express his regret. 
 
 With a knowledge of his great abilities, his untiring 
 energy, and his high tone of principle, Mr. Hyett's friends 
 were justified in expecting for him a brilliant Parliamentary 
 career. In this they were disappointed. Some of his noblest 
 qualities were hindrances rather than helps to him as a party 
 politician. His independence of thought and action unfitted 
 him to work submissively in any political team. It was not 
 in his nature to answer tamely to a " whip." He was born 
 rather to lead than to be led ; to command than to serve. 
 From various causes, which need not be explained here, he 
 became dissatisfied with the party to which he had allied 
 himself, and gradually drew off from the connection.
 
 176 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.R.S. 
 
 In many ways, however, he showed himself the possessor 
 of qualities which characterise true statesmen. His speech in 
 the House of Commons, July, 1833, on the Factory 
 Eegulation Bill introduced by the late Earl Shaftesbury, 
 then Lord Ashley, affords evidence of the care and 
 thoroughness with which he could examine a subject, and the 
 force and skill with which he could present and maintain his 
 -own views. O'Connell is reported to have said after hearing 
 this speech, "Well, he has convinced me, but I must vote 
 with my mob." 5 There was, too, in these political 
 utterances an evident depth of conviction and a spirit of 
 earnestness, which, however unsatisfactory his arguments 
 might be, commanded attention and respect. 
 
 But Mr. Hyett's Parliamentary course was, from its 
 brevity, unsatisfactory to many of his friends. The changes 
 which had commenced in his opinions continued to increase ; 
 the old Whigs with whom he thought he could have worked 
 were fast dying out ; and with the new representatives of the 
 party he had little or no sympathy. This, combined with 
 private and domestic reasons, led him to avail himself of the 
 opportunity afforded by the dissolution of Parliament in 1835 
 to retire from public political life. 
 
 Others besides his neighbours and personal friends were 
 surprised and disappointed by the course he thus took. It is 
 related that on one occasion when dining together, Sir Eobert 
 Peel in course of conversation told him he ought to have 
 become Prime Minister, and asked him why he had not 
 reached that high office. Mr. Hyett is credited with the 
 characteristic answer " Because I was cursed with a 
 competency." Such an answer would, doubtless, in part 
 explain his apparent indifference to those offices and honours 
 which his great powers might have enabled him to attain. 
 He had other and stronger tastes and aspirations which he 
 possessed the means to gratify. 
 
 His interest in politics, however, did not terminate with 
 his Parliamentary life. He grew gradually more Conservative
 
 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.B.S. 177 
 
 in his opinions, and was at length welcomed by that party as 
 a valuable addition to their strength. Nor did his former 
 political friends ever doubt the honesty of his convictions, or 
 attribute his change of attitude to any but the most honourable 
 motives. 
 
 Mr. Hyett's return to private life not only accorded with 
 many of his most cherished tastes, but afforded him oppor- 
 tunities for their indulgence. Scientific agriculture was then 
 receiving an amount of attention such as it never had before. 
 Old methods of husbandry were being challenged and new 
 ones were coming into vogue. It was a subject which in all its 
 branches had for some years occupied his mind. Not only his 
 interests as a landowner, but strong natural predilections, had 
 drawn him to its study. 
 
 In one direction he was taking a novel course : it was that 
 of making experiments with a view to affecting the colour and 
 durability of timber. He had formed theories which led him 
 to believe that it was possible by a very simple contrivance to 
 cause growing trees to absorb chemical solutions near the 
 base of their stems, which, being carried by the rising sap up 
 their trunks and into their branches, would impart to the 
 wood such tints as the experimenter might desire, and also 
 affect its quality, rendering it more durable and capable of a 
 higher polish. Experiments for the attainment of these ends 
 were skilfully carried on for some years, and proved so 
 successful as to attract the attention of men of science who 
 were greatly interested in these original processes and. their 
 singular results. 6 
 
 These experiments, with researches and labours in other 
 directions, led to his election as a Fellow of the Royal 
 Society ; and also obtained from the Highland Society most 
 gratifying acknowledgments. Neighbouring agriculturists 
 profited by his observations and experience ; while from time 
 to time he rendered good service to the Gloucester Farmers' 
 Club by the valuable practical lectures he prepared for the 
 furtherance of its objects. He had taken a warm interest in 
 
 L
 
 178 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.R.S. 
 
 the establishment of this Club, and exerted himself to render 
 it prosperous and useful. In 1841 he lectured to the members 
 on the ' Chemical effects of particular manures on particular 
 crops." The next year he read a paper on " The benefits 
 which agriculture has derived from science " ; and also 
 reported a series of " Experiments on the growth of the 
 potatoe." He was thus in the van of those who during the 
 past half century have been helping the practical agriculturist 
 by the teachings and methods of science. His name, follow- 
 ing those of Earl Bathurst, Earl of Ducie, and Sir Michael 
 Hicks Beach, Bart., stands fourth on the committee appointed 
 by a public meeting at Cirencester, in April 1844, to determine 
 on a plan for the Institution which is now so widely known 
 as the Royal Agricultural College. 
 
 Mr. Hyett's sagacity and benevolence kept him well abreast 
 of the great wave of interest in popular education which at 
 this period was spreading through the country. Gloucester- 
 shire presented some encouraging instances of what could be 
 done for the wider and better education of the people. 
 Among others, the schools which the Eev. Benjamin Parsons 
 had originated at Ebley, and those which Mr. Osman Bicardo 
 had established at Pauntley, afforded examples of the success 
 following earnest effort and enlightened liberality. With wise 
 charity Mr. Hyett's efforts were chiefly directed to his own 
 neighbourhood. "What those efforts were is briefly indicated 
 in some accounts of him which appeared at the time of his 
 death. 
 
 We are there told, that " when his busy mind was devoted 
 to the improvement of the education of the labouring classes, 
 he set about this work in the practical fashion of seeking to 
 improve the education given in Painswick itself. In 1844, he 
 got the new Free School built, and in 1846 the new National 
 School, for which he gave the plans and raised the bulk of 
 the subscriptions. After observing for a time the working of 
 these institutions, he suggested that they should be united, 
 and, with the hearty co-operation of the then incumbent, the
 
 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.R.S. 179 
 
 late Eev. Kobert Strong, the union was carried into effect. 
 Trained and skilful teachers were provided, and Mr. Hyett's 
 purse and influence were exerted to keep the boys at school 
 until they were 18 or 14 years of age. He caused one of the 
 class-rooms to be converted into a carpenter's shop, and in 
 another he established a printing press, in one or other of 
 which boys of the first class received instruction during every 
 afternoon. He attached much importance to the branches of 
 knowledge which cultivate habits of mental accuracy, and he 
 not only himself taught mechanical drawing for two years, but 
 he also insisted upon the boys being made to master the first 
 two books of Euclid, and he imported cheap mathematical 
 instruments from France to aid this system of instruction. 
 But his object was, as stated in one of the reports drawn up 
 by himself and printed at the school, ' not to educate specially 
 printers, carpenters, or draughtsmen, but generally to start 
 youths active and intelligent in any line of life which may be 
 open to them.' His pupils fully repaid the care which he 
 bestowed upon them, for they constantly left the school to 
 engage in pursuits to which they could not otherwise have 
 aspired. Unfortunately circumstances severed Mr. Hyett's 
 connection with the schools, and instruction in the special 
 subjects was discontinued. In 1857, however, he had the 
 satisfaction of describing his principles and methods, and of 
 shewing what they had accomplished, in a paper which he 
 read to an educational conference held under the presidency 
 of the Prince Consort." 
 
 These " principles and methods " were also set forth in a 
 remarkable letter on " Mechanical Drawing and the Education 
 of the Hand in Schools for the People," addressed to Dr. 
 Dawes, Dean of Hereford, who had "long advocated carrying 
 our National Education as far as making the two first books 
 of Euclid a necessary part of it." This letter, written in 
 a most interesting style, not only contains many deeply 
 thoughtful and striking remarks on the subject of which it 
 treats; but indicates much sympathy with the poor, and
 
 180 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.R.S. 
 
 heai'ty desire for their moral and social elevation. Portions of 
 it might be read with advantage by many in the present day. 
 
 The great anti-Corn Law battle was carried on in 
 Gloucestershire with much vigour. On both sides there were 
 strong forces. Free Trade found redoubtable champions in 
 Earl Ducie, Benjamin Parsons, Anthony Fewster, and many 
 other worthies of the time ; while Mr. Hyett, Peter Matthews, 
 then of Combe End, with other men of might on hill and in 
 vale, fought hard but unsuccessfully around the doomed 
 standard of Protection. The struggle was not without its 
 bitterness ; heavy blows were dealt on either side, and 
 soreness was for a while felt. But time healed differences, 
 and temporarily suspended friendships were happily restored. 
 
 As early as 1817 Mr. Hyett was a member of the 
 committee for the building of the County Lunatic Asylum at 
 Wotton. From that time he gave much attention to the 
 treatment of the insane, and during his travels had visited 
 asylums whenever he could do so. The knowledge and 
 experience thus gained rendered him especially helpful when 
 steps were taken for the establishment of the asylum at 
 Baruwood in 1856. The deep concern he felt for the 
 efficiency and success of this institution was shown not only 
 in the pecuniary aid he rendered, but in the time and energy he 
 devoted to promoting its chief object that of giving the 
 " benefits of a public asylum co those who were not of the 
 pauper class." 
 
 A remarkable instance of the conscientious thoroughness 
 with which he engaged in works of this kind is found in the 
 fact that when the institution was opened "he availed 
 himself of the temporary absence of his family to go and live 
 there as a boarder for some weeks, taking his meals with the 
 patients, and satisfying himself by the closest inspection that 
 the conduct of the asylum was in all respects what it ought 
 to be." 
 
 It was thus that he felt it right to qualify himself so as to 
 undertake the responsibility of vouching for the character of
 
 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.K.S. 181 
 
 the institution, and lecommending it for patients. He was 
 not the man to lend his name or influence lightly to any 
 undertaking ; or to assume any responsibility which he could 
 not intelligently and honourably fulfil. 
 
 The excellent Gloucestershire Eye Institution, now 
 amalgamated with the General Infirmary in Gloucester, owes 
 its origin to the energetic benevolence of Mr. Hyett, by whose 
 ^efforts this new and much needed charity was founded in 
 1866. The records of these efforts are full of interest. In 
 letters addressed through the public press to the Mechanics of 
 Gloucester and Stroud, on " the frequency of disease and 
 injury of the eye to which operatives are liable," after some 
 important statistical facts, he says : " Little more than a 
 year ago, a knowledge of facts of this sort tempted a few 
 individuals, at their own risk, to make an effort to meet what 
 they believed to be the wants of Gloucester and its 
 surrounding districts. It is true, they were told, that for 
 some years past the number of eye cases treated at the 
 Infirmary there had not been less than 80 per annum. The 
 reply was, that the area of Gloucester and Stroud, excluding 
 those of Cheltenham and Bristol, which have Eye 
 Hospitals of their own, should every year supply, not 80, but 
 from 400 to 500 eye patients, 40 or 50 of whom would 
 require operation." On this calculation our Institution was 
 established. 
 
 As chairman of its first committee, which was composed 
 of many well-known and eminent local gentlemen, Mr. Hyett 
 laboured hard to overcome the difficulties which the infant 
 Institution had to meet, and smooth the way for its beneficent 
 operations. He had the sympathy and help of a small band 
 of active fellow labourers, Mr. John Soper efficiently 
 discharging the duties of Honorary Secretary, including the 
 management of Finance. 
 
 For thirteen years this Institution had a separate existence, 
 carrying on its useful work at a hired house in Market Parade. 
 In 1878, the committee of the Gloucester Infirmary wisely
 
 182 WILLIAM HEHBY HYETT, F.R.S. 
 
 made proposals for the amalgamation of the two institutions, 
 which was most satisfactorily effected. In issuing their last 
 report the committee of the Eye Hospital, of which, after 
 Mr. Hyett's death, his son, Mr. Francis Adams Hyett, had 
 been elected chairman, gave a brief account of the work it had 
 done. Between five and six thousand patients, coming from 
 neighbouring counties, as well as from well nigh every nook 
 and corner of our own, had been treated, a large percentage 
 being cured, and many others obtaining partial relief. A 
 balance of 320 in the hands of the Treasurer was paid over 
 to the funds of the Infirmary. Of che subsequent history of 
 this great charity nothing need be said : annual reports show 
 the wide and beneficial extent of its operations, and prove the 
 sagacity of its benevolent founder, to whose memory it is a 
 glorious monument. 
 
 As life advanced and health suffered from the persistent 
 attacks of his old enemy gout, Mr. Hyett's activities became 
 more circumscribed. Idle he could not be, and his energies 
 found some exercise in the indulgence of his literary tastes. 
 Through life he had occasionally cultivated a poetic talent of 
 no mean order, and his productions were varied and numerous. 
 Some of these reveal not only the strength which might be 
 expected, but a sweetness of sentiment and a gentleness of 
 thought which, coming from a mind of such power, sound like 
 the soft and subdued tones of a mighty organ. The pensive 
 feeling inspired by the music of midnight bells has rarely 
 found sweeter expression than in the following stanzas " On 
 hearing the Painswick Bells ring out the old year at midnight, 
 December 31st, 1854." 
 
 Say why those solemn rounds of chima 
 
 Peal from the midnight bell ? 
 They chant the Choristers of Time 
 
 Another year's Farewell. 
 
 All else is mute Above the Tower 
 
 The stars intently glisten : 
 In the scar'd silence of the hour 
 
 They seem almost to listen.
 
 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.R.S. 188 
 
 Or is it that Heaven's watch they keep 
 
 On Time's recurring waves, 
 To register the hosts they sweep 
 
 Into these silent graves ? 
 If so, good Sexton ! every year 
 
 Still let these chimes be going, 
 To ring into the drowsy ear 
 
 What the bright stars are doing. 
 And tell us all, within the sound, 
 
 That it may be our doom 
 Before another year comes round 
 
 To sink into the Tomb. 
 
 With some of the pleasant school excursions which he 
 loved to encourage, he associated charming little poems which 
 .served as mementoes of visits to scenes of beauty and interest. 
 One of these is a beautiful pictorial sonnet on Tintern Abbey : 
 Ages ebb past, and on their shoaling strand 
 They leave the wreck of many a gallant bark, 
 Man's amid Nature's works as if to mark 
 How vain the glories of the human hand ; 
 Behold grey Tintern's crumbling ruins ! grand 
 And perfect in those ages drear and dark, 
 When Holy Monks fanned Learning's glimmering spark, 
 And all these gorgeous arches proudly plann'd. 
 Where are they now ? Th' eternal hills survive, 
 The vales bloom on with flow'rs and fruit ; the river, 
 In undimm'd beauty sparkles on for ever, 
 God's handiwork ; while all that men contrive 
 Sinks to decay ; and yet death's angel-smile 
 Still lingers o'er this cold and silent aisle. 
 
 The pen that produced these and other choice little 
 compositions was capable of far more ; and in ] 868, at the 
 age of seventy-three Mr. Hyett published a volume of poems, 
 which, with pleasant humour, he entitled, "Flowers of the 
 South, from the Hortus Siccus of an Old Collector." The 
 contents are arranged in three Parts. The first consists of 
 translations from modern languages chiefly from the Tuscan 
 of Vincenzio da Filicaia, whom Macaulay esteems " the 
 greatest lyric poet of modern times," Part II. contains 
 translations from Horace ; and Part III. Original Sonnets, etc. 
 The volume beautifully printed by Mr. John Bellows, of
 
 184 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.R.S. 
 
 Gloucester, and published by Mr. Basil Pickering, of London, 
 not only received a most appreciative welcome by the local 
 press, but found much favour in the eyes of eminent critics. 
 " We can have 110 hesitation," said the Saturday Review, " in 
 describing the ' Flowers ' as a garland reflecting credit upon 
 Painswick, and upon Gloucestershire generally. While one- 
 half the world is engaged in speculation, and nearly another 
 half in politics, it is refreshing to find that in some country 
 houses the calmer pursuits of literature are still the embellish- 
 ment most attractive to the casual visitor, and the ' exceeding 
 great reward ' of the resident follower of them." 
 
 It is doubtful whether this volume presents the best 
 specimens of Mr. Hyett's efforts, at least of his translations. 
 He translated into English verse the first four books of the 
 Odes of Horace, and much of Tasso's " Gerusalemme 
 Liberata," with such force and beauty as led some friends 
 who had the privilege of hearing them, to wish that he had 
 completed and given to the public what he had so well begun. 
 
 Epigrams and humorous lines on political and other 
 subjects flowed readily from his facile pen, and occasionally 
 found their way into print. 7 
 
 Another work to which he devoted some of the leisure of 
 his last year was the preparation of a chart containing a list 
 of prompt remedies for use in cases of accident or poisoning, 
 before medical help can be obtained. The arrangement is so 
 clear that the instructions necessary in each particular case 
 can be almost instantly obtained. 
 
 As might be expected, such a man and such a life supplied 
 numerous facts and anecdotes which, told and re -told, remain 
 cherished traditions in the neighbourhood where he was so 
 long a living presence. Many of the inhabitants of Painswick 
 will never forget the part be bore in the rescue of a poor 
 fellow who was buried alive by the falling in of a well. The 
 unfortunate man, who was of weak intellect, had been induced 
 to descend the well in search of some article that had been 
 dropped into it. In making the ascent he had struck the
 
 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.R.S. 185 
 
 sides, displacing some of the stone work, and bringing down a 
 heavy fall of walling and earth which had buried him at a 
 considerable depth. Mr. Hyett on hearing of the accident 
 hastened to the spot. The groans of the sufferer could be 
 heard ; and with prompt energy Mr. Hyett organised 
 operations for his rescue. Eelays of workers directed by his 
 skill and stimulated by his words and example, exerted 
 themselves with all their might. From time to time the 
 work was momentarily suspended while Mr. Hyett listened ; 
 then, as the groans were heard, it was resumed with fresh 
 vigour. The medical men of the neighbourhood the late 
 Mr. Gyde and Mr. Gardiner were summoned to the spot, 
 and preparations were made at a cottage for the reception of 
 the injured man. Again and again Mr. Hyett took part in the 
 labour, while others partook of needed refreshment supplied 
 from his own house. " His grand face," says an eye witness, 
 " was covered with perspiration, and his noble form quivered 
 with deep feeling." It was a scene of intense excitement ; 
 but success at length crowned the humane efforts of 
 the Squire and his neighbours ; and after some hours' 
 imprisonment the poor half-witted fellow, who was found 
 doubled up between two large stones, was delivered from his 
 fearful grave more dead than alive. 
 
 To the " Old Blue Boy's " description of Mr. Hyett as a 
 young man, may now be added one which gives a glimpse of 
 him at nearly four-score. It is found in the note book of one 
 of his friends, who knowing him intimately regarded him with 
 high admiration and esteem. In few but graphic words he 
 says : " Mr. Hyett in his prime must have stood six feet high 
 or more [six feet one inch] . With a powerful and somewhat 
 bulky frame, broad shoulders, and erect head, he has 
 altogether an appearance which gives an impression of mental 
 and physical strength. He is a handsome man ; his features 
 are large and well cut : his mouth firm as iron, and kindly 
 grave. No beard or moustache shadows his face. His eyes 
 are a grayish blue ; clear but genial. He would look grand in
 
 186 WILLIAM HENRY HYETT, F.R.S. 
 
 a judge's wig ; but be ever looks wbat be truly is, ' a fine old 
 Englisb gentleman,' every incb of bim. ' Natura lo fece e 
 poi ruppe la stampa.' " 
 
 For some time before bis death Mr. Hyett was quite 
 invalided, suffering from gout, and also at one time from 
 supervening dropsy. His great strength enabled him to 
 maintain a long struggle with these maladies, but at length a 
 severe attack of bronchitis brought his active life to an end,, 
 and laid his strong frame low in death, on Saturday, 10th 
 March, 1877. 
 
 He was buried on Saturday 17th amidst a general 
 expression of deep respect. The old church bells, which had 
 often solaced and gladdened him by their sweet tones, told 
 forth the sorrow of the bereaved parish in a muffled peal r 
 filling the air with mournful music. The county papers 
 contained interesting references to his life and character, and 
 bore high testimony to his worth. 
 
 A plain free-stone tomb marks his resting place in the 
 ;3outh-east corner of the cemetery, and bears the following 
 brief inscription " Laborare est Orare. In Memory of William 
 Henry Hyett, of Painswick House, in this parish, who died 
 March 10th, 1877, aged 81 years." 
 
 His amiable and beloved wife, after a widowhood of eight 
 years, died October 12th 1885, at the age of 82, and is buried 
 in the same grave. Of a family of ten, five are living ; Mrs, 
 Dickinson, widow of Mr. S. S. Dickinson, of Brown's Hill, 
 Mary Clementina, Annie Grace, and Stephana Inglis Hyett ; 
 and Mr. Francis Adams Hyett, of Painswick House. 
 
 NOTES 
 
 1. The ecclesiastical parishes which have been since formed from that 
 of Painswick have reduced the number to 3,C14. 
 
 2. While in Gloucester he had in his service the Italian valet Teodoro 
 Maiocchi, who afterwards became notorious for the infamous part he took 
 in the trial of Queen Caroline. This scoundrel swore that he had never 
 been in England prior to his appearance as a witness. Having been 
 accustomed to frequent the Bull Inn during his stay in Gloucester, Benoni 
 Hill, the landlord, and others effectually exposed his perjury.
 
 WILLIAM HENBY HYETT, F.R.S. 187 
 
 3. Painswick House when first built was called Buenos Ayres ; but 
 has long borne its present familiar and more appropriate name. 
 
 4. The late Henry Hooper Wilton, Esq., of Whitminster, who was 
 for many years Town Clerk of Gloucester in the time of the old 
 Corporation, retained many pleasant recollections of Mr. Hyett. Among 
 others was that of a jocular contention, on one occasion, for seniority, which 1 
 was decided in Mr. Wilton's favour, he having been born I lay 9th, 1 795> 
 and Mr. Hyett, September 2nd following. 
 
 5. This truly humane measure, after undergoing many modifications, 
 eventually became law. 
 
 6. Mr. Hyett subsequently found that better results were produced 
 by cutting the trunks of felled timber into 10 or 12 foot lengths, and 
 causing the colouring matter to percolate from the top, than by the 
 absorption process. He was greatly interested in woods suitable for 
 cabinet and ornamental purposes. In 1830 an elaborately beautiful border 
 of parquetrie work of his own designing, and formed of various naturally 
 coloured woods, was laid down in the large dining-room at Painswick 
 House. Four workmen were engaged three months on this exquisite 
 piece of artistic and mechanical skill. Some years afterwards the floor of 
 a landing was inlaid with some of his own artificially coloured woods. 
 
 7. A brief sample may be given. When in 1853 the late Sir Michael 
 Hicks Beach, Bart., and the late Mr. Edward Holland contested the 
 Eastern Division of Gloucestershire, a Liberal paper remarked that defeat 
 would not be surprising " for Beech roots run underground." After the 
 declaration of the poll, when it appeared that Sir Michael was elected by a 
 majority of 1,001, Liberals, as well as Conservatives, were amused by the 
 following adroit retort, which was at once recognised as Mr. Hyett's- 
 composition : 
 
 "The Radicals declare ' Beech roots run underground,' 
 But they're wrong in their orthography, so their metaphor's unsound. 
 By this time they know better : both Time and Spelling teach 
 How thy wild waves, Democracy, beat vainly on our Beach." 
 
 A recent writer in the Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard, referring; 
 to these " Notes," gives another capital specimen of Mr. Hyett's epigram- 
 matical compositions.
 
 SIR CHAS. WHEATSTONE, D.C.L., F.R.S. 
 
 [1802 1875. 1 
 
 r HE modern Church of St. Catherine, in the City of 
 Gloucester, built in 1868, stands on the site of an 
 ancient one which was taken down in 1665. Portions 
 of the south side, serving as a boundary wall, were, however, 
 left standing ; and now, carefully preserved, invest the spot 
 with peculiar and venerable interest, presenting a striking but 
 not unpleasing contrast to the new edifice. The churchyard, 
 which continued in use notwithstanding the destruction of the 
 church, is the last resting place of a large number of citizens, 
 and many an old family name may be found upon its tomb- 
 stones. Among these is one bearing the name of "Wheatstone. 
 This name was formerly found on others, dating from the 
 seventeenth century, which have now disappeared. The one 
 remaining, which is of red Forest stone, is somewhat ornately 
 -carved, and bears in well-cut letters the following inscription : 
 " In Memory of John Wheatsone, of this city, Cordwainer, 
 who departed this life June 10, 1799, aged 68 years : Also 
 Ann, his wife, who departed this life March ye 8, 1811, aged 
 72 years : Also Ten children who died in their infancy." 
 
 In a Gloucester directory for 1802, published by Eobert 
 Baikes, the name of " Mr. Wheatstone, Upper North Street," 
 is found among the attornies ; and that of " Wheatstone, 
 Shoe-maker, Upper West-street," among the tradesmen of 
 .the city. Both were sons of the said John and Ann Wheat-
 
 SIR CHAS. WHEATSTONE, D.C.L., F.K.S. 189 
 
 stone : the attorney bearing his father's name and the tradesman 
 that of an uncle William. A third and younger son named 
 Charles, who had entered the College School in 1778, even- 
 tually became a musical instrument maker in London. The 
 attorney also removed to the Metropolis, and practised in 
 Chancery Lane. 
 
 The Gloucester tradesman William Wheatstone carried 
 on his business in a house still standing midway between 
 College-court and College-street. 1 He married BeataBubb, a 
 member of an old Gloucestershire family consisting of many 
 branches, which by property and residence are connected with 
 several parts of the county. Her parents Samuel and Ann 
 Bubb resided at the Manor House, opposite the second mile- 
 stone, in the village of Barnwood ; and in this substantial old 
 residence the distinguished man who is the subject of this 
 sketch Sir CHARLES WHEATSTONE, the eminent scientist 
 was born February 6, 1802. The pretty village, much more 
 sparsely inhabited then than now, lies on the old Eoman 
 Ermine Street, running from Glevum (Gloucester) to 
 Corinium (Cirencester). The ancient church of St. Lawrence, 
 with its embattled tower and square bell turret, standing a 
 furlong or two from the highway, and approached by field 
 paths ; the old gabled court and its avenue of noble trees ; 
 quaint farm-houses, cottages, and barns ; and bright little 
 streams, are among its own picturesque features ; while from 
 almost every part pleasing views of near and distant hills 
 can be enjoyed. Within a mile or two, Chosen stands to the 
 north, and Eobin's Wood to the south ; while in the near 
 east, the green slopes and rocky escarpments and wooded 
 crests of the Cots wolds stretch for many miles. May Hill, 
 the Forest range, and " Malvern's lovely heights " rise to 
 view in the distant west. 
 
 In 1806 the Wheatstone family removed to London, where 
 Mr. Wheatstone established himself in business as a 
 manufacturer of musical instruments, and music publisher, in 
 Pall Mall ; also giving instruction on the flute and flageolet,
 
 190 SIK CHAS. WHEATSTONE, D.C.L., F.R.S. 
 
 having among his pupils the Princess Charlotte of Wales. 
 Little Charles was sent to a preparatory school at Kennington 
 for some time. 
 
 It is a sister of Sir Charles who furnishes this information. 
 This venerable lady, who at a great age is still living in 
 London, speaks of all his later education being obtained at a 
 first-class establishment in Vere Street, conducted on the 
 Lancastrian principle. Mr. Charles Brooks, an intimate 
 friend of Sir Charles, speaks without doubt of his being 
 educated at a private school in Gloucester. These statements 
 could probably be reconciled by a fuller knowledge of facts. 
 It seems certain that several circumstances point to his 
 having returned to Barnwood and passed some part of his 
 early life, including a portion of his school-boy days, with his 
 grandparents. During his education the bent of his mind was 
 evinced by his predilection for mathematics and physics ; 
 -and traditions are extant of the droll ways in which his 
 inventive faculties and mechanical ingenuity found exercise. 
 Old citizens have told of curious sights in the window of the 
 shop which his father had kept, and which probably continued 
 in the occupation of some branch of the family. Automaton 
 figures, connected by wires with some mysterious apparatus 
 in a room above, went through sundry performances on 
 miniature musical instruments. These contrivances and 
 experiments might have been tbe embryo of those investi- 
 gations which resulted in the great works on which his fame 
 chiefly rests. At this time they served to amuse and puzzle 
 the gaping groups that gathered at the shop window, and 
 " Charley Wheatstone's clever tricks " were town talk. His 
 connection with a Young Men's Mutual Improvement 
 Society, which held its meetings in a room in New Inn Lane, 
 was long remembered. Although by birth a freeman of the 
 city, he appears never to have taken up his freedom. 
 
 It is possible that some of these facts may have reference 
 to his uncle Charles, who probably remained in Gloucester 
 -some years after other branches of the family had left ; and
 
 SIR CHAS. WHEATSTONE, D.C.L., F.E.S. 191 
 
 with whom our Charles, his nephew, has sometimes been 
 so confounded as to render these legends doubtful. It would 
 also appear that this uncle, after his removal to London, had a 
 musical warehouse at No. 436 in the Strand, and that as early 
 as 1816 young Charles was placed with him. Here he so 
 earnestly continued his scientific studies, that his father took 
 him from business and placed him in circumstances more 
 favourable to his pursuits. In 1819 he exhibited some of his 
 first practical experiments in acoustics in Pall Mall, and at 
 the age of twenty-one, on the death of his uncle, he, in 
 conjunction with a brother William Dolman Wheatstone 
 took to the business. 
 
 In the same year, 1823, he invented his Harmonic Diagram, 
 which is a representation of the principles from which the 
 science of music is derived ; and is designed to facilitate the 
 "acquirement of musical theory;" and also published his 
 first paper on science. It was entitled " New experiments on 
 Sound," and appeared in "Thomson's Annals of Philosophy." 
 It contained the results of experiments he had made during 
 his teens on the vibrations of chords, rods, and surfaces ; and 
 excited so much attention that it was reproduced in foreign 
 scientific periodicals. Other papers on acoustics followed, 
 being published in the Quarterly Journal of Science; and in 
 1828 he was inventing and explaining an elegant philosophical 
 instrument called the Kaleidoplione. 
 
 These studies, closely related to the business in which he 
 was engaged, largely occupied his attention at this time, and 
 led to the construction of the Symphonion, which he shortly 
 improved into the Accordion, both instruments affording 
 evidence of the success of his labours in this direction. Par- 
 ticular admiration has been expressed of the " mode of 
 fingering, in which the successive notes are placed in double 
 rows alternately on opposite sides of the instrument, so that 
 consecutive notes on either side, which may be touched by the 
 same finger, always belong to the same chord." 2 
 
 Severer work was not neglected. While constructing these
 
 192 SIB CHAS. WHEATSTONE, D.C.L., F.B.S. 
 
 interesting instruments, he was writing on the resonance of 
 columns of air, and in 1831 on the transmission of sound 
 through rigid linear conductors. " A wire or rod," he says, 
 "might mechanically transmit sounds from London to 
 Aberdeen." " Some recent investigations lead us to hope that 
 we are not far from effecting these desiderata ; and if all the 
 articulations were once thus obtained, the construction of a 
 machine for the arrangement of them into syllables, words, 
 and sentences would demand no knowledge beyond what we 
 already possess." Illustrations of these principles were 
 subsequently furnished at the Polytechnic Institution, and 
 music played in the basement of the building was transferred 
 to an upper room. These enquiries were continued till "hi 
 1860 he patented his Telephone, by which sounds could be 
 communicated by electric telegraphy by an alphabet of twenty- 
 four sounds, three octaves." 
 
 But what was deemed the most remarkable of these earlier 
 scientific labours was a memoir on the so-called Chladni's 
 figures, which was presented to the Koyal Society in 1833 and 
 published in their Transactions. In his " Scientific Papers '" 
 the results of these curious experiments are illustrated by 
 numerous plates. 
 
 The abilities of such a man were likely to procure dis- 
 tinction, and in 1834 "Wheatstone was appointed Professor of 
 Experimental Physics at King's College, London. He 
 delivered one course of lectures, but unconquerable distrust of 
 his own aptness to teach by this method led him to discontinue 
 this important branch of his professorial duties. While in 
 private he charmed listeners by his able and lucid exposition 
 of scientific facts, hi public his efforts were unsatisfactory. 
 Even in a small debating society, of which he was for many 
 years a member, he never opened his lips, though on many of 
 the subjects discussed he was brimful of information. As the 
 result of this idiosyncrasy some of his more important inves- 
 tigations were presented to the public by his friend Faraday, 
 in the theatre of the Royal Institution.
 
 SIR CHAS. WHEVTSTONE, D.C.L., F.K.S. 193 
 
 From the study of sound be now turned to that of light. 
 Some hitherto unobserved phenomena of binocular vision, 
 discovered by him, were first illustrated by the reflecting 
 stereoscope. "The conception that the idea of solidity is 
 derived from the mental combination of two pictures of the 
 same object in dissimilar perspective, as seen by the two eyes 
 respectively, is undoubtedly and solely due to Wheatstone." 
 These newly-discovered facts and principles, communicated to 
 the Eoyal Society as early as 1838, ultimately led to the 
 construction of various instruments ; among others those now 
 popularised by the application of photography. 
 
 A second paper on the same subject was presented in 1852. 
 This was illustrated by a new and. curious invention called the 
 Pseudoscope, an instrument which represents concave bodies as 
 convex, and rice versa. Some curious mental facts, to which 
 these investigations pointed, had at one time engaged Wheat- 
 stone's attention to problems of still higher interest those of 
 mental philosophy. The disciples of Gall and Spurzheim had 
 formed the London Phrenological Society, of which he had 
 become an active member. Before this Society, then under 
 the presidency of Dr. Elliotson, he read a paper on Dreaming 
 and Somnambulism, which was published in the Lancet.* 
 How different might have been the course of history had the 
 acute and active mind of our philosopher been diverted from 
 his former studies and engrossed by questions of mental 
 phenomena ! But his interest in these enquiries seems to 
 have been short-lived. His love of purely physical science 
 prevailed, and his accustomed pursuits were continued. 
 
 Among what may be called his many minor inventions, 
 the whole of which cannot be enumerated here, the following 
 may be mentioned : Automatic apparatus for recording 
 periodically the height of the barometer, and the temperatures 
 of the dry-and-wet-bulb thermometers ; electro-magnetic 
 counter, by which the number of any given repeated 
 mechanical actions is readily and certainly recorded ; electric 
 chronoscope, by which very small intervals of time may be 
 
 M
 
 194 SIK CHAS. WHEATSTONE, D.C.L., F.B.8. 
 
 determined ; electrical balance ; compendious apparatus for 
 writing in cipher ; and a polar clock. 
 
 His name is also intimately connected with the earliest 
 development of spectrum-analysis. As far back as 1835 he 
 brought this interesting subject before the British Association 
 in a paper on " The Prismatic Analysis of Electric Light," 
 and was thus the first to demonstrate facts which he 
 predicted would "be employed for useful purposes;" a 
 prediction which has been abundantly verified. 
 
 His " Scientific Papers," as collected and published by the 
 Physical Society in London, afford remarkable evidence of his 
 industry, the versatility of his powers, and the wide extent of 
 his researches. 
 
 Numerous and varied as we have already seen Wheatstone's 
 researches and inventions to have been, greater things have 
 yet to be told. Less than fifty years ago the most rapid 
 communication was by express train and steam-boat. Hours 
 had to elapse before a message from the more distant 
 provinces could reach the capital. Berwick speaking in the 
 morning, could not be heard at Penzance till night. Days 
 and nights revolved while the post travelled between England 
 and some parts of Europe. Weeks were required for the 
 transmission of news to America ; and weary months were 
 needed to bear a word to India or our Australian Colonies. 
 Now the many million-mile wires of the Electric Telegraph 
 net our round world. Starting from a thousand centres, 
 they travel through every part of our own land, visit every 
 city and town, and in effect, reach every village, hamlet, and 
 home. Descending to the four seas, they find their way 
 through the pathless deeps to all quarters of the globe, 
 stretching over frozen snows and burning sands, running 
 amidst vineyards and fields, threading forest wilds, and 
 climbing mountain heights. At ten thousand points the 
 silent operator sits, the click of the mysterious machine is 
 heard, and messages are sped, swift as the lightning flash,, 
 north and south, east and west. Government, commerce,
 
 SIR CHAS. WHEATSTONE, D.C.L., F.R.S. 195 
 
 science, religion, and friendship all seek its services ; and 
 words of war and peace, business and pleasure, defiance and 
 welcome, condolence and congratulation, hate and love ; 
 ascriptions of glory to God and glad tidings of good-will to 
 man are flashed, day and night, like summer light or tempest 
 gleam, in all directions across and athwart both hemispheres, 
 between men of all sorts and conditions. 
 
 For this wonderful practical outcome of scientific research 
 and invention, the world is indebted to Charles Wheatstone. 
 
 For more than a century, investigations and experiments 
 bearing on electric communication, had been carried on, at 
 intervals, in Europe and America. Some schemes for the 
 employment of electricity for telegraphic purposes had been 
 propounded, but none that could be carried into practical and 
 satisfactory effect. Among the names of early pioneers into 
 the mysteries of the electric fluid, those of several of our own 
 countrymen stand high. America, Germany, France, and 
 Italy are also worthily represented. " But," says Mr. Brooks, 
 " to Charles Wheatstone is undoubtedly due the merit of 
 having been the first to render the electric telegraph practically 
 available. In 1834, the year of his appointment to the 
 Professorship, he devised an experiment which at once 
 attracted the attention of scientific minds throughout Europe, 
 and ultimately had a large influence in determining the 
 direction of his future labours. His object was to ascertain 
 the rate at which an electric wave travels through a metallic 
 conductor." He arrived at the inference that the velocity of 
 transmission was over 250,000 miles in one second ! Kepeated 
 and extended experiments supplied him with important data 
 for further investigation. 
 
 The story of the result is thus briefly told. " In 1836 Mr. 
 W. F. Cooke having been struck, during a visit to Germany, 
 by the applicability of an electric telegraph, devised by Baron 
 Schilling, to practical and especially railway purposes, brought 
 back with him on his return to London, a working model of 
 Schilling's apparatus, to which he directed the attention of
 
 106 SIR CHAS. WHEATS-TONE, D.C.I,., F.B.S. 
 
 Faraday and of the then Secretary of the Royal Society, Dr. 
 Eoget, by whom he was informed that Mr. Wheatstone had 
 been for some time engaged in analogous investigations. An 
 introduction followed, and shortly afterwards Wheatstone 
 entered into partnership with Mr. Cooke, and a patent for a 
 a five-needle telegraph (which from the number of insulated 
 conductors was deemed too expensive for general use), and 
 subsequently another patent for the two-needle telegraph, the 
 first that came into general use, were taken out in their joint 
 names. To Mr. (now Sir W. F.) Cooke much credit is 
 undoubtedly due for the tact and ability he evinced in directing 
 public attention to the importance of the electric telegraph, 
 and in conducting the joint enterprise to a most successful 
 commercial issue ; but to Wheatstone alone must be ascribed 
 the inventive genius and fertility of scientific resource which 
 led to the many successive developments of the electric 
 telegraph the letter- showing dial telegraph of 3840, the 
 type-printing telegraph in 1841, the magneto-electric dial 
 telegraph, a subsequent extension of the same to type- 
 embossing, and lastly the automatic telegraph by which 
 messages are transmitted with such unprecedented rapidity." 4 
 In addition to this the idea of submarine telegraphy was first 
 developed by Wheatstoue. It was a branch of the subject 
 that occupied his mind for some years, and his first practical 
 attempts in this direction were made in 1844, in Swansea Bay. 
 As the persevering philosopher pursued his successful 
 course, honours were awarded him from a great variety of 
 sources. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 
 1836, a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1855, and a 
 foreign Associate of the Academy of Sciences of France in 
 1873. Thirty-four distinctions or diplomas were conferred 
 upon him by various Governments, Universities, and learned 
 Societies. Eight of these were German, six French, five 
 English, three Swiss, two Scotch, two Italian, two American, 
 and of Irish, Belgian, Russian, Swedish, Dutch, and Brazilian 
 each one. In 1868 he received the honour of knighthood a
 
 SIR CHAS. WHEATSTONE, D C.L., F.R.S. 197 
 
 national acknowledgment of "scientific labours which have 
 rarely bet n equalled in their extent, their variety, and the ir 
 usefulness." 
 
 " The honour and public recognition as a great general 
 benefactor which Wheatstone received," says another writer, 
 " provoked some resentment from Mr. Cooke and his friends, 
 and a vexatious hubbub followed." For a long time 
 Wheatstone took 110 part, and when at the end of a year he 
 broke silence he did so with calmness and dignity, sending 
 forth a reply which was acknowledged to be practically 
 unassailable. While freely admitting " the zeal, perseverance, 
 and practical skill " of Mr. Cooke, he conclusively proved 
 his own right to the claims which his friends had made for 
 him. Mr. Cooke was knighted in 1869, " so that both thus 
 obtained in proper sequence the distinction to which they were 
 entitled." 
 
 The energies of Sir Charles continued to be exercised and 
 his numerous investigations extended to a great variety of 
 subjects. Among his later but incomplete inquiries were 
 some relating to colours of transparent and opaque bodies ; 
 colours obtained by transmission and reflection ; absorption 
 bands in coloured liquids ; telegraphic construction ; and 
 other bianches of light and electricity. 
 
 During all this busy and eventful peiiod of his life, the 
 business of musical instrument construction and improvement 
 still proceeded successfully, at 20, Conduit-street, Eegent 
 Street, London, where it is still carried on under the style of 
 " Wheatstone and Co., Inventors, Patentees, and Makers of 
 the Concertina." 
 
 These varied pursuits were closed by his unexpected death 
 at Paris, in 1875. Words spoken at the removal of his body 
 for burial in England, express the homage which French 
 science rendered to his genius and character, and also afford 
 some glimpses of his last hours. . M. Dumas, perpetual 
 Secretary of the French Academy of Sciences, speaking on that 
 occasion, said: "To render to genius the homage which is
 
 198 SIR CHAS. WHEATSTONE, D.C.L., F.R.S. 
 
 its due, without regard to country or origin, is toliononr one's 
 self. The Paris Academy of Sciences, always sympathising 
 with English science, did not hesitate, during the troubled 
 period of the wars of the Empire to decree ' a grand prix ' to 
 Sir Humphrey Davy. Now in a time of peace it comes to 
 fulfil with grief a duty of affection to one of his noblest 
 successors, by gathering around his coffin to offer him a last 
 homage. A foreign Associate of the Academy of Sciences, 
 exercising, by a rare privilege in virtue of that title all the 
 rights of its members during his life, we are bound to render 
 to his mortal remains the same tribute which we render to 
 our feUow countrymen who are our colleagues. The memory 
 of Sir Charles Wheatstone will live among us not only for his 
 discoveries and for the methods of investigation with which 
 he has endowed science, bnt also by the recollection of his 
 rare qualities of heart, the uprightness of his character, and 
 the agreeable charm of his personal demeanour. The friends 
 he has left among us, unable to avert destiny, hope they were 
 at least able to soothe the last hours of his life of that life 
 which, alas ! was closed away from his beloved home, from 
 that family circle the sweet recollf ctioii of which animated his 
 last hours, and to which the eye of the dying one turned once 
 more, before his soul, quitting its earthly tenement, took its 
 flight to a better world." 
 
 An English scientist, well acquainted with his works and 
 character, wrote : " In the death of Sir Charles Wheatstone 
 the world has lost one whose ingenuity, sagacity, and skill 
 were devoted to the practical application and development of 
 ideas which had for many years been floating about the world 
 without effecting any service to mankind. The faculty of 
 invention is frequently and, indeed, generally separate from that 
 of utilisation. In him both were combined, and the combina- 
 tion not only augmented his powers, but brought him riches 
 and honour. He will ever be associated with Faraday, as one 
 of the brightest and clearest of scientific men, who endeavoured 
 to make every atom of knowledge available to the common weal."
 
 SIR CTTAS. WHEATSTONE, D.C.L., F.R.S. 10J) 
 
 His funeral in Kensal Green cemetery was attended by a 
 large number of attached friends, and by many leading members 
 of the scientific world. The public press, in recording his 
 death, spoke in high terms of the achievements of his genius 
 and the many excellencies of his personal character. 
 
 By his will he bequeathed all his scientific apparatus, 
 medals, decorations, and scientific books to King's College, 
 besides a sum of 500 to be devoted to scientific purposes. 
 His son-in-law, the late Mr. Kobert Sabine, well-known for 
 his work " The History of the Telegraph," was the executor 
 of his will. His personal estate amounted to 70,000. 
 
 Soon after his deatli the Council of the Physical Society of 
 London resolved to honour his memory by the issue of a 
 volume containing the whole of his published papers on 
 scientific subjects. A Wheatstone Committee was accordingly 
 formed, and in 1879 the volume, entitled "The Scientific 
 Papers of Sir Charles Wheatstone, D.C.L., F.K.S.," which 
 has been already mentioned, was published by Messrs. Taylor 
 and Francis, London. 
 
 The private life of this hard-working scientist appears to 
 have been comparatively quiet and uneventful. He did not 
 marry till he was forty-five, and lost his wife more than ten 
 years before his own end came. A family of two sons and 
 three daughters survived him. In his beloved home he found 
 rest from wearying pursuits and exercise for his domestic 
 affections. His love of early scenes and surroundings seems 
 to have been strong and lasting. " Sir Charles "Wheatstone 
 informed me," wrote Mr. Sabine, " that he was born at a 
 place called Barnwood, and that he felt a great interest in an 
 old house there." Mr. William Eea, the present occupant of 
 this residence, says : " I bought this house and property off 
 Mr. Bubb, grandfather of Sir Charles Wheatstone, who, I 
 understand, was born here and lived here principally with his 
 .grandfather. The house was then called the Manor House. 
 Sir Charles has often called since to see his old home." 
 
 It was natural that Sir Charles should regard the spot
 
 200 SIR CHAS. WHEATSTONE, D.C.L., F.B.S. 
 
 with such abiding interest. According to his own account 
 it was the scene of his earliest experiments. Here in his 
 infancy he commenced those processes of thought and action 
 which were so perseveringly carried on through his whole 
 after life. In his occasional visits to Barnwood he would not 
 fail to note the wires of the telegraph running along the 
 straight oldv Roman road, on which he had scampered as a 
 school-boy, and passing within a few yards of the old Manor 
 House the place of his birth and of his first essays in 
 science ! 
 
 It has been happily suggested that a monument to this 
 eminent man should be erected in Gloucester ; and a design 
 model has been prepared by Mr. "W. S. Frith a rising young 
 artist of the city. A statue of Sir Charles, in his professor's- 
 robcs, explaining his great invention, surmounts a noble 
 pedestal on which is a group representing " Science 
 whispering her secrets to her student." The Gloucester 
 Journal, referring to this project, thus heartily commended it 
 to the sympathy and support of the public : " Now that the 
 scheme has advanced so far, it is to be hoped that a sufficient 
 amount of support will be forthcoming to carry it forward to a 
 successful issue. Gloucester should gladly embrace the 
 opportunity of showing herself proud of a son whose scientific 
 attainments have been recognised by diplomas and distinctions 
 awarded by learned societies in all parts of the world." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. The house is now known as the American Meat Company's Stores. 
 
 2. Memoir of Sir Charles Wheatstone. By the late Mr. Charles 
 Brooks, in the " Obituary Notices " of the Proceedings of the Royal 
 Society, 1876. 
 
 3. Some elderly readers will remember the great interest excited by 
 Phrenology between forty and fifty years ago ; and can, perhaps, recall 
 the lectures which in 1830 were delivered at the Tolsey, by a Mr. Rumball, 
 an able and eloquent Phrenological lecturer ; and the late Mr. Thomas 
 Cox Buchanan, then a highly esteemed member of the medical profession, 
 in Gloucester, who opposed his views. 
 
 4. --Of the changes and improvements in telegraphy since Mr. Brooka 
 thus wrote in 1876, nothing can here be said.
 
 SAMUEL BO WLY. 
 
 [1802-1884.] 
 
 r EW public men have been more widely well-known in 
 Gloucestershire than Samuel Bowly. Within its 
 borders be resided from birth to death. In Gloucester 
 itself he was for fifty-five years a familiar figure. As a man 
 of business, a frequent platfoim speaker, and a minister of 
 religion, he was associated with many county institutions and 
 engaged in many public movements. From time to time he 
 visited, in some capacity, most of our towns and villages r 
 coming into contact with people of all soits and conditions, 
 so that his name has become a household word. Pleasant 
 anecdotes of him are told in all quarters, and his worth and 
 works have long been held as common county property. 
 
 The leading facts of his life, although generally known, 
 may be again presented in brief and consecutive form, with 
 dates as correct as can now be ascertained. 
 
 The people of Cirencester are proud to claim Samuel 
 Bowly as a native of their ancient borough, where he was 
 born March 23rd, 1802. He was the offspring of truly worthy 
 Quaker parentage. His ancestors had for many generations 
 been connected with the town : one of them Eichard Bowly 
 figures among the earliest Gloucestershire followers of 
 George Fox ; and was a companion in testimony and in tribu- 
 lation of Jolm Eoberts, of Siddingtoii. 
 
 Samuel Bowly, father of our Samuel, was in business as 
 a cheese factor, and also as a miller, which latter occupation 
 was carried on at Arlington, seven miles north-east of 
 Cirencester, on the Burford road. His wife Samuel's mother
 
 202 SAMUEL BOWLY. 
 
 was a woman of superior mind and great excellence, and 
 became a minister in the Society. They trained their family 
 in the principles and practices of Friends, and at that time 
 their principles were more fixed and their practices more 
 simple than at the present day. Samuel, in addition to these 
 home influences, received a good plain education in an 
 academy at Nailsworth, and on completing his school course 
 began to assist his father in business. 
 
 For some time he was employed chiefly at Arlington Mill, 
 but shortly after his father's death in 1820, Samuel and his 
 brother David were established in business as cheese factors in 
 Cirencester. In 1827 he married Jane Dearman Shipley, 
 eldest daughter of John Shipley, of Shaftesbury; and in 
 1829 he removed to Gloucester to open a branch of the 
 business there. The great anti-slavery agitation was then 
 spreading through the country, and Mr. Bowly, fully identify- 
 ing himself with it, began to speak with powerful effect at 
 public meetings in Gloucester. Of his labours on behalf of 
 the down -trodden negro many a chapter might be written. 
 The part he bore entitles his name 'to rank with those of 
 Clarkson, Wilberforce, and Sturge. His efforts were highly 
 appreciated by his fellow-citizens, and in the midst of the 
 glorious struggle the women of Gloucester encouraged him 
 and honoured themselves by presenting him with a silver 
 salver bearing a suitable inscription. 
 
 The subject of intemperance had long occupied his mind, 
 and the first Temperance Meeting in this locality was held at 
 his house about the end of 1831 or the beginning of 1832, when 
 a " Moderation " Society was formed. Eesults proved the 
 insufficiency of this pledge, and in 1835 Mr. Bowly became a 
 pledged total abstainer, and entered upon that course of active 
 advocacy of the principle which rendered him pre-eminently a 
 Temperance Eeformer. His labours for forty-eight years 
 were abundant, self-denying, and wonderfully effective. Of 
 him, as of Hezekiah, it might be truly said " He did it with 
 all his heart and prospered." Thousands of miles were
 
 SAMUEL BOWLY. 203 
 
 travelled by him every year and hundreds of meetings 
 annually held. The results were most encouraging, many 
 of all classes being led by his influence to join the Tem- 
 perance movement, and not a few to become earnest workers 
 in its advancement. 
 
 In addition to these abounding efforts, he used both tongue 
 and pen in furthering the repeal of the Corn Laws, the abolition 
 of capital punishment, the spread of Education, the pro- 
 motion of Peace, and various other philanthropic and reform 
 movements. For many years he was an acknowledged 
 minister of the Society of Friends, and was a frequent and 
 acceptable speaker in their meetings. 
 
 His commercial knowledge and business habits, combined 
 with his high integrity, led to his appointment as Chairman 
 or Director of several important local companies, in which 
 capacities he ever had the highest confidence and respect of 
 those with whom he was associated. 
 
 The occasion of his eightieth birthday was embraced by 
 his friends and fellow citizens as an opportunity to do him 
 honour. In a crowded and enthusiastic meeting held in the 
 Corn Exchange, under the presidency of the Kev. J. Emeris, 
 rector of Upton St. Leonard's, he was presented with gifts 
 and congratulatory addresses, the first presentation, that of a 
 handsome epergne from the Women's Christian Temperance 
 Union, being made in their name by Dr. Ellicott, the Bishop of 
 the Diocese. The Mayor of the City Mr. Anthony Gilbert 
 Jones and most of the leading men of the locality were 
 present on this memorable occasion ; and at the close of the 
 meeting a torchlight procession, headed and accompanied by 
 bauds of music, conducted Mr. and Mrs. Bowly, for whom a 
 carriage was provided, to their home. 
 
 His first residence in Gloucester was in Barton Street, 
 whence he removed to Wotton Lodge, where some of the 
 earliest Temperance Fetes was held. In 1840 he removed to 
 the house adjoining his business premises at the corner of 
 Llanthouy Eoad. Subsequently he resided at the Horsepools ;
 
 204 SAMUEL BOWLY. 
 
 then at Saintbridge ; and during the latter part of his life, at 
 Cotswold House, Park Road, Gloucester. Here his long, 
 active, and useful life ended after a few hours illness' on 
 Sunday, March 23rd, 1884, the eighty-second anniversary of 
 his birthday. 
 
 His funeral was one of the most remarkable that 
 Gloucester ever witnessed. It has been repeatedly described, 
 and can never be forgotten by those who looked upon the 
 scenes it presented. The venerable philanthropist was borne 
 to his grave amidst expressions of honour and sorrow such as 
 mere wealth or rank could never command. Men of all 
 classes and of all religious and political creeds were present, 
 lamenting his loss and reverently laying him to rest. 
 
 Mr. Bowly's first wife, the mother of all his family, died 
 011 the 30th of September, 18G8 ; his second, who was the 
 widow of Jacob Henry Cotterell, of Bath, survived him 
 till September 18th, 1885. 
 
 It has been remarked that the life of Samuel Bowly was 
 "a singularly uneventful" one. In the sense in which this 
 was meant it is quite true. He passed through no thrilling 
 experiences ; he was exposed to no great perils ; he suffered 
 no painful privations ; he performed no wonderful exploits. 
 His life was a labour, a patient continuance in well-doing, an 
 unceasing influence for good, an emphatic and constant 
 testimony for righteousness, temperance, freedom, peace, and 
 love. The principles and dispositions of such a man claim 
 attention, and the contemplation of some features of his 
 character may be as interesting and instructive as the records 
 of a stirring and eventful life. 
 
 It was as a philanthropist that Mr. Bowly's high reputa- 
 tion was gained, and it will be as a philanthropist that he 
 will be chiefly remembered. His love of man was a deep, 
 abiding, and ever active element in his character. It had its 
 foundation in a firm religious belief in the universal Father- 
 hood of God, and the consequent universal brotherhood of 
 men. It was the old Quaker faith investing all men with
 
 SAMUEL BOWLY. 205 
 
 highest grandeur and equal rights. Whatever his rank or 
 race, the early Friends looked on every human being as not 
 only the -work of God's hands, but as the object of His regard 
 and the subject of His Spirit's gracious operations. The 
 lowest and vilest were not to be despised ; all were capable of 
 glorious elevation. Thus viewed, every man was to be treated 
 not with justice only, but with something of reverent kindness 
 and love ; not as a fellow man only, but as an immortal 
 brother. Samuel Bowly could have adopted with sublime 
 sincerity the truly Christian sentiment of the Laureate : 
 "Slav, Teuton, Kelt, I count them all 
 
 My friends and brother souls, 
 With all the peoples, great and small, 
 
 That wheel between the poles. " 
 
 It was this strong conviction which impelled him to labour 
 for the good of his fellow men. To his view moral evils and 
 social wrongs, while the chief causes of physical misery, were 
 also operating with fearful force against men's highest 
 happiness and interests. 
 
 The operations of this spirit of philanthropy were not 
 confined to what may be regarded as the great works of his 
 life. That spirit was ever present giving tone to his words 
 and direction to his deeds. It was seen when as a youth he 
 formed an evening school in the mill at Arlington for the 
 instruction of the village boys. It showed itself when on many 
 occasions he interposed as peacemaker to stop some brutal 
 light in the low parts of Gloucester or Cireucester. It mani- 
 festly influenced him in all his intercourse with rich and poor, 
 old and young. Many striking and beautiful instances might 
 be given. One day while he was sitting in his office engaged 
 upon important accounts, a poor woman, with some tale of 
 trouble, came seeking his aid. He returned a short and 
 discouraging answer, and the applicant turned away. She 
 had scarcely done so before Mr. Bowly, rising from his seat, 
 and not waiting to put on his hat, followed her across the 
 road, and through the old Spa Gates. On overtaking her he 
 expressed regret at the abruptness with which he had
 
 206 SAMUEL BOWLY. 
 
 dismissed her, and, taking her back, at once gave full attention 
 to her case. 
 
 Another circumstance illustrative of the tenderness of his 
 heart and conscience might be mentioned. Some political 
 discussions had resulted in a suspension of friendly intercourse 
 between him and the late Mr. W. H. Hyett. It was, no 
 doubt, painful to both ; but for a time nothing was done 
 towards a reconciliation. On taking up his abode at the 
 Horsepools he had a constant view of Mr. Hyett's residence 
 and estate, which day by day awakened uncomfortable 
 thoughts of their interrupted friendship. At length writing 
 such a letter as circumstances required and his heart 
 prompted, he dispatched it to his neighbour. It met with a 
 ready reponse, for scarcely had it been delivered, before, from 
 the upper windows of the Horsepools, the noble form of Mr. 
 Hyett on horseback was seen approaching. It is easy to 
 imagine how a personal interview between two such men 
 would end. Former amicable relations were fully restored 
 and never again disturbed. 
 
 The possession of such a spirit, together with a singularly 
 judicious mind, invested him with a sweet reasonableness, 
 excellent in itself, and most favourable to his success in his 
 labours of love. The manner in which he expressed his 
 opinions and advocated what he believed to be right and true, 
 was calm, candid, and honest ; free from all bitterness and 
 sophistry. It was ever evident that he sought not victory 
 but truth ; so that never appealing to pass' on or prejudice, 
 he addressed himself to men's knowledge and understandings 
 and consciences and hearts. He used no reasoning but what 
 he believed to bo sound : he made no claim but what he felt 
 to be just. Those who might have been unconvinced by his 
 arguments never questioned the honesty of his methods, or 
 doubted the excellence of his motives and aims. 
 
 The early history of the Temperance movement abounds 
 with interesting incidents. The advocates of such a novel 
 practice as abstinence from all intoxicating drinks were likely
 
 SAMUEL BOWLY. 207 
 
 to be misunderstood and opposed, and truly they were. 
 Ignorance and folly, prejudice and class interests met them 
 with all kinds of opposition. In a few instances attempts at 
 discussion were tried, and some self-sufficient orator, often 
 the tool of a publican, undertook to refute or ridicule the 
 arguments of the abstainers. One such attempt was made in 
 Gloucester. A young man of really good abilities and some 
 skill as a debater, but fond of convivial pleasure, and 
 strongly opposed to the Temperance cause, rashly challenged 
 Mr. Bowly to a public discussion. It was a novel proceeding, 
 much interest was excited, and there was a large attendance. 
 The champion of strong drink commenced the debate with 
 such arguments as were then commonly used against total 
 abstinence, but are now rarely advanced in public. Mr. 
 Bowly rose to reply. Convinced of his ability to overthrow 
 all that had been said, he proceeded with more than his usual 
 calmness and gentleness, taking up every point of his 
 opponent's speech, and giving such answers as afforded the 
 fullest satisfaction to the audience and elicited their hearty 
 applause. But the one feature of his speech that was 
 especially effective was its spirit ; he dealt with the young 
 man as a brother. The effect was good : no word of rejoinder 
 was offered ; and all present felt that truth and benevolence 
 had gained a real victory. 
 
 Some, as they have listened to his reasonings, have wished 
 that all subjects of dispute could be discussed in such a style 
 and spirit. Were it so, how many international difficulties 
 would be settled without drawing the sword. How much 
 bitter party strife would be avoided in the political rvorld ! 
 How less frequently would there be " wars and fightings " in 
 the Christian Church ! How many fewer litigants would find 
 their way into our Courts of Law ! What freedom from 
 painful contention would prevail in family circles ! 
 
 Another marked and pleasing feature of his character waa 
 his Christian liberal-mindedness. His charity was truly 
 catholic. As the member of a distinct section of the
 
 208 SAMUEL BOWLY. 
 
 Universal Church he held opinions which his conscience and 
 understanding approved. Far, however, from assuming his own 
 infallibility, or judging those who differed from him, he was 
 ever ready to believe that some truth was held by all, and that 
 none could arrogate to themselves its sole possession. Hence 
 he had friends among Protestants and Komanists, Conformists 
 and Nonconformists alike. Many also outside the orthodox 
 churches were embraced by his love which, " hoping all 
 things," believed in the Christianity of their hearts notwith- 
 standing the so-called heterodoxy of their creeds. Speaking 
 highly of the disposition and character of a gentleman, whom 
 a certain creed declares " cannot be saved," he said with much 
 tenderness of spirit, "I do not like to call such a man an 
 unbeliever; he may not believe all I believe, but I would 
 rather rejoice in what he does believe than condemn him for 
 what he does not believe." He sometimes, in private, 
 expressed his surprise and regret that any one should be 
 denounced for believing in the ultimate salvation of all men ; 
 " for," he would say, " if we cannot ourselves see our way to 
 believe it, yet, surely, we all hope it may be true." 
 
 Thomas Wliittaker attributes Mr. Bowly's great influence 
 as a Temperance Eeformer, not to his "rare abilities" alone, 
 but to his "manifestation of Christian charity and loving- 
 kindness." His references to those in the drink traffic were 
 never harsh. More in sorrow than in anger he looked upon 
 them as engaged in a business as hurtful to themselves as to 
 their customers. While deeply convinced that such traffic 
 was morally wrong, he yet pleaded for a measure of pity 
 towaids brewer and publican as being to some extent the 
 victims of temptation and circumstance. 
 
 It was not till nearly thirty years after the commencement 
 of his public life, and not till the fifty-seventh year of his age, 
 that Mr. Bowly assumed the responsibility of a religious 
 teacher. Up to that time he had been a silent worshipper in 
 the meetings of the Society. When, at length, he did speak 
 it was only after great exercise of soul, and with much fear
 
 SAMUEL BOWLY. 209 
 
 arid trembling. It was in a meeting at Middlesburgli, in 
 1858, that with some pain to himself, but with acceptance to 
 his hearers, he discoursed on the words " Without faith it is 
 impossible to please Him." The line of his teaching was that 
 to please God we must love Him, and that to love Him we 
 must believe and trust Him. It was the keynote of his future 
 ministry. 
 
 Five years elapsed before he became an "acknowledged" 
 minister of the Society. He had been " slow to speak," and 
 although when he did so it was with " acceptable words," yet 
 with characteristic caution his fellow members were slow to 
 " record" his name on their ministerial list. This was at last 
 done in 1863, in a meeting at Nailsworth. 
 
 To those outside the h'ccr'ofy of Friends Mr. Bowly was 
 little known as a minister of the Gospel, his other and 
 more public engagements causing this quieter /work to be 
 much overlooked. It was, nevertheless, an office which he 
 well and faithfully filled. His ministry was singularly plain 
 and practical. The line of thought was never deep or original, 
 but was always designed to be useful, comforting to the 
 troubled, encouraging to those in difficulty, and earnestly 
 aiming to stimulate and help all to live righteously. A 
 favourite train of discourse intended chiefly for the young 
 had reference to the present satisfaction and happiness which 
 a Christian character and life would afford. All who heard 
 him on such occasions felt that he was speaking from his own 
 experience of the power and blessedness of true religion. 
 
 Many of his illustrations were drawn from family life and 
 relationships, but still more from nature. He loved to trace 
 analogies between natural facts and spiritual truths. It was 
 sometimes evident, especially on bright Sunday mornings, 
 that he had come from pleasant communings in field or 
 garden ; he seemed to bring with him the brightness of the 
 sunbeams and the fragrance and beauty of the flowers. 
 
 Gardening was his favourite recreation. Of that and of 
 cultivation in general he was very fond. His taste and
 
 210 SAMUEL BOWLY. 
 
 judgment were alike good, and he knew liow to handle 
 gardening tools. His little Dairy Farm at the Wishing 
 Bridge, and his gardens and lawns at the Horsepools and 
 Saintbridge were samples of the skill with which he planned,, 
 and the care with which he cultivated. In landscape 
 gardening he excelled, and his opinion on such matters was 
 often sought. He loved flower and tree, and would contem- 
 plate the tiniest vegetable products which the microscope 
 revealed with admiration, discovering in all some evidence of 
 Divine wisdom. His gardening and farming were principally 
 accomplished before breakfast ; he had often done a day's 
 work before some men began theirs. 
 
 It was in his domestic life that Mr. Bowly appeared to- 
 greatest advantage. This is saying much. Many a man 
 who figures respectably in the world, or shines brightly in 
 the church, will not bear to be looked at at home. There is 
 no need to intrude on ground secret and sacred, but brief 
 reference may be made to facts revealing somewhat of his 
 love and gentleness and thoughtful consideration in his home 
 life and family relationships. When engaged as a youth in 
 the mill at Arlington, he was accustomed, during his father's 
 long illness, to walk to and fro night and morning between 
 there and Cirencester, seven dull miles, in order to minister to 
 the invalid's comfort. " There is no one," said the grateful 
 father, " smooths my pillow and settles me so comfortably for 
 the night as Sam does." In his own house he fulfilled all 
 relative duties with affection and care. A vein of poetic 
 feeling which he occasionally indulged was sometimes called 
 into exercise when his Jove or sympathy sought special 
 expression. The following are three of several sweet stanzas 
 addressed to one of his daughters on a birthday : 
 
 "God grant tliat this thy natal day 
 May long return, and long display 
 
 His blessings richly given : 
 In health of body, peace of mind, 
 In pleasures heightened and re.fined, 
 By thoughts oft raised t<> heaven.''
 
 SAMUEL BOWLY. 
 
 " In times of weakness, pain or care, 
 If suc^ in life should be thy share, 
 
 Hold fast thy faith, and wrestle 
 For His almighty aid who knows 
 That all the treasures He bestows 
 
 Come through the earthern vessel." 
 
 "But whether life should prove serene, 
 Or threatening clouds should intervene, 
 
 Or storms should overtake thee ; 
 If e'er thy father's warmest love 
 A source of joy or help can prove 
 
 That love shall ne'er forsake thee. " 
 
 On the death of a grandchild he writes : 
 
 "This little one is gone, almost before had shone 
 
 The sunbeams of his day : 
 Gone to behold the face of God, in all His grace, 
 
 And sing the heavenly lay. 
 He lived this little while, to cheer us with his smile 
 
 Of innocence and love ; 
 And now, though called away, his voice would seem to say 
 
 O think of me above." 
 
 As a master he was revered and beloved. Among the 
 many presents he received on his eightieth birthday was a 
 silver toast rack with an illuminated card inscribed " To 
 Samuel Bowly, Esq., with the affectionate congratulations 
 and respects of his servants, Mary Nurse, Margaret Price, and 
 Joseph Vaughan." 
 
 There were features in Mr. Bowly's character which were 
 revealed only in free intercourse with his friends. It has 
 been remarked that as a public speaker he rarely attempted a 
 playful remark, and hence it has been thought that he was 
 deficient in wit and humour. The earnestness of his spirit 
 and the directness of his aims would in part account for the 
 absence of everything light or jocular from his speeches. His 
 perception and enjoyment of humorous incidents and good 
 sayings were naturally very keen. In talking of his early 
 days he would sometimes tell with evident relish how on one 
 occasion he saw a gipsy jockey "witching the world with noble 
 horsemanship," by riding a bare-backed steed he wished to-
 
 212 SAMUEL BOWLY. 
 
 sell, up and down the Market Place at Stow fair. The 
 admiration of the lookers on was loudly expressed, and the 
 horseman, increasing the speed and spreading out arms and 
 legs at right angles, was going in gallant style, when suddenly 
 the horse sprang from under him, landing him ignobly in a 
 puddle of mud. It was a ludicrous scene which the grave 
 Quaker could not forget, and the recollection of which at 
 eighty years of age seemed to afford him as much entertain- 
 ment as ever. 
 
 In conversation with a friend, the autumn before his 
 death, he repeated with a strange mixture of feeling the sad 
 mingling with the humorous a true tale which he had just 
 heard from a venerable Canon who had received it direct 
 from the worthy Chairman of the Magistrates to whom it 
 refers. A man charged with some serious misdemeanour was 
 before the Bench. He was badly marked with small-pox from 
 which he had recently suffered. This, together with the facts 
 of the case, led the Chairman to address seme words of kindly 
 admonition to the offender, pointing out the evil of his past 
 life and warning him as to the future. The culprit listened 
 meekly, and then in extenuation of his conduct answered in 
 the most serious tone : " I don't know how it is, gentlemen, 
 but I have been vaccinated and I have been baptised, but 
 none of it ever took any effect !" It must have been a very 
 ' grave and reverend " Bench to have stood that. 
 
 Such facts, together with many others, prove that Mr. 
 Bowly's moral earnestness was untinctured by gloom or 
 asceticism of spirit. He was uniformly cheerful, finding 
 many innocent enjoyments in life, and ever rejoicing in the 
 true enjoyment of others. 
 
 In his general philanthropy Mr. Bowly did not overlook 
 individuals. Particular persons and cases often excited his 
 interest and received his attention. He knew something of 
 the history of many poor men, and of some of them often 
 spoke as of personal friends. Towards those whom he had 
 helped to a better life ho had an affectionate regard.
 
 SAMUEL BOWLY. 213 
 
 Iri one of the last religious meetings in which he took part 
 the 90th Psalm was read, and an address given on some of the 
 aspects of man's life. A short silence followed, and then Mr. 
 Bowly rose. Briefly referring to the solemn thoughts which 
 had been awakened in his own mind, he proceeded to speak of 
 life as affording opportunities for usefulness, and in his own 
 weighty and kindly way exhorted the young, who were 
 present to a right use of their time and talents. All who 
 listened felt his own life illustrated and enforced his wise 
 and earnest words. He closed with some remarks on the 
 nearness of his own end : that day fortnight his earthly life 
 and labours closed.
 
 JOHN CURTIS HAYWARD. 
 
 [18041874.] 
 
 TEUE and graphic sketch of a typical country gentle- 
 man of modern times would form a pleasing picture of 
 one of the most interesting characters of English 
 society. He could be represented as occupying his own 
 mansion often an ancestral one in the midst of his own 
 estates and surrounded by his own tenantry. He might be 
 described as a man of education and intelligence ; of cultivated 
 tastes and varied pursuits. It would be just to draw him as 
 the possessor of a high moral and religious character ; exem- 
 plary in his domestic life ; honourable and courteous to his 
 fellow-men ; faithful and reverent towards God. He might 
 be pourtrayed as engaging in useful parochial and county 
 works ; aiding philanthropic movements, and in a variety of 
 ways contributing by the wise use of time and ability, purse 
 and influence, to promote the welfare of others. To complete 
 the delineation, it might be added that in his home, in his 
 parish, and in every sphere of his activities, he is beloved, 
 esteemed, and honoured. 
 
 Such a sketch would but faithfully have set forth the 
 character and career of JOHN CURTIS HAYWAKD, of Quedgeley 
 House, who has been emphatically described as "one of the 
 noblest examples of a country gentleman." 
 
 The Haywards are an old county family. About the 
 middle of the seventeen th century, William Hay ward, of 
 Forthampton, near Tewkesbury, purchased the estate at 
 Quedgeley, where the family have since been settled. His 
 son William married Margaret, eldest daughter of General
 
 JOHN CUHTIS HAYWARD. 
 
 Selwyn, of Matson, and had issue Thomas, John, and Albinia. 
 John entered the Church : Albinia married Thomas Winstone, 
 of Oldbury Court, in this county. Thomas, who succeeded 
 his father in the estates, was in 17G3 appointed Chairman of 
 Quarter Sessions, which office he held for many years. He 
 also represented Ludgershall in several parliaments. He was 
 succeeded by his son Charles who, dying unmarried, was 
 followed by his brother William, who had taken the name of 
 Winstone on succeeding to his uncle's property at Oldbury. 
 
 William Hay ward Winstone had one son, who died in 
 1797, and three daughters. The eldest of these, Albinia 
 Frances, married in 1799 the llev. John Adey Curtis, Kector 
 of Bitton ; and their eldest sou, John Curtis, the subject of 
 this sketch, was born at Bitton, on 28th September, 1804. 
 
 Mr. Curtis died in 1812. His widow, on the death of her 
 father in 1818, succeeded to the Quedgeley property and took 
 the name of Hay ward for herself and children. 
 
 At an early age John was sent to a small school at 
 Nibley, then for a short time to the Bristol Grammar School, 
 then to Corsham and afterwards to Winchchester College. 
 His school holidays were partly spent at Quedgeley with his 
 grandfather, his mother and family living at Bath till 1822, 
 when they took up their residence at Quedgeley House. In 
 that year he went to Oriel College, Oxford. Bishop "Wilber- 
 force and some other remarkable men were among his 
 contemporaries ; and Keble was at that time Professor of 
 Poetry, and a lecturer at the College. 
 
 On leaving the University he went for a tour on the 
 Continent, and returning in 1828 spent three years in 
 London, reading for the Bar. He then practised for a short 
 time in Gloucester and other places on the Oxford Circuit. 
 In 1833 he settled at Quedgeley, taking one of his mother's 
 farms in hand, which he continued farming to within a few 
 years of his death. 
 
 Mr. Hayward qualified as a magistrate in 1885, and the 
 manner in which he discharged the duties of this office was
 
 216 JOHN CUKTIS HAYWAKD. 
 
 most assiduous and efficient. This was so recognised and 
 appreciated that in 1848 he was appointed Second Chairman 
 of Quarter Sessions, and in that capacity assisted with Mr. 
 Bransby Purnell, Sergeant Ludlow, and the Rev. F. E. 
 Witts, in discharge of the business of the County. In 1861, 
 on the temporary retirement of Mr. Purnell from the 
 Chairmanship of Quarter Sessions, Mr. Hay ward was called 
 to undertake the duties of the office : and subsequently, on 
 the resignation of Mr. Purnell he became his successor as 
 County Chairman. His election to this important and 
 honourable office took place on the 6th January, 1863, and 
 was made on the proposal of Earl Ducie, the Lord Lieu- 
 tenant, seconded by the Duke of Beaufort. On that occasion 
 Mr. Hayward, acknowledging in felicitous terms, the honour 
 conferred upon him, concluded with these words : " And 
 when from ill -health or other cause, I am unable satisfactorily 
 to discharge the duties in a manner that will enable me to 
 retain the confidence you have now expressed in me, I shall 
 feel it my duty to resign the trust into your hands." 
 
 How faithfully and well his official responsibilities were 
 borne and fulfilled cannot be fully told. He was Chairman 
 of the Visitors to the County Lunatic Asylum ; and a most 
 active member of the Board for establishing and continuing the 
 Barnwood House Benevolent Asylum. Of his services on the 
 Board of Guardians, the Chairman, the Rev. H. W. Maddy, 
 has said " Mr. Hayward was one of the few county magis- 
 trates who attended this Board, and during his busy and 
 active life he attended the meetings whenever he possibly 
 could." During his term of office the Highway Boards were 
 established ; the District Houses of Correction were closed ; 
 and Petty Sessional Courts were erected throughout the 
 county. In providing these ; in dealing with cattle plague ; in 
 the furthering of the Reformatory movement ; and in every 
 county matter he took a chief part. Nor were his activities 
 confined within official lines. He was an energetic supporter of 
 the Gloucestershire Agricultural Society, the Royal Agricultural
 
 JOHN CURTIS HAYWARD. 217 
 
 College at Cirencester, and the Cheltenham College. Through 
 all this period of his life his time and attention were largely 
 devoted to those public affairs of the county with which his 
 office brought him, more or less, into contact. 
 
 His benevolent energies, however, found exercise in other 
 directions also. Thoroughly sympathising with his neighbour, 
 Mr. T. B. Lloyd Baker, he gladly co-operated with him in his 
 good work at Hardwicke Reformatory. Among other efforts 
 for the good of the agricultural labouring class were his 
 endeavours to abolish the objectionable and demoralising 
 system of hiving, as practised in the public streets at the 
 Michaelmas Fairs and Mops. In furtherance of this object he 
 published a small pamphlet full of good feeling and sound 
 sense. The results were not all that could be wished, but 
 some improvement was effected. He was much concerned for 
 the spread of useful education, and liberally aided the schools 
 in his own village. 
 
 In reference to his character, work, and influence as a 
 Churchman, Bishop Ellicott wrote : " Words cannot express 
 my sense of the loss which the diocese the whole diocese 
 has sustained in the death of Mr. Curtis Hayward." The 
 clergy of the Rural Deanery of Gloucester, influenced by a 
 similar sentiment, assembled, in a special meeting, " to place 
 on record their profound sorrow at his decease." His brother- 
 in-law, Canon Lysons, presided on that occasion, and in the 
 course of some brief remarks patheticnlly said, " We were 
 boys together at school, when he was seven and I was five * 
 and I have entertained the sincerest love and regard for him 
 ever since." Numerous testimonies to his excellence and 
 usefulness were borne by those who had long known his 
 worth, and been associated with him in various Christian 
 works. One of these works was the restoration of his own 
 parish church, in which he took a deep interest, and which waa 
 mainly effected at his own cost. 
 
 It was by one of those events called accidents that this 
 good and useful life was brought to a close. It is the sublime
 
 218 JOHN CURTIS HAYWARI). 
 
 teaching of Christ that not even a sparrow falleth to the 
 ground without the knowledge and permission of our 
 Heavenly Father, and it is the consolation of Christian 
 mourners to see the hand of God in all their bereavements, 
 however unexpected or painful. In returning home from 
 Gloucester, where he had heen attending a Guardians meeting 
 and keeping other engagements, on Tuesday, April 28, 1874, 
 Mr. Hay ward was thrown from his horse and received serious 
 injuries to his head. Everything that skill and kindness 
 could suggest was done to avert fatal results, but in vain ; and 
 death followed on May 8th. 
 
 In accordance with the wish of his family the funeral was 
 of a quiet and unostentatious character ; but it was marked 
 by many interesting features. A large number of his old 
 friends magistrates, clergymen, and others- assembled at the 
 Lodge entrance to Quedgeley House and joined the cortct/e- as 
 it passed on to the church. The procession was headed by 
 the tenant farmers of the estate, and the body was borne by 
 labourers. "As it was seen from the churchyard slowly 
 approaching its destination," says a spectator, " the coffin and 
 the black dresses of the mourners contrasted sorrowfully with 
 the leafy elms, and the verdant colour of the surrounding 
 fields, filled with wild flowers of every hue. The scene, 
 though simple, was solemn and effective in the extreme." 
 " The funeral " says Canon Lysons, " was, I think, the most 
 solemn I ever attended." 
 
 His resting place is a vault which had been built some years 
 before his death : it bears the following inscription : 
 
 JOHN CUHTIS HAYWAKD, 
 
 Chairman of Quarter Sessions : 
 
 Born 28th Sept., 1804, died 8th May, 1874. 
 
 In 1840, Mr. Hayward married Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Benjamin Harrison Esq., of Clapham Common, by whom lie 
 had two sons and five daughters. He is succeeded in his 
 estates by his eldest son, Colonel John Curtis Hayward, of 
 Quedgeley House.
 
 JOHN CURTIS HAYWARD. 219 
 
 Some graceful lines which appeared in a local paper, at 
 the time of his death, may be appropriately re-produced here : 
 
 In Memoriam. 
 J. CURTIS HAYWARD, 
 Obiit Mali viii, 1874. 
 Still is the heart that beat for others' good ; 
 
 Silent the voice whose genial accents swayed 
 The mind of his co-mates for while he stood 
 
 Firm in his purpose, temperately 'twas said : 
 Thoughtful of other's thoughts, his own he school'd, 
 And truth and pure good will his judgment rul'd. 
 
 Where shall trc meet his fellow ? Time will raise 
 Others, who men may in justly praising vie ; 
 
 To MS, and in the limit of our days, 
 
 None, equal, can his vacant place supply, 
 
 Nor, by an inmate strange, those hearts be stirred, 
 
 With whom his honoured name dwelt as a household word.
 
 SIR JOHN ROLT. 
 
 [18041871.] 
 
 of John Foster's celebrated Essays, forming part of 
 bis correspondence with bis lady-love at Bourton-on- 
 tbe- Water, is on "A Man's Writing Memoirs of Him- 
 self." In this work be indicates some of the advantages 
 which may be gained by one who would attempt not merely 
 a faithful record of the events of his life, but also an intelli- 
 gent review of the influences by which his character has been 
 formed. Any life thus written would contain some points of 
 interest and instruction. In the case of men eminent in 
 character and remarkable in career this might be expected in 
 a high degree. It may, therefore, be regretted that so few of 
 this class benefit themselves and supply entertainment and 
 profit to others by autobiographies, which, steering between 
 offensive egotism and morbid reserve, would mark the salient 
 points of life's history and describe the chief processes of 
 mental development. 
 
 The eminent lawyer Sir JOHN ROLT the subject of this 
 sketch, was one of the few who in the eventide of an active 
 life was disposed not only to look back, but also to record 
 some particulars of the course he had travelled and the means 
 by which he had become what he was. Shortly after his 
 elevation to the Bench, Sir John commenced an autobiography 
 which he carried to a conclusion during his last illness. A 
 writer, " J. W.," in the "Law Magazine," Vol. Ixiii., 1871, 
 who had been favoured with the use of this document, com- 
 piled from it an admirable biographical article. From this
 
 SIR JOHN BOLT. 221 
 
 account the present "Notes" will be in great part prepared, 
 but some facts have been gathered from other sources. 
 
 One of the little band of missionaries who became 
 colleagues of William Carey and John Thomas in India, was 
 a young man named Samuel P. Brunsdon, of Defford, in 
 Worcestershire. He had married a Gloucestershire lady, Ann 
 Hirons, a member of the Baptist Church at Fairford, who 
 .accompanied him to Calcutta. Mr. Brunsdon's early death 
 in 1801 left her a widow with an infant son. 
 
 Among the few Europeans in Calcutta who avowed their 
 Christianity and identified themselves with the missionary 
 enterprise was a Mr. James Eolt, an English merchant. 
 This gentleman married Mrs. Brunsdou, by whom he had 
 three sons. John, who was the second of these, was born in 
 the great Bengal capital on the 5th of October, 1804. Of his 
 parents he says : " My father was always called a merchant 
 by those amongst whom I lived, but my own impression, from 
 all I heard and recollect, was and is that he was a trader, 
 supplying wealthy natives in the interior of India with furni- 
 ture and other European commodities. He was, however, 
 in good circumstances, and sent his children at an early 
 age to Europe for education. 1 My mother was a native 
 of Fairford, in Gloucestershire, the child of an old but 
 decaying family of that town, the next generations of which 
 have for the most part fallen into the condition of mechanics 
 and labourers." 
 
 Mr. Eolt died in 1813, and his wife, who was then in 
 England with her young family, died the following year, 
 shortly after receiving news of her husband's death. The 
 children appear to have been left dependent upon their 
 Fail ford relatives. John was at this time at school with the 
 Rev. William Gray, Baptist minister at Chipping Norton. In 
 their maternal grandmother the orphans found a loving friend, 
 whose kindness was long and gratefully remembered. " She 
 lived," wrote Sir John about 1868, " till a comparatively 
 recent period, and her house (at Fairford) was generally my
 
 SIR JOHN ROLT. 
 
 resort and home in my holidays while at school, and for some 
 years afterwards and hence my connection with, and strong 
 attachment to, the country. The property belonging to her 
 a few cottages and a little land, in and on which she lived I 
 have since acquired, and it serves not unl'requently to raise a 
 smile by the description of ' my ancestral property.' " 
 
 Among the incidents of his first schooling years and his 
 delightful holidays at Fairford, he remembered with great 
 pleasure occasional visits to a great uncle at Cirencester, 
 and strolls in Earl Bathurst's Park. " The occasional free 1 
 enjoyment," he says " of Cirencester Park, was of incalculable 
 service to me. The recollections and associations of its 
 scenery, and especially its wood have influenced my tastes, 
 and, in all probability, my career through life. I can certainly 
 understand why Pope asked ' Who plants like Bathurst ?' and 
 it may now truly be added ' Who maintains like Bathurst, 
 that which has been planted ? ' ' 
 
 In 1814 he was removed from Chipping Norton to a 
 school at Islington, where his educational advantages were far 
 from great, and his life was dull and monotonous. Health 
 and good spirits preserved him from actual unhappiness, while 
 the friendship of the usher, and his own efforts at self- 
 education contributed to his enjoyment. "Paradise Lost," 
 and " Cowper's Poems," were among the books which he was 
 "fortunate enough to get hold of," by purchase out of his 
 pocket-money. 
 
 At Christmas 1818, his schoolmaster, who was a Baptist 
 minister, and acted as a kind of guardian to him, placed him 
 with a son and nephew of his own, who were in business as 
 woollen drapers in Oxford Street. His employers were kind 
 and considerate ; and during the four years he was with them 
 he had some opportunities for mental improvement of which 
 he made good use. His review of this period of his life is 
 very interesting, and his narrative of the progress of his self- 
 education may afford instruction and encouragement to youths 
 similarly situated. Kising four or five times a week at five in
 
 SIR JOHN ROLT. 223 
 
 the morning, lie secured two Lours for reading and study 
 before commencing the business of the day, which did not 
 close till nine at night. On Sundays he availed himself of 
 opportunities to hear some of the chief preachers of the day. 
 Among others whom he thus heard he mentions Robert Hall, 
 Dr. Chalmers, and Edward Irving. He joined the congrega- 
 tion of the latter, whom he never ceased to regard as being 
 " as good a Christian man and as remarkable a preacher as the 
 world has ever seen." 
 
 In 1822 a pedestrian tour which he took in Wales greatly 
 developed his energies ; and, aiming to improve his position, 
 he obtained a situation in a wholesale house of business in 
 Newgate Street. Before he was two and twenty he married. 
 Shortly afterwards he met with an old schoolfellow, who was 
 then articled in a solicitor's office. Occasional intercourse led 
 him to believe that he possessed some of the mental qualities 
 out of which a good lawyer could be made. Secretly, but 
 deliberately and firmly, he resolved to look in that direction 
 for a career ; and in 1827, at the age of twenty-three, he had 
 become clerk in the office of Mr. William Pritchard, a brother 
 of the solicitor to whom his friend was articled. 
 
 Working carefully in the office and studying diligently at 
 home, he soon mastered all of Doctors' Commons lore 
 that could be usefully learned by a proctor's clerk. His funds 
 wei?e helped by two small secretaryships, one being that of 
 Mill Hill Congregational School. 
 
 His determination to be called to the Bar had now acquired 
 distinctness and force. The difficulties were boldly confronted : 
 fresh efforts at self-education were successfully made, and the 
 generous and efficient help of some well-educated friends 
 was obtained. In 1833 he resigned his employment at 
 Doctors' Commons and entered as a student at the Inner 
 Temple. The industrious habits he had formed were still 
 practised, and his studentship was a success. 
 
 In Trinity Term, 1837, Mr. Bolt was called to the Bar by 
 the Society of the Inner Temple. He took Chambers in
 
 224 SIR JOHN HOLT. 
 
 Chancery Lane, and commenced regular attendance in the 
 Vice-Chancellor's Court. 2 For two or three years his expenses 
 were barely met by his receipts. Then came, about 1842, 
 such success that he says his fees within a twelvemonth 
 reached what was to him " a fabulous amount of wealth." 
 
 He became known for sound and effective argument in 
 court, rose high in the esteem of his brother barristers, and 
 attracted the favourable notice of those in authority. He 
 continued to work hard. " I took," he says, " to early rising 
 instead of sitting up late and adhered to this to the end of 
 my working days from four or five o'clock in the morning 
 till dinner at six or seven in the evening, was the extent of 
 my power of endurance." His skill in tracing pedigrees and 
 unravelling the facts of complicated cases often astonished 
 even those who were themselves experts in such matters. In 
 1845 Mr. Kolt was offered the appointment of Advocate- 
 General in Bengal. He might thus have returned to the city 
 of his birth and held an office with a salary of 3,800 a year, 
 and the lead at the Calcutta Bar. This splendid offer was 
 declined. In 1846 he was promoted to the rank of Queen's 
 Counsel by Lord Chancellor Lyndhurst. The same year he 
 sought Parliamentary honours by offering himself as candidate 
 for Stamford. Though early associated with reformers, yet in 
 1831 he became alarmed by the introduction of the Reform 
 Bill, imagining, like many others, that its principles were 
 subversive of a limited monarchy. He was thus led into 
 Conservatism, and as a Conservative he now unsuccessfully 
 opposed Mr. Herries. 
 
 One of the tastes which his early life at Fairford and his 
 visits to Cirencester had developed was an innate and ardent 
 love for rural scenery and employment. Those who are 
 familiar with these beautiful localities will readily understand 
 what charms such a boy would find on the green banks of the 
 Coin, or in the glades and woods of Oakley Park. He now 
 gratified his love of the country by the purchase, in 1849, of 
 Ozleworth Park. This estate, about two miles east of Wotton-
 
 SIR JOHN EOLT. 225 
 
 undcr-Edge, comprised a substantial mansion, close to the 
 little Saxon parish church, situate amidst some of the most 
 charming scenery of that part of the Cotswold Hills. Here 
 his vacations, and other intervals snatched from his busy life, 
 were pleasantly spent. His fine herd of shorthorns, and his 
 woods and plantations, afforded him both occupation and 
 pleasure. Looking back on the purchase of this estate he 
 wrote : " It has proved a source of much happiness to me. 
 All that residence can do to add to the enjoyment of life, 
 Ozleworth for twenty years has done for me, and it still 
 contributes at least as much to my happiness as ever." 
 
 In 1852 he again unsuccessfully sought a seat in Parlia- 
 ment by contesting the borough of Bridport : but in 1857 
 was invited to stand for West Gloucestershire, and was elected 
 as knight of the shire, without opposition. The same good 
 fortune attended him at re-elections in 1859 and 18GG. His 
 unofficial parliamentary career will be remembered by the 
 Act popularly called " Eolt's Act," passed by his exertions 
 in 1862. 
 
 Official preferment came in 18GG, when he was appointed 
 Attorney- General, and became Sir John Rolt. In his official 
 capacity he had a large share of the work in passing through 
 the House of Commons the Eeform Bill of 18G7. For 
 thirty-one years he had been opposed to an extension of the 
 Franchise, but he could no longer ignore the fact that a great 
 democratic change must come. He saw not only that resis- 
 tance would be useless, but arrived at the conclusion that 
 household suffrage was " a necessary, and in a sense, a 
 salutary measure by which the country would be the gainer." 
 Thus satisfied as to the line of duty, he remained at his post 
 and did good service. 
 
 Before the close of that session Sir John was elevated to 
 the Bench, on the death of Lord Justice Turner, thus obtain- 
 ing what he terms " the most honourable and valuable purely 
 judicial appointment under the Crown." He was also sworn 
 in as a Privy-Councillor. 
 
 o
 
 226 SIR JOHN ROLT. 
 
 During this period of his life he had added another 
 Cotswold estate to his possessions. This was the picturesque 
 Manor of Miserden which he bought of Mr. Lyons, subse- 
 quently purchasing Miserden House of Mr. J. Mills. In this 
 sequestered village he is respectfully and gratefully remem- 
 bered, having left behind him many proofs of his concern for 
 the comfort and welfare of its inhabitants. Mr. "William 
 Bradley, who has worthily held the office of parish clerk for 
 nearly fifty-three years, writes, " I knew Sir John Bolt well. 
 He was a wonderful man, and no mistake. I think he certainly 
 deserves a place among the worthies of Gloucestershire." 
 Mr. Bradley proceeds to tell how Sir John, though not himself 
 residing in the village, but only occasionally visiting his son, 
 the late Mr. John Bolt, who occupied Miserden House, "was 
 ver ready in any good work." He rebuilt nearly all the 
 cottages on the estate, erecting new dwellings of a most 
 convenient style. For the use of the village Benefit Club, 
 which had held its meetings at a public-house, he erected a 
 commodious room, which now also serves as a schoolroom by 
 day and a reading room in the evening. He likewise provided 
 garden allotments, which have proved a great benefit to the 
 parish. He contributed liberally towards the restoration of 
 the fine old parish church ; and was always willing to aid 
 with his purse any good cause. 
 
 Wearied with his heavy labour, he spent the Long 
 Vacation of 1867 partly at Ozle worth and partly in a six 
 weeks' cruise in a Portsmouth pilot boat. On returning to 
 Ozleworth for the Christmas vacation he occupied himself 
 with woodcraft and farm pursuits. On January 3rd, 1868, 
 he had his last gallop with the hounds of the Berkeley Hunt. 
 The next day he was seized with paralysis. There was partial 
 recovery, but not such as enabled him to resume his public 
 duties. "His books, his woods, his herd, and above all, the 
 dutiful and tender care which he received in his family circle, 
 were his consolation and resource during the three years and 
 a half that elapsed after the commencement of this illness."
 
 SIR JOHN ROLT. 227 
 
 He adds, as other sources of relief and comfort, the composi- 
 tion of his own memoirs, the occasional visits of friends, and 
 he recurrence of his mind to more serious thoughts. The 
 end came on June 6th, 1871, and on the 12th he was laid to 
 rest in a vault, which had recently been finished under his 
 directions, in Ozleworth Churchyard. A granite monument 
 covering the spot is inscribed " The family vault of The Right 
 Honourable Sir John Rolt, Knight. Died June 6, 1871, 
 aged 66 years." In the east end of the little church a stained 
 glass window of great beauty, illustrating the incident in the 
 life of Gamaliel, the Jewish Doctor of Law, recorded in 
 Acts v., 34, bears the inscription, " In Memoriam Johamiis 
 Rolt, Equitis, 1871." 
 
 Sir John is described as a man of dignified aspect, of 
 winning manners, and of most agreeable tones of voice, all 
 being eminently calculated to please and inspire confidence. 
 To his private worth there are high testimonies ; while not 
 only in capacity but in fairness, temper, and courtesy, he has 
 been pronounced an unexceptionable judge. 
 
 Sir John was twice married, but survived his second wife. 
 He left by his first wife one son and three daughters ; and by 
 his second wife an only child, a son. He was succeeded in 
 his estates by his eldest son, the late Mr. John Rolt, who was 
 unfortunately killed by a fall from his horse while hunting, at 
 Wanswell, on December 23rd, 1876, at the age of forty-two ; 
 and whose son, Mr. John William Rolt, is the present pro- 
 prietor of Ozleworth Park. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Reasons are given for inferring that Mr. Rolt also practised the 
 profession of an architect, in addition to his other pursuits. 
 
 2. His clerk, a boy of thirteen named Gloster, remained with him 
 long enough to become his Chamber Clerk, when he was raised to the 
 'Bench. Mr. Gloster enjoyed in a high degree his esteem and regard.
 
 THOMAS NICHOLSON. 
 
 [1805 1883. J 
 
 LOUCESTEESHIEE is indebted to the late Kev. H. C~ 
 Nicholls, M.A., Perpetual Curate of Holy Trinity, Dean 
 Forest, for two books of great local value and interest. 
 The first of these works, published in 1858, is " An Historical 
 and Descriptive Account of the Forest of Dean." The second, 
 which appeared in 1863, is an appendix to the former, and is 
 entitled, " The Personalities of the Forest of Dean." Eeaders 
 who were not acquainted with the history of *the district were 
 surprised to find that so many families of note had been or 
 still were connected with it. In some of these families 
 individual members have, in several instances, attained 
 eminence by their characters or their works, leaving names 
 which Foresters hold in honour. 
 
 The list, including the names of Bathurst, Colchester, 
 Crawley, Jones, Machen, Probyn, Pyrke and Winter, is too 
 long for full quotation. Yet, it was then by no means com- 
 plete, and is now much less so. Many other families may be 
 mentioned, and many another name is entitled to a place 
 among the Forest Worthies. One, which by common consent 
 has been deservedly added to the long roll, is that of THOMAS 
 NICHOLSON emphatically the " Foresters' Friend." 
 
 The Nicholsons of Coleford are said to have descended 
 from the clan Mac Nicol genuine Highlanders of Celtic 
 origin, being descendants of O'Niochal. of the district now 
 known as Queen's County, Ireland. The Mac Nicols' centre 
 of location is Skye, where they have been for over a thousand
 
 THOMAS NICHOLSON. 229 
 
 years. Branches of this old stock have widely spread. 
 " Nearly every Nicholson in the South- West of England is," 
 it is said, " descended from John the Sailor, of Portree, 
 Skye, and of Dartmouth, Devonshire. The folk lore pertain- 
 ing to this John is supported by the written statement of one 
 -of his descendants, long since deceased, of his birth 011 
 Scottish soil of Scottish ancestry." To this branch of the 
 family the Forest Nicholsons belong. 
 
 In preparing this sketch of Mr. Thomas Nicholson much 
 help has been received from Mr. Benjamin Wilmot Provis, of 
 Ooleford, who was for many years favoured with his friendship 
 and confidence in an eminent degree. Intimately acquainted 
 with his life and character, Mr. Provis esteems him a man of 
 remarkable mental force and high moral and religious excel- 
 lence, who for " the last half-century was the most prominent 
 figure in Forest history," and exercised a powerful influence 
 for good within the Forest borders. Thousands besides, who 
 also knew him, have formed a like estimate of his abilities 
 and his labours. A brief record of facts will help to show 
 the grounds on which he is thus regarded. 
 
 Thomas Nicholson was born at Whitecliff, Coleford, on 
 April 13, 1805, in the farmhouse which is known also as the 
 birthplace of the gifted authoress, Mary Howitt. He was the 
 son of Thomas and Esther Nicholson, who had come from 
 Plymouth in 1802, and commenced a grocery and drapery 
 business in Coleford. His mother was a daughter of the 
 Rev. Isaiah Birt, who was a native of Coleford, and whose 
 name, and also those of his two sons John and Caleb, shine 
 brightly in Baptist Church annals. 
 
 His education was obtained at Newland Grammar School ; 
 and beyond this he appears to have had no special intellectual 
 training or advantages. The natural abilities with which lie 
 was endowed were, however, turned to good acount. Storing 
 his mind with information, and well disciplining his powers, he 
 grew in knowledge and mental vigour. He became a clerk in 
 the office of Messrs. Trotter, Thomas and Co., at WinnaH's
 
 230 THOMAS NICHOLSON. 
 
 Hill ; and while yet in his youth was haptised and received as 
 a member of the Baptist Church in his native town. He was 
 soon actively engaged as a Sunday School teacher, and at the 
 age of twenty began to preach in the surrounding villages. 
 Without going far to seek, he found a good wife. " In 1829 
 or there about," says Mr. Provis, "he married Mary Ann 
 Miles, of Berry-hill, Coleford. She had been a domestic 
 servant in his father's house, and ere he married her, he, with 
 characteristic wisdorr , sent her to a school where she received 
 a good education. She proved a faithful and valuable help- 
 meet to him for many years ; and his life was greatly darkened 
 by her death some years before his own." 
 
 In 1830 he removed to another situation at Lydney, and at 
 that place, in 1843, the famous Park End Coal Company was 
 formed by himself and three other partners, the firm leasing 
 for a time and afterwards purchasing the Park End Collieries 
 from Mr. Edward Protheroe, whom Kitty Drew in one of her 
 rhymes celebrates as " The King of the Forest." A 
 prosperous business was carried on for many years, and the 
 Company had a deservedly high reputation far and near. 
 
 Amidst all his business occupations Mr. Nicholson was 
 active in good and useful works. He was deeply interested in 
 everything pertaining to the welfare of the Forest. Its 
 industries, its religious and social conditions, its educational 
 requirements, and its political interests were all subjects on 
 which he possessed large knowledge and exercised much 
 thought. His efforts for the promotion of its material pros- 
 perity and for the moral good of its people were varied and 
 numerous. His name was associated with many important 
 movements ; and his abilities, influence, and purse furthered 
 many a good cause. 
 
 A painful change came. In 1858, chiefly from heavy 
 outlay in opening the new "Fancy" Colliery, disaster 
 overtook the Company. From the difficulties which resulted, 
 Mr. Nicholson never commercially recovered, notwithstanding 
 most energetic efforts ; and in 1865 he removed to Gloucester*
 
 THOMAS NICHOLSON. 231 
 
 These reverses of fortune would have overwhelmed many 
 men. Mr. Nicholson, like the shipwrecked philosopher of old, 
 was doubtless sustained hy the consciousness that among all 
 his losses he had preserved his integrity. He was " cast down, 
 but not destroyed." Gradually a new life, largely in accor- 
 dance with the promptings of his heart, and one for which in 
 many respects he was eminently fitted, opened before him. 
 Henceforth he devoted himself to the work of the ministry, 
 finding in 1870 a small but interesting sphere of labour as- 
 pastor of the old and historic Baptist Church at Eyeford, near 
 Boss, which was founded by one of the ejected Nonconformists 
 of 1662. 
 
 He afterwards undertook the joint pastorate of the Park 
 End and Yorkley Baptist churches, but on a separation 
 between the two taking p]ace, his ministrations were confined 
 to Yorklty. This village, forming with Viney Hill the new 
 ecclesiastical parish of All Saints, stands on rising ground,, 
 and consists of detached houses in varied and picturesque 
 positions. It was the birthplace of the amiable Forest poet, 
 Eichard Morse who, in describing its charms, sings : 
 " Lofty umbrageous trees surround 
 A high, romantic spot of ground." 
 
 Here, in humble circumstances and amidst a poor people Mr, 
 Nicholson lived and laboured, doing a good work as a village 
 pastor, and accomplishing a special work of philanthropy 
 which will long render his memory fragrant as that of a great 
 public benefactor. 
 
 The Labour Question, which again ana again disturbed 
 the peace and interfered with the prosperity of the Forest, 
 received his earnest consideration. No man was more fitted 
 to form a sound judgment on it. His experience as a large 
 employer, his knowledge of the district, and his acquaintance 
 and sympathy with the working-classes eminently qualified 
 him to form and express opinions on the subject. His views 
 were often asked and his counsel sought. He spoke 
 intelligently and calmly, but with great earnestness. Unions 
 among workmen he held to be a lawful means for the
 
 232 THOMAS NICHOLSON. 
 
 protection of their rights and the furtherance of their 
 interests. But he most strongly maintained that all such 
 organisations should be wise in their management, just in 
 their aims, and kindly in their spirit. Of the folly of many of 
 the strikes he could not speak too plainly. The ignorance 
 and craft of worthless agitators he exposed and denounced. 
 He was strongly opposed to public-house meetings, plainly 
 seeing that both the workmen and their cause would be 
 injured by association with drink and the beer shop. It was 
 his deep conviction that evils would be removed and wrongs 
 righted just in proportion as working men became intelligent, 
 sober, and provident. He had small faith in workmen's 
 combinations or in legislative enactments even at the best; 
 in most cases he regarded them as a delusion and a snare. 1 
 
 In some admirable letters which he published in 1872, 
 he thus writes: "I believe the working man must be his 
 own protector. I would have him say to the Legislature 
 ' Let me alone in this matter of protection ; remove 
 hindrances and stumbling blocks out of my way ; but don't 
 encumber me with your help, don'c meddle and muddle. 
 Don't wrap me up in the swaddling clothes of Acts of 
 Parliament. Let me have fair liberty to work where I can 
 and when I can to choose my own employer, and to make 
 my own contract. Give me a fair chance to secure a 
 comfortable dwelling-place, with land to cultivate in my 
 leisure hours. Eenaove out of my waj', and out of the way of 
 my children, the temptations of the public-houses and the 
 beer shops. Take off the taxes which are levied, unfairly, on 
 the necessaries and comforts of the working man ; and then I 
 want no union, no fussy meddling legislation to protect me. I 
 will put my trust in God ; and under God, in my own 
 industry, and sobriety, and economy, I will protect myself. I 
 will be faithful to my employer, and to my fellow-labourers 
 doing to all men as I would have them do to me ; and I have 
 no fear but the Lord will provide.' " 
 
 Had the spirit and conduct which Mr. Nicholson
 
 THOMAS NICHOLSON. 238 
 
 counselled prevailed, what confusion and distress might have 
 been averted ! But unreasonable agitation and senseless 
 strikes contributed to a depression of trade which involved 
 thousands of the people in want and misery. The years 1878 
 and 1879 will be long and bitterly remembered as times of 
 sore distress. 
 
 Mr. Nicholson was moved with deep compassion, and 
 proceeded with singular energy to take measures for the relief 
 of his suffering "brother Foresters," as he often described 
 and addressed them. "His labours were such," says one 
 who knew him well, " as to render him an almost incomparable 
 local philanthropist." The appeals that he sent out from his 
 village home, on behalf of the distressed people, "penetrated 
 all parts of the kingdon," says another account, "and met 
 with a noble response." 
 
 In a " Grateful Retrospect," from his own pen, he says : 
 " In the last fourteen months I have been enabled, by the 
 blessing of God and the kindness of good friends, first, to 
 distribute upwards of 1,700 in direct relief, in money and 
 provisions ; second, to spend 100 in giving employment to 
 persons out of work ; third, to supply some 1,250 cottagers 
 with potatoes for planting, with turnip seeds enough for 500 
 acres, and with a great quantity of garden seeds ; fourth, to 
 appropriate 120 to assist in the migration of Forest miners 
 and colliers to other districts ; fifth, to give away 10,000 
 garments of various descriptions, new and old, bedding, 
 blankets, &c., of the aggregate value of at least 1,000 ; sixth, 
 to supply 800 poor families with beef for a Christmas dinner ; 
 and I have sent away over 100 young Foresters the young 
 women to respectable domestic service, and the young men to 
 suitable situations." These efforts were in some measure 
 continued till 1883. 
 
 The care and labour involved in such a work it is 
 impossible to calculate ; nothing but motives of highest 
 benevolence could have sustained a man of seventy-four years 
 of age in its accomplishment.
 
 234 THOMAS NICHOLSON. 
 
 In the spring of 1883 Mr. Nicholson resigned his 
 pastorate and retired to Coleford. Though health was failing, 
 his energies still found exercise in various directions. His 
 waning vigour was apparent to his friends, but it was thought 
 he might yet live some years. This was not to be. In 1883 
 he went on a visit to his son at Beading. There death found 
 him. For a few days he was laid prostrate, but suffering no 
 pain of body and quite calm in mind. On the eve of his 
 departure he expressed himself thankful at not having a 
 disturbing thought, nor a wish ungratifiecl. The next 
 morning, October 10th, his eyes were closed in death. 
 
 It would have been gratifying to his old friends to have 
 laid him to rest in a Forest grave, amidst scenes in which he had 
 lived, and among the people whom he had so loved. 
 Circumstances did not favour this, and he was buried in the 
 Nonconformist Cemetery at Moreton-in-the-Marsh, in the 
 same grave as his beloved wife. It is satisfactory to know 
 that he sleeps within the borders of the county which gave 
 him birth, and to which his name adds honour. 
 
 "Mr. Nicholson," says Mr. Provis, "was a Baptist of the 
 old school, profoundly attached to his denomination. ; and 
 possessing, perhaps, a more extensive knowledge of its 
 matters than any man living. At the same time his 
 sympathies went far beyond the border line of Denomina- 
 tionalism, extending even to the Establisment, in which he 
 had many friends and correspondents, including some of 
 the Bishops. He was particularly proud of the progress of 
 the Baptists during his own lifetime, in the Forest and 
 surrounding district." Speaking at a meeting in Cheltenham 
 in 1880, he told how, within a specified area around Coleford, 
 from having two small Chapels, with less than seventy 
 members and less than fifty Sunday scholars between the 
 two, they now had thirty-five chapels, having an aggregate of 
 2,500 members and of 4,000 Sunday scholars. " The 
 population of the district has doubled," he said ; and 
 then added emphatically, " The Baptist denomination has
 
 THOMAS NICHOLSON. 235 
 
 increased three thousand per cent." Mr. Provis adds, "In 
 this increase he was, it may be truly stated, the principal 
 factor." 
 
 In his theology he was sternly orthodox, and somewhat 
 dogmatic in his presentation of what he deemed " sound 
 doctrine." His Nonconformist views were decided ; his 
 Liberalism staunch. He was the first to introduce Colonel 
 Kingscote to the Forest constituency. As a public speaker 
 he was fluent and effective. 
 
 With a memory of great strength, and an unfailing fund 
 of information and anecdote, mingled with much readiness of 
 wit, he was an excellent companion. What a volume of 
 Forest anecdotes he could have written ! One pathetic 
 incident, which he related in a sermon 011 prayer, may be 
 given. He was one day passing through a secluded part of 
 the Forest, when a little child from a lonely cottage ran after 
 him. Looking him eagerly in the face she asked " Man, can 
 you pray ?" Surprised at the strange enquiry, he gave a 
 kind and simple reply. "Then come," said the child 
 earnestly, " come and pray for my father, for him's a-dying." 
 
 He was a lover of children, and was a great encourager of 
 Sunday schools. At the centenary celebration in 3880, he 
 was the centre round which teachers and scholars gathered in 
 the Forest. His own scholars whom he had taught between 
 the years 1820 and 1880, were invited to take tea with him, 
 "It was a climax of joy to the old man's heart," says Mr. W. 
 Higgs. 
 
 In person Mr. Nicholson was tall, with a large ar.d 
 powerful frame. His somewhat rugged countenance, while 
 indicating the force of his character, also expressed his 
 intelligence and kindness. It is said that his head was 
 perhaps the largest in the Forest, and that hats had to be 
 made to fit it. His appearance, voice, and manner all 
 bespoke him a man of mark. 
 
 Around the name of Thomas Nicholson, those of many 
 who were his friends and co-workers might be grouped.
 
 23G THOMAS NICHOLSON. 
 
 Among those of liis own denomination might be mentioned 
 Benjamin Stevens, of Ryeford, Dr. Batten, of Coleford, 
 William Rhodes, of Cinderford, and " honest John Hall of 
 Gorsley," all " good men and true." 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 1. Mr. Handel Cossham, the employer of 1,500 workpeople, has 
 recently asserted that if total abstinence prevailed wages would be raised 
 25 per cent. without strikes or agitation, and with injury to no one ; 
 and Mr. Bright, in a lately published letter, has declared his opinion that 
 " if the sale of drink were unknown among us, half the crime, poverty, 
 *nd suffering would disappear."
 
 CANON LYSONS, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., &c. 
 
 [18061877.] 
 
 f^HE Ly sons' family has been connected with Gloucester- 
 j shire for upwards of three centuries. Of ancient 
 Welsh origin, as mentioned in Leland's " Itinerary," 
 they came into this county in the reign of Edward VI. 
 Westbury-on- Severn was probably one of their earliest places 
 of location, but they soon spread to other parts of the shire. 
 "With some parishes their names seem inseparably linked. 
 This was notably the case with Hempstead, where they lived 
 through more than two centuries and a half; and with Eod- 
 marton, where the living, of which they are patrons, is at 
 present held by the fourth member of the family who has 
 filled the office of rector since 1756. Their town residence in 
 Gloucester stood in Westgate Street, on the site of Mr. 
 "Wyncoll's house, at the corner of St. John's Lane. Portions 
 of the building still remain, and one room, rich in plaster 
 ornamentation, has been partially restored. Several of the 
 family are buried in the Church of St. Mary de Crypt, where 
 there are monuments to their memories. 
 
 The name has been borne by many eminent men. Sir 
 Thomas Lysons, who was born at Westbury-on- Severn in 
 159G, and was Mayor of Worcester in 1051, is famed for his 
 loyalty to the cause of Charles II., whose whole army of 
 18,000 men he is recorded to have provided with shoes and 
 stockings after their march from Scotland, and just before 
 their defeat at the battle of Worcester. Dr. Daniel Lysons, 
 a man of great learning, was accidentally killed at Hempstead
 
 238 CANON LYSONS, M.A., F.K.S., F.S.A., ETC. 
 
 in 1760. His son Daniel, educated at Oxford, took a Doctor 
 of Laws Degree in 1759 ; then studied medicine, and taking 
 the degree of M.D. first practised in Gloucester, afterwards 
 removing to Bath and attaining much celehrity in his pro- 
 fession. He was the writer of several medical treatises. 
 
 The Eev. Daniel Lysons, M.A., F.E.S., F.A.S., H.8., L.S., 
 and his brother Samuel Lysons, Esq., F.E.S., F.A.S., sons 
 of the Eev. Samuel Lysons, rector of Eodmarton, where they 
 were born the former in 1762 and the latter a year later 
 were distinguished antiquarians. Samuel entered as a student 
 of Middle Temple, where he was called to the Bar. He was 
 appointed Keeper of the Eecords in the Tower, and also 
 Director of the Society of Antiquaries. He died in 1819. 
 Daniel succeeded his father (who died at Friars Orchard, 
 Gloucester, the residence of his son-in-law, Mr. Charles 
 Brandon Trye, on March 16, 1804), as rector of Eodmarton, 
 and acquired a high reputation as a topographical and anti- 
 quarian student and writer. Both he and his brother wrote 
 numerous well-known works, and were the joint authors of 
 " Magna Britannia," and both are often referred to as the 
 highest authorities on some questions of archaeology. 
 
 Daniel married a daughter of Colonel Thomas Carteret 
 Hardy, and their eldest son SAMUEL LYSONS the subject of 
 this memeir was born at Eodmarton, on March 17, 1806. 
 After some school education, he entered Exeter College, Oxford, 
 and took the degree of B.A. in 1830, and M.A. in 1836. He 
 was ordained deacon in 1830, and priest the following year. 
 
 On the death of his father in 1834, he succeeded to the 
 family estates, comprising property in Gloucester, Hempstead, 
 Eodmarton, and other parts of the county ; and also succeed- 
 ing him in the Eectory of Eodmarton. The same year he 
 married Eliza Sophia Teresa, daughter of Major-General Sir 
 Lorenzo Moore, K.C.H., and C.B., and took up his residence 
 at Hempstead Court, where he continued the rest of his life. 
 
 That part of Gloucester lying south of Llanthony Eoad, 
 and bordered on the east by the Bristol Eoad and on the west
 
 CANON LYSONS, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., ETC. 239 
 
 by the Caual, was at that time known as the High Orchard. 
 It had prohably in early times been connected with Llauthony 
 Abbey. It was now chiefly covered with garden allotments, 
 the neighbourhood known as Sudbrook lying at its lower end ; 
 while almost close alongside the canal was a row of huts 
 occupied by a numerous population. 1 
 
 Bishop Monk had long wished to see some efforts made 
 for the spiritual benefit of this district. This work com- 
 mended itself to Mr. Lysons who, having much property 
 contiguous to the locality, undertook the erection of a church 
 at his own cost. This church, now known as St. Luke's, was 
 opened in 1840, and Mr. Lyson's became its first incumbent. 
 Here for twenty-five years he laboured without pecuniary 
 remuneration. Schools were established and much good 
 effected. On resigning his incumbency in 1865, Mr Lysons 
 presented the late Eev. George Armitage to the living, which 
 he munificently endowed with 1,000, and then placed the 
 patronage in the hands of the Bishop of the Diocese. 
 
 As Treasurer of the Triennial Music Meetings, and as a 
 member of all the principal Church Organizations and 
 Charitable Societies of the Diocese, Mr. Lysons was ever 
 active and useful. In 1867 he was made Eural Dean, and 
 also appointed an Honorary Canon of the Cathedral. 
 
 Canon Lysons, who largely inherited the tastes and abilities 
 of his distinguished father, was elected a Fellow of the 
 Society of Antiquaries ; and was likewise a member of the 
 Victoria Institute and the Natural History Society. It was as 
 an'Archffiologist that he became most widely known, and his 
 varied labours^ entitled him to a prominent place among our 
 county antiquarians. His researches extended in many 
 directions, and his published works were numerous. 
 
 A bare list of the titles of his books is interesting reading, 
 and an index of their contents would make a pleasant chapter. 
 Among the chief of these we may mention " The Eomans 
 in Gloucestershire," 1860; "The Model Merchant of the 
 Middle Ages ; The Life of Sir Eichard Whittington,"
 
 240 GANON LYSONS, M.A.. F.R.S., F.S.A., ETC. 
 
 1800 ; " Gloucester arid Gloucestershire Antiquities," 1860 ; 
 " Claudia and Pudens ; or the Early Christians in Gloucester," 
 18G1 ; and what is, perhaps, the most popular of his 
 productions, " Gloucestershire Achievements, an Enumeration 
 of some of the principal points in which that county has' 
 taken a prominent lead in matters Eeligious, Moral, Social, 
 and Scientific," 18G2. The Dedication of this work is worth 
 quoting: "To Thomas ]>arwick Lloyd Baker, Esq., of 
 Hardwicke Court, Gloucestershire, the first practical promoter 
 of the system of Reformatories for the prevention of juvenile 
 crime, and a zealous encourager of everything which tends 
 to an improvement of his country, this Lecture, compiled and 
 printed at his suggestion, is dedicated by his old school- fellow r 
 friend, and neighbour, the Author." 
 
 Reviewers often complimented Canon Lysons on the 
 interest with which he clothed the results of his antiquarian 
 researches, rendering what in a pure and simple form would 
 be dry details, pleasant and instructive reading. This is a 
 characteristic of all his writings. Some of his papers read to- 
 local societies were as charming in style as they were 
 erudite in their contents. One of these, prepared for the 
 Cotteswold Naturalist Society, on the Roman remains 
 discovered at Chedworth, affords full illustration of this. A 
 paragraph describing the discovery of a foundation stone on 
 which the early Christian monogram is inscribed may be 
 given : " Mr. Farrer " he says, " kindly invited me to visit 
 this place during the progress of the excavations ; and at the 
 time when the workmen arrived at the foundation stone of 
 the principal entrance of the villa, knowing the custom of 
 most nations to inscribe the foundation-stone with some 
 emblem of their faith the Egyptians with the Scarabseus, 
 the Jews with the ineffable name, &c. I caused the workmen 
 to turn up the stone, when, to my great interest and delight, I 
 discovered the Christian monogram, the Chi Rho, the two 
 first letters of the name of Christ, evidently marking that the 
 builder of that villa was a Christian. This' monogram was
 
 CANON LYSONS, M.A., F.R S., F.S.A., ETC. 241 
 
 precisely of the character of those seon on the coins of the 
 Emperor Maguentius and his brother Decentius, who Britons 
 by their parentage, as we read in Zonarus reigned A.D. 350. 
 This Type, however, I find on the Christian tombs in the 
 Catacombs of Eome, reaching back to the times of Hadrian, 
 who commenced his reign in 116 A.D., if not, indeed, to a 
 remoter period, and is I believe, as old as the Apostolic times. 
 This was not, however, the only specimen of the monogram ; 
 on further research I found no less than four other instances 
 of it. It has been the prevailing opinion that the monogram 
 originated in the time of Constantino the Great, but my own 
 reading, confirmed by Signer Erasmo Pistolesi, of the 
 Vatican at Rome, shows that Constantine only adopted a 
 symbol well known among Christians from the earliest period 
 of Christianity." 
 
 Canon Lysons possessed a most intimate knowledge of the 
 county ; some of its most remote corners being familiar to him, 
 and many of the people being as well known to him as the 
 places. 
 
 Among his other works of a more general character were 
 " Conjectures concerning the Identity of the Patriarch Job," 
 1832; "The Formularies of the Christian Faith," 1843; 
 "Christian Fables, &c.," in French, 1850; "Our British 
 Ancestors," 1865 ; " Our Vulgar Tongue," 1868. 
 
 Failing health in 1876 led the Rev. Canon to resign his 
 office of Rural Dean, and to refrain from all active public 
 work. To himself and his friends it was plain that the end 
 was drawing near : it came on March 27, 1877, when he 
 breathed his last at Hempstead Court, in the seventy- second 
 year of his age. He was buried in the beautiful churchyard 
 of the parish where the greater part of his life had been 
 passed, and which he loved so well. An illuminated window 
 in the chancel of the church, illustrating incidents in the 
 resurrection and ascension of Christ, is inscribed to his memory. 
 
 Canon Lysons was thrice married. The first Mrs. Lysons 
 died in 1846, leaving a family of whom Major Lorenzo G,
 
 242 CANON LYSONS, M.A., F.B.S., F.R.A , ETC. 
 
 Lysons, Major E. H. B. Lysons, the Rev. Daniel G. Lysoiis, 
 Eector of Eodmavton, and two daughters survived him. His 
 second wife Lucy Curtis Hay ward, sister of the late Mr. 
 John Curtis Hayward, of Quedgeley House, died in 1872. 
 The third Mrs. Lyson was the daughter of Mr. S. A. Beck, 
 of Cheam, in Surrey, and survived him with two children. 
 
 General Sir D. Lysons, G.C.B., half brother of Canon 
 Lysons, whose mother was Josepha, daughter of Mr. J. G. 
 Cooper, of Thurgarton Priory, Notts, is still living. He is a 
 distinguished officer, and has received the Crimean medal with 
 three clasps ; and Turkish and Sardinian medals : he is also 
 an officer of the Legion of Honour. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 1. During this period the hut population migrated to the districts 
 which received the names of New Town and California, on the new 
 Stroud Road, where they remained till the expiration of a lease in 1883.
 
 THOMAS BARWICK LLOYD BAKER. 
 
 [18071886.] 
 
 r HE last of a remarkable trio of county worthies 
 intimately connected with each other from early 
 boyhood, and through their lives residing in adjoining 
 parishes, has just passed away. THOMAS BARWICK LLOYD 
 BAKER, of Hardwicke Court, was the junior of his friends Mr. 
 Curtis Hayward and Canon Lysons, but he survived the 
 former twelve and the latter nine years, dying December 
 10th, 1886, in the eightieth year of his age. 
 
 This distinguished philanthropist was only son of Thomas 
 John Lloyd Baker, Esq., of Hardwicke Court, his mother 
 being a niece of Granville Sharpe, the founder of the Society 
 for the abolition of slavery. He was born at Fulham, Nov. 14th. 
 1807, and after going to Eton became a student at Christ 
 Church, Oxford. At the age of twenty-six he qualified as a 
 magistrate, and subsequently became a deputy-lieutenant of 
 the county. In 1847-48 he was High Sheriff. He held 
 office in connection with all public county institutions, and 
 was an active member of most of the chief local associations 
 and societies. He was also known as one of the founders of 
 the Social Science Congresses, and of the annual Congress of 
 Poor Law Guardians for the West Midland District. The 
 suppression of vagrancy, with its many evils, occupied much 
 of his attention, and he originated what is now known as the 
 " Berkshire system " a plan which while affording assistance 
 to the honest tramp is designed to discourage the professional 
 vagrant. 
 
 It was, however, by labours connected with prison reform,
 
 244 THOMAS BARWICK LLOYD BAKER. 
 
 the prevention of crime, and the reformation of juvenile 
 offenders, that Mr. Baker became most widely known. A full 
 and detailed narrative of these efforts cannot here be given 
 but a few facts will indicate somewhat of their nature, extent, 
 and results. 
 
 The labours of Howard on behalf of miserable prisoners 
 bore some early fruit in Gloucester. The question of prison 
 reform engaged the earnest attention of Sir George 
 Onesiphorus Paul, who did not cease his efforts till the 
 county prison had been built, and a new and greatly 
 improved system of management had been established within 
 its walls. This was effected before the end of last century. 
 Its fame as a model prison became so widely known that the 
 United States sent Commissioners to inspect the building and 
 learn its system of discipline. From an early period of his 
 magisterial life Mr. Baker was one of the Visitors, and had 
 much to do with improvements which were made in the 
 rules, the gaol being at that time entirely under County 
 management. The Government, however, had power to 
 interfere, and in 1886, Lord John Eussell, then Home 
 Secretary, forwarded a letter to the prison authorities, 
 containing about forty rules for their future observance. In 
 reply Mr. Baker pointed out to his lordship that thirty-five of 
 these rules had originated at Gloucester, and had been 
 adopted in America, that four of the others, which would do 
 neither good nor harm, should be at once adopted, and that 
 the last was open to so much question as to require further 
 examination by the Government. 
 
 His mind continued to be directed to all matters connected 
 with the administration of criminal law, and his close obser- 
 vation and large experience, added to his strong common 
 sense, served to make him a leading authority on questions 
 relating to crime and punishment. The system of cumulative 
 sentences for second and third offences was adopted chiefly at 
 his recommendation. By discussions at Quarter Sessions, 
 and by letters and essays in the local papers, his views were
 
 THOMAS BARWICK LLOYD BAKER. 245 
 
 made known through this county ; while his frequent contri- 
 butions to the Times, and his occasional addresses at important 
 Congresses secured attention not only through England, hut 
 in distant countries, so that his name became well known both 
 on the Continent and in America. 
 
 The sad sight of juvenile offenders convicted time after 
 time, and becoming again and again the inmates of gaols, was 
 deeply painful to his humane mind, and led his thoughts to 
 the consideration of remedies. Speaking at a meeting in 
 Gloucester about thirty-five years ago, Mr. Baker told how one 
 day the Hon. Miss Murray, Maid of Honour to the Queen, called 
 his attention to the possibility of reclaiming vicious children. 
 This lady said " that if he would bring to her any child that 
 had sufficient strength of character to distinguish itself in vice, 
 she had no fear that she should be able to make that child 
 distinguish itself in virtue." As the result of this conversa- 
 tion he visited a sort of Eeformatory School which was then 
 -established in London, and became warmly interested in it. 
 Keturning home he suggested to his friends the founding of 
 a similar institution in Gloucestershire. Difficulties stood in 
 the way and discouragement was at first experienced, when 
 unexpectedly he found a kindred soul who proved a most 
 devoted and efficient co-worker in the benevolent enterprise. 
 
 The narrative of its commencement and early operations, 
 as given by himself, is deeply interesting; "It happened," 
 he sa3 7 s, " that in the year 1851, I formed a friendship with a 
 young man whose appearance on the scuie decided me. 
 George Bengough asked me why I would not make a begin- 
 ning myself. I answered him that a man was necessary for 
 the purpose who would devote his whole time, his whole soul, 
 and his whole heart to this task ; but that I was not justified 
 in putting on one side my engagements as a Justice of the 
 Peace, as a Magistrate, and as a Poor Law Guardian, which 
 would be absolutely necessary. To my astonishment the 
 young squire, who was heir to a fortune of 10,000 a year, 
 declared that, in spite of his youth, he would like to under-
 
 246 THOMAS BABWICK LLOYD BAKER. 
 
 take it, if an older man, like myself, would help him with it. 
 The work was quickly taken in hand, a little establishment 
 was provided, and later on enlarged. He himself, in March, 
 1852, just as he was entering on his 24th year, selected for 
 his own benevolent purposes three of the worst young criminals 
 in London, who were about to be discharged from prison. So 
 we began with the three born thieves from London, and added 
 to them a few accomplished thieves from Cheltenham, because 
 a better kind would have been corrupted directly. George 
 Bengough resided for the first few months in my house and 
 worked with me. Then he removed to some rooms in the 
 Keformatory itself. For two years he worked in the ranks as 
 a schoolmaster. When the undertaking was fully established 
 he left the superintendence of it confidently in my hands. 
 Suffering as he was, he went to Florence. There is no hope 
 of his recovery, and I am daily expecting to hear of his death. 
 Do you understand now that it grieves me when I am spoken 
 of in terms of praise '? Do you know another young man 
 who, with a yearly income of 10,000, would reside for two 
 years with young criminals, and give them elementary 
 instruction ?' ?1 
 
 The foregoing quotation is from a remarkable little book 
 written by Professor Von Holtzendorff, a German gentleman,, 
 who in 1861 became acquainted with Mr. Baker at the Social 
 Science Congress, and subsequently visited at Hardwicke 
 Court. The little work, originally written in German, was 
 admirably translated by Fraulein Rose Gebhard, a lady who 
 resided at Tibberton Court, and re-published by Mr. John 
 Bellows. It is entitled " An English Country Squire as 
 sketched at Hardwicke Court." The author aims to introduce 
 to his own countrymen a good specimen of a class peculiar to 
 England men of position, property, and education, who 
 voluntarily undertake duties which in other countries are 
 performed only by State paid officials. One chapter of this 
 interesting narrative describes " English Country Life at 
 Hardwicke Court," presenting pleasing pictures of the worthy
 
 THOMAS BARWICK L.LOYD BAKER. 
 
 Squire and his wife ; another is devoted to the Keformatory 
 School ; and a third relates a visit to the County Gaol, while 
 others afford varied information as to Mr. Baker's public 
 labours, and his opinions on education and other subjects of 
 importance. 
 
 At the close of his visit the German remarked to a fellow 
 guest : "If in every English county thtre were three men 
 like Barwick Baker to be found, I should envy your country 
 far more on that account than for those gigantic golden 
 millions that are hoarded up in the vaults of the Bank of 
 England." 
 
 In carrying on the work of the Reformatory Mr. Baker 
 was assisted from time to time by other gentlemen of the 
 county who were animated by similar benevolent motives. 
 The present County Chairman, Sir John E. Doringtou, was 
 one of those co-workers. The success, however, of the good 
 institution has largely resulted from the devoted and efficient 
 manner in which for more than thirty years Mr. Thomas 
 Gee has fulfilled the duties of Superintendent, thoroughly 
 sympathising with Mr. Baker's aims and plans and enjoying a 
 large measure of his confidence and respect. 
 
 Those most competent to judge have expressed high 
 approval of Mr. Baker's labours. The managers of English 
 Reformatories presented Mrs. Baker with his portrait as an 
 acknowledgment of his efforts to rescue young criminals from 
 their evils ways. Mr. William Tallack, of the Howard 
 Association, writing to the Time* at the time of his death, said 
 " In regard, at least, to questions relating to the important 
 department of the best methods of prevention and treatment 
 of crime, it may fairly be believed that no one since the death 
 of John Howard has more perseveringly and efficiently, 
 though unobtrusively, carried on the work which specially 
 received its great modern impulse from that renowned 
 philanthropist." " It is comparatively seldom," he adds, 
 " that even the Time* obituary records a death the announce- 
 ment of which will excite deeper regret or awaken more
 
 248 THOMAS BAEWICK LLOYD BAKER. 
 
 honourably appreciative memories 011 the Continent and in 
 America than in this instance." 
 
 In 1809, his tenantry and others presented him with an 
 address and an elegant epergne, " as a token of their esteem 
 .and regard for a good, kind, and considerate landlord, and 
 their admiration of his unwearied exertions and Christian 
 zeal in the cause of philanthropy." "Let me," he said in 
 the closing words of a brief address when acknowledging this 
 presentation, "again heartily thank you for this gift and not 
 for the gift only, but for the foity years of kindness that has 
 existed between many of us. May God's blessing rest upon 
 you all!" 
 
 Mr. Baker's age and failing health obliged him in 1883 to 
 discontinue his attendance at Quarter Sessions and withdraw 
 from other activities of public life. From that period his 
 strength slowly declined, and on December 10th, 1886, 
 he breathed his last. His funeral at Hardwicke Church on the 
 15th, was one which will not be soon forgotten by those who 
 were present. High and low, villagers and strangers, gathered 
 around his grave \\ith manifestations of respect and sorrow. 
 The beautiful hymn, " Now the labourer's task is o'er," 
 impressively sung by a choir of ladies standing at the flower- 
 bedecked tomb, formed part of the solemn ceremony, the 
 latter part of which was conducted by the Veil. Archdeacon 
 Sheriiigham. The boys of the Reformatory, who had sent a 
 handsome wreath for the coffin, were present, and at the 
 conclusion of the ceremony sang an appropriate hymn. 
 
 Words beautifully fit and true, forming part of an 
 admirable obituary notice which appeared in the Gloucestershire 
 Chronicle, are worthy of re-production in any memoir of this 
 useful, honoured, and beloved man. " Gauged by his four 
 score years," says the writer, Mr. J. H. Billett, who for many 
 years had been a close observer of Mr. Baker's career, " he 
 had lived a long life ; gauged by that truer standard, 'he lives 
 longest \vho lives lest,' how vastly greater his nge ! He 
 goes down to his grave with ' all that should accompany
 
 THOMAS BAHWICK LLOYD BAKER. 249 
 
 old age honour, love, obedience, troops of friends ' : 
 
 ' Poor hands and hard find costly flowers to grace 
 The grave of him whose toiling days were sweet 
 With kindly love, that crowned and made complete 
 
 The life-long labour for his land and race. 
 
 We do not praise him, for his deeds shall praise, 
 Nor grieve we greatly, knowing that the King 
 Has called him unto higher ministering 
 
 Among the souls that strive in unseen ways, 
 To help the generations, as they climb 
 The sunward slopes and terraces of time.' " 
 
 Anecdotes of such a man are always interesting, and one 
 or two illustrative of particular phases of his character shall 
 close this brief sketch. Speaking of Mr. Baker's "keen sense 
 of humour which often brightened up dull subjects by some 
 quaint observation," Mr. Billett thus describes a scene of 
 which he was an eye witness ; " During the time he was 
 High Sheriff ' the Berkeley family quarrel,' now long forgotten, 
 was agitating the whole county, and the paitizans of 
 ' Grantley ' and ' Greiiville ' mustered at a public nomination 
 in the old Market-square at Dursley. Political and personal 
 feeling ran high; the 'jovial Foresters,' arrayed in hostile 
 camps, attended in great numbers and a riot was anticipated. 
 Mr. Baker put the dense throng into good humour by calling 
 first for a show of hands from all who would help the Sheriff 
 to preserve order. Up went every hand from the vast 
 multitude, and when the candidates presented themselves, 
 and when cheering and hooting threatened to develop into 
 fierce personal conflict, he speedily restored, if not good temper 
 at least mutual forbearance, by reminding the contending 
 hosts that they were pledged to support him in preserving the 
 peace and the credit of the county." 
 
 home other and higher features of his character are 
 illustrated by an incident to which the Ven. Archdeacon 
 Sheriugham thus referred, when preaching in Hardwicke 
 Church the Sunday after the funeral : " I will tell you one 
 thing which our friend once said to me in his sick room we 
 were speaking of what is a favourite topic with most people, 
 the trials of life. ' ; But," he said to me, " I really know
 
 250 THOMAS BARWICK LLOYD BAKER. 
 
 little of these trials, for my life has heen always such a happy 
 one, my causes for thankfulness so immensely outweigh all 
 others, that I cannot look back upon my own life but as one 
 long series of blessings from God." And yet he lost those 
 very dear to him, he was not always in robust health, he 
 could not have been always without money cares, above all 
 things he had ever to wait before he could realize the labour 
 of his hands and the desire of his heart ; he never reaped till 
 long long after he had sown. These are commonly called 
 trials, but he had one over-mastering comfort : the sense that 
 he was trying to do his duty in his station, that God in His 
 infinite condescension vouchsafed to use his talents, powers, 
 and opportunities, whatever they might be, for the good of his 
 fellow creatures, the abatement of the immense sum of 
 human misery, bringing home poor wanderers, sending a 
 message of hope to the hopeless, discouragement to crime, 
 cheering counsel to honesty and virtue. Such a life is the 
 preparation for much higher things." 
 
 Mr. Baker was married, in 1840, to Mary, daughter of Mr. 
 N. L. Fenwick, of Besford, Worcestershire, who survives him. 
 He also leaves two sons Mr. Granville E. Lloyd Baker and 
 Mr. Henry 0. Lloyd Baker ; the foimer of whom continues to 
 carry on the good work at the Reformatory. 
 
 The materials for these Notes have been chiefly obtained 
 from the excellent obituary accounts of Mr. Baker which were 
 given by the Gloucester Journal and Gloucestershire Chronicle. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 1. The name of George Henry Bengough, of the Ridge, Wotton-under- 
 edge, is worthy of remembrance. After his successful and self-sacrificing 
 labours at Hardwicke, he went to the aid of the Committee of the 
 Kingswood Reformatory, where he did good service. Failing health, 
 however, obliged him to seek a more congenial clime, and his useful life 
 closed at Florence in 1805.
 
 JOHN JAMES WAITE. 
 
 [18081808.] 
 
 'IFTY years ago "Blind John Wtiite," as he was 
 commonly called, was a familiar figure in the City of 
 Gloucester. Arm-in-arm with some friend, walking 
 quite erect with a firm and dignified step ; and with large, 
 dark, lustrous eyes fully open, no stranger would have 
 imagined that he was sightless. At that period he was 
 developing powers, the growth of which had for a time been 
 checked by the loss of vision ; and was thus preparing for a 
 singularly active, honourable, and useful career. His 
 biography adds another remarkable chapter to the annals of 
 the eminent blind, furnishing facts which entitle him to a 
 place among the most richly gifted of that interesting class. 
 
 Some of these facts, which will be here recorded, are 
 derivad from personal knowledge ; others have been supplied 
 by contemporary friends, or drawn from an excellent Memoir, 
 written by his son Dr. Waite, of Liverpool, and prefixed to a 
 Memorial Edition of his chief work " The Hallelujah." 
 
 JOHN JAMES WAITE was born in Gloucester, February 28, 
 1808. He was the son of parents who wer'e connected with 
 the Independent Church in Southgate Street. It was his 
 misfortune to lose his mother when he was but eighteen 
 months old. She was a woman of exemplary Christian 
 character, and on her death-bed, feeling her end near, she 
 asked for her babe, and taking him in her arms, lovingly 
 commended him to God, into Whose hands she then yielded 
 her own spirit. 
 
 The child's early years were watched over by an aunt, 
 Mrs. Kendall, residing in Gloucester, who, with his father, an
 
 252 JOHN JAMES WAITE. 
 
 intelligent and worthy man, strove to train him aright. His 
 education, which was commenced at a school kept by Miss 
 Nelson in Black Friars, was afterwards carried on at that 
 of Mr. John Tucker, in Westgate Street, where the late 
 Sir Samuel S. Marling, Bart , and Mr. William Higgs, 
 late Sheriff of the City of Gloucester, were among his 
 school-fellows. In various ways he was often brought, 
 during his boyhood, into contact with the Eev. William 
 Bishop, then minister of Southgate Chapel. Those who knew 
 this worthy Nonconformist pastor will readily understand how 
 his religious spirit, good sense, and cheerful disposition 
 favourably affected the lad's character. To this kindly and 
 beneficial influence he often referred in after life, reproducing 
 some of the counsels and admonitions he had thus received 
 for the benefit of his own children. One of these was 
 conveyed under circumstances which made it likely to be 
 remembered. " Having met with a serious accident to his 
 foot, while playing with a scythe in the hayfield, he was laid 
 aside for some weeks. Mr. Bishop frequently came to see 
 him, and took the opportunity of impressing this truth 
 * God never works a miracle to preserve us from the 
 consequences of our own indiscretion.' " "A palpable truism," 
 adds his biographer, " but one which we are all apt to forget. 1 ' 
 On leaving school he was for some time employed in the 
 office of Messrs. Wilton, solicitors ; and then in the office of 
 the Gloucester Herahi, a newspaper which was published in 
 St. John's Lane. A strong love of music was one of his 
 characteristics, and the remarkable quality of his voice, 
 together with the correctness of his singing, led to his 
 frequently assisting in the psalmody at, the various chapels in 
 the city. On some of these occasions he played the flute. 
 Conscious of great capacity for acquiring knowledge, and 
 influenced by a taste for literary pursuits, he devoted much 
 time both day and night to reading and study. His eyes, 
 which were singularly bright, were not strong, and the sight 
 became impaired by this close application. At the age of
 
 JOHN JAMES WAITE. 253 
 
 seventeen a severe cold was followed by inflammation in these 
 delicate organs, and, in spite of all that human skill could do,, 
 the power of vision was destroyed, and he was doomed to 
 spend the rest of his days in total darkness. 
 
 Far from being crushed by this calamity, he rallied his 
 remaining faculties and brought them into vigorous exercise. 
 By the kind liberality of his aunt, who allowed him an annuity 
 of 50, he was placed in circumstances which left him free to- 
 indulge his love of music and pursue his favourite studies.. 
 His occupations seem to have been somewhat desultory till 
 the year 1833, when he became acquainted with the Rev.. 
 Joseph Hyatt, who, after the death of Mr. Bishop in 1832, had 
 become pastor of Soutbgate Chapel. 
 
 Mr. Hyatt, who was a man of great discernment, soon 
 discovered Mr. Waite's remarkable powers, and became 
 interested in his history and pursuits. A close friendship 
 was formed ; and on one occasion, in a walk together to Over, 
 a conversation took place which greatly influenced Mr. Waite's 
 future career. Mr. Hyatt generously devoted some time daily 
 to reading and conversation with him on theological and other 
 subjects ; and found all his mental faculties so active and 
 vigorous that he one day offered to introduce him to the study 
 of mathematics instancing for his encouragement the case of 
 the celebrated Saunderson. The proposal was promptly 
 accepted, and the next morning saw the commencement of 
 what proved to be a day's occupation with Euclid. The 
 account as given by Mr. Hyatt was full of interest. He 
 related how the sightless learner sat intently listening as 
 axiom after axiom was read, till his powerful memory had 
 taken ah 1 in. Then, how problem after problem was solved 
 with such ease that the efforts seemed those of play rather 
 than of labour. Thus, with no intermission but for a bread 
 and cheese luncheon, the work went on through the whole 
 day, the tutor becoming weary before the pupil. 
 
 Through Mr. Hyatt, Mr. Waite became acquainted with 
 several eminent men of the district, including the Revs. W.
 
 254 JOHN JAMES WAITE. 
 
 Jay, of Bath, J. Burder, M.A., and W. Wheeler, of Stroud, 
 and B. Parsons, of Ebley. In all these he found many points 
 .of important and pleasant contact, deriving benefit and plea- 
 sure from his occasional intercourse with them. He likewise 
 formed the " acquaintance of the leading physicians and 
 surgeons connected with the Gloucester Infirmary, and took 
 .great delight in attending various courses of lectures on 
 anatomy, physiology, etc., delivered in the school then attached 
 to that institution. By this means he acquired a very minute 
 and intimate acquaintance with the organs of sight, hearing, 
 and speech ; and having obtained through his medical friends 
 .a number of specimens of the eye, the ear, and the larynx of 
 various animals, as well as of the human species, he prepared 
 a series of lectures 011 these subjects." 
 
 While thus learning he was also teaching. The variety 
 of his knowledge and the power and precision of his thinking 
 .attracted other active young minds, who found in him 
 congenial and helpful companionship, whether their tastes 
 were musical or mathematical, their studies logic or theology ; 
 their mental tendencies acquisitive or critical. Of these, two 
 may be mentioned, both of whom retain vivid and pleasant 
 memories of their sightless friend His Honour Judge Powell, 
 Lambeth County Court, and Mr. William Higgs. 
 
 The former, referring to these early days, says : " I derived 
 great mental advantage from my acquaintance with Mr. John 
 Waite, to whom I volunteered to read for the benefit of his 
 comments. I used to get up at four o'clock in the summer, 
 throw some gravel at his attic window near the Southgate 
 <]hapel, and then walk and read and talk with him until seven. 
 It occurs to me that among the books I read with him were 
 Milton's prose works, Leland's Demosthenes, Kaimes' 
 Elements of Criticism, and the first and second books of 
 Euclid." 
 
 The walks to which Judge Powell refers often lay through 
 Eignum fields and on to Kobin's Wood Hill, the summit of 
 which was sometimes reached in these early morning rambles.
 
 JOHN JAMES WAITE. 255 
 
 Iii some reminiscence of the same period, Mr. Higgs 
 remai-ks : " Jolm Waite certainly inherited his musical 
 impulses. His father, like an ^Eolian harp in a breeze, was 
 perpetually murmuring music. He was a respected frequenter 
 of dissenters' worship, and whenever he was seen to he present 
 at a meeting where somebody was wanted to pitch a tune, 
 you knew where it would be sure to arise. He seemed to be 
 always singing. Many a time as he limped along the street 
 have I heard him rehearsing his favourite tunes ; not 
 obtrusively, but distinct enough for recognition ; and with 
 what seemed incessant pleasure. The musical instincts of 
 the father descended to the son, and were subjected to 
 elementary rules and methods which made vocal music 
 pleasant and popular. Hullah had interpreted and improved 
 on Wilheim's system of elementary instruction, and before 
 (Jurwen had suggested his solfa method, Waite had simpli- 
 fied all that had been done by others, by the use of an 
 octave of figures which proved sufficient for the attraction and 
 instruction of many congregations of worshippers desirous of 
 sharing in the pleasure and advantage of popular and intelli- 
 gent psalmody. 
 
 " School boy intercourse, and subsequent incidental 
 association with Mr. Waite, had much to do in giving direction 
 and impulse to the musical efforts of my own after life." 1 
 
 In 1835 Mr. Waite became a member of the Southgate 
 Independent Church, and wishing to enter the ministry he 
 began to preach at the village stations then connected with 
 that community. As he proved an interesting preacher his 
 ministrations soon extended to other parts of the county. 
 While his discourses were closely-reasoned, they were lighted 
 up with illustrations which his active imagination readily 
 supplied. His powers of description were remarkable, and 
 scenes which he depicted in the pulpit are still vividly 
 remembered by some of his hearers. One which he gave in 
 private conversation will never be forgotten. The skeleton of 
 a whale was on exhibition in Gloucester, and Mr. Waite went
 
 256 JOHN JAMES WAITE. 
 
 to " see " it. Some days afterwards lie dascribed it to a lad 
 with whom be was walking. From that description the lad's 
 mind received so powerful an impression of the " prodigious Ir 
 structure of bones, that looking back more than fifty years he 
 can scarcely believe that he himself did not examine it with 
 his own eyes and feel it with his own hands. 
 
 The lectures which Mr. Waite's anatomical studies had 
 enabled him to prepare, together with some on music, were 
 delivered in Bristol and elsewhere for the benefit of the 
 London Missionary Society. About the same time he look up 
 the newly-inaugurated Temperance movement, and laboured 
 actively for its furtherance. It was, however, to the study of 
 music that his attention was chiefly directed ; and this he 
 pursued with a view to the reformation of Congregational 
 psalmody. 
 
 This part of public worship was at that time in a 
 most unsatisfactory condition both among Churchmen and 
 Nonconformists. " Eepeating ranting tunes," says Dr. 
 Waite, in the memoir of his father, " many of them mere 
 adaptations of the lowest songs, was commonly in use 
 amongst all denominations. Those few melodies whiih were 
 free from the taint of questionable associations were, for 
 the most part, so tame and uninteresting as to offer no 
 counteraction whatever to the pernicious influence of their 
 contemporaries. Not only the tunes, however, but the mode 
 of conducting the service of song was at this time very 
 objectionable in many particulars. A number of instruments, 
 such as violins, bass viols, flutes, clarionets and even 
 trombones and brass instruments were to be heard in many 
 places up and down the land. And where these could not be 
 found their place was supplied by a race of men known as 
 clerks or leaders, who in some cases (to their praise be it 
 spoken) did their utmost to amend the ignorance and bad 
 taste by which they were encompassed ; but who, in other 
 instances, were the sole hindrances to the growth of a better 
 condition. '
 
 JOHN JAMES WAITE. 257 
 
 The truth of this description will be confirmed by those 
 whose memories go back to the period referred to, and who 
 had knowledge of town and village choirs in the churches 
 and chapels of those days. Some years' observation of these 
 things made a powerful impression on Mr. "Waite's thoughtful 
 mind. The torture of ear and disquiet of soul which he 
 suffered during an ill-rendered service of song were often 
 plainly revealed by his expressive countenance. 
 
 In 1838 Mr. Waite married Eliza, second daughter of 
 William Cox, Esq., of Moorfield House, Hereford, and took 
 up his residence in Bristol. Having in various ways long 
 sought to diffuse knowledge and promote better taste in 
 relation to psalmody, he now earnestly entered upon the great 
 work of its reformation. He found an able coadjutor in the 
 Eev. John Burder, who, as a Nonconformist minister, had 
 long bewailed the evils connected with this part of public 
 worship, and had repeatedly declared that during more than 
 forty years' observation he had seen more contentions 
 originated in congregations by the " singing gallery " than by 
 any other cause. 
 
 The preparation of a new tune book was a necessary step 
 towards reform, and with the assistance of Mr. Burder, Mr. 
 Waite compiled and published " The Hallelujah, or Devotional 
 Psalmody, being a collection of 101 Classical and Congre- 
 gational Tunes of the most useful Metres." The tunes were 
 introduced by a preface, and an essay on Congregational 
 Psalmody by Mr, Waite, and an essay on the same topic by 
 Mr. Burder. Both writers treated the subject with great 
 ability, pointing out the high character and claims of public 
 praise, the sad defects by which it was marred, and the means 
 by which it might be rendered pleasant and profitable to 
 worshippers and glorifying to God. Their oneness of spirit 
 and aim is indicated by the singular similarity of sentiment 
 with which Mr. Waite commences his preface and Mr. Burder 
 closes his essay. " The grand essentials of good psalmody," 
 says the former, " are piety and skill." " Two things only 
 
 Q
 
 258 JOHN JAMES WAITE. 
 
 are wanted for good psalmody," says the latter, " vocal skill 
 and inward piety." The work had an extensive circulation, 
 exercised a beneficial influence, and has appeared in several 
 editions. 
 
 Taking " The Hallelujah " and a volume entitled " Instruc- 
 tions in Psalmody," consisting of a " Course of Lessons in 
 Musical Notation, &c.," Mr. Waite set himself vigorously to 
 the work of teaching. " The difficulties attendant upon the 
 art of reading music by the ' Do Ea Me ' system then in 
 vogue had convinced him of the necessity for some more easy 
 method of interpreting the characters of musical notation.. 
 Whether (as has been said) the use of the first seven figures 
 in this connection had been suggested in France prior to the 
 time at which Mr. Waite introduced his method, it is 
 unnecessary to determine ; but so far as his employment of 
 the numerals was concerned, there can be no doubt whatever 
 that the idea was original." This system he employed from 
 the commencement of his labours, and by its aid achieved 
 great results ; grouping large masses of persons according 
 to their quality of voice, and after some explanations 
 of the characters, &c., producing from them one or more 
 psalm tunes in full choral harmony on the very first night of 
 meeting. 
 
 It need scarcely be said that Mr. Waite met with 
 opposition. What reformer ever escaped it? In some 
 instances the leaders of choirs imagined him to be their 
 bitterest foe. Fearing that any general instruction of the 
 people would be unfavourable to their own position of 
 superiority, some of these men greatly exerted themselves to 
 prevent the success of his classes. Popular taste, too, in 
 relation to Psalm tunes was so defective that some of the 
 most objectionable were nevertheless clamorously defended,, 
 and the least unfavourable reference to them strongly 
 resented. But, strong in his conviction that he was engaged 
 in a good work, he perseveringly prosecuted it, asserting the 
 principle that in God's worship we are bound by highest
 
 JOHN JAMES WAITE. 259 
 
 considerations to offer Him nothing less than the best product 
 of the talents He has given us. 
 
 In the beginning of 1845 Mr. Waite became pastor of the 
 Congregational Church at Ilminster, Somerset. Of his life 
 here, his biographer says : " During the four years of his 
 ministry he exhibited the same stedfastness of purpose and 
 earnest desire for usefulness \vhich characterised his whole 
 life : preaching thrice every Sunday, and holding cottage 
 meetings in the surrounding villages on four or five evenings 
 of the week ; rising before five in the morning to meet a class 
 of young men, for the purpose of instructing them in various 
 secular and religious subjects, and diligently working in every 
 way as became a faithful minister of Christ." 
 
 While residing here he was introduced to Dr. H. J. 
 Gauntlett, "in whom he discovered a kindred spirit, and for 
 whose musical genius he entertained a profound admiration." 
 One result of this friendship was the preparation of an 
 enlarged edition of " The Hallelujah." This work consisted 
 of two volumes, the first being the revised " Hallelujah " ; 
 and the second containing a coiisiderale number of original 
 tunes in several metres, together with a few re-harmonised 
 well-known standard melodies. It was a joint production ; 
 and Mr. Waite expressed his warmest admiration of the part 
 performed by "the highly-gifted and learned musician" 
 whose name was associated with his own on the title-page. 2 
 
 Mr. Waite's fame as a popular musical teacher had now 
 spread so widely, and there was so great a demand for his 
 services, that resigning his pastoral office he removed to 
 Hereford, and fully devoted himself to the especial work of 
 Psalmody Eeformation. What this work had become may be 
 partly imagined from the fact that during the winter of 
 1848-9 he was engaged in giving a course of lectures and 
 exercises in five districts of the metropolis, at the end of 
 which an aggregate meeting of his classes was held in Exeter 
 Hall. On this occasion the assembly numbered more than 
 3,000, and was formed into groups composed of 1,200 treble
 
 260 JOHN JAMES WAITE. 
 
 voices, 450 alto voices, and about 750 each of tenor and bass 
 voices. " Such a demonstration of the musical powers of the 
 people, and of the facility with which they could be made to 
 render in full harmony the genuine psalm tune, had never 
 before been made." 
 
 It would be difficult to give such an account of Mr. Waite's 
 labours as would convey an adequate idea of their extent. 
 Writing in 1851, he said, " In pursuance of my labours for the 
 improvement of Psalmody I have now travelled 20,000 miles, 
 lectured gratuitously to about 100,000 persons, conducted 
 more than one-third of that number through a course of 
 exercises, issued some 30,000 or 40,000 copies of class books, 
 instruction books and Hallelujahs, distributed many thousand 
 copies of other instructive papers, and in the form of donations 
 and allowances to Psalmody classes, congregations, and 
 Sunday Schools, contributed books to the value of 1,800 or 
 1,400." After this was written, " these figures," says his son, 
 "must have been at least trebled, as, after his removal to 
 Hereford, for ten or twelve years his life was a continual 
 journey to and fro." These labours were entirely gratuitous. 
 On no occasion did he attempt to make his work a source of 
 pecuniary profit to himself. 
 
 While profoundly anxious to secure good Psalmody, he 
 was still more concerned as to the accomplishment of sublimer 
 ends those of true devotion and religious profit. It was as 
 aids to worship and spiritual progress that he most highly 
 valued singing and music. It was this that animated him 
 in his untiring efforts, and constrained him to combine 
 exhortations to a devout thoughtfuluess in uttering the 
 sentiments of the hymn, with instructions as to the manner 
 of singing the tune. 
 
 Part III. of "The Hallelujah" was issued in 1856, and 
 Part IV. in the following year. Both were compiled with the 
 assistance of Dr. Gauntlett ; and were intended to provide a 
 number of really classical tunes for many of the metres which, 
 for the want of suitable renderings, had been hitherto unused.
 
 JOHN JAMES WAITE. 261 
 
 In tins useful and interesting work Mr. Waite continued to 
 expend his time and energies until 1862. In June of that 
 year his youngest son, Frederick Wills Waite, a young man of 
 singularly great promise, who was about to present himself 
 at the London University for his first B.A. examination, was 
 smitten with gastric fever, and died after a short illness. 
 This bereavement powerfully affected the father's mind and 
 heart, and for some time it was feared that serious physical 
 consequences would follow. 
 
 When, at length, strength was in some measure regained, 
 his mental powers found relief and exercise in the investigation 
 of what he described as " God's great music system," or in 
 other words " the laws which determine the origin and 
 production of every musical sound, ranging not only within 
 the limits of the faculty of hearing, but stretching away both 
 below and above the ear, far into infinitude. This, the true 
 science of music, the facts of which can be stated and 
 demonstrated with all the precision of a mathematical 
 problem, Mr. Waite studied and worked out for himself to 
 such an extent that he had stored away in his wonderful 
 memory many thousands of sounds, chords, and transitions, 
 with every one of which he was familiar. . . . In relation 
 to this music system he would frequently say, ' God has made 
 all this, man is only the discoverer of the facts and of the 
 laws which God has ordained.' " 3 
 
 Although still undertaking occasional duties both in his 
 music teaching and in preaching, it was evident that his great 
 life work was chiefly done. In April, 1868, he had a slight 
 attack of paralysis, but recovered sufficiently to travel to 
 Gloucester in June to consult his old and valued friend Dr. 
 Evans, who unfortunately was at that time away from home. 
 Almost immediately after this his second sou, bearing his 
 own name and living at home with him as his guide and 
 amanuensis, was taken ill with typhoid fever. The illness 
 which lasted through some weeks, with fluctuations between 
 hope and fear, ended in death on September 8. Deeply
 
 262 JOHN JAMES WAITE. 
 
 smitten with grief, yet sustained by Christian faith, the 
 sorrowing father stood by the open grave and, as the usual 
 service was concluding, requested those present to join in 
 singing Watt's beautiful hymn 
 
 " Give me the wings of faith to rise 
 
 Within the veil and see 
 The saints above, how great their joys, 
 How bright their glories be." 
 
 which he repeated with unfaltering voice, and then led through 
 to the tune of " Dundee." 
 
 Under these painful bereavements he was greatly sustained 
 and comforted by exercises of faith and processes of reasoning 
 which found expression in the words " God has done it, and 
 therefore it must be all right " ; and which filled him with a 
 deep conviction that there must be a higher sphere in which 
 those who were thus early removed from present scenes could 
 be employed in nobler ways than could be afforded in this 
 world. 
 
 But while thus bowing to the will of God, he yet suffered 
 great physical prostration, and in the hope that change would 
 be beneficial he went to spend a few weeks with his daughter 
 and her husband (the Rev. G. Slater) at Tetbury. At first 
 the pure bracing air of that healthy locality seemed so 
 favourable that he took part in public worship, preaching 
 what proved to be his last sermon, from the words " Thy will 
 be done," but his symptoms again becoming worse he removed 
 to Limpley Stoke, whence he was sent home on October 23. 
 On being carried into his own house he exclaimed, " Thank 
 God that I am once more safe at home ! " Throughout the 
 evening and the whole of the following day he saw friends 
 and conversed with great cheerfulness, the mind being clear 
 and active. Through the night he discoursed to his attendant 
 on the attributes of God, illustrating his remarks by facts 
 from his own life, and anecdotes relating to the lives of others. 
 Having referred with fervent gratitude to the many personal 
 and domestic blessings he had received, and alluded with 
 touching tenderness to his loss of sight, he summed up by the
 
 JOHN JAMES WAITE. 263 
 
 grateful acknowledgment : "I have had the happiness of any 
 ten men." His anticipation of future blessedness found 
 ardent expression in a verse which he had often sung, and 
 which was beautifully appropriate to himself : 
 
 " Then shall I SEE, and hear, and know 
 
 All I desired or wished below, 
 
 And every power fine sweet employ 
 
 In that eternal world of joy" 
 
 As the light of Sunday dawned, he exclaimed, " As for me, I 
 will behold Thy face in righteousness ; I shall be satisfied 
 when I awake in Thy likeness." Then addressing his wife, 
 he said, " Remember, if I die, I die resting on the Lord Jesus 
 Christ alone." 
 
 It was his last day of darkness. Just as the sun was 
 setting, and while repeating in a feeble voice to his wife the 
 words of divine promise, " I will strengthen thee ; yea, I will 
 help thee ; yea, I will uphold thee with the right hand of my 
 righteousness," he calmly passed away to the realms of 
 endless light. Thus peacefully terminated the earthly career 
 of one of the most gifted and remarkable blind men that ever 
 lived. 
 
 The funeral, attended by a large number of the principal 
 men of all denominations in Hereford, took place in the 
 graveyard of the Baptist Chapel. The Eev. J. 0. Hill, 
 minister of Eignbrook Congregational Church, of which 
 Mr. Waite had been a member, delivered an eloquent and 
 appropriate address. Long and intimately acquainted with 
 his departed friend, he described him as emphatically a man ! 
 A man of profound and independent thought ; of more 
 massive intellect than any man he had ever known. Of his 
 musical gifts and labours as " one of the sweet singers of 
 God's spiritual Israel," and of his character as a true minister 
 of the New Testament, he spoke in high and graceful terms ; 
 closing with loving testimony to the eminence of his faith and 
 example as a man of God. 
 
 The stone which marks his resting place bears the 
 following inscription : " Sacred to the memory of the Eev.
 
 264 JOHN JAMES WAITE. 
 
 John James "Waite, the Reformer of Christian Psalmody, who 
 fell asleep in Jesus, October 25, 1868, aged 60 years. ' And 
 they sang as it were a new song before the throne.' ' There 
 is a mural moimmeiit to his memory in Eignbrook Church. 
 
 In his ecclesiastical opinions Mr. Waite was a steadfast 
 Nonconformist ; in politics he was an enlightened and 
 advanced Liberal. 
 
 Mrs. Waite, a woman of much strength and excellence of 
 character, died in 1881, at the age of seventy- three. Two 
 members of the family survive, Dr. W. Waite, of Liverpool, 
 and Mrs. Slater, wife of the Rev. George Slater, Whitestone, 
 Exeter. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Mr. Higgs thus briefly alludes to his own generous and efficient 
 labours, which greatly promoted the knowledge and love of music in 
 Gloucester nearly fifty years ago ; and led to the formation of the 
 Gloucester Choral Society. 
 
 2. Several of the tunes bear the names of Gloucestershire towns and 
 villages. 
 
 3. Mr. Waite was led to this study, and much assisted in it by a 
 work entitled " The True Science of Music," by D. C. Hewitt.
 
 SEBASTIAN STEWART DICKINSON. 
 
 [18151878.] 
 
 BOUT the year 1850 an English gentleman, in the prime- 
 of life, and practising with great success in the Law 
 Courts of Bombay, was writing to his friends in 
 England as to his prospects and future plans. The strain of 
 his letters was by no means of an ordinary character. " I 
 have no ambitious views myself," he wrote, "and think that 
 there are higher objects in life than professional fame and the 
 acquisition of money. I do not contemplate remaining in 
 India any longer than will be necessary to secure a competency, 
 with some surplus, which may be available to benefit those on 
 whom fortune has smiled less prosperously ; and I sometimes 
 look forward to the exercise of the charities of life, not in 
 giving pecuniary assistance, but by personal intercourse with 
 the more destitute members of the human family as a fit 
 occupation for declining years." 
 
 "I feel so satisfied," he wrote on another occasion, "that 
 as we advance in life the world takes more hold of us than in 
 our earlier years, and if we indulge that desire to be always 
 occupied with business, in other words, money-making for 
 it chiefly resolves itself into this death finds us, at whatever 
 age, if our faculties continue, exercising those faculties not in 
 the active service of Christian charity, but in assisting in 
 plans and schemes which have only this world's progress 
 for their object." 
 
 To those who knew the writer these were weighty words. 
 Thirty-five years of age he was not indulging in the amiable 
 dreams of enthusiastic youth. Calm and judicial in his-
 
 266 SEBASTIAN STEWART DICKINSON. 
 
 habits of mind he was not looking at life in false lights ; 
 while steady of purpose as he was high of aim, he was not 
 likely to swerve from the course he was marking out. 
 
 In the closing summer of 1878 there was sincere and 
 wide-spread sorrow in the Borough of Stroud and other parts 
 of Gloucestershire over the death of a well-known public man. 
 He was laid to rest in Painswick Cemetery, mourned by rich 
 and poor ; men of all sects and parties were of one heart and 
 mind in acknowledging his worth and testifying their respect 
 to his memory. The public press bore witness to the 
 usefulness of his life, and the loss which the County had 
 suffered by his death. While the termination of his official 
 services, in which his legal experience, ripe judgment, and 
 great capacity for work, had been so valuable, was lamented, 
 the cessation of his philanthropic efforts was equally mourned. 
 From the pulpit, in many a church and chapel, there were 
 eloquent references to his Christian character; and though 
 sorrow was expressed for his departure, thanks were given for 
 the life he had lived and the good he had wrought. " He is 
 gone now;" said one preacher, "his task is over, his work 
 accomplished, his battle fought. We thank God for him." 
 
 The desires cherished amidst the activities of his 
 professional career in Bombay and the purposes then formed, 
 had to a great extent been carried into effect in the subsequent 
 life of the writer of the letters quoted SEBASTIAN STEWART 
 DICKINSON. 
 
 The early life of this excellent man may be briefly told. 
 His grandfather was Captain Thomas Dickinson, E.N., who 
 in 1781 had married Frances de Brissac, a lady of Huguenot 
 descent. His father, also named Thomas, was their second 
 eon. He was for nearly forty years in India, holding, during 
 the greater part of that tune, the position of Chief Engineer 
 of the H.E.I. Company's Engineer Corps, at Bombay. In 
 1808, he married Miss Catherine Dean. 
 
 Sebastian Stewart, the subject of this memoir, was born 
 25th March, 1815. He was the fourth of their family of
 
 SEBASTIAN STEWART DICKINSON. 267 
 
 eight children, all of whom were early consigned to the care 
 of relatives in England, for the sake of health and education. 
 Sebastian had the good fortune to find a home with his 
 paternal grandparents then residing at Bramblebury, near 
 Woolwich, where Captain Dickinson held a post in the 
 Ordnance. Under his grandmother he had the most careful 
 training. The fine qualities of her Huguenot ancestry ran in 
 her veins. She is described as " a woman of unusual energy, 
 a foe to nil sloth, self-indulgence, and extravagance, and a 
 strict adherent to whatever she considered her duty." This 
 with " a warm heart, strong will, and sound sense," well 
 fitted her for the charge she had undertaken. The boy was 
 very dear to her. His very name touched her ; it was that of 
 a beloved son, a young Engineer officer, who had fallen at the 
 siege of Badajoz. She was loved and reverenced by the boy, 
 who in after years always recurred with gratitude to her 
 training. 
 
 At twelve years old he was sent to Eton, and afterwards to 
 a tutor at Amiens, where he soon acquired fluency in French, 
 and worked well, in the College, at mathematics and physics. 
 He was eventually articled to a solicitor in London. His 
 conduct was exemplary, and gained the esteem and confidence 
 of the gentleman with whom he was placed. He pursued 
 his further legal studies under counsel eminent in every 
 department of the profession. 
 
 In 1839 he was called to the Bar. His professional 
 friends predicted a successful career for him in the English 
 Courts, but there being a good opening for a young barrister 
 at Bombay, which his father Colonel Dickinson wished him 
 to avail himself of, he sailed for India, and in 1840 commenced 
 practice there. After a year or two of quiet progress, his 
 career at the Bar was remarkable for the rapidity with 
 which he won his way to the front. Working steadily, never 
 shrinking from trouble in mastering details, and never 
 allowing amusement to interfere with duty, in twelve years he 
 acquired a considerable fortune ; and had he chosen to
 
 268 SEBASTIAN STEWART DICKINSON. 
 
 continue in the profession he might have reached the highest 
 offices. This great success, while partly resulting from 
 favouring circumstances, was chiefly due to his own ability, 
 and to the thorough knowledge he had gained of the native 
 dialects, thus enahling the litigious princes to explain their cases 
 to him in person. Temperate in all his habits, and regularly 
 adhering to certain hours for exercise and recreation, he 
 preserved his health, and at the end of twelve years returned 
 to England as strong a man as he left it. 
 
 His letters during his stay in India were of a deeply 
 thoughtful and affectionate character. Whether writing to his 
 venerable grandmother, his sisters, or other relatives, the 
 sentiments were elevateel and the tone tender. To the death 
 of his youngest brother, Alexander Wedderburn Dickinson, 
 at Bombay, and that of his brother-in-law, Major Wemyss, 
 at Portsmouth, both in June, 1848, he refers in terms 
 beautifully pathetic and impressively solemn. 
 
 While in the fulness of health and professional prosperity 
 he carried out his resolve and returned to England, hoping 
 "to do some good in his time and generation," while living on 
 a moderate competence. He arrived in 1853, and in the 
 autumn of that year again returned to the East, making a 
 rapid journey to meet another widowed sister, whose husband, 
 Major Fulljames, had been cut off while pursuing a successful 
 course in India. On his return, circumstances drew him, in 
 1854, to Brown's Hill, near Pitchcornbe, where with his sister, 
 Mrs. Wemyss, and her family, he established himself in a 
 delightfully situated home ; and thus that picturesque locality 
 was destined to be the chief sphere of his future activities. 
 
 It could not be long before his presence was felt in the 
 neighbourhood, and his capacity for usefulness discerned. 
 His services were soon sought ; he was placed in various 
 public offices, and work upon work devolved upon him. 
 
 In any record of his labours the promotion of Education 
 should have a first place, as it was one to which he applied 
 himself with greatest zeal and pleasure. As a member of
 
 SEBASTIAN STEWART DICKINSON. 269 
 
 the Committee of the National Schools at Painswick, to which 
 he was elected in 1854, and as Chairman of the new School 
 Board of that parish in 1877, he took a warm and practical 
 interest in the schools, contributing greatly to their efficiency. 
 " The Gloucestershire School Prize Association " as at first 
 established, so strongly commended itself to him, both as 
 supplying a want and as founded on broad unsectarian 
 principles, that he undertook the Secretaryship, and entered 
 heartily into the working of the plan. At the time Science 
 and Art Classes, in connection with South Kensington, were 
 becoming general Mr. Dickinson succeeded in establishing a 
 Branch School of Art at Stroud, and continued as long as he 
 lived to manage all the business connected with it. In 
 addition to all this he contributed to the diffusion of 
 knowledge, and to the intellectual entertainment of the 
 people by frequent lectures on various subjects. 
 
 His entire freedom from a spirit of sectarianism was a 
 marked and pleasing feature of his character. Though 
 a member of the Church of England, he was always willing 
 to aid any efforts for good from whatever denomination 
 they might proceed. This greatly contributed to secure for 
 him that confidence and esteem in which he was held by the 
 Nonconformists of the district. 
 
 On the resignation 111 1856, of Mr. David Kicardo, who 
 had filled the office of Chairman of the Board of Guardians 
 for many years, the Board through their Vice- Chairman, the 
 late Mr. Thomas Skinner, invited Mr. W. H. Hyett to become 
 his successor. Mr. Hyett declined the office, but in doing so 
 directed attention to Mr. Dickinson as well fitted to fill it. 
 He was accordingly first chosen as a Guardian, and then 
 unanimously appointed by the Board as their Chairman. For 
 twenty-two years he held this responsible position with 
 satisfaction to all concerned. He was a most diligent visitor 
 at the Workhouse, and was familiar with all the details of the 
 work there. 
 
 One or two facts will illustrate the watchful care and
 
 270 SEBASTIAN STEWAKT DICKINSON. 
 
 kindly conduct towards those of whom he had undertaken the 
 guardianship. A sudden outbreak of small-pox occurred in 
 the Workhouse, and in a few days there were more than thirty 
 cases. From the want of a separate building isolation was 
 impossible, and there was danger of the frightful disease 
 spreading throughout the house. In this crisis Mr. Dickinson 
 bethought him of hospital tents, and promptly applying to the 
 War Office, obtained a supply into which the patients were 
 removed and not one fresh case appeared. 
 
 The well-being of the pauper children had much of his 
 attention. Euskin says "to give alms is nothing unless you 
 give thought also ; and therefore it is written, not ' Blessed is 
 he that feedeth the poor,' but ' Blessed is he that considereth 
 the poor.' " This was emphatically what Mr. Dickinson 
 did. He thought of and cared for the poor and helpless little 
 ones, concerned not for their comfort only, but in various 
 ways, both in winter and summer, exerting himself to gladden 
 their hearts and brighten their lives. 
 
 Some light is thrown on these pleasing circumstances by 
 the fact that Mr. Dickinson had become a father. In 1856 he- 
 married Miss Frances Stephana Hyett, daughter of his 
 worthy neighbour at Painswick House, and Brown's Hill 
 became the happy home of a young family. 
 
 By 1860 Mr. Dickinson was engaged in much of the work 
 which occupied his future life. He had been made a 
 magistrate for the county, and in that capacity took great 
 interest in the management of the County Prison and the 
 Lunatic Asylum. He was also on the Committee of the 
 Barnwood Asylum, in the establishment and subsequent 
 working of which institution he rendered valuable services. 
 Amidst his numerous engagements he found time to serve in 
 the Stroud Volunteer Corps, being appointed to the command 
 of a company. 
 
 It was no wonder that the thoughts of the Stroud 
 constituency should turn towards such a man as eminently 
 fit and proper to represent the borough in Parliament. He
 
 SEBASTIAN STEWART DICKINSON. 271 
 
 was not an ardent politician. His mind was too well- 
 balanced for a course of mere partizansliip. It was not till 
 middle life that he studied political questions ; but he then 
 did so with the dpepest interest and in a singularly candid 
 and judicial spirit. The result was that from 1867 he took a 
 decided part in politics as a warm and earnest supporter of 
 Liberal principles. 
 
 In 1868 he was elected for Stroud, having Mr. Winter- 
 botham for his colleague. The five years during which he 
 filled this office saw much important legislation, in which he 
 took a useful and active part, displaying in his Parliamentary 
 career the same power of application and capacity for work 
 which characterised him in all he undertook. He was 
 re-elected in 1873 with Mr. "W. Stanton as his fellow-member; 
 but both were unseated on petition. The loss of his seat 
 troubled him far less than the sense of, what he deemed, the 
 humiliation of having to come forward and swear that he had 
 been guilty of no dishonourable practices. Of this even his 
 opponents could not suspect him. 
 
 On the death of Mr. James Francillon, of cholera, at 
 Lausanne, in 1866, Mr. Dickinson was appointed Chairman of 
 the Second Court of Quarter Sessions, an office which that 
 able lawyer and accomplished gentleman had long held. The 
 lamented death of Mr. Curtis Hay ward, in 1874, left the 
 higher office of County Chairman vacant, and Mr. Dickinson 
 was very generally named as fitted to fill it. In an unusually 
 large meeting of magistrates he was proposed by Earl Ducie 
 and seconded by Lord Sherborne. Another gentleman, Mr. 
 J. E. Yorke, was however also nominated, but the election of 
 Mr. Dickinson was carried by a majority of one, the 
 numbers being sixty and fifty-nine respectively. The duties 
 of this office were more congenial to him than those of 
 Parliamentary life, and he earnestly devoted himself during 
 his few remaining years to the important County business 
 which devolved upon him. Of the ability he exercised there 
 was general admiration.
 
 272 SEBASTIAN STEWART DICKINSON. 
 
 It was with deep concern that his friends heard of his 
 failing health in the spring of 1878. A serious malady had 
 seized him. Months of suffering were patiently borne, till on 
 the 23rd of August, he entered into rest. 
 
 His funeral was a remarkable one. Hundreds of persons 
 of all classes were present as he was borne from his residence 
 and laid in a grave close to that of his father-in-law, in Pains- 
 wick Cemetery. The spot is marked by a stone bearing the 
 inscription " In Memory of Sebastian Stewart Dickinson : 
 Bora March 25, 1815 ; Died August 23, 1878. ' Occupy till 
 I come.' ' 
 
 Mr. Dickinson was an admirable writer. His productions 
 are marked by great comprehensiveness of view, and his 
 thoughts are clearly and forcibly expressed. On whatever 
 subject he wrote the moral tone was high. Although he was 
 not himself a total abstainer, the temperance cause had his 
 warmest sympathy. It was his strong conviction that legis- 
 lation must be forced to cope with the evils of the drink 
 traffic, and in Parliament he voted for the Permissive Bill. 
 On this, as well as on education, taxation, law reform, and 
 other subjects, he wrote thoughtful and suggestive articles. 
 
 It is still more interesting to find that among his private 
 papers are many which reveal somewhat of the exercises of 
 his soul in reference to the highest and best of all subjects. 
 Many a beautiful passage could be extracted : a very brief one 
 may suitably close this short sketch of a truly useful life : 
 " Do we live, do we perform our duties thoughtfully ? Do we 
 ask ourselves at all times, and in all places and companies, in 
 all engagements and occupations, whether we are doing what 
 is pleasing to God, and whether we are striving to do it from 
 a desire to please Him ? "
 
 SYDNEY DOBELL. 
 
 [18241874.] 
 
 " One less to honour and to love, and say, 
 Who lives with thee doth live half-way to God. 
 My chaste-souled Sydney ! thou wert carved too fine 
 For coarse observance of the general eye : 
 But who might look into thy soul's fair shrine 
 Saw bright gods there, and felt their presence nigh." 
 
 Professor BlacMe. 
 
 "N all ages there have been thoughtful men who, dissatisfied 
 with so-called orthodox Christianity, have longed for 
 something more simple and spiritual. Such a man was 
 Samuel Thompson, well-known in the early part of this 
 century as a leader of political reform in the City of London. 
 While filled with child-like reverence for what he believed to 
 be divine truth, he was free and fearless in his enquiries 
 sternly rejecting all that he deemed false, and firmly 
 holding all that he regarded as true. As the result of his 
 dissatisfaction with existing Church organisations and creeds, 
 he founded what he called " The Church of God," a society of 
 " Free-thinking Christians." Of this religious body his whole 
 family, including his son-in-law, John Dobell, became 
 members. 
 
 This John Dobell, who carried on business Jas a hide 
 merchant at Cranbrook, in Kent, was descended from an old 
 Sussex family ; and was a man of more than average culture, 
 having both literary tastes and abilities. His wife, as well as 
 himself, was possessed of strong 'religious feeling, and held 
 original and decided views on many theological points. 
 Their eldest son, SYDNEY THOMPSON DUBKLL, the subject of
 
 274 SYDNEY DOBELL. 
 
 this sketch, who was born at Cranbrook, April 5th, 1824, 
 was thus in his early life surrounded by peculiar religious 
 influences. As his education was carried on at home these 
 influences were specially powerful. Of a singularly sus- 
 ceptible temperament, his whole nature was greatly, and in 
 some respects unfavourably, affected by the peculiarities of 
 his mental and moral training. His remarkable intellectual 
 gifts and his fine spiritual sensibilities were called into too- 
 early exercise. While yet a child he was writing rhymes, 
 reading political economy, and puzzling his young brain with 
 the mysteru s of the Eesurrection and the Trinity. 
 
 In 1835 Mr. Dobell, who had for some time been residing 
 in London, removed to Cheltenham, where he engaged in 
 business as a wine merchant. From this date the life of 
 Sydney Dobell is more or less associated with Gloucestershire. 
 Here his youthful days were passed ; and here his chief works, 
 were written. In the midst of many of its most beautiful 
 parts visions of his living presence will long linger. In his 
 loved home among its pleasant hills he breathed his last; 
 and, according to his own wish, he sleeps his last sleep in 
 one of its most picturesque cemeteries. These brief notes 
 prepared chiefly, but not exclusively, from two volumes of 
 Memoirs most carefully and ably compiled by an intimate 
 friend, will, therefore, principally refer to his life in 
 connection with this county. 1 
 
 Sydney, who at the period referred to was in his twelfth 
 year, still pursued his studies at home under the direction of 
 his parents, at the same time assisting his father in the 
 counting-house. Before he was fourteen he was beginning 
 Greek while continuing Latin and French, making Biblical 
 comments, studying natural history, and writing dramas. 
 About this time he was favoured with the friendship of Sir 
 Arthur Brooke Faulkner, a gentleman of high culture then 
 living in Cheltenham, who appears to have had an affectionate 
 esteem for the interesting lad. Other similar intimacies were 
 formed. The poet Campbell, while visiting the town, read
 
 SYDNEY DOBELL. 275 
 
 some of his productions aud prophesied favourably of his 
 future In connection with all this, business duties continued 
 to be diligently fulfilled, till over-strain resulted in some 
 months of weary suffering. 
 
 He had scarcely resumed his usual pursuits when it became 
 evident he was desperately in love with Emily Fordham, a 
 young lady friend of the family, who was on a visit from 
 Cambridgeshire. This affection, which was reciprocated, was 
 destined to result in a singularly happy marriage some years 
 later. As a consequence of this engagement, he withdrew his 
 attention from the law, for which he had been studying, and 
 gave himself afresh to business. But he did not neglect 
 physical recreations and exercises. In summer he angled, in 
 winter skated ; and was active and ardent in other sports and 
 games ; while, as a skilful rider, he found high enjoyment in 
 a cross-country gallop. As the family now resided at Detmore, 
 in Charlton Kings, his love of out-door pleasures could be 
 more freely indulged. At this time he had become a member 
 of the church which his grandfather had formed, and when 
 in London was accustomed to take part in its services. His 
 devotion to prayer was remarkable, being such as to put an 
 undue tension on brain and body. Close and constant study 
 of the Scriptures made his memory master of the whole of 
 the New Testament. 
 
 On his marriage in 1844, then in his twenty-first year, he 
 took his wife to a pleasantly-situated house in Jersey Place, 
 looking towards the Cotswold Hills. Here for a time they 
 lived a quiet life, refraining, on religious grounds, from 
 association with what they called " the world," although 
 naturally disposed towards social and genial intercourse. A 
 severe attack of rheumatic fever laid Mr. Dobell low in 
 January, 1847, and rendered change of air necessary ; but it 
 was not till May that he could be removed. " He was then 
 taken to Birdlip, a little hill-top village about seven miles 
 from Cheltenham, which, looking down over rich masses of 
 hanging beech woods, commands a splendid view of the va le
 
 276 SYDNEY DOBELL. 
 
 of Gloucester." It was no wonder that " he was fascinated 
 by the beauty of this district." Justice Talfourd, Sydney 
 Smith, and many other writers have glowingly described its 
 charms, which seem to grow by closer acquaintance with 
 their ever-varying aspects. In this pure hill air he soon 
 regained tone, but never fully outgrew the effects of his long 
 illness. It was a spot to which he often afterwards returned. 
 
 In 1848 it was arranged that his time should be divided 
 between the business in Cheltenham and a branch business in 
 Gloucester. This was the beginning of his connection with 
 " the interesting old city to which he became substantially 
 attached." His place of residence was now changed to Lark 
 Hay, in the village of Hucclecote, on the old Roman Ermine 
 Street, three miles from Gloucester. 2 Here during the 
 summer, in a little study looking over fields and orchards to 
 the green slopes of Chosen Hill, a great part of his chief work 
 " The Kornan " was written. About Christmas of this year 
 he removed to Coxhorne, in Charlton Kings, about half a mile 
 from Detrnore, his father's residence. 
 
 Coxhorne was a congenial spot, and became very dt-ar to 
 him. " It had a beautiful environment of shrubberies, 
 orchards, and fields, with, what was always a delight to him, 
 a rookery among its old trees. The slopes of the Cotswold 
 Hills, commanding great variety both of near and of distant 
 beauty, rose within easy reach behind it, and to these, when 
 his wife's health allowed her to accompany him, he loved to 
 make long summer-day excursions." Writing to Dr. Samuel 
 Brown he says : " We are in a lovely valley, beautiful in 
 winter and summer, within a quarter of an hour of the hill- 
 tops, and of a view of fifty miles by seventy." Here he lived 
 five years, finishing " The Roman," writing a large portion of 
 " Balder," and doing much other literary work. 
 
 In 1850 " The Roman " was published and met with a 
 perfect ovation. Its noble design, that of encouraging the 
 Italians in their struggle for national freedom, received hearty 
 approval, while its poetry arrested the attention and won the
 
 SYDNEY DOBELL. 277 
 
 admiration of the most eminent critics. Mazzini wrote : 
 *' You have written about Borne as I would had I been born 
 a poet. And what you did write flows from the soul, the 
 all-loving, the all-embracing, the prophet-soul .... I 
 shall feel happy whenever circumstances will enable me to 
 shake hands with you." 
 
 Friendships were formed with many distinguished men - T 
 and it was during a visit of Mr. Stansfield and Mr. George 
 Dawson at Coxhorne, that the society called " The Friends of 
 Italy " was originated. Now, or at subsequent periods, he 
 made the acquaintance of most of the eminent writers and 
 many of the first artists of the day, including Carlyle r 
 Tennyson. Browning, Buskin, Holman Hunt, Bossetti, and 
 Charlotte Bronte. Of the last named he was a great admirer. 
 Inviting her to Coxhome he says : " You must promise me to 
 come and stay with iis some time this summer. I cannot tell 
 you how lovely a place we live in ; and will not essay it, that 
 you may be tempted to explore for yourself. This garden- 
 rookery, with its dreamy music ; these tall old thirty feet 
 cypresses, overtopping the study window from which I now 
 look up the sloping fields ; and all around our house this 
 quiet green valley, shut in everywhere by orchard-hills ; you 
 will enjoy this contrast to your Yorkshire wolds." 
 
 The state of his own health and also that of his wife led 
 to occasional changes ; and after visiting Switzerland in 1851, 
 he spent some time at Malvern in 1852. Carlyle and 
 Tennyson were there at the same time, and friendly walks 
 and talks with the philosopher and the laureate were bright 
 and wholesome incidents in his sojourn on those glorious 
 hills. Would that some "chiel" had been " amang them 
 takin' notes." 
 
 Changes taking place in the proprietorship of Coxhorne, 
 a move was made, in 1853, to a cottage lodging at Amberley, 
 on the side of Minchinhampton Common. On one part of 
 this broad expanse are the remains of a British-Boman 
 encampment; on another stands " "Whitfield's Tump," a
 
 278 SYDNEY DOBELL. 
 
 mound which served the great evangelist as a pulpit in his 
 frequent preachings to assembled thousands on this spot : 
 towards its south end is an old hunting lodge, with a fine 
 bowling green ; while from numerous points there are varied 
 and beautiful views. Here " Balder " was finished and some 
 minor pieces composed. Writing to a friend he says: "I 
 enclose you a sea-song [The Betsy Jane] absolutely blown 
 into me by the winds of Hampton Common. That glorious 
 hill-top ! I walk there sometimes by twilight, when it seems 
 positively held up as on a hand to the sky ; and leaning on 
 my Alp-stick, and looking for a long time upwards, it feels as 
 if, with hardly an effort, one could 'push off' among the 
 stars." The authoress of "John Halifax, Gentleman," 
 doubtless experienced some of the inspiration which these 
 scenes afford, as it was here in Eose Cottage, on the hill 
 side, she wrote that delightful Gloucestershire story. " I 
 have seen finer scenery," said Mr. Dobell, as he one day 
 stood gazing up the Golden Valley towards Sapperton, " but 
 I have never seen any that pleases me so much." 
 
 Portions of 1854 5 were passed in Scotland, and during 
 the Crimean war he was associated with Alexander Smith in 
 "writing war sonnets, which, with some other productions of 
 the same character, are, to some of his admirers, among the 
 least satisfactory of his works. 
 
 After some wanderings, he took a house, known as Cleeve 
 Tower, which one of his intimate friends describes as "a 
 fanciful castellated little eyrie on the side of Cleeve Hill, 
 above the Rising Sun Inn." " From this airy little cot," 
 the same writer tells us, " he had a view of the whole of the 
 glorious plains of Evesham and Malvern, with a view which 
 extended as far as the Welsh Mountains. It seemed to take 
 in as he used to playfully put it to us sometimes ' all the 
 kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them.' If ever there 
 was a poet's grot, that is one. In spring one looks from it 
 out of pure ether, half way to heaven, over a ' many twinkling 
 ocean ' of blossoms ; and dull must be the soul that does not
 
 SYDNEY DOBELL. 279 
 
 there feel something of the poetry of this beautiful world." 
 
 Here he received visits from Professor Blackie, and 
 corresponded with David Gray, the interesting young Scotch 
 poet, who died while his poem " The Luggie " was passing 
 through the press, under Mr. Dobell's auspices. About this 
 time Mr. Fields, of Boston, an eminent publisher, found his 
 way to the Tower, to arrange for an American edition of Mr. 
 DobeU's poems which appeared the following year, and 
 contained a short biographical sketch of the poet. 
 
 The Tower was left in the autumn of 1860 for the Isle of 
 Wight and the neighbourhood of London ; but the spring and 
 summer of the following year " were spent in different spots 
 near Gloucester and Cheltenham, on Leckhampton Hill, and 
 at the little old-fashioned inn (the Black Horse) at Birdlip. 
 After much reconnoitring of the upland country, a small house 
 then being built on Crickley Hill, near Birdlip, was taken for 
 a summer home. Its chief attraction was the glorious 
 situation. A beautiful undulating stretch of thymy down 
 rises behind ; the near views of woodland and pasture are of 
 specially sweet and rich loveliness, while beyond and below 
 stretches the whole wide extent of the vale of Gloucester, 
 bounded by the Malveru and the Welsh Hills." Writing, 
 after a winter passed for the benefit of his own health and 
 also that of his wife in Southern France, Mr. Dobell says : 
 41 1 have seen nothing in the South so beautiful as the road 
 between Birdlip and Crickley, for example, or as one or two 
 other rare spots near home that I could point out. And as 
 for the ' sunshine,' be it cold or warm, an hour of golden 
 English light is worth a lifetime of the white electricity of 
 Provence." 
 
 The summer of 1863 was spent at Crickley. His health 
 continued feeble, but he generally drove two or three times a 
 week into Gloucester ; and in his little study, commanding 
 the magnificent views before referred to, he did some literary 
 work. Speaking of the earthquake which occurred in the 
 early morning of October 6th, he says : " This house waa
 
 280 SYDNEY DOBELL. 
 
 shaken like a pepper-box, and W 's cage birds in Gloucester 
 
 wakened him, by their screaming, to find them lying with 
 their wings open and their beaks agape on the aviary floor. 
 I wish I had been awake. This is the second earthquake I 
 have stupidly|slept through in the last nine months." 
 
 An old writer tells us that while Gloucestershire vale men 
 rejoice in eight months of summer and four of winter, the 
 Cotswolders complain that their year is just the reverse 
 eight months of winter and four of summer. There is some 
 truth in these exaggerations. Autumn is somewhat early on 
 the hills, and sprirjg somewhat late, so that winter holds a 
 rather longer sway on the Cotswold heights than in the 
 warmer Severn Vale. The air, too, is more piercing, and 
 many a traveller has keenly felt the increased cold as he has 
 gained the higher ground and encountered the stiff uor'-easter 
 which so often sweeps the broad fields and open wolds. It is 
 a winter climate which none but the strong should brave ; 
 and Mr. Dobell was again obliged to seek a softer air. 
 Malaga, in South Spain, was selected, and there the winter 
 of 1863-4 was passed. 
 
 He returned to spend the summer at Crickley, but the 
 bright season was largely one of suffering, a dangerous attack 
 of rheumatic fever confining him to his sick chamber for 
 many weeks. In the autumn Crickley was left for Cannes. 
 The departure from this beautiful spot was final, and was 
 taken with regret. Here, "as at all other places where lie 
 ever had a home, he will be long remembered in many a 
 cottage for his generous kindness and for the genial pleasant- 
 ness of his words and ways. For many years after he left 
 the neighbourhood he had several old and infirm pensioners 
 in it, and at Christmas each little household received some 
 sign of his remembrance. One fine old woman among his 
 neighbours there always spoke of him as of ' a good King 
 who had reigned over them, and whose like they would never see 
 again. 1 ' An illustration of the influence he exercised may 
 be given from another locality where he had resided, One of
 
 SYDNEY DOBELL. 281 
 
 his neighbours a worthy Methodist having, on religious 
 grounds, declined granting some request which Mr. Dobell had 
 made, was so deeply touched by the respect and tenderness 
 with which the large-hearted poet treated his conscientious 
 scruples, that he ever afterwards held him in high regard. 
 
 From Cannes he travelled to Italy, where, at Puteoli, the 
 landing place of St. Paul, he met with a singular accident. 
 While on the hill-side trying to realise the scenes on which 
 the Apostle had looked, he walked some paces backwards, and 
 coming to the open mouth of an old Roman drain he fell 
 through to a depth of eight or nine feet. The immediate 
 consequences were not alarming ; but a blow he had received 
 at the back of the neck was productive of serious effects the 
 following year. After visiting Rome he returned to England 
 in June, 1865, and took for the summer a well- situated house 
 Noke Place on the lower slopes of Chosen Hill, not far 
 from Lark Hay. He was under constant medical treatment,, 
 and went to Florence for the winter. Pausing at Milan 
 en nnite, "his Italian sympathies secured him an enthusiastic 
 welcome, and as the author of " The Roman " he was made 
 the object of something approaching an ovation. 
 
 The winter of 1866-7 was passed amidst the beautiful 
 scenes of Clifton, where he regained some considerable 
 amount of vigour. In May he was again at Noke Place. 
 " In situation it was a pleasant place, with a green and quiet 
 environment of its own meadows and orchards. ' It was 
 always a pleasant place,' said an old beggar-man, with a 
 meditative pathos, pausing to look up at it one sunny morning, 
 alter his necessities had been relieved at its door. This was 
 felt to be its appropriate description." And very pleasant did 
 the amiable poet make " life for all who lived within his 
 immediate influence. On his daily rides he made himself 
 acquainted with his cottage neighbours, and was often the 
 bearer of some special help needed in cases of special distress. 
 To give pleasure to poor childien was one of his daily 
 pleasures. A little weekly allowance from him secured extra
 
 282 SYDNEY DOBELL. 
 
 comforts to aged, or sickness, or crippled creatures." These 
 kindly acts have kept his memory green. 
 
 Summers at Chosen and winters at Clifton brought 
 August, 1869, when, after an illness, a more bracing air was 
 needed. The edge of Hampton Common was again sought. 
 He had been there only a week when an accident befell him, 
 the indirect effects of which shortened his life. Having some 
 doubts as to the docility of a horse which had been purchased 
 for a lady friend, he took it for a gallop on the Common. His 
 suspicions were painfully confirmed. The animal began a 
 series of efforts to unseat him, rearing, buck-jumping, and 
 finally falling backwards with and on the rider. Nearly three 
 months of suffering followed, and riding was henceforth 
 impossible. It was while recovering that he wrote the remark- 
 able sonnet, " Under Especial Blessings." 
 
 Two years of invalidism were passed at Noke Place, and 
 then, in August, 1871, a last move was made to Barton End 
 House, near Nailsworth. It was a place which delighted 
 him which made him feel for the first time since he left 
 Coxhorne, that he had a home, as he himself said, " a home 
 to live and die in." " Barton End," he wrote, " is an oasis 
 of romantic beauty ; and yet I have just sent a party of 
 friends to a neighbouring height from which they will have a 
 coup d'a-H of eighty miles by fifty." Some of his notes on the 
 spring of 1872 will be interesting to those who remember 
 that unpropitious season. On May 7th he writes : " I can't 
 resist the pleasure of telling you that the most exquisite phase 
 of the Cotswold year is just expanding. The leafing of the 
 beech is in mid-miracle. The apple orchards are blossoming 
 in the valley, and there's no Cashmere of roses that can 
 equal them." But on the 12th he says : " We had, yesterday, 
 a snow-storm greater and blacker than I ever saw, except in 
 the high Alps." 3 
 
 Visits from friends among others Professors Blackie and 
 Nichol correspondence, occasional efforts at composition, 
 carriage rides, and short walks were enjoyed till strength
 
 SYDNEY DOBELL,. 283 
 
 failed. On one of the first days of August, 1874. being too 
 weak to walk, he was persuaded to lie out-of-doors a short 
 time in his wife's invalid couch carriage. He did so for about 
 a quarter of an hour, and seemed in a peculiar manner to 
 delight in all that met his eyes. " He was taking his last 
 fully- conscious look at his beloved beech woods, and the 
 sloping terraced garden at the east end of the house, of which 
 he had always been especially fond." 
 
 The end drew near ; at times the brain wandered ; rapidly 
 the strength failed, and after nearly three weeks of suffering 
 " on the evening of August 22, as his favourite rooks, winging 
 home, were crossing the sky in front of his windows, his last 
 breath was quietly drawn. The arms of his wife were round 
 him ; his hand was held by his mother." 
 
 On the first day of his favourite month September his 
 mortal remains were laid to rest in Painswick Cemetery, a 
 spot chosen as " overlooking a district the ideal beauty of 
 which was specially dear to him." The solemn burial service 
 was read by his friend Dr. Percival, of Clifton College. His 
 brothers and many old friends gathered around the grave, and 
 the coffin on which by his own wish expressed years before 
 the words " Lord, remember me when thou comest into thy 
 Kingdom," were engraved, was lowered to its resting place 
 covered with fragrant white flowers. 
 
 " At the head of the long green mound, in the midst of a 
 little enclosed garden which love tries always to keep fair and 
 sweet, has been erected by his wife a beautiful runic cross of 
 unpolished silver-grey granite." On its front is the simple 
 inscription : 
 
 SIDNEY DOBELL, 
 
 BORN APRIL 5xH, 1824, 
 
 DIED AUGUST 22Ni>, 1874. 
 
 Below this, on the base, is the text, " Blessed are the pure 
 in heart for they shall see God"; on the south side, " He that 
 doeth the will of God abideth for ever"; on the west, "He 
 that soweth to the Spirit shall of the Spirit reap life ever-
 
 284 SYDNEY DOBELL. 
 
 lasting"; and on the north, " To be spiritually minded is life 
 and peace." 
 
 The poet's choice of his last resting place was most happy ; 
 no spot could be more beautifully appropriate. His father 
 and mother have been since laid to rest in the same enclosure. 
 
 It is not surprising that various and conflicting opinions 
 should be formed of this singularly interesting and gifted man. 
 Viewed from different standpoints, different conclusions will 
 be reached as to his religious and political sentiments, his 
 business pursuits, and his modes of life ; as well as of the 
 tone and influence of some of his works. Like all active and 
 powerful spirits he was subject to conflicts and changes of 
 thought and feeling. His experiences were deep. His 
 opinions often tended to extremes. His acts were frequently 
 impulses, his utterances vehement, hence what may seem 
 paradox, incongruity, want of harmony in some aspects of 
 his life and character. But rarely has there been such a con- 
 sensus of opinion among a man's friends as to the reality of 
 his genius, the loftiness of his aims, and the purity of his 
 spirit. Those who knew him best admired and loved him 
 most. " His manners," says Professor Blackie, " were not in 
 any respect made ; they grew, and were possible only where a 
 highly refined social taste, and large intellectual sympathy, 
 and an eminently generous nature acted in happy concert. 
 That gracious nature delighted to exercise itself in deeds of 
 public and private beneficence, which will live long in the 
 memory of many who never dreamed of forming an estimate, 
 and perhaps were naturally unable to appreciate, the intel- 
 lectual excellencies of his work. Add to this what those Avho 
 knew him intimately might call the music of his domestic 
 character his devotion to his wife, his steady fidelity to his 
 friends, and the fine sense of honour in his dealings with all 
 men, and we have a picture before us, which, cherished in the 
 memory, will be the best consolation for the loss of so beau- 
 tiful a human presence." 
 
 Professor Nichol pronounces " Mr. Dobell's place among
 
 SYDNEY DOBELL. 285 
 
 the English poets of this century" to be "a high and per- 
 manent one"; and testifies that " a more truly religious man 
 never lived, every action and thought of his life being pervaded 
 by the spirit of reverence." 
 
 Of the " four principal names enshrined" in a recent work, 
 ami to whose memory it is affectionately inscribed, 4 that of 
 Sydney Dobell is one. The author, who was personally 
 acquainted with the poet, has a high and sympathetic appre- 
 ciation of his gifts and virtues. In addition to many beautiful 
 and discriminative remarks on his genius and his works, he 
 has given a graphic description of the man, which may fitly 
 close this brief account. 
 
 " We have never known a sweeter soul ; never met so 
 loveable a being in human form. We remarked that Kobertson 
 bore facially some resemblance to the received representations 
 of the Redeemer. But this was still more strikingly the case 
 with Dobell. We possess a photograph of him in which he is 
 represented as looking down and reading a book ; and it is 
 marvellously like Ary Scheffer's ideal portrait of the Saviour. 
 The long brown hair, prematurely touched with grey, parted 
 down the middle, and revealing a forehead high and broad, 
 indicating great intellectual power, yet softened by an in- 
 describable beauty of form that gave it a soft feminine 
 gentleness ; deep-set, small blue eyes that were full of 
 thought ; thin, spirituel features ; and a mouth that seemed 
 naturally to wreathe itself into a pleasant smile all compelled 
 one to think of that face. He seemed rather like a spirit 
 clothed upon a body, than a body possessed by a spirit. And 
 as to his manners, they are expressed with admirable felicity 
 and truth by Professor Nicol ; ' His bearing had a touch of 
 lofty, yet gracious mannerism, which re-called the idea of a 
 Castilian Knight.' We esteem it as one of the great privileges 
 of life to have known him as a friend. We can say of him in 
 his own words : 
 
 ' There was once a Roman 
 I saw him, and felt nobler.' "
 
 286 SYDNEY DOBELL. 
 
 " The works of Sydney Dobell," in four volumes, edited 
 by John Nicol, M.A., Oxon, LL.D., aud published by Smith, 
 Elder and Co., London, 1875-6 comprise a large number of 
 his minor poems, and " Thoughts on Art, Philosophy and 
 Eeligion." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. The Life and Letters of Sydney Dobell. Edited by E. J. 
 London : Smith, Elder and Co., 1878. 
 
 2. The house is now known as "The Cedars." 
 
 3. This was in many respects a remarkable storm. About 2.30 p.m. 
 the sky became darkened with thick clouds of a sooty-yellow colour, and 
 a short but strangely heavy fall of snow commenced, the flakes being 
 unusually large. Spring snow-flights are common on the hills ; a Cotswold 
 ballad thus sings of a March day : 
 
 " It was the time of early Spring, 
 
 A breezy bright March day ; 
 Now flew the snowflakes large and fast, 
 Now shone the sun's kind ray." 
 
 In a pleasant after-luncheon speech at the re-opening of Chedworth 
 Church, April 24th, 1883, Dr. Ellicott narrated his experiences of the 
 previous day, when he had walked across the country from Fairford to 
 Chedworth, about eight miles. "The walk," said the good Bishop, "over 
 your pleasant wolds was not much ; but I had the pleasure, or the mis- 
 fortune, to confront seventeen snowstorms during my progress. I am not 
 quite sure as to the exact number, but having c nun ted up to fifteen I grew 
 tired of counting, and so threw in two for the rest." A rather different 
 walk from one in the vale, on a warm September day in 1883, when his 
 lordship was seen plodding in his shirt sleeves, and his coat on his arm, 
 across the fields from Berkeley Road Station to take part in the 
 re-dedication service of Stinchcombe Church Spire. 
 
 4. "The Golden Decade of a Favoured Town. Being Biographical 
 Sketches and Personal Recollections of the Celebrated Characters con- 
 nected with Cheltenham from 1843 to 1853." By Contem Ignotus. 
 London : Elliott Stock, 1884. It was not likely that the author of such a 
 work could long " be hid " ; and it is now no breach of confidence to say 
 that we have to thank an excellent clergyman, the Rev. Richard 
 Glover, M.A., Vicar of St. Luke's, West Holloway, London, for this 
 admirably written and most interesting addition to our local literature.
 
 HENRY S. P. WINTERBOTHAM. 
 
 [18371873.] 
 
 r OK many years in the early part of this century, the Bev- 
 William Winterbotham, of Shortwood Tabernacle, was 
 the most active and influential Nonconformist Minister 
 in Gloucestershire. He was a man whose life and character 
 were alike remarkable. Born in London in 1763, his early 
 life, as narrated by himself in an unpublished autobiography, 
 is said to have abounded in facts stranger than fiction. In 
 1790, he became assistant Minister of the Baptist Church at 
 Plymouth. Possessed of great natural abilities joined with 
 unusual energy, he could not but be an element of force in 
 whatever sphere he occupied. He proved himself so at 
 Plymouth, where his advocacy of civil and religious liberty 
 was an offence in the eyes of the Government of that period. 
 A prosecution was commenced in 1793, and in July of that 
 year he was indicted for "maliciously and seditiously" 
 attempting to disturb the peace of the Kingdom, by a sermon 
 which he had preached on the 5th of November in the 
 preceding year. A second indictment charged him with a 
 repetition of the offence in another sermon in the same month. 
 The trial, which took place at Exeter, was a remarkable 
 and historical one. The accused had the sympathy of the 
 friends of freedom throughout the Kingdom. It is needless 
 to say that Mr. Winterbotham was convicted. The " very 
 moderate and merciful sentence of four years' imprisonment 
 and a fine of two hundred pounds" was passed upon him, and 
 he was fully committed to the gaol of Newgate.
 
 288 HENRY S. P. WINTERBOTHAM. 
 
 On his liberation, lie came forth with an unblemished 
 name ; and having secured many powerful and distinguished 
 friends. In 1797 he mariied, and in 1804 became pastor of 
 of the Baptist Church at Shortwood ; and through the 
 remainder of his life was the most prominent figure in the 
 affairs of his denomination in this county. His labours were 
 wide and abundant, and his influence for good was singularly 
 great. He died in March, 1829, and was buried in the old 
 Tabernacle graveyard, the marble tablet which was erected to 
 his memory being now in the new Meeting House. 
 
 Mr. Winterbotham had a family of four sons and two 
 daughters. One son died while a young man, the others all 
 became well known in this county. Rayner was for some 
 years a solicitor in Cheltenham, and on his retirement from 
 that profession became a Magistrate at Stroud. He died at 
 Clevedon, January, 1879, in his 81st year. Liudsey, who in 
 earlier life practised as a solicitor at Tewkesbury and was 
 Mayor of that borough, was afterwards long and honourably 
 connected with the Gloucestershire Banking Company, and 
 died at Stroud, December 25, 1871, aged 71. John Brend 
 practised as a solicitor for many years in Cheltenham, as head 
 of ihe firm of Winterbotham, Bell and Co., and died February, 
 1881, aged 75. 
 
 HENRY SELFE PAGE WINTERBOTHAM, the subject of this 
 sketch, was the second son of Lindsey Winterbotham by his 
 wife Sarah Ann Selfe a daughter of the Kev. H. Page. He 
 was born at Tewkesbury on March 2, 1837. He was sent to 
 Mr. West's well-known school at Amersham, in Bucks ; and 
 in 1853 became a student at University College, London. 
 There he graduated with honours B.A., in 1856 ; and L.L.B., 
 in 1859, taking the University Law Scholarship and Gold 
 Medal. In 1858 lie was Hume Scholar in Jurisprudence ; 
 the following year Hume Scholar in Political Economy ; and 
 in 1861 was elected Fellow of his College. It became early 
 evident that his intellectual powers were of a high order : 
 these, combined with fine qualities and great charm of manners
 
 HENRY S. P. WINTERBOTHAM. 289 
 
 and conversation, gave bright promise of a brilliant future. 
 
 It is interesting to note in connection with this period of 
 his life, that at the age of fifteen, while yet at school, he took 
 his stand as an avowed disciple of Christ, and was publicly 
 baptised. This profession was consistently maintained. 
 While his broad views and charitable spirit enabled him to 
 form close friendships with men of the most diverse religious 
 opinions, he held fast his own convictions ; nor did he in his 
 future course ever waver in his attachment to the principles 
 of Protestant nonconformity or the cause of civil and religious 
 liberty. 
 
 In November, 1860, he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's 
 Inn, and practised as a barrister in the Chancery Court, and 
 as a conveyancer till 1871. 
 
 Although successful in his profession, and having good 
 prospects before him, his predilections were towards politics ; 
 and he announced his intention to seek the suffrages of the 
 electors of Stroud, where his father had long resided, and his 
 own early life had been passed. An opportunity was soon 
 afforded. The veteran reformer Mr. Scrope retiring in 
 1867, Mr. "Winterbotham offered himself as a candidate. He 
 had a powerful opponent in Mr. (now Sir John) Dorington, of 
 Lypiatt Park, but was elected by a majority of 70. At the 
 general election in November 1868, he stood in conjunction 
 with Mr. S. S. Dickinson, and was again opposed by Mr. 
 Dorington. Both Liberal candidates were returned, Mr. 
 Winterliotham's majority reaching the high figure of 700. 
 His popularity was very great. The intelligent working men 
 regarded him with something like fraternal affection, having 
 fullest sympathy with his political principles, and feeling 
 justly proud of him as a local worthy. 
 
 Without the aids of aristocratic family connections, wealth, 
 or other external influences, he stepped into Parliamentary 
 life simply as a professional gentleman representing a 
 provincial borough constituency. But he carried with him 
 fixed and definite principles. He knew what he believed ; 
 
 s
 
 290 HENRY S. P. WINTERBOTHAM. 
 
 and he possessed in a remarkable degree the power of so 
 expounding his convictions as to reach the judgment and win 
 the sympathy of others. He took his place in the House as 
 an Independent Liberal ; and made his maiden speech on a 
 subject affecting the interests of Nonconformity. It was a 
 most successful effort, leaving no doubt as to either his 
 abilities or his principles and auguring favourably for his- 
 future career. 
 
 His course was such as to gratify his friends and win 
 the admiration of his political opponents. While clearly 
 expounding the views of Nonconformists and ably maintaining 
 their claims, he ever sought to elevate and direct their aims 
 and aspirations. " Our mission," he once said, "is both to- 
 liberalise Christianity and to Christianise Liberalism." 
 
 His advancement to distinction and power was foreseen by 
 all. Yet it was with something of surprise that the public 
 heard in March, 1871, that at the age of thirty-four he had 
 been offered by Mr. Gladstone the office of Under- Secretary 
 of the Home Department. Accepting this responsible position 
 he relinquished his practice at the bar, and gave himself 
 wholly to the work of his office and the pursuit of political 
 studies. The offer of a lucrative legal appointment in the 
 Indian Council, which came shortly afterwards, was declined 
 without hesitation. 
 
 His devotion to the duties of his important post made too 
 great a demand upon his physical strength, and in the early 
 winter of 1873, the state of his health obliged him to seek 
 rest and change. A brief stay in Koine, amidst scenes with 
 which he was familiar and which ever afforded him refined 
 delight, appeared to afford him benefit, and it was hoped he 
 was regaining vigour. These favourable appearances were 
 deceptive. He was seized with sudden illness on Friday, 
 December 12th, and died on the morning of the following day. 
 
 It is only those who remember the circumstances who 
 can fully understand the shock which the sad intelligence of 
 his sudden death produced in the Borough of Stroud, when it
 
 HENRY S. P. WINTERBOTHAM. 291 
 
 arrived by telegram on the Sunday morning. It was to 
 hundreds and thousands as tidings of the departure of a 
 beloved relative. As it was in Stroud, so it was in other 
 parts of the county where he aud his family were known. 
 Nor was the sorrow local only : throughout the kingdom the 
 unexpected close of so promising a life awakened feelings of 
 regret in men of all parties and classes. 
 
 Under circumstances of touching simplicity, he was laid to- 
 rest in the green and tranquil Protestant hurial ground at 
 Eotne. Three of his brothers, who had travelled rapidly 
 from England, were present at his funeral ; and several 
 of his countrymen, representing various sections of the 
 Christian Church, gathered around his grave, bearing tribute 
 to his worth and sorrowing for his early departure. 
 
 Rarely has the death of so young a man engaged so much 
 attention, or called forth such wide and emphatic expression* 
 of admiration and esteem, disappointment and regret. It wa& 
 not so much his actual achievements though those were 
 remarkable as the eminent abilities he possessed and the 
 possibilities that lay before him, that his friends and fellow 
 countrymen chiefly dwelt on. That he would be highly 
 appreciated in his own neighbourhood was only to be 
 expected ; but all that was there said, as to his work and 
 life, by those who had known him most intimately and 
 admired him most ardently, was fully endorsed by those who 
 had known him only in his public career and watched him 
 only with a critical eye. In the leading journals of his 
 native county, in the columns of the London press, and in 
 the Midland, Northern and Scotch papers, were well written 
 articles, all of which set a high estimate upon his sterling 
 intellectual qualities and his rare oratorical gifts. The 
 probability of his advancement to the highest offices open to 
 the statesman was generally acknowledged, and his loss not 
 only to his party but to his country was deeply felt. " The 
 death of Mr. Winterbotham," said one of these writers, " is a 
 national loss."
 
 292 HENKY S. P. WINTEKBOTHAM. 
 
 In more private circles, h;.s rare accomplishments and 
 refined tastes ; his love of literature ; his delight and skill in 
 music ; his brilliant conversation ; his conscientious discharge 
 of duty ; his reverent affection for his parents ; his fraternal 
 love ; his hearty friendship ; and the pure and religious tone 
 of his daily life were all remembered with mingled grief and 
 pleasure. 
 
 " The blossom has perished just when it gave the finest 
 promise of fruit." " Dying in early manhood long before 
 his prime he passes away as one who gave rich promise, 
 destined never to be fulfilled." To these words of sorrow and 
 disappointment, written in lamentation of his premature 
 death, Faith adds the words of the Laureate : 
 
 " But, life shall live for evermore." 
 " Nor blame I death, because he bare 
 The use of virtue out of earth : 
 I know transplanted human worth 
 Will bloom to profit otherwhere." 
 
 Eoason approves the addition. By the death of the wise 
 and good earth suffers loss; "but," as Benjamin Parsons 
 once beautifully said, " the heavens grow richer."
 
 MAJOR WILLIAM EDWIN PRICE. 
 
 [18411886.] 
 
 fNLY as recently as February, 1886, gloom was cast over 
 Gloucester and the whole western part of the County, 
 by the untimely death of Major WILLIAM EDWIN 
 PKICE. The local papers, in recording the sad event, gave 
 many particulars of the life and death of the deceased 
 gentleman ; expressing high appreciation of his mental and 
 moral endowments, and much sorrow at his early removal. 
 To the interesting facts then made public, little can be added ; 
 but it will, doubtless, be a satisfaction to many readers to have 
 a brief narrative of his too short course, among .the records of 
 men of whom our County may be justly proud. 
 
 The interest with which Major Price was regarded and the 
 esteem in which he was held in Gloucestershire, were due to 
 various causes, one, undoubtedly, being the family to which 
 he belonged. His grandfather, the late Mr. William Price, 
 who built and for many years resided in the house now 
 occupied by the ex- May or Mr. Trevor Powell is well 
 remembered as an energetic and prosperous merchant who 
 did much towards the development of the port of Gloucester ; 
 and also as one of the Founders and Directors of the 
 Gloucestershire Banking Company. He was a man of 
 excellent understanding and of high and honourable character. 
 He died October 18th, 1838, at the age of fifty, and is buned 
 in Barton Street Chapel, where there is a tablet to his 
 memory. Mr. William Philip Price, the eldest son of this 
 gentle-man, who is still more fully connected with our city 
 and county, and still more widely known, married Frances
 
 294 MAJOR WILLIAM EDWIN PRICE. 
 
 Ann, second daughter of the late Mr. John Chadborn, and 
 their only son William Edwin the subject of these " Notes," 
 was born January 10th, 1841. 
 
 His early education was obtained at Eton, and at 
 University College, London. In 1858 he graduated B.A. 
 at London University. Having chosen the army as a 
 profession, he was admitted to Woolwich by competitive 
 examination, and obtained a commission in the 86th Light 
 Infantry, in which regiment he served in Ireland and in 
 India. On retiring he took the command of the Gloucester 
 City Eifle Company, and joined the North Gloucester Militia. 
 Subsequontly, however, on Sir William Guise taking the 
 command of the South Gloucester, he exchanged from the 
 North to the South. In this battalion he held the rank of 
 Major at, the time of his death. 
 
 His active political career commenced in 1868, when he 
 was the Liberal candidate for the representation of the 
 ancient borough of Tewkesbury. He stood opposed to Sir 
 E. A. H. Lechmere, Bart., of Rhydd Court, Worcestershire, 
 a gentleman of great local influence, and was elected by a 
 majority of 74. In 1874 he was re-elected by the same con- 
 stituency, Hgsiin defeating Sir Edward. He was again 
 successful in 1880, but was unseated on petition. The seat 
 was, however, secured by his friend Mr. R. B. Martin, who 
 held it till the borough was merged by the new Reform Bill 
 into the Tewkesbury Electoral District. During the twelve 
 years Major Price sat for TewKf sbury he had the enthusiastic 
 support of his own political friends and the respect of his 
 opponents. 
 
 For some years he maintained at his own expense the 
 Tibberton Harriers, a pack of hounds with which he hunted 
 the surrounding country. In this capacity he was highly 
 popular, and when, in consequence of his approaching 
 marriage and the increasing claims of his public duties, the 
 pack was disposed of in July, 1878, the gentlemen and 
 farmers of the district presented him with a massive silver
 
 MAJOR WILLIAM EDWIN PRICE. 295 
 
 loving cup, of the period of Charles II., inscribed " Presented 
 to Captain W. E. Price, M.P., hy friends who Lave enjoyed 
 hunting with the Tibherton Harriers." He was also a 
 leading supporter of the Ledbury Hunt, under the Mastership 
 of Mr. Andrew Knowles, of New Court, Newent. 
 
 On his marriage on the 29th of July, 1878, with Margaret, 
 second daughter of Mr. E. N. Philips, late M.P. for Bury, of 
 The Park, Manchester, and Welcombe, Warwickshire, the 
 wedding presents included two possessing special local 
 interest. One was a magnificent ormolu drawing-room clock, 
 the gift of his friends and supporters in Tewkesbury. The 
 other, an oil-painting of the Gloucester Docks, presented by 
 the employes at Messrs. Price's works, "with the commercial 
 progress of which locale," said an accompanying address, 
 " your family have been so long and so honourably as- 
 sociated." Mr. and Mrs. Price settled down at Hillfield, 
 Wotton, which henceforth was a happy home to themselves, 
 and a local centre of social and political action. "What Major 
 Price's works and aspirations were may in part be gathered 
 from a brief record of some of the offices he filled, and the 
 pursuits he followed. " For several years he was a Governor 
 of the Gloucester Endowed Schools, and during the last three 
 years, acting in the capacity of Chairman of that body, he 
 had taken a warm interest in promoting the establishment of 
 an Upper School for Girls in this City. He was also one of 
 the Gloucester Charity Trustees. The Bristol and Glou- 
 cestershire Archaeological Society, and the Gloucester School 
 of Science, of which he was President, welcomed him for his 
 wide reading and devotion to scientific study, and on several 
 occasions he contributed to the success of their meetings. He 
 was also a Fellow of the Geological Society. He was a 
 director of the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal Company, and 
 of the Severn and Wye and Severn Bridge Eailway Company. 
 He was a magistrate of this county for sixteen years, having 
 qualified in 1869." 
 
 The eyes of many were turned to him as a representative
 
 296 MAJOR WILLIAM EDWIN PRICE. 
 
 for either the Forest or the Tewkesbury Electoral District. 
 Serious symptoms of failing health, which had appeared in 
 the early part of 1885, forbade any attempt to realise these 
 wishes. The great political struggle, however, excited his keen 
 interest, and, throwing himself earnestly into it, he rendered 
 powerful help to the candidature of Mr. Godfrey Samuelson. 
 The energy of the spirit was too much for the weakness of the 
 flesh, and his efforts told so unfavourably upon his health, 
 that complete rest was prescribed and a sea voyage advised. 
 Accompanied by his wife, and his sister Mrs. Brooke-Hunt, 
 he started in December in the P. and 0. ss. Thames for India. 
 It was a singularly rough and exciting voyage, and the 
 invalid became so enfeebled that on arriving at Bombay, 
 where his old friend, Sir William Wedderburu, had come to 
 meet him, it was necessary to arrange for his earliest possible 
 return. 
 
 After a stay of four days the party re-embarked, taking 
 the P. & 0. boat Bokhara for Marseilles. There they were 
 met by the Major's father, and Mr. Waddy, his medical 
 attendant. In two days the homeward journey was begun, 
 and Tibberton Court was reached on Monday, February 1st. 
 Here in the home of his parents the end came. In their 
 presence, and that of his wife, and other members of his 
 sorrowing family, he died in the early morning of February 
 10, 1886. 
 
 The funeral, which was largely attended, took place on 
 Saturday 13th, when amidst solemn and impressive scenes he 
 was laid to rest in Tibberton Churchyard, close to the 
 beautiful and happy home of his early life. 
 
 One child, an infant son of a year old, survived him ; a 
 second son was born the following May. 
 
 All who knew Major Price, and were competent to judge, 
 formed high opinions of liis mental endowments and moral 
 qualities. One of his most intimate friends wrote of him in 
 the Gloucester Journal : " With a clear logical instinct, an 
 inquiring mind, and indomitable perseverance, he found
 
 MAJOR WILLIAM HENRY PRICK. 297 
 
 recreation in mental tasks and literary exercises which would 
 have been hard labour to men less happily endowed. He was 
 a man of action as well as a man of thought ; and his 
 sympathies were so wide and broad that sterling affection for 
 those near and dear to him never prevented his taking a 
 gracious and kindly interest in the fortunes of all his friends. 
 Like his father he was a sturdy Nonconformist ; but in 
 religion as in politics he was tolerant as well as staunch, and 
 was an adept in that difficult art which teaches men how 
 they may ' agree to differ.' " 
 
 It is pleasant to associate his name audj memory with 
 that of another remarkable and interesting character, for 
 some years connected with Tibberton. " Both as to sympathies 
 and points of character," it has been happily remarked, 
 " there was much in common between Major Price and his 
 life-long friend Sir David Wedderburn. They shared the 
 same apartments in London, and many of the same views on 
 politics and social subjects. In town and country they were 
 much together, and the spirit of true comradeship that 
 subsisted between them often made them travelling com- 
 panions. Two more honourable and high-minded gentlemen 
 the county of Gloucester never knew. Both had enlarged 
 their minds by fearless scientific investigation ; and both were 
 devoted naturalists and accomplished linguists."
 
 REMARKABLE CHURCHMEN. 
 
 "N addition to the many Gloucestershire ecclesiastics already 
 noticed, several others call for some mention. Among 
 these are three or four named by Fuller. 
 
 OSBEKNUS CLAUDIANUS, or OSBERN OF GLOUCESTER, was bred 
 a Benedictine monk in the famous Convent of that City. 
 " He was learned," says Leland, " above the standard of that 
 age." He was a good linguist, philosopher and divine, and 
 wrote many books, including " A Comment on the Penta- 
 teuch, Dialogue-wise." He flourished in the reign of Kiog 
 Stephen, 1140. 
 
 ALAN of TEUXBURY, who lived sixty years later, was Prior 
 of St. Saviour's, Canterbury, where he was intimate with 
 Thomas a Becket. In his old age he was sent back with 
 honour into his native county, and made Abbot of Tewkes- 
 bury. He was one of " Becket's Evangelists," being one of 
 the four employed to write "the History of his Mock passion 
 and Miracles." 
 
 " ALEXANDER OF HALES," says Fuller, " was bred up in the 
 famous Monastery of Hales, founded by Richard, King of the 
 Romans. After his living some time at Oxford, he went to 
 Paris, it being fashionable for the Clergy in that (as for the 
 Gentry in our) age, to travail into France : that Clerk being 
 accounted but half-learned, who had not studied some time in 
 a Forraign University. But let Paris know, that generally 
 our Englishmen brought with them more Learning thither, 
 and lent it there, than they borrowed thence." 
 
 " As for this, our Alexander, as he had the name of that 
 great Conqueror of the World, so was he a grand Captain and 
 Commander in his kind ; for as he did follow Peter Lombard,
 
 KEMAKKABLE CHURCHMEN. 299 
 
 so did he lead Thomas Aquinas, and all the rest of the 
 Schoole-men. He was the first who wrote a Comment on the 
 Sentences in a great volume, called ' The Summe of 
 Divinity,' at the instance of Pope Innocent the Fourth, to 
 whome he dedicated the same. For this, and other of his 
 good services to the Church of Rome, he received the splendid 
 Title of Doctor Irrefragabilis. He died A.D. 1245 : and was 
 buried in the Franciscan Church in Paris." 
 
 Mr. Counsel says that " the only Prior of Lanthony Abbey 
 mentioned in history is HENRY DEANE, whose register book 
 was extant some years ago." Deane, who was a native of 
 Gloucester or its immediate neighbourhood, perhaps St. 
 Owen's parish which was then annexed to the Priory, became 
 Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 Of the famous preachers and learned divines which the 
 puritan period produced, Dr. SEBASTIAN BENEFIELD was not one 
 of the least. He was born at Prestbury, Aug. 12, 1559 ; and 
 was educated at Oxford. He became rector of Maisey 
 Hampton, and in 1613 was chosen Margaret Professor of 
 Divinity at his University. This chair he held till 1629 when 
 he resigned, and withdrawing to his benefice, spent the 
 remainder of his days among his rural parishioners. He 
 published three volumes of Sermons on the Prophet Amos, 
 and two or three other works also. He died Aug. 24, 1630, 
 aged seventy-one, and was buried in the chancel of his parish 
 church. 
 
 BISHOP GOODMAN, born at Ruthvyn in 1583, and conse- 
 crated Bishop of Gloucester seven years before Benefield died, 
 was a man of another stamp. Refusing, in 1639, to sign the 
 canons of doctrine and discipline drawn up in a synod, and 
 enjoined by Laud, he was suspended. It soon appeared that 
 he was a Romanist. The remainder of his life was spent 
 privately, but he wrote a work entitled " The Two Mysteries 
 of the Christian Religion, viz., the Incarnation and the Trinity 
 explicated." He also wrote an account of his own sufferings, 
 endured at the hands of his persecutors. He died in 1655,
 
 800 REMARKABLE CHURCHMEN. 
 
 and "is remarkable as the only English prelate who has 
 forsaken the Church of England for that of Rome, since the 
 Reformation." 
 
 JOHN GEREE became vicar of Tewkesbury Abbey about 
 1621. Bishop Goodman silenced him for objecting to certain 
 ceremonies of the Church. This suspension was removed in 
 1641 by one of the Parliamentary Committees. He afterwards 
 removed to London, where he died February 1640, his death 
 being hastened, it was said, by the execution of King Charles. 
 He wrote against Baptists and Independents ; and also 
 published a pamphlet called " An Exercise, wherein the evil 
 of Health -drinking is by clear and solid arguments convinced.' 
 
 The Rev. David Royce, vicar of Lower Swell, in his 
 valuable " History and Antiquities of Stow," gives an interest- 
 ing account of EDMUND CHILLMEAD, who was " Stow-born," 
 being the son of Henry Chillmead, the rector of the parish. 
 Born in 1610, Chillmead became one of the clerks of Magdalen 
 College, Oxford, and about 1632 was made a chaplain of 
 Christ Church. Being ejected by the Parliamentarian visitors 
 in 1648, he set up a weekly music meeting at an inn in 
 London. " He was a choice mathematician, a noted critic, 
 and one that understood several tongues, especially the Greek, 
 very well." He wrote several works ; and translated many 
 from Latin, French, aud Italian writers. He died 1653. 
 
 To the list of Gloucestershire men who have worn mitres, 
 we may add the name of ROBERT HUNTINGDON, son of the 
 vicar of the fine old Saxon Church of Deerhurst, who was 
 born in that Severn-side parish in February, 1636. After 
 receiving some early education under his father, he was sent 
 to the Bristol Free Grammar School. He then entered 
 Merton College, Oxford, of which he became Master in 1663. 
 Oriental languages were his favourite study, and of the chief 
 of these he acquired such a knowledge as enabled him to 
 speak with ease. In 1670 he was appointed Chaplain to the 
 English Factory at Aleppo. During the eleven years he 
 held this post he eagerly studied Eastern literature, and
 
 KEMARKABLE CHURCHMEN. 301 
 
 travelling in Cyprus, Palestine, Syria, and Egypt he collected 
 many valuable Syriac and Arabic MSB., many of whicb lie 
 sent to his College. 
 
 He returned to England in 1682 ; and having been created 
 D.D. of Oxford, he was chosen with Dr. Fell to read before 
 Charles II. the decree of the University " against pernicious 
 books and damnable doctrines." He was made Provost of 
 Trinity College, Dublin, but resigned in 1091, and the 
 following year was presented to the living of Hallingbury, 
 Essex. About the beginning of the next century he was 
 offered the see of Kilmore, Ireland, which he declined ; but in 
 1701 accepted the bishopric of Raphoe His episcopate was 
 singularly short, as he died on the 2nd of September in the 
 same year, twelve days after his consecration, at the age of 
 sixty -four. 
 
 Hundreds of the MSS. which he so laboriously collected 
 in the East, and elsewhere, are now in the Bodleian and other 
 libraries. His biography was written by his friend Thomas 
 Smith. 
 
 The Rev. EDWAED EVANSON, M.A., who was presented to 
 the living of Tewkesbury in 1769, was prosecuted in the 
 Consistory Court of the diocese for denying the resurrection 
 of the body, and for reading the Creeds in a hasty and con- 
 temptuous manner. These curious ecclesiastical proceedings, 
 extending over a year and a half, were brought to an end by 
 his resignation of the living, his opponents having spent 
 1,000, while his own taxed costs were allowed, and his other 
 expenses were borne by his Tewkosbury friends. Evanson, 
 who appears to have been a man of ability, published a 
 volume on "The Trinity and the Incarnation examined 
 upon the principles of Reason and Common Sense," and also 
 several sermons. 
 
 Eleven years of the early life of FREDERICK DENISON 
 MAURICE were passed in Gloucestershire. In 1812, when he 
 was seven years old, his father removed from Suffolk to 
 Clifton, and in 1814 became pastor of the quaint gable-roofed
 
 802 REMARKABLE CHURCHMEN. 
 
 little chapel standing near the roadside by the edge of the 
 green common at Frenchay. In addition to his work as 
 minister, Mr. Maurice had a number of pupils, of whom 
 Frederick was one. Even at this early period theological 
 discussions carried 011 in the family circle were perplexing his 
 young mind. Other and more practical matters, however, 
 fortunately engaged some of his attention. A bright, 
 intelligent, and gentle boy, at times singularly grave and 
 thoughtful, he was not his father's scholar only, but was taken 
 by him into the varied schemes of social improvement which 
 so greatly occupied his own thoughts and time. Frederick 
 was especially active in the Sunday School, instructing the 
 poor children of the neighbourhood in reading, writing, and 
 kindred matters. In 1823, he left his rural home for Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, and two years afterwards his father 
 removed from Frenchay to Sidmouth. It is interesting to 
 note that in 1833 he was revisiting the haunts of his boyhood. 
 " In July of that year he went to Frenchay with his mother 
 and two sisttrs. He gave cottage lectures from house to 
 house, being welcomed with a kindness such as is offered to 
 those who have come back to a home from which they have 
 been long away." 
 
 The Author of " The Golden Decade of a favoured Town," 
 to which reference has already been made, 1 enshrines the 
 names of three clergymen, each remarkable in his way, who 
 during the period of which he treats, were connected with 
 Cheltenham. 
 
 FRANCIS CLOSE, son of the Eev. Henry Jackson Close, 
 Eector of Hitcham, Suffolk, was born in 1793. He obtained 
 an open scholarship at St. John's College, Cambridge, where 
 he came in contact with Charles Simeon, by whom his 
 religious character and views were greatly influenced. On 
 leaving Cambridge he was ordained by Bishop Ryder, the last 
 Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, and took one or two 
 country curacies, but in 1824 accepted that of Trinity 
 Church, Cheltenham. Two years afterwards he was appointed
 
 REMARKABLE CHURCHMEN. 308 
 
 incumbent of the mother-parish of St. Mary's. Here he 
 remained for more than thirty years. During this period his 
 influence was very great. His name became a household 
 word. " He was the presiding genius and ruling spirit of 
 the place." Churches, Colleges, Schools, and Hospitals, 
 were built and founded as the result of his energetic labours. 
 As a leader of the Evangelical party he was held in high 
 esteem by Churchmen of that school ; and was respected by 
 men of all parties for his earnest and consistent Christian life 
 and character. In 1850 he was made Dean of Carlisle, a 
 position which he filled with characteristic energy till the 
 infirmities of old age compelled his resignation in 1881. His 
 long and active life closed at Penzance, December 17, 1882. 
 He is buried in Carlisle Cathedral. 
 
 Christ Church, the handsome edifice erected on Bay's Hill 
 in 1840, became a centre of unusual attraction in 1842. In 
 that year ARCHIBALD BOYD, M.A., became its minister. Born 
 at Londonderry in 1803, and educated at Trinity College, 
 Dublin, he had officiated for some years as preacher in Derry 
 Cathedral. There his power had been felt, and he came to 
 Cheltenham with a high reputation as a fervid and eloquent 
 preacher. His popularity became immense ; and preaching 
 or lecturing in the church, or in the schoolroom at Alstone, 
 he drew large congregations to hear him. " The common 
 people heard him gladly," as well as the elite of the town. In 
 addition to publishing several sermons and lectures, he 
 wrote some other works, all of a decidedly Protestant and 
 Evangelical stamp. In 1857 Mr. Boyd was made Honorary 
 Canon of Gloucester Cathedral ; and in 1859 he left 
 Cheltenham for St. James's, Paddington, where he remained 
 till his appointment as Dean of Exeter in 1807. This office 
 he held till his death July 11, 1884. 
 
 With Cheltenham the name of FREDERICK WILLIAM 
 EOBERTSON, destined to be more widely known than either of 
 the preceding, is also closely associated. This remarkable 
 young man, whose father was a Captain in the Koyal
 
 304 RKMAHKAKLK CHURCHMEN . 
 
 Artillery, was born in London in 181(5. About 1834 the 
 family came to reside in Cheltenham, and it was here, after 
 having tried the law at Bury St. Edmunds, and just as he \vn^ 
 commencing to study for the army, that circumstances led 
 him to enter the Church. Having passed an honourable 
 College course at Brazenose, Oxford, he took the curacy of 
 St. Maurice, "Winchester, whence he came to Cheltenham in 
 1842, as curate to Mr. Boyd at Christ Church. His thinking 
 and preaching powers were here largely developed, and he 
 won golden opinions, especially among his discerning heareir. 
 It was while here that those changes in his doctrinal views 
 commenced which resulted in his passing from the position of 
 an evangelical curate to that of a Broad Church leader. This 
 curacy was resigned in 1847, and for three months he took 
 charge of St. Ebbe's, Oxford, removing in August to Trinity 
 Chapel, Brighton, where, having laboured, sorrowed, and 
 suffered, he died at the age of thirty-seven, leaving works 
 which are exercising a world-wide influence. 
 
 The Very Rev. HENRY LAW, M.A., whose death, resulting 
 from the burden of eighty-seven years, occurred on 25th 
 November, 1884, had been Dean of Gloucester upwards of 
 twenty-two years. He was for about the same period rector 
 of Weston-super-Mare, whence he removed to Gloucester as 
 successor to the Hon. and Very Eev. Edward Eice, D.D., in 
 1862. His theology was of the Low Church School, and his 
 religious writings were numerous. Many of these were 
 tracts, in the production of which he was so assiduous that he 
 was sometimes called " The tract- writing Dean." He did 
 much to promote the restoration of the Cathedral, contributing 
 munificently towards the cost. In many of the charitable 
 institutions of the city he took a benevolent interest. 
 
 As an intimate friend of the late Lord Shaftesbury, whose 
 influence in matters of Crown preferment was specially great, 
 the Dean took an active part in dispensing Church patronage, 
 as his recommendation or opinion was commonly sought by 
 the evangelical Earl.
 
 REMARKABLE CHURCHMEN. 805 
 
 A monument marks his grave in Gloucester Cemetery; 
 and a brass has been erected to his memory in the north 
 transept of the Cathedral. 
 
 The death of Dean Law was followed by a series of 
 changes. The Eev. EDWARD H. BICKERSTETH was nominated 
 his successor early in January, 1885. On the 28th of the 
 same month he was installed ; but before the month had 
 closed he accepted the Bishopric of Exeter. The vacant 
 office was soon filled by the appointment of Dr. HAROLD- 
 MONTAGUE BUTLER, the popular Master of Harrow School, 
 and Gloucester rejoiced in its acquisition of such a broad- 
 minded and genial-hearted Dean. Fears, however, were 
 entertained that his stay would be brief, and so it proved. 
 In October, 1886, it was announced that Dr. Butler had been 
 appointed to the Mastership of Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 He will be gratefully remembered as having originated the 
 popular week-evening Sacred Music Services in the nave of 
 the Cathedral. Early in November the Eev. H. D. M. 
 SPENCE, M.A., vicar of St. Pancras, London, and Hon. Canon 
 of Gloucester, was nominated to the office, making the fourth 
 who had held it within two years ! 
 
 EDWARD GIRDLESTONE, Canon of Bristol, who ought to be 
 long and gratefully remembered by agricultural labourers as 
 their fearless and faithful friend, was closely connected with 
 Gloucestershire. In 1854 he was appointed Canon residentiary 
 of Bristol Cathedral, and in 1858, vicar of Wapley. La 1862, 
 he removed to Halberton, Devonshire ; but in 1872 returned 
 to this county as vicar of Olveston. Deeply impressed by the 
 wrongs and sufferings of our rural labouring classes, he was 
 the first to suggest the formation of an Agricultural Labourers' 
 Union, a movement which has so greatly affected their social 
 and political condition. 
 
 He died at Bristol, in his eightieth year, on the 4th 
 December, 1884, having taken a severe cold in travelling 
 to Sandringham, to preach before the Prince of Wales. 
 He was buried, amidst many manifestations of sorrow
 
 806 KEMAEKABLE CHUBCHMEN. 
 
 and honour, in the graveyard of Bristol Cathedral. 
 
 Another Church dignitary, large of heart and earnest of 
 purpose, may be claimed as a Gloucestershire man. " JAMES 
 FEASEB," says his biographer, Mr. Thomas Hughes, " was 
 born on the 18th of August, 1818, at Oaklands House, in the 
 parish of Prestbury, a Gloucestershire village nestling under 
 he Cotswolds." He was the son of respectable but not 
 aristocratic parents. His father, who had acquired property 
 in India, was connected with some mining enterprises in the 
 Forest of Dean, and died in 1882. James was sent first 
 to Bridgenorth School and then to Shrewsbury School, 
 afterwards entering Lincoln College, Oxford. After acting 
 as tutor for five years at Oriel College, he accepted the living 
 of Cholderton, in Wilts, in 1847, which he exchanged for that 
 of Upton Nervet, near Beading, in 1860. In 1870 he was 
 elevated to the See of Manchester, by Mr. Gladstone. Of his 
 energy, enthusiasm, and self-sacrificing devotion as a Bishop, 
 Mr. Hughes has well told. His labours were incessant and 
 had reference to matters affecting education, commerce, 
 wages, and other social questions, as well as things religious 
 and ecclesiastical ; his catholic charity gained for him the 
 title of "The Bishop of all Denominations;" his earnestness 
 and honesty secured him universal respect. 
 
 His active life closed unexpectedly. Only a day or two 
 before his death he was in his Cathedral, standing, says one of 
 his friends, " erect as a dart, and singing with the simplicity 
 
 of a boy : 
 
 'Oh, bless the Shepherd, bless the sheep, 
 
 That guide and guided both be one ; 
 One in the faithful watch they keep, 
 
 Until this hurrying life is done.' 
 
 The death of Dr. Fraser was followed in two days by that 
 of Dr. JAMES KUSSELL WOODFOBD, Bishop of Ely, twenty years 
 of whose clerical life were spent in Gloucestershire. When 
 Upper and Lower Eastons were formed into an ecclesiastical 
 parish from portions of St. George's and Stapleton, in 1848 
 Mr. Woodford was the first incumbent of the new church of
 
 REMARKABLE CHURCHMEN. 807 
 
 St. Mark's. In 1855, he was presented by Bishop Monk to 
 the valuable living of Kempsford, whence, in 1868, he 
 removed to become Vicar of the grand old Parish Church of 
 Leeds. He was consecrated Bishop of Ely in 1873. He died, 
 after a short illness, October 24, 1885, in the sixty-sixth year 
 of his age. 
 
 NOTE. 
 1. Ftcfe Sketch of Sydney Dobell.
 
 NOTABLE NONCONFORMISTS. 
 
 r HE Nonconformists of Gloucestershire have been an- 
 important element in its history. Quakers, Baptists, 
 Independents, Unitarians, and Methodists have formed 
 no inconsideiable portion of its population ; and notwith- 
 standing persecutions, civil disabilities, and social and educa- 
 tional disadvantages, have exercised no mean influence upon 
 its character and condition. Facts already recorded have 
 shown that they have had among them men, who to high 
 excellence have joined great force of character, living earnest 
 lives and doing much good work. The records of every 
 denomination would supply many further examples. Some 
 few names which have attained a degree of celebrity may be 
 mentioned. 
 
 In the middle of last century ANDREW PUBVEB was an 
 active member of the Society of Friends meeting for worship 
 in the little meeting house, on Frenchay Common. This 
 remarkable man, the son of poor parents in Hampshire, had 
 served his apprenticeship to a shoemaker ; but impelled by an 
 intense love of literature, he acquired such an acquaintance 
 with Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, together with much other 
 knowledge, that he established a thriving boarding school at 
 Frenchay. While successfully conducting his academy and 
 labouring usefully as a minister of the religious society to 
 which he belonged, he also entered upon a new translation 
 of the Scriptures from the original tongues. This great work, 
 which was not completed till after his removal to Andover, 
 occupied him thirty years, and was published in two folio 
 volumes in 1764, at the cost of the celebrated Dr. Fothergill.
 
 NOTABLE NONCONFORMISTS. 309 
 
 Purver held Tyndale and his translation in great esteem ; 
 and always spoke of the man with affection and of his work 
 with reverence. He died at Andover. 
 
 The Eev. SAMUEL JONES, who was for some years Master 
 of an Academy at Gloucester, and afterwards at Tewkesbury, 
 was eminent in his profession, and remarkable as the tutor of 
 Archbishop Seeker, Bishop Butler, Dr. Chandler, the Eev. 
 Eichard Pearsall and other men of note. His nephew, 
 JEREMIAH JONES, who kept a school at Nailsworth and minis- 
 tered to a Nonconformist congregation at Avening, wrote a 
 learned work, in three volumes, on the canonical authority of 
 the Old Testament, and died in 1724, at the age of thirty-one. 
 The Eev. JOSHUA PARRY, who for thirty-four years was 
 Minister of the Old Nonconformist Chapel in Gosditch Street, 
 Cirencester, was a man of considerable local note. His 
 memoir, written by his grandson, the late Mr. Charles Henry 
 Parry, F.E.S., and edited by Sir John E. Eardley-Wilmot, 
 Bart., was published in 1872. Mr. Parry, who was born in 
 Pembrokeshire, in 1719, settled at Cirencester in 1742, 
 where he married Miss Hillier, the daughter of a wealthy 
 woolstapler of the town, and passed the remainder of his life. 
 During this period he was on very intimate terms with Allen, 
 Lord Bathurst, conspicuous alike for his own wit and powers 
 of oratory, and for the patronage he extended to the wits and 
 poets of the time. His acquaintance with this nobleman 
 brought him into contact with many interesting men ; and 
 his memoir abounds in facts and anecdotes illustrative of 
 some phases of the religious, literary, and political condition 
 of England through the middle of last century. Mr. Parry 
 died in 1776. 
 
 One of his sons, Dr. Parry, became eminent as a physician 
 in Bath, and was the father of Sir Edward Parry, the 
 celebrated Arctic explorer. 
 
 The EYLANDS, whose name is honourably interwoven 
 with modern Baptist history, were members of an old 
 Gloucestershire family John Eyland being settled at
 
 810 NOTABLE NONCONFORMISTS. 
 
 Hinton-on-the-Green in the 17th century. His son Joseph, 
 who was born there, removed to the neighbouihood of Stow, 
 where he married Freelove Collett, who belonged to a highly 
 esteemed Nonconformist family in those parts. A son was 
 born to them in 1723, and named after his grandfather, John* 
 At the age of eighteen, this youth joined the Baptist Church 
 at Bourton-on-the-Water, and a few years afterwards was 
 placed at the Baptist Academy, Bristol, as a student for the 
 ministry. In 1750 he was chosen Pastor of the Baptist 
 Church at Warwick. There he married and resided in the 
 Parsonage House, which he rented of the Vicar, Dr. Tate. 
 Some of the parishioners commenting unfavourably upon their 
 clergyman for letting the house to an " anabaptist " preacher, 
 the Doctor jocosely replied " What more would you have me 
 do ? I have brought the man as near to the Church as I can, 
 but I cannot force him into it." From Warwick Mr. Eyland 
 removed to Northampton, and in 1786 retired into private 
 life at Enfield, where he died July 24, 1792. 
 
 As a hymn writer the name of John Eyland has become 
 widely known, and will be long remembered. Many of his 
 compositions are included in our best hymnals, Sir Eoundell 
 Palmer's " Book of Praise " containing two or three. 
 
 His son, Dr. John Eyland, became an eminent minister in 
 the same denomination, and was also the writer of many 
 well-known hymns. 
 
 Whether the Tidmans of Mickleton were descendants of 
 Tideman de Winchcombe, physician to Eichard II., and Bishop 
 of Worcester, does not appear ; but a member of that family 
 born nearly four centuries after the Winchcombe worthy's, 
 death seems to have possessed similar capacities and tastes. 
 ARTHUB TIDMAN, who was born in this border parish Nov. 
 14, 1792, has been described by the Venerable Henry Venn, 
 Secretary of the Church Missionary Society, as " a great and 
 good man." At the age of fifteen he was articled as a medical 
 pupil to a half-brother who was practising in London. For a 
 time his course was unsatisfactory. Like many other youths-
 
 NOTABLE NONCONFORMISTS. 811 
 
 from the country, he was led astray by the abounding 
 temptations of the great city. Gay companionships were 
 formed and questionable pleasures were eagerly followed. As 
 a consequence moral character suffered and professional 
 studies were neglected. Happily this folly was of short 
 duration. Conscience became aroused and much misery of 
 mind was felt. Attending the earnest ministry of John 
 Hyatt, of Tottenham Court Eoad Chapel, his whole character 
 underwent a great change, and he entered upon a new life of 
 peace and purity. An introduction to the eccentric but 
 excellent Matthew Wilks, led to his becoming a student in 
 Hackney Academy with a view to entering the Nonconformist 
 ministry. This was followed by some Home Missionary work 
 at Sidmouth, and in 1814 he became pastor of Endless Street 
 Chapel, Salisbury. Four years later he removed to Frome ; and 
 in 1828, settled as minister of Barbican Chapel, London. Here 
 he was widely popular as a preacher, while at the same time 
 exercising great administrative ability in church and other 
 affairs. These qualifications led to his appointment as 
 Secretary of the London Missionary Society in 1839. In 1851 
 he resigned his pastorate in order to devote himself fully to 
 the claims of this office, which he filled with marked ability 
 and success. As Secretary of the Society which had sent out 
 Dr. Livingstone, Mr. Tidman had the honour, in May, 1855, 
 of receiving from the hands of the Earl of Ellesmere, 
 President of the Royal Geographical Society, the gold medal 
 which had been awarded the noble missionary for his great 
 geographical discoveries. In 185G the honorary degree of 
 D.D. was conferred upon him by the Marischal College and 
 University of Aberdeen. 
 
 In his 74th year he was seized with paralysis while 
 preaching in Ciaven Hill Chapel ; and after more than a year 
 and a half of inactivity, died March 8, 1868. 
 
 On a grave in Stroud Cemetery a beautiful memorial in 
 the form of a white marble cross, fixed on a marble rock, with 
 granite base, bears this inscription : " The Rev. WILLIAM
 
 312 NOTABLE NONCONFORMISTS. 
 
 WHEELER, died 21st Sept., 1873, aged 71 years. This monu- 
 ment is erected by tlie Church and Congregation of Bedford 
 Street Chapel, Stroud, to perpetuate the memory of thirty 
 years of earnest, thoughtful and loving ministry." 
 
 Mr. Wheeler, who was born at Brentford, August 22nd, 
 1802, after studying at Highbury College, under the Rev. Dr. 
 Halley, was ordained pastor of the Independent Church at 
 Wells, in 1829. In 1843 he removed to Bedford Street 
 Chapel, Stroud, as successor to the Rev. John Burder who 
 was retiring. 
 
 It was as Minister of his own church and congregation 
 that. Mr. Wheeler was chiefly known and most highly appre- 
 ciated. As a preacher his lines of thought were often deep 
 and original, calling for intelligent attention in his hearers, 
 whose comprehension was aided by rich and varied illustra- 
 tions, which he used with singular felicity. The tone of his 
 teaching was always refined and elevated, and the thoughtful 
 and kindly earnestness of his spirit and manner gave peculiar 
 impressiveness to his utterances. As a pastor he secured the 
 affections of his flock by the genuineness of his own Christian 
 character, and the sincerity of his concern for their happiness 
 and welfare. 
 
 His influence, however, was not confined to his own 
 people. In the town he was held in high respect. His 
 counsel was often sought by neighbouring churches, and his 
 friendship was highly valued by his brother ministers. His 
 occasional preaching visits to other places were always accept- 
 able, and although his sermons were far from sensational they 
 generally left an abiding impression for good. 
 
 Mr. Wheeler was the possessor of a well-cultured and a 
 well-stored mind. He was an accomplished classical scholar, 
 and was well read in many modern French and German 
 authors. His acquaintance with systems of theology and 
 philosophy was extensive ; as was also his knowledge of 
 music, of which he was very fond, and in which he had much 
 instrumental skill.
 
 NOTABLE NONCONFOEMISTS. 818 
 
 Although not what is called popular, either as a preacher 
 or platform speaker, there is no doubt that Mr. Wheeler, in 
 his own sphere, did much for the promotion of intelligent and 
 large-hearted Christianity ; and the effects of his life and 
 ministry will be long felt. 
 
 His death resulted from paralysis, which laid him aside for 
 more than a year and a half. His funeral was an impressive 
 scene. Nearly every shop in the town was closed, and 
 hundreds of respectful and sorrowing spectators lined the 
 streets. A procession of two hundred friends, headed by 
 Mr. S. S. Marling, M.P., Mr. H. Winterbotham, M.P., and 
 other leading residents of the borough, followed to the ceme- 
 tery. The funeral service was conducted by the Eev. Dr. 
 Morton Brown and the Eev. J. Park. 
 
 The Eev. ANDREW MORTON BROWN, L.L.D., was for thirty- 
 six years paster of the Congregational Church in Cheltenham, 
 and an active and leading spirit among Congregationalists 
 through the country. Born at Loudoun, Ayrshire, on 
 March 12th, 1812, and educated at Glasgow and Edinburgh, 
 Dr. Brown, after some mission work in London and a village 
 pastorate in Hampshire, became co-pastor with the Eev. 
 Thomas Durant, at Poole, in 1837, whence, in January, 1843, 
 he removed to Cheltenham, as Minister of Highbury Chapel, 
 and as successor of the Eev. Samuel Martin, who had gone to 
 Westminster. His ministry proved so popular that a new 
 and larger chapel was built for the increasing congregation, 
 in 1852 ; and here his labours were successfully continued 
 till July, 1879. Being then out of health he went for a brief 
 season of rest and change to Bridport, where his symptoms 
 rapidly grew worse and he died on the 17th of that month, in 
 the sixty-eighth year of his age. 
 
 Dr. Brown's popularity, both in Cheltenham and in the 
 county at large, was very great. His dignified presence, his 
 plain, earnest, and manly style of preaching, his equally 
 effective platform gifts, together with his courteous bearing 
 and truly kindly spirit, won general admiration and esteem.
 
 814 NOTABLE NONCONFORMISTS. 
 
 Staunch in his Nonconformity and Liberalism, he yet held 
 the cordial respect of Churchmen and Conservatives ; and 
 numbered many Episcopalians among his personal friends. 
 Some influences were used to draw him into the Established 
 Church, but in vain. 
 
 The public funeral which Cheltenham gave to his mortal 
 remains, was a remarkable expression of the veneration and 
 affection in which he was held. 
 
 Among numerous works from his pen "Peden the 
 Prophet," " The Leader of the Lollards," and " Evenings 
 with the Prophets" were the chief. His only son, Mr. L. 
 Morton Brown, of the Oxford Circuit, is the Recorder of 
 Tewkesbury. 
 
 The " Rhodes Memorial Schoolrooms," erected at Cinder- 
 ford in 1885, and dedicated as a tribute to the memory of 
 WILLIAM F. RHODES, testify to the high esteem in which this 
 worthy man was held by his friends and neighbours. Mr. 
 Rhodes, who was the son of poor parents, was born at Cole- 
 ford, October 16th, 1608. In common with other children of 
 that class in his time, he had none of the advantages of early 
 education ; but as a youth he began to attend the Baptist 
 School in his native town ; and also a night school, where he 
 acquired some rudiments of learning. Maintaining a good 
 conscience, both towards God and man, he filled some humble 
 situations with satisfaction to his employers and credit to 
 himself. In 1840, he commenced a small grocery business at 
 Cinderford, and was subsequently appointed local Postmaster. 
 There he remained till his death, leading a truly Christian life, 
 and exerting himself earnestly in the formation of a Baptist 
 Church and the establishment of a Sunday School. His 
 efforts were remarkably successful. His unostentatious and 
 useful life closed July 21st, 1884. Mr. Rhodes, in character 
 and labours, may be legarded as a good type of many earnest 
 Christian men in his sphere of life. 
 
 Among the nearly 7CO converts whcm Mr. Rhodes saw 
 " added to the Church" which he had formed, was BENJAMIN
 
 NOTABLE NONCONFORMISTS. 815 
 
 STEPHENS, a collier, who was baptised in 1855. Fervent in 
 spirit, and possessed of considerable natural talent, he became 
 so popular a preacher as to acquire the name of the "Forest 
 Spurgeon." For some years he followed his usual calling, 
 and preached as he had oppoitunity in all parts of the district.. 
 At length he became pastor of the Baptist Church at Ryeford, 
 where he died April 27th, 1870, aged forty-five. His pathos, 
 his aptness in illustration, and the simplicity of his style r 
 together with his gentle and unaffected demeanour, gained for 
 him the love and admiration of his fellow Foresters ; so that 
 he was a striking exception to the proverb that " a prophet 
 has no honour in his own country." 
 
 Dr. THOMAS BATTEN will be long remembered in Dean 
 Forest as a skilful medical practitioner, an upright magistrate,, 
 and an amiable and honourable gentleman. As a Liberal of 
 advanced views, a staunch Baptist Nonconformist, and a 
 hearty friend of popular education, he was accustomed to take 
 an active part in the political, religious, and educational affairs 
 of the district. This was always done with so much intelli- 
 gence and geniality that those from whom he differed could 
 not but respect the firmness of his principles and appreciate 
 the kindliness of his spirit. He died at his residence, " The 
 Marshes," Coleford, on May 4th, 1885, in the eighty-first year 
 of his age. 
 
 That popular preacher and voluminous writer, the Rev. 
 EDWIN PAXTON HOOD, held his first pastoral appointment at 
 North Nibley Congregational Chapel, where he was introduced 
 by his friend Mr. Parsons, of Ebley. An obitunvy notice 
 written at the time of his death says : "Mr. Hcod's life at 
 Nibley was one of incessant activity. Those who knew him 
 were astonished at the amount of literary and pastoral work 
 he performed. Among other books which he wrote at this 
 period was " The Earnest Minister," an admirable biography 
 of his friend Mr. Parsons, which was published in an octavo' 
 volume in 1856. Even while occupied with this and other 
 important literary work, his lively fancy and facile pen were
 
 316 NOTABLE NONCONFORMISTS. 
 
 throwing off numerous lighter productions. Living midway 
 between the Cotswolds and the Vale, breathing the pure air of 
 the district, and delighting himself with the beauties of the 
 scenery, he seemed to possess an exuberance of life fitting 
 him for any amount of labour or enjoyment. Many of his 
 poetical effusions written at this time have a ring of healthy 
 vigour and delight. His love of Gloucestershire was very 
 strong. In its history, its people, and its varied and beautiful 
 scenery he felt a loving interest. His occasional visits to the 
 county in after years always afforded him great pleasure, and 
 he was always welcomed by his Gloucestershire friends, who 
 will sincerely regret his loss." 
 
 He removed to London in 1855. His life closed suddenly 
 .at Paris, June 12th, 1885, in his sixty-fourth year.
 
 LITERARY MEN. 
 
 EN of our county have contributed a fair share to- 
 both local and national book piles. On all subjects,, 
 ranging from scientific dissertations to nursery rhymes, 
 Gloucestershire writers have used printers' ink. Of these 
 works the greater part have been of a theological and religious 
 character. The sermons are countless. There is, however, 
 a considerable variety of other productions ; and among tLe 
 writers who have not been already noticed, or have been only 
 briefly mentioned, thtre are some interesting characters. 
 
 The village of Naunton-in-the-Vale, pleasantly situated in 
 one of the green and fertile valleys which indent the surface 
 of the broad Cotswolds, was for more than a quarter of a 
 century the residence of CLEMENT BAKKSDALE, whose name is 
 much associated with the annals of the hill country. 
 
 Barksdale was a native of Winchcomb, where he was born 
 Nov. 23, 1609. He studied at Oxford, first at Merton College 
 and afterwards at Gloucester Hall. After taking his degrees 
 and entering into holy orders, he obtained some temporary 
 appointments. He was then made master of the Free School 
 of Hereford, and soon became vicar of AU Hallows in that 
 city. When the Parliamentarians surprised the garrison of 
 Hereford, Barksdale was rescued from danger and escaped to 
 Sudeley Castle, where he was chaplain to the Brydges family. 
 He next kept a private school at Hawiing ; and in 1653 was 
 engaged in a warm religious disputation at Winchcomb. 
 
 At the Restoration his adherence to Church and King was 
 rewarded by his presentation to the rectory of Naunton, from 
 which a non- conforming incumbent was cast out. With a
 
 LTTERAKY MEN. 
 
 living of 500 a year among a small and simple-minded popu- 
 lation, in a picturesque part of his native hills, he was placed 
 in circumstances congenial to his character and tastes. He 
 had long before done some literary work, having, in 1640, 
 published " Monumenta Literaria," the characters of some 
 eminent men, a translation from the French. Nine or ten 
 years later he sent forth his " Nympha Libaethris : or the 
 Cotswold Muse, presenting some extempore verses to the 
 imitation of young scholars ; in four parts." To this 
 succeeded his life of " Hugo Grotius," in 1652. 
 
 His life at Naunton afforded him further opportunities for 
 authorship, and his pen was employed on " Memorials of 
 Worthy Persons." These biographical sketches were chiefly 
 compiled from rare tracts and funeral sermons. The first 
 issue, comprising two decades, was published in 1661 ; a 
 second, of a third decade, appeared in 1662 ; and a third, of 
 a like period, the following year. A fourth volume under the 
 new title of " A Eemembraucer of ExceUent Men" completed 
 the series in 1670. Eeligious tracts and sermons ; and transla- 
 tions from Grotius and others were published by him at various 
 periods, so that his works are very numerous. That, however, 
 with which his name is most connected is his " Cotswold 
 Muse," the merits of which have been variously estimated. 
 While Wood describes its author as " a great pretender to 
 poetry," others esteem him as " certainly more than a 
 pretender," and find much to admire in this his chief 
 composition. 
 
 He lived to the age of sixty-eight, dying January 6, 1678, 
 " leaving behind him the character of a frequent and edifying 
 preacher, and a good neighbour." He was buried in the 
 Chancel of Naunton Church, where a brass tablet to his 
 memory was lately discovered by the present rector, the Rev. 
 Edward Arthur Litton, M.A. 
 
 EDWARD CHAMBERLAYNE, born in 1616, probably in the 
 parish of Stow-on-the-Wold, with which the Chamberlayne 
 family has been connected through many generations, was
 
 LITERARY MEN. 319 
 
 educated at the Grammar School, Gloucester, and St. 
 Edmund's Hall, Oxford. In 1641 he was appointed Lecturer 
 on Ehetoric, in public schools ; but was ejected from his 
 office by the Parliamentarians. He went abroad and 
 pursued his studies till the Restoration, when he returned, 
 and was chosen one of the first Fellows of the Eoyal Society. 
 He instructed Prince George of Denmark in English, when he 
 came to espouse Princess Anne. 
 
 He appears to have been a great writer, but he disposed 
 of his productions in a singular manner, ordering by his 
 will that all his manuscripts should be sealed with wax, and 
 buried with him " that they might be of service in future 
 ages !" We are not told what his ideas of the future state 
 were. He died at Chelsea in 1703. 
 
 WILLIAM GUISE, who was born at Ablodes Court, in the 
 parish of Sandhurst, in 1653, acquired, during a short life, 
 considerable repute as a student of Oriental literature. 
 Entering Oriel College, Oxford, as a Commoner, in 1669, he 
 soon afterwards changed for All Souls, where he was chosen 
 Fellow in 1674, and took his Master's degree in 1677. At the 
 age of 27, having married, he resigned his fellowship, but 
 continued to reside at Oxford for the furtherance of his 
 studies which he pursued with indefatigable zeal. Some of 
 his translations of Eastern works were published, and his 
 acquirements and abilities became highly esteemed by scholars 
 both at home and abroad. An attack of small-pox closed his 
 life in 1684, at the early age of 31. He was buried in St. 
 Michael's, Oxford, when a monument with a Latin inscription 
 was erected to his memory by his wife. His sou John 
 entered the army, and as General Guise obtained high 
 military distinction. He died in 1765 leaving a valuable 
 collection of pictures to Christ Church, Oxford. 
 
 THOMAS COXETER, a native of Lechlade, was born in 
 September, 1689. On leaving Trinity College, Oxford, 
 he went to London to study law. His hopes were disappointed 
 by the death of his patron Sir John Cook in 1710, and he
 
 320 LITERARY MEN. 
 
 then directed his attention to literary pursuits. Becoming 
 the friend aud companion of authors and booksellers, he 
 began to make a curious collection of old plays. He also 
 proposed to write biographical accounts of the old English 
 poets, but from some cause or other, did not proceed far with 
 this interesting project. In 1739 he edited a new edition of 
 Baily's Life of Bishop Fisher, to whose eventful history may 
 now be added the fact of his canonization by the Pope of Rome, 
 in November, 1882. Coxeter became secretary of a society 
 for the encouragement of the study of English History, and 
 under the auspices of which the first volume of Carter's 
 History of England was published. He died April 19, 1749, 
 aged 59. 
 
 Camden says " Great, verily was the Glory of our Tongue 
 before the Norman Conquest, in this, that the Old English 
 could express most aptly all the Conceptions of the Mind in 
 their own Tongue, without borrowing from any." It is 
 curious to note that a native of the fine old town from which 
 it is said the name of the illustrious writer was derived, was 
 one of the most enthusiastic and successful students of this 
 vigorous and expressive tongue. GEORGE BALLARD, the son 
 of humble parents, was born at Chipping Campden, in the 
 beginning of last century. As his constitution was weakly 
 his friends apprenticed him to a tailor in the town. His life 
 affords an instance of the strange ways in which untutored 
 genius will sometimes develop itself. While fulfilling his 
 apprenticeship iiis attention was in some way drawn to 
 the Saxon language, and he entered upon its study most 
 earnestly, devoting to it many of the hours which his fellow 
 apprentices spent in sleep. In a little town such a youth 
 would attract notice, and his unusual pursuits would be noised 
 abroad. Among others Lord Chedworth 1 and the gentlemen 
 of his hunt, who spent a month of the season at Campden, 
 heard of him and became interested in his history and studies. 
 Pleased with his industry Lord Chedworth liberally offered 
 him an allowance of 100 a year to free him from the necessity
 
 LITERARY MEN. 321 
 
 of following his trade and leave him at liberty to give himself 
 entirely to literary work. Being of simple habits and 
 unselfish disposition the young man modestly declined to 
 accept more than a pension of 60 per annum as being 
 sufficient to meet his wishes and wants. He now went to 
 Oxford, where, by the kindness of Dr. Jenner, he was made 
 one of the eight clerks of Magdalen College, and afterwards 
 one of the beadles of the University. Here he had such 
 opportunities and facilities for his studies that he impaired his 
 health by his close application to his books, and died June, 
 1755, in the prime of life. 
 
 His access to the Bodleian enabled him to greatly increase 
 his valuable collections, part of which, together with many of 
 his MSS, are still preserved. A book which he published in 
 1752 under the title of " Memoirs of British Ladies celebrated 
 for their writings, or skill in learned languages, arts, and 
 sciences," has been described as " a work of great research 
 and entertainment." It was reprinted in 1775. An account 
 which he had written of the noble Parish Church of his 
 native town was read before the Society of Antiquaries in 1771. 
 
 Philip Bliss, in his "Additions" to Wood's "Athense 
 Oxonienses," gives some brief notices of other members of 
 the Ballard family. Edward Ballard, of Weston-sub-Edge, 
 appears to have been an ardent mathematician. In 1612 
 while from home spending some time in Oxford, "upon 
 pleasure, being hot in pursuit of his entirely beloved study," a 
 son was born to him in that city. This son, who was named 
 John, after being educated at Campden Grammar School, was 
 sent to Exeter College, Oxford. He took a Bachelor of 
 Medicine degree in 1635, and then practised in Weston with 
 extraordinary success. He was great uncle to George, who, 
 writing of him, says: "He was very skilful in anatomy, 
 botany, and chemistry, which last being his favourite study, 
 he made many curious discoveries and observations in it, 
 which I am afraid are irrecoverably lost." As one of the 
 writers in " Annalia Dubrensia," a volume of poems in honour
 
 LITERARY MEN. 
 
 of Robert Dover, founder of the Cotswold Sports annually 
 celebrated in the parish of Weston, he contributed " An 
 Encomiasticke " addressed to that gentleman. His death 
 occurred at Oxford, May 2, 1678, and he was buried near 
 his father in the chancel of Weston Church, under a stone 
 bearing an eulogistic Latin inscription to his memory. He 
 left 100 for the use of the poor of the parish. His two 
 sons John and George, both of whom died under thirty 
 years of age, are described by their cousin as having been 
 " prodigies of learning, being very skilful in almost every 
 branch of literature " ; but chiefly delighting in mathematics, 
 astronomy, chemistry and anatomy. Their uncle Thomas 
 Ballard gave the chimes for the tower of the fine old parish 
 church of St. John the Baptist. 
 
 RICHARD GRAVES was born at the Manor House, Mickleton, 
 the seat of the family to which he belonged, on May 4, 1715 ; 
 and received his early education from the curate of the 
 parish. At the age of thirteen he was sent to Abingdon 
 Grammar School, and at sixteen was chosen scholar of 
 Pembroke College, Oxford, where he soon distinguished 
 himself by his proficiency. His love of the classics led him 
 to join a small party of students who met in the evenings to 
 read rare and choice Greek authors ; and of whom it is 
 recorded to their credit that their only beverage on these 
 occasions was water. At this time he became acquainted 
 with Shenstone, forming a friendship which lasted till the 
 death of that amiable poet. 
 
 In 1736 Mr. Graves was elected a Fellow of All Souls. 
 His preference for the study of medicine led to his neglect of 
 divinity ; and he attended anatomical lectures in London 
 with a view to entering the medical profession. A long and 
 dangerous illness altered his plans, and resuming his original 
 intention he took holy orders and also his M.A. degree in 
 1740. 
 
 Having, in 1748, obtained a curacy near Oxford he lodged 
 with a gentleman farmer whose daughter so engaged his
 
 LITERAKY MEN. 823 
 
 affections that he resigned his Fellowship and married her. 
 About 1750 he was presented to the living of Claverton, near 
 Bath. He also obtained that of Kilmersdon, through the 
 interest of his friend Mr. Ealph Allen, of Prior Park. 
 
 His first work entitled " The Festoon " appeared in 1765, 
 and was followed by several others, including some transla- 
 tions from Greek, French, and Italian authors, all on light 
 and gay subjects. His chief production was " The Spiritual 
 Quixote, or the Summer's Kamble of Mr. Godfrey Wildgoose. 
 A Comic Eomance." The hero of the story, who is a gross 
 caricature of a follower of George Whitefield, is represented as 
 a young gentleman residing in a village under the north 
 Cotswolds, whose education at Oxford has been interrupted by 
 the death of his father. The scenes are chiefly laid in 
 Gloucestershire. The Bell Inn at Gloucester figures pro- 
 minently ; and the narrative takes in Dover's games, on the 
 Cotswold downs, near Campden, Park Corner Inn, near 
 Cireucester, Kingswood, Tetbury, Tewkesbury, and other 
 places in the county. Its humour is often coarse and its wit 
 feeble, while some of its language would not now be tolerated 
 in the lowest of our literature. There is a seeming irreverence 
 with which certain facts and doctrines of Christianity are 
 treated, strangely inconsistent in a writer who as a clergyman 
 was himself a professed believer in many of the things which 
 he holds up to ridicule. Some of his incidental references 
 to the clergy of the day are as unfavourable as his satires 
 on the Methodists. The book, which has been frequently 
 republished, found a place in a popular series of " British 
 Classics " published in the early part of this century. 
 
 Mr. Graves lived to a great age. September 8, 1804, he 
 wrote " a trifle," entitled " Spes et fortuna Valete !" con- 
 cluding with the melancholy lines, 
 
 "Farewell ! then hope and joy, and scenes of pleasure, 
 Grant me but ease, I ask no other treasure ! 
 My future prospect, gloomy as the past ; 
 All hail ! the day, that's destined for my last."
 
 324 LITERARY MEN. 
 
 He died in about two months afterwards, at the age of 
 eighty-nine. 
 
 THOMAS HELE, a native of Gloucestershire, but of what 
 part we know not, was born about 1740. He served for some 
 time in the army and was with his regiment in Jamaica. 
 After the peace in 1763 he travelled in Italy, but at length 
 settled in Paris. His proficiency in French was so great that 
 he wrote several plays which were received with great 
 applause at the theatres in Paris, and as dramatic compositions 
 were greatly extolled by French writers. Two of these 
 productions " Judgement de Midas " and " Amant Jaloux " 
 were particularly admired. Hele died of consumption, at 
 Paris, in 1780, aged about forty. 
 
 " Poems and Tales, with an Autobiographical Sketch of 
 his early life, by the Eev. WILLIAM WICKENDEN, B.A.,. 
 The Bard of the Forest," was published in 1851, being 
 " affectionately inscribed to the memory of that great 
 benefactor of the human race Edward Jenner, M.D.," and 
 introduced by a preface written by the Kev. Dr. H. Stebbing. 
 
 Wickenden was the son of a farmer, and was born at 
 Etloe, near Blakeney. His talents attracted the favourable 
 notice of Dr. Jenner, Dr. Baron and the Eev. Dr. Fosbroke, 
 and by the kind liberality of these gentlemen he was sent to 
 St. John's College, Cambridge; "where," says Dr. Stebbing, 
 who was a fellow student, " we soon began to admire the 
 Forest poet less for his talent than his strength and agility. 
 We were acquainted at St. John's with many a sturdy native 
 of the North West Biding ; and Cornish men, on their first 
 arrival had often animated us by accounts of their gymnastic 
 feats ! But our bard had an unquestionable advantage over all 
 his predecessors in these respects. The simple rusticity of his 
 Herculean frame was relieved by the meek, benevolent, 
 and intellectual expression of his countenance." He left 
 Cambridge in 1825, and held curacies first at Little Compton, 
 and afterwards at Lassington. The breaking off of an 
 " ill-judged attachment " so affected his health that he lost
 
 LITEKABY MEN. 325 
 
 his voice, and going to London engaged in literary pursuits, 
 writing several works, the chief being " Adventures in 
 Circassia." A chequered and struggling life was closed by 
 his death in a London hospital, in 1850. 
 
 It was in Gloucestershire that Mrs. SEWELL wrote most of 
 her popular little ballads. In 1855 the Sewell family 
 removed from Brighton to a residence at Wick, a portion of 
 the parish of Abson. There Mrs. Sewell produced many of 
 those small works which have found such numerous readers. 
 One of these, " The Mother's Last Words," published in 
 November, 1860, sold by hundreds of thousands ; and has 
 been translated into the chief European languages. " Our 
 Fathers' Care," and others soon followed, all selling rapidly 
 and being still in demand. She was accustomed to pace up 
 and down a long straight walk in the garden a habit she 
 found to be highly helpful in the composition of her pieces. 
 "A crinkle -crankle walk is dreadful," she said, "it cuts off 
 all one's rhymes." She died in 1881, aged eighty-four. 
 
 The name of SAMUEL KALPH TOWNSHEND MAYER was well 
 known to a large circle of Gloucester friends as that of one 
 who was a brave sufferer and a hard worker ; the possessor of 
 fine literary talents and of a gallant spirit. Mr. Mayer, 
 descended from an old Gloucestershire family, was born in 
 1840 Although suffering from early life with physical 
 weakness and pain, his mental faculties were ever active, and 
 lie accomplished much literary work. For some time he 
 conducted the Illustrated Review, and also the St. James's 
 Magazine. Numerous reviews, essays, pamphlets and other 
 works flowed from his ready pen. He died at Richmond, 
 Surrey, May 28, 1880 ; and was laid to rest in Gloucester 
 Cemetery. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 1. Lord Chedworth, Ballard's generous patron, was John Howe, the 
 first of the four bearers of this title. He was the son and heir of a 
 somewhat notorious Right Hon. John Howe, of Stowell Park, and was
 
 826 LITERARY MEN. 
 
 raised to the peerage as Baron Chedworth during Sir Robert Walpoles 
 administration. He died in 1742. His eldest son, who succeeded him, 
 died in 1762, and the title then passed to a younger son who, dying in 
 1781, was succeeded by a nephew heir of a younger son at whose 
 death in 1804, the title became extinct.
 
 MEN OF SCIE NCE. 
 
 fOHN SMITH, of Nibley, the Steward and Historian of the 
 Berkeley family, if not a Scientific Naturalist, was a 
 close and thoughtful observer of natural facts. " I have 
 found," he says, " 53 sorts of sea fish in this river [the 
 Severn] within the limits of this hundred which have been, 
 in the time of my Stewardship, taken therein " ; and of which 
 he gives a full list. Speaking of the little stream which runs 
 through Coaley into the Cam, he quaintly tells us there are 
 found in it " certaine stones resembling cockles, periwinkles, 
 oysters and the like, of much curiosity and delight to look 
 upon and to consider of : which I rather thinke to bee the 
 gameful sports of nature, than with ffracatorius, the great 
 philosopher of this age, to have been sometimes livinge 
 creatures ingendered in the Sea, and by the waters cast up in 
 this and the like places, and so to bee shell fishes stonified." 
 Fuller also was puzzled by the " oysters, cockles and 
 periwincles of stone," found at Alderley ; but he proceeded 
 to give incipient scientific enquiry some discouraging 
 theological knocks. " Such," he says, " who conceive these 
 were formerly real Shell-fish, brought so far by some accident 
 into the Land, engage themselves in a sea of inextricable 
 difficulties. Others more probably account them to be Lusus 
 Natural ; and know, that as the foolishness of God is wiser 
 than men, and the weakness of God is stronger than men ; 
 so the disportinys of the God of Nature are more grave than the 
 most serious employments of men ; for such riddles are 
 propounded on puipose to pose those profound shallow 
 Babbies, counting themselves of the Cabinet, when they are 
 scarcely of the Common Council of Nature ; so unable to 
 read such Riddles, that they cannot put the letters thereof 
 together with any probability." 
 
 CHRISTOPHEK MEREETT, a native of Wiuchcombe, after
 
 328 MEN OF SCIENCE. 
 
 being educated at Oxford, practised as a medical man in 
 London. By the publication of a work entitled " Pinax 
 Kerum Naturalium Britannicarum, &c," lie is credited with 
 the first attempt to form a British fauna. He wrote " A 
 Short View of the Frauds and Abuses practised by Apothe- 
 caries," besides other works ; and also some Papers in the 
 " Philosophical Transactions." He translated Neri's " Art 
 of Colouring Glass." His death, at the age of eighty-one, 
 occurred in 1695. 
 
 JOHN LIGHTFOOT, of Newent, an industrious naturalist, 
 wrote " An Account of some British shells either not duly 
 observed or totally unnoticed by Authors," one of the 
 "Philosophical Transactions" papers, in 1786. 
 
 MABY EGBERTS, a member of a Quaker family connected 
 with Painswick and descended from John Eoberts of Sidding- 
 ton, was the writer of " Annals of My Village ; A Calendar of 
 Nature for every month in the year," which was published in 
 3831. She also published "Wonders of the Vegetable 
 Kingdom," " The Progress of Creation," and the " Concholo- 
 gist's Companion." 
 
 OADE ROBERTS, the father of this lady, gained some repute 
 as a herbalist in his day. He sent the habitat of 50 wild 
 plants, growing in and about Painswick, to Dr. Withering. 
 They are mentioned in the sixth edition of Withering's 
 " British Botany." 
 
 WILLIAM C. BURDER, second son of the Rev. John Burder, 
 M.A., of Stroud, acquired some distinction as a meteorologist. 
 He was the discoverer of the large comet of June and July, 
 1861, the appearance of which was first publicly notified by 
 him in The Times of July 1 of that year. He was also the 
 first to observe the small but beautiful comet of March and 
 April, 1864. He was a frequent contributor of letters on the 
 subject of his favourite science to The Times. His death at 
 Clifton, where he had resided some years, occurred Oct. 18, 
 1864, at the age of forty-three ; and was much regretted by a 
 large circle of friends.
 
 MEN OF SCIENCE. 829 
 
 Dr. THOMAS EVANS, born in 1804, near Eoss, graduated at 
 Edinburgh in 1826, and succeeded Dr. Baron in medical 
 practice in Gloucester, in 1830. In 1833 he was elected 
 physician to the Gloucester Infirmary, and was afterwards 
 appointed consulting physician. He became a Fellow of the 
 Eoyal College of Physicians in 1860. His large experience 
 and great skill not only placed him at the head of his 
 profession in this county, but brought him patients from 
 remote districts. His kindliness of nature and thoughtfulness 
 for others, secured him the esteem of all who knew him, and 
 of none more than of his brethren in the medical profession. 
 Labouring to the last, he died in harness from an attack of 
 angina pectoris, at midnight, June 3, 1880, at the age of 
 seventy- six years, fifty of which had been spent in Gloucester. 
 
 JOHN JONES, who came of a good old yeoman family long 
 settled at Brockworth, was in many respects a remarkable 
 character. His early life was eventful, and after some 
 wanderings he came as a youth to Gloucester, and obtained 
 employment at the Docks, eventually establishing himself as a 
 ship-broker. Possessed of an extraordinary capacity for 
 acquiring languages, he had a good knowledge of some of the 
 ancients, and understood several modern. He was an artist 
 of considerable power ; and was acquainted with the theory of 
 music. Ardently fond of natural science he devoted much 
 attention to Natural History and Geology, and was for some 
 time secretary to the Cotswold Field Club, to the transactions 
 of which he contributed some valuable papers. Heraldry, 
 Genealogy, and Gloucestershire Archaeology also engaged his 
 study, and, it is said, he made considerable collections towards 
 a new county history. Mr. J. P. Wilton, in a kindly 
 appreciative obituary record in the Gloucester Journal, 
 tells us that he was entirely self-taught ; and that while a 
 really learned man, he was generous in imparting his learning 
 to others. Keferring to his ancestry, Mr. Wilton says, " He 
 was the representative of that grim-looking old Alderman 
 John Jones, whose effigy hi his robes is now placed near the
 
 330 
 
 MEN OF SCIENCE. 
 
 statue of Jenner in the Cathedral, who was the representative 
 of Gloucester in Parliament at the time of the Gunpowder 
 Plot." Mr. Jones died at Leicester, January 5th, 1881, aged 
 sixty-three. 
 
 Dr. THOMAS WBIGHT, F.R.S., who was for many years 
 resident in Cheltenham, and for some time the Medical Officer 
 of Health for the Borough, was a man of high scientific 
 attainments ; and published several works on the geology and 
 paleontology of Cheltenham and the neighbourhood. He 
 died November 17, 1884, at the age of seventy-five. 
 
 A few days afterwards, November 24th, the death of 
 another eminent man connected with Cheltenham, and widely 
 known as an authority on agricultural matters, and on 
 geology, zoology and botany, was announced. J. JAMES. 
 BUCKMAN, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.S.A., was born at Cheltenham in 
 1816. " He was appointed," said a brief obituary notice, 
 " curator and resident professor at the Birmingham Philo- 
 sophical Institute in 1846, and from 1848 to 1863 held the 
 post of professor of geology and botany at the Royal Agri- 
 cultural College at Cirencester. He studied chemistry, botany, 
 and geology in London, and was for many years the hon. 
 secretary and lecturer of the Cheltenham Philosophical 
 Institute." Professor Buckman was author of several well- 
 known works, including " The Chart of the Cotteswold 
 Hills," "The Geology of the Cotteswolds," "Our Triangle: 
 Letters on the Geology, Botany, and Archaeology of the 
 Neighbourhood of Cheltenham," " The Ancient Straits of 
 Malvern, or, an Account of the former Marine Conditions 
 which separated England from Wales," " The Remains of 
 Roman Art," and " History of British Grasses." He 
 also contributed a large number of papers to the British 
 Association for the Advancement of Science, and to the 
 Geological Society; besides articles and prize essays in the 
 "Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society," papers in the 
 "Bath and West of England Society's Journal," articles in 
 Morton's " Cyclopaedia of Agriculture," and in agricultural
 
 MEN OF SCIENCE. 831 
 
 and other journals. Mr. Buckman enriched Cirencester with 
 a fine museum of Eoman antiquities, and with a large 
 collection of fossils. The former were deposited in the 
 Corinium Museum and the latter at the Royal Agricultural 
 College. He conducted his large farm at Bradford Abbas, 
 Dorset, on model principles, and had won many prizes for root 
 cultivation. For the last few years he had devoted himself 
 to the study of many of the most important agricultural 
 questions. He was hon. secretary of the Dorset Field Club." 
 
 From 1851 till 1863, Dr. AUGUSTUS VOELCKEB, F.E.S., the 
 distinguished analytical Chemist, filled the office of Professor 
 at the Eoyal Agricultural College at Cirencester, and resided 
 at the Cranhams, a pleasant house outside the town. His 
 researches and labours were unceasing, and his reputation 
 rose so high that in 1857 he became consulting Chemist to 
 the Eoyal Agricultural Society of England, a post which he 
 held up to his death. His removal to London, in 1863, was 
 greatly regretted by the students at the College, and also by 
 his friends in Cirencester, where he was highly esteemed as a 
 truly worthy man. He died at Kensington Dec. 5, 1884, 
 aged sixty-two. One who had very vivid and pleasant 
 recollections of him during his residence at Cirencester wrote, 
 " How sincere was his friendship how true his sympathy ! 
 How ready was he at all times to aid in efforts for the good 
 of others !" His scientific writings are very numerous. He 
 is succeeded in his profession by his second son, Dr. John 
 Voelcker, a native of Cirencester. 
 
 Sir John Hawkins, in his " History of Music," gives the 
 following brief account of a seventeenth century Gloucester 
 organist: "STEPHEN JEFFERIES, in 1680, being then but twenty 
 years of age, was elected organist of Gloucester Cathedral, 
 which office he held thirty-four years. He composed a fine 
 melody which the chimes of the Cathedral continue to play to 
 this day. He died in 1712, and lies buried in the east 
 ambulatory of the cloister. The choirmen of Gloucester 
 relate that to cure him of a habit of staying late at the
 
 832 MEN OF SCIENCE. 
 
 tavern, his wife dressed up a fellow in a winding-sheet, with 
 directions to meet him with a lantern and candle in the 
 cloisters, through which he was to pass on his way home, but 
 that, in attempting to terrify him, Jefferies expressed his 
 wonder only by saying, " I thought all you spirits had been 
 abed before this time!" That Jefferies was a man of singular 
 character we have another proof in the following story related 
 
 of him. A singer with a good voice, from a distant church, 
 had been requested and had undertaken to sing a solo anthem 
 in Gloucester Cathedral, and for that purpose took his station 
 at the elbow of the organist in the organ-loft. Jefferies, who 
 found him trip in the performance, instead of palliating his 
 mistake and setting him right, immediately rose from his 
 seat, and leaning over the gallery, called out aloud to the 
 choir and the whole congregation, " He can't sing it ! " 
 
 The last eleven years of the life of that distinguished 
 musical composer Dr. SAMUEL SEBASTIAN WESLEY were 
 spent in Gloucester. During that period he held .the post of 
 organist at the Cathedral, to which he was appointed in 1865. 
 Previous to this he had successively filled similar positions in 
 the cathedrals of Hereford, Exeter, and Winchester, and 
 gained a high reputation not only as the first organ player of 
 the time, but also as a most accomplished musician. He had 
 presided at the opening of most of the largest organs which 
 had been erected, and many of his own compositions had 
 become well known. During his residence at Gloucester his 
 extraordinary talents continued to be exercised with his 
 
 characteristic diligence, so that his fame still spread. Dr. 
 Wesley conducted the annual Festival of the Three Choirs 
 which was held at Worcester the year before his death, when 
 some of his own pieces were included in the performances. 
 Among the works he published his " Twelve Anthems," now 
 generally used in English cathedrals and churches, may be 
 considered one of the most important. 
 
 The death of this gifted man took place at his residence, 
 in Palace Yard (the house in which Robert Baikes was born),
 
 MEN OF SCIENCE. 333 
 
 on April 19, 1876. He was buried at Exeter, and there is a 
 memorial tablet to his memory in the north aisle of the 
 Cathedral of that city. 
 
 FRANK HATTON, son of Mr. Joseph Hatton, was born at 
 Horfield, near Bristol, August 31, 1861, and was a young man 
 of remarkable attainments and rich promise. He " developed 
 singular versatility of talent at a very early age. Fond of 
 music, he became a skilful pianist, and could play several other 
 instruments moderately well. He could ride, swim, shoot, and 
 skate, and had some long spins on the tricycle ; he played 
 chess with great skill, spoke French with a perfect accent, 
 wrote his native language with the polish of a gentleman and 
 the finish of a scholar ; was a master of Malay, the Italian 
 of the East, and was versed in Dusun, one of the local 
 tongues of Borneo ; and was an authority in the water 
 filtrations, and the actions of force on lacteria, and in other 
 matters of scientific research." After being some time at 
 Marcy College, in France, he became a student of King's 
 College School, where in 1878 he obtained the third place in 
 the Oxford and Cambridge Examinations. Electing to be a 
 chemist and mining engineer, he pursued further studies at 
 the School of Mines. Before he was twenty he left England 
 for the islands of the Eastern archipelago, and was soon 
 engaged by the Government of Sabah as a scientific explorer. 
 In the course of eighteen months he explored a great part of 
 North Borneo, doing " a remarkable amount of solid work 
 right on the equator, in a country without roads, thick with a 
 jungle-growth of centuries, its rivers the home of the crocodile, 
 its forests primeval, abounding with animal life, and peopled 
 by half-naked savages, many of whom had never before seen 
 a white man." While on a fresh expedition in the north- 
 eastern district, to determine the geological character of the 
 Seguama Eiver, he was unfortunately shot by his own rifle,, 
 which became entangled in a strong growth of vines in a 
 jungle through which he was making his way. This sad 
 event by which his most interesting and promising career
 
 884 MEN OF SCIENCE. 
 
 was thus suddenly closed in his 22nd year, occurred on 
 March 1, 1888. 
 
 Many testimonies prove that high moral qualities were 
 associated with the great mental powers of this gifted youth, 
 his brave, upright, tender-hearted and modest character 
 winning the esteem and affection of a large circle of friends. 
 Of the tender regard in which he was held by those who 
 accompanied him in his explorations a beautiful and touching 
 proof was given at the time of his death. " One of the 
 most affecting acts followed. Eleven of the native followers 
 under the direction of Mr. Beveridge [his fellow explorer] 
 paddled the body to Soudakan by river and sea, a distance of 
 nearly 170 miles. They did not sleep night or day for 53 
 hours. They only rested three times to cook and eat a little 
 rice." Well may his early death be accounted " a loss to the 
 world generally." 
 
 The Lancet of January 1, 1887, in an obituary notice of 
 ALFRED WILTSHIRE, M.D., F.K.C.P., spoke of the loss sustained 
 by his early death as being " scarcely less felt by the world of 
 science than by his friends and family." Dr. Wiltshire was a 
 native of Gloucester. Members of his family had been 
 yeomen in this county and in Worcestershire. His father was 
 landlord of the Duke of York Inn at the Quay, where Alfred 
 was born. After his education at a private school, he was 
 apprenticed to Mr. Thomas Pearce, chemist and druggist, in 
 Westgate Street. Medical and other scientific studies, com- 
 menced at this time, were further pursued at University College 
 in London. Examinations were successfully passed, and 
 general practice was commenced in the metropolis. In 1868 
 he became a member of the Eoyal College of Physicians, and 
 in 1878 he was elected a Fellow. Accomplished as a general 
 physician, distinguished as a surgeon, holding several important 
 public appointments, and the author of some valuable treatises, 
 he did a large amount of sterling work and won a deservedly 
 high reputation.
 
 AGRICULTURISTS 
 
 AND 
 MEN OF BUSINESS. 
 
 MR. JOHN C. MOETON, himself a native of this 
 countv, has written a series of interesting articles in 
 the "Agricultural Gazette," on the Agriculture and 
 Agriculturists of Gloucestershire. Many men landowners 
 anrt tenant farmers well known for their ability and enter- 
 prise, are briefly named, and in some instances graphically 
 sketched. Several of these we have already noticed. Mr. 
 JOHN SMITH, who occupied Bowldown, in the parish of 
 Didmarton, is described as a " Tenant-farmer of the Eighteenth 
 Century." The materials for the interesting picture are 
 obtained from Mr. Smith's own letters and memoranda. 
 From 1744 till 1790 he was farming with energy and success. 
 With a fine honest English character ; of strong common 
 sense ; a public-spirited and travelled man, writing vigorous 
 English, reading Virgil's Georgics ; hearty and hospitable 
 in his friendships ; simply and sincerely religious, reverencing 
 Sunday, the Bible, and divine service ; he must be regarded 
 as a superior type of the class of that period to which he 
 belonged. 
 
 " A Tenant-farmer of the Nineteenth Century," is a still 
 more interesting sketch. 
 
 " The house lay a mile or more on the hill- side below. 
 An Elizabethan court-house, with moat and big surrounding 
 garden tithe-bain, too, one of the most noteworthy in the 
 county the richest grazing grounds around it. and upland 
 dairy pastures farther off. The dairy of 100 cows, its
 
 886 AGRICULTURISTS AND MEN OF BUSINESS. 
 
 labourers, its master and its mistress together, were a picture 
 of wholesome English country life with labour enough, no 
 doubt, from morning till night, but with enjoyment also. 
 Nor were the public duties of such a life evaded or neglected. 
 Promoter of agricultural improvement, active member of the 
 county agricultural societies, exhibitor at the Bath and West 
 of England and elsewhere, guardian of the poor, church- 
 warden parish, union, county representative, holding every 
 office in everything that became his station, this ideal tenant- 
 farmer found enjoyment in them all." 
 
 Proceeding in his description, Mr. Morton represents this 
 worthy as having been in full sympathy with improvement 
 everywhere, welcoming Political Eeforms, Kailways, and 
 Agricultural Societies ; having no sneer for book-farming and 
 no contempt for science ; and proving himself the best 
 practical farmer and the best country neighbour Mr. Morton 
 had ever known. 
 
 No name is given, but those who heard the lecture from 
 which these extracts are taken, delivered at Kingscote more 
 than twenty years ago, readily recognised the late DRINKWATER 
 SCOTT HAYWARD, of Frocester Court, as the original of this 
 faithful and pleasing delineation. 
 
 Extending his view over hill and vale, Mr. Morton 
 affords much information and mentions many interesting 
 biographical facts. Speaking specially of the .Cotswold 
 farmers he says " Many of the old names remain : Holborow, 
 Rich, lies, Lane, Euck, Game, Hewer." He is not 
 attempting a full enumeration of names, familiar as household 
 words on the hills, or he would have added Barton, Wells, 
 Hanks, Bowly, Comley, Fletcher, Handy, and many another 
 famous tiller of wold acres, or noted master of fleecy flock, or 
 renowned breeder of choice Shorthorns. 
 
 To the names mentioned in connection with the vale how 
 many more might be added ! Among others that of Mr. 
 DANIEL LONG of the Court House, Whaddon, near Gloucester, 
 would be a prominent one. When on December 4, 1885, he
 
 AGRICULTURISTS AND MEN OF BUSINESS. 337 
 
 died in his sixty-sixth year, there was abundant testimony to 
 his numerous and various labours for the promotion of the 
 interests of agriculture. 
 
 " Future writers will, we are sure, acknowledge the large 
 debt of gratitude due by English agriculture to Mr. EDWARD 
 HOLLAND, of Dumbleton Hall." These words written many 
 years before Mr. Holland's death, have been abundantly 
 fulfilled. Mr. Morton expresses the opinion that not this 
 county only, but agricultural England generally is more 
 indebted to him than to any other one man.' 
 
 Born in 1806, the son of Mr. Swinton Holland, Edward 
 was educated at Cambridge, and on the death of his father in 
 1827, became possessor of the Dumbleton estates. He built 
 the family mansion, and proceeded to effect great improve- 
 ments in the property generally. From 1833 to 1837 he 
 sat in Parliament as representative for East Worcestershire. 
 He also held office as High Sheriff of this County, and in 
 1853, unsuccessfully contested East Gloucestershire with the 
 late Sir Michael Hicks Beach, Bart, But his heart was in 
 Agriculture and in a variety of ways he promoted its best 
 interests. The chief of these was the establishment of the 
 Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester, which was effected 
 almost entirely by the earnest and disinterested efforts of Mr. 
 Robert Brown and himself. His interest in local Agricultural 
 Societies was such as led to his appointment as President in 
 several instances. He was also a member of the Council of 
 the Royal Agricultural Society. 
 
 He was deeply concerned for the material, social, and 
 moral improvement of farm labourers, and, under his kind 
 and thoughtful efforts, Dumbleton came to 'be regarded as a 
 model village. He has been described as a " polished, 
 courteous, genial gentleman," who among all within the 
 sphere of his influence sought to inculcate 
 
 " Some sense of duty, something of a faith, 
 
 Some reverence for the laws ourselves have made ; 
 
 Some patient force to change them when we will ; 
 
 Some civic manhood firm against the crowd."
 
 838 AGRICULTURISTS AND MEN OF BUSINESS. 
 
 As an advanced Liberal and an earnest Freetrader, he 
 experienced rather ungracious treatment from some of his 
 own class : all this he effectually lived down. Even a 
 Conservative paper, writing of him at the time of his death, 
 respectfully acknowledged that he had " always been in 
 advance of the times." 
 
 His death occurred unexpectedly, after two or three days' 
 illness. He was buried at Dumbleton Church, where a 
 monument bears the following inscription : "In memory of 
 Edward Holland, of Dumbleton, son of Swinton Colthurst 
 Holland : Born Feb. llth, 1806 : Died Jan. 4th, 1875. ' Thou 
 shalt keep him in perfect peace whose mind is stayed on 
 Thee, because he trusteth in Thee.' ' 
 
 With the manufactures, mines, ports, and trade of this 
 county many men of marked business power and enterprise 
 have been connected. Several have been noticed; to enu- 
 merate all would be impossible ; but a few more may be 
 briefly mentioned. 
 
 " THOMAS BELL," says Fuller, "born in this county, was 
 twice Mayor of the City of Gloucester, and raised his estate 
 by God's blessing on his industry and ingenuity, being one of 
 the first that brought the trade of Capping into the City. 
 Hereby he got great wealth, sufficient to maintain the degree 
 of Knighthood, which King Henry the Eighth (as I take it) 
 bestowed on him. He bought from the Crown, Black-Friers, 
 by the South-gate in this City, and reformed the ruines thereof 
 into a beautiful house for himself ; and hard by it erected an 
 Alms-house [Kimbrose] and endowed it with competent 
 Eevenues. This Sir Thomas died in the beginning of the 
 Raign of Queen Elizabeth." 
 
 He is buried in St. Mary de Crypt Church, where there is 
 a tomb to his memory with a long rhyming inscription telling 
 in quaint terms of his honours and his virtues, and closing 
 
 thus : 
 
 " When he had runne of fowerscore years the race, 
 Whose spryte in May, as pleasyd God prefyxe, 
 The syxe and twentie day, and yere of grace
 
 AGRICULTURISTS AND MEN OF BUSINESS. 839 
 
 A thowsand fjve hundred threscore and syxe, 
 This ayer fled into the heavenly sky, 
 Where he, God graunt, an everlastynge tyme 
 In joye may lyue, and never more to die." 
 
 Of HUGH PIKRY, born at Wotton-under-Edge, Fuller tells 
 us that he " was bred a merchant in London whereof he 
 became Sheriff in 1682. He brought the best Servant that 
 ever hath or ever will come to the town of Wotton : I mean 
 the Water which in his life time, on his own cost, he derived 
 thither, to the great benefit of the Inhabitants." " He left 
 1000 for building and endowing a fair Almshouse." 
 
 Gloucester was long famous for its Bell Foundry. The 
 earliest known name connected with it is that of WILLIAM 
 HENSHAWE, who resided in Eastgate Street, and was five times 
 Mayor of the City. He died in 1500, and is buried in St. 
 Michael's Church, where there was a brass of very curious 
 workmanship to the memory of himself and two wives. 
 
 The reputation of the RUDHALLS, who for several 
 generations carried on this business, spread far and wide and 
 during their time from the latter part of the 17th century to 
 within the last sixty years they sent out about 5,000 bells ; 
 some of which were for the East and West Indies and North 
 and South America ; as well as others for all parts of Great 
 Britain and Ireland. Monuments to various members of this 
 family are in the north aisle of the Cathedral. 
 
 The chief industry of Gloucester for many years was that 
 of pin-making, which was introduced in 1626, by JOHN TYLSLEY. 
 From an agreement between Tylsley and the Corporation, 
 Counsel transcribes several extracts, the first running thus : 
 " Nono die Februarii, Anno Dni, 1626. Memorandum. Ytt 
 is agreed the daye and year above wrytten between John 
 Tylsley, of the Cittie of Bristoll, Pynmaker, of the one partie, 
 and the Mayor and Burgesses of the Citte of Glouc. on the 
 other pte. in manner and form following, viz " The 
 conditions seem to have been fair and liberal, and the wise 
 and public spirited action of the Corporation brought an
 
 340 AGRICULTURISTS AND MEN OF BUSINESS. 
 
 industry which flourished for more than 200 years in the city, 
 and which should never have been lost. 
 
 The life of the late Sir SAMUEL STEPHENS MARLING, Bart., 
 was one of remarkable business activity. He was born 
 April 10th, 1810, at the Ham cloth mills, near Stroud, which 
 his father Mr. William Marling then occupied. Before he 
 had reached his majority he joined his father and elder 
 brother Thomas in the business, and took an active part in 
 the work of the factory. After a time the firm removed to 
 Ebley Mill, which they had purchased ; and Samuel having 
 married Miss Cartwright, of Stroud, bought Stanley Park and 
 made the fine old mansion his residence. He subsequently 
 purchased Stanley Mills from his brother Nathaniel, and with 
 his two sons carried on business at both places. In 1868, he 
 was elected by a large majority as member for the Western 
 Division of the county ; and in 1875 contested Stroud with 
 Lord Bury and was returned by 206 majority. He retired 
 from active political life at the general election in 1880 ; and 
 in 1882 was created a baronet. Although a Nonconformist 
 Sir Samuel built and endowed the new church of All Saints 
 for the ecclesiastical parish of Selsley, formed out of King 
 Stanley in 1863. He died suddenly in his counting-house on 
 October 22, 1883. He is succeeded by his eldest son, Sir 
 William Henry Marling, Bart.
 
 CENT ENARIANS. 
 
 COUNTY of such varied physical features as Glou- 
 cestershire may be expected to possess some variety of 
 climate. Its Cotswold district affords high table lands 
 and sheltered valleys, outstanding hill spurs and hollowed 
 combes. The long green vale, through which the Severn 
 winds, is studded with many a pleasant eminence. The 
 surface of the Forest is rugged with wooded hills and dells. 
 Temperature of widely varying degrees necessarily prevails. 
 Between the soft sea-scented southerly winds of the vale, and 
 the bracing breezes of the hills, the traveller may find the 
 difference of a great coat on the same day. While none of 
 these districts are unhealthy some are especially salubrious. 
 Clifton as a health resort has long had a high repute for its 
 mild winter climate, while some of its loftier parts have been 
 described by an eminent medical authority as not only beau- 
 tifully situated, but " well adapted for invalids during summer 
 and autumn months." Old Indians and others requiring a 
 dry soil and genial atmosphere find Cheltenham admirably 
 suited to their needs. Cirencester, Stow-on-the-Wold, Chip- 
 ping Campden, Tetbury, Painswick, and Chipping Sodbury on 
 the hills ; Newnham and Frampton on opposite sides of the 
 Severn ; and Coleford in Dean Forest are accounted highly 
 healthy localities ; and many a spot on the Cotswold slopes is 
 sought by the weakly to regain strength, and by the strong to 
 experience the fulness and freshness of health. 
 
 Eemarkable facts as to longevity in different parts of the 
 county frequently appear in the local papers ; and the tomb- 
 stones, particularly in the village churchyards, afford numerous 
 examples. In the records of Centenarians many Gloucester-
 
 842 CENTENARIANS. 
 
 shire names are found, not a few being unusually interesting 
 and remarkable instances. The following list has been com- 
 piled largely from Bailey's " Eecords of Longevity;" but it 
 contains numerous cases, collected from other sources, and 
 some of which are of very recent date. 
 
 A chapel in Wapley Church, belonging to the Codrington 
 family, contains an inscription of the date of 1475, over the 
 tomb of John Codrington, the founder of that family, who 
 was 111 years old when he died. 
 
 In the Newent parish register there is the following entry : 
 "1602 Feb. 24th. Anne Wilson, buried, aged 115 years." 
 
 A monument in the church of Bourton-on-the-Hill records 
 the death of Sir Nicholas Overbury, in 1643, at more than 
 100 years of age. 
 
 In the register of Tetbury parish there is an extraordinary 
 account of Henry West, who in the reign of James I. resided 
 in the hamlet of Upton. He is said to have lived to the age 
 of 152 years ! A bible in the possession of one of his 
 descendants in the early part of this century, contained an 
 entry stating that West had five wives, by four of whom he 
 had no children, but by the fifth he had ten ; and that he lived 
 to see one hundred grandchildren, to each of whom he gave a 
 brass pot or kettle. 
 
 A raised tomb which formerly stood in St. Catherine's 
 Churchyard, Gloucester, bore the following inscription : 
 
 " Here lies old Mr. Richard Tully, 
 Who lived C and 3 years fully ; 
 He did the sword of the city beare, 
 Before the mayor thirty-one year. 
 Four wives he had, and here they lie, 
 All waiting Heaven's eternity. 
 
 He died March, 1619." 
 
 Cox, in his History of Gloucestershire, says that in 1708 
 there was living at Longhope a man named Thomas Bright 
 who was 130 years old, and not only retained his sight, but 
 had strength to walk. Counsel confirms this account and 
 gives some additional particulars.
 
 CENTENAKIANS. 843 
 
 The parish register of Salperton records the death of 
 Francis Cook, in March, 1721, at the age of 104. 
 
 Ann Grindall who died, probably at Brockweir, in the 
 parish of Hewelsfield, in 1741, was also 104. 
 
 In the churchyard of Child's Wickham is a grave stone 
 with the following inscription : " In Memory of Mary Lane, 
 She departed this Life Oct. 12 in 1741, Aged 133 years. 
 
 "Tis here within this silent ground 
 I wait to hear the Trumpet sound, 
 That I may rise among the blest, 
 To endless joy and perfect rest." 
 
 William Price, of Coleford, born in 1638, passed a bachelor 
 life till he was 75, when he married, and living till 1743 died 
 at the age of 105. 
 
 Mrs. Caleb of St. Martins [Eastleach ?] died in 1761, 
 aged 106. 
 
 Mr. Blocksum of Prestbury reached 103 years and died in 
 1761. 
 
 In 1764 no fewer than three centenarians died in this 
 county. At Newent John [or Joseph] Budge, who had 
 worked at his trade as a tailor till within four years of his 
 death, died at the age of 107. Mrs. Lane, of Norton, died at 
 the same age ; and Mary Isles, of Haiiham, at 104. The 
 sister of the last-mentioned had died about]five years before 
 aged 105. 
 
 John Dixey, of Cirencester, who reached 102 years, died 
 in 1765. 
 
 John James, of Abenhall, died a year younger in 1767. 
 
 Isaac Naish, of Coalpit Heath, died in 1771, at the age of 
 104. He had been married 81 years, and was survived by his 
 wife, who attained her 115th year. 
 
 Still more remarkable is the case of Mrs. Keithe, of 
 Newnham, who died in 1772. She is said to have reached 
 the age of 183 years and to have retained her faculties till 
 within a fortnight of her death. The longevity of her family 
 was also extraordinary, three of her daughters dying at the
 
 844 CENTENARIANS. 
 
 respective ages of 111, 110 and 109. She left seven great- 
 great-great-grandchildreu. 
 
 Newnham supplied another remarkable instance in Mrs. 
 Hopley, who was a contemporary of Mrs. Keithe, and died 
 the year following at the age of 114. 
 
 Sarah Duffield, of Lower Swell, died in 1774, aged 103. 
 
 Emmanuel Smithson, a Minister of the Society of Friends^ 
 was 101, when he died at Botwells, Clifton, in 1775. 
 
 Adam Devaile died at Stroud at the age of 102 in 1778. 
 
 Ann Davis, of Tetbury, who was also 102, died in 1786. 
 For the last thirty years of her life she never left her room,, 
 and yet would not allow a fire to be lighted in it. 
 
 Abraham Fishpool, of Henbury, died in 1791 aged 102. 
 Till within six months of his death he was a turnpike gate- 
 keeper. 
 
 Mary Clements, of St. Georges, lived 105 years in very 
 indigent circumstances, the whole latter part of her long life 
 being spent in a workhouse, where she died 1791. 
 
 Mrs. Church, of Stanton, after living 100 years, met with 
 her death by a fall down a flight of stairs, in 1797. 
 
 Ambrose Bennett, of Tetbury, born in 1694, died in 1800. 
 Of his 106 years he spent nearly 60 as a common soldier 
 seeing much service, fighting in many battles during the 
 reigns of Queen Ann and the three Georges. 
 
 William Jones, of English Bicknor, at the age of 106 
 thatched his own cottage, and lived under its roof till he wa& 
 107, when he died in 1800. 
 
 Mrs. Lawrence, of Gloucester, a " monthly nurse " must 
 have seen the entrance and exit of many of its citizens 
 during her long life of 105 years which closed in 1806. 
 
 Tobias Fox, of Doynton, who also died hi 1806 had just 
 completed his century. 
 
 Mrs. Williams, of Bitton, a widow, died in 1810 aged 102. 
 
 Ann Robins, a widow, died at Newnham at the age of 108 
 in 1810. She held the office of sexton at the Parish Church 
 for 50 years ; and in her 100th year appeared in the
 
 CENTENARIANS. 345 
 
 Assize Court at Gloucester to give evidence in some case of 
 importance. 
 
 James Dobbs, of Htmtley, aged 100, also died in 1810, 
 making the third centenarian who died in the county during 
 that year. 
 
 In 1812 Mary Jones, of Berkeley, died at the age of 101. 
 Mr. Fippin, of Taynton, died at 100 in 1813, and Mrs. 
 Phillips, a widow, died at Weston-sub-edge at the same age in 
 the same year. 
 
 Mary Bennett, of Longford, near Gloucester, died in 1820, 
 aged 105. 
 
 John Maddox, of HoUoway Head, near North wick, lived 
 to be 121, and died in 1824. 
 
 As proofs of the salubrity of Gloucester and the longevity 
 of its inhabitants, Mr. G. W. Counsel writing in 1829, says 
 there were then living and in perfect health two old women 
 Elizabeth Yates, aged 104 years, and Sarah Bower 102. " In 
 the suburbs of the City," he adds, " Mr. Jackson died a few 
 years since, at the age of 104, and his neighbour Dame 
 Smith, aged 100." 
 
 In Upper Cam Churchyard there is a tombstone to the 
 Memory of Joseph White, who died June 12, 1837, aged 103. 
 It was erected by Lord Segrave, afterwards Earl Fitzhardinge. 
 
 Mary Evans, of Lydney, died at 100 in 1846. 
 
 A lady is said to have been living at Woodmancote, [near 
 Bishop's Cleeve or Dursley ?] in 1850 who was then 103 years 
 old. Her two sons were respectively 80 and 70. She partook 
 of fruit from a tree she had planted in 1760. 
 
 A gravestone in Amberley Churchyard records the death 
 of Mary Buckingham, of Eodborough, October 26, 1851, at 
 the age of 101 years. 
 
 Mrs. Wait, of Hambrook, who died in 1856, was 107 years 
 old. At 95 she walked daily from Hambrook to Bristol and 
 back making altogether a distance of ten miles. 
 
 Probably the oldest man living in England in 1868 was 
 Kichard Purser, of Leckhampton. He worked as an
 
 846 CENTENARIANS. 
 
 agricultural labourer till his 105th year. Though ceasing to 
 do regular work he was still of active habits. Two or three 
 years before his death he walked to Cirencester, a distance of 
 thirteen miles, to visit some friends ; and a day or two 
 afterwards walked back. Avoiding a short cut across some 
 water meadows at Stratton, he remarked that having lived so 
 long he should not like to be " drownded at last." He died 
 October 12, 1868, aged 112. 
 
 Thomas Fisher who " walked to be baptised " on October 
 11, 1767, died at Sapperton on October 11, 1869. 
 
 Sarah Dash of Ham, died in May, 1879, aged 101 ; and 
 was buried in Berkeley Cemetery. 
 
 Sophia Vowles, of the neighbourhood of Bourton, died 
 November 9, 1882, aged 100. 
 
 Two centenarians who appear to have been born on the same 
 day, November 4th, 1784, died in almost neighbouring parishes 
 in January, 1885. Mrs. Charlotte Kingdom, a widow lady, 
 died at Cirencester, on the 16th of that month ; and Mr. 
 Lambot Gardiner died at Chedworth, on the 24th. Both had 
 largely retained their health and mental faculties till within a 
 short time of death. Mr. Gardiner was busy in the harvest 
 field the previous summer, and excepting deafness seemed as 
 hale and hearty as ever. He was buried in the same grave as 
 his wife in Ampney St. Mary churchyard. Mrs. Kingdom 
 rests in the beautiful cemetery at Stroud. 
 
 Mary Broben, who retained all her faculties, died in her 
 103 year, at Blakeney, November 16th, 1885. 
 
 The papers have lately recorded the death of Mrs. Pearse 
 who was born in Gloucestershire in August, 1778, and died at 
 Limehouse, February, 1887. 
 
 Myriack Lock and his wife, two gipsies, who are buried in 
 Hillsley Churchyard, lived to be respectively 99 and 100 
 years old. 
 
 In the records of longevity there are many statements too 
 incredible for modern belief. Yet it seems to have been 
 believed that "in the reign of James I. eight old men, all
 
 CENTENARIANS. 347 
 
 belonging to one Manor in Gloucestershire, whose ages added 
 together made as many centuries, danced a Morris dance !" 
 Chancellor Parsons gravely repeats the statement of Bishop 
 Bull who told him that during his twenty- seven years 
 residence at Siddington he had buried ten of his parishioners 
 whose united ages amounted to a thousand years ! One who 
 knew this parish during an equally long period from 1852 to 
 1879 remembers many aged people, some over ninety but 
 not one who had completed a century.
 
 PATRON SAINTS. 
 
 LIST of the various Saints to whom the Churches of our 
 County are dedicated, reveals some singular facts, and 
 may suggest some curious enquiries. 
 
 Of 385 churches no fewer than 70 are dedicated to the 
 mother of Jesus. Of this number 60, of which Tewkesbury Abbey 
 is one, are consecrated to her as St. Mary ; 9 as St. Mary the 
 Virgin, or the Blessed Virgin, and one Down Hatherly to 
 St. Mary and Corpus Christi. The Apostles receive like 
 honour in 112 instances ; the most favoured of " the glorious 
 company " being St, Peter, whose name has been given to the 
 Cathedral Church and 34 others. St. James comes next with 
 22, followed by St. Andrew with 16 and St. Bartholmew 
 with 11. St. John has 8 only, but 4 more are dedicated to 
 him as the Evangelist. St. Matthew also has 8 and St. 
 Paul 7, while St. Thomas has but 2, and St. Barnabas 1. The 
 fine old church at Northleach is dedicated to SS. Peter 
 and Paul, and the modern churches at Hucclecote and 
 Leckhampton to SS. Philip and James. No fewer than 18, 
 including the grand Abbey Church of Cirencester, are called 
 after St. John the Baptist while St. Mark and St. Luke 
 have only 2 each. St. Simon and St. Jude have been quite 
 passed by; so had the first martyr till the new Church at 
 Tivoli, Cheltenham, was dedicated to St. Stephen. St. 
 Michael rivals the most popular Apostles, having 22 in his 
 own name, and 3 in that and "All the Angels." Mary 
 Magdalene is tutelary saint in 8 instances. 
 
 The term " Christ Church " is applied to 6 : 2 are 
 consecrated to the Holy Jesus, and 20 to the Holy Trinity.
 
 PATBON SAINTS. 849 
 
 The Holy Eood is honoured at Daglinworth, and the Holy 
 Ooss at Ampney Crucis, Avening, and Owlpen. The Holy 
 Innocents are commemorated by the beautiful church at 
 Highnam. The Saxon phrase All Hullowes at South Cerney, 
 is Latinised into All Saints at North Cerney and 18 other 
 places. 
 
 Some scores of other dedications are to Saints whose 
 names must be looked for in the Church Calendar. To the 
 martyred St. Lawence there are 11, and to the Patron Saint 
 and Champion St. George 7, St. Nicholas has 9 and St. 
 Swithin 5, St. Oswald 4, SS. Edward, Giles, Leonard, and 
 Martin, have 3 each and St. Knelm 2. Thomas A. Becket is 
 honoured as saint and martyr at Pucklechurch and Todenham. 
 Among the solitary instances are St. Aldate, Gloucester ; St. 
 Christopher, Baunton ; St. Cyril, Storehouse ; St. Cyr, 
 Stinchcombe ; St. Ethelbert, Littledean ; St. Saviour, Coalpit 
 Heath ; and St. David at Moreton-in-the-Marsh. A St. 
 Owens, which stood outside the Southgate Gate at Gloucester, 
 and was, it is said, especially intended for the Welsh of the 
 neighbourhood, was destroyed by the citizens at the time of 
 the siege in 1643, to prevent its being occupied by the 
 besiegers. 
 
 The dedications to non-Biblical female saints are less 
 numerous. St. Catherine and St. Margaret have 5 each ; 
 St. Anne 3, and St. Helen 2. The name of St. Adeline is 
 perpetuated in the small church at Little Sodbury, built after 
 the model of that in which Tyndale preached, and bearing the 
 same name. St. Arila the Virgin is kept in memory at 
 Oldbury-on-the-Hill ; St. Barbara at Ashton-under-the-Hill ; 
 St. Ethelburga at Ebrington, and St. Mary de Malmsbury at 
 Littleton- on- Severn . 
 
 Of 15 churches the names are unknown or uncertain ; 
 these are Aston Sommerville, Aust, Charlton Abbotts, Clapton, 
 Cow Honeyboiirne, Hailes, Lemington, Matson, Oldbury-on- 
 Severn, Pitchcombe, Snowshill, Stanley Poutlarge, Upleadon, 
 Whittington and Yanworth.
 
 850 PATKON SAINTS. 
 
 It is somewhat strange that no church is dedicated to St. 
 White, who appears to have been a popular saint in the fertile 
 vale, where offerings of big cheeses were made at his shrine. 
 Tyndale refers to this custom, and his biographer Demaus 
 supplies the following explanatory note : 
 
 " Gloucester being an agricultural county, in which the 
 interests of the dairies were supreme, it was deemed necessary 
 to invoke the assistance of a special saint to protect the cream 
 and the cheese against the accidents of the weather and the 
 depredations of the fairies and the Welshmen. The saint 
 selected for this purpose was Saint White, a personage by no 
 means familiar even to persons deeply rtad in hagiology. 
 Tyndale (Works, Vol. II. p. 126) speaks of the saint as a 
 female, assuming, no doubt, that she was a canonized dairy- 
 maid ; but more learned doctors affirm that St. White, or St. 
 Witta, was in reality a German bishop of the eighth century, 
 one of the Saxon companions of the famous Winfrid, or 
 Boniface, the ' Apostle of Germany.' "
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 "N a life-long residence in the county, and in the researches 
 necessary for the compilation of these biographical works, 
 many interesting instances of remarkable ability, thirst 
 after knowledge, love of science, musical talent, skih 1 in art, 
 active benevolence, high religious principle, fortitude in afflic- 
 tion, and perseverance in well-doing, have been found, in addi- 
 tion to those which are placed on record. They have been met 
 with in all ranks. The humbler classes have supplied a fair 
 share. Among our agricultural peasantry, our mill workers, 
 our colliers and miners, as also among our skilled artisans and 
 mechanics, there has been many a man strong of mind and 
 large of heart ; many a man noble in aim and useful in life. 
 In the majority of cases keeping the noiseless tenour of their 
 way, they sought no great change in their social position, 
 and were laid to rest in lowly graves. Here and there a 
 gravestone bears the name and tells of the work and worth of 
 one and another who, unknown beyond their own narrow 
 sphere, yet, so well filled that little space, as doubtless to 
 receive at last that highest commendation : " Well done, 
 good and faithful servant." 
 
 It would have been pleasant to have extended these Notes 
 so as to have included many of these omitted names ; but 
 there are limits to a writer's space and to a reader's patience. 
 Besides, all should not be done by one : room should be left 
 for the operations of others in the same field. 
 
 It is more satisfactory to know that the Worthies who have 
 been named are but samples of many others who are unrecorded 
 than to imagine that our list includes all who are worth
 
 852 CONCLUSION. 
 
 chronicling. Still more satisfactory is it to have abundant 
 evidence of numberless instances in which good and noble 
 and useful lives are now being lived by men of our County, 
 the names of some of whom are destined to secure honourable 
 record in the pages of some future writer of " GLOTJCESTEKSHIBE 
 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES."
 
 INDEX 
 
 Of Names connected with Gloucestershire mentioned in this 
 
 Volume. 
 
 Adams, xn., 171 
 Alan of Tewkesbury, 298 
 Alexander of Hailes, 21)8 
 Andrews, 118 
 Atkyns, 41, 89 
 
 B 
 
 Bacon, 137 
 
 Baker, 163, 169, 217, 240, 241 
 
 Ballard, 320 
 
 Barksdale, 317 
 
 Barren, 166 
 
 Bartlett, 4t 
 
 Barton, 62, 336 
 
 Bathurst, 178, 222, 228 
 
 Batten, 315 
 
 Bayne-, 110 
 
 Baynham, x., 41 
 
 Beaufort, 216 
 
 Bell, 338 
 
 Bellows, 183 
 
 Benefield, 299 
 
 Bengough, 245, 250 
 
 Bennett, 344, 345 
 
 Berkeley, 59, 249 
 
 Bickersteth, 305 
 
 Biddle, xi. 
 
 Billett, 248 
 
 Billingsley, 53 
 
 Birt, 229 
 
 Biscoe, 173 
 
 Bishop, 252 
 
 Blackwell, xi. 
 
 Blocksum, 343 
 
 Bluck, 98 
 
 Boevey, 58, 60 
 
 Bond, 146 
 
 Bower, 345 
 
 Bowly, 201, 336 
 
 Boyd, 303 
 
 Bradley, 103, 226 
 
 Bright, 342 
 
 Broben, 346 
 
 Brooke-Hunt, 296 
 
 Brooks, xn. 
 
 Brown, 313, 337 
 
 B (continued.) 
 
 Brunsdon, 221 
 
 Browning, xiv. 
 
 Bubo, 189 
 
 Buchanan, 200 
 
 Buckingham, 345 
 
 Buckman, 330 
 
 Bull, xii., 53, 58, 347 
 
 Burchell, xiv. 
 
 Burder, 175, 254,- 257, 328 
 
 Burrup, xiv. 
 
 Butler, 305 
 
 Caleb, 343 
 Callow, 47 
 Cambridge, 140 
 Camps, 170 
 Canton, 137 
 Canynge, 5, 7 
 Capel, xi. 
 Carpenter, 1 
 Chadborn, 294 
 Chamberlayne, 318 
 Charlton, 169 
 Chedworth, 2, 320 
 Chillmead, 300 
 Church, 344 
 Clements, 344 
 Close, 302 
 Cocks, 39 
 Codrington, 342 
 Colchester, xiv., 60, 228 
 Cole, xn. 
 Collett, 310 
 Comley, 336 
 Cook, 145. 343 
 Corbet, xi. 
 Cother, 169 
 Cossham, 236 
 Counsel, 50, 125 
 I'oxeter, 319 
 Crawley, 228 
 < 'ropper, 47 
 Cross, xiv. 
 Cudworth, 114, 128 
 Curtis, 215
 
 354 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 D 
 
 H 
 
 Dash, 346 
 
 
 Davis, 344 
 
 Hadwen, 161 
 
 Deane, 299 
 
 Hale, xi., 336 
 
 Dent, 9, 21 
 
 Hall, 53, 236 
 
 Devaile, 344 
 
 Handy, 336 
 
 Dickinson, 171, 263, 289 
 
 Hanks, 336 
 
 Dixey, 343 
 
 Harding, 162 
 
 Dobbs, 345 
 
 Hardwicke, 107, 114 
 
 Dobell, 170, 273 
 
 Harmer, 153 
 
 Dorney, xn., 76 
 
 Harris, xi. 
 
 Dorington, 247, 280 
 
 Hartley, 20 
 
 Downe, 94, 98 
 
 Hatton, 333 
 
 Drew, 230 
 
 Hayward, 214, 336 
 
 Drewett, xn. 
 
 Hele, 324 
 
 Drowry, x. 
 
 Henshawe, 339 
 
 Ducie, xm , 178, 180, 2 1C. 
 
 Hewer, 336 
 
 Duffield, 344 
 
 Hicks Beach, 17S, 187, 337 
 
 Dunce, xi. 
 
 Higgs, 252, 254, 2U4 
 
 E 
 
 Hill, 126 
 
 Edwards, 160 
 
 Hirons, 221 
 
 Eedes, 38 
 
 Hogg, xn. 
 
 Eldon, 2 
 
 Holborow, 336 
 
 Elliott, 160 
 
 Holland, 187, 337 
 
 Ellicott, 33, 203, 217, 286 
 
 Hood, xv., 315 
 
 Ellis, ix., 155 
 
 Hooper, x. 
 
 Emeris, 203 
 
 Hopkins, 38, 40, 53 
 
 Evans, 50, 261, 329, 345 
 
 Hopley, 344 
 
 Evanson, 301 
 
 Hort, 100 
 
 
 
 Howe, 325 
 
 F 
 Fairer, 240 
 Faulkner, 274 
 Fettyplace, 52 
 Fewster, 181 
 Fippen, 345 
 Fisher, 346 
 
 Howitt, 229 
 Hulls, 139 
 Huntingdon, 300 
 Kurd, 110, 119, 128 
 Hyatt, 253, 255, 2t>-l 
 Hyett, 170, 182, ISO, 20G. 270 
 
 Fishpool, 344 
 
 1 
 
 Fitzhardinge, 345 
 
 1 
 
 Flavel, xi. 
 
 lies, 336 
 
 Fletcher, xi., 169, 3.% 
 
 Isles, 313 
 
 Forbes, xi., 54, (!_', 7 
 
 
 Fowler, 69, 84 
 
 ,1 
 
 Foster, 220 
 
 u 
 
 Fox, 22, 344 
 
 Jackson, 345 
 
 Frampton, 50 
 
 James, 343 
 
 Francillon, 271 
 
 Jane, 123 
 
 Frith, 200 
 
 Jefferies, 331 
 
 Fulljames, 2G8 
 
 Jeffs, 77 
 
 
 Jenkins, XII. 
 
 
 Jenner, XIII. 
 
 Gardiner, 92, 185, 34(3 
 Game, 336 
 
 Jennings, xiv. 
 Jones, 40, 155, :.'(., 228, 309, 3'JH, 
 
 Gee, 247 
 
 344, 345 
 
 Geree, 300 
 
 Juxon, 29 
 
 Girdlestone, 343 
 
 
 Glover, 28(5 
 
 
 Goodman, 56, 299 
 
 
 Graves, 322 
 
 Keble, xiv. 
 
 Gregory, xi., 64 
 Grindall, 343 
 
 Keithe, 343 
 Kendall, 251 
 
 Guise, 46, 48, 92, 136, 294, 319 
 
 Kingdom, 346 
 
 Gwilliam, \i. 
 Gyde, 185 
 
 Kingscote, 235 
 Knight, xiv.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 355 
 
 L 
 
 P (continued. 1 
 
 
 Lance, 145 
 Lane, 155, 33G, 313 
 Langton, xi. 
 Law, 304 
 Lawrence, 344 
 Lewis, xiv. 
 Light foot, 328 
 Lock, 340 
 
 Pleydell, 93 
 Poole, 44 
 Powell, 7(5, 254 
 Pratt, 104 
 Price, 77, 87, 211, 293, 
 Pritchett, 53 
 Probyn, 228 
 Protheroe, 230 
 
 343 
 
 Long, 330 
 Lucy, 34 
 Lyons, '220 
 Lysons, 137, 105, 109, 237 
 
 Provis, ."J, 234 
 Purnell, 210 
 Purser, 345 
 Purver, 308 
 Pyrke, 228 
 
 
 M 
 
 R 
 
 
 Machen, 228 
 
 Raikes, xn., 80 
 
 
 Maclean, 40 
 
 Rea, 199 
 
 
 Maddox, 345 
 
 Reynolds, 109 
 
 
 Maddy, 88, 21(5 
 
 Rhodes, 314 
 
 
 Matthews, 180 
 
 Ricardo, 175, 178 
 
 
 Marah, 21), 33 
 
 Rice, 304 
 
 
 Marling, 252, 340 
 
 Rich, 330 
 
 
 Marshall, xi. 
 
 Richard of Cirencester 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Massey, 80 
 
 Robert of Gloucester, 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Maurice, 301 
 
 Roberts, xn., 48, 328 
 
 
 Mayer, 325 
 
 Robertson, 303 
 
 
 Medhurst, xm. 
 
 Robins, 344 
 
 
 Merrett, 327 
 
 Rolt, 220 
 
 
 Miles, 230 
 
 Royce, 47, 300 
 
 
 Mills, 135, 22(5 
 
 Ruck, 330 
 
 
 Monk, 02, 23!) 
 
 Rudge, 343 
 
 
 Moore, 145 
 
 Rudhall, 339 
 
 
 Morse, 231 
 
 Russell, 09 
 
 
 Morton, xv., 335 
 
 Ruthall, 
 
 
 Mutlow, 135 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 Sarton, x. 
 
 
 
 Saunders, 64 
 
 
 Naish, 343 
 Nelson, 252 
 
 Scrope, 175, 239 
 Seekings, 88 
 
 
 Nicholls, 228 
 
 Selwyn, 121 
 
 
 Nicholson, 228 
 
 Sewell, 325 
 
 
 Norwood, 105 
 
 Sheppard, 41 
 
 
 Nurse, 211 
 
 Sherborne, 271 
 
 
 o 
 
 Sherringham, 02, 248, 
 
 249 
 
 
 Skinner, 209 
 
 
 Oldfield, 110 
 
 Slater, 262 
 
 
 Osbern, 298 
 Overbury, 46, 342 
 
 Smallwood, 9, 18, 1 
 Smith, 127, 327, 335 
 
 
 
 Smithson, 344 
 
 
 
 Snell, 80, 87 
 
 
 Palmer, xi. 
 
 Souierbcl, 137 
 
 
 Parks, 138 
 
 Soper, 108 
 
 
 Parry, 309 
 
 Sparkes, 132 
 
 
 Parsons, xm., 89, 175, 178, 180, 
 
 Spence, 305 
 
 
 254, 347 
 
 Stan ton, 271 
 
 
 Peach, 108 
 
 Stephens, 314 
 
 
 Pearce, 334 
 
 Sternhold, 53 
 
 
 Pearse, 340 
 
 Stock*, xn., 165 
 
 
 Percival, 283 
 
 Stokesley, 27 
 
 
 Phillips, 345 
 
 Strong, 179 
 
 
 Pirry, 239 
 
 Sturge, xm. 
 
 
 Misprinted Scott on page 165.
 
 INDEX:. 
 
 T 
 
 W (continued. 
 
 Talbot, 60 
 
 Wedderburn, 297 
 
 Taylor, 5 
 
 Wells, 336 
 
 Terrill, xii. 
 
 Wemyss, 268 
 
 Thomas, xni., 221 
 
 Wesley, 332 
 
 Tidman, 310 
 
 West, 342 
 
 Tracy, x., 47 
 
 Wheatstone, 188 
 
 Trotman, 41 
 
 Wheeler, 254, 311 
 
 Trye, 161 
 
 White, 153, 345 
 
 Tryon, 98 
 
 Whitefield, xii., 117 
 
 Tucker, 121, 129, 252 
 Tully, 342 
 
 Whittington, ix. 
 Wickenden, 324 
 
 Tylsley, 339 
 
 Wiggin, 104 
 
 Tyndale, ix., 308 
 
 Williams, xiv., 344 
 
 
 Wilson, 342 
 
 V 
 
 Wilton, 187, 252, 329 
 
 Vaughan, 211 
 
 Wiltshire, 324 
 
 Viner, 51 
 
 Winchcomb, 1, 8 
 
 Voelcker, 331 
 
 Winstone, 215 
 
 Vowles, 346 
 
 Winterbotham, 271, 287 
 
 W* 
 
 Witcomb, 87 
 
 
 Witts, 216 
 
 Waddy, 296 
 
 Wood, 174 
 
 Wagstaffe, 77 
 Wait, 345 
 
 Woodward, XL, 306 
 Wright, 330 
 
 Waite, 251 
 
 Wyncoll, 237 
 
 Warburton, 112, 127, 136 
 
 
 Ward, 87 
 
 
 Washbourne, 34, 40, 87 
 
 Yates, 345 
 
 Webb, 46 
 
 Yorke, 271
 
 LIST OF SUBSCKIBEKS. 
 
 A 
 
 Albright, J. M., Esq., Hazeldean, Charlbury. 
 Aldridge, Geo., Esq., Sunnycroft, Tuffleigh, Gloucester. 
 Allen, Mr. Raymond, Barton Mill, Cirencester. 
 Austin, Rev. Henry, Cleeve Hill, Stratton, Cirencester. 
 
 B 
 
 Bagg, George, Esq., The Limes, Longford, Gloucester. 
 
 Baldwin, Enoch, Esq., The Mount, Stourport. 
 
 Bartlett, Mr. C. B., Southgate Street, Gloucester. 
 
 Bellows, Mr. John, Upton Knoll, Gloucester. 
 
 Bevir, H., Esq., Wotton Bassett, Wilts. 
 
 Bishop, W. H., Esq., J.P., Ringstead Lodge, Croydon. 
 
 Blacker, Rev. B. H., M.A., 26, Meridian Place, Clifton. 
 
 Bletchly, Mr. N., Northgate Street, Gloucester. 
 
 Bradley, Mr. William, Miserden, Cirencester. 
 
 Brewin, Robert, Esq., Querns Lane, Cirencester. Four copies. 
 
 Brough, Rev. S. Martin, 2, Chesterton Villas, Cirencester. 
 
 Brown, Alfred, Esq., Oakbank, Tuffleigh, Gloucester. 
 
 Brown, Charles, Esq., Saintbridge, Gloucester. 
 
 Brown, Rev. J. J., Lewis Lane, Cirencester. 
 
 Brown, Richard G., Esq., Elmhurst, Tuffleigh, Gloucester. 
 
 Brown, W. Roger, Esq., Highfield, Hilperton, Trowbridge. 
 
 Bruton, Henry W., Esq., Bewick House, London Road, Gloucester. 
 
 Budd, Mrs. W. P., Steeple Aston, Heyford, Oxon. 
 
 Burtt, Stratford, Brooklyn, U.S. 
 
 Butler, Very Rev. H. Montagu, D.D., Trinity Lodge, Cambridge. 
 
 C 
 
 Cash, Frederick G., Esq., Northwood Road, Highgate, London. 
 
 Cook, Mr. Edward, Manor Farm, Fairford. 
 
 Cornish, Daniel, Esq., Dagnall House, Selhurst, Surrey. 
 
 Cornwall, Rev. A. K., M.A., Ashcroft, Wotton-under-Edge. 
 
 Cossham, Handel, Esq., M.P., Holly Lodge, St. George's, Bristol. 
 
 Courteen, Mr. R., Lydney. 
 
 Creese, Charles R., Esq., Tewkesbury. 
 
 Creese, James, Esq., Cirencester. 
 
 Cripps, Mr. Henry, Falkner Street, Gloucester. 
 
 Cropper, Rev. Hugh T., M.A., S.C.L., Sapperton Rectory, Cirencester. 
 
 D 
 
 Dancey, Mr. Charles Henry, Midland Road, Gloucester. Two copies. 
 Darell, Sir Lionel E., Bart., Fretherne Court, Stonehouse. 
 Davis, Cecil T., Esq., Free Public Library, Wandsworth.
 
 358 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 D (continued.) 
 
 Denton, Thomas, Esq., Wotton Lawn, Gloucester. 
 Dobcll, C. M., Esq., The Grove, Charlton Kings. 
 Dobell, Mrs. Sydney, Tocknells House, Painswick. 
 Dowrick, Mrs., 12, Queen Adelaide Road, Penge, London. 
 Drinkwater, William, Esq., St. John's, Bicester, Oxon. 
 
 E 
 
 Elliott, Mr. J., High Street, Stroud. 
 Ellis, William Viner, Esq., Duni House, Minsterworth. 
 Embrey, George, Esq., F.C.S., Oriel Lodge, Tuffleigh, Gloucester. 
 Evans, J. L., Esq., Moreton House, Tyndall's Park, Bristol. 
 Evans, P. T. Sparke, Esq., Kinmore, Clifton Down. 
 
 F 
 
 Flower, Edgar, Esq., Middle Hill, Broadway. 
 Fox, T. B., Esq., Midland Eoad, Gloucester. 
 Freeman, Mr. R. C., Cirencester. 
 
 G 
 
 Gaze, Mr. Edwin, 2, Hempstead Villas, Bristol Road, Gloucester. 
 
 Giller, W. T., Esq., County Bank, Gloucester. 
 
 Gobey, Mr. G. C., Spa, Gloucester. 
 
 Gritten, Alfred Francis John, New Street, Birmingham. 
 
 H 
 
 Hancock, Mr. A., Northgate Street, Gloucester. 
 
 Harmer, Mr. Geo. H., Apsley Villa, Cirencester. 
 
 Harmer, Mr. S., Chester Street, Cirencester. 
 
 Harris, Mrs., Falkner Street, Gloucester. 
 
 Hayward, Mrs., Oaklands, Sidmouth, Devon. 
 
 Higgs, William, Esq., Russell Street, Gloucester. 
 
 Hipwood, Mr. Samuel, Midland Road, Gloucester. 
 
 Holloway, Mr. Samuel, Park Road, Gloucester. 
 
 Hopkins, Mr. Jos. W., Weston Road, Gloucester. 
 
 Hyde, Mr. John, Cirencester. 
 
 Hyett, Francis A., Esq., Painswick House, near Stroud. 
 
 J 
 
 Jeffs, Henry, Esq., Sherborne Villa, Spa, Gloucester. 
 Jolly, Mrs. E. E., Home Lea, Lansdown, Bath. 
 Jones, Mr. D. C., Cromwell Street, Gloucester. 
 Jones, Mrs. Lockhart, Dursley. Two copies. 
 
 K 
 
 King, Mr. Samuel, Park End Road, Gloucester. 
 Kingsley, Charles, Esq., Fairford. 
 
 L 
 
 Lansley, Mr. David T., Howard Street, Gloucester. 
 
 Legg, Mr. Frederick, Dollar Street, Cirencester. 
 
 Legg, Mr. George, Old Bank House, Cirencester. 
 
 Livett, Mrs., Weston-super-Mare. 
 
 Long, John, Esq., Clarence Street, Gloucester. 
 
 Lord, Mr. John, Cirencester. Two copies. 
 
 Lord, Miss Mary, Cirencester. 
 
 Lucy, W.. C., Esq., Brookthorpe, Gloucester.
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 359 
 
 M 
 
 McBride, Charles, Esq., M.D., F.C.S.E., Wigtown, N.B. 
 
 Mansel, Mr. Frederick W., Ann's Hill, Gosport. 
 
 March, }.Il.ss, Brunswick Square, Gloucester. 
 
 Marmoiit, J. B., Esq., Sydney House, Hillside, Crouch Hill, 
 
 London. 
 
 Master, T. W. C., Jun., Esq., The Abbey, Cirencester. 
 Maude, Mrs. W., Gloucester. 
 Mills, Mr. John, Byecroft Street, Gloucester. 
 
 Moreton, Right Hon. Lord, Tortworth Court, Falfield. Two copies. 
 Morris, Mr. James, Coleford. 
 Mullings, John, Esq., Cirencester. 
 
 N 
 
 Newmarch, George Frederick, Esq., Bclton, Uppingham. 
 
 Nicholas, Thos. L., Esq., Momnouth. 
 
 Norton, Samuel, Esq., Hampden Place, Gloucester. 
 
 Payne, Mrs., Hillside, Churchdown. Tivo copies. 
 
 Parry, T. Gambler, Esq., Highnam Court, Gloucester. 
 
 Peacock, Joseph, Esq., 31, Parliament Hill Road, Hampstead, 
 
 London. 
 
 Platt, James, Esq., Bristol Road, Gloucester. Two copies. 
 Powell, His Honour Judge J.J., The Lawn, Denmark Hill, London. 
 Friday, Mrs. S., Linton Villa, Rectory Road, Gloucester. 
 Pride, George, Esq., Tetbury. 
 
 Pritchard, John E., Esq., Guy's Cliff, Sydenham Road, Bristol. 
 Pro\is, Mr. B. W., Coleford. 
 
 Bawson, Noel Ravcnchil, Bradford, Yorkshire. 
 
 Rawson, Valentin Stratford, Bradford, Yorkshire. 
 
 Reskelley, Rev. C. J., The Manse, Littledeart. 
 
 Revell, Mr. W. H., 29, Stansfield Road, Stockwell, London. 
 
 Reynolds, Joseph, Esq., Friars' Orchard, Gloucester. 
 
 Robinson, Thos., Esq., M.P., Longford Park, Gloucester. 
 
 Sawyer, Mr. John, Glevum Lodge, Battledown, Cheltenham. 
 Sessions, Frederick, Esq., Russell House, Gloucester. 
 Sessions, Jesse, Esq., 6, Bath Villas, Gloucester. 
 Sewell, E. C., Esq., Cirencester. 
 
 Sherborne, The Right Hon. Lord, 2, St. James's Place, London. 
 Simpson, H. T., Esq., Albany House, Gloucester. 
 Simpson, J. J., Esq., Lynwood, Gotham Gardens, Bristol. 
 Sims, Mr. Anthony, Adelaide, South Australia. Two copies. 
 Skinner, Thomas M., Esq., Momnouth. 
 Smith, Mr. Jesse, St. John's Street, Cirencester. 
 Sommerville, William, Esq., J.P., Bitton Hill, Bristol. 
 Sopcr, John, Esq., 2, Alfred Place, Bristol Road, Gloucester. 
 Stephens, Mr. Richard C., Naights, Minstcrworth. 
 Stephens, S. H., Esq., The Avenue, Churchdown. 
 Stratford, M. B. Howard, St. John's, Bicester, Oxon, 
 Stratford, Mrs. R., Geelong, Victoria,
 
 360 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 T 
 
 Tanner, Mr. J. Seymour, Market Place, Cirencester. 
 Taylor, Mr. Henry Edward, Kidderminster. 
 Taylor, Mr. H. Y. J., Falkner Street, Gloucester. 
 Tranter, Mr. Thomas, Querns Lane, Cirencester. 
 Tucker, Mr. J. E., Wellington Street, Gloucester. 
 Tucker, Rev. W., Midland Road, Gloucester. 
 Turner, A. M. Sydney, Esq., The Limes, Gloucester. 
 Turner, J. Edward, Esq., Brunswick Square, Gloucester. 
 
 W 
 
 Walker, Edwin, Esq., Little Washbourne, Tewkesbury. 
 Walker, Thomas, Esq., Sol way, Lyme Regis, Dorset. 
 Wheeler, A. C., Esq., Upton Hill, Gloucester. 
 Wilton, J. P., Esq., College Green, Gloucester. 
 Winterbotham, Arthur B., Esq., M.P., Norman Hill, Dursley. 
 Winterbotham, Edward, Esq., Stroud. 
 
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